1V-,V- *%' -. 1 ^i-OLli Vliij r ^-^ f } OEIE^iTAu f £Air. ARMY OF BOHXOU. UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, C05TAIMKO A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL KiTIOSS, EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, TROVISCES, CITIES, TOWSS. FORTS, SEAS, UARBOURC, RITfRI, LAKES, CANALS, MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, CAPES, CAVERNS, CATARACTS ANIJ GROTTOES, KNOWN WORLD, WITH AS ACCOUIIT OF THE ' E\Tf.NT, BOUHDARIES ANIi NATURAL PR01>t'CTI0NS OF EACH COt'NTRT J THE COVERNSIENT, CUSTOMS, MA.V.NERS AMI RELIUIOX OF THE INHABITANTS; THE TRADE, MANUFACTURES. AND CURIOSITIES, OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS, WITH THEIR LUNClTUDt AND LATITUDE, BEARING AND DIS- TANCE IN ENGLISH MILES FROM RTMARKABLE PLACES J AND THE VARIOUS HIS- TORICAL r.VENTS BT WHICH TU ET HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED. IRIGINAI.I-V COMPILED BY K . BROOKES, IM . D . THE WHOLE BE-MODELLED AND THE HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT PERIOD, Br JOHN MARSHALL, ESQ. ILLUSTRATED WITH TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. WITH MMFROCS ADDITIONS BT THF, AMERICAN EDITOR, INCLUDING THE POPULATION OF THE UNHID STATES FOR 18.>0 ; A DESCRIPTION OF THE VAF.IOCS INDIAN TRIBES IN NORTH AMERICA 3 AND A VIEW OF THE MISSIONARY STATIONS IN ALL PARTS OF T;!E WORLD. AND CONTAINING A BRIEF DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE .MONEYS IX THE KNOWN WOULD, A.«D ALL THF. MINERALS, VEGETABLES, ANIMALS. BIRDS. FISHES, AND INSECTS, THAT ABS laroRTANT TO COMMERCE; ALL THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL AND MONIED INSTI- TUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS; AND NOTICES Ot -MANUFACTURES AND COM.MERCE IS DIFFF.RENT PLACES AND COUNTRIES THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE. NEW YORK: PRINTED FOR \V . W. R E E J^ (I,0UU. subsisting chiefly by Imntin^' and plmider. and sjirakinir a lanijuafie peculiar to tlieniselvea. Miirii,a. larire pari.'di. divided into 5 lownshin.^, in Sliropshire, and ■! others in iMont^romcryshire, eoiitaininir toirether \,'.>H\ in- habitants. 'J'iie villaije of Alberburv is 7 in. ^V. of Shrewsbury. Pop. 33'2. It was formerly the site of an alien priory and castle. Mbiri'le, a conHiderable town of Frain.e, in the department of Somnie, and l:it« piovinci- of Pi- cardy, seated in a phasant valley, where the riv- er Somme divides into several branches, and sep- arates the town into two parts. It is pretty well peopled ; ha.t a woollen manufactory, besides manufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 15 m. K. from the Uritish Channel, 2d N. W. from Amiens. .^S S. of Calais, and tf'J N. W. of Paris. Lomr. 1 5 lat. 50. 7. N. ° ' Mberton. a. v'Mdloc near IVrshore, noted for a hitter aperient mineral Bprinij ; also another vil- lage, G in. S. of Colchester. Mbcvillc, a distri<'t ol' S. Carolina, aboitt 700 sq. in. in extent. The lands are a-jreeably diversified iritli hill and dale, well wat. '," 'riiere are 15 towns and villages in Wales, to which the word .Mier is preti.\ed,°which signi- tii s the fall of a lesser water into a. greater, and usually refers to a place situate ut the mouth of a river. .Ilici brvthock, f.r .hbroiith,an nncicnt royal bur^li and sea-port, situali; at the estuary of the t\\vi IJrutliock, partly in a parisli of the same nanie, and partly in t1iat of St. Vigeans, in the co of Forfar, Scotland, .•■,(; m. N. N. E. of Edinburirh, Ml 01,. -M. .N. hit. and 2. 35. W. long. Williain L surnamed l!ie I.ifiii. king of Scolland. foniided a iiiagnilicent abbey at .■\rbroalh. in IK.-i, and con- fi'rred ujion it very extensive immunities. Some vestiges of the building still remain to attest its former grandeur. .A harbor was formed in 1194, to the eastward <.f the present one ; tlie impor- tance of the town il.'clined with the devastation of the abbey, during the rutliless period of the refor- mation. The commerce of the town revived about the year 17:i,-<. when the linen manufacture was introduced, which progressively extended up to the comnieiicement of the war'in 1703, when it w;us vastly proinoied by thi! increased deinanri lor sail-cloth. 4,000 to 5.000 tons nf shipping be- long to the town, pan of which is employed in the importation of lla.x, deals, &e. from the Bal- tic. .\ iinblie library was established in 1727 ; a new town-ii.ill has bci'ii more recently creeled and the town at large has undergone considera- ble iinprovement. The harbour at sprimr tides will only admit vesselsof about 200 tons burthen but being exceedingly well sheltered and coniino- (lions, and easily made, it affords security to ves- sels of easy draught of water. Arbroatiris. how- ever, a manufacturing rallier than a cor.iniereial town. It has 3 fairs aiinuallv. 'MfX of .Ian. "rd Wed. of June, and Ifth of July. Pop. in 1821 8,072. ' .'7/-frco/», a village and p.ari.sli. in the co. ofLin- lithgow. Scotland, on the S. bank of the Frilli rS Forth. 12 111. AV. of Edinburgh. \ monastery e.v- isted here in the 7th century; and the ca.ftle ■{ .Ahercorn was a place of great strength in the fi mily of the DoHgIa.sses. It was dismantled in 1415, and no trace of either monastery or eaistlo now remains. Abercorn still gives the Britisli title of Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl to a branch of the family of Hamilton. The Pioinan v.;all is said to have begun in this parish. The village has increased in importance since JSIO, by its contiguity to the Union Canal. Pop. in 1S21, J .044. Mcrrnni, v. EfTingham Co. Geo. IS ni. N. Sa- vannah I .■ihrdeen, tiie principal city iu the North of Scotland, situated oil the coa-it of tlie GermaTi ocean, at the plHu.t of (he rivern Dee and Don, J37 m. N. E. from Edinburfrh It iias an obser- vatory ; in Ion. 2. -J'.). W. hit. 57. 'J. N. Under the denomination of Aberdeen are conipreliended two towns, digtinguidhed as the 0!:l. and jYeio wliich, however, are almost united by their re- spective suburb.s. Mcrileen, Old, formerly Aberdon, in tlie parish of Old Machar, or St. Machar, is pleasantly situ- ated on an eminence near the month of the river Don, about a mile north of the New Town. It is of great antiquity, and waa of some imparlance so long ago as 8L13, when, according to tradition, king Gregory the Great conferred on it some pe- culiar privileges, but no authentic records are ex- tant prior to 1151. liy charter, the free burgess- es ot the town are vested with the power of choos- ini;- tlieir own magistra.cy, who are a provost, 3 baihes, a treasurer, and council, with the deacons ol b incorporated trades. The town co.nsists chiefly of one long street. There is a neat town-house, a new building, and a Trades Hos- pital for decayed freemen and their widows, and a hospital lor 13 poor men, foundsd by Bishop Willmm Dunbar, in 1533. But the cliief orna- ment of Old Aberdeen is the large and stately fa- bric of King's College, founded by Bishop Elpliin- stone, m 1494, situated on the S. side of the town It 13 built round a square, with cloisters on the south side. The structure contains a chapel, li- brary, museum, common hall, and lecture-rooms with a long range of modern homes, for the ac- commodation of the professors and students. The library and museum are well furnislied. The old town, being formerly the seat of a bishop, had a most magnificient cathedral, first founded in 1154 but the present edifice was Ijeguu by Bishop Kin- numnth, in ia">7, and was 8lJ years in buildinir- It was dedicated to St. lAIaohar, but like maSv others It fell a sacrifice to the religions frenzy of the retormers. Two very antique~spires, and one aisle, which IS used as a church, are all that is now le t. In this cnthedral there was a fine libr.arv which was alsD destroyed. Over tli- D.in at Old Aberdeen, there is a noble Gothic brid™, built bv B.shop Choyne, in 1281, of one arch, 67 feet spall and J4 1-2 high from the surfiicc of the river On both sides it rests on a solid ledcre of rock The population of Old Aberdeen and" parish was 3 %! in ISOl.and J3,:?12in 1321. Mcrdecn, JYew, is the capital of the sliire of Aber- deen. For extent, trade and beauty, itfar e.tceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a gentle eminence, rising from a small bay, form- ed by the river Dee, over which there is an elen-ant bridge of 7 arches, rebuilt in 172-1, the first havinn- been bujlt by Bishop Dunbar, in 1532. The street ,are numerous, spacious, and well paved- the houses are built of granite, (from adjoininir quar- ^nes) general y four stories high, remarkably neat and elegant, having almost universally, o-ardens in tiieir rear. The whole town is aboiit Two miles in circumference, and in 1M21 contained a popu- lation of 21,4.^4. The municipal government is vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of guil.i treasurer, town-clerk, a town council, and 7 dea- cons of incorporated trades. The town is a royal burgh and uniting with AberbrothocU, Brechin Inverbervie, and Montrose, sends a member to parliament. New Aberdeen is graced with an elegant college, founded by George Keith the tarl Manschal of Scotlancf, in 1.5?I3. lis other ABE public buildings are the town-hall, market-house, the house of the Aberdeen Banking Company a cro.s.s, an octagon building of cu°riou9 work- uianship, a dispensary, infirmary, and lunatic a.sy- um, a poor-house, bri3. Mtryshriih, a town of S. Wales, in Cardigan- shire, seated on the Ystwith near its confluence with the Rydiol, where they fall into the bay of Cardigan, over the Rydiol is a handsome stone bridge. It lies 207 m. W. N. W. from London, and 30 N. E. from Cardigan. It was formerly fortified with a castle, an3 defended with walls; but both are now in ruins. It is, however, a flourishing town, having a great trade in lead, a considerable fishery of herrings, cod, and whit- ings, and a good weekly market on Monday ; about 8,000 tons of shipping belong to this town. In the bathing season, it is much frerpiented as a fashionable waterincr place. Lontr. 3. ^^. W. lat. 62. 2.5. N. Pop. in 1821 . 3,.55G. ° McT, a country of Africa, on the Red Sea, which bounds it on the east ; on the west it is bounded by Abyssinia and Nubia, on the north bv Egypt, and on the south by the coast of Ajan. "The cliief towns are Arkeko, or Ercoco, and Sua- quam; which last is the capital, and the seat of the governor. It is subject to the Turks; and is very sandy and barren, being destitute of water. The heat is excessive, and the air unhealthy to Europeans. In the mountains are forests of ebo- ny trees, abounding with wild beasts. It is 500 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. The inhabi- tants are Mahometans. Abinsdon, a market and borough town in Berk- shire, England, and, with the exception of Read- ing, the chief town in the co. It is situate on the S. bank of the river Thames. G m. N. ^V. of Oxford, and M m. S. W. from Londim. It is a place of great antiquity, and has frequently been the abode of royalty. The market-place "is spa- cious, in the centre of which is a respectable edi- fice, a spacious hall, supported by lofty pillars, in which the summer assizes for the co.are held, the space beneath serving for a market-house. The warkct for grain and malt, on Mon. and Fri. is very great, and it has a considerable manufacture of coarse linen, sacking, Ac. It is divided into two parishes, each having a church, and sends one member to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 5,137. Mingdon, t. Harford Co. Md. 2G in. N. E. Bal- timore. Abingdon, p.t. capital of Washington Co. Va. 320 in. W. S. W. Richmond. Mington,fX. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 2,423. Mo, a sea-port, and chief town of what was formerly Swedish Finlajid, but which was wrested from that power, by Russia, in iSOs. The port and town of Abo .ire finely located in N. lat. IJO. 27. W. long. 22. 18. at the southern extremity of the Promontory of Finland, on the E. shore of the Culf of Bothnia, where it forms its junction with the Gulf of Finland. Under the Swedish goyerninent, Abo was the see of a bishop, suflra- gan of Kpsal, and had a university, founded by Queen Christina, in 1040, endowed with the same privileges as that of Upsal; and also a school, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, for 300 scholars. It was the seat of the conference where the treaty of peace was concluded between Russia and Sweden, in 1743. The town has flourished considerably since its transfer to Russia ; its chief trade is in timber, deals, and grain. Pop. about 12,000. .ibomcy, a populous town, the capita! of the kingdom of Dahomey, on the Gold Coast of Af- rica. N. lat. 7. 50. E. long. 0. 55. Pop. about 25,000. Mouhir, a town of Egypt, in N. lat. 31. 18. E. Ion". 30. 38, about 6 leagues E. of Alexandria. A British army of 12.000 men, commanded by Sir Ralph Abercrombie, landed here in 1801. The bay, formed on the W. by a neck of land, on which the town is situate, and on the E. by anoth- er neck of land which bounds the Rosetta branch of the Nile, is very spacious, and will forever be memorable in history, as the scene of one of the most splendid and decisive naval battles on re- cord, in which !> French ships of the line were taken, and 2 others destroyed, by Lord Nelson, on the 1st Aug. nitd. AhranUs, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, seated on the Tagus, 45 miles E. by N. of Lisbon, and belonging to a marquis of that title. It is situated on high ground, surrounded with gar- dens and olive-trees, and contains about 35,()00 inhabitants, and has 4 convents, an hospital, and an alms-house. AhroUins Islands, dangerous shoals on the coast of Brazil, S. lat. 17. 58.~W. long. 3.8. 20. Alirtnzo. one of the four great provinces of Na- ples, bounded on the E. by the ffulf of Venice, on the N. and W. by Ancona, tTmbria, and the Campagna di Roma, and on the S. by the Terra di Layoro and Molise. It is divided into two parts by the river Pescara. called Ulteriore and Citeriore. The former has Aquila, and the latter Sulmona, for its capital. It is fertile in corn, rice, fruits, saffron, vines, and olives. Pop. about ol'fl.OllO. .ills, a town in France, in the department of Ardeche, Ibrmerlv the chief town of V'iyares, and a bishop's see, now in a very ruinous state. .Ihoutii'r, a town in Upper Egypt, on the site of the ancient .\botis, near the Nile, where great quantities of poppies grow, of which the natives make the best opium in tlie Levant. Long. 33. E. lat. 2(). 30. N. ,iberi-omlie. p.t. Gloucester (^o. N.J. .Iliyo or .ihiiijo. one of the Philippine islands, ACA in (he K.tsl Indies bptivcen Mindanao jnJ Luzon Lon^. !:>>. ).•;. E, la. ]n. (). jy. M:j.^sin!a, a kinL'ilnin on the E. side of Africa extending, in length, from about liie Ulh to thJ 17lh deg. of N lat. and at its southern base, from about the aith to the 4:?rd dej. of F,. Ion? and at tJie N. from about the 35th to the 33th of do. fornimg an area <,f about IJO.'JUO sq. m bounded on the .\. bj Sennaar, since which period to the present time (l^ljo) the commerce of all S. America lias been exposed to niimerous vic,s..itudes. and Acapulco his sunk into the utmost insignificance, its harbour is ca- pacious and secure being formed into a basin by the smal island of Rogneta, and defended by 1 I oLr- '^•^.• ^^ ^ ^'^ ''"^•" <=""'«!"« °niy •■■bout 4 000 inhabitants, and is exceedingly unhealthy. the temperature prevailing as high as 'M, and hardly ever below oti of Fahrenheit .1a,saha,tla„ :, river of Mexico, in the province ot Vera laz, which runs int., the Gulf of Dolce I here is also a village of the same name, in the province of Chiapa. ■Iccomack, a Co. ol" Virginia, forminir the N part of a promontory, bounded on the W by Chesapeake Bay, and on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, e.xt_endmg from the S. E. comer of the tntn Snr ■'iJ'''?''v'"?„'"''''^"- Druramond- town, 207. m. E, by ^. of Richmond, is the chief town. vmci -irAfOT a kingdom, forming the N. W. part of the island of Sumatra, (he head of Point Pedro the most northerly part being in 5. 42. N. lat. and • •o. .^. h. long, and extending about 50 m. E by &. During the early period of the intercourse o'f Europe with Asia, ty the Cape of Good Hope Acheen was a powerful state and carried en an extensive trade with the Malay and Cororanndel coasts, and other parts of Asia; and on the Por- tuguese successively attempting to firm a Kettlc- ment upon the Island of Sumatra, in the eariy part of the 10th century, they were c-mo!etely expelled by the Achenese, and although ccnr^ider- ably declined in power and importance, (he -iche- nese are still an active, a.id when compared with other Asiatics, an officient and industrious people^ The chief town of the same namn. is situate on a river about 2 m. from the bay formed by King" 1 01 nt Pedro above raenticned. .W,///, an island, f.nning part of the Co. of N.t t: iS. 3L Av"l';;g". """' "' ^'•^'"''^' ■" ^- ''• r„;fr'""""'- ^ '""e f ^^"P'' "«' ft-sidence of an cniir, or prince of the country. It has manufac- tures of coarse cottons, and sUmds on a small eminence, on the riaht bank of the Nile, 200 m S. of Cairo. Long. fjl. 50. E. lat. 20. 40 N .?cWy, a populous parish, in Uney Barony CO. of Sligo, Ireland. Pop. in 1-21 T> . go ^' .^c/,or.s/n,r«,p village in iMiddletown, Colum- bia Co. Ohi,.. 100 m. N. E. Columbus. Men a town of Lower Snxony, in the duchy I W.^o/feu."" " '■'*=''^-'' "■'' "'^ ^"'«' 5 •" \Jf7li V''"''^'' 'I ""• ''■■""^ York, where the liody of the Emperor Severus, who died at York w.as burnt to ashes, agreeably to the custom of tJiose times. .Icon,,,, ov St. KsUran de .icoma, a town of ^ew Mexico, seated on a hill, with a good castle. T,ie town 1., ascended by a flin-ht of steps cut out of the rock. It w.as formerrv the capital of that province. Long. 104. 15. \V . ]at 3,5 N .1conc„^„a. one of the provinces of Chile in-' tersected b.v the :i2d degree of S. lat. and 70th of ■ , ">'• "4?, '" -"nsiderable both in extent and popul-Yion. There i, a town of the saine name, anrt also a river running through the province a.'id that of Quillota into The sea. Province j^cyiw A town of Tuscany, noted for its warm baths, lo m. E. of Leghorn. ADA jjcjui, a town of Italy, in the Ducliy of Monl- fcrrat, on the river Bormia; it has considerable manufactures of silk. Pop. about 7,000. ^cra, a U-rritory of Guinea, on the Oold coast, where some European states have fort.i,and each fort its village. Lat. 5. 2G. N. 0. 10. W. long. .■Icre, or St. John d'.lcre, a seaport of Syna, in Palestine, and a bishop's set. It is called Ptole- mais by the Greeks, and stands on a plain at the N. point of a bay, which extends in a semicircle of nine m. to the point of Mount Carmel, near the mouth of the Kardanah, or ancient Belus. In the time of the crusades, it underwent several sieges ; and nothing is now to Ijc seen of this an- cient city, but the remains of monuments erected by the christians, and some ruins of a church dedicated to St. Andrew. The new citv is dis- tant one m. from the ancient walls, and the forti- fications are of little importance. The palace of the grand master of the order of St. John of Je- rusaftm is the residence of the chief of Acre. Here are three mosques, four churches, and a. synagogue. The chief articles of commerce are corn and cotton. In 17.5'J great damage was done by an earthquake ; and the year following 5,000 persons, near one third of the inliab. died by the plague. In 1790, aided by the British, under Sir Sidney Smith, it withstood a severe seige by the French under Buonaparte, who retreated after failin" in the twelfth assault. Itis27m. S. of Tyre,'and Zi m. N. N. W. of Jerusalem. N. lat. ZS. 0. E. lone- ^'>- 10. Pop. aljout 20,000. Jlr.rim, a district of the Fantee territory, on the Gold coast of Africa, about .'jO m. E. N. E. of Cape Coast Castle. Acton, the name of 6 villages, and a prefix to 10 others in different parts of England signifying places originally situate among oaks; ac being the Saxon" word for oak. Also the name of a village in the parish of Ballymorc,co. of Armagh, Ireland. „ _ Acton, t. Windham Co. Vt. 18 m. N. W. Brat- tleboro. Pop. 170. Aclon, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,128. Acton-Bumd, a village in Shropshire, S m. S. of Shrewsbury. Here are considerable remains of a castle, in which a parliament was held in the reign of Edward I. Actopan, the capital of a district of the same name in the Intendcncia de Mexico, about 70 m. N. N. E. of the city of Mexico. Ar.wm-tk, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Hampshire, 87 m. from Portsmouth, and 93 from Boston. Pop. Adamstmen, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 20 m. N. E. l,ancaster. Adams, t. Coos Co. N. Hampshire, 90 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 515. Adams, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 2,r>48. Saddle Mountain lies partly in this town. Here arc extensive manufactures of cotton, woollen and linen. „ ,., Aflams, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. IGO m. N. W. Albany. Pop, 2,995. _ ^„ , . Adams, p.t. Dauphin Co. Pa. 133 m. Washmg- lon. Adams, a County of Pennsylvania. Fop. Jl , 373. Gettysburg is the capital. Adams, a County of Ohio, on the Ohio river, 20 m. in extent and containing .>50 sq. m. West Union in Tiffin township is the seat of justice. Pop. 12,278. „ ^ Adams, a County of Mississippi Pop 12,13;>, Natchez is the capital 10 ADR Adams, p.v. Hyde Co. N. C. 33f) m. Wash AdamsbuTg , p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 145 m W. Harrisburgh. AdamsviUe, p.v. Washington Co. N. Y. 57 m. Albany. Adair, a County of Kentucky. Pop. 8,220 Columbia is the capital. Adana, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car- mama, and a bishop's see, with a strong castle. It has a trade in com, wine, and fruits; and is seat ed on a river of the same name, 12 m. from the Mediterranean, in N. lat. 3C. 4^. E. long. 35. C. Adda, a river of Switzerland, which rises in the Grinons, passes through the lake Como, the ■V'attelinc. ancf the N. part of the Milanese, falls into the Po, 5m. above Cremona. Addison, a Countv of Vermont, on the W. side of the Green Slountains near the centre of the St-ate. It contains about 700 sq. m. Middle- bury is the shire town. Pop. 24,940. Addisim, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on I.. Champlain Pop. 1,300. Magnetic oxide of iron is found here. Addistm, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 741. Addison, t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop 944. Addison, t. Somerset Co. Pa. Add, a kinffdom of Africa, called also Zola, from a rich trading town of that name, situated near its coast by the Red Sea. It aeldom rains here ; but the country is well watered by rivers, and abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense, and pepper. The inhab. arc Mahometans. It waa formerly a part of Abyssinia. The capital is Au- cagurel. AdrlfoTS, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, no- ted for its gold mines, about 70 m. N. W. of C'al- mar. AdrJphi. p.t. Colerain township, Ross Co. Ohio, 40 m. S. E. Columbus. Adiar, a river of Lombardy, which rises S. of the Lake of Glace, and passing by Tyrol, Brixen, Trent, and Verona, falls int/j the gulf of Venice, a little N. of the mouth of the Po. Adirhri/zan, a province of Persia (part of the ancient Media,) bounded on the N. by Armenia, E. by Ghilan, S. by Irac Agemi, and 'W.by Cur- dist-in. Tauria is the capital. Admimttij-lslands. a cluster of islands in the S. Pacific ocean, to the N. W. of New Ireland. They were diwiovered in I7(>7, and are between 20 and 30 in numb.-r ; some of them appear of considerable extent; and the W. end of the principal island is in 2. (\. S. lat. and 146. 57. E. long. AdouT, a river of France, which rises in the department of Upper Pyrenees, flows by Tarbus. The seraglio is separated from tlie city by jhe river Arda, and commands an e.xtensive view of the country, which is fertile, and famous for excellent vines. The commerce of the city by the river is considerable, and celebrated for its beautiful red dye. The Turks took this city from the Greeks in 1302. It is 135 m. N. W. of Constantinople. Long. 22. 30. E. lat. 41. N. Jidriatic Sea. See Venice^ Gulf of. Adccnture Bay, at the S. E. end of Van Die- men's land, so called from the ship in which Cap- tain Furnea,\ sailed. Long 147. 30. E. lat. 43. 23. S. JE^adcs or JEgatcs, three small islands on the W. side of Sicily, between Marsella and Trapani ; their names are Levenzo, Favignana, and Mare- tima. JElna or Etna, a celebrated burning mountain of Sicily, now called by the natives MoiUe Gihd- lo. It is situated in the Eastern part of the isl- and, in long. 15. 0. E. lat. 38. 0. N. Pindar, who lived 435 years before Christ, calls it the Pillar of Heaven, on account of its great lieight, which is generally reckoned to be about 11,000 feet; and Its circumference at the base 70 m. It affords an epitome of all the differences of climate. The summit is a league in circumference, and within formed like a vast amphitheatre, from whence flames, asiies, and smoke, issue in divers places. Eruptions of this mountain are mentioned by Diodorus Siculu8,as happening 1,003 years before Christ ; and Thucydides speaks of three erup- tions, w^hich happened in 734, 477, and 425, B. C. From this period till 1447, there were about 18 different eruptions, the most destructive of which were in 1100 and 1321*; there have been other eiuptions since, which liave done immense dam- age, particularly those in 1009, 1755, 17S0, and 1/87. In 1800 eruptions took place in 12 differ- ent parts of the mountain, and covered the adja- cent land with lava to the depth of 40 feet, and another eruption occurred in 1822. Afghanistan, a country of Asia, stretching from the mountains of. Tartary to the Arabian sea, and from the Indus to the confines of Persia. Tile inliab. of this wide domain have no written character, and speak a language peculiar to them- eelvcs. They are a robust hardy race of men ; and being generally addicted to a state of preda- tory warfare, their manners partake of a barbar- ous insolence. They avow a fixed contempt for the occupations of civil life ; and are esteemed the most negligent of religious observances, of all the Mahometans. Their common dress consists of a sliirt, which falls over the upper part of long and narrow trowsers ; a v. oolen vest, fitted closely to the body, and reaching to the midleg ; and a high turned-up cap of broadcloth or cotton, usually of one colour, and of a conic form, with two small parallel slits in the upper edge of it.s facing. The principal cities of Afghanistan are Candahar and Cabul, the former of which was the capital ; but the late and present sultans have kept tlieir court at Cabul. About the year 1720 an army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispahan, and made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. They kept possession of Ispahan and the southern prov- inces for ten years, when they were defeated in several battles, and driven out. of the country by Nadir Kuli, commonly known in Eurooo by the name of Kouli Khan. After iS'adir had deposed his sovereign. Shah Tliamas, he laid seige to and took Candahar ; but afterward received a consid- erable body of Afghans into his army, who be- came his favourite foreign troops. On his assas- sination, in 1747, the general of the Afghan troops, though furiously attacked by the whole Persian army, effected a safe retreat into his own country, where he caused himself to be acknowl- edged sovereign of the Afghan kingdom. In ] 808 the English £. India company deputed the Hon. INJount Stuart Elphinstone on a mission to Cau- bul, accompanied by a large military retinue. The mission left Delhi on the 13th Oct. the re- sult of their observations and enquiries on the then circumstances and condition of Caubul, (by which name the ,'\fghan territory is generally called,) as well as the countries through whica the mission passed, have been since published. Africa, one of the four great divisions of the world, forming a peninsula to Asia, to which it is connected by a neck of land at the N. E. ex- tremity, about 00 m. across, called the isthmus of Suez. In its extreme length it extends from Cape Negro, in lat. 37. 21. N. to False Cape in lat. 34. 25. S. being about 4,300 m. and in its ex- treme breadth from Cape Verd in 17. 34. W. to Cape Guardafui in 51. 32. E. long, being about 4,100 m. It will however in the first place be well to consider Africa as divided by nature into two great parts, N. and S., by a chain of moun- tains, commonly called the Mountains of the Moon, supposed to extend across the entire con- tinent between the 7th to the 11th degrees of N. lat. North Africa will then on its other sides be bounded, on the E. by the Arabian gulf or Red sea, on the N. by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by the Atlantic ocean, approximating in form to a parallelogram ; the mean length of which from W. to E. is about fifty degrees of long, and the mean breadth from N. to S. about 27 degrees of lat. forming an area of about 4,550,000 sq. m. of which the great deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and Lybia constitute about one third of the ex- tent. N. Africa is subdivided into a great nnm- ber of kingdoms, states and territories ; the most prominent of which are, Galla, Abyssinia, Sennaar, and Nubia on the E. bordering on the Red sea, Egypt, at the N. E. extremity, Lybia, Fezzan, and Barbary, (comprising, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Fez ;) on the N. bordering on the Mediterranean, and Morocco at the N. W. ex- tremity, bounded by the Atlantic ocean ; a large extent of coast S. of Morocco, is called Azanago, and S. of the river Senegal in lai. 10. N. to Sier- ra Leone in lat. 8. 30. the coast is occupied by sev- eral Negro tribes, the limits of whose territories are very imperfectly defined. Inland, S. of the great desert, are the kingdoms of Tombuctoo, Houssa, Cassina, and Wangara ; and E. of the desert, are Ashber. Bornou, Begherm. Bergoo, Darfur,&r. &c. With the exception of the des- erts and the more mountainoxis districts, this part of Africa is well watered, and exceedingly fertile. The most celebrated river is the Nile, whicli, rising from various sources on the N. side of the AKR li AFll gie.it chain of mouiilaiiu, and flowing through Abyssinia, Sennaar, Nubia, and K^ypt, falls into the . Mediterranean spa by several channels between the lat. of :iO. K;. and 31. 50. E. The river Niger has lon degrees of bit., the coast is also occupied ^\'i1h se-.-eriil Negro tribes, who live in constant collision with each otiier. and from amongst wliosn about 100,000 annnally, at the period of l.-'SO — !*■>', were transported as slaves by the ships of France, Portugal, and Spain, for working the plautalions of those countries in S. America and Uie W. Indies; the remaining por- tion of the W. coast, as w»-ll as all the interior, and the E. c.Tast of ibis part of Africa, is very little known ; but as far as knowledge has been obtain- ed the inhab. appear more rude and unsocial than even those of N. Africa. A very rude and un- civiliied pe<3ple, the Hottentots, occu]>y the more S. eilreuiily of the continent extending to the Cape of Good Hope. If the climate of America is distinguished by snper:ihundant uKtisture and cold, fbiit of Africa is not Icf^s remakable for its general want of hu- midity, and its warmth. Of th.is fad the immense cxteu; of and and burning deserts already men- tioned, affords incontrovertible proof. The most northern and the most soulhern districts are equally wilhont a winter; and the greater part of the ccnlinent is situated within llie tropics. The ancienti- indeed supposi^d the torrid zone to be 5o parched liy Oie perpendicular rays of the sun as to be uninhabitable ; but incdern discov- eries have assured us that the theory of the an- cients is not altogethrr true. The sun, when vertir-'il. universallv brings witli him an immense train ot' clouds, which pour down upon the subja- cent country an incessant deluge. When the sun is in the >*. the rainy season begins in the coun- tries lying northward from the equator ; when in the S.'. the rainy season is to the S. of the equa- tor. This quantity of rain cools the atmosphere, eo as to produce a temperature much more mod- erate than that which prevails when the sun re- KOves to a greater di.^lance ; and the »un produ- ces within the tropics in Africa the same eflicl« .'!s witliin the same degrees of latitude in other parts of the world. The prevalent drought is here in some measure checked by the tropical rains ; and, so far as has been ascertained, the tropical re- gions are perhaps that part of this continent which IS best wolcred. The greater part of the im- mense dj-scrts — Ihatof Sniiara for instance — lie in general loo far N. ever to be under the influence of a viTtical sun. The torrid zone may therefc-re be considered as having onlv two seasons — the dry and the wet, which are likewise distinguished, in some places, a.s the summer and winter. In some districts, indeed, there are two dry and two wet seasons in the year ; and these are called the short and the long seasons. In all the countries within 2l). of the equator the difference in the amount of temperature is scarcely perceptible, at least in the countries lying near the coast, for the interior here is almost entirely unknown to us. In the countries from Cape Blanco np to the Senegjil, the mean temperature from November to the end of .March is atti a. m. about 7'.i. Fahr., and at noon, in the shade, .S7. Fahr. Farther into the interior of the country — at Bambonk, for in- stance — the heat is much more inttnse. At the Gambia, in the same months, the mean tempera- ture at fi A. M. is 77., and at nof;n in the shade, i)l. In the months of April. May, and ,lune, at the Senegal, the thermometer (i-A. m. indicates h'i., and at noon, in the shade, I'.^i. Frrm the month of July to the end of October, the mean temperature at tj A. M. is lUj. ; and at noon 107. In the more southern countries the heut is .^till great- er, antl also in the sandy plains; in those dis- tricts which are situated farther towards the E., and even in three iarth^r to the N., the hf-nt is frequently rendered inh;:pp'irtab!e by peculiar localities. Thus at Ombos and Syene, in the S. f»f Egypt, the sand abs'dutely scorches the feet of l)ie traveller, and eggs may be dressed by b\:rying them in the sand. At Algiers the mean temperature is 7'J. ; at the Cape of Good Hope the thermometer frequently rises to fr.5. or W., and often much higher; but change of tem- perature is very quickly efiected here, and a burning day is frequently followed by a chilly night. During eight months of the year constant tine weather is prev.'ilent throughout a great part of Africa. The sun rises every morning in a clear atmosphf re. and spreads a glaring light over the whole country, too brilliant almost for the eye to sustain ; no cloud casts a passing shadow over the l.indscape ; and, in the evening, the orb of day sinks magnificenlly into the ocean But the excessive heal diminishes the pleasure man might feel in contemplating the glorious ckv ; and the first clouds which foretell the approach of r.ain are hailed with delight by the I'uropean resilient. overwhehiiCd by the oppressive heat. The physical peculiarities which distinguish Africa, seem to depend chiefly on the circum- stance that almost her whole territory is situated within the tropics. The other portions of the earth's surface which lie directly beneath the solar influence consist generally either of sea, or of narrow and insular lands, refreshed by breezes from the ocean. But the greatest breadth of Af rica is under the immediate power and dominion of the sun ; and most of her people see that great planet, in its annual progress from tropic to troji- ic. pass twice over their beads, and thus experi- ence a repetition of its most intense and perpendi cular rays. The highest blessings of this sublu- MR i:i AFK nary woilil, when carried ln-yfuiil ii cerlaiii limit, become itsdoadlicslkine. Thai pnrcnl iirli, wliicli cheers and illumiiU'S the rest nl'lhe earth, fjlares on Africa with oppressive and iiialiifnaiil beam, blastiiiir tile face of nature, and c<*verinn; lierwith barrenness and desolation. S-Mneliines it con- -verts tlie soil into a naked desert; sonioliines overspreads. it with a noxious excess of animal and veiretable life. The soil, when not watered by coi)iou3 rains or river inundations, is scorched and dried up till it is converted into a dreary waste. Hence it is, that in .\frica, plains of sand form a feature so truly alarmim^r. The Great Desert, with the c;;ception of the narrow valley of the Nile, reaches across the entire continent, ex- liibitinT an expanse of burnin<,' surface, where for many days the travi'llcr finds not a drop of water, nor sees the least vestiire of animal or vegetable nnture. He pursues his dreary route amid loose hills continually shiftini^, and leaving no marks to guide his course. Every breeze is filled with dust, which enters the rn'Mith and nostrils, and penetrates between the clutlies and skin. Some- times it drives alon;f in clouds and whirlwinds, beneath wliich it was once thought that caravans and even armies had been buried ; but it is now ascertained that the numirous bones which whiten the desert are merely those of travellers who have sunk u.ider famine, tliirst and fatigue ; and that the sand, which continually blows, has accumulated above tliem. Travellers over these tracts of shin:,'!e have been imprr.sscd with the idea of their beini I lie leil of an ancient ocean. This is not the place to enter into a speculation on the formation of the earth. That every part of its surface lay once beneath the waters is suffi- ciently apparent; but there is at least no histori- cal proof that .Africa einerired later than other continents. The enrliest records represent her deserts to have been as extensive as they are iu our days, and to have pressed equally close upon the cultivated belt along the northern coast. In general, all regions between the tropics, when not copiouslv watered, moulder into sand, alternating with a iiard and impenetrable stratum of clay. The central wastes of Asia, those of Arabia and of Sindetic Hindoslan. though inferior to those of Africa, are yet of sijnilar ciiaracler and of im- mense extent. In order to obviate tile extreme ef- fects of the tropical sun, which produces a desola- tion so dreadful. Nature has provided suitable re- medies. Every country under this latitude has its rainy season, when, amid the blaze of light- nings and the noise of thunders rending the sky, heaven seems to open all her windows to pour an unbroken flood upon the earth. The ground is cov- ered as with a deluge, and tlie dry beds of the rivulets are converted into torrents ; yet so intense are the sun's rays, that the moisture thus lavished upon the surface is quickly dried up. Great riv- ers, which, swollen by tlie rains, overflow their banks and lay the surrounding country under water, or at least aiFord the means of artificial in- undation, are the principal source of that luxuri- ant fertility, that mighty growth of vegetable forms, which singularly characterize the tropical climates. It is to the wa*ers which descend from the lofty precipices and eternal snows of the Ilim- maleh. that the plains of Hindoostan and China owe their amazing frnitfnlness. Africa, too. has elevated mountain-chains, which give rise to sev- eral rivers of great magnitude and most fertilizing influence. Atlas, along it.=^ northern border, pre- ««i!!! even in «ohol a climate. pinn3rlo« wrapped in everlasting snow. Still more extensive i< that central range, which, amid its various l(»cal names, is most generally known under the poetical ap- pellation of " The Mountains of the Moon." Yet lhe.se chains, besides being not altogether so gi- gantic as tlio.se of the otiier continents, labour under the peculiar disadvantan-es of extending across the breadth only of Africa. The AndeS and the Iliinmaleh, those stupendous heights of America and Asia, as they traverse these conti- nents in the direction of their length, cover a much greater surface, and tlius create fertility in the mere limited plains which intervene between the mountains and the ocea.n. But the largest of the African rivers, directing their course tfirough a vast extent of low land, reach the sea only by a circuitous course. Several of them, too, diffus- ing their waters into lakes or marshes, expire in the very heart of the continei\t. The result is. that the enormous breadtli of the Sahara, or Great Desert, is scarcely irrigated even by a streamlet. It depends entirely on the periodical rains ; and these sink into the sandy and porous surface, till being arrested at the depth of eight or ten feet, they form that '• sea under ground ' which has been traced over a large portion of the wcste. Vegetable life, in consequence of tius absence of moisture, is scantily dili'u.sed over a great ex- tent of the continent. In the heart of the moun- tains, however, and in the kingdoms alone their border, the soil is most profusely watered, and, under tlie influence of a tropical sun, produces, perhaps, beyond any other part of the world, that luxuriant growth and those gigantic vegetable forms. v.hich distinguish the equatorial regions. The baobab, or great calabash, appears to be the most enormous tree en the face i;f the earth. Ad- ansnn assures us. that the circumference in some cases is equal to thirteen fathoms, as measured by his arms clasped round the trunk, that is varying from seventy -four to seventy-seven feet. Branch- es extending horizontally from the trunk, each equal to a large tree, make the baobab a forest as it were by itself. The mangrove, too, which rises on the borders of rivers or inundated spots, diffuses itself in a manner truly remarkable. The branches, dropping down upon tlie watery bank, strike root and grow ; hence the original plant, spreading farther and farther, forms over the stream a sj>ecies of natural arcade. These mighty trees do not stand alone, but have their intersti- ces filled up by numberless shrubs, canes, creep- ing and parasitical plants, which intersect and en- twine with each other till they form a thick and impenetrable mass of underwood. To cut even a narrow pass through these dense forests is a la- borious process ; and as shoots are continually protruding inwards on each side, the track, with- out constant travellinL', and the diligent use of tlie axe. soon becomes impassable. As we approach the confines of the Desert, these giants of the wood disappear, and vegeta- tion presents a different and mr)re pleasing aspect. It exhibits now the light and g.ay form of the aca- cia, whole forests of v.'hich rise amid the sand, distilling those rich gums that afford an impor- tant material of African commerce. The hitjo,-, a celebrated and classical shrub, the tamarisk, a'ld other small and elegant trees, afford agreeable and nutritive berries, which constitute the food of several nations. Various flowering shrubs of the most delicate tints, rising in wild and spontane- ous beauty, embellish the precincts of the waste. Thus the Desert, in its first apprna<;h««, and be- At'R 11 AKR fori" veg*'lablp life begins to expire, does nut as- sume its slernebl character, but wears even a pe- culiarly pleusintj and smiling otjifct, The animal world in Africa rhancres equally its nature as it piusscs frf>m one to another of these opposite rrj^ions. In those jilnins wliich are in- uiKlated by the wreat rivers, it multiplies at an extraordinar}' rale, and often assumes hujre and repulsive forms. Throui2;liout all this continent the wild tribes exist in lar^e anr()di£rious strength of the elephant, his almost impenetrrd)!e hide, his rapid though unwieldly movements, render him a most perilous oliject of attack, even to the bold- est hunters ; so that pits and snares of various kinds are tlie usual modes by which his capture is effected. Instead of the tiger. Africa has the leopard and the pantlier ; belonging, hov.ever. only to certain of ila diatrirtu. In tlie large and broad river8 of Africa, and through tlie immense forests which overshadow them, a race of amphibious animals of monstrous form and size display their unwieldly figures. The rhinoceros, though not strictly amphibious, slowly traverses marshes and swampy grounds, and almost equals the elephant in strength and defensive powers, but wants his stature, his dig- nity, and his wisdom. The einffle or double horn with which he defends himself is an article of commerce in tiie East, though not valued in Europe. A still huger shape is tliat of the hippo- potamus, or river-horse. fitteoisoned and tormenting stings, the}' render life miserable, and not ver^^ unfrcquently lead to its extinction. Even a swarm of wild bees, in the solitary woods of Western Africa, has put a whole caravan to flight, wound- ing severely some of its members. But perhaps the most extraordinary- of all the insect races are the termites, or white ants, which display on a greater scale the arts and social organization for which their species have been so famed in Eu rope. They cover the plains with their conical huts from ten to twelve feet in height ; they are regularly distributed into labourers and soldiers, with others holding the rank of king and queen. This latter personage, when she is about to add to the numbers of the tribe, presents a most ex- traordinary spectacle, being then swelled to many times the amount of her natural dimensions ; and when the critical period arrives, instead of a progeny of two or three, she produces as many thousands. These ants are far from being of the same harmless description as the correspond- ing insects of this quarter of the world. On finding their way into a house, they devour every thinor, clothes, furniture, food, not even it is said sparing the inmates, who are compelled to make a speedy retreat. Such are tlie evils to wliich the people of this continent are perpetually exposed from the low- er creation ; and yet they experience in full force the truth of the pathetic lamentation of the poet, that •• man is to man the surest, deadliest foe." Africa from the earliest ages has been the most conspicuous tlieatrc of crime and of wrong ; where social life has lost the traces of primitive simpli- city, without rising to order, principle, or refine- ment ; where fraud and violence are formed into national systems, and man trembles at the sight of his fellow-man. For centuries this continent has seen thousands of her unfortunate children dragged in chains over its deserts and across the ocean, to spend their lives in foreign and distant bondage. Superstition, tyranny, anarchy, and the opposing interests of numberless petty states, maintain a constant and destructive warfare in this suffering portion of the earth. Fever is much less common among native Af- ricans than among European settlers. Africans are seldom affected witli enlargement of the spleen. A dangerotis species of letliargy is very frequent in the Foolah country. Venereal complaints occur in various forms in Africa, but mostly m that of gonorrhosa. The coup de soletl (sun-stroke) is unknown in this country, although the natives are in the habit of exposing the head to the per- pendicular rays of the sun during the greatest bodily exertions, and Europeans, under such cir- cumstances, seldom have more than a thin hand- kerchief folded round the head. Dysentery is a frequent complaint on shore. Gout is wholly un- known. The diseases of children are few ; and those of women, as may be readily imagined, are greatly fewer than in more polished countries. The limits of the changeable winds of Africa are about the 30lh degree on each side of the equator. Within this region are the passage winds. These blow more or less N. E. in the northern hemisphere, and S. E. in the southern. The monsoons, which are strong and regular in the open Arabian sea become changeable on approach- ing the land. In the Arabian sea thev generally blow from the E. during the months and interven- ing months of October and May ; and during Ibe AKR ir. AKR rent of lliP V'-.ii 111'') ''I""' ''■""' Ihf W. In tin- Ucil ■ea till- S. K. wind [ircviiils in the scjiHIiltii piirlu from OctoliiT lo June, when the N wimlbegiiiH to blow, und Iri.flH ihirinj; the remninder of tlie yeiir. la the northern parts of this nea violent N. winds prevail for nine nionllis of tlie yenr. The transi- tion from one season to another is generally ac- companied by violent hurricanes and thunder- storms. Son'ie districts are more exposed to these visitations than othei-s ; as, for instance, the coun- tries between (-'ape Verga and Cape Monle, which are otVn visited iietwixtthe months of June and October by dreadf\il tornadoes, the ellects of which seldom extend to the neiehbourinjj coasts. — In the deserts the wind is often very Iroublesnme to Ihe traveller, by raisincj the sand, and lillini; the air with dust, so as to render it impossibU to keep one's eves open, anddiliicult even to breathe. — Mr. Buckingham, while travellinij betwi.^t the Bed sea and the Mediterranean in 181'1, encounter- ed one of these sand-tempests, which he has described with ijreat beauty and i^tVect. " On Icavinor," says he, "' the site of these now eva- porate3 lakes, fthe IJitter lakes,) we entered up- on a loose and sliifting sand again, like that which Pliny describes when speaking of the roails from Pelusium, across the sands of the desert; in which, he says, unless there be ri'eds stuck in the ground to point out the line of direction, the way could not be found, because the wind blows up the sand, and covers the footsteps. — The morning was delightful on our setting out. anil prcmiist d us a fine dav ; but the light airs froni tlie south Boon increased to a gale, the sun became obscure, and as every hour brought us into a looser sand, it flew around ns in such whirhvinds, with the sudden gusts that blew, that it was impossible to proceed. \Ve halted, tliereiore, for an hour, and took sln-lter under the lee of our beasts, who were themselves so terriSed as to need fastening by the knees, and uttered in tlu.ir waiJings but a melancholy symphony, i know not whether it was the novelty of the situation that gave it ad- ditional horrors, or whether the habit of magni- fying evils to which we are unaccustomed, nad increased its effect ; but certain it is, that fifty gales of wind at sea appeared to me more easy to Ee encountered than one amongst those sands. It is impossible to imagine desolation more com- plete ; \vf could see neither sun, earth, nor sky : the plain at ten paces distance was absolutely im- perceptible : our beasts, as well ns ourselves, were 80 covered as to render breathing dillicult ; they hid their faces in the ground, and we could only uncover our own for a moment, to beliold this chaos of mill-day darkness, and wiiit impatiently for its abatement. .MexnrnhT's jnurney to the temple of Jupiter Amnion, and the destruction of the I'ersian armies of (.'amhyses in the Lybian desert, rose to my recolleclion with new impres- sions, made by Ihe horror of the scene before nie ; while Addison's admirable lines, which I also re- membered with peculiar torce on this occasion, seemed to possess as much truth as beauty : * Lo : wlicrc our wide Nmnidian wnsICA extend, Smlden lllc impetuous liiirrirnties dcsrcnd, Wtiietl tliroimti ttie uir in circling eddies |>Iny. Tear up Ihu sands, aiul sweeii wlmlo plniiia away. Tlic )le]|)Irss Inivoller. with wild surprise, Bees llio dry desert nil nronnd him ricp: And, Baiolhered in tlio dusty wllirlwiad, dies.' "The few hours we remained in this situation were passed in unbroken silence : every one was oeiiupieil with his own reflections, us if" the reign iif terror lorbadi' eommiinicntion. Its fury spent ilself, like the storms of ocean, in sudden luUa ami Bipiulls ; but it was not until the third or fourth interval that our fears were suilicicntly couipiercd to address each other; nor shall 1 soon lose the recollection of Ihi' imnressive manner in which that was done. '.Illali It/irccml' exclaimed Ihe poor Bedouin, nlthough habit had familiuiised him with these resisth'ss blasts, '.'Walt kercem!' reppat(.'d the i'jgvptinus, with terrified solemnity; and both my servant and n;yself, as if by instinct, joined in the general exclamation. The bold im agi;ry of the ICastcrn poets, describing the Deitj as avenging in his anger, and ti>rrible in his wrath, rilling upon the wings of Ihe wind and breathing his fury in the storm, must have been inspired by scenes like these." In Egypt a S. wind prevails in summer, which raises immense henoinenon. On the attendants calling out tha' the simoon was cominsi, he immediately turnc* for a moment to the qua.'ter whence it came. I' resembled a haze, in e.f lour like the purple part of tin* rainbow, luit not s;» com|>ressed or thick. It was a kitifl of blush upon the air, and ^I'as about ao yards in breadth, and about 4 from the ground. Its motion was so rapid, that before he could turn and fall upon the ground, he felt its violent heat upon his liute. It passed like a gentle rus- tling wind, but was succeeded by a slight breeze, which for two or three hours was of such inten- sity of heat, as nearly to snft'ocate them. Bruce unfortunately inhahd a little of the purple haze, which nearly deprived him of his voice, and caused an asthma of two years' continuance. They saw it twice afterwards as they journeyed across the desert. The second time, it was more southerly — its edges were less defined, resembling a thin smoke — and it had about a yard in the middli* tinged with purple and blue. The third time, it had the same purple and blue appearance, but was preccdi'd by the largest satid [lillar they had seen. — One of the most striking phenomena on the (lold Coast is the N. E. wind called Iwrviat' tun. It comes on indiscriminately at any hour of the d:iv, at any time of the tide, or at any period of the moon; ajid continues sometimes only a day or two, sometimes five or six days, and has been occasionally known to last fifteen or six- teen days. There are generally three or four re- turns ot' it every season ; it blows with a moder- ate force, not so strongly as the sea-breeze, but somewhat more so than the land-wind. A fog or haze is one of the peculiarities which always ac- company a harmattan ; extreme dryness is anoth- er properly of it : no dew falls during its continu- ance, nor IS there the least appearance of moisture in the atmosphere, vegetables (d' every kind are much injured by it, and the grasi withers vnder AGN Its influence. The process of evnporatimi duriiirr tins wind proceeds -.vitli astonishing rapidity JlgahJy, a province in J,e centre of N. Africa the chief town of the same name is situate in' about :>(). N. lat. and IH. E. lon good harbour, long. 1~>. 10. L. lat. 42. .>5. N. .]goslu,a.n island in the Adriatic sea, near the ?™l^ °* "^''"^''='. i« "'• '" circumference, and J8, S. W. of the island of Gurzola, Long 17 L. lat. 42. .55. N. ^ .igosla, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, with an e-^:cel ent harbour, on the E. coast, 18 miles north of Syracuse. Long. 15. 10. E. lat. 37.20 N .dgra, a city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a province of the same name, with a stroug fort It was once the most splendid of all the Indian cities, oud now exhibits the most magnificent rmiis. About the year 15(;0, the emperor Acbar made It his capit.il, and gave his name to it; since which time it is often named Acbarabad. In the 1/th century, tlie great Mogul frequently resided Here ; ins palace was prodigiously large ; the pal- ace^ of the omrahs and others are very numerous- and there are above 00 caravanseras, 800 baths' 700 mosques, and two magnificent mausoleums' It has since rapidly declined. In the war with the Mahrattas, in 1803, it was taken by the Brit- ish. It stands on the right bank of the Jumna, a branch of the Ganges, 100 m. S. by E of Dch i Long. 78. .30. E. lat. 27. 10. N. ■igram or Zagrab, a strong town of Croatia, capital of the county of Zagrab, and a bishop's see' seated on the Save, 2?. m. N. E. of Carlatadt: Long. 10. 18. E. lat. 45. 48. N. ■p'-if; a town of Upper Hungary, and a bishop s see, with a citadel. It was besieged bv the lurks, in 1.552, with 70,000 men; thiy lost a nnn ■ / «,./..>. men, uiey losc 8,000 men in one day, and were obliged to raise .> onf,"'?,*'' "'°"Sli tlie garrison consisted only of ~,000 Hungarians, .assisted by the women, who performed wonders on this occasion. It is seated E. M. 48-Td. N.'"' ^' ^' °'' ^"'*'- ^°"S- ^"^ ^*'- .Igrigan, or Island of Xamcr, one of the La- drone islands, 43 m. in compass, and has several volcanic mountains. Long. 140. 0. E. lat. 19 40 N .'Igiws Calicnics, a city in the province of Gua-^ dala.xara, Mexico, it is situate about 250 m. N N W. of the city of Mexico on the direct route to banta te, and is noted for its warm sprin.rs .Ipclhas Cape, the most southern ,roint of Africa, K! leagues E. S. E. of the Cape if Good Plope. Long. 20. l.S. E. lat. 34. .55. S .i/w«to. a district on the Gold Coast, Africa, if'o'r- „'■,'",•'' '"^™' '= on the coast in 4.57. N lat. 2. o.^. W. long. Di.xcove and Secondee are other stations on the coast through which con- siderable traffic IS carried on with the inland parts Maserugh, a town in the Co. of Galway, Ire- land containing 000 inliab. and the parish 4 240 .ihmcdcibad. &Qe Amcdabad. ' .Ihmednagur. See .imcdnamir. .Ihmedpore, a town in the province of Crista Hindr^ostan. 34 miles S. from Cuttack ' ' .i.ioghdifl. populous parish in the Co, of Antrim, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 18,120; there is a town o he ..ame name. Pop. only 370. Portglenone tovv-n witli 018 inhab, Ballykennedy, Culley- backy and Galgorim, villages; total pop. 726 are all included in the parish p 1 ■ '*« Ajaccio. a seaport of Corsica, capital of the de- partment of Liamone, and a bishops see. This is the birth-place of Napoleon Bonaparte. It stands AIR 13 A I X on the west side of the island, on a point ol' lanii timt juts into tlie g""', "J" '"■ S. L. of Toulon. Lon>r. 8. «. E lat. 41. r,G. N. .ifdii or .'IJrn, u countiv on the eastern coast of Africa, e.ttending from Slagodoxa to Cape Guar- dofui, 1,500 lea. 57. E. lat. 22. 'iO. N. Aigen, a town of Austria, on the confines of Bohemia. 24 ni. N. W. of Stcyre. .lii'le, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaua. AH the houses, even the meanest, are built of white marble, found in the neighbourhood. It is seated near tlie Rhone, G m. from its entrance into the lake of Geneva. .■iitrte, a town of France, in the department of Orne, 47 m. S. W. of Rouen. .iignan, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire and Cher, on the river Cher, 24 m. S. by E. of Blois. .lilah, a town of Arabia Petrea, at the head of an inlet of the Red sea, 103 m. E. S. E. of Suez. Long. 34. 10. E. lat. 2;». 10. N. .lilly, a town of P'rance, in the department of Somnie, 'J m. S. S. E. of Amiens. .'hisa, an insulated rock, in the frith of Clyde, off the coast of Ayreshire, Scotland, its base is 2 m. in circumference. It c'onsists of a stupendous assemblaire of precipitous cliff.-;, rising in a pvra- midial series, 900 ft. high, accessible on the ^f. E. It affords refuge to an immense number of sea- fowl, and is well stocked with rabbi t-9. The ruins of a chapel and of a castle, are still seen; and near the latter is a springy of fresh water. It gives the title of Baron ol the United Kintjdom, to the family of Kennedy, Earls of Cassillis, in Scotland. Ain, a department of France, which takes its name from the river, bounded on the N. E. and S. by the departments of Jura, Mont Blanc, and isere, and on the W. by those of the Rhone and the Loire, and Saone and Loire. Bourg is the capital. Jiirdrie, a town in the parish of New Mr.nk- land, Co. of Lanark, Scotland, it has an iron foundry, and a considerable trade in the distilla- tion of malt spirits. It is 10 m. E. of Glasgow, on the direct road to Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821 , 4,800, and of the parish, 7,302. .lire, a town of France, in tlie department of Landes, seated on the side nf a mountain, on the river Adour, 0.5 m. S. o( Bourdeau.N. Long. 0. 10. E.lat. 43.42. N. .■iirf, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais. It communicates with St. Omer, by a canal, 22 ni. S. of Dunkirk. Long. 2. 24. E. lat. 3il. 42. .'lite, a river in Yorkshire, which issues from a lake on -Malham moor, near Settle, flows by Skipton, Keighley, Leids, and Snaith,and enters the Ou.se, below llowden. .■/.'.■.■«<■, a department of France, including the territories of Soissonnoia and Vermandois. It talies its name from a river which runs by Sois- sons, and enters the Oise, above Compiegne. It was overrun by the allied armies in |.'?14,and was the scene of several obstinate and bloody bat- tles fought between the p.llies and French, in the months of February and March, of the same year. Laon is the capital. .lijt, an ancient city of France, capital of the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and an archbishop's see. It was founded by C. S. Cal- vinus, a Roman General, 120 B. C and was formerly tlie capital of Provence, when it had a parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there are hot baths near the river -4rc, accidentally discovered in 1704, but several medals and other anticiues, dug up at that time, confirm the baths being known to the Romans. It is 75 ni. E of iMonipelier. Lon^. 5. 27. E. lat. 43. 32. N. .lir, a town of Savoy, on the lake Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is 12 III. N. by I'"., of Chaniberry. .■iix, a small island of France, between the isle of Oleron and the Continent. It is 12 ni. N. W. of Rochfort. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 40. .''>. N. .iix-la-Chapellc, a city of Prussia in the grand duchv of the lower Rhine, lately an imperfal ci- ty of Germany, ill the duchy of Juliers. Charle- magne was so delighted witli the beauty of the place, that he chose it for his residence ; he is interred in the church of Notre Dame, where they keep his sword and belt. It is seated in a bottom, surrounded by mountains. 22 m. N. E. of Leige. Long. 5. 54. "E. lat. 50. o2. N. Pop. 33, 000. The population of the town, during tlie period of its prosperity, was estimated at upwards of 100,000, mostly supported by their native manu- factures, which were carried on to a considerable extent; being chiefly in woolen cloths, needle- works, Prussian blue, white soap, needles, and pins. The impolitic selfishness of the trading guilds or corporations has been a great check up- on manulaeturing industry, and the population has proportion.illy decreased. The two last-nam- ed branches of m.anufacture arc, however, still carried on with much spirit. The town consists of two parts : the inner, about three quarters of a league in circumference, and flanked with ten towers, of which Charlemagne is said to be, if not the founder, the great improv- er ; and the outer, by which the former has been surrounded. The latter has eight gates, is about two leagues in circuit, and is built partly of brick and partly of a blue stone raised from a quarry at some distance. There are upwards of seventy streets; some handsome, and adorned with fine houses. Though no large river approaches the town, it is abundantly supplied from three streams v/hich flow through it, the Pau, the Paunelle, and the Juhonnis, whose waters are fbur:ry and oak. Along the southern limit the soil is thin, and the unvarying verdure of tliV pine, beautiful as it is in itself, tires by its unifonnity. On the head waters of the Escambia and C'onecuh. are groves of orange trees. On aiiproaehing Florida, the Bwainps become more and more extensive. Cy- jiress lands are abundant. On the alluvial ground which is not inundated, is large ami rank I'ane. In these drowned regions the nioscheloes are very annoying. In going toward the eeiitriil part of the State, the lands become liiijli and broken, and the pines less frecjuent ; oak, hickory and poplar succeed. The climate n-enerallv is favourable to health compared with tne soiitfiern country in the same parallels. The lower part of the State is con- stantly fanned during the stimmer heats, by the trade wind. There is hardly such a season as ■winter, yet the summers arc not hotter tiian many degrees farther N. In the northern parts, the stagnant waters often freeze. In the S. snow or ice is seldom seen. Cattle reiinire no shelter during winter, and maize is planted early in March. Cotton is the sUiple production of Alabama. Sugar, rice and tobaccui are also cultivated. Many of the })eopIe about Mobile are shepherds, and have large droves (A' cattle. Swine are raised with great ease where liiey can be guartled from the wolves, C(mgars and alligators. The small breed of Indian horses are ugly, but luirf the southern or western country has had a more rapid increase of population. The people began t,o pav attention to the business of schools and education, liiough seminaries of learn- ing and literary institutions are rare. The uni- versity fif Alabama is at Tuscaloosa. .^hwtnun, r. is the eastern branch of the Mobile, and is formed by the junction of the Coosa and Talapoosa. It is navigable by large vessels 1110 m. above Mobile Bay. Beyond this it oftbrds a good boat navigation l.'iO m. further. This river gives its name to the State. .■itarjiua. a prairie in R. f'loriila, about 70 m. W of St. Augustine. It is level and grassy, but barren of trees and shrubs. It is 1(5 m. in lengtli ajid consists of a sandy soil surrounded with high hills covered with orange trees. Ahflulifiy a maritime province of Asiatic Tur- key. bound"d on the S. by the N. E. extremity of the Levant sea. The chief town is Adana. .Unman, a town in Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, !)m. .\. E. of Nion. .11(1)1(1, a cluster of islands in the Baltic, at lh« entrance of tlie Gulf of Bothnia. The principal island, from which the rest take their names, is 40 111. long, and near Hi broad ; and is 9.^m. N. E. of Stockholm. Pop. about 1'J,01I0. Long. 2U. 28. K. hit. (iO. 10. N. They were ceded with Fin- land, by Sweden to Russia, in the treaty of 1809. JlUdi, a town of Krain-e, in the department of Gard. It has a citadel, and is seated near the river Gard, at the font of the Cevennes, 28 m i\. W. of Nismes. Long. 2. 54. lat. 44. 8. N. .il((iTini, a town of Spain, in New Castile. It is si':itiil on. the .Xiicar, TiO m. S. of Cuenca. Aliiluiit((ha. or '.llldmalia, a river of Georgia, n. S. formed by the Oakmnlgee and Oconee, two long streams which rise in the northern part of the Slate. It (lows into the sea by several months at St. ^limon's Sound, fid m. from Savannah. It is mivigahle .'iOO in. to MiUedgeville on the Oconee, for boats of .'iO tons, and including its longest branch is ."illO m. in length. Its mouth is barred by a shoal on which there is a depth of 14 feet of water at low tide. .ilah/r. a town of Russia, on the river Sura, 40 m. v.. (d' Kasan. .•1l(inl((. a river of European Turkey, which ri- ses in the mountains that separate Moldavia, from Transylvania, flows Ihrougli Wallachia, and en- ters the Danube, near Nieopolis. .•?//;«. a lowii of I'iednioiit. in Montserrat, and an ancient bishojiric. It contains three parochial and three other ehurelies, besides the cathedral, and seven convents. It is seated on the Tanaro, 20 m. S. E. of Turin. .itlmiiin, a maritime province of European Tur- key. 240 m. lo(i;p. and (»0 broad ; bounded on the i\. by Dalinatia and Bosnia. E. by Macedonia and .laniia. S. by Livadia and W. by the Adriatic and Ionian seas. It produces excellent wines. It was formerly an independent kingdom. Durazzo is the capital. .tllniiKi. a town of Italy, on a lake of the same name, in Campagna di Rom.a. The environs produce the best wine in all Ihis country. It is I.") in. S. S. E. of Rome. .illi(iu(t. a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the river, Basiento, IT) in. Iv by S. of Potenza. .'Ilbanniiulis, a town of European Turkey, for- merly the capital of .Mbaiii.i, but now a poor place, seated on the Driiio. 41! in. E. of Alessio. Jilhnns, St., a borough town in Hertfordshire, distinguished in every period of Eiiti'lish history. It was once (he me(ropolis of Bntaiii, and on the invasion of the (;onnlry by the Romans, became one oftheir most, important stations, they gave it the name of V'ernlain, and by the privileges con- ferred upon it, sfi attached the native inhabitants to their interest, as to e.xeite the vengeance of (iueeii Boadieea, who massacred 70,000 of them, after which she was cumpietely defeated by Sue- tonius Paulinus. (he (hen Roman governor of Britain. St. Albans again became tranquil, and flourished till the Diocletian persecution, about the commencement of (he 4th century, when is became dis-tiuguished for (he martyrdom of its saint, whose name the town at present bears. .\fter this period. Sr. .\lbans declined, till in (he IHh century Otfa, king of the Mercians, in expia- tion for his unprovoked murder of St. Ethelberl, kins; rif the East .\ngles. whom he had invited (r> his court to be his son-in-law. erected and en- dov.'ed a mos( magnificent abbey and monastery for Benedictine monks. .After this period. St. Al- bans experienced various alternatinns of fortune (ill (he fin.'U dissolution of its monastery in the 1 <:>/ ALB 21 ALB marauding and rapacious age of Henry VIII. which led to the demolition of tliis magnificent establishment, of which the gateway only remains, now used as the borougli prison ; ex- cept the abbey church, which was rescued from impendino- destruction by the inhabitants, who purchasea it of the succeeding monarch, Edward VI. for £400. when it was made parochial ; but was again 'ioomed to a reverse, in being exposed to the plunder and fanaticism of Cromwell, dur- ing the period of his predominance. It has since been repaired, and many vestiges of its former grandeur still remain. It is one of the largest ec- clesiastical edifices in Europe. There are three other churches, in one of which (St. Michael) is a monument to the memory of the illustrious Francis Bacon, whose analysis and organization of the laws of nature will immortalize his name. St. Albans is governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen, and returns two members to parliament. Its mar- ket on Saturdays is considerable in grain, &c. and especially for straw-plait, which is brought in by the country people, and bought up for manufac- turing into bonnets in London. The town is sit- uate on the banks of the little river Ver, on which there are two mills for throwing silk. It is 21 m. N. of London. Albans, St. p.t. capital of Franklin Co. Vt. 23 m. N. Burlington. Albans, St. p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30 m. E. N. E. Norridgewock. Pop. 311. Albans, St. t. Licking Co. Ohio. Pop. 935. Albany, capital of the state of New York, stands on the W. bank of the Hudson, at nearly the head of tide water, IGO m. above New York city, and 164 W. of Boston. It is a place of much business and wealth, being situated at the point where the great Erie canal joins the Hudson, and commanding in a manner the wliole interior trade of the State. The prosperity of the city has been wonderful since the opening of tliis great channel of in- ternal navigation, and its population has increased one half within six years. Its first appearance is not prepossessing to a stranger, but the bustle and activity of its business give it an air of great liveli- ness ; while many public and private buildings with which it is adorned, display much taste and elegance. There are many good specimens of the old Dutch architecture in various parts of the city, but its general appearance has been greatly mod- ernized within a ^e\v years. The capital is a fine stone edifice upon the brow of a hill overlooking the city, and immediately at the head of State street, a wide and Iiandsome avenue. It is 1 1;% feet long and ha.s in front an Ionic portico of 4 magnificent columns, 33 feet in height. The public square adjoining the capitol. is laid out into walks and avenues. North of this building stands the Academy, tlie most elegant structure in the city. It is built of freestone and has a front of 90 feet. The State Hall is an ancient building. The Albany, Farmers and Mechanics Banks are handsome edifices of white marble. The Citv Hall has a gilded dome. The Museum is one of the most splendid structures in the State, and contains a large and valuable collection of curios- ities. The basin where the canal joins the river is formed by a pier 4,300 f. in length and includes an area of 32 acres. Here are stored immense cjuantities of goods of every description. The citv lias a library of H,000 vols., a theatre and I (J churches. A mineral spring has been recently dis- covered here. The neighbourhood is pleasant and tlie facilities tor travelling in every direction verv jrreat. Steamboats constantly pass between Al bany and New- York. A railroad extends 15 m. to Schenectady ; the Northern Canal brings the waters of Lake Champlain with those of Erie into the bosom of the city, and hues of stages pass to Boston, Saratoga, Utica and many other parts. Albany was founded in 1012, and next to Jamestown is the oldest settlement in the United States. It is governed by a Mayor and a Board of Aldermen and Assistants. Pop. 24.23.^. Albany, t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. W Paris. Pop. 387. Albany, t. Orleans Co. Vt. 34 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 683. Albany, a County of New York. Pop. 53,560 ; its capital is the city of this name. Albany, t. Berks Co. Pa. on the S. side of Blue Mountains. Albany, JVcio, p.t. Clarke Co. Ind. 642 m. Wash. Albany, a river of Upper Canada, which flows E. through several small lakes into James's Bay, there is a fort of the same name at its mouth. Long. 82. W. lat. .52. 14. N. Albarazin, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a bishop's see. Its wool is the best in Arragon. It is seated on the Guadalaviar, 100 m. E. of JNIadrid. Albaccte, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with manufactures in iron and steel ; seated in a fertile country on the post road from Madrid (dis. 40 lea.) to Carthagena, dis. 33 1-2 leag. Albazin, a town of Chinese Tartary, with a for- tress, on the N. side of the Saghalicn. Lon. 123. 30. E. lat. 53. 0. N. Albeck, a town and castle of Suabia, on the river Alb, 5 m. N. by E. ofUlm. Albemarle, or Auvtale, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a manufacture of serges and other stuffs, 20 m. S. W. of Dieppe and 32 N. N. W. of Rouen. Albemarle, a central Co. of the state of Virginia. Pop. 22,618. Charlottesville is the chief town. Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlantic ocean, in N. Carolina, GO m. long, and from 8 to 12 broad. It is 30 m. N. of Pamlico Sound ; and is unit- ed with Chesapeake bay at Norfolk, by a canal cut through the Dismal Swamp. Albenga, a strong seaport on the coast of Genoa, surrounded by olive-trees. 37 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 7. E. lat. 44. 6. N. Albion, p.t. Kcnnebeck Co. Me. 91 m. N. E. Portland. Pop. 1,393. Albion, p. v. Edwards Co. Illinois. 88 m. S. E. Vandalia. Albion.J\^ev:, a name given by Sir Francis Drake, who explored the coast in 1578, to a country on the W. coast of N. America, extending from the 35 to the 48th. degree of N. lat.; but the northern part is now comprehended in tlie Missouri territo- ry, and the southern in New California. Aibonn, a town of Italy, in Istria, near the n-ulf of Carnero, ItJ in. E. by S. of Rovigno. Albrrt, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, 37 m. S. of'Bourdcaux. Albnfeirn, a town on the S. coast of Algarva, Portugal ; pop. about 2,000. Also a town of Va- lencia, Spain, on the sea coast. Albiiqucrqne, a town of Spain, in Estremaduia, with a strong castle. It has a considerable trade in wool and cloth, and is 18 m. N.N. VV. of Badajoz. Also a town on the Rio del Norte, a few miles S. of Santa Fe, Mexico. There is also a village of the same name in the province of Puebla, Mex- ico. Albnrah.p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vl. in the S. W. ALC 22 ALK corner of 'lie stats, surrounded by water on all Bid.-s but the N. Pop. 1,239. jf/4u or ^IH. an ancient city of France, in the department of Tarn, seated on tlie river of that name. It is the chief city of the Albigeois, !ind was formerly the see of an archbishop. The ca- thedral was dedicated to St. Cecilia, and before tho revolution, was ornamented witli a valuable silver shrine, of exquisite workmanship, of the Mosaic kind, and contained the relics of St. Clair, the first bishop of this city. The chapel of this saint is a magnificent building, adorned with paintings. Alby has manufactures of botli linens and wool- ens, and four gates, which open into beautiful and fruitful plains. Alcala de Hfnares, abeantiful and extensive city of Spain, in New Castile, seated upon the river Henares. The university, which had gone to de- cay, w.TS re-established in 1404, by Cardinal Fran- cis Ximenes ; at whoso charge and under whose direction, the first polyglot bible was printed in this town. Without the walls is a spring, the water of which is so pure and well tasted, that it IS inclosed for the king of Spain's own use, from whence it is carried to Madrid. It is 11 miles S. W. of Guadalaxara. and 15 N. E. of Madrid. .Ilcala la Real, a city of Spain, with a fine abbey, situate on the summit of the Sierra de Granada, on tJie high road from Madrid to Granada, from which it 18 dist.-.nt la m. and 190 from Madrid. .Ilcnia de Gtiadai/rn,a town of Spain, dis. G. m. from Seville on the road to Madrid. .■Ilaima, a town of Sicily, in \'al di Mazaro. 2.J m. S. W. of Palermo. .Ilcanh, a town of Arragon, in Spain. It was formerly the capital of the Kingdom of the Moors. It has a remarkable fountain, which throws up water, through i'i pipes. It is seated on the river Bergantes, 12 in. from Caspe. Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in Estre- inadura, and the chief place of the knights of that name. It has a celebrated stone bridge over the Tejo, or Tagus, built in the time of Trajan. It was taken by the earl of Gahvay, in 170C, but retaken the same year. It is situate on the high post road from Badajos to Ciudad Rodri^o. Alranlara, or AlcaniariUa , a town of Spain, in Andalusia, near the river Guadalquivir. Here is a bridge built by the Romans to pass the marshes formed by the river. It is 14 ui. S. of Seville. Alcantara, a town of Portugal, near Lisbon, having a royal palace. There is also a town of the same name in Brazil, in the province of Maranham. Alearaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, witli a strong castle, and a remarkable ancient aqueduct. It is situate near the source of the Guadalquivir, 80 m. E. by S. of Calatrava. Long. 2. 20. W. E. lat. as. a?. N. Alearaz or AUurraz, a town of Arragon, Spain, 2 leagues from Lerida, on the road to Madrid. Alcazar de SaJ, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura. Fine white salt is made here. It is seated on the Cadoan, 1.5 m. from the sea, and Xi S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 0. .">. AV. lat. :W. LS. N. Alcaz'ir (^nilier, a town of the kingdom of Fez, near which Sebastian, king of Portugal, lost his life in a battle with the Moors, in 1.573. It is seated on the Lucos, 3G in. S. of Tangier. Alcazar ^ie^iiar, a town of the kingdom of Fez, on the strait of Gibraltar. It was taken by Al- phonso, king of Portugal, in 14l>i, but soon after abandoned. It is 14 m. E. of Tangier. AtccsUr, or AIncrMcr, a market town in War- wickshire. Many Roman coins, bricks, &c. have been found near it, and the Icknild street passes through the town. It has a manufacture of need- les, and is situate at the confluence of the Alne with the Arrow, 14 in. W. S. W. of Warwick, and 103 N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday. Alcmaer or AILviaer, a city of North Holland. It is a handsome city and one of the cleanest in Holland. The streets and houses arc extremely neat and regular, and the public buildings very beautiful. The Spaniards, under Frederick of Toledo, besieged it after they had taken llaerlem, in ].")T6 ; but were forced to raise the siege, afVer lying before it three months. It opened its gates to tne British troops in IT'.Ml, after the second battle near Bergen ; and here the trea- ty for the evacuation of Holland by the invaders, was afterwards concluded. It is recorded in the register of this city, that in Hie year 1G30. 120 tulips, with the olf-sets. sold for iMhOOO florins; and in particular, that one of them called the I'iee- roy sold for 4,203 guilders ! The States at last put a stop to this extravagant and ruinous passion for flowers, 'i'lie town has a good trade in butter and cheese, which is esteemed the best in Holland. It is about 4 m. from the sea, 15 from Haerlem, and 20 N. from Amsterdam. Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, in Algarves, with a strong castle, seated on an island in the Guadia- na. opposite to San Lucar, Iti m. from the entrance oftlic Guadiana into the Gulfof Cadiz, 22 N. N.E. of Tavira. Alcudia, a town of Majorca, situate on the N. E. coast, between two large harbours. Long. 3. 0. E. lat. 311. 50. N. Aldhuroiigh, a borough, returning 9 members to parliament, and sea-port, in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; pleasantly seated on the Aide, between a high hill and the sea ; and the harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town was formerly much larger ; but the sea lias taken away whole streets. It is 40 m. E. of Bury, and 0,000, which depopulation, occasioned chief- ly by the plague, has taken place since 1770 • whole streets beina uninhabited and bazars aban- doned. All the inliabitants of both se.xes smoke tobacco to great e.xcess ; even the very servants have almost constantly a pipe in their mouths. Lighteen miles S. E. of Aleppo is a larn-e plain bounded by low rocky hills, called the' \'allev ot bait : this IS overflowed in winter, and in April the water beina soon evaporated' by the sun' eaves a cake of salt, in some places half an inch thick, which IS sufficient to supply all this part of the country. Aleppo is seated on a rivulet, 70 5"-n'' M • ?'i?* Ale-xandretta, or Scanderoon, and aiV M ■ n °="S^^<="^- Long. 37. 10. E. lat, 35. :l;,i 1 ^""^^I^^ greatly by a succession of earthquakes m 1822. Aleppo, t. Green Co. Pa. J>.lden -p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 287 m. W. Albany rop. 1,257. ■'■ Alcssano, a town of Naples, near the extremity 'he promontory of the Terra d' Otranto, 15 m. b. W. of Otranto. ' .llessio, a town of European Turkey, in Dal- matia, and a bishop's see, seated on the Drino near its entrance into the Adriatic Sea. 20 m s' of Scutari. Long. 19. 30. E. lat. 41. 53, N ' ' .iUutian Islands. See Archipelago. .Vorthen, A.'.^f'.^T''" "f .France, in the department of Ande, lately an episcopal see. It is noted for its AT,K baths, and stands near the Pyrenees, on the river Auda, b m. S. by W. of Carcassone. .ilczamler.p.i. Athens Co. Ohio, 75 ra. S. E. Coluinbus This township and Athens belong to the Ohio Universitv. ^ AlexavdersviUe, p.t. in Miami township, Mont- o-omery Co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 75 m. S. W. Columbus. The Miami canal runs throu» 'he neijrhhoi.rliood has a poor so.l, an is tliinlv inhabited. The river here ,s a n.i e tide and the water in the channel 3n feet n. depth, but notwithstanding the ommercial advantages within her rea.Ji, Alexandria has not increased much of late. Tlio city is regularly Imilt, and the streets are clean an.I well paved. The trade is streeis are ciciin in" ..... i~. — - - chiefly in flour. The shipping in 1821 amounted to 25,V!87 tons. Here is u Theological Semina- ry. l'op.8,*;3. , . r^ r> Mciaixhiu, .Veil', pi. Westmoreland to. la. 2Gfi 111. Wash. Mmindria, p.t. capital ol the Tarish of R.i- pid.-s, Lou. on the Red River, 70 m. above the Mississippi in a straight line. It is situated in a beautiful plain. Steamboats ascend the nver to this place, and vast quantities of cotton arc ex- ported from it. The surrounding country is ''"Jhiamlria, p.t. Smith Co. Lou. 29 m. N. E. Murfreesborough. Merandrin. t. in Washington township, Scioto Co. Ohio : ;m m. S. Columbus. Mexandria, a Co. of the district of Columbia. Pop. 9,()0t!. .r^ », /-. 4^A kezaiidriana, p.v. Mecklenburg Co. N. C. 454 m. Wash. , . T. ■ J r 1 j9/few(cs, atown of Portugal, in Beira, defend- ed by i wall and castle, ft is l.^'-O m. N. h. of Lisbon. Long.5.48.W.lal.40 !1. N ^Ifcizcrao,^ town of Tortugal.on tlie_^sea side, 72. m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 9. 15. W. lat. 39. 30. N. „ ,' a Q Alfdd,^ town of Lower Saxony, 1;> m. b. &. W.ofHildesheim. Mfnrd, a town in Linconshire, Eng. with a mar- ket on Tuesday, seated on a brook, 1» m. fton. the sea 25 N. of Boston, 140 of London. Pop. l.oOO. Mfovd, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire. This parish is rendered memorable by a battle fought liere, wherein the marquis of Montrose de- feated general Baillie and a party oi the Covenant- ers, on the 2d July 1045 ; and there was lately dis- covered in one of the mosses a man in armour on horseback, supposed to have been drowned in at- temping to escape. . , „ ,, n M r <(ft Jfurdstoini, p.t. capital of Moore Co. N. C. 30 m. N. W. Fayetleville. „ ., „ ^^a „. 1 Air jllfred, p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,41G. .fllfrni, p.t. Glengary Co. Upper Canada, on the Ottawa. . , ..Vfrrtnn. a town in Derbyshire, with a market on .Monday Here are manufactures of stockings and' brown" earthenware, and 2 iron works. It is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Derby, and 142 N. JN. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,G89. .l/™.W;«/«, a small fortified sea-port on the JN. W. coiTst of Corsica, at the mouth of the Aregno, 28 m. W. by S. ofBastia. Jilitnrrn, or AUrnnes, a province ol Portugal. . Its superficies is'232 sq. leagues, and in 1800 con- tained 127.000 inhabitants. It forms the b. ex- tremity of Portugal. LngoB, Faro, and Tavira, all on the S. coast are the chief towns. It is lertile in fias. oranges, almonds, dates, olives, and excel- lent v. inc. ALG .•J/«4-, a fortified town of Andalusia, Spain, sitnale on the coast W. of the Bay of Gibraltar .llflrrs, a country of Barhary, comprehending the ancient Numidia, and part of Mauritania. It is 000 m. from E. to W. and 170 in breadth ; bounded on the E. by Tunis, N. by the Mediter- ranean. S. by Mount Atlas, an.I W. by Morocco. Mineral springs and w.ators are met with in many places, ami several of the chains of mountains contain lead and copper. In the interior of the country commen.-e the ? t'"- French. Ihe.r chief subsistence was derived from their piracies for they made prizes of all Christian ships not at peace with them. The country about Algiers is adorned with gardens and fine villas watered by fountains and rivulets; and thither the inhabitants resort in the hot seasons. Alo-jers had for ages braved the resentment of the most powerful states in Christendom. The Emperor Charles V. lost a fine fleet and army, in an ex- pedition against it, in 1.-.41. The English burnt their vessels m the harljour in 1635, and l(i70 • and_it was bombarded by the French in IftS.S In 1//0, the Spaniards attacked it by sea and land but were repulsed with great loss, thou<.h they i-Kf °*\'^'£T",' ™''"'' ''"'^ 340 transports. In 1/0.5 and 1784, they renewed their attacks by sea o destroy the city and galleys; but were forced to retire without effecting either its capture or destruction. In 1816, a British squadron, under the command of Lord Exmouth, bombarded the S^o'fi^n ^''' '" 'l'^ '>"'»"'■■ B"t the year 18.30 finally witnessed the fall of Algiers before the arms of a Christian power. On the 14th of June, the French landed an army of 40,000 men .n the bay of Sidi Feruch near the city, and after several battles, closely invested the pkce The siejre lasted six days. On the 5th of July, Alrriers ALL surrendered, and the French immediatelr took possession of the city. The Dey went into exile at IMaples, and a great treasure in gold and silver ound in his palace, indemnified the captors for the cost of the enterprise. The French still hold Algiers, and appear determined to establish them- selves permanently in the country. The external commerce, before the conquest, was principally with Gibraltar, from whence the Algerines drew considerable supplies of European manufactures, spices, and India piece-goods, in exchange for cattle, fruits, &.c. for the supply of the town and garrison. Alambia, a town of Spain, in Arragon, near a river of its name, 7 m. N. of Tereul. .'ilicant, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, fa- mous for excellent wine and fruits. It has also a great trade in barilla, and the Americans, En- glish, Diitch, French, and Italians, have consuls here. The castle, on a high rock, was reckoned impregnable, but it was taken by the English, in 1706. It was likewise taken by the Frencli and bpaniards, after a siege of almost two years, when fi M J-, ''°'''' '""" '''°'^" "P- It 'S spited on the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same name, 64 French leagues S. E. of Madeira, 23 S of Va- hiTts 20'' N^ '^^ "'■^'^'^"^^g''"'^- Long. 0.29. W .4/ic«/«, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara. with a fortress on a small cape, at the mouth o E. lat 37 U N «i>-genti. Long. 14. 7. • ■'f(""'^i' ^^^ "'"^' western of the Lipari islands, .Vifi, a town of Naples, at the foot of the Ad- ennmes, 25 in. N. W. of Benevento. Mlahabud, an interior province of Hindoostan l^roper, IbO m. long .-i,,,! 120 broad; bounded on R "^ \ 2;'t' ''■ ''>• ^■•'''^'■. S. by Orissa and Berar, and W. by Malwa and Agra. The Ner- budda, which rises on the S. E. border of the province, flows from E. to W. near its side ; and the Ganges crosses it from W. to E. near its N side. .Illahabad, a city of Hindoostan, capita! of the provmce of the same name, with a magnificent F't^deK It was founded by the Emperor Acbar, in lo83 who intended it as a place of arms ; but Its fortifications will hardly resist the batterino- of a field-piece. It is seated at the confluenci of the Jumna with the Ganges, 470 m. W N W of Calcutta. Long. 82. 0. E. lat. 26. 45. n' It was finally ceded together with the province, to tlie English E. I. Company, in 1801 Mlah-Shehr, or Cit,j of 'God, the ancient Phila- delphia -It IS now occupied by about 300 families, principally Greeks. It is situate in the province of Natoha, Asiatic Turkey, about 100 m. due E of femyrna. .mghanij Mountains. See .IpalaMan. ■ i ^""■ll',' '^ "''" °'" Pennsylvania, which rises r/]o , •■ '^°™" "*" "'<' ^tate of New York, in at. 4J. It I.S navigable for keel-boats of 10 tins burthen, to Hamilton, 260 m. above Pittsbur. 38. E. lat. 18. 0. N. jimalfi, a sea-port of Naples, in Principato Ci- teriore, and an archbishop's sec. Flavio Gioia, who is said to have invented the mariners com- pass, was a native of this town. It is seated on the N. W. side of the gulf of Salerno, 13 m. S. W. of Salerno. Long. 14. 4.j. E. lat. 40. 2.S. N. Amand, Si. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 m. S. of Bourges. Amand, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord, with an abbey; seated on the Scarp, 7. m. N. of Valenciennes. Amanda, p.t. Fairfield Co. Ohio. Amandasriflf, p. v. Elbert Co. Geo. Amanlrn, n sea-port of Naples, near the bay of Eufemia, 20 ni. S. W. of Cosenza. Long. lU. 10. E. lat. 3;i. 12. N. Anuipnllii, a sea-port of Me.\ico, in Nicaracrua, seated on an island on the west side of the en- trance of a gulf of the same name. Lonor. 88. 30. W. lat. i:T. 10. N. Amas'n, or Amnsirh. a town of Asiatic Turkey in Natolia. the birth-place of Strabo. the geogra- pher. It is the capital of a province which produ- ces c'ii'.clliiil winen and fruits. It wasdev.istaleil by an earthquake, in I7!M. It is seated on tiic 1 asalmack. which falls into the Bliick Sea. 3G m. N. of Tocat. Long. ;ir, (I. E. lat. 40. 31. N. Amiithus, an ancient town in the isle of Cy- prus, sft called from .Anuithus the founder, or from Amalli in Phanicia. It had a very ancient temple of Venus and Adonis ; and according to Ovid, was rich in copper ore. It is now called />/m/.v.v/;. Ainiiziiu, or MiiruMin, a river of South Ameri- ca, and the greatest in the world. Its source is in Peru, not far from the Pacific oce.an.and Tun- ing ea.sl. it enters the Atlantic Ocean, directly under the equinoctial line. Its course is 3,300 miles, its mouth is \'M miles broad, and 1,500 miles from its mouth, it is 30 fathoms deep. It receives, in its progress, near 200 rivers, many of which have a course of 1,500 miles, and some ot' tlieiti not inferior to the Danube, or the Nile. In the rainv season it overllows its banks, and fertilizes the adjacent Country. Amay.viiia, a country of South America, 1.400 lu. long and OliO broad; bounded on the N. by Terra Firma and Guiana, E. by the .Atlantic Ocean and Brasil, S. by tiie Paraguay, and W. by Peru. It was discovered in 1580 by Francesco Orellana, who, coming from Peru, sailed down the river Amazon to tlie .Atlantic. Observing companies of women in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amazon to the river. whif;h had formerly been called Maran^m. The air in this country is cooler than might be expected, consid- ering its situation in the torrid zone ; this is owing partly to the heavy r:»ins, which cause the inun- dations of the rivers for one half of the year; and partly to the cloudiness of the atmospliere, by which the sun is obscured the greatest part of the day. The fair season is about tiie time of the soIstice.^. and the rainy seasons about the equi- noxes. The soil is very rich and fertile ; the trees and plants are verdant all the year. The woods abound with game of various kinds. The rivers and lakes abound \^■ith fish, but are infested by alligators and water serpents. Their banks are inhabited by diflt^rent tribes of Indians, gov- erned by petty sovereigns, distinguished from their subjects by a coronet of feathers, a belt of tigers' teeth or claws, and a wooden sword. The natives are of a good stature and copper colour, with handsome features and lonu black hair. They make cotton cloth, and their houses are built of wood and clay, thatclied with reeds. Their arms are darts, javelins, bows and arrows, and targets of cane or fish-.skin. The Spaniards have made many unsuccessful attempts to settle in this country ; but on the coast, between Cape Nortli and the mouth (pfthe Amazon, the Portu- guese have some small settlements. Amba-Gfishcn, a roitk in .\byssinia,of a most pro- digious steepness, in the form a castle, built of free-stone, and almost impregnable. The Elhiopic princes were formerly banished hither by their fathers, the emperors, that they might not attempt any thing against the state.and that their residence might be as noted for its height as their birth. Amhtr. p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 145 m. W. Al- bany. AmheriT. a fortified town of Bavaria, with a strong castle. The magnificent church of St. Mar- tin contains m.any beautiful paintings and curi- osities ; and the mint ij esteemed one of the finest buildings of the kind in Germany. In 1743 it was taken by the Austrians and in 17'.lli hv th» AMB 29 AME French. It is seated on the river Ills, or Wills, on the confines of the principality of Sultzbach, 49 m. E. of Nurenberg. Long. 1]. 48. E lit 40 27. N. ■ .imhtrl, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome. Tliere arc numerous papermakers in its vicinity, and it has a trade in coarse la- ces, camlets, ferrets, .*tc. It is seated in a beauti- ful valley, on the river Dorc, 21 m. E. nflssnire. Ambleside, a town in Westmoreland, standino- on the site of a Roman city, called Dklus, with a market on Wednesday. "Here is a manufacture of woolen cloth, it is seated on the Rotha, near the head of Windermerewater, 13 in N W of Kendal, and 27(i iV. N. W. of London. .imbletrusc, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Pas de Calais, defended by a batters- At this port CiBsar embarked his cavalry when he passed over into England; and here James II. land- ed on his departure from England, in KW-* It IS seated on the English channel, 8 m. N. of Bou- logne. Long. 1. 3(i. E. lat. 50. 49. N. .imboise, a town of France, in the department of the Indre and Loire. The town is mean and ill-built ; but has been rendered famous in historv by the conspiracy of the Huguenots, in loGo' which opened the fatal religious wars in France' Here Louis XI. instituted the order of St. Michael- it was also the birth-place of the poet Jesuit Com- mine, and the spot where Charles VIII. died. It is seated at the confluence of the Massee with ^fjf ^^1^*'' '- "' ^- ^y ^- of Tours, and 115 S. by W. of Paris. ■^ .imboij, or Perth Amboij, citv. Middlese.x Co. N J. upon a bay at the South endof Staten Island communicating with N. York harbour by Arthur Kul! Sound and with the ocean below the nar- rows. This harbour is safe and easy of access and the town has considerable commerce. Amboy, South, p.t. Middlese.x Co. N. J., k-intr o. of the above. " Amboijna, an island of the Moluccas, in the Indian Ocean. It is .56 m. in length from N to ». and divided on the west side by a larcre bay in two parts ;, the largest of which is calle^°Hitou and the other Leytimor. The face of this island is beautiful ; woody mountains and verdant plains being interspersed with hamlets, and enriched by cultivation. The chief products are nutmegs, su- gar, coffee, and many delicious fruits, but more es- pecially cloves. The principal animals are deer and wild hogs. The English and Dutch had fac- tories here at the beginning of the I7th century ■ but the Dutch e.tpelled the English, and tortured and put to death many of them. The natives wear large whiskers, and their dress is onlv a slight piece of stuff wrapped round their middle The men buy their wives of their parents, and if tiiey prove barren, the marriage is void. They are generally Mahometans ; biit there are some Christians among them. This island was taken by the English in 179(j, and restored by thetreatv of Amiens in 18U2, recaptured in LSIO, and aUC Ul Liie lOur quarters, or four grand divisions of the globe; but It IS equally matter for surprise as welf as for re- gret, that the western hemisphere should so (ono- have remained subject to a misnomer so obvious' and a designation so inappropriate and indefi-' nite. This hemisphere first became known to Europe in the year 1493 of the Christian era, when Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, who, from a long and close application to the stu- dy of geography and mavigation, hai obtained a knowledge of the figure of the earth, much su- perior to the general notions of the urn- in which he lived, was led to conceive Uiat anSther conti- nent existed. Having fully satisfied himself of the truth of this system, he became impatient t« reduce it to practice, and accordinani.ila. and returned to Spain in the fnllowing A. ME Vfar In a socond voyage he discovered many more of Ihf West India islands; and in a third he att.-iined the gri-at object of his ambition, by dbicovering the southern division of the conti- nent, near ihe mouth of the Orinoco. Amongst the crowd of new adventurers who now followed from all parts of Europe, was one Amcricus Ws- pucius, a Florentine, who. with much art, and some degree of elegance, drew ui) an ninusinw history of his voyage, in which he insinuated that he first discovered what is commonly called the continent of the New World. This being published and read with admiration, tiie country was from him called .imerira, though it is now well understood that Columbus was the first dis- coverer. The celebrity of Columbus and Amcri- cus A'espucius soon resounded throughout all Eu- rope, inspiring numbers of adventurers to witness the fniiU of their discoveries. Among the rest, Giovanni Gabota (Anglicised Cabot) a Venetian, and his three sons, under the auspices of Henry VII. of England, sailed from Bristol, in 1407, and discovered the coast of Labrador as the 57th dcg. of N. lat. On a second voyage, in the following year, in a ship, furnished by the king, accompanied by four small barques provisioned by the merchants of Bristol, under the direction of Giovanni's second son, Sebastian, (who had been born in Bristol, hence the claim of the northern division of the western hemisphere having been discovered by an Englishman.) they discovered the island of Newfoundland in N. lat. about 47, and coasted southward as far as Florida. Cabot made a third voyage to Newfoundland in 1502. In 1.319 a boJiv of Spaniards, under the command of Cortez, landed at Vera Cruz, and discovered the populous district of Mexico. In 1524 the French sent an expedition, which traversed the coast from the lat. of2S. to.50. N. France. Spain, and England each sent successive e.Tpedilions to North Ameri- ca, and made attempts to establish settlements ; but so unsuccessfully, it is believed, that at Ihe commencement of the 17th century, not a single European remained north of Mexico. In 160^ renewed efforts were made by England ; since when, the extent, features, population, and productions of the whole of the W. hemisphere nave progressively been developed to Europe. America, or the western hemisphere, is subdivi- ded by nature into two grand divisions, north and aoulh ; very distinct in character and fe.iturc. .Imcrica. .Vortli, extends from the polar regions to the loth deg. of N. let., the more northern part, as far as lat. 50., extending from about the .36th to the 130th de". of VV. long, and at lat. G5. as far west as hJH. of long. From the 50th to the 30th deg. of lat. the country assumes a very com- pact form, extending at the north from about the 62Dd to the 124th dew. of long, gradually con- verging southerly, and at lat. 3u. extending only from about the '8l8t to the 115 deg. of long, at about the 30th deg. of N. laL The great gulf of Mexico bounds the land, from about the ■'^Oth to the 97th deg. of long, the land converging into a promontory of about 10 dcg. at the north, extend- ing S. to the chain whicli unites the northern with the grand southern division, gradually con- verging in long, to about 1 deg. orily. in N. lat. 15. and in W. long. 95. The superficies of the first of these three divisions of the N. VV. hemis- phere, cannot be stated with any degree of accu- racy, owing to the unknown boundaries on the flile of the polar regions. The central part ron- 30 AME tains a superficies of about 2,700,000 sq. miles, and the promontory about 1 10,000 sq. miles. The extreme length of the grand northern division, in a str.iight, unbroken line, from the mouth of the Copper-mine River which runs S. to N. into the ley Sea, in lat. 70, to Acapulco, in lat. 17, is about 3,200 miles, and the extreme breadth, from the mouth of the Penobscot river which falls into the Atlantic Ocean in N. lat. 44. 24. W. long. 68. 45. to the mouth of Columbia river which falls into the North Pacific Ocean in N. lat. 46. W. long. 124. the distance is about 2,500. The north- ern part of this grand division of the western hemisphere is indented by Hudson's Bay, which extends from the line of the Arctic circle, to the 51st deg. of N. lat. and in its extreme breadth, from the 7.Sth to the 95th dew. of \V. lonp. It is also intersected by a chain of fresh water Takes of vast extent. Athapescow, and the Slave Lake, (the latter of great extent,) discharging their waters into the Icy Sea, Winnipeg, and several of lesser extent and note discharge (heir waters into Hudson's Bay, whilst Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, between the latitudes of 42. and 48. N. discharge their waters by the great river St. Lawrence into the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the lat. of .50. N. and W. long, about 65. the western extremity of lake Superior being in long, about 92. Innumerable streams of water intersect the country in all directions, and form themselves into noble rivers, several of which run into Hudson's Bay, whilst those south of the great chain of lakes and the St. Lawrence, run a course from N. to S. or S. E falling into the Atlantic Ocean. Taking them in order from N. to S. the most prominent are St. John's, the Penobscot, Kennebec, -Vndroscowgin, Piscataqua, Merrimack, Connecticut, the Hudson, or North river, Delaware, Susquehaiinah, Poto- mac, Rappahanock, James river, Roanoke, San- tee, and Savannah. All these rivers have their source E. of a chain of mountains, called the Apalachian, running parallel with the Atlantic coast, from about the 34th to the 43rd deg. of N. lat. and 2 to 300 miles from the ocean. Sf uth of the 34th deg. of lat. the Apalachicok, Alabama, Tombigbee, and some other rivers of less note, run a course due S. falling into the Gulf of Mexico. West of the Apalachian mountains, innumerable other streams have their source, forming another collection of noble rivers, the most important of which are the Ohio, and Tennessee, running from E. to W. the Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas, and the Red river, running from W. to E. all of which fall into one grand channel, called the Mississippi, which has its source about the 47th deg. of N. lat. running a course nearly due S. fal- ling into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. W. 5. N. and 89. 8. W. long. The Rio del Norte, or Rio Bravo, another noble river, haa its source westward of the Arkansas and Red rivers, in N. lat. about 42. and falls into the Gulf of Mexico in N. lat. 26. W. long. 97. 3u. On the western coast, the Co- lumbia, and Colorado, are the only rivers of im- portance, and they are not considerable ; the first falls into the Pacific Ocean in N. lat. about 45. and the other into the Gulf of California in N. lat. about 32. A ridge of mountains runs paral- lel with the western coast, the whole extent of the north division, from the point of the promon- tory S. in lat. of 70. N. bearing west from the 9.5th to the 122nd or 123rd of long, and about 10 deg. from the western coast or shore of the Pacific Ocean ; this ridge which seems to h» a contiuaa- AME 31 AME tion nf tlie Andes of llie southern divisiou, from the I5lh to about the 40th deg. of N. lat. is called the CordiUersis, and more northerly the Rocky Mountains, the greatest altitude is in N. lat. about I'J. where Popocatepetl issues forth volcanic eruptions at a height of 17,720 ft. above the level of the sea. Another range of mountains runs parallel with the eastern or Atlantic coast, from about the 35th to the 45th deg. of N. lat. diverg- ing into several distinct and parallel ridges design- ated as the White, Green, Catskill, Blue, Allegha- ny, Laurel and Cumberland mountains, and collec- tively they are called the Apalachian Mountains. Their altitude does not exceed 6,500 ft. above the level of the sea. On the discovery of this vast territory, at the periods previously stated, it was found, to the N. of the 30th deg, of lat. to be thinly populated with inhabitants, and eicept the Esquimaux at the more northern part, possessing one conunon character, and speaking one common language, though somewhat varied in dialect. In person, tall and well-proportioned; complexion coppery, Bay. In many parts of the United Stales they exist in great abundance and are taken in vast numbers for their flesh and fur ; they do great with long, straight, and somewhat coarse, black hair, localized into various tnbes or communities, none of %vhora were found to have made any, or very little progress in the arts which contribute to the comfort of life ; spears and arrows being their onlv instruments of defence, of attack, and subsistence, whilst skins, mats, and the coarsest cloth of reeds, grass, or hemp, constituted their chief clothing and protection from the inclemen- cy of the weatiier. Thev were nevertheless found possessing many manly qualities, and social virtues, until corrupted and debased by the vi- cious refinements of their invaders, before whom they have receded as from a pestilence. In America, as in all other regions of the world, the animal tribes bear a proportion both in Lumber and size, to the extent of the country which has given them birth. The inusk, or the North American bison, and the Mageleanic os- trich of South America, equa!. in size their cor- responding species of the old \vorld. The elk or stag of New California, attains a gigantic magni- tude. The moose is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is sometimes 12 feet high. The elk and red deer are inhabitants of the United States. The white, black, and grizzly bear are common in various parts. The wolf and the cougar, or catamount, are widely distributed. Foxes and squirrels are abundant. The hare of America, improperly called rabbit, is found as far North as Hudson e mischief to the farmers. The beavers are still numerous in the North and AVest. Most of the animals of America form particular species, or at least distinct races from those of Europe, and are evidently aboriginal in the country which they inhabit. In the plains between the Apalachian and Rocky Mountains, fossil bones of animals have been found far exceeding in size those of any known animal now existing, or ever known. Neither the elephant, lion, tiger, leopard, nor hy- ena have ever been found in America. The birds of America are not, as absurdly sta- ted by BulFon, inferior to their kindred species of the old world. The Washington or great sea ea- gle, a native of the United Slates, is the noblest of his tribe. The bald eagle is distributed over nearly the whole continent. Vultures and hawks of many species are common. The passenger pi- geons in countless millions obscure the heavens with their flocks, and wherever they direct their flight it may be said to • snow of meat.' The wild geese and ducks pass along the whole extent of the continent in their periodical migrations. The robin and blue bird court the society of man, and in the colder diiitricts are the earliest harbin- gers of spring. The oriole, the woodpecker, the blue jay, the cafdinal and the tanager, adorn the woods with their brilliant plumage ; while the unrivalled mocking-bird makes the forest echo with his thousand melodious and varied notes. The deep woods and sweunps of the West still afford a retreat to the wild turkey, once common all over the United States. Insects and reptiles are of course larger and more abundant in the southern than in the north- ern part of tliis country. Little incommodity is sufiered from insects in the temperate portions. In the south the moschetoes are very annoying. Bees are numerous in the woods of the west, and the people who go into the forests to collect honey retuin with waggon loads. Locusts are unknown, AMR ,ml \ho insert „,o»t tronblosom^ to ai;.irnltiiri»K the llMxiiiPi tlv, WM iniporU-d (roi.i bur..|,e. 1 lie rivers in the South »warni with alhgatora But the met terrible of American reptiles is the rat- tlesnake, who is found in nearly all parts of the hot and temperate regions of this country. The northern portion of the western hemis- phere is at present divided into three great parts ; viz 1st North, under the dominion of Great Britain, which part extends S. from the Icy Sea and polar regions, to about the 4Hth deg. of N. lat. subdivided into seven provinces or temlorics ; viz Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower and Upper Canada, Labrador, New South Wales, and the N. W. territory ; 2nd, the Central part, from the boundary of the British territories on the North, to the Golf of Mexico S. and W. from the Atlantic Ocean to about the lOOthdeg. of W. long, and from the 42nd to the 4tltli deg. of N. lat. cxtendinir W. to the Pacific Ocean under the role of the federal government of the U. S. of Amtrica and 3rd. the part extending from the Uni- ted States territory S. to the isthmus which unites the northern with the grand southern division. This part, for three centuries,continucd under the dominion of Spain; but from the period of 1820 or 1621, it may be considered as forming a sepa- rate and independent territory. South America extends through 68 deg. of lat. from Cape la Vela in 12. 12. NT to Cape Horn in 55. 58. S. being about 4,100 miles, and under the lat. of 5. S. extends through 4.5 deg. of long, from Cape St. Roque in 3.">. 40. to Cape Blanco in 81. 10. \V. From the equator N. to the 7th deg. of lat. it extends only through about 27 deg. of long, and from the 7th to its northern cxlreiuity, only through about 20 deg. and S, from about the 10th deg. of lat. it assumes a form approximating to a right angled triangle, of which the western shore on the Pacific Ocean is the perpendicular, and the eastern on the South Atlantic Ocean is the hvpothenuse, so that wliilst the tilreme breadtli is about 2,700 miles, the mean will not exceed more than about I ,.')00. giving a superfi- cies of about i;.l.'>0.1l(IO sq. miles. This division of the western hemisphere, as previously stated, was first discovered by Columbus (on his third voyage from Spain) on the first of August. 1498; but it W.18 not till the year |.")31 that any knowl- edge was obtained, of it3 extent and productions, in°which year three low and unprincipled adven- turers. Pizarro. Alinagro. and the priest Lucques, landed at the Isthmus of Panama, and proceeding Booth, discovered the rich and then populous dis- tricts of Quito and Peru. In the year I.">00, the Portuguese admiral, Alvarez de Cahral. com- manding a squadron of 13 sail, with lJ2flO men on board, deHlined for the East Indies by the Cape of (Jood Hope, accidentally discovered on the 24th of April tlie southern division of the west- ern hemisphere, about 4 deg. S. of the equator, and on the following day landed and took posses- sion of the country, since called Brazil ; and al- ! AMF. though near half a century elapsed before any effectual effort* were made by the Portuguese to form a permanent settlement, the whole of the southern division of the western hemisphere (with the exception of a comparatively trifling extent of territory, between the 3rd and 7th deg. of N. lat. settled by the Dutch, and the southern extremity continuing in possession of the natives) fell under the dominion of Spain and Portugal; the Spaiiisli portion being divided into five de- partmenU : viz. New Granada, Venezuela, Peru, BuenOB Ayres, and Chile, each sub-divided into several provinces ; the whole of the Portuguese portion continuing under one general government. Since the period of 1.^2.''), the domination and rule of both Spain and Portugal has entirely cea- sed over every part of the great southern division of the western hemisphere ; new and distinct gov- ernments having established themselves, giving rise to new boundaries and subdivisions ot terri- tory, which will be found detailed under the sev- eral'heads of Colombia, Peru, United Provinces of La Plata, or South America, Chile, and Bra- zil, and the remaining portion under the heads of Amazonia, Guiana, and Patagonia. The natural features of this division of the western hemisphere are in the highest degree grand and imposing ; extensive fertile plains yield a variety and abundance of every thing cal- culaU'd for the comfort of man ; whilst the moun- tains display the majesty of creation, affording abundance of malleable and indestructible metals, and innumerable streams, forming themselves into noble rivers, yielding their proportion of sup- ply, affordinc facility of conveyance, and eminent- ly contributing to promote the sociality, enjoy- ment, and happiness of society. The range of mountains called the Andes, extends from the utmost extremity of this division south, to the cli.ain which unites it with the north, running parallel with the shores of the Pacific Ocean, at the distance of 100 to 200 miles from the sea, and occasionally in parallel ridges, the main ridge maintaining an average altitude of 12,00(1 to l."),000 fl. above tlie level of the sea, nearly the whole extent of the continent. In 1802 the travellers, Humboldt and Bonpland, ascended the peak of the Andes called Chimborazo, in the province of Quito, to the height of 10,400 ft. its extreme alti- tude being 21,440. The peak of Cotopaxi, 40 m. S. E. of the ancient city of Quito, is volcanic, and frequently emits fire with terrific violence, from its summit, 18,.808 ft. above the level of the sea. Various mountain ridges intersect the more east- em parts of the continent, all running from south to north, similar in diversity and altitude to the Apalachian of the northern division. The rivers run in every direction : taking them from north to south, the first demanding notice is the Magda lena ; 2nd Orinoco ; 3d. the Yupura, Tungurapia, Ucayale, Madeira, and Tapajos, branches which form the Amazon ; 4th. the Araguay ; 5th. Parai- ba. or Maranham ; 6th. the Francisco, and 7th. the Uruguay. Parana, Paraguay, Pilcomayo, Vcr- mejo. and Salado branches, which form tlie Rio de la Plata, all of which will be found under their respective heads. The inhabitants of this division of the western hemisphere, on the first inroads of the Spaniards, at the commencement of the Kith century appeared to be of the same stock; and possessing the same common character of feature and colour as those of the north ; but on the west- ern side were much further advanced in the arts of social life. Of their origin no credible ao A. ME 33 A ME count eitlicr of history or tradition could be ob- tained. Instead of an Adam, formed of the dust of the earth, and an Eve, formed of Adam's rib, armadillo is a very curious little animal clad in a natural coat of mail, without hair. They burrow in the ground like a rabbit and are generally in- the Peruvians had a Manco-Capac, who came from an island on a great lake south, to instruct their men in agriculture and other usefiil employ- ments, and a Mama-Ocllo, to instruct the women m spinning and weaving. Of the precise era, however, of their appearance, their chronology was too imperfect to define ; they enumerated 14 reigns of Incas or sovereigns since their time, which would carry the epoch back to about the end of the 12th, or beginning of the 13th century. In the face of evidence so imperfect, it would be ab- surd to hazard even a conjecture, much more an assertion, upon the subject of the first peopling of the south. It may, however, be fairly inferred that the north division was first peopled by em- igrants from the south, rather than from any part of the eastern hemisphere. This seems probable, as well from the similarity of general feature and character, as from the regular gradation of the athletic power and energy which seemed to pre- vail amongst them from south to north. The most healthy and robust of the race would doubtless be most likely to advance onward. In the animal creation we here meet with the jaguar, or South American tiger, an animal su- perior m siie to the leopard, with a spotted hide, and ferocious in habits. He is found from Para- guay to Guiana. The cougar, or puma, some- times called the South American lion, inhabits the southern as well as the northern part of the American continent. The tapir dwells in the rivers of every part of South America and lives upon sugar cane, ^rass, shrubs and fruits. The tiger cat is a beautiful spotted animal not much larger than the common cat, and is mischievous and untameable. Here are three species of ant- eaters with a long snout, no teeth and a long tongue, perpetually occupied in destroying the ant-hills. The llama of Peru is a very useful beast of burthen ; the vicuna and alpaco furnish 1 valuable wool. Wild horse.i and oxen cover liie plains willi iheir immense drove? Tha nocent in tlieir manners. Monkeys of various species swarm in the forests ; one of these, the coaita, has a remarkable resemblance to an Indian old woman. The beaver of this region does not build his habitation after the manner of the com- mon beaver. The chinchilla is prized for its val- uable skin. The sloth is peculiar to this country : he is unfurnished with teeth, and crawls slowly from tree to tree devouring their leaves. The peccary exists in abundance here as well as in Mexico. The cavy frequents the marshes, and the coati prowls among the woods devouring small animals, poultry and eggs. The agouti is about the size of a hare, and burrows in noUow trees; feeding upon potatnes, yams and such fruits as fall from the trees. It uses its paws in the manner of hands, like a squirrel, and is ex- ceedingly voracious. Birds are various in species, and numerous ; the condor of the Andes is considered superior in majesty to the ostrich of the deserts of Africa ; in the plains is another large bird of a species between the ostrich and cassowary of New Holland; there are eagles of various kinds, and an endless variety of smaller birds of exquisite- ly beautiful plumage. The winged tribe and in- sects are various and infinite, some surpassing in beauty, and others in nn.xiousness ; but next to the volcanic eruptions and natural convulsions of the earth, the greatest terror of S. America are the reptiles, which exceed in variety, number, and voracity those of any other part of the world. Of the inhabitant.^ of tha waters, the electric eel and ink-fish are peculiar to the east- ern coast of the equatorial latitudes of this hemis- phere ; in addition to which, nearly all the species common to other seas and rivers are aUo abun- dant. Indestructible metals and gems are mor« abundant in this division of the western hemis- phere than any other part of the world ; and gold and silver seem to abound to such a degree as is likely soon to satiate the mania for Oieir possession. Copper, in several part^, is also abundant. The veffetable productions exceed in variety, beauty, and utility, those of Asia, or any other part of the globe, whether considered in reference to sustenance, or to luxury, tas'e, and adornment in art Vegetation presents a great number of gradations. From the shores of tho sea to the height of 1,083 H. we meet willi mag- nificent piilms, tha most odoriferous Mies, and the balsniu of Tolu. TUe larga flovfeiod ji«Ba- A .ME liiiiii! and llii' ilalura arbnroa e.xliaU- at niglil their ill lic.ioiis |)i-rfiiiii(>, ami oriiaiiu'iit tin' head dri'ss of the ladies with their beautiful flowers. On the arid shores of the ocean as well as in the depth of the interior forests, grows spontaneously tile cocoa tree, whose fruit is applied to so many useful purposes. The trunk is composed of hard, stroni' fibres crossing each other like net work, and there are properly no branches. The husk of the cocoa nut is twisted into cordage, and of the pnlp a species of butter is made. Above the reirion of the palm commences that of the arbores- cent fern and the cinchona which bears the febri- fn^re bark. Ab.jve this, a broad zone of ti.dOd to I'^.OOO 11. contains the region of alpine plants. The surar cane, the oranw, colfee and cotton have been introduced by the Europeans, and flourish in o-reat luxuriance. The climate, though nox- ious in certain eonlined and local situations, is on the wlir>le delightful ; in short, nothing is wanting but judicious and well-directed means, on the part of m.an. to render the whole southern division of the western hemi.-'phere the abode of enjoyment and proiipcrily. Jlmerira. p.t. capital of Alexander Co. Illinois, on the Ohio, 7 m. above the Mississippi. .Imirpiirr., a town of Nepaul, 10 m. W. of Moowanpoor. .ijnerhalr, a fort of Hindoostan, in the exten- sive sanily desert between the Indus and the Pud- d:ir. Thi.i place is celebrated as the retreat of the emperor Hnmaioon,durin- his troubles; and here was born his son, the illustrious Acbar. It is lliO ni. r,. N. E. of Tatt.a. •Iinersfuil, a town of Holland, in the state of Utrecht. A considerable quantity of tobacco is raised in the neighbourhood. It has a trade in iwer, and goods from Germany are shipped here f'lr Anislerdnm. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Ems. 10 m. E. N. E. of Utrecht. jimcr:-hiim or jlisii^iyiitltshnm, a borough in Buck- inirhamsliire, returning 2 mend)ers to parliament, with a market on Tuesday. It has a considerable manufacture of black lace. The town-hall is the handsomest in the countr}-. It is seated in a vale between woody hill.'i, 2t> m. N. W. of London. Pop. '>X,\± .imts, p.t. Athens Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. E. Co- lumbus. Amrslnirij, p t. Essex Co. Mass. 40 ni. N. E. Boston : on the Merrimack 4 m. above Newbury- port. is a thriving manufacturing town. Pop. 2,44'). In the iron factories 1, DUO tons of iron were formerly wrought in a "ear. The nail ma- chine invented bv Jacob Perkins, w.is first put in motion here. Tbe flannel factory has .">,0i'0spin- 34 AML dies, and turns out 200 pieces in a week. Tlicre are several other factories, bleacherics, Ac. .Imcshurij, or .-Imlirfsburij, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the lower Avon, at the place where a number of Brit- ons were treacherously murdered, and near that famous monument of antiquity, Stonehenge. Here are the ruins of a venerable abbey. 1 his place gave birth to Addison. It is (> m. N. of Salisbury, and 77 W. of London. Pop. 810. .hiihara, a district of Abyssinia, between the Deuder and Tacazze branches of the Nile. Amhersl, a town, recently established by the Enirlish, at the bottom of the gulf of Martaban. in the'Birman empire. Here is a Baptist .Mission- ary. Jimltcrst, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. D] m. W Bo.ston and 7 E. of Conn, river. Pop. 2,(i31 : has a college incorporated in 1S25. This ^'e^lina ry ha.s 7 Professors and 4 tutors. The number of Students is liiiS. The libraries contains about 7,000 volumes. Here are also an academy, and an institution called the Mount Pleasant Institu- tion, containing 9 instruct irs. .iiiilierst, p t. one of llie seats of justice in Hills- borough, iV. II., on Souhegan river, a branch of the Merrimack, 47 m. fr. Boston ; it is a pleasant town, and contains a mineral spring. Pop. ],(m7. Amherst, t. Erie Co. N. Y. 12 in. N. Bufi"alo. Pop. 2.489. .inihcrsi, an inland county of Virginia, on the north bank of James River. The court house of the ceunty is 1:50 m. W. of Richmond. Pop. 12,07-.^. Amherst Sprini'S, p.v. Amherst Co. Va. 211 m W. Wash. Amherst, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio. 130 m. N. E. Columbus. AmhersllmTg. a town and fort of Upper Canada, on the east side of the river Detroit, at its en- trance into Lake Erie. Long. 82. 56. W. lat. 42. 30. N. Amiens, a large and populous town of France, in the department of Somme. It is a place of great antiquity ; being mentioned by Cs;sar (by whom it v.'as called Samaro-Briva) as a town that had made a vigorous resistance against the Ro- mans, and where he convened a general assem- bly of the Gauls. The town is encompassed with a wall and other fortifications ; and the ramparts are planted with trees, which form a delightful walk. The city has five gates. At the gate of Noynn there is a suburb, remarkable for the abbey of St. Aclien. The cathedral is one of the largest and most magnificent churches in France. Thrt-e branches of the river Somme pass through this citv. and afterwards iiniie. Amiens was t.iki ii by the Spaniards in l">y7, but retaken by ilenrv iV'.who built a citadel in it. A treaty of peace was concluded here, March 27. 1802, between Spain, Holland. France, and England. It has manuf::c- tures of linen and woolen cloth, which empb-y in the city and adjacent country, 30.000 people It is 20 m. S. E. of Abbeville, and 7-5 N. of Paris. Amite, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,943 Liberty is the chief town. AmUy, p.v. Washington Co. Pa. Amity, p.v. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 872. Amity, t. Berks Co. Pa. Amigsrille, p.v. Culpepper Co. V^a. ^0. ni. Wash. Aitdieich, a town of "Whales, on the N. coast of •Anglesey with a harbour for small vessels. In 17(W, when tlie Parys copper mines were opened, it did not contain above C houses ; but in 1821, AM 3 l,OnC, and 7,002 inhab. It is S.") m. W. r.f Beau- maris, and 266 N. W. of London. See Ptiri/s. Amman, a town of Syria, anciently the capital of the Ammonites, called Rabbah Ammon,and by the Greeks Philadelphia, and now the principal place of a district. It is 30 m. S. V/. of Bosra and 53 N. of Jerusalem. ' Amol, a town of Usbec Tartary, in Bucharia and a place of considerable trade. It is seated on V!i? 'Vi"' "''•''^'^ ''^"^ '"'-o "^«^ S'"^ of Aral, GO m W. of Bucharia. Long. 60. 40. E. lat. 39. SO. N .imol, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, with the remains of an ancient fortress and palace It has manufactures of cotton, and in the neio-hbour- hood are iron mines and cannon founder'ies It stands in a plain, at the foot of Mount Taurus and on the borders of the Caspian sea, 30 m N VV. of Ferabad. Long. 52. 3S. E. lat. 37, 30. N .imonoosuck, Upper and Lower; two rivers ^^slng among the White Mountains and flowino- into the Connecticut ; each about 50 rn. lon-r, '^ .'Imorgo, an island of the Archipelao-o, fertile in wine, oil, and corn. The best cultTvalcd parts belong to a monastery. It is 30 miles in circum- ference, and 07 aorth of Candia. Lonn-. 2G 15 E. lat. 36. 20. N. =. ■> • .imoskeag falls, on the Merrimack, in N. Hamp- Bhire, 15 m. below Concord, consist of 3 pitches within half a mile, descending about 50 feet. A canal passes round them. Amour, or Amur, river of Chinese Taxtarv See Saghalien. Amoy, an island on the S. E. coast of China Jo miles in circumference. The English had a factory here, but abandoned it on account of the impositions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the west side, is capable of receiving 1,000 shins Long. 118. 45. E. lat. 24. 20. N. A mulepuh, 3. town of France, in the department ?,, ^''^f.',,''^''''"'''''^'' '°'" "^ ^^'"<^s. It is 16 m. W. of Villefranche, and 26 N. W. of Lyons Amptlnll. a town in Bedfordshire, with a mar- ket on Thursday. It was the residence of Cath- armj, queen of Henry VIII. during the time that tier unjust divorce was in agitation. This event IS commemorated by a poetical inscription on a column where the old castle stood. It is situate between 2 hills, 6 m. S. of Bedll,rd, and 45 N VV. ot London. Pop. 1,,527. .im/juWffs, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia at the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 m. N. E. of Barcelo- na. Long. 3. 0. E. lat. 42. 9. N. Amrus, a castle or palace of Germany, in Tyrol at the foot of a mountain, 2 m. S. E. of Inspruck' .•?/ns<«r(/«OT, the principal city of Holland Pro- per, the capital of the northern division of the Netlierhnds. and formerly of the republic of the beven United Provinces, is situated at the conflu- ence of the rivers Amstel and Y, or Wye near ■■' A.M.i tra^qnillity w-s dlHurbc-d by ta.nults and ir.-^ur- reotinns occasioned by the ambaptists ; in one of wh,,:h Van Gee en, th= le.J.r of these enthu- siasts led lus foll.,wers ope.nly in military arrav, wuh drums beating and colours Rvin.'to tV tov^-i house, where he fi.xed lii^ head quart.Ts. He wi-'i. ^";:;i:,^"\..^r^^^-r''- Tl- magistrate. assembled the burghers, who showed the south-western extremity of the Zuyder Zee. .HI m. N. by E. from Antwerp, in lat. 52. 25 N ong. 4. 40 E. Pop. 180,000. This city was un-' X known in history before the latter end of the thir- teenth century, and was then noticed only as a collection of ^fishermen's huts in the middle of a nior.T.ss. It first acquired a commercial character about the year 1.370, but was not fortified till the end ot the succeeding century ; after which period It srradually increased in magnitude and mercan- ti.e celebrity, yet not without experiencin<7 some severe check. In 1512 it was besieged by the people nfOnelderland, who, on failure of their attempt to take the city, set fire to the shippino- in the harbour. During the same century ill ■ =. , '■^- ".'"^ c.iov.eu u'l disposi- tion to take part with the insui-.rpnt-*, and beinn- aided by some regular troops, Kurroimtlfd the place ; and after an obstinate resistance, he and the wbole ot his surviving band wer- tn'^en pris- oners, and put to dealh undor cir.nm,st.anees oi" extreme crue ty. The city was tuken possession ot by the Hollanders in 1.57-<, on c-ndition that the religious rights of the Roman Catholic citi- zens should be respected. The condition was but 111 observed ; fjrall the ecclesiastics of both -^xcs were driven out of the city, the ima.res brc!--,-i and the altars demrdishcd. From thfs p,"nr,d its' opulence and splendour increased wi:!i an ah-ust uninterrupted rapidity till its countctiou v.-ill. the revolutionary government of France, ^vhi.■;, cau.s. ed a total annihilation oi'its nnmmorco du-'n ' '',o continuation of the union of tlip coii-., fries " " Om cans? of the advancement of AipV(p,-,J.|,„ was the decay of Antwerp, oecasi.oned chiefiv by the closmo^of the mviaation of t!:c Scheldt ;' an- olhrr, w-hich also concurred in securincr tiie sta- bility of its cnmnierce, was the erecl'on of the publ.c bank. This establishment was in.^tituted in ,I;{,P m order to clivi.ate the inconveniences arising from the very debased state of the cnrren- cy of Holland, which was made uD of coins brought from every part of the W'.rid. 'M.-rchants oft,en lound ,t dilKc't to procure .=ti.ndard coin to pay their bills ; but as the bauk.rocciv.-d the lin-'it and worn out coin at its intrinsic value, an inva- riable standard v,-o.s thus f-.rmrd which tended greatly to simplify !i:e operations of !r>!p. The amount of the capita! of the bauk wns novcr cor- rectly ascertained, though it. is said to have in- creased m the period of its pr.,sp,Tl»v to upwards oi torty millions stcrlin? of actual de>i.sits These originally consisted of coined m"nev but afier- wards large rnantiticH of r-oM .and silver bullion were received. After the French invasion in l/.'-T It was ascertained, h-wover. that its boas'ed treasures were imaginary : the precious metals had bcen.lent out by the directors to di.feren* public bodies, whose bonds were depo.r echcvins, a rank some- wliat BJiinlar to that of iilderman : the number of these is twclrf ; they have tlie direction of all public works, and hold the keys of the city bank. The inilit:iry protection of the town is in the charge of the militia, consisting of sixty compa- nies of from 300 to 300 men each. Jews and anabaptiots are excluded from this body, as they arc not allowed to bear arms : they are, however, obliged to contribute to the support of the city guard, consisting of 1,400 soldiers, and to the niL'ht watch, which patroles the streets and calls the hours. In addition to this night patrole, trumpeters are stationed in every churcli steeple, who sound every half hour, and, in case of fire, ring the alarm bells, and direct enquirers to the place. The city extends in the form of a semicircle on the southern bank of the Y, whicli is its diameter; on the land side it was surrounded by a wall and bastions, with a broad and deep fosse : the wall is dismantled ; but the bastions still remain, and are used as sites for corn-mills. The Amstcl, on en- tering the city, divides into two branches, from each of which issue numerous canals, forming a collection of islands, connected with each other by 2,tO bridges ; of which, that over the Amstol, commanding a panoramic view of the city and its environs, is the only one worthy of notice. That part of the river Y which forms the port of Am- sterdam, is guarded by a double row of piles, with openings at intervals for the admission of vessels : these openings are always closed at night. The deeply laden ships lie outside the piles, in a place called the Laag. During the period of Dutch prosperity, an hundred vessels have entered the port in one tide, and six or seven hundred were to be seen there at anchor together. On the op- posite side of the Y are the locks by which ships enter the great canal, which is earned thence, in a straight line, northwards to the Texel ; thus preventing the risk and delay of a voyage through the Zuyder Zee. This canal, which has been recently finished, is ]20 feet wide at the surface, and twenty-five deep. It was constructed at an expense of 1,000,000/. sterling. It terminates at the Heldcr, which was nothing more than a fish- ing village, until it was fortified by Bonaparte for the defence of a naval arsenal he formed there, and which is now called Willems-oord. The isl- and of the Texel is principally devoted to the breeding of sheep. The cheese made from their milk ia much prizid by the inhabitants. The canals with which the city is intersected, though extremely convenient and ornamental, are attend- ed with one very disagreeable consequence : from the stagnation of the water, and the collection of offal of every kind discharged into them, they send forth eilluvia equally offensive and unwhole- some, which all the cJiaracteristic cleanliness of tlie inhabitants has not been able wholly to re- move. Mills have been erected on their banks, to promote a circulation of air by ventilation ; others, called mud-mills, from the purpose to which they are applied, are also used to raise and remove the slime which the river deposits largely. In consequence of the badness of the founda- tion, the whole city is built on piles driven end- ways into the mud ; a circumstance which occa- sioned the witty remark of Krasmus, on visiting it, '* that he was in a town where the inhabitants lived, like rooks, on the the tops of trees." This circumstance also occasioned the restriction of coaches to men of consequence and physicians. who paid a tax for the privilege of usir.g tluiii ; the magistrates conceiving that the rolling of the wheels produced a dangerous concussion of the piles. Goods are conveyed through the town on sledges ; ajid the common conveyance for those who do not wish to walk is a kind of sleigh or traineau, consisting of the body of a carriage fix- ed on a hurdle, drawn by a single horse, and guided by the driver, who walks by its side. The streets in general are narrow, with the exception of a few w-hicli present a fine appearance, and are adorned with spacious mansions. The principal square is the Dam, in front of the palace ; besides which there are three others, where markets and an annual fair are held. The palace, formerly the stadthouse, or town hall, is considered to be the most magnificent building in Holland. It forms an oblong square, 232 feet in length, 235 in breadth, and IIG in height, besides tlie tower, which is 67 feet high. Within is a spacious hall, 150 feet long, CO broad, and 100 lii"h. This hall, and the other apartments of the palace, are adorn- ed with some fine paintinf^s. Strangers are ad- mitted daily to view it, under the sole restriction of writing down their names on entering. The front entrance has seven doors, which were in- tended for the representatives of the Seven Unit- ed Provinces, but are now reserved exclusively for the royal family. All other persons obtain admission through the back entrance. The base- ment story was formerly used to hold the im- mense treasures of the bank. The royal museum contains, besides other cu- riosities, a fine collection of jiaintings, chiefly of the Flemish school. It is said that the emperor Alexander offered the sum of 30,(100/. for one alone. Visitors are admissible to the museum on terms of equal liberality as to the palace. The exchange is a large but plain building, 230 feet in length and 130 in breadth ; it is capable of containing 4,500 persons ; and is divided into thir- ty-six compartments, for the transaction of the various kinds of commercial business carried on there. The deficiency of arcliitectur.al elegance in the places of public worship is very striking, particu- larly to travellers coming from the Netherlands, vyhere much attention is paid to their embelish- ment. The old church of St. Nicholas has some fine painted windows, and contains the tombs of several of the celebrated Dutch admirals. The burial ground of one of the sixteen chapels attach- ed to it was appnqiriated. by the catholic magis- tracy of Amsterdam, during the period of religious persecution, for the interment of the protestant merchants of Hamburgh who died here. The new church of St. Catherine cont.ains a splendid monument of white marble, erected to the memory of admiral de Ruyler. The Portuguese synagogue is said to have been Luilt in imitation of the tem- ple of Solomon. The churches of the established religion, which is the reformed or Calvinistic, are distinguished by being the only places of worship which are allowed the use of bells. Tlie total number of churches is, ten Dutch reformed, twenty-two catholic, one French reformed, one English presbyterian, three Lutheran, one ana- baptist, one Walloon, one Greek, and seven syna- gogues. The number of resident Jews is estima- ted at 17,000. The management of the penitentiaries is pecu- liarly worthy of notice. The number of convicts is greet, not because crime is more common, but because the punishment of death is seldom inflict- AMS 37 ed; imprisonment for rarious periods, in most cases, supplies its place. The priHcipal prison is the house of correction, called also the Rasp- house, because the chief employment of its in- mates is the cutting and rasping of Brazil wood. In this place of confinement, no one is suffered to be idle ; and thus the government is indemnified for much of the expenditure incurred ; and the prisoners, on their part, are frequently reclaimed, by Its wholesome and rigid discipline, from the dissolute and vicious habits which led them to be- come Its inmates. In the yard of the prison is one cell, and one only, for the treatment of the jncorrigibly idle. A stream of water constantly Hows into It, which can only be discharged through a pump set up within. The only means, there- tore, by which the inmate can avoid beino- over- whelmed by the ingress of the water is by'' work- ing incessantly at the pump : if he persists in his idleness, he is inevitably drowned. It is said that it IS now never used. The workhouse is intended for minor ofiences; some of which are not recognised by our laws. Husbands mav send their wives thither on a charw of drunkenness or e.xtravagance ; and they are themselves liable to punishment for the same offences. Young women, also, even of good fam- ilies, are sometimes sent thither as to a school of rigorous reformation. The charitable institutions are numerous, and generally well conducted. Amsterdam can boast of a fair proportion of literary and scientific societies. The principal named Felix Meritis. comprehends among its members most of the literature of the kint^dom Its business is distributed among five classes or committees : one fbr agriculture, manufactures and commerce ; the second f.:,r mathematics and ,its kindred sciences ; the third for the polite arts ■ the fourth for music ; and the fifth for general or miscellaneous literature. The buildino- contains a theatre for the delivery of lectures, a museum a gallery of sculpture, a drawing school, and an observatory commanding a fine view of the city and its environs. The public botanic garden though plentifully stocked, does not contain any plants of extraordinary value. In the Royal Academy of Liberal Arts, a late institution for communicating instructions in painting, sculp- ture, and architecture, pensions for four years are granted to the most deserving pupils, which are appropriated to a journey to Italy. In the naval schools, children of common seamen, when prop- erly recommended, are educated gratuitously ; as are the sons of officers, on the payment of a siiiall pension. All are treated alike ; and almost every officer who has elevated the naval character of his country has received his education here Amsterdam and St. Paul, two islands in the ANC i ^ndian Ocean, lying in the same longitude, at 4U m. distance. Their names are reversed by nav- ^alors, but most of them call the northern one St. Paul, and the southern Amsterdam The latter IS high land, and upward of 4 m. lono- and abroad. It has evident marks of volcanic "erup- tion in every part, and is almost wholly covered with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees On the east side is a great crater, into which the sea has made a narrow and shallow enti-ance ■ its shelving sides are 700 feet in perpendicular height in which, and m the causeway dividing it from' the sea, are several hot springs of fresh water \-l ?■" ','"" "'•'■""^'•n island, presents no very high land, or any rise in a conic form It IS eovered with shrubs and low trees, but has no convenient landing-place. Long. 77. 48. E. lat. o7 . 51. S. Amsterdam, JS'ew, one of the Friendly islands. See Tongatahoo. Amsterdam, p t. Montgomery Co. N. Y 33 ra N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,354. Amu, Gihon, Ami, or Oxus, a river of Indepen- dent Tartary, formed by numerous streams which issue from the mountains of Belur, on the con- fines of India and Persia, and flowing W. by N. through Bucharia, enters the S. extreYnity of tha lake Aral after a course of 1,200 m., part of which IS through a desert. Amiceil, a village in Hertfordsliire, 1 m. S. of Ware, famous for originally giving rise to the New River, which supplies a great part of London with water. Amwell, p. t. Washington Co. Pa. .^."^"P'"' the capital of the nation of the Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its entrance into the Black sea. Long. 40. 30. E. lat. 43. 20. N. _ Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source in a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs mto Notchen Bay, near Behring's straits. Ana Capri. See Capri. Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck m a country producing abundance of corn and fruit It stands on a river that flows into the Euphrates, 80 m. W. N. W. of Bagdad and 240 b. b.t. of Diarbekir. Long. 42. 23. E. lat. 34. G. N. Anantnour,s.^^,^fln of Hindoostan, in Mysore' 100 m. N. E. of Chitteldroog, and 120 N. of Ban- galore. Anaquilo, a district in the province of Quito and kingdom of Peru, where Almagro and Piz- arro (joint discoverers of Peru, ) eno-aeed each other in battle, in 1546. ^ Anuttvm, an island, the most southern of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lons- 170 9 E. lat. 20. 10. N. B ■ ^^ Anhar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi seated on the Euphrates, 50 m. W. of Bao^dad. Ancarani, a town of Italy, 5 m. N. of°Ascoli and 82 N. E. of Rome. ' Ancaster, p t. Upper Canada, at the W. end of L. Ontario. Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. 15 m. b. Lincoln. It stands on a Roman high- way at the foot of a hill which abounds with antiquities and at the S. end are the remains of a castle ' Ancems, a town of France, in tlie department ol Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, 20 m. E of Nantes. Anchohii, a river in Lincolnshire, Eng. wliich ri- ses near Market Raisin, flows to GlandTord-bridcre and IS navigable thence to the Humber ° Andam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania on the nvcr Peene, 20 m. S. E. of Gripswald ' Ancoder a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coast, to the W. of Axim. It has a river of the same name flowing through it ; and at its mouth IS a town with a good harbour. Long. 1. 10. W Ancona,Mar(iuisaleof, a maritime province of the states of the church, Italy, bounded on the E by Hie Adriatic, and on the W. by the Apennines • It IS very fruitful in corn, fruits and silk Ancona, a city and seaport of Italv in the a- bove proyince and a bishop's see, with a citadel on a hill The cathedral stands upon another hiU, and the houses extend down tlie side of the eminence toward the Gulf of Venice. Clement All. built a mole, to render the harbour safe : it is erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by AND 3d AND Trrijiin,abovr 9.000 ft. in ]rnetli. N**ftr this strinda till* l)raulir»I triurniihal nrch ol' TrajiiTi. Hero likewise Ch'nicnl XII. rrertt'd a lazaretln, wliicli ndvuncm a litlli* way into tl»e sea in the form of a pciitai,'""!!. (iroat numbers of JewB are srltlrd in this cil\ , where ihoy have a synajjnjriie; and thpy have Uie principal share of its commerce. An- ci»»tt was taken in 1796 by the Frencli, who sur- renii'Tcd it to iheAuslrians in I7i*9. It is 116 m. N. bv E. of Rome. Long. 13. i«J. E. lat. 43.38. N. Pop. about 20,000. ./.-ifr/im, p.t. CoIund)ia Co. NY. 52 n» S. Al- bany. Pop. 1,533. Here are hirge manufactureo of h;ir and pig iron. .Innjra, the capital of Galatia, near (he river Ilalyn. said to have been built by Midas, king of I'hr.v^ia, and so named from an anchor found there. See Angoura. ,i7nlultiuiUfts, the chief town of a district of the same name, in the intendency of Guanianga, Pe- ru, about 100 m. AV. of Cuzco. .liuUilusia, a province of Spain, which in its larj^esl sense comprise; the kingdom of (iranada, Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and the colony of Sierra Moicnn, bounded on the N. by Eslremadnra and Ka Mimcha, E. by Murcia, S. by tlie Mediterra- nean, and W. by the Atlantic and Portugal. The (iuadabpiivir runs through its whole length ; and it is the most fertile and tradini^ country in Spain. Its aggregate Hnperfieies are 5.281 French U-agues, and pop. about 1.1*1)0.000. The French overran this province in lSlO,but evacuated it in consequence of the battle of Salamanca, in 1??12. The capital is Seville. Jindidus'ut , A'ew. See Paria. ,-1nfla/usiaj p. t. Bucks Co. Pa. 94 m. E. Harris- burg. .inihimnn Fsfanrfs, several islands" on the E. side of the bay of Bengal. The largest called (ireat Andaman, is 120 m. long and Ki broad, indented by deep bays affording good harbours, and intersected by rivers one of which passes quite through the island, and at high water is navigable lor small vessels. Tlie forests afford some precious trees, as ebony and the Nicobar bread-fruit : and the edible birds' nests abound here. The only quadrupeds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and rats. The inliabitants are in a state of barbarism, and live chiefly on fish, fruits, and herbs; they perfccllv resemble negroes, and their cnnoes are of the rurfest kind. In 17it3. the English made a ^ettlement on the N. end of Great Andaman, the largest island, which is called Port Cornwallis, and has a commodious harbour to shelter ships during the N. E. monsoon. Long. 93. 0. E. lat. n. 30. N. .Intiai/r, a fortified town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees, famous for its brandy. It is situate near the mouth of the Bidassoa, almost opposite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 m. S. W. of flayonne. An'firhi^ a town of France, in the department of r.iire, divided by a paved road into Great and Lit;!e Andely, a mile from each other. Great An-lt ly is on the rivulet Gamons, and Little Ande- ly on the Seine. The cloths manufactured here are in Ingh esteem. It is 17 m. N. E. ofEvreux, and 20 S, E. of Rouen. JIndemach.Klown in the grand duchv of the I^ower Rhint'. now forminjr part of (lie Prussian territory. Great quantities of timber nre collected here, which are formed into vast rafts, and floated hence to Dordrecht, in Holland. It ia seated on t!ie- Rhine, 20 m. N. W. of Coblentz. /Indernh, a city of Uebec Tartarv, capital of (lie province of Tokaristan. In its vicinity are rich quarries of lapis lazuli. It is seated on a branch of the Gihon Amu, and near a pass through tiie mountains of Ilindooko into the kingdom of Cau- bul, 240 m. E. S. E. of Balk. Long. (>8. 58. E. lat. 3(;. 10. N. Jlndcrson^ a County of E. Tennessee. Pop 5,312. Clinton, on Clinch river, is the chief town. Jindersnn. a County of Kentucky. Pop. 4,542. Lawrenceburg is the chief town. Jindrrsoiihurg, p.v. Perry Co. Pa. 30 m. N Harrisburg. ,'indeTson,i. Hamilton Co. Ohio. .indrrsujitoicn^ p.v. Madison Co. Ind. 21 m. N. W. Indianopolis. AiidcrsonrUUj p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 150 m. N. W. Columbia. AudersovriUe, p.t. Hancock Co. Miss. 42 m. S. E. Monticello. .hidrs. p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 87 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 1,659. JiiiderOf Sf. See Santandcr. Andes, a chain of mountains running tlirongh the whole extent of North and South America, although the name is confined to S. America alone ; and iV. of the isthmus of Darien tlie clinin is known by the name of the Cordilleras, Rocky Mountains Ac. From (ho utmost cxtremitv of the Southern division, in south lat. 54, to al)out the lat. of IS south, thev continue in an unin-oken line to run parallel witfi the shore of the Pacific Ocean, at a distance of 100 to 2(K) milt-M, with here and there parallel ridges fuvllier east, and at an nl- titudo of 12.000 tol5,(jn0 tl. above the level of tJse sea ; from aboui the 18th to tlie l.'>th dog. of south lat. the chain is somewhat broken, but further north they assume a more grand and imposing form, diverging into parallel ridges, and rising near the equator to an altitude of 21,140 ft. and in several places issue forth volcanic eruptions with terrific violence. N. of the equator they diverge into 4 parallel and distinct ridges, runniuif to the shores of the Caribean Sea, and the outermost ridge skirting (he coast of that sea to the Atlantic, through the chain which unites the two grand divisions of America, or the western hemisphere, tlie mountains are considerably broken ; hut at about (lie l.'ith degree of north lat. through the teritory of Mexico, they again assume their won- ted grandeur, rising to a height of 17,720 ft. and again pouring forth volcanic matter, and proceed in an unbriiken line at a somewhat greater dis- tance from (he sea than through the south division, by the name of the Rocky Mountains, to the Icy Sea in the 70tli deg. of north lat. From the 40rh deg. of lat. south, to the 30lh north, the Andes abound with gold, silyer, copper, and other me- tallic substances. In the Colombian provinces, the Andes rwn di- vided into three parallel chains s('p;iraU-d l»y (!i cp and extensive valleys, which are the basins of great rivers. Farther south these mountains In- termingle in one group and stretch onward be- yond the equator. The Andes of Quito nre the most elevated points of (he whole clinin. Cbinil^o- razo being the highest summit in Anu'ricn, unless according to the statement of a recent travrlliT, the peak of Ylimani be entitled to (Ms dislinc- tion. Throutrhout Peru and Chile thr:.e lunnn- tains still maintain a sublime elevntinn and de- tain enormous metallic riches. The higiiest pealis are in the region of eternal snow, nnd they pre- sent in every quarter the most grand and imposing' AND 30 AND Rcenory. The pajises tlirougl) tlio inouiilaiiis arp frequi'nlly nii more llian two feet in breadth, and resi'iiilili' ahollcnv gallery, opKii to Uip sky. The traveller shudders in passinir aione. 18. N. Pop. in 1821. 4,900. Andrews-bridge, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa, 38 m. S. E. Ilarrisburg. Andros, an island in the .Archipelago, 24 m. long and 8 broad. It is one of the ancient Cyclades. It has fertile plains, which are well watered ; and it wants only a good harbour. The inhabitants are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and several monasteries. The principal riches of this island consist in silks, and the fields produce oran- JKS, citrons, mulberries, pomegranates, and figs. Tlie capital is of the same name ; and about two miles from it are to be seen the ruins of a strontr wall, with the fr.igments of many columns, chapi- ters, bases, brokenstalues,nnd several inscriptions, some of which mention thi- senate and people of Andros, and the priests of Baerhns ; from which it is probable that this was the site of the aijeient city ; Long. 2.') 'i. E. lat 38. 0, N .•indroscit-^trlii, a river rising from Umbagog Lake, on the W.side of the state of Maine, it runs into New Hampshire, and re-enters Maine, falling into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. above its conflu- ence with the sea. .Induinr, or Andujar, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a castle, and some beautiful churches and convents. The environs abound in wheat, wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated on the Guadalquivir, and on the great post road from Madrid, dis. ."> 1-2 leagues, by way of Cordova to Seville and Cadiz. Aiiunur, Cape, the southern extremity of Cara mania, opposite the Isle of Cyprus ; on the prom- ontory are the ruins of the ancient city Aiiemu- riuni. N. lat. 3G. 1.'). E. long. 32. 36. Angedira, a small island in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Malabar, belonging to the Portu- guese. It is 60 m. S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 74. 12. E. lat. 14. 43. N. Anetrnda, the moet northern of the English Virgin Islands. Long. 04. 7. W. lat. 18. 40. N. Angelica, the cliiel town of Alleghany Co. N, Y, 282. m. W. of Albany. Pop. 998. Angela, St., a town of Italy, 14 m. 3 W. of Urbino. Angela, St., a town of Naples, 6 m. N. N. W, ol Conza. Angelas, a city of Mexico. See Puebln dc las Angelas. Angerlnirg, a town of Prussia, with a castle, seated on the N. side of a lake, to which it gives name, 70 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Long. 22. 15. £. lat. 54. 8. N. Angerbnry, or Anaermanland, a pr'.'\'ince of Sweden, in Noidland, 150 miles long, :iiid from 25 to 80 broad, the widest part being to the cast on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and woody, and in it are considerable iron-works. The chief town is Hernosand. Angermumie, a town of Brai ienburg, in the Ucker Mark, on the lake Mund , 48 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. ^n^er*, a large city of France, in the depa't- ment of Maine and Loire, situated near the ntn- fluence of the Sarte, the Loire, and the Miine, which divides the city into two equal part5, be- tween which there is a communication by two large bridges. Angers contains 36,000 inhabit- ants. The castle is situated in the centre of tlie city, on a rock, overhanging the river. The cathedral is a venerable and elegant structure; the principal gate is surrounded ivith three steeples. Here lies interred with her ancestors, the renown- ed Margaret, daughter of Rene, king of Sicily, and queen of Henry VI. of England, who ex- pired afler many intrepid but ineflectiia! efforta to replace her husband on the throne, in 1482, at the castle of Dampierre. The university of An- gers was founded in 1308, and the academy '^f Belles Lettres in 1685. It has a considerable manufacture of handkerchiefs and canvas ; and the produce of the slate quarries, at the extremity of the suburb of Bressigny, forms likewise an in^,- portant article of commerce. The walls willi which king John of England surrounded it in 1214, remain nearly entire, and are of very great circumference. It is 50 m. E. N. E. of Nantes, and 175 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 33. W. lat. 47 '£*. N. Anglen, or Angelen, a small country of Den- mark, in the duchy of Sleswick. Many .luthors suppose that from the people of Ibis eriuntry the English originated ; being called in to assist thu ANG 41 ANN Bril'-nj a^'aiiisl Uie invaders from Norway, they ii\ pruci'ss of time became masters of the country, and ^uve it tlie name of England. .^/dr/rsr/ZjUu island and Co. at the N. W. extrem- ity of Wales. It is separated from Caernarvonsliire by a long and narrow cliaiinel called Menai, which passe.^ from St. George's Channel, by Caernarvon and Bangor, to the Irish Sea. That part of the island wTiicli borders this strait is finely wooded, recalling to the mind its ancient stale, when it was the celebrated seat of the Druids, whose terrific religious rites were performed in tiie gloom of the thickest woods. Rude mounds and heaps of stone, said to be druidical remains, are still to be seen ; IjiU a little way within, the wliole appears a nakeil tract, without trees or hedges, watered by numerous rills, fertile in grass and corn, and abounding in cattle. This island produces vast quantities of cop[>er and sulphur (see Piirijs) and in the N. \V. part is a quarry of green marble, in- terini,\e(i with asbestos. Beaumaris and Holyhead are tlie cliief towns. .V«4"j/(/, the whole extent of territory on (lie western coast of S. Africa, from near the equator to the ];Jth or 14tli deg. of S. hit. comprehending l.QiiU'jo, Congo, Angola Proper, and Benguela, is cominoiily called Angola ; but Angola Proper, or the kingdom of Angola lies S. of the Congo, between the lat. of 7 to !) S. All this part of the coast of South Africa is well watered and exceed- ingly capable of yielding abundance, not only fur the sui)sistence but tlie lu.xury of man. It is divided into numerous petty stales and sovereign- ties, the chiefs of which live in constant collision with each other ; since tlie restriction of the traf- fic in slaves to the S. of the equator, rajjine and cruelty have reigned with uncontrolled sway over the whole of this fine and e.xtcnsive district ; and since tlie periodof Idlo and 1 til G.more than 100,000 of the natives have been annually transported as slaves, by the French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, to Martinique, Guadaloupe, Cuba, and the Brazils. St. Paulo de Loango in lat. about 6. 30. S. is the principal |)lace on the coast of Angola Proper, at which tile Brazilians more particularly carry on their operation of slave Irafiic. Abstracted from the uiisocializing and debasing influence which the slave-traffic is so strongly calculated to e.xcite and i»ro!note, the inhabitants of this part of South Africa are much addicted to habits of idleness, idolatry, and polygamv. .ju^rula, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. 291 m. W. Al- bany. .iiiliora, or .'higoiiri, the ancient Ancyra, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek arch- bisliop's see, remarkable for its remains of antiqui- ly ; such as inscriptions, pillars, ruins of temples, •ic. The castle has a triple inclosure, and the walls are of white marble and stone, resembling porphyry. The inliai>it.ants are estimated at 100, 00:1. Here are bred the finest goats in the world; tlie liair being almost like silk, is worked into fine stntis. Itstands in a lofty situation, '■i]-2 in. S. E. of Constantinople. Long. 32. 50. K. lat. 40. 4. N. .-In^ovlcine, a town of France, capital of the department of Charenle, and the sec of a bishop, llis seated on a mountain surrounded by rocks. Tlie river Charente runs at the foot of it ; and there are some jiaper manufactures in its environs. It is .'.() in. W. S. W. of Limoges. Long. 0. U. E. lat. 4.".. 30. N. .»)«g««);io(x, alate province of France, bounded on the N. by Poitou, K. by Limosin and Manche, S. bv Periirord. and W. by Sainlonge. It is now a distributed annnig the departments of Charente, Dordogne, and Deux Sr'vres. .inffia, the capital of Terccira, one of the Azores. It is a bishop's see and the residence of the gov- ernor of the Azores. The town is well built, and populous ; and here are royal magazines for all sorts of naval stores, a cathedral, five churches, and several monastic houses. It stands on a ba}', between two mountains, on the S. side of the island. Long. -'T. Vi. W. lat. 38. 39. N. Anizrogna, a town of Piedmont, on a river of the same name, 7 m. \W of Pignerol. .Inguilla, or Hiuilie Island, the most northerly of the English Leeward islands in the West In- dies. It is 30 miles long and 3 broad, winding somewhat in the manner of a snake, and is GO m. N. W. of St. Christopher. Long. C2. 3-5. W. lat. li^. 15 N. One of the Bahama islands is also call- ed AnguiUa. Jlngusslitrr, or Forfarshire, a maritime county on the N. E. coast of Scotland ; bounded on the S. by the Frith of Tay , W. by tlie county of Perth , and N. by Kincardineshire. The chief tov.'ns art< Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar, ilontrose, and Brechin. It is prettily diversified with hill, dale, and water. Anlialt, a principal. ty of Germany, in Upper Saxony, 42 m. long and 10 broad ; bounded on the S. by Mansfield, W. by Halbersladt, E. by the duchy of Saxony, and N. by Magdeburg. It abounds in corn, and is watered by tne Salde and Mulda. Its ancient castle is gone to decay Zerbst is the capital. .Iiiholt, an island of Denm.irk, in the Catteirat, surrounded by sand banks so danserous to seamen, that on it is a light house. TEe English took possession of it in 1810, and made it a place of ren- dezvous for the North Sea squadron. Long. 11. 35. E. lat. 5U. 3^. N. .inianc, a town of France, in the department of Herault, 13. m. W. N. W. of Montpelier. It has an extensive manufacture of mineral alkali. .^njcngo,a. town of Hindoostan, in Travancore, which has a trade in pepper and calicoes. It stands at the mouth of a river, 46 m. W. N. W. of Travancore. Long. 7ti. 40. E.lat. 6.40. IV. Animahj, a town of Hindoostan. in the province of Coimbatore, with a fort. It has a trade in drugs, honey, and wax, collected in the hills to the south, and is seated on the Alima, 21 m. S. of Coimbatore Anjov. a late province of France, bounded on the N. by Maine, W. by Bretagne, S. by Poitou, and E.by Tour.iine. It formerly belonged to the sov- ereigns of England. It now forms the depart- ment of j\Iayenne and Loire. Ann, St. a town of New Brunswick, situate on the river St. John nearly opjjosite to Fredericton, and 80. 111. above the city of St John. Also the name of the chief town of the province of Parana, in Paraguay, and of a lake in Upper Canada, to the north of J^ake Superior. Anne Arundel, a county of Maryland, on the western shore of Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 28,295. Annapolis is the chief town. Ann, Cape, a point of land which forms the north side of Massachusetts Bay. Two light- houses on an island at the extremity of this Cape are in N. lat. 42. 40. W. Long. 70. 38. Ann, Fort, a town in Washington Co. N. Y. be- tween the North River and Lake Champlain. Pop. 3,201. Amuihcrg, St. a town of Upper Saxony, inMia- nia, noted for silver mines and the manufacture of lace, 17 m. S. of Cheinnitz. ANN 42 ANT fa .Inntiirh, ail ishmd on the W. coast of Ireland 5 miles' in circumference, between the isle of Achil and the cotistof the county of Mayo. Lonj,'-. 9. 30. \V. lat. 53. 58. N. Also the name of three parishrs in diiferent parts of Ireland ; 1st, in the CO. of Kerry, pop. 2,089 ; '2d, in Cavan, pop. 10,48b; 3rd, in INlayo, pop. 5,741*. Annaali, is also a prefix to several other parish- es in Ireland, such as Annagh-c/ane, doicri, tluff,^'C. jinnamaboc , one of the principal commercial ilaces on the Gold coast of North Africa, in N. [at. 5. 9. W. long. 1. 41. .innamooha, one of the Friendly Islands, dis- covered by Tasman, in Hi43, and visited by caj)- tain Cook in 1774 and 1777. It is well cultivated in many places, consisting of plantations of yains and plantains, inclosed with neat fences of reed. Tiie bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees are interpers- ed with little order, but chiefly near the habita- tions of the natives ; and the other parts of the island, especially towards the sea, arc covered with trees and bushes. U is situate about 187. E. lon^. 20. S. lat. Aniiaiiy a borough of Scotland, in Dumfriea- Bhire, seated on the river Annan, 3 m. from its mouth, which forms a good harbour for vessels of 250 tons burden. Here was a fine castle, built by one of the Bruces, the ruins of which still re- main. Much corn is exported iienne ; and there is a manufacture for carding and spinning. It is IG m. E. S. E. of Dumfries, and ."^0 S. of Edin- burgh. Long. 3. 8. W. lat. 55. 2. N. Jlnnapolis, the capital of Anne Arundel county, and seat of the legislative government of tfie state of Maryland. The state-house, a noble building, stands in the centre of the city, from which point the streets diverge in every direc- tion. Here also is St. John's college, which with Washington college at Chester, constitute one university, named the University of Maryland. Annapolis is situate on the west side of Chesa- peak bay, at the mouth of tiie Severn, 40 m. E. by N. of Washington, and 35 S. of Baltimore. Long. 7G. 48. W. lat, 30. 0. N. Pop. 2,623. Annapolis, a sea-port of Nova Scotia, on the E. side of the Bay of Fundy. It has one of tlm finest harbours in the world ; but the entrance is through a dilhcult strait, called the Gut of Anna- polis. The town stands on the S. side of the narbour, at the mouth of a river of its name, 80 m. W. by N. of Halifax. Lonir. 04. 55. W. lat. 44. 50. K. ^ Annapolis, p. v. Salem township, Jefferson Co. Ohio, 135 m. N. E. Columbus. Annecij, a town of Savoy, sealed on a lake of its name, whence issues the canal of Thiou.x, which runs through the town and then enters the river Sier. It was lately the see of a bishop, who also assumed the title of bishop and prince of Ge- neva. Annecy is the largest town in Savoy next to Chamlierrv, and is 16 m. S. of Geneva. Long. 6. f). K. lat. ia. 5:?. N. Annohon, an island near the coast of Guinea, so called because it was discovered by the Portu- guese on New Year's day. It is well slocked with cattle, and abounds with palm trees and fruit. Long. ."i. If). E. lat. 1. 51). S. Annnntiy, a town of France, in the department of .\rderlie, with manui'actures of very fine pa- per ; seated at the confluence of the Cances and Deumes, 1'J m. S. W. of Vienne. AnnsriUr, p. v. Dinv.iddie Co. Va. 54 m. S. Richmond. An.icn, a County of North Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, and bounded on the N. E. hy the Yadkin River. Pop. I4,0."l. Wadesborough, 142 m. S. W. by W. of Raleigh, is the chief town. Anstm, p.t. Somerset Co. Rle. on llie Kenne- bec. Pop. i,r,;ia. Ansjiucli or Onuhbach a principality of Germany, in the south part of the circle of Franconia. It has iron mines and several medicinal springs ; and the soil produces considerable (piantities of corn, and feeds great numbers of cattle. Anspach, a cit}', and capital of the above prin- cipality, with a castle, a palace and an excellent academy. It has many handsome buildings ; and the principal manufacture is lace. It is sealed on the ketzat, 24 m. W. S. W.of Nurenberg. Long. 10. 28. E. lat. 40. 18. N. Aiistruther, East and tVest, two boroughs of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Fifesliire. They adjoin each other; and East Anstruther, whicli is much the largest, is little more than a fishing village, 9 m. S. S. E. of St. Andrew. Pop. of both, 1,519. AnUih, or Aintab, n town at the N. E. ex- tremity of Syria, situate on two hills, and the valley that lies between them is watered by the Sejour. It is three miles in circumference, with a strong old castle on a rock, and had formerly a considerable manufacture of printed calicoes. Ma- ny medals of the Syrian kings have been found here, and some also of the kings of Cappadocia. It is 50 m. E. of Ale.xandretta, and 60 N. by E. of Aleppo. Long. 37. 35. E. lat. 3(5. 35. N. Antcrjuera, a town of Spain, in Granada, divi- ded into the Upper and the Lower. The Upper is sealed on a hill, and has a castle ; the Lower stands in a fertile plain, and is watered by many brooks. Here are large quantities of natural salt, quarries of excellent stone, and a spring famous for the cure of the gravel. It is 26 m. N. N. W. of Malaga. Long. 4. 30. W. lat. 37. 1. N. Antr(juera, a town of Mexico. See Giiaxaca. Anthomfs .Kosc, a point on the E. bank of the Hudson, just above Peekskill. Anthanifs Kill, a little stream running into the Hudson from the W. 7 m. above the Moliawk. Anthony, St., falls of, on the Mississippi River, in N. lat. 45. W. long. 93. being more than 2,000 m. above the entrance of the river into the Gulf of Mexico. There is a fort in the Missouri terri- tory, on the point of land formed by the St. Pe- ter's River, which river falls into the Mississippi just below the Falls of St. Anthony. Antihfs, a town of France, in the department of Var, with a strong castle, and harbour for small vessels. Its territory produces excellent fruit ; and it is seated on the Mediterranean, 1 1 m. S. S. W. of Nice. Long. 7. 7. E. lat. 43. 35. N. Anticosti, an island at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, 90 m. long and 20 broad. It is full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no har- bour ; but excellent cod is found on the shores. AnlicJ.am, a small tributary of the Potomac, run- ning into it near Shepardstown. Antigua, one of the English Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, about 20 ni. in length and breadth, and 60 east by south of St. Christopher. It is destitute of water, and the inhabitants are obliged to save the rain water in cisterns. The eliief produce is sugar, oi ivhich it annunlly pro- duces about 10,000 hogsheads. It was taken by the French in 1782, but restored in 1783. The capital is St. John. See Appendix. Antilles, the name which the French give tc the Caribbee,or West India islands, which see. ANT 43 A, NT I ^liitiocli, oi'.-itdltakia, a town of Syria, of wlilcli it was formerly the capital. This ancient city in which tlie disciples of Christ were first called Christians, and yet the see of a Greek patriarch, is now almost come to nothing ; but the magni- ficent ruins of it still remain. It is seated on the river Orontes, now called Osi, 15 ra. from the Mediterranean, and 50 N. W. of Aleppo. Lone 3G. 40. £. lat. 36. lO.N. .intiochetta, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car- amania, and a bishop's see, seated on the shore of the Levant, opposite Cyprus, 88 m. S. of Konieh. Long. 32. 26. E. lat. 36. 30. N. .irUingo, St. an island on the S. W. coast of Sar- dinia, ]4 m. long and 3 broad. In 1793 it was taken by the French, but evacuated soon after. .intioqiiia., or St. Fe de Jlntioquia, a town in the new department of Cauca, Colombia. It is seat- ed on the banks of the river Cauca, about 200 m N. N. W. St. Fade Bogota. Jlntiparos, the ancient Olearos, an island of the Archipelago, two miles west of Faros. It is only a rock, 16 miles in circuit; yet in some parts is well cultivated, and produces as much barley as serves a small village. It has a remarkable grotto, about 70 yards high and 100 broad, which contains a vast variety of figures, and a white transparent crystalline substance resembling vegetables, mar- ble pillars, and a superb marble pyramid. Lono- 25. 44. E. lat. 37. 8. N. Anlisana, a peak of the Andes, in the depart- ment of Quito, which is volcanic, 19,150 ft. above the level of the sea. There is a village of the same name, a few leagues east of the city of Qui- to, at a height of 13,-500 ft. being the highest in- habited place on the globe. Jintoine, St. a town of France, in the department of fsere, 5 m. N. E. of St. Marcellan. Antonio, St. the most northern of the Cape Verde islands, 15 m. from St. Vincent. It is full of high mountains, whence proceed streams of excellent water, which render the land fruitful. The prin- cipal town is seated among the mountains. Lonir 25. 0. W. lat. 17. 0. N. ^' Jlntonio de Beliar, San, the Capital of Texas, on the S. Antonio river. It is a village composed of mud cabins covered with turf. jlntonio de Capo, St. a town of Brasil, in the prov- ince of Pernambuco, situate near Cape St. Ausus- tin, 30 m. S. S. W. Olinda. ^ "*,* There are near 100 other towns and streams in different parts of South America and Mexico dedicated to the tutelar saint of the Portuguese' and Spaniards, -^nMony, or San Antonio, who does not appear to have done much for them, as they are mostly insignificant. Antrim, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast of Ireland. It has two great natural curiosities; Lough Neagh, a large lake, the area of which ex- ceeds 100,000 acres, the waters being of a petrify, ing quality ; and the Giant's Causeway, consist- ing of lofty pillars of basaltes, all of angular shapes, from three sides to eight, and extending three miles along the north shore. The linen manu- facture is carried on very extensively in this county, and since about 1823 the cotton manufac- ture has been making considerable progress. The principal towns are Belfast, Lisburne, and Carrick- fergus, each of which (in addition to the two for the county) returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Carrickfergus is the as- size town. The county contained in 1821, 270 8S3 inhabitants, and 48,028 houses. ' .intrim, a town and parish of the above county, about 19 m. N. W. of Belf;i.st. Pop. of Ihe town 2,435, and of the parish, 5,120. The town is situate on the bank of a small stream, which runs into Lough Neagh, at a short distance on the north- east. Antrim, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. Hampshire. 07 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,309. ^/i^mn, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. adjoinino- Mary- land. ° Antrim, t. Crawford Co. Ohio. Antwerp, a celebrated city of Brabant, and af- ter the decline of Venice and Genoa it became one of the most considerable commercial depots of Europe. It is situated on the east bank of the Scheldt, in N. lat. 51. 13. and 4. 24. E. long The era of its greatest importance was about the commencement of the 17(h century, when its population amounted to about 200,000, but the de- vastating policy of Austria and Spain involved it in the bigoted and ruthless contentions of that pe- riod ; further, by the extent of the commercial transactions, which its localities drew hither as to a centre, it greatly rivalled the transactions of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and as such excited the grovelling jealousy of the Hollanders ; the navigation of the Scheldt was therefore obstructed in 1648, by the treaty of Westphalia, between Spain and Holland, and Antwerp inconsequence progressively declined in population and impor- tance, until the period of the French revolution. When the French overran this part of Europe in 1794, they proclaimed the free navigation of the Scheldt, and af\er the renewal of the war subse- quent to the peace, or rather the respite of Amiens in 1802, Antwerp claimed the especial notice of Napoleon, who constructed a basin to hold about 20 sail of the line, and a noble quay, along the east bank of the river, and made it "his principal naval arsenal for the northern part of his empire. It was not, however, till subsequent to the gene- ral peace of Europe in 1814, when the Nether- lands were ceded to Holland, and Antwerp de- clared a free port for the transit of merchandise, that it began to resume its former wonted activity and importance. Since that period, Brussels, and a vast extent of country westward of the' Rhine, draw their supplies of foreign produce from Antwerp, which is, in consequence, progressively though slowly, increasing in population and in- terest. It has, however, but few articles of ex- port, either within itself, or of transit. The city is nearly a semicircle, of about seven miles round. It was defended by the citadel built by the duke of Alva to overawe the inhabi- tants. The whole appearance of its public build- ings, streets, and houses, affords the most incon- testible evidence of its former splendour. Many instances of the immense wealth of its merchants are recorded : among others, it is said that when Charles V. once dined with one of the chief mag- istrates, his host immediately after dinner threw into the fire a bond for two millions of ducats which he had received as security for a loan to that monarch, saying that he was more than re paid by the honour of being permitted to enter- tain his sovereign. The most remarkable of the streets is the Place de Mer, said to be unequalled by any in Europe for its great length, its still more unusual breadtii , and the extraordinary sumptuousness of its hou- ses. A crucifix thirty-three feet high, made from a demolished statue of the duke of Alva, stands at one end of the street ; but the eye of taste is of- fended here and elsewhere by the great intermix- AKT 4t AOS lure uf (hviUings of llio lowest dcscriplion with K|)lriniid palaces. The noble and the iiiccli.inic ollcii inhiliit adjoining houses. The want of sunken nn'iis before the houses, and of raised foot- ji.iths for pede.'itrians, is also severely commented on by British visitors. Tlif quays present a noble appearance : they are richly pl.anted, and form one of the most fa- vourite promenades. In the neiglilionrhood of the basins for shipping, is a square buildiu";, 230 feet long each way, intended as a place oi mer- chandise for IheOosterling or Ilansealic towns of Germany. In its middle story, wliicli lias a gal lery quite roinid the square, there are 31)1) lodg- ing rooms, but they are no longer used as sucli. The cellars serve for stablca- Besides Hie caajla usual in nil Dutch towns, others of an extraordinary construction arc to be found here. They arc carried on wholly under ground, having been e.vcavated at the expense of individuals, in order to convey in small boats, to their storehouses, the goods which had been brought in by the usual conveyance of the open canals. Thev are now used as sewers. The town liall. in the great market-place, is a spacious building Sti) I'eet long, having its front adorned v.ith statues. It was rebuilt in ].j.Hl, the period of the commercial downfal of the city. This building contains the public lil.rary, which is not remarkable for tlv; numlier or rarity of its bonks. It also contains a fine culbclion of paint- ings. The royal palace in the Place de Mer, ^vhich had been fitted up for the residence of Bo- naparte, contains also some fine painting.";. The Exchange, a large, but by no means an elegant structure, has served as a model for those of Anislerd.im and London. Of tlie places of public worship, the cathedral is bv far tin' most noble, not only as compared with tfiose in the ni-ighlionrhood. but w ith any other on the continent. It is 500 feet long, 'i'M wide, and :W0 high ; its erection occupied a i>criod of ninety- si.x vears. The spire is 4(i() feet in height. Ac- (tording to the original design, ftnother t>f erjual din-.en.^'ions was to iiavc been erected on the other side of tlie great entrance. .But after having been carried up to a certain height, tb.e work was dis- continued ; yet, notwitbslaJiding this defect in unifi'rmitv. it is thought that the want of the sec- ind spire ailds to the simple o-randeur of that which Ins been completed. The gallery to the summit of tlie tower is attained by an ascent of &2U steps: and the toil of going up is well repaid by the commanding view afiVirded of the city be- nealli, the country, the Scheldt, and its neigh- bouring islands, stretching into the main sea. This church contains many fine paintings, mostly by Rubens: that of the taking down of our Sa- viour from the cross, in which the ficjures are as large as life, is universally considered his master- piece. It also contains the monuments of Am- brose Capello, seventh bishop of the see ; those cf Moretus the printer, the successor of Plantin ; of Plantin himself, and of Van Delft. Outside its walls is the tomb of Quinten Riatsys, originally n blacksmith, but who, on be- ing refused the daughter of Flora the painter till he had proved himself a painter also, laboured vith incessant assiduity till he overcame the old man's scruples, and ultiniatelv surpassed him in bio favourite nrt. Near the tc»mb is a pump, the iron- work of which is said to have been wrought 1f silk ; the walls around are painted to resemble thefiamesof purgatory, and the figures of those sulTcring its torments. The whole is executed in a coarse style, almost bordering on the grotesque ; yet, sit- uate as it is, it seldom fails to jiroduce a solemn effect. The other cliurches are in possession of paintings by the old masters. At tlie academy of fine arts upwards of ] ,f^00 students receive gratuitous instruction in painting and its kindred arts. The academy is held in some of tlie departments of the museum, where also there is a fine collection of pictures and of casts. A public aniiu:tl exhibition of the produc- tions of the jiupils is held here alternately with Brussels and Ghent ; prizes are distriliutcd ; and the successful pictures are purchased by the cities to which the victors belong, to be hedged in their jmblic collections, as rew.'irds to the successful candidates and as excitements to others. Ant- \s'erp boasts of being the native place of Ru- bens and Vandyke, as also of Teniers. Snyders, and Joerdans. Opposite to the town, and near the spot wlience it was bombarded by the English in 1^01). the place of a new city was traced out by Bonaparte, its site is now occupied by some forts built under the direction of the duke of Wellington. 'I'he recent separation of the Netherlands from Holland, will doubtless have a considerable cfi'ect upon the commercial prosjierity of Antwerp. During the insurrection which pri'ceded this event, the city ^^as bombarded bv the Dutch, and a great number of its buildings burnt. The Dutch were repulsed after much hard fighting. .'Jjthrrr/i.p.t. Jefferson Co. IS. Y.l.''5m. N. W. Alb,^ny. Pop, 2.412. ,'inril. p.t. Lebanon Co. Pe:. JlnviUc hiimd. an island in the gulf of Georgia, discovered by \'ancouver, and so called from its shape. .inicdhr. or Jinviihr, a town in the duchy rf Deux Ponts. 6 m. W. from Laudaii. It was formerly a city of Austria, and the inhabitants en- joyed the singular privilege of exeniptirn from toll dues in all paiis of the enipiic ; 1 ut in IX'O it was brought under tlic dominion of the counts palatine. .■ht-rrmu. a town of New Granada in the prov- ince of Popayan, where there are niines of gold. It is sealed on the Cauca. 140 ni. N. N. E. of Popayan. Long. 75. 25. \W. lat. 4. ."SS. N. .finziko, a kingdom of Guinea, lyinj fn.5t cf Gabon and north of Coiiijo, but it is little known. The king is styled t!ie Micoco, whence the coun- try is sometimes so called. The capital is Mons'4. JlnsUi, or jloust, duchy of, a prph, 20 m. N. by E. of CafFa. ^Irabia. a country of Asia, extending from the 12th to the 'Mnd dog. of N. lat. and from the 33rd to the 58th of W. long, being about 1,480 m. in length, 1.200 in breadth; bounded on the W. by the Red Sea. and the isthmus of Suez, N. E. by the Euphrates, which divides it from Diarbekir, E. by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and S. by the Indian Ocean. It is divided into three parts, Ara- bia Petrea. Deserta, and Feli.t. so named by Eu- ropeans tVom their supposed qualities of soil and climate. Ar,ibia Petrea, much the smallest of the three, lies to the south of Syria along the cast coast of the Red Sea. The north part is moun- tainous, and in general stony, sandy, and barren; but sobie parts yield sufficient nourishment for cattle, whose milk, and camels' flesh, is the chief food of its few inhabitants. Arabia Deserta lies Bouth of Syria, and east of Arabia Petrea, and the Red Sea. It is for the most part desert, be- ing intersected by barren mountains, and many of the plains nothing but great sands and heaths ; but there are some plains and valleys that feed great flocks of sheep and goats ; there are also great numbers of ostriches, and a fine breed of camels in several places, and the horses arc the Boldest of the species. The Arabians tr,ain up their best and fleetest horsei, to hunt the ostrich. Perhaps, of all va- rieties of the chase, this, though the most labori- ous, is yet the most entertaining. As soon as the hunter comes within sight of his prey, he puts on his horse with a gentle gallop, so as to keep the ostrich still in sight ; yet not so as to terrify him from the plain into the mountains. Upon observ- ing himself, therefore, pursued at a distance, the bird begins to run at first, but gently, either in- sensible of his danger, or sure of escaping. In this situation he somewhat resembles a man at full speed ; his wings, like two arms, keep work- ing with a motion correspondent to that of his legs ; and his speed wovild very soon snatch him from the view of his pursuers, but, unfortunate- ly for the silly creature, instead of going off* in a direct line, he takes his course in circles; while the hunters still make a small course within, re- lieve each other, meet him at unexpected turns, and keep him thus still employed, still followed, for two or three days together. At last, spent with fatigue and famine, and finding all power of escape impossible, he endeavours to hide himself from those enemies he cannot avoid, and covers his head in the sand, or the first thicket he meets. Sometimes, however, he attempts to face his pur- suers : and, though in general the most gentle animal in nature, when driven to desperation, he defends himself with his beak, his wings, and his feet. Such is the force of his motion, that a man would be utterly unable to withstand him in the shock. The o.\en of Arabia have generally a hump on their back like those of Syria. The sheep have a thick and broad tail, which they are said to drag behind them on a carriage ; their wool is coarse, and their flesh not very deli- cate. The wild goat is found in the mountains of Arabia Petrea. The other animals are the jackal, hyrena, many sorts of apes, the jerboa or rat of Pharaoh, antelopes, wild oxen, wolves, foxes, wild boars and the great and little panther. The caracal or syagosh is a sort of lynx, and is probably the lynx of the ancients. It follows the lion and lives upon the remains of that animal's meals. It is somewhat larger than a fox, and much fiercer and stronger. It climbs with aston- ishing agility to the tops of the tallest trees in pursuit of hares, rabbits and birds. Arabia Fe- lix, so called on account of its fertility with re- gard to the rest, lies to ths south of Arabia De- ARA 47 ARA serta, between tlie Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It 13 by far tlie most considerable part, and though the centre is occupied by very dry deserts, there are many rich provinces on the coasts, producing a variety of fruits, lioney, wax, cinnamon, cassia, manna, spikenard, franliincense, myrrh, and cof- fee, of whicli latter great quantities are exported from Moka. The Arabs are of a middle stature and brown complexion, and have always a grave and melancholy air. They derive their subsistence from their flocks, from hunting, and from what they acquire by plunder of the caravans which pass from Aleppo to Bassora, and from Bassora to Mecca. They acknowledge no sovereign but the emirs of their tribes, who are their natural princes, and to whom they pay obedience. They have also sheiks, or chiefs of an advanced age, whom they often consult, and whose advice they follow. The dress of the Arabs consists of a white robe, bound round with a broad leather gir- dle, fastened by a strong buckle or large clasp. Their drawers are made of linen, and descend to the lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of red cap on the head ; and sometimes they wear slippers, after the manner of the Turks, but are generally in half boots that they may be ready to get on horseback. Winter and summer they wear a large cloak, striped black and white, made of the hair of goats or some other animal. Their emirs dress in the same manner, e.xcept that their cloaks are for tlie most part all black. The Arabs in the deserts live in tents, and remove from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, and parti V to lie in wait for the caravans. The famous Mahomet was a native of this country ; and his followers, soon after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establish- ing their religion wherever they came. The in- terior of this vast territory is very little known, but it seems nearly destitute of water, as but very few rivers are found round its coast for near 2,500 miles. Medina, Mecca, and Moka, all on the coast of the Red Sea, are the chief towns. .iraciin, or Rccciin, a maritime and fertile coun- try of Asia, on the east coast of the bay of Ben- gal, bounded on the east by Birmah. The rainy season continues from April to October, and the rest of the year is called summer. The inhabitants are idolaters. The women are tolerably fair, but the longest ears are reckoned the most beautiful, and in these they wear many rings. They are a dastardly race of people, and have only courage to attack defenceless merchants and boatmen. There are such numbers of elephants, buffaloes, and tigers, that but few places are inhabited, on ac- count of the ravages made by tliese animals. The chief productions of commerce, are salt, ele- phants' teeth, bees' wax, and rice ; but its trade was never very cousiderable. Aracan was long an independent nation, governed by a king; hut it was subdued by the Birmans in 1783. and is now a province of that empire. Aracan, the capital of the country of the same name, with an extensive fort. It is situate at the head of an inlet of the sea, which forms one of the finest and most capacious harbours for ship- ping in the world. The river Aracan runs through the city, and waters the streets by means of seve- ral arms or canals, into which it is divided. The inhabitants are about 100,000. It was taken by the Birmans in 1783. It is 260 m. S. S. E. of Islamabad, and 230 W. S. W. of Ava. Lon{ the Irish kings ; others, that it was a place where the people assembled to deliberate on pub- lic aSUirs. It is 14 m. N. W. of Drogheda. Pop. of the town 3,.5S^, and the parish 1 ,773 more. .'Irdrnnes, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Champagne. It is so named from a famous forest, lying on the river JVIeuse. The principal town is Sedan. Pop. about 350,000. Aritfcrt, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, and a bishop's see united with Aghadoe to Limerick. It was formerly the capital of the county, but is now a poor place, with extensive ruins. It is seated on a river which runs into Tralee bay, 7 m. N. N. W. of Tralee. Pop. of the town (i29 ; of the coimnons 283 ; and of the whole parish 2,481. Ardmore. a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford.on a cape and bay of its name, 10 m. S. S. W. of Dungarvon. Pop. of the town 403, and of the parish 2,71!]. Ardra, a small kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave coast, at the bottom of the ^ulf of St. Thomas. The country is fertile in maize, palm wine, plants and fruits, which last all the year ; and it pro- duces a great deal of salt. It has a to ^'n of the same name. Long. 3. 5. E. lat. C. 0. N. Ardres, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais. On an open plain between the town and Guisnes, was the celebrated interview between Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. of England, in 1520. It is 10 m. S. S. E. of Calais. Arcca, an island in the gulf of Persia, 3 m. S. W. ofOrmus. The Dutch attempted toestab- li.«h a factory, and built a fort here, but- were ex- pelled by the Persians. Arclcea, a sea-port of Abyssinia. Areit^bor^, the capital of a county of the same name, in the duchy of Westphalia. It is seated on a hill, by the river Roer, 22 m. S. S. E. of Ham, and 63 N. E. of Cologne. Long. 8. 10. E. lat 51.23. N. Arenstturgr, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern- ment of Riga, capital of the isle of Osel, and a bishop's see. Long. 25. 40. E. lat. 53. 15. N. Arenshardc, a district in Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the famous rampart built by king Gotric, in the be- ginning of the 9th century, as a defence against the irruptions of the Saxons. It extends across the countrv, about 9 m. in leno-th. 7 Ariqiiipa, an epi.scoj)al town of Peru, founded by Pizarro, in 153!t. Near it is a volcano. It ha» been four times laid in ruins by earthquakes. It stands in a fertile country, a few miles south of a small lake, which is the source of tlie Apuriinac branch of the Amazon River ; 240 m. S. of Cuzco, and 400 S. E. of Lima. Long. 72. 30. W. lat. 16. 40. S. Arczzo, a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino. Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor of the musical notes, ut, re, &c. was born here ; also the celebrated Francis Petrarch, and Mecjenas. It stands on a hill, at the conflux of the Cliianno and Arno, 15 m. west of Citta di Castello. Argaii, or Lower Ar^oic, a canton of Switzer- land, formerly the north part of the canton of Berne, lying to tlie west of that of Zurich. Arau is the capital. Arncnces, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, on the river Menace, 10 m. E. of Caen. Argcntan, a town of France, in the department of Orne, wliich has a considerable trade in lace. It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne, 12 m. N. W. of Seez, and 110 W. of Paris. Argentfuil , a town of France, on the river Seine, 5 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine vine- yard, and in the environs are quarries of the plas- ter of Paris. Arnentiera, a barren island of the Archipelago, so called from the silver mines in it. There is but one village, and it has no water but what is kept in cisterlis. Long. 23. 10. E. lat. 30. 50. N. Argcnton, a town of France, in the department of Indre, divided into two parts by the river Creuse. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bourws. ArgoUs, one of the divisions of JNlodern Greece in the eastern part of the Moreaor Peloponnesus, established since the recent independence of that countr\'. Argos^ a seaport of Modern Greece, in the pre- ceding district, 25 in. S. of Corinth. Long. 23. 5. E. lat. 37. 30. N. Argostoli, a town of the island of Cefalonia, with a fortress and the best harbour in the island. It is 8 m. W. S. W. of Cefalonia. Argueil, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, 18 m. N. E. of Rouen. Arguiti, an island and fort on the coast of Za- hara, 30 m. S. E. of Cape Blanco, it was taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese, in 1637; af- terward the French took it from the Dutch. Long. 17. 5. W. lat. 20. 30. N. ArgTiti, a river of Asia. Hve Saghalicn. Argun'^kni^ a town of Siberia, on the fron- tiers of Chinese Tartary. There are mines of silver and lead near it, and a pearl fishery in the river Argun, on the west bank of which the town is situate. It is70 m. S. E. of Nertchinsk. Long. 113. E. lat. 52. 30. N. Argijle, t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 326. Argylr, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 46 m. N. Albany. Pop. 3,459. Argijlesliire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the north by Invernesshire, east by the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, and south and west by the Atlantic ocean, I'y which it is broken into islands and peninsulas. It is 110 miles long from the Mull of Cantyre to its N. E. extremity ; its breadth is very unequal, about 40 miles whero greatest. To the N. W. is a peninsula, nearly de- tached from the rest of the county : it containg the districts of Ardnamuroham, Morven, Sunort, , AUK 50 ARK Bud Ard-wiwar. The peninsulas of Cantyro and Cownl are likewise very large. The chief islands, attached t;i tliis county, are Mull, Islay, Jiir:i, Tirc'V, and Col. The soil of Arffylt'slure, in the hi^h grounds, though little filleJ for cultivation, affords excellent pasture. Some parts are covered with heath, and others exhibit rug£^ed and bare rocks. Tlie sides of the hilly and lakes are in- terspersed with woods; and there are rich mines of copper, iron, and lead. Tiic mountainous parts abound with deer and the heatlis witJi grouse. Tlie chief town is Inverary. .^rica. a seaport at ttie south extremity of Peru. It is but badly fortified, and has been miicli injur- ed by earthquakes. Here the treasure brought from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms emploj-ed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in whicii it has a ^rcat trade. It is ooO m. S. E. of Lima. Long. 70. 'Sj. W. lat. 16. 27. S. Arienzo, a tov.-n of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 1-1 m. N. R. of Naples. Arindal, a town of Norway in the government ofBercen. noted for the productive iron mines in its vicmity. It is seated near tlie sea, 10 m. N. N. E. of Christiansand. .-Irisch, or El .irisrh,^ town and fort of Egypt, on a giilfof the Medit-Tranean, to which it gives name. The French became masters of it in I7J)1) ; but it was retaken by tlie Turks and Englisli at the end of the year. In ISUO^ llie Turks and French pi»rned a convention here, by which the troops of the latter were to evacuate Egypt; but the English admiral refused to ratity the capitu- lation. Arisch stands on the confines of Arabia and Palestine, 3G m. S. W. of Gaza, and l"iO N. E. of Suez, in N. lat. 31. f^. E. long. 3J. 3. .•IrtspCj the chief town of the extensive district ofSonora, Mexico. Arispe it situate at the foot of the Cordilleras, near the source of the Ilia, or Yaqni river, in tlie lat. of about 31. N. and lO!.). W. long. Arhansas, a territory of the U. S. formed frotii a part of tlie iMissouri territory in 16V.). It lies between 33. and 36. 30. of N. lat. and between 90. and 100. W. long. Bounded N. by the state of Missouri, E. by the river Mississippi, separat- ing it from Tennessee and Mississippi, S. by Lou- isiana, and W. by the Mexican and Missouri ter- ritories. Containing above 500.000 sq. m., and a population of 30,383, of which -LSTS are slaves. The limits of this region are strongly defined by physical and geograpliical lines. These lines are for the most part large rivers and the ocean of prairies beyond. The chief rivers are the Missis- sippi, Arkansas, White, Washita and Red rivers. The western part is traversed by the Ozrak and Masserne Mountains. For some distance up the waters of Arkansas and White rivers, the country is .an extensii*e, iieavily timbered and deeply inundated swamp. Near the St. Francis hills and at Point Chico, the eastern front along the Mississippi is above the overilow. The remainder of the eastern line is a C'tntinued and monotonous flooded forest. It has large and level prairie plains. It possesses a great extent of rocky and sterile ridges, and no inconsid- erable surface covered with mountains. Perhaps nosectionof our country is more diversified, in re- gard to its surface. Its northern line is inter- sected by a ranjre of hills, wliieh are commonly denominated the * olack mountains,' a line of elevations runuin;| from Black river to the west- ern extremity of tn ? territory, and separating be- tween the water* ol Wliite river and Arkansas. — There are ranges of hills, that have tlic name of mountains, wliich separate the waters of Ar- kansas from those of Washita. Near the Hot springs, these ridges mount up into elevated peaks, which in the eye of a visitor at t!ie springs, from the level country of Louisiana, have the as- pect of lofly mountains. At the south-western extremity of the territory, there are three parallel ranges of hills, that divide the waters of Ked riv- er from those of Washita. There are, also, many detached hills, and tlint knobs. On some of these is found the v.'hortleberry 'rncchihtm of the north, in great perfection and abundance. These liills (■xliibit red cedars and savins, such r.s grov/ on hills of a similar appearance on the Atlantic shore. In tlie central parts of the territory, and intermedi- ate between Arkansas and Washita rivers, on tlie waters of the latter is that singular detached el- evation, called * Monnt Prairie.' On the waters of White river and St. Francis, the country gene- rally is rolling. But, take the extent of tlie terri- tory together, it is either very level or very hilly. In some places, the hills rise at once from level prairies and plains. A very considerable portion of the country is broken land, and nnfit for culti- vation. A great part of the * barrens' of tliis state are what their name imports. There are four con- siderable detached bodies of good upland. Hut it may be assumed as a general fact, that the high prairies and timbered lands are sterile. That part of the course of the Washita, wliieh runs in this territory, has narrow, though in some places rich bottoms. Here arc cane brakes, birch, maple, holly, and muscadine grape vines. The tender soil on the banks is often torn away b}' the sweep- incr and rapid course of the full river. Rugo-ed hills, covered with stinted pines and cedars come in close to the river; and the valley is so deep, and its boundaries so abrupt, that the sun is seen but a few hours in a day. There is a large tract of country, on the upper waters of White river, which has sometimes been denominated New Kentucky, cither from its be- ing fertile, rolling, and abundant in lime stone springs ; or from Its being ujore congenial to the staple products of Kentucky, than the country lower down. It is sheltered on the north by mounta.ns. The fertile tracts are valleys embos- omed between high hills ; and the jiroductions of the north and the south for the most part succeed in this soil. It has one great inconvenience. Tiie streams, that run among its precipitous hills, receive the waters of the powerful showers that occasionally fall, and pour these waters from an hundred shelving declivities into the streams. They have been known to rise forty feet in per pendicular height, in a few hours. The standing corn and cotton is submerged ; and tlxe hope of the year destroyed. Arkansas is the northern limit of the cotton growing country. The rich lands on the Arkansas produce cotton of the same st^.ple and luxuriance as those of Red river ; but, having a season some what shorter, it cannot ripen so well. Ncverthe less, the planters here assert, that even here they can raise more, that their hands can' pick out,' as the phrase is; consequently they aflirm. that they lose nothing by the shortnessoi their season. Cotton becomes an uncertain crop north of the river St. Francis. As we ascend the Arkansas towards the high table prairies, the temperature diminishes more rapidly, than would be indicated by the latitude ; and cotton ceases to be a sure erop a little beyond 34. in tliat direction. It is rI ARK 51 present the siaple article of cultivation. The rich lands \-nug fine maize, sweet potatoes, and the vegetables generally of Mississippi and Louisiana. In the high country above 34. wheat does well. Rye and barley will thrive almost in any parts of the country. Mulberry abounds ; and on the ba- ses of the precipitous hills of White river, we should suppose, would be the happiest soil and chmate for the vine. Muscadine, and pine wood's grapes abound; as do pawpaws and persimons. j! igs are raised, but with difficulty ; and the tree IS often killed to the ground by the frost. Peach- es are raised in great excellence and abundance Apple orchards do well at Mount Prairie, and in the open and high lands above Peccan Point on Red river ; and no doubt, wUl thrive in all the h,gli«r and more northern regions of this territory. in the lower and more settled parts of it they have no where succeeded well. Chickasaw and prairie plums grow wild in abundance ; and the woods and prairies almund in native fruits and berries 1 he soil IS of all qualities from the best to the most sterile. The settlement of Point Chico, on the Mississippi, has a soil of the best quality • and IS noted for the productiveness of its cotton plan- tations. The bottoms of the Arkansas are not generally so rich, as those of Red river —The belt of cultivated land below the Post of Arkan- sas, called ' the coast,' does, indeed, somewhat resemble the delightful country so called above JNew Orleans m appearance. The resemblance ceases here. It has a soil of but moderate rich- ness ; and needs manuring to produce large cot- ton, or maize. To one emerging from the inun- dated and mephitic swamps below, this Une of open contiguous plantations, dotted with beauti- ful clumps of the fine trees of this chmate, and irench habitations, which generally Jiave a very picturesque appearance, this tract, called tne coast, has a charming appearance. There is a great extent of cotton lands of the first quality m the country along the river, above the Post in the Quawpaw purchase.' The country, five or si.t hundred miles up the Arkansas, where the American garrison used to be, and that, where it now IS, and the country where the Arkansas mis- sion is settled, have large prairies interspersed , forest bottoms, and great tracts of excellent sou. I here is much fine country in this territory above Peccan Point on Red river. Mount Prairie which rises, like a prodigious Indian mound, from' the subjacent plains, may be reckoned among- the striking spectacles of the country. It is tin or tweire miles in diameter ; and is situated on the wa ers of the Wajhita. It has a soil of great fer- tility, and of the blackness of ink ; rathir expos- ed however, to 'bake,' as the phrase is, in the ho and dry weather. They obtain water fror^ «el s, which are obliged to be dug of very .n-eat depth.-In the whole depth vast quantities ofsea- shells appear.-In a state of pulverization they are mixed with the earth, commumcating a maw^ kish and unpleasant taste to the water, and very great fertihty to the soil. On White river are some of the finest lands and the healthiest sites for planters in this country. In short this terri- tory possesses great bodies of the best soil There are vast tracts, too, of precipitous knobs, sterile barrens The country on the Mississippi, between VVhite river and the St. Francis, is inmany p7ace3 above the overflow, and of the highest Inaity Wappanocka bottom, opposite Mem'phis, is an un commonly high, rich and extensive bottom The AUK soil on the St. Francis is very fertile ; ajid is cny ercd with a heavy growth of beech, generally de- noting a ririi soil ; but the hills are so precipitous, and exposed to wash, as hardly to be susceptible of cultivation On the whole, this territory has a sufficiency of excellent lands, to become a rich and populous state.— In its eastern front, and near the Mississippi and the Arkansas, it is exposed to excessive annoyance from its myriads of mos- chetoes. This climate is a compound of that of Missouri and Lomsiana. Until we advance 2U0 miles west of the Mississippi, in its humidity it more neai-ly resembles the latter. The season, in point of the forwardness of vegeUtion in the sprino-, is also much more like that of Louisiana. The^season of planting is three weeks later than on the coast above New Orleans ; and is more than that in ad- vance of the chmate of Missouri.— The distribu- tion of rain is extremely unequal. There are often drenching rains and thunder every day, for thirty- six days m succession. At other tunes, the weath- er IS as remarkable, for long droughts. Plantincr of corn commences by the middle of March and cotton by the first of April. By this time the for- ests of the Arkansas are in full leaf; and the shores of no river show a deeper tangle of vines near the soil, and of nobler forest trees above The shores of Arkansas, as far up as Little Rock are decidedly unhealthy. Great tracts on all sides are covered with sleeping lakes and stagnant bay- ous. The country is a dead level. The fallins waters of the rains cannot be drained off. In the commencement of summer they are exposed to the intense ardors of the sun. Sickness is the natural result. On the vast prairie, which com- mences just above the Post, and extends ninety miles up the country, it is more healthy ; and there IS less annoyance from the moschetoes. This lono- nweep of country is thoroughly ventilated. Bu"t the iiir, in the timbered bottoms, is close, and un- elastic ; and the moschetoes are excessively trouble- some. There is but too often an abundant yisita- tion of bilious and remittent fevers in the latter part of summer and the first of autumn. Farther up the country and on the open prairies, it is as healthy as m any other country in the same cli- mate. It 13 a yecj absurd idea, that a country of the extensiveness of this should all be ahke sickly In this territory there are many positions, but a few miles apart, one of which may be as sickly as the shores of Surinam, and the other as healthy as any country in America. ■^ ' Among the curiosities of this region may be mentioned the vast masses of sea shells, that are found dispersed over different tracts of the coun- try. They are generally found in points remote from limestone ; and tjiswer a valuable purpose to the inhabitants, who collect, and burn theni for lime. Far above the po.itical limits of the territo- ry and towards the sources of the Arkansas, is the sublime elevation, which we hope will always re- tain the name of Pike's mountain. The prairies are bounded in that direction by the stupendous ridges of the Rocky mountains. There are very considerable mountains near the Hot Spring/ which see. '^ ^ ' "The Quawpaw Indians intermixed with many fugitive Choctaws, reside on the Arkansas not fir above the Post That portion of the Cherokee nation, which has emigrated west of the Mis- sissippi, has its chief sertlements on the Arkansas. Ueyond this territory ( o White river are conore- gated the Shawneea sid Dela wares, that l»ve ARK 53 ARL emigrated from Oliio and Missouri. Above the Cherokees, on the Arkansas, are tlie Osages ; and btiil liigher are the Pawnees, [n the vast waste nf prairies, thai interpose bclwuiMi Ihis territory and llie Rocky mountains, roam diU'erent trilies of Indians, amonij v,'hicli are otlen seen, liidianB from the .Mexican countrv, wlio come liere In hunt tlie bison. Tliese animals willi deer, elk, bears, and wolves are abundant in this rec^/ion. Herds of wild horses are seen r.inninif the prairies and for- ests of llie western parts. Tliey are rather small in she bu" very fleet any soil. Beyond these are vast cypress swamps ; and in all its course from the blu3"s to the mouth, like Red river, it has its net-work checqueriiig of bayous and lakes. The lakes, on the subsidence of the river, are covered with vast leaves of the J\'ijvi/ihea. Kchniibo. The bayous, when filled with the river waters, have the same curves as llie river ; and wliile the river is full, the same colour; and, until we observe their want of current, might easily be, as they have a thous- and times been, mistaken for the river itself. ^rUow, a barony containing 1^ parishes, and tlie towns of Arklow, and part nf Wieklow, in the county of Wicklow, Ireland. The town of Arklow is situate on the shore of St. George's channel, about Hi m. S. of Wicklow, and contain- ed a population of 3,808 in 1S21 , and the parish 2,4 !■' more. ."IrUs. an ancient eit\' of France, in the depart ment of Mcuilhs of the Rhone, lately nn archiepis ropal see. It was the chief city of ancient Gaul during the reign of Constantine. and Boson made it the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy. The country around produces good wine, vermilion, manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre and obelisk are the most remarkable. It is seated on the Rhone, 20 m. S. E. of Nismes. Long. 5. 37. E. lat. 43. 40. N. JirUn(rtov. p.t. Bennington Co. \'t. 40 m. from Troy. Saratoga Springs, Whitehall and Rutland Fop. 1,207. It has quarries of marl-le and liii.e stone, and a mineral spring. ARiM 53 ARa Armagh, an interior county in the N. E. part of Ireland, 32 ra. long and 19 broad ; bounded on the E. by Down, W. by Tyrone and ivionao-lian. N. by Lough Neagh and S. by Louth. It contains 20 par- ishes, and sends t'-ree members to parliament. The soil is reckoned the richest in Ireland ; but a tract called the Fewes is hilly and barren, and there are also some considerable bogs. Some good mar- ble is found in this country ; and the linen man- ufacture flourishes in all its branches. It has no nrer of consequence but the Blackn-atcr, which separates it from Tyrone. .irmagh, a populous parish and city of Ireland, the capital of the county of its name, and the see of an archbishop, who is primate of all Ireland. It has one of the best linen markets in Ulster, and m»ny bleaching grounds in its vicinity. It is seated near the river Kalin, 4-5 m. S. £. of Lon- donderry, and 62. N. by W. of Dublin. Lonir i. a. W. lat. 54. 20. N. Pop. of the city in 1C21, 8,41J3, and the parish 22,(;5I) more. Armagli, p.v. Indiana Co. I'a. JGO m. W. Har- risburg. .^rntnirnaf, a late province of France, in Gui- enne, 5.5 m. long and 40 broad. It is fertile in corn and wine, and has a trade in brandy and wool. This province, with Gascony, now forms the department of Gers. Armenin, a country of Asiatic Turkey, border- ing on the S. E. extremity of the Black Sea, and extending eastward into Persia ; it lies be- tween the 3Slh and 45th deo-. of £. lono- and under the 39th and 40th of ^''lat. The Euphra- tes, which has its source at the S. E. eitremity of the country, runs parallel with its southern boundary; it is watered by several other rivers falling into the Black Sea, and the Karsi which n.ses in the centre of the countrv runs eastward falling into the Caspian. It is' a mountainous country (Ararat rising to the height of 9,500 ft ) and abounds in minerals, whilst the vallevs yield abundance of corn and fruit. The inhabitants are much addicted to commerce and have a hiwh reputation for probity, they are the chief mlr- chanls for the eastern commerce of Turkey as (he Greeks are for the western. Tlie Armenians form a distinct sect of Christians under a patri- irch and an archbishop. Erzerum, or Arz Roum m N lat. 40. and 40. 50. E. long, is the capital! Ofthecn'il, judicial, or military institutions, or iitent ot population of Armenia, but very little ;s known to Europeans ; the Persians cla"im au- thority over the eastern part, and the Kurds in- 'erfere from the south. ArmenticTs, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 in. \V. i\ W of Lisle. .irmicrs, ato-wn of France, in the .department ff .>ord, seated on the Sambre. 20 m. S. ofMons. .Irmiro. a town of European Turkey, in 'i'hes- ^aly, on the gulf of Volo, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa L-mg. 23. 22. E., Lit. 39. 30. N. Armond, St. a town of Lower Canada, at the N. end of Lake Champlain. Armstrnng, a County in the western part of Pennsylvania. Pop. i7,li2.5. KitUning,214 m W. by N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. The Alleghany river enters the county at the N W. extremity, runs in an angle to the centre and leaves it at the S. W. extremity. KittaninJ IS situate on the east bank, near the centre of the county. Armuyden, a town of Holland, in the island of \v.uchpren, now inronfid^rable, the sea having Btopt up the harbour. Salt-works are its cliief re- source. It is 3 m. E. of Middleburg. Arnaij le Due, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, seated in a valley, near the river Arroux, 25 m. N. W. of Baune." Arnehurij, a town of Brandenburg in the Old Mark, with a rained castle, on a hill on the river Elbe, 3 m. from Werben. Arnedo, a seaport of Peru, with a crood harbour in the Pacific Ocean, 25 m. N. of Callao. Lon^ m- S. S. W. of Cannahar and 210 20 N ^»«nS- Long. 05. 40. E., lat. 31. Arolsen, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse, county of Waldeck, near the river Aar, 29 m. S. fe. E. of Paderborn. Arona, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a ruined castle, on the lake Maggiore, 30 m. N W ofMilan. .iryj/no, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, fe m. N. of Aquino. ' Armm,a. town of Italy, in the Paduan, remark- able tor the tomb of Petrarch. It is 10 m S of Padua. Arqu,Ua,a. town of the territory of Genoa, seat- ed on the Scrivia, 25 m. N. of Genoa. Arques a town of France, in the department of Lower Seme, witli an ancient castle. ftere Henry IV. gained a complete victory over the duke of Mayenne, general of the leagues, in 15o9 It stands on a river of its name, 4 m. S. E of Dieppe. Arragon, a province of the kingdom of Spain Arragon was lormerly an independent kin.rdom and comprehended Arragon Proper. Catafonia, Valencia, and tlie Balearic isles of Majorca, Min- orca, Ivica, Cabrera, and Formentera. The kimr- dom of Arramn Proper is an interior district, ex- tending south from i\rw Castile in the lat of 40 ARS 54 ARi: N. ill a N. K. y the north end of Valencia, and Cata- lonia ; ita superficies is about 1,^30 sq. French leagues, and its population in 1810 was about fi(;0,OOI). The river Kbro enters the territory from tlie N. W. and runs through the middle of it in a S. K. direction. Saragossa seated on the banks of the Ebrn, is the chief and only place of importance in the whole territory, nor is it re- markable for any natural productions ; whilst the domination of the priestcraft, wliich pervades all Spam, operates as a barrier to all BociaJ enterprize and improvement. .'Irrah, or .Irruha, a river on the east side of the province of Mekhran, Persia. There is a town of the same name on the coast about CO m. west of the river, in lat. 25. 30. N. 65. E. long. .irmh, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 33 m W. by S. of Patna. .'irran, an island of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde, to the south of the isle of Bute. It is of an oval form, ao m. long and 12 broad, and con- stitutes the greatest part of the county of Bute. Ridges of rugged mountains e.xtend across the island, and Goatfell is near 3,000 ft. in height. The southern parts present low and cultivated grounds. The clim.ate i.s healthful, and invalids resort hither to drink the whey of goats milk. Robert Bruce took refuge in this island, durinir the time of his greatest distress. Among the rocks are found iron-ore, spar, and a great variety of beautiful pebbles. On the coast are many wonderful caverns, which often afford shelter to smugglers. It is divided into two parishes, Kil- bride, and Kilmorey. Total pop. 6fi4l. The'prin- cipal place is Lanilash. .•?)T«.v. a fortified city of France, capital of the department of Pas de Calais, and an episcopal see and one of the most ancient towns of France • it w,i9 the seat of the Atrehates in the time of Ca-sar It IS divided into two towns ; one named the city which is the most ancient; and the other tlie town, which is modern. The great square is full of fine buildings, surrounded with piazzas It was the mrth-place of Robespierre, and is seat- ed on the Scarpe,22m. W. N. W. ofCambrav Long. 2. 4(;. E. lat. 50. 17. N. Pop. about 19,000 Arricgr, a department of France, containinir the late provinces of Couserans. and Foi.t. It Ts so named from a river, which ri.ses in the Pyrenees and passing by Foi.x and Panders, enters the Gar- onne, near Toulouse. Gold dust is found amon.r Its sands. Foix is the capital. Pop. about ^2o Arrnr or .laroc and JF.roc, two islands of Den- mark, the first about the middle of the little Belt and the other at its entrance into the Baltic' 1 here are a cluster of islands also called Arroe' )ust witliin the Red Sea, opposite to Moka. ' .Irroo, five islands in the Indian Ocean to the south and west of New Guinea, extending from 5 ■', '° ~J?' ^- '"'■ "''"' "a"'"v channels lietween tliem. The chief product is sago. Durintr the dry or western monsoon, numerous flocks of the birds of paradise, from New Guinea, reside in tlie.se islands, where great numbers are killed dried, and exported to Banda. The Arroo isles are considered as belonging to the Dutch .Irsamas a town of'Russia. situate near the source of theTeeha, a branch of the Oka river in I he province of Nishnei, or tower Novogor'od. It IS about 100 in. E. of ^Moscow, and has a variety ol inanufuctureN. Pop. about OOD ■ Isiir, a town on the coast of Syria, in Palestine with a fortress, 10 m. N. of Jaffa. .irta, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba- nia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a con- siderable trade in tobacco and skins, and is seated on the Aita, 70m. N. N. W. of Lepanto. Lonff 21.20. E. lat. 39.28. N. ^' Artahi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia on the south coast of the sea of Marmora, 7G m! S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 27.40. E. lat. 39. Artakui, a town of European Turkey, in Rom- ania, 48 m. N. W. of Gallipoli. Arttrn, a town of Upper Sa.\ony, in the county of Mansfield, circle of Thuringia, on the river Unstrutt, 20 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt. Jirlois, a late province of France, bounded on the north and east by Flanders, and south and west by llainault, Cambresis, and Picardy. It is now included in the department of Pas de Calais. Aruba, an island 15 m. in circumference, sitii- ated near the mouth of the gulf of Maracaybo Curaoao. Long. 70. 5. W. lat. 12. 45 m. W. of 10. N. Arundel, a borough in Sussex, Eng., . in IS21, V~a- Ashluml, p.t. Montgomery townsliip, Uioliland Co. Ohio, MO m. from Colunihus. Askmunciii, a town of Egypt, Imill on the ruins of a city, supposed to bo the ancient lleruiopolis, on the lell hank of tlie Nile. 140 m. S. S. W. of Cairo. Long. :!1. 7. E. l.it. iiS. 10. N. .islmagiir, a to.vn of Hindoostan, in tlie prov- ince of Cabul, seated on tlic Kameh, 80 ni. N. »f Attock, and 110 S. E. of Cahul. .ishldhuta, a County at the N. E. extremity of Oliio, bordering on lake Erie. Pop. 14,5b4. Jef- ferson is the chief town. Ashtabula, p.t. in the above County, on L. Erie, 200 ni. from Columbus. It has a good harbour and is a flourishing town. .Ishtahuln, a stream of Oliio, about 30 m. in length, running into L. Eric. Ashton-nmkr-line, a town and jiopulous parisli of Lancashire, Eng. ; tlie town is seated on a high bank which rises from the river Tame, 7 m. i-ist of M.incliester. The parish is divided into four districts, viz. that ofthe town, which in If'Jl contained 9,'225 inhab. Audensliaw,'.t,7''^l, Harts- head, '.I,l;i7, and Knott-Lanes,:),>-2T: total 2.'>,!li;7, forming together one ofthe most important seats of the cotton manufacture, containing upwards of GO large establislnnents for spinning and macliine- wcaving, four iron and brass foundries, as many machine manufactories, and about ^0 est.iblish- menls for the manufacture of hats. It h.is also extensive collieries in its vicinity, and it is inter- sected by the Mancliester, and tlie Huddersfield and Peat Forest canals. Tlic i'ound.-ttion stone of n new cliurch in the gothic style was laid in I^o]. There are 10 other towns or villages in different parts of England uained Ashton, or to which it is prefixed. .tshiichl, r. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, flows S. W. into the Connecticut. Asia, one of the three grand divisions of the eastern hemisphere ; its boundaries are so exceed- ingly irregular as to render it ditficult to convey an accurate idea of its position, limits, and e.vtent, except by a map ; it lies however wholly north of the equator. Point Romaine, the most souther- ly point of the Malaya promontory, being in lat. 1. 2:i. :!0. N. Hounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, or as a medial line by tlie 70th deg. of N. lat. from west to east it extends in its extreme limits from tlie Dardanelles in 20. to Behring'a straits in HH). E. but exclusive of the promonto- ries of Natolia, Hindoostan, Malaya, Kaniscliatka, and the islands under the equator, .\sia niav be considered as Iving between the l.'ith and 70lh de".>of N. lat. .-I'nd tlie 40th and U!9th of E. long. and containing an area of about 11,000,000 of sq. m. Asia is separated from Europe on the west by the Ural mountains, extending from the lino of the Arctic circle in the long, of G3. E. bearincr west to the long. 54. in the lat. of 03. from wliicE point they again bear to the east to the long, of 59. in the lat of 55., from which point, while the Ural mountains run in a parallel line with the 50th of long, the Asiatic boundary becomes part- ly convention.il, bearing west to the sea of Asoph ; from which, tlie Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, the Dardanelles, and Levant, form the western boundary to the isthmus of Suez which separates .1 from Africr. • the Arabian gulf or Red Sea, then forms the remainder of its western bounda- ry, and the Arabian Son, Indian Ocean, and Chi- na Sea, bounds it on the south, and the North Pacific Ocean on the east, and the Arctic Ocean as previously stated, forms its nortlieru boundary; this vast extent of (erritoiy is divided into 11 great parts, viz. Siberia. Chinese Tartary, China, Thibet, Western or Indejiendent Tartary, the liirman empire. Hindoostan, Persia, Arabia, Asiat- ic Turkrv, and Japan, the latter being exclusive- ly insular. Several noble rivers flow in various airection.s ; the Old, the YiK'ssei and T^ena, fall into the Arctic Ocean, llie Amoor or Saghalien, into the sea (d' Otdiotsk, in the North Pacific, the Yellow and Great Rivers intersect China from west to east falling into the bay of Nankin, and the Ganges, Indus, and Euphrates flowing from north to south ; but it is worthy of remark, tha* neither in Asia or Europe, or in either of the two grand divisions of the western hemisphere, are there any rivers of importance that flow from east to west, whilst in Africa there are none that flow from west to cast. Although the rivers of Asia do not vie in mag- nificence with those of the western hemisphere, Asia far exceeds it in the magnificence of its mountains. The Himalaya range which separates Hindoostan from Tartary in the lat. of 29. N rises to the prodigious height of 27,(577 ft. above the level of the sea; the Ur;tl ridge extends in a uniform and unbroken chain, from the line of tiie Arctic circle to the sea of Aral, and although not rising higher than about 4,500 ft. they are em- phatically denominated l>y the Russians, the back, and by flie Tartars, the girdle of (he world ; the Altaian chain intersects the entire territory in a N. E. direction, from the Arabian Sea to the east cape in Behring's straits, and in the lat. of 40. N. rises to the height of 12,800 ft. and Mounts Cau- casus, Taurus, Ararat, &c. &c. spread over the western part of Asia, rising to the height of S'to 10,000 n. The Caspian, Baikal, and sea of Aral, are the only inland waters that merit notice in this place, and when compared with those of the north division of the western hemisphere, they are very insignificant. The islands of the east- ern ocean are so numerous, and so diffusely scat- tered, as to render it difficult to decide which prop- erly belong to Asia, and which do not; those however which admit of no dispute may be enu- merated as follows, beginning at the north : viz. Saghalien, Jesso, the .Japanese, Loo Choo, For- mosa, Hainan, the Philippines, Borneo, Cele- bes, Java. Sumatra, Ceylon, the Maldives, and Laccadives ; the Ladrone, New Carolines, Pelew, New Guinea, Solomon's, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Sandwich, Society, Friendly, New Zealand ; and Van Diemen's Land, will most probably hereafter become more particularly iden- tified with New Holland. Asia was the parent of nations, and the scene of most of those remarkable transactions whicl are recorded in sacred history. Af\er the deluge, Noali is said to have settled near the borders of the Euphrates, and to have peopled the whole continent, the posterity of Shem occupying the central regions, Japhet the northern, and Ham the southern. Javan and his descendants, Ashkenaz, Dodanini, Tharshish, Elisha, Togermah, and Rip- hath, are supposed to have been the ancient in- habitants of Asia Minor. The Canaanites and Amalekites were the people of Syria and Arabia Petrea. Modern writers have referred the pres- ent natives of Asia to those difierent ttocks, the AS] ASL Iii-'iivnvs, Imlkms, and Tartars, t!ic iiroiirifty of wliicli will appear I'roiu tlieir luako, IVaturcs, and lan'fuu:'es. There are, liowevcr, some large tribes wiifcli cannot be referred to any of these classes. Mr. Pinkerton observes that the population of Asia is allowed b}' all authors to be wholly primi- tive, with the exception of the Tshuktshis (whom the Russian historians suppose to have passed from tlie opposite coast of America), the colonies that have migrated from Russia to the nortlicrn parts as far as the sea of Kamtscliatka, the well- known European settlements, and a few others. Asia certainly contains a decidedly original popu- lation, and presents an ample field for the study of man in all the stages of his progress from bar- barism to civilization. The western part of Asia appears to have been occupied by numerous pet- ty sovereignties, whose very names are now ex- tinct. At a somewhat later period the Babylon- ian empire extended over the greater part of West- ern Asia ; the Persians next reigned paramount on that side, 32.^ years before the Christian era; Alexander of Macedon e.xtended his arms as far as the Ganges; but his exploits in .\sia may be considered as incursions rather than conquests. Tlie ascendancy of the Persians in its turn yielded to the still greater ascendant influence and power of the Tartars from tlic north, who also in the 12th century subdued China in the cast; and indeed such was the extent of their power, tliat at one period nearly the whole of Asia as well as a great part of Europe fell under their dominion. The Mogul empire succeeded the Tartar, wliilst the greater part of Eastern Tartarj' became uni- ted to China, which for several centuries has re- mained comparatively undisturbed ; but at the present time, a comi)any of English traders, un- der the denomination of '• The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the Ea^t Indies," may be regarded as the ascendant power, and as reigning lords paramount over all Asia. The Russians however occupy the whole of the north of Asia, from the Arctic Sea to the .50lh degree of north latitude ; and it will probably be their turn ne.xt to rule the S. as well as the N. The productiojis of Asia, animal, mineral, vege- table, as well as birds, insects, reptiles, and fishes, are as majestic, valuable, and useful, as they are various and infinite. Tile elephant in Asia, like tile camel in Africa, is made the instrument of burthen, and in war and pageantry ranks highest in importance ; the lion and tiger of Asia are the noblest of their species, and as distinguisiied for their beauty and their symmetry as for their agil- iiy, strength, and ferocity. The leopard inhabits eastern and southern Asia and in rapidity and agility of motion is unrivalled by any otlier ani- mal. He has a restless eye and a sinister -^r^^-UiSj:-^^'^^^ countenance, and is remarkably distinguished by tlie beauty of his hide, covered with brilliant Bpots. He lurks for his prev in ambush, or pur- sues it up llie trees. Usually ho shuns man, but when closely pressed, he turns upon the hunter and sometimes when pinched by hunger he will attack unprovoked, though by stealth, the human race. The inferior classes of the animal creation will be more particularly adverted to under the heads of the several divisions of Asia. Although apparently not so rich in precious minerals as the southern division of the western hemisphere, Asia indicates abundance of gold, and some silver, and its gems are deservedly held in the highest estimation. Of the inferior metals, if they abound, a subduing species of policy precludes their preparation for utility, and Asia draws con- siderable supplies of iron, copper, tin, and lead from Europe. Rice for food, and cotton for clothing, are the main productions of the soil over all the south parts of Asia and China, and in the latter coun- try, a decoction of the well known tea shrub, constitutes the principal drink of that populous empire, whilst the vegetable tallow tree supplies many of their domestic wants. Maliomedism is established in the central and western parts, while paganism, and the most de- grading and cruel superstitions, prevail in all the other regions of Asia. Christianity is scarcely known throughout this part of the globe, except ill Siberia and in Greece, \vhere the profession of it has been perpetuated amidst cruelty and oppression ; — nor have any adequate exertions been made by Europeans for its introduction, the small tract of India brought under cultivation by our missionaries bi-iiig only as a single oasis in a vast and dreary desert. The governments of Asia appear in all ages to have been arbitrary and despotic in the extreme ; much addicted to parade and pageantry, and that to a degree of which Europe has exhibited no parallel. The government of China, although in name and form a complete despotism, appears however to be administered not only witji temper- ance, but with a paternal solicitude for the wel- fare of the great body of the people, who may yet at the same time be ranked amongst the most abject of the human race. The ascendancy nf the English at the close of the ]?th and com- mencement of the 1 9th century is unquestiona- bly the most important era in the history of Asia ; and, although much that is objectionable and rep- rehensible prevails, in sonie respects it indicates brighter and better prospects to Asia than it has ever before experienced. /isia Minor comprehends that part of west- ern Asia under the dominion of the Turks, bor dering north on the Black Sea, and south on the Levant, including the provinces of JVatolia, Cara- mania, and /{o!/7?i, which see. Asiago, a considerable town of Italy, in Vicen- tino, 20 m. N. of Vicenza. Asinara, an island in the Mediterranean, on the N. W. coast of Sardinia, 17 m. N. by W. of Sas- sari. It is 28 m. in compass, and is fertile and populous. Long. 8. 24. E. lat. 41. 0. N. Ashcaton, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, noted for its castle, and for one of the most perfect abbeys in the country ; built by one of the earls of Desmond. It is seat- ed on the Dee, near its confluence with the Shannon, 20 m. W. S. W. of Limerick. Pop. in 1820. 1,230, and of the parish, 3,425. Askris, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. seat- ed near" the Urc, 18 m. W. S. W. of Richnnmd, and 24U N. of London. Pop. in 1.^21 , 7o.'). ASS Asnieras, a Iowa of France, in tlip doparlmciit of Upper Vienne, 10 m. N. W. of BcUac. .■Uvia, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 m. S. E. of Brescia. .Isolo, a town of Italy, in Trcvisano, with a spacious citadel on a hill. It is surrounded by walls, and situate near the Musone, 17 ni. N. VV. of Treviso. Jlsoph, or Azof, a sea. anciently llie Palus MojoUs, lying N. of the Black Sea, with which it coniinunicates by tlie strait of Cafla, the an- cient Cimmerian Bosphorus. The sea, which is sometimes called the Sea of Zabak, extends 240 m. from S. W. to N. K. between the latitudes of 42. to 47. N. and :!4. to ti'J. of W. long. Jisopli, a district of the Russian empire, in the province of Catharineslaf, including a large tract of territory to the east and west ut the town of Asoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, and after that period, several new towns were built by Catliarmc 11.; one of wliicli, C'atliarineslaf, is now the capital. .isuph. a town of Russia, lately the capital of a district of the same name, seated on the east bank ot the Don, near its entrance into the sea of Asoph. It has been several times taken by the Turks and Russians. It is not of the importance it was in the reign of Peter the Great ; the river being now so choked with sand as scarcely to adnift the smallest vessel. Long. 'Ari. 32. E. lat. 46. 58. N. Aspertn, a town of Holland, fammis for a long sieire which it held out against the Geldrians, in 15f7. It is seated on the Linglie, i'i m. S. of Utrecht, and 22 E. of Rotterdam. jhpeni, a town of Austria, on the north bank of the eastern branch of tlic Danube, a little below Vienna, distinguislied for a great battle fought between the French and Austrians in 1809, during which the town was totally destroyed, but has been since re-built. jlssam, an interior country of Asia, bounded on the VV. by Bengal and Bootan, N. by Thibet, and S. E. and S. by Meckley. The river Burram- pooter divides it into two provinces ; the northern, wliicli is the most fertile, being called Ultercul, and the southern Dachincul. Among the pro- ducts are many kinds of valuable fruits, with silk, musk, pepper, cocoanuts, sugar, and ginger. The open parts are marked witli population and tillage ; the woods abound with elephants. The moun- tains are inhabited by a savage tribe called Nancs, who go naked, and eat dogs, cats, mice, locusts, and any thing they can find. The other inhabi- tants ot Assam are base and unprincipled, have no fixed religion, nor any rule but their inclina- tion. They eat all flesh except human, and even animals that die a natural death. They are en- lerprizing, savage, vindictive, and fond of war. They have neither horses, asses, nor camels; but these are sometimes brought there from other countries. Asses they are fond of, but are so niuch afraid of a horse, that one trooper would put a hundred of them to flight. The invention of gunpowder is ascribed to the Assamese. It was known in China and Hindoostan in very remote antiquity ; and in the code of Gentoo laws there is a prohibition of the use of fire-arms ; but what these fire-arms were is not distinctly known. Ghergong is the capital. .'hsancoh, or Ilasanhala, a town of Turkish Armenia, which has hot baths much frequented. It is seated on the Ares, 22 m. E. of Erzerum. Jissarpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the conn- 66 -'VST try of Cuteli, at the most eastern nioutli of the Indus, 38 m. W. of Boooebooge. JlsseerguT, a strong hill fort of Hindoostan, in Candeish. In the war with the Muhrattas, in 1803, it surrendered to the British. It is 20 in. N. E. of Burhanpour. Jhse.n, a town of Holland in Overyssel, 12 m. S. of Groningen, and 51 N. N. W. of Cocvordon JJsscnkeim, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, at the conflu.x of "the Wetter with the Nidda, 11 m. N. E. of Frankfort. .'Isseiis, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Funen. It is the common passage from the duchy of Sleawick to Copenhagan, and is 17 in. S. W. ofOdensee. Long. 10. 2. E. lat. 55. 17. N. .'Issiniboins, or Assenchoyne, a river of North America, falling into the S. W. end of Lake Winnipeg ; the North West Fur Trading Com- pany have a house on the south bank of the river, about 15 m. above its entrance into the lake. Assist, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, with a magnificent church, 22 m. N. W. of Spoleto. Assomption, a township and village of Lower Canada, situate on the bank of a river of the same name, which falls into the St. Lawrence a little below Montreal. Assonel, p.v. in Berkley, Bristol Co. Mass. Assos, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on a bay of the Archipelago, 12 m. S. E of Troas. Long. 26. 36. E. lat. 3'J. 32. N. Assynpclon, an episcopal city, capital of a prov- ince in Paraguay. It stands in a fertile country, on the cast bank of the river Paraguay, a little above the confluence of the Pilcomayo. Long. 57. 40. W. lat. 22. 47. Also the name of one of the Ladrone islands, in N. lat. 19. 45. and 45. 35. E. long. Assumption, a parish in the E. District of Lou- isiana, on the river Lafourche. Pop. 5,400. The court-house is 90 m. W. of New Orleans. Astabat, a town of Persian Armenia, 3 m. from the river Aras, and 32 S. E. of Naksivan. Astcira, a town of Persia, in Ghilan, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the S. W. end of the Caspian Sea. Long. 50. 40. E. lat. 38. 30. N. Astcrabad, or Esterabud, a town of Persia, capi- tal of a province of its name at the S. E. part of the Caspian Sea. It stands at the mouth of a river, which forms a bay convenient for trade, no m. E. of Ferabad. Long. 54. 58. E. lat. 37. 16. N. Asti, a city of Piedmont, capital of the depart- ment of Tanaro, with a citadel. Beside the cath- edral, it contains upward of thirty other churches. It is seated on the Tanaro, 24 m. E. of Turin. Pop. about 22,000. Astorga, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leon, well fortified by art and nature. It is seated in a plain, on the river Tueria, 25 m. S. W of Leon, and about midway on the high road from Co- runna to Madrid. Astrabad, a tongue of land on the northeast coast of the Crimea, extending into the sea of Asoph. Astracan, a city of the Caucasus, and the prin- cipal city of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It is situate on an island formed by two branches of (he Volga River, near its entrance into the north end of the Caspian Sea, in tlie lat. of 46. and has a good harbour. It is surrounded by walls, and on the west has a tri-Tiunilar fortress ATC 59 Here are 25 Russian clmrches, and two convents • the Armenians, Lutherans, and Papists, have their places of worship ; and the Hindoos of Moultan have been permitted to erect a temple. The hou scs are in general of wood ; and the inhabitants are estimated at 70,000. It seldom rains here, but the river Volga overflows, like the Nile, and when the water has run off, vegetation is very rapid Here are several large vineyards from which some wme IS made for home consumption ; also manu- factures of gunpowder, and nitre, and on the side of the Caspian Sea, are long marshes which pro- duce a great quantity of salt. The Volga, either hJ/n/Z' r'" """""ous branches, fntersects and-,l.rrf , T?' P'°^T'^ of European Russia, and affords to Astracan a facility of communicatioa .f,,,,,'''^"''''™^'''''' =idvantage ; it communi^ wifh%T P .'^°f "^ V "'" ^^'^"'^ branch and uith St _Petersburgh from Twer, partly by canal and partly by intermediate waters The mouths ^Ln%"^".f """'' T'^ '"^''S"' ^ ^P^<=ies of s"ur! geon from he sound of which is made the finest isinglass, which forms a very extensive branch of the commerce of Astracan. Here is also the cen- tre of all the commerce of Russia with Persia and Greek.' T "I "'' J?"'^'^"/' Persians, Armenians, Greeks Tartars, Jews, Hindoos, French, and Ln^lish ^1 participate. It was taken fro^ the Mongol Tartars about the middle of the 15th century, and is about 770 m, S. E of Mos- cow, and 1,050 S. S. E. of St. Petersburcrh. ■^stunas, a maritime province of the northwest of Spam, extending for about 120 m. along the shore of the Bay of Biscay. It is divided^ into two parts, Asturias deOviedo and Asturias de bantillana, so named from their chief towns. This province IS full of mountains and forests, its wine and horses are excellent, and it has mines of JoTd lapis lazuli and vermilion. The eldest son of the w?s^fl ''^"" " ^'yed prince of the Asturias. It hZn T/^'" P""<^'P''lity of the kingdom of Leon, and ,s bounded on the S. by the province of Leon; on the W. by Gallicia ; and on the £ tfie^BaToTp"'' ""t"" ' '}'^'^'^'^ inland f^om ulation of 364,233. "st. Andero^^? ;hVeas°t'ern'':x': 40 w' lonl an™^'°""' '"• '"'■ ^^^ ^- ^^ ='"'' ^ ATH tins riier, and becoming clogged between ita wher'efh^' '^'™'^'' "''^^ is callff the Gr^at Raft^ w here the river is covered with a floating bridge of ^ i^l'es'^ ^^ ^^ ^'"' interruptions, flengfh of n»f T' *.'°^"°f Naples in Principato Citeriore, */, V'7« ?'^™' ^~ '"■ ^- °f Policastro. ' J(A,a fortified tow-n of the Netherlands, in Hain- nin , w' '"'Tr °?.?° '^<^"' ^"d i« seated on the Dender,I2m. N. W. of Mons, on the road from Brussels to Tournay. Pop. about 7,500. MmboU, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- nfVdriatp,r'°'''^^^'^^''«-'^«--^- Atluipescmc a lake in the N. part of British xJ^r^nn' '''^f ^'"gi°g i's waters into Slave Lake. It IS <5UU m. long. jthboy a parish and town in the county of Meath, Ireland. In 1821 the town contained a population of 1,569, and the parish, inclu^ng the commons, and the village of Castletown, 4275 a'ntd ^rs^ '' ""• ^^ "' ^"^^'"' -<» '^^ ^'^^ /Itf^elney, an island in Somerset, Co. Eng at the confluence of the Thone and Parret, a few if lies be! ow Taunton memorable for having afibrded shel er to king Alfred. Here he collecfed some of his retainers on which account he called it ^thelin! gay, or the isle of Nobles, and hence he made fe- quent sallies upon the Danes cortv"'of'r'lr''"'r,P'r^'^ ""'• '"'^ in the county of Galway, Ireland ; n 1821 the nnn li 10^77."^' '°^" "^^ ^'«^3' -'i total'of the^a?-" Mhens, a once celebrated city, situate on a nrn montory at the southern extremity of Eastern?^: rope supposed to have been founded by Cecron" 1,556 years antecedent to the Christian erTo; about the period of the height of Ec^^ptian ^iorv luthoVr °^j^°^^=i i' became the"^^ of kfng ^ authority under Codrus, about the period of the reign o^ David in Palestine, and in about oSo years subsequent to its foundation, it had Attained citv'ofT" °'^"'.g'°^y. when it became thechfef c2end / «^^^'^"J-Pnblic, which successfully contended against the powerful arms of the Per^ s.an monarchy, and excelled in all the arts of tC^stT^f^lTlP!"!!'-'' -bitecrur''e?thl long, and distant by way of SeTvf,' r^V'Pfn"ng, sculpture, and 87 and by Aranda 711-2 iL.ue^ north S ^^1^ r' "'nl'''''"'^"^ '"^y be said to have'peT- Madrid, is the principal town °on the coast an^ £!"'': '^'^ "" *'>^'.^"<=<=eeding ages have done haa Oviedo, 75 1-2 leagues N. W. from Madrid L the III , '°P/' '"'^' ^""^ transform. Eighty-six chief town inland.^ '"'"'"''' '" 'he years antecedent to the Christian era, wheSrc^ne .fo»fem. t. Lucerne r„ P, „_ .u. o . ™ent among the Athenian., hnrf c.^'i- :„. ,""''" J!t^k W^V^k^s°ba^.^e: "^ '-^ '"^'>-''- Alncama a seaport and province of Peru The province has a great desert of the same' name which separates Peru from Chile. The tow"L' remarkable for the fish called tollo, w th wh^h ti w.'ia?.' araf -s^ ^ "' ^'""'- L-g- 69- 30. Ti\i^ti%':7\?:^: '-' - '"^ '- 0^56. ment among the Athen^ns h^d r^nkTu'triice":" ■Z^:^r\ '"'' P^t;; otism into selfish amwLon and ndividual aggrandisement, Athens fell a nrev^o the furious arms of Sylla, 'who sacked it of s?me of Its choicest treasures; from this period it may be considered as having passed the'^meridia^of I w^, '^•■, ^.\"'\^"'^ y-^" "* tbe ChrisJfn era t was visited by the apostle Paul, whose speech to the multitude from the celebrated tempi ou Mar s Hril, as recorded in the 18th chsrT^r ,? fhfso''?^ ^P^^'-'^^i' ^^'^<^ 22nd w^lteft te'st ^ the social and moral condition of its inhabitlnll at the period; it subsequently became a prey to internal commot nna »= „.<,ii _. .... P. ^ '" V ; ''^ ^"- ■'^- long. • , •, ' ■- -v,^,ocLnicui.iy oecame a nrev d Mchafalam, a river of°Louisiana, one of the ^jf"™ T a'"°"°"''''' ''■'" '^^ '° "Eternal ene mouths of tL Mississippi, striking o'ff from that ^f fo^tnne ''•?7 "P"'^""!"? various alternat: stream just below the entrance ?f Red Rile/ .°l^/i"":.;,-'V''^^^.V'<^. t^'butary to the Turks, stream ,•„=> k -■-"-', fi'"' ="iJ"ng on irom tha stream just below the entrance of Red River and flowing south into the Gulf of Mexico. It is only however when the river is very high that any great portion of the waters of the M fsiss no passes off by this channel. VaBt quantities of dr?f^ fmber have passed from the i^ain ^ team in to ions on their establishing thei/domr^L^ in Eu o"pe ''anS L^va'dif.™ "'■' '^' chief town of the dis'trict of d^ur t^l """^r""/ vestiges of architectural gran deur still remain to attest the supremacy of the Athenians in that noble and usefufart /he tow' erof the now church of St. Pancras, built in Lon- ATM GO ATPv f the choicest vestiges of its friezes, &c. whitli now adorn the national Museum in Lomioii. Athens was besieged liy l!ie reeks in the early part of their revolu- tionary sttn'jgle.aiid she ;:i icpolis fell into their hands in 1 ''^i. Since wliiili liii:e they have been masters of tlie city, ilstainlsin a spacious jdain ; the hill of Mars, on the sMiinnitof which ttood the temple, dedicated to the id.d of that nam.-, was, during' the rxnitls .,f its greatness, in the cntie of the city, biil now, at s.ii/ie distanee fn.ni the pre- sent t'/wn, which isboiuK'.rd on one side by Mount Uytncltus, di'servedly celelirated fc^r the homy v.-bich it produces. On llie sea side it has three ports; the I'lialerens. Mnnchyia.and l'ira;U3,ahont r> miles distant from the town, and tbrongh which it carries on some little external tr;iliie in honey, wax, oil, olives, silk, Ac. in exchanne for the manufactures of Western Kurope generally, but for which, its chief means of payment consist in the bills of exchange, drawn to defray the ex- penses of il.^ numerous visitors; it is in hit. 117. 5>j. i\. and L':!. H,. W. long. Pop. ];>,OilU. .Wirnj. p. t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1.200. .lihcna, t. Windham Co. Vt. 25 m. N. Brat- llehoro. Pop. 415. Alheiui, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. or the K. bank of tlie Hudson, opposite Troy. 20 m. below Al- bany. Pop. 2,425. .hluns, p.t. Bradford Co. I'a. on tlic Susipic- hannah. Mini.", p.t. Clarke Co. Geo. GS m. N. .Mil- led^eville, contains the university of Georgia, Avhich has a Presiilent and (J Professors ; the libra- ries contain 4.."jO!I vols.; tlie students in JSUl werc;i5. Pop. 1,100. .■llluns, a Co. of Ohio, in the S. E. part. Pop. 0,7f>j. Athens is the chief town. Jllhens. p.t. capital of the above Co. belongs to the Ohio university. The college atthis place com- prises 2 buildings, and had in lyiil,.'? students. 1 13 annual revenue is 2,:j00 dollars. Athens is 70 ni. S. E. Columbus. .'7;.'i;r<5, t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 125 m. E. Colum- bus. .iliirrstoh, a town in Warwickshire, Eng., with manufactures of hats, ribands, and shalloons. Kjchard III. held a council with his nobles here, tiie night before the battle of Bosworth. It is seat- ed near the Anker, on the high road from Lon- don to Holyhead, by Chester. Ki m. N. of Cov- entry, and lUo N. VV. of London. Pop. in 162J, 3,434. *iff/(.'onc, a borough of Ireland, paj-tly in the ("•o. of Westiueath, and partly in Roscommon. Ilsbinds on both sides of the Shannon, over which is a lonj? bridge that i;i the grand pass between the provinces of I_.e-inster and Ci'Unaught. It is (iO in. W. of Dublin. Pop. in li21, /,.543, and of the parishes of St. JIary and St. Peter in which the town is situate, t»J270 more. This is now one of the most extensive military sta- tions in all Ireland ; and sends one member to the p-irliofnciit of the United Kingdom. . .'./:n.'. p.t Worcp.itsr Co Mass. 70 m. W. Eos- toa. pe.j... I,:i->o. ■ny. Allwl. p.t. Warren Co. X. Y. trl m. K. Pop. \m. tithes, or Monte Santo, a high mount.-: i.i of Greece, Macedonia, on a }ieninsula at the en- trance of the gulf of Contessa. It has been cele- brated in all ages for its singular locality, and the majesty of its appearance, and became an object of such great attraction to the Greeks, as to draw devotees from all parts of Eastern Europe, who have iiiler»|>ersed it with numerous ehniches, monasteries, and hermitages ; hence it has arquir- ed the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Moiin tain. The monks amount to about C'.iJtiO, v.-ho .«ub gist chiefly by preying on the numerous devotee.':, whom their alU-cfed tanclity and croft continual- ly draw Mound them; they however cultivate the olive aiiiuiiioiiieates \\ ilh Dtit.lin daily by passage b. als. by Ibe l':ie of the (;rand canal. Pop. in 1.-21, ;U>!K!. The remains oron old castle now M-rve for a counly jail, and there are ruins of two monasteries in the vicinity. .'It/:iiisv7>, fi.l. Iloekiiigliam Co. N. llani]>shire, oO 111. fr. liosten : '.\0 it. Pcrtsmniith. Pop. 555. Jllltnit'r, or JilltnUir (Jcrmi, takes its name iVoin mount .\tlas in Africa, and lies between the west continents of Africa and Enroiie, and the er.st continent of America. Its least breadth fro;n (jninea in Afri<-a, to Brazil in South .America, is 2.300 miles. t)n one side of the eipiator, it is call- ed the IS'.Tth Atlantic Ocean, and en the other the South .Atlantic (Jcean. .'VIns, a chain (f high UHunlains. in Africa, separating jlarhar\' fr'^m Uilediiigerid, and exti-nd- ing cast from the coast of the Atlantic to tlie bor- der of Ejjypt, ujiwards of 2,IHXi m.; thoir greatest altitude is about in,i;O0 tl. above the level of tiie sea. Silver, <;opper, iron, lead, and antimony', are found in diflerent parts of these mountains. Another chain, called the Little Alias, extends from the strait of Gibraltar to Bona in the state of Algiers. Tliefc Inonntains have diflerent names, according to the various countries tiiev pass through, and the jilains and valleys bv whicli they are intersectid. Thej- are inhabited ft!iiii>st in every place, except where the extreme cold will not permit. .WtVfo, a town of Mexico, in Tlascals. Eea!>d in an extensive plain of its name, 20 ui. W. S. W. of Puebla de los Angeles. JlUioi, one of the Sandwich islands, in l!ie North Pacitic Ocean. It is 30 m. long, and contains a great portion of gently rising land. On the S ^V. side is a good ro.'id and anchoring place, cnlled Wymoa. Long. 159. 40. W. lat. 21 . 57. l<. Pop. about 55,000. .iloijitqnr: . a town of Mexico, south of the river Zacatula, and .1 t'ev/ miles inland from the Pacific Ocean in lat. IS. N. ,^lrato. a river of Colombia, Vv'hich rii'cs be- tween the lirst and second ridire of the Andes, and runs from soiitli to north a^out 2.".'l m. into the gulf of Darien, in lat. 8. N. and W. Ijiig //. G. .4i7 1, a town of Naples, in Aiouzzo 1'1'criere. on a craggj' mountain. It was liie b:r',li|ikce of the emperor Adrian. It is about 4 m. fiom AUB 61 the shore of the Adriatic, and 10 S. E. of Teramo Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 42. 40. N. .itsion, a village in Burlington Co. N. J. 30 m E. by S. Philad. Here are several iron founderies .ithca, a province of Greece, of which Athens 13 the capital ; bounded N. by Thessaly ; E by the Archipelago ; S. by Peloponnesus and W by Locns. It includes the most celebrated portion of ancient Greece. The soil is very productive m wine olives and fruits. Under the Turks it was called Livadia. -tera, p.t. Gennesee Co. N.J. 338 m W Albany. Pop. 2,485. .mcborough p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 23 m. S Boston, 9 m. N. Providence, pop. 3,215 : has 3 post offices. Here are 3 cotton and woolen factories, with a capital of above 200,000 dollars ^'°"'''' 14"m ^^T=^■-^u" '?'^J"' '°'^" '" Norfolk, Eng., Pod in iH2I ^R-o'^'r'' °" "'>' ™'"' '" ^oVwich! PhTf * 'c l'*^'- '' ^^''^ formerly a city and chief town of the county. j- •" ■Attack or Attack Benares, a city and fortress of Hmdoostan in the province of Lahore. It stands of",h/p 1' Y"^ f l'« Jndus, near the confluence ot the Cabul, and on the site of the Taxila of Alc^fander, where he crossed that river, and ad- vanced onwards to the Ganges, in the year 32a TOO m h' '" It' ^'^'^""" "''■ Attock^is abo^ 700 m. above the entrance of the Indus into the Arabian bea, and about midway between Cabul and LaIior_e or 180 to 200 m. fro^ each, in lal 33 wafb-^fuh ,i"-p'^- '°"=- '^'''^ present fortress was bu.lt by the Emperor Akbar, in 1581 r.J^T' rn '"■"?# i"""" "*■ Hindoostan, in the Srr"'f'^l"Jie^er°rr"''='''"'"'°'^' ""' '' ^ CofuXs'."'- ^""^^ ^°- O'^-; 14« ™- N. E. Wnrttbn'°"'"''f"u^''!''"='">'' '» 'he principality of WurUblJrl;''" "^ ■■"" «°""'=''' ^' -• S- E of -lube, an interior department in the N E of - I]'"""'' containing part of the late province of Champagne. It takes its name from a river which passing by Bar-sur-Aube and Arcis ofns the Seine, above Nogent. Troyes is the clS Pop. about 240,000. capital. oA'tT"t' '^ '"IT" °'" ^™"'=^' i° tl's department of Ardecho, wuh manufactures of woolen cloths footTn"' r'^ ""^ ' """-'"^ °" "•<' Ardeche, at the toot of the Cevennes, 15 ra. S. of Viviers. Menion, a town of France, in the department of Somme, situated on the Aine, 10 m S of Viviens. ' ^' °' .lideterre,^ town of France, on the frontiers of inllT"'^' •^"*'^''- ^ ^"1" town of France S mn:T^T "' ''''"' ''''"^•^ i" - fine pTa^n; -4 m. north of Bourges, surrounded with strong walls, wide ditches, and high countersca ps Thf castle IS within the town, Ind is very handsome fon tTn r '• ' ""'\ "^ "'^ '^'='"'^ of /ers^ whh a f:"h:rtr ^: K,t^ ----^'oVen?n| ■l^'io'inc, a town of Switzerland, in the PavH ■^ttourn, px Susquehanna Co. Pa. C^nntieT'ohir'"' '" ^'"^""'^ '^"'^ ^-hland ■^"hirn, p.t. the chief town in Cayuga Co. N.Y. AUG rn7tL^e^r?el^^rl-S^^V^.lr°^'- «-'-" .J.lt"''"' "l^^'"'^"' ^ town in Wiltshire, Encr seated on a branch of the Kennet, 8 m. N E of Marlborough, and 81 W. of London juhusson, a town of France, in the department of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestrv • sea W on the river Creuse, 37 m. N. E. ofSges ' «J»T= ' th^capital of the kingdom of Adel Ung%4"&'!l"lir8^^ "n" ''^^ "-^ "-^'^^ otcth^';'!-^ of France, capital of the departmen. hIi „f?' ^ an archiep.scopal see, and the cap- ^Fr.n.^""i{- ^^'' '"''^'^'^ '^ °"« ofthe finest in I ranee. Here are manufactures of velvet ser- ges, crapes hats, and leather. It is seated hy the summit and side ofa hill on the river Gers.l? ,^ VV^of Tou ouse Long. 0. 35. £. lat. 43. 39. N .iucktand Bishops a town in the bishoprick of Durham Eng at which the bishop has a'^palare It has a beautifiil castle, and a chapel, whose archt ecture is very curious. Here are manufactures of cotton and muslin. It is seated by the side of a hill, on the river Wear, 8 m. S. by W of D„r ham, and 249 N. N. W. o'f London ^ Pop l^," .lude a maritime department of France, a the Wnce "'■•^""'3', containing part of ,he late pro! J rllf ? l"'"^'"=' '' '•^'■'^cs its name from a river, which rises in the Pyrenees and flmu ;^: ll Q"'"-- Limeu., and "ca^cassone, en e ^ the Mediterranean near Narbonne, and which bv the Royal canal and Garonne, is united wth 'the Atlantic Ocean. Carcassone is the capital ..fvf^'?"' "" '"'"'V^ ^'='"'=*'> in the department W. of QuTn^^r';^''' '" '"^ "^^ °^ ^-^^' '^ -• Auerhach, a town on the east side of the Voo-f &;. '''' ^- ^- •=""- ^' 'he circle'of Upfe'; Auerstadt, a village of Thuringia, circle of Upper Saxony, W. of the Saal River, celebrated for a bat- tle between Napoleon and the Prussians on .l,„ 14th October, 1806. This battle Is c^ led^he ba ttl" ofJena; because the portion of the French arm v under Oie immediate command of Naptleon 7as engaged with the army at that town.^See7e«r so.fth' f 'r '"""^y °*^'°^«h Africa, lyin/toThe south of Barca, between Fezzan and Egypt It abounds in dates : and m.nnv «f »i,o ■ u" t ■ engage in the caraVan traT^ Ve cani "us 'fT same name, 220 m. W. of Siw^ an'^ 540 E t N. of Mourzouk Long. 23. 40. lat. 29. 33 N ^ ^nnSS:^^rl^i:SB£ theT,!'^^'' 'I ""^ '"'^"°^ of Gefmany The ca! thedral, town-house, and other public bm'urnffs are magnificent. In the bishop's palace th^ Lufh' erans presented their confession of faith to the em peror Charles V. in 1550, hence called the Confr^ sion of Augsburg. It wa's taken by the French in 1/03 and again in 1796. It is seated between the VVerdach and Lech, 30 m. N W of MnniVi Long. 10, 55. E. lat. 48 17 N Munich. situa"&n;n''n'-,f,''%'^'''l'^' °^ *<- State of Maine, r ver in T M^' '"^°<='^ «'" ""e KennebeJ wen Pop% OSn '^rt""''''^'?' - ">• '^hove Ilallo- stlne ),^' '. S ^' contains a State House of etone, a court-house, academy, jail and bank Al'R 02 AlfS i Icro 15 a bridge across the rivpr. The river is navigable beluw for vessels of 100 tons. Au-msta, p.t. Oneida Co. N. V. 110 m. N. W. Albany- Pop- ^P''^- Auirusla, p.t. Northumberland Co. Pa. .luntista, a County of the W. District of Virgin- ia, near the centre of the State, subdivided into N. and S. Augusta. Pop. of N. A.0,14a, of S. A. 10,7^3. Staunton is the seat of justice for both. .iuffvsta, p.t. the capital of the State of Georgia, stands on the S. W. bank of tlie river Savannah, about HO in. from tlie sea. It is regularly built of brick upon a level spot and surrounded by a fer- tile country. It has a great trade in cotton and other productions of the interior. Pop. (i,()!1G. .1u<;uslu, p.v. Perry Co. Mississippi. 72 m. S. E. Monticello. Auipista, p.v. Montgomery Co. Alab. 07 m. E. Cahawba. Augusta, t. Columbiana Co. Ohio. Amistin, St. a cape on the coast of Brazil, 300 m. N. E. of the bay of All Saints. Long. 35. 40. W. lat. 8. 30. S. Also the name of a river, bay, and port, on the coast of Labrador, in the straits of Belleisle ; and of a river and bay, at the S. W. end of the island of Madao-ascar. Augustine, SI. p.t. St John's Co. E. Florida, on the eastern coast. It was formerly the capital of the whole territory of Florida. The town stands in a prairie near the sea, with a good har- bour, which however has a shallow entrance. It is regularly built of a stone formed by the con- cretion of sca-shells. One of the churches is an old edifice in the gothic style. The situation of the town is low, but pleasant. In the neighbour- hood are numerous groves of orange trees. Before it came into the possession of the United States, its population was about r),000. Since this period the yellow fever has made its appearance, and the population has diminished. St. Augustine is 310 m. S. S. W. of Charleston, in lat 2$). 45. N. Long. 81. 40. W. AuoTiStow, a town of Poland, in Polachia, seat- ed on the Narieu, 44 m. N. of Bielisk. Aufrustus. Fori, a fortress of Scotland in Inver- ness-shire, at the influx of the Oich into the south extremity of Loch Ness, 34 m. S. S. W. of Inver- ness. Au^ustburg. See Schellcnhcrg. Aijetidorf. a town of Suabia, situate on the river Schus, 8 ni. N. of Ravensburg. Aulnatj, two towns of France adjoining each other, io the department of Calvados, 14 m. S. VV. of Caen. Pop. about 3,.')00. Also the name of another town in the department of the Lower Charente. AunttiU. See Albemarle. Aumont, a town of France, in the department of Lozere, l.j m. N. W. of Mende. Aunwrr, a town of Hindoostan, in Bentral. 30 m. S. of Rajemal, and 46 N. N. W. of Moorshcdabad. Atinis, lately a small territory of France, in the S. W. part of Poitou, and now forming part of the department of Lower Charente. Aurnch, a fortified town of Suabia, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Eras, 15 m. E. of Tubingen. Auras, a town of Silesia, on the river Oder, 12 m. N. W. of Breslan. Auraij, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, on a river of its name, near its entrance into the gulf of Morbihan, in the Bay of Biscay, 8 m. W. of Vannes. Aurich, the cnpilal of East Fricsland, in the kingdom of Hanover, seated in a plain surrounderl by loreats, 12 ra. N. E. of Emden. Aurclius, p.t. Cayuga Co. N.Y . 173 m. VV. Alba- ny, on Owasco lake. Pop. 2,767. Aurclius, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; 96 m. S. E. Columbus. Auricsvitle, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 123 m, S. W. Raleigh. Aurillae, a town of France, in the department of Cantal. Quantities of lace and velvet are man- ufactured here. It is seated on the Jordanne, 30 m. S. W. of St. Flour. Pop. 10,500. Auriul, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. S. £. of Axis, and 12 N. N. E. of Marseilles. Aurora, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 175 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,421. Aurora, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E. Columbus. Aurora, p.v. Dearborn Co. Ind. 25 m. W. Cin- cinnati. Aurora, an island, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. It is 36 m. long and six broad, affords plenty of wood and water, and has a small bay on the N. W. coast. Long. 1C8. 18. E. lat. 15. 8. S. Aurungabad, a considerable city of Hindoostan, capital ot Dowlatabad. It owes the greatest part of its magnificence to the great Aurungzebe, who made it his place of residence and gave it the present name. It stands in a fertile plain, almost surrounded by mountains, 110 m. S. W. of Burh- anpour, and 250 E. S. E. of Surat. Long. 76. 2. E. lat. 19. 45. N. Auruvgabunder, a town of Hindoostan in the province of Tatta, on the branch of the Indus, to which it gives name, 40 m. S. by W. of Tatta. Ausa, formerly Aha, a river of Carniola, which running southward by Aquileia, after a short course, falls into the Adriatic. On the banks of this river, Constantine, the son of Constantine the Great, fighting against Constans was slain. Auspitz, a town of Moravia, 20 m. S. S. E. of Brunn. Aussi^,a town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe, 11 m. N. N. W. of Leutmeritz. AustjtLviUage in Gloucestershire, Eng. 10 m. north of Bristol, noted for its ancient ferry over the Severn. Austell, St. a town of Cornwall, in the centre of an extensive mining district. In the environs is abundance of fine clay, which is sent to Liver- pool, Bristol and Staflx)rdshire, for the potteries. It is seated near the English Channel. 13 m. E. N. E. of Truro, and 245 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1621,6,175. Austerlilz, or Slaichow, a town of Moravia. Near this place a great and decisive victory was obtained by the French, commanded by Bona parte, over the Austrians and Russians, on tlie 2nd of Dec. 1805, which led to the treaty of Pres- burg. It is 12 m. E. of Brunn and 30 S. S. W. of Olmutz. Austcrlitz, p.t. Columbia Co. N. J. 34 m. S. E. Albany. Pop. 2.245. Austinbury, p.t. Ashtabula, Co. Ohio ; 192 m. N. E. Columbus ; has a number of mills and woolen manufactories. Ausliiitoini, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio ; 160 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1 ,2.59. AustinrUle, p.v. Wythe Co. Va. on the Ka- nahwa. Australasia, a name conventionally applied to the extensive territory of New Holland, and the AUS Bevcral groups, ol islands soutl. of tl.e equator, in tlie Pacific Ocean. See .Yew Holland .Ju^tna Empire., Circle, and .irchduchy of, in Europe The Austrian empire compreliends the ancient kingdoms of Boliemia, Moravia, and Hun- gary, the lUlian States of the Tyrol, and the an cient republic of Venice, Dalma'tia,' the ducWes of Mantua and Milanese, parts of the circle of Bavaria of Switzerland, and of Poland, and the circle which includes the archduchy. This fine empire lies between the 45th and 51st de.r ofN iat. and the 9th and 27th of E. long, and contains of"n'h:&s'1°"'''''*^''^'l-™^°''^^W^^^^ or mnabitants. In an aggregate sense the Auq rian empire may be consilere°d an interior and a^ oun trv t'h''''''f "^'^ a maritime and commericfl country, the only part that borders upon the sea being the Italian States on the south, which mav be considered tributary, rather than iiteg al pTr^ of the empire, and as such are held by toS preca^^ scrlb'ed tn"''-,""'' -^"der circumsta/ces too p" . scribed to excite a spirit of commercial enterprize rhat noble river the Danube, runs from wes to east through the heart of the empire, and by its numerous branches, intersects almost every part atfording great internal facility of communicaUon and advantages ; but the peculiar localitTof i°s communication with the Black Sea within tie Dardanelles, precludes it from affordinc. any very mTa' T, :"?' '"'^"°'='"" '^'^^ ^'^^ Hse^sShZ raia, but Its course is too cirrnitnn= =r,j . much liable to poUtical impediment toXd anv advantages to Austria to be relied o^raH the use tul branches of manufacture, however in wont stLt^rc^arjrern^v^rrXt/roFtr ford several million lbs. weight of wool to b?annu and nfl A T? "'''''° ^'^'•'^ r ships (Tf the largest burthen, near the S. E. extremity of the coast of Kamsch.itka. The town of St. Peter and Bt. Paul on the north side ofthebav, is in lat. 53. 1. N. and 15. 8. E. long. Saratounka is another town on the S. side. Jireiro, a town of Portugal, in Beira, witli a good hari)our for vessels of a moderate size. The chief trade is in salt, of which great quantities are made in its vicinity. It stands on a small gulf, at the mouth of Die Vouga, 33 m. S. of Oporto. Long. 8. 40. \V. l,at. 40. 40. N. .^P('(re7i, an interior department of the south of France, including the late [irovince of Rouergue. It is named from a river which rises near Severac le Chateau, an94, and again in 1805. Near it is the celebrated convent of Monte Virgine, on a wild mountain, which formerly had a sumptuous temple of Cybele. Avellino is famous for the dye of cloth, also for nuts and maccaroni. It is 25 m. E. of Naples. Pop. about 0,000. Jivcnatj, a town of France, in the department of Marne, on the river Marne, 15 ni. W. N. W. cf Chalons-sur-Marne. Jircnche, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, formerly the capital of Helvetia, but now greatly decayed, grain and tobacco being raised on the site of part of the ancient city. It stands at the south end of the lake Moral, 15 in. W. of Bern. Arcntsrille, p. v. Nash Co. N. C. 75 m. N. E. Raleigh. Accrhnrli, a town of Upper Saxony, in Vogt- land, near which is a rock famous for pale topazes- It is 14 in- S. of Zwickau. .trerill. a town in Essex Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont- pelier- Pop. 1. Arerno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 600 yards in diameter, near Puzzuoli. Virgil and others have said the water was so bad, that birds dropt dead when flying over it, and hence they call it the lake of hell; but it now has no such poisonous quality, for birds swim upon it. A lit- tle to the west of the lake is a cave, where some pretend they went formerly to consult the Cunia;- an sybil. There are also some old walls, which some suppose to be the ruins cf a temple of Apol- lo, and others of Plulo. .4reritt, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lnvoro AVO 05 In (.^(J:,, it sulTcrod "really by an rartliquaic. It li SL-aloil m a fine plain, l.-j m. N. E. of Naples Avf.rijsborn, p. v. Cumberland Co. N. C. on Cape Fear rivor, :i5 ni. S. Raleigh. .'Ires, or Tkc Islawls of Birds, so called from the prcat number of bird.s that freijuent them, thouo-h- tiicy liave not a tree. They are 70 m. E. of c'u- rarao, and 100 N. of the coast of Terra Firma in N. lat. 15. 50. W. long. G3. 43. ' JicFsncs, a frontier town of France, in the south ofthe department of Nord, seated on the hi- .1w Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ar.ryleshire 30 miles long and in some parts 'above 2%road [^ contains four little islands, tufted with trees' on one of which are the ruins of an ancient castle and on a peninsula of; a lake are the nob e ruins of Kilchurn castle. At the north e.xtremity rises the mountain of Cruachan, elevated 3 3^1 (J ft above the surface of the lake; .nd near it' top Ys ^lesprin. which fornis this beautiful e.xp nt^of water. Ihe river Aw, the outlet of this lake run mto Loch Et.ve, at tlie village of Bona«^ ' yiimtsU. See Jvalscha d^f!'Z''n ^"™'- f '''"ff'l°"i of Africa, depen- den on Benin with a town of the same name on the river Formosa. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. G.' 20-m"vV.='^°^":f'S:!;tg^:-^'- -" Cochen, .^rbndge, a town in Somersetshire, En^ seated N W 7w H^' "".''" ""^ Mendip' hiUl' 10 i^"^ N. W of Wells, and 130 W. of London ^«/, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders seated m a morass, 10 m. N. of Ghent "''"^' ^c^r-^ii^ti^^t'ii^^e^f-w'in,^ tivated, producing palm-oil, cocoas'. :"'nZ:\t:^ apples, yams, water-melons and n n?„^''- quantity of rice. The Dutc'h'ha'^'a^f.randTc! ■ , , -.- —--■*"■■-", 111 me vuiao-e of 1\ ana witliin a quarter of a mile from the source nf t', „ V~-' o ' , i"" "-""'cn nave a furt and far thecountyofNorthamptonfronithatofLeiceser armv . ' TT7 °' ""= P""^^« slain in ts until It enters the county of Warwick in whle , ft' h "T' ^""^ ."l" '^^'^ated the Danes in this neici ornaments the fine doma^in of Ston:t'i^.t/;' X^v'^rlc and"%" '^ '"^-f-ture of lea f r afterward washing the rocky foundatiSn of War n F I m' rl'' '^'"""^ °"^ of carpets. It is 4 wick castle, from whence it proceeds to sVra . lulf ^'f ^''''''' "",'' ^'>' W. of London ford , be K,„.. „,„.... o, . . S'trat f^«'«, a town, anciently the capital of Abys nia. Its ruins are vpr„ ,.».„ ; ' .y^ ford, the bir'th-p,;;o of Shlks .eTe^rd ^h^relt becomes navigable for barges if 30 'to 50 tons bu no^i'ee",""'?- P'^^' Evesham to Tewkesbury in ^. loucestershire, where it falls into the Severn It has numerous corn and paper mills on its banks £ '"hn'd tr- ?°"'" .river of the same nam i„ i-".:,'laml, which rises m the north of Wiltshire (.11- ■ . — -■■■■■■""■J' uim \_iiippen ..^.i.^. .nto the Brist.1 Channel, this in contradis: ,v;-h hH^ ^.^Z^, XZ^t;^ il^ q;,i;= '--.■■■•) -"v-itiiMy uie capita of Ab Long. 3d. 45. E. lat. 14. 10 N "" Jiijlmmdh, Jlinc, or .llnnouth, a town in Norlh vessels In fbl ' ^ "?'' ''"'"'"^ ^"' «-''"». vessels. In the reign of queen Elizabeth thf BAA BAB nnrt near Scotland, where they could safely land their supplies for Mary of Guise, the queen regent. 1 1 is said that tlic bones of giants are often dug up in the neighbourhood. It exports considerable quantities of grain for the London inarlcet. .■hjamonle, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle on a rock, at the mouth of the river Guadiana, opposite Castro-Marino, 80 rn. N. W. of Cadiz. Long. 7. 1.5. W. hit. 37. 12. M. .^y(e*t«n/, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Ens. It is" the centre of llie business ot the fertile vale of Aylesbury. Many people here derive their support from a peculiar manner of rearing ducks for the London market ; and the making of lace is carried on to a great e.xtent. It is 17 m. S. E. of Buckingham, and 39 N. VV. of London. Pop. in 1821,4,-100. .lylcsj'unl, a town in the county of Kent, Eng. situate on the west bank of the Medway river. Pop. in I -21 , 1,13U. .Iijlcsham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 11 m. N. of Norwich, and lit) N. E. of London. There is a spring about a mile from the town, very effica- cious in chronic disorders, it is seated on the south bank of the river Bure, which is navigable to Yarmouth. Pop. in lo21, 1,853. .7yr, a county, parisli, royal burgli,and river of Scotland. Tlie county extends for about 5ti miles along the S. W. coast, and is about 20 in mean breadth. It is one of the most productive coun- ties in Scotland, and exports considerable quanti- ties of grain to Liverpool ; and liie north part of tlie county participates largely in the cotton man- ufacture. It also abounds in coal and iron, and has some veins of copper and antimony, and some kelp is made on the coast from sea weed, wiiich is also extensively used as manure. It has been proposed to intersect the north part of the county with a canal from Adrossan to the Clyde at Glas- gow, but after having been completed for about 12 miles from the Clyde, the work has been suspend- ed. Agates, porphyry, jasjjer, and calcareous pet- rifactions are found in various parts of the county ; wliiLst lime, and freestone abound, and on the riv- er Ayr is obtained the whetstone, so useful in sharpening of agricultural cutlery. The principal towns beside Ayr, are Kilmarnock, Kilwinning, and Irvine, N.,Sl. Quivox, Mauchline, Muirkirk, in the centre, Maybolc, Kirkmichael; Daily, Girvan, and Ballantrae, S. Tlie. Ro'jal Burgh of .iyr is situate in the parish, and at the mouth of the river of the same name, on the sea co.ist, the light-house being in lat. 54. 35. >J. and 4. 20. W. long. It is a place of con- siderable antiquity, having been a royal burgh as far back as 1202; its commercial importance de- clined with the ri.se of Glasgow, but has revived somewhat since the commencement of the present century. Its export of coal is very great. About 0,000 tons of shipping belong to the place, a por- tion of which is employed in the timber trade, to British America. Its buildings do not merit any particular notice. Pop. in 1821, 7,423, and Xao Toicn .'hjr, immediately contiguous, 4,027 more. The Ayr river as well as the Don, affords a con- siderable supply of salmon. .lijagarthj a parish and village of North York- shire ; the parish contains 12 townships, and a {lopulation of 5,C20 ; the village contains 203 in- labitants ; and is seated on the Lure, four miles east of Askrigff. Here is a grand picturesque waterfall, called Aj-sgarth Force ; and abridge of one arch, 72 feet in the span, overgrown with ivy. .Izamor, a town of Morocco, on the river Mor- beys, near the sea, 80 m. N. of Morocco. .izarctio, a sea-port of Brazil, in the bay of Spirito Santo, celebrated for sugar. Long. 40. 10. W. lat. 20. 18. S. Jizores or Western hlanils, a groupof islands in the Atlantic, between 25. and 30. W. long, and 37. and 40. N. lat. 900 ra. W. of Portugal. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Terceira, St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. They were first "discovered in 1439, by John Vanderbertf, a merchant of Bru- ges, W'ho was driven here by stress of weather. On his arrival at Lisbon, he boasted of his dis- covery ; on which the Portuguese set sail, and took possession of them, which they have retained ever since. They have all a clear sky and salu- brious air; are extremely fertile in corn, wiiu', and various fruits ; and breed great numbers of cattle. It is said they are quite free of venom- ous animals ; but they are subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. They are seen at a great distance, one of them having a very high moun- tain, called the Pico, or Peak of the Azores. The fovernor-t;encral resides at .\ngra, in Terceira; ut St. Michael is the largest island. In the year 1819 they exported to Great Britain 51,700 boxes of oranges, and in 1824-5 a still greater quantity. .Izuth, .izotus, or .Ishdod, one of the five cities of the Philistines, and a celebrated seaport of the Mediterranean. It was in this city that the idol Dagon fell down before the Ark ; and so strong a place it was, if we may believe Herodotus, that it sustained a siege of 29 years, by Psamineticus, king of Egypt. It was, however taken by the Maccabees, in a much shorter lime, who burned both city and temple, and with them about 8.000 men. The tow^nisnow called by the Arabs Has- ancifun. It is but thinly inhabited, though the situation is very pleasant. The town is about a mile and a half in circumference, and has in it a mosque, a public bath, a market-place, and two inns. Here is an old structure with fine marble pillars, which the inhabitants say was the house that Sampson pulled down ; and to the S. E. just out of llie town, is the water where Philip bap- tized the Ethiopian eunuch. There are several ancient buildings, with capitals and pillars stand- ' ing. It is situated about 14 or 15 m. S. of Ekron, between that and Ascalon. B BAAL BECK, or the VaUcij of Baal, a fertile country of Asia, between Lebanon and Antiliba- nus, about 30 miles from Damascus, where there was formerly a magnificent temple of the Sun, the ruins of which are still admired by travellers. Some geographers make it a part, and others tlie whole of Coelosyria; but all agree, that it was one of tlie most pleasant spots on the earth. Baba, or Bahadag, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, celebrated for its knives and sword blades. It stands on a gulf of its name, in the Black Sea, 90 m. N. E. of Silistria. Long. 28. 38. E. lat. 44.40. N. Bahdmandel, a strait between the coast of Abyssinia and Arabia, uniting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean. In it is a small inland and a BAG C7 BAD mountiin of the same name. Long. 43. 50. E. lat. 12. 50. N. Babenhausen, a town of Suabia, in Germany, 5 m. N. of Tubingen. Baljic, or Baiabeg, a town of Persia, on tiie con- fines of the Desert "of Kerman, situate at about an equal distance from the cities of Kerman, Sliiraz and Zed. Babiiigley. i village of Norfolk, Eng. is noted as being the place where Felix the Burgundian first landed, to instruct the East Angles in the doc- trines of the gospel, and where the first church is said to have been erected. It is 4 ra. N. E. of Lynn. Babuyanes, a cluster of six or seven small isl- ands in the North Pacific Ocean, 10 leagues N. of the isle of Luconia. The chief produce is wax, ebony, bananas, cocoas, and plantains. Babi/lon, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Babyljnia or Chaldea. Semirainis is said by some, and Belus by others, to have founded this cit}'. But by whomsoever it was founded, Nebu- chadnezzEU- embellished it, and made it one of the wonders of the world. The most famous works in and about it were, the walls of the city, the temple of Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's palace, the hanging gardens, the banks of the river, the artificial lake, and the canals. The walls were 87 feet thick, 350 feet high, and 60 miles in circumference, forming an exact square, having 100 gates of solid brass, 25 on each side, with a street running from each in a straight line to the opposite gate ; so that there were in all 50 great streets, each 15 miles long. It is supposed to have stood on both banks of the Euphrates, in long. 44. 0. E. lat. 32. 0. N. Alex- ander of Macedon died here April 21, B. C. 323. Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 m. N. E. of Guadix. Pop. about 7,000. Bac/t, or Balha, a town of Hungary, formerly the see of a bishop, seated near the Danube, 30 m. E. N. E. of Funfkirchen, and 85 S. of Buda. Bacharath, a town of Germany, in the palatin- ate of the Rhine. It is famous for its wine, and stands at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 21 m. S. by E. of Coblentz. the Counts pala- tine had formerly a castle here, and levied toll on the produce and merchandize passing up and dow'n the Rhine, which, from the extent of the exaction, was denominated the golden toll. It at present forms part of the Prussian territory. Bacheserai, a town of Russia, in the province of Taurida. It was lately the residence of the Tar- tar clans of the Crimea, and the palace is a curi- ous species of painted Chinese structure. Near this place, on a high rock, is an old fort called the Jews' Citadel, so named as having been from time immemorial inhabited by about 200 families of Jews. Bacheserai is seated in a deep valley, on the rivulet Katza, 18 m. S. S. W. of Symphero- pol. Bachian, an island, the largest and most south- ern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 m. in cir- cumference, and the interior rises into woody hills. It is governed by a sultan, who is also sovereign of Ouby and Ceram ; and he receives a pension from the Dutch, either for the destruction or sup- ply of nutmegs. The Dutch first formed a settle- ment here in IGIO. Zabonga is the chief town. Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 2-5. S. Bachu, or Baku, a city of Siiirvan, in Persia, iituate on the shore of a fine haven on the W. side of the Caspian Sea. It was taken possession of by Russia at the commencement of the last century ; ceded back to Persia in 1735, and repos- sessed by Russia, since 1801 . The countrj' round abounds in petroleum, and, in some places, con- stantly emits flame, but without producing any very sensible degree of heat. It was probably this district that gave rise to the sect of the Par- sees, Guehres, or Fire Worsliippers, by whom it was formerly much resorted to. A similar phe- nomenon of ignited petroleum prevailed near Brosely, in Shropshire, Eng. from 1711 to 1750, since when the flame has entirely ceased. What was more singular at Brosely was, that the flame emitted from a spring of water There are a number of inflammable springs in the western part of N. Tork. See Burning Springs. Baku is now an inconsiderable place ; it is in 40. 5. N. lat. and .50. 10. E. long. Badajoz, a town of Spain, capital of Estremadu- ra, and a bishop's see. It is famous for a bridge built by the Romans over the Guadiana. On this bridge the Portuaruese were defeated by don John of Asturias, in iClil. Badajoz was taken by the French in 1800, and retaken by the allied army, under Lord AVellington, by storm, on the 6th of April, l.Sr2. It is a frontier town toward Portu- gal, and well fortified. It is 14 m. E. of Elvas, and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 6. 40. W. lat. 38. 45. N. Badakshan, a city of Usbec Tartary, or Great Bueharia, capital of'^the province of Kilan. Gold, silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity ; and caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China. It is seated on the main branch of the Gihon, about 100 miles from its source, at the foot of the Belur mountains, 120 m. E. of Balk. Long. 68. 50. N. lat. 37. 10. E. Badbury, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. on a considerable eminence, 4 m. N. W. of'^ Win- born. It was a summer station of the Romans, and many of their coins, urns, &c. have been found. Here is also a Saxon camp, which con- sists of three oblong ramparts. BadeloTia, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on the Mediterranean, 10 m. N. E. of Barcelona. Baden, or Baaden, formerly a margraviate, in the circle of Suabia, stretching along the east bank of the Rhine, from the canton of Basle, in Switzer- land, on the south, in the lat. of 47. 30. to the bish- opric of Spires, in the lat. of 49. 10. N. bounded on the E. by the Black Forest. It was divided in- to upper and lower, or Baden-Baden and Baden- Durlach, from the names of the chief towns of the two divisions. Under Napoleon's formation of the Rhenish confederacy in 1806, Baden was constitut- ed a grand duchy, with some change of territory, divided into three parts of the Upper, Middle, and Lower Rhine ; but receiving a further accession of territory of Briscfau, &c. m 1800, it was divi- ded into the 10 following circles, viz. The Lake Danube, Weisen, Treisam, Kinzig, Murg, Pfutz and Enz, Neckar, Odenwald, and Main andTauber, being names of so many rivers intersecting the territory ; the code Napoleon was adopted as the constitution of the state, and the seat of govern- ment, established at Carlsruhe, about two miles from Durlach. The whole territory contains about 5,600 square miles, and a population of about 92-5,000, from the productive portion of whom a revenue of about £600,000 annually is collected for military and state purposes. That portion of the territory bordering on the Rhine, including the old margraviate, is exceedingly fruitful, and contains about 190,000 inhabitants. The forests yield abundance of materials for building and fuel. Baden, the capital of Upper Baden, with a cai- BAG Gi CAII til, oil the Ir'p ofs. hill, whore tlie prince otlcu re- sides. It is rcmnikiible for its hot baths, and is seated between t)ie Murg and tli" Rhine, '10 m. ^V. of ytuttiiard, and ^'J S. of Carlsrulic. Long. S. -JS. K. laC'li. 'IB. N. ISuiicii, a town of Switzerland, in Argau, capital of tlio c-iunty of thesinie name. Near it are some warm b;ithd, mentioned by the ancients Uiider tlie names of Aqnaj and Therniai ilelveticai. In 17)4, a treaty was concluded here between Ger- inanv and S[>ain. It is sealed on tlic Lininiat, 10 in. N. W. of Zurich. Lonj.y.i.'4. E.lat.47.a(i.i\. liadvn, a town of Austria, fajnous for its numer- ous hot batlis ; seaied on l!ie Suecliat, 1.5 m. S. S. VV. of Vienna. AUo of a village in tlie Valais, Switzerland, with a hot balliof asufiieient degree of heat to boil anegij. Biidcnwcilcr, a town of the grand duchy of Ba- den, in the circle ofWeisen. much freiiuented(i>rits liot ballu, seated near the Iihine,5in. S. S. W. of Sulzburg. iJ<«/i'(icor//i, a village in Glooceslershire, Ens. 7 ni. N. E. of (j'lcucester. Here is a mineral spring called Cold Pool, nearly tlie same in <;ualily as that of Cheltenham. Buezj, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated near the source of thoGuudalaiiuivir. It v.'as once the residence of a Moorish king, anper Pyrenees, famous for its baths and min- eral waters; seated on the river Adour, 10 m. S. of Tarbcs. Batrnols, a town of Fr.ince, in the department of of Gard, near the river Cese, 8 m. S. of Pont St, Esprit. It has manufactures of silk. Bairshol, a village in Surrey, Eng. 12 m. N. by E. of Farnham. It is surrounded by an extensive heath, bordered on the west by Windsor park. Since 1800 a considerable portion has been enclosed and brought under cultivation. Bahanias, or l.vrayos hinnds, a group of Islands, firming jiart of the British West Indies, exten- ding from the long, of 7i). W. in the lat. of 38. in a S. E. direction, to the long, of 70. in the lat. of 21. N. The nerlhern part lies contiguous to the co.ast of Florida, and the southern contiguous to t!ie north end of St Domingo. The greater por- tion are mere rocks and uninhabited ; the follow ing are the principal islands : Bahama, Abaco, An- dreas, New Providence, Eleulhera, E.xuma, Cat Island, Long Island, Crooked l.sland, Mariguana, Great Caycos, Grand Turk, Inagua, Square Handkerchief Of these Cat Island first deserves notice, as being the first land of the western hemisphere, discovered by Columbus on the 12th of Oct. 14112, by whom it was called Guanahana. New Providence is the best cultivated, produciii'*" a little sugar, coffee, and cott(»n, and exportino* large quantities of fruit to the U. S. of America. Exuina and Turks Islands have e.xported 30,000 tons of siilt annually; but the chief oeeupalicu of tlie inhabitants, is the turtle fishery. The passage between the northernmost island and the ccast of Florida is called the Bahama channel, and another passage between Long and Crooked isl- ands is called the windwani passage, and forms the route of the ships bound from JaiiKMca to Europe : the Jamaica packet touches at ('rooked Island lionieward-bc)uiul as the point of departure. The number of slaves upon the whole; islands accord- ing to a return made to parliament in 1821?, was 10,108, and the white population probably amounts to about 4,000. Baliar, an interior province rf Hindoostan, west of Bengal ; bounded on the north by Nepaul, west by Oude and Allahabad, and soutli by Bezar and Orissa. It is intersected by the Ganges from west to east, which receives several tributary liAl CO si.rcaiiis in its course throuoli tlie province, the most considerable of wliicli are, tlie Goosey from the nortli, and tlie Soane from tjie south. It is an exceedingly fertile district ; its rice is the finest of all Hindoostan; suwar, silk, indigo, cotton, and salt petre are produced in great abundance. Pat- na on the south bank of the Ganges, is the chief town. The town of Bahar, formerly the capital, is about 3.5 m. S. E. of Patna. The whole prov- ince is subject to the English East India Company. Ha/tia, one of the 12 captaincies of Brazil, ly- ing south of Pernambuco. and e.vtendincr fropi the 11th to nearly the IGth deg. of S. lat. aSd west from the Atlantic Ocean in the long, of 40. to a rio iN. li. of Lucknow. Ijonn-. 81. 50 E lit "7 30. N. ° Bahrenhurrr, a town of Westnhalia, in the ?°""'>' "'' l^°->'='' °" ''"^ "^'^r Suhlingen, 20 ra. \V. of Nieuburg. Dahrcin, a tmvn of Arabia, situate on an island, 3.) m. long, in the gulf of Persia. It gives name not on.y to the island on which it is built, but a.50 to acluster of them, celebrated for the pearl fishery; and likewise t. a province, rxtendin m. N. E.of Doda Balapura. Diilapura^ Do(hi,a. town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, surrounded by a mud-wall and hcdne, and has a strong mud fort with a palace. IIito are manulUctures of cloth and sugar. It is 22 m. N. by W. of Bangalore, and I")? b. E. of Sera. Jialarur, a town of France, in the department of Hcrault, famous for its batlis. It is 12 m. from Montpelier. litilasorr, a seaport of Hindoostan. in Orissa, and a place of considerable trade; situate on the Gon- gahar, 20 m. from its mouth in the bay of Bengal, and 124 S. W. of Calcutta. Long. 86. 40. E. lat 21. 26. N. BaltUon, a lake in tlie south p.irt of X>ower Hun- gary, 40 m. in lengtli, and 1 to 4 broad. The N. end ii about 5 m. from Stuhl-Weisenburgh, and 36 more from tlie Danube, with which it is proposed to unite the lake by a canal. Bulhiislro, an episcopal town of Spain, in Arra- gon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the Cinca, 45 ra. E. N. E. of Saragossa. Pop. about 5,000. Bailee, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, at the foot of Mount Libanus, near the north-east extremity of the fertile valley of Bocat. On the east side are magnificent ruins, particularly those of the temple dedicated to the Sun. The town was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1759, and is now a poor place, 37 m. N. N. W. of Da- mascus. Batdmglt, ts. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Cfentre Co. Pa. Balillrin. See Valdiria. Balclock, a town in Herlfimishire. Eng. seated among hills, !) m. W. S. W. of Royston" and 37 N. N. W. of London. It was originally built by the kniffhts templars in the 12th century, on the site of the Roman way, called the Ikeneild street. Pop. in l.-.'l, l.:V,l). Bahlirin, t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 947. Balilirin, a County in the centre of Georgia. Pop. 7.3-*9. Milledgevillc is the chief town. Bahlirin, a County in the S. part of Alabama, Pop. 2,324. Blakely'is the chief town. Balearic hies, fire islands in the Mediterranean, forming part of the province of Arragon; they are named, Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, Formentera, and Cabrera, wliicli see. BiilJ'nisli,-d. town of Persia, in Mazanderan, on the south shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 m. W. oi Ferubad. Ballon, a town of Prussia, on tlie Frlscli Half, 24 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Bali, or Bally, an island, 7.5 miles long and 4.5 broad, at the c;ist end of the isle of Java, from which it is separated by a channel called the Strait of Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits, and furnishes slaves, cotton-yarn, and pickled pork. Long. 11. .W. E. Int. 8. 30. S. Balizc, a river wliicli divides the provinces of Yucatan and Guatemala, falling into the bay of Honduras in lat. 14. .50. N. 91. 15. VV. long. Tlic re is a town of the same name near the mouth of the river, which forms the principal settlement of the English for supjilying mahogany and logwood, to the extent ol' 20,000 tons annually. There is also a fort called Balizc in the Swamp, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, in lat. 29. C. N. 89. 20. W. long. Balk, a southern province of Independent Tar- tary, bordering on Persia, now subject to Caubul. The principal city of the same name is situate on the Dewasli, a branch of the Oxus or Amu River, and is a place of great antiquity, once the capital of Persia, and the residence of Cyrus. It is still a place of considerable importance and intercourse between the inhabitants of the countries border- ing on the eastern sliores of the Caspian Sea, and the sea of Aral and Bukharia on one side, and of Hindoostan on the other. The khan's castle is a magnificent structure, built of marble, dug out of the neighbouring mountains. It is about 220 m. S. E. of Bokhara, and 200 N. W. of Attock Bena- res on the Indus, in 3(i. 28. N. lat. and 65. 20. W. long. Pop. about 7,000. Balla^h, a parish in the county of Mayo, Ire- land. Pop. in 1821, 3,380, in which is included the town of Minola with 415 inhabitants and the village of Balhagh with 329. BallatUrae, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 m. S. S. VV. of Ayr. Ballicborough, a parish and town in the county of Cavan, Ireland. In 1821, pop. of the parish 0,28:!, and of the town 804. Ballihopliaij, a town in the county of Donegal, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 290. Bullina., a town in thecounty of Mayo, Ireland, 7 m. S. of Killala, and 120 W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 4,422. It was occupied by the French in 1798. Bullinasloc, a town chiefly in the parish of Kil- cloony, county of Galway, but extends into the parish of Creagh, in the county of Roscommon, Ireland. It is distinguished for its great annual sheep fair, the first week in Oct. when about 100,- 000 sheep, and 10,000 head of horned cattle are brought to market. It is 12 m. W. of Athlone, and 72 W. of Dublin. It is sometimes called Dunloe. Pop. in 1821,1,811. Ballini^arrt/, a parish and town in the county of Limerick, Ireland. Pop. of the town 1,553, and of the parish 5,328 more. Ballinakin, a town and parish in Queen's Coun- ty, Ireland. The town is situate on the border of Kilkenny, 48 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,951 , and the parish which is called also Dysait Gallen, 2,407. *.," There are about 300 other parishes and vil- BAL 71 BAL lajTfs in Ireland beffimiinir with Balllii, but none tlial merit any particular notice ; several of them are populous. Bailslon, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 35 m. N. Al- bany- i*"P- i^;ll3. This town is famous for its minVral springs. See Saratoga. Vallij, in Irish signifies town ; there are up- wards of 150 parishes, towns, and villages in Ire- huid beo;inning with Bally, such d.s Ballyboy, Bal- Biihncrino, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, whicli has a trade in corn and salmon. The ruins of its once magnificent abbey, founded in 12*20, are much admired. It Is seated on the frith of Tay, opposite Dundee, 10 m. N. VV. of St. An- drew. Baltic, an inland sea, in the N. W. of Europe, between the coasts of Sweden, Russia, Courland, Prussia. Germany, and Denmark, extending from tlie :A\h. to the GUth deg. of N. lat. t!ie Gulf of II -thiiia running up to the lat. of GG. and \y\ng bctwoi-n the IGLh and 22nd deg. of W. long, the Gulf of Livonia extending 2 deg. further west, and that of Finland as far as 30. Its surface is psliniHled at 120,000 sq. miles, it contains a great number of islands, the principal of which are M:ind, DagOjOcsel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornholm, ilugcn, and Laland ; and the islands of Zealand and Funen separate it from the Cattegat, by which it communicates with the ocean. There are three navioable channels into the Baltic from the sea called the Cattegat, which communicates with the German Ocean : 1st. wliich is the most nortlierly and most frequented, is called the Sound, between tlie coast of Sweden N. and the coast of tiie Isle of Zealand S. This passage is about four miles across, and is navigated by 8,000 to 9,000 sail of vessels annually, which pay a trifling tax to the Danish government, for the maintenance of the liglit-houses on the coasts of the several channels. The middle channel between the south side of the Lde of Zealand, and the Isles of Funen and Laland is callt^d the Great Belt ; and the most southerly, between the isle of Funen and Laland, and the coast of Jutland, the Little Belt; but the naviga- tion of both is circuitous and intricate compared with tlie Sound, and they are only passed under \'ery particular circumstances. There is little or no tide within the Baltic, and the channels and liarbours are generally frozen up three or four montlis in the winter. Amber is found on the coast of Prussia. BuHimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a headland which runs into the sea, and forms a good harbour, 5 m. N. E. of Cape Clear. It has the ruins of an abbey, and is 50 m. S. W. of Cork. Long. 9. 14. W. lat. 51. 18. N. Baltimore, a County of Maryland, on Chesa- peak Bay. Pop. 120,b7G. The city of Baltimore is tlie seat of justice. Balthiwre, the chief city in Maryland, near the mouth of the river Patapsco on the western side of Cliesapeak Bay, is a place of great commerce and wealth. It was founded in 1720, but grew so slowly that in 1752 it consisted of only 25 houses. Since the revolution it lias increased with astonishing rapidity and at piesent is one of tbe first American cities. It stands at the Iieadof tide-water, 14 miles from the bay, and contains 45 churches, 5 markets, 2 theatres. 10 banks, an exchange, a public library, St. Mary's College and the University of Maryland, a lunatic asylum, nn observatory, 2 museums, and several elegant public fountains. The Cathedral is an louic structure 100 feet in length and 127 feet high to llie cross at the summit of the dome. It contains the largest organ in the United States, having GjOOO pipes and 30 stops. Here are also two splendid paintings. The Merchants' Exchange was built by private subscription, and is 255 feet in length, with a hall 80 feel by 53, lighted from the dome of the building ; in this liall the mer- chants meet daily to transact business. There are two splendid monuments at Balti- more. The Battle Monument is built of marble, 55 feet in height, and commemorates the defeat of the British in their attack upon the city in 1814. The Washington Monument is also of white mar- ble, 50 feet square at the base and sustaining a colossal statue of Washington at the height of 1G3 feel from the ground. The City Hotel is one of the first public houses in the country. Most of the streets of the city are broad and at right an- gles. Fell's Point, the lower part of the city, is the quarter where most of the stores and shijqjing are collected. Baltimore is the greatest flour mnfket in tiie United States. In tlie immediate neighbourhood are above GO flour mills, a single one of which has produced 32,000 barrels in a 3'ear. In the same compass are also 12 cotton manufactories, and others of cloth, powder, paper, iron, glass, steam engines, chemical works, &c. Baltimore has 80,625 inhabitants and is the third commercial city in the United States. It is in lat. 39. 17. N. and long. 76. 36. W. 37 m. N.E.Washington, and 100m. S. W.Philadel- phia. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends from this city to the Ohio river at Pittsburg, 300 miles. It was begun in 1829 and a great portion of it is already completed. There are several viaducts and embankments in its course near Baltimore, substantially built of granite, and a deep cut three quarters of a mile long and 70 feet deep. Many cars are already in operation upon the rail road. Some of them are drawn by horse power, some driven by steam and some by wind. The cars with sails go sometimes 25 miles an hour and can lie within 4 points of the wind. The whole dis- tance from Baltimore to Pittsburg, when complet- ed, will be travelled according to estimation, by horse power in 30 hours, and by steam in SO. Anotiier railroad has been commenced to extend from Baltimore to York Haven on the Susque- lianna, GO miles. Bafttinorc,J\''fw, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. Albany, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,370. Bnllimorc, t. Sussex Co. Del. comprising the Hundreds of Daysborough, Indian River, Lewes, Rehoboth and Broad Kihi. BaltingJass, a town and parish of Ireland in the county of Wicklow. It has some manutac- liires of linen and woolen, and is seatt^d on the i;an HAN RIanoy, 2!) 111. S. ^V. 'OH, and of (lie imrisli, i!,:i!i:! iiuirc. ftamlin, a town of tlio kingdom of Coni^o, in a lir-li province of tho Kami- name. It carries on a traUic in slaves, and is .'?eated on the Loze. KJO ni. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. i:{.'l,"). K. lat. 7. U.S. llfimharra, n kingdom of Nf ijroland, \vliicli lies 1(1 tlic S. \V. tiniiat of ToiiiImcUio. The ciillivr.- tion of eorn is here carried on to a great extent ; and the inhabitants are hospitable to strantrers. Sego i.s the capital. It is inliTsected from west to i'ast by a river, (lie yiipjiosed Kitrer, navigable for canoes the whole extent of the ttoiintry. Uiiiiibcrt^, tlie territory of, fiirmerly an imperial bishopric but made over to iJavaria ni the iiona- parlean territorial arrangements in 180:!, and is now called the Circle of the Mavne. It is inler- si'cted by the lines of TiO. N. lut^ and the lllliof E. long, containing a surface of about 1 ,-1;iO sq. miles, several towns and villages, and a ])opula- tion of 210,000. The chief town of the same name is situate in the centre of the territory, on the east bank of the Rednitz lliver, a little above itsconllu.x with the Mayne. It is the seat of an universily, and the cathedral and episcopal palace arc stately edifices. Bainhrrg, a town of nohcmia, at the foot of a mountain, oO ni. S. of Glatz. i>fl;»/ioroHif/(, a village in Northrnnberlajid. I'.ng. on the sea-coast, 14 m. N. of Alnwick. It was once a borough, and gave name to a tract called Bamboroughshire. It has a castle, on a rock, in- accessible on all sides, except the south, said to have been built by king Ida, about ."i(10. Tiinnhotikj a kingdom of Afriita, between the rivers I'alemc and Senegal. It is said to be very populous, and on the borders of the rivers fertile, out in otiier parts sandy and barren. Tlie most remarkable animals are a species of white apes, whicli tho inliabitants will not allow to be sent out of the country; white fo.xes, and the girafle, an niiimal like a camel, and of extraordinary swiAness. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, lead, and iron. The capital is ot the same name. Long. i). :!0. W. lat. i;!. :i(). N. Bamitin. a city of Usbec Tartary, in the pro- vince of Gaur, soutli of tin- Claur moinifains. Here are a great number of apaitinents and re- cesses cut out of a mountain, some of which, from their ornamental work and e.xtraordinarv dimen- sions, are sujiposcd to have been temples. It is sealed near a river of the same name, 170 m. S. S. F.. of lialk, and 100 W. of Cabul. LonV//i(/«, the chief of the liauda, or Nutmeg Isl- ands in ti'e Indian Ocean. The group compri.ses the isle called Lantor, and six or seven others. 'l"hc nutmeg, covered with mace, grows principal- ly on these islands. It flourishes best in a black mould, and grov."s also among the lavas of Go- nong, ihe highest of all the islands, its summit being 1,!I40 11. above tho sea. In its general ap- pearance the nutmeg resembles the clove tree, only it is less pointed at the toji, and its branches are more spreading. Its leaves are similar to those of the pear tree, but larger, and like those of the nut tribe are dark green on the ujiper surface and gray beneath. After small white flowers it produces a fi-uit very similar in form and colour to a nectarine. When ripe it resembles a ripe peach, and bursting at the furrow, discovers the nutmeg with its reticulated coat, Ihe mace, of a fine crimson colour. The external pulpy cov- ering has an astringent taste Within the mace is the nutmeg, inclosed in a thin shell of a glossv black, and easily broken. It has 8 varieties whicli appear to be permanent. Its cultivation is nice and dillicult. The best trees are produced from the seeds voided by a blue piffcon called the niitvicg bird. These islands have been subject to the Dutch ever since IGOO, when they expelled both the English and natives. They are all very small, the largest being only 20 m. in circumference, and ore subject to carthtyi.al-.es. Bandi was tal'.en by K.\i> 73 BAN t!ie E:i-,'lish, ia 17%, and restored in ISOa. Re- tiike'.i in i-ilO, and restored ag.iin at tile pcuci; in 1S14. Lilt. 4. 40. S. lon^. i:i:). E. liaada Oricnlalf or Eastern bliore, a dl.strict of the L'nited l'rovini;es oi' Buenos Ayres, lying in the eastern part, between tUe river Uruguay and tlie sea. It is bounded i\. by Brazil and S. by tije bay of the Rio de la flat.i, and contains about 70,0 ij sq. ni. It is a fertile and well watered dis- trict and has been the subject of contention and warfare between the Buenos Ayrean and Brar.il- im governments. Monte Video is the chief town. Bundoii, or BautUtii-hrUi'e, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, it is commonly a milita- ry station, and has manufactures of cotton, cain- .eta, ticking, &c. It is situate on a river of the .ia.we name, 13 in. S. \>l . of Cork. It e.xtends inio three parishes, the part in the parish of Desart, contained in Is^d, 1U,17'.J inhabitants, and the re- mainJcr about 4,000 more. Uundora, a town of HindoosSan, on tlie south side of the island of Salsette which is separated from that of Bombay, by a narrow channel. It is G m. N. of Bombay. Baiijf, a County of Scotland, bounded on the N. bv the ocean, S. £. by Aberdeenshire, and W. by Iv'iurraj'shire. Its greatest length is .iO miles, and its e.vtent along the coast 22, but tiie main breadtli is not more than 1(5. The south part is very moun- tainous, but tlie northern district is level and fer- tile. The principal rivers are the Deveron and Spey, wiiicli form a part of its east and west boun- diries. and yield abundance of line salmon. The Aven rises from a small Like at the south extrem- ity of the county, falling into the Spey, wliore that river divides the county from Murrayshire. The principal towns are Gamry, Cullen, Fochabers, Keith, Aberlour, and Kirkinichael. Banff, the chief town of the preceding county, is situate at its N. VV. e.vtremity, on the east bank of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge of seven arches. It has some manufactures of lin- en and cotton, but it is more a place of fashiona- ble resort tlian cither a manufacturing or commer- cial town. The town-hall was liuilt in 17!J>!, and is a handsome edifice. It is a royal burgh, gov- erned by a provost, lour bailies, and 12 councillors. 4.5 m. N. of Aberdeen, and 107 of Edinburgh. Pop. ill 1S20, :?,8.o5. Bangalore, a city of Hindoostin, in Jlysire. It had a strong fort^ built by Hydcr, deemed the bulwark of .Mysore, toward Arcot : it was taken by the English in 17LII, and restored tlie next year to Tippoo, who destroyed it ; but since reverted to the English. The palace is comjvjscd of mud, yet not without some degree of magiiihsence, and there are two extensive gardens made by the tv^-o saltans. The chief manufactures are silk and cot- ton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 74 >:i. N. E. of Scringapatam. Long. 77. 37. E. lat. l'\. 0. N. Bangor, a city of Wales, in Caernarvonshire. It is situate on the east shore of the Menai Strait on ths high road from London lo IIr>lyhead. It was once so considerable, that it was called Ban- gor the great, and defended by a casfle. The principal buildings are the cathedral and liie bisli- op's palace. . The see is of very great antiquity. The church was dedicated to St. Daniel, v.-lio was bishop about tlie year 516. It is 30 ni. W. of St. Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1S'21,3,.57'J. Ban^^or, a borough and populous parish of Ire- land, in the county of Down, seated on the south 10 shore of the bay of Carrickfcrgus, opposite the town of that name. I'o]). in 1^21, of the town, 2,94:1 ; of tlie corporation, 327 ; and of the parish, 0,272, making a total of 0,542 ; iKJ m. N. by E. of Dublin, and about 10 E. of Belfast. BanguT, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. on the Penob- scot, 35 m. above C'astine. It has a considerable commerce in lumber, and a Theological Seminary. Pop. 2.80.^. Bannor, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 204 m. N. W. Albanv. Pop. 1,070. BailUlar, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 140 ra. S. W Richmond. Banjaluka, See Btignaluka. Banjer, or Bender, a considerable river in the inland of Borneo, which flows almost due south firom the centre of the country to the harbour of Banjennassing. and at its mouth the Dutch have their principal factory. Baiijermasshig, or Bendermassin^, a kingdom in the south part of the island of Borneo, the capital of which is Metapura. The country pro- duces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, diamonds, canes, birds-nests, wax, and dragons- blood. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjer. Long. 114. 30. E. lat. 3. 15. S. Bcnlis Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, on the east side of New Zealand, about 100 ra. in circumference. Long. 184. 0. E. lat. 43. 30. S. Bunks Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the west coast of North America, about 00 m. Ion"- and 5 broad. Long. 130. 0. W. lat. 53. 30. N. Bann, a river of Ireland, which issues from the Mouriie mountains, in the county of Down, flows N. W. into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boundary between Londonderry and Antrim, entering the sea four miles below Coleraine. Biinmilec, a town in tbe S. E. part of the depart- ment of Finisterre, France, 15 ra. E. ot Quim- per. Bannbridsre, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, on the river Bann, 14 m. N. by E. of Kewry, on the road to Belfast. Pop. in 1821, 1,715. Bumtochhurn, a village of Scotland in the parish of St. Ninians, on the river Bannock, two miles south of Stirling. It is noted for a battle between J'^jdward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which the Ibrmer was defeated. Here also .lames the III . ill MS7, v.as defeated 1)3' his subjects, wounded, and soon alter murdered by a priest taking his confes- sion. Biinnow, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wex- ford, .seateil on the east shore of a bay to wliich it gives name. 20 iii. S. W. of V/cxford. Loiiff. C. 50. W. lat. .52. 12. N. Pop. in ].-^21, J ,2<)8. " Bantam, a town on the N. W. coa.st of Java, cap- ital of a kingdom of the same name, with two forts. It is divided into two parts by a river. The En- glish and Danes had factories here till 1682, when they were expelled by the Duteh. The chief pro- duce of the country is pepper, of which vast quan- tities were formerly I'.vportcd by the Dutch, who deposed the king;; (if the ancient race, and mono j;- olized the entire Iraflic of the country. Bantam, once po]inIous and flourishing, is now a poor place, its harbour being so choked up that it is inacces- sible to vessels of burden ; its commerce is trans- feredto Batavia. Long. 105.20. E. lat. 0. 20. S. Bniitry, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extremi- ty of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of hAK 74 BAR conliiniiK' all the Bhlpping of Europe ; hut seme- tion, until the year 1813, when a very singular phe- whiit exposed to the swells of the Atlantic Oeeun. nonienon occurred, which conlributed essentially A French fleet endeavoured to land succours of to it3 resuscitation ; a Tast dense cloud of matter inns in this bay to the adherents of James 11. lliMI, from the eastward, composed apparently of volcan- id they niadfl another unsucccsful attempt to ic eruption, fell, and covered nearly the whole sur- uiid tliey __ . ert'ect a landing with a formidable furce 17'JG. it is "JO miles long, 3 broad, and 4(J fathoms deep in the middle. 1 here is a town named Bantry, at the head of the bay on the east side, the spacious harbour of which is defended from the swells of the ocean by the island of Whiddy. It is •lli in. \V. by S. of Cork, and ltj3 from Dublin Pop. in lei\ , 3,G5'J. Banweil, a village in Somersetshire. Eng. four miles N. N. W. ot A.xbridge. Here was a mon- astery, founded by one of the Sa.xon princes, which was destroyed by tlie Danes. On its site an episcopal palace was erected, some remains of which are to be seen near the church. Pop. 1,130. Bapaurne, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, li> m. S. E. of Arras. Pop. 3,l.''jU. There is a river of the same name, falling into the Seine, which drives about 2i) paper mills. Baiitisloicn, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 3U m. N. W. Trenton. face of the island, which tended greatly to its fer- tility. Barbadoes was constituted an ecclesiastical see over the whole of the Carrilee Islands in ]!:Si4. It is also the chief seat of commissariat for the same, which occasions the internal commerce of the is- land to be considerable. It was first settled by the English in 1(324 ; after the restoration of Charles II. a duty of 41-y per ct. was exacted upon all pro- duce exported, under the pretext of maintaining and keeping in repair the forts of the isliiiid, ami for other protection. The duty has continued l.'iO years, and in lb2U amounted to £18,037, but whol- iv converted inio pensions , and the expenses of the island defrayed out of the taxes levied in Eng- land. It is divided into five districts and 11 par- ishes. Bridgetown, the chief town, is in lat. 13. 5. N. and oil. 43. W. long. Charles's, James's, and Speight's towns are the other towns of the island ; the tree population amounts to about 2U,00() Barbara, St. a town on the west coast of North Bar, a town of Podolia, in Russian Poland, on a America, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It river that flows cast into the Hog. In I7ti8, a cath- olic confederation was held here, to protect the reli fion of the country from the encroachments ot issentera. It is 4dm. E. N. E. of Kaininieck,and 56 N. W. of Braclaw. Long. 27. 40. E. lat. 49. 14. N. Bar, A town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the Ganges, 34 m. E. S. E. of Patna. Bar, or Barrois, a late dueliy of France, lying on both sides of the Meuse, between Lorraine and Champagne. It now forms the department of Meuse. Buracoa, a town on the N. E. coast of Cuba, with stands in a rugged, barren country, but has a good roadstead. Long. lilt. 17. W. lat. 34. 04. N. Barbarccn, a village of Ceylon, on tlie west coast, 35 m. south of Colombo, it has a harbour for ship-boats, and a considerable manufacture of cordage and cables from the cocoa tree. Barhary, or the Barbary States, comprise the whole northern coast of I^orth Africa, bordering on tlie Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt ; bounded or rather intersected, on the south by the Atlas chain of mountains and bounded by the deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and Lvbia, extending in length from the long, of 10. a good harbour for small vessels, 90 m. E. N. E. of \V. to 2o. of E. and varying in breadth from 300 to c>. I .1- ri.-i.- I r-i ^.1 \\r i„. on 'lo w nnn — •mo — 1...4 *i.„1..* „ro«i 1 Qr- M j: St. Jago de Cuba. Long. 74. 4'i. W. lat. 20. 30. N. Baranco de Malamba, or Baraiiffuilla, a town of Colombia, in the province of IVIagdalena, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, at the mouth of the Mao-dalena. 70 m N. E. of Carthagcna. Long 74. oil. \V. lat. 11. 20. N. Barany, or Baranirahr,n town of flower Hunga- ry, capital of the county of Baran)', taken from the Turks in l(j84. It is seated in an island, formed by the river Crasso, 14 m. N. Es.seg, and 120 S. of Buda. Long. h). Hi. E. lat. 45. 42. N COO or 700 m. between the lat. of 21). and 37. N. di- vided into the six following sovereignties, or states : viz. first, beginning with the west ; Mo- rocco, bordering wholly on the Atlantic Ocean, Fez, forming the north-west corner of the African ooniinent, and Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, nil bordering on the Mediterranean. This exten- sive territory was known to the ancients by the name of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Proper, and Lybia, and at one period contended with Rome for the empire of the world; and although Barataria, a bav or the coast of Louisiana, near at the present day its inhabitants are among tiie the moutli of the iVIississippi, surrounded by a fiat marshy country. Boats can pass from the Mis- sissippi at New Orleans, through this hay to the Bea. This was formerly a great resort for pirates. Barbacoa,& town of Colombia, in Cauca, on the river Tolembi, 110 m. S. W. of Pop.iyan Burbacoa, a town of Colombia, i ap.iyan. n Vene: zuela. on most unsocial and illiterate of the communities of civilization, they were at one period as distin- guished for their attainments in art, as in arms. "The whole country abounds in local beauties, and possesses all the advantages of soil and climate which man can desire : the soil yields great crops of maize and corn, and all the choice fruits, such the east side of the lake Maracaybo, 130 m. S. by as lemons, oranges, the vine, olives, figs, almonds. W. of Venezuela Barbadoes. the most easterly of the Windward islands, in the West Indies, 25 m. long and 15 broad, subject to Great Britain. The soil is beau- tifully undulated, and yields moat of the prodiic- and dates are in great profusion ; the mountains are rich in mineral substances, and all the domes- tic animals common to Europe abound over the whole country ; the horses are much esteemed for their fleetness and beauty. The lion, panther. tiona common to the climate, but the chief object and hysena, and other ferocious animals are nu- of culture is the sugar cane, the produce of which ' " ' ' " " ' 16 about 15,000 tons of sugar annually, which, with eome ginger and arrow-root, form its main exports. The island sutfered greatly by the sturm, on the 10th of October, 1780, when upwards of 4,000 per- sons perished by its violence, and at the commence- ment of the 19th century was considerably on the feline, th« soil indicating symptoms of exhaus- merous in the mountains, and frequently make inroads into the plains. Reptiles are also very numerous, and the Boa-Constrictor, the most fero- cious of the serpent kind, is common on the bor- ders of the deserts. The external commerce of the country is limited, but will be more particularly adverted to when treating of the respective divi- sions. Mahometanism, in ils utmost degree of BAR 75 personal indulgence and wantonness of power prevail) alike in all the states, and restrains all rational and social advancement. Barberino, a town of Tuscany, at the foot of the Apennines, on the river Sieva, 12 m. N. of Flor- ence. Barbezieuz, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Chare nte, with a mineral sprinir, and a manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 m '?< E of Bordeau.ic. Pop. 2,750. Barboursville, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 78 m. N W Richmond. BarboursviUe, p.t. Knox Co. Ken. on Cumber- land River, 12.5 m. S. E. Frankfort. Barbuda, one of the Leeward islands, in the West Indies, 20 m. long and 10 broad. It has a good road for shipping, but the inhabitants (about l,nUO) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring ]?}.^'d^\ '' '^ ^ '"■ N- of Antigua. Lono-. (il. 50. W. lat. 17. 50. N. & = Barbi/, a town in the Prussian principality of Anhalt, circle of Upper Saxony, capital of a coun- ty of Its name, with an ancient castle, and an academical college, founded by the United Breth- ren, in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe, 15 m. S E of Magdeburg. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 53. 2. N. Barca, one of the six Barbary states, the an- cient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the Medi- BAR terranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The south part is a barren desert, inhabited by wan- dering Arabs. The north part along the coast IS fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the Turks, and is governed by a sangiac. dependent on the bashaw, who resides at Tripoli.' Derne is the capital. Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia, and a bishop s see, with a good harbour, on the Mediterranean. It is of an oblong form, defend- ed by a strong fort, called Montjuich, which stands on a rocky mountain, a mile west of the town, a has double walls on the north and east, and the sea on the south, with a mole for the security ot ships. It is divided into the new and old town, by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired considerably from the portgates, a whole" quarter of the town now stands on the sands that were once tlie bottom of the harbour. It has a fine university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two lofty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large ex- change, an e.Ttensive cannon foundry, an arsenal containing arms for several thousand men, and docks for the building of galleys. It has various in,\nufactures, but is more particularly distin- guished for those of fire arms of all kinds, swords, cutlery, and soap, and there are several very ex- tensive distilleries of brandy ; its commerce is gen- eral. In 1705 it was taken by the earl of Peterbo- rough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706, Fhihp V. invested it with a numerous army, but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was taken by the French and Spaniards, and a citadel built to keep it in awe. The French took this city by treachery in 1803. In 1823 it held out to the last m favour ofthe constitutionalists, and did not yield until all hope or expectation of success- ful resistance was obviously useless. It is 250 Si' \ ^^ ^' °*' ^'^<^"'^- Long. 2. 12. E. lat. 41. 23. N. Pop. of the city and the new town or suburb of Barceloneta 120,000. Barcelona, is also the name of a populous sea- port town situated at the mouth of the little river Neveri, in the new province of Oronoko, Colom- bia, about 60 m. Vf. of Cumana.< It ii a mean dirty place ; the inhab. about 14,000, under the proscribed system of Old Spain, were the chief medium of the smuggling carried on between Trinidad and the interior parts of the country. Barcelonetle, a town of France, situate among the Alpine mountains, in the department of the Lower Alps, about 10 m. S. of Embrun. Barcclore, or Barcura, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Canara, which gives name to a dis- trict, but has been long in ruins. It is 40 m. N. N. W. of Mangalore. Barcelos, a very ancient town of Portugal, in En- tre Douro e Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 m. W. S. W. of Braga, supposed to have been founded by Hamilcar Barca, 250 B. C. Bard, and Bardin, two towns in the province of Kerman, Persia. Bardin is on the route from Ormus to Lake Gazel, and Bard about 10 ra. E. of Bardin. Bardeioick, a town of Lower Saxony, in the dutchy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 m. S. E. of Hamburg. Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with a magnificent castle. 30 m. S. W. of Parma, Bardl, or Barth, a town of Swedish Pomerania, with a castle and harbour, near the Batlic, 15 m VV. by N. of Stralsund. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 54. Bareges, a town of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, much frequented on account of Its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley of the same name, 24 m. S. of Tarbes. Barenton, a town of France, in the department of Manche, 20 m. E. S. E. of Avranches. Barfleur, a town of France, in the department of Manche. It was from this port that William the Norman embarked on his expedition to Eng- land in the 11th century. Barfleur was destroyed W the English in 1346, and the harbour filled up. The cape of that name is 12 m. E. of Cherburg, and near it part of the navy of France was destroy- ed by the English in 1692 It is 174 m. N.W. of Pans. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N. B'\rga, a considerable town of Italy, about 10 m.N. of Lucca. Pop. about 9,000. Bargaintoion, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 50 m S E. Philad. Barge, or Bargee, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. of Pinerola. Barguzinsk, or Barghouzin, a town of Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the east side of the Lake Baikal, at the influx ofthe Barguzin, 170 I!^- ?A ^\^- of Selenginsk. Long. 109. 30. E. lat. 5J. 20. N. Bari, or Terra di Bari, a maritime province of Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, bounded on the south-east by Otranto, south-west by Basilica- ta, and north-west by Capitanata. The soil is fer- tile, but there are many serpents and tarantulas. See Trani. Bari, a seaport of Naples, capital ofTerradi Bari, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on the shore r -^ Adriatic, has a good harbour, and is well fortified. The trade principally consists in olive» and almonds. It is 26 m. E. by S. of Trani. Lone E. 17. 0. lat. 41. 15. N. ^ BarjoU, a town of France, in the department of Var,19m. S. S. W. ofRiez. Barkhamstead, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pon 1,715. ^ Barking, a town in Essex, Eng. It was cele- brated for a magnificent nunnery, of which a gate- way and part of the walls are still visible. It is chiefly inhabited by fishermen, and wated on BAR 70 BAH the river Roiling, near the Thames. 7 m. E. nf London. Harlrtlii, a so.iport nf Nnplos, in B.iri. It li.is a Iar;re stone pier, and a trade in cum, almonda, and wilT. It is seated on tlie shore of the Adriiilic, "J"! in W. S. W. of Bari. Li.n^. Hi. :«. E. lit. il. Bnrmmitli, a small seapurt of Wilis, in t!ie par- ish of Corwcn, Merionethshire. It lias a t'ood trade in flannels and hose, .and is nineli freipieiitid in the hathin^ seasnn. It stands on a b.ay "f Ilia same name, lii m. S. of Harlee.li, and 'i-il N. W. of London. Lon^r. M, .-,-. \V. kit. iVi. 4 1. N. Pup. of the puri.-ih 1,7-lv;. Bnrniiotdf a consideralde town in tlio provinec of Colvvan, .Asiatic llus.^ia, sitn.ate at the mouth of a rfver of the same name, fallinof into tlie supreme rmrt of al! the mines in the Altaian luount.Tins. I'op. uiiout .'»,fX)(). lianiard, p.t. Windsor C'o. Vt. GO ni. N. K. Genniiigtton. I'op. 1.8il. namegal, an inlet on the coast of New Jersey, 70 m. N. E. Cajie May. Barnrsrith, p. v. Mnnt^omery Co. Maryland, 12 m. S. Fiedt^ricktowii. BiiniescUle, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. lUirnrtj p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Connec- ticut. Top. 1,7GI. Btirntf. a town in Ilrrlf >rdshirc, Enff. Neartliis place was fought, in 1171, the decisive battle between the houses of York and Lancaster; and at the meeting of the St. Alban and Hatfield roads is a column, witli an inseri|)f|ou to eomiuemorate this event. Barnet is 1 1 iii. -N. by W. of London, and being the first port town out of London on the Great North road, is a place of great inter- course and bustle. Bitrnrvelt's Islaiids, two small irilands a little north of cape Horn, and to tlie soutii nf Terra del Fuego, Long. (Hi. 5-^. W. lat..').'). .I'l. S. Barncrrlilt, or Barnirfld. an interior town of Guelderland, Holland, situate about an eijual dis- tance from Arnheim and Ammcrsfort. Pop. about 5,000. Bariislaj, a town of West Yorkshire, Eng. Here are considerable manufactures of coarse linen, and in the vicinity are many l>Ieaching grounds, a glass manufacture, and several coal mines. It has ft canal to the Calder,and anotlier to the Don, and is seated near the Derne, 10 m. S. of Leeds, and 17-2 iN. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 8,284. Bamstahhy a County of Massachusetts compris- ing the peninsula of Cape Cod. Pop 2^,."2.j. The chief town has the same name. Vast tjuantities of salt are made in this county by solar evapora- tion. BarnslnhU, p.t. the capital of the above Co. stands on a harbour at the bottom of Cape C )d Bay. The town is built with considerable neatness and has some commerce and fishing business. There are extensive salt marshes in the neighbourhood, but the soil here is better than in almost any other partoftheCo. It isW m. S. E. of Boston. Pop. 3,975. Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in Devon- shire, Eng. Il had formerly a castle, but none of the works remain except the mount. Here are manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, &c. and a variety of articles are e.^pnrted. It is seat- ed on the river Taw. 12 m. E. of Barnstaple bav, in Bristol channel, ?,r, N. N. W. of Exeter, and 1P2 W. by S. of London. Lon-r .\.r>. W. lat. .M. «. N Pop. in 1821,. -.,070. BnrnsUail, p.t. Stiin^>rd Co. N. H. 30 m. from Portsmouth. Pop 2,017. Bnnni-cll, a district in the south part of South ft Carolina, hounded im the soutliby tlie Savannah, f and nnrlli by the Edisto River. I'op. ]!),2;W, ^yho are ehielly oemipied in the cultmc a.ud cleaning of cotton. The eliief town of the same name is situati-d ill the ciiitie of liie district, 11(3 m, S. by W. of Columbia. Hiiroiirli, a town and fortress of Ilindoostan, Gu- 7.1'rat, willi consider.dde manuliictures of cotton ; seateil on the N. bank of the Nerbudda, near its enlr.ance into the . V,. lat. 21 4'>. N. Bnriptisimrto, all ancient inland town of the province of Venezuela, Colombia. It is situate in a feiiile plain, about 20 m. from the E. shore of the liav of Maraeaybo, and 120 W. by S. of the city ol* Caracas. Barra. or Hurray . one of tbe Hebrides of Scot- land, to the south of South Uist. It is 12 m long audi broad, ar.d has a mountainous appearance, but the soil in many parts is fertile. Great quan- tities of cod and ling are caught on the coast ; and shell-fish, especially cockles, are found in great abundanri?. On the j\. E. side is a good harbour. I.OMi^. 7. 27. W. lat. 57. 2. N. Biirra. a town of Naples, in the vicinity of the city of Naples. Pop. about 5,000. Biirra, a fertile and populous district, north of the (Jambia, in North Africa, bordering on the At- lantic Ocean. Bnrra Imlim; or Bnrrnnding, situate on the west bank of a small river which falls into the Gambia, near its conflux with the Atlantic Ocean, it is the capital town of the territory of Barra, and is a place of considerable traffic. There is anoth- er town of the same name, about 100 miles up the river, on the north bank, between the rivers Ko- lar and Badiboo. Barrucomlu a considerable town in the interior of North Africa, about 400 miles up the Gambia, where there are some falls whicii impede the nav- igation of that river. Barragon, a small town about 12 m. below Bu- enos Ayres, situate on the shore of a bay to which it gives name. Barruux, a fortress of France, in the Alpine de- partment of Isere, at the entrance of the valley of Gresivauden, and on the river Isere, 6 m. S. of Chambery. Barre, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,012. Barrr, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 60 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,.503. Bnrrfi t. Huntingdon Co. Pa. Burren, a County in the s.-)uth central part of Kentucky. Pop. 14.^21. Glasgow, the chief town, is 134 m. S. W.' by S. of Frankfort. Two rivers, one called the Little, and the other the IJig Barren, have their source within the county, run- ning ill different directions, but both falling into the Green River. Barrinalon, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 65 ni. fr Boston : 20 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,895. Bnrrin^ton, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. 8 m. S. E Providence. Pop. 612. /Jflrroir, a river of Ireland, wliich rises in the N. part of Queen's County, and flows S- by Athy, Carlow, and New Ross, into Waterford harbour. Barroic, a village in Leicestersliire, Eng. on the river Soar, two miles N. of Mountsorrel. It has for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, in particular request for works in water, ami which IS exported in Urge quantities. Pop. I, .508. BAR 77 3AS Bar le Due, or Bar-sur-Oniaiii, a town of France, capital of the department of Meuse, with a castle. Its wine is as delicate as Champaifne, and it has several manufactures. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the rivulet Ornain,;!0 m. W. of Toul, and 13S E. of Paris. Pop. about Ifl.OOO. Bar-sur-.luhc, a t'>\vn of France, in liie depart- ment of Aube, famous for its wines ; seated at the footof a mountain, 13 m. S. W. of Joinville. Pop. 3,(500. Bur-sur-Se'uic, a town of France in the depart- ment of Aube, on tiie river Seine, at the foot of a mountain, 20 m. S. W. of Bar-sur-Aube. Pop. 2,300. Bars, an interior county in the north part of Lower Hungary ; a town of the same name, for- inerlv fortified, was o.nce the capital. Krcmoni iu the centre of a mining district is now the chief town. Barsac, a town of France, on the west bank of the Garonne, about 20 m. S. E. of Bordeau.x. It gives name to a favourite wine. Bart, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. Ba.rtfeldf, a town iu tlie County of Saro.^, north part of Upper Hungary, situate anions the Carpa- thian mountains. It had a printing press in the loth century. It has manufactures of linen, and contains about 4,000 inhabitants. Barten, and Bartcnstcin, two interior t.iwns of the kingdom of Prussia Proper, 30 to 40 m. E. of Konigsberg. Bartholomew, a river which rises in Arkansas territory, and fiills into the Washita, in the state of Louisiana, a little below the town of Wash- ington. Bartholomew, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, one of the New Hebrides. Lon'f. 107.13. E. lat. 1.5. 42. S. Bartholomew, St. one of the Carribee islands, in the West Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and 2-5 north of St. Christopher. The French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785 ; and it was taken by the British in 1801, but restored to Sweden in 1814. The chief e.xports are drugs and lignumvitae ; and it has a good harbour, liong. 63. 40. W. lat. 17. 40. N. Bartkolomtw, St. a parish of S. Carolina, in Charleston District. Bartlet, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of the White Mountains, 85 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 644. Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has two large churches, and was formerly a consider- able place, surrounded by a rampart and fosse, the remainsof which are yet visible. Four miles E. S. E. are the noble ruins of Thornton abbey. Bar- ton is seated on the Humber, over which is a fer- ry into Yorkshire, 34 m. N. of Lincoln, and 167 of London. Pop in 1821, 2,496. B. It is 18 m. N. N. E. of Winchester, and 45 W. by S. of London. The village of Old Basing, which is a township in the parish of Basingstoke, situate about two miles in tlie east, is distinguished for the deter- mined stand which it made against the forces ofCromwell, by whom it was ultimately taken, when he put nearly the whole garrison to the sword, and razed the fortress, which was the resi- d. 'nee of the marquis of Winchester, to the ground. Pop. 1073. Baskenridge, n.i. Somerset Co. N. J. 8 m. S. W. Morristown. General Lee was taken prisoner here by the British during the revolutionary war. Basques, a late territory of France, which inclu- ded Lower Navarre. Labourd, and Soule, and now forms with Beam, the department of Lower Py- renees. Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scot- land, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar. On the south side it is almost conic, on the other it overnangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It is inaccessible on all sides, except the south-west, and there it is with difficulty a man can climb up by the help of a rope or ladder. In May and June it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young birds of thegannets and solan geese. The rock is one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit war- ren and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous castle, once the state prison of Scotland, stands at the edge of the precipice. The garrison in 1694, surrendered to king William, anJthc fortifications were demolished. Bass Islands, a group of islands in Lake Erie, e.omprised in Huron county, Ohio. There are 3 large and several smaller ones. The southern- most contains the haven of Put-in-Bay, near which Commodore Perry engaged and captured the whole British squadron, Sept. 10th, 1813. Bass's Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide, which separ.ates Van Diemen's Land from the south extremity of New Holland. It contains a chain of islands that run north and south. This strait was discovered, in 1798, by surgeon Bass, in an open whale-boat and passed through by him and lieutenant Flinders, in the Norfolk, in 1 fOl). Bassaim, a town in the north of Italy , in Vincen- tino, on the east bank of the river Brenta, in a country productive of excellent wine and oil. The French defeated the Austrians at this place in 1706. It is 18 m. N. of Viccnza. Bassec, or La Bisse,a. town of France, in the de- partment of Nord,formcrlv of great strength, but dismantled by Louis XlV. It is seated on the Deule. 18 m. S. W. of Lisle. Basseeii, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Baglana. It was taken bv the English in 1780, but restored to the Mahrattas in 1783. It stands on the sea-coast, opposite the N. W. point of the island of Salsette, 20 m. N. of Bombay. L-'Ht 72. 40. E. I,at. 10. 20. N. " Bassenlhrnitr-tctler. a l.ake in Cumberland, three miles N.W. of Keswick It ii four miles lonn-, bounded on one side by high hills, wooded, in many places, to their bases ; on the other, by tlie fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The river Der- went flows through its whole length. There is a village named Bassenthwaite on the cast bank of the lake, containing 264 inhaliitants. Jlassftrrrr, the capital of St. Christopher, built by the French, when this jinrt of the island was in possession, before it was ceded to the English in 1713. It is situate on the S. E. end of the island, and is defended by llirec forts. Long. 03. 13. W lat. 17. 10. N. Basseterre, the capita] of Guadaloupe, on the S. W. i)art of the island, defended by a citadel and other fortifications. Long. 61. 59. W. lat. 15. 59. N. Bassicn, or Persaim, a city of Pegu, capital of the province of Bassien. It is a trading place, situate on a river of the same name, which is the west branch of the Irrawaddy, 110 in. S. W. of Pegu. Long. 94. 53. E. lat. 16. 22. N. Bassorah, or Basra, a city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi. It stands on the west bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-ul- Arab, navigable for ships of 500 tons burthen up to the town, about 65 m. above the entrance of the river, into the Gulf of Persia. Bassorah appears to have been founded about the middle of the seventh century, and pro- gressively advanced into importance until it be- came the most considerable trading town of all western Asia ; and previous to the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope, it was the medium through which a great portion of the commerce of Asia passed to Venice and Genoa, and from thence over western Europe. It was taken pos- session of by the Turks, in 1088, since which pe- riod it has continued to decline, having been al- ternately exposed to the interruptions of the Per- sians, Arabs, and Turks ; and since the com- mencement of the 19th century, when the tide of commerce began to set from the west to the east, Smyrna has become what Bassorah was, for so many centuries, the emporium of the greater por- tion of the commerce of that part of the world. Bassorah however still continues to be a place of considerable traflic, which is participated in, more or less, by most of the trading nations of both Eu- rope and Asia. The city is surrounded by a wall of clay, said to be six miles in circumference, mounted with a great number of cannon ; the streets are bad and narrow, and the houses con- structed of bricks have a mean aspect. It is nominally under the dominion of Turkey, but governed by an Arab chieftain, with little defer- ence to the Ottoman authority. The great desert of Arabia runs up nearly to the town ; the immedi- ate vicinity,however, is very fertile. A wall of seve- ral miles in extent has been constructed on the side of the desert, as a check on the predatory incursions of the Arabs, who frequently commit depredations under the very walls of the town. The popula- tion is estimated at about 00,000, among whom are a considerable number of Jews, Armenians, and Arabs, and natives of the more eastern parts of Asia. It is about 210 m. S. W. of Ispahan, in lat. 30. 30. N. and 47. 45. E. long. Bastia, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba- nia, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of the Calamu. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. 39. 40. N. Bastia, a city on the N. E. coast of the Island of Corsica, capital of the island, with a good har- bour and a strong castle. It wag taken by the En- glish in 1794. It is 80 m. S. S. W. of Leghorn. Long 9. 20 E. lat. 42. 38. N. Pop. about 11,500 BAT 79 BAT Bastimentos, small islands near the ithsraus of Darien, at the entrance of the bay of Nombre de Dios, with a fort and a good harbour. Lonir 79 45. W. lat. 9. 30. N. Bastogne, a city of the Netherlands, in Lu.tem- burg, near the forest of Ardennes. It was fortified by the French in 1&83, and commonly known amono- them by the name of Paris in Ardennes. It is 23 m. N. N. W. of Luxemburg. Baswapatanna, a town ofHindoo8tan,in Mysore, with a fort and a celebrated mosque, 60 m. E bv N. of Nagura. -^ Batabano, a town on the south coast of Cuba situate on the north side of a laro-e bay, opposite Finos Island, 5.5 m. S. S. W. of Havannah. Lono- Hi. 0. W. lat. 22. 20. N. Batacole, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Canara. The country produces a great quantity of pepper. It is 10 m. N. of Barcalore. Batacolo, a small fortress on the east side of Cey- lon, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance an account of the extreme fertility of the adjacent country, which, during a war, or times of scarcity in the district of Trincomale, can supply the gar- risons there with all kinds of provisions. It sur- rendered to the English in 1790; and is situate at the head of a deep bay, 54 m. S. S. E. of Trinco- male. Batalha. a town of Portugal, in Estremadura celebrated for its rich monastery, founded, in 1386' by John I. who is interred here, with his queeii Philippa. It is 8 m. S. S. W. of Lerida. Baiavia, the ancient name of an island in Hol- land, whence the Dutch are sometimes called Ba- tavians. Batavia, a city and seaport, on the N. E. part of the island of Java, capital of all the Dutch settle- ments m the East Indies, finely situate in the bosom of a spacious bay. The fort is built of coral rock, brought from some of the adjoin- ing islands, and has a fortification of brick A part of the town wall is built of dense lava from the mountains in the centre of Java. No stone, of any kind, is to be found for many miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite are brought here from China. The harbour is e.T- cellent, and tliere are canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with trees, after the manner of the towns in Holland. The inhabitants are composed of natives from nearly all the coun- tries and islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean as well as of most of the chief trading parts of Eu- rope and America, amongst whom the number of Chinese is considerable. The city was founded in 1C19, and rose rapidly into importance ; during the eighteenth century It was deemed the finest European settlement in all Asia ; and although considered unhealthy, fi'om the influence of the heat of the climate on the mud and stagnant waters of the canals and streams by which It IS intersected, it was vainly denominated by the Dutch, the '■Queen of the East." The houses of two streets, forming the European part of the town, are handsome and commodious, and vie with if they do not excel in capaciousness and con- venience those of the best towns in Holland; but the parts occupied by the Javanese, Chinese, and other natives of the east, like most of the Asiatic towns, are crowded, mean , and dirty. Batavia was very sensibly affected by the war of 1793, and be- came almost deserted, until its capture, with the whole of the Island of Java, by the English, in ItJll, when it became again the centre of an ex- tensive commerce. It was ceded back to the Dutch on the peace of 1814, who having relaxed somewhat from their former system of proscription and monopoly in their commercial regulations Batavia continues a flourishing and important place. The stadthouse is the principal edifice de- serving of notice. The natives of the several na- tions and countries who compose the population, which amounts to about .50,000, have each their churches, mosques, and temples, but there are none that merit any particular notice. The nature of Its commerce will be more fully elucidated un- der the head of Java. The observatory is in lat 69. S. and 106. 52. E. long. Batavia, p.t. Genncsee Co. N. Y. 38 ra N E Buffalo. Pop. 4,271. It is a handsome town! with considerable trade. Batavia, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. Batesville, p.t. Independence Co. Arkansas, on White river, 110 m. N. E. Little Rock. Bath, a city of England, in the east corner of the county of Somerset, on the confines of Glou- cester and Wilts ; it is bounded on the north by a range of hills, up the declivity of which build- ings have been constructed in varied, ornamental and tasteful styles of architecture, terraces, cres- cents, &c. of a beautiful white stone, duo- on the spot. The city is beautifully situated onlhe riv- " Avon. Its foundation is generally ascribed to the Romans. A rude tradition, however, exists which would carry its origin back into more dis- tant times, and attribute the honour of its com- mencement to one of the earliest British kincrs who, being expelled while a prince from his fafh- er s court, cured himself of leprosy by accidentally washing in its waters. But rejectino- what ap- pears most fabulous in this tale, it is not impro- bable that the inhabitants of the district were well acquainted with the virtue of the spriii-' before the arrival of the invaders, and that the elements of a town or village existed there fi-oin very early times. The Romans, characteristically luxurious in their baths, and choosing their situations with the most scrupulous care, were not likely to neg- lect the advantages which such a neighbourhood presented. The mildness of the air, and the lovely amphitheatre of hills which surrounds this valley of waters, would tend still farther to delight them with the station,— the best counterpart of their own Italy which the uncultivated land afforded — and we accordingly learn from the best accredited accounts, that it shortly became the favourite re- sidence of the Roman governors, and sometimes of the emperors. The form in which the city was first built was a parallelogram, extending from east I "'t'oun'"'") *^^ y"^^' '^'"' fr<"" noi-A to south about 380. It was fortified by a wall twenty feet high, and of a thickness varying from sixteen feet at the base to eight at the top. Several strong- towers supported its angles ; and its four ..ates stood one at each extremity of the two arand streets, which intersected each other, and divided the city into four parts. Near the centre of the town were built those splendid baths, of which the ruins were discovered in 17.55 at the deptli of twenty feet below the surface of the ground Sev- eral other Roman relics have been also duo- up in late years ; and among them a head of Mmerva reckoned one of the most valuable remains of an^ tiquity. In the time of William the Conqueror It was named as one of the royal demenses ; and in that of Kulus It was erected into a see by John de Viliulo, who removed thither from Wells After undergoing several changes during the political convulsions of the following centuries, it received ji \ r 80 CAT a charier from qtiern Klizabetli in 1590, which was renewed and iimditicd in 1794. According lo tliis chartiT, it is governed by a mayor, eight aluorrnen, and Iwcnly-loiir common councihiien ; and sendd two mombprs to parliament. Tlie situation ot' Bath alforda every advantage for architectural eflect; and the urranir'Mntnt of its streets and terraces, the s|ilendour and rirhly ornamented character of the buildings, together v.illi the lu.turiou.^ beauty of the intervening gar- dens and villas, form one of the loveliest scenes that can be found in any city of these northern climes. The hills on whicli it is built open on the two opposite sides to admit the Avon, whieli, flowinvelist has )iot been unsupported by others ; and it is argued by persons of the best taste, that however imposing the prosj)ect of Bath is at a distance, the architec- ture, when more closely inspected, is greatly de- fective in taste and correctness of design. The city is divided into four parishes — St. Pe- ter's and St. Paul, St. James's, St. Michael's, and Walcot ; besides which there are some out-parish- es, now closely connected with the more ancient part of tlie town. The abbey church is regarded as one of the most beautiful specimens of the rich- ly ornamented style of (I'uthic architecture that exists, but its numerous windows, amounting to fifty-two, have gained it the a|)pellation of the lantern of England. Some of the monuments it contains are very mucii admired ; and liie oratory of prior Bird, who died in tlie early ])art of the sixteenth century, is extremely rich in monumen- tal beauties. Among the tombs which generally attract attention in this church, are those of lady Waller, wife of the celebrated sir William Waller ; of the noted comedian Quin, of bisliop Montague, and Beau Nash, the well-known originator of most of the regulations of Bath etiquette. Tiiere are few names connected with the histf-rv of tiie city better known to fame than tlwit of tliis cele- brated master of fashion ; and his fortunes are well calculated to point a moral for the place of which he was the hero. He was hc.rn ill I(J74, at Swansea in Cxlamorganshire, and v.-as intentled for the law, but entered the armv '. which, taking disgust at the discipline and his subordinate rank, he soon forsook, and took chambers in tlie Tem- ple. Here he devoted himself entirely to pleas- ure and fashion ; and wlien king William visited the Inn, he was chosen as master of the pai;eant witli which it was customary to welcome the mon- arch. So pleased was William with the enter- tainment, that he ofl'ered him the honour of knight- hood ; but Nash refused it, saving, *' Please your majesty, if you intend to make me a knight, 1 wish it may be one of your poor knights of Wind- sor, and then I shall have a fortune at lea.st equal to support my title." In 1704 he was appointed master of the ceremonies at Bath ; and immediate- ly instituted a set of regulations, as remarkable for tlieir strictness as for their judicious adaptation to the wants and society of the place. While in the plenitude of his power and popularity, N.ash lived 'n the mc^t splendid style of elegance, supporting his expen-ics by a long run of succcis at the gam- ing table. His dress was cc»vered with expensive l.iee, and he wore a large white cocked hat. The chariot in which he rode was drawn by six grey horses, and attended by a long cavalcade of ser- vants, some on horses, others on foot ; wliile his progress through the streets was made known by a band of French horns and other instruments. His common title was the King of Bath ; and his reign contiimed, with undiminished sjjlenuour, for more than fifteen years. His health then began to decline, and his resources grew ies3 plentiful. As the change in his spirits and cir- cumstances became more evident, his former acquaintances gradually forsook him ; and lie died at tlie age of eighty-eight, in comparative indi- gence and solitude. II is character, however, was so estimated by the corporation of the city, that he v.'as buried with great magnificence at its ex- pense, and his epitaph, a neat tribute to his memo- ry, v/as written by Dr. Harrington. The Crescent, the North and South Parades, tlie Circus, and Pulteney-street, are the principal public avenues; but tlie great points of attraction i'or the visitors of Bath are the pump and ball- rooms : the former is 85 feet long ; the interior is surrounded by three-quarter Corinthian columns, crowned with entablatures and surmounted by a five-feet coving. At the west end is a music gal- lery ; and a recess at the east is occupied by a statue of Nash. In the centre of the south side stands the marble vase, I'roni which the water is taken by an attendant and handed to the com- pany. The public baths are, the king's and queen's, the hot bath, and the cross bath ; besides which, there are the duke of Kingston's, the corpora- tion's, and some other private ones. The king's is oil the south side of the pump-room, and is rather more than d.") feet long and 40 broad, con- taining, wlien filled, more tlian 34t) tons of water: it is surrounded by a Doric colonnade ; and in the centre, where the spring rises, is a brass hand- rail. In the hottest part of Iho bath the thermom- eter stands at 111 ; in the coolest, at 100. The hot bath raises it to 117. There are several public charities in this city of great utility. The general hospital, w'liich was founded at the benevoh'iit instigation of Nash, receives jioor persons, to whom the waters are likely to be beneficial, from all parts of the king- dom. Two or three establishments also exist for the sujiport of aged men and women ; and earlj- in the last century the venerable Robert Nelson founded a charity school for fifty boys and fifty girls. Nor is Bath wanting in provisions for lit- erary and .scientific pursuits : it has a large public library, a society for the promotion of agriculture, and a phiUisophical society. Bath is 107 miles west from London, and 12 miles east from Bristol. Lat. 51. 23. N. Ion. 2 22. W. Pop :i7,000. BatJi. p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on tiie Kennebec, 12 m. from tlic sea, has considerable commerce and ship building. It has two academies and two banks. Pop. ;?,77:t. Iliilh. p t. Orafton Co. N. II. on the Connecti- cut; MS m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,626. Hath, p.t. Berkeley Co. Va. 100 m. N. W. Wash- ington. In this town are the Berkley Sprimrs. There are also towns of this name in N. Y., Pa., N. C. and Ohio. Buth. a County in the centre of Virginia, among the Apalachian mountains, but comprised in the BAT 81 BAV Wtstern District. Pop. 4,()08. Aiiumjj lliese mountains, 183 in. \V. IS. W. of Kiring a few iniies north, called the Warm Spring ; tlie nortli and soutli forks of the Jackson River run tlirough the i>lain between llie two ridges of niountiiins and tiie Cow Pasture River, east of the eastern ridge, all of which fall into James River, at the south end of the county. There is another hot spring in Berkeley county, Virginia, between tlie foot of the Bluff of the Ca- capon ridffe of the Allegliany Mountains and the Potomac River, about 40 m. >(. by W. of the city of Washington. B«M, a County of Kentucky, in the N. E., on Licking river. Pop. H,7'J'J. Owingsville and Sharpsburg are the chief towns. BiUhgate, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgow- shire, ll) m. W. by S. of Edinburgh, on the high road to Glasgow. Pop. in Is'il, 3,i53, i>riucipally employed in weaving. Batlior, an interior town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Szabolts, about 30 ra. N. W. of De- bretzin. Bathurst, an English settlement on the W. coast of North Africa, at the entrance of the river Gam- bia. Bathurst Plains, e.xtensive fertile plains, west of a ridge of mountains, called the Blue Moun- tains, running parallel with the east coast of New Holland in the lat, of about 3(i. S. Baiindii, the chief town of a fertile district of the same name, on the N. VV. confines of Dehli, bordering on the desert of Moultan. Batua, a small island in the Indian Ocean, near the west side of Sumatra, on the equinoctial line, in long. 98. 0. E. Baton Rouge, a parish in the E. District of Louisiana, subdivided into E. and W. The form- er has a pop. of 0,717, ch. town Concordia. The latter has a pop. of 3,0iJ2, ch. town Baton Rouge. Baton Ruu^e, p.t. capital of the above, on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 13^ m. above N. Orleans, along the river. The country around is fertile, but the town is small. BatopUas, a considerable town of the Andes, or Cordilleras of Mexico, in tlie inteudency of Du- raniTO. Batoumi, a town at the mouth of a river of the same name, falling into the Black Sea, and form- ing the N. E. boundary of Armenia. Batta, two towms on the west bank of the Dan- ube, in Lower Hungary ; one a few miles S. of Buda, and the other a few miles E. of Funfliirchen. BiUtallah, a town of llindooslan, about 00 m. east by south of Lahore, in the province of that name. Battecola. a town on the Malabar coast, about 100 m. N. of Mangalore. Battenburg, a town of Holland in Guelderland, with a castle on the nortli bank of the Meuse, 10 m. S.W. ofNimeguen. Battenburg, a town and castle of Germany, in Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder, 14 m. N. of Marburg. Battersea, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the N. bank of the Thames, 4 miles W. S. W. of London. Here was the seat of the St. Johns, where the fa- mous Lord Bolingbroke was born, and died. On the site of it now stands a distillery and a horizontal air-mill for grindinfr malt. Here is a timber bridge over the river to Chelsea. Pop. in 1821, 4,7(>4, chiefly occupied in gardening and supplying the London markets with vegetables. 11 Baltirulla, a town in the northern part of Cej-- Ion, where is an American missionary station. BiMlc, a town in Sussex, Eng. near the English Channel. Near this place, William, duke of Ni.rmandv, defeated Harold, king of England, 100*1, and in memory of this victory, he ibund- ed here an abbey, which from its remains ap- pears to have been magnificent. This town is famous for a manufacture of gunpowder. It is 24 rn. E. of Lewes, G N. of Hastings, and 56 S. E. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 2,852. BattlijUlil, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 5 miles N. of Shrewsbury. Here a decisive victory was gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, sur- named Hotspur. Batthtown, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. C m. E. Win- chester. Bararia, Palatinntc, Duchy, Ehrtorate, Circle, and Kingdom of. The former circle of BarariaWen between the 47th and 50th deg. of N. lat. and the 11th and 14th of E. long., is bounded on the north- east by B^themia, south-east and south by Aus- tria and the Tyrol, south-west by Suabia, and north-west by Franconia ; and comprises the pal- atinate, and principalities of Sulzbach and Neu- berg, in the north ; the duchy, which constituted the greater portion of the circle, divided into Lower and Upper, the county of Werdenfels in the south-west ; the bishopric of Passau on the eajit; the provostship of Berchtolsgaden, insulated in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, which formed the south-east part of the circle, forming together an area of about 10.500 sq. miles, and containing a population of 1,300,000. Tlie Duchy of fiararin, which formed about two-thirds of the circle, was part of the ancient Noricura, peopled from ancient Gaul, from which they were driven about 590 years B. C. It was constituted a duchy in the early part of the lOlh ceiiturj* of the Christian rera, under wiiich title it continued uninterrupted until the reign of the emperor Ferdinand of Germany, who raised Ba- varia into an Electorate of the Germanic confed- eracy ; but Maximilian Emanuel, irrandson of the first elector, forfeited his possessions, by violatinor his allegiance in entering into an alliance with France, against the emperor. He was however reinstated in his possessions in 1714, and the suc- ceeding elector, Charles, introduced numerous salutary regulations into the social institutions of the state, under which it rose in prosperity and reputation, and continued to make advances in social improvement, and to retain its influence in the Germanic diet, until Napoleon interposed his power, at the commencement of the 19th century when the elector was again induced to withdraw from the Germanic confederacy under the pledge of being vested with regal autliority, and guaran- teed in an accession of territory at the expense of Austria ; hence the Kingilum of Bararia, which was acknowledged by the emperor of .\ustria at the peace of Pres- burg in 180.5: the accession of territory obtained with the regal title, lay on the side of Franconia. Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disaster experienced by Napoleon at Moscow in the winter of 1812, 1813, induced the new king to conclude a secret treaty with the confederate powers against his former patron, on condition of being guaranteed in the int«^grity of his newly acquired dominions ; and at the congress of \'ienna, in 1818, the bound- aries of the Bavarian kingdom were finally adjust- ed, when the territory was divided into the eight following circles, with the chief towns of each UAU >S2 I!AY anncxiil as tbllows : viz. 1 Tlip Uliinc, W. Spires. a Lower Maine, N. Wurzburgli. ;! Upprr ditto, N. Bayreuth. 4 llo/.at, N. W. Aiispacli. 5 U|>piT Dunubo , s. w. Atiijsburi^. G IsiT, s Munich. 7 Lower Dimubc . K. I'asitau. 6 Rogen, N. E. llntisbon. Of tlirsc divisions tlic Ist lies on botii siilcs of llie ilh'mc, at tho nmllicrn oxtrcmily of tlie Irrri- tory of the ffrantl duke of Badni, and is detariied from the otlier eevt'ii. Nos. I:^, ;j, jnul *], fornu'd pari of llic circle of Frunconia, and No. 5 of Sua- bia. Tiic hist tlinn; previously forminc^the tjrand duchy and tlu' palatinatf, tiio archbltihopric of SaltzbuT'j havinij bren ceded to Austria. The whole of this territory conijiridcs about o'i^flOO sq. milcR, and a population of about 3.(100,000. The frontier parts of the kinirdoni of Bavaria nre in pjeneral run;iri.'d and mountainous, but the inland parta are fertile in <;orn and pasture ; all tiie va- rious branchea of nianulHcture of flax, wool. si»nie Bilk, leather, and v,'orl;in(j of metals, are followed more or less us domestic occupations over most parts of the country ; havinjr luit little surplus produce of any kind for external tratiic. Bavaria maybe regarded as possessing within itself all tlie means of domestic and social comfort. It is ex- ceedinirly well watered ; the Danube, which rises on the border of the Black Forest in Sual)i!i. runs from west to east througli the heart of the country, passes Dilligen, Donauwerth, Neuberg;. Ino;nl- stadt, and Ratisbonto Passau, wliere it enters the archduchy of Austria. Tlie Inn. Iser, J-ecli, and liler, run from south to north into the Danube, and the Maine runs from enst to Vv'est. past Schv.'einfurtli and Wurtzbur;^ into tlie illiine. Four-fifths of the inliabitants are Roman Catho- lics, and the remainder Protestants : the latter however not only enjoy tiie unrestrained exercise of their worship, but are eligible to civil ollices and military a]>pointments. Like all the other Germanic states, military pretension and parade 13 the ruling passion of the government, and from 40,000 to 50,000 men are held under military discipline, to sustain which and other expenses of llie state, taxes, equal to about 11,000,000 lU-.U lara American money, are levied annually on the produce of llie Inbour of the people. Munich is the capital of the whole kingdoui. and the seat of fovernment, wlncli is unlimited, and vested in the ing, the title to which is hereditary. Tlie power has iiowever been exerci;-.ed with discretion, prudence, and mildness, although not with all the wisdom and etliciency to he desired. Kdn- cation has of late years been widely diliused through the Bavarian slates ; academies, ly- ceuins, and universities, have been multipile(i ; productions of foreign literature have been im- ported ; and the cflects are nlrcady apparent in the improved condition of society and the grad- ual advance of moral and physical renovation. Bavaria may now be considered as holding the first rank among the secondary class of Kuropean states. liavatj, a town of France, in the department of Nord. It was taken by the Austrians in ITi)'^, but recovered the same year. It is G ra. N. E. of Quesnoy,and 12 S. W. of Mons. Baurftervitlc, a beautifully located village, on the west bank of the river St. Lawrence, about 10 m. W. of Montreal. Bauiljii town in the interior of the maritime province of Morbiliaii, France, about 12 m. N. K. of L'Orient. Pop. tJ,'JbO. liauire, a l()wn of France, in the department of Mayenne and Ljire, seati'd on the Cuesnon, 18 m. K. of Angera. Pop. about :t,000. rmtttrfunan^ t. Wayne Co. Oliio. Jiaulfuh, a town of llindoostan, in Bengal, on the lell bank of the Ganges. It is one of the principal stations for collecting of silk, 22 m. N. E. ofMoorshedabad. liimman's Isla/uh, three islands Jn the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Bauman, a Dutchman, who aecomj)auied Roggewein, in 17xi2. They are cov- ered with fruit trees, and divers sorts of vegeta- bles. The inhabitants are numerous, and armed with b()ws and arrows ; but of a gentle and humane disposition, and friendly to strangers. Tlie largest island is about 22 m. iu circumference. Long. 170.0. W. lat. 14. 0. S. lidiimc us jVoiifs, or Bmimc hs Dames, a town of France, in the department of Doubs. It lias a nunnery, from which it received its apptdlation ; and is seated on the Doubs, 15 m. N. E. of I3e- sanQon. Bauafi, or lUriitha, a town of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the Musza. 15 m. S. K. of Mittau. Iiaufzt'7i, or JSudisar/i, the capital of Upper Lusa- tia, with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. Its lraetween Hastings and Seaford. Long. 0. 15. E. lat. 50. 44. N. Bcaconsffdd, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. The poet Waller lived here, and is interred in the cliurchyard. It is also the place of interment of Edmund Eurkc. It is seated on a hill, 23 m. W. N. W. of London. Pop. 1,756. BeallsviUe, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. 7 m. W. Brownsville. Beaminstcr, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with manufactures of canvas, iron, and copper. This place Eulfered greatly by fire in 1761. It is 15 m. W. N. W. of Dorchester, and 132 W. by S. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, 2,80t>. Bearcamp, r. N. H. falls into Ossipee Lake. BearJicU, t. Perry Co. Ohio. Bear Island, an island in Bantry Bay, Ireland, with fortifications which form a strong defence to the head of the bay. The island is about 12 m. from the town of Bantry. Beam, a. late province of France, 40 m. long and 30 broad ; bounded on the east by Bigorre, south by Spanish Navarre, west by Soule and a part of Lower Navarre, and north by Gascony and Armagnac. The plains are fertile, especially in pastures, and the hills are loaded with vines. It now forms with Basques the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Beat, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, the houses are built of marble, tliere being no other stone in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Garonne, 12 m. S. S. E. of St. Bertrand. Beaucaire, a town of France, in the department of Gard, on the Rhone, about 20 m. from the sea, where the river forms a spacious harbour and has a communication by a bridge of boats with Taras- con on the opposite bank of the river. Much trade is carried on here, and an annual fair, held for six days, in the month of July, was formerly the most famous in Europe, but is now of little importance. It is 11 ra. E. of Nismes. Bcauce, a late province of France, between the Isle of France, Blasois, and Orleanois. It is so fertile in wheat that it is called tlie granary of Paris. It now forms the department of Eure and Loire. Beaufort, a maritime district, forming the south-east corner of the state of South Carolina ; bounded on the south-west by the Savannah Riv- er. It is a low swampy district, but very pro- ductive in rice and cotton. In addition to the Savannah on the south, it is bounded on the north by the Big-slake-hatehie River, and the Coosaw- hatchie intersects the district from north-west to the south-east, dividing into two branches about the centre of the district and forming an island called Port Royal Island, on which is a town nam- ed Beaufort, formerly the capital of the district, but the courts are now held at the town of Coosaw- hatchie, about 20 m. N. W. of Beaufort, and 193 S. of Columbia, the capital of the state. Beaufort, a County of North Carolina, divided in two parts by the Pamlico River, at its entrance into Pamlico Sound ; it is a swampy and dreary district, with a population of 10,949. Washington, 130 m. E. by S. of Raleigh is the chief town. Beavfort, p.t. a seaport of North Carolina, chief town of Carteret County. It is situate on the N. BKA 64 BEA E Hiila of f "ore Sound, 55 m. S. S. E. of Newbcni. Long. 7 ni. K. of Aniiifs. Pop. (;,U(W. Iliuufort. a town of Savoy, on the river Ornn, a branch of the Ysere, 12 ni. N. E. of Mouticr. I'op about 3,11(10. lifuii^'enri/, a town of France, in the department of Loire, famous for il.'* wines, seated on the river Loire, (i m. W. of Orlrtans. Uruujni, a town of Frnnce, in the department of Rlione. with an ancient castle, sealed on the Ardicre. at the foot of a mountain, i:! in. N. N. \V. of Vill.'franche. Top. I.I'IKI. llraiijiihiis, a late province of Kr.ince, 30 ni. loni; anil H broad. It lies north of thi> Lyonois, and" both of them now form the department of Rhone. liiiuih)), a river of Scotland in Inverness-shire, formed by Ihe union of the rivnliMs Farrar, Oau- nich, and Class, on thi' bordi'rs of Ross-shire. It takp.1 a N, F.. course, and after formiiii": the falls of Kilmoraclt and other cascades, Mows to the town of Ueauley, where it enters the head of Mur- ray frith. It produces a considerable supply (d' nalmon for the Londmi market. hcnulcy. a town of Scotland, in the parish of Kilinor.nck.in Invcrness-shire. at the mouth of Ihe river Ueauley, 1"J m. W. of Inverness. Ilrnulirti, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on a riv- er of its name, six mil"s S.S. W. of Sonthampton. It has a manufacture (d' coarse sackinff, and on the opposite side of the river are Ihe remains of its famous abbey, founded by kin^ John. Bf Cote dOr, remarkable for its excellent wine. It is 25 ni. S. S. W. of Dijon. Bcmiraif, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Oise, anctnre ; an.d the clmrf-h of St. Stephen is remark.ible for its curious windows. It was besieged in 14li3, by the duke of Burgundy, at the head of 80,00(1 men, when the women, under the conduct of Jean de Flacliette. obliged tlie duke to raise the siege. The inhahitanis carry on a good trade in beautiful ta- pestry. It is seated on the Thcsin, 42 m. N. of Paris. Pop. about 30.000. llraiirnir, a town of France, in the department of Vendee, on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. N W. of Sables di^lonne. Beau, which implies fins, is prefi.\ed to the names of a number of other towns in different parts of France, and to a few in England. Ilruuririifrr, a river of Lower Canada, south of the St. Lawrence ; it falls into the Chaud.eie, about four miles above the entrance of that river into the St. Lawrence. liturir, r. N. H. falls into the Merrimack at Dra- cut, Mass. Hciirrr, (Irciit and f.illli , two head streams of the Ohio, the former in Pa. and the latter in Ohio. liriirrr. a County at the west extremity of the state ,4(i(;, 27 m. E. by N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. of (iondon. Bedford Level, a tract of fennv land, about 30n,n00 acres, in the counties of 'NorPdk, Suf- folk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln. After various attempts to draiu these fens, in the reign of Henry V(. and Charles I., William, earl of Bedford, in l^V.K undertook and completed it; and in the reign of Charles H. a corporation was established for the government of this great level. In these fens are several de- coys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowl are taken during the season. Bedford, n County in the E. District of Virgin- ia, bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge ; on the north by James River, and on the south by the Staunton, a branch of the Roanoke. Pop. 2d,2.53. Liberty, the chief town, in the centre of the coun- ty, is 102 m. W. by S. of Richmond. Bedford, is also the name of a county in West Tennessee. Pop. 30,444. Shellbyville, 35m. south of Murfreesborough, is the chief town. Bedford, another county in the Western Dis- trict of Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, lying between the Tuscarora and the main ridge of the Alleghany Mountains. Pop. 54,(i3(). The chief town of the same name, in the centre of the county, is 105 m. W. of Harrisburg. Bedford, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 52 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,.554. Bedford, p.t.Middlebury Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 085. Bedford, p.t. West Chester Co. N. V. 110 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,750. Bedford, p. v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Bedmhister, t. Somerset Co. N. J. Bed minster, t. Bucks Co. Pa. Bediiore, a district of Hindoostan, forming the N. W. corner of the Mysore, intersected by the fJhaut Mountains, the chief town of the district, and which was formerly the capital of Canara, is situate east of the mountains, and is supposed once to have been a magnificent and important place ; but having been repeatedly subject to the assaults of the Mahrattas, the British, and Tipp Bedieorlh, a town in the county of Warwick, England, seated on the great coal strata, which is here extensively worked. A number of persons are also employed in the riband manufacture ; 5 m. N. of Coventry. Pop. in 1821,3,519. Beckman, p.t. Duchess Co. N. Y. 80 m. S. Alba- ny. Pop. 1,584. Becknianlown, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. 160 ra. N. Albany. Pop. 2,391. i?cf?n«//, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the mountains to the North of Poonah, and flows S. E. upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the Kristna, near Edghir. Brering's Bay, a bay formerly called Admiral- ty Bay, in N. lat. 59. 18. on the west coast of North America. Beering's Island, an Island in the Pacific Ocean, about 90 m. long and 30 wide, 30 leagues east of the coast of Kamschatka. Long. 160. 30. E. lat. 55. 30. N. Becring's Strait, the narrow sea between the west coast of North America and the east coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in the narrowest part, between the capes Prince of Wales and Tchukotskoi, in lat. ft5. 45. N. 168. 17. W. long. Becroo, a country of Negroland, between Zaha- ra on the north, and Bambara on the south. Walet is the capital. Bees, St. a village In Cumberland, Eng. near the sea, five miles south of Whitehaven. Here is a noted free-school ; also the remains of a priory, the nave of its church being now used as the parish church. Beeslo, a town of Brandenburg, Prussi.T, with a UEL 86 BEL cloth niiuiufacture ; seated on the Spree, 40 m. S. E. of Berlin. Dcfort, or Belforl, a fortified town of France, in (he department of Upper Rhine, with manufac- tures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a mountain, 'M m. S. W. of Colna. I'op. about 5,000. Brahirme, an interior country, in the centre of North Africa, south of Bornon. The capital, of the same name, is situati' in the lat. of 17. N. and •22. 50. E. long. A salt lake in the centre of the territory supjilies a great extent of country with that inaispensablc article. licluiJmr. a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 75 ni. W. by K. of Lahore, on the road to Cashmere. /icftker, or Bluikor, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of a country of the same name. It stands on an island formed by the Indus, near the junction of the Dummoody, lliO m. S. by W. of Moultan. Long. 70. 2. E. lat. 27. 30. N. neilstcin, the name of several towns in different parts of Germany : 1st in the Duchy of Wurtcm- itur"- at which is a mineral bath, about 20 ni. N. bv E. of Stuttgard; 2nd in the Prussian states of the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, on the east bank of the Moselle, about 5 ni. N. of Zell, and 22 S. W. of Coblentz ; 3rd a little to the west of Leon, on the Mayne. Bcinlicim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur, near its con- fluence witli the Rhine, 22 m. N. N. E, of Stras- burg. Beira^ a province of Portugal, bordering on tlie Atlantic Ocean, extending from the nioutli of the Mondego River, S. in l.it. 40. to the Douro, which forms its northern boundnrv, in lat. 41.11. N. It is bounded on the cast by the Spanish province of Salamanca, and south by the Portuguese province of Estremadura, and contains an area of b^23 sq. leagues, and in 1810 a population of 1,121,(105, The province is interspersed with mountains, from which rise several streams, sonie f-illing into the Tagus, and others into tlie Douro, in addition to the Mondego, which intersects nearly the whole province from east to west, and is, on tlie wiiole. a fine and fruitful district. The capita] is Coimbra, and the other chief towns are Lamego, Viseu, Pinhel, Almeida, Guarda, and Castel Branco. Beit cl Faki, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, fa- mous as being a great mart for cotfee. It is 24 m. E. S. E. of Hodeida, and about 70 N. by E. ofMoka. Brilh, a parish and town of Scotland ; the parish is partly in Ayr and partly in Renfrewshire, and in l."^2I contained 4.472 inhabitants. The town, in which the greater portion r)f the population is concentrated, and employed in the cotton manu- facture, is in Ayrshire, about 10 m. S. by W. of Paisley. Bfja, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, supposed to have been the Pax Julia of the Romans, seated on an eminence in an extensive plain, near a lake of its name. 72 m. S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 40. W. lat. 37.58. N. Pop. aliout (i,0()0. BfjnpmiT. See I'isittpour. Bckesh, a town in a county of the same name, in Upper Hungary, situate in a fork of the Korash River, a few miles east of Tur. Bdn^ a large tow"n of Upper Hungary, situate a- mong the Carpathian Mountains on the frontiers of Poland. Bd-Mcasnr, or Biilrnznr, a town of Cordova, Spain, situate on the cast bank of the Go^a river, .^'. ni. N. N. W. of Cordova. Bclabre, or Balahre, a town of France, in the de partment of Indre, 25 m. S. W. of Chateauroux Bdair, p.t. Hartford Co. Maryland, 53 m. N Annapolis. Belhris, a considerable town of Egypt, 35 m. N E. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez. Bclcaslro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- ore, seated on a mountain, eight miles from the Gnlfof Squilacc and 12 S. W. of St. Severino. Brhhcrtaicii, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 80 m. N.VV. Boston. I'op. 2,4;tl. Belehile, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the ri- ver Alrnonazir, 20 m. S. of Saragossa. Bclcz. or Belt, a town of Gallicia, about 25 m. N. by E. of Lemberg. Bckm, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the north side of the Tagus, four miles below Lis- bon. Here is a royal monastery, where the kings and queens of Portugal are interred ; a strong fort, which defends the entrance to the city ; and to the north a noble modern aqueduct. Bclr.ilal, a town nf France, in the department of Aude, 27 ni. S. W. of Carcassone. Bdfa.ll, a town in the county of Antrim, Ireland, situate at the head of a spacious bay, about 15 miles in length, which forms a safe and c(unmo- dious harbour. Vessels drawing more than eight or nine feet of water load and unload by lighters, about seven miles below the town. Belfast is a regular well-built town ; the principal street runs in a straight line from the head of the bay, and is very handsome. It is the entrepot for a great portion of the linens manufactured in the north of Ireland, for the storing of which there is a spacious edifice called the Lmen Hnll, on the plan of the cloth halls in Leeds. It has a thea- tre and an exchange, over which is an assembly- room ; two handsomechurches.and several meet- ing-houses, and in l-'^OH a public school on an ex- tensive scale was founded ; there are also very ex- tensive barracks on the north side of the town ; the river Lagan, over which there is a bridge of 21 arches, falls into the bay, on the S. E. side, and communicates with Lough Neagh by a canal. The markets are exceedingly well supplied with all kinds of provisions, and large quantities of linens, in small parcels, are brought in for sale by the country people, for whose accommodation there is a separate market. In addition to large quantities of linens, butter, salt provisions, and grain, shipped to Great Brilian, )>artly in ex- change for manufactures and partly in paj-nient of rent, to a non-resident proprietor, Belfast carries on a direct trade to the West Indies, Spain, Amer- ica, and the Baltic; builds .and owns a considera- ble extent of shipping, and has several manufac- tures of leather, chemicals, glass, &c.; and the cotton manutacture, is endeavouring to establish itself in Belfast and its vicinity. It is 88 m. N. of Dublin. Po]). in 1.821, 37,2f7, and returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Bdfast, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. at the mouth of the Penobscot, 12 m. W. Castine, has a good harbour and considerable trade in lumber. Pop. 3,077. Bdfast, t. Bedford Co. Pa. Beiford, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. G4 m. E. Raleigh. Beiford, a town of Nortliumberland, Eng. on tho line of the hiwh road from London to Edinburgh, 40 m. N. by W. of Newcastle, and 15 S. by E. of Berwick. 'Pop. 1,203. Bdgiird, a town of Prussian Pomerania, immedi- ately contiguous to Corbin,and about 15 m. S. by E. of Colbcrg. Brigrrn, a town of Saxony Pri>per, with a good BEL 87 seated on the Elbe, 8 ju. S. E. trade in beer Torgau. Belgium. See KethcTlands Belgrade, a celebrated town and fortress of F„ ropean Turkey, capital of Servia, and a Greek with the Danube, immediately contiguous to the Sclaroman fortress of Semlin It wa, fir . sessed by the Turks in 15^2 retrken bt ^T confederated German powers lA Tu-i b,,/ " taken by the Turks in ]»)n It ' ^""'?»"i prince Lgene inTriT and keptUU 73^0'''^".''^ .t was ceded to the Turks. It tv^s "a n tak^n^^ InCst Constantinople, and 160 S. S. E. Belgrade, a town of European Turkev in Rn Ueltilu. or DIeeda. a town of \Io-ipr« ;„ ti, i^^l'SiSs^-^^-^-'J-nia?:;:; t^ed^on a river of the same name, 27 L" s'V. rf Limoges. Pop. about 4,000. '-"miNof DottN^H""*' ■■■ ""''^^ "'"^ "''^ Piscataqua at Beljeforte, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. n^ii ■' J "• "■ '^•^ "1. t>. ot rerpitrnan BeUeisle, an island at the N P or.,i r l Aleneon and so S. AV. of Paris. '^ BEL of g A . •' o-'e proper to °consr" f 1" ^P^^'^^f " "-"'d l-e «!,"'"''''=""' ''"'^ -^"O of London. ' ^• v/'Sr-v'^; for" ^"- '^'^«- 2« m. S. caftonTfTe's:ir^'i°S^7'-.'l' -P''^! of the es with astonishinc, rapiditv A hw^ • ■- •'!' en^::^k^o'fr tL^tt'StV/r tf ^r'i^ ^""'^- the Frithsof Forth and -rlvf^"''^;'''' '"^«'''^<'" woods, and iron mines; and is fert le in J^^ wine, and fruit. BelluAo is tle'"'.;^ ;3acTof Belluno, a town of Italy canita? nf fl,^ d . Belt f- ''■ '^- N Pop. ab^out'^.SOO ''""^• ^^J..^,p.t.WaMoa";-.iom^.^!"ctSi, f '={""^'. Wayne Co. Missouri. more proper to Consider t a, .1'^; " "■°"''' ^^ ™.i •■.] „d . ii,?,,"" «»rs"y /"?«rf -i.!. . nu a aiicn. In the iicinitv is miirh BEN 98 BEN fine Ticc ground, and a great tmiiilx-r of blicoti aro bred. — It is 3S in. N. ol* Scriiijrajmtuni. Helper, a town in Ui-rhysliirc, Knir. Mc n* an' si'Vi'ral lurj^o cotton-nulls, a blcachiiirr mill mui an iron-forgf, and about a do/en large establishnK'nl^ for the inanulhclure ol' nails. It is st-att'd on the i)orwenl, 8 m. N. of Dt-rby, \.V\ X. N. W. of London. I*op. in l^^^l , T/J:!'). Hrl/trey p. I. Washinjrton Co. Ohio, on tbn N. \\ . bank of tlip Oiiio, (»jiposite the moulli of tlu* Little Kanainva, U m. S. W. of Marietta, and 4() N- E. of Gallipolia hdpu'tfr, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, wilb a famous convent, \f^ n\. V.. N. E. of Lorida. Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, Ifctween tlie islands of Zealand and Funen, wliicii forms a cnni- inunication between the Cattegat and the IJaltie. Owing to its more circuitous course it is not so much frequented a.s the Sound. (See Baltic.) In l(i.VS the whole strait was frozen sri liard, that Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, marched over it, with a design to take Copenhagen. BeJl, IJttIc, a strait, west of tlie'Creat Belt, be- tween Funen and North Jutland. liisone of the passages from tlic C-attegat to the Baltic, though not ihr^e miles in breadth, and very crooked. Jieltarbet, a town in the north part of the coun- ty of Cavan, Ireland, it is in the parish of Annagh, wiiich in 1821 contained a population aC JO, 1^8, and is sometimes called Belturbet. Tlie town contains about i,80() inhabitants, \) m. N. N. W. of Cavan, and Gl of Dublin. Belvedere, a town of European Turkey, capital of a fertile province of the same name, in the Mo- rca. The raisins called Belvederes come from this place. It is 17 m. N. E. of Chirenza. Long. 21. 45. E. Iat.:i8. 0. N. BdvctUrtj p.v. Warren Co. N. J. on the Dela- ware. Belrez, a town of France, in the department of Dordowne, 27 m. S. S. E. of Perigueux. Pop. about 3,000. Belum, a town of Hanover, near the mouth of tlie Oste, 24 m. N. W. of Stade. Considerable quantities of flax are raised in its vicinity. Bflur^ a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a province of the same name, which is a hilly coun- try, bounded on the north and east by the Belur Tag, or Dark Mountains, anciently the Imaus. The capital is 200 m. E. of Bad;ikshan, Lona. 71. 10. E. lat. 30. 35. N. Belvidere, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 38 m. N. Mont- polier. Fop. 185. BcJziff, a town of Saxony Proper, with a castle, seated on the Walse, 25 m. N. N. W. of VVitten- burg. Ben, a name prefixed to most of the mountains in Scotland ; the following are among the most considerable, with tlie counties in which they be- long and their altitude above the level of the sea: — Feet. Ben Ardlanich Perth 3,500 Beauclionzie 2.!)22 Beinglo 3,725 Abourd Aberdeen 3.1»40 Avon 3,020 Choachan Ross 3.000 Cloch Clackmannan 2,420 Ivas Perth 4,000 Nevis Inverness 4,370 Lomond Stirling 3^40 Benu, or Bene, a H^rtified town of Piedmont, in the north-west part of tlie province of Mondovi, '>- ni S bv E. of Turin. Pop. about 5.000 Btnaics, an exceedingly fertile di.slrict td'Uin- do.i.slan, in tin- nurth-ea.'^t jiart of Ihe j)rovince of Allahabad, brlwren ih:treets are narrow, the houses high, and some of tht-ni live stories each, inhabit- ed by diO'erent families, but the more wealthy Centoos live in detaclu-d houses, with an open court, surrounded by a wall. J\early in the cen- tre of the cilv is a considerable Malioniedan mosque, built bv the emperor Anrungzebe, who destroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple to make room ior it. There is also a very superb temple, built by the rajah Cheytsing, who was driven from Benares for exciting an insurrection against the British in 1781, and who was finally deposed in 1783. There are ruins of several Hindoo temples in the vicinity, destroyed by the intolerance of Mahojiietans. In addition to the consequence derived from the vast congregation of persons oc- casioned by the priestcrall of Benares, it is the centre of a very extensive traffic for all the pro- ductions and manufactures of the east, and is dis- tinguished for its trade in diamonds, and works in gold and jewelry. It is the seat of a British juris- diction, and is about 130 m. W. by S. of Patna, aud4*;0W.by N. of Calcutta. Pop. about ()00,000. Bevntek, a town in the circle of Bunzlau. Bohe- mia, situate on the west bank of tlie Iser River, about 30 m. N. E. of Prague, Tycho Brahe died here in 1001. Brnartiri, a t^, situate on the Patuxent, 10 m. W. of Port To- B«..rf/rt, S<. a market town of Hun..ary, on Pukrnz " *^''''"' "'"'"' ^ "° W. of B.n.cschau a town in the south-west j.art of Silesia on the frontier of theprincipality of Trop- pau. Also the name of four small towVis in Bo- andtldx ; seated on the N'lle. ;jO m. S. of Cairo Bmecentr a town of France, in the department of Creuse, 1(J m. N. N. VV. of Borganeuf. fi"" ««'". a city of x\aples, and an archbishop's see, capital ol Princ.pato Ulteriore, and of a sm'iU ducny of its name, lately belonging to the pope Benevento has suffered greatly by-earthquakes, particularly ,n lGd8, when the archbishop wa., du.^ out of the ruins alive. E.xcept Rome, no city il I ay can boast ot so many ruins of ancient sculp- ture as are to be found in this place. It is seated Tm N F°orv"T "^i^" ^■^'"^'^ »■"' Caloro, ^ i? P "i^^'V'}''^- Long. U. 47. E. lat. 41 «. N. Pop. about 14,000. Bcnfdden a town of France, in the department Lower Rhine, on tlie river 111, 13 ra. S S W 01 btrasburg. Bengal, a maritime province forming the north- east extremity of the great promontory of Hin- doostan, lying between the lat. of 23. and 20 30 N. and the .S0. and the other in about 12. ■jn. S. from whence the Portuguese and Brazilian ships obtain a considerable portion of their slaves. Beni, a large river of South America, rising near the south cxtremitv of l,a Pa?., running north, parallel with, and within the moat e:isterly ridge of the Andes, and forming the east branch of the Ucayale, which falls into the Amazon after run- ning from south to north through the whole inte- rior of Peru. Tlie Jesuits founded some settle- ments on the banks of the Beni, of which St. Fran- cisco, Trinidad, and Rcyez, in the lat. of 12. to 14. S. are the chief Btnicarlo, a town of Valencia. Spain, a few m. north of Peniscola. It is celebrated for its wines, of which considerable quantities are e.Tp.trted. Beni^no, St. a populous village of Piedmont, situate on the high road to the Alps, about 10 m. N. of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. Benihassen, a maritime province of Fez, border- ing on the Atlantic, of which New Salee or Rabat, in lat. 34. 5. N. is the principal outport. Bcnin^ a country in North Africa, towards the east extremity of Ijpper Guinea, lying priucipal- Iv north and west of the river Formosa, the en- trance to which is in lat. .">. 33. N. and 4. 3.j. E. long. It is bounded on the west by Dahomey ; on the east by Waree ; niul north liy undefined boundaries and countries but little known. Benin exhibits many beautiful landscapes ; but the air 13 noxious near the coast, on account of the gross vapours from the marshes. Oranges and lemons grow on the side of the roads, and the cotton and pepper plants are indigenous to the soil, but both are very imperfectly cultivated. Among the ani- mals are elephants in great number, leopards, stags, wild boars, civet and mountain cats, horses, hares, and hairy sheep ; a vast number of serpents and other reptiles ; and the principal birds are parroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and ostri- ches. The dress of the natives is neat. The rich wear white calico or cotton petticoats, but the up- per part of the body is commonly naked. The women use great art in dressing their hair, which they reduce into a variety of forms. The people are skilful in making various sorts of dyes ; and they manufacture some cotton into cloths. Poly- gamy is allowed, and the number of wives is lim- ited by the state of their circumstances only. Though jealous of each other, they offer their wives to Europeans. Their religion is paganism, the king himself being fftirhe, and as such the chief object of adoration in his dominion. The chi»f tows, oaIl«d alK> Benin, ii one of tiic moit poiiulous of all Western Africa, containing about 13l(00O inhabitants. It is situate inland about 40 ni. from Gatto, a town standing at the head of a large inlet of the Formosa river. The road from Gatto to Benin is over a level country, in some places swampy and thickly wooded, and the coun- try around the town of Benin i.s also thickly wood- ed. Like all otln r African towns, Benin is very unequally laid out. The houses are all built with clay, and c.viTed with reeds, straw, or leaves. The royal pahice is of vast extent, but neither el- egant nor commodious. All male slaves here are foreigners; for the inhabitants cannot be sold for such, only they bear the name of the king's slaves. Since the restriction of ti:e slave-trade to the south of the equator, Benin, in common with the whole extent of the western coast of Africa, from the river Gambia, in lat. 13. N. to Malemba, in lat. 5. S. has shewn itself capable of affording all the means requisite for the formation of an intercourse, as social and reciprocal, as the slave traflic was debasin". partial, and vicious. The commerce of CJreat Britain with this part of Africa is inconsiderable. Benin-Duzi/, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, having several iron mines in its vicinity. Pop. l,G0O. Benisvff, a town of Egypt, with manufactures of carpets, and woolen and linen stufTs, seated on the Nile, (iO. m. S. of Cairo. Bfnkenstfiv, or Benneckenstun , a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Saxony, 11 m. S. W. of (lalberstadt. Benningen, a village of Wirtemburg, on the Neckar, where the remains of a Roman town were discovered in 1597. BrjtniniTtov, a village in Hertfordshire, England near Stevenage. Here the Mercian kings had a palace ; and the castle, in which a council was held in S50, still remains near the church. Pop. 058. Bnmington, a County forming the south-west part of the state of Vermont, bordering on tlie stateof New York. Pop. 17,470. Bmnington, the chiff town of the preceding County. Though the largest and oldest town in the state, the judicial courts are commonly held at Rutland and Windsor alternately. Near this town. General Stark gained two battles, on Aug. Kith, 1777, which contributed to the subsequent surrender of general Burgoyne's army. Benning- ton is situate at the foot of the Green Mountains near the S. W. corner of the state, 30 m. E. by N. of Albany and 129 S. S. W. of Montpelier. Pop. 3,419. ■ There are also to wns of this name in New York , Pa., Ohio and Alabama. Bcnsalfvi, t. Burks Co. Pa. Bensboro, p. v. Pitt Co. N. C. GO m. S.E. Raleigh. Betisherg, a town of the duchy of Berg, West- phalia, 7 m. E of Mulheim, on the Rhine. Bcnsheim, a town of Germany, 25 miles N. N. W. of Heidelberg, and 10 N. E. of Worms. Pop. about 3,100. Bfn.tins/i>n, commonly called Benson, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. on the high road from Lon- don to Oxford. It was formerly the abode of royal- ty, and has a hospital called God's House. Pop. 960. Benson, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Champlain. Pop. 1 ,493. Bentheim, formerly a county of the circle of Westphalia, but now forming part of the kingdom of Hanover. It is about 18 miles in breadth and BER 91 BER 45 ill length, bordering on tJie United Provinces of Holland, intersectedfrom s'luth to north by the Vecht. Pop. about 2-5,000. There is a town of the same name, inconsiderable. The cliief towns are Neinhus, Northern, and Schuttorf. Brnt'rj^ho, a town of Italy, in Bolognese, 10 m. -V. E. of Rologna. BcnlleijstiLle, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 120 m. S. \V. Rich.iiond. Benton, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. 200 in. West Al- bany. Pop. 3,0.57. Henton, p.v. Scott Co. Missouri, IGO m. fr. St. Louis. Benzhaiism, a populous village with several iron forges, in the mining district of Smalcalden, county of Hcnnebcrg, circle of Francoaia. Berar, an interior province of the Deccaii of Hin- doostau, bounded on the north by Mahva and Al- lahabad, east by Orissa, south by (jolconda, and west by Dowlatabad and Candeish. The princi- pal part of it is noininallv subject to a rajah, under surveillance of the English East India Company, the other to the Nizam of the deccan. The rajah's country e.xtends 550 miles from east to west, and in some places 200 from north to south. Its cap- ital is Nagpour. Little is known respecting the interior ; but that about Nagpour is fertile and well cultivated. The general appearance of the country, particularly between Nagpour and Oris- sa, is that of a forest, thinly set with villages and towns. Berat or .inuiuth Belgrade, the ancient Eordea, a large interior town of Albania, about 40 m. N. E. of Valona. Pop. about 12,000. Bcraun-Podbrad, an interior circle of Bohemia, lying between 411. 25. and 50. of N. lat. and 13. 45. and 14. 30. of E. lonj. It is intersected from south to north by the Aloldau river, which falls into the Elbe, about 20 miles north of Prague. Beraun, the chief town, is situate near the notliern frontier of the circle, on the south bank of a river, of the same name, which rises near the frontiers of Bavaria, and falls into the Moldau a few miles south of Prague. It has manufactures of fire-arms and earthen ware ; 15 m. W. S. W. of Prague. Berbera, the projecting coast of Eastern Africa, extending from the straits of Babelmandel to cape Guardafui. At a town of the same name upon the coast, in lat. 10. 25. N. and 45. 8. £. long, a lari^e annual fair is held, at which the manufac- tured productions of Persia and India are ex- changed for gum, frankincense, myrrh, and va- rious other commodities. This seems to be a point of the African coast from whence a more advan- tageous intercourse might be established with the interior, than any other either on the western or eistern coasts. Birbice, a river of South America, the entrance • J which is in lat. 6. 29. N. and 57. 11. W. long. Plantations, formed by the Dutch, extend on both sides of the river for about 150 miles along the coast. The colony was surrendered to the Eng- lish in 1700; given up at the peace of Amiens; retaken on the renewal of the war, and confirm- ed to England at the peace of 1814. Berchiotsgaden, provostship of, encircled by the archbishopric of Saltzburg, formerly part of the circle of Bavaria, but now of the Austrian em- pire. The chief town of the same name is situate at the N. E. part of the district, about 14 miles S. of Saltzburg. It has a handsome church. Pop. about 3,000, who are much employed in the man- ufacture of wooden toji, large fjuantities of wluch are exported to England ; the district produces great quantities of salt. Berfloa, a town of Persia, in Erivan, seated in a fertile plain, 16 m. E. S. E. of Gangea. Bere .ilston, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. containing about 100 houses, seated between the Tamar and the Tave, 10 m. N. by W. of Ply- mouth, and 212 W. by S. of London. It returns two members to parliament. Bere Regis, a toAvn in Dorsetshire, Eng. On Woodburv-hill ; half a mile to the north-east, is a circular llnman camp, inclosed within three trenches. The town is seated on the Bere, near its confluence with the Piddle, 12 m. E. by N. of Dorchester, and 112 S. W. of London. Pop. 058. Bercillij, a city of Hindoostan, capital ofRohil- la. which was conquered bv the nabob of Oude, in 1774 It is 120 m. N. N. W. of Lucknow. Long. 70. 40. E. lat. 28. ;J0. N. Berclos, a lake of Egypt, between Damietta and Rosetta, of an oval iorm, 32 miles long, and 10 broad in the middle. Beretsk, a town at the south-east frontier of Transylvania, near the pass of Oitosch. Beregh, a frontier county of Upper Hungary, bounded on the south by the river Theiss, and north by the Carpathian mountains. Pop. about 46,000. Beregh, and Bere^hszaz, two of the principal towns, are situate m the S. W. part of the pre- ceding county. Berezina, a river of Lithuania, which has its source near a village of the same name, in lat. 54. 50. N. and after receiving several tributary streams, and running south through the palatinate of Minsk, parallel with the Dnieper, through nearly three degrees of lat. falls into that river a little above Rzeczyca. It is memorable for the disasters which its passage occasioned to the French army on its retreat from Moscow in 1812. There is a small river of the same name falling into the Vistula, a few miles S. E. of Thorn. Berezinskoi, a town of Siberia, on the Irtisch river, about 40 m. S. E. of Tobolsk. Berezov, a considerable town of Siberia, situate near the confluence of the Soswa river, with the west branch of the Obe, in lat. 64. Berg, a duchy of Westphalia, lying along the river Rhine, to the south of the duchy of Cleves, about 60 miles in length, and from 10 to 22 in breadth. It is full of woods and mountains, but fertile upon the banks of the Rhine, and in the valleys ; and has mines of lead, iron, and coal. Dusseldorf is the capital. It now forms a part of the Prussian provinces of the Lower Rhine. Pop. about 205,000. Berg is also the name of several towns in differ- ent parts of Germany. Berga, a town of Spain in Catalonia, seated on the Lobregat, 18 m. E. N. E. of Solsona. Berga, is also the name of two towns in Saxo- ny, one in Switzerland, and another in Norway. Bergamaseo, a province of Italy, bounded by Brescia, the Valteline, and the Milanese. Toward the north it is mountainous and rocky, and has mines of iron ; some of the valleys produce much wine and oil; and in the vicinity of the capital, Bergamo, it is very fertile. It formed part of the Kingdom of Italy, under Bonaparte, but was transferred to Austria at the Congress of Vienna, subsequent to the peace of 1815. Pop. about 365,000. Bergamo, an ancient city of Italy, and a bish- op's see,capital of Bergamaseo, with a citadel. It DER 92 BER iifamoua for its sewing silk ; ami its fair nii St. Bartholomew's day, ia rrsorteii to liy iiierchants from distanl parts. It sUinds on a liill, lii-tvyocii the rivers Bromba and ^eri", '.iO miles N. E. of Milan ; and contains several line edifices, and is distinguished as the birtli-|)lace of severali minent artists' and literati. Pop. about 30,000. Bergamo, a city of Natolia. See Pcraanii. flcnredvif. a town of the norlli bank of the Elbe, about 10 m. E. of llamburjfh. Bergen, a city and seaport <>f Norway, capital of a governineiit of the same najue, and a bishop's see, with a ca.stle. It forms a semicircle round a small gnir of the sell, and is the most populous town in .Norwav, cniitainin:,' lit.IMM) inhabitants. On the land siile it is defended by mountains, anil on the other by yever.al fortifications. All the churches and many of the houses are of stone, but most of the laller are roiislnicted of wood. The castle and cathedral are remarkable edifices. It carries on a great trade in skins, lir-wood, deals, tar, and dried fish ; and ia 170 m. W. bv N. of Christiania. Lon^'. .''.. '-'0. E. lat. (iO. 24. N. Brraen, a town of North Holland, noted for two bloody battles, in \T.W, b.S m. VV. Al- bany. Pop. 1.508. Bergen, a County of New Jersey, bordering on the Hudson. Pop. li'i.lH. Hackensack is the chief town. Bergen, p.t. in Uie above Co. The inhabiUints are mostly descendants from the Dutch settlers. It is surrounded by water excepting the north, and separated by Uie river Hudson from the city of New York, 3 miles dist.ant. Beraen-np-Zoom, a town of Dutch Brabant, cap- ital of a marquisate of the same name. It is a handsome place, .md its t'ortress is one of the strongest in tlie Netherlands, ceateil partly on a hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which commu- nicates with the Scheldt by a canal. It has sev- eral times been besieged to no purpose ; but was taken by the French, in 1747, and 17U4. In 1814, the English attempted to carry this place by storm, but after forcing a passa.ge into the tov.n, their re- treat was cut off', when they were nearly all kill- ed or made prisoners. It is 1.5 m. N. of Antwerp, and •«. S. W. of Bred.i. Long. 4. ti. E. lat. 51 . 30. N. Bergrrar, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, seated on the north bank of the Riv- er Dordogne, 24 in. S. by W. of Perigueust, and 48 E. of Bour.leaux. Pop. S,m(). Bergoo, an interior district of North Africa, ly- ing to the east of Begherme. Ibarra is the chief town. Berg-Rrirliinslcin, and Bergsladt, two towns in the circle of Prachin Bohemia, situate in a mining district on the frontiers of Bavaria. Bergves, a fortified town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, on the river Colmc, at the foot of a mountain, 5 m. S. of Dunkirk. Bergzabcni , a town of Bavaria, circle of the Rhine, seated on the Erlbach, C ni. S. S. 'W. of Liondau, and 'M S E. of Deii-x Pouts. Brrlihamstcad or Harkhamstead , t. Litchtield Co. Con. Pop. 1,715. BerhhnmsUad, a town in Uerlfordshire, Eng. Roman coins have been often dug up liere , and on the north side are the remains of a castle, the residence of the kings of IVIercia. In (>i>7 a jiarliament was held here, and Ilia's laws publish- ed. Here \Villi.im the Conqueror swore to his no- bility to maintain (he laws made by his predeces- sors. Henry II. kept his court in this town, and granted to it many privileges ; and James I. whose children were nursed here, made it a corporation ; but this government was dropped in the civil wars. The elinreh is a handsome Gothic structure. It is seated on the west branch of the river Gade, and on the Grand Junction Canal, 20 m. N. W. of Eondon. Pop. in l^•.il .9,'.il0. Itirhlfij, a town in (iloucesteishire, Eni'. It Ins a trade in timber, coals, malt, and cheese, which is benefited by means of a canal from Gloucester. Here is an ancient castle on a rising ground, in v.liicli I'.dward II. was murdered. Berkley has the honour of giving birth to the justly celebrated Dr. Edward Jenuer, the discov- erer of the vaccine inoculation. It is seated on the Little Avon, near its confluence with the Severn, 15 in. S. W. of Gloucester, and 114 W. of London. Pop. h:?(). }Sirhlnj, \iX. Bristol Co. Mass. 3.5 m. S. Boston. Pop. !J07. BirUleij, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 13 m. fr. Philadelphia. Brrhinf, a frontier County of Virginia, bound- ed on llie north by the Potomac River, which separates it I'rom Pcnns3-lvania. Pop. 10,528. Martinsburgli, 192 m. N. W. of Richmond, is the chief town. Berkley Springs, p.v. Morgan Co. Va. on the Potomac. Berks, or Berkshire, an inland and very irregu- lar sliapeest built, and best governed of any in Germany. It is defended partly by walls, partly by palisades, and has 10 gates. The streets are straight, wide, and long; and its large squares, magnificent palaces, church- es, and other buildings, arc scarcely to be equalled. It is 12 m. in circumference; but within this in- closure are numerous gardens, and many beauti- ful houses are let in stories to mechanics. The population in 1803, was 1.53,123, exclusive of tlie garrison. The royal palace contains a fine libra- ry, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, and the supreme colleges of government. A'ear the palace stands the magnificent cathedral. Here are also several academies, and hospitals, an as- tronomical observatory, a superb arsenal, and a royal cloth manufacture. Berlin has a flourishing trade occasioned by its numerous manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, camels' hair, linen, Prussian blue, cutlery, and porcelain; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and embroidered works. It is seated on the river Spree, from which there is a canal to the Oder on the east, and another to tlie Elbe on the west; thus it has a communication by water, both with the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. This city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Russians, Austrians, and Sa.xons, who were obliged to evacu- ate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days ailer the battle of Jena, the French entered this city, and Bonaparte held a court in the palace. It is 100 m. N. of Dresden, and 18,"» N. W. of Breslau. Long. 13. 22. E. lat.52. 31. N. Berlin., p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 5 m. S. E. Montpelier. Pop. l,fJU4. Berlin, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. G!'2. Berlin, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 10 m. S. Hart- ford. Pop. 3,03d. This town is celebrated for the manufacture of tin ware. Berlin, Rensselaer Co. New York, on the east bank of the Hudson River, 15 m. E. of Albanj-, Pop. 2,019. Berlin, p.v. Adams Co. Pa. 100 m. W. Philad. Berlin, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. There are also 3 towns of this name in Ohio. Bcrlinrille, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. Bcrmeo or Bamieo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, on the bay of Biscay, near the cape of Machica- co, 15 m. E. of Bilbao. Bermuda Hundred, or C'iti/ Point, a port of Vir- ginia, in Chesterfield Co. The e.\ports from this place are collected at Richmond 20 m. above it, and to which it is the out-port. City Point, from which it is named, is on the south bank of James River, 4 m. S. S. W. of the town. Long. 77. 31. W. lat. 37. IG. N. Bermudas, or Sojners Isltnids. four islands in the Atlantic Ocean, .500 m. east of Carolina, and sur- rounded by rocks. They were discovered by Ju- an Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1.527; but not in- habited till 1000, when Sir George Somers was cast away upon them ; and they hnvo belonged to Britain ever since. They abound in cedar wood, with which a number of small vessels are built Some sugar and coffee is cultivated for e.xporta- tion. The white inhabitants are estimated at about 4,yOO, and in 1^23 there was 5,176 slaves. The principal island is called St. 'George, and the town, of the same name, is in lat, 32. 22. N. and 05. ,'53.W. long. Bermudiun, p.v. York Co, Pa. 48 m. S. Harris- burg. Bern, tlie largest of the cantons of Swhzer- land, being 1.50 m. long and 75 broad. It is the most fertile country in Switzerland, and divided into two principal parts, called the German and Roman ; but the last is most commonly called the Pays de Vaud. It is intersected ft-om south to north bj' the river Aar ; on the S. E. part are the lakes of Thun and Brienz, and on the N. W it extends to Lake Neufchatel, and to that of Gene- va. The religion is Calvinism. Pop. about 215, 000. Bern, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Bern. Here is a celebrated academy and a rich library. It is a strong place, in a pen- insula, formed by the river Aar, and estimated to contain 16,000 inhabitants. The houses are built of freestone, and pretty uniform, particular- ly in the principal street, and there are piazzas on each side, with a walk raised four feet above the level of the street, very commodious in wet weather. The streets are traversed by a canal, and the public buildings are magnificent. In the arsenal are preserved the figure and armour of the celebrated Wm. Tell, in the act of taking aim at the apple on his son's head. Bern was taken in 1798, by the French. It is 70 m. N. E. of Ge- neva. Long. 7. 2i). E. lat. 4G. 57. N. Bern, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 31 m, fr. Albany. Pop. 3,005, There are also 3 towns of this name in Pa. Bernard, p.t. Somerset Co. N. Y. Bernard, Grand, St. a mountain of the Pen- nine Alps, on the frontiers of Piedmont, 15 m, N. N. W. of Aosta. On the summit, at a height of 11,000 feet, is a large convent, where the monks entertain all travellers gratis for three days. It was by this passage Bonaparte conducted his armv into Italy in" 1800. Little St. Bernard, to the S. W. is 7,194 fl. in height. Bernard Castle, a town in the countv of Dur- ham, Eng. with manufactures of stockings and camlets. It takes its name from a castle built by Bernard Baliol, king of Scotland, who founded an hospital here. It is seated on the river Tees, 24 m. S. W. of Durham, and 240 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in le21, 3,580. BernaiD, a fortified town of Brandenburg, in the middle mark. The principal commerce is in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. It is seated on the Pancho, 15 m, N. N. £. of Berlin. Bcrnay, a town of France, in the department of Eure, seated on the Carantonne, 20 m. S, W, ■ of Rouen. Pop. G,500. Bemlmrg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, seated on the Saale, 22 m. S. W. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 2,500. Bemeastle, a town of Germany, remarkable for good wine ; seated on the Moselle, 18 m. N. E. of Treves. Berne, t. Franklin Co. Mass. Berngries, or Bcilngrics, a town of Franconia, in the principalitv of Aichstadt, on the Altmulil, 17 m. N. E. of Aichstadt, and 28 W. of Ratisbon. Bcmstadi, a town of Silesia, in the principal!- liES 94 BET tv of OcU, with a castle, seated on the Weidii, 20 ni. I", of Breslau. Pop. 2,350. llirrr, a town "f Franco, in tlie dopartment of Moiitli.s of tlie Hlione, formerly one of the strong-^ e,st towns of Provence. It stands on a lake of the .same name, at the influx of a river, It! ni. \V. S. W. of Ai.\. Pop. I,yU(). Urrnj, a late province of France, bounded on tlie north by the Orleanois and Blaisois, east by l!R' Nivernois and Bourbonnois, south by the Ilourbonnois and ftlarche, and west by Touraine r.nd Poitou. It is fertile in corn, fruit, hemp, and lla.v; and there is excellent wine in some pla- ces. It now forms the two departments of Cher and Indre. IkmjsOurg, p.v. Dauphin Co. Pa. 30 m. fr. Har- risburg. Ilersello, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, with a caatle, seated on the Po, at the influx of the Linza, 10 m. N. N. E. . Windsor the chief town, is 194 m. E. by N. of Ralcicrli. lictlinrro, a town of Itiily, in Homiiirna, with a citadel, seated on a hill, 15 m. S. of Ravenna. IkrtTutuI, St. a town of France, in the dejjart- ment of Upper Garonne. It was lately an epis- copal see, and is 45 m. S. of Audi. Long. 0. 48. E. lat. 42. 5G. N. Hcrric, or Inrcrhcrric, a borouojh of Scotland, In Kincardineshire, at the mouth of the Bervie, which forms a harbour for small vessels, 12 ni, N. E. of Montrose. Pop. 1,0!I2. Brrwick-upon- Tweed, a borough on the borders of England and Scotland. It was once a stronpl/iune, a fortified town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, with a castle. It was taken by the allies, in 1710, and restored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is seated on a rock, by the river Brette, I'^O m. N. of Paris. ISe.tlei/, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 13 m. N. N. W. of Stafford, and 1.57 of London. Pop. Bi:ltis, a town of Enropean Turkey, formerly the capital of Curdistan. It is now the residence :( a bey, who is neither subject to the Turks nor ''erslans, and has a numerous army of horsemen uhI infantry. It stands on the IChabur, between two mountains, 150 m. N. N. W. of Altunkupri. Long. 43. 20. E. lat. 37. 20. N. Bttteithauserij a populous village of the county of Henneberg, Sa.xony, six miles west of Mein- ungen ; it has considerable manufactures of lin- en. Betitah, a town of Hindoostan. in Baliar, 85 m. N. N. VV. of Patna. BHzko, a considerable town of Lower Hungary, situate on the east bank of the Waag River, a few miles south of Trentschin. Bcluwe, an island of Holland, in Guelderland, 40 miles long and 10 broad, formed by the bifurca- tion of the Rhine above Nimeguen, and by the union of its streams, under different appellations, near Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia, and formerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or Batavi- ans, lo the inhabitants of the Dutch Netherlands. In this island the ancestors of the present race first settled, when they emigrated from Germany. Tile principal place is Nimeguen. Bculu, I. Cambria Co. Pa. 58 m. E. Pittsburg. Bf-vcru7n, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 10 m. S. of Louvain. Beedand, Xorth and South, two islands of Hol- land, in Zealand, between the east and west branch- es of the Scheldt. They were occupied by the English at the period of their disastrous expedi- tion to Walcheren in 1809. Bevcrgnn, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- pality of Munster, on the river Ems, 5 m. N. W. of Tecklenburgh. Bercren, a populous town of the Netherlands, 5 m. N. N. E. of Oudenarde. Beverley, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng. It has two churches, besid"s the Minster ; and a large market-place, adorned with a beautiful cross. The chief trade is malt, oatmeal, and tanned lea- ther. It is famous for being the retirement of John de Beverley, archbishop of York, who lived here four years, built a monastery, and died in 1211 ; in honour of whom several kings, particu larly Athelstan, who chose him guardian saint, en- dowed the place with many privileges and immu- nities. It is seated near the river Hull, 23 m. E. by S. of York, and 183 N. of London. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 7,503. Beverly, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. is a seaport, and separated from Salem by an inlet which is crossed by a bridge. This town was formerly a part of Salem. It is pleasantly situated and has consid- erable commerce and fishing business. Pop. 4,079. Bevcrlu, pv. the seat of justice of Randolph Co. Va. on the E. branch of the Monongahela, 250 m. N. W. Richmond. Bevervngcn, a town of Westphalia, in the princi])ality of Piiderborn, at the confluence of the Beaver and Weser, 24 m. S. V,. of Paderborn. Bevervyc/i, a town of North Holland, on the Wyckermeer. which communicates with the Wye, 7 m. N. of Harlem, and 11 S. by W. of Alc- maer. Brutlicn, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship of the same name. It stands near a branch of the Oder, on tlie frontiers of Poland, 45 m. E. N. E. of Ratisbon. Long. 18. 53. E. lat. 50. 21. N. Beuthen, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Carolath, on the river Oder, 13 m. N. W. Glo- gau. Brwdlcy, a borougli in Worcestershire, Eng. It has a good trade in malt, leather, salt, and iron ware ; and a fiee school fx)unded by James I. It i-j seated, on the Severn, 14 m. N. of Worcester, and 129 N. W. of London. It returns one mem- ber to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,720. Btr., a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, noted for its salt rocks, 43 m. S. W. of Bern. Bcziers, a city of France, in the department of Herault, lately an episcopal see. The remains of a circus, and some inscriptions, bespeak its an- cient grandeur. It is seated near the royal ca- nal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Obre, a few miles from the sea, 85 m. E. by S. of Toul- ouse, and 30 S. W. of Montpelier. Lono-. 3. 12. E. lat. 43. 20. N. Pop. 12,500. BAo^ffono-, a considerable town of Nepaul, about eight miles E. by S. of the capital, Catmandoo ; it is the principal residence of the chief Brahmin of Nepaul. Pop. about 7,000. Bliurtpore, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Agra. The British took it by storm, in 1305. Is it 38 m. W. of Agra. Biafra, a country of Guinea, to the S. E. of Benin, of which little is known; but is said to have a capital of the same name, on the river Camerones, which enters ths Atlantic in long. 11. 30. E. lat. 3. 28. N. Biala, a town of Gallicia, on the frontiers of Silesia, opposite to Bilitz ; it participates in the linen manufacture of the district. Pop. about 2,300. It is the name of three other small towns in different parts of Germany. Bialystock, a considerable town of Russian Po- land, seated on the Biala, a branch of the Vistula River, 15 m. E. of Wilna. Kar, atown ofSpain, in Valencia. Its principal riches consists in honey, celebrated for its white- ness and sohdity, which is not affected by weather. It is G m. from Vilena. Bibh, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,305. Cen- treville, 112 ni. N. by E. of Cahawba, is the seat of judicature for the county. Biberach, a town of Suabia, with a manufac- ture of fustians, seated in a fertile valley, on the Reuss, 20 m. S. S. W. of Ulm. Pop. about 4,500. It now belongs to Wurtcraburg. Bihra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, much frequented on account of its mineral sprincr. It is 9 m. S. of Querfurt. Biclicster , a. town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 11 m. N. N. E. of Oxford, and 54 W. by N. of London, on the mail coach road to Leamington and War- wick. Pop. 2,544. Bickaneer, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a cicar, in the country of Agimere. It is 42 m. W. of Nagore. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 27. 12. N. Bidache, a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated on the Bidouse, 12 m. E. of Bayonne. Pop. about 2,000. Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which rises in the UIE '.IG rvroi.cak bark, also in the lierring and Newfoundlaiul lislienes and builds and owns a consiilerable burthen ol sliippii..'. A gr>^:'t .piantity of Welsh Imic-stone is burni'd here ; and there is a lar-e po tery. U is seated on both sides ot the Torr.dge. mer which is an ancient Gothic bn.lsre of^4 arch. ^, iVI In. S. by W. of Ilfracomb, and:>01 W. ol Lon- don. l>op. in lS21,4,0r,3. liiddcjird, a seaport of York Co. Me. The county courts arc sometimes held here. It is sit- uate on the sea-coast, at the mouth ot the Saco, J4 m S S W. of Portland. I'op. l,U!)o. Long. /O. 35. W. lat. 43. 20. N. • .„ , i j liidziuur, a town of Hindoostan, m Allahabad, with a tort on a steep and loay rock, 50 m. b. ot '^BUdnihopf. a town of the grand duchy of Hesse, situate nn tlie north bank of the Lahn, near its source, 15 m. N. AV. of Marburg. Bifcz. a town pf Poland, in Cracowia, reinnrka- ble for its mines of vitriol; seated on the W ese- loke, 50 m. S. E. of Cracow. . , , ., , Bid or Bienne, a town of Switzerland, capital of a small territory, lately subject to the bishop of Basil. It stands near a lake of the same name, on tlie river Suss, 17 m. N. W. of Bern B,W«, a town of Piedmont, and capital of a prov- ince of the same name, bounded on the W. hy Aoust. The town is situate near the river Cerva, 24 m. W.of Vercelli. Pop. about H.300. Bielnir, a populous town of Silesia, with con- siderable manufactures of linen and cotton, lo m eastofBuntzlaw. Pop. about /, 000. nirlfild, a town of Westphalia, m tX^^ cou"ty of Bavensberg. The linen made and bleached here is much esteemed. It is 18 m. north oi Lip- gtadt. Pop. about. 5,500. BitUwTod, a t<,wn of Bussia, in the government of Kufsk,andanarchbishop'ssee, 80 m.b. b. W. of Kursk. Pop. about 10.000. Illrl crorod, or Jlhrrman,^ strong town ot Euro- pean Turkey in Bessaraliia, on the coast ot the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester,^ /O m. S S E. of Bender. Long. 31. 15. E. lat 40. 8. N. B;f/o/,a town of Bussia, in the government ot Smolensk, 60 in. N. E. of Smolensk. Bielozersk, a town of Bussia, in the govern- ment of NovoiTorod, on the south side of the lake Bielo "10 m N. E. of Novogorod, and about the same distance E. of St. Petersburgh. Pop. about S."""- T, , J -.if ii,f;.J,-, a town of Prussian Poland, capital ot Podiakia, seated on the Biila, one of the sources oi the Vistula, 130 m. E. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 23. 311. E. Lit. 52. 40. N. Bicnreriii. a bayou in the Parish of Orleans, Lou running E. into Lake Borgne. By this chan- nel the British army reached the Mississippi in Dec. 1814 when marching upon New Orleans. Bierrlicl. a town of the Netherlands, in !■ lan- ders, situate on the West Scheldt, and on a small island of its name, 20 m. N. N. W. of Ghent. Bi> ""^ StaffordshUe and Worcestershire canaTs, and several great riv- ers. Near it are large mines of coal, iron-stone, i.c. also furnaces, forges, and slitting mills ; and For'^llrrl^Sr""'^' ""* enameHed goods. 3TYv.''Lr25.'o"ir^^°°'' ''"'^-- ^°"?^^ .J','^e'',u''"A: * ""'" "'■ Hindoostan, on the coast of the Circars, 12 m. N. of Vizigapatam. £(naro* or Fereflro*. a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, seated near the Mediterranean" at he mou h of a river which forms a small harbour, 7 m N by E. of Peniscola, and 23 S. of Torsosa H»1^1" i'. ^ ^"'■"fi^d town of the Netherlands, in Pop 3"800°" """ ""y"' ^ "'• ^- °^ Mo'ns Binchcstcr a village in the county of Durham Lng. on the river Wear, near Durham. By several inscriptions and monuments, it appears to have been the Roman Vinovium ; and nfany Ro° man coins have been duir up here mngazi a town of Barbary, in Barbaca. with a harbour for small vessels, 35 m. S. W of Tolo meta. fl„fn"^^"'^t:*°v"u°''^"'™^"y> '^^'«d »t "'<■ con- fluence of the Nahe with the Rhine, 15 m. W. by S. of Mentz. Pop. 2,700. ■' ft«»-TOA«m, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 16 m. N. N. E. of Fnankfort fl.r"''i ""?'« f°"'" '° Nottinghamshire, En m. w. of Abo. Long. 22. 5. E. lat. 61. 42. N. 13 BIR ».;?t' -^'--^'C' ■•?"'■> "f Bircd^ik, a town of Asi- atic Turkey , in Diarbeck , witli a cattle. It standi on the east bank of the Euphrates near a hi,,h m.«int^in, in a fruitful counfr^, 6o'm. N E If W.^fCaicl^^ia':' *'°°"''^''^'""'. -d 115^^. N Blrdlsla,ids there arc a dozen islands and clus- leTBir'l m'"';" "''^"f"' P"''' "'■'he world, ca. ed Bird Islands, mostly uninhabited, e.Ycept bv birds, Irom which they have been named. ^Th^ most considerable group is in the Carribean Se7 t.. of Curacao. ' Kilf ^t^btlot' Cac^nt^ ^°- ^'- - ">« Schuyl Mmi:^;..''''- ^"^''« ^- Geo.48m. S.E. Birhenfdd, a town of Germany, in the county of Spanhe.m, in the circle of Upper Rhine ■ seat ed near the source of the river Nahe^ m'. 1 S fairs '■ " '''^''"S-'-'x^d for its caitle Birmnh, an extensive empire in Asia to fho d^is°'of R- ^'^rf^^^"^"^'' containing "he king! doms ol Birmah, Cassay, Aracan, and Pe^u and all he west coast of Siam. to the' promon^o^y of enll.^ A T'"" '"^'Siom of Birmah, frequently called Aya, from the name of its ancient capitaf t^^e r^v^r"r ^''V,"""'' "^^ °^<="Pi^= both sides of the river Irrawaddy, or Errabatty, to the frontiers of Assam on the north ; on the west it has W can and Cassay, and on the east China and Upper feiam. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by the king of Pegu, who carried the Birman mon^ dered there m 1754; but Alompra, a Birman of low distinction, who was continued by the con- ?hTn°o ,r f'f "' Monchaban,asmall place to the north of Ava. revolted against the pLuese |ot possession of Ava in 1755,''and after confinued battles with various success, became the conquer- ^rv 5 !^ ' 'i'-^^^'^ ^'"^ deliverer of his coun- mo aiiThf,'" " ''"'" °f!-"f"c to his death, in 176U , and his successors have since added the other countries, which now form the Birman eZ fhe .e "'k"^'" °^ ^'™^'' '^ -^"y salubrious ; heat aTd°coIH""f/'^"'"' ""'* "■« extremes of neat and cold seldom experienced. The soil i<. remarkably fertile, producing rice, sugarcane tobacco, indigo, cotton, and aTl the tropfcal frultj wlih rn °" ' "1'^ T ^'"^ l'^"'" "<■"■« Ii-rawaddy! ^Wi.ch runs south through the whole country is p oduced pure amber, and the finest teak timbJr'in Uie world. Tlie kingdom of Birmah abounds n minerals ; ,t has mines of gold, silver, rubies anS sapphires ; and affords amethysts, garners chrvs ol't^s, jasper, load-stone, andinarbfe. The ge^e ral disposition of the Birmans is strikin"^"2, and in 18'.?1 lU(),7"J"i, and the adjacent country, on tlie borders of the counties of Stafford and Worcester, contains from80,l)UU toll.ll),()llO persons more, chiefly occu- pied in the manufacture of articles brouo-ht to Bir- mingham, for sale and distribution. The Stafford- shire border abounds in iron and coal of the finest quality, which contributes essentially to the excel- lence and facility of most of its manufactures. The town is considered peculiarly healthy, the chief part being built along the ridge of a'hill, havino- a dry, sandy soil. The streets are regular, and the buildings spacious. The church of St. Philip, built in 1711, is a stately and fine edifice, and since 1800 two other churches have been built, both equally handsome. It has several sectarian meeting houses, a well-endowed public school, a handsome theatre, and an extensive suite of baths. The perspective of the town, especially on the east side, is very imposing, and independent of its innate importance, being nearly in the centre of the kingdom, it is a place of vast intercourse. It has a canal basin at its highest level, from whence cuts diverge in every direction, and by which the manufactures of the district are con- veyed to all the ports of the kingdom, for distri- bution over every part of the habitable globe. The surrounding country is very fertile, and its mark- et is in consequence e.tceedingly well supplied 08 BIS with all llie essentials of subsistence. Birming- ham is not an incorporated town, and, notwith- standing its size and importance, has at present no representation in parliament, though this evil ivill probably be soon removed. It is governed by two bailiffs and two constables, and there are several resident magistrates who are chosen an- nually from the most respectable part of the com- munity. In \M'.\ Birmingham was besieged and taken by prince Rupert, and ordered to be burnt to the ground, but, owing to some propitious cir- cumstances, tlic confl:igration did very little dam- age. In Kitio, or Kiljli, the town suffered severe- ly from the plague. It began shortly after this period to be considerably enlarged, though in 1700 it consisted of only ,"iO streets, whereas there are now upwards of 300. It is lO'J m. N. N. W. of London, by \v,ay of Coventry or Warwick, from each of which it is distant 18 m. and IK! by way of O.tford, from which it is distant 53 m. There are 3 towns in Pennsylvania by the name of Birmingham. Birnam, a hill of Scotland, in Perthshire, cele- brated by Sliakspeare in his Macbeth, 1.580 feet above the level of the sea. It was anciently a forest and part of the Ro\'al domain of Scotland. Biron, a town of France, department of Dor- dogne, 73 miles E. of Bordeau.x. Biron, a town in the department of Lower Charente, 12 m S. E. of Saintes. Birrj a parish and town of Ireland, in King's county, near the borders of Tipperary. The town is sometimes called Parsons Town : it is 34 m. N. E. of Limerick, and 34 N. N. W. of Kilkenny. Pop. in 1821,5,406; and the parish 2,972 more. jilrse, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, seated on the Dee, 28 m. West of Aberdeen. Pop. 1,50.5. Birtley, a village in the county of Durham, Eng. 10 m. N. of Durham. Pop. in 1821, 1,38G. There is a village of the same name in Northumberland, having a sqlt spring, at which groat quantities of salt were formerly made. Birviesca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 13 m. N. of Burgos. Birza, a tow n of Poland, in Samogitia, 42 miles S. E. ofMittau. Bisaccia, a town of Naples in Principato Ulte- riore, 15 m. N. E. ofConza. Biscara, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, and the chief place of the dis- trict of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 120 m. S. S. W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 12. W. lat. 33. 35. N. Biscay, a maritime province on the N. coast of Spain, extending from the Bidassoa, which di- vides Spain from France in the long, of 1. 40. W. to Santona, in 3. 18. W. lying on the shore of of the Bay of Biscay, nearly in a straight line, in the lat. of 43. 20. N. ei-tending inland, in nearly a pyramidal form, to Logrono, in Old Castile ; its area being 248 square leagues, and in 1810 con- tained a pop. of 283,4.50. It is bounded on the W. by Asturias and Old Castile, and E. by the Navarre. The river Ebro, which runs S. into the Mediterranean, rises nearly in the centre of the province, and afterwards forms part of its west- ern boundary. It is divided into three parts viz. Alava, S. containing 90 leagues of area, and 67,523 of the pop. chief town Vittoria ; Guipuscoa, E. containing 52 leagues of area, and 104,4!ll of pop. chief town St. Sebastian ; this, it will be per- ceived, is the most populous part ; Biscay Proper, on the W. containing 106 leagues of area, and 111,- 4:3d 150 W. N. W. of Loudon. It returns two members to Parliament. Pop. in 1821,1,880. Voters about 160. Biskopsrilte, p. v. Sumpter Dis. S. C. GO m. S. E. Columbia. *," There are about 30 other towns and villages with Bishop or Bishops prefi.xed to their names in different parts of England. Bissioniw, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- riore, with a castle : sealed on a hill near the river Boccona, 1(3 m. N. of Cosenza. .B'slcy. a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 3 m. S. E. of Stroud. It has a large church standing on an eminence. Pop. in ld21, 5,421, much em- ployed in the woolen manufacture. BisiiafTur, or Bijii/to'ur , a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Sanore. It was the capital of the ancient kmgdom of Narsinga, and formerly a large city. It is seated on the S. bank of the Toombudra, 28 m. S. S. E. of Sanore, and 105 N. by W. of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 0. E. lat. 15. 20. N. Bisnec, a town of Bootan, capital of a district on the borders of Bencral and Assam. It is 50 m. E. N. E. of Raniramutty, and 130 S. E. of Tas- sasudon. Long. 90. 45. E. lat. 26. 27. N. Blssavos, or Bejutras, a cluster of islands and shoals on the W. coast of Africa. The largest, called Bissago, is 80 m. in circuit, inhabited by Portuguese and Negroes, and well cultivated. Its N. end is opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande. Long. 15. 10. W. lat. 10. 58. N. Bissunpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a circar in Bengal, 74 m. N. W. of Calcutta. Bistricz, a populous town in the N. E. part of Transylvania, on the River Bistricz, 142 ra. N. E. of Coloswar. — also the name of another town in the circle of Prerau, Moravia. iJ)7(-Ar. a fortified town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle, with a castle on a rock. It is seated at the foot of a mountain near the river Schwelb, 30 m. N. by W. of Strasburg. Pop. 2,300. Bitchen. See Pitschen. Bitteto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 11 m. S. S. W. of Bari. Bitono, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 m W. S. W. of Bari. Bittcrfeld, a town of the kingdom of Saxony, seated on the Mulda, 14 m. S. of Dessau. Blackburn, an e.xtensive parish and town in the centre of the county of Lancaster, England, in- tersected by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. It is divided into 23 townships, and in 1821, contain- ed a population of 53,350, cliiefly employed in the various branches of the cotton manufacture. Parts of the parish are bleak and dreary, but it is part- ly situate on the great coal strata, which supplies abundance of fuel. The town of Blackburn is seated in a valley, on both sides of a stream call- ed the Derwent, over which there are four bridges, and it is skirted by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. Next to Manchester, it is one of the principal focuses of that wide occupation, the cotton man- ufacture, there being .about a dozen large establish- ments for spinning, forty more largely occupied in the nianutacture of calicoes, twenty large estab- lishments for printing of ditto, with all the attend- ant occupations of bleaching, dyeing, iron found- ing :ind machine and reed making. It has three public breweries. In 1621 it contained 21,940 of the above population. 12 m. E. by S. ef Proston BLA 100 BLA nnd 23 N. W. of iMuiichestcr. ll liaB ;i frre grnm- inar school, with an cndowiiiciit of ahiiut jCloO per nnn. and also a fiMuale charily school, witli nearly a similar endownicnl ; four churches, two of them handsome, and several meeting-houses. lltar/i Forest, a mountaincjus and v.oody district of Germany, part of the ancient Ilereynian Koresl, eitending'N. from the frontiers of Switzerland, for about 100 m. parallel with the N. course of the Rhine. The principal part lies within tlie territory of the Duchy of lt:iden, borderinif on Jtavaria, the N. part Miiming into the territory of Wurlemburg. It is in some jiluces rich in iron and other metals, and its wo.ul is very valuable as well for fuel as for building both of houses and vessels for navigatinir the Rhine. Bluckhcalh, an elevated and spacious |)biiu, I ho ascent to which is "i m. E, of London liridge. It is partly in the parish of Greenwich, and tlie up- per part of the park of the hospital of GreiMiwich is part of the plain. It is intiT.'fected by the o-reut high road from London to Dove.-, and is celebra- ted in several periods of Knglish history. The Danes encamped upon it in ltll'.2. In l;!!IO the celebrated Wat Tyler assembled 100,(100 men against the government, to avenge an insult of- fered to his daughter by a petty tax-g;itherer :it Dartford. In lloO, J.ack Cade assembled his forces on the same spot ; and in MOT, it was the scene of a contest between Henry ViLand Lord Audley. It is surrounded by det.-iched houses, and ranges of handsome b\iildings, residences (»f ponie of the more opulent classes connected with the transactions of London. It commands some fine prospects, and in the summer senson, especially, IS a beautiful and interesting spot. In the side of the ascent from London is a cavern consisting of seven large rooms, which communicate by arched avenues; the sides and roofs of rocks of chalk ; and it has a well of clear water, 27 feet deep. Black Lake, a river of Louisiana rising in the N. W. expanding into a wide sheet of water and flowing into the Salme. Blacit Lick, t. Indiana Co Po. Blackncss-easllc, a fort of ycotland, in Linlith- gowshire, built on a kind of peninsula on the frith of Forth, Km. N. E. of Linlithffow. It consists of four bastions, and is one of tTio foits which, by the articles of •iiion, are to be kept in repair. Blaclivool, a village in L;ineashire, Eng. 'A m. W. of Poulton, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Black River, the name of several rivers in dif- ferent parts of the world. 1st. In the county of Mayo, Ireland, fiilliiig into L:ike Mask. 2nd. In the S. W. part of the island of Jamaica. fiiUing into the Caribean Sea. :!rd. In Upper Canada, falling into lllack Bay, L;ike Superior. 4th. In Orleans county, Vermont, fulling into Lake Mein- phreniagog. r>th. In Windsor county, ditto, fal- ling into the ("onnecticut. Oth, In Virginia, fal- ling into the Nottoway, on the frontiers of N. Car- olina. 7th. Intersecting Darlington district, S. Carolina, falling into the great Pedee. 8lh. Fal- ling into Lake Michigan, towards the S. E. end ; and several others, but all inconsiderable. Black Rork. p. v. Erie Co. N. Y. on Lake Erie •1 m. N. Ruffalo. It is a small village with a har- bour artificially improved by a pier. Tlie seams and patches of dark coloured cliert in the lime- Btone here have given its name to this place. Blaekstonr, a river rising near Worcester, Mass. and flowing info Narraganset Iliy near Provi- itKte. Along the valley of this river is the Black- stone canal extending from Worcester to Provi- dence, "!.'> miles. It contains 48 locks built of hummi-red stone, and is 34 feet wide at the sur- face and 4 feet deep. It was built at a cost of liOO, 000 dollars and finished in 1628, The navigation upon it is flourishing: the produce of the interior of Massachusetts finds liy its means a ready mar- ket in the commercial city of Providence. lllackslmrff, p. v. Montgomery Co. Va. 217 in. S. W. Richmond. Blockshurs, and Blachstilh. 2 towns on the riv- er Alabama in Monroe (^o. AJab. Black Sen-. See F.ttrivc. Blarkirall, a suburb of Londcm, sitiKite in a nook at the S. E. extremity of the county of Middlesex. It is bounded on the E. by the river Lea, which divides it from the county of Essex, at its junc- tion with the Thames, which from Blackwall to- wards London Bridge, makes a considerable detour, the distance by the course of the river being about 10 miles, and more than dcmble the distance of the meridional line. This has led to the construction of a tide c^inal, nearly a mile in length, for ships of Olio to 800 tons buVlhen, across the isthmus for- med by the detour of the river ; and also to the construction of basins or docks for the reception of all the ships arriving from the West and East Indies. The West India dock establishment is the most magnificent and complete work of the kind in the world : it consists of two outer basins from the river at Blackwall, which lead to the grand receiving basin, nn oblong square, 1,200 yards in length, affording quay room for about sev- enty sail <)f large vessels to discharge their cargoes at one time, with moorings for 100 to 200 vessels more in the centre. On the S. side is a range of magnificent store houses, alternately of two and five stories, of sufficient capacity to warehouse 100.000 tons of merchandize. The N. side has a covered quay, and alow range of warehouses over vaults, for the storing of .W ,000 puncheons of rum, dye-woods, &C.&C. After discharging their car- goes, the vessels leave the receiving basin at the W. end through an outer basin that communicates again with the river, or to the outward bound basin on the S. in a line paivallel with the grand receiving basin, taking their departure through the outer basins at Blackwall. The quays of the grand re- ceiving bnsin are all of stone, and the conveniences for unloading stores, and distributing of the mer- chandize, with the swing-bridges over the entrance to the outer basins and the dock gates, .are all as complete as labour and art can make them, whilst a suitable taste pervades the whole. It was first opened in 1802. Between the West India Docks and the river Lea are two spacious basins for the reception of all ships from China and the East In- dies with store-houses for the ships' stores, salt- petre, and some of (h« mor« hiilliy productions ; BLA 101 «LA but all the more valuable articles are stored in ware- houses in different parts of the E. side of London. There is also the largest private ship-building yard in the world, where eight or ten sliips, averaging 1 .000 tons each, are occasionally on the stocks, or repairintr, at one time. Itlucliwall coinniandd a very extensive view down the river, wliich draws a constint succession of visitors to witness the unrivalled passing scene of vessels from and to all parts of the world, which almost every flood and ebb of the tide presents. The pop. of this appen- dage of London in 1S21 was l'2'i2Z. Black Walnut, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 100 m. S. W. Richmond. Black H'urriar, r. the N. E. branch of Tombig- boe river in Alabama. It rises among the moun- tains in the northern part of the state and is nav- igalde for a great part of its course. B'ackioatcr, a river of Ireland, which ilows tiirough the counties of (Jork and Waterford into Youglial Bay. Blackwater,dL river in Essex, Eng. which flows by Bradlield, Braintreo, Coggeshal, Kelvedon, and Maiden, and then enters the estuary, to wliich it gives the name of Blackwaier bay, near the mouth of the Thames. It is also the name of four or five rivers in the United States, but all inconsider- able. Bladen, a county in the S. part of N. Carolina, bordering on the maritime county of Brunswick. It is intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 7,801. Elizabethtown, 98 m. S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises in the hills in the N. part of Wigtonshire, and after a winding course of 24 m. enters Wigton bay. Several islands are formed in its bed, which are famous for the resort of eagles. Bhidensburg, a town of Maryland, in George county, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 m. from its mouth, at Washington, and 38 S. W. of Balti- more. The American army sustained a defeat by the British at this place, on the 24th of August, 1814, in attempting to arrest the progress of the British towards Washington. Blaln, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, 22 m. N. N. W. of Nantes. Blair Mhol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a castle, the seat of the Duke of Athol, 30 m. N. N. W. of Perth. Blair Goicrie, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a manor house, built in tlie form of a castle, 22 m. N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 2,253, partly em- ployed in the cotton manufacture. Blainville, p.v. Indiana Co. Pa. 184 m. W. Harrisburg. Blasois, a late province of France, bounded on the N. by Beauce, E. by Orleanois, S. by Berry, and W. by Touraine. It now tbrnis the depart- ment of Loire and Cher. Blaison, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, 8 ra. S. E. of Angers. BlaktUj, p.t. a seaport of Baldwin Co. Alab. on a branch of the Mobile, at the head of Mobile Bay. The town was founded in 1810, and is a flourish- ing place. The situation is healthy, and the har- bour commodious. Blakely, t. Luzerne Co. Pa. Blakesburg, plantation, Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 403. Blamont, a town in France, in the department of Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze, 12 m. E. of Lu- neville. Blanc-en-btrry, a town of Francf , in the de- partment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the Creuse, 35 m. E. of Poitiers. Pop. 3,850. BUmco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 m. N. E. of Port St. Julien. Long. ti5. 50. W. lat. 47. SO. S. Blanco, a cape of Peru, 120 m. S. W. of Guay- aquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4.24. S. Blanco, a cape on the W. coast of Africa, 180 m. N. of the river Senegal. Long. 17. 10. W. lat. 20. 55. N. It is the name of 12 or 14 other Capes or Promontories in diflcrent parts of the world. Blandford, a corporate town in Dorsetshire, Eng. In 1731 almost all the town was burnt down ; but it was soon rebuilt, and a neat town- hall of Portland stone, on columns, in which is a pump, was erected inremembrance of thatdisaster. The houses and shops are very handsome. It has a considerable manufacture of thread and shirt but- tons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the Downs, 18 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 103 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 2,643. Blandford, p.t. ILimpden Co. Mass. 15 m. N. W. Springfield and IIG. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,.594. Blandford, p.v. Prince Geo. Co. Va. Blancs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Todera, 20 m. S. of Gerona. Blankcnberg, a town and fort of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean, 8 in. N. E. ofOstend. Blankcnburg, a town of Westphalia, at the S. end of the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12 m. E. of Bonn. Blankcnburg, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name, in the Hartz district, containing about 140 sq. miles. The castle stands on a craggy mountain and is one of the finest buildings of tne kind in Germany. It was the residence of Louis XVIII. during a part of his exile. The town contains about 3,000 in- habitants, and is 9 m. S. of Halberstadt. Blankcnburg, a town in the principality of Schwartzburg, circle of Thuringia, 5 m. N. VV. of Saalfeld. Blankcnesse, a town of Holstein, on the north bank of the Elbe, 9 ra. W. by N. of Hamburg. Pop. about 2,000. Blunkenhayn, a town of Saxony, 10 m. S. W. of Jena. Pop. about 1,850. Btanncrhassett' s Island, a small but very beau- tiful island in the Ohio, near Belpre. It was named from an Irish gentleman who settled upon it in 1801 and was implicated in Burr's conspiracy. Blarney, a parish and town in the county of Cork, Ireland. In 1821 the parish contained a population of 1,851. The town is situate about 4 miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river Lee, which works a paper-mill, and the cotton manu- facture was attempted in this neihbourhood about 1820, at which period the town contained 333 in- hab. Bias San, a seaport town of Mexico, on an is- land at tiie mouth of the Rio Grande, or Santiago river, which falls into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 21 . 30. N. and 104. 4G. W. long. Blaubcurcn, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made here. It is seated at the confluence oftheAch with the Blau, 11 m. W. of Ulm. Blaye, a seaport of France, in the department of Gironde, on the east bank of the river of that name, 17 miles below Bordeaux. It has a good citadel, and a fort on an idand in th» Gironde, or ULO 1IJ2 BOB Garonne, which is here 3,800 yards wide. Its trade consintsin the wines of the adjacent oountry. Its harbonr is much frequented, being the outport to Borde>aux, as Gravesend is to London, and sliips bound to Bordeaux having guns on board, leave llieni at Blaye. Pop. about ;),I11I0. Hlnlsue, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. U,448. Pikeville is the capital. l>lrlUnscn, a province of Sweden, in Gotliland, on the coast of the Baltic. It is ItO m. long and 21 broad; and though mountainous, is mie of the most agreeable countries in the kingdom. The principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona. BUiihrim, a village of Suabia. now in tlie Bava- rian circle of the Upper Danube, seated on the Danube, 3 m. N. E. of Hochslat. It is memora- ble for the signal victory over the French and Ba- varians, gained August 2nd, 1704, by the duke of Marlborough. The Austrians were defeated by the French near this place in 1600. Blcnlicim, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 53 in. from Albany. Pop. 2,2.'^n. Blerc, a town of France, in the department of Ijidre and Loire, on the river Cher, 18 m. £. by S. of Tours. Pop. 2,f.00. nirssington, a parish and town in the county of Wicklow^ Irelau'i. The parish contains quarr-.-s of granite which are very extensively worked. Pop. in 1821, 1,IJ18. The town is 14 m. W. by S. of Dublin, on the border of Kildare, and in \^2\, contained 4D4 inhabitants, partially employed in a branch of the woolen manufacture. Bktchingly, a borough in Surrey. Eng. seated on a hill, 4 m. E. of Ryegate, and 21 S. of Lon- don. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 1,187. Block Island, on the coast of Rhode Lv'and, ly- ing 21 m. S. S. W. of Newport and in Newport County. It is 7 m. in length, and 4 in its ex- treme breadth, and famous for cattle, sheep, but- ter, and cheese. The south part of it is in lat. 41. 8. N. It is inhabited by about 70(1 persons, a con- siderable portion of whom subsist by the fishery. Blocldcij, p.t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 3 in. from Philad. Blockzyl, a town of Holland, in Ovpryssel, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the Aa, on the Zuvder Zee, where there is a good harbour, 8 m. N. ^V. of Steenwick. Long. 5. 311. E. lat. .'j2. 44. N. B/oi>, acity of France, capital of the depart- ment ot^ Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal see. The cathedral is a large structure, sealed on an eminence at one extremity of the city, and on another eminence at the other end is a magnifi cent castle. In this castle Louis XII. was born ; and here in l.'>88, Henry III. caused the Duke of Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to be assa.ssin- ated. Here are some fine fountains, supplied by an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by the Romans. Tlie principal commerce is in wine and brandy ; and the chief manufactures are ser- ges and tieken. It it seated on the Loire, over which is a handsome bridge, 37 in. E. N. E. of Tours, and 100 S. S. W. of Paris. Pop. about 13,000. /?(on/>:, a town of Poland, in Masovia, 20 m. W. of Warsaw. Bloom, there are towns of this name in the U. S., 4 in Ohio, and 2 in Pa. Bloomfield, there are 14 towns of this name in the V. S. Bloominghurg. villngea in SuHivan Co. N. Y. and Fayette Co. Ohio. BloomingdaU, a village on the Hudson, 7 m. abeve New York. Blooming Grore, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 102 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,09'J. Also 2 towns in Ohio. Bloomington, p.v. the capital of Monroe Co. Ind. 70 m. N. E. Vincennes. Bloomingrille, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio, 123 m. N. Columbus. Bloanisburg, 3 towns ; in Columbia Co. Pa : in Hunterdon Co. N. J. and Halifax Co. Pa. BloTC, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 10 m. N. of Utoxeter. Its heath is famous for a battle be- tween the houses of York and Lancaster, in which Nevil, earl of Salisbury, for York, with .'iOO men only, defeated lord Audley with 10,000. The latter was killed, and on the spot is erecte d a stone-cross to his memory. Blounl,3. County of E. Tennessee, pop. 11,- C'*27, Marysville is the capital ; also a County of Alabama, pop. 4,233, Blountsville is the capital. BlountsziUe, is also a village of Jones Co. Geo. Bludull, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,499. It stands upon a bay, 12 m. N. E. Casline. Blue Minintnins, several mountains so called in different parts of the world ; viz. 1st, intersecting the island of Jamaica from east to west. North Peak is 8,180 ft. above the level of the sea ; 2nd, the most e:i-sterly ridge of the Apalachians, in the stateof Pennsylvania, extending in the south-west direction, from the Delaware to the south of the Susquehannah river, altitude, 3,000 to 4,000 ft.; 3rd, a more southern branch of the same ridge, extending in the same direction from the north of the Potomac river, through the state of Vir- ginia into North Carolina. Otter Peak is 3,103 ft. nigh, and is the highest point in all Yirginia. The passage of the Potomac river through this ridge is peculiarly grand ; 4th, an extensive range in New Holland, dividing the settlements of Port Jackson, &c. on the coast, from Bathurst Plains ; oth, intersecting the island of Java in various directions. Blue Rock, t. Muskingum Co. Ohio Blufton. p.v. Ray Co. Missouri, on the Missouri, 280 m. from St. Louis. Bhjth, a large parish and town, at the north-west extremity of tiie County of Nottingham, Eng. bor- dering on Yorkshire. The town is ."> m. N. of Worksop. Pop. 801, and of the parish 3,4.")0. Blijlh, a town of Northumberland, England, sit- uate at the mouth of a river of the same name, which falls into the German Ocean, 14 m. N. N. E. of Newcastle. It lias a convenient qufiv from which a considerable quantity of coal is shipped. Pop. 1,805. There arc two other rivers of the same name, in England : viz. one in the County of Suffolk, falling mto the sea at Southwold, and another in the County of Warwick, falling into the Tame, below Coleshill. Bond, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, on the river Mahanuday, (i.5 in. S. S. E. of Sumbul- pour, and 115 W. of Cuttack. Boalslrurg, p.v. Centre Co. Pa. 115 in. N W. Harrisburg. Boardnwa, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Bohhia, a town of Italy in the Milanese, on the river Trebia, 25 m, S. E. of Pavia. Pop. 3,500. Bobcnhauscn, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, with a castle, seated on the Gers brentz, 43 m. S. E. of Frankfort on the Mayne. Bober, a river of Germany, which rises in Si lesia, on the borders of Bohemia, flows north bj Lowenburg, Bunlzlau, and Sagan, and joins the Oder lielow Croisen. BOG ms Bobersherg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New ofa hai, by the river Bober, 5 ra. S. of Crossen. Boi<«..«,, a town of Bavaria, m. S. of Augs- burg. Pop. about 1.500. oi ^ug» ravlf T'^n ' I T" J- n-^''!' ''"''^•' ofBrunn, Mo- ravia, 4 m. b. W. of Bistitz. Bohrelz, a town in the County of Liptau. Up- ro;"a"bS:7Sa'"'°""'^ ^"p^^'"'^- *i°-^"- Bobrysk, a town in the palatinate of Minsk Lithuania ; situate east of the Bobrigia river lust above Its confluence with the BerezSia "'^"' J"'' Boca, signifying mouth, is a term which hi« ~7:f",' '^ "" ^P'^"'"''^' to'hrnine':^ of Son.h A °' ^"^-V.^^'^S^^ in different parts nor,, ■■^"!""=''= ""^ "'"^' celebrated is the orth strait between tlie island of Trinidad and he coast of Cumana, called the BocadLnZo or Dragon s Moutli. •^™^<', tf«■ cirfrf in^' * l"""" of Hindoostan, capital of a n i-fAtThl'daLt' °° ''"^ *'-^^'' "2 -• Bogodouk, or Bogoduchow, a large inland town of European Russ.a.in the province«f Kharcov BOH al,nu'f7,Uof """' —f-tures of leather. Pop. cnestir U is an improving place, and much frequented in summer for .sea-bathing ^o?"'"., a river of Colombia, which falls intn the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of IN ^houUZtfi w> ''^"d-'-r ">''"'' containing Russl: '"'''''"'^"'^. ■" the province of Thoula, Bo-o/a, a large city and the capital of Colom- bia. Durmg tlie rule of the Spaniards in S N wSn";™' "f '='P'^' "'^ "'« viceroyalty of ed Sama F ''^•'* '^V^"" """' commonly ^all- flshtrn^ r ;, ""^'' '^"^ ofijanization and estab- lishment of the republic of Colombia, it has been clZf t'oZ^rf'^.b'^"^'' -^^Sota. and made the and seatof ,h f r^'^t", "^ Cundinamarca, Colombi? U- "'•;"'•' ■•'■Publican government of nl^ n „^ .. " '"""'*' °° '' spacfous and fertile plain, on the most easterly ridge of the 4ndes m the lat. of 4. 30. N. aid 73^ 30. of W Ion'' leve? nf'Tb""" "*■ T''?"^' °^ S,000 feet above tlfe level of the sea, which, notwithstanding its con tiguity to the equator, renders its dim! te com paratively temperate and agreeable. It s int^" Bccted by a small river callld the BogiL (hence dalena" wTf't^""",^ ""'""l'^ '"'"'= ""° 'hi Ma.! dalena, W. of tlie ridge of mountains on whicTi he town IS situate. The town is tolerably well laid out, having four squares, containinysome handsome builJings; and, although its demote! ness from the sea, and destitution "of water^om munication, will operate against its becoming a fo ":! s'e.^V"'-""'*"'^' ^'•"""'^ '' ™""i"- .n„ %^ J ■ °^ government, it will doubtless considerably increase both in extent and popula! tion, which at present amounts to about 40 TOO BoltT°f •^°r''°"^"' P°'°'' "^ debarkation for Bogota from Europe, are either Laguira or Car- mnfr?f '%'^:^% from the former about WM miles JN. vy. and from Carthagena about 4.->0 N- L. , but the routes usually taken will in both instances greatly exceed those distances It is about 4o0 m. N. E of Quito, about 15 m S W of the town, at a place called Tequendama the l7Ze^fnT/:'J'- "^"-^-.P-cipice wit^Toi^d! rof: sSSgeTsVho^isife',:^^-' ^"— fewrrr^f Benrs.°' ^^"' "^'^°°='^°' ^ BohcTma, a kingdom and very compact terri tory in the centre of Europe, supposed to hive derived its name from a triL'of C^lts caUed ule Boa. It was originally more e.\-tensive incl i titri r bLrt'oi5?7^t -' ^ dependent kingdom'hTvi^g'^an'llec vlf^rm of government, the popularity of which Ixcited the jealousy of the Emperor of Germany, Fedmand I. who obtained at that period the consent of ^h. Germanic diet, to declare it an heredittrx ! i age of the dominion of Austria Thi^';'n?PP'"''' severely contested on the^n'of Th'^/B^o'e^miln^^ imntiH ^"7;y J'''"^' but since 1G90 they have o^lheT F "?'^ ^"^"" °? '^' ^- E-. -^d Moravia bTabouTlfn'h fon'^^^'^^Sthand breadth will be about 180 by 190 m., but each of the four sides BOH 104 BOK of its quadrilateral figure will not average more than about 125, and as sr.ch give a superficial ex- tent of 15,6i"> 8q. m. Since 1751 it iias been divided into the 12 fol- lowing circles, named after 1*2 of the principal towns, (exclusive of Prague, the metropolis of the wholt^ territory, wliich lias a separate jurisdiction :) viz. Leutmeritz, Bunzlau, Konioriiigratz, C-lirudini Tchaslau, Becliin, PraclHU. Bohemia is consider- ed the most elevated part of Europe, no rivers running into it. Tlie Spree, the Neisse, and llie Bober, runnini; north throuijh Lusalia and Silesia, have their source on the frontiers of the circles of Bunzlau and KoniijinsTratz, and tlie Elbe hm its source in the latter circle near tlie frontier of Silesia, running south into the circle of Chrudini, and tlien takes a north-west course, boundinj^ tlio circle of Buntzlau on the soutli, intersectin^L^iit- merilz towards Dresden in Saxony. The Mel- dau rises near the frontier of Austria at the south extremity of tlie circle of Heehin, and runs near- ly due north past Prague, into tlie Elbe at Meluik in Buntzlau. Several streanis have their sources in the circle of Pilscn, which unite near the town of that name, and there form the Beraun, which runs into the Moldau a little below Prague. The Eger intersects the circle of Saaz from south-west to north-east, falling into the Elbe a lilllo below the town of Leutmeritz. Tlicse rivers, with their several tributary streams, contribute alike to the diversity and fertility of the country. There are jilso several small lakes in the soulh part of the circle of Bechin. The frontiers on all siili^s, ex- cept on that of Moravia, are mountainous and woody, whilst the whole of the interior possesses a soil of great capability ; but as a species of feudal tyranny pervades the whole territory, it naturally precludes all excitement to social exertion, and its productions are consequently confined to a bare means of subsistence. It grows a considera- ble quantity of flax, which, as w-ell as their wool, is manufactured into linens and cloths, for domes- tic use, and some on the side of Lusatia and Silesia for exportation. Almost every kind of mineral is found in one part of the country, or the other, and having but little external intercourse, every branch of manufacture is carried on as domestic occupa- tions for internal su])ply. It has several mineral springs, but it is deficient in the essential article of salt, part of the supply being obtained from ext(?rnal sources. On the subjugation of Bohemia by Austria, the ancient form of government was retained, but it was merely the form : and absolute and despotic dictation nullified whatever was calculated to jus- tify or vindicate the rights of man, and the con- duct of blind, passive obedience, may now be con- sidered as firmly established in Bohemia, as in any part of Europe, or the world. The establish- ed relifjion of Bohemia is the Roman Catholic, and before the year 17S1 the Protestants were not permitted the free exercise of their worship: at present all religious creeds are tolerated. Out of a population of about 3,000.01111, the dissentients from Catholicism do not exceed 100.000, about half of whom are Jews. In time of peace, about 50,000 men are maintained in arms, to support whom, and otiier state pretensions, exactions, equal to about 0,000,000 American dollars, are im- posed on the productive labours of the people. The original language of Bohemia seems to have been Sclavonic, a dialect of which is still common in the country ; but the German or high Dutch is spoken with considerable purity. Bohinerieald, a dense mountain forest, forming the south-west boundary of Bohemia. The term iin])lies liohi-mittji Fore^t^ fiaum in German signi- fying wood ; Uohin is probably a corruption of that term in Bohemia, and may have given name to the country, signifying a woody country, and the two following places .as situated in woods. Bolimiicli .lichc, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Bunzlau, 20 m. N. of Jung Bunzlau. Bohmisvk fifod, a town of Bonemia, in the cir- cle of Kaurzim, 14 m. E. S. E. of Prague. Bokolj one of the Philijipine islands, to the north of Mindanao. Loner. 1^4. 5. E. lat. 10. 0. N. lioliol, or Bool, a town at the mouth of a river of the s;ame name, fulling into the Sooloo Sea, on I lie north coast of the isle of Celelies. Holms, or lUilnis, a small district of West Goth- land, Sweden, bordering on the Cattegat, north ef Gottenburg. Stromstadt, on the coast, in lat. .")■•'. 0(i. N. and 11. 15. E. long, is the principal town. Knjador, a cape on the west coast of Africa, doubled by the Portuo-uese in 1433. Long. 14. 27. W. lat. 20. 12. i\. Boiano, a town of Naples, in the Molise, at the foot of the Apennines, on the east, near the river Tilerno In 1808 it suffered greatly by an earth- quake, and most of the inhabitants were destroy- ed. It is 45 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Bois Blanc, an island in Michigan Teritory, in Detroit river, ojiposite Amherstburg. Bnis Ic Due, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, capital of a district of the same name, which con- tains al.so the towns of Ilelmont, and Eyndhovcn. It has a caiitle named Papen-briel, and a little to the south are two forts, called Isabella and St. Antony. It was taken by the French in 1804. It is situate among morasses, on the river Dora- mel, where it receives the Aa, 22 m. E. by N. of Breda, and 45 S. S. E. of Amsterdam. Pop. about 13,000. Boiscnmmun, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret, 25 m. N. E. of Orleans. BoUzcnhnrg, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- lenburg, at the confluence of the Boitze with the Elbe, 30 in. S. W. of Schwerin. Hoil-.rubtirg, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ueker Mark, 10 in. W. of Prenslow. liokliiira, a city of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia. It stands on a rising ground, surrounded by^ a slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on the south side of the river Sogd. The houses are low, and mostly built of mud ; but the caravan- seras and mosques, which are numerous, are all of brick. The bazars, or market-places, have been stately buildings, but the greatest part of them arc now in ruins. Here is also a stately building for the education of the priests. Great numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this place ; and the trade wuth Russia and Persia is considerable. In 1220, Bokhara was taken by Jenghis Khan, with a numerous army, who burnt the city, a.nd demolished the casVe ; but after the city had remained in ruins some vears, he at length ordered it to be rebuilt. It fs 138 m. VV. by S. of Samarcand. Long. 62. 56. E. lat. 31). 4. N. Bokharia, or Bueharia, a country of Usbec Tar- tary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east by Cashgar, south by Ilindoostan and Persia, and west by Chorasan and Charism. It is fertile in corn and fruit, and the best cultivated of any part of Tartary. This country comprehends the ancient UOL lOo liOL district of Bactriana, tlia native country of the two-humped camel. Tlie one-liuinped camel, or dromedary, is a much more coimnon animal. The inhabitants are in general tawny, with black hair, but some are white and well made. They are cleanly in tlieir food, which often consists of minced meat, and tea is the general drink. They are not warlike, but use the bow, lance, and aabre. Samarcand is the capital. Bokliaria, Little. See Cashgnr. Bolabola, one of the Society Islands, in the Pa- cific Ocean, 4 leagues N. W. of OUaha. Long. 1.51. 5-2. W. lat. l(i. 3-3. S. Bolehcresk, a. town of Kamtschatka, on the river Bolchoireka, 22 miles from its mouth, in the sea of Okotsk. Long. 156. 37. E. lat. 52. 54. N. Bolingbrokc, a town in Lincolnshire, En^. It was the birth-place of Henry IV. and has a manufacture of earthen ware. It stands at the source of a river which runs into the Witham, 29 m. E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London. Bolivia, a Republic of South America, formed out of the province of Upper Peru in 1825. It is bounded N. W. by Peru, N. E. and E. by Brazil, S. by Buenos Ayres, and W. by the Pacific Ocean and Peru. The territory is mountainous, and many of the streams which fall into the Amazon and La Plata had their origin here. It contains many silver mines, among other the celebrated mine of Potosi. Its priacipal towns are Potosi, Charcas,Oropesa,Oriu:o,LaPaz,Cocliabamba,and La Plata or Chuquisaca which is the capital. The population is estimated at something more than a million. The government consists of a Presi- dent, and a legislative body of three chambers. The battle of Ayacucho which established the in- dependence of tliis territory, was the last effort made by the Spaniards to retain a footing in their ancient dominion of South America. This battle was fought Dec. 9, 1824. The Colombian army under General Sucre, gained a complete victory over the Spaniards, commanded by the Viceroy La Serna. Sucre was made President of Bolivia, but was afterwards assassinated. Bolkcyihayji, a. town of Silesia, in the principali- ty of Schweidnitz, a few miles west of the town of Schweidnitz ; the inhabitants chiefly employed in the linen manufacture. Bolkowitz, or Polkicitz, a town of Silesia, 12 m. S. of Glogau. Bologna, a city of Italy, capital of the Bolo.»nese, and an archbishop's see. It is about 5 miles in circumference, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. It has long been distinguished as a school of sci- ence ; the university being one of tlie most an- cient and celebrated in Europe. An academy of arts and sciences was founded in 1712, and con- tributed greatly to that fame which the city has acquired. As a school of painting, it is immortal- ized by the number of masters it has produced. There arc- here 169 churches, and these, as well aa the numerous mansions of the nobles, are most 14 muiiiriccntly funii.shcd v.'ith tlieir best produ''- tions. Nor have Ihg exertions of art been con- fined to the sphere of painting ; the city exhibits some of the finest monuments of architecture, such as the palace of Capraria, the marble foun- tain in the Piazza-del-Gigante, and in fact, almost every building of any note. The academy of arts and sciences is a building of great magnificence, and the public theatre is one of the largest and most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. Petro- nius is the largest in Bologna, but is more remark- able for its pavement, where Cassini drew his meridian line, 180 ll. long. T-he trade of Bologna is very considerable, being situated in a fertile country, and having an ea.sy conveyance of its produce by a canal to the Po. The exuberance of the adjcicent country enables the inhabitants to furnish all Europe with the greatest delicacies in confectionary, distilled waters, essences, &c. oil, v.'ine, flax, hemp, and silk, also furnish abundant sources of trade and employment. The Reno, which passes by the city, turns no less than 40O mills for silk-works. It" is situated at the foot of the .\pennincs, 22 in. S. E. of Modena, and 175 N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 21. E. lat. 44. 30. N. It was taken possession of by the French in 1796, but restored to the states of Rome at the general peace. Bolognesr, a province of Italy, bounded on the north by the Ferrarese, west by Modena, south by Tuscany, and east by Romagna. It is watered by many small rivers, and produces all sorts of grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine grapes. Some miles before the entrance into Bologna, the country seems one continued garden. The vine- yards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry-trees; the vines hanging in festoons, from one tree to another. There are also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the cap- ital. There are about 300 other towns, contain- ing a population of about 200,000. Biitscna., a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, on a lake of its name, 16 m. N. N. W. of Viterbo. Bolsover, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. It ha« a spacious castle on the brow of a hill ; and is noted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It is fi m. E. of Chesterfield, and 145 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,245. Bnlswcart, a town of Holland, in Friesland, near the Zuyder Zee, 10 ra. N. of Sloten. Near this town, which is about two miles in extent, was formerly an abbey of the Cistertians, where the INlunster Anabaptists took refuge in 1.534, and where William, count of Holland, was buried in the 14th century. Bolton-lc-Moors, a large and populous town in Lancashire, Eng., consisting of two townships, Great and Little Bolton. It is so called from ita situation amidst several extensive moors, and also to distinguish it from another town in the north part of tne county, called Bolton-h-Sands. It is 11 miles N. W. of Manchester, on the mail-coach road to Preston and Glasgow, and, next to Man- chester, is one of the most considerable stations of the cotton manufacture, the branches more par- ticularly pursued being those of muslins, dimities and counterpanes. The canal to Manchester, from which there is a branch to Bury, has added materially to the prosperity of the place ; and the new railway to Leigh, by affording facilities for an additional supply of coal, has reduced the price of that indispensable fuel. Besides the parish church, here are two other episcopal churches of recent erection, a Roman Catliolic chapel, and BOM lOG noN nbout sixteen meeting lioiiscs for dissi-nters, with various schools ami charitable iii.stitutions. A town hall, l"c.r the transaction of puhlic business, iiaa been recently erected. I'op. in la21, H9,1'J7, of which Little Bolton contained '.l;£>!i. The carl of Derby was executed licre, in ICJI, for pro- claiming Charles II. " " There are \'i other towns and villages named Bolton, besides IJolton on the Sands, in different parts of Kngland ; viz. three in Cumber- land, one each in Northninberland and Westmore- land, and seven in Yorkshire. IJoltuii, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. '.a m. W. Bos- ton Pop. \:ii>S. The town abounds in lime-stone. Bolton, p.t. Chittenden Ci>. Vt. ^4 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 4o2. Bolton, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. lU. Button, p.t. Warren Co. K. Y. 09 m. N. Albany. Pop. l,40li. . Bomal, a town of the Nctherhinds, in Lu.\em- bnnr, on the river C)u rt. '20 m. S. of Liege. Bombay, an island on the west coast of the Dec- can of Ilindoostan, 7 miles in length, and dO •" circumference. It came to the English by the marriage of Charles U. with Catherine of Portu- gal, and was made over to the East India Compa- ny in 1688, when it was made the seat of govern- ment of all their possesions on that side of Hin- doostan, which was previously at Sur.it. It is now one of the three presidencies by which their oriental territories are governed. It contains a strong and capacious fortress, a city, dockyard, and marine arsenal. Here the finest merchant ships are built all of teak, supplied from the neighbour- inir countries, which is more durable than the best English oak ; and in 1810, the Mind.n, 74 gun ship, was launched, having been built entirely under the superintendence of a Persee. The ground is in general barren, and good water scarce; but it has abundance of cocoa-nuts, and its mar- kets are well supplied with every delicacy. The population of tlie territory of Bombay is estimated at 225.000, three-fourths of whom are Hindoos, the remainaer Mahometans, Armenians, and Jews and about 8.000 Persees or fire worshippers. (See Biicliu.) The city of Bumlmij, ne.vt to Calcutta, may be considered the most commercial place in Hindoostan ; its intercourse with China is very great, the export of cotton sometimes amounting to 350,000 bales per annum. It is much resorted to, by traders from Persia, Arabia, Abyssinia, Ar- menia, and all parts of western Asia, as well as from most of the islands of the Indian Ocean, and oil tlie eastern parts of Asia, and the commercial transactions are conducted with more integrity than is usual in Asiatic cities. It is about 180 m. S. of Surat, and 1,300 W. by S. of Calcutta. The lighthouse, which is a very prominent object, and visible for 20 miles out at sea, is in lat. 18. 53. N. and 72. 53. E. long. Bomene, a seaport of Holland, in Zealand, on the north shore of the Island of Schowen, 3 m. E. of Browershaven. Bommtl, a town of South Holland, in the isle of Overfrakke, 7 m. W. of Williarastadt. Brnnmrt, a strong town of Holland, in Guelder- land, in the island of Bommelwcrt, on the river Fort St. Andrew, and is not more than 4 ni llie broadest part. It was taken by the Krench in , 1073, and again in 171)4. Bona, a seaport of .\lgiers, in the province ot Constantina. Near it arc the ruins of the ancient Hijipo Regius. It has a trade in corn, oil, wa.x, and wool.°and is 270 m. E. of Algiers. Long. 7. , 45. E. lat. 30.52. N. Honnlr, or Bum .lyre, a fertile island in llie Caribcan Sea, to the E. of Curaeoa. It is 0() in. in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on the S. W. side. Long. 08. 18. W. lat. 12. 10. N. Bonarisia, one of the Cape V'erd islands, so call- ed from its beautiful ajipearance to the first dis- coverers, in 14.50; but is now liecome barren, throufh the extreme idleness of the inhabitants. Longr22. 47. W. lat. l(i. 0. N. Bonuvista, a cape on the cast side of the island of Newfoundland. Long. 52. 32. W. lat. 48. 15. N. Bund, a County of Illinois or the Kaskaskias. Pop. 3.124. Greenville is tlie chief town. Bonilnrf, a town of Su.abia, in the Black Forest, capital of a county which joins the Brisgau. It is 7 m. S. by W. o'f Fursteniniri;, now included in the territory of the Duchy of Baden. Bondou, an interior country of North Africa, lying between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, in- habited by the Foulali race of negroes, who are industrious and social in their habits, and Mahom- etans in rehgion. Boness, or Borroicstonncs, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgowshire, with a safe and commodious harbour on the frith of Forth. It has a consider- ble tr.ide in ship-building and coal, and extensive manufactures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 m. N. of Linlithgow. Pop in 1821, 3,018. Bonliamme,t. St. Louis Co. Missouri. Bonnefemme, t. Howard Co. Missouri. Boni. or Bony, a spacious bay between the two southern promontories of the Isle of Celebes. It has numerous shoals and rocks, and is commonly called Bugges Bay by Europeans. Near the up- per end of the bay, on the shore of the western promontory is the town of Boni, which is the cap- ital of a kingdom of the same name, but little known. Thc°inhabitants are partly Mahometans. It is in the lat. of 3. S. and 120. 30. of E. long. Bonifacio, a fortified seaport of Corsica, witli a good harbour and a coral fishery. It stands on a small peninsula, at the south extremity of the island, 37 m. S. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 41 . 25. N. Pop. about 3,000. Bonn, a city of Germany, in the territory of Cologne. It has a flourishing university, four par- ish cTiurches, and several religious foundations It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough, in 1703. and by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Rhine, 14 m. S. by E. of Cologne. Bonnat, a town of France, in the department of La Creuse. Pop. about 2.000. Bonnctuhh, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Sarte, 15 m. N. E. of Mons. Pop. 4,,500. Bonneval, a town of France, in the department of Euro and Loire, seated on the Loire, 8 in. N. of . Chateaudiin. Baimeville, a town of Savoy, capital of Fau Waal 21 m. S. by E. of Utrecht, and 7 N. of Bois- cingay , seated on the river Arve, at tlie_ foot of a le-Duc. Pop. about 3,000. mountain called the Mole^ 20 m. S_. L. of Geneva. Bommtltcert, an island of Holland, formed by the junctions of the Waal and Maese. It lies in the province of Guelderland, except a small dis- trict at the west end, which belongs to South Hol- land. It is 15 miles in length, from Lowestein to Bonny, a kingdom of Guinea, N. Africa, lying between Waree and Callabar. The inhabitanU are less social than their neighbours, and live in constant collision with those of Callabar. Bonthain, a seaport at the S. extremity of the HOB. ]U7 hOR westers promontory of the island of Celebes, seat- ed on the shore of a large bay, where ships may lie in security during both the monsoons. The town has a palisadoed fort, an(i stands on the south side of a small but deep river. Long. 120. 33. E. lat. 5. 31. S. Boogebooge, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the country of 'Cutch, 140 m. S. E. of TatU, and 230 W. by"N. of Amedabad. Long. 69. 2. E. lat. 23. 16. N. Bool. See Bohol Boom, a town of Brabant, on the north bank of the river Nellies, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. about 3,500. Boone, a frontier country of the state of Ken- tucky, nearly encircled by the Ohio River, which divides the north end from the states of Ohio and Indiana, opposite to where the Miami River falls into the Ohio. Pop. 9,012. Burlington, 90 m. N. by E. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Boonsboro, p. v. Washington Co. Maryland, 16 m. N. W. Fredricktown. BoonsboTough, a town of Kentucky in Madison county, seated on Red River, which runs into the Kentucky, 33 m. E. S. E. of Lexington. Booneton, v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. Newark. Booncille, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 116 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,7-lG. Boosiuih, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 98 m. N. E. of Calcutta. Boolan, a mountainous country of Hindoostan Proper, lying between the province of Bengal and Thibet. It is a feudatory province of Thibet, and abounds in mountains covered with verdure, and rich with abundant forest trees ; there is scarce- ly a mountain whose base is not washed by some torrent, and many of the loftiest bear popu- lous villages, amid orchards and plantations, on their summits and on their sides. The southern- most ridge of the Bootan mountains rises near a mile and a half above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal distance of only 15 miles ; and from the summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains below as on an extensive ocean. The Boote;is are much fairer and more robust than their neighbours the Bengalees, with broader faces and higher cheek-bones : their hair is iiivariably black, and cut short ; their eyes small and black, with long pointed corners ; and their skins remarkably smooth. The houses are built on props, though the country is hilly, and ascended by a ladder ; the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for hold- ing stores, and accommodating hogs, cows, and other animals. Tiie capital is Tassasudon. Boothbay, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. between Sheeps- cut and Damariscotta river. Pop. 2,290. Booth, a village in Lancashire, Eng. contiguous to Liverpool, which it supplies with fine fresh water, from abundant and never-failing springs near the sea-shore. BopiU, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, 98 m. E. 01 Ougein. Bopfingen, a town of Suabia, on the river Eger, 19 m. N. W. of Donawert. Boppart, a tov/n of Germany, seated at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 8 m. S. of Coblentz. Borahs, a town of W. Gothland, Sweden, about 10 m. E. of Gottenburg. Borrlwlz, a town on the west side of the bishop- ric of Paderborn, Westphalia, now part of the Prussian States. Boril, or Boit, a town of France in the depart- ment of Correze. It was the birth-place of Marmontel. Burba, a town of Alemtejo, Portugal, lying be- tween Estremoz and Vitra-Vicosa. Bordeti.uT, a city of France, an episcopal see, and chief town of the department of the Gironde, lies on the left bank of the Garonne, in a semicircu- lar or oval form, corresponding with the curve of the river which constitutes its port. The date of its foundation, like those of many other cities, is lost in the distance of time. It is mentioned by Strabo and some of the Augustine historians. The etymology of its Latin name, Burdigala, is doubtful, and throws no light upon its founders. Under Augustus it was regarded as a great city, and was further aggrandised and embellished by him. Adrian made it liie metropolis of the second Aquitaine. In the third century it became an episcopal see, and in the fourth was distin- guished for the cultivation of arts and letters. The Roman dominion gave way to barbarism and the Visigoths, who were themselves soon driven out by the still more barbarous Clovis and his Franks. Henceforth it was an integral part of France, and capital of Guienne, with the ex- ception of the ]ieriods during which it was un- der English dominion. The Saracens ravaged it in the eight century, and the Normans in the tenth. The long and violent rather than sanguiuary contests between the French and English, for the inheritance of Eleanor of Guienne, bore dirtcti}' upon Bordeaux, the capital, which, alternately French and English, and more indebted to the latter, retained tor them a strong partiality for which it was severely mulcted by Charles VII. in 1451. From that period it has continued an integral part of the kingdom of France, partak- ing, but in a less degree than other cities, tiie troublesof the Reformation, the League, the Fronde (during the regency of Aime of Austria), and the Revolution. Bordeaux sent to the national assemblies several of the most eloquent and vir- tuous men of the popular party, called ' Giron- dist."!,' from the department of which it is the chief town. Deprived almost wholly of its foreiirn commerce by the wars and decrees of Bonaparte, it was the first place to open its gates to the Bourbons. . The most striking objects upon approaching Bordeaux are the port and the stupendous bridge, projected and partly executed by Bonaparte, over the Garonne, an arm of the sea rather thaii a river. The practicability of such a bridge was long doubted, from the breadth of the river — nearly , a quarter of a league — and the violence of the current. The port should be viewed from La Bastide, a village opposite Bordeaux, on the right bank : it then presents its magnificent curve round the corresponding segment of the river , its faeade, uniform and noble ; the quays, crowd- ed and animated ; and the river, covered with vessels, generally in a state of gentle movement, heaving with the waves. The town is semicir- cular ; but the port is an elliptic curve, near two leagues in diameter between its extremities. Bordeaux, like so many other cities, is divided into the old and new town, on tlie right and left. The *• course" or avenue of Tourny, leading to the fauxbourg de Chartrons, is remarkably beau- tiful. The theatre, in the rue de Chapeau-rouge, is a noble building, surpassing in its exterior, Gut not inlrrior. most other theatres of Europe, lis peristyle c insists of twelve Corinlliian columns BOR lOB BOR eurmountoil by a bahistradi', with a statuo to cacli culumn. The Vfstibulc is majt-alic an J ornainent- cd having a double slaircasi' liirliU'd fruni a en- noia. The exchange, at the exlreinitv of this Btreet, 13 a vast anu iinposinir Btruuture. witli in- terior arcades round tlie walla ; the ci'iitral space covered in, and lighted Ircuii the tup ; and a grand door opening into the I'hice Royale, one of the handsomest squares of Hi>rdeau.x, and detlcient only in extent. This /nal building, with a drawbridge, and approached by a long avenue of oak trees. The Tour de Cordouan, at the month of the Gironde, is the finest lighthouse in France . A natural phenomenon called the mascaret, observed at the mouth of the Dordogne, and in no other river of Europe, should not be passed over. When the waters of the Dordogne are low, and especially in summer, a hillock of wa- ter, about the height of an ordinary house, is ob- served at its connuence with the Garonne. It suddenly rises and spreads, rolls along the bank, ascends the river in all its sinuosity, with extra- ordinary rapidity and a fearful nf)ise. All that comes in its way, on the bank by which it moves, yields to its fiiry. Trees are lorn up, barges sunk, and stones are driven to tlie distance of fifty paces ; all fly from it in consternation ; cat- tle even, with a strong and fierce instinct. It sometimes takes the centre of the river, and changes its shape. The watermen are able by their observations to discover its approach, and thus escape certain destruction. A similar phe- nomenon was observed by the French traveller Condamine in the Amazon river, and by the English Rennell in the Ganges. Its cause is known, and simple, — the tide flowing with a dis- proportionate quantity and impulse into the Dor- BOR 109 BOR dogne, vvliich is right in the direction of the Gi- rondt'j wliilst the course of the Garonne is angu- lar or divergent. The impedimenta which the mascaret meets as it ascends the Dordogne from Band banks, the sinuosities, and tlie rapidity of the opjiosing current, all tend to increase, and it may be said to enfuriate, its force. Such is its velocity, that a second must not be lost by him wlio would escape it. The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its commerce between (iO.OCO and 100,000. From the most recent calculations, in 18'2H, it appears between 93,000 and '.K),000. Its distance from Paris is, by Orleans and Poitiers, 15.5 1-2 leagues; by Tours and Anwoulcme, 154 ] -2 leagues ; by Chateaurou.x and Perigueux, 153 1-2 leagues. Lat. 44. 50. N. long. 0. 40. W. UurdeKtoiCTij a town of New Jersey, in Burling- ton county, on the west side of tlie Delaware, G m. below Trenton, and 93 N. E. of Philadelphia. Borffc, a town of Denmark, the cliief place in the island of P^emcrn, with a fort, on Femeru Sound. Lon^. 11. 17. E. lat. 54. 27. N. Borgentrychy or Bcrgenirych, a town on the S. W. side of the Bishopric of Paderborn, Westphalia. Borghctto, a town on the E. bank of the Adige, at the southern extremity of the bishopric of Trent. — Also the name of a village in the vicinity of Mantua, where a severe battle was fought be- tween the French and Austrians in 1706. Borgholm, a fortified town on the west side of the isle of Oland, in the Baltic, part of the province of East Gothland. Borg, Barg, or Bcrghohhavscn, a town in the county of Ravensburg, Westphalia. Borgnc, a large lake or inlet of the sea, between the states of Mississippi and Louisana, com- municating with the Gulf of Mexico, and inland with lake Pontchartrain. BoTgo, a seaport town of Russian Finland, lying between Helsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. GO. 21. N. and 25. 45. E. long. Borgo Rusz, Prnnt and Pass, three towns con- tiguous to each other, near the source of the Bis- tritz River on the eastern frontier of Transylvania, bordering on the Bukowine. They have salt springs and some manufactures of earthenware. The population is considerable, principally Wal- lachians. Borgo, signifying a market town, is prefixed to twelve towns in different parts of Italy. Borgo, St. Donnini, a town in the ducliy of Par- ma, so called from the m.artyrdom of Donnini, who was beheaded here in 304. It is a bishop's see, and is situate about midway, on the road from Piacenza to Parma. Borgo di St. Scpolcro, a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino, with a fort, seated near tlie source of the Tiber, 12 m. N. E. of Arezzo. In 1789 about 1 ,000 of the inhabitants were destroyed by an earthquake. Borgofortr, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, on the river Po, at the influx of the Oglia, 10 m. S. of Mantua; and nine others, all inconsiderable. Borgo, or Burgo D'Osma, a town of Spain, sur- rounded with walls, and containing about 200 families. 33 m. W. of Soria, and 40 S. E. of Burgos. Burgo di St. AirgeJo, a fortress of the island of Malta, a little to the east of Valetta. Borja, or Bcrgosa, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, in a fruitful spot, near Mount Cayo, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 42 m. W. N. W. of Sara- gossa. Borja, a, towii of Colombia, situate on the head waters of the river Amazon, 3(10 m. E. by N. of Paita and 90 W. by N. of Jaen. Long.7G.3G. W. lat. 4. 15. S. Borja, a town in the province of Buenos Ayres, near the frontier of Brazil. It was founded by the Jesuits. Borisoglchsic, a town of Russia, situate on the banks of the Verona, near tlie south end of the province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E. of Moscow. — It is also the name of a town in the province of Jaroslav, on the west bank of the Vol- ga, a few miles north of the city of Jaroslav. Pop. of each about 3,000. Borrhsvw, a town of Russian Poland, on the banks of the Berezina, about 35 ra. E. of Minsk. Borltrlo, a strong town of Holland, in the coun- ty of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the subject of two wars : one in 1GG5, against the bishop of Munster, and the other with France, in 1072. It is seated on the river Borkel, 15 m. E. N. E. of Zutphen. Borken, a town of Westphalia, in the principali- ty of Munster, with a collegiate church, seated on the Aa, 38 m. W. of Munster. Borknm., an island of the kingdom of Hanover, lying between the east and west channels of the Ems river. It is partly inundated at high water. It has a town of the same name, the inhabitants subsisting chiefly by fishing. Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a county of its name, on the confines of Tyrol. About a mile from the town are medicinal baths. It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the river Fredolso, near its confluence with tlie Adda, 40 m. S. E. of Coire. Long. 10. 20. lat. 4G. 17. N. Bormio, or Bormida, a large river of Piedmont, which rises in the territory of Finale, runs north, intersecting the dutchy of Montferrat, falling into the Tanaro a little below Alessandria. Borna, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle of Leipzig, with a manufacture of stuff's ; seated near the river Pleysse, 13 m. S. E. of Leipzig, on the road to Altenburg. Borneo, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, discovered by the Portuguese in 1.521, lying be- tween the lat. of 4. 10. S. and 7. N. and 109. 15. to 119. 25. W. long, being in its extreme length 775 geographical miles of G9 1-2 to a degree, and G.50 in extreme breath ; but, as the north part con- verges into a promontory, if resolved into a square , the sides would not exceed 600 miles; which, however, will give a surface greater than that of any island in the world, except New Holland, be- ing about 360,000 sq. m. or nearly five times larger than Great Britain. Although under the equator, the air is not so excessively hot as might be ex- pected, being frequently refreshed witTi showers and cool breezes, the thermometer varying from 82. to 94. of Fahrenheit. In the monsoon, from April to September, the wind is westerly, and the rains are constant and heavy, attended with violent storms of thunder and lightning. The rainy season continues for eight months, and during that time all the flat country, from ten to twenty miles from tlic coast, is overflowed, and the air rendered very unhealthy. For this reason the inhabitants build their houses on floats, which they make fast to trees. They have but one floor, with partitions made with canes ; and the roofs are covered with palmetto-leaves, the eaves of which reach within four or five feet of the bottom. Some of their houses are built upon pillars, a suf- ficient height from the surface not to be deluged. BOR 110 DOll The countries on tl.e coiisl are .nlml>.ua l.y a ...ix- tu eof M»lays, Javanese, and Macassars 1 e aboric nos of the island, however, live m ten- Jeriorf and are called B.adjoos, B.ayos, or U j. k- kese &c., who are represented as the >""«t ' ; couth and unsocial of the human raee . Imlee t seems to be here where nature has united the chain of aninmted creation, and placed the orang :' ang as the connecting '"'k l-'wecn he arU u- lating:modalating,and.nvenl.ng,and he St c live; or, in other words, l,et^yeen the biped and lu- quadruped race of anin.als. On one s.de of e irang outang, which seen.s to be a ual.ve of e soil of Borneo, are apes, monkeys, bears Zits deer horses, buff.loes and other horned fattle, tg rs and 'the elephant; whilst ou the other'sidfis a chuss of beings with api;-e"«y '^° nlher claim to the character of man ''"tt'"' °' the power of articulation ; and yet, amidst this unsocial and unappreciatin- race ot '"^'"f:;:. ";'- ture seems to have bestowed in lavish profusion all her most delectable gifts ; with iron tin, and various other metals for purposes of utility , gold, diamonds, and various other precious gems, lor or- nament, abound. It is here that the salangau? a spe- cies of swallow, constructs its edible nest, which is exchanged to gratify the luxurious palates of the Chines?, at a rate double its weight «1 silver. In the venetable kingdom, in additi.m to rice and maize for subsUntlal subsistence, the sensations of taste and smell are here to be gratified in the hilwriil„s yields ail endless abundance of its fragrant and mtlam- iiiable substance ; whilst agaric, musk, aloes, and various other substances and plants, are dispersed over the country in endless profusion to aid tlie domestic and social economy of man, imd to serve at alteratives in case of accident or disease. Un the other hand, the pernicious and poisonous class of plants and reptiles are also commmi, and the natives appear equally adept at applying them in revenue arainst their enemies, as in the appli- cation of medicines to avoid their consequences. Thus whilst the soil of Borneo appears suscepti- ble bv social arrangements and due cultivation to sustain in a high degree of comfort and eiijoy- ment, a fourth of the whole poimlation ot the nlv Euro"pean nation tliat maintained any direct intercourse with the island. Their grovelling policy has ever been, and still continues to lie, to preclude the world from all knowledge ot the po- sition, people, condition, and resources ol the countries with which they trade, as far as it is possible for tliem to do so. During the war, sub- sequently to the peace of Amiens in ld02, when in their turn the Dutch were driven from all their positions in Asia, the English again established themselves on the coast of Borneo, and were makin, tlie Dutch were re-instated in their possessions, and Borneo a^ain exposed to their confined and ex- clusive hnc of policy. As far as our knowU.dge of the country does extend, wlulst the coast on all sides is low and swampy, the iiitenor neems much intersected by mountains; a river called the Banjar has its source in the centre ol ho rountry, about two degrees north of the equator, and run south into the sea of Java. There are two or three rivers running from E. to W. tailing into the sea on the west siSe, but the north and east coasts appear deticient in good navigable rivers for internal communication by water. 1 here are, however, several liue harbours and roadsteads round the coast ; the principal is Bandermassing, at the mouth of the B-injar ; Sambav at the soutK- west point ; Sambas on the west coast , Born, o at the north-west: and Passir at the south-east. liornco, tlie principal city, and "^^if''' ' '^ ki.Krdomof the same name at the north pa t of the "above island, is situate up ariver ^''""yO J?" from the sea, in the lat. of 4. 5.>. N. and IH. 15. E loi r^ Like most or all the other towns on he coast the houses are bmlt on piles driven .nto he swamp, inundated at high water, and tl'^.t™'''"? .■ ,.,i,;..l, -ir^ ticre vcrv considerable transactions, wliieli are iicrc -vi-ry „,•,„„„ .,,.„ with tlie Chinese and other eastern nations, aie carried on in boats and wherries. llon,h6m, a town in the electorate f Colog e about 15 m. W. by N. of Bonn. Pop. abou 1 ,lt -Also, a town of the Netherlands, about 10 m. N E of Dendermoiidc. ... ■., • llon,I,nl,„, an island of Denmark, just withm the Baltic, of an oval form, about 22 ■»■'''«'"<;';- cumfeience, and nearly surrounded by ■'"cks^ ''^ soil is stony, but fertile, with excellent V^f»^^^' and there are mines of coal, and quarnes ot mar- We It lies 10 m. S. E. of the soutliern extremity of Sweilen. The chief to^yn is llonne, on the west side ; the north end is in lat. 55. 18. W. ana "Bt™»5, a ?o^vn of the province of Seville, about 1.5 m N. E. of Cadiz. Pop. about .i,nOO. Borunn, an extensive empire m the >" enor of North Africa, having Cassina or Kashna on the W_ and Nubia oA the I It consists of a number of oases, or fertile spots, interspersed w I ;" wastes. The climate is said to be <:liaracler.«d by excessive, though not by ""'f"""' '"^'''- . .AT.? seasons, one commencing soon after the "»d ''^ "J April, the other at the same period in Ucto Der, di'vlde the year. The first is introduced by violent winds froin the south-east and s"" '>• ^"" ' '^ f, heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and «"-' ' .',""1"/'^ of thunder and lightning as destroy "f^''"^\^"l the cattle, and many ot the people^ ^^ Jlu^ ', '^'.^^ mencemcnl of th,^ second ^''^f "^l'"-.""^" , '.?, subsides ; the air becomes soft and .""'' j ' ' ;'^'. weather perfectly serene .M,^'^'"' ".f ' ^^'^ ^j . bean, cotton, hemp, and ind.go, are '=»\^'^^^^^' and there are figs, grapes, apricots, PO'^-^g™ \' ,,\; lemons, limes, an? melons. The ""-t valu.i h tree is called redevnah, iii form and height UKe a, olive the leaf resembling that of a emon, and bearing a nut, the kernel and shell of w '< h ar' i great estimation; the first as a f>^"''. ^''^ '^^ ,° ' Account of the oil it produces. Ho ses a.ses mules do'Ts, horned cattle, goats, sheep, aim can eU (the fiesh of which is much esteemed) are he ^oiiln animals. Bees are so numerous hat the wax is often thrown away as an ar icle o o vaLe The game consists of partridges, wild ducks', and osfriehes, the flesh of which ,s prized above everv other. The other animals are the linn' leopanl civet cat. wolf, fox, "l^I"'-"''^'''"^- lo, antelope, ami the camelopard or g.rufie, one of BOR in BOS the (allest, most beautiful aud most harmless ani- mals in nature. Its neck is very long and its fore legs much longer than the hinder ones, at least in outward appearance. It sometimes feeds upon the grass, which however is scarce in this coun- try, and its ordinary food is the leaf of a sort qf mimosa. Within a few years, several of these animals have been transported to Europe. Here are also great numbers of the hippopotamus. They abound in Lake Tchad and the waters of the neighbourhood. Major Denham in his travels in this country saw a whole troop of them in the water following a band of martial music in a negro army marching along the shore. In this country are also many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and toads. The complexion of the natives is black, but they are not of the Negro cast. The dress of the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton manufactured in the country, of a red cap brought from Tripoli, and a white muslin turban from Cairo. Nose-rings of gold are worn by the prin- cipal people. But the only covering of the poor'^r sort is a kind of girdle for the waist. In their manners the people are courteous and humane : they are passionately fond of play ; the lower classes of draughts, and the higher excel in chess. More than 30 diiferent languages are said to be spoken in Bornou and its dependencies ; and the reigning religion is the Mahometan. The mon- arcTiy is elective. The sultan is said to have 500 ladies in his seraglio, and that his stud contains likewise 500 horses. His dominions extend be- yond the desert into the fertile country of Negro- land, of which he possesses a large portion. He has a vast army, which consists almost entirely of horse : the sabre, pike, and bow, are their weapons of offence, and a shield of hides is their armour. Bornou, the capital of the empire of the same name, with a palace like a citadel. The whole city is surrounded by a high wall, encompassed with a ditch ; but the othertownsof the kingdom are open. The principal trade is in ^old-dust, slaves, horses, ostriches' feathers, salt, and civet. It is seated on the Gazel, 750 m. E. N. E. of Kashna. Long. 25. 5. E. lat. 19. 45. N. Boro Builor, the chief temple of the Javanese, situate about GO m. from Sainarang, nearly in the centre of the island. It is dedicated to Boodh, and contains several hundred subordinate idols. Borodino, a village of Russia, near the river Moskwa, about 90 m. W. of Moscow. It v/ill long be memorable in the annals of Russia, fur the desperate conlliet between the French and Russian armies, durinjj the march of the former towards Moscow, on the 7th of September, 1^12, when about :!0,(ll)0 men on each side were either killed or wounded. Borough, t. Beaver Co. Pa. BoTOughbridge, a borough in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It has a trade in hardware. Here Edward II. in 1322, defeated the rebel earl of Lancaster. It is seated on the Ure, over which is a stone bridge, 18 m. N. W. of York, and 206 N. by W. of London. It is immediately contiguous to Aid- borough ; each pince returning two members to parliament. I'op. t'CO. Bororitclii, a town of Russia, on the south east side of the province of Novotrorod, bordering on Twer, seated on the south bank of the Msta river, about 170 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 2,G00. Borowtsk, or Boroosk, another town of Russia, about GO m. S. W. of Moscow. Borrimw, or Borriul. a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, near'the mouth of the Manjares, 21 m. N. of Valencia. Pop. about 4,000. Borris, in Ossory, a village in the parish of Ag- haboe. Queen's County, Ireland, 63 m. W. by S. of Maryborough. Pop. in 1821, 919. Borros, a parish in Queen's County, Ireland, which includes the town of Maryborough, by which name the parish is sometimes called. Pop. of the parish, exclusive of the town, 2,032, and of the town, 2,677. See Maryborough. Borrowdale, a village in Cumberland, Eng. six miles south of^ Keswick. It stands at the end of a narrow and crooked valley, and is famous for mines of plumbago or black-lead, a substance al- most peculiar to England and the vicinity of Ma- laga, Spain. Borrowslonnes. See Boness. Borrod, a county in the north part of Upper Hungary, bounded on the east by the Shajo branch of the Sheif river. It is one of the most fertile districts of the country. Pop. about 95, 000. Mishkoltz is the capital. Bosa, a seaport on the west coast of Sardinia, and a bishop's see, with a castle, on a river of the same name, 17 m. S. S. E. of Argeri. Lono-. 8. 50. E. lat. 40. 29. N. Boscawen, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 68 m. from Boston : 52 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,093. Boscawen Island, an island in the Paci6c Ocean, about 10 m. in circumference. Loner. 175. 10 W. lat. 15. 50. S. Bosco, or Boschi, a town of Italy, in the Milan- ese, seated on the Orbe, 5 m. east of Alexandria. Boscohel, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 9 m. south east of Newport, where Charles II. was concealed in an oak, after the battle of Worcester. Boshuana, or Bootchuana, an extensive tract of country in the interior of South Africa, extending through about 5 deg. of lat. frotn 25. to 20. soutlf, inhabited by numerous tribes of people, of whom at present very little is known. They seem phy- sically considered, to be of the same stock as ifie Caffres, but somewhat more advanced in social economy, which seems to improve northwards. Hence it may be inferred, that civilization and improvement in Africa gradually extended itself from the north. The chief town, as far as the country is at present known, is Lattakoo, repre- sented to have contained about 15,000 inhabitants, reduced to 7 or 8,000 during the present century, bv the continued intestine broils of the different BOS 112 BOS tribes. They cultivate various kiudi of grain, and look upon fish, as an article of food, willi horror. As far as pretension to worship prevails, the peo- ple arc idolaters ; but they seem inditlerent to worship of any kind : nolyjraniy is general ; the elder men have usually one youn^r wife, and another who is past child bearing. Mahonic;disni appears not to have reached them. Their dress is principally of skins, which they tan into lea- ther ; and, in tlie more northern parts, lliey ap- pear to have made some progress in the smelting and working of iron. Bosnia, a compact and naturally fertile district of European Turkey, lying between the lat. of 43. 18. and 45. 10. N. and the 17th and -liOth of W. long. It is bounded on the west by the Austrian province of Croatia, north by the Saave river, which falls into the Danube, and divides it from Sclavonia; on tlie east by the Turkish Prov- ince of Servia, and south by the north end of Albania and Dalmatia. It has some mountain districts, and is intersected by several rivers, run- ning from the north into the Saave ; and the Narcnta, which rises in the south part of the province, runs south through Dalmatia. into the Adriatic at Narisi, a few miles north of Hagusa. Its area may be stated at about l.'i.OOO square m.; yet the population is supposed not to exceed 80,- 000. As a frontier district, it is principally oc- cupied by Turkish soldiery, who subsist upon the products of the occupiers of the soil ; and as the soldiery of the province amount to 40 or 5(1,000, they of course tend to subdue all excitement to agricultural exertion ; and thus, although the vme and the olive would yield fruit in abundance, one of the finest districts in Europe is kept a wilderness, by an undisciplined, lawless, and ruth- less horde of soldiery. The principal towns arc, Sarajo, the capital ; Banjaluka, Sworniek. Trau- ruik, (the seat of the pacha.) and Prisrendi. As far as any external commercial intercourse is maintained with Bosnia, it is principally through Dalmatia from Ragusa. The greater part of the province formerly belonged to Hungary. The inhabitants are principally Sclavonians, speaking the Sclavonic with great purity, and professing the formulary of the Greek church. Bosphorus, the narrow strait, 20 miles in length, and from 1 to 1 1-2 broad, which unites the Black Sea with the sea of Marmora. It is sometimes called the strait of Constantinople. Bosra, a town of Syria, where Mahomet is said to have received much information from a Nesto- rian monk, towards founding his religious doc- trines. It is 100 m. S. of Damascus. Bossiny, or Trerenna, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. seated near the Bristol channel, 17 m. N. W. of Launccston, and 233 W.^by S. of London. See TintageL Bost, a strong town of Persia, capital of Sigis- tan or Seistiin. It is seated on the Heermund, and on the route of the caravans, from Ispahan to Caubul, about 170 m. W. S. W. of Candahar. Long. 64. 15. E. lat. 32. 30. N. Bostan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the north part of the province of Aladeul, situate near the eastern confines of Caramania, and near the source of a river which falls into the Levant Sea, at Adanah. Boston, a borough and seaport town of Lincoln- shire, Eng. When the idle, the crafty, and the vicious, sought subsistence and refuge, an - the op- pressed and indigent relief, from monastic insti- tutions ; and when monasteries, abbeys, priories, and convents, with their pointed windows and archways, and varied styles of tasteful architectur- al ilisplay, were spreau over the country, as bar- racks, gaols, and workhouses, are at the present d.ay, Bo.ston ranked among the most important towns in the country, having had not less than ten fraternal establishments ; all of which were an- nulled, and the inmates dispersed under the gen- eral demuiitiun of iliose institutions by Henry Vlll. After this reverse, when England ex- changed her agricultural |)roductions and raw n a- terials i'vT the haberda.-^hery and other manufac- tures of (M-rmauy and Holland, Boston became one of tlie principal markets in the kingdom for wool, whii'h ust'd to be exported in large quanti- ties Vi H2G, in 1821 amounted to 10,330. The town is situate on both the banks of the river Witham, over which is a handsome bridge, of one arch, of east iron, eighty-six feet in span, a few miles above the entrance of the river into the sea, called Boston Wash, with which river, and by canals, it communicates with a considerable portion of the interior of the country, and, in addition to its very considerable trade in grain for the London mar- ket, it carries on a direct trade with the Baltic for deals, hemp, tar, &c. The parish church founded by St. Botolph in 1300, is a very stately edifice, being 300 feet in length, supported by Corinthian pillars, lighted by pointed windows, and its steeple ascended by steps, corresponding in number with the months, weeks, and days, in the year. The steeple or tower is 2(?Gfeet in height, surmounted with a lantern, which serves as a beacon for ma- ny miles out at sea, and the country being very level inland, it forms a beautiful and interesting object in the perspective many miles distant. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, and eig-hteen common councilmen, with subordinate officers, who are vested with the ad- miralty jurisdiction of the adjoining coasts. The corporation, since 1800, have erected a commodi- ous fish market, which is abundantly supplied, and large quantities are conveyed into the interior counties of Nottingham and Leicester. It has four fairs annually, and two endowed schools, and returns two members to parliament. It is 30 m. S. E. of Lincoln, and 1 16 N. of London. Lat. 52. 48. N. Long. 0. 2. W. Boston Deeps, is the sea channel of the inlet called the Wash, leading from the German Ocean by the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port of Boston. The opposite side, which washes the coast of Nor- folk is called Lynn Deeps. The body of the Wash is a large shoal, partly dry at low water, and even the Deeps are the reverse of what their name im- plies, not admitting at the most, vessels of more than 200 tons burthen. iiOS "oble and com,mndi"" .l^'^i-,, t • ^:^'"V'''". ^ and the city nearlv snrn„Vmt J . ° elevated to the eve^of 1?.;^; 'c . "'h n.>''''J"' '" ''"" spires seems like ,1; ' -. V- , ''' .'"% •'''■''^■s and the waves In the ntdo^ V'""' '" "'''' ""' "*' larity, and many n "Ll 'n T''" " """"^ """'i"- tl.ere are al.so in Bo ton a" L™"' ',"''''''^' '"" eant bnildinjj.. beautmil f i t , "i"'",^'" "'" '■'^- display the wealth Ht„ 1' ';';'' "^i""'-' "'='1 inhabitants U.an in n, 'fi" 1'""''' «PiHt of the States. The beauUfi 7e " ""^ "'" »'"-' United ine beautiful common in the western 113 fiOS FTilTSr^l^-^-'^^I^pr'^^"-":;"^"- a mall planted with elm with; ^/■""""d^^'' by to the west and fronted in ot le; .XL'T''"''' buiidinors. The SHfe »„, ■' ^ '" "-^ "^'egant summit'of the hill :!://rkrn7;;2'' ""^'^"^ °" ""> mdeed the whole ritv n = common, and painted of a ^me c^l'„' r^?^""" ^""^ ^'''«<=<-. lofty dome. The finest o,-nn ''"""?""'''' ?"'"' coluinns. is much injured %; it ^onfr-r'f '^'^^'™'''"^<' pile at its side, the Zson" Te ," ^''F g°l''i<= front, however exhbirajnl.'''''' '"'^""'^ '""v that order of a'rchitectte' TVZTcr'V' the name o- ven ton el,,,, i r "'^ Chapel is tiiuity ; it fs a^^a^u edifi ^ witVa s"'''"'"' ""■ surrounded by k Doric colnnn.J Tl''' '■'"''"' both chaste and «ed " 7,^'.^^'''' f .v'e is rough granite in fheV,!; ^ ",">' "'""•'='' is of lofty tofver, and its w ' e'? ^"""^ ^'^-le, with a and imposinJ^ The eJ, '''"'"^"''"ce is massy Bowdoinstreetis another effi^'"'"";''' ^''"^^^ i^ but smaller. The cTu ehl^PI '" '{"''"^"-h-K white granite. ocZ'ZunZ2Z,^''''"' '^ °^ a tall and -blender "spire t is m,f' ^VJ'"''"? many, but is rather finical T^e R '',''!°"'"' ""^ church is worthy a straL?/'- , 5""''' ^^-eet i? its fiont the c'lnn „ bf 7s lo't inf *"/ ^P'^'J'"? siege of Boston in 1775. The Ods" ',"""« '^e which the British snIHIe. . , ■""""=burch, drome while thev Lid „ ""'"^'' '"'° =" '"PPo- remains, but it-,ooalitrLT'"" "'^"'^ '^"■^' ^W' southerlV. Park Street ^r '=''?'"' »»<' "ot mall, has^a spi" that to„^ "'t "' "'^ ^ead of the the city. There ire '7 "t'""= '"^'"J "'her in of wor^up,':':;t'u;s.;it;x'^ ''-- ^o^'^tt^:-^:!^-?n^^eatten. ^- This pile il5:itfr|::r>^'l^-,^H Ma. ^'co/::m.^^;:^',^!;,;;''f?"!'''^--"'p-'-oe, Probablv the handsomes, ='f fV""^- ^'"^ i« world, and is fronted on iL'h"",''™"'' '" ""^ "f stone stores 1 a miifl ' "t^-*' ""'''^ '''"''^s street on the n Jrt lli^, .^"" "''^'tecture. The i"'-'f.'et in wid[l In itt'irblrT'^" "•'^-""', "e a,,nually lield .Ik- l^r 4t "sa, 'of T''^'"'^' manulactures Ohl v-,? 1 i. ,; '^' American tl'« annals of ruir cou Z " ' "'^'"•^''='' "' l^ibertv.'staius V SI T.i^ ''\^'"' ' "'"'le of ciont p. ie of Irlk „r. jn' "'"^''' '"'^'^ i^^" ^n- whicl^,,,p„,„;;^:-;--n-^a^>a^cnisl.l,,i^ he dinners, celebnil.,„u t ' '"-''' 'i"'! P"b- Post Office and Chv /'.II'- "^' ''"''""'ed. The House, at the head , f J, . T '" """ O'd State banks 'are 'e-ran f "'" ^i'''"- M^^^r of the Court Houseis St, ,e" f'^f'' '^'"^ "'^^"""ty 'ions, but issiualoVr"*^ handsome proper- and the spot it occu , e ""'^'?,''"''^ for display, able for L p ibJic "Zre "It ''%?'""^ ^""'=^- General llospitaUs lar ",„?'? Massachusetts «tone; it is 'a monu, ^^Jt ^t" th^^^^^^^^^ munificenee of private citLns P'"''"'">ropic playX'^Tu'lilLtHtatJ 'iV'^^^"''^'' ^'^^^ ''?'^^°'"<= '"^'d" t^enlarly, there i/ mucl/ne'ahi If ^7 ^f"' P"" Hrr^^-'^ri:;S'---'Sr:^^ l'braryco„taiLfbo\'el"000;ow' ^'T' ' '"^ >"g room, in whicli the mosVel, ^J' '""' ^ ""^ad- from all parts of the world l^t™'^'^P"'°''''^als, add to these the 1 mrv of u ^ be found. If we neighbourhood! of40nm"7"'^ ^°"T'"' '" ">« nunil,er of books wii In,, "^"'"^es, maling the 110,0(10, it mu^rbr^ iZer.rf S "^ "•^ ^iSzens the scholar a Ire advanni' ^"''"i" "^"^ '» any other spot n7he wf ,^ °"' residence than ry characle of he ciS!"e;'°''''- 7''^ "'"'^- advantages; Boston^s dis^f '^^T?,''!!''" '""'"e ber and Itlent of ts nerioH ','"''''','' ^°'^^^ ""m- American Revie\f P^. ',t'"' ^^^^s : the North most able of all the hu^r ""T'^'' '° ""e the try, and the only one tHti^J''"""'^ o*""" ^°""- - Europe, IS pu^hshed here ^The'rh 'T'^'l"" aminer. which h,= „ " "<-rt. 1 he Christian E.x- Bumed noreof a nure?^'."'"^*"^ ''^ P'a". and as- ed anio„rthffi P"'"iV''';'''y character is rank- is tne nrst publications of the day. The DOS lit l!OS ppriodicala of Die city arc more than HO, including ;II nowsp.ipors, 7 of whicli aro daily. The pub- lic schonls uro not efjiialicd in any other city in tlu" world. The ani!>ition of the scholars is ctci- ted by annual rewards to tile most worthy, in the shape of a public dinner at Kaneuil Ihill in coin- p.my with tlie iM.iyor and oliiiu-rs of the city ; and the (hstriliulion of i;o!d and silver medals, the product of a fonJ for this purpose established by the great Kranklin, who was bori\ in this city. In the di part.-nent of the fine arts, there is much taste and liberal patronaire displayed here. 'J'he annual e-xhiiiitions of paintin^js in the gallery of the Alheneum is the best in the country, and a fund is collectin!; from its proceeds for the encour- oifenienl of the arts. This city is ilistincuished for the early and res- olute stand which it made in favour of American liberty. It was, in fact, the birth-place ol our in- ilependence, and the first American Mood shed by the British, was in the sUirmish between the citi- zens of Boston and the soldiery, in State Street, on the 5th of March, 1770, which is known bv the name of the Boston .Massacre. The animosity occasioned by this occurrence never subsided, and si.t years afterward the British were driven from the place. In commerce, Boston is the second city in the union, and its trade is carried on with every quar- ter of the world. Tiie 3'early imports are i:?,000,Un() dollars, and tlie exports !),nOO,000. The sliij)ping of the port amounted in 18^, to 1C1,.>S;1 tons. The wliarves here are the finest in the United Stales. Long; Wharf and Central Wharf are each nearly a quarter of a mile in length, and covered with stores ; those of the latter are a solid pile, with an observatorv in the centre, where sii^nals are received hy tele^rraph from the islands in the bay. India Wharf nas a solid pile of buildings, of lartre extent. All these form spacious docks, and are furnished with broad carriaire ways. The manufactures of the city and suburbs, con- sist of glass, iron, cordage, leather, &c.; the finest cut and crown ^Isss in the country is made here. The manulacturing interests are strongly support- ed in Boston, and a great portion of its capital lies in the establishments of Lowell, Waltham and oth- er manufacturinn; towns. A railroad is in progress from Boston to Lowell, whieli, when completed, will give additional spirit to the manufacturing in- dustry of the state and contribute to the prosperi- ty of the capital. There are 8 avenues to the city, viz., bridges, tlje neck, and the western cause- way. T!»e bridges lead from Charlestown, Cam- bridge and South Boston ; they are of wood, and that leading to Cambridgeport is nearly two thirds of a mile in lengtii. Tlie v.'estr'rn avenue is of solid earth, faced with Bt'>np, and is a mil<^ and a half in lenirth. The traveller who ai>proaches ti;e ciple are noted for their love of parade, pomp, and public celebrations, but the occasions are generally well chosen, and the pcr- I'orinances seldom ofl'end good taste. The facilities for travelling in the neighbour- hood of Boston are very great. There are more stage coaches running to and from this city than any other in America. Hourly and half-hourly stages carry passengers to the neighbouring towns at a very low rate. The number of daily arrivals and departures is about 2-*0. In summer there are steamboats running to Hingham, Naliant and the coast of Maine. The roads about Boston are excellent, and the public houses of the first order. The country here is exceedingly varied and pic- turesque, adorned with every graceful variety of hill and dale, garden and grove, and abounding in beautiful villages and elegant country scats. From the dome of the State House, the spectator may look down upon the whole city, the country around it, the harbour and bay sprinkled with beautiful islands and the ocean beyond, forming a panorama not surpassed by any view of its kind in the world. The harbour is capacious, safe, and impregnable to an enemy. The heights of Dor- chester, which command the city and harbour, and whose batteries drove the British from Bos- ton in 177G, are now within the limits of the city. A city government was first adopted in 1S21 ; the olTiccrs are a Mayor, eight Aldermen, and a Common Council of i'i, all elected by a popu- lar vote in December annually. With Chelsea, on the opposite side of the harbour, Boston com- poses the county of Suffolk, which has G Senators in the State Legislature. The city alone scndsone Representative to Congress. The yearly expenses are about 300,000 dollars, of which above 50,000 are appropriated to the support of common schools ; 80,000 for improving the streets and 30,000 for the poor. Boston was founded in 1C30. Its name in the Indian languag-e was Shativint ; and it was called bv the settlers Tmitoul or Triv:<:viiltntt, from lis BOT 115 BOT throe hills. Tlie twn-liundicjlh year of the city was solrmnized on tlie 17tti Septeinber 183(1 by a splendid jubilee, when all the public oiTicers, as- sociations, &c., formed in an immense procession, marched to the Old South Church, the usual scene for such festivities, and were addressed by the President of Harvard College. 1 The census of l^'M 'jrnvn a return of 0I,^n"2 in- habitants lor the 12 wards within the jurisdiction of the city, but taking in those adjoining pai'ts of Charlcstown, Cambridge and Ro.xbury, which are to all practical purposes, so many portions of the capital, its whole population will amount to about 80,000. The city proper has 40 churches ; 19 banks, 2 theatres, 80 public schools, 50 bookstores, and is 210 m. N. E. from New York ; 300 N. E. from Philadelphia ; 300 S. S. E. from Montreal, and 430 N. E. from Washington. It is in N. lat. 42. 22. and in W. long. 71. 3. Boston, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 320 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,520. Boston, t. Portage Co. Ohio. Bostvetlsville, p. v. Louisa Co. Va. 20 m. N. W. Richmond. Bosicortk, Market, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. In its vicinity, in 1468, was fought the fa- mous battle between Richard III. and the Earl of Richmond, afterward Henry VII. in which the former lost his crown and life. It is seated on a hill, 13 m. W. of Leicester, and 106 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 1,117. Bosworth, Husband, another town in Leicester- shire, M m S. of Leicester. Fop. 620. Botany Buy, a bay of New Soutli Wales, dis- covered by Cook in 1770, and so called from the great quantity of herbs, found on the shore. The promontories which form its entrance are named Cape Banks and Point Solander. It was origi- nally fi.xed on for a colony of convicts from Great Britain, which in the seqtiel,was established at Port Jackson, 13 m. further to the N. See Hol- land JYcw. Long. 151. 21. E. lat. 34. 0. S. Botany Island, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, to the S. E. of New Caledonia. Lornr. 107. 17. E. lat. 22. 27. S. Bolcsd'tlc, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated in a valley, 15 m. N. E. of Bury, and 86 of London. Pop.'584. Botetourt, an interior county of the W. District of Virginia, lying between the two most easterly ridges of the Apalachian mountains. The Roan- oke and Jam^s rivers have both their sources within this county ; and it is bounded on the north by the valley over which is the natural bridge, 110 feet in length. and 2*^0 feet above the surface of the water. (See Crd.ir Cirri:.) Pop. 10,354. Fin- castle, 104 m.W ni" Richmond, i.s Ir.e cliiof town. Bothnia, Gulf of, a large gulf of the Baltic, forming its northern continuation, extending in a north by east direction, f'rom the Isle of Aland, in the lat. of 60. to Tornea, in tlie I.at. of 60. N. and having an avera.ge breadth of about 3 degrees of long, between 17. and 2.5. E. It is bounded on the west by Sweden and east by Finland. Bothnia, East, the northern i)rovince of Fin- land, e-ifteuding from Finland Proper, in the lat. of 62. N. to the line of the arctic circle, which dividis it from Laplar.d ; lying on the cast shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, between 21. and 30. of ea.^t longitude, bounded on the cast by tile Rus- sian Prnvince of Olouctz ; containing an area of ab'jut 2.'^,0l'O square mib/s, but having only about 70,000 inhabitants. It is wneral!^' low and marshy, intersected by lakes and small rivers, aboimding with fish, some salmon. The climate is general- ly unfavourable to vegetation. It has, however, some herds of small horned cattle, and bears, and other furred animals are common ; and it exports some fir timber, deals, tar, and pitch. It it di- vided into twenty-eight parishes imderthe eccles- iastical jurisdiction of the see of Abo, which fa- vours tlie tenets of Luther. The inhabitants, with some little exception of Swedish, speak the Finnish language. The chief towns are Kajana on the east side, and Uleaborg, Brahestad, Car- leby, Jacobstadt, Wasa, and Christianstadt all on the shores of tlie gulf of Bothnia. This prov- ince, with Finland, was ceded by Sweden to Rus- sia in 1809. Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden, lying between the west shore of the gulf of Bothnia and Lapland, extending south from Angerman- land, in the lat. of G3. 50. to that of 67. N. and 19. to 25. E. long Its area is about half that of East Bothnia, and the popuhation does not exceed .50, 000. It differs but little in character from the eastern province ; it abounds somewhat more in furred animals, which serve alike for subsistence and traffic. It is intersected by numerous streams, all running from west to east into the gulf. The four principal rising from the mountains which divide Lapland from Norland, give name to as many districts and towns ; viz. Tornea, at the head of the gulf, Lulea, Pitea, and Umea, at the soutli extremity of the province, all upon the coast of the gulf It contains some veins of copper and iron ; but its chief exports are timber, deals, and tar. It is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the see of Hernosand. BothtceU, a town of Scotland, in the county ol Lanark, situate on the east bank of the Clyde, be- tween Hamilton and Glasgow. It is distinguish- ed for the battle fought in its vicinity in 1679, be- tween the covenanters and the royal forces com- manded by the duke of Monmouth, when the for- mer were completely defeated. Botlcy, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 6 m. E. of Southampton, on the river Hamble, noted for a considerable trade in flour. Pop. in 1821, 670. Bottesford, a village in Leicestershire, Eng. on the confines of Nottinghamshire and Lincolnsnire, 7 m. W. by N. of Grantham. Near it, on a lofly eminence, is Belvoir castle, the ancient seat of the dukes of Rutland. In the church are several handsome monuments of that noble family; and many Roman antiquities have been found in the neighbourhood. Pop. 1,070. BottlchiU, p.t. Morris Co. N. J. 15 m. N. W. of Elizabethtown. Bntirnr, a tiwn in the north part of the duchy of Wirteinhurg, on a river of its name, 15 m. S. S. E. of Heilbron. Pop. about 2,000. BOU IIG BOU Itotien, a large town in the interior of tlie Tv- rol, beautifully located near llie junction of tfie Kicli and Eisacli, branches of tlie Ariii;e river. It has »oine nianufuctnreri of silks, and has four fairs annually, numerously attended. The sur- roundintj country jiroduces e.xcellenl wine. It was taken by the Freneli in March, IT'.C, but re- taken by the Auslrians iuiim-diiitely at\i*r. An Austrian connnantlant resiiies here. It is uliout 18 ni. N. of TriMlt. I'np. about S.OIHI. ttutznnl'ursli. a town of lirandinhur'.', in the I'cker Mark. !l ni. tf. \V. of I'renlzlau, and about 50 ni. N. of Berlin. It has a innnufiu-.tnre of silk. Biniehiiin. a fortilleil town of France, in the de- uartniinl of Nord, divideil inl i two parts by the Scheldt. It was taken by llie allie.4 iii 1711. un- der the Duke of .Marlboroui;li. but retaken the year following; and was invested by the .Austrians in 17!I3, but soon relieved. It isii ni. W. of Vnleu- cicnncs. Bouchnrl, a town of France, in the department of Indrc and Loire, situate on an island in the river Vienne, l.'i m. S. S. \V. of Tours. liouchtmain, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayennc and Loire, 4 m. S. of .\ni;ors. /?n«r/«H.«, a town of France, in the department of Doulis, f ni. E. of Besaneon. /;»i;r/ri/, a town of Switzerland, in the County of Neufchatel, 4 ni. S. W. of Neufchalcl. It was the birth-place of Marat. Bnusninriltc's Slriiit. on tlie S. Pacific Ocean, between an island of the same name and the north end of Solomon's Island, in the lat. of 7. S. and I.'iG. E. long. Bouillon, a town of Netherlands, in Luxem- burg, with a ca.stle, on an almost inaccesible rock. The French look it in l(i7(i, when Louis XIV. gave it to the duke of Bouillon. In 1704 this town was taken by storm, by general Beau- Iicu,afler defeating a considerable body of French republicans, and given up to pillage. It is sea- ted near the river Semoy. on the frontier of France, G m. N. N. E. of Sedan, and 4G W. by N. of Luxemburg. Bouillij, a town of France, in the department of Aubc, 7 m. S. of Treves. Boulitij, a town c)f France. In the department of Moselle, 13 m. N. E. of Metz. Boulotrjir, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Pas de Calais. It is divided into two towns, the Upper and the Lower ; the former is strongly fortified ; but the latter is merely sur- rounded with walls. The port has for a lonir time been so shallow that no ships of burden could enter it. But owing to some recent improve- ment, it is represented to hold ten feet at low wa- ter ; and a large basin has lately been construct- ed to contain 17 feet. The harbour is protected by a mole, to which very strong fortifications have been added. Under Bonaparte, Boulogne was made a royal port, and no merchant vessel, firivateers, nor even prizes were admitted, unless oaded with ordnance or military stores, being the principal depot of the armaments which he intend- ed for the invasion of Britain. Since the peace in 181.5, it has been much resorted by the Eng- lish, several hundreds of families having adopted it as their place of residence, who, subsisting on annuities paid out of the taxes raised in England, contribute essentially to the interest of the town and neighbourhood. Bonaparte commenced the erection of a tower, apparently intended to be car- ried to a great height ; but it is left in an unfinish- ed state, and its utility is not very obvious. It is IG m. S. W. of Calais, in lat. 50. 46. N. and 1. 37. E. long. There is also another town of the same name in France, in the department of Upper Ciironne, having several tanneries. It is TJ ni. N. by W. of St. Gaudins. Bourbon, an island in the Indian ocean, 50 m. long and X> broad, lying 4110 m. east of M.idagas- car. It has not a safe harbour, but there are some roads tor shipping. On the S. E. is a volcano. It is a fertile island ; |iroducing, in particular, the finest cotton, and i-.xcelKnt coiTee. The French wttled here in IGTa. It surrendered to the English, hfl; since when, the culture of Btijrar. cotlee. ami cotton, linsbeen pur- sued with great avidit}-, by the aid of slaves, ob- tained from Madagascar. It also proiliices a va- rietv of wtKnls, resins, giiins, and flints. AV'ild goals and hogs abound in the mountains and woods. The cattle in the plains are numerous ; and the coasts supply .ihundance of fish. On the whole, this island allbrds, not only all the means of subsialenee, but ofeiijoynieiil in a very high degree. The white inhabitants are suppos- ed not to exceed .5,000 ; and the slaves about 20,- 000. St. Denis is the cliii'f town, in lat. 20. 52 N. and 5."). 30. E. long, about 100 m. S. oftlie Isle of France. Borirhon, an interior County in the N. W. part of the state of Kentucky. Pop. ]8,4:M. Paris, situate on a fork of the south branch of the Lick- ing river, 40 in. E. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Bourbon Ijinnj, a town of France, on the west side of the department of Saone and Loire, cele- brated for its hot mineral waters, and a large mar- ble pavement, called the (ire.at Bath, which is b workof the Romans. Itis2!im. S. VV. ofAutun. Pop. 2,800. Bourbon I' .Irehnmiand, a town of France, in the department of Allier, celebrated for its hot baths and for giving name to the family of the kings of France. It is situate near the river Al- lier, 1.". 111. W. of Moulins. Pop. 2,000. Bourhonnc Its Bains, a town of France, in the department of Upper M.arne, famous for its hot baths. 18 rn. E. N. E. ofLangres. Pop. .34200. Bourhmmois, a late province of France, boun- ded on t!ie north by Nivernois and Berry, west by Berry and Marche, south by Auvergne, and east by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in corn, fruit, pastures, wood, game, and wine. It now forms the department of Allier. Bourbimrs, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord, seated near the river Aa, and on a canal, that communicates with Calais and Dunkirk, 10 m. S. VV. of Dunkirk. Pop. 4,100. Bours, which in French signifies borough, is prefixed to the names of about 20 places in differ- ent parts of France ; among the more considera- ble are, Bourg-cn-Bressc, the capital of the department of Ain. Near it is the magnificent church and monastery of the Augustins, which contains the mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, and of Charles V. The principal commerce is in corn, horses, cattle, and white leather. It stands in a marshy but fertile country, on the river Ressoussc, 30 m. N. E. of Lyons, and 233 S. S. E. of Paris. It was the birth place of Lalande. Pop. about 7,300. Bourg-sur-Mtr, in the department of Gironde, with a tide harbour on the Dordogne, ne?j the point of land formed by the junction of that river with the Garonne, on its north side. It has a BOU 117 BOV nrcat trade in wiiip, and is 15 in. N. by E. of Bor- Sc-aux. Pop. 2,700! liourmncuf, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Creuse. Here isalofty tov.cr, faced with stones cut diamond-wise, eri'Cted byZisim, broth- er of Bajazet II. emperor of tlie Turlis, nhi-n lie was obliifed to e.xile liiinself, after the loss of a deci- sive battle. Bourganeuf is seated on the Taurion, 20 ni. i\. E. of I.iinows. Pop. about 2,000. Hourirrs. a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Cher, and an archiepiscopal see, with a university, founded by Louis XI. the Nero of France, wlio wa.s born here. In e.\tent, it is one of the greatest cities in France, but the inhabitants hardly exceed 17,0tMi. The principal manufac- tures are cloth, woolen stuffs, and stockings ; but the trade is inconsiderable. It is seated at the conflu.\ of the Auron and Yovrc, 2-"j m. N. W. of Ncvers, iind ]2-> S. of Paris. ISouriret, a town of Savoy, on a lake of the same name, near the Rhone, 6 m. N. of Cham- berry. Iloiirirneuf, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment ot Lower Loire. The chief trade is in salt, made from the adjacent salt-marshes. It stands on a bay to which it gives name, between the isle of iSoirmoutier and the continent, 20 m. S. W. of Nantes. It has an oyster fishery on the coast ; some ships are also fitted out from hence for the Newfoundland fishery. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 1. .51. W. lat. 47. 3. N. Bourgoin, a town of France, in the department of Iserc. Some hemp is raised in the vicinity, and it has some manufactures of chintz. Pop. about 3,C00. Boiir^teil, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, 22 ra. W. of Tours. It has a Benedictine abbey and castle. Pop. about 2,800. Bourlos, a large lake, or bay, lyin^ between the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile. On the East Cape is a town called Bourlos^ in the lat. of 31. 30. N. and 31. 27. E. long. Bourmontj a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, on a steep mountain, 20 m. E. by N. of Chaumont. Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has a naviffable canal to Boston, and is seated at the source of a rivulet that runs to Spalding, 35 m. S. of Lincoln, and 97 N. of London. Pop. in 1621, 2,242. Bournaiat, a village in the vicinity of Smyrna, where Homer is said to have written his Iliad. Bourn, one of the Molucca islands, in the Ban- da Sea, between Celebes and Ceram, about 90 m. long and 30 broad. Some mountains in it are ex- tremely high, and the sea on one side is uncom- monly deep. It is represented as being exceed- ingly fertile, yielding abundance of rice. One of its peculiar vegetable productions is the melaleuca catigoUa, from the leaves of which the Cajeput oil is extracted, which forms one of the principal articles of traffic. The nutmeg, clove, cocoa, banana, and ebony trees, as well as the orange, lemon, citron &c., are also common to the island. The natives, who live mostly in the interior, are represented to be as rude and unsocial as those of Borneo, to whom they bear a close affinity in fea- ture, manner, and character. Wild boars, goats, and hog deer, range in the woods, which are also much infested with reptiles, and some of an enor- mous size. There is a town of the same name on the shore of a commodious bay, called Cajeli, on the north east part of the island, in lat. 3. 25. S. and 127. E. long, where the Dutch have a fort; their grovelling policy precludes alike all social improvement among the natives, whilst it consti- tutes a barrier to the attainment of all knowledge of tile details of their numbers, economy, and re- sources. Some Mahometans, and natives of oth- er islands, who live in subservience to the Dutch, inhabit the towns upon the coast. Uonrihcs. a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Boulorae. Boussac, a towu of France, in the uepartment of Creuse, with a castle on a rock, 25 m. N. E. of Cneret. Boiiton, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying off the south east promontory of the island of Celebes, about ISO miles in length fi-om N. to S. and 2.J in breadth. It is in part mountainous and woody, but in other parts exceedingly fertile. The natives appear to be of Malayan origin, pro- fessing the ilaliometan faith. It is governed by a sultan, who lives in considerable state, and whose authority extends over some small islands contiguous. Forts are constructed, on several in- accessible heights, in different parts of the island. It is said to produce cotton of a very superior quality, which the natives manufacture into cloth. The north point of the island is in lat. 4. 21 . S. and 123. 5. E. long. The Dutch attempted to establish themselves upon this island ; but their perfidy led to a general massacre, and they have not since renewed the attempt. There is a town of the same name at the north west extremi- ty of the island, at which the sultan usually re- sides. There is also another island (a small one) called Bouton. off the Malay coast, in lat. 6. 25. N. and 99. 15. E. long. Boutonne, a river of France, rising in the de- partment of Deux Serves, becomes navigable at St. Jean D'Angely, and falls into the Charente about 10 miles above Rochefort. There is a town of the same name, on the north bank of the river, about 18 m. W. of St. Jean D'Angely. Bottvignes, a small fortified town of the Neth- erlands, on the west bank of the Meuse, about 14 m. S. of Namur. This is the spot where a great victory was gained by Philip Augustus, king of France, over the Emperor Otho IV., A. D. 1214. Boiizdogan, a town in the south west part of Natolia, aTjout 18 m. N. W. of Melasso. Bouzok, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near the north east confines of Caramania, and near the source of a branch of the Kisil Jarmak River, which falls into the Black Sea. Bouzonmlle, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle, on the river Nied, 27 m. N. E. of Metz. Bora, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at the southern extremity of the promontory of Italy. The inhabitants are supposed to be de- scendants of Albanians, great numbers of whom are scattered over the adjacent country. Pop. of Bova about 2,300. Borelles, a town of France, in the department of Somme, 6 m. W. S. W. of Amiens. Bovenden, or Baicarden, a town in the princi- pality of Callenberg, about 3 m. N. of Got- tingen. Bocense, or Borgcnse, a town on the north coast of the island of Funen, fi-om whence there is a ferry over to Klakring. in Jutland. Bores, a populous town in Piedmont, a. few m. S. of Coni. Borina, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 70 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 1,346. BoTino, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated BOX 116 BRA nt Ihr pDOl of the Apennines, 15 m. N. 1".. of Bciicvento. Hoir, or .•itrnlford le Dow, one of the out piirish- es of London, on tlie east side. The church is 4 miles from tlie Royal Exchange. How is situate nt the s'lUtli-east e.vtremitv of the county of Middlesex, si'parated from li.>wi-x l>y the river Lea (see Blackwall). 'I'he church is "very ancient; and an old stone bridge over the river is supposed lo have been llio first erected in tnn^lnnd, and the curve or bow of the arch to have given name to the town. Over this bridge is the great outlet from London to the :! eastern counties of Kngliinu ; viz. Esse.x, Suffolk, and Norfolk. The pop. of the parish of Bow in l.^'il w:i3 2,:M'.l; and of Bromley, immediately contiguous, 4,:UiO. In this Ho. Jioiriloln, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,0!).">. Boiriloinhiim, p.t. in the same Co. Pop. 2,IKj1. Hoirrrbanic, t. Penobscot Co. Me. 40 m. N. W. Bangor. Pop. 49. Bowers, p.v. Essex Co. Va. and Southampton Co. Va. Bowes, a town at the north west extremity of the county of York, Eng., situate at the fool of the mountains on the frontier of Westmoreland, on one of the Roman military ways, now the high road from London to Carlisle, lis aiilieiiiity is fur- ther manifest, from a stone in the cliurcli, whi'Oi, at the commencement of the list century, was used as a Communion table, on which is an adulatory inscription to the Emperor Adrian. It holds a market on Fridays, 53 m. S. by E. of Carlisle, and 2.50 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1H2I, 1,43S. Buwlim; Green, there are villages of this name in Va., Ken., Ohio., Geo., and ^llssouri. Bowmore, a town of the isle of Islay, Scotland, on the coast of Argyleshire, on the cast coast of Loch Indal. Pop. about 700. Boiriirs, a village in Westmorland, Eng., on the east siile of VVindermere-water, II miles west by north of Kendal. It is a great mart for tisii and charcoal ; and the chief place for trading and pleasure boats used in navigating the lake. Bowricss, a village in Cumberland, Eng.. at the west end of the Picts wall, on Solway frith. 13 miles west by north of Carlisle. It w:us a Ro- man station, called Blatum Bulgium; and from hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. Bother!', a town of Germany, in the grand ducby ot Baden, with an ancient castle on an eminence ; seated on the Tauber, 13 m. W. of Mergentlieim. Bozboruuirh, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 474. Borfortl, a. village in Suffolk, Eng., 5 miles from Sudbury. It lias a great trade in m.alt, and a manufacture for dressing sheep and deer skins in oil. Pop. 743. Bojford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri- mack, 14 m. above Newburyport. Pop. !)37. Bozleu, a village in Kent, Eng., four miles north of Maicfctone, famous for an abbey, founded in 114C, some remains of which still exist. In this abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to tlie city of London, empowering them to elect a mayor. Pop. 1,1 GU. Battel, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, seated on the river Bommel, and furnished with sluices. Here the British and Dutch troops, un- der the duke of York, were defeated by the French in 1794. It is 8 ra. S. of Bois le Due. Pop. 2,GoO. Boyilstoim, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. Boydsrille, p.t. Davidson Co. Ten. 20 in. from Nashville. Boyle, a populous parish, and borough of Ire- land, in the county of Roscommon, on the fron- tier of Sligo. Here are the ruins of an abbey, near the lake Kej', and manufactures of linen and yarn. It has extensive barracks, seated on the river Boyle, 23 miles north of Roscommon, and HO north west of Dublin. It returned two mem- bers to the Irish parliament previous to I he union. Pop. of the town in 1821, 3,407; and of the par- ish, including the town, 11,181. Boylstan, p t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 820. Buyne, a river of Ireland, which rises in the north part of the county of Kildare, crosses the county of Mcalh, past Trim and Navan, and en- ters the Irish channel below Drogheda. In this river and on its banks James II. was defeated by William III. in 1G90. Bozolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Man- tiian, seated on the Oglio, 15 ni. S. W. of Mantua. Bozriih, p.t. N. London Co. Conn. Pop. 1,078. Bra, a large town of Piedmont, in the province of Alba, situate near the junction of the Stura with the Tanaro River, 10 miles south east of Carmagnola. Pop. about 10,000. Cherasco, with a further population of about 11,000, is situate on the opposite bank of the river. Brnan, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire, which descends from the hills east of Loch Tay, and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon this river is a grand scene, at a place called the Rumbling-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, the river is precipitated in a fall of near 50 feet. Brabant, a territory in the north west part of Europe, lying between the lat. of 50. 30. and 51. 3.5. N. and 4. and 5. 10. E. long, formerly bflong- ing to Austria, and afterwards part of the king- dom of the Netherlands. It will be best under- stood divided into two parts : viz. North or Dutch Brabant, and South or Austrian Br.ibant. Dutch Brabant lies north of the Scheldt, the north east being bounded by the Maese, its 4 principal towns being Bergen-op-Zoom, Breda, Bois-le-duc, .and Endhoven. South, or Austrian Brabant, is bound- ed on the west by the Dender and Scheldt, south by Naniur, and ea-st by Liege. This district was overrun by the French in 1792, who were driven b.ack the "following year; but relumed in 1794 and cft'ectually subdued the whole of the Austri- an Netherlands, which were confirmed to them by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, and of Luneville in 1801, when they divided South Bra- bant into two departments; viz. Deux Nethes, af- ter the name of two rivers which run from N. to S. uniting at Lier, and afterward fall into the Scheldt ; and the Dyle, named .ifter another river, BRA runnino- froni S ir, \ „- • i Arschot, TircImSn :&r ^i'^S^" f ' Brussels, exceptions, this is n .. r .'^y'"' ^"'"e partial di^^trict; it vieTds aft,./ ^ ^V^'^" .='"'' ""Portant with abundance of al,rP'^^'"='^' inhabitants sistence and conlrt ''""^s necessary for sub- wheat of very Tuperio'r n ^"7'"%°f fl^-^ and of to JloUand a^ the Ze^rn^ ^ ^- ^' ''"'' ^""'"^'l the ^:t^.tJ'Z isTe'oftkve"'" ^^f ^"^' «" contained a pop of 2 103 ^ ' "'''"='' '" ^^^^ St.''p:t:reele'brt:3 i^^'^' '°, "- P^'^'-ony of the ruins of VeU In^i = ""'^"'"'^^ °^ P^P". vicinity, it is skn.^i """ Y",™ baths in its cf^fr'l^^V^,^^:;j"PHneip.o fi™<-.««., p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio' of|r!:f.utr::;^:^lt°'''"'"«^ bert^atutt llL' w"of tt J^"t^ °^ T^'-'" and 18 N. of Stut^aH P ^"^^ "' Lauffen, hasawellendo3ospiJ°P- ^'°"' ^'="'>- 1' It fo^t n1' t?:Thlrcts''°"'^^'r'r ^•''-' E"^- college, now rfrlTchoo,' ?t l^"'' ^;""'y a Ouse, 18 m S S W /\t ,"" ^'""•'^<' °n the N. W. of London h'r^f Northan,pton, and 03 parlianjent. Po°p"-in'l8o! Y!4,"™ '"^"'"^^- '» si-i&,;:t;:;f,'rt,'"i^v°""-fj^- name, in Podolia I =, , ^ Palatinate of its N. N. E. of Cdon. ""po";- <4Cheln,sford, and 44 .he^;ath"of"Ect:sfi'Td T" f ^'°--hip, in Sheffield, in the min r^',^"=- '', '"''" "orth of tensively' occupied Pn'"',"^, *'"<''' '' '^ ^■'^• also the^na,ne?f' seve^oUiPr }''~^' ^'^''Z' ^' '^ in different parts of Pn^l ^ '",7"" ^'"' V'"^g<'s iira,tford,Tto\°,l ,^ fv h l'"' i?«°n-iderable. centre of the Vreate J f- 1 r'''"' ^"S- It is the England, a^dfreininent 7„'r H '"'^"''°'' ^'""'^i" There are about tw»nf . "•"' ""='''*' 'nLxtures. It stands on the side oN-''T''I",r'^''''^^'"«"t«- Avon, 10 m. N bv W o^W^ '""'°" "^'^I^-'wer H. of London. XintaClooT^' "'" ^"° in»:^^^rffi'r^^'^-''-- manufacturing indCr^I/J'r'r',^"?- '" ^^''ieh ly durino- the^fir^fai ?P? r!"'"'''"''''^^'™"^- 0% as in%nv Part 'M?,t", "'^ "."^ P''^'^''"' <=entS- whioh in 180^1 «' d , '""g'^r-, '^'"' '°«-n. ag.-regate of the' paiish s'-'^ra""''!' ^i''^*^^' ""^ "'« onFy §6,338. TnTl' ";'„f,' "'"di inlSll was large dealers in wool abouf^i •■'■' "''°"' ''°''-^ nients for the spin^no-'of d^H J""'' '^'^t'lhlish- for the weaving of 5it.n in?' '"'''"•^'^' '■"<='''"" or Bix e.\ tensive iron foun- li:> BRA e'5L;:r'rb"o{„'"r„'='\t --^factories, and ,ovcral coinb/; and J , "l "'"""facture of hats and ceasing toil tie cot on '"% '"' "° '="^'' °f """ tablislK-d it^^iiul ^..T" The? '""■ '''^<'*^- at the foot of the ri,lL , f n . '""'" '^ ^'tuate the West Ridin,r of Yf,K'T"''--''''^"-''i<^h divides on the banks of a'siM.iyrJ''"'" Lancashire, on the south s de Y I ' >' "' '"= '"'" "«^ Aire collateral cut to the Lel^r.'''V'f- '"^^^"^^S^ of a and consequentJy a f^cilitv ^r"?i '^ ^"^ ff^mmar ^^yl^^Sl^rinTo^r^^^^^ wir'^r::eterifni°''''^^'-'^--s:: Pop. 1.5,(l?'"To^„t l89 „ N'bv l'':f^H°"°'^- burg, ,s the chief town •""•"• ^y E- of Hams Botf-'I^P-V^f--'^ ^°- N- H. 80 m.fr. ma^S'^olitrHatS,X^-™tHj,Merri. Bradford, p. v. Orange Co Vt 53 m <:j r- Montpelier. Pop. 1507^ '^^^ ^^ ™- S. E. Co'^pf""''' ^'^^ ^"-i West, towns in Chester fl^ord, t. Clearfield Co. Ohio head of a large hlyen wbf 1, ^ "^ ^ight, at the to tlie quay afhi.TwLtTr ' It'fs r"" 'T^^ ^'^'^^^ port, and ^S, ofyorts,no„fh P^ ™-,^„°'^N<'«'- Brad/ey, derived from .wcf°P- '° ^'^^l, 2,023. land,isthenaraeofabout=tw f.r °' P^^^'^'e lages in different parts of f!T"^ '■°T' ^"'^ v"- n"es^-1^^^ntt^n-S; besides the cathefrai and ei"'/ ""^" '^'"''^'^' S^^^oftb?"--^^^--Po^J^a^b vided into the old-\''nVn:wTwn"''?h- f^' " •"' on an eminence surronnTn u , ■ ,""^ ''^'""•'f 's in ruins ; and U e htlerl^ ^ ''T^'" ""''"^^ "°w of a m.ui'itain, defeX^b": fo? ""ft'^' "" ''""^ on the Fervan2a, 32 m N V w r i',.^^'"^'! and S8 N. E. of Oporto Tl,. H i"*^ M'randa, stituted in ]44'> ami ?!,!. ''""'V ^""^ ^on- raised to the throne 'fp'T'T' °'^''''' ''"^' ""- continued in t:!:ji;;,r--f;;;^^0, and has niiA 120 BKA llnJieslail, one (if llio five iiriiicipal lowiis cif the Russian province of KaKt uolhnia, sitiiain on the east coast of llie ffnlf of Bothnia, aliout 'M ni. S. S. W. of Ulcaborg, in lat. (jl. -Jn. N. anil 24. 30. E. lontr. Brailn, Brahiluw, oi Ibrailii, a forllfii'd town of Euro|>c-an Turkey, situate on tlie north bank of the Danube, at the east e.ttreniity of the province of Wallachia, a few niilrg south of Galalz, luij about :Via N. by W. of Constanlinople. Brailoir,oT llnihyloir. a town of I'ohmd. in Po- dolin, on the river IJog, :!0 in. N. \V. of Uraclaw. Braincril, a missionary station in Tennessee, on the Tennessee river, about J40 ni. S. W. Knoxville. Brain. le Comic, a town of the Netherlands, in llainanlt, 15 m. S. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. about 3,000. Brainlrte, a town in Essex, Eng. It has a considerable manufacture of baixe, and is joined on the north by the extensive villajje of ]5ockiug. It is seated on the river Blackwaler, 11 m. N. by E. of Chelmsford, and 40 m. N. E. of London. Pop. 2,0ti3. Bralntree, p.l. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,20!). Bruintree, p.t. Norfolk Co. Miuss. >" m S. by E. of Boston. Pop. 1,752. It was the birth place of John Adams second, and father of the si.xlh president of tiie United States. Brainlrcm, p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus- quehannah. BrnkrI, a town of Westphalia, in the principal- ity of Paderborn, on the rivulet Brught, 10 m. E. of Paderborn. Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the country of the Orisons, which separates the valley of Munster from the county of Bormio. It is sup- posed to be the same which Tacitus mentions under the name of Ju<'a Rhietica. Bramant, a town ot Savoy, on the river Arc, 20 m. E. S. E. of St. Jean d'c Maurienne. Bramber, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is seated on the Adur, immediately contiguous to Steyning, 51 m. S. by W. of London. Each place returns two members to parliament. Pop. of Bramber !18 and of Steyning, 1,321. Brampton, a town m Cumberland, Eng. On the ton of a high hill is a fortified trench, called the Alote. It is seated on the river Irthing, m. E. N. E. of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. Vf.oi London. Pop. in lt!!21 , 2,!)21 . Brampton, is the name of twelve other towns and villages ; and Bram, derived from a Saxon word implying a bushy country, precedes the termination of the names of upwards of twenty other towns and villages in ditferenl parts of England, all inconsiderable. Bramstedl, a town of Lower Saxony, in Hol- stein, near which is a medicinal spring. It is seated on the Bram, 21 m. N. of Hamburg. Bramnr, or Brnunau, a town of Bohemia, on the confines of Silesia, with a manufacture of coloured doth, 11 m. N. W. of Glatz. Brancuhonc, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, !) m. S. £. of Bova, at the south ex- tremity of the peninsdla. Branruslir, a village in Norfolk, Eng. 4 m. W. by N. of Burnham. It was the ancient Brano- dunum, a considerable Roman city, and has now a considerable trade in malt. Branchtown, p. v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. Branrlirille, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N. Trenton. Brnndeis, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaurzim, on the south bank of the river Elbe, 10 N. E. of Prague. Urandcnhuri;, ilrcloral mitrquisatc of, an inte- rior and irregularly shaped territory of Europe, in the circle of Upper Saxony, lying l)etween the lats. of 51. '15. and .54. N. aiul 11. and Iti. of E. long. It is separaU'd from the Baltic, on the north, by Mecklenburg and Pomcrania; bounded on the east by Prussian Poland, and on the south by till' duchy of Saxony and principality of An- halt, and on the west by Magdeburg. Its area may be estimated at about 12,000 square miles. From the tenth to the fitleenlh century this territory passed under various governments sub- ject to Poland, when, in 1417, it was vest- ed in perpetuity, by the emperor Sigismund, with consent of the tiermanic confederacy, to Frederic VI. of Nuremberg, and his descendants ; a succeeding margrave having been acknowled"- ed sovereign of the then duohy of Prussia wliicli in 1701 was converted into a kingdom. The seat of government was transferred from Konigs- berg, in Prussia, to Berlin in Bradeuburg, which has thereby become the chief part of the Prus- sian dominions. It is divided into the five fol- lowing parts •. viz. the Old Mark, west ; Prignitz, north-west-, Middle Mark, south; Uckcr Mark, north ; and the New Mark, on the east. It is in part a sandy and sterile district ; but having the advantage oi' several navigable rivers, and by the aid of culture, it is rendered ttJerably productive in all that is necessary for subsistence and com- fort. The bigoted edict of Nantes, which in lG-i5 drove thousands of the most industrious and intelligent of the manufacturing population of France from their homes, led a number of them to settle in this part of Europe, where they introduced their respective occupations in the manufacture of silk and worsted stufi's, which now contributes essentially to the reciprocal bene- fit of the various classes of the country. The principal rivers are, 1st, the Oder, which enters the !New Mark from the south, runs nortli, past Frankfort. Kustrin, and Schwedt, through Pom- erania, into the Baltic ; 2nd, the Netze, enters the New Mark from the east, and falls into the Oder at Kustrin ; 3rd, the Spree, enters the Middle Mark from the south, runs west by north, falling into the Havel west of Berlin ; 4th, the Havel, rises near the south confines of the Ucker Mark, runs south to Potsdam, when it makes a circui- tovis course west, to the town of Brandenburg, then nortii to Ilavelberg, where it falls into the Elbe ; 5th. the Elbe, from the south-east, divides tlie Old Mark from the Prignitz ; the Havel is also united with the Elbe by a canal across the principality of Magdeburg from Brandenburg past Gentin ; and with the Oder by another canal from Liebenwalde, past Neustadt, to Oderberg ; the Spree is also united with the Oder by a canal from the south- east extremity of the Middle Mark to the point where the Oder enters the New Mark from Lusatia. The population of this part of the Prussian dominions amounts to about 1,250,000, who contribute a money tax eq'ial to about 4,500, 000 dollars per. annum. The inhabitants are mostly dissenters from the church of Rome, in- dulging in the peculiar tenets of Luther, who promulgated his doctrines at Witteniberg ; and some of Calvin ; but the state makes no distinc- tion ; religious profession be it what it may, being no obstacle to civil service. The following is a statement of the principal towns in each of the five divisions ; viz. Prignitz, \Vitteml>erg, Put- BRA 121 BRA lilz, I'erlflierg; OIJ Murl., VVerbeii, Oslcrbtrg, Kalbe ; Middle do. Braiidfiiljurg, Poladain, Ber- lin ; Uckcr do. I'renzlo, Boytzenburg, Anger- iriundc ; J\'ctD do. Fulkenburgb, Arcnswald, Kus- trin. Braitdcnhurif, tbe city wbicli gives name to the preceding territory, is divided into two parts, old and now : the former on the north bank of the river Havel, and the latter on tbe south. U is a place of consideralde antiquitv, sui)posed to have been first founded by the Sclavoniaiis, and fortified in the early part of tlie tenth century, as a barrier against the incursions of the Muns. It has various manufactures. Pop. about 13,000. It is about 30 miles S. of Havelsberg, and about the same distance W. of Berlin. There are two other towns named Brandenburg ; one in Mecklenburg- Strelitz, surrounded by walls. The streets are wide and straight, the church of St. Mary is a large structure, and the townhouse is worthy of notice. It is situate on the ToUensee, 72 m. N. of Berlin : and the other in East Prussia, with an ancient castle, at the south end of the Frische IlaflT, 13 m. S. W. of Koniosberg. Brandon, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It stands on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a ferry a mile below for conveying goods to and from the isle of Ely. It has a great trade in corn, malt, coal, timber, &c. and in the vicinity are ex- tensive rabbit warrens. It is \') m. N. by W. of Burv, and 78 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,770. Biandon, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,940. Brandifwine, a river of Chester county, in the south east part of Pennsylvania, which falls into the Delaware a little below Wilmington. It is distinguished in American history for a defeat sustained by the revolutionary army, on the 11th of September, 1777. Brandyifine, towns in Chester Co. Pa. and Newcastle Co. Del. Branford, p.t. New Haven Co. Con. Pop. 2,333. Braslaic, or Breslau, a city of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wilna, on the north side of a lake which communicates with the Dwina, 76 m. N.N. E. of Wilna. Brassa, or Bressay, one of the Shetland islands. Between this and the principal island, called Mainland, is the noted Brassa Sound, where 1,000 sail of vessels may at once find commodious mooring. Brassaw, or Cronstadi, a strong town in the south east part of Transylvania, on the river Burezel, 50 ra. E. by N. of Hermanstadt. Brattlcboro, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- neticut. Pop. a,141. Brattoncille, p. v. Prince William Co. Va Brava, a republic on the southern e.xtremity of the kingdom of Magadoxa, and the only one in Africa. It was founded by seven Arabian breth- ren, who fled hither from the tyranny of Lacah, a petty monarch of Arabia, Finding a most de- lightful situation between two rivers, near their confluence into the Indiaji Ocean, they built the city of Brava, which is now large and populous, and the greatest mart on all the coast. Its mer- chants are rich, carrying on an extensive trade in gold, silver, elephants' teeth, ambergris, silk, cot- ton, and other stuSs. The republic is under the protection of the king of Portugal, for which they pay a tribute of about £20 annually. The city of Brava lies in long. 43. 25. E. lat. 1. 20. N. Brava, one of the Cape Verd islands, 12 miles Iti W. S. W. of Fuego, and inhabited by the Portu- guese. The land is high and mountainous, but iertile ; and horses, beeves, asses, and hogs are numerou.s. It has three harbours, but Porto Fer- reo on the south side is the best for large ships. Long. 24. 30. W. lat. 14.52. N. Uraubiich, a town of Germany, in the Wester- wald, with a castlo, seated on the Rhine, 8 m. S. of Coblentz. Briiuiiau, a fortified town of Bavaria, formerly the residence of the elector. In 1742 it was taken by the Austrians; and, in 1777, by the peace of Teschcn the town and its district were ceded to Austria. In 1"*0.> it was captured by the French and Bavarians. It is seated on the east bank of the river Inn, on the frontier of Upper Austria, %■* ni. S. W. of Passau, to which country it now belongs. Brannau, a town on the eastern frontier of the circle of Koningsgratz, bordering on Silesia. It is a manufacturing town, and has a rich Benedic- tine abbey. Braunfels, capital of the county of Solms. Here is a magnificent palace, the seat of the prince of Solms-Braunfels ; and near it is the decayed cas- tle of Solms. It is seated near the Lahn, 10 m. W. by S. of Wetzlar. Long. 8. 28. E. lat. 50. 30. N. Braunslmrg, a town of west Prussia, in Erme- land. It has an academy for catholics, establish- ed in 1783 ; and is seated on the Passarge, near its entrance into the Frische Haff". It exports great quantities of linen yarn to England, 18 m. N. E. of Elbing. Long. 19. 58. E. lat. 54. 30. N. Braunston, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng. four miles N. W. of Daventry, and 72 from Lon- don, on the confines of Warwickshire. Here commences the Grand Junction canal, under a tunnel three-fourths of a mile in length, to the Thames, which, with the Oxford and Coventry canals, render it the central place of inland navi- gation. Pop. 1,238. Bray, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wick- low, seated on the river Bray, near St. George's channel, 10 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 2,481. Bray, a village in Berkshire, Eng. one mile south of Maidenliead. It is famous in song for its vicar, who was twice a papist and twice a pro- testant, in four successive reigns, and when taxed with being a turncoat, said, he always kept to his principle, ' to live and die vicar of Bray.' Pop. in 1821, 3,159. Brazil, a vast territory of South America, lyinw between the lat. of 4. N. and 34. S. and 26. and 72. of W. long, but being triangular in form, con- verging into a point southerly, its area will not exceed 2,000,000 of square miles, though estima- ted by some writers as exceeding 3,000,000. The first discovery of Brazil has been claimed for a Martin Beliem, who is said to have visited it in 1487, but the credit of making it known to Euro- peans is assigned to the Portuguese admiral, Pedro Alvarez Cabral, who sailed from Lisbon on the ilth of March, 1.500, with a squadron of thirteen sail, destined for the East Indies; when stretch- ing more than usual to the westward to avoid tlie calms on the coast of Africa, he accidentally dis- covered this fine territory in the lat. of 16. soutli, on the 24th of April ; and having communicated with the natives, who manifested a social disposi- tion, anchored his squadron in the Bay of Porto Seguro, and on the following day landed and planted the cross, and took possession of the ter- ritory in the name of Emanuel, king of Portugal. ni(.\ VJ2 miA For nearly fifty yeare, howcvor, it wna Iml liltli- appri'ciated ; there beiiij; no indicntioiis of golJ, 8ilv<-r, or g*'"'"! upon Oic co;Lst : it Ha,i nien'ly u:>t>d as n place ol transportation for criminals, the ships convcyiniT thcin, carrviiijj back nothing but thi' ri'd wooil so important in dyein^j ; and its c'lpahililifs would probably have remainrd much lunger undisclosed, but for tiio banisii.-iicnt of the Jews from Portugal in irtM\ who, by the assistance of their friends in other p'lrLs of tlie Wfjrld, intro- duced the suaar-cane from Madi-ria, which tjeur- rished to such a degree as soon to render it un ob- ject of great importance. Allhough its |)rofuse treasures of gold, silver, and gems, remained un- disclosed, enoiii^ii had been discovered, and the celebrity of tlie colony became sufiiciently general by the close of the century, to excite the jealousy and cupidity alike of the French, Spaniards, and Dutch. In 17'2.1 the Dutch dispatched a squadron under the command of .\dintral Willikrns, who succeeded in taking possession of St. Salvador, or Haliia, the principal settlement, and proclaimed tlie conquest of the whole territory. The Span- iards next sent a formidable s»pridron. who com- pletely dislodged the Dutch ; but, in Ui:ll), the Dutch again returned to the country witli a force of not less than forty-six armed sliips, and after seven or eight years of continued warfare, suc- ceeded in extending their influence over more than half the country ; but their opjircssive, mean, und grovelling policy became so obnoxious to the settlers an to render their tenure exceedingly precarious. Afler various collisions and alterna- tions of success between Dutch, Spaniards, and Portuguese, towards the cbise of the seventeenth century, the Dutch by treaty reded all their inter- est to the Portuguese, and the influence of the Spaniards having been previously subverted, at tlie commencement of the l.'^th century the whole territory came into the possession of the Portu- guese. With them it remained for more than a century, silently advancing in cultivation and im- rtortance, though, comparativelv speaking, but ittle known to the world until tlie events of the twenty years' war growing out of the French revolution in 179.^, led, in 1.H07, to the emigration of the Portuguese court from Lisbon, to Rio Ja- neiro. From this period, the barriers which had pre- viously confined the intercourse of Brazil tfi Por- tugal, were at once annihilated, and it,!! features, condition, char.acter, and resources. laid fairly open to the view and intercourse of the world. Since then, cultivation has been va.stly extended, and its supply rf productions doubled, trebled, and in some cases, quadrupled. For purposes of civil .and military jurisdiction, it has been divided into the thirteen following districts, viz. 1st, Gui- ana, comprising the whole extent of country north of the main branch of the Amazon river, bounded on the north by the New Colombian Territory and French Guiana. 'Jd, Para, which comprises a vast tract extending from the frontier of Peru, the whole breadth of the country parallel with Para, south of the main branch of the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean, and the following nine border on the Atlantic coast, beginning at the north : viz. 3. IMaranham. 8. Rio Janeiro. 4. Seara. D. St. Paul. 5. Pernambuco 10. St. Catherine. 6. Bahia. II. Rio Grande. 7. Minas Geraes. 12. Goias, interior ; and 13. Matto Grusso, on the frontier of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres The extent and production of each of these dis- k tricts will be more fully elucidated under tlieir | respective lieadn. Indejiendent of the noble river I Amazon, which has one of its sources near the shore of the Pacific Ocean, and by numerous col- lateral branches opens a communci.ation with the whole interior of Peru, and dividing the before- mentioned provinces of (juiana and Para. The Maderia. Tapoos, Xingu, Araguay, and the Toc- antins, all fiowiiig from the soi.th into the Amazon, intersect all tlie interior and northern part of Brazil; whilst the Paraguay, and Parana, with innnmerable branches, intersect all the southern part, running s^iuth into the great river La Plata, in ailditlon to these the Pinare, Barbadoes, Parai- ba, St. Francisco, and numerous others of minor note, water all the maritime provinces falling into the .Atlantic Ocean. A chain of mountains intersects the maritime provinces from south to north, from Rio Grande to the St. Francisco River, which separates the provinco of Bahia from Pernambuco. The ground rises gradually from the coast to the summit of lliis ridge, which varies in altitude from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Westward of this ridge, the ground gradually slopes till it again ascends to form another mountain ridge of somewhat great<'r altitude than the preceding, dividing Goias from the maritime provinces, and running east of, and parallel with, the Tocantins lo its entrance into the Para mouth of the Ama- zon. From this chain a collateral ridge branches off, intersecting the province of Seara, in a direc- tion from south to north, to near the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. Over so vast a tract of land, it cannot be imag- ined that the climate will be found at all equal, or the seasons uniform. The northern provinces are subject to heavy rains, variable winds, torna- does, storms, and the utmost fury of the elements ; while the southerly regions are favoured with all the comforts which a fine fertile soil and temper- ate climate can afford. In some of the provinces the heat of the climate favours the generation of a variety of poisonous insects and reptiles ; some of which, as the lihoija, or roebuck snake, are said to extend to the length of thirty feet, and to be two or three yards in circumference. Lizards, ^^^^<^^^v^^ which are found in almost every part of the world, QTow Iiere to an enormous size, and are often found 2 or 3 feet in length. The rattle-snake, and other reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an in- credihle size ; and the serpent called ibahaloha is affirmed to be seven yards long, and half a yard J in circumference, possessed too of a poison instan- I taneously fatal to tiie human race. Here also are scorpions, ant-hears, the jaguar, porcupines, janon- veras, and tapirs. No part of the world anbrds a greater number of beautiful birds or greater vari- ety of the most exquisite fruits. The chief indig- enous vegetable production which gave name to the country and title of prince to the heir pre- sumptive of the sovereignity of Portugal, is the liomum Tirasiiiannm, or Brazil wood, bo justly reU'brated for its colourinfr properties. Forests BRA l'.»3 BRE of trees, as stately in size as enJlcss in variety, intermixed with brambles and creeping plants flowering in every variety and tingeol'colour.einit- tintr the most delicious odours, and fir hundreds of square miles in extent so dense as to be quite impenetrable, except t« the native Indians, are spread over the greater part of the country from the sea-coast to tlie Arasruay river, wliich separates Goias from Matto Grosso. In the cultivated parts, the palnia christi, orange, lemon, citron, and various otiier trees and plants flourish in the utmost luxuriance ; and a.-nong the foreign plants, the sugar-cane, coffee tree, and cotton ]>lant, are yielding an increasing supply of th.^ir respective products of the very choicest quality ; but the productions for v^liich Brazil has hitherto been the most celebrated are its gems, gold, and silver. The eems are as various as beautiful ; and, al- thougli diamonds have been appreciated from the earliest periods of social refinement, the largest and most vala:ible ever known was found in Bra- zil, weitrhing in its rough state tG":0 carats or 14 oz. troy, wTiich, according to the imaginary and con- ventional rule of valuation, at £2 sterling for the first carat, would be equal in value to 2.5,002,912 dollars American money. The quantity of raid and silver during a series of years averaged in money, about 22 million dollars per annum. On the gold and silver, the government levied a tax of one fifth of the produce, but restricted the searching for diamonds and cutting of the Brazil wood to its own agents, subjecting the violators of the law to the severest peualties. Rich as Bra- zil is, in a comparative sense, in gems and metals, they have obviously retarded, rather than advanc- ed, the genuine prosperity of the country, having tended to divert the inhabitants from the more ra- tional and socializing pursuits of agriculture. Since 1806, however, cultivation has been pursu- ed with greater avidity, and its superior advanta- ges once established, it will probably increase in estimation, whilst the infatuating pursuits in search of diamonds and gold will subside. Tlie revolutionary spirit, so widely spread over all Spanish America shortly after the commence- ment of the present century, extended itself in- to Brazil. Peruambuco, in 1817, revolted against the government, and the whole country manifest- in*' rather an equivocal dispositon towards the ruling family, the court of Rio Janerio, in 1S21, emigrated back to Lisbon, leaving Don Pedro, the eldest son of the king, as viceroy, who no sooner felt himself separated from paternal allegi- ance, than he began to turn his thoughts to his individual aggrandizement, and strove to cherish, rather than subdue, the revolutionary spirit which had previously been excited ; and on the 11th of September, all allegiance to Portugal was formal- ly denounced, and Don Pedro proclaimed emper- or of Brazil. This change not proving satisfacto- ry to all parties, and the integrity of Don Pedro appearing equivocal to the neighbouring govern- ment of Buenos Ayres, a spirit of political disqui- etude generally prevails, and the final issue of its mode of government consequently remains pro- blematical. Tl>e political cabals, however, have not materially retarded cultivation and commerce, which continue to increase. Of the extent of the population accounts are much at variance. The introduction of slaves from the coast of Africa, since the excitements to agriculture commenced, has been very great, and must have added at least .50,000 annually to the pnpulition of the coast, unless the mortality has been proptrtiona- bly grial with the importation. The aggregate population probably amounts to near a million, four-fifths of whom are slaves and people of col- our. The Brazilians are indolent, and great num- bers of those who are w.'althy pass their time up- on their estates in the country, where their chief delight is to swing in their hammocks all the af- ternoon. The chief amusement besides this is hunting, which from the abundance of game in 1 m ^ 1 fflK 'IW ^^ n^'j i 1^^ ^^Z^^f^^^^ .^^^^ ;%_-->^r: --p^5^ the interior districts may be carried on to a great extent The natives who inhabit the inland parts, live almost in a state of nature ; they are copper- coloured, go naked, cohabit indiscriminately, and have no signs of religion ; they are strong, lively, and gay, and subject to few diseases ; but of their aggregate number, whether one, two, or more millions, or only a few thousand, even conjecture does not hazard an opinion. See Lisbon, Portugal, Rio Janeiro. Brazza, an island in the Adriatic, near the coast of Dalmatia, 30 miles long, and 10 broad. The soil is stony, but it produces much excellent wine, and this article, with fire- wood and sheep, form the chief trade. It has a town of the same name, several villages, and an aggregate population of about 15,000. Long. 17. a5. E. lat.43. 50. N. Brea(Te, a populous village on the shore of Mount's Bay, Cornwall, Eng. with ten mines in its vicinity, 4 m. VV. of Helstone, and 10 E. by S. of Penzance. Pop. in 1321 3,608. Brechin, a borough of Scotland, in Forfar, an- ciently a bishop's see and the county town. The cathedral is partly ruinous, but one of its aisles serves for the parish church. Adjoining to this is a curious antique round tower, which tapers from the bottom, and is very slender in proportion to its height. Here is a manufacture of linen and cot- ton, and a considerable tannery. It is seated on the South Esk, 8 m. W. of Montrose, and 12 E. N. E. of Forfar. Pop. in 1821 , 5,006. Brerkenridge, a county of Kentuckv, on the Ohio. Pop. 7.':545. Hardensburg is the chief town. Breckerfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the coun- ty of the Mark, about 30 m. N. N. E. of Cologne. Pop. 1,100. Brecknock, towns in Berks Co. and Lancaster Co. Pa. Brecon, or Brecknockshire, a border county of South Wales, bounded on the east by the coun ties of Hereford and Monmouth, north by Radnor, west by Caermarthen and Cardiganshires, and south by Glamorgan. It is a mountainous dis- trict, yielding iron, coal, and limestone in great abundance, and some copper and lead, and at Llanelly, on the border of Glamorganshire, the BRK 134 liOR nmellin" nt'irnn is cairieil nn In some extent. It has soine fortilo valli-ys, niul is wulcrod by tli(> rivors Wyo :iiiil Uske and nlliiT stionnis, and has tlir advai'itajjp of a canal tor bar;;i's t>{''St tons hvir- tji.-ii from till' ccniro of liii- county to the Bristol Clianncl at Newport. It has lew or no niannfao- Inrcs ; but, in addition to its iron, it produces a Burphis of grain, cattle, and loiller, and some wend, out of which a consirler.ildr rent and othcrta.xes are disch.irged, and a supply of nirinufailured, colonial, aiul foreitrn productions (tblained. The four principal towns are lirecon, ISuilth, Crick- howel, and II;iy. Ilrrrknml;, or Ihniiii.w liorouijh and i-hief town of the preceding county. It is an ancient place, as appears by tlie lliuuan coins that are oflin drtg up ; and its once magnificent ca.stle is now an in- significant ruin. It contains three churches, r>ne (d' which is collegiate ; and in that jiart of the town, called tlie Watton is a line :irsen:il. To the east of the town isaconsideralde lake, well stored with fish, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It is seated at the confluence of the Ilondey with the Uske, which falls into the Iiri,stol Channel and with which it coininnnieates by a canal to New- port, near the uicuith of the Uske, ?A m. N W. of Monmouth, and 171 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 18-21,4,103. Breda, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, sur- rounded on all sides by water and morasses. Tlie great church is a noble structure, with a lofty spire 3C2 feet in height. In l(i'.io the Spaniards, ailcr a memorable siege of 10 months, reduced this city ; but, in 1(137 the prince of Orange retook it. In 1703 it surrendered to the French, afler a siege of only three usUcr.s, situate on a rock inaccessible every wav, e.vcept by the siile of a river, wlicre it is as- cended by two or tliree hundred steps. Tlie com- mon passajfe from Savoy to Italy is by tliis fortress. /iriar«, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, seated on the Loire, and has a canal be- tween that river and the Seine. It is40ni. K. S. K. of Orleans. Jiricksvillc, t. Cuyuhou-a Co. Ohio. liridgchtnnplon, p. v. SuHolk Co. N. Y. at the E. end of Lon.S8 ; and Buffered also greatly by fires in 17.5(j, 1700, and 1767. Before the.se fires it contained K.^iOO houses; and it has since been rebuilt. The streets are broad, the lions- es high, the wharves and quays convenient, and the forts strong. The church is as large as some cifhedrals. Here also is a free-school, an hospi- tal, and a college ; the latter erected by the socie- ty for propagating the gospel, pursuant to the will of colonel Codringlon, whoendowed it with i;2,n00 a year. The town had scarcely risen from the calamities already mentioned, when it was torn from \{s foundatirm by a hurricane in 1780. in ^vhich many f>f the inhabitants perished. It is Kcaroelv yet restored to its former splendour. Long. bo. 43. W. lat. 13. r,. N. See Barhadurs. Bridgcwater, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. It is seated on the Parrel, over which is a hand- some bridge. It has a large handsome church with a lofty spire. The .■-.ummer as.iizes are held here every other year. In the wars between Charles I. and the parliament, the forces of the Latter reduced great part of the town to ashes ; and the lastle was then so far demolished, that few vestiges of it are now observable. The river is navigable up to the town, for vessels of 200 tons burthen, and for barges as far as Langport, and by the Tone to Taunton ; and althougli a preva- lence of westerly winds causes the tide at times to set into the rWer with great fury, its naviga- tion contributes essentially to the interest of the town ; commercial intercourse however is prin- cipally confined to the coast. The populatiim wliichin 1801 was only 3,044, in 1821 was 0,1."),'; and the adjoining parish of North Pertherton, on the south, contained a further population, of 3,001. It returns two members to jiarliament, and is 31 miles S. S. W. of Bristol, and 138 W. by S. of London. It was the birth place of Admiral Blake, the worthy antagonist of Van Tronip. Bridffcimler, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 70 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 783. Bridacirater, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 10 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 1,31). Bridi;ewater, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m. S. Boston. Pop. l.STi,"). Here are manufactures of cotton, woolen and iron. Bridin-wnter, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 83 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,008. There arc 3 towns of this name in N.J. and Pa. Bridfreiratcr, or Lundy^s Lane, a spot in Upper Canada on the West side of Niagara river, near the falls, celebrated as the scene of a battle be- tween the Americans and British, on the 25th July, J814. Bridlinrrtoji, commonly called Burlington, a sea- port in East Yorkshire, Eng. The liarbour is commodious and defended by two strong piers. Its mineral waters, and accommodations for sea- bathing, draw much company in summer ; and its trade is considerable, owning about (i,000 tons of shipping. It is seated on a creek south of Flam- borough-head, 40 m. E. N. E. of York, and 200 N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,275, being 1,145 more then in 1801. Bridporl, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. It is seated about 3 miles from the shore of the British channel, between the rivers Brit and Bride, which unite just below the town, and form a con- venient li,arbour, which, since 1822, has been im- proved so as to admit vessels of 200 to 300 tons burthen. It was formerly celebrated for its man- ufactures of cordage, sail-cloth, twine, and net- ting ; and Henry VIII. granted it a monopoly for making all the cordage for the national ma- rine, which it retained for about sixty years ; but its manufactures are now inconsiderable. It builds and owns some shipping, and carries on a little external, as well as coasting trade. It re- turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,742. It is 12 m. W. of Dorchester, and 135 W. by S. of London. BndjtoTl, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Cham- plain, near Crown Point. Pop. 1,774. Brio;, a fortified town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a Lutheran cathedral, and several other churches for pro- testants and catholics. Here is a manufacture of cloth. It was taken by the Prussians in 1741, and its ancient castle burned down during the siege. It is seated on the Oder, 25 m. S. E. of Breslau. Pop. about 9,000. Brieg, or Briir, a handsome town of the Valaie, seated on the Salfina river, which falls into the 1!RI I->7 6RI [ Rlione on the soulh side, about 28 miles east of Sion. It suffered much from aii earthquake in 1755. Briel, or Brill^ a fortified seaport of South Hol- land, capital of the island of Voorn. The Dutch took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which was the foundation of the republic. It was the birth place of Van Tromp, and is seated at the mouth of the Maese, 20 m. W. S. W. of Rotterdam. Long. 4. 1. E. lat. 51. 48. N. Pop. about 3,000. Brienne, a small town of France, in the depart- ment of Aube, distinguished for its military school, at which Napoleon received his educa- tion. It is about 20 m. E. of Troyes. Brif.nlz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its neigh- bourhood. It is situate on a lake of the same name (nine miles long and three broad) 42 m. S. E. of Bern. Briezcn, a small town of Brandenburgh, in the middle mark, on the frontier of Anhalt, about 25 m. S. of Potsdam. Brieux, St. a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Cotes du Nord, and a bishop's sec, with a small harbour. It is seated among hills, near the English channel, 30 m. S. W. of St. Malo. Pop. about 6,000. Briey, a town of France, in the department of Moselle, near the river Manse, 12 m. N. W. of Metz. Pop. 1,800. Brigala, a town in the Col de Tende, on the frontier of Nice, a few miles S. of the town of Tende. Brighlhelmstnne , commonly called Brighton, a town of England, in the County of Sussex, situ- ate on a very abrupt and uninteresting part of the coast of the British channel, at the foot of a range of naked hills, without a tree, either for shelter, or to diversify the scene. Having no accommoda- tion for shipping beyond a fishing boat, and the coast here ixirming a sort of bay with shoal water, vessels passing up and down the channel keep too far out at sea ever to be visible from the shore ; so that the view by sea and by land is equally monotonous, yet without any one natural feature or convenience to recommend it, from an insignificant fishing town. Brighton has become (chiefly in consequence of the patronage of the late king) one of the principal resorts of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom. In 1784 the prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., erected at Brighton, for an occasional resi- dence, an edifice called a marine pavilion. This he afterwards converted into a splendid palace, where he spent a great portion of every year, till the cares of royalty and the infirmities of age rendered its distance inconvenient. Up to this period the buildings were comparitively mean ; but the improvements within the last twelve years have been very considerable. A new and perfect- ly unique village, denominated Kemp Town, forms the eastern boundary of Brighton ; while Brighton Terrace, a magnificent range of houses on the west, stretches into the parish of Hove. A commodious market is erected in the Bartholo- mews, on the former site of the workhouse ; and it is in contemplation to build a town-hall near the same spot. The new workhouse, near the sum- mil of the Church Hill, is a building of consider able extent, well adapted to secure the health and comfort of its inmates. The parish church, situate on an eminence at the north-west, was formerly at a small distance from the town, which hns now almost entrenched upon its sacred enclo- sure. The other places of worship connected with the establishment, are the Chapel Royal, St James's Chapel, and Trinity Chapel, and four oth- ers situate in the eastern and western divisions of the town, besides the church of St. Peter's, recent- ly erected, which is by fur the most beautiful orna- ment that Brighton has to boast. Here are also a Roman Catholic chapel, a Jews' synagogue, and several meeting houses for the differe7it°denomi- nations of dissenters, most of whom have their schools and distinct benevolent and religious in- stitutions. Besides the accommodations for sea- bathing, warm, cold, and vapour baths, of the most elegant and commodious construction, have also been erected ; while the park furnishes a beautiful ride, and the spa all the varieties of artificial, mineral, and medicinal water.^. Here are also two assembly rooms, a handsome theatre (opened in 1807,) a celebrated race ground, Ac. After the battle of Worcester, in l(i51, Charles II. embark- ed at this place for France, in a vessel which is said to have been moored after the restoration in the Thames, opposite Whitechapel. Brighton is subject to the county magistrates. It is J 7 miles W. by N. of Beachy Head, 50 E. by N. of Ports- mouth, and 52 S. from London. Brighton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. W. Boston. Pop. 972. This town is celebrated for its Annual Cattle Show and Fair which has been held here ever since the revolution. Vast num- bers of cattle for the Boston market are brought here from all parts of the country. Brighton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 235 m. W. Alba- ny. Pop. 6,510. Also a town in Beaver Co. Pa. BrightsUle, Bierlow, the west quarter of the par- ish of^ShefEeld (which see,) containing in 1821 a population of 6,615. Brignais, a town of France, in the department of Rhone. During the summer season it is the favourite resort of the citizens of Lyons, who have here many elegant villas and country houses. It is seated on the small river Garron, 9 miles S. of Lyons. Brignolles, a town of France, in the department of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated among mountains, in a pleasant country, 20 m. N. N. E. of Toulon. Pop. about 9,000. Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade in wool. Here General Stanhope and an English army were taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated on the Ta- juna, 43 m. N. E. of Madrid. Brillon, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, on the river Alme, 27 ra. E. by S. of Arensberg. Brimfietd, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 75 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,599. Brindisi, (the ancient Bruiidusium,) a maritime and archiepiscopal city of Naples, in the province of Otranto, situate just within the entrance to the Adriatic, in the lat. of 40. 39. N. and 18. 20. of E. long. Its harbour at one period was the most commodious and secure in the Mediterranean; but during the commercial career of Venice, it be- came neglected and inaccessible, except for small vessels. Within the present century, efforts have been made to render it again convenient and use- ful ; but so long as the subduing and precluding line of policy of the present government of Na- ples prevails, all efforts at social improvement will be made in vain. The adjacent country, like the harbour, presents an aspect of desolation. It is surrounded by extensive forests of olive trees, and some mulberries, from which silk is gathered. Present pop. of the city about C.OOO. It is about BRI 128 BRI 100 m. S. E. of Naples. Virgil dieil at Urindisi, B. C. HI. Brinn. See Brunn. Briouile, a town of France, in tti? ilopuilniciitof U|i|)or Loire. Near it is a sniiill town ciillcd Chnrcli IJrioudc, on acciiunt iif a I'anious rlui|iter. Ilritmde stands on the AUier. over wliiili is a bridijc of one arcli, I7:i feet in (lianielt-r. It is \Vl miles N. W. of l'uy,and :il S. by K. of Clermont. Pop. abonl .'),U00. It was the birthplaee of I.a Fayette, distinguished fur his enthusiasui in the cause of the Americans to obtain their indepen- dence. Brisach, Old and Xcip. Old Brisacli is on the east bank of the Rhine, and was formerly the chief town of the Brisirau ; but the fortifications were demolished in 1*11, and the ordnance ri- moved to Friburf^, about 1.^ njiles in the interior. New Brisach is a tortitied town on the o])posite bank of the river, in the French department of the Upper Rhine, about 40 m. S. of Strasburg, and 250 E. by S. of Paris. The fortification is one of those constructed under the superintendence of Vauban, in the reign of Louis XlV. Brisaao, a town of Switzerland, on the lake Maggiore, 5 m. S. of Locarno. arisgau, a territory in the circle of Suabia, of about 1,000 square miles in extent, intersected by the line of the 4dth degree ofN. lat. and Hth of K. long, extending eastward from the Rhine into the Black Forest. As a frontier district border- ing on France, it has been exposed to ravage in all the wars between that nation and Austria, and has been the scene of several bloody contests. At an early period of the French revolntif>n, in 170:5, the French reduced nearly the whole of the town of Old Brisach to ashes ; and, in ITOtl, after a severe action possessing themselves of Friburg, the capital, but which they were obliged to aban- don the same year. After various changes of sovereignty, it was wholly ceded by Bonaparte to the grand duke of Baden, in 1805, confirmed by treaty witli Austria, and in tlie new subdivisions of the territory of the states ofBaded, in 1810, the Brisgau was divided between the three circles of Wiesen, Treisam, and Kinzig, the names of three rivers by which the territory of Baden in inter- sected. Bristino, a town of Naples in Capitanata, 1 1 m. S. S. W. of Manfredonia. Brissaf, a town of France in the department of Maine-et- Loire : seated on the Aubence, 13 m. S. of Angers. Bristol, an ancient maritime, and ecclesiasti- cal city and county of England, situate at the south-west extremity of the county of Glouces- ter, at the confluence of the little river Frome with the Lower Avon, which divides it from Somersetshire on tlie south, about ten miles above the confluence of the Avon with the Severn into the arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel. Bristol was known at a very early period ; and about the year 4:iO it is mentioned as one of the fortified cities of Britian. It was known to the ancient Britons by the name of Carr Oihr nunt Baden, or the city of Ostorius, in the valley of Bath, and by way of eminence it was sometimes called Cntr Brito, the British city, and by the Saxons, Bightsloiec, plea.sant place. Itis adverted to both by Gildus and IS'ennius, in the fil\h and seventh centuries, anti from tlie period of Henry IL in the twelfth, to tlie middle of the eighteenth century, it ranked, next to London, as the most populous, commercial and important place in the kingdom. Since tlic latter period, althougli it has not declined, it has been greatly exceeded in population, commerce, and importance by Glas- gow, Liverpool, Mancliester, Leeds, and Birming- h:\ni. The population of Bristol including the suliurb of lU-(iminister, on the Somersetsliire side of the river, and Clifloii on the north (which see) in 1810 was t>5,'.iy4, and in \fi\, 05,758 of which number 4'2.1liO were in the out-parishes, and 52, 810 wilhin the city ; of the increase, the greatest proportion was in the suburb of Bedminister, which was as 7,070 to 2,270. As into all the rivers falling into the Bristol channel, the tides rise to a great height, and occasionally rush in with CLUisiderable mry. The spring tides at Bris- tol rising to the height of 42 feet, ebbs and neaps were consequently atteniied with great inconven- ii-nces and detentions. This circumstance, since the completion of the canal navigation of the in- land counties communicating witn Liverpool and London, neither of which parts are materially affected by the inequality of the tides, tended to divert a considerable portion of the West India trade, and refining of sugar, from Bristol. It however, retains a certain portion : the importa- tion of sugar, on an average, of the six years 1810 — 1824, was about 27,000 hogsheads per ann. It also imports a considerable quantity of wool, fruit, and wine, direct from Spain, Portugal and France ; and maintains a partial intercourse direct with all other parts of the world, except the East Indies, to which, up to 1820, it had not sent more than one or two ships. From 1800 to 1822, about £000,000 had been expended towards the improve- ment of the harbour. In the latter year an- otlier act was granted for its further improve- ment ; and in 1825 numerous arbitrary and op- pressive town dues were abolished, or duly reg- ulated ; all of which are as well calculatecl to re- vive and maintain its commercial prosperity, as to add to the comfort, interest, and character, of the city at large. It has some extensive works in copper and^ brass, and manufactures of glass bottles, lead, painters' colours, &c. &c. The value of its exports, however, are inconsiderable, its West India produce being imported to defray the interest on mortgages, or as the proceeds of property acquired by means of the traffic in slaves, and the produce of their labour, since the traflic was abolished. Its imports from all other parts are principally equalized through London. In addition to the advantages derived from its com- merce it is indebted to a hot well for a considera- ble portion of the increase of its population, the water being considered very efficacious in the cure of diabetes, phthisical, scorbutic, and inflam- matory disorders, it renders it the resort alike of valetudinarians and of fashion. Besides the ca- thedral and the church of St. Mary Badclifte, it has sixteen other churches, and five episcopal chapels, some of them beautiful and most of tliein fine edifices. There are several dissenting meet- ing-houses, thirteen fellowship companies, some of whom have elegant halls, several hospitals, and other public buildings ; and being surrounded by a very fertile as well as picturesque country, its markets are abundantly supplied with every kind of fish, flesh, fowl, vegetables, and fruits; and two annual fairs in March and September are very numerously attended. It has a distinct jurisdiction, and returns two members to parlia- ment, the voters amounting to about 8,000. In November 1831 this city was the scene of a terri- ble riot occasioned by the rejection of the Re- Bill Ii9 BRO f.irin Bill I)}- llie HoU5» of LorJs. Tlie populace w(*re in coinplotc insurrecti'^n for two or three days ; many iniildin^s were set on fire and dea- troved, and several people killed. It is 13 m. W: N. W. of Bath, 34 S. S. W. of Gloucester, and 114 W. of London. Long. 2. 30. W. lat. .51. 27. N. Bristol, a maritime county of the state of Mas- sachusetts, bounded on the south by Buzzard's Bay, and west by the state of Rliode Island. Pop. 49,474. Taunton, the chief town, situate near the head of a river of the same name, nearly in the centre of the county, is 33 m. south of Boston. New Bedford, on Buzzard's Bay, is tlie other prin- cipal town. Bristol, a small maritime county of the state of Rhode Island, bounded on the west by the upper part of the preceding county, and on the east by Naraganset Bay. Pop. .5,466. The chief town of the same name, situate neai" the south end of the county, was distinguished for the part which it took in the slave trade previous to its abolition by the American government. It owns about 7,0UU tons of shipping. Bristol, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 13 m. E. Wiscas- set. Pop. 2,4.'j(J. Bristol, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from Bos- ton. Pop. 79y. Bristol, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. seat of justice for the county of the same name. It stands on Nar- aganset Bay, 1.5 m. S. Providence. It is a hand- some town and has considerable commerce. Pop. 3.0.54. Bristol, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,707. This town has large manufactures of wooden and brass clocks, and 30,000 are sometimes made in a year. Bristol, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 218 m. W. Alba- ny. Pop. 2,952. There are 7 other towns of this name in Pa. and Ohio. Bristol Bay, a spacious bay, formed by two pro- jecting points of the west coast of North America. The mouth of a river called Bristol River, falling into the head of the bay is in the lat. of 58. 12. N. and 157. 33. W. long, and Cape Newnham, which firms the north point of the bay is in lat. 58. 34. N. and Kil. .55. W. long, and the island of Oona- laska, one of the Aleutian group off the south point of the bay, is in lat. 53. 54. W. and 16C. 22. \V. long. Bristol Channel, an arm of the sea between the south coast of Wales and the north coast of the counties of Somerset and Devon, leading into the rivers Severn and Lower Avon on which the city of Bristol is situate ; hence its name or rather misrwmfr, for it should properly be called Bristol Bay, the terra channel being applicable only to straits of the sea that have passages through them, which that in question has not. Britain. See Great Britain. Britain, .Vew, a country of North America, comprehending all the tract N. of Canada, com- monly called the Esquimaux country, including Labrador and New North, and South Wales. It is subject to Great Britain ; and lies between 50. and 70. N. lat. and .50. and 100. W. long. There are innumerable lakes and morasses, which are cov- ered with ice and snow a great part of the year. The principal settlements belong to the English Hudson Bay Company. See Esquimaux, Hudson Bay, and Labrador. Britain, jYew, din island in the South Pacific Ocean, to the east of New Guinea, explored by Dampier. who sailed throuwh the strait which se- 17 parates it from New Guinea; and captain Carte- ret, 1767, sailed through a channel which divides it on tlio N. E. from a long island, called New Ireland. New Brit.ain lies in long. 152. 2t). E. and lat. 4. 0. S. The shores of both islands are rock}', the inland parts high and mountainous, but covered with trees of various kinds, among which .ire the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and differ- ent kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their flat ntjses and thick lips. Brittany. See Bretagnc. British jlmcrira, comprises the whole of the north part of the northern division of the western hemisphere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, extending south in the long, of 83. W. to the lat. of about 42. N. but further west it is bounded on the south by a conventional line di- viding it from the territory claimed by the United Stales of America, in the lat. of about 48. N. This expensive territory of several millions of square miles will be found more particularly elucidated tinder the ten heads, as specified under the head of British Empire. Brirc, a town of France, in the department of Correze, with manufactures of silk handkerchiefs, muslins, gauzes, &c. It is seated on the Cor- reze, opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a de- lightful valley, 12 m. S. W, of Tulle. Pop. about 0,000. Briz, or Brur, a considerable town of Bohemia, at the north end of the circle of Saaz, about 8 m. S. W. of Bihn, and 40 N. W. of Prague. Pop. 2,500. Briren, a principality of Germany, lately a bishopric, in the east part of Tyrol. It is extreme- ly mountainous, but produces excellent wine. Briren, a town of German}', capital of the prin- cipality of Brixen. Beside the cathedral, there are one parochial and si.x other churches. It was taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1797. It is seated on the Eysach, at the influx of the Rientz, 38 m. S. byE. of Inspruck. Pop. 4,000. Brirham, a small seaport in Devonshire, Eng. on the west side of Torbay, celebrated for its fishery. A quay has been built for the purpose of supplyinT the ships of war with water. The prince of Orange, aflerward William III., landed here in 108.8. ft is 4 m. N. E. of Dartmouth, and 201 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 4,.503. Brizen, or Brilzcn, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, on the Adah, 18 m. N. E. of Wittenberg. Broach. See Baroach. Broadalbin, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 45 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,0-57. Broadkiln, t. Sussex Co. Del. Broadstairs, a village in Kent, Eng. on the sea- shore, two miles north of Ramsgate. It has a small pier, with a harbour for light vessels ; and is a fashionable resort for sea-bathing, more retired than Ramsgate. Population inconsiderable. Broadwater, a village in Sussex, Eng. near the sea-coast, 4 m. W. of Shoreham. Pop. in 1621, 3,725. Brod, Brodt, or Brodo, a strong town of Scla- vonia, on the river Saave, which divides it from the Turkish province of Bosnia, where the empe- ror gained a victory over the Turks in 1688. It is 4a m. S. AV. of Esseck, and about 120 west of Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 46. 10. N. Brod Hun, or Hun Brod, a town of Moravia, on the frontiers of Hungary, 10 m. E. S. E. of Hradisch. Pop. about 3,000. BRO 130 imo BtoJ, Dohmisch. See Bohmisch. Brml, Drutsch, a town of Boliviiiia on llic river Sazawn, ■■iU :ii. S. by E. ol' t'zazlau. JJroiitru, a town and i'i>rtre83 of Hintlooslan, in (iuzeral, colfbraU'tl for iL> linens, indijjn, and lace. It 13 02 ni. S. S. E. of Amedabad. Long. 7:t. II. i:.lat.*i. 15. N. Ilrodziac, a town of Litlnmuia, on t!ie river IJer.zina, lOU ni. S. of Pololsk, and 10 W. of Mo- hil.itv. Bruek, a town of Wc-stiihaiia, in tlie (Inch)' of BiT^, capitnl of n co\irity of it-s nauu' ; m-atcd on tlie Roer, 11 ni. N. of Duss.ldr)rf. BroiL. a vill,i:;e of X .rtU Holland, s\x miles from .\mstcTdani. It is one of the nio^it sinifular and picturi s(|ue places in the world. The strecta are paved ill niisaic work with variegated bricks ; and no carria:!. *^* There are seven other inconsiderable places named Bromley in different parts of Engl.md. Brampton, a village in Kent, Eng. situate on an easy ascent from Chatham, and containing fine barracks for the military of that garrison. See Chatham. Brompton, an appendage to London, in the par- ish of Kennington, tthich see. *J' There are si.\ other towns and villages named Brompton, in different parts of England. Bromstrron-y a corporate town in \Vorcester- sliirc, Eng. Here arc manufactures of sheetinj, nails, and needles ; and a grammar school, founfl- ed by Edward \'I. It is seated on the Salu'arp, 13 111. N. i\. E of Worcester, 13 S. W. of Bir- inin, extensively occupied in the various branch- es of tlie hardware manufacture. BromijiirJ, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat- ed near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 m. N. E. of Hereford, and 135 W. N. W. of London. Pop. 1,227. Brono, or Broni, a town of Italy, near the south frontier of the Milanese, where the French defeat- ed the Austrians in IdOO. It is 10 ni. S. E. of Pavia. Uronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di Uemona, at the foot of Mount .^Ina, on thi> west side. It was conferred, with its territory, by the king of Na- ples, on lord Nel^oll, for his naval services, after the battle of the Nile. Brooke, a County in the W. District of Virgui- ia, bounded on the cast by Washington county, Pennsylvania, and west by the Ohio River. Pop. (i,774. Wellsbur;-, on the cast bank of the Ohio, 40!) m. N. W. of Richmond, is the chief town. Broohfuld, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. HO m. from Boston. Pop. (.71 . Brooklirhl, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. IC m. S. Monl- pelicr. "Pop. 1.(177. Brookfidd, p t. Madison Co. N. Y. 8C m. W Albany. Pop. 4.3(;7. Brookfirld, p.t. Fairfield Co. Con. Pop. 1 ,2G1 Also 2 towns in Ohio. Drookfield, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 04 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,342. This town was settled at an early period, and during Philip's war in 1G75, was attacked by the Indians. The inhabit- ants collected in one house which was immediate- ly besieged by the savages who set fire instantly to every other building in the town. For two days and nights the Indians poured in shot upon the people in the house incessantly but were met by a most determined defence on the part of the besieged. They tlieii nttcmpted to tire the house by flaming torches at the ends of long poles ; but the garrison continued to defend themselves by firing from the windows and throwing water upon tlie flames, as they fortunately had a pump with- in the house. These attempts failing, the Indians then prepared a cart loaded with tia.i:, hemp and other combustible matters, and under cover of a barricade of boards thrust the burning mass by the means of long timbers against the house. In this movement one of the wlicels came off which turn- ed the machine aside and i-.xposed the Indians to the fire of the garrison ; a shower of rain coming on at the same time estinguished the flames. Shortly afterwards a reinforcement of forty men arrived from Boston, forced their way through the enemy and joined the garrison. The Indians then abandoned the siege and retired, having suf- fered a heavy loss. Brookhatcn. a township of New York, in Suffolk county, Long Island, 60 m. E. of New York. Pop. 6,005. BrooUiru, t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 43 m. from Boston. Pop. 627. Brookline, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining Boston, from which it is separated by a wide bay, and with which it communicates by the wreat western avenue or causeway. The face of the country is bold and picturesque, and the hills ex hibit the most charming view from Boston Com mon. Pop, 1,041. Brookhjn, p.t. Windham Co. Hartford, Pop, 1,451. Conn. 45 m. E BRO Ul ERU I Broohltjtty a iar«ro town on Long Island, sepa- rated from the city of New York by the narrow channel called East Iliver. It is properly a suburb of that city and is a place of great business. It is regularly built, and contains many fine houses, the residence of merchants from the city. The United States Navy Yard is in the east part of the tov.*n upon a bay culled the Wallabout. Pop. ]5,3r'l>. Ne.ar litis tuv.'n a bloody battle was fought with the Briti.sh in 177(j, and the neicrh- bourhood exhibits many remains of the fortifica- tions thrown up at that time. Brookli/n, t. Cuyah-Ji^a Co. Ohio. BTooh^rille, p.t.IIaiic-ick Ci. Me. Pop. IjOr'O. BrouktiHr. the chief town of Franklin county, Indiana. It is finely situated between the east and west forks of the White Water River, whicli falls into the Miami, a little above its entrance into the Ohio. Broome, a south frontier county of the state of New York, bordering on Susquehannah county, Penn.sylvania, and the S. E. corner borders on the Pclaware River. It has some mountain dis- tricts. Pop. ]7,->'?2. Binghampton, on the north bank of the Susquehannah, Hi miles W. by S. of Albany, is the chief town. Broome, is also the name of a townsliip in Scho- narie county, New York, 53 m. W. of Albanv. Pop. .S.IGI. Broom Loch, Great and Little, two lakes or arms of the sea, on the west coast of Scotland, in Ross- shire. Tlicy contain several good harbours, have long been noted for excellent herrings, and are esteemed as the best fi.shir.g stations on the coast. Ullapool, on the N. E. coa.'it of the Great Loch is a good harbour, and at the head is the town of Lochbroora, the parish of which, in 15"21, contain- ed a population of 4,.")40. Broro, a river of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, which issues from a lake of tjie same name, and forms several cascades in \\s course to the town of Brora, w-hcre it enters the sea. Brora, a village of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Sutherlandshire, with a small harbour at the mouth of the Brora, 14 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Broseley, a town of Shropshire, Eng. it is situ- ate near the Severn, on the west side, in a very interesting and important district, abounding in coal, iron, and lime. The celebrated iron-works of Colebrooke Dale are in the parish, and imme- diate vicinity of the town, on the banks of the river, over wliich there is an iron bridge of one arch, leading to Madely, on the opposite side, wiiich may be considered an appendage to the district. It has also an extensive porcelain manu- factory, and another of tobacco pipes. The coal of this district contain.^ much bitumen, and in 1711 n.iphtlia was discovered issuing from a spring of water, but which has totally disappeared since 175.J. Brosely is G m. N. N. W. of Bridoenorth, and 14G N. W. of London. Pop. in It^l, 4,815, which owing to the more extensive iron-works in Glamorganshire having superseded a portion of the demand from this district, is rather less than in 1800. Madely and the surrounding district con- tain a furtlier ]>opulation of G.OOO to 8,00(1. Brothcrlim. a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. one mile north of Ferrybridge, where Thomas de Brothertnn, son of Edw.ard f. was born. It has a trade in lime. Pop. 1 .72i). Brnuagc, a town of France, in the department of Lower Churentc. U lus the most considerable salt-works in France, and stands near a bay of the sea, 17 m S of Pvochelle. Bruuiii, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demc;na, ou the gulf of Catania, 15 m. S. of Catania. Bruiigh, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. Near it is a cotton spinning manufacture, at the foot of a mount.iin. 11 is 8 m. E. S. E. of Appleby, and 21il iN. I\. W. of London. Pop, i»40. Bairersh.nen, a seaport of Holland on the north side of the island of Schonen,!; m. S. W. of Ilel- voetsluys. Long. 3. .'>0. E. lat. 4! . 38. X. Briiini, a frontier county cf the stale of Ohio, bounded on the south by the Ohio River, which divides it from Mason county, Kentucky. Fop. 17,flG7. Georgetown is the chief town. Brotrn, is also the name of a countv in the Michigan territory, westward of Lake Jlichigan. Pop. t'(i4. Meuomonie, is the chief town or sta- tion of the county. Broirnjield, t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 936. Browiihehii, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. Brointintrton, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 412. Broiciisboroufrh, p.t. Madison Co. Alab. Broxnt^hurg, 2 villages in Rockbridge Co. Va. and Washington Co. Ten. Brotrnstoicn, p. v. Wayne Co. Michi'^an, IG m. S. W. Detroit. Brnirnstoirn. p.t. the seat of justice for Jackson Co. Ind. 43 m. N. W. Louisville. Bromisrille, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Sack- ett's Harbour. Pop. 2,n38. Brotnisrillc, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 402. Also the name of 5 other towns in Pa., N. and S. Carolina, Ken. and Illinois. Broirnsrillc, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fay- ette county. The trade to Kentucky renders it a flourishing place, and many boats are built here. The vicinity abounds with monuments of Indian antiquity. It is seated on the Monongahela, at the mouth of Redstone Creek, 30 m. S. S. E. of Pittsburg. Also the name of 3 townships in Pa. and Ohio. Braretoim, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. Brtuevilh, p. v. Knox Co. Ind. Brucbsal, a town of the duchy of Baden, circle of Pfinz and Enz. It has a large salt-work, and is sealed on the river Satz, 5 m. S. E. of Phillips- burg. Pop. about 0,000. BnuU, a town i f Saxony, 25 m. N. by W. of AVittenburg. Bruck, a town of Austria, on the river Leyta, 20 m. E. S. E. of Vienna. Bruch, or Brt:v, a town of Switzerland, in Ar- gau. with a college, seated on the river Aar, 22 m. S. E. of Basel. Bruch, or Pnick, a town of Bavaria, on the river Ammer, 12 m. W. of Munich. Another in the Palatinate, 22 m. N. N. E. of Ratisbon. Bruch, nr Prvch, a town of Germany in Stiria, capital of a circle of its name. It stands on the river .Muehr, 24 m. N. .\. W. of Gratz, and 82 S W. of Vienna. Brue, a river in Somersetshire, Eng. which rises in Selwood forest, on the borders of Wiltshire, and flows through the county, by Biuton and Glastonbury, into Bridgewater baj'. Brug, or Brig, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, scaled on the Rhone, 3!1 m. E. of Sion. Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in Flanders It was once a great trading town ; but, in the 16th century, the civil wars drove the trade first to Antwerp, and then to .Amsterdam. The inhabit- ants .ire estimated .-.t 20,000, but it is not populous in proportiim to its extent. Its situation still com- mands 3. .-me trade, for its has canals lo Ghen^ Os- tend, Sluys. Nicuport, Furnes, Ypres, and Dun- BRU i:w BRU kirk. Bruges liaa been often taken. It ia 14 ni. E. of Ostend. Bruftre, or Brugtren, a town of Luwer Saxony, in the principality of Hildesheim, on the rivrr Levne, 1"2 m. S. W. of Hildesheim. liruugen, a town of Germany, the duchv of Juliers; seated on the Schwalui, G ni. N. £. of Ruremonde. Brugentto, a town of the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Apennines, 35 m. E. S. K. of Ge- noa. Bniguiere La, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Tarn, 5 ni. S. of Cashes. Pop. about 4,000. Brulil, a town of tlie Lower Rhine, in the elec- torate of Cologne, about 7 ni. S. of the city of Co- logne. Pop. about 2,000. Brumau, a town of Moravia, in tlie circle of }lradisch, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, on the frontiers of Hungary, 2tj ni. E. Ilradisch. Brummen, a populous village of Holland, in Guelderland, on the road from Ariiheim, to Zut- phen. Brvmp, or Brumcth, a frontier town of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, 10 m. N. of Strasburg. Bruneg. or Prunrcken, a town of the Tyrol, sit- uate in a fork of two branches of the river Rientz ; it has medicinal batli.'4 in its vicinitv. nnd is about 15 m. E. by N. of Brixtn. Brunn, or Brinti, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's sec. It is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg, built on an eminence ; and has manufactures of cloth, velvet, and plush. The Prussians besieged it in 1742, but were obliged to raise the siege. It is seated at the confluence of the Zwittau and Schwartz, 3.3 m. S. W. ol Olmutz. I-ong. Ifi. 3^. E. lat. 49. 13. N. Brunnen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Schwcitz. Here the cantons of IJri, Schweitz, and Underwalden, formed the alliance which was the foundation of the republic of Switzerl.ind. It is seated on the Waldsticdter See, 3 m. S. W. of Schweitz. BrunsbuUtl, a town of Germany, in Holstein, near the moutli of the Elbe, 13 m. N. W. of Gluckstadt. Bruusirirh, Durhtf of, a territory of Germany, in the south part of the circle of Lower Saxony. This territory formed the patrimony ftf the family of Guelpli, VV'elf, or Whelps, who trace their de- scent from the marquis of Este, who died about the middle of the 10th century. In 154C, it was divided by Ernest, the then duke, l)etween hia two 8ons; one founding the dukedom of Brunswick Liineburj, and the other of Brunswick Wolfen- buttel ; the former will be described under the Iiead of Luneburg and Hanover, and the other under tliat of Wolfenbuttel. Brunswick, the chief town of the stales of Bmns- wick Wolfenbuttel, is situate in the principality of Wolfenbuttel, on the banks of the river Ocker, which falls into the Allcr. It is strongly fortified, and contains ten Lutheran churches, a cathedral, dedicated to St. Blasiua, one Calvinist. and one Catholic church, a college, two academics, a mint, opera house, town hall, &c. The ducal palace was formerly a monastery. Tliere h a large building appropriated as a public storehouse for wine, ft has several manufactories, and cKiims the inven- tion of the spinning wheel; and is distinguished for its breweries of vium, made principally from wheaten malt, with a portion of oat and lienn malt, tops of tir and birch, and various herbs ; and, with the exception of Leipzig and Frankfort, the fairs of Brunswick are more numerously attended than in any other town in Germany. It formerly r.mked as a free independent city ; and for the continuance of its freedom it Ion" and strenuous- ly contended ; but towards the cHose of the 17th century, yielded all its pretensions, and became the ducaf residence in 17(i4. It is 47 m. W. by N. of Magdeburg. 3."> E. by S. of Hanover, and about 110~S. by I'., of Hamburgh, in llie lat. of Ci'i. 10. N. and 10. 30. of E. long. Pop. about 35,000. Btmisicick, \nr, a province of British America, extending from the bay of Fundy south, in the 1. lat. of 45., to the frontier of Lower Canada, in m the lat. of 48. N., bounded on the west, partly by * the Srhoodic River, and partly by a conventional line running from the head of tide water in the above river, which divides it from the American State of Maine, in the long, of 07. 45. W., to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the long, of G4. It is joined to Nova Scotia, at the south-east corner, by an isthnms, about 15 miles in breadth, and con- tains an area of about 8,.")00 square miles, and an aggregate population of about 00,000. It is inter- sected from the north by the river St. John, which falls over a rapid into the bay of Fundy ; the rapid impedes the navigation for vessels of 100 _ tons burthen for a hundred miles, and vast quan- ■ titles of masts and logs of timber are floated down % for shipment in the bay, which is spacious and secure. St. John's, the chief town of the pro- vince, it situate on the east shore of the bay, im- mediately contiguous to the river of the same name. It has several rivers running from W. to E. into the gulf of St. Lawrence, on which side of the province are several spacious bays, nuch aa Chalcur, Mirirnichi, Richibucto, &c., from whence vast quantities of timber arc shipped to Great Britain annually. A few tribes of native Indiana are scattered over the province. It pos- sesses in general a capable soil, but cultivation has made but little progress ; the inhabitants de- pending more on the forests and the fishery, in obtaining a supply of manufactures and other for- , eign productions, than on agriculture. Besides I St. John's, the other chief towns are, St. Andrews, on the east bank of the Schoodic, and St. Ann's, or, as it is now called, Fredericton, which is the scat of the provincial government, about 80 m. up the river St. John. Brunstrick, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 3,747. It is situated on the south side of Andros- coggin river, 2(j m. N. E. of Portland. The river has many falls at this place on which are situated a number of mills as well as cotton and woolen manufactories. But what chiefly distinguislns the town is Boicdoin College, which was established here in 180C. It has a President and professors. Its library contains 12,000 vols, and it has a phi- losophical and chemical apparatus and a cabinet of minerals. The college is supported partly by the income of property bequeathed by James Bow- doin, Governor of Massachusetts, from whom it derives its name. The number of students is 137. There are 3 vacations, in May, September and December, of 13 weeks. Commencement is in September. Brunswick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,.'i70. Also the name of 3 towns in \'t., Pa., and Ohio. Brunsicick, a south frontier county of the E District of Virginia, bordering on Northampton BUU 133 DRU \ county, North Carolina. The south-west corner jets upon the Roanoke river. Pop. 15,770. Law- renceville is the chief town. Brunswick, a maritime and frontier county at the south extremity of North Carolina. It is bounded on the north and east by Cape Fear Riv- er. It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop. (i,5'23. Smithvillc, near th'> mouth of Cape Fear River, 2.55 m. S. by E. of Raleigh, is the chief town. It has also a town of the same name about 30 miles up the river. BrunswicU, a seaport of the state of Geo., chief town of Glynn county, with a safe harbour, capa- ble of containing a numerous fleet of men of war. It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of Turtle River, in St. Simon Sound, GO m. S. S. W. of Savannah, and 10 S. of Darien. Long. 81. 0. W. lat. 31. 10. N. Bruny's Isle, an island off" the S. E. point of Van Dieman's Land, about 30 m. in length, in- dented by Adventure Bay. Brurec, a parish in the county of Limerick, Ireland. Pop. in lc*21, 4,038. A small village of the same name, within the parish, l(i m. S of Lim- erick, was formerly celebrated a3 the half yearly rendezvous of the Irish bards ; but avarice and oppression have long since subdued all social in- tercourse among the native Irish ; and the min- strel has not sounded at Bruree since 174C. Brussels, or Bntxelles, one of the chief cities of Belgium, in South Brabant, and formerly the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It stands on a gentle eminence on the banks of the Senne, a small stream flowing into the Scheldt. Its existence can be traced to a very remote period, and the simplicity of its origin forms a striking contrast with its subsequent splendour. Early in the seventh century, St. Gery, bishop of Cam- bray, erected a small chapel in one of the islands formed by the Senne, and there preached the gospel to the surrounding peasantry. The beau- ty of the situation, and the piety and eloquence of the preacher, attracted many to the spot ; their united numbers soon formed a large village, which increased so, that in the year 090 it could boast of a market and a castle. In process of time it became the favourite residence of the dukes of Brabant, and of the Austrian governors who succeeded them, and even acquired the title of '• the ornament of the Netherlands." In the year Inbo, it was chosen by the emperor Charles V. as the place in which he made a formal resig- nation of his dominions to his son, afterwards Philip II. : the chair in which he sat, on that me- morable occasion, is still religiously preserved. During the wars that raged in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of which the Netherlands were tlie principal theatre, Brussels underwent its share of suflering; being occupied, in turn, by each of the contending powers. In 1G9.5 it was bombarded by marshal Villeroy ; when fourteen churches, and upwards of 4,000 houses, were destroyed. After tlie cele- brated battle of Ramillies, its keys were surren- dered to the duke of Marlborough. It was talien by the French under marshal Saxe in 1746, but restored to its former master at the peace of Aix- la-Chapelle. During the revolutionary war it again fell into the hands of the French, to whom it remained subject till the general peace of Eu- rope in 1814. While imder their government, it was made the seat of a court of criminal and •pecial justice, a chamber and tribunal of com- meiee, and a court of appeal for five departments. Durmg the revolution of 1830, it was the scene of the most bloody battles between the inhabi- tants and the Dutch troops. The 24th, 2oth and 2Gth of October were days of perpetual and terri- ble carnage in the streets of the citv- The Dutch were driven out of Brussels on the 27th with the loss of 3,000 men. Brussels has always been eminent as a manu- facturing town ; the fabric of lace, which is in high estimation every where, gives employment to upwards of 10,000 individuals. Its camlets, and still more its carpets, are much admired, and command high prices. It is also celebrated for the manufacture of carriages, which are consider- ed to be superior to those of London and Paris in cheapness and elegance. Neither, although in an island position, is it without a consider- able share of commerce, not only with the sur- rounding parts,' but with foreign countries. It owes this great advantage to its numerous canals, by which it communicates with the Scheldt. The principal of these is that leading to Antwerp, constructed about the year 15G0, at an expense of £ 170,000 sterling. It is 110 feet above the level of the sea. The present flourishing condition of the city is also owing to the great influx of foreigners, particularly French and English. To the latter it has become peculiarly attractive of late years, from its contiguity to the plain of Waterloo ; but, before that period, the salubrity and mildness of its temperature, the cheapness of its economi- cal arrangements, and the tone of its society, had made it a favourite place of abode with numbers of this nation. So early as the time of Cromwell, it was marked in the annals of England, as being the chosen residence of Charles II., and of his brother, afterwards James II., during the greater part of the period of their exclusion from their native country. The interior of the town, of it- self, offers much to attract and to retain strangers. Its environs are also beautiful by nature, and are rendered still more so by the elegant additions of art guided by refined taste. The city w'as formerly surrounded by a wall and ditch, neither of which now exist: what were the ramparts, are, at present, beautiful walks bor- dered with trees ; those to the north and east are called boulevards. The lower part of the city, adjacent to the river, is irregular, and, from its situation, somewhat unhealthy; but in the new part, which occupies the more elevated portions, the streets are spacious and airy, the houses well built and lofty. Considerable attention is paid to architectural ornament ; and the custom of paint- ing the outside with some lively colour presents an agreeable variety to the eye. The appearance of the city is much enlivened by the elegance of its squares ; the principal are the Place Royale, the Great Market, the Place St. Michael, the Corn Market, and the Grand Sa- blon. Of these, the great market-place is indis- putably the finest : it is an oblong of large dimen- sions ; each side is of a different style of architec- ture, yet all combine to form a whole highly pleasing to the view. The town hall, and several of those of the different trading companies, form three of the sides, and one unilorm edifice on the remaining side completes the parallelogram. St. Michael's square, also, deservedly attracts much attention : it is, like the former, an extended ob- long ; but it differs from it in having the buildings of uniform architecture, ornamented with pillars of the Doric order. The centre has been planted liKli U4 IJUV and laitl out us a plia.'iiire (ground. The fisli mar- ket, which has been but a few years erected, is line of the neatest in Kurope. Tliere is al^o a nmrket for frogs, which are bruu|£hl alive in pails and cans, and prepared for dressing on tlie ppot. The hind limbs, which are tlio only parts used, ori' cut from the body willi scissurs by the women who brinf these, is marked with an inscription, stnl- in;r that IVter the (Jreat, duriii|r his residence here, Bat down by its marj^in to drink a bottle of winp : nnollier version of the story srtys, that Ite fell into it, while strolling throujjh the park uller dinner. Both may be true. One of the approaches to tlie town also forms a favourite promenade. It is called the Alice Vcrle, and is planted with a triple row oftreei; along the canal ; tlie prospect of which, with the numerous villas around, and the varying scenes of pleasure and emploj'ment that every moment present themselves, render it singularly beaulilul. A copious supply of water is secured to llic inhabitants by a nu;nber of fountain.-;, whoso eleg-aucc of structure adds much to the beauty of iJie city. One of the finest was erected by Lord Aylesburj'. an En<;l;sh nobleman, as a public ex- pression of his gratitude for nii atrreealile residence of forty years in the tov/n. The water for the pnpply of* these fountains is raised, by machinery, from a lake about half a mile from the city. The palace of the Stales-general is a ma;rnifi- cent building, support«*d on pillars of tlie Ionic order. Its entrance leads to a spacious hall, on each side of which is a nnrble staircase ; one con- ducting to the chamber of peers, tiie otiier to the chamber of deputies. Tliis latter is in the form t>f a semicircle, with a vi-ry capacious gallery for the people. The town-hall is a noble specimen of tlie old irregular but highly ornamented Gothic style. So irregular is tiie building, that its tower ittands at a considerable distance from the centre. Tiie elevation of this part of the edifice is 364 feet: it is surmounted with a statue of St- Mi- chael with the dragon under his feet, in copper gilt, seventeen feet high, which it turns on a pivot, and serves as a vane for showing the direc- tion of the wind. The Orange Palace, generally called La Vieille Cour. was formerly the residence of the govern- ors of Belgium ; but is now occupied as a muse- um, a i»ublic library, a cabinet of natural history, and singing and dancing schools. It is also fur- nished with a valuable, though not large, collec- tion of Flemish i)aiiitlng.'<. The library, which contains upwards of JOO.OdO volumes, was chiefly collected from suppressed convents. Adjoining the building is a fine botanic garden, containing more than 4,000 exotics. The philosophical col- lege, which ims been but a few ye-'irs in existence, is founded on a liberal scale. The great hall, or I'niphitheatre. is capable of acrrmmiodating 1.200 persons. Kach student \u\» a room furnished at the nxppnpT of government ; all the ronrre.s of lectures arc gratuitous ; and stipends are allowed to a number of pupils whose means are not ade- quate to defray the moderate expenses of their board. The principal church is that of St. fi'udule, eiL'Cted on an eminence, and adorned with two square towers which command a very extensive prospect. It contains no less than sixteen chapels, which arc enriched with numerous paintings. The windows are adorn^-d with curious painted glass; and the puljiit exhibits a beautiful speci- men of sculpture in wood, both as to design and execution. The monument of John 11. duke of Brabant is in the choir: it is of black marlile, with a lion of copper, wijghing G,000 pounds, couching on it. The nrrhduke Krnest has also a mausoleum here. This church is celebrated in legendary history fiir three miraculous hosts, which were stolen by Jews, but were afterwards restored. The event is commemorated by an an- nual procession, during which time the church is decorated with six exquisite pieces of tapestry explanatory of the event. The cemeleries are detached from the churches, being situate out'iide the boulevards. David, the celebrated French painter, is buried in that with- out the gate of Louvain. Among the hospitals, is one for foundlings, one for penitent women of the town, and a third in which strangers are main- tained gratuitously for three days. In the village of Lacken. about half a league to the north of lirussels, is tne splendid palace of Schoenburg, or Sclioonenburg, originally intend- ed for Uie reception of the governor of the Neth- erlands. During the reign of Napoleon, it was occasionally bis residence, as also that of his brother, the late king of Holland. The interior of the palace is laid out in a style of superior mag- nificence. A subterranean grotto, and some tem- ples connectr-d with it, are also much admired. The inh.ibitants of Brussels are Catholics, and speak the French language, but all religious te- nets are tolerated. The population has increased considerably since 1S14 ; and, in the absence of correct data, may be estimated at 80,000 to I»0,OOU It is 2o miles S. of Antwerp, about the same dis- tance E. by S. of CJhent, and 148 N. by K. of Paris. Lat. 50. 51. N. long. 4. 2^2. E. liniton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. Here are manufactures of silk and liosiery ; a free- school, founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately alms-house, consisting of the ruins of a priory, with an income of nearly £3,000 per annum. It is seated on the river Brue. 12 m. S. K. of Wells and 100 W. of London. Pop in 1621, 1,858. Brutus, a township of Cayuga count}-, New York, lying between the south shore of Lake Ontario, and the Erie Canal, 101 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1,)^27. Brui, a town in the north part of the circle of Saaz. Bohemia. BnujcrcSj a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 11 m. E. N. E. of Epinal. Pop. 1,000. Bryan, a small maritime county of the state of Georgia, bounded on the north by the Ogerchec Rivor. which divides it from Chatham county; the Cannouchee River intersects it from the S. \V. corner, falling into the Ogeechec about the centre of the north side. Pop. 2,31!). The court-liouse of the county is about 15 miles south of Savannah, and 20fi S. E. by E. of Milledgeville. Bnjanshridt^F, a village of Ireland, in the par- ish of Killaloe, county of Clare, seated on the Shannon,Hm. N of Umeriek. iiVG 135 I5UC Brzcsc, or Poltsij, ralatiitdlr. of, a di;;!ricl nf Russian Poland, lying between tlie rivers Bug on tlie west, and Dnieper on the east, intersected by tlie line of the 52nd decree of N. lat., and also from W. tt> E. by the rrzspice River, with nu- merous collateral branches fallini^ into the Dnie- per. These rivers, from a total absence of all attempts to free the obstructions of their currents, tend to make Brzesc a marshy and dreary district, which, under social and reciprocal arrangements, might easily be made to rank among the most fertile in Europe. The Pina, a branch of the Przspice, is united by a canal to the Machawiza, a branch of the Bug, falling into the Vistula, tliereby uniting the waters of the Black Sea with those of the Baltic. Brzesc LitoT, the chief town of the above dis- trict is situate at the confluence of the river Ma- chawiza with the Bug, opposite to Therespol. It is a considerable place, the see of a Greek bishop, and celebrated for its being the chief place for the instruction of Jews destined for rabbinical pur- suits. It is strongly fortified, and has a castle on an eminence about 100 m. E. by S. of Warsaw, and 250 S. E. of Dantzic. Brzese, is also the name of another town, capi- tal of another Palatinate of the same name, lying between the rivers Wartha on the S. W. and Vis- tula on the N. E. The town, seated near the Vistula, is about 90 m. W. by N. of Warsaw, and 150 due S. of Dantzic. Brzezany, a town in the S. E. part of Austrian Gallicia, seated near a small lake communicating with the Dneister River. Pop. about 5,000. Brze. and Brzo. begin the names of numerous other towns and villages in dilTi*rent parts of Po- .and and Gallicia, but none of them merit any particular notice. Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, on the frontier of the prmcipality of Mies- sen, with manufactures of lace, fire-arms, and hardware, 24 m. W. N. W. of Saatz. Another, in the north part of the circle of Pracliin, 18 m. W. N.W. of Pisek. Bua, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge Island, because frequented by those birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon, about "iO m. W. S. W. of Spalatro. B"arco5, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the sea-coast, at the mouth of the Mondego. '27 m. S. ofAveira. It suffered greatly by the earthquake v.liich destroyed the greater part of Lisbon in 1759. Buccari, or Buckari, a seaport of the Austrian empire, on the coast of Morlachia, at the bead of the N. E. part of the gulf of Venice, declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce with the East Indies ; but the favour might just as well have applied to trading with the moon, for anv advantage that has resulted from the declara- tion. It is 12 m. E. of Fiume. Pop. about 3,000. Buc/ianes, tlie most eastern promontory of Scot- land, to the east of Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire, in long. 1. 34. W. lat. o~. 27. N. Near this prom- ontory are the Bullers of Buchan, and other stu- pendous rocks and precipices, much admired for their awful grandeur. Bucharia. See Bnkharia. Buchau, atownof Suabia, with a nunnery, seat- ed on a small lake, called Feyder See, 2o m. S. W. of Ulra. Buehau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, 26 m. S. W. of Saatz. Bnchniz, a town of Brandenburg, in the middle mark, seated on the Dahmc, near the frontier of Lusatia, 23 m. S. S. E. of Berlin. Bwliornst. a strong city of European Turkey, capital of Wall.achia, where the hospodnr com- monly resides. The patriarchal church is large, adjoining to the palace of the archbishop ; and in a square, near the centre of the town, if. the srrcat church of St. George, the patron saint of Wal- lachia. The inhabitants are estimated at 1)0,000. It is seated on the Domboriza, which falls into the Danulx-. 25 ni. S. S. E. of Tergnvist, and 200 N. by W. of Adrianoplc. Long. 2G. S. E. lat. 44. 37. >'. Biirliorti, a t^wn .if Suabia, seated on the north bank of the lake of (Junst-incr, ]8 m. N. W. of Lindau. Buchdcn, a village in Hunting lons!iirrincip;iUy in tiie neijjhiiour- iiood of Wycomb. At AniiTsiiam tliere is a manufacture ofsackinj^ and of wliile cotton jrooda j and at Marlow arc some larjje works of eopprr, brass, and brass-wire ; and mills for making thim- bles and pressinj/ rape and linseed. This county is adorned with several magnificent peats, and in various parts Unman roads and niilitiLry statifnis are traced, and Roman ant iipii ties Iiave heeii occasionally disco vert-d. Tin* principal townn are Aylesbury, JUickinj^hani, ^Iarlo\v ; and of a secondary class, Amershum, Wycomb, and Wendover ; each of which returns two members to parliament, in addition to two for the comity. Rucliini^hnm, a borourrh, and one ot the prin- cipal towns in the preci'dinir county, is situate on the north bank of the Ouse, by which it is nearly surrounded, and over wliicli there are three bridges. It is a place of considerable an- tiquity, having been fortified by Edward the Klder in !)1^, against the incursions of the Danes. It had formerly a castle in the centre of the town, on the site of which, towards the close of the last century, an elegant new church was erected. The summerassizes for the county are held here. The town hall is a spacious edifice of brick. A great number of calves are fattened, luid large rpianlities of butter made for the London market in this part of the county : lace is also made here. Market on Saturday. Pop. in I8'2l, including f3ur ad- joining hamlets. 3,465, 16 m. north of Aylesburv, 2(i N. E. of Oxford, 23 S. W. of Northampton, and .55 N. of London. Bttckinn^ham, an interior county in the K. district of Virginia, forming nearly a square, tiie west and north sides of which are bounded liy James River. Pop. 18,351. The court-house, in the centre of the county is 64 m. W. of Richmond. Also the name of three towns in Pa. Biukin'Thamshirr, a county of Lower Canada, in the district of Trois Rivieres, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence. fiuckhmd^ p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1.031). Bucks, a frontier county in the E. district of the state of Pennsylvania, bounded on the north- east and south-east by the Delaware River, wluch divides it from New Jersey, and on the south-west by Moutgomerv county, the south-west corner jetting upon Philadelphia. Population, 45,740. Bristol, the chief town, in the south-east part of the county, on the bank of the Delaware, is 14'2 m. E. of Harrisburg, and 18 N. E. of Philadel- phia. Bu^ksporf, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. on the E. bank ofthe Penobscot, 17 m. above Castine. It is a maritime town and has a considerable trade. Pop. 2,2.37. Bmia, or Ofen^ the capital of Lower Hungary, situate on the side of a hill, on the west side of the Danube, over which is a bridge of boats to Pest. The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000. The churnlies and pulilic buildings are handsome. In the adjacent country are vineyards, which pro- duce excellent wine. Prior to 1520, when it sur- rendered to the Turks, it was the residence ofthe kings of Hungary. From that period, for IGO years, it was an object of jealousy and contention between the Turks and the Christian powers of Europe ; wlicn,in ItWO. it surrendered to the lat- ter, who strengthened the fortifications, and by whom it has since been retained without inter- ruption. It suiTi-red greatly by fire in ISIO, when i'tOi) houses were destroyed ; but their places have BJnce been sujiplied with improved buildings. It is about 130 111. E. S. E. of Vienna, and 180 N. N. W. of Belgrade. Long. 1!>. 5. E. lal. 47. 30. N. Jittdauitia, a town at the north-west end of Sclavonia, n«^ar the south bank of the Drave, 23 m. S. \V. of Kunfkircheii. ButUith, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves; seated on the Tracn, 12 mE. N. E. of Treves. liuilrrirh, or liitrtrh. a town of (iermany, in the we5t part of the province of Moldavia, bordering on Gallicia, comprising about 4,000 square miles, and 160,000 inhabitants of various nations, among whom are about 2,000 gypsies. It is nominally under the do- niiiiiou of Austria, BUN 138 BUR Bulac, a town of Ejfypt. on the Nile, two miles west of Cairo, and the port of that city. On the nortli side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are cut every year, to convey the waters of the Nile, by a canal, to Cairo. Bulam, or Boolam, an island on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The soil is jjood ; and a seltlcnienl of free bl.icks was formed here in 17!l'2. but abandoned the following year. Long. 14. 30. W. lat. 1 1. 0. N. Bulifttria, a province of I-'uropean Turkev, bounded on the nortli by the Danube, which di- vides it from Wallachia and Bessarabia, east by the Black sea, south by Romania and Macedonia, and west by Servia. It is mountainous, but lertile in the intervening valley.^. Sofla, or Sophia, on the frontier of Romania, )i>iO m. N. N. E. of Con- stantinople, is the capital. Bullitt, a county of Kentucky, the west end of which borders upon the Ohio River. Pop. 5,('i(;0. Shcpherdsvillc, 01» m. W. S W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Bullock, an interior county of Georgia, lying be- tween the Cannouclieand Great Ogechec Rivers. Pop. '2,586. Statesborough, in the centre of the county, 35 m. N. W. of Savannah, is the chief town. Bull.iliin, a township in Favette Co. Pa. Bulltorrn, p. v. Lewis Co. Va. Bunuice, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire, on the cast side of Loch Etive, at the mdu.x of the river Awe. Here is an iron fmnderv, a valu- able salmon fishery, and a bay that atl'ords safe anchorage in any wind. It is 15 miles E. N. E. of Oban. Buncomh, a large county at the western e.xtrem- ity of North Carolina, boimded on the north by Tennessee, and south by South Carolina. Pop. 10,250. Ashville, in the centre of the county, 273 m. W. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. Buudflcmul OT BundrUi,^ clear of Ilindoostan, lying south of the Ganges, in the province of Al- lahabad, inhabited by a tribe of Rajpoots. It is a mountainous tract, and contains the celebrated diamond mines of Paunah, with some strong fort- resses. Cliatterpour is the capital. It was aimex- cd to Benares in l.sn4. Bun^uij, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on the Wavenay, which isnavi83. The capital is Fumay. Long. 132. 0. E. lat. 32. 40. N. Hiinim, a mountain of Greece, between Janna and Livadia,e.Ttendingto the gulf of Zeiton. The ancient name was CEta ; and it is famous for the pass of ThermopyliE, (sn called from the hot baths in the neighbourhood) where Leonidas, and his 300 Spartans, resisted for three days the whole Persian armv. Bunker Hill, a steep height occupying the cen- tre of the peninsula upon which stands the town of Charlestown, Massachusetts. The southern extremity offers a Ic-ss ahrupl eminence detached from the njain height, and properly 00. Bvrrn, or Bucrrn, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Padcrborn, seated on the Alme, 10 m. S. by VV. of Paderborn. Btiren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Aar, miles S. by W. of Soleure. Burford, a town in O.xfordshire, Eng. Here are manufactures of saddles, dnssels, and rugs. It is seated on the Windrush, 17 m. W. bj' N. of Oxford, and 72 in. W. of London. Pop. 1,G8G. Burs, a town of Holland, in the county of Zut- phen, seated on the Old 'Vssel, 18 m. E. by N. of iNinieguen. Burg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the River Ihle, 12 m. N. N. E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 7,000. Biirir, or Borg, a town of Westphalia, in the BUR 139 BUR ^ duchy of Berg, willi inamifactuies of gun barrels and woolen stuffs ; seated on the Wipper, 18 ni. S. E. of Dusseldorf. Bwr^rts, a town of European Turkey, in Roma- nia, 50 m. W. of tlie coast of the Black Sea, and IKiN. i\. W. of Constantinople. Burgau, a town of Suabia, with a castle whicli gives name to a niarquisate, ceded to Bavaria in 1805, and now forming part of the circle of the Upper Danube. It is seated on the Mindel.U ni. E. of Guntzburg, (the capital) and 2-:^ i\. N. W. of Augsburg. Bnrgdorf, a. town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a castle, seated on an eminence, on the river Eiiimen, 8 m. N. E. of Bern. Burgdorf, a town of Lower Sa.xony, in Liine- burg, with a castle, on the river Awe, 15 m. S. of Zell. Burgh, a village in Cumberland, Eng. 5 miles W. N. W. of Carlisle. Near it is a column, erect- ed to denote the spot where Edward I. died, when preparing for an e.vjtedition against Scotland. Burgltinm, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Fulda, on the river Haun, 8 m. N. N. E. of Fulda. Burghimsen, ]iroperly Barhhausen, (which see.) BurglcngcnftI, a town of Bavaria, in the princi- ality of INcuburg, seated on the river Nab, 1(1 m. . W. of Ratisbon. Burgos, ji city of Spain, capital of Old Castile, and an archbishop's see. It has an antifpie castle, once the abode of the kings of Castile ; and the cathedral is one of the most magnificent Gothic fabrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings, and fountains, arc fine. In 1812 the allied army, under Wellington, entered Burgos, after the bat- tle of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near three months, during which they made several at- tempts to carry it by assault, but in vain ; and the allies were nltimately obliged to raise tlie sieg " nnd retire into Portugal, but it surrendered the following year without resistance. It is seat cd partly on a mountain, and partly on the river Aranzon, 95 m. E. bv S. of Leon, and 1 17 N. of Madrid. Pop. about"!),(M)n. Burgu, or Bcnlim, a territory of Zahara, in the d'sert of Libya, to the snutb of Augila and east of Fe/.7.an. The capital is of the same name. 250, m. S. S. W. of AiiL'ila. and m) E. S. E. of Mour- zook. Long. 21. 40. E. lat. 2G. 10. N. Bnrgunthj, or Bmirgngnr, a late province of France, 112 miles long, and T.') broad; bounded on the east by Franche Comte, west by Bour- bonuois and Nivernois, south by Lyonois, and north by Champagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and e.xcellcnt wines, and is now formed into the three departments of Cole d'Or, Saoneand Loire, and Yonne. Biirlidnipmir, a town of Hindoostan, canila' ' f ("andeisli, and, at one period, of the deccan also. It has a great trade in fine cotton for veils, shawls, &c. In the war with the Mahraltas in ISO!) it surrendered to llie British. It is situate in a de- lightful country, on the river Tapty, 225 ni. E. by N. of Sural. Long. 70. 10. E. lat. 21 . 25. N. Biiriani), a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, near the lake Castigleuo, 10 m. S. S. E. of Massa. Biirich. See Uiiilcrich. Biirliii, a fortified sea])nrt of Arabia, on the east coast, in the province of Oman, •15 in. W. N. W. of IVlascat. Burins, one of the Philippine islands lying with- in the S. E. promontory ()f Luzon. Iturlic, a western connty of North Carolina, bounded on tlie west by the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany mountains, which divides it from Bun comb. The Great Catawba River rises from about twenty sources, at the fiiot of the mountains, within this county. Pop. 17.727. Morn-anlown, 205 m. W.of Ralei,'h, i.^ the chief town.' Burlic, a frontier county in Georgia, bounded on the N. E. by the Savannah River, which di- vides it from South Carolina. It is bounded on the south by the Great Ogeechee. Pop. 1 1 ,8ri3. Wavnesbormigh, in the centre of the county, 101 m. E.of Millodgeville and 75 N. W of Savannali, is the chief town. Burlic, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 8(5 m. N. E. IVIontpelier. Pop. 8(i(). Ilurlii:n, a town of Germany, in the territory of Mentz,27 m. E. of llc-idellierg. Burliliuuscn, a town of Bavaria, with an old fortified castle on a mountain. It is the seat of a regency, and stands on the river Salza, near its conHuence with the Inn, 27 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg. Burlington, a town of England. See Briil- linmon. Burlington, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on Lake Champlain, is a beautiful town situated at the bottoni of a small bay. It has considerable com- merce and manufactures and a population of 3,52(). Here is the University of Vermont, whicli has a President and 4 Professors and Tutors. The library however is small. The number of students is 'M'l. There are 2 vacations in January and August of 12 weeks. Commencement is in August. Burlington, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 480. Burlington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,301. Burlington, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. (i5 m. \V. Albany. Pop. 2,4.5!). Burlington, a county of New Jersey, the S. E. point of which jets upon the Atlantic Ocean, at little Egg Harbour, and the N. W. end is bounded by the Delaware River. Pop. 31,0(i(i. Chief town .Mount Holly. Burlington, city, in the Co. of the same name, N. J. stands on the Delaware opposite Bristol, 21) m. above Philad. It is handsouielv situated, mostly on an island communicating with the main land by several bridges and causeways. There are 8 other towns or this name in Pa., Ohio, Ind., and Ken. Burnhtnu, a town in Norfijlk, Eng. It stands near the sea, on the river Burn, in which is a small harbour. Arotnui it are five villages of the same name, with an addition ; and that of Burn- ham Thorp is the birtli])lace of the celebratecl nrl- tniral lord Nelson, whose father was the rector. Burnliam is 20 m. N. W. of Norwich, and 117 N. E. of London. Burnlinm, a town in Esse.v, Eng. at the mouth of the river Crouch, which is here called liurn- liam Water. The Walfleet and Burnham oysters are the product of the creeks and pits of this river. Biu'nham is 1 1 m. S. E. of Maiden. Pop. 1,:!7I. Burning Springs, the name given to certain springs in the western part of the Slate of ^cw York, chiefiy in the towns of Bristol. .Middlese.'c and Cananilaigun. Tlicy emit mis which may bo set on fire. At Bristol the g.as rises from the clefls of the slate ^-ocks on the margin of a In'ook, ami here it burns eontiniially with a steruly finiiie Where it rises Ihrouoh the water it is fcirimd into bubbles and Hashes when the Oaiiie is apulicxl BUR MO BUR In Middlesex llie spriiigs lie along ;i ti:icl about ii mile in length, partly at tlir bottom of a valley. The triis arises IVoni tliu stniimils uflittle hillocks of a (lurk biluniinoiis iinnikl, aiiJ burns with a steady flanie. In winter when these hilloi;ks are covered with snow, o|ii'uiu^s are made lhroui,'li it, and the gas when si'l mi hif. burns in ccmlaot with the snow. Sniiictinies tubes ol'icu an- lurni- ed about the currents of gas. and rise tu the height of several Ibet ; when several ol' these arc lighted at once in a still eveniuj"'. the illuniinaliou produc- es a most brilliantetU'Cl There is another burning spring upon Niagar.i rivi'r about halTa mile above the falls, ami within a (i'w (ict ol'lhe r.ipiils ; the water \s charged with nulphurelted hydrogen gas. In the south-cast pari of J.ake Krie. about "JO rods from the shore, is a burning spring rising from the bottom of the lake. Tin' water is here •! or 5 fi'et deep, and the stream from the spring is thrH,t. Strafi'ordCo. N.JI. Pop. 32.). Also a town in Geauga Co. Ohio. Bursa, ot Prusa, a city of Asiatic Turkey. In Natolia, built by i'rnsins, king of Bythinia. It was tlie ca|)ital of the Ottoman empire, before the taking ol' Constantinople ; and it now contains about 00.000 iiihubilants. It stands upon several little hills, at the bottom id'AIount Olympus, and on the edge of a fine |daiii full of fruit-trees. So many springs proceed from the mount, that eve- ry house has its own fountain : and at its foot are splendid hot-liallis. The mosques are elegant, as are the e.iravansc ras. The Be/.estine is a large structure full of wan-houses and shops, containing all the commodities of the east, besides their own mauufai'lures in silk. Here are the best work- men in all Turkey, who are excellent imitators of the lapesliy of Italy and Krauce. None but inusselmen are permitted to dwell in the city ; but the suburbs, which are inncli finer, and better peopled, are filled with .lews, Armenians, and Greeks, iiiiisa is seated on the banks cd' the Nil- ifur, whith liills into the sea of Marmora, (iti m. S. by E. of Constantinople. Long. 21). 12. E. lat. 40. 12. N. fiiirslilon. a village in Hampshire, Eng. five miles I'. S. E. of Sonlhamptoii. It stands on the Hambte, three miles from its mouth, and several shi|is have been built here for the navy. Pop. 473. Biirslrm. a town in .Staffordshire, Kug. Till towards the close of the last century, it was an in- considerable place, but being intersected by the Trent and Mersey Canal, it lias become one of the principal centres of the pottery, porcelain, earthenware and several other maniilaclures. The population, which in IbOl was (i,r)78, in 1621 was !l,(i(l!). It is three miles north of i>iewcastlc-under- Line, and l.'il N. by W. of London. Hiirlan-n/ioii-Trciit, a town in Staflbrdshire, Eng. It has the remains of a large abbey; and is seated on the west bank of the Trent, which here divides the counties of Stafl'ord and Derby ; there is ,an old bridge of 3(> arches over the river, and on its banks arc two extensive corn mills, one cotton mill, and six extensive breweries, the prod- uce of which is distributed, and .justly esteemed, over every part of the wfU'ld. There are also six or eight employers in the manufacture of hats; the cotton spinning, at the commencement of the present century, was more extensive, and, in con- sequence of its transfer to Lancashire, the popu- l.ition of the town, which in 1801 was 4,4.50, in lti21, was only 4.1 14. fiiur contiguous hamlets con- taining 2.581! inhaliitants more. It ir, 12 m. E. of Litchfield, 12 W. of Derby, and 123 W. of Lon- don. 'J There are about 3.'i other towns and villages named iUtrton, or to wliieh it is prefixed, in dif- fcrent parts of England, but all of them are in- considerable. Biirirnli, a town of Hindoostan. in Bengal, on the border of Orissa, 256 m. W. by N. of Cal- cutta, Bury, a town in- Lancashire, Eng. extensively engaged both in the cotton and woolen manufac- ture, in all the branches of spinning, weaving, scouring, fulling, dressing, bleaching, printing, &c. in all the various branches of which there are nearly 10(1 establishments, some of tlifin very extensive. There are also iron foundcries, ma- chine makers, and six or eight employers in the manufacture of hats ; it communicates with the Leeds and Liverpool canal by a collateral cut cal- led the Bury Extension. It is seated on the bank of the Irwell, 11 le. N. of Manchester. Pop. in 1621, 10,.')a3, being 3,511 more tlian in 1610, BUT Ml BUX and tlio total population of the parish, which in- cludes liamlets, in 1621, was 34,581. Bury, St. Edmund, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Tt took its name from St. Edmund the king, who was buried here ; and to his honour an abbey was founded, of which some noble ruins remain. Here are two parish churclies, which stand in one church-yard ; in St. Mary's lies Mary, queen of France, who was married to Charles Brandon, duke of Sufl'olk. At this town tlie barons met and entered into a league against king John. Henry VI. called a parliament here in 144tJ, when Humphrey, duke of^ Gloucester, was imprisoned, and here he died, as supposed, by poison. Tlie assizes for the county are held here ; and it has a free-school founded by Edward VI. The num- ber of inhabitants inlSll was 7,98(5; and in 1821, 0,!)!)0, and most of them were returned as employ- ed in trade and manufactures. It is seated on the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 25 m. N. \V. of Ipswich, and 71 N. N. E. of London. Buryrns, St. a village in Cornwall, Enw. 5 m. \V. S. W. of Penzance. It was once of great note, and had a college founded by king Atnels- tan. The church is spacious, and contams many curious relics of antiquity. In its neighbourhood are 19 large stones standing in a circle, 12 feet from each other, and in the centre is one much larger than the rest. Pop. 1,18.8. Busheir, or Bushi.re, a town of Persia, in Far- sistan, surrounded by a wall, with a few bastions. The English East India Company had formerly a factory here. The trade with Shiraz, by cara- vans, is considerable. It is situate on a narrow neck of land, in the gulf of Persia, 110 m. W. S. W. of Shiraz. Lonj. 51. 0. E. lat. 29. 20. N. Bushhill, t. Northampton, Co. Pa. Biishxckk, t. Kings Co. N. Y. on Long Island , 3 m. from Brooklyn. Pop. 1,620. Bussorah. See Bnssorah. Bijic, an island of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde, separated on the north from the peninsula of Cow- al in Argyleshire by a narrow cliannel. It is fourteen miles long and four broad ; the north part hilly and barren, but the south fertile and well cultivated. The coast is rocky, and indent- ed with several safe harbours, chiefly appropriat- ed to the herring fishery. Rothsay is the capital. Butrshlre, a county of Scotland, consisting of the island of Bute, Arran, Great and Little Cam- bray, and Inchmarnoc, lying in the frith of Clyde, between the counties of Ayr and Argyle. This shire sends a member to parliament alternate- ly with Caithnesshire. Bnt^cmbach, a town of the Netherlands, 25 m. S. by E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Butler, an interior county in the W. District of Pennsylvania, the south-east point jetting upon the Alleghany River, 18 m. above Pittsburg. Pop. 14,683. The chief town, of the same name, in the centra of the county, is 242 m. W. by N. of Har- risburg Butler, an interior county in the west part of Kentucky, intersected from east to west by Green River, wliich falls into the Ohio. Pop. 3,055. Morgantown, on the south bank of Green River, 144 W. by S. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Butler, a frontier county a', th" '.S E. e.Ytremitv of the state of Ohio, border!n;j •■jn Indiana. It is intersected from the north-west corner to the cen- tre of the south border by the Miami Pviver. Pop- ulation, 27,044. Hamilton, on the east bank of the Miami, 107 m. W. S. W. of Columbus, and 12 north of Cincinnati, is the chief town. Butler, a county in Alabama. Pop. 6,6?A Greenviili? is the capital. Also the name of 2 towns in Pa. and Ohio. Butler, the name of 2 towns in Ohio. Buir'tnlo, a seaport of European Turkey, in Albania, and a bishop's see; seated on the canal of Corfu, atthe entrance of the gulf of Venice, 30 m. S. of Chima;ra. Long. 19. 9. E. lat. 36. 49. N. Butternuts, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 94 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,991. Buttermere, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. eight miles S. W. of Keswick. It is two miles long, and nearly half a mile broad. On the west side it is terminated by a mountain, called, from its fer- ruginous colour, the Red Pike ; a strip of culti- vated ground adorns the east shore : at the north end is the village of Buttermere and a group of houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on the south extremity, under an amphitheatre of mountain- ous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to a vast height, flanked by two conical mountains, Fleetwith on the east, and Scarf on the west side. Numerous mountain torrents create never-failing cataracts that thunder and foam down the rocks, and form the lake below. This lake is called the Upper Lake ; and, near a mile from it, to the north-east is the Lower Lake, called also Cro- mack-water. The river Cocker flows through both these lakes to Cockermouth. Butlcrirorth, an appendage to the town of Roch- dale, in Lancastershire, Eng. Pop. 5,.554. See Rochdale. Buttetaiit, a town and parish of Irelanfl, in the county of Cork. The town is 4 m. N. of Mallow, and in 1820 contained a population of 1,020 ; total of the parish, 5,049. Button Bay, the north part of Hudson Bay, through which attempts were made by Sir Thom- as Button, to discover a north-west passage to China, when he lost his ship, and came back in a sloop built in the country. It lies between 60. and 66. N. lat. Buttstadt and Buttelstatdl, two towns of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 m. W. of "Naumburg. Butzhach, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, seated in a marshy but fertile plain, 10 m. S. ot^ Giessen, and 25 N. of Frankfort. Pop. about 3,200. Butzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen' burg-Schwerin, seated on the Warna, 17 m. S. W. of Rostock. Buxadercar, a strong fort of the country of Bootan, at the entrance of the mountains from Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock, 20 m. N. of Chichacotta. Buzar, a town and fort ot Hindoostan, in Ba- liar. on the south bank of the Ganges, 72 m. W. of Patna. Buxtehnde, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, on the river Este, 18 m. S. E. of Stade. Buxton, a village in Derbj'shire, Eng. at the entrance of the Pealj. It has nine wells that rise near the source of the river Wye ; and tliey are deemed one of the seven wonders of the feak. Their waters, noted in the time of the Romans, are hot and sulphureous, temperature about 82 ; ninch company resort to them in the summer. The building for the bath was erected by George, earl of Shrewsbury ; and here Marv, queen of Scot- land, resided for some time. Tfie duke ofTJevon- sliire has erected a beautiful building in the form of a crescent, under which are piazzas and shops. LAB ir» lAU A mile liL-nce it> another of tlic wonders, culled Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The en- trance is low and narrow, but it presently opens to a cave of considerable height, and G'JO feet K>ng, with ft roof resemblinjr a Gothic cathedral. It contains many stalactitious concretions, and sev- eral curious representations both of art and nature, produced by the petrifving water continually drop- pin;; from the rt)ek. iJuxton is :i2 m. N. W. of berby, and UJO N. N. W. of Li>ndon. Resident pop. in If-n, 1,0:$G. Buxton, p.t. York Co. Me. a little above the mouth of the Saco. Pop. 2,'So(J. liuzari'^ois, a town of Krance,in the department of the Indre, on the east bank of the river of that name, 12m. S. E. of Chatillon. Pop. 3,200. ISuzzard's Buy, in the southern part of Massa- chusetts, is about 30 miles long and 7 wide. On the south it is bounded by a range of islands cal- led the Elizabeth Islands A canal 31-2 miles in length from the bottom of this bay to Uie waters of Alassachusetts Bay would completely insulate the whole peninsula of Cape Cod and enable the coasting craft to avoid a long and dangerous navi- gation around the cape. But although such a communication has been talked about for above an hundred years, the want of a good harb lur at the northern extremity will probably hinder its being undt-rtaken. llijherri/, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. Bijchow, a town of Lithuania on the west bank of the Dnieper, 180 m. S. S. W. of Wilna, and 8 S. of Mohilow. Ihjficid, a village in Essex Co. Mass. 5 m. S. \V. from Newburyport, containing Dummer Aca- demy, and another Female Seminary. Ityticr, an appendage to Newcastlc-on-Tyne. Pop. in 1S21 , 3,8.V2. See .Vmrastle. Byron, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 2G8 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 1,031). Byron Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Commodore Byron in 17t3r>. It is low, full of wood, and very populous. The na- tives are tall, well-proportioned, and clean ; and their countenance expressive of a surprising mix- ture of intrepidity and cheerfulness. Long. 173. 4U. E. lat. 1. 18. S. c CABARRAS, a small interior coutily of North Carolina, \ymg to the west of the Yacfkin River. Pop. 8,79)1. Concord, M3 in. W. S. W. of Ra- lei^h, is the chief town. L'aheza de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a castle, 1*2 m. S. W. of Portalegro. Cabell,, a large mountainous county of the W. District of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by the Big Sandy River, which divides it from Ken- tucky, and on the N. W. by the Ohio River, which divides it from the slate of Ohio-. It is about r»0 miles in length from S. E. to N. \V. and 25 in breadth. Pop. r),S-S4. Guyando, at the mouth of a river of the same name, which inter- sects the country its whole length, falling into the Ohio, is the chief town. Cabello, or CaveUo. See Porto Cabfllo. Caitenda, a seaport on the west coast of South Africa, subject to Portugal, 100 m. S. E. of Loan- go. Long. 12. 2. E. lat. 4. .5. S. Cabcs, or Gabr^t, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near a jjulf of the same name, 170 m. south of Tunis. LoniT. 10. n't. hit. 33. 40. N. Cahot, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,301. CoAra. alown of Spain, in Andalusia, with si.x couvenU, and a college for the study of philoso- phy and divinity. It is situate at the foot of a mountain, near the source of a river of the same name, 25 m. S. E. of Cordova. Cabra, a town of the kindom of Tombuctoo. It is a place of great trade, seated on the Niger, and serves sLi a port to the capital, 10 m. S. E. of Tombuctoo. Cabrera, one of the Balearic Isles, in the Medi- terranean, 7 Ml. S. of Majorca. It has a large har- bour, on the north side, defended by a castle. Long. 2.55. E. lat. 3!t. 8. N. Cabtd, a country of Asia, bounded on the west by Persia, north by the Hindoo-ko, east by Cash- mere and Ijalion', and south by Candahar. It was anciently a province of Persia, afterward it was annexed to the Mogul empire till 173!), when it was restored to Persia by Nadir Shah. The coun- try is highly diversified, consisting of mountains covered witli snow, hills of moderate height, rich plains, stately forests, and innumerable streams. It produces every article necessary for human life, with the most delicate fruits and flowers. It is sometimes called Zabnlistan, from Zabul,oneof the nanics of Ghizni. It now forms a part of Afghanistan. Cabid, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the dominions of the sultan of the Afghans, seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko on the river Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a considerable trade, and is considered as the gate of India toward Tartary. In 1730, Nadir Shah took it by storm, and plundered it of great trea- sures. It is 170 m. N. E. of Candahar. Long. nS. 35. E. lat. 34.30. N, Cax-aca^ or Kdsusa, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a fort upon a rock, IG m. S. of Melilla, on the shores of tlie Mediterranean. CaceUa, or Tacella, a town of Portugal, on the S. E. coast of Algarva, 6 m. E. by N. of Tavira, and 8 W. S. W. of Castro Marim. CncrreSj a town of Spain, in Estremadura, seat- ed on the Sabrot, 22 m. S. E. of Alcantara, on the road to Truxillo. Pop. about 8,000. Cncerrs, a town in the south part of the island of Luconia, capital of the province of Camarines, and abishop's see. Long. 124. 0. E. lat. 14. 33. N. CachaHj or Kaskan, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, which has considerable trade in silks, silver and gold brocades, and porcelain. Here are many Christians, and Guehres, or worship- pers of fire. (Sec Bachu.) It is seated in a vast plain. 55 m. N. by W. of Ispahan. Cachao, or Kcsho, the capital of the kingdom of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, whose walls are of mud, and the roofs covered with thatch ; a few arc built with brick, and roofed with pantiles. The principal streets are very wide, and paved with small stones. The king has three palaces here, sucli as they are ; and near them are stables for his horses and elephants. The house of the English factory is the best in the city; and the factories purrliase silks and CAD ,.,3 licken-d ware, as in China. It is seated on tiie nver i^ot,, m m. from the gulfof Tonouin, Lonrr lOo. 11. E. lat. 21. 10. N. Caclicn, a town of the kingdom of Cumbo, on the west coast of North Africa, seated on the riv- er Cacheo, or St. Domingo, .50 miles from its mouth, between the Gambia and Rio Grande It IS subject to the Portuguese, who have three forts and formerly carried on a great trade in wax and slaves. Long. 14. o.j. E. lat. 12. (i. N. Cachoiro, a town of Brazil, in the government ot Bahia. It IS the mart for the northern gold nimes, and stands on a small river, 42 m. N W ofbt. Salvador. Carongo, a town of the kingdom of LoauTO, on the west coast of South Africa, seated nelr the mouth of a river, 40 m. S. S. E. of Loan which tlie tide brings up large vessels. It exports large quanti- ties of clover seed to England. It is ()5 miles W. by S. of Rouen, and 12.5 W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 22. W. lat. 41). 11. N. Pop. about 30,000. CttcWeon, a town of Monmouthshire, Kng. Many Roman antiquities have been found here, and It has l)ie ruins of a castle. It is seated on the Usk, i;> m. S. W. of Monmouth, and I4ti W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1S21, 1,0(1*2. Caermarthnishirr , a maritime county of South Wales, 4>S miles long and 25 broad, (t is bound- ed on the south bv the Bristol channel, on the west by Pembrokeshire, on the north by Cardi- ganshire ; and on the east by Brecknock and Glamorganshire. The air is wliolesome, and the soil less rorky and mountainous than in most other parts of Wales, and consequently it is pro- portionally more fertile boili in corn and pasture. It has also plenty of wood, and is well supplied with coal and lime-stone. The principal rivers are the Towy, Cathy, and Tave ; of which tlie first abounds with excellent salmon. It abounds with ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near Caermarthen towards the east, may bo seen the ruins of Kastelk Karry and several vast caverns supposed to have been copper mines of the Ro- mans. Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs and flows twice in 24 iioure. The county and city send each a member to parliament. Cuvrmarthrn, a borough of Wales, capital of Caermarthenshire. It is seated on the Towy, over whieh is a stone bridge, to which vessels of 20U to ;i()i> tons burden may come up. It was fortihed with a wall and a castle, now in ruins; and on the east side of the town, near the river, are the remains of a monastic building of consid- erable extent. There are iron and tin mines in the neighbourhood. It is 24 in. S. K. of Cardi- gan, and 220 W. by N. of London. Pop. in ltr21, ti,906. Cacrnarrotiihirc, a county of North Wales, of an oblong form, the soutli part projecting into St, Ceorge's Channel, the north being bounded by the Irish sea, or what would now more properly be called Liverpool Bay, from the celebrity of the town of that name : the Menai Strait divides it from the Isle of Anglesea on the north-west, and the river Conway divides it from Denbighshire on the east, wliilst part of the south-east side bor- ders on Merionethshire. This counly. being the most rugged district of North Wales, may be truly called liie Cambrian Alps. Its central part is oc- cupied by the fiimed Suowden, rising to the height of 3,571 feet alxive the level of the sea, and the prospects around are rude and savage in the higii- est degree ; Imt not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimensions of the vales admit tlie vari- eties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in the valleys on the side of St. Ceorge's Channel is pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great num- bers of black cattle, sheej), and goats, are fed on the mountains; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, abound with a variety of fish. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these moun- tains, as well as lead ; and quantities of stone, ex- cellent for hones, are dug near Suowdon ; to the drearv region of which tht? rich vale of Conway below forms a pleasing contrast. Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales, capital of Caernarvonsliire. It is seated within the Menai strait, near its entrance into Caernar- von h:iy, and carries on a considerable trade with Ireland, and the principal P^nglish ports, to whicii it exports vast quantities of slates. It has a cele- brated castle, built by Kdward I. in which his son, Edward II. the first prince of Wales, was iiorn. Caernarvon is governed by the constable of the castle, who is alwavs mayor. Here are salt-water baths, and elegant liot and cold baths, which are much frequented during the season, it is 7 m. S. W. of Bangor, and 244 N. W. of London. Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 53. 8. N. Pop. in IS21, 5,78«. Cacrphillij,Ti town of Wales, in Glamorganshire. The ruins of its celebrated castle more resemble that of a city than a single edifice ; a circular tower, about 75 feet in height, inclines H feet (5 inches from its base. It is seated between the Taafe and Rumney, 7 m. N. of Cardiff, and liiO W. of London. Pop. eJ»9. Cticrjrntt, a village of Monmouthshire, Eng. 4 m. S. W. of Chepstow, and about 2 in. from tiie bank of the Severn. It is the Venta Silurum of the Rfuiians, once crowded with palaces and tem- ples; but now the buildings within its ruined walls are only a church and a few scattered houses, tiie rest of the area being laid out in fields and orchards, where a t.asselated pavement, and numerous other antiquities have been discovered. Pop. 304. Caenoys, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 5 m. CAF 145 CAF W. of Flint, and 212 N. W. of London. Pop. 952. Ciiffa, or 'iliendosia , Uie Lirgcst town of tlie Cri- mea, with an excellent road an m. E. by N. of Svmpheropol, and 130 S. E. of Precop. Long. 3-5. 20. K. lat. 40. 0. N Cajfy, Strait of, the ancient Cinimcriau Bos- phorus, a strait that forms the communication be- tween the Black Sea and the sea of Asoph, and a separation between Europe and Asia. Cajfristin, or Kettorc, a mountainous country of Asia. Ivinff between the nortii-east part of Persia and I'artary. The vallej^s arc •nhabited by vari- ous independent tribes possessmg manners, and speaking a language peculiar to themselves, but of which very little is known. Cuffrarw, or Kajfrnria, a country on the east coast of South Africa, e.^tendin^from the latitude of about 30. S. to the Great Fish River, in the latitude of about 34., which divides it from the country of the Hottentots, its western boundaries are not ascertained. The CafTres are tall and well proportioned ; and, in general, evince great cour- age in attacking lions and other beasts of prey. Their skin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivo- ry, and their eyes large. The clothing of both sp.xes is the same, consisting entirely of the hides of o.xen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of different animals tied round their thighs ; pieces of brass in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms ; they are adorned also with the hair of lions, and feathers fastened on their heads, with many other fantastical orna- ments. They are fond of dogs ; and have great pride in their cattle, which pay the most perfect obedience to their voice. Their exercise is hunt- ing, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in throwing lances, and, in time of war, use shields made of the hides of oxen. They sometimes make incursions into the English territories of the Cape of Good Hope. The women are employed in the cultivation of their gardens and corn. They raise several vegetables, which are not indigenous to 19 the country, as tobacco, water-melons, kidney beans, and hemp. Their huts are higher and more commodious than these of the Hottentots, and their lands more fertile, but their oxen, and almost nil their animals, are much smaller. In- dustry is the leading (rail in the character of the Caffres, who are distinguished from their neigh- bours lothesor.th by tln-ir fondness for agriculture They have a high opinion of the Supreme Being, and of his powi r ; they believe in a future state of rewards and pujiislimeiiLs ; but think that the world had no beginning, and will be everlasting. They have no sacred ceremonies, and consequent- ly no prii.'sts; but they have a kind of conjurers whom they greatly revere. They are governed by .an hereditary kin^, whose power is very limit- ed ; hut, being pernutted to take as many wives as lie pleases, he ha.s a lirger portion of lands to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend and feed. The distance of the different hordes makes it necessary that they should have inferior chiefs, who are appointed by the king. One rtf the most remarkable animals of this re gion is ttie spring-liok a species of antelope about two feet and a half in height, of a pale j-ellowish colour, with a stripe of white, bordered by dark brown extending from the tail half way up the back and a similar stripe on each side from the shoulders to the haunches ; the belly is of a snov.-- white. The name of spring-bok was given it by the Dutch settlers of the Cape of Good Hope, from the prodigious leaps which this animal takes when startled. When thus alarmed, it has the power of extending the white space about the tail into the form of a circle, which returns t.o its lin- ear f^irm when the animal is tranquil. When pur- sued, it is pleasing and curious to see the whole herd leaping to a considerable height over each other's heads ; and they will sometimes take three or four leaps successively. In this situation they seem suspended in the air, looking over their shoulders at their pursuers, and forming the radi- us of the white part about the tail in a most beau- tiful manner. They are extremely swift, and it must be a good horse that can overtake them. They migrate annually from the interior of the country in small herds, and continue near the Cape for two or three months, and then retreat towards the north in herds of many thousands, covering the great plains for several hours in their passage. They are attended in these migrations by num- bers of lions, hytenas, and other wild beasts of prey, which commit great devastation among them. They also make periodical migrations in seven or eight years, in nerds of many thous- ands, from the north, being probably compelled to leave their haunts in the Terra de Natal by the e.xcessive drought of that region, where it some- times happens that not a drop of rain falls for two or three j-ears. In these migrations they spread over the whole country of Caffraria, which they desolate, notleavingablade of grass. Their flesh is excellent ; and. with other antelopes, they fur- nish the venison of the Cape. Thompson, in his travels in Southern Africa gives the following account of these animals. '• I passed through prodigious flocks of spring- boks, spread over the plains as far as the eye could reach ; the number it is impossible to esti- mate with any nicety, but I suppose I saw at least 100,000 in the course of fifly miles. They were migrating from the great desert towards the Colony. The colonists, as I came along, inquir- ed anxiously if I had seen many spring-boks, and CAG 116 CAI were inucli concerned to liear tliat tliey were ud- vnncini^ upon tiiem ; for tlu;se beautiful creatures, wlien tTiev spread over the inlialiited country in such migrations, are more dreaded tlian evi'ii tlie devouring locust; thev eat up entirely butii corn and pasture, and frequently oblige the farmers to ;ly with their flocks to other districts. The incredible numbers which sometimes pour in from the north, during protracted droughts, distress the farmer inconceivably, .^ny attempt at nu- merical computation would be vain ; and by try- inff to come near the truth, the writer "would BUBJect himself in the eyes of those who have no knowledge of the country, to a suspicion that he was availing himself of a traveller's assumed priv- ilege. Yet it is well known in the interior, that on their approach the grazier makes up his mind to look for pasturage for his flocks elsewhere, and considers himself entirely dispossessed of his lands until heavy rains fall. Every attempt to save the cultivated fields, if they be not encUwed by high and thick hedges, proves abortive. Hea|)s of dry manure (the fuel of the Sneeuwbergen and other parts) are placed close to each other round the fields, and set on fire in the evening, so as to cause a dense smoke, by which it is hoped the an- telopes will bo deterred from their inroads; but the dawn of day exposes the ineflicaey of the precaution,hy showing the lands, which appeared proud of their promising verdure the evening be- fore, covered with thousands, and reaped level with the ground. Instances have been known of some of tliese prodigious droves passing through flocks of sheep, and numbers of the latt"r, carried alon^ with the torrent, being lost to their owner, and becoming a prey to the wild beasts. As long as these droughts last, their inroads and deprada- tions continue ; and the havock committed upon them is of course great, as they constitute tin- food of all classes ; but no sooner do the rains fall, than they disappear, and in a few days be- come as scarce on the northern borders as in the more protected districts of Bruintjes-IIoogte and pamdeboo." Cagayan Soolno. an eastern island lying off the nortli-east point of Borneo, in the liit. of 7. N. and 118. 36. E. long. It is about "20 m. in circumference, and governed by a Rajah. Cagayan, a district, the most northern part of Luconia, the chief of the Philippine islands. It is a fertile and poi>ulous district, in the lat of 19. N. Camyan Isles, a group of small islands in tlie Mindoro Sea, between Borneo and the Philippines, ■Ji the lat of 9. N and m. E long Cngliari, a fortified city and seaport of Sardinia, capital of the island, and an nrcliliishop's see, with a university and a ca.-^tle. Here are nuineroua ehurches, besides the cathedral, three of w|iieh are C(dlegiate. It stands on the south part of the island, at the boltom of a gulf of its name, which forms a largi' and secure harbour, and e.vports con- siderable quantities of olivi'-oil and s;ilt. Long. 9. 8. E. lat. ■.«). •>{). N. I'l.p. about :',ll,limt. CagiittF. ( 'tinrtc. or (iittiiro. a town of Peru, cap- ital of a district of the same name, extending about 2-4 leagues along the seacoast. It is situate near the sea, H) in. S. E. of Lima. Long. 7ti. 16. W. lat, 13. 10. S. Ciihiiwha, the chief town of Pallas county, Alabama. It is seated at I hi' junction of a river of the same name with the Alabama River, 915 m. S. \V. of Washington, and about IfO north of New Orleans. Caliir, a town and parish in the south part of the county of Tippcrary, Ireland. The town is seated on "the west bank of the Suir, about si.\ miles south of Cashel, and H,") S. W. of Dublin, and in 1821) contained a population of 3,2H8, and the parish 4,310 more. Ctthir, is also the name of a small island off the south-west coast of the county of Mayo, in the lat. of ■''iS. 44. N. and 9. .53. W. Long. Cnlioliia, p.v. St. Clair Co. III. on the Mississippi. Cuhors, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Lot, and a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on a iieninsula, made by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedriil is a Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple. The town has a manufacture of fine cloths and ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine, of the kind called rill lie grarc. It was taken by assault, in l.').--l),by Henry IV. by means of petards, which were first employed here. In one of the suburbs are the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. Ca hors is 70 in. N. of Toulouse, and 315 S. by W of Paris. Caicos, or Caycns, the southernmost of the Ba hama Isles. See Bahamas. Cai-fotiv.;iciiy of China, capital of the province of Ilo-nan. It is situate on a plain, si.x miles fmin the river Hoang-ho, or Great Yellow River about 300 m. above its entrance into the sea, which is higher than the plain, and kept in by raised dikes that extend above ',10 m. When the city was besieged by the rebels, in 1642. they cut the dikes of the river, which drowned 300,000 of the inhabitants. Some of the ruins still remain, which shows that its present state is far inferior to its former magnificence. Its jurisdiction coni- |)reliends four cities of the second class, and 30 of the third. It is a50 m. S. S. W. of Pekin, and about 850 N. by E. of Canton. Long. 114. 28 E. lat 34. 53. N. Ciiiftt, or Haifa, a seaport of Syria, in Palestine, defended by a wall and a citadel. It stands on the south side of the bay of Acre, 8 m. S. W. of Acre. Caiman, or Caymans, three small islands lying to the N. W. of Jamaica, between it and the south coast of Cuba. The north-east point of Grand Caymans is in lat. 19. 12. N.and 81.26. W. long. The inhabitants of Jamaica come hither to eaten tortoises. Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, at the south-westextremity of Banffshire, on the border of Inverness. It rises in a conical form 1 ,750 feet above the level ofa small lake near its base CAl 147 which is Ihe source of tlie Aven, and 4,0.j0 t'set above the level of the sea. Its sides clothed with firs, and its top ajenerally covered with snow. It is famous for beautiful' rock-crystals, .inch es- teemed by lapidaries. About 30 m. E. of Fort Augustus. _ Vairn, or Grand Cairo, a larje citv. capital of i^gypt. It consists of three towns, al)ont a mile apart ; Old Cairo, N'ew Cairo, and the port term- ed Bulac. The population is estimated at 3011.000. Old Cairo is now reduced to a s.mall jilace. New Cairo is a mile from the river, and seven miles in circumference. The streets are narrow; and the finest houses are built round a court, in which they make the best apnearance. havinn- few or m windows ne.\t to the street. Tlie'caslle stands on a steep rock, and is surrounded by thick walls, on which are strong towers. .Toseph's Well, made bv a vizier of that name, about the year 1100, is the most curious part of the Castle ■ It is sunk iu the rock QSf) feet deep and 40 in cir- cumference, with a staircase carried round : and a machine, turned bv o.ven, raises the water (which comes from the Nile) into a reservoir, whence it is again raised by a similar machine! There are many other reservoirs for water ; and numerous bazaars, where each'trade has its allot- ted quarter. There are several public bao-nios, very handsome within, and used as places of refreshment and diversion, especially for the women, who go there twice a week : but the wives of great men have baths at home. The women have greater libertvhere than in any part of the Turkish empire; and on Friday a mosque without the wall is frequented by them as a pil- grimage of pleasure. The Calish.acanal which conveys the waters of the Nile into the citv, is 20 feet broad, and has houses on each side of it. As soon as the water begins to rise, they close the mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark to show the time when this and all other canals in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done with great solemnity. There are not less than 300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which present a very picturesque appearance. It was a P'^'ce of very great trade before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope ; and is still the centre of that of Eastern Africa. The chief manufac- tures are sugar, sal ammoniac, glass lamps, salt- petre, gunpowder, red and yellov/ leather, and linen made of the fine Egyptian flax. This city was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in 1708, and retaken by the British in 1801. It stands on the east bank of the Nile, about 120 m. S. E. Ale.xandria, and about thesame distance from each of the two mouths of the river at Rosetta and Damietta. Lat. 30. 2. N. and 31. 20. of E. lon(., a county at tlie S. E. extremity ot bcotland, 3o miles long and 20 broad ; bound- ed on the north by Peutland Frith, which divides itlrom tlie Orkneys. ea.st and south-eastby the German Ocean, and west by Southerlandshire 1 he south angle is occupied by mountains ; and a vast ridge of hills forms the south-west bounda- ry, emling in a promontory called the Ord of Caith- ness, which runs out into the sea, iu the lat. of 5H. 10. N. The rest of the county may be deem- ed an immense mnrass, interspersed with some fruitful spots, produchigoats and h.nrley, and others affiirding pasture for .<^heep and lilack' cattle. Its other chief products arc butler, cheese, yarn skins, feathers and kelp. It sends a member to parliament alternately with Buteshire. EnMish IS chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the Ki.rh- lands the Gaelic prevails. Thurso on the norlh, and Wick on the east coast, are the chief towns. Ciijana, or Kujami, one of the seven principal towns of E.ast Bothinia. jp/mcA.9cc. Cajazzo. a town of Naples, 2.5 miles north of the city of Naples. Calahnr, Old and .lYric, a territory at the east- ern extremity of the coast of Guinea on the west coast of North Africa. Since the re.striction of the slave trade to the south of the Equator, this district has carried on a more extensive trade in palm oil and bar wood, and some elephants' teeth, than any other part of the coast. The town of New Calabar is situate at the mouth of a river ofthe same name, in the lat. of 4. 10. N. and G. ^7 of E. long. Dukes Town, the chief town of Old Calabar, is situate at the mouth of another river ofthe same name, falling into a bay, about 80 ni. E. by N. of New Calabar. Calnhazn, or Calahaco, an interior town of Co- lombia about 150 miles south of Caracas, contain ing about 5,000 inhabitants. CiiJnhrln, a promontory and province of Naples, forming the foot and southern extremity of Italy extending from 37. .53. to 40. 5. of North lat. and being about 40 m. in mean breadth, between the long^of 15. 40. and 17. 30. E. A ridge of mountains, the Apennines, intersects the whole territory from north to .south, and numerous streams fall into the sea on both coasts. It gives the title of Duke to the eldest son of the king of Naples. It is di- \! n '"^^ '^^° P*'''^ • '-''"''^' "<""tl>- bordering on the Basilicata, contains about 3.50.000 inhabitants, and Ultra, south, containing about 400,000. This' country abounds in excellent fruit, com, wine, oil.silk,cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part of Calabria Ultra, as well as of Sicily, was destroj-ed by one of the most terrible earthquakes on rec- ord : besides the destruction of many towns, vil- lages, and farms, above 40.000 people perished by this calamity. The principal towns are Boya, at the south extremity, Reggio, Rosarno, St. Eufe- mia, Castiglione, and Paula, on the west; and Rossano, Cai-iato, Catanzaro, and Squillace on the cast coast, and in the interior. Cossano. Bisagna- no, Cosenza, (the capital) Policastro, MiletOj'and Oppido. Cnjahorra, an episcopal town of Spain, in Old Castile, on the side of a hill, which extends to the Ehro, 00 m. E. of Burgos. It was the birth-place of Quintilian. Pop. about 4,300. Calais, a seaport of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, with a citadel. It was taken by Edw. III. of Engl.and, in 1347, after a siege of more than 11 months, which has given rise to some CAL U6 CAL historicil as well as tlrainatic liclion. In 15."i7 it was rPlakon by the diiUe of Guisp. Il whs biim- bartli'd by the English in Iftll", without receiving much injury. The rortilicntions are {;ood ; but its ;;reatcst Btrcnglli is its eituation anionjr the marshes, whieli may be overllowefl at the approach of an enemy. In the centre ofthe town is a spaeioud square, surrounded by good I'uildiims. and the church is a stately ediliee ; the harbour, which is formed of two wt>odei» piers run into the st-a, only admits small vessels. Calais tl'-rives all its im- portance from its coiiti;;uily lo l!ie Kii^'lish coast, being only tiO miles from Dover, wiUi wiiieli a daily intercourse is maintiined ; s^-verul hundred per- sons passing to and from it weekly. It is 2.'> ui. W. bv S. of Dunkirk, 20 N by K. of IJoulogiif, and ].1.'> due north of Paris. Pop. about 8,()fl0. Calais, p.t. Washington Co. Maine. Pop. I .li-ilj. Also a p.t. in Washington Co. Vi-rmont. I'ojj. 1,539. Calais, St. a town of Franco, in the department of Sarte,24 m. E S. E. of Le Mans. Cnlumn^. a town of Persia, on llie coast of Mek- ran, (iO miles east of Guadal, and 2'.'0 west of Tatta, on the western branch of the Indus. Calamnta, a town of Greece, at the head ol'the pulf of Coron. in the Morea,on the river Spinarza, 3Gm. W. S. W. of Misilra. Co//7rHNiHfj.-, a cluster of islands, the most wes- terly ofthe Philippines, and to the nf>rtli <)f Ror- neo. They are 17 in number, and mountainous, but produce great quantities of wa.i;, honey, and edible birdsnests. The principal island is Para- goa, in thelat, of 12 N. and 120. of E. long. Cfilaiiitre. :i town of Ifindoostan, 70 m. I'', of Lahore, distiuguisijed as the place where the em- peror Akbar ascended the tlironc of Indir in l.ViC. Culatnairone, a largo town in the interior of Sicily, about 50 m. W. by N. of Syracuse ; it has manufactures of earthenware. Pop. 15.000. Culatayud, a city of Sj>ain, in .\rragon, with a castle on a rock, it stands at the fo.it of a hill, on the river -Xalon, at the inlliix of the Xiloca, 4'i m. S. W. of Saragossn. It has manufactures of soap. Pop. about 9,000. Calatanisrlta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Note. 50 m. N. W. of Lenlini. Cnlalrnrn, a town of Spain, in New Castile, ihe chief place ofthe military order of the knighls of Calatrava. It is seated near the Guadiana, 00 ni. S. of Madrid. Long. :t. 10. W. lat. 30. 4. N. Calbe, or Kallr, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river S.a.ale. 1(5 m. S. by E. of .Magdeburg. Pop. about 3.000. Calbt, a town of BrandenburT, in the Old Mark, with a castle, 7 m. S. W. ofStendel. Callicrga, a town of HindoosUxn, in Golconda, formerly a vast city, and the residence of the sov- ereigns ofthe Dcccan. It is P5 m. W. of Hydra- bad, and 110 E. of Visiapour. Lon". 77. 20. E. lat. 17. 2.5. N. Calrar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves ; seated near the Rhine, 8 m. S. E. of Cleves. Catrnsiu. a river of Louisiana, which rises 20 m. S. of Natchitoches and flows through a lake of the same name, 30 m long and 10 wide into the Gulf of Mexico. Calcinnto, a town of Italj', in Bresciano, where a victor/ was gained over the Austrians by the French, in 1706. It is 8 m. S. E. of Brescia. Ca/cu«a, the capital of Bengal, and the scat of the governor-general ofthe British dominions in th« Eait Indiss, it situated on the eastern bank of the river Hoogly, (the western arm of the Ganges) about 100 miles from the sea. Its name is derived from CtUta, a temple, dedicated by the Hindoos to i'uly, the Goddess of Time, which was situate Iietween the villages of Chuttanutty and Gobindpore. where the agents ofthe English East India Company, in IGOO, obtained permis- biun of Aurungzebe to establish a trading facto- ry, whieii, in Itli'O, in consequence ofthe disturb- ed stale of the province of Bengal, they were allowed to firtify. In Killf , Prince Azeen Ooshan, grandson of .^urun^'zcbe, granted a lease to the agents of the English Ciunpany, ofthe villages abi>ve mentioned in jterpetuity, upon which, they strengthened the fortification, and gave it thi name of /(^rf ffV/i'i//m, in compliment to the Eng- lish monarch of that time. From this period Cal- cuda gradiirilly increased in population and im- portance up to 175(), when it was attacked by the soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000 horse and fo(it, and 400 elephants, when the besieged were forced to abandon their posts, and retreat into the fort ; on which the enemy's troops entered the town, and plundered it for 24 hours. An order was then given for attacking the fort; the garrison of which -defended themselves bravely lor some lime; but many '"',.P"t is chiefly inhabit;d by nat yes, whose dwellings are f ,r the most part in re mud or bamboo cottages. The mixture of Jiuropean and Asiatic manners, tliat may be ob- sTmX h" ^"'r'"'"' '" '=.","""^ ■■ ^-""'='"^'^. P^-'"-, eriA of H T'"' ?■'"' ">' Palanquins and hack^ H n K^ "f V"' ','»^ passing ceremonies of the Hindoos, and the diflerent appearance of the nerh,;?","? ' "='" '"?'''^ "ovel and e.xtraordinarv, oresent. The Hoogly 13 navigable up to the town for ships of 400 to 500 tons, b°ut tho.s'e of greater burden he at Diamond Point, about .50 milesL W their caro^oes being conveyed to and from the town by lighters. Indepen'dently of its commer- cial intercourse with England, Calcutta main- tains an extensive intercourse with China as well s e^Lf ^ "■" ''■'"' '""'^ "'''''^'^ '^" interchano-e kind rn^ y"""'-\P°'' ''■'^ commodity that man- kind can desire either for subsistence and eom- tate°ShinT'K-"''"'r' '-^"-dand luxurious taste. Ship-bmlding IS also carried on to a -rreat ex- tent; there are several banking establishments to facilitate the operations of commerce anThi! coXT '';'?,'^'-»'"-"'^ for its protection Vl"e Ben I? af r T Sovernor-.eneral.and council of -ff i\r ' ^^''^""^. extends over the presidencies of Madras Bombay, and Bencoolen ;^the extent of the civil establishments attending the admin tration of so extensive an empire, fn addition "o tlie military and commercial affairs of the pkce haT^Fan^ F^ '''V'"?-'-- '» Calcutta beyond Japan T'le^ '" r'f •' ""?' ^''"^^ "^ China and aiid.^:i.2p.E. long., 1,030 m. N.N E ofMadn.; and about 1,100 e" N.'e. of Bombay ™'' ferent nart'^o?T'°*''''7'S' ^'"^" '""'"^ "' ^if- leBidens of- r^r'" ""'' ^f''''^"^' "'^'^^' ^'^'^ n Im ^! I Germany, implies their contiguity to hot or medicinal springs -one 25 m. N #v E of Lisbon, another 10 m.^^N. E. of CastclBranco^ another contiguous to Montalegre, CO m. N E ol Oporto; another 15 m. N. of Barcelona; another 2o 111. N. of Vigo. Cul.dccot, a village in Monmouthshire, En>r. sea- ted in a plain, five miles S. W. of Chepstow and noted for the massy remains of its castle. There are six other villages of the same name in differ- ent parts of England. C'aWn-, a river of England which rises on the west border of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aire It IS navigable the greater part of its course. J here arc tlirec or four rivers, and as many villa- ges, named Calder, in diftereiit parts of Scotland. Caldolzburg, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of Anspach, with a castle, l.H m. N. E. of Anspach. It is now included in the Bavarian circle of Rezat. Caldiccll, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. on Lake George, 50 m. N. Albany. Toj). 7!J7. Also a town in Essex Co. N. J. Caldiccll, an interior county in the western part of Kentucky, bounded on the south-west by tiie great Cumberland River. Pop. y,33a. Eddy- ville, on the north bank of the river, about 30 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200 fa. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Calcdon, a town in the parish of Auji-hloe (sometimes called Caledon.) south part of the' county of Tyrone, Ireland. Pop. of the town in Jb.iI, 8.jG, and of the parish 7.148. Culrdonia, a county in the north part of Ver- raont, the south-east part of which is bounded by the Connecticut River, which divides it from New Hampshire. Pop. 20,!IC7. Danville, in the cen- tre of the county, about 20 m. N. E. of Jlontpe- lier, is the chief town. Caledonia, a township of Livingston county, N. York, lying to the west of Gene.see river and south of Erie canal, 245 m. W. of Albany. ' Biir fapring, remarkable for the abundance of its water IS in this township. Pop. 1,018. ' Caledonia, .Veir, an island in the Pacific Ocean to the east of New Holland, discOTered by Cook' in 1774. It is 2G0 miles from north-west to south ' east, and 70 broad. The inhabitants are stronn- active, and well made ; their hair is black and much ft-izzled, but not woolly; their beards are crisp and thick ; they besmear their faces with black pigment, and their only covering is a wrap- per made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves 1 heir hou.ses are circular, like a bee-hive ; form- ed of small spars and reeds, covered with lonp- coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry rrrass" 1 hey deposit their dead in the ground, and deco- rate the grave of their chiefs with spears, darts, paddles, &c. They are of a pacific disposition and their women chaster than those of the more eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with some art and industry, but subsist chiefly on roots and fish. Plantains and sugar-canes are not plen- titul ; bread-fruit is scarce, and cocoa-nut trees are but thinly planted ; but yams and taras are in great abundance. The cape at the south end called Queen Charlotte Foreland, is in lono-. 107 I^. L. lat. 22. 1.5. S. ° Calfnimrg, a principality of Lower Saxony, which constitutes a part of the duchy of Bruns- '"r. ■ l\lf ^"''ded into two parts by the princi- pality of Wolfenbuttel. The south part is inter- sected from east to «est by the Werra, and the chief town is Gottingen. The Lena has itB source in this part, near the banks of the Werra, and runo north through the principality of Wolf- CAL. 100 CAL eiibullel, tlieii dividing the Bisliupnc iif Hildcs- lioiin Ixoiii Nortli Caloiiberij on tlic ca.st, and after- wards intiTseets t)ie north part of North Calen- bcr^. Tlie Weser also inleraects tlio sonth part of N. Calcnberg from southiast to northwest, the chief towns being Hanover, NeusUidl. and JIanieln. The aggregate extent of the surface may be estimated -at about 1,7110 square miles, and the population at 220,1)()(). 'I'he soil is generally fertile, and under social and reciprocal arrange- ments, Calenl)erg might be made to yield a snr- jihis produce sutficient to command an abundance of tropical and other luxuries, the consumption of which has hithci'to been very limited. CulJtuco, a town at the south extremity of Araucan, opposite the north end of the Isle of Chiloo, in the South Pacific Ocean, inhabited by Spaniards, Mestozos. and Indians, ISO m. S. of Valdivia. Lon^. 73. 37. W. lal. 11. 41). S. Call, a city ol Colouiliia, in tlie valley of I'opa- yan, on the west bank of tlie river Cauca. The governor of the province generally resides here. It is 'M m. E. of JJonaventura, and ^ill) VV. by S. of St. Fe. Long. 77. .">. W. lat. 3. l.j. N. Calicut, a city of Ilindoostan, capital of a pro- vince of the same name, on the coa.st of Malabar. It was the first Indian port visited by European Bhippin^ ; being discovered by the Portuguese, in I-llW. Here is a manufacture of plain cotton goods ; ami much salt is made by the natural evaporation of the sea water. The principal ex- ports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, gin- ger, and turmeric. It is seated at the mouth of a river, 110 m. S. W. of Seringapatara. and 130 S. S. E. of Mangalore. Long. 73. .')2. E. lat. 11. 12. N. It was formerly much more considerable, havinij been much encroached upon by the sea. California, a oromontory, in the Pacific Ocean, separated from the west co.ast of North America by the Vermilion sea, or (iulf of Cnlifornia; ex- tending N. W. from Cape St. Lucar, in the lat. of 2"2. 44. to lat. 33. N. being about .">0 miles in aver- age breadth. It was di.scovered by Cortez, in 1.^30; and is said to liave been visited by Sir Fr.ancis Drake, in \'>~H. Toward the close of the Beveuleenlh century, the Jesuits formed several settlements here, and endeavoured to govern the natives with the same policy and authority that they exercised in their missions in Paraguay. They seem studiously to have depreciated the climate and soil of the country ; but on their ex- |>ulsion from the Spanish dominions, the court ap- pointed Don Joseph Galvez to visit this peninsula. Ills account of the country was favourable ; he found the pearl fishery on its coast to be valuable, and he discovered mines of gold of a very promis- ing appearance. Divers nations or tribes inhabit the country, without acknowledging any chief. Each father is a prince over his own family ; but his power ceases when the cliildren are able to provide for tliemselves. Each tribe, neverthe- less, has persons appointed, who call assemblies to divide the productions ol the earth, regulate the fisheries, and march .at their head when en- gaged in war. Want of provision obliges them often to change their abodes ; and in severe win- ters they retire into caves. A girdle and piece of linen round the body, some ornaments for the Iiead, and a chain of pearls, serve the«i for dress and finery. Those who live toward the north, where they have no pearls, dress their heads with shells. The women commonlv wear a kind of jong robe, made of leaves of palms ; though some wear not.hing but a girdle. A range of mountains runs parallel with the coast, its whole extent rising in .some pl.aces to the height of about 4,700 feet. The soil in many jilaces is excellent ; and it is reported that vines grow naturally in tlie iiiuun- tuins, and that the Jesuits, when they resided here, made abundance of wine, in taste appro.acliing to that of Maderia. The chief town is St. Josejih, about 'i'> m. N. E. of Cape St. Lucas. The popu- lation of the whole territory is supposed not to exceed 10,000. Califiirnia, .Xrir, is an extension of territory along the coast, north of the promontory of Cali- fornia to the lat. of about 40. N. comprising the greater part of the coast formerly called New Al- bion. The same mountain ridge which interseclE the promontory continues to run north, parallel viith the coast, at a distance of thirty to fifty miles The Jesuits, who extended themselves in this di- rection, found the soil somewhat more congenial for the ireneral purposes of culture, and founded about twenty settlements upon and between the coast and the mount.ain ridge, each settlement dedicated to some saint of their holy order. The four principal settlements on the coast are St. Die- go, in the lat. of 32. 42.; La Fiirissima, in 34. 32.; St. Carlos de Monterey, in 3<). 3().; and St. Fran Cisco, in 37. 48. N. Tlie total population of this district is estimated at about l(i,0O0. Calii, a town of Sweden, in West Bothina, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 22 m. W. of Tornea. Callah, a town of Algiers, in th? province of Mascara, which has a considerable trade, and the greatest market for carpets in the country. It is 40 ni. E. of Oran. Catian, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kil kenny, on the frontier of Tipperary, 7 m. S. W of the city o/ Kilkenny, and 65 from Dublin Pop. in 1821,5,078. Callander, a. inwn of Scotland, in Perthshire with a considerable manufacture of musUn ; seat- ed on the river Teath, 30 m. W. S. W. of Perth. Pop. 2,030. Caliao, a seaport of Peru, with the best harbour on the coast, and a large and safe roadstead de- fended by the islands of Caliao and St. Lawrence. In the port every commoditj' is to be procured that vessels may be in need of The town was almost totally destroyed by an eartliqu.ike, in 174G. It is seated on a river of the same name, .5 m. W. of Lima, of which it is the port. Long. 70. .58. W. lat. 12. 2. S. Callaicaij, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,159. Wadesborough in the chief tovi'n. CaUe, a town of Alters, in the province ol Constantina, where the French have a factory es- tablished for a coral fishery, and trade for grain, wool, leather, and wax. It stands on a rock, al- most surrounded by the sea, 36 m. E. of Bona. Callinger, a fortified town of H'lndoostan, in the province of Allahabad, formerly capital of Bundelcund. It was ceded by the Malirattas to the English in 1703. It is 20 m. N. of the Dia- mond Mines of Punuah, and 150 W. by S. of Benares. Callingtan, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with a manulacture of cloth ; situate on the Lynher, 12 m. S. of Launceston, and 216 W. by S. of London. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 1,321. Calloma, or Caillomo, a town of Peru, celebrat ed for its silver mines, 50 m. N. by E. of Arequipa, and 170 S. of Cuzco. Cut mar, a strong seaport of Sweden, capita] of I CAM ir.i Smiland, and a bishop "s gee. Il is celebrated as the place where the depulie.; of Sw(?den Den- mark, and Norway, were appointed to assemble for the election of a king, according to th* Union . ot Oalmar. On an eminence, half a mile from the town, 13 the aniicnt castle, now converted into a distillery. Tlis cnief exports are deals and tar. it is seated near llie Baltic, lUO in S S \V ot Stockholm. Long. Hi. 22. E. lat. .56. 41. N Calmina, or Calimuo, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, near the coast of Asia, 7 m N W ofStanchio. Long. 20. 40. E. lat. 3G 5G N ^^C.i/«, East and ]Vcst, townships in Cheater Co. Calne, a boriugli in Wiltshire, Eno-. It has eight or ten e.xtensive manulactories of woolen cloJi,and in the vicinity are many fullin»- and corn mills. It is seated on a river of tht- "same name, 2o m. E. of Bristol, and 8^ W. of London 1 Vif ".'■?fi'''° members to parliament. Pop in l'"?.^!, 4,012. ^ CaJtura, a town on the west coast of Ceylon with a fort. A great quantity of arracli U niade nere, and other manufactories carried on It stands at the mouth of a large branch of the Mu- hwaddy, 3S m. S. by E. of Columbo. Lono- 79 ■oil. E. lat. 0. 44. N. " Calrados, a maritime aepartment of France in- cluding part of the late province of Normaiidy bounded north by the English channel. It is so called from a ridge of rocks of the same name near the coast of what was heretofore called JNormandy, extending twelve miles in lenirth It contains an area of about 2,200 square miTes ' and upwards of 500,000 inhabitants, 'it is intersected from the south to the sea by the river Orne It mnnHil %'"'?''"''*' ""1^ ^^P"'^ '^ considerable tTe Orl ft^^l T"^- ^'"="' »■' "'^ banks ot the Urne is the chief town. CaUert, a county of Maryland, lying between l^%(r'""p^'"'\^",'^"d Chesape'ak"^ 6^. Pop and St f ■•'"'^/■■ed'-nek, 40 m. S. of Annapolis and St. Leonard s in the south part of the county, on the shore of the Chesapeak, 71 m. S of An- napolis, are the chief towns. . Cahi 3. town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, eight miles north of Capua. ' Calei a town of Corsica, on a craggy moun- tain and gulf of the same name, wit" a stronc ortress and a good harbour. It was taken b? the English in 1794. It is 38 m. W. S W of Jjastia. CaUisatio, a town of Bresciano, 12 m S bv E. of Brescia. Pop. about 3,000. ' C«/w, a town of Suabia,in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, with a porcelain manufacture, and a great trade m stufis. It is 20 m, W. by S of Stuttgard. Pop. 3,500. ^ flow ™b J' '"''' y'^}"^ "««« in Hertfordshire, En... flows by Cambridge into the isle of Ely and ttere joins the Ouse, to which river it is navi °a Die from Cambridge. -ivi^a Caniana,K towS of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- the Pac L n°" ^ " -"o"" "'■ ">« ^^"'<' "^■ns "ear ti i^^ToV:r73.'ii'"w.Yonf ^^^•'"^'•^' - Camamn, an island of Arabia on the Red Sea oyst:rs''To" "f^^'r/^"', ""^"^ -™' '"d pea I oysters. Long. 42. 22. E. lat. 15. 6. Af C«m«ror, a town of France, in the department namte t Toe LT'' '" ^ '^^ ^'^'^ ^ CAM Cn„u,riacs, tlie most southern province of the [own ' "^ "'''''='' ^^""^ '^ »*•« "'""f Owmrgur an island, or cluster of islands, of France, ,„ the mouths of the Rhone, separated by canals and fortified. The whole contains 80 Tw^ol^tie.''''''^"*^'^''""'^-- '-''--'« Camlmt, the southernmost province of Abvssi- n.a, inhabited by a people called Seb-a-adja, who eZn^ '"'rV"' f ^,"°""'' Ci'ristians, and Aiahom- euns. It is abundant in fruits Camlay, a considerable city of Hindoostan, in the province of Guzerat. It '. inds on a gull" of the same name, ami was th- Camancs of' Ptole my. Here are three bazars. u:id four publick ci.o terns, capable of supplying the whole town witl water in times of the greatest drought. Its pro ducts and manufactures are considerable ; fbr thf country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk • anc' cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers 1 he inhabitants are noted for embroidery. It ig of which It ,3 the port. It belongs to the En..- lish, and ,s included in the presidency of Bombay Long. 72. 34. E. lat. 22. 17 N ^°'ab^} ■ Camber^, a town of Germany, on the south- west frontier of the electorate of' Hesse, situate on a hil , 17 m. E. by S. of Nassau, and 2.J N W of Frankfort on the Maine. • »v . oi Camherwc/! a parish in Surrey, contiguous to London, on the south side ; and to which it forms an appendage, being occupied principally by the private residences of the merchants, shopkeepers! and clerks emplojed in the several pul/i.c esUb- ishments of the Bank, East India House, cus- toms, &c. d^. The number of inhabitants in 1S21 was 17,876 ; since when they ha;-e consider- ably increased. The old church is 2 1-2 m. S of mnrfM °f ^^^"^ -T,^" additional church, after the model of one in Rome, was erected in 1825 Cambodm, Camhoja, or Camboya, a kinirdom or territory of Asia, extending fVom Cape ffar" bodia, in the China sea, south, in the lat. of 8 40 to Laotchua or Laos, in the lat. of about 17 N • bounded on the eaist, at the south end, by Tsiom- pa, and further north by the country of the k" moys which divides it from Cochin- China, and on the west from the 8th to the 14th deo-ree of latitude by the Gulf of Siam, and further" nor°h breadth of about three degrees of longitude be- tween 101. and 106. E. comVising an fgg™ extent ot surface of about 100,000 square mfles As far as any knowledge of this country has been obtained, It appears to be exceedingly dch alike in vegetable, animal, and minerafproductions whils the unsocial habits of the people, "Z ap! pear to be a mixture of Japanese, Cochin-Chi- Drecl„!f'''^'','"'^,i°'''^^^ °f "'-^ Eastern i^"and preclude nearly all intercourse with Europeans E^i^fsh "" T'""'^' ^he Portuguese, Dutc^and t^bll h „'n ', ""^-"^cessfully endeavoured ti es- tabhsh an intercourse in this country, and all sue ceeding attempts, except to a trifiiifg exten s^- reptitiously, appear to have met with disadvan- Ugeous results. It is intersected by a noble river of the same name, which rises in Chinese Tarta- ^unna"; ^°"g'j J^ibet and the west sidfof I Z '.4 If "°"'h-west province of China, md ..nil' ^1 'J'™"?'' ""^ Cambodian territory in a south-east direction falling into the Chinf Sea, ,L iT '^ <=';^'>els, between the latitudes of 9. and 11, N. In Thibet, this river is called the CAM 152 CAM Malchmi, in Chins the Kirni lyong^and ihruujjh tlii? Lios the .Will/ Kung,\ud llic eaisUTii ph.iniU'l into llio sea is suiiK'linies called the Japanese. The chief town of thu country, called also C'amlimlia, is situate on the western bank of the river, about 2-10 miles above its entrance into llii' sea. Caist- bodia appears to bo tliinly pi.opKd, but "f the nuiiibor of its in!iabitants no estiniati* Ins been formed. Tliej' appear to manufacture bf-th silk and cotton, and the country produeiiio- every' pos- sible article necessary for subsisU'ncc and com- fort, and also to gratify thi* most lu.xurianl sense, either of taste, smell, or urnameiit, there is but little inducement on tlie pari of the Cauibodians to cultivate an intercourse with Europeans, more especially on the overbeariii';, higglinij, and self- ish principle which they seem to have exerciwd over all Asia. As far as the Cambodians main- tain an external couunerce, sandal wood, eli*- pliants' teeth of the Biiest qualit^y, camplior, and the gum called cambogia, or gamboije, fr^nn the name of the country, constitute tlie ciiicf articles of export. (See Siain.) Cambray, a fortified city of France, capital of the department of Nord. The linen manufacture is extensively carried on in this district, and the term cambric was derived from the finer qualities of linen, which were distributed from this city. It has since been applied bv the Eng- lish to the fine fabric of cotton as well as of linen. Cai.-ibray has also some manufactures of lace and leather. It is sealed near the source of the Scheldt, which runs through the citv, 18 m. S. by \V. of Valenciennes, '^5 S. by E. of Lisle, and 102 N. N. E. of Paris. The fortification wa.s one of those retained by the allies for five years alfer the peace of 1815. Cambria, a county in the W. District of Penn- sylvania, lying west of the main ridge of the Al- leghany mountains. The south-west branch of the Susquehannah River rises in this county, and a branch of the Alleghany intersects its south part. It is about 33 miles in length from north to south, and 18 in breadth. Pop. 7,07!). Ebens- burg, in the centre of the county, 143 m. VV. by N. of HarrLsburg, is the chief town. Cambria, p. t. Niagara Co. New York, near the great falls of Niagara, 2;)0 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,712. Cambridge, an interior county towards the S. E. part of England, being about .'lO miles in e.xtcnt from north to south, and 20 to 2.") from west to east. It is bounded on the south by a range of hills which divide it from the counties of Bedford and Essex, having the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk on the east, and Bedford, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln on the west, the north- ern extremity jetting upon the Boston Wash. The river Ouse intersects it from west to east, whilst the Nen forms the boundary between the counties of Northampton and Lincoln, and the Cam, which rises at the foot of the hills, which form the southern bound.iry, falls into the Ouse, about the middle of the county. After descend- ing the hills from the south, the country is one entire level, and that part was formerly little bet- ter than a swamp, which, by well-directed efforts in draining and embanking, since the middle of the last century, has been converted into rich and verdant pastures, which yield a vast surplus of butter, and cream-cheese, for the London market. It has no surplus of manufactures of any kind, but in addition to its butter, it yields a surplus of ealves, cattle, sheep, and wool, and large quanti- ties of wild fowl. Its su|)ply hoirerer of foreign and manufactured productions is obtained in ex- change for the expenditure of the students at the univer:«^ly of the town of Cambridge, and rents nlistraeted from ditTercnt parts of the country, on account of the endowment!; of the several colleges The only other place iu the county deserving of n'.'tice, besides the town of Cambridge, is the city of Ely. (See lieilfnrd I.erel.) Cambridge, the chief town of the preceding county, and scat itf one of the two universities of England, is situate in t!ie south part of the coun- ty, 17 m. south of Ely, 23 cast of Bidfoid, and 28 west of Bury, and 51 uorlh by east of Loudon. It is :*. corporate town, governed by a mayor and 13 aldermen; but its importance is derived friiin ilj* universitv, which dates its foundation by Sige- bert, lung ol"' the East Angles, in G30. It acquir ed, however, but little celebrity until after the period of the collisions between the barons and the court had subsided, in the 13th century, from v/hich period, to tlic close of the Kith century, 12 collejTes and 4 halls were founded, bv the names, and in the order of date as follows, viz. ; COLLEGES. 1 St. PeUrs in 12.->7 7 St. John's in 1.509 2 Oonville, VMS 8 Magdalen, 1519 3 Corpus Christi 13,^.0 I) Trinity, 154(i 4 King's, 1441 10 Jesus', 1570 5 Queen's, 1448 11 Emanuel, 1584 C Christ's, ISUiJ 12 Syd. Sussex, 1598 HALLS. 1 Clare, 132G 3 Trinity, 13.50 2 Pembroke, 1343 4 Catherine, 1475 These institutions, founded in ages of monastic influence, and when architecture was the rulinw passion of those who possessed the means of in- dulging either in acts of benevolence or vanity, claim tlio attention of the present age, some for their monastic features, some for the history of their foundations, and others for their architec- tural beauty. Most of them have chapels and l.braries attached, some of them extensive and valuable, and the chapel of King's College is justly esteemed, as the most beautiful Gothic edi- fice in the world. It is 304 feet in length, 71 broad, and Olin height; the effect of its propor- tions, and beauty of its decorations, must be seen to be understood. In 1807 another college was founded, pursuant to the will of a Sir George I">owning. whose name it bears; and, in 1810, visrouut Eitzwilliam bequeathed a very extensive and valuable cabinet of works of nature and art, and ample funds for the foundation of an observa- tory and a building for the reception of his collec- tion, for the use of the university at large. This munificent donation excited a general spirit of improvement, both in the town and university several of the colleges have been enlarged, re- paired, and beautified, several old buildings in the town taken down ; judicious sites for the new buildings selected, and those edifices more par- ticularly deserving of attention for their architec- ture, laid more open to the view. In addition to the libraries attached to the several colleges and halls, there is also one common to the university; a senate house, and schools for public examina- tions, which, together with 14 parish churches, a county hospital, and other public buildings for county purposes, aft'ord a very interesting extent of varied architectural display. There are also six bridges of stone, over tlie river Cam, which, CAM 15:1 CAM in aililition to I heir convenience, add considerably to llio genera! picturesque cflect. The county, town, and university, ench sends two members to parliament. About two miles from the town, one of the largest fairs in Entjland is iield, for a fort- night, commencinij on the 7tii of September. The population in itfUl was ]0,0t:7, and in l«v!l, 14,14'i, of whom aliout 1,00(1 maybe considered members of the university. Cambridge, p t. Middlesex Co. Mass. This town is separated from Boston by the wide bay which nearly surrounds the city. Two long bridges open a communication between them. The town properly consists of three divisions, viz. 1. East C'ri mbriilge, or Lechmere Point, which is a suburb of Boston and connected with the city by Craigie's bridge. This is a flourishing place, and has many manufactories of glass, iron Ac. 2. Citmbrtdge-poTt, which communicates with the city by West IJoston bridge, and '^. Old Cam- bridge, 'i miles from Boston, containing Jlarrard I'nicprsUij, the oldest and richest literary institu- tion in the United Stat<,'S. It was founded in IG.'W. The officers are a president and 23 professors and tutors. The libraries contain 40,000 volumes, and the philosophical, apparatus, cabinets and similar materials for scientific purpo.ses are of the first excellence. Tlie Botanical Garden and green- house, are handsomely arranged and furnished with the choicest plants. The college buildings are 8 ; one of these is elegantly' built of granite ; tile others are brick. They are beautifully situa- ted upon a spacious level common. The number of students is 230. There are 3 vacations in April, August and December, of 10 weeks. Commence- ment is in August. A short distance west of the coUeees is the spot occupied by Washington as his head quarters dur- ing the siege of Boston, in 177.) and 0. Man^ parts of the town exhibit the remains of the forti- fications thrown up by the Americans at that pe- riod. In the western part of the town and bor- dering upon Watertown, is Mount Auburn, a spot lately chosen for the establishment of a Cemetery and Horticultural Garden. This place is chaim- inglv variegated with hills and dells, woods and lawns, and when the design is fully completed will be among the most interesting objects in the country. In the same neighbourhood is Fresh Pond, a small sheet of water skirted by steep and woody hills in a highly picturesque manner. This is a favourite resort of the people of Boston in the summer. Pop. of Cambridge, 6,07). Cambridge, litest, pt. Middlesex Co. Mass. ad- joining the preceding town. Pop. 1,230. Camliridge, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,013. Cambridge, an unsettled township in Coos Co. N. H. Cambridge, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,319. Also towns in Maryland, S. C, and Ohio. CambriUa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, snr- rounded by a wall, and seated near the sea, 14 m. \V. by S. of Tarragona. Cajiiburg, a town of Thuringia, on the east l)ank of the Saal, 18 m. N. by E. of Jena, and :!2 S W. of Leipzig. Cnmbyna, an island lying between the S. E. [iromontory of Celebes, and the Isle of Bouton. It is about GO miles in circumference. Camden, a county in the N. E. part of North Carolina, about 25 m. from N. to S. and four in l>readth ; the north end borders on Virginia, and forms part of the Great Dismal Swamp, 20 and the south end jets upon Albermarle Sound, between PasquetanK and George Rivers. Pop. 0,721. New Lebanon is the chiei town. Camden, a maritime county of the state of Georgia, bounded on the south by St. Marj-'s Riv- er, which divides it from East Florida. It is about 20 miles in extent each way, bounded on* the west by tlu- Great Swamp of Oke-fin-ocaw. The Santilla River intersects it from the N. W. corner, running to the centre of the county, falling into the sea, at the N. E. corner. It is very pro- ductive in rice and cotton. Pop. 4,578. Jeffer- son, is tlie chief town. Camden, p.t. Waldo Co. Mc. Pop. 2,200. Camden, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,945. Cuvtden, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. J. opposite Philad. Also a town in Kent Co. Del. Camden, p.t. Kershaw District. S. C. on tlie Watcree, 35 m. JI. E. Columbia. It is the seat of justice for the district. Here the Americans, un- der Gen. Gates, were defeated by Lord Cornwallis in 1780, and another battle fought between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon in 17H1. CameJ, a river in Cornwall, Eng. which rises two miles north of Camelford, flows south almost to Bodmin, and then north-west to Padstow, where it enters the Bristol channel. Its banks were the scenes of some bloody battles between the Britons and Saxons. Camelford, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. A great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and its neighbourhood. It is seated on the Camel, 14 m. W. of Launceston, and 228 W. by S. of Lon- don. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1S21, 1,256. Camerino, a town of Italy , in the marquisate of Ancona, and an archbishop's sec. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Chiento, 37 in. S. W. of Ancona. Cameron, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 924. Camillus, p.t. Onandaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,518. Camin, a seaport of Further Pomerania, and once a bishop's see, which was secularized at the peace of Westphalia ; but it still has a fine cathe- dral and a chapter. Its navigation and commerce were formerly extensive, but it is now of little note. It stands on the Diwenow, or east mouth of the Oder, opposite the isle of WoUin, 35 ni. N. of Stettin. Long. 14. 52. E. lat. 53. 54. N. Caminha, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro c Hinho, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the INIinho, 12 m. N. ofViana. Camolin, a village in the county of Wexford, Ireland, on the north bank of the Bann, 4 m. S. W. ofGorey. Pop. in 1.S20, 377. It was possess- ed by the insurgents in 1798. Camorta, one of the Nicobar isles off the west coast of Malaya, in the lat. of 8. N. Campagna, or Campania, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 40 m. S. E. of Naples. Campagna di Roma, or Territory of Rome, the most south-west province of the ecclesiastical states of Rome, extending from the river Tiber, tor about 05 miles along the shore of the Mediter- ranean to the Neapolitan province of Lavoro, being fAoutSO miles wide, bounded on the east by Abruz- zo. This extensive district, lying between tlie 41st and 42d degree of north latitude, was the ancient Latium, and was once the most populous and fer- tile district in the world, but now presents one general scene of desolation. The Pontine marsh- es, which are constantly emitting the most noi- some vapours, comprise a great portion of the south-'-a?* part of the province ; besides the city CAM )oi CAN of Rome on tlie banka of the TibiT, at Ihr norlli- iTii extremity of the province, Albano, Velletri and PiiM-rno, all on the weatcrn side, still exhib- it uiarkrt of former i^reritness, whilst tlie ruins of temples, baths, aj»d other stately edifices, are seen scattered in all directi'.), by the buccaneers in 1C78; and by the freeboot- ers of St. Domingo, in 1685, who burnt it, and blew up the citadel. Long. 91. 30. W. lat. 19. 35. N. Campen, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It is seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zny- der Zee, 8 m. W. N. VV. of Zwoll. Pop. about 6,0.00. Camperdown, a seaport of Holland, about 25 miles south of Texel Island, famous for the signal victory obtained by admiral lord viscount Duncan, off its coast, over the Dutch fleet, on the lltli Oc- tober, 1797. Campo Basso, a town of Naples, in the Molise. In 1805, it sufTered greatly by an earthquake, and most of the inhabitants were destroyed. It has a considerable trade in articles of cutlery, and is 12 m. S. of Molise. Pop. about (i.OOO. Campo Fonnio, a village of Italy, in Friuli, with an elegant castle, where a treaty of peace was concluded between the Austrians and French, in 1797. It is 2 m. S. W. of Ifdina. Campo Mayor, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alemlejo, on the frontier of Spain, 11 m. IS. by L. ofElvas. Pop. about 5,000. Campo St. Ptetnt, a town and castle of Italy, in the Paduano, on the river Menson, 12 m. N. of Padua, ami about the same distance N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 3,000. Camvoli, a town of Naples, in Abru7.20 Ultcr- iore, 2:1 m. N. by E. of Aquila. Caatpreiltin, a town of JSpain in Catalonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the liver Ter, 45 ni. N. of Barcelona. Cavipsie, a village of Scotland, on the south confines of Stillingshire, 9 miles north (;f Glas- gow. It has some extensive printfields, and oth- er manufactures. Canijiton, p.t. CJraf^on Co. N. H. 75 m. fr. Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,313. Canaan, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,070. Canaan, p.t. Essex Co, \'t. Pop. 373. Canaan, p.t. Grafton Co. N. II. 103 m. fr. Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,428. Canaan, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Hous- atonic. Pop. 2,301. This town has some iron manufactures ; and near it is a fall upon the river. Caiuuin, p.t. Columbia county. New York, on the east slide of Hudson River, 25 in. W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 2,004. Canaan. See Syria. Canaan, A'eir, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, near the the shore of L. I. Sound. Pop. 1 ,820. Tliere are 3 townships called Canaan in Pa. and Ohio. Canada, a vast territory of North America, ly- ing between the 42d and .54th degrees of north latitude, and the ().">tli and 98th of west longitude. This country appears to have been first made known to Europe in 15;!5 by Cartier, command- ing a fleet fitted out from St. Malo, under the auspices of the French government. Three or four attempts during the fifteen years from 15:{5 to 1500 were made to establish a colony upon it, but all proved unsuccessful. In l(i07 the first permanent establishment w.as formed by M. De Chamjdain, from France, who founded the city of Quebec ; but for more than fifty years it remain- ed without any laws or social arrangements, the settlers being little better than hordes of banditti, living in constant collision witli the native In- dians, with ^vholn the most sanguinary conflicts frequently occurred with alternate success. In 1PG3, at which period the European inhabit- ants did not exceed 7.000, the French govern- ment aiTected to extend its paternal regard to the colony, and ajipropri.ated a train of civil oOicers to organize and administer a code of laws on tho principles of those then jirevailing in France. This arrangement produced some excitement and indications of improvement; but both were of short duration. The collisions with the natives were renewed, and their frequent incursions "upon the lands of the settlers w'hich were of\en stained with acts of cruelly, operated as a cheek to all social enterprise ; so that at the end of another half century, the number of settlers did not exceed 20,000. During tho earlier part of the IMth century the colony made some progress to- wards improvement ; but the object of the French government seemed to be extension of territory rather than social arrangement, and as such, in ad- dition to the hostilities in which it was so frequent- ly involved with the natives, it interfered itself also with the outposts of the English, who then possessed the territory now forming the United Slates of N. America, and on war being declared CAN 15.-, between Traiiee and England in irui, tlje Eni Dorchester Hertford Devon Cornwallis li? ' 1 2 York 13 Elfiugham 14 Leinsler 15 Warwick 10 St. Maurice 17 Hampshire 1? Orleans 19 Quebec 20 Northumberland ilin "St 1 ' "• '■ 'fmiory, south of Gulf of stT"'"' '"'""''"'' ™ ""^ '"■^« ''y ">o irul ot ht. Lawrence, and south by the Province (JC K"r'"7^ '"<' "'^^'^ first'districts we?e further subdivided into 20 counties, II on the south and nine on the north side ^f the river as follo;vs, beginning at the S. W vi, _ ' Of these, the first eight, which all lie within or south-west of the river Chaudiere, are the most fertile, and aiiord the most favourable spots f.^r agricultural and commercial enterprize The counties of Cornwallis and Northumberland, each extend from the latitude of about 47 the lormer to the district of Gaspe, and the latter bor- ders on Labrador, all of which at present may be looked upon as one great wilderness. With this subdivision of territory and new organization oJ the government of Cinada in 1792, a more stedfast career of improvement seems to have been pursued than in any former period One of the most distinguishing characteristics ot Lower Canada IS its climate, in the intensity of cold in the winter, and of heat in summer, and the sudden transition from one to the other without producing any injurious effect upon the constitutions either of the inhabitants or other parts of the animal creation. The frosts begin about the middle of October, the sun continufno- to render the days mild and agreeable for three or four weeks, when the snow storms set in • which continue for about a month, with varia- ble winds and a hazy atmosphere, until about the middle or end of December; by which time the whole country is covered with an averao-e depth of snow of three to five feet. An invariable season now commences ; an uninterruptedly clear sky prevails for about 20 weeks, the thermometer rantr- ing the greater part of the time from 20 to 25 bl- ow zero sometimes descending more than 30 below, when the frost suddenly breaks, and in the course of a few days, about the end of April or middle of May, the snow as suddenly disap- pears All the energies of the husbandman are now directed to prepare the earth for seed, and in the short space of a month the most luxuriant verdure and vegetation are spread over all Canada • the thermometer sometimes, in June, rano-insas high as 93 orlOO, prevailing through the sSmmer from about 7o to bO. Although the severity of the winter hinders the earth from yieldimf any produce, yet it essentially facilitates the conve/- ance to market of its summer products ; a track once beaten upon the snow, which is easily effect- ed alter the storms have ceased, enables a horse todrag onasledge, a twofold weight, twice or thrice the distance in a day, which he would be able to draw in the best constructed carriacre on the best possible road. In any country this facili- ty of conveyance would be a great advantao-c but in Canada especially, where the rapidity of veireta- tion, and the abundant produce of the summer, claims all the attention and all the energy of the popu ation during that season, it moretfan coun- terbalances the severe and long duration of the winter, inasmuch as it supersedes the necessity of cost and labour m the construction of brido-es and roads, and renders conveyance easy by routes and oyer tracts that would otherwise be impassa- Ule ; thus so far from being le wild ani- mals which inhabit the Ibresls, coniprisinff the bear, stag, elk, deer, fo.v, marten, wild cat, and various others, including hare and ralihit, as well as a great variety of the weasel species, and the b.anksofthe numerous lakes anil rivers supply large (piantities of otter and iKMver skins. The aggregate value of this hran(;h of cnninieree to Canada may be esliiuateil at from i;ilu).(;(l() to jCl.'iOjOOO annually, varying, in some measure, according to the caprice of fashion. Fo.\ and otter skins, which at luie time sold in London for JEIO to £15 a skin, at other limes obtain only two or three to five poinidseach ; the others occasion- ally varying in nearly like proportion. Another great arlicVe of production for export is pot ami pearl ash, which, with a few other articles of mi- nor importance, constitute the whole of the ex- ports ; amounting in the aggregate, including the freight of a portion of the wood in Canadian built vessels, to a money value of abi'Ut Jt-^OI1.0(lO, which might and would be considerably augment- ed bv an export of grain, did not the selfish and blind policy of the Hritish legislature preti'r con- fining the nianufacturing pojjulalion of Kngland as well as of Ireland to a potato diet, and that in the most sparing supply, lest any grain of foreign production should be admitted into Kngland, and lower the money price, and thereby preclude a high money rent tnx. The I'xclusion of a market for the surplus of grain, which would easily be supplied, is. however, more than counterbalanced to Canada by a large military lorce and civil es- tablishment, which is maintained in tiint counlry out of the taxes levied on the pe()ple of J'lngland. These maintenances, in aly of mamifactured and Asiatic productions to the amount in money value of about jei,400,0n0 annually, whilst the direct intercourse of Canada with the llritish West In- dia Islands enables it to obtain a liberal supply of the products of those luxuriant climes. From these circumstances, it is easy to conceive tliat Canada affords gnat ailvantage to agricultural enterprise, and well-directed exertion. The civil government consists of a governor, who is uniformly a military man and commander- in-chief of all the forces in British America, and an executive council of fonrteiui other members, who are all appointed by the governor for the approval of the king. The House of Assembly consists of fdly-two members, elected for four years in due proportions from each dishict of the country by the freeholders of forty shillings a year and upwards, or renters of jCli) per annum and upwards. There is also a legislative council, consisting of not less than fifteen members. The legal establishment consists of a court of King's Rench, Common Pleas, and court of Appeal; and the civil and criminal law is administered by a chief justice and two p\iisne judges: (he chief justice is also president of the legislative council. The ecclesiastical aftairs of this country are under the superintendence of a catholic bishop resident at Quebec, and an assisLint bishop, nine vicars- general, and about '.iHO cures, who are supported chiefly cut of grants of land made under the French government, and an assessment of one twenty-sixth part of all grain produced on the lands held by catholics. The prolestant estab- lishment consists of a lord bishop, also residei.''. at d def 25 years. It was invadi^d by the Venetians, in IG!>"2, without effect. Mount Ida, so famous in history, is in the middle of this island ; beside the capital of the same name, the other principal towns are Canea, Retimo, Nuovo, Legortino, and Setia. Total population about SJ30,00(j, in nearly an equal proportion of Greeks and Turks. Candia, the capital of tlie island of the same name, and the sec of a Greek archbishop. Though populous formerly, little of it remains beside the walls and the market place ; and tlie harbour is now fit for nothing but boats. It is seated on the north side of the island, about 340 m. S. ij. W. of Smyrna. Lonir. 25. 16. E. lat 35. 19. N. Pop. about 13,000. Candia, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. II., 30 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,302. Candlemas Isles, two islands in the Southern Ocean, near Sandwich Land. Long. 27. ]3. W. lat. 57. 10. S. Candor, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 177 ra. W. Alb.a- ny. Pop. 2,053. Candy, formerly a kingdom, comprising the greater part of the interior of the island of Cey- lon ; the chief town, of the same name, is situate nearly in the centre of the island, on the banks of a river called the Malivaganga, which falls into the sea by several channels on the east side. The town consists principally of one street about two miles in length ; the principal buildings being the former king's palace and the temple of Boodh. It surrendered to a British force in March 1815, and was annexed with the whole of the Island Ceylon, to the British dominions. Candy is about 70 m. E.N. E. of Colombo, and 85 S. W. ofTrin- comalee. Canea, a strong town in the island of Candia, with a good harbour. The environs are adorned with olive-trees, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with myrtle and laurel roses. It was taken from the Venetians by the Turks, in 1645, after a defence of two months, in which the vic- tors lost 25,000 men. It is seated on the north coast of the island, C3 ai. W. by N. of Candia. Long. 24. 7. E. lat. 3.5. 27. N. Caneadea, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. York. Pop. 782. Canelle, a town of Piedmont, at the south ex- tremity of Asti, 12 ra. S. S. E. of Uie town of Asti. Pop. about 3,000. Cunete. (See Ca^nete.) Canetu, a tovra of Italy, in the Mantuan, seve- ral times taken and retaken by tije French and Aiistrians. It is seated on the Oglio, 20 m. W. of Mantua. Canfield, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Cantra, a town of the kingdom of Congo, on the river Zaire, 280 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 2. 10. S. Cangiano, a town of Naples, iu Principato Cite- riore, 40 m. E. by S. of Salerno. Cangoxivia, a strong seaport of Japan, on the m 'St southern verge of the isle of Ximo, or Kiusiu, with a commodious harbour. At the entrance of the haven is a light-house, on a lofty rock ; and at the foot of the rock is a convenient road for shipping. Here are large and sumptuous maga- zines, belonging to the emperor, some of which are proof against fire. Long. 132. 15. £. lat. ".2 10. N. CaniriUj a town of European Turkey, in Alba nia, near the entrance of the Gull of Venice, 8 m. S. E. of Avlona. Canlschu, a strong town of Lower Hungary- It was taken, in 1000, by the Turks, who held it till IfiyO, when it was taken by the Austrians, after a blockade of two years, and ceded to the enip-^ror by the peace of Carlowitz. It is seated on the bank of a small lake, 12 in. N. of the Drave Uiver, and a5 m. S. S. W. of Raab. Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 46. 30. N. Canistco. p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y., 2o0 ra. S. W. Albany. Pop. G2i). Canna, one of the Hcbrid' ; of Scotland, S. W of the Isle of Skyc. It is four miles long and one broad; the high parts producing e.vcollont pasture for cattle, and the low is tolerably fertile. Here are many basaltic columns. On the S. E. side of Canna is Sand Island, separated by a narrow channel ; and between them is a well frequented harbour. Long. G. 33. W. lat. 57. 13. N. Cannes, or Cagnes, a small seaport at the S. E. e.xtremity of France, distinguished as the place of debarkation of Napoleon irom Elba, on the 1st of March, 1815. It is about 6 m. S. \V. of Nice. Canobia, a town of Italy, in the ^Tilanese, on the lake Maggiore, 3.5 m. N. N. W. of" Milan. Canoge, a town of Hindoostan, in llie province of Agra. It is said to have been the capital of all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus. who fought against Alexander ; and tliat in the Gth century it contained 30,000 shops in which betel-nut was sold. It is now reduced t.i the size of a middling town, and seated on the Calini, near its conflux with the Ganges, 110 m. E. by t>. of Agra. Long. 80. 13. E. lat. 27. 3. N. CanonsbuTg, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 18 m. S. W. Pittsburg. Here is a Seminary, founded in 1802, called Jefferson College. It lias 7 instruct- ers, 120 students, and a library of 2,500 vols. There are 2 vacations in May and October. Com- mencement is in September, The town has an elevated and pleasant situation. Canosa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, which stands on part of the site of the ancient Canusium, one of the most magnificent cities of Italy. Between Canosa and the river Ofanto are still some traces of the ancient town of Cannas, in the plain of which was fought the celebrated battle between Hannibal and the Romans, where- in the latter lost 45,000 men. Canosa is 4 m. W. by N. of Trani. Canout, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, capital of a circar of the same name, seated on the south bank of the Toombudra River, 110 m. S. S. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 78. 7. E. lat. 1.5. 48. N. Canourgue, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lozere, with a trade in cattle and woolen stuffs, seated near the Lot, 13 ra. S. W. of Me ndc. Caneo, a seaport at the S. E. extremity of Nova Scotia. Near the town is a fine fishery for cod. Long. 60. 55. W. lat. 45. 20. N. Canso, Gut of, a strait about 25 m. in leno-th and from a half to a mile wide, between the east end of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, leading from the Atlantic Ocean through Chedabucto Bay into St. George's Bay, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canstadt, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, with a manufacture of printed cottons. In the neighbourhood are some me CAN inn CAN (Urinal sprinir5- '^ is seated on llic Ncckar, tlircc in. N. E. of Sliitlgnrd. Cnn/«/. tin inlorior department in the sonth of rr.ince, including part nf the late province of Aiiver^jnc. It is so called from a mountain, near the centre of the department,. whose summit is ahvavs coverecl with snow. The capital is St. Flour. Pop. about a")(l,()On. Cttnfiizaro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- rioro, near the sea, 20 m. S. W. of St. Severino. Canterburtf, a city of Kent, Kntf. capital of the county, and the see of an archbishoj), who \a pri- mate of all Knirland. It w.as the Durovcrnum of the Romans, and foumled belore Oie Christian era. The cathedral, a larije structure, was once famous for the shrine of Thomas a Becket, a tur- bulent priest, who was murdered liere in 1170, and afterwards made a saint. In this cathedral are interred Menry IV. and Edward the IJlnek Prince. The city has likewise M pari.ie is a village of Sha- kers. Canlerhuri/, p.t. Windl i i Co. Conn. 40 m. E. Hartford. Pop. IfiSI. litre are some manufac- tories of cotton and woolovi. Also a town in Kent Co. Del. Catiili, a town of Silesia, on the river Weislritz, !."> m. S. W. of Breslau. Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the Atlantic Ocean, on the coast of Morocco. Long. 9. 5. W. lat. 33. 33. N. CaiUon, a city, seaport, and capital of Quang- long, the most soutiiern province of China, and the only port in ihat vast empire with which Eu- ropeans are permitted to hold any intercourse ; it is finely situated at the head of a bay, into which flow two large rivers, one from the westward, v.bich by numerous collateral branches intersects all the southern part of the empire, and the other from the north, which, by a portacre of onlj^ one day's journey, communicates with the great chain of inland waters that intersects every other pro- vince. These rivers afford a facility of conveyance by water, which renders (Canton peculiarl)' well adapted for the great outport of the empire The harbour is very commodit-us. and being sheltered by several small islands, it atfords secure moor- ings for the innumerable barks or junks which navigate the inland wateis; all the foreign ships anchor several miles dislint from the town, not on account of the ineap'icity of the harbour to ac commodate them, but fro.n the peculiarly jealou! policy uf the Chinese, which seems to dread noth- mg so much as sociality of intercourse. Canton consists of three towns, divided by high walls, but 90 conjoined as to form almo.st a regular square. The streets are long and straight, paved with flag- stones, and adorned with trmmphal arches. The houses in general have only one floor, built of earth or brick, some of them fantastically colour- ed, and covered with tiles. The better class of people are carried about in chairs ; but the com- mon sort walk barefooted and bareheaded. At the end of every street is a barrier, which is shut every cveniug, a.s well as the gates of the cit.y. The Eu ropeans and Americans occupy a range of build- ings termed the factories, fronting a spacious quay along the bank of the harbour, without the city; and no fireigner is permitted to enter without the special permission of the viceroy, which is sel- dom obtained. There are 40.000 :famjuins or boats upon the river, which cont.ains above 100.000 people who live conslanlly upon t!ic water. The wall around the city is 4 or 5 mile.s in extent. The city con- tains vast numbers of triumphal arches and tem- ples richly adorned with statues. The streets are crowded with passengers to such a degree that it is dilTicuIt to get .along. The European or Amer- ican visiter is struck with the v.ariety and oddity of the different articles offered for sale in the streets and markets. If he is in quest of a dainty morsel of fresh meat he may here purchase a fine lot of rats, cats and puppies, which the Chinese esteem particularly nice for making pies I The foreign trade of Canton resolves itself into a mo- nopoly more peculiar and oppressive than any where else exists, (except the Biink of England and East India Company in London) it is vested in 12 persons precisely on the same principle as the 12 Jews are permitted to act as brokers in the city of London, each paying a large premium for the privilege of trading, or in other words, as far as the principle applies in China, for the priv- ilege of extorting from and oppressing the produ- cers of the conmindities in which they trade. There is, however, this difference in China ; whilst each of the 12 individuals all trade on separate account, they are collectively amenable, as well to foreigners as the government, for any default or mulct imposed upon any one or more of them individually ; whilst each of the Jew brokers of London is only responsible for his own acts. In addition to the external commerce of Canton, it also appears to be the seat of almost every branch of manufacture, more especially of silks and household gods ; and as from the circumstance of there being no public worship in China, every house has its own collection of idols, the manu- facture of these forms one of the most important branches of occupation. The main article of ex- port from Canton is tea, which since ]79d, to England alone, has averaged about 25 millions of lbs., whilst to America and other parts (since 181.5 more especially) it has been gradually in- creasing, making an aggregate average quantity annually exported at the period of 1826, of about 40 millions of lbs. The other principal articles exported to England are raw silk and nankeens, CAN 161 of Ihe fo.-.ner about a.50,000 lbs. weight, and of the latter, about UOO.OUO pieces of four and seven yards each, annually; a few manufactured silks and crapes, fans, ivory chess men, fancy ooxcs and other toys, soy, and ink, constitute the re- 'T'\'"r- '■•fP'i"^"' fi'igland, which employs about Jo sail of ships annually, of about 1 ,200 tons each. Ihe reimbursement by the English for the above productions is made in cotton, wool, opium and some other articles from Bombay and Ben- pi, and in woolen cloths, lead, &c from En; but restored to llolhiiid lit the peace of Amicus in iHlci ; retaken in IdlKi. and confirmed to Great Britain by the congress at Vienna in 1810, and it now tbrins part of the Britisli ve the level of the sea. Tho quagga or wild ass of South Africa is found in herds in tliis quarter, but has laielv grown scarce in the territory of the cape. The back mountain ridge in some places rising to the height of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. Tins variation in altitude is subject to almost every variety of climate, and the surface is as various as the climate, there be- ing much dreary and sterile territory, some very fine pastures, and some exceedingly fertile arable land. The capriciousness of the seasons, however, is such as to render the pursuit of tillage exceed- ingly haziirdous, though, when the seasons are fa- vourable, t!ie produce is superabundant. Tiie culture of Uie vine seems attended with less risk, and is likely to supersede tlie attention to agricul- ture beyond what is necessary f 'r the subsistence of the colony. The surplus produce of wine, expor- ted during the eiglit years 1817 to 1824, averaged about 4,500 pipes per annum. In 1819, an attempt was made to establish a settlement at Algoa B:iv, towards the eastern extremity of the southern coast, in the long, of 25. 42. E. about 450 miles east of tiie settlement at thi- IIo])e Cape, but the seasons in succession cutting off all the crops, the settlers were all subjected to the extreme of priva- tion. By due attention, however, to tiie nature of th<* climate, and application of the soil to pur- poses for which it is best adapted, the Cape terri- tory in the aggregate is doubtles^s susceptible of !>cinv rendered sub^iervient to the highest degree of comfort find enjoynient of the settlers, and r(^- ciprocally bo to the inhabitants of Great Britain. It is divided into four districts ; viz. the Cape, Zwel- lendam, Stellenbosch, and Gratf Reynet. 'I'he Cape dietrictcomprises the promontory which gives name to the territory. The promontory jets into the Southern Ocean, at the soutli-west extremity. On each side of tliis promontory is a bay frequent- ed alternately as the winds prevail ; tliat on the east sidi', in tlie Souttiern Ocean, is cullt-d False Bay, restored to duringthr prevalence of ntjrlli and north-west winds, and that on the west side, in the Atlantic Ocean, is called Table Bay, which affords tolerable shelti'r during the prevalence of south and soutii-cast winds. They are, however, both destitute of convenient harbours. There are two other bays north oi Table Bav ; Saldanha, in the lat. of 33. 7. S. and St. H<-lens in 32. 40. both of which have more convenient harbours than eith- er of the other two ; but, being deficient in fresh water, they are not much frequented. On the shore of 'i'able Bay, in the lat. of 33. 50. S. and 18. 28. E. long, is the chief town of the colon}', called Cape-town^ rising in the midst of a desert, surrounded by black and dreary mountains. To the south-east of the town are some vineyards, which yield the famous wine called Constantia. The store-houses built by the Dutch East India Company are situate next tlie water, and the pri- vate buildings lie beyond them, on a gentle ascent toward llie mountains. The castle, or principal fort, whicli commands the road, is on the east side ; and another strong fort, called Amsterdam fort, is on the west side. Tiic streets are broad and reg- ular ; and the houses, in general, are built of Btone, and white-washed. There are barracks for 2,000 men, built on one side of a spacious plain, which serves for a parade. There are two other large squares, in one of which the market is held, and the other serves to assemble the numerous wairgons and vehicles bringing in the produce from the country. There is another large building erected by the Dutch for a marine hospital, and a house for the accomodation of the government slaves: the government house, a town liall. and a Calvinist and Lutheran church, constitute the remainder of tiie public buildings. The popula- tion in 182() amounted to about 20,000, more than one-half of whom were Hottentots, Negro and Malay slaves, and people of colour. The Table Mountain, so called from the flatness of its main ! ummit, rises ii-om innnediately behind the town to llie height of 3,5!J2 feet above tlie level of the sea, having a collateral peak on the east 3,315 feet in height, and another on the west 2,1G0 feet. The profitable productions of the colony, taken as a whole, are wine, grain, all the European and most of the tropical fruits, vegetables of every descrip- tion, cattle, and sheep. At tlie foot of the Table Mountain are considerable plantations of the pro- tea argentea, or silver tree (a species of the protea peculiar to this spot,) the stone pine, and the white poplar. Avenues of oak atlorn the country houses, and this tree grows rapidly throughout the colony, but rarely to any perfection as timber. It is constantly cut "down, with the rest of the ^e\\ for- est trees of the Cape, for fuel, which is so scarce that most families in decent circumstances keep a slave employed entirely in collecting it. On the eastern side of the mountains that run northward from the Cape, and at the southern foot of the Zwartzberg or Black Mountains, are some good pasture farms, and whole plains of the common nloe, which forms a considerable article of trade CAP JC:? CAR In these parts are great numbers of the gazelle or hart bccst, as the Dutcli call it. This is one of the most common animals of the territory. The markets are well supplied with fish from the open sea, and from the numerous inlets of the coast. Cape Maij, a maritime county, forming a prom- ontory at the south extremity of the state of New Jersey. The capo, at the extreme south point, is in lat. 38. 57. N., the west side being washed by Delaware Bay, and the east to great Egff harbour, in the lat. of i'iO. 18. N., by the Atlantic Ocean, this side in its whole extent being flanked by a chain of islands. Pop. of the county, 4,945. The court-house of the county is 102 m. S. of Trenton. *,* For numerous other capes see their respec- tive names. Capdle, a town of France in the department of Aisne, 10 m. N. E. of Guiese. Cu.ncstan, a town of France, in the department of Herault, near the river Aude and the ca- nal of Languedoc, 6 m. west of Beziers. Caphon Springs, \>.v. Frederic Co. Va. At this place are mineral springs resorted to by invalids. Citpitanaia, a province of Naples, east of tlie Apennines, bounded on the east iiir about 70 miles by the Adriatic, varying in breadth from 40 to 80 miles, containing an area of about 3,500 square miles, and 970,(100 inhabitants. It is watered by several streams falling into the Adriatic. The chief town upon tlie coast is Manfredonia ; and Lucera, 35 m. W. of Manfredonia, and 00 E. by N. of the city of Naples, is the chief town. Capo Finn, a barren rock in the teiTitory of Genoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near it is a port of the same name, 13 m. E. S. E. of Genoa. Long. 8. 50. E. lat. 44. 20. N. Capo (V Islrla, a town of Italy, capital of Istria, and a bishop's see. It stands on a small island in the gulf of Trieste, connected with the conti- nent by a causeway, which is defended by a castle. The principal revenue consists in wine and salt. It is 8 m. S. of Trieste. Long. 14 0. E. lat. 45. 40. N. Pop. about 5,000. Cappel, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, on the east coast, 10 m. N. E. of Sles- wick. Caprartii, an isle in the Mediterranean, to the N. E. of Corsica, 15 miles in circumference. It has a town of the same name, with a good har- !>nur defended by a castle. It is inclutied in the Sardinian States. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 1). 50. E. l.at. 43. 5. N. Cnpri, an island in the Mediterranean, at the entrance of the gulf of Na]iles, nearly opposite Borreulo. It is five miles lon^ and two broad. with steep shores, accessible only in two places ; and was tlie retreat of the emperor Tiberius, who here spent the last ten years of his life in luxu- rious debaucliery . A vast quantity of quails come here every year ; and the tenth of what are caught, forms a great part of the revenue of the bishop, who is hence called the Bishop of Quails. Pop. about 3,(i00. Capri, the capital of the island of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It was once a delightful place, embellished with magnifi- cent works, which were demolished after the death of Tiberius. It is 27 miles S. S. W. of Naples Long. 14. 10. E. lat. 40. 32. N. CapryrJ.r, a town of the Netherlands, 18 m. E. of Bruges, on the road to Phillipina. Pop. about 3,500. Capua, a strong city of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel. It is two miles from the ancient Capua, and was built out of its ruins. No city in Italy, except Rome, contains a greater number of ancient in- scriptions. In 1803 it suffered much by an earth- quake, ajid a number of cavalry were buried un- der the ruins of their barracks. It stands at the foot of a mountain, on the river Volturno, 20 m. N. of Naples. Long. 14. 19. E. lat. 41. 7. N. Cara,a river of Russia, which issues from the north extremity of the Ural mountains, and flows into the gulf of Karskoi, in the Arctic Ocean; forming the boundary between Europe and Asia, for the space of about 140 miles. Caracas, a territory extending along the north- ern coast of South America, between the 64th and 70th degree of W. long. It was first discov- ered by Columbus, on his third voyage, in 14!.I8. Several attempts were immediately after made by Spanish adventurers to form settlements, which being partially eff'ected, it was sold by Charles V. of Spain to a company of German trading adventurers, who, by their intolerable op- pressions, were expelled the country in 1550. It was then formed into a captain-generalship, under the command of a supreme governor ap- pointed by the king of Spain, under whose sovereignty it remained in undisturbed possession up to 1806. When the events of the war, which desolated Europe from 1793 had cut off all direct intercourse between Spain and her exter- nal possessions, a futile attempt was made by General Miranda to revolutionize this part of South America. In 1810, however, when the French had obtained the entire possession of Spain, and proclaimed the sovereignty of all its external possessions, a congress was convened of deputies from all the provinces of the captain-generalship of Caracas, to devise measures either for the es- tablishment of an independent government, or for eff'ecting some modification in the then exist- ing one. This led to internal dissensions and in- veterate hostility between the two parties ; one, ad- vocates for maintaining the government as it then existed, which were supported by Spain on the restoration of Ferdinand in 1812, and the other, who placed General Bolivar in the command of their armed forces, resolved upon acceding to nothing short of unqualified independence. The contest continued with alternate success up to the close of the year 1819, when on the Hltliof of December a union was effected between the provinces of Caracas and those of New Granada, and on the 24th of .lune, 1821 the last battle was fought, which decided the fate of the pretensions of Spain and the final extinction CAR 1C4 CAR of lis aiillinril^ over nil this part i.f Sciutli Amfvi- ca. This tiTntory llu'ii became imf gri':it rc|nil)lic uiuier tiie iloiioiinnatittii ot'l^nluinhtH. CnracaSy or Leon de Cur it fa it, the cliiof town ol' Ni'W N'onrzucla, a provincf oftlu" republic nrf'o- litinbia. is siUiated on nn elevaleti plain, 'i.1»00 feet above tlie level iif tlu' KOa, nl a tlislaiiee olaboiit ^ III. from the sliore.in the latnf 10. "1. N. aiiilOT. of W. long. NotwitlLslaiKliiig its altitiiile. it is wa- tered by two or three slre.'mis, whiLst, by it^ eleva- tion it eMJdyH a comparatively temjierate ami de- li^jhUul cliiimte. The town i« rej;iilarly laid ont and has two or three stjnareH, a cathedral, college, nnd several churches, hut imne reninrhable for architectural beauty The |iiipulati.m in If'll'J was estimated at 12,1101^, hut an lartlniuahe in March, 1812, destroyed 12,0(10 of the uuinlier, as wrll as great part of the town. Its inarliets are well sup- plied with almost every lu.tury as well as ueces- Bary of life. (See Ijiwirn) Caramiin,a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, 20 ni. S. K. of Toulouse. Pop. about 2,:?(10. Cartiniiiniii, a province of Asiatic Turkey, to the east of Natolia. It comprehends the ancient Painphilia.and a great part of Cilicia, Pisiriia, and Cnppadocia. It contains several lakes, which n- bound with fish, and furnisli ^reat (pinntities of salt, and tlio Kisil Jermak river intersects the eastern part of the province, running north into the Black Sea. Cogni,orKonieli. in the lat.oflW. in. N. and 32. 25. of E. long, is the cajiital. Caramnnta, a district of Colombia, included in the south part of the province of Magdalcna ; bounded on the west by Ystmo, south by I'opayan and east by Zulia. It is a valley surrounded by high mountains, and tliere are waters whence the natives get salt. The cajiital, of the same name, is seated on the Cauca, 9Jl) m. N. N. E. of Popa- van. Long. 75. 15. \V. lat. 5. IH. N. CarajifTds, a town of Peru, capital of a district which contains valuable silver mines, and feeds a great number of cattle. It is 45 m. W. of Potosi. Carorn, properly Cnrnira, a town of Italy, in the principality of Massa, celebrated tiir its ipiar- ries of marble of various colours. It is 5 m. N. N. E. of Massa. Caratnii, a lake of European Turkey, in Bul- gaxia, 55 miles in circumference, containing sev- eral islands. It is formed by a branch of the Dan- ube, not far from ita entrance into the Black Sea. CaravayafO. town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- tion of the same name. It is ItiO miles S. E. of Cuzco. Long. Gil. 30. W. lat. 14. 40. S. Carbojtne, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, on the east bank of the river Garonne, 25 m. S. by W. of Toulouse, Pop. about 2,000. Carrntriintc, a town of Valencia, on the south bank of the river Xucar, 2.5 ni. S. of the city of Valencia. Carcassonc, a city of France, capital of the de partmentofAude, and a bishop's see. It is situ- ate on the line of the grand can.al of Langiiedoc, and divided into the upper and lower town by the Aude, over which is a stone bridge. In the upper town, called the city, are a strong castle and the cathedral. The lower town is square, regularly built, and kept very neat, by means of an aque- duct which brings the waters of the Aude to dif- ferent fountains. Here are manufactures of all •oris of cloth. It is 35 m. \V. of Narbonne, nnd 50 S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. about 15,000. tareuUa, or Caricul, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, chiefly inhabited by shopkeepers. In an open temjile here is the image of a naked man, 3d feet in height by 111 in thickness, made of one piece of granite. iMuch rice, ginger, turmeric, and betel-nut, is raised in the vicinity. It is seat- eil between two lakes, or tanks, which give source to two rivers, 20 in N. by I', of Mangaloro. Cnrtiij}\ a borough and seaport of Wales, cajiital of Glamorganshire. It is sealed on the Taafe, over whieli there is a liands .at^of 46. 21. and 47. 6. N. and 12. 30. to 14. 50 ot b. long comprising an area of about 3,500 Ens- lish ?"'d a population of 10 ni. above the entrance of the united htreains into tlie Solway Fritli, and lit n». from tlie S. W. frontier of Scotland. Carlisle has held a distinguished rank among the cities of Kngland, in every |M'riod of British history, and is sujjposed to have been first founded by l^uil, a native Briton, long before the irruption of the Romans into Eng- land. The contiguity of Carlisle to Scotland, dur- ing the less social habits and distinctiveness of in- tcrc-st, of the people of that country, frequently ex- posed it to their depredations ; to avoid wliicli, the Romans, on their jmssessing themselves of this part of England, erected a wall from Solway Frith to the German Ocean, which included Car- lisle on one side, and Newcastle on the (»lher, within its souLliern limits. After the departure of the Romans from England, Carlisle was sur- rounded with a wall, by Egfrid, king of Northum- berland ; and after the Norman conquest it was further protected by a citadel and castle, having three gales, called the Englisli, Irish, and Scot- tish, with reference to their bearing on the side of each respective country, built by William Ru- fus. These defences, however, did not prevent it from falling into the possession of the Scots, who held it alt«^rnately with the English from (he peri- od of William Rufus, to that of Henry VII. ; it was constituted a bishop's see by Henry I-, de- stroyed by fire by the Scots, in the reign oi' Henry III., and experienced the same disaster twice in the following reign. In 15()8 the castle was made the prison iiouse of the unfortunate Mary of Scot- land ', in 1()-1.5 it surrendered, through famine, to the parliamentary forces, and in IT-lo fell into the possession of the partizans of the Pretender, but was immediately after retaken by the duke of Cumberland, who demolished the gates and part of the wall ; and it has since that period enjoyed an uninterrupted tranquillity. Since the com- mencement of the present century, it has under- gone great improvement : on the site of the cita- del two commodious court-houses have been erected, the county gaol rebuilt, a handsome stone bridge built over the Eden, with other im- provements, have contributed to render it one of the most agreeable and interesting cities of Eng- land. The castle is still kept in repair, and serves, with other purposes, for a magazine, and an ar- moury of about 1U,000 stand of arms. Tlie cathe- dral is a stately and venerable edifice, partly of Saxon and partly of Gothic ardiitecture ; there are two other churches, as well as several .secta- rian meeting houses. The population, which in 1800 was 10,1575, in 1310 w.is 12,531, and 1521, 15,476, exclusive of about 1,000 in an adjoining out-parish. The cotton manufacture has long been established here upon an extended scale, whilst the architectural and external appearances of the city indicate great prosperity. Tlie con- veyance of its commodities of commerce has been facilitated by a canal to the Solway Frith, and it is a point of union and interchange for the mails to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Its corporation consists of a mayor, 12 aldermen, &c. It returns two members to parliament, and is 101 m. S. E. of Glascrow, !»1 S. by E. of Edin- burgh, and 'Mi N. N. W. of London. Carlisle, p.t. Middlesex Co. Ma.sa., 20 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 56<>. Carlisle, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y , 40 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,748. Carlisle, p.t. Cumberland Co. Pa , 18 m S. W. Harrisburg. It is a pleasant town regularly built , tlic houses are generally of brick or limestone. Here is a seminary called Dickinson College, which was founded in 17H3. It was suspended for some years, but is now in operation. It has 4 instructers, 21 students, and libraries containing 7,000 volumes. There are two vacations in April and September, of ten weeks. Commencement is in September. *," There arc also townships called Carlisle in Ken. and Indiana. Carlisle liai/, on the south coast of Jamaica west coast of Barbadoes ; and island of Antigua. Carlo, an island off the coast of East Botlinia, about 21) miles in circumference ; it is opposite to the harbour of Leaborg. Carlobago, a town of Morlachia, at the foot of a craggy rock, near the channel that separates the island of Pago from the continent. The commerce Cfmsiets chieHy of wood. Pop. about 12,000. It is 4(i m. S. E. of Buccari. Long. 15. 13. E. lat. 44. 55. N. Carlo, St., a city in the interior of the new Co- lombian province of Apure, situate on one of the branches of the Apure River, about 6-5 m. S. S. W. of Valencia. The inhabitants are principally de- scendants of settlers from the Canary Isles, who are more industrious and social than those from Spain. Under the newly formed government of Colombia, St. Carlo promises to become a flour- ishing place, being situate in a very fertile country, aiFording great inducements to agri<-ul- tural enterprise. Pop. in 1820, about 10,000 ; but since that jieriod it has greatly increased. *„* There are several other towns in Old Spain, and her late dominions in America, dedicated to San Carlo, but they are all unimportant. Carlo rfc Monterey, Sun, the principal settlement of New California, on the west coast of N. Ame- rica, in the lat. of 3(!. 3(!. N. and 121. 34. of W. long. It is beautifully situated within a small bay of the same name, first discovered by Cabril- lo in 1542. It was afterwards visited by the count de Monterey, from whom it received its present name. The forests and mountains pre- clude much intercourse with the interior; nor does it appear that there is any considerable river, either north or south, for some distance, other- wise it would be an inviting spot for coloniza- tion. Carlotr, or Catherlosh, an interior county in the S. E. part of Ireland ; it is bounded on the west by the Barrow River, which divides it from the county of Kilkenny- and is intersected on the east by the Slany River, which falls into Wex- ford Haven ; it is one of the smallest counties of Ireland, but exceedingly fertile; its butler, out of the produce of which the absentee rentals and other exactions are mainly discharged, is the most esteemed of any in the country. The only towns besides Carlow.the capital, are TuUow and Ilack- etsown. Carlow, the chief town of the preceding county, is situate on the east bank of the Barrow river, at the N. W. extremity of the county, bordering on Queen's county. In 1621 it contained 8,035 inhabitants ; the ruins of a castle overhanging the river, the ruins of a very fine abbey, a convent, and Roman Catholic college, are the principal objects of interest in the town. It has also a re- spectable market-house, county court-house, gaol and cavalry barracks, and manufactures some woolen cloths. It is one of the 31 places in Ire- land each of which returns one member to th« par CAR 1C7 CAR liameut of tlie Uiiitcd Kingdom. Il is 18 m. N. E. of the city of Kilkenny and 3'.» S. W. of Dublin. Carlowttz, a town ol' Sclavonia, where a peace was concluded between the Turks and Germans, in 1GG9. It is seated on the south bank of the Danube, just below Peterwaraden, 38 m. N. W. of Belgrade. Pop. about 5,000. Carlsbad, 3. town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, celebrated for its hot baths, discovered by the emperor Charles IV. as he was hunting. It is seated on the Topel, near its confluence with the Egra, 24 m. E. N. E. of Eger, and 70 S. E. of Dresden. Pop. about 3,000. Carlsburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the ducliy of Bremen, on the river Geeste, at the mouth of the Weser, 30 m. N. by W. of Bremen Long 8. 4-5. E. lat. 53. 32. N Carlsburg, a city of Transylvania. (See Weis- senburg.) CarlscroTui, or CarUcroon, a city and seaport of Sweden, in Blekingen. It was founded in ItiSO by Charles XI., who removed tlie fleet from Stockholm to this place, on account of its cen- tral situation, and the superiority of its harbour, the entrance of which is defended by two strong forts. Tlie greatest part of the town is built of wood, and stands upon a small rocky island, whicli rises gently in a bay of the Baltic. The suburbs extend over another small rock, and along the mole, close to the basin where the fleet is moored ; and are fortified, towards the land, by a stone wall. Here are excellent docks for the repairing and building of ships, foundries for cannon, and manufactures of gunpowder, ropes, sails, &.c. The Admiralty Board was transferred back to Stock- holm in 1770. Tlie inhabitants are estimated at 15,000. It is 220 in. S. S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 15. 20. E. lat. 50. 7. N. Carlskaccn, or Carlshamm, a town of Sweden, in Blekingen, with a woolen manufacture, a forge for copper, and a timber yard, 22 m. W. of Carls- crona. Carlsrulu, a town in the northern part of tlie territory of the grand duke of Baden, and recent- ly adopted as the seal of government. It was first founded in 1715, but has not been of much importjince until subsequent to the peace of 1814 ; it was taken possession of by the French in 179G ; the streets are laid out in regular order ; the ducal palace Is in the centre of tlie town, and has a lofty spire, and being, as well as several other public Ijuildings, witli tlie houses generally, built of stone, the whole presents rather an im- posing appearance. The population in ld20, amounted to about 12,000. It is about 40 m. IV. by E. of Strasburg, and about the same distance W. by N. of Stuttgard. Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia, with a for- tress ; seated on the Kulpa, a branch of the Save, at the influx of the Corona, 160 in. S. by W. of Vienna, and 45 E. N. E. of Fiuine. Carlstadt, a town of Sweden, capital of Wer- meland, and a bishop's see. It stands on the north side of the lake Wener, and on the island of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches of the Clara. The houses are built of wood, and painted; the episcopal palace is also of wood, and lias an extensive iront. The inhabitants carry on a trade in copper, iron, and wood across the lake. It is 155 ra. west of Stockholm. Pop. about 1 ,500. Carlstadt, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine, 13 m. .\ by W of Wurtzburg. It is now included in the Bavarian circle of Lower Maine. Pop. about 2,200. Carlton, there are about 30 villages of this name in diflerent parts of England, probably de- rived from the Saxon word Curie, implying a small or mean town. Carmagnola, a fortified town of Piedmont, with a citadel, seated on a small river, which runs into the Po, 14 m. south of Turin. Pr.p. about 12,000. Car. For some places that begin thus, see un- der Caer, and Kar. Carrnel, a mountain of Syria, in Palestine, about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the north side of the Bay of Acre ; noted for having been the retreat of the prrijiliet Elias, and for a monastery of Carmelites. It is 50 m. N. of Jerusalem. Carmel, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 237. Carmcl, p.t. Putnam Co. New York, on the east bank of the Hudson, 83 m. south of Albany. Pop. 2,379. Ciirmi, p.t. White Co. Illinois, on the Little Wabash. Carmona, a town of Italy in Austrian Friuli, on a mountain near the river Indri, 7 m. N. W. of Goritz. Carmona, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with many remains of ancient walls, inscriptions, &c. The gate towards Seville is one of tlie most ex- traordinary pieces of antiquity in all Spain ; and its castle, now in ruins, was formerly of immense extent. It is seated on a high hill, 24 m. E. N E. of Seville. Camatic, a territory of Hindoostan extending along the east coast from Cape Comorin, the southern extremity of Asia, in the lat. of c. 4. N. to near the mouth of the Kristna in the lit. of 16. N. varying in breadth from 50 to lUO miles, bounded on tlie west by the Mysore, and on the E. for about two degrees of lat. by the Gulf of Manara and Palks Strait, which divides it from the north end of the island of Ceylon, the re- mainder of its eastern boundary being better known by the name of the coast of Coromandei. The principal towns on the coast, beginning from tlie south are Negapatam, Pondicherry, Ma- dras, PuUicat, and Gangapatajn, and those in the interior, beginning also from the south, are Tinevelly, Madura, Tritchinopoly, Tanjore, Ar- cot, Nellore, and Ongole. Numerous streams and rivers irom the westward intersect this terri- tory, the principal of which are the Cauverv', Cud- dalore, Paliare, and Pennar. The soil is various in quality, being in some places exceedingly fertile, and in others sandy and barren ; the inhabitants are occasionally exposed to great privations for want of water. Since 1801, it has been uninter- ruptedly possessed by the British, and included in the presidency of Madras, which see. Carnatct, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Dehli. Here in 1739, Kouli Khan gain- ed a victory over the army of the great mogul : and in 1761, the Seiks, under AbdSla, defeated the Mahrattas. It is seated at the junction of the Hissar Canal with the Jumna. It is 80 m. N. W. of Dehli. Carnesrille, p.t. Franklin Co. Geo. 114 m. N. MiUedgeville. Carniola, duchy of, a territory of the Austrian empire, lying between the lat. of 45. 30. and 46. 30. N. and 13. 25. and 15. 40. of E. long, com- prising an area of about 4,600 square miles, and containing about 400,000 inhabitants. It is bounded on the north by Lower Carinthia, the CAR 1C3 CAR «null.-«-.>.t point jetting upon tl>o gulf of Trieste. It i» intersected from tl.c n-.rtli west to the south- east by the Save river, which receives several Uil.utary streams, both from the nortli anil south. In feature, character, and productions, it is very 6i-nilar to Carinthia, somewhat more diversified and fertile, and having the advantage of a nearer proximity to the sea, the inhabitants are some- what more active and enterprising. It is divided into four parts, viz. Upper, north; Inner, south- west ; Middle and Lower, south-east. Laybach, inUie middle district, is the chief town. For commercial purposes it hns the advantage of the port of Fiume, as well as Trieste. Carolalh, a town of Silesia, capital of a pfK-i- pality of the same name, seated on the Oder, 14 m. N. \V. of Glogau. , . , , • „ Carolina, a town of Spam in Andalusia, the chief of a new colony of the same name, m the Sierra Morena. It stands on a hill, towering above the whole settlement, aO m. N. E. of An- duxar. Carolina, See A'orth and South Carohna. Caroline a county of Maryland, bounded on the east by Kent county, state of Delaware, and on the west by the Tuckapo and Choptank Rivers, which fall into Chesapeak Bay. Pop. K.O/O Denton is the chief town. , rx- • c Caroline, an interior county in the District ot Virginia, bounded on the north-east by the Rap- pahannock River, and south-west by the North Anna River. Its area is abont 20 miles each way, or 400 square miles, and is tolerably fertile. Fop. 17 774. Above one half of the population are slaves. Bowling Green, is the chief town. Caroline, p.l.'Tompkins Co. N. Y. VM m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,633. ,. , j • „ .- „ Caroline Islands, a range of islands in the >orth Pacific Ocean, discovered in IGSG, by the Span- iards, in the reign of Charles II. They lie to the east of the Philippines, between li'?. and li);>. t. lonet diagonally within the lower. It is seated amonij the liills called Cartmel Fells, not far frotntfieseaHm. N.by W. of Lancaster and 254 4.'' 1 Soria - - - E. 311 1•).'> \V. 734 S. 031 2'.M,29J 370,641 205,548 Old Castile - - 14-^8 ;"50.763 The Ebro rises on the north part of Burgos, and forms the boimdary of Old Ca.stile, on the side of Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall into the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile run chief- ly to the westward, into the Douro. The chief productions of this part of Spain is wood, of which commodity about 6,000,000 lbs. are annually ex- ported to England. King-craft and priestcraft preclude all social exertion in this as well as every other part of Spain. Castile, .\eir, lies to the south of the preceding province, and is divided into five inferior provinces as follows : viz. Sq. leag. Inhab. Guadalaxara N. 163 121,11.t Madrid . N W. 110 3»',.^2)! New Castile - - 2.583 1,220,114 The Tagus, Guadiana, and Xucar, all afford tii New Castile the advantage of a facility of inter- course, which, to a social conimunitv, would be highly appreciated, but to a besotted and priest- ridden people tliey are of no avail. Sec eaeh of the inferior provinces. Castillun, a town of France, in tlie department of Gironde. sealed on the Dordogne, 25 m. E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2,600. Castine, a seaport of the state of Maine, chief town of Hancock county, situate on Penobscot Bav, 65 m. W. S. W. of Machias. It has an ex- cellent harbour and commands the entrance to the Penobscot. Pop. ],].">5. It was taken by the Itritish in 1814. but restored at the peace in 1815. Long. 6;». 0. W. lat. 44. 26. N. Castle Cavil, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 12 m S. E. of Wells, and 113 W. by S. of London. Pop. 1,627. Castle llisiiia, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. The Market is now disused, its harbour choked up, and the castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins. It, however, returns two members to parliament. Pop. 313. It is seven miles N. E. of Lynn, and 103 N. N. E of London. ".' There are 2-1 other towns and villages in England to th« names of which Castle is pre- fixed Castlelmr, a parish and town in tlie county of Mayo, Ireland. The parish, exclusive of the town in 1821 contained a population of 4,160, and the town 5,404, a considerable portion of whom are employed in the linen manufacture. The town is also tlie seat of assize, and a chief ]dace in the County, having a spacious church, a handsome court-house, gaol, and cavalry barracks. It is fituate at the east end of a small lake, 11 in. E. by N. of West-port and 113 W. by N. of Dublin. '." There are about 20 other parishes, towns, and villages, in different parts of Ireland, to the names of which Castle is prefixed, but none of any particular iinporlanre. Casllrton, a village on the ]ieak of Derbyshire, live miles noitli of Tideswell, Eng. it is situate at the foot of a rock, above 2.50 feet high, on which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to William Peverel, natural son of the conqueror. Tliree of the se\fn \\onders of the peak arc in its neighbourhood ; llie Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and Ehien hole. The first in in a cavern in the rock above mentioned, whose arched entrance is 42 feet high and 120 wide. It l>ecomes narrower as it proceeds, and the roof descends to within two feel of the surface of a brook ; this being passed over, another large cavern succeeds, witli several high openings in the roof. It descends again to a second bro streams falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,499 The principal town is Pittsborough. Cat Island, the name at present given to Giutn- ahani, or St. Salvador, one of the Bahamas and the spot when the first discovery of America was made. Columbus discovered this island on the 12th of October 1492, landed upon it and took for mal possession in the name of the King and Queen of Spain. The island is about 60 m. long anc* IS! wide, hut is not a place of any commercial or pc-lit ical importance. It is in lat. 24. 30. N. long 75 W. Catabamba, or Cotobamba, an interior town oi Peru, in a district of the same name, in the lltl degree of south latitude. The town is seated on the south-west bank of the Apurimac River ab^-ni 60 m. S. of Cuzco. Catabaw, properly Cataieba, a river of the Uni ted States, rising from numerous sources in IL* north-west part of North Carolina, in the lat of 36. N. and 82. of W. long, running in a S. S E direction into South Carolina, in which state it ii called the Wateree until it reaches the centre o) the state, where it is joined by the Saluda or Con garec and numerous other streams from the S. W where it is called the Santee, falling into the At lantic Ocean, in the lat. of 33. 5. N. and 79. 15 of VV. long, about 40 m. N. of Charleston, with the harbour of which city it is connected by t canal from a point 50 m. above its entrance intc- the sea. ( CatnJ)av>, or Catawba, an Indian town on Llie banks of the preceding river at its entrance into South Carolina. The native inhabitants amount to about 450, the remains of a once powerful i.a tion, who have degenerated in physical eneri.^\. and progressively decreased in number, sir'^ their association with Europeans. Catahoula, or Ocotahool, aparish in the westtin district of Louisiana, about 60 miles in e.Ttent fi^nn north to south, and 30 in mean breadth ; il is >• tersected by the Washita and several other riv-^M and lakes. Pop. 2,576. A town of the samp name, on the west bank of the Washita, is 260 m. CAT J 71 CAT N. W. of New Orleans, by tlie course y Arra^nn, beinij in the shape of a ri^lit angled trian,(K>!) persons in its ruins ; it appears, however, to have risen from each suc- ceeding disaster with increasing splendour, and in ISiii ranked among the finest cities in Europe. It is the see of a bishop, and seat of the only uni- versity in Sicily. The principal square, formed by the cathedral, college, and town-hall, is very grand ; it has about 30 convents and 50 0 in. K. N. K. of Castres. Pop. y,r>00. OfH^Tf.s-. a village of France, in the dcpartincnt of Unpor Pyrenees, at the fool of tlio nionnlains, noted for its mineral water, 18 m. S. W. of Hag- nores. Ciinrrrij, or Ciirrrrij, a consideral)lt» riv«'r of IIindoostan,which rises ainony a wide delta of mouths, whicli emiiracos tiie province of Tanjore, in the lat. of 11. N. Cftrfl,atown of Naples, in Principato (^iteriore, at the foot of Mount Malolian, 3 m. W. of Salerno. Curaillonj a town of France, in the department of Vaucluse ; seated on the Durance, 20 m. S. K. of Avignon. Pop. about 7,000. Carmcriy an island in the Archipelago, betwoon the S. W. point of the island of Negropont and the continent of Greece. Long. 21. 17. E. lat. 3d. 7. N. Cavalla^ a town of European Turkey, on the coast of Ruinelia, about 90 m. K. of Salonica. lop. about 3,000. Carcrifpafnm, a town of Hindoostan. in the Car- nalic, seated on the Panaur, HO ni. W. S. W. of Arcot. There is another town of the same name at one of the mouths of the Cavery River, a few miles north of Tranqucbar. Cnrarircrr. a town of the Venetian territory, on the south bank of the Adige, near its entrance into the Gulf of Venice. Cavaiij an interior county of Ireland, in the south part of the province of Ulster. It has sev- eral lakes ; two on the soutit side discharge Ilieir waters eastward by the Blackwater River into the Boyne, and others westward into Donegal Bay tluough Lough Earn, which jets upon the north- ern boundary of the county. Tho Lagan River, which falls into Dundalk Bay, also intersects itj south-east part; it partakes but partially of tiie Imen manufacture. The chief town, of the same name, is situate in the centre of the county, 30 miles due west of Dundalk, the same distance a. S. E. of Armagh, ami 54 N. N. W. of Dublin. As the seat of assize for the county, it has a court- house, jail, and that indispensible appendage to an Irish town, a barrarh. The population in 1^21 amounted to only 2,322. Tliere is no otiicr town in the county containing eren that number. See It eland. Carendish, p. t. Windsor Co.Vt. on Black River. Pop. 1 ,403. Cai'fnna, an island of South America, at the mouth of the river .Amazou, i*0 miles in circum- ference, and of a triangular form, with its base to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line, in long. 50. 20. W. Cavttr, a seaport on the west coast of the is- land of Luconia. See Manilla. Caror, a town of Piedmont, in the province of t'ignerol. 8 m. S. by E. of the town of Pignerol. -•■jp. about 7,000. Cawnpotir. a town of Hindoostan, on the wes- tern bank of the middle brancli of the Ganges, 5*) ra. W. by S. of Lucknow. CaiDoody a village in E, Yorkshire, Kng. on the river Ouse, 12 miU's south of York. Here are the ruins of a very ancient castle, a manufacture for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the river. Pop. 1.127. Caramarra, a town of Peru, capital of a territo- ry of its name, in the province of Truxillo. Here the Spanish general, Pizarro, in iri32, prefidious- ly seized the Inen, Atuhualpa. and the next year, aOer a mock trial, cruisi'd him to be pubUcly exe- cuted. Ilis 70 m. N. E. of the city of Truxillo. Lmig. 7-^. 20. W. lat. 7. S. Caxaintirqnilla^ another considerable city of Pern, also in the province of Truxillo, about 40 m. S. S. K. of Caxaniarca. Ctirtnnthn, another eity of Peru, in the pro- vince of 'I'arrna, about 120() m. S. by E. of Cax- amar«pnllii, and 1 10 N. by E. of Lima. Caitoti, a. town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. 10 m. W. by S. of Cambridge, ana 4it N. of London. It was the birthplace of Caxton, who introduced the art of printing into England ; and also of Matthew Paris, the historian. Pop. about 400. Caijawba, a town of Peru, in the province of Quito, 30 m. N. E. of Quito. Caijcnnc, a rich town and island on the coast of Guiana, capital of the Frenrh settlements there, bounded «)n the west by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The island is about CiOmiles in circum- ference, separated from the continent by a very narrow channel. The surface is low and marshy, and covered with forests. Cavenne pepper, su- gar, coffee, cloves, and the singularly elastic gum called caoutchouc, are tiic piincipal comnmdi- ties. The French settled here in ltl25, but left it in 1654, and it was successively in the possession of the English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by the French in 1077. It surren- dered to tho Enirlish in l-'^OO. but was restored to France at the peace of 1814. Long. 52. 15. W.' lat. 4. 50. N. See Guiana, Caiftr, a town of Brazil, in the government of Para, near the mouth of the Cateypera, 15 miles N. E. of Para. Long. 40. 12. W. lat. 0. 5ti. S. Cayuga y a county of the state of New York, the north end of which borders on Lake Ontario, extending south about 50 miles, and being about ten miles in mean breadth, it contains about 500 square miles. Pop. 47,947. Auburn is the chief town. Catjuera /vf?,/./-, bounds the west side of the above county for about 25 miles, extending about 10 miles furtlier south into Tompkins county. It is three to four miles wide, and discharges its waters at tlie north end through Seneca River into Lake Ontario, from which the north end of Cayuga Lake is distant about 25 miles. The Erie canal runs past, near the north end of Cayuga. There is a town of the same name on the cast hank, five miles west of Auburn. Cayula, p.t. Tioga Co. New York, 173 m. VV. Albany. Pop. 042. Cazaiihorn, a town of France, department of Gers, on the banks of the Adour, 80 m. N. N. E. of Bayonne. Caicnovia, the chief town of Madison county, state of New York, situate on the bank of a small lake, a few mih^s south of the line of the Erie canal, 130 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 4,344. Cazrres, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, about 35 m. S. W. of Tou- louse. Cecil, a county of the state of Maryland, at the head of Cbesapeak Bay, being about ^ CEL 177 CEL miles from ii'irlh to south, and 15 in mv.m lireidlli, fnrmin^ tlie unrth-oaBt extremity of tlie state; l.i.undcd on tlio cast by Newcastle eounfy, Dclawaro, nnd west by tlie Siisijuelian- na lliver. P.>]>. 15,4;V.'. Elhton, is tlie chief tov.n. Cecil, t. Wasliington V,n. Pa Cazhnir. a towii of LiUlo I'olaiid, in Uic pila- tinate nf Lubliu, sealed on the Vistula, 811 ni. E. ofZirnaw. Long. "i-J. :{. E. la!. 51. 0. -N. Ce.liir Creel:, a water nf James River, in Vir- ginia, in tlie county of Ruckbridjje ; remarkable iur its natural bridge, justly regarded as one of the most magiiificciil natural curiosities in the world. It is a huge rock, in the form of an arch, 00 feet long, (iO wide, and from '10 to (iH deep, lying over the river more than iiDO feet above the surface of the water, supported by abutments as lirht and graceful as though they had been the v.-cr£ of Coriluhian art. This bridije gives name to the C'junty, and affords a commodious passage over a valley, which cannot be crossed elsewhere for a considerable distance. His about 100 m. W. of Richmond, and 160 S. S. W. of Washing- ton city. Ced/ir Point, a seaport of Maryland, in Charles county. The exports are chiefly tobacco and maize. It is seated on the Potomac, i2 miles be- low Port Tobacco, and 40 south by east of Wash- ington. Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- riore, at the foot of the .Apennines, 20 m. N. N. E. of Conza. Cefiilonia, or Cephalonia, tlie most considerable of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediterranean, on the coast of (Ireece, opposite the gulf of Lepanto. It is 40 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad, fer- tile in oil and muscadine wine. The capital is of the same name, on the south-east coast. Long. 20. 56. E. lat. 38. 12. N. Cefalu, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, and a bishop's see, v.'ith a castle ; seated on a promontory, 40 m. E. by S. of Palermo. Long. 13. 58. E. lat. 3^. 15. N. Pop. about 5,500. C'elano, a town of Naples, in Abruy.zo Ulteriore, near a lake of the same name, 30 miles in circum- ference. It is 15 m. S. of .\(iuila. Celaija, or Siliw, a town of Mexico, situate on a spacious plain ti,000 feet above the level of the sea, aiew miles N.N.W. of the city of Guanaxuato. Celtridgc, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, 10 miles W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1820, 1,200. Celebes, or Macassar, a very irregular and sin- gularly shaped island in the Eastern Sea, lying be- tween Borneo and the Moluccas. The centre < f the island is interjected by the line of 120. of i^. long, and 2. of S. lat. From this centre four tongues of territory project, terminating as f ■!- lows : viz. Lat. Long. Ist, at Bonthain, 5. :U. S. 120. 32. E. 2d, at Cape Lessen, 4. 54. S. J21. 28. E. 3d, at Cape Talabo, 0. 48. S. 123. 57. E. 4th, at Cape Rivers, 1.15. N. 120. 34. E. 5th, from Cape Rivers another tongue projects eastward, in nearly a straight line wholly north of the equator to the long, of 125. 5. E. The centre from whence the tongues respectively di- verge, comprises an e.vtent of territory of about 150 miles from north to soutli, and 110 from west to east, the mean breadth of tlie projections, each being about 55 miles, gives an aggregate extent of surface of about 07,000 square' niilea. The 23 Portuguese, who firi-t doubled the Cape of Good Hope into the eastern seas in 1403, formed a set- tlement upon the south-west point of Celebes in 1512. The Portuguese were expelled by the Uutcli in 1067, by v.diom the possession wa.s called Macassar. They held it undisturbed till ailer the commencement of the present century, about which period the English, in their turn, with one or two unimportant exceptions, dispossessed eve- rv European sta'e of their .■\siatic possessions ; but all the former possessions of the Dutch in the eastern seas were restored by the English at the • peace of )SI5, and eonfirmed to them by treaty in li^'ij. Celebes abounds in all the varieties of ])ro- ductions common to its climate and geographical position. Minerals, gems, animals, vegetables; esculent, ambrosial, and medicinal; as well as reptiles, birds, and fishes, all abound to display the varied, liberal, and unsparing hand of crea- tion, and to afford to man all the means of the highest possible degree of human enjoyment. Yet these advantages are balanced by some dread- ful scourges. The great boa constrictor is an in- habitant of this island. He is 25 or 30 feet long, and proportionably thick. He is the most glut- tonous and rapacious, as well as the most for- midable of the serpent tribe. He has been known to kill and devour a buffalo. His strength is prodigious, and he crushes his prey within the twinings of his enormous folds. A Malay sailor in 1709 was seized by a boa in this island, and almost instantaneouslj' crushed to death. Before swallowing his prey, the serpent licks it over and covers it with a gelatinous substance, to make it slip down his jaws ; in this condition he will swallow a mass three times his own tliickness When gorged in this manner with food, they crawl into some retreat, and fall into a stupid heavy sleep, in which they become so unwieldy and helj)less ihat they may be easily killed. Whilst the inhabitants are said lobe brave, ingen- ious, high-spirited, daring in adventure, enter- prising in pursuit, and honest in dealing, and that to a degree which renders their niarti.al character celebr.'ited all over the eastern se.as, they are, on the other hand, said to bo suspicious, ciuel, and ferocious. An acquaintance with the natives of those islands in the eastern seas, witli whom Eu- ropeans appear to have had no trading inter- course, leads to infer th.it the extinsion of the commerce of Europeans, with all their pretensions to scientific attainment and social refinement, ha<» operated as a curse ratiu-r than a blessing ; rapine and cruelty, subjugation and misery, having marked its progress, and followed in its train, wherever it has extended itself Such cannot be CEIl 178 CEIi. a neccanary con9ci|iiPiice of coiiiinorciil intrr- courae ; and wlion r<'ni|»rocity and justice, instead (»r selflshncijs and citicaiic, shall constitute the [laijis of its pursuit, Celebes, in conniir)n witli the whole eastern Archipelarevai!. The followintr are the princi]>al towns or ports in each of the five jirojeclions previously described : 1st, Bonthin, Macassar, Maros, and Tannette. 2nd, Mountainous, and very thinly inhabited. 3rd, Ditto, ditto. Waya and'Tayabo. , 4th, Palos, Dondo ; fine and fertile. nth, Bool, Castricom. and Manado , And of the main part of the island are Bonny, Sofin, and Mani'mjoo. The principal river of the island, the Chrinrana, tails into the Bay of Bony or Bugges, trhirh src ; and see also Tobo Tominie, Cambyna, and Bouton, other bays and islands connected with Celebes. Cell, OT Marin Zell, a town ofStiria, with a cele- brated abbey, seated on the Saltza, 17 m. N. N. K. of Bruck. Ccncda, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 18 m. N. of Trcviso. Ccnis, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Savoy, which is a noted passage from the north of France to Turin. The summit of the pass, which is about 11,000 fi'et above the level of the sea, is :!5 m. W. PJ. W. of Turin. The facility of intercourse by this route was much improved by Napoleon. Centre, a county of the W. District of Penn- sylvania, being in conformity with its name, in the centre of the state. Its shape is an irregular square, about 3-'>m. each way. The main ridge of the Allegliany Mountnins terminates in a bhitf towards the north side of the county, near to which runs the west branch of the Susquehanna Kiver, a branch of which bounds all the west side of the county. Bald Eagle Creek intersectino- it from S. to N. eastward of the mountain ridge. Pop. 1.S.765. Bellefimte, is the chief town. Centre Uiirhimr, p.t. Strafford Co, N. H. 110 m. from Boston : 70 from Portsmouth. Pop. 577. "," There are 8 towns called Centre, and 17 called Crntrerille, in the U. States. Cephnlonia. See Crfnlonia and loniii. Ceram, one of the Molucca Isles, extending joni 128. to 13t). 51. of E. long, being about 3 > m. in mean breadth between the lal. of 2. 51. and 3. .55. S. The island of Amboyna, on which the Dutch have their principal spice plantations, lies off the south-west end of Ceram, on which island, they endeavoured to destroy all the spice trees, and succeeded to a very great extent. Sago is now the prominent production of Ceram. The snUin- Can, whose edible nests command such an e.xor- itant price in China is common in the island. Cerrf/ioTirt, a district of the Pyrenees, partly in Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and partly in France, in the department of Eastern Pyren- ees. Puycerda is the capital of the Spanish part, and Mont Louis of the French. Cere, St. a town of France, in the north-east corner of the department of Lot, 37 m. N. E. of Cahors,and 2sn south of Paris. Pop. about 4.000. Ccrenza, or Oereettaz, a town of Naples, in Cal- abria Citeriore, seated on a rock, 10 m. north by west of Severino. CfJY/, a town of France, in the department of JCastcrn Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridge of one arch over the Ti't. Here the commissitm- ers of France and Spain met, in ItitiO. to settle the limits of the two kingdoms. In 17114, the French defeated the Spaniards near this town. It is 14 m. \V. S. W. of I*erpignan. Cerignoitt, a town of Najdes, in Capitanala, celebrat*^d by ll<»race for its excellent bread. Near this town is the ancient Salapia, the ruins of which are still called Salpc. It is 20 ni. south of Manfredonia. Pop. about 12,000. Cerifto, (the ancient Cijtlieni,) an island of tho Mediterranean, lying off the S. E. [)romontory of the Morea ; it formerly belonged to the Vene- tians ; the French took possession of it in 171*7 ; it surrendered to the English in 1809, and at the peace of 181,5 was included in the Ii>nian repub- lic, under the [irotection of England. It is about 17 m. long from north to south, and 10 in breadth, mountainous, and but little cultivated. The inhabitants arc principally Greeks, whose chief occupation is in attending to their flocks of sheep and herds of goats. There is a town of the same name near the south-end of the island, contain- ing about 1,200 inhabitants; the extreme south pomt of the island is in lat. 36. 1). and 22. 57. E. long. Cerigotto, (the ancient X^gilia,) a small island, lying between the S. E. point of Cerigo, and the fJ. \V. point of Candia. Lat. 35. 51 N. and 23. 44. W. long. It is unproductive, and has but few inhabitants. Cerilly, a town of France, in the department of Allier, 25 m. west of Moulins, and 40 south by east of Bourges. Cerintt, a seaport, (the ancient Cerynia,) on the north coast of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a castle on an immense rock. The chief exports are barley, silk, cotton, oil, and carob beans. It is 20 m. N.'W. of Nicosia. Long. 32. 55. E. lat. 2.5. 4.5. N. Ccrne Jihhey, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the side of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180 feet in height, holding a club in his right hand^ and extending the other. Here was formerly a stately abbey, and part ofits remains is now con- verted into a house and barn. It is seated on the river Cerne, 7 m. N. N. W. of Dorchester, and 120 west by south of London. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,oc,o. Crrnetz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, with a mineral spring; seated on the river Inn, 24 m. S. E. of Coire. Cerritu, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a cathedral and collegiate church, 5 m. N. N. E. of Telesa. (er/o.sfl, a town of Italy,in the Milanese, with a celebrated Carthusian monastery, five miles north of Pavia. Cerrera, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a university, 34 m. north by west of Tarragona. Another on the borders of France and the Medi- terranean, eight miles north of Roses, and five or bix o.lieis in dill'crcnt parts of Spain. Crrria, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated near the Gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut to adrnil se.T water, from which much salt is made. It is 10 m. S. E. of Revenna Cerrin, Mont, the most conical point of the Alps, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Blanc. Cerrinara, a town of Najiles, in Principato Ulleriore, 12 m. S W. of Benevcnto. CET 179 CEY C'Mena,a lown of Italy, in Romagna, seated on the Savio, 18 m. S. by E. of Ravenna. Cesenatico, a sea-port of Italy in Romagna. In 1800, the inhabitants having arrested a messen- ger with despatches, the English set fire to the moles of the harbour, and destroyed IG vessels. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, IG m. S. E. of Ravenna, and 8 E. of Cesena. CessieauXj a town of France, in the department of Isere, 27 m. E. S. E. of Lyons. Celte, a sea-port of France, situate on the tongue of land, stretching along the coast of the depart- ment of Herault, on the Gulf of Lions. A con- siderable quantity of salt is made from the water of the inlet. It has a manufacture of 'soap, and sugar refinery, and exports a considerable quanti- ty of brandy ; the canal of Langaedoc falling into the inlet, occasions Cette to be the medium of an extensive intercourse between the eastern and southern departments of France. Pop. about 8,000. The lighthouse is in lat. 43. 24. N. and 3. 42. W. long, and about 18 m. S. W. of Montpe- lier. Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was taken by the French, in 1796, and retaken by the Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on the Tanaro, 8 m. S. E. of Mondova. Pop. about 5,500. Cevennes, a late territory of France, in the prov- ince of Languedoc. It is a mountainous country, and now forms the department of Gard. Ceuta, (the ancient Mylo, a town of Fez, at the N. \V. extremity of Africa, opposite to Gib- raltar, from which it is distant only 14 m. It was taken from the Moors, by the Portuguese in 1409 ; it fell into the hands of the Spaniards in lt)40, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Lisbon in 1608, and in whose possession it still continues. The Moors besieged it in 1694, and maintained a close blockade before it on the land side, for nearly 30 years, wiien they ultimately retired with great loss. Its fortress, like that of Gibraltar, to which it is considered a counterpart, may be regarded as impregnable; and, as such, both are poetically termed the Pillars of Hercules. It has a tolerably good harbour fbr vessels not of very large burthen, in the lat. of 35. 54. N. and 5. 17. VV. long. Ceylon, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying off the south-west coast of the promontory of Hin- doostan, from which it is separated by the Gulf of Manara and Palk's Strait, about 90 miles in breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly been compared to that of a pear, the north part forming the stem. It is 870 m. in extreme length from Point de Galle, in the lat. of 6. 4. to Point Pedro, in 9. 50. N. and 120 in extreme breadth between the long, of 80. and 81. 52. E. The early history of Ceylon is involved in ob- scurity, but supposing it to be the Taprobuna ad- verted to by Strabo, Pomponius, Mela, and Pliny, it must have ranked high in population and influ- ence among the nations of Asia, for ages antece- dent to the Christian era, having sent an embas- sy over land to Rome, in the reign of the emperor Claudius. It appears to have been visited by some Nestorian missionaries, in tlie ninth cen- tury. About the middle of the thirteenth century, it was visited by Marco Polo, a Venetian, who travelled over a great part of Asia, and afterwards published anaccount of his travels. The informa- tion, however, which he communicated being of a general, rather than of a circumstantial nature, but Utile was known of Ceylon, beyond its actual existence as an island, until after the discovery of the passage by tbe Cape of Good Hope; and its being visited by the Portuguese in 1505, who found it divided into several petty sovereignties, which subsequently merged into one, under the title of the kingdom of Candy. Tlie Portuguese held settlements on different parts of the coast for upwards of 150 years, when they were expel- led by the Dutch, who possessed themselves of the entire circuit of the coast for 10 to 20 miles from the sea, and the whole of the north part of the islands; confining the dominions of the kincr of Candy entirely to the interior. The Dutch pos- sessions of the island all surrendered to the Eng- lish in 1796, after sustaining a siege of tiiree weeks ; and in 1815 a British force marched into the interior, took the king of Candy prisoner, de- posed him, and possessed his territory, thereby rendering the whole island a part of the British dominion. The entire revenues yielded by the island to the British government have been esti- mated at £250,000. The general character of the surface of the island of Ceylon is mountainous and woody, with an ample extent of soil ; and sufficiently intersected by streams of water, to afford the most abundant means of subsistence and comfort to a population more than tenfold its present extent. The most lofty range of moun- tains divide the island nearly into two parts, and terminates completely the effect of the monsoons, which set in periodically from opposite sides of them. The seasons are more regulated by the monsoons than the course of the sun ; for the coolest season is during the summer solstice, while the western monsoon prevails. Spring commences in October, and the hottest season is from January to the beginning of April. The climate on tfie coast, is more temperate tlian on the continent of Hindoostan ; but in the interior of the country the heat is many degrees greater, and the climate often extremely sultry and un- healthy. The finest fruits grow in vast plenty, but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple , which in shape resembles the quarter of an apple cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and a continued ridge along the outer edges ; and is of a beautiful orange colour. Pepper, ginger, and cardamons are produced in Ceylon ; with five kinds of rice which ripen one after another. One of the most remarkable trees in the island is the taUpot, which grows straight and tall, and is as big as the mast of a ship; the leaves are so large as to cover 15 men ; when dried, they are round, and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a piece of the leaf on their head when they travel, to shade them from the sun ; and they are so tough that they are not easily torn. Every sol- dier carries one, and it serves for his tent : other trees and shrubs, some valuable for their timber, and others for their resin, gums, and flowers, are interspersed over every part of the island ; but the most important of all its vegetable produc- tions is the cinnamon tree, the bark of which is distributed over every part of the habitable globe. Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garnets, ru- bies, and other gems ; besides ores of copper, iron, &c. and veins of black crystal. Common deer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous ; but the horned cattle are both very small and scarce, six of them weighing altogether only 714 lbs. and one of these only 70 lbs. Yet the island pro- duces the largest and best elephants in the world, which occasionallv form an extensive branch of CKY 180 CHA traflic to different parts of Hindoostan. Tlie woods are infested by tigers. They abound also witli snakes of a monstrous size, iinion;^' which is the boa constrictor, one ofwhicli has been known to destroy a tiger, and devour hiin at one meal. Spiders, centipedes, and scorpions also grow to an enormous size. Here the mentis, or creepintj leaf, is met with ; which is supposed to be a species of ^asshopper. having every member of common insects, though iu sliape and appearance it greatly resembles a leaf : it is of atrreen colour. ' The sea coasts abound with fish. Alligators and ; all the lizard tribe are also numerous. The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes of peoj)ie, the (/ingalese and the Veddahs. The latter are still in the rudest stage of social life ; they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hol- > lows of the mountains huntinor their sole employ- ment, and providing for the day their only care. Some of them acknowledged tlic authority of the king of Candy ; and exchanged with the Cingal- ese elephants' teeth and deer flesh, for arrow.-*, cloth, &c. but this practice is not general, for two- thirds of them hold no comnumication w'ith the Cingalese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers. They worship a particular god ; and their rcli- ^ous doctrine seein.s to consist of some indistinct notions of the fundauiental principles of the Braminical faith. In some plaro.^ they liave erect- ed temples ; but for the most part tliey perform worsliip at an altar constnicled of bamboos, un- der the shade of a banyan-tree. The Cingalese, subjects of the kings of Candv, during the ex- istence of their reign, appear to have been, be- yond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, in- structed in all the arts of civil life, and maintain- ing, if not an ascendancy, a co-ecpiality of influ- ence and importance with their continental neighbours. The distinction of castes into 11) grades prevails amonir thrrn a9 scrupulously as among the Hindoos. In their devotion they are Pagans ; and though Ihev acknowledo-e a suprone God, they worship only the inferior deities, among which they reckon the sun ajid monn. In their temples are images, well executed, though their figures are monstrous; some are of silver, copper, &c. The different sorts of gods have various priesLs, who have all some privileges. Their Iniuses are small and low. wltli walls made of hurdles, smoothly covered witli clay, and the roofs thatched. They have no chimneys, and their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with two copper basins, and two or three stools; none but their king having been allowed to sit in a chair. Their food is gincrallv rice, and their common drink is water, which they pour into their mouths out of a ves.sel like a tea-pot, through the tpoul, never touching it with their lips. There are some inscriptions on the rocks, whii-.h must be very ancient, for they an- not understood hy any of the present inhabitauls. Tlie subver- sion of the native 2overnuienl of Ceylon, and Ihe predilection of tlie Engliali to force a di.slribu- tion of the products of liritish labour, over every part of the globe, arc calculated to effect a great change in the tastes and b.ihits of llie Cingale.'^e, the result of which it is diffieidt to foresee. In addition to the various productions of Ceylon previously enumerated, conoeetod with it is the pearl fishery, in the gulf of Manara. which is considered the richest source of tliat article in the world, and which, with cinnamon to the amount of 300,000 to 400,000 lbs. weight annually, consti- tutes the basis of its commerce, in exchange for European productions. The population is esti- mated at about ],.")00,000; the principal towns are Colombo, Ncgombo, and Arrobo on the west coast, Trincomalee and Batacola on the east coast. Ma- gaue and Malura at the south end, and Candy nearly in the centre of the island. Chtthcuil, a town of France, in the department of Drome, with about 4,000 inhabitants, ti m. S, by E. of Valhuce. Chubldis, a fertile province of Savoy, hounded on the north by the lake of Geneva, east by Valois, south by Faucigny. and west by the Genevois. Tlionon, 'ii m." E. N. E. of Geneva, is the capital. Chahlis, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent white wine. It is 12 m. E. by N, of Auxerre. Chncao, a seaport at the N. E. end of the island of Chiloe. OM the strait that separates it from the main land, in the lat, of 41 . 53, S. (.'Iinrlmjiitijas, a town of Peru, in the province of Truxillo, capital of a district lying east of the main ridge (»f the .\tidrs. It is seated on a river, IfiO ni. N. N. E, of Truxillo. Long. 77. 30, W, lat. C. '-'0. S. Clinco, f>r (irait i'liuro. an interior district of South -\merica, bordering east on the Paraguay River, which, under tlie influence of the Incas, and more recently of t!te domination of the Spaniards, was a sort of country of refuge for the native Indians, Its lcii,^;th is estimated at 750, ami its breadth 450 miles. It is well watered, and yields most of the productions of other parts of Peru : it is now merged into the United pro- vinces of Buenos Ayres. f'haddestim . a township of Eng, in the parish of Oldham, Ijanca.shire, with 5,124 inhabitants in 1:;-3I. See Oldham. Chafulia, properly .luliafahijn, a diverging branch of the Missi.ssippi river, which see. Chagmig, a city of Birmali, with a small fort. It is the principal emporium for cotton, which is brought from all jiarts of the country, and em- barked here in boats up the river Irrawaddy into the province of Yunen. Here also is tlie only manufacture of marble idols, whence the whole Birman empire is sup]died ; none being allowed to be made in any other place. It is situate op- posite Ava, tin' present cajiital. on the north side of the Irr.av.'addy. wliicli here turns north and parts it from Uiiiiiierapoora, the present capital. Chagrr, B.\.ov!n and fort on the isthmus, connect- ing, the two irreal divisions of the western hem- isphere, at toe mouth of a river of its name, to the S, W. of Porto Bello, loririing the easiest channel of communication between l!ie Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. The fort was taken by Ad- miral Yernon in 1740. Long. 80. 17. \V. lat. 0. 10. N. ^ C'hait Itti^tf. a tov.'u of France, in the depart- ment of Tapper Loire, with a celebrated Benedic- tine ahbey, 12 m. I'^ of Brioude. Vhaho, a town of .Mexico, 18 m. S. E. of the city of Mexico. CliahiiT. litiii iif, a sp;icious hay on the west side of the 6ulf of St. Lawrence, which di- vides the district of Gaspe, Lower Canada, from the province of .\ew Brunswick. Miscou Island, at the entrance of the bay, is in lat, 4?, 4, .\. and I'll. 14. \V. long, from which point the bay runs about .MO miles further west, Ijcing about 2U miles in breadth, indented on ihe north by Cascapedia, and on the south by Nipesiguit bay. It receive* several rivers, the principal of which i:: tlie Ri:"i CHA 181 CHA goucKc, at its heaJ. Along the coast arc numer- ous inhabitants whose occupation is fishinw and ship-huilding. ChaJford, or Chafford, a villag-e in Gloucester- shire, En^. 2 m. S E. of Stroud. It stands on the Stroud canal, and has a considerable manufac- ture of broad cloth. See Stroud. Cliallaiu, a town of France, in tlie department of Vendee, situate about 12 m. from the coast, andai m. N. of Sables d'Oloone. Challone, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, situate on the S. bank of the Loire, 30 m. E. N. E. of Xantes. Pop. about 5,000. Cludous sur Marne, a city of France, capital of the department of Marne, and lately an episcopal see. It contains several pubUc buildings and 112,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in shalloons and other woolen stuffs. Here is an academy of the sciences, arts, and belles-let- tres. Chalons is seated on the river Marne, over which there is one very handsome, and two other bridges. It is 25 m. S. E. of Rheiras, and 05 E. of Paris. CUalons sur Saone, a city of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, and lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of iron for Lyon and St. Etienne, and of wines for exporta- tion. Here are various indications of Roman magnificence, particularly the ruins of an amphi- theatre. The city contains the old town, the new town, and the suburb of St. Lawrence. In the first is the court of justice, and the cathedral. Chalons is seated on the Saone. 70 m. N. of Ly- ons, and 170 S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 9,000. Chains, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, with a cas'tlc. Richard I. of Eng- land, while preparing to besiere this place, re- ceived a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow which proved mortal. It is 15 m. W. S. W. of Limoges. Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river Cham, at its confluence with tlft Regen, 27 m. N. E. of Ratisbon. Pop. about 2,000. Cham, is also the name of a small town on the N. W. bank of the Lake of Zug, in Switzerland, and a town at the mouth of a small river, falling into the Gulf of Siam. on the west side ; it is also (or Ciam) the name of a district in Cochiji China. Chamhersburg, a town of Pennsylvania, Frank- lin county, situate in a hilly country, 30 m. S. W. ijf Carlisle. It is a flourisliing place and has m.TJiufactories of excellent cutlery. Cliamherry, the capital of Savoy, with a castle, and a ducal palace. It i.< fortified by w.alls and' ditches, and watered by m;iny streams, which run through several of the streeU. There are piazzas under most of the liouses, where people may walk dry ia the worst weather. It has large and" hand- some subur!;j ; and in the neighbourhood are some batlis, much irequented in summer. In 1742, tlie Spaniards made tlieniselves masters of this capi- tal, but it was restored by the peace of 174:8. It was taken in 1702 by the French, who were dis- possessed of it in 17011, but regained it in 1800. It is seated at the conflu.-c of the Lesse and D'Albon 27 ra. N. E. of Grenoble, and 85 N. W. of Turin' Pop. about 12,000. Long. 5. 50. E. lat. 45. 33. N. Chamherlhi, a village of France, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its delicious wme. It lies to the south of Dijon. Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river Chambly, or Sorcl, issuing from Lake Champlain. It was taken by Uie Americans in 1775, and reta- ken by the English in 1770. It is 15 ra. east of Montreal; a, id a little higher on tiie same river is the fjrt of St. John, which is a frontier garrison. Chamndshoi, a town of Asiatic Rtissia lyin-r south of the south end of Lake Baieal, near the frontiers of Chinese Tartary. Chamouni, one of the elevated valleys of the Alps, about 3,300 feet above the level of the sea. It is at the foot of Mont Blanc, on the north sidej and is watered by the Arve, and celebrated for its' herds of goats. There is a village of the same name in the bosom of the valley, on the banks of the Arve, 42 m. E. N. E. of Chamberry, and 35 S. E. of Geneva. Chanwnd, St. a town of France, in the depart raent of Rhone, with a castle on the river Gicz, 17 m. S. of Lyon. Cluimpagne, a late province of France, lfi2 m. long and 112 broad ; bounded on the north bv Hainault and Lu.xemburgh, east by Lorrain and Franche Comte, south by Burgundy, and west by the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aube, Marne and Upper Marne. '»* There arc several small towns and vil- lages of the same name in different parts of France. Champaign, an interior county of the State of Ohio, about SO miles in length, from east to west, and 10 broad ; it is intersected from north to south by Mad River, a branch of the Great Miami. Pop. 12,130. Urbana.SO ra. W. N. W. of Columbus, is the chief town. Champaneer, a city and capital of a district of the same name, in the province of .Mahva. Hin- doostan ; it was formerly the capital of the rajalia of Guzerat ; ruins of temples and mosques remain to attest its former consequence. It is 45 m. due east cf Cambray. Champion, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,342. Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. Champlain, a lake of North America, which di- vides the north part of the state of New York from that of Vermont. It is 00 miles long, in a direc- tion due north, and 15 in its broadest part ; the mean width is about six miles, and its depth is sufficient for the largest vessel. It contains many islands, the principal of which, called North He- ro, is 24 miles long, and from two to four wide. It receives the waters of Lake George from the S. S. W. and sends its own waters a north course through Chambly River, into the St. Lawrence! The land on its borders, and on the banks of its rivers is good. Although this lake lies between the lat. of 45. and 47. it is frequcnMy frozen over so as afford a passage on the ice for two or three months in the year; it is united v.-ith Lake Erie by a canal. ^ Champlain, a town of New York, in Clinton County, situate on Lake Champlain, near its north extremity, 190m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,4.',e. Chamithmij, a town of France," in the depart- ment ot Nievre, near the source of the Nievre 25 m. N. N. E. ofNevers. ' Chancay, a seaport of Peru, capital of a district of the same name. It has a convenient port; 45 m. north by west of Lima. Chanccford, Upper and I^ocr. towns in York Co. Pa. Chanda, a town of Hindoostan. in Berar, seated on a branch of the Godaverv, 7S m. S. of Nag- pour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat. 20. 2. N. Chanderfe, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a ClIA 162 CHA district in the Malwa country, near the river Bel- wha. It is tlic residence of a rajali, and 170 m. S. of Agra. Long. 78. 43. K. lat. •2i. 4rJ. N. Chtinilfrnugorej a town of Ilindoostan, in Bcn- jral. It was the principal Fri'nrh st-ttlenient in the Kast Indies, and had a slronir foit, wluch was dratro^ed by tlic Knjrlish in 1757 ; an'! in 1793 they again dispossessed the French of this settle- ment. It is seated on tlie west side of the lloog- ly. 1') in. nortli of Calcutta. C'hunilur, a town of llindonstan, in the country of Baglana, talten by the English in 1804. It is 90 m W.N. W. of Aurungabad. Long. 74. 38. E. lat. 20. 8. N. Cliaitffrairuti, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mysore, with a fort on a high peaked hill. The vicinity produces sandal wood of a good quality. It is seated near the Varada, on the confines of the country, 110 ni. N. by E. of Mangalore. ChiiUj begins the name of numerous other towns in ditferent parts of Hin^oostan. Cliandui, a seaport of Colombia, near the north point of the Gulf of Guaya<]uil, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 2. 23. S. ; it is inconsiderable. Cliang-hai, a town of China, in tlie province of Klang-nan. In this town, and tlic villages de- dependent on it, are more than '200,000 weavers of cotton clolli. It is situate near the sea coast, 18 ni. N. E. of Songkiang. Clianmannins, a city of Thibet, which has been the residence of the grand lama. It is 130 m. W. of Lassa. Loii^. 80. 45. E. lat. 31. 0. N. CItanonnj. See Furtro.ie. (7»/rt-si, a province of China, the north end bordering on the Great Wall, and the south on the Great Yellow River, bounded on the east by the Metropolitian province of Pelclieli, and west by Chensi. The climate is s:iIul>rious and agree- ble, and the soil generally fertile, though the north part is full ol" mountains. Some of these are rough, wild, and uninliabited ; but others are cultivated with the greatest care from top to bot- tom. They abound with crial, which the inliabi- t.Tuts pound, and make into cakes with water; a kind of fuel principally used for lieating tlieir stoves, which are constructed with brick ; and in the form of small beds, so that the people sleep upon tbem. The country abounds with musk, pr»rphry, marble, lapis lazuli, and jasper, of vari- ous colours ; and iron mines, as well as salt-pits and crystal, are very common. Here are 5 cities of the first class and 85 of the second and third. The capital is Taiyouen-fou. CkantUly, a town of France, in the department of Oise, celebrated for a great pottery ; also for a line forest and magnificent hunting-seat. It is 17 in. N. by E. of Paris. Chan-long, a maritime province of the north of China. It contains six cities of the first cla.ss, and 114 of the second and third; besides which there are along the coast several forts and villages of considerai)le note on account of their commerce, and a number of small islands in the Gulf of Lea- otong, the greater part of which have very con- venient harbours. This province lins large man- ufactures of silk, and a kind of stulfs peculiar to this part of China. It is traversed by the impe- rial canal. The capital is Tainan. C/iao-fihig, a city of Cliina, in the province of Tche-kiang which has eight cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate near the sea coast, 7:!0 m. S. by E.'of Pekin. , Long. J20. S". E. lat. .30. 10. N. Cluio-lchio, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong, situatt between two navigable riv- ers, and celebrated for a monastery of the bonzes in its neighbourhood. It is 140 m. north of Can ton. Cliupala, a lake 15 miles in breadth and 55 in length, in the province of Guadalaxara, Mexico, which discharges its waters by the Rio Grande de Santiago, into the Pacific Ocean, the east end of the lake is about 200 m. N. W. of the city of Mexico. Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a city of Thibet, seated on the southern head of the Ganges, 00 miles westward from the Lake Mansaroar, whence that branch is supposed to take its rise. It is 100 m. N.'N. E. of Sirinagur. Long. 70. 22. E. lat. 33. 10. N. Chapd-cn-h'Fiithj a town in Derbyshire, Eng., seated on the confines of the Peak, 17 m. S. E. of Manchester, and 107 N. N. \V. of London. In 1821 it had three establishments for spinning of cotton, and two for the manufacture of nails, and a population of 3,234. Chiiprl Hill, p. v. Orange Co. N. C, 24 ra. W. Raleigh. It is seated in an elevated and pleasant country, and contains the University of NfTlh Carolina. This institution was founded in 1701. It has instructers and (it) students. Tlie libra- ries have about 5,000 volumes. There are two vacations in June an{i December, of 10 weeks. Cluipcl Izotf, a village on the bank of the Liffey, on the west side of Dublin. Pop. in 1821 , .007 and the parish ()27 more. Charii.fm, or Kliarizm, a fertile country of Usbec Tartary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east by Bokliaria, south by Chorasan, and west by the Caspian Sea. It is divided among several Tarta- rian princes, of whom one takes the title of khan, -with a degree of pre-eminence over the rest. Khiva is the capital, and the usual residence of the khan in winter ; but during the summer he generally encamps on the banks of the river Amu. Charhorough, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng., fi 111. S. S. E. of Blandford. In the grounds of a gentleman's scat here, is the house where the plan of the revolution of 1&88 was concerted. Vliarcas, one of the United Provinces of South America, lying between the lat. of 18. and 21. S. and the filst and 70tli of W. long. Chuquisaca, or La Plata, is the chief town, near to which the main brancli of the Pilcomayo has its source ; it is boun,000. Cliarcnton, a town of France, about 5 in. S. E. of Paris, celebrated for its iron works. There is another town of the same name in the department of Cher. Charlie, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, with manufactures of woolen and hard- ware. Here is a priory of Benedictine Clunistes, which once, in a season of scarcity, maintained the whole town by its bounty, and hence it derives its name. It is seated on the east bank of the Loire, 15 m. N. by W. of Nevers. Pop. about 4,000. Charkoic. See Khnrkoff. Charlbitry, a. village five miles from Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England. It holds four large cat- tle fairs annually. Pop. in 1821, 1,346, and of the parish, 2,877', the greater part of whom are emploj'ed in the manufacture of gloves, and other articles of leather. Ckarlemont, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, seated on the river Blackwater, 6 m. S. of Dungannan, and 68 N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,638. Ckarlemont, a fortified town of France, on the frontier of the Netherlands, in the department of Ardennes, seated on a craggy mountain, by the river Meuse, 20 m. N. E. of Rocroy. Pop. about 4,000. Charleroy, a town of the Netherlands, in the county of Namur. It has been often taken. It is seated on the Sambre, 18 m. W. of Namur, and 32 S. of Brussels. Charles, Cape, a promontory of Virginia, form- ing the north point to the entrance of Chesapeak Bay. Long. 76. 14. W. lat. 37. 12. N. Charles, Cape, the north point of an island in the south channel of Hudson's Strait, leading into Hudson's Bay. Long. 74. 15. W. lat. 62. ky N. Charles, a county in the S. W. part of the state of Maryland, lyinc between the Patuient and Potomac Rivers. Pop. in 1820, 17,66(5. Port Tobacco, at the head of an inlet of the Potomac, 05 m. S. of Baltimore, is the chief town. Charles Ciitj, a county of the E. District of Virginia, extending for about 15 miles along the north side of James River, being about 6 miles in mean breadth, bounded on the north by the Chick- ahoming River. The court-house of tlie county is 30 m. S. E. by E. of Richmond. Pop. 5,504. Charles Rirer, a small river of Massachusetts, falling into Boston harbour, on the N. W. side of the city. Charles, St. a parish of the E. District of Lou- isiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi, bounded on the north by the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain ; it is a swampy district, contain- ing about 300 square miles. Pop. 5,107. The court-house of the district is 45 miles west of New Orleans. Also the name of a county in the state of M'lssouri, being a nook formed by the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, opposite to the junction of the Illinois with the latter. Pop. 4,322. The chief town of tiie same name, on tlie north bank of the Missouri, is 21 miles N. W. of St. Louis. Charleston, a maritime district of the state of South Carolina, extending for about 70 miles along the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in a north- eastern direction, from the lat. of 32. 30. to 33. 5. N. and inland about 50 miles ; it is bounded on the north by the Santee River, and intersected by Ashley, Cooper, and one or two other rivers of inferior note. It contains a good deal of swampy land ; but is on the whole very productive in maize, rice, and cotton. The coast is broken into numerous islands, which yield a cotton of very superior quality, known by tlie name of Sea Isl and. Cliarleston, the chief city of South Carolina, stands upon a point of land at the junction of Ashley and Cooper Rivers, with a good harbour, but difficult of entrance. It is regularly built, with many fine streets and elegant buildings. Its situation is low and ilat, but the mildness of the climate, and the lively verdure of the country in the neighbourhood, make it a very agreeable resi- dence, except during the heat of summer. Most of the houses are furnished with a piazza extend- ing from the ground to the top, ijiving each story an open shaded walk. Except in the com- mercial part of the city, the houses are surround- ed with gardens, trees, and shrubbery, and their white walls gleaming among the green foliage give the whole a peculiarly romantic appearance. The most celebrated edifices of the city are the orphan asylum and the circular church. The society of the place is refined, intelligent, and affable. Charleston has considerable commerce,principally in the exportation of cotton. It is much resorted to in winter by visiters from the northern states and the West Indies. The shipping of this dis- trict amounted in 1828 to 32,445 tons. Pop. 30,289. It is 553 m. from Washington, in lat. 32. 47. N. long. 79. 54. W. There are also towns of this name m New York and Indiana. Cluirlestown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., adjoining Boston, with which it is connected by three bridges. The compact part of the town is built on a peninsula partly along the foot of Bunker Hill. The main street is a mile in length, and at the south end is a large square. The town is irregular, but has many handsome situations. Here is the V. S. A'ary Yard, containing a spa- cious dock. The Massachusetts State Prison con- sists of several piles of stone buildings, surround- ed by a high wall, and stands in the western part of the town. The Massachusetts Insane Hospital, and the Ursulinc Convent, are without the penin- sula, upon elevated and beautiful situations. Charlestown has many manufactures of leather, cordage, pottery, &c. The Bunker Hill monu- ment overlooks the town. (See Bunker Hill.) Pop. 8.787. There are 10 other towns of this name m the U. States. Charlestoicn is also the name of the principal town in the island of Nevis, and of a town of the island of Barbadoes. Charlestoicn, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, much frequented by invalids for the bene- fit of goat's whey. It is seated near the Dee, 28 m. W. by S. of Aberdeen. Charlerille, a town of Ireland, on the north boundary of the county of Cork. It has a Roman Catholic school, which in 1820 had 280 males and 177 female pupils, supported bv voluntary sub- scriptions; it has 11 other schools. Total popu- CIIA IfM CHA Ution in 1820, 3,887. It is situate on llio lii^h rnad from Limerick to Cork, about 20 inili-3 dis- tant from pach, and 108 W. S. W. of Dublin. Ctiitrlrrillr, a town of France, in the dojiart- mcnl nf Ardennes. Here is a niuj^nificent square, and in the centre a handsome fountain. It has e.xti'Urtive manufactures of lire-arms, and is seated on llie Meusc, opposite Meziercs,25 m. VV. N. VV. of Sedan. Pop. about e.OOO. Charlnllr, a county of the K. District of Vir- ginia, extending for about 2-** miles altmg the north side of the Roanoke lliver, bein^ about 12 miles in breadth. intiTsectcd by several sln-ams falling into the Roanoke. Top. V>fi^A. Mnrys- ville, about 70 ni. S. S. W. of Richmond, is the chiet^town. There arc also seven towns of this name in the U. States. (liarlolUnbunr, a town of Ilrandenburs, in llie middle mark, with a royal palace, and magnifi- cent gardens. It was built by Sophia Charlotte, the first queen of Prussia, on the river Spree, four miles west of Berlin. Charlottc-tmrn, the cai>ital of the isle of St. Johli, (now Prince Edward Island.) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of land, on the S. W. side of the island, which forms two bays. Long. G2. 50. W. lat. 4(j. II. N. Oiarloltc-tmrn, the capital of Dominica, n>r- merlv called Roseau. In l>!Ori, it was nearly de- stroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 in. S. Iv of Prince Rupert Bay. Long GI. 28. W. lat. 1.'). 18. N. Charlotte Hall, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Maryland, 56 m. S. E. Washington. It has a large acade- my, patronised by the State. CkarIotlesrillc,p.\. Albemarle Co. Va. 86m.N. W. Richmond, The University of Virginia is established at this place. It was founded m ISIP. It has 9 instructers, 130 students, and a library of 8,000 volumes. It has a vacation in July and August of about 6 weeks. Charlton, there are upwards of 20 villages of this name in England. See Chor. Charlton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2.173. Also a p.t. Saragota Co. N. Y. 31 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,023. Charlton Roto, a township in the parish of Man- chester, Eng. containing in 1820, 8,209 inhabi- tants. Sec Manchestr-r. Charmcs, a town of France, in the department of Vosges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. E. of Mire- court. CharoUes, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, with a ruinous castle ; sealed on the Reconce, 24 in. W. N. W. of Macon. Charost, a town of France, in the department of Indre, seated on the Arnon, 6 m. N. E. of Is- Boudun. Charrouz, a town of France, in the department of Vienne, 25 m. S. of Poitiers. Chartrins, t. Washington Co. Pa. Ckartrrs, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Euro and Loire. The cathedral is one of the finest in J'rame, and its steeple much ad- mired. The principal trade consists in corn. It is seated on the Eure, over which is a bridge, the work of the celebrated Vauban, 45 m. S. vV. of Paris. Pop. about 13,000. Charyhdi^, a famous whirlpool, in the strait of Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the cele- brated Scylla, in Italy. According to the theme of ancient poets, it was very formidable to mari- ners ; but it is said to have been entirely removed by the great earthquake in 1783. Chatahoochtc, a rapid river of the state of Geor- gia, which rises in Uie Apalachian mountains, on the frontier of Tennessee, and runs south ibr 300 miles to East Florida, where it is joined by the Flint, and then their united stream takes the name of .Apaluchicola. It separates the slate of Alaba- ma from that of Georgia for about lUO miles be- fore it enters Florida. ('A(i/<"»i<4r/niif/, a luv,n of France, in the north parlof Ihe department of Lower Loire, 3.5 m. N, by E. of Nantes. Pop. about 3,000. Chal'D'i Camhrcsis, a town of France, in the departnn lit of .Nord, with a palace belonging to the bishop of Cambray. A treaty was concluded here in 15.)9, between Henry II. of France, and Philip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scille, 14 in. S. E. of Cainbray. Pop. about 4,000. Chnteau Chhioii, a town of France, in the de- p.irtment ofNii-vre, with a considerable manufac- ture of cloth ; seated near the source of the Yonnc, 3(i miles E. by N. of Nevers. Chateau Dauphin, a strong castle of Piedmont, near the source of the Po, Hi m. W. by N. of Sa- luzzo. Chateaudun, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and I-oire, with a castle, built by the famous count of Dunois ; seated on an emi- nence near the Loire, 30 m. N. of Blois. It was entirely burnt down in 1723, but was speedily re- built. 'Pop. about i;,000. C/irt/^Yi// (/h Lo/r, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sarle, famous for a siege of seven years against the count of Mans. It is seated on the LoiPe, 22 m. S. S. E. of Mans. Chuteaugay, a town of Franklin county, state of New York, situate mid-way between Lake Cham- plain and the St. Lawrence, 219 ni. N. by W. of Albany. Pop. 2,011). There is a small river of the same name falling into the St. Lawrence. Chateau Gonticr, a town of France, in the de- partment of M.iyennc, with a castle, a mineral spring, and a trade in linens. It is seated on the Mayenne,22m. N. W. of Angers. Pop. about 5,500. Chateau Landon, & town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, with an Augustine abbey, seated on a hill, 30 m. south of Melun. CUutcuuUn, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre, with a considerable trade in slates ; seated on the Auzon, 12 m. North of Quimper. Chatcauroux, a town of France, capital of the departmenlof Indre, with a castle. It has a man- ufacture of cloth, and iron mines in its vicinity, and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre, 35 m. S. W. of Bourges, and 148 S. by W. of Paris. Pop. about 8,.500. Chateau Snlins, a town of France, in the de- k partment of Meurthe, with extensive saltworks, B 16 m. .\. E. of Nancy. W Chateau Thierry, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, with a castle on an eminence. It is the birth-place of the celebrated Fontaine, and tamous for a battle fought near it, in February, 1814, when a part of marshal Blucher's army was defeated with great loss, and driven through the town, by the French, under Bonaparte. It is seated on the river Marne, 57 m. E. S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. *„* The names of several other towns in France are preceded by Chateau j a word meaning Castle ; but there are none that merit any partic- ular notice. Ckatel, a town of France, in the department of CHA 1% CHA Vosges auated on the Moselle, 3 in. iiorlli of Epinal. Chtitel Clinton, a town of Franco, in tlie depart- ment of Jura, 2') m. E. N. E. of Lons le Saunier. CliatcUcrauil, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Vienni', noted lor its cutlery, watciiinak- ing, and the cutting of false diamonds ; seated on tlie Vienne, over wliicli tliero is one of the finest bridges in France, '^i m. N. E. of Poitiers. Pop. about SflOO. Chatcnoij, a town of France, in tlie department of Vosges, () m. S. £. of Neufchatoau. Clialham, a town in tlie county of Kent, Enjf- land, situate on the south bank of the river Med- way, about eight miles above its confluence with tlie Thames. It is one of the stations for building, fitting, and victualling of the national marine ; and the apj)aratus and accommodation for this purpose, in conjunction with its fortifications, and marine artillery barracks, render it one of the most magnificent establislimenls of the kind in the world, and every way worthy of the distin- guished character of the British nation. The lo- cal advantages of its situation are very great, whilst the lines of the fortifications command tile segment of a circle from the river of several miles in extent, and are as complete and efficient as art and e-tecution can make them ; there are si.\ slips for building ships of the first rate, and four docks for repairing ; and 12 to 1-5 first-rate ships are gen erally lying off the town. The dock-yard was first established in the time of Elizabeth ; and the Dutch, in the hey-day of their valour, in 1GG7, ascended with a naval force up the river, and did considerable damage. In 155-^ the fund for re- lieving the wounded in the naval service was es- tablished at Chatham ; but the ehcsl (the term by which the accounts of the fund were called) was transferred to Greenwich in I8U2. In lo9"2 a hos- pital for decayed mariii'^s, shipwrights, and their widows w.os founded by Sir John Hawkins. — This hospital has been rebuilt during the present century, on a commodious and e.xtensive scale. The town was very inconsiderable till aRer the peace with Holland, in 1H7S. It increased great- ly in population a0.er the declaration of war a- g.ainst France in 17!):!, and in 1821 contained a population of 14,754, indi'pendent of Gillingham, which forms the boundary of the fortification on iheeast, containing a further population of 6,:!t^3, •and the city of Rochester on the west, with a further number of 9,300, to wliich it is immedi- ately contiguous. Chatham is 30 m. E. S. E. of London bridge, on the road from London to Do- ver. It has a weekly market on Saturdays, ,and two or three public breweries. See GitUiigha.m, Itocltp.ster, and Shet^rtirss. Chatham, an interior county of North Carolina, intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 15,490. — \ Pittsborough, is the chief town. Chathuiii, a maritime county of Georgia, bound- ed on the N. W. by the Savannah River, which divides it Iroin South Carolina. Pop. 14,230. Ckathiim, t. Strafford Co. N. II. on the E. side of the White Mountains Pop. 419 Chatliam, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod. Pop. 2,134. Chatliam, p t. Columbia county, New-York, on the east bank of the Hudson River. Pop. 3,.5;}3 ; 26 m. S. E. of Albany. Chatham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, opposite Middletown. Pop. 3,640. Also towns in N. J., Pa. and S. C. Chalillon, a town of Piedmont, 10 m. S. E. of 9-4 Aoust. There are several towns in France called VhatiUon, which imiilies a town, and as such is gener.illy a prefix, as Chatillon-sur Seine, sur Loire, (tc. &c. implying Chatillon, or the town, on the Seine, Loire, iS:c. There are none that merit any particular notice. Chattoimatj, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere, 12 m. east of Vienne and 22 S. E of Lyons. Chuire, La, a town of France, in the department of Indre, with a woolen manufacture, sealed on the Indre, 22 m. S. S.E. of Chateauroux. Pop. about 4,000. Chtdsworlh, a village in the peak of Derby- shire, Eng. near the river Derwent, 6 m. west of Chesterfield. Here is a magnificent seat of the dukes of Devonshire, which, for its fine situation, park, gardens, fountains, tScc is justly deemed one of tlie wonders of the peak. In its first age it was the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, for 17 years, and afterwards of the French marshal Tal- lard. taken prisoner at the battle of Blenheim. Chatteris, a town of Cambridgeshire, England, witli a population of 3,263, in 1821. It is 75 m. N. by E. of London, and 11 W. of the city of Ely. Chaltcrpimr, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Allahabad, capital of the circar of Bundclound. It is 130 m. W. S. W. of Allaha- bad Long 79. 5G. £. lat 25. 0. N. Chauilif.rc, a river of Lower Canada, which falls into the St. Lawrence about six miles below Quebec ; it rises on the frontier of the state of Maine ; it might perhaps easily be united with the Kennebeck, and thereby open a communica- tion between the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Ocean. Chaumont, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of upper Marne. Here is a manufac- ture of woolen cloth, and a trade in deer and goatskins. It is sealed on a mountain, near the river Marne, 55 m. E. by S. of Troyes. Pop. about C,000. Itisalsoihe name of another town in the department of the Loire, about 5 m. E. by N. of St. Etienne. Pop. about 5,000. It is also the iia.'yc of several other towns in different parts of France. Chaumont, a town of Jefferson county, state of New York, beautifully seated at the head of a. small bay, at the cast end of Lake Ontario, 187 m. N. W. of Albany. C'Anwni/, a town of France, in the department of .Aiisue, on the river Oise, 20 m. E. of Noyon. Pop. about 450. Chataut/iie, a county at the S. W. extremity of (he state of New York, bordering on the south on Pennsylvania, and west on Lake Erie. Pop. 34,087. .Voi/rjWf is the chief town. There is a lake of the .same name about 10 miles in length and two broad, in the centre of the county, which discharges its waters, bv the Alleghany River, in- to the Ohio, although tlie N. W. end of the lake is within six or seven miles of that of Erie. Ckatix dr. FonAs, a village of Switzerland, in the principality of Neufchatel. The inhabitant*, about 3,000, make numerous watches and clocks ; and the women are employed in the lace manu- facture. It is seated in a fertile vallev, 9 ra. N. N. W. of Neufchatel. Pop. about 3,000. Chares, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Monies, with two suburbs, and two forts. Between the loivn and the surburb Magdalena is a Roman stone bridge. It stands near the confines of Spain, on the river Tamega, 2C ra . west of Braganza CHE 16(5 CHE Ckazy, a siii:ill rivi>r in Clinton county, state of New York, which falls into Lake Champlain. A town of the same name in Clinton Co. on the north bank of the river, is 171 m. due north of Albany. Pop. 3,007. Cheadle, a tow^n in Staffordshire, Eng. Here is a large tape manufactory, and in the vicinity are several copper and brass works, and ricli coal mines. Four miles S. E. are the ruins of Croxden abbey. It is seated in the most fertile part of the Moorland, 12 m. N. N. E. of Stafl'ord, and 1-lG N. W. of London. Pop. in liQl, 3,8G-.2. Cheadle, a parish in Cheshire, Eng. lying on the S. VV. side of Stockport {uhieh sec.) Pop. m 1821,6,508. Chebucto Bail, Nova Scotia. See Halifnr. Chedabucto ISaij, at the cast end of Nova Scotia, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of the Gulf of Canso, in lat. 4.">. 20. N. and til. of W. long. Salmon river, which abounds in the estimable fish of that name, falls into this Bay. CheddcT, a village contiguous to Axminsler, in Somersetshire, England. It is situate in a de- lightfully picturesque part of the county, on tlie S. W. side of the Mendip hills, and is deservedly celebrated for tlie excellence of its cheese. Pop. in 1«21, 1,797. Chcdulia, an island in the Bay of Benral, on the coast of Birmah,4.'5 m. long, and ten broad. It yields abundance of rice, and the most western point is in long. U3. 35. E. lat. 18. 56. N. Ckevo Miiddi, a town of Ilindoostan, in the country of Cuteh, at the mouth of the Caggar, 23 m. S. W. of Boogebooge, near the mouth of the eastern branch of the Indus. Chtitorc or Chitore, a town of Hindoostan, in the territory of Oudipour. It was the capital of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in the days of his greatness ; and was a fortress and city of great extent, situate on a mountain : but it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe, in 1681. Iti3 48m. N. N. E. of Oudipour, and 88 S. S. W. of Agimere. E. long. 74. 50. and 24 35. N. lat. Chrlnt, a t/'.vn of Poland, in Red Russia, cap- ital of apabi'-.iatc of its name and a bishop's see. In 1704, the Poles were defeated by the Prussians near this town. It is 100 m. E. S. E. of Warsaw. Long. 23. 29. E. lat. 51. 20. N. Citlmer, a river, in Essex, Eng. which rises nearThaxted, and flows by Dunmow and Chelms- ford, to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater. Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, Eng. Here is a filately church, a magnificent shire- house, theatre, and barracks, an excellent conduit, and a free school founded by Edward VI. It is situate at the confluence of the Can with the Chclmer, 29 m. E. N. E. of London. Pop. in iei\, 4,994. Chelmsford, a town of Massachusetts, in Mid- dlesex county, situate on the south side of the Merrimcic. over which is a curious bridge, at Paw- tucket Falls, connecting this town with Dracut. It is ^ m. N. N. W. ofTioston. Middlesex canal from the Merrimac to Boston harbour, commen- ces at Chelmsford, which contributes considera- bly to its importance and interest ; there is an e,x- tensive quarry of very fine granite in this vicinity. Pop. 1,*7. ^ Chelsea, a parish lying along the north bank of the Thames, to the S \V. of London, and of which it forms an integral part. This section of the metropolis is distinguished for its hospital for (he support of decayed and maimed soldiera, founded in llie time of Charles II. ; its chief pro moter was Sir Stephen Fox, who contributed i;i3,000 towards the building. It was finislied in the time of William and Mary ; the building is a quadrangle, the wiii^s extending towards the river , tlie basi-. « liicTi is nearly HOG feet in ex- tent, is entered from the centre of the north front into a noble vestibule ; the east side is appropria- ted to a chapel, and the west to a hall, in which the inniales dine ; the wings, which are divided into wards, are e.ieh 'XM I'oet in length, H\ wide, and three stones high ; the infirmary, other out- buildings and jrardens compose on area of nearly 50 acres. Sir ( 'ristoplier Wren was the architect, and in rcsjiect to proportion and convenience, the edifice is worthy of his high repuUition, and the whole produces an imposing enect ; but be- ing built mostly of brick, it is inferior in mag- nificence to the in.irine hospital at Greenwich. The number of inmates is 33le and peach orchards are very common, and much at- tention is paid to gardens in the nation. There are many public roads in the nation, and houses of entertainment kept by the natives. Numerous and flourishing villages are to be Been in every section of the country. Cotton and woolen cloths, and blankets, arc manufactured here. Almost every family raises cotton for its own consumption. Industry and commercial en- terprise are extending themselves through the nation. Different mechanical trades are pursued. The population is rapidly increasing, and the fe- male character is much respected. The religion of the nation is Christian — that religion which, wherever it reigns, whether in Europe, Asia, Africa, or America, elevates its professors above those of other religions. Another proof is given by this people of their capacity of self improvement, in the alphabet in- vented by one of their native chieftains, called Guess. Like Cadmus, he has given to his people the alphal>pl of Uieir language. It is composed of eighty-six cliarar,t<'rs. so well adajited to the pecu- liar sounds of the Indian tongue, that Cherokecs, who had despaired of acquiring the requisite knowledge bv means of the schools, are soon en- ableil to reaJ, and correspond with each other. This invention is one of the gre,at triumphs of the aboriginal intellect. Like llie Greeks and the Latins, the Indians have now found a means of perpetuating the productions of mind. They have erected a barrier against the inroads of oblivion. Henceforth their |)eeuliar forms of expression, their combinations of thought, and the sugges- tions of their im;iginations, will be preserved. An empire fif intellect is founded on a stable founda- tion ; .'ind when did such an empire experience a decline, till it had first attained the climax of hu- man rrrnudeur? A printing press established in the nation issues a newspaper, periofiically im- parting information, both of domestic and foreign origin, throughout the tribe. Their political constitution aiTords another proof of their capacity of self government. Re- publican in its cliaraftcr. its prttvisions are better calculated, as expressed in the preamble, *' to es- tablish justice, insure trampiillity, promote the common welfare, and secure to ourselves and pos- terity the blessings of liberty," th.an many of the more elaborate contrlv.'inees of their European brethren. The government is representative in its (oriu. and is divided into executive, legislative, and judicial departments. The trial hy jury is cstahlished ; and the particul.ar provisions of the constitution, while they are calculated to accustom the ('heri>kees to the principles of our system of jurisi>rudence, are pecnliarl}' well adapted to the anomalous condition, in which the nation is pl.aced. The whole is well suited to secure to the tribe the improveinenls already made, and to stimulate them to further advances in civilization. The sympathies of the public have within a short time been strongly excited in their behalf in conseipience of a determination manifested by the government of Georgia to expel them from their territory. The Clierokees refuse to depart. They avow themselves to be independent of the- state of (ieorgia and under the protection of the United States. Their numbers amount to about 14,000. Their capital is New Kchota, on the Coosa river, within the limits of the territory claimed by Georgia. C/icroniso, a town of European Turkey, on the N. E. coast of the island of Negropont, 25 in. E. of Negropont. Clirroij, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, 10 m. W. of Sens. Chcrrijiflil, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 5SP,. Clirrr'ijUm, t. Northampton Co. Va. on the east- ern shore. Clicrriprrillcij, p.t. a flourishing town of New York, in Otsego County, at the head of a creek of its name, 18 ra. S. of Canajoharie, and 55 VV. by N. of Albany. I'op- 4,0!)a Chcrrijcillr, villages in Pa., and Louisiana. Chcrso, an island in the Gulf of Venice, be- tween the coasts of Istria and Croatia. On the south it is separated from Osero b)' a very narrow channel, and the two islands are united by a bridge. The soil is stony ; but it abounds in cat- tle, wine, oil, and honey. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour. Long. 14. 45. E. lat. 45. 10. N. The two islands contain to- gether a population of about 10,000, and were ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo Fornio, CIIK 15'J CHE m 17%, after liaviii^ for nearly ei^Iit centuries formed a part of the Venetian repubfie. Clierson. the capital of New Russia, in the gov- ernment of Catliarineslaf, founded by Catharine II. on the north bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles be- low the inHux of the Ingulec. The church and many of the houses are built of stone. Here is a dock from which several men of war and mer- chant ships have been laimched ; but owing to some sand banks in the river, the naval establlsli- ment has been transferred hence to Nicolayef, and its commerce to Odessa; the population, which at one time amounted to about fiOjOUO, has pro- gressively decreased to below 10,000. In 17s7, the empress made a triumphant journey to this capital, and here met emperor Joseph II. At this place, in 17'.I0, the philanthropic Howard fell a victim to his indefatigable humanity ; and a mon- ument was erected tonis memory by the Russian admiral. Cherson is50m. E. of Oczakow. Long. ■62. 50. E. lat. 40. 38. N. CUertsey, a town in Surry, Eng. Here was for- merly an abbey, of which only a part of the walls now remain ; it was the first burial place of Hen- ry VI. who was afterward removed to Windsor. It is seated near the Thames, over whicii is a handsome bridge, 20 m. W. by S. of London. Pop. in 18'31,4,',>79. Chesapeak, the largest and safest bay in the United States. Its entrance is between Cape Charles in Maryland, and Cape Henry in Virgin- ia, 12 m. wide. It extends iJ70 in. to the north; is from 10 to 40 miles broad, and generally nine fathoms deep; containing several islands and many commodious harbours. It receives the Sus- quehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James rivers, which are all large and navigable. Cliesapeak, a village in Cecil Co. Maryland. Chesapeuk and Delmrarc canal, unites the two bays of that name. It begins at Delaware city on the Delaware, and proceeds nearly west through Delaware and Maryland to Back Creek, a branch of Elk river. It is 14 miles long, GO feet wide, and navigable for vessels drawing 10 feet. At every half mile are recesses where the canal is widened for the passage of vessels. Four miles of the canal pass through a hill in some places 90 feet high, being the deepest cut upon any canal in the world. Here a bridge of a single arch is thrown across it. This canal was finished in 1829, and cost 1-30,000 dollars per mile. It has a great navigation. Cheskam, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. witli manufactures of lace and wooden ware, such as malt-shovels, butchers' trays, &c. It stands in a vale, 27 in. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 5,032. Clieshiri'., a county palatine of England, bound- ed on the north by the river Mersey, which di- ■tides it from Lancashire, N. E. by Yorkshire, E. by Derbyshire, S. E. by Staffordshire, S. by Shrop- shire, W. by the river Dee, which divides it from Denbiffshire and Flintshire, and N. VV. by the Irish Sea, into which projects a peninsula, 13 m. I'lng and six broad, formed by the mouths of the .Mersey and the Dee. This county extends 33 miles from north to south, and 42 from east to west, without including the peninsula just men- tioned on the west, and narrow tract of land, which stretches between Lancashire and Derby- shire, to Yorkshire on the N. E. Antecedent to the invasion of Britain by the Romans, this part of the country was occupied by a tribe called the Cornaiu ; and Cheshire was constituted a coun- ty palatine by William the Norman, who confer red it upon his nephew, Hugh Lupus ; but the succeeding palatines, exercising an authority in- compatible with justice to other parts of the coun- try, such as affording sanctuary, &c., Henry VIII. who, whatever faults he might possess, is entitled to the gratitude of the present age for having been instrumental in breaking up the strong holds of priest-craft, and numerous other kinds of local tyrannv, abrogated most of the privileges of this palatinate, the forms of which, however, it still retains. Its principal towns besides the city of Chester, are Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Nantwich : Stockport, at the N.E. extremi- ty of the county, and the surrounding country, participates largely in the cotton manufacture ; Macclesfield ana Congleton arc extensively enga- ged in the silk manufacture ; and Nantwich is celebrated for its salt springs ; and ship-building is extensively carried on at the city of Chester. In addition to the rivers Mersey and Dee, the county of Cheshire is intersected by the rivers Wever and BoUin, and contains several small lakes well stored with fish ; it is also intersected by several canals, affording it a facility of com- munication with all parts of the kingdom. The river Dee is united by a canal of one entire level, about 14 miles in length, from the city of Chester to the Mersey, about 12 miles above Liverpool : other canals diverge from the city of Chester to Northwich, and into Wales. The Trent and Mer- sey Canal {sec Runcorn and Preston) intersect the heart of the county, whilst the Duke of Bridge- water's is carried nearly parallel with the Mersey to Manchester, and the Peak Forest Canal inter- sects the N. E. end of the county. The E. and N. E. parts of the county supply abundance of coal and various minerals ; but the distinguishing characteristics of the county are its salt and cheese ; the supply of the first is inexhaustible, and celebrated for its purity ; whilst the cheese stands unrivalled for the excellence of its quality. The salt is produced both in a rock or solid state, and by evaporation of the water from the numer- ous springs. The quantity consumed in Great Britain since 1779 has averaged about 55,000 tons per annum, produced chiefly by evaporation ; and the quantity exported since that time has averaged about 250,000 tons per annum, in the proportion of about 35,000 tons of rock, and the remainder produced by evaporation, constituting in the ag- gregate an exchangeable money value of about £300,000 per annum, exclusive of the tax of £30 per ton levied on that consumed in Great Britain durinir the period 160G-1822, (in which latter year the tax was repealed,) yielding in the aggre- gate about £1,500,000 per annum. The £300,- 000 produce of the salt is principally distributed, in the first instance, for labour, and for reparation of machinery, buildings, and pans, used in the pro- cess of evaporation and stoving. The total ex- changeable money value of the cheese annually produced in this county may be estimated at about £750,000 per annum, and the aggregate exchan- geable money value of all its other agricultural productions, may be estimated at from double to treble that amount, out of which a land rent (aj: of about £700,000 per annum is exacted. For the relative proportion of this amount to that exacted in other counties, as well as for territorial extent, population, &c. &c. see Englimd. The south and west part of the county it is, that is the most productive in cheese, and in whicli the salt springs abound. This part of the county is rather level CHE 190 CHE lliaii hilly, luid subdivided by hedge rows, well stocked with timber, into coniparalivcly very fiinall enclosures, intersected by numerous paved roads, which imply either a Roman ori[rin,or per- liops tbun0,- 000 tons of salt per annum exported, are convey- ed by the river Wcver, into the Mersey, about tiO m. above Liverpool, at which port it is principally shipped. ChesluTe, a county of New Hampshire, bound- ed on the west bv the Connecticut River, which separates it from Vermont ; it is about 20 miles in mean breadth, and is, upon the whole, a tolerably fertile district ; the south-end borders on Massa- chusetts. Pop. 27,010. Keene, in the interior of ihe county, (50 n). S. W. by W. of Concord, is the chief town. Cheshire, is also the name of a town in Berk- shire County, Massachusetts. Pop. 1,0411. And of another in New Haven County, Connecticut. Pop. 1,704. Chcshuiit. a parish in Hertfordshire, England. Pop. in i&i\, 4,37G. ■\Valthani Cross, at the en- trance of the parish from London, is 11 in. from Shoreditch church, on the line of the great north road. Chester, a city of England, an ecclesiastical see, and capital of the county of Cheshire, is situate on the banks of the river Dee, at the western extremity of the county, 183 miles N. N. W. of London, and 24 due south of Liverpool. Chester is one of the most ancient and interesting cities of England ; ills surrounded by a wall, nearly two miles in circumference, still kept in a good state of repair, the top affording, in its entire circuit, a delightful promonade. It has four gates, in the position of the four cardinal points, two of them very ornamental, and the whole in- teresting for their antiquity. Within the present century, the city has undergone vast improve- ments. Formerly, the houses in the principal streets projected over the foot-path, forming a covered way live or six feet wide ; which althnuffh agreeable enough in wet weather, rendered the shops and rooms on the ground floor dark and disagreeable, and gave an uncouth feature to the city. This defect is now w'holly, or nearly so, removed, whilst several public edifices, unequalled , in the British dominions for their architectural * taste and grandeur, ornament different parts of $. the city ; the most distinguished of these, are the \ county gaol, on the site of the old castle, and \ Ihe county hall contiguous thereto ; the porticoes of : these two edifices, in their appropriateness of de- ■ cign, exactness of proportion, and grandeur of ■ effect, have no parallel in Britain, and cannot be Burpasscd in any part of the world. Here are a public library, an exchange, &c. The cathedral is a venerable structure of reddish sand stone, built in the 8th century; there arc eight other churches, and several dissenting places of wor- ship, a county infirmary, and several schools. Two annual fairs, in July and October, each of which continues several days, are very numerously at- tended, giving rise to great traffic in linens from Ireland, and woolen cloths and stuffs from York- shire, and for the accommodation of which, a commodious hall was erected in 1809, and an- other in 181 ij. Chester, in 182,5, had nine public breweries, seven establishments for the cutting of corks, five iron founderics, two paper and four extensive flour mills, six manufactories of pipes, and nine of tobacco, and several other manufac- tories of minor importance. The river Dee is navigable up to the city for vessels of considera- ble burthen ; and ships of 'MM to 400 tons are ahv.ays in a course of building, and occasionally eight or ten at a time ; on the whole, however, Chester has more the character of a provincial, than of a seaport town. The contiguity of Liv- erpool having superseded it in its latter character. Its local jurisdiction is vested in a inavor and 24 aldermen ; it returns two members to Parliament by about 1,400 electors. The population, which in 1801 was 15,052, in 1621 amounted to 19,949, exclusive of about 1,500 in two adjoining out parishes. Chester, a county at the S. E. extremity of the state of Pennsylvania in the E. District, bound- ed on the N. E.by the Schuylkill River, and in- tersected by the Brandywine. The county is about 35 miles from north to south, and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 50,908. West Chester, on tlie east border of the county, 18 miles from Philadelphia, on the great western road to Pitts- burg, is the chief town. Chester District, a county or district in the nnrlli part nf'tlie state of South Carolina, bound- ed on tlic east by the Catawba River, and west by Broad River, distant from each other about 25 miles. The district is about 20 nortli to south. Pop. 19,182. Chester, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 43 m. from Boston ; 30 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,039. The town is about 12 miles in extent, and the village consists of a single street a mile long. Most of the trade of the county centres here. Plumbago of a good quality is found in this town. Here are two remark.ablc caves, one of which exhibits columns of stalactites. Chester, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,320. Chester, p.l. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,406 Chester, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. There are 13 other towns and villages called Chester in the U. States. Chesterfield, a town in Derbyshire, England. It has three establishments for the manufacture of baskets or skips, much used in the conveyance of cotton yarn from the mills to the dealers, five tanneries, two iron founderies, nine potteries chiefly coarse ware, some trifling manufactures of hosiery, &c. and next to Derby it is the most important trading town in the county. It has mines of coal, lead, and iron in its vicinity, and a canal, communicating witJi the Trent below Gainsborough ; a prison for debtors, a market- house, town hall and sessions- room are all com- bined under one roof. In 1821 the town con- tained 5,077 inhabitants, and the parish, which includes eight contiguous townships and hamlets, 4,113 inhabitants more. It is 155 miles N. by W of London, on the direct road from thence through Nottingham to Sheffield, from which it is distant 13 miles, and 20 from Nottingham. Chesterfield, a county of Virginia bounded on the east and north bv James River, and south by the Appomattox River. Pop. 18,fi37. The court house of the county is 15 miles S. by W. of Richmond. The county contains about 300 square miles. Chesterfield District, a frontier district of South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, bounded on the east by the Great Pedee River^ and west by I.ynche's Creek ; it contains 450 square miles, CHI and a population of 8,'l7a. The chief tow., k ol tlie same name. CUeslcrfield, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 100 m from Portsmouth ; 'JO m. from Boston ^aicstcrfield, p.t. Hampsiiire Co. Mass. Pop. Chesterfield, F.ssexCn.n.y. Pop 1 (371 A I so a town in Burlington Co. N J Chesterfield Inlet, an inlet e.Ttendino- about ono m.les westward from the north end of Hudson 'l W. long. 90. 40. W. ; its mean breadth is about 15 191 era .nile^. Dnrh".T'v^'"''' "■■ P"'"'' '" 'he county of Durham Eng. containing 18 townships. Tlfe to- tal population of which in 1821 was H Oli; . ,„ parish abounds in coal, and isNmerse'ctfd'b; tt rver Wear; the township of Chester-Ie-Strfet is noH^ ^"n"'' "'"'' ''''"'' of "'e Wear, six miles • ,in.°'^ Duram,and 18 south of Newcastle anH m 1831 contained 1,892 of the popuktion ' ^ Co M» i"'"!,'' P'"'^?'" ""^'y """^ ^'ipit'il of Kent Co. Maryland, on Chester river, flowing into tlVe upper part of Chesapeak Bay frcJm the la"t An academy which was originally incorporated as a itoTn' t'he :;:r '^'' '-- ^"'' ---- - --i- ChestereiUe, Kennebec Co. Me. Pod q2T Cheste,-mlle, p. v. Kent Co. Maryland Chestnut Hdl a township inNorthamptonCo Pa Chevwt Hdls, a ridge of mountains in Eng: land which run from north to south throu4 Northumberland and Cumberland, famous for Fts f.ee chase, formerly much used by the Eno^li«h wUdllT'""'?- ^'^^^« •^'"^ arrnovvchS wild and open sheep-walks ; goats also are fed aniong them, and some of the finest cattle in he kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border. Near these many an obstinate battle has been fou^h? between the English and Scotch, before the t'wo kingdoms were united; among Which mat be numbered the encounter between the earls /ercv and Douglas celebrated in the ancient ballad S Chev ioTHm^'^V 7^' ^^l!""^' "^ 'he peak call d Cheviot Hill, which IS about 20 m. W^ by N of Alnwick, IS 2,658 feet above the level of the sea otW^peaks of the range rise 300 to 400 feet' .S""''";, ^- P™''"'=e of America, uniting the nvo grand divisions of the western hemisphere This province e.xtends from the lat. of 14. 50 fo 90- oo' fj^Vr^Ki^'i '.'"^ between the long of M 20. and 92 50. W. being about 180 miles in extreme length but the mean breadth not e^eed sXTaTmOo'"""™ f''^^' its area' may t Tabasco R^i completely divided. The western hemisphere NeiHv TlT .if ""? creatures and -get^ble'^pTodLtls'trC to the tropical section of this division of theTlobe are common in Chiapa. The most prominfnt of the ammal race ,s the horse, the breed of whch hrtlT^i^'f ^'^?™ E""?-^' i= deservedly cele-' brated, and cherished with great care by the i^n hab-tants, with whom the hofse constitut^es the" most important branch of traffic, great number, bein. constantly sent into Mexcl Wlie^ i " oL'rwlla',"^'"^ ^"'"'r'^ common to^^Euf e: th ^/rh^ViJueTSsIt/ -nintrln^ fTrrr' j-' r°'^^ arfatt°ra eTIo^S: habrteTn^?f°Vp'P°P'''='"°" °f 'he dense" 'n! TW terSv i, c'^P'' ^' r^ P"' of 'h- ^orU. ments • ,^11 1 ,''"'^ . ^"-^ral monastic establish- n";r^^.^ceerg'i^:rtrntoTr Mo^t^::7he^i;:r"sL'^"™r" '^"'^^^'-'he opposite the eas't "end of the TS oT C '^ ^^^' Long. 21. 28. lat. 37 46 N Cefalonia. Pop. about 7 000 °' Crema. ".f .rsr,';rpiK T,,'^'' " "»' "~" CHI 102 cm Chiavuri, a town of the toriitorv ofdenoa, situate at tlic mouth of a river falling intn thu gulf, about 20 111. S. E. of Genoa. Itlios seve- ral inanufactures. Pop. about 8,000. Chiurrnnii, a town of Switzerland, capital of a country f>f it« name, Kubjccl to thn Grison.s. It is a tradinjr place, cspeciallv in wine and dolicalo fruits, beiuff the principal coniniunicatinn be- tween the Milanese and (Jcrmany. The (govern- or's palace and tlie clnirches are inan;niriccnt ; and the inhaiiitants are Uonian ('atholics. Il« re are the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on tlie summit of a rock ; and clo.-^e to tlie lawn is a rock of asbestos. It is seated on the banks of the river Maira, which falls into the nr>rth end of the Lake ofConio. I'op. about :!.OlH). The dislrict, which is mountainous, contains a population of about 18,000. Chicago, a town with a military post called Fort Dearborn, at the southern e:tlreniity of Lake Michigan in the stale of Illinois. A river of the same name here flows into the lalte. CfiickasawSjO. nation of American Indians, set- tled on the head branches of the Toinbeckbe and Yazoo rivers, in the N. E. corner of the state of Mississippi; the N. W. extremity of their territo- ry jets upon the river of that name; they have seven towns, the central one of wliich is in lonjr. 89. 43. W. lat. 31. 23. N. Tlieir numbers have lately been on the increase and tiiey are now about 4,000. They have many mills and work- 8hops,and pay considerable attention toairriculture. Cfiicharottti, a fortified town of Bootan, on the south frontier, frequently taken and relinquished by the British India troops, in the war with the Booteeas in 1772. It is 48 m. S. by E. of'T.as- sasudon. Long. 89. lio. E. lat. Si. 3r>. N. Chichester, a city, the capital of Sussex, Eng. and a county of itself. It is a bishop's see, and has seven churches, beside the cathedral, a spacious edifice, 410 ft. in length, witli a tower, surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 21)7 feet. The city is walled round, and had formerly four gates. It exports corn, malt, &c. has some foreign commerce, and a manufacture of nee- dles. The haven affords fine lobsters. It is seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its entrance into an arm of the English Channel, 12 m. E. N. E. of Portsmouth, and (il S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 7,3(')2. Chiclicstcr, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. IL 4.') m. N. ■W.Portsmouth. Pop. 1,084. Chielefa, a town of Independent Greece, in the Morea, near the Gulf of Coron. 14 m. W. of Colocythia. Chiem-See, a Lake of Bavaria 3.^ miles in circum- ference. In the midst of it are two islands ; on one of them is a convent of Benedictine nuns, and on the other an Augustine monastery. It lies 22 m. W. N. W. of Salzburg, .and discharges its waters by the river Alza, in a, northerly direc- tion into the Inn. Chieri. a town of Piedmont, surrounded by an ancient wall, in which are six gates. It has four grand squares, many churches and religious hou- ses, and considerable manufactures of cloth and silk. It is? miles cast of Turin. Pop. about 11,000. Chieti. Sec Cii'ita tli Chtcti. Chiirwcll, a village in Essex, Eng. 10 m. N. E. of London. It is noted for a free-school, founded by archbishop Harsnett, who had been vicar of this place, and lies buried in the church. Pop. in 1821,1,090. Ciiiliuuhita, a city in the province of Durango, situate in the lat. of 2.S. riO. N. on the high rond from the city of Mexico to Santa Fe, about 700 ni. N. N. W. of Mexico. Chihiuihua is a ctinsidera- blo place, having several iiublic buildings, and about 11.(1(10 inhabitants. Tlie principal church is a beautiful edifice ; tlic suriounding country is jiroduclivc in silver. Chiira, a small seaport of Peru, about 30 m. S. of Lima. Chile, a territory of the southern division of the wchteru hemisphere, extending from the lat. of 24. 20. ( , 43, :A). S. and from OH. 00. to 74. 20. W. long, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on tini east by the Anoes, which di- vides it from tlu^ Ihiited Provinces of Buenos Ayrcs, being about 1,:V>0 miles in length, from north to Bou(h, and 130 in mean breadth, in a po- sition from the south, of N. N. E. Antecedent to the irruption of the Spaniards into this part of the world, Chile was divided into several inde- pendent states, of whom the earliest information hitherto obtained respecting them, is, that in MoO llpanqui, the then Inca of Peru, made in- roads upon the Chilian territory, and subdued the four northern provinces, at the southern boundary of which tlieir progress was stayed by llie bravery of a tribe called the Proniancians. Tiie Peru- vians, however remained masters of tlie four provinces, up to the period of ].'>3r>, when it was first visited by the Spaniards, who invaded it from Peru with a force of .')?0 Europeans and l."),000 Peruvians, under the command of Alma- gro, the coni]ianion of Pizarro. Two-thirds of the number of this expedition perished with fa- tigue on the march, the remainder, however, suc- ceeded in reaching the northern province of Chile, and Ihe Spaniards were received by the inhabitants witii cordiality and respect ; but the perfidy and baseness of Ahnagro indulged in the v.'anton massacre of some of the chief men of the country, and thereby raised Ihe indignation of tlie wliole population against him : and having in a general engagement with the Proniancians, sus- tained a complete defeat, and dissatisfaction pre- vailing among his troops, he returned to Peru in I'lSS. In 1.^40, however, Pizarro dispatched an- other expedition, under the command of ' Val- divia. who, after much resistance, succeeded in extending his arms as far as Mapocho, and from tliat period the Spaniards maintained possession of tlie country, though not without repeated con- flicts with the natives, and occasional reverse of fortune. Such has been the bravery of the Arau- cans, a tribe of Indians, occupying the southern part of the territory, from the lat. of 37. to 42. S. that up to the present time they have never been subdued. The last conflict in which they were engaged with the Spaniards was in 1773, in which great slaughter ensued, without a decided triumpli to either party. From that period, however, tran- quillity has generally prev.ailed. the Araucans having since then had a resident at Santiago, more in the character of representative of an in- dependent nation, than a conquered or dependent province. In 1742, Don .losef Manto, the then Spanish governor, under whose administration peace and order generally prevailed, founded several new towns, and divided the country in.to the 22 fol- lowing provinces, commencing at the north, viz 1 . Copiapo 2. Huasco 3. Coquimbo Cuscos 5. Pectorca G. QnilloU CHI VXi CHI 7. Melii>ill:i 8. Itancagua 9. Colchagua 10. Curico 11. Maule 12. Canqucnes 13. Itata 14. Puchacay 1.5. Concepcion 10. Aconcagua 71. Santa Rosa 18. Mapoclio 1!>. Isla de Maule 20. Chilian 21. Rere 22. Isla tie la Laxa, Ut these, the first five divisions e.xtend from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes; Nos. G to I.j arc bounded on the east by the seven reaiainino- provinces, wliich with Concepcion, are bounded on the south by the Biobo River, in the lat. of 3(1. 50. S.; the more southern portion of the territory to the lat. of 42. S., beinii occupied by the Arau- cans, and the island of Ohiloe projecting into the t acific Ocean forms the southern extremity of the territory, which is separated from Peru on the north, by tlie dreary Desert of Atacama. The .•Vndes, which flank the whole eastern boundary, rises to an average altitude of 12,000 to 14,000 feet above the level of the sea, having in the course of this range 14 volcanoes in a "state of constant eruption, and several others which emit occasionally. All of tliem are, however, too re- mote from the inhabited parts of the territory, either to occasion inconvenience, or inspire ter- ror, by the violence of their eruption. The sev- eral provinces are mostly divided from each other by ranges of hills, each intervening valley beinir intersected by one or more streams of water, con°- tributing alilie to the beauty and fertility of the country, which, as a whole, for diversity, beauty, and orandeur of feature, is unequalled in the world. Althougli the soil and cKmate of Chile are alike favourable to the culture and breed of all 11 u''^' ff"'"' ^■"' animals conducive to tlie well-being, comfiirt, and enjoyment of society, its more distinguishing feature is the abundance of its mineral productions, in gold, silver, copper, tin, and iron. Such, however, for nearly three centuries, was the subduing and perverse policy ol the Spaniards, that with means to command every comfort, the inhabitants of this fine and lertile territory were kept in a state of barbarism, uid on the verge of want. The ties of Spanish Undage, however, now appear broken, never to I'e united. The first movement of resistance to Spanish authority, which took place in 1809, for .'^"ine time, appeared likely to succeed without in- 1^ rruption ; but in 1814, a Spanish force from I'lTu subdued nearly the whole country, and held It again in subjection until 1817, when a force, in tlie cause of independence, under the command of general San Martin, entered Chile from Buenos .Vyres, and turned again the tide of victory aijainst Spanish domination. On the 12th of February, 181!l, the Chilians formally renounced all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared themselves independent; which the battle o*" Maypu, in the following April, not only confirm, ed to them, but enabled them to extend their aims, in pursuit of their oppressors, into Pern. The new government is, however, for the pres- ent, too unstable to justify any positive conclusion as to the future destiny of the country. The oopulation, according to a census taken 'in 1312 iniounted to about 1,230,000, exclusive of some i iittered tribes of Indians. Santiago, or St. Jam.E. S. E.of Vcvay. ,,,,., Chiloe, Island and Jirehipclago of; the Island of Chiloe forms the southern extremity of the territory of Chile, separated from the province of Araucan on the north by a channel four to five miles wide. It is 140 miles in length and about 50 in mean breadth, separated on the east from the main land by a gulf about .''lO miles wide, containino- 4(i small islands, 15 uninhabited, form- ing the Archipelago of Chiloe. The tot.al popu- lation is about 30,000. Castro, seated at the head of a bay, opening into the Archipelago, is the chiel ^"l^iilpanzingo, a considerable town, 2,500 feet above the level of the sea, G5 m. N.by E. of Aca- pulco, on the road to Mexico. Chilmus y Masques, a district of the province of Cuzco, Peru, lying east of the Apurimac Riv- er, having a ridge of the Andes for its east bound- ary It is a fertile district, containing about 10,000 inhab. Parino. in the lat. of 12. 45. S. and 71. 35. of W. long, is the chief town. . „ , , ChilUrn, a chain of chalky hills in England, nassintr from east to west, out of Hertfordshire, throuA the middle of Buckinghamshire, to the Thanres at Henley. This district formerly be- lon.red to the crown, which, for time immemoria has^'had the nominal ofiice of steward of the Chil tern Hundreds, bv the acceptance of which a commoner vacates his seat in parliament. Chihers Co(o«, a village in Warwickshire, Eng- land, contiguous to Nuneaton, {tchtch sec.) Pop. in 1H21,2,1G0. , ,..,-. Cl,lma,j, a town of the Netherlands m the for- est of Thierarche. Near it are mines of iron, with founderies and forges. It is seated near the French frontier, 12 m. N. W. of Rocroy. Cldmhorazo. commonly esteemed the highest peak of the Andes, is in the province of Quito, Col- ombia ; lat. 1. 50. S. On the 23d of June, 1/97, this mountain was ascended, by the Prussian trav- CHI filer, Iluinbuldt, to the height of ] 9,300 feet above the level of the sea, when a chasm several liun- dred feet wide prevented the summit bein y 195 CHI made great progress m the arts of social life , but of the origin of the community, nothing satisfactory is at present known ; for altho "g ^reat rare ,t ^PP-^^.-'^.^ave been 'preserved wi^th Hllf ^"^v'l'e peculiarity, and formerlv supposed chTracte^rs . f'lr""^, " "^""^'^-J?*" of the ,^?itten characters of their language (being symbolic) thf ne'o 7"'! 'i" P<^«"'i^^ly joalous fha?aXr of ^rh ^r? ' '"""^ =^"f oedent to the close of the 18th century, precluded Europeans from obtain- ing any correct knowledge either of the past or present extent and condition of the people. In the absence of all authentic, and correa daU on the subject, numerous, vague, and exag-er- an'd e^, n7T'"'l""° '"''"' '° "-ir anti.q¥t; and extent of numbers, obtained current belief H).^ "'T ' ",' "'""^ "'<^ commencement of the ITnlZiT' "'^"PPoxfd difficulty of acquiring a knowledge of their language has proved er- roneous, and the details of the several local di- visions and institutions of the county are be- raTiy"in:v:;^ '"" '""^ "'e-ively ^and accu- Of their origin, the most rational supposition he rhn°"' ■*'•'"" ^""^ ^"^""^ ">- Chri'^Uan er"; w,n? ! Z"'" ""^""^ 'he first portion of the wandering tribes spread oyer the northern hem- rit'of thTt","' '^"""i '"T <"■ '^^ populous d^. Jlt-^J '""*"■' ''"'" '^™^'^ themselves into the ZiH. "'"".""^ = '"''"^' ""^ examination of ritorv of Ch' ''"p ""'"'"' advantages of the ter- the /a°urS f,"^^,™P7'■ "' "■'^" "-'"^ reference to IdantaHon f I '^ °^ "' """' ""^ 'ho variety and of i?s ind? ' "■'T'' "'^ ^ ^°<='^' community, count forlhr"' P™<^"^,"ons, will sufficiently ac^ count for the numerical extent and peculiarity of manners of its population. By the writings o^ ob°ai"7i ^'*" r,'^^*''"^''= that^^ppelrs toTave ed 5O0 velTT'r '"^' ""°°" them) who flourish- ed oJO years before our era, China had then at- soc,aUtv"Tnt' i """'"''^ as high a degree of sociality and refinement as prevails therl at the present time. In the 15th century, Chinlproper rnay be considered as havinn- been subiected lo Khan""', "^ '^ *^''"?"' Tartar chief Tengh" Khan who subverted tlie ruling po^ver, and e" Ch n, K^^"'^' '^>'"''''y '" t'he government of China ; but notwithstanding this clange^n the government instead of the territory of China yield ng lUelf up as a dependent province of Tafterv the superior fertilit/ of ChiL brougM Taru7; into Its subservience ; thereby reversing the usuS result of conquest, and the conquerors bleame the dependents. The dynasty of Genghis gradual de! c ined ,n influence, until it became entirely sun- planted a^ain by one of Chinese oricin which rued undisturbed until the commenceSient of he from The n'''f"'''", " f^'T- "^ ^I^'-'^- TaJtirl irZl aI' ■-P'"'' of Asia poured down their vened but'w? h",1 """'^ '" ^"^'"^ '^^ ^?-" 'uh' L in .L f ""^ '^""' f*^"" to the country as in the former instance, the revolution having 1^/,U "I'^f'^ "'"''■"' 'he central government^ and the substitution of a Tartarian ,°for a Ch - nese sovereign. Manchoo like MoAguI became a dependent province on China; and aniid the rulinrn '""''"''''^'' ''"" "'ken place n the haye°bern"'efr »° '""'"i"' "I'^^'^'ion appears to mrne;s'of th:Teop'.:. '"^ "=""-'"' ^''■'^' - licemnnll'v^ '? "".■■"ocount furnished by an intel- Efs. Ii^dY-^ Po '"""■"'A'"' ''S'"'' "'■'h" English Eas India Comp-^jiy, ,„ Canton, in 1823, the terri- tory of <_ hina Pr, »er was then divided into lOciviJ vm VM CHI md military jurisdiclinuH. Nolwillistanding all tlic liiagnirifd iiniiressions wliioli linve lirretofore prevailed, in reference tn tlie snppnsed Mopulnus- ness of China, relatively to llie extent nf territory in llio two enuntrics, its po|>nlation is l)iit little more lli.in half that of lin^rl.irid and Wales- and nlllmuf;li the niimerie;il military foree of China is lejiresentcd as e.vccedijif. 1 ,yoi).il()() nien the state revenues will be seen relatively n,.t to an.ount to lOnili part oi thos.. of i:n;r|an.l. Yet, notwith- standing the abject and servile condition to which centuries of severe rules have subji-eled them, the Chinese arc, in general, a elieerful people; in- deed, every thing relatinjt toann"e of fishing. They tie a le.ither 'thong ronnd ' lie lower part of their necks that they may not swallow the t,sh they catch, an.l then" throw the cormorants mto the river. The birds dive under water and pursue the fisli, and when they have caught them, rise to the to]) and swallow their prey as far as possible. After each bird iias in this manner swallowed live or six fish, the keepers call them and oblige them to vomit up all Ihev liave taken. ■' Among the fruits peculiar to China, and in ad dition to the orange, lemon, lime, citron, pome granaU', and the vine in great variety, are the tse-tse, a kind of fig; the h-tchi, of the size of a (late. Its stone covered with a soft juicy pulp, of an exquisite t.iste, but dangerous when eaten to excess; the long yen, or dragonseye, its pulp wliite tart, and juicy, not so agreeable to the taste hut more wholesome than the li-tchi. Of esculent plants they have an infinity unknown to I'.uiope. i hey cultiv.-ite also the bottom of their waters ; the beds of their lakes, j.onds, and rivu- lets producing crops unknown to us, iiarticularlv of the pitsi, or water chestnut, the fruit of which (found in a cover formed by its root) is exceed- ingfy wholesome, and of a very delicate taste — Among the trees peculiar to China are the tallow- tne the fruit of which is white, of the size of a small walnut, and the pulp has the |)ropertics of taJlow; the wax-tree producing a kind of white w^ax, almost equal to that made by bees; the tsi- c lu or varnish tree, which produces the admira- ble Chinese varnish ; the tie-ly-niou, or iron wood, the wood of whicfi is so hard and heavy that it sinks in the water, and the anchors of the Chi- nese ships are made of it ; the camphire-tree ; the bamboo reeds, which grow to the height and size of a large tree ; and, besides being used as na- tural pipes to convey water, are employed for numberless other purposes ; the tea-plant, whose leaves and flowers are of the following shape also cotton, betel, and tobacco ; the fiowcrintr shrutis flowers, herbs, and medicinal plants, ar? exceedingly numerous. The lea plant grows best in valleys and on the banks of rivers, or the VIU 197 slopes of mountains facing the South. In "years it grou-s to tlie lieight of a man's head, when it is cut down and a neiv crop of shoots spring forth. The leaves are picked one by one. They are steamed over boiling water and then dried by the fire. In the mountains and forests are wild animals of every species ; but that valuable quadruped, the muskdeer, is peculiar to this country. Gold and silver are said to be common in several parts of the empire; but the working of the mines is interdicted, to prevent, as is pretended, the pro- duce leading to a derangement of their general system of policy. The mountains, also, cliiefly in the north and west parts of the empire, contain mines of iron, tutenag. copper, and quicksilver, as well as quarries of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jas- per, rock crystals, granite, and a kind of sonorous stones, of which musical instruments are com- posed ; and here is potters' earth, of such vari- ous and superior kinds that the fine porcelain of China IS unrivalled. The number of domestic animals appears to be very limited, and animal food, though not interdicted either from state or religious scruples, as is the case over a great part of Hindoostan, is very uncommon. The manufactures of China embrace every pos- sible commodity to ^ratify artificial wants ; and their fabrics in porcelain, silk, and paper more es- pecially, cannot be surpassed; nor is their carv- ing m ivory, and other works of fancy, equalled in any other part of the world ; but in all that re- quires skill, combined with superior physical pow- er, they are inferior to the least settle'd parts of i^urope. Ignorant of the laws of -reometry as well as of the laws of nature, their fortifications lor defence, their habitations, public edifices, and monuments, m whi.-h a display of taste has been aimed at, are ridiculously fantastic; and when solidity has been the object, exceedincrly clumsy • hence the water communication between the northern and southern parts of the empire, which Gazetteers have adorned with the designation of Irrand, and as surpassing any thing of the kind in the world, is a mere connection of natural streams displaying no evidence of genius or skill beyond that of finding the nearest level whereby to efiect the union. The only work of art con- nected with China having the least claim to ad- miration is the Great Wall, which separates the N. and the N. W. parts of China Proper from JMongul Tartary, which was probably not the work of the Chinese, but of the Tartars them- selves, soon afler the conquest of Geno-his Khan • but the accounts hitherto obtained of the period of Its erection are too imperfect to justify any posi- tive conclusion on the subject. The most singular characteristic in the civil pohcy of China is the total absence of all state religion and priest-craft, which are supposed to have been subverted for the two-fold purpose of preventmg a priesthood from sharino- in the influ- ence of the government, and the people from con- gregating in too large numbers ; and the latter notion seems also to have precluded the toleration ofpublic theatres. Both religious worship and dramatic represonations are, however, universal throughout the empire; of the former, every house has its own altar and collection of .rods ■ the form and number of which are .^nerallv iri proportion to the taste of the head of the fam- 1 y to select, and of his ability to purchase ; hence their religious worship may he said to resolve k. self mto one of their most extensive branches nf Cill manufacture, h. like manner, the dramatic re- presentations are all of a family nature. The periormers consisting of strolling companies, who engage themselves for an evening to any one who can afford to pay them. Connected with the ques- tion or religion, (according to the notions of the i'.-nglish) the civil policy of China tolerates polyga- my. It appears, however not to be so eitensivlly indulged in, as in other parts of Asia and Africa Kurials are not permitted in cities or towns, and their sepulchres are commonly on barren hills and mountams. They pretend to have a great vene- ration for their ancestors; and some keep images of them in their houses, to which they pay a sort of adoration They have laws which regulate the civilities and ceremonious salutations they pay to each other, for which reason they always appear to be extremely good-natured, whilst low cun- ning and deceit are their ruhng passions ; and yet, while infanticide is not unfrequent among them they are not destitute of social afi-ections in their families. In person, the complexion of the Chinese is a sort of tawny ; they have large foreheads, small eyes short noses, large ears, long beards, and black hair ; and those are thought to be the most handsome who are the most bulky. The women afi-ect a great deal of modesty, and are remarkable for their httle feet. The men endeavour to make a pompous appearance when they go abroad ; and yet their houses are mean and low, consisting only of a ground floor. For a more ample eluci- dation of the nature and character of the general government language, hterature, &c. of China, see Pe/an; for further particulars respecting the Great Wall see Petche-li ; of the Grand Clnal, u^m "i-^i'-'"'' P"''"'' monuments, and in- ternal traffic of China, see JVanAm ; of the nature and e.Ttent of its external commerce, see Canton and Kiaclda. In conclusion here, it maybe said m point of aggregate efficiency, or in affording general examples of social policy worthy of imita- tion, China is inferior to the least important state of turope ; whilst the extent and grandeur of its natural features, the diversity, beauty, and inter- est of its productions, both natural and artificial ■ and the superlative excellence of many of its fabrics both of utility and ornament, render research and development in the details of all these characteristics, an object in the highest de- gree desirable, which it is sincerely hoped will now very soon be attained. China, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop 2 234 Alsoap.t Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop 2.367 Chinabakcer, a town of Pegu, situate in the marshes of the Irrawaddy, south of Rangoon UumipMram, a town of the Mysore, 55 m N of Bangalore. "•■ i>. CIdnapalam, or Chinypatam, another town of the Mysore about 40 m. E^S. £. of Seringapatam Chinchilla, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 37 m FoTatut tooa' ^"' '' ^- ^- ^- "f ^--- Cldn-chi. See Qtim-nona-. Cldnghput, a town of tJie Carnatic, near the sea-coast, about 40 m. S. of Madras Clanafhin, or Chemyehin, the chief town of the district of Jen.Iah, in the N, W. part of Nenaul at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains ^ ' (Inn India, a general name comprising that part of southern Asia situated between Hindoo* ^n and China. It contains the Birman Empire, ronqu.n. Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam and liie peninsula of Malacca. It is oflen called CHI 198 CHM t}ie reiiiiK",000 inhab- itants, being eclipsed in splendour and importance l)y Puebla. Chonad, or Csoiuid, an episcopal town of Hun- gary, and capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the south bank of the north branch of the Marosch River, 25 miles above its entrance into the Theiss, at Zcoedin. CUoptank, a river of Delaware and Maryland, flowing into the Chesapeak Bay. C/iorj<:^!!7t, f>r Kliorassan, a provinne of Persia, extending from the lat. of 32. to 30. N. and from 54. 30. to 93. of E. long, containing an area of about 147,000 square miles. It is bounded on the west by the Great Salt Desert, Mazcnderan, and the Caspian Sea ; north by the Bay of Balkan, and the Desert of Karakum ; N. E. by the main branch of the Gilion Amu, or Oxus River, which divides it from Great Bucliaria, east by tlie terri- tory of Balk ; S. E. by the Lake Zeresh, or Dur- ra, which divides it from Segistan, and the ex- treme south, projects upon the Desert of Kerman A ridge of the Gaur Mountains intersects the east side of the province, from south to north ; and east of this ridge is the Magrab River, which falls into the Oxus at Amol. Another river, with several tributary streams, rises near Herat, in the S. E. corner of the province, and runs in a N. W. direction into the Bay of Balkan. Meshid, in the latitude of 37. 35. N. and 57. 15. E. long, is the capital of the province ; the other chief towns are Herat, Badkis, Zenzau, Abiverd, &c. Chorleij, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is seat ed on the line of the Liverpool, Lancaster, and Leeds canal, 22 m. N. AV. of Manchester, on the road to Preston, from which it is distant 9 miles. Chorley participates largely in that great business for which Lancashire is so celebrated, viz. the cot- ton manufacture. In 1825, there were four large establishments for spinning, upwards of twenty for weaving (chiefly muslins.) six for printing of calicoes, with a proportionate number for dveing, bleaching, reed-niaking, fic. In the neigfibour- hood are quarries of ashlar, flag, and millstone ; and mines of coal, lead, and alum, and also car- bonate of barytes. It holds four fairs annually. The population in 1801, 4,51G ; and in 1821 , 7,315 \* There are six villages in different parts of England named ChoTlton, all inconsiderable. Choitlc, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, with a harbour for small vessels, which is fortified. It is 24 m. S. of Bombay. Chowan, a county of North Carolina, contain- ing about 100 square miles, bounded on the east by the Chowan River, at its influx into Albemarle Sound. Pop. 6,688. Edenton is the chief town. Christburg, a town of West Prussia, with a castle on a hill, situate on the Sorge, 15 m. S. E. of Marienburg. C'hristchurch, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. with considerable trade in knit silk stockings and watch-strings. It returns two members to par- liament. Here are the remains of a castle and a priory ; and the church is a large and interesting structure. It is seated on the Little Avon, oppo- site the influx of the Stour, about half a mile above the entrance of the united stream into the British Channel, 25 m. S. of Salisbury, and 100 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,644. ChTistian, a western county of Kentucky, the south end of which borders on Tennessee. It is watered by several streams, which, after being united into one. run west into Cumberland River. Pop. 12,694. Hopkinsville, in the centre of the county, is the chief town. Christian, a township of Lawrence Co. Arkan- saw. Christiana, a town of Delaware, in Newcastle county. It stands on a navigable creek of its name, 4 m. S. W. of Newcastle. Christianshurg, a town of Virginia, chief of Montgomery county, situate on the west side of the Alleghany Mountains, near a branch of tho Kanahwa.l70m W. S. W. of Richmond. Long. 80. .50. W. lat, 37, 5 N. r/ni Chrlstianbur<:, a fort of Guinea, on tlic Gold CoMt, «iiljjecl lo tlic Danes. Long. I. 55. E. lut. ChrisliansriHe, p.t. Mecklenburif Co Va CAn.sV»,«/r7,/ a town of Denmark, in li.e dtuhy of Sleswiok, binlt by a »„ci,.|y of M„r„vi,i„„, un- der the proU'ction of Clirjstian VII. All articles n.am.n.ct,,red I.ere are of excellent quality. It is e m. N. of Iladerslehen. C7,r,W„,„„ tl.e capital nf N„rwav, an.l an epis- copal see, in the frovem.Menl of Apjrerl.uys, s tu- ate at the e.,tre,n,ty of a i;.,-tile vallev. for,„in^ a semicjrcular ben.l alonj,' llie .shore of the itav ..f Biorn.n■ town of Sweden, in Werme- « r' "l""" f^^^l ''"d of the lake Wcnner, 30 m. S>. b. of Carlstadt. a,ris/i„i. St the principal of the islands called Marquo.sas. ^ee Marqiirsas. Clirhtmus hiand, an island in the Pacific Ocean so named by C„ok, who first landed here on Christmas day, 777. It is 45 miles in circum- ference, uninhabited, and destitute of fresh wa- 3" w"Lt:'j "Ix^"'' "^'"""' ^"'"" ^""ff- '"• Clinslmas Hoimd, a bay on the south coast of lerra del Fucgo, so named by Cook, who passed here the 2.,th December. 1774. The country is barron, and the refreshments to be got here arc 200 CIlU chiefly wild fowl. Lon.r. 70. .T W [at 5", 22 S r/,r/.W,, ,/. /.„„„„„, ,sy. i,,e capital of the isl-' "I "I l.nerille. Here the courts of justice are held ami the governor has a pala,e ; l.ut he com- inonly resides at St. Cruz. It stands on an em- n.ence ,„ an extensive fertile ,,lain, and has several fountains supplied with water from the neighb,.uring In-ighls by an arpiedurl. The lake' rroin which „ has been supposed to take its name; IS now a yerv inconsiderable piece of water Long. Id. II. \v. lat.2il. 211 N ""nr. ClH-;,l„,,l,rr St. or .Si. Kilt,:, one of the Leeward Islands. Ill .he West Indies, fiO m. W.ofAntU gua tbn .V W. end b.-ing divided by a narrow slrnit fro,,, , he small island of Nevis. It was for' ;:'[i=\^" ; '•■'' ''y '1'- '•■"•"cl. and English ;/;,, Ivll '•,-'".'■?'''''' ^^ "'" ''""''■; taken by the /•rench in I,^2, but restored to the English a.ain n tlu- foMowin. year. It is 15 miles long and 4 broad „,,tl, high n.ountains in the middle, whence nvulets flow. Between the mountains are dread! I /Z,,"' e'w' P'-'-'^M'ices, ai„l thick woods; the foot of them. Basseterre is the capital /"•'•'""•/, a town of Bohemia, in the north part ChroheTg a. town of Austrian Poland, in the paktma te of Sandomirz, 52 m. W. of San'dom rz CArW™, a town of Bohemia, capital of acircle of the same name, which is remarkable for a Ireed of l.orses. It stands on the river Chru- 4(';",n 'f 4"'f ' *r ,7' '^ '""^'''"<=« i»'° the Elbe, *!'> III. tj. ft. ti. ni 1 ratruc Chucuilo, a town Sf Peru, in the diocese of t^ie'^r-V ' "•'n',^"'''"'"^'''"' T.ticaca, called also the Lake of Chucuilo, :!0 ni. N W of V-,v I-ong, 70. 20. W. lat. !(!. 20. S. ' ChMcii;!,, a town in Devonshire, Enir The neighbourhood is famous tor its cider, attd for I stupendous rock of bluish limestone, called Chud- eigh marble, in which is a Large cavern This town was almost destroyed by fire in 1807 It is 185 wTu'^'^rT"^."' •' "^r.^- ^- of Exeter, and J8.j> W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821 2 050 Chugans^riai a town of Ilindoostan,' in' the province of Cabu , on a river of the same name, " ",'■ J- ofCabul. Long. 70. 8. E. lat. 34. 55 N Umlwtshijn, or Trhonhrhi, a province of Siberia' ami the most easterly of the dominions of Russia' It o.xtend.s f^roin Io(i. to 107. E. long, and from G3. to o. N lal, and is separated from America by Behring s Straits. •' ChiHmlciuh, a town in Devonshire, Y.n" on the river Taw flowing into the Bristol channel 21 i^;,!^in'.-^''i:^r"'""''^"^^"'"'^-'^-- CJiumlml, a considerable river of Ilindoostan rising near Ougein, in Malwa, and afler a wind- ing course of about 400 miles, falls into the Jum- nah, about 1)0 m. below Agra. CUiinnr, a fortress of Ilindoostan in Allahabad built on a rock, fortified all around by a wall and towers It was unsuccessfully attempted by the English in 1704 ; but in 1772, it was ceded to then, by the Nabob of Oiide. It is .seated on the south bank of the Ganges, 15 m. S. of Benars and MO W. by S. of Patna. ' C/iunavh, a river of Asia, the chief of the five eastern bi-anohes c^ the Indus. It rises in the ihibeian Mountains, runs through Cashmere and joins the Indus 20 miles below Moultan This river 13 the Acesines of Ale.xander CIN aoi CIN Chung-king, a city of China of tlii> first rank, m the province of Setchuen ; it is beautifully sit- uated on a mountain, in the fork of a river which runs from north to south, into the Kiang-kou Chun-ning, another city of China, of the first rank, in the" province of Yun-nen. Chun-ning may he considered the frontier city of China on the side of the Birman empire ; it is seated on a stream, which falls into the Kiou-long, or Great River of Cambodia, and is only a few miles distant from another stream, which falls into the Mnygue, or Great River of Siam. It is in lat. 34. 47. N. and 100. 15. ofE. long. Chun-te, a city of China, in Pe-tcheli, with nine cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction. :t 13 2J0 m. S. S. W. of Pckin. Chuprali, a large town of Hindoo8tan,in Bahar, on the north bank of the Ganges, 28 m. W. N. W. of Patna. Chuquisacn. See Plata. Churbar, a seaport of Persia, on the coast of Mekran ; it is seated on the east shore, near the entrance of a bay, of the same name in the lat. of 25. IG. N. and tiO. 24. of E. long. Church, there are 30 towns and villages in dif- ferent parts of England, the names of which are preceded by Church, but none that claim any particular notice ; the most considerable are Church Staunton, in Devonshire, and Stretton, in Shropshire. Church Hill, villages in Queen Anne's, Co. Ma- ryland and Abbeville Dis. S. C. Churchtown, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. ChurchviHe, p. v. Middlesex Co. Va. Chiisan, an island on the east coast of China, with a town called Ting-hai, and a much frequent- ed harbour. Long. 122. 30. E. 30. 0. N. Chusistan. See Cusistan. Chimnpa, or Taiojnjia, a small kingdom of Asia, bounded on the north by Cochin-China, S. E. bv the China Sea, \V. and N. W. by Cambodia. It is more elevated than Cambodia, but not so fer- tile ; having tracts of sand intersected with rocks. The productions are cotton, indigo, and silk. The inhabitants are much employed in fishing. Cape St. James, at the S. E. extremity of the territo- ry is in lat. 10. 18. N. and 107. 10. E. long. ; from tliis point the coast lies in a direction E. N. E. for about 200 miles. There are two or three small harbours along the coast, of which Ceeir Bay, about 140 m. E. N. E. of Cape St. James, is the most considerable. Ciacole, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of the northern Circars. It is 150 miles N. E. of Baj- amundry, and 308 E. N. E. of Ilydrabad. Long. 84.8. E. lat. 18. 16. N. Cicero, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,808. Ciclut, a frontier town of Dalmatia, on a rocky hill, on the west bank of the Narenta. It was taken from the Turks, by the Venetians, in 1604, and is G m. S. \V, of Narenta. Long. 18. 22. E. lat. 43. 29. N. alley, a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of a circle of the same name. It has a considerable trade in merchandize going to and from Vienna and Trieste ; and is seated on the Saan, where it re- ceives the Koding, and becomes navigable, 58 m. S. by W. of Gratz. Long. 15. 10. E. lat. 4G. 21. Cimhrisham, a seaport of Sweden, in Sclionen. 24 m. S. of Christianstadt. Lon". 14. 21. E. lat. 5.i. .IS. N. Cinalofi, or SUtmia, a province and town of Mex- ico, in the intendency of Sonora, on the gulf of California. The Aborigines in this province are robust and warlike, and were with difBculty brought to submit to the Spaniards, about the year 1771. This province produces abundance of maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, and aboundfi in the richest gold mines. The town is seated on a river of tlie same name, and contains about 0,500 inhabitants. Long. 100. 3r>. W. lat. 2G. 15. N. Cincinnati, the largest town of the state of Ohio, and the capital of Hamilton County. It is seated on the north bank of the Ohio river, about two miles below the entrance of the Licking, from the state of Kentucky, and 20 above the entrance of the Great Miami, and about GOO above the en- trance of the Ohio into the Mississippi, in tlie lat. of 39. 7. N. aiid7. 30. W. long, of Washing- ton city. Cincinnati has increased in population and importance more rapidly than any other town in the (jnion. The population which in 1805 did not exceed -WO, in 1830 amounted to 2*j,515 with indications of still greater increase . It has exten- sive flour and saw-mills, worked by steam, and va- rious manufactures. It carries on a very extensive traflic with New Orleans, in exchanging the agri- cultural productions of the state of Omo lor tropical and other foreign articles ; and is the most import- ant city of all the territory of America west of the Alleghany Mountains. It is regularly built in squares and many of the structures are handsome. It has a college and a medical institution. Cinefi, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, in the neighbourhood of which excellent manna is col- lected. It is 20 m. west of Palermo. Cincy,3. town of the Netherlands, in the territo- ry of Liege, 17 m. S. E. of Naraur, and 37 S. V?. of Liege. Cinque Ports, certain ports on the south coast of England, opposite France, so called on account of their being five in number, when their first charter was granted by William I. in 1077. These were Oover, Hastings, Ilythe, Romney and Sandwich ; to which were afterwards added Win- chelsea, Seaford, and Rye. The king appointed a constable of Dover castle (who is now called Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) and invested him with the command of these ports, whose in- habitants had considerable privileges and immu- nities, for which they were to supply the gov- ernment with 57 ships, at 40 days notice and to pay their crews during 15 days. At that period, the opulent traders of London were styled barons ; a privilege that was enjoyed likewise by the merchants of these ports ; each of which at pres- ent returns two members to parliament, the rep- resentatives being styled barons of the Cinque Ports. Their other privileges are now become nominal. See each place under its respective head. Cinipte Villas, a town of Portugal, in Beria, 6 m. N. E. of Almeida. Cinteaabelle, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garonne,on the frontier of Arriege, 17 miles south of Toulouse. Pop. about 3,000. Cinira, a town of Portugal, in Estreinadura, situ- ate between the mountains of Cintra, on the north side of the entrance of the Tagus. Here was a pal- ace built by the Moors, which was destroyed by an earthquake, in 16.55, and rebuilt by king Jo- seph. It is 12 m. N. W.of Lisbon, by the inhab- itants of which place it is much frequented as an occasional retreat; and is distinguished for the convention concluded at it, on the 22nd August, I8()3, between the English general Dalrympleand the French general Junut. cm 202 CIR Ciotat La, a Hooporl of Franco, in the depart- ment of Mouths of the Rhone, defended o^ a 8lri)ng fort. It is famous for muscadine wine, and sealed on the Bay of Laquce, 14 m. S. E. of .Marseilles. Ci'rf'irijfive provinces of the Deccan of Hindoo- ■tan. on the Bay of Bengal. They were original- ly denominated Northern, from Uieir position in respect to the Carnatic. — Under the Mogul dy- nasty the government of the.se provinces was vest- ed in the nizam of the Deccan, and were assign- ed to the French in 1753, for arrears of pay claim- ed by them for auxiliary troops, with which they had supplied the nizam. In 17o!) they were con- quered from the French by the English ; and in 17G5 were formally ceded by the Great Mogul, Shah Alum, to the English East India Company, during the governorship oflordClive. Four of these provinces, viz. Guntoor, Codapilly, Ellorc, and Rajamundry , comprise about 7,000 square miles of territory, between the Mouths of the Kristna and Godavery rivers, and the line of 16. to 17. of north latiude, and the fitlh, Ciacole, extends in a N.E. direction along the shore of the Bay of Ben- gal, from the Godavery River, in the latitude of 17. N. for about 280 miles, to the lake Chilka, and is about 60 miles in mean breadth. This is the dis- Uict from whence 500,000 to 600,000 pieces of cotton manufactured goods were formerly import- ed into England, under the name of lon» cloths, Sallamporcs, and calicoes ; and handkerchiefs un- der the name of Mazulipatams, &t. ; it is also fertile in maize. Ciacole is now divided into two districts, viz. Ganjam and Vizigipatam, and the other four circars resolved into three districts, viz. Rajamundry, Mazulipatani, and Guntoor. Circassitt, a country of Asia, lying between the 44th and 45th degrees of iiortli lat. and longitudi- nally between the Black Sea, the Sea of Azof and the Caspian ; its precise boundaries are very undefined ; the Caucasian Mountains dividing it from the territories of the Abkhas, may be consid- ered as forming its boundary on the south ; but the habits of the people being completely preda- tory, they acknowledge no boundary but that pre- scribed by the force of arms. It was formerly governed by several princes ; but is now almost wholly subject to Russia, and included in the government of Caucasus. It contains the dis- tricts of Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beslen, Temirgoi, Abasech, Bseduch, Matukai, and Bsha- ni. From the peculiarly advantageous local cir- cumstances of this country, and llie extraordina- ry courage, and military genius of its inhabitants, it might become independent and very formida- ble were they united under one chief; but they are entirely a predatory people, divided into many different and hostile tribes ; and want that spirit of unity necessary to make their power effectual. The Cabardians are the most powerful race, and their superiority has introduced a general imita- tion of their manners among their neighbours, so that from a description of these, an idea may be formed of all the rest. They are divided into three classes, the princes, the usdens, or nobles and tlie vassals, or people. The people are divi- ded into certain portions, who are each governed by a princely family; the eldest of whom is considered as chief, and the judge, protector, and father of the vassals. His person is sacred ; but he cannot be a landholder. His property is nothing more than his arms, horses, slaves, and what tribute be CAii cocisiora.y iiact from foreign powers. 1 ::jfii > »«>? ^y are with dithcultv distin- be uishcd from their subjects, their dress and food cingthe same, and their houses little better. The usdens are chosen by the princes from among the the people ; and are their officers, the executors of the law, the ministers of the legislature. Both the usdens and the pcojilc are proprietors of land. There does not appear to be any written law : the people are governed by a kind of common law, founded on a collection of ancient usages. They have a few manufactures ; and their tillage pro- duces scarcely sufficient for their own subsistence. The principal articles of commerce are slieep and horses, particularly the latter, which sell at a high price, being mucn esteemed. The balance of trade would, however, be considerably aoaiiist them, were it not for the slaves they mate in their predatory excursions. They have no mo- ney, and all their commerce is carried on by ex change. They almost universally subsist by rob- bery ,Deing trained to itfrom theirvery cradle. This disposition naturally produces a bold adventurous spirit : they are expert horsemen, and able war- riors, being in general stout and well made. % /«SlJ ^m^/ wk\i^ ^^ r HI 1^^ IM Their woman are fanied for llieir beauty ; and chiefly supply the seraglios of Persia and Turkey. Those thai are thus sold are. however, chieny slaves, or their descendants. They sell from 2(U. to 100/. according to their beauty. The women participate in the general character of the nation, taking pride in the courage of tjieir husbands, and loading them with reproaches when defeated. They are kept extremely close ; and the greatest reserve subsists between the married pairs. Their habitations are usually two liuts, one for the hus- band, and the reception of strangers ; and the other for the wife and family. The Circassians were formerly Christians; but, for want of instruction and written laws, they content themselves with a bare profession of being Christians or Mahome- tans. They have no letters of their own ; and those who wish to write their language are obliged to make use of Arabian characters. Circleville, pt. Pickaway Co. Ohio on the Scioto An ancient Indian fortress of a circular shape at this spot gave name to the town. Pop. l.llifi. Cirencester^ common]y called Ciciter, a borough in Gloucestershire, Kng. Tlie ruins of the walls are yet visible ; it had also a castle and an abbey, and here three Roman roads, tlie Foss. /rmin, and /ftn(7r/,cro8sed each other. It is one of the greatest marts in the country for wool ; and has a manufac- ture of curriers knives, highly valued, and two pub- lic breweries ; the church is n very stately edi- fice. It is seated on the banks of the little river Churn, 18 m. S, E. of Gloucester, and 89 W. of CIV 203 CLA London. It comraunicatee both with the Severn and the Thames, by a canal. Pop. in 1821, 4,987. Cirie, a town of Piedmont, seated on the Do- ria, near the foot of the Alps, 8 m. N. N. W. of Turin. Pop. 3,500. Cirtknilz. See Czirnitz. Cismar, a. town of Lower Saxony, in Holuteia, seated near the Baltic, 17 m. north of Trave- munde. Citadella, or Ciudella, a seaport and the capital of Minorca, surrounded by walls and bastions, with A ffood harbour at the N. W. point of the island. Ling. 3. 11. E. lat. 39.58. N. CUtaddIa, an inland town of the Venetian terri- tory, 25 ra. N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 6,000. CUia, di Castello, a city of Italy, with a castle, capital of a district of the same name, west of the Apennines, seated on the Tiber, 27 m. S. W. of Urbino. Citta Xuota, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. S. of Loretto. Citta JVitova, a seaport of Istria, and a bishop's see, seated on an isthmus, at the mouth of the Que- to, which forms a good harbour, 26 m. S. S. W. of Capo d'Istria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat. 45. 32. N. Citta Vccckia, a fortified city of Malta, formerly the capital of the island, and still the seat of the bish- opric. The most remarkable edifices are the pal- ace of the grand master, and the cathedral. Here are extensive catacombs, about 15 feet below the surface of the rock in which they are cut ; they contain streets formed with such regularity, that the title of Subterranean City has been given to this place. Near the city is the Grotto of St. Paul, divided into three parts by iron grates ; in the furthest part is an altar, and a statue of the saint, in white marble. This old city was consid- erably larger than at present ; for the new city, Valetta, being more conveniently seated, has drawn away the greater number of its inhabitants. It stands on a hill, in the interior of the island, 6 ra. VV. by S. of Valetta. Citij Point, p.v. Prince George Co. Va. on James River at the mouth of the Appomattox. Ciudad ReaJ, a town of Spain, capital of Mancha. The inhabitants are noted for dressing leather for gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and 93 S. of Madrid. Ciudad Real, a city of Chiapa. See Chiapa dos Espatrrwles. Ciudad Rodrigo, a town of Spain in Leon, and a bishop's see, seated on the river Aguada, on the frontier of Portugal. It was taken by the French in 1810, and retaken by the English in 1811 ; 50 m. S. VV. of Salamanca. Cimta Castellana, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, seated on a high rock, at the foot of flrhich is a river that flows into the Tiber, 25 m. N. of Rome. Cinita Ckieti, a city of Naples, capital of Abruz- zo Citeriore, and an archbishop's see. It contains four churches and nine convents, and is situate on a mountain, near the river Pescara, a few miles above its entrance into the Adriatic, 23 ra. E. of Aquila, and 96 N. of Naples. Cirita di FriuU a town of Italy, in Friuli, seat- ed on the Natisona, 10 ra. E. of Udina. Cirita di Penna, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near the river Salino, 25 m. N. E. of \quila. delta Diicule, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, on the River Velino, 10 m. W. of Aquila. Civita MaTidonia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near which are the ruins of the famous city of Sybaris. It is seated on the Gulf of Tar- ento, at the influx of the Crati, 3 m. N. by E. of Cosenza. Civita Vecchia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with an arsenal. The chief exports are puzzolana, and a superior kind of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope's gal- lies are stationed, and it is a free port. It was ta- ken by the French in 1798, and retaken by th« Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is 3.5 m. N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 46. E. lat. 42. 5. N. Civitella, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 5 m. N. of Taranto. Cirraij. See Sivraij. Clackmannanshire, a county of Scotland, bound- ed on the S. and S. W. by the Forth, and on all other sides by Perthshire. It is nine miles long and six broad ; produces good corn and pasture, and plenty of coal and salt. It has also veins of lead, cobalt, and antimony. Alloa is the princi- pal town. It has a population of 12,000, one third of whom are engaged in trade and manufactures. Clakmannan, a parish and town of the above county. The parish comprises nearly four-fifths of the county, and contains about 800 acres of woodland. The town is seated on an eminence, and has a harbour formed by the Devon, at its in- flux with the Forth. On the top of a hill, 190 feet above the level of the Forth, is a square tow- er, which derives its name from the illustrious Robert Bruce, whose great sword and casque are here preserved. It is 27 m. W. N. W. of Edin- burgh. In 1821 the parish contained 4.0.56 inhab- itants, about a fourth of which inhabited the town. Clasenfurl, a town of the Austrian empire, cap- ital of Lower CarLnthia. It has a strong wall, and contains six churches and three convents. Here is a manufacture of cloth, and a considerable one of white lead. This town was taken by the French in 1797, and again in 1809, when they de- molished the fortifications. It stands on the riv- er Glan, which hWf into the Drave, 148 m. S. W. of Vienna. Pop. about 10,000. Clair, St.3. lake of North America, between the lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference. It receives the waters of the lakes Superior. Michi- gan, and Huron, and also of the River Thames, from Upper Canada, in the lat. of 42. 32. N. and discharges them, through the strait called Detroit, into the lake Erie. Clair, St. a county in the state of Illinois, the west side of which borders on the Mississippi Riv- er in the lat. of 38. 30. N. Pop. 7,09-;?. Belleville is the chief town. St. Clair is also the name of a township in Alleghany County, and of another in Bedford County, both in Pennsylvania. Clairae, or Clavrac, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne. Corn and to- bacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and brandy made here. It is seated in a valley, on the river Dort, 13 ra. N. W. of Agen. Pop. about 6,000. Claiborne, a county of the state of Mississippi, bounded on the south 'oy the Big Black, and north by the Yazoo Rivers, and on the west for about 2.5 miles by the Mississippi River, between the lat. of 32. and 33. north. It is about 8 milee C3-y in mean broudtli. Pop, 9,818. Port GiifOt lE m. N. W. by W. of .Monlicello, is the ch'i' *'■* , CLA 204 CLA Claihomf, is >lso t'"* nniiip of miotlior county, on the north frontier of Kast TennesKco. iiitorscct- cd in n N. K direction by Clinch, a ridge of llic Allctfliany Mountains; it is hounded on the south by Clinch River, and intersected on the N. W. l)y PoweM's River, whose united Rtre.inis, willi the Holston, form the Tenness4'C River. l*op. H.iTiK Tazewell, north of the Mountain Ridjre, and 'iJi Clamicy, a town of France, in the department of Nievre. Before the late revcdution, the chapel of an hospital in the suburb was the provision for the bishop of Bethlehem, who was fixed here in 1180, after the Christians had been driven from the Holy Land. Clamecv is seatt-d at the conflu- ence of the Beuvron with the Yonne, 'X> m. N. N. E. of Nevcrs. Pop. about .">,I?IM). CInphnm, a villagre in Surrey, an appendajre to the British metropolis, 4 m. S. of London Bridge. It is composed of a number of very neat houses, built round an extensive common, presenting a very rural, pirturesque, and interestintr scene. The houses are occupied cliietly an the private residences of the upper class of shopkeepers, in- cumbents of public otVices, and merchants of the metropolis. In proof of the a^reealileness of its situation, the popuKition, which in 1^(11 was 3,H(i'l, in I82I was 7,151. Clapton, Upper and Lower. Sec Kucknn/. Clara, Si. a small island of Peru, in the Bay of Guayaquil, 70 m. S. W. of Guayaquil. Long. 83. 20. W. lat. 2. 20. S. Clare, a town in Suffolk, Eu^. It is famous for the great men who have borne the title of earl and duke of it. Lionel, third son of Kdward 111. becoming posse3.scd of the honour of Clare, by marriage, was created duke of Chrenee ; and that title has ever since belonged to n branch of the royal family. Mere are tlie ruing of a castle; also of a priory, the house of which is n(»w occupied by a farmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare has a manufacture of baize, and is seated near the Stour, 1,') m. S. of Bury St. Kdmuiid, and U> N. E. of London. Pop. in 18-21, 1,487. Clare, a maritime county in the province of Munster, on the west coast of Ireland, bounded on the north by G.ilway Bay, and soulli by the Shannon. It contains a good deal of mountaiiuxts surface ; the valleys however arc very fertile ; and it breeds more horses than any other county in Ireland, beside a great nundier of cattle and sheep. Ennis, 113 m. W. by S. of Dublin, is the capital. Although it has 70 m. of sea-coast, it has no fre- quentea harbour, its principal outport being Lim- erick. For subdivision, population, &c. see fre- laTut. CInre, a parish and town on the north bank of the Shannon, in the preceding county. The par- ijih in 18'21 contained 3,019 inhlibitants. The town, at the head of a bay, in the Shannon, 3 m. S. of Ennis, contained !jO.'> of the above inhabitants. There is also another parish of the same name in the county of Galway, intersected by the river Clare, which falls into Lake Corrib, about .") miles north of the town of Galway. Population of this parish 3,146. Claremont, p t. Sullivan Co. N. 11. (♦? m. from Portsmouth ; 100 from Boston. The principal village is situated on Sugar River, a branch of the Connecticut. It is a flourishing town, with man- ufactures of woolen and paper. Pop. 2,.52t). Claredon, a village in Wiltshire, Eng. near Salisbury. Here was once n royal palace, in which the parliament was several times conven- ed ; the first time by Henry II. in 11U4, who en acted the laws called the constitutions of Claren- don, by which the power of the clergy was ro strained. Chiritza, a town of European Turkey, in Janna, at the mouth of the Fenco, in tile Gulf of Saloni ca, 2li m. E. of Larissa. Clnrk, or Clarke, the name of seven counties in differenl part.«i of the United States, aa follows, viz. with the number of inh.abitants in each, and the chief town ; — In Georgia 10,170 Walkinsville Alabama 7,584 Clarkesville Kentucky 13,0,52 Winchester Ohio 13,074 Springfield Indiana 10,719 Charlestown Illinois 3.040 Clark .Arkansas 1 ,3t)9 Clarke Clarkcsvilie, or ClarUsrille, the name of towns in N. Y., Pa., Va., Geo., Alab., Missouri, Ten., Ohio and Indiana. Cftirkeslioronfr/i, p.t. .Tackson Co. Geo. Clarlcslnirg, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 31>5. Also towns in Maryland, Va., Geo., Ken., and Ohio. Clarkson, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,251. Clarkstoicn,p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,298. CIntsops Fort, at the mouth of the Oregon River, in the Pacific Ocean, named after a tribe of Indians inhabiting the banks of that river. Claude, ,St. a town of France, in the department of Jura. It owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, which was secularized in 1742. The cathedral is extremely elegant ; and here are many public fountains with large basins. It is seated between three high mountains, on the river Lison. 35 m. N. W. of Geneva. Pop. about 3,700. There is another town of the same name in the depart- ment of Charente ; it is inconsiderable. Chiceraek, a town of New York, in Columbia county, seated in a large plain, near a creek of its name, 2 m. E. of Hudson. Pop. 3,038. Claro. a town of the island of Corsica, 8 m. E. S. E. of Ajaccio. CInusni. a town of Germany, in Tyrol, with a castle. The adjacent country jiroduces a fine red wine. It stands on the river Eisack, 8 m. S. W. of Bri.xen. Cluascn, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, 5 m. S. of Wittlick. ' Clausenburi;, or Colosvar, a town of Tran svlvania, where the states of the province genei ally assemble. On one of the gat<>s is an inscrip- tion in honour of Trajan. It suffered greatly by fire in 1798, at which period it contained aboiM. 13,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the Samo5,('l> m. N N. W. of Hermanstadt, and 225 E. S. E of Vienna. Long. 23. 20. E. lat. 4C.55. N. Clausthnl, a town of Lower Saxony, in the priTu:ipalitv of Grubenhagen, and immediately contiguous to Zellerfeld. Here is a mint foi coininc money ; and near it are some rich silver mines." It stands in the Hartz Mountains, 14 m. S. S. W. of Goslar, and 48 S. E. of Hanover. Pop. about 8,000. Clansz. a town of Germany, in the Traun quarter of Upper Austria, 17 m. S. W. of Steyn. Claii, or Cley, a village in Norfolk, Eng. seated on an arm of the sea, four miles N. N\ W. of Holt. It has some large salt-works, and is fre- quented for sea-bathing. Pop. in 1821, 742. Clai), an interior county in the S. E. part of CLE 205 CLl ( Kentucky, containliir; about 1,000 square miles of surface, thinly inhabited. Pop. 3,.54!t. The south fork of the Kentucky River has its source in this county. Manchester is the cliief town. Claydoti, there are five villages of this name in different parts of England, all inconsiderable. Clayton, there are eight townships and villages of this name in different parts of England, all inconsiderable. Clay'on, there are eight townships and villa- ges of this name in different parts of England, the most important of which is a township, con- tainino- 3,00!) inhabitants, in the parish of Brad- ford, "Yorkshire, which see. The others are unim- portant. Claysville, p.v. Washington Co. Pa. and Har- rison Co. Ken. Clayton, t. Perry Co. Ohio. ClautonvilU , p.v. Rodin Co. Geo. *," There are eight other villages in different parts of England beginning with Clay. Clear, Cape, the south point of a small island off the south extremity of Ireland, in the lat. of 51. 20. N. and 9. 37. W. long. It generally forms the point of departure, or commencement of the reckoning of vessels sailing out of St. George's Channel to the westward. Clearfield, an interior county, in the west part of Pennsylvania, in which the western bank of the Susquehanna and several creeks have their source. Pop. 4,803. The chief town of the same name is about 200 m. N. N. W. of Philadelphia. Clearfield, t. Butler Co. Pa. Clear Stream, r. N. H. a branch of the Andros- coggin. Cleguerce, a town of France, near the north frontier of the department of Morbihan, 11 m. N. W. of Pontivi. Pop. about 4,000. Clcobury, a town in Shropshire, Eng. seated on the river Rea, 23 m. S. S. E. of Shrewsburv, and 137 N. VV. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,002. Clerkemoell, one of the onl-parishes, forming an integral part of the British metropolis, lying on the north side. The inhabitants, in 1801, amounted to 23,300, and in 1821, to 32,105, about 5,000 of whom were employed as lapida- ries, working jewellers, and in all the various branches of the manufacture of clocks, watches, and time-keepers, which arc here made in greater perfection than in any other part of the world. In this district are two or three extensive dis- tilleries, serveral iron foundries, and various other manufactures, as also the works of the New Riv- er Company, which supply a great portion of the metroi>olis with water, conveyed by pipes into the several houses. Clerkenwell contains also a very elegant and spacious edifice, in which the sessions for the county of Middlesex are held ; two extensive prisons, one appropriated as a house ot' correcti(m for juvenile offenders, and the other, which has recently been much enlar- ged, to general purposes. It has a theatre for pantomime and aquatic exhibitions, called Sadler's Wells, and was formerly distinguished for an extensive establishment of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. This was destroyed by the rebels under Wat Tyler, in 1381, except the principal gate tower, whicli still remains en- tire, and forms one of the most interesting fea- tures of antiquity connected with the metropolis. It has two churches, but neither of them remark- able for their architocttire ; nor is the general asuect of this division of the metropolis in any way imposing to the eye ; but in the extent and value of its productions, it is entitled to rank among the most important. Clerke, or fiindt hies, two islands near the entrance of Behring's Strait, between the coasts of Kamtschatka and North America. They were seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in hon- our of captain Clerke, his second in command. They were both inhabited, and not unknown to the Russians. Long. lt;'J. 30. W., lat. 63. 15. N. Clermont, a city of France, capital of the de- fartment of Pay de Dome, and a bishop's see. t is seated on an eminence, and sometimes call- ed Clermont Ferrand, since the town Montfer rand, about a mile distant to the N. E., was uni- ted under the name of a suburb ; the cathedral, public squares, and walks, are very fine, but the streets are narrow, and the houses built of stone of a gloomy hue. In the neighbourhood are some mineral springs ; and that of the sub- urb St. AUyre, has formed a natural bridge over the brook into which it falls, so that carriages can pass over. Clermont is the birthplace of the celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures of rat- teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is 215 m. S. by E. of Paris, and 10 W. of Lyons. Pop. about 10,000. Clermont, a town of France, in the department of Meuse,on an eminence by the river Ayr, 12 m. W. by S. of Verdun^ Clermont, a town of France, in the department of Oise,on an eminence near the Bresche, 37 m. N. of Paris. Clcrin/tnt is also the name of several other inconsiderable towns in different parts of France. Clermont, a county in the state of Ohio, the south end of which is bounded by the Ohio Riv- er. It is about 30 miles from north to south, and from east to west. Pop. 20,4GG. Batavia is the chief town. Clermont, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,203. Clermont de Jjodr^e, a town of France, in the department of Herault, with manufactures of cloth and hats ; seated on an eminence near the Lo- guere, 80 m. S. S. E. of Lodeve, and 24 W. of Monlpelier. Pop. about 5,.500. C'lery, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, once famous for tlie pilgrimages to our lady of Clery. Here is the tomb of Louis XI., who appears in white marble as the saint and the patriot king. It is 9 m. S. S. W. of Orleans. ClneUind, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the junction of the Ohio canal with the waters of the lake. Pop. 1,070. Cleres, a duchy of Westphalia, bordering on the S. E. part of Holland, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, varie- gated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villa- ges, and the chief rivers are the Rhine, Lippe, and Roer. The capital is Wesel. Clcces, a city of Germany, and the capital of the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on the eas- tern side of three hills, two miles west of the Rhine ; and has a castle, built in the time of Ju- lius Cajsar. It is 70 m. N. N. W. of Cologne, anil about the same distance E. by S. of Rotter- dam. Pop. about 5,000. Cleves, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. Cliff, a Saxon word implying a rock or high ground. There are six villages in different parts of England so named, probably from their situa- tion (in a relative sen.se) on high ground. Thers CLO 906 CLU are three oUicra iianied Clifford, in reference to their contiguity to a f()rdable stream ; and 2^2 na- med r/i/con, inipU'ing towns on a clill", or high ground. None of these demand any particular notice, except Clifton contiguous to Bristol, to which city it forms a beautitu] and interesting ap- pendage ; as its name implies, it is built on an em- inence, at the fool of which, on the north bank of the Lower Avon, is a hot well, that contrib- utes greatly to its advantage, liy the numerous visitors who seek to avail themselves of the ben- efits of its restorative properties. The buildings of Clifton are in general elegant and commodious, and from their elevated site command e.xtimsive and beautiful prospects. The population, which in 1?01 wasonly •l,'lo7,in 1621 amounted to 8,811. See firistol. Clifford, t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. Clinch, a river of Tennessee, flowing into the Tennessee river. Clinton, a county at the N. E. extremity of the state of New York. It is bounded on the eastfcr about 3r> m. by Lake Champlain, ^vluch divides it from Vermont, and on the north, for about 152 miles, by the conventional line that separates the United States from liOwer Canada. Pop. 19,.3-1-l. Plattsburg is the chief town. Clinton, an interior county in the S. W. part of the stale of Ohio, in which one of the branch- es of the Little Miami Jliver has its source. Pop. 11,292. Wilmington, in the centre of the county, is the chief town. Clinton, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,125. Clinton, a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. 1) m. S. W. of Utica. Hamilton College at this place was founded in 1812. It has 7 instructers and 77 students. The libraries have (>,000 volumes. There are 3 vacations in January, May and August of 13 weeks. Commencement is in Au- gust. Clinton, is also the name of 7 other towns in N. C, Geo., Ten., Ohio and Indiana. Clilhcro, a borough town in Lancashire, Eng. seated on the east bank of the river Ribbie, at the foot of Pendle Hill, on the confines of York- shire. It is a place of some antiquity, liaving the ruins of a castle built by the Lacys, in 1178; but was comparatively insignificant, until the early part of the present century, at which period the cotton niauufactun^ was introduced. Tile population which in 1-st important, viz. : — ClonakiUij, a town of the county of Cork, Ire- land, seated at the head of a bay on St. George's Channel. The principal part of the town is formed of a spacious square. Pop. in 1821, 4,033. It is 20 m. VV. S. W. of Cork. ClonfS, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, Gl ni. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,2,240. The parish of Clones extends into Fermanagh county, and contains an aggregate population of 15,302, including two other towns, viz. Royslea and Sinithsborough, containing about 2.50 persons each. donfcrt, a bishop's see, on the eastern confines of the county of Galway, Ireland. It is a miser- able place, containing only 31 houses, 30 miles east of Galway, and 70 west of Dublin. There is a parish of the same name, in the county of Cork, containing 12,324 inhab. Clonmell, a town partly in the county of Tip- ferary and partly in that of VVaterford, Ireland, t is seated on the banks of the river Suir, over which is a bridge of 20 arches, 22 m. 'W. N. W. of the city of Waterford and82S. W. of Dublin. It is the assize town for the county of Tipperary, and returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom; and has considerable manu- factures of woolens, a lunatic and orphan asy- lum, several schools, and other publick buildings, It was the birth place of Sterne. Pop. in 1821, 15,890. Clonmines, a small village at the head of Ban- now Bay, 16 m. W. N. W of 'Wexford. Clontarf, a town on the north shore of Dublin Bay, two miles east of the city of Dublin. It has several neat residences in its vicinity, and is memorable in Irish history, for the last battle fought between the native Irish and the Danes, in 1015, which led to the expulsion of the latter from Ireland. Pop. 1,430. Clopptnhurg, a town of "Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 32 m. N. E. of Lingen Clostrr A'cuhurg, a town of Austria, with an Augustine convent of regular canons. It has a yard for ship-building, and is seated on the "Danube, 7 in. N. N. W^ of Vienna. Clostcr Seven, or Klostcr Zerc-n, a town of the duciiy of Bremen, memorable for a convention entered into between the duke of Cumberland, and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the French armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Han- overians laid down their arms and were dispersed. It is 10 m. S. of Stade. Cloud, St. a town of France, in the vicinity of Paris celebrated for its palace, which was the favourite residence of Napoleon. Clovalbj, a village in Devonshire, Eng. three m. E. N. E. of Hartland. It is built on the side of a steep rock, to which the houses seem fixed like pigeon-huts; and it has a good pier on the west shore of Barnstable Bay. Pop. 941. Cioyc, or Chis, town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and Loire, 5 m. S. W. of Chateau- dun. Cloifrn, a town of Ireland, on the east shore of Cork liarbour, in the County of Cork, and a bish- op's see, 10 m. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1821, 1,847. Clundert, a town and fortress of South Hol- land, near an arm of the sea, called Hollands Diep. In 1793, it was taken by the French, who were obliged to evacuate it soon after; but it surrendered to them in 1795. It is 9 m. S. E. of Williamstadt. Clmiy, a town of France, in the department of Saone .and Loire, with a late famous Benedictine COB 307 coc abbey, sealed on tlie Crosne, 13 m. N. W. of Macon. Cluscs, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny , seated on the Arve, 22 m. S. E. of Geneva. Clwyd, a river of Wales, which rises in the middle of Denbighshire, runs N. through a fertile valley of the same name, and having entered Flintshire flows into the Irish Sea, 6 miles below St. Asaph. Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises in the south part of Lanarkshire, passes by Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and Port Glasgow to Greenock, where it enters an arm of the sea, called the Frith of Clyde. This river runs, for several miles, between high rocks, and in its course forms several cataracts : is de- servedlj' celebrated for its romantic and diversified scenery, and has several extensive cotton, and other works on its banks. At Glasgow it becomes navigable ; and G miles below that city it is joined by the Great Canal from the Forth. Clyde, Frith of, an inlet of the sea, between the coast of Ayrshire, and the Isle of Arran, which opens into the north channel, between the N. E. end of Ireland and Scotljfnd. Chjlltness, a cape of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the county of Caithness. Long. 0. 33. E. lat. 58. 16. N. Coango, a tributary stream of the great river Congo, in South Africa. It rises in Matamba, and runs a course nearly due north, falling into the Congo, about 100 m. above the Cataracts. It is supposed by some to be the main branch of the Congo. Coanzo, a river of Africa, which rises in the interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba and Angola, and enters the Atlantic in lat. 9.20.S. Coast Castle, Cape, the principal settlement of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a strong citadel. The Portuguese first formed an establishment here in IGIO ; but were soon after dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn, sur- rendered it to the English, in 1601. At the pre- sent period it appears increasing in commercial importance. It is in the lat. of 57. N. and 152. of W. long. Cobbc, the capital of the territory of Darfur, in Zahara, North Africa, situate on the borders of Nubia, 1.50 m. W. S. W. of Sennar, and 500 S. E. of Mathan. Long. 28. 8. E. lat. 14. 11. N. Cobbesseconte, r. a branch of the Kennebec, which runs into that river at Gardiner, Me. CuWiam, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river Mole, 7 m. S. W. of Kingston, ft has several handsome villas, two medicinal springs, and a manufacture of iron and copper. Pop. in 1821, 1,340. Cobi, called by the Chinese Shamo, a vast des- ert of Asia, e.xtending from the 75th to the 110th desrree of E. long, and lying between the 35tli and 23th of N. lat. The western part of this vast district borders on Bochara, and the S. W. on Thibet. The Chinese province of Kan-suk (which sec) projects into this desert, and the N. E. part stretches toward the frontiers of Asiatic Russia; but its limits are on every side too imper- fectly defined to admit of any precise description. See, however, as well as Kan-suh, Kara-Kum and Shing'King. Cobija, a town of Peru, on the coast of the des- ert of Atacama with a good harbour for vessels carrying the metals from the neighbouring mines. It is 250 miles south of Arica. Long. 34. 44. W. lat 22 90 S. Coblenlz, a strong city of Germany, in the cir cle of Lower Rhine, situate at the conflux of the Rhine and the Moselle ; with a bridge of boats over the former, and a stone-bridge over the latter. In the time of the Romans it was the station of the first legion by whom it was called Conflucntcs ; and after them, the residence of the successors of Charlemagne; and at a later period, it was the capital of the grand duchy of Treves. It contains three large churches two of which are collegiate, a college, eight convents, &c. It is memorable for having been the chief rendezvous of the French emigrant princes at the commencement of the revolution. It was taken by the French in 1794, who retained it until the peace of 1814, when it was assigned to Prussia. It transmits large quan- tities of excellent wine, timber, and iron, by the Rhine, into Holland. Iti3285m.W. S.W.of Ber- lin, 420 W.N. W. of Vienna, and 260 E. S. E. of Paris. Long. 7. 32. £. lat. 50.24. N. Pop. about 11,000. Coblentz,a town of Switzerland, in the district of Bayden, at the conflux of the Aar and the Rhine. It is 10 m. N. N. W. of Baden. CobleskUl, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,988. Cobre, El, a town of the island of Cuba, 10 ra. W. of St. Jago. Coburg, Saze, a principality, at the S. W. ex- tremity of the circle of Upper Saxony, projecting into the circle of Franconia. It is one of the petty states of the Germanic confederacy. Its area is about 400 square miles ; the population in 1824 was 80,012 ; its quota of soldiery for support of the confederacy being 800 men, and its total rev- enue equal to about £50,000. It emerged some- what from obscurity in 1816, by the alliance of its prince, to the Princess Charlotte of England. It is a tolerably fertile district, intersected by the river Itsch, which runs from north to south into the Mayne, and contains, besides several villages, the towns of Hilburghansen, Eisfeld, Sonneberg, Schalkaw, Neustadt, Heldburg, Umerstadt, and Coburg; and Konigsberg, with several villages insulated in the bishopric of Wurzburg. Coburg, the capital of the preceding principali- ty, is seated on the banks of the Itsch, 95 m. S. S W. of Leipzig, and has a college, a fort, and a castle. Here are manufactures of porcelain, and of petrified wood, with which the country abounds, and it carries on some trade in wool. The govern- ment oflices and town house form part of the sides of a spacious square. Pop. about 7,000. Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a strong castle for state prisoners ; seated among mountains, on the river Eresma, 22 m. N. W. of via. Cochabamba, a district of South America, lying between the 62nd and 68th degrees of W. long, and the 16th and 19th of S. lat. and forming apart of the Republic of Bolivia. It is watered by several streams, all running from south to north, uniting on the northern frontier, to form the river Mainore, running through the government of Moxos and Brazil, where after the union of the Guapare, it is called the Madeira, falling into tne Amazon. Cochabamba is an exceedingly fertile district ; and tlie inhabitants, about 70,000 in num- ber, seem to perfer the pursuits of agriculture, rather than of mining. The chief town of the same name is situate on the western confines of the province, in the lat. of 18. S. and about 200 miles east of Arica. Corheco.r. N.H. a branch of the Salmon Fall coc 208 COG Mosell luthtim, tt l-wn . fiT. N. The fort surrendered to the Dutch in ICita, who, by their toleration of all religious pre- tensions, occasioned it to increase greatly in popu- lation. The natives of the province successfully resisted the Mahometan arms up to the period of 177fi, when Hyder Alii, rendered them tributary ; and the exaction being enforced with increased vi"our under Tippoo Sail), in 17'.ll, tlie rajah soui'ht the protection of the Knglish ; to whom the ''Dutch fort surrendered in 17',ir> and thereby the whole territory became subservient to the Ku'Hish. The fort is I'Jd m. S. by E. of Calicut. iuchin China, a maritime kingdom of Asia, ex- tendino- from Cape Varela-falsa, in the lat. of 12. 5">. N.I0 Sinboo Bay, in the lat. of Hi. N. ; it is bounded on the west by a high mountain ridge, runnino- parallel with the coast its whole extent, at the Sistance of GO to 70 miles; this mountain ridge divides Cochin China from a vast desert, lying between the mountains and the great river Cainbodia. The aborigines of Cochin China are called Moys, and reside chiefly on the western declivities of the mountains. To these strong^ holds they were driven, about the beginning of the 15th century, by the present possessors of the country. The aborigines are a savage people, and in 'features resemble the Caft'res. The present inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived from the same stock as the Chinese ; their re- ligion is also the same, and most of their manners and customs. They are a courteous, affable, in- offensive race, rather inclined to indolence. The women are by far the most active sex, and mer- chants often employ them as their factors and brokers. The cities and towns have gates at the end of each street, which are shut every night. The houses are mostly of bamboo, ctivercd with rushes or the straw of rice, and stand in groves of oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. Here is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yains, sweet po- tatoes, pumpkins, and melons; also ivory, musk, honey, and silk, and the edible birds'-nests. The climate is healthy, the summer heat being tem- lered by regular breezes from the sea. In Septem- .jer, October, and November is the rainy season, when the low lands are suddenly overrfowed by torrents of water from the mountains; the inun- dations happen generally once a fortnight, and continue three or four days. In the three follow- ing months there are frequent rains, brought by cold northerly winds, which distinguish this country with a winti'r different from any other in the east. The inundations render the land fruit- ful, many parts producing three crops of grain in the year. Gold is taken almost pure from the t mines, and there are rich silver mines. 1 ha country is intersected by rivers, which are well calculated for promoting inland commerce, yet not lar"e enough to admit vessels of great burden ; burthere are commodious harbours on the coast, particularly that of Turon, in the lat. of 10. 5. N. The vanity of the Chinese induces them to con- sider Ci'diin as a tributary iirovince of their em- pire ; but if any acknowledgment is made, it is merely nominal. The Cochin Chinese are the most brave and efficient of the eastern nations ; they have hitherto held very little inteicimi^c with Europeans, but carrv on an extensive traftic with China and various parts of the eastern seas. CnchransriUt, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. Corke, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on the S. E. by a ridge of the Apalachian Mountains, called the Smoky Mountains, which divide it from North Carolina. It is intersected by the Big Pigeon and Krench Broad Kivers, which unite their streams towards the N. W. boundary of the county. Pop. 0,04H. Newport is the chief town. Cocker, a river which rises in the south of Cum- berland, Eng. flows through the lakes of Biitter- iiiere, Cromack-water, and Lowes-water, and joins the Derwent, below Cockermouth. Cockcrmouth, a borough in Cumberland, Eng. It stands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which is a handsome church, and on the other the re- mains of a stately castle. It has manufactures of shalloons, coarse linen and woolen cloths, leather, and hats. It returns two members to parliament, and is 30 m. S. W. of Carlisle, and 300 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,3,770. Coconalo, a town of Piedmont, the birth place of Columbus, as some affirm, 20 m. east of Turin. Cod, Cape, is the northern extremity of a penin- sula, more than 120 miles in extent, and 10 to 15 in mean breadth, forming part of thesUte of Mos- sachusetts. Cape Cod and the main land form a very spacious bay, about 50 miles each way ; and Cape Cod and Cape Ann are the south and west points which form the open bay called Massachu- setts Bay, leading to the harbour of Boston : the outer side of the jieiiinsula forming Cape Cod is flanked by shoals, which render the navigation thereabouts dangerous. A light-house, on the Cape Point, is in lat. 42. 3. N. and 70. G. W. long. Codosnn, a town of Italy, in the Lodesan, duchy of Milan, near the confluence of the Adda with the Po, 12 111. S. S. E. of Lodi. CodomviU, a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe tore, seated near the Cavery, a little above the in flux of the Noyeler, 23 m. S. E. of Bhawaniku dal. Codorus, a township in York Co. Pa. Cocsfild, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- pality of Munster, near the source of the Burkel, 16 m". west of Munster. „., ,, , ., Cor.rorden. a fortified town of Holland, on tlm confines of Drenthe, Westphalia, and Overyssel, and one of the strongest places in the whole couiv- try. It stands in a morass, on the river Aa Si in S. by E. of Groningen. It is the capital of Drenthe. „ . i^t tt 1 Coeumans, a town in Albany County, New York, on the west bank of the Hudson River, 14 m. S of Albany. Pop. 2,723. Coffresrille, p.v. Clark Co. Alab. Cos'Tishall, a town in Essex, Eng with a man ufacture of baize ; seated on the north bank ol the river Blackwater. seven miles west of Colchester, and 44 E N. E. of London. Pop. in lr;21, 2,890; roi 20!) COL and a village of tlie same nanio, nu llie iipposite side of tlie river, contains 3Gv! iiilialjitants more. Cosnae, a town of France, in the deparlnicnt of Cliarente, with a castle, where Francis 1. was horn. It i:; celebrated for excellent brandy, and seated on the Charente, 17 m. west of Angoulenic, and 40 east by south of Roehefort. Coiritc, a town of Piedmont, in a valley, and en a river of the same name. The mountains which surround it arc rich in mines of iron and copper. It is sLt miles south of .'Vosla. Cogni, or Konk/ij a city of Turkey, capital of Caramania, and the see of a Greek archbishop. The walls have 108 square towers at 40 paces dis- tance from each other; and it has two large suburbs, 'nlo one of which the caravans and strangers re- tire. It has upwards of 100 mosques, and though much declined of late j'ears, it is still a ])lacc of great trade, and sealed on the east side of a ridge of lofly mountains, in a country abounding in corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle, 280 m.S. E. of Con- stantinople, and about the same distance due cast of Smyrna. CoUassct, a town on the south coast ofMas.sa- chusctts Bay, just without the entrance to Boston harbour, 25m. S. W. of Boston. Cohasset has a tolerably good harbour ; but a ledge of rocks at its entrance renders its ajiproach dangerous. Pop. 1,227. Cohocs Falls, a village eight miles due north of Albany, in New York ; it is seated on the banks of the Mohawk River, over which is a bridge, about a mile iind a half above its entrance into tlie Hudson ; about three-quarters of amile higher up, the Mohawk, being about 3-50 yards wide, pours down its waters over a precipice in an unbroken sheet, a height of 70 feet perpendicular and next to Niagara, forms tlie grandest cascade in the state of New York. Coimhctorc, a province of the peninsula of Ilin- doostan, lying south of Mysore, to which it was lately subject, but ceded to the English on the final defeat ofTippoo in 170!l. It is 110 miles long and 70 broad ; and is divided by the river Noyelar into two districts. North and South, of whicli Bhawanikudal and Daraporani are the chief towns. C'o;n, Harwich, Ip- swich, Yarmouth and Norwieli. It is divided into ]l» parishes, and has as many churches ; but four of them are not used, and only tliree are entitled to notice for their architecture. It has three bridges over the Colne, a spacious market place, town hall, corn exchange and a theatre. It has also an liosjiital, free grammar schools, water works, two puldic libraries, a botanical and phi- losophical institution, and several dissenting meet- ing houses. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, town clerk, \2 aldermen, 18 assistants, and Iri common-oouncilmen ; and returns two members to parliament, the right of election being vested in tlie corporation and free burgesses not receiving alms. Its markets are on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Pop. in I.■^•21, 14,01U. It is 51 m. E. N. E. from London, 21 W. by S. of Har- wich, and the same distance S. S. W, of Ipswich. Colcluslrr, a town of Vermont, in Chittenden Countv, on a Bay of Lake Champlain,at the in- flux ol' the Onion, (J m. N. by E. of Burlington. Pop. 1,489. Cnhhester, a town of Connecticut, in New Lon- don County, :20 m. N. W. of New London. Pop. 2,083. Cvlrhtstcr, a township in Delaware County, New York, 01 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 1,424. Colchester, a town of Virginia, in Fairfax, County, on Ocquoquam Creek, three miles from its conflux with the Potomac, and 10 S. W. of Alexandria. Colding, or Kolding, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, formerly the residence of many Danish kings, who adorned it with several edifices. The harbour is choked up, and its commerce nearly anuihihited. It is seated on the Thueths, near its entrance into a bay of tlie Little Belt, iiO m. E. N. E. of Ripen. Col dim; ham, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick, ancientlv noted for a nunnery, re- built by Edgar, king of Scotland, in lOil.S, Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her charity, gave name to the neighbouring promon- tory called St. Abb's Head. It is 'J m. N. N. \V. of Berwick. Pop. about 1,000. Cold Itieer, r. N. H. joins the Connecticut at Wulpole. Calditz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with inanulactures of linen and stuff's, seated on the Mulda, 22 m. S. E. of Leipzig. Cohhirraiii, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick. Here general Monk first raised the Coldstream regiment of guards, w'ith which he marched into England to restore Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge, 13 m. S. 'W. of Berwick. Coleagara, a town of Ilindooslan, in the prov- ince of Coimbetiire. It has two large temples, and is a consi. I. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,877. Cvlcraiv, a town of the state of Georgia, in Camden County. A treaty was concluded here, in 17',1(!, between the United States and the Creek Indians. It is seated on St. Mary River, 35 miles VV. by N. of the port of St. Mary, and 14 S. by E. of'Louisville. Coleraine is also the name of a town in Hamil- ton County, Ohio, on the east bank of the Miami River, about 15 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 10 north of Cincinnati. ,*, There are G other towns of this name in the United States ; namely in Pa. , N. C. and Ohio. Coleshill, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. seated on a hill, by the river Cole, 10 m. E. of Birming- ham, and 105 N. W. of London, on the mail line of road to Liverpool. The church is an el- egant structure. Pop. in 1821 . 1 ,700. Colcsrille, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387. Also towns in Maryland and Va. Colford. a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. five miles E. S. E. of Monmouth, and 124 W. by N. of London. It has several iron forges in its vicinity. Colin. See Kolin. Colima, a tow'n of Mexico, in the intendencia of Guadalaxara, on the frontiers of Valladolid ; it is seated at the foot of a volcanic mountain, about 300 miles due west of the city of Mexico, under the banks of a small river, about 30 miles above its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 18. 40. N. The intervening country be- tween the town and the sea is very fertile. Pop. of the town about 2,500. Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the He- brides, to the W. N. W. of Mull, 13 miles long and throe broad. The greatest part is covered with heath, and abounds with rabliits ; and many black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a strong square-built structure, and still in tolera- ble repair. Total pop. in 1821, 1,204. Collolivas, a district of Peru, lying between Lake Titicaca, and the Pacific Ocean. It is a very mountainous district; the Andes here diverging into several ridges, among which the Apurimac and other streams, forming the head waters of the noble river Amazon, have their source. Caillo- ma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S. is the caj)ital. Colle, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the river Elza, 10 m. N. N. V^ . of Sienna. There are five otlier towns of the same name in differ- ent parts of Italy all inconsiderable COL 211 COL Colleda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- gia, on the Unstrut, 11) m. N. by W. of Weimar. Colleton, a maritime district of South Carohna, south of Charleston ; it is intersected by the Edisto River, and is fertile in rice and cotton. Pop, 27,256. ColUoure, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, witli a castle. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the ne.\t year. It has a small port on the Mediterranean, IG m. S. S. E. of Perpignan. Collinsville, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. C'ollon, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth County, with a stocking manufactory, and an ex- tensive bleach field, 2J m. from Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,347. Collumpton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a considerable trade in woolen cloth. It is seat- ed on the river Culm, 12 m. N. N. E. of E.\eter, and 160 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,410. Colmar, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111 ; and has various manufactures, 42 m. S. by W. of Strasburg. Pop. about 15,000. Colmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Ilolstein, 5 m. S . E. of Gluckstadt. Colmars, a town of France, in the department of Lower Alps, 20 m. E. N. E. of Digne. Colmitz, a town of Austria, 4 m. S. S. W. of Drossendorf Coin, a river of England which rises near Clare, in Suftblk, passes by Halstead and Col- chester in Esse.\, and afler a course of about 40 miles enters the German Ocean, at the east end of Mersey Island. In the inlets and pools at the mouth of this river are bred the famous Colches- ter oysters. There are several small rivers of the same name in England. Colnbrooh, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. seated on the river Coin, which falls into the Thames, 17 m. W. of London, on the road to Bath. Pop. in 1821,2,817. Colne, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is a place of great antiquity, having been selected for a Roman station, by Agricula. It is situate near the border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. It formerly par- ticipated in the woolen manufacture, which, witli- in the present century has given way to the more profitable pursuit of the cotton manufacture, in which branch, in 1821, there were seven large establishments for spinning and weaving, and twelve others for weaving only. The vicinity abounds in coals and slate. The population, wliicliin 1800 was only 3,630, in 1821 had in- creased to 7,274. It is 21 miles N. by E. of Manchester. Culocijlhia, a town of Independent Greece,in the Morea, on the west side of a bay to which it gives name, i56 miles S. of Misitra. Long. 22. 24. E., lat. 36. 38. N. Colocza, or Kalotshn, a town of Hungary, on the east bank of the Danube, and an arch-bishop's see, 57 m. S. of Buda. Cologna, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 26 m. W. by S. of Padua. Pop. about 6,000. Cologne, a late archbisliopric and electorate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine ; bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves and Gelderland ; on the south by the archbishopric of Treves, and from the south, in a N. N. W. direc- tion, for about 00 miles, i)y the Rhine, which divide.s it on the east from the duchy rjf Berg and on the west it is divided by a very irregular boundary from tlie duchy of juiiers. It ifi not more tlian about 15 miles in mean breadth, and contains a good deal of forest, some mines of coal and iron, and parts of it are fertile in corn, wine, and fla.\. Pop. about 220,000: it held a distinguished rank in the Germanic confederacy as early as the fourth century, and at the general Partition in 1814, it was transferred to Prussia. besides the city of Cologne, the other principal towns are Kemper, Luune, Nuys, Brul, Mecken- heim, Bonn, &c. Cologne, the chief town of the preceding ter- ritory, and one of the most ancient and celebrated cities of Europe, is seated on the west bank of the Rhine, in the lat. of 50. 55. N. and 6. 55. of \V. long. 295 miles W. S. W. of BerUn, and 105 E. of Brussels. Antecedent to the ascendancy of the Romans over western Europe, the site of Cologne is supposed to have been the capital of a tribe called the Ubii ; and at a subsequent period, to have given birth to Agrippina, the mother of Nero ; in reference to whom the Romans named it Colonia Jigripplrila. It joined the Manseatic League at an early period of its formation ; and in the 13th century ranked high as a commercial city. After that period its commercial activity yielded to the influence of priestcraft and in dolence — persecution followed ; in 1485 the Jews, and in 1018 the Protestants, were expelled the city; so that in 1794, when the French took pos- session of it, the ecclesiastics amounted to about 2,000 ; and besides the university, founded in 1388, nine collegiate churches, two abbeys, and an archiepiscopal seminary, it contained no less than 120 other monastic and religious establishments. The walls of the city are about seven miles in circumference ; but a considerable portion of the area is now converted into gardens and vineyards ; and although the perspective of the city on all sides is very imposing, on inspection it proves to be low and ill built. The town-hall, cathedral, and some of the churches are, however, stately and fine edifices. Cologne is connected with Duytz, on the opposite bank of the river, by a bridge of boats ; and contains within itself lilmost every brancii of manufacture for domestic use ; it still carries on some traffic up and down the Rhine, from the waters of which it is liable to in- undation. The city was transferred with the ter- ritory of Cologne, to Prussia in 1814. Pop. about 40,000. It was the birth-place of Rubens. Colombe, St., the name of about 20 towns in different parts of France, all inconsiderable. Colombcij mix Belles Femmes, a town of France, in the department of the Meurthe,and chief place of a canton in the district of Veselize, 15 m. S. W. of Nancy. Colonwia, Republic of, an extensive territory, forming the whole northern part of the southern division of the western hemisphere commonly called South America, and includes what, pro- vious to 1811, constituted the vice-royalty of A'cio Granada, and the captain-generalship of Caracas or Vcneznela. In its extreme length from N. to S. Colombia extends from the shores of the Carribean Sea, in the lat. of 12. 30. N. to the Tunguragua, the main western branch of the great river Ama- zon, in the lat. of 5. S. and longitudinally from 59. to 83. W. From the 59th to the 68th of W. long, however, it extends only to 3. of N. lat. and its mean long, on the western side, or side of thtJ Pacific Ocean, will note.xceed the line of 7t). W.; these limits will give an aggregate extent of flur COL COL fact' nf about 1 ,3110,000 square miles, or a.i aroa 1-1 tiini'8 tlie extoiil of (Jreat Itrilain ; but cvrr tliis wide domain the luinian inlialiilanU are supposed not to exceed 3,000,000. In its north-western c.x- Irrniilv, it includes the Kuhuni.i of Panama, with several spacious and comtnodiou^ harbours. On !t3 eastern extremity it \a liourulril by llie Ksse- quibo River, wliich divitles it from Frencli Cuj-ana and the English and Dutch Betllemenls of Deme- rara, Berbice, and Surinam ; irom tlie r>nth to the r>r)tli deg. of \V. I'lnj;., it is liouiided on the anutli by a mounUtin riilw, v.hicli divides it from i'or- tuwuese Guyana, the most northern part of Brazil ; whilst the Tunjjura^ua, or. as it is afterwards called, the Maranon River, ilivides it from Peru ; Ihe whole of its westera boundaries beini; wa jibed by the Pacific Or.-^an, and its northern hy the Carribean Sea, and the N. !•" by the Atlantic Ocean. The earlier history of this Ij-rritory will be found more particularly aaniards and the natives, with alternate success. It w.^s on the 1 7th of Dec. L'^IO, that the two territories of New (irana- da and Vinezuela became united under the title of the Republic of Colombia, and a popular rrprc- senLative government divide m. from N. to S. .and 20 from W. to K. Pop. 39,9.52. It is divided into 14 townships. It yields some iron at Ancram in the S. E. part of ifie county. The city of Hudson (tohich sec) on the east bank of the noble river of that name, is the chief place in the county. Colum'jia, a town oft>.j district of Maine, in Washington County, Hituate on Pleasant llivcr, near the Atlantic, 15 m. W. S. W. of Machias. Pop. 003. Columbia, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connecti- cut. Pop. 442. Columbia, a county in the state of Georgia, bounded on the E. by the Savannah River, which divides it from Edgefield County, South Carolina. It is nearly a square of about 2-") m. each way ; be- ing on the verge of the upland district. It is a healthy, agreeable, and fruitful county. Pop. 12,000. Columbia, a city of South Carolina, capital of Kershaw County, and the seat of government of the state ; is situate on the Congaree, just below the conflux of the Saluda and Broad rivers, 110 in. N. N. W. of Charleston, 170 S. W. of Raleigh, and 507 S. W. by S. of Washington. Long. 81. 10. W., lat. 33. 58. N. The College of SouUi Car- olina at this place was founded in 1801. It has 9 instructors and 111 students, with a library of 7,000 vols. It has one vacation in July, August, and September. Columbia, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancas- ter County, situate on the Susquehannah, at Wricht's Ferry, 12 m. W. of Lancaster, and 70 W. by N. of Philadelphia. Columbia, is also the name of a township in Herkimer County, New York, and of a town in St. Lawrence County, in the same state, 227 m. N.W. of Albany. Pop. 2,181. '^* There are 7 other towns called Columbia in the U. S. Columbia Wxcr. See Oregon. CWumAjuna, a county of the State ofOliio. It is a square of about 35 m. each way ; the S. E. corner jets upon the Ohio River at the point where it divides the state of Ohio from that of Virginia, the east side being bounded by Bea- ver Countv, in the state of Pennsylvania. It is intersected'froiathe N. W. by Little Beaver Riv- er, which falls into the Ohio at the point of union with Beaver County. The fertility and local ad- vantages of tliis county may be inferred from the increase of population since 1810, when it was 10,870, and in 1830, :3o,.508. There is a town of the same name in the north part of the county ; but the chief town is New Lisbon, on the north bank of Little Beaver River, in the centre of the county, 185 m. E. N. E. of Columbus. ColumbiuvUle, a inllage of Columbia Co. N. Y. on the Kinderhook Creek on the East bank of the Hudson just above the city of Hudson. Here are 11 manufactures, producing yearly 10,240,000 yards of calico, besides carpeting and flannels. Cnlumbo, the maritime capital of Ceylon. In 1805, its site was the residence of a powerful na- tive chief, on whose territory the Portuguese first settled in 1517, and founded the present town in ](>:38; the Portuguese in 1G53, were expelled by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the Eng- lish in 1790. The fort, upwards of a mile in cir- cumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsu- la, and is strong both by nature and art. The town is built more in the European style than any other garrison in India, and nearly divided into f lur equal quarters by two principal streets, to which smaller ones run parallel, with connecting lanes between them. The natives, who are very numerous, live in the old town, without the walls of the new, as in most of the maritime cities of the east. Its inhabitants comprise some of all nations, ami the aggregate population is very considerable. Here- is a school tor the prop:igalion of the Chris- COM 214 COM tian rfligioii, aiifi a botanical garden. Columbo IS the chief place for the staple trade of the island. The articles exported are cinnamon, pepper, ar- rack, and coya rope, or cordage; al.so eucoa-mits and oil, wax, honey, cardanions, coral, ivory, fruit, ficc. Colunibo is situate in a rich district on the west coast, towards the south part of the island. I,nns. 7!l. 4!). E. lat.7. 4. N. Columlms, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,744. Cnttnnbtis, a small county in the S. K. part of North Carolina, in the swampy district, through which runs the line diviiling North from South Carolina. Pop. 4,141. Whitesville is thi- capital. Culumhiis, the chief to. vn of Franklin County, Ohio, and seat of government of the state. It is pleasantly situate on a geiilli' eminence, on the E. bank of the Scioio River, just below tlie junc- tion of the Whetstone. 43 miles above, or N. of Chillicothe, and 418 W. by N. of Washington. A lateral canal extends from this place to the grand Canal of Oiiio Pop. '-i,4;i7. •-* There are U other towns called Columbus in the U. S. Colummi, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, and an archbishop's see, situate on the S. E. frontier ot the province, at the eonlluenee of the Moskwa with the Oka Kiver, 50 m. S. E. of Moscow. Cnhjlmi, a town of Devonshire, Eng. seated on the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax, 17 m. E. of Exeter, and 171 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 182.5,1,1)45. Com, or A'om,a town of Persia, in Irac Agcnii, with several beautiful mo-sipies, and some grand sepulchres, especially those of Soli 1. and Abbas 11. The trade is considerable; and the chief articles are fruit, both fresh and dry, the best soap in Per- sia, excellent sword blades, white porcelain, silks, and velvets. It is seated near the foot of a moun- tain, and on the banks of a river, in n fine plain, 110 m. N. N. E. of Ispahan. CiniKichio, a town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, seated in a lake of the same name, lying between two mouths of the river Po, 27 miles E. S. E. of Kerrara. Cnmana. See Cumana. Comhc Martin, a town in Devonshire, I'^ng. It is seated on an inlet of the Bristol Ciiannel, sur- rounded by mines of iron and lead, the produce from which is sliipped for Wales and Bristol . It is six miles E. of Ilfracomb, and 202 W. of London. Pop. in 1H21, 1,023. Vomhounr, a town of Trance, in the department of Illc and Vilaine, 25 m. S. S. E. of St Malo : it was the birth place of Chateaubriand. Ctnnhiconinn, a town of Hindoostan, situate on the banks of the Cavery River, about 20 miles above its entrance into the sea. it was the cap- ital of the most ancient of the Hindoo dynasties ; it is now inconsiderable, but several ruins still remain to attest its former greatness. It is about 15 ni. N. by E. of Tanjore. Comrrcolhj, a town of Bengal, near the south bank of the main branch of the Ganges, and about 100 m. N. by E. of Calcutta; it is one of the sta- tions or factories of the English East India Com- pany, for collecting of silk and cotton manufac- tures. Comilla, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, and chief place of the country ofTibera. It is seated on a river that flows west into the Burampooter, 5Sm. E. S. E. of Dacca, and l.<> E. N. E. of Calcutta. ComuunilOjOT CV/H/;j'f/(;, a kingdom ol Guinea, on the Gold coast, formerly a part of the kingdom of Fetu. The natives are of a warlike disposition, and so numerous, that the king is said to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital, where the king resides, is called Grand Commen- do, or Guffb ; four miles to the south of which, on the sea coast, is Little Commendo, where the English and Dutch have forts. It lies to the west of Cape Coast castle, in the lat. of 4. 51. N. and 3. 34. W. long. Coimnercy, a town of France, in the department of the Mouse, with a castle seated on the Meuse, Hi m. E. of Bar le Due. Pop. about 3,000. Cfrmtnotnit, or Chomvtnu,ii town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz. Its alum pits, and the great (quantities of fruit and veget>abli's raised liere, are the principal part of its trade. It is 58 m. N. W. of Prague, on the road to Chemnitz. Como, a town of It-aly, in the Milanese, and a bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, backed by a conical eminence, on which are the ruins of a castle. The cathedral is a handsome edifice of white marble, hewn from the neighbouring (juar- ries. The inhabitants have manufactures of cot- ton and silk, and carry on some trade with the (Pri- sons. Pliny was born here ; and, in his Letters, speaks of the delightful scenery of its environs. It stands at the S. W. end of the Lake of Como, 18 m. N. of Milan, and 80 N. E.of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. Como, Ijikc of, a lake of Italy, in the Milanese, extending from the city of Como in a N. N. E. di- rection for about 3-5 miles ; it varies in breadth from one to six miles, and receives from the north the river Maira, and from the east the Adda, both of which rivers fall into the lake at its N. E. end, and discharge their waters by an arm from near the centre, on the S. E. side ; this arm extends for about twenty miles from one to two miles wide and is called Lake Lecco, when it again narrows, and resumes the name of the Adda, till it falls into the Po, after a further course of about 00 miles, a few miles above Cremona. Comorin, Cape, the most southern point of Hindoostan, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. and 77. 45. of E. long. Comorn, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a territory of the same name. It is seated on an island called Schut, formed by the confluence of the Wag with the Danube, 70 in. E. S. E. of Vienna. The castle is deemed one of the strong- est in Europe ; and has never surrendered to any besieging force. The town was taken by the sultan Solyman in 1.543 ; and has since then been exposed to various conflicts and ravages ; alike from war, fire, and earthquake. It contains about 0,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable traffic with the surrounding country. Comoro Islands, five islands in the Indian Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar, and the north end of the island of Madagascar. They are called Hinzeuan, M.ahota, Mohilla, Angezeia, and Comora. See Hinzuan. Grand Comoro rises to the height of nearly 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. Compirirne,, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Oise. Here is a palace, ia which the kings of France often resided. The maid of Or- leans was taken prisoner here by the English in 1430. It is sealed near an extensive forest, on the east bank of the River Oise, over which is an elegant bridge, a little below the confluence of the Aisne,and 45 m. N. E. of Paris. Cojnjwslella, or St. Jago de ComposteUa^ a city CON 315 CON of Spiin, capital of Galicia, and an arclibisliop's see, with a university. The jjwblio sqnarfs and churc.ii(_'s are magnificent ; and it lias a great number of convents for both sexes. It is pre- tended that the body of St. James, the patron of Spain was buried here ; and pilgrims visit his wooden image, which stands on the great altar of the cathedral. From this city the military order of St. Jago had its origin. It is seated in a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra antl Ulla, 35 m. S. by W. of Corunoa. and 300 N. N. W. of Madrid. Pop. about 12,000. Compostella, a town of Mexico, in Guadalajara, capital of the district of Xalisco. There are sev- eral mines of silver in its neighbourhood. It is 110 m. W. of Guadalajara, ana about 50 from the shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the long, of 105. 42. W. lat. 21. 15. N. Compton, t. Bergen Co. N. J. Conamcut, or Canonicut, an island in Narragan- set Bay forming part of the state of Rhode Is- land. It lies parallel to Rhode Island on tlie west, and is 8 miles long and one mile broad. It con- tains the town of Jamestown, and has a produc- tive soil. Cancan, a low tract of country, on the west coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan. From this tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall of mountains, called the Ghauts. It lies between the Portuguese settlement of Goa and Bombay, in the lat. of 16. and 19. N., and was formerly desig- nated the Pirate Coast, in consequence of the frequent piracies committed upon it during the 17th and 18th centuries. The pirates were ex- tirpated by a united British and Mahratta force in 1756, and the territory guaranteed to the Peishwa of the Mahrattas, in whose sovereignty it still continues. It is about 40 miles wide, and intersected by several small rivers ; and the coast is indented by numerous bays and harbours, the principal of which are as follows, beginning at the north, viz. Choul, Bancjote,or Fort Victoria, Dabul, Zigar, Gheria, and Rajpoor; off Dabul, lies the small island of Severndroog, which was the main point of rendezvous for the pirates. Cuncarneau, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre, with a castle seated on a small inlet of the sea, 16 m. S. E. of Quimper. Cunceprion, Bay and town of, in Chile. The Bay of Concepcion is one of the most commo- dious on the whole western coast of South America. It is about ten miles each way, open to the N. W., the entrance being divided into two channels by tlie small island of Quiriquina. Both channels have sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels ; the eastern is about two miles wide, and the western about one mile and a half The south side of the island of Quiriquina affords very good anchorage; but the S. W. ex- tremity of the bay is more convenient. On the shore of this part of the bay is the town of Tal- cahuana, nearly on the site of which the town of Cuncepcion was originally founded by Valdivia in 1550; and it was, for a considerable time, the capital of all Chile ; but having repeatedly suffer- ed from the attacks of the Araucanians, the seat of government was transferred to St. Jago. and having also been injured by an earthquake in 1730, and totally destroyed in 1751, the town was re- built on the north bank of the Biobio River, at a distance of about six miles S. E. of the site of the former town. Next to St. Jago, it is the most populous town in Chile, and in'l826 contain- ed about 13,000 inhabitants. It is situate in the province of Puchacay, in the lat. of 3G. 48. N. and 73. 8. of W. long. Vuncepcion, a sca-]iort of the province of Vera- gua; seated near the shore of the Caribbean sea, on the river Veragua, fT) m. W. by S. of Porto- bello. Long. 81. 40. W., lat. 8. 4.8. N. Cvnccpr.wn del Pao, an interior town of Colom- bia, in the province of Venezuela, situate on the border of the great plain of the Orinoco, about 140 m. S. S. W. of Cumana. The inhabitants drive considerable herds of cattle to Barcelona and Cumana, for exportation to the West Indies. Conception, one of the large bays of the Isl- and of Newfoundland, at the S. E. end, in the lat. of 47. 30. to 48. N., and .52. 30. of W. long. Coiuhas, a river of Mexico, in the Intendency of Durango, which has its source near St. Cruz, in the lat. of 48. 40. N. ; runs south for about 70 m. then in a W. N. W. direction for about the same distance, and then due north for about 160 m. into the Rio del Norte. Concizc, a town of Switzerland, on the west bank, near the south end of the Lake of Neuf- chatel. Pop. about 2,500. Concobdlo, a town in the interior of South Africa, in Anziko, the residence of a prince ; seated on the River Zaire, and borders on Congo, 150 m. S. W. of Monsol. Long. 15. 54. E. fat. 2. 5. S. Conccyrd, p.t.. Merrimack Co. is the seat of gov- ernment of N. Hampshire. It is pleasantly situ- ated on both sides of' the Merrimack, along which spread some rich intervals. The chief village is on the west side, and forms a strait 2 miles in length. It contains a State House and State Prison, both of stone. Concord has a considerable trade and a boat navigation to Boston by the river and Mid- dlesex canal. Distance from Boston 02 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 3,727. Concord, p. v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,017. The first provincial congress met here in 1774, and the first opposition to the British arms in the conflict usually termed the battle of Lexington, was made at this place. See Lexington. *.* There are 17 other towns named Concord in different parts of the United States. Concordia, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, on the river Sechia, .5 miles west of Mirandola. Concordia, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 28 m. S. S. W. ofUdina. Concordia, a parish of Louisiana, extending north from the entrance of Red River about 140 miles along the west bank of the Mississippi, beinw about 15 miles in mean breadth. Pop. 4,6(i2. The seat of justice has the same name and is seated on the Mississippi opposite Natchez. Condanore, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 24 m. E. of Adoni. Condapilly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of the five Circars. It is situate near the bay of Bengal, north of the Kistnah, 80 m. S. S. E. of Rajamundry. Long. 80. 30. E. lat. 16. 37. Condapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 20 m. S. by W. of Hydrabad. Condatchy, a town on the west coast of the Isl- and of Ceylon, off which is the principal pearl fishery. It is south of tiie Island of Manar, in the lat. of 8. 45. N. Condacir, a town of Hindoostan, and the piin- cipal post of Guntoor, one of the five Circars. It is strongly situate on a mountain, 30 m. S. W (/f Condapilly. and 65 N. N VVofOngole CON QIG CON Conilr, .1 strong town of Franco, in the ili-parl- inent ofNord, with a fi.rtrrss. It siirrrniliTt!(l to the allies, after ondurin^ the rigonr:< r.f lainiiie in 17!I3 ; but was rota^in in 17;i|. CnnHe is seati-d on the Scheldt, at the tuQux of tlic Haisne, 7 in. N. by K. of Valenciennes, and Silj S. E. of Lisle. Pop. about (;,l)0(). Conilr, a town of France, in the department of Calvadog, seated on the Noircau, 2r> in. S. S. W. of Caen. Contlcfeflo, or I^ Desronofitla, a cape of Vuca- tan, on the oa^tt shore of the Bay of Canipeche, 100 m. W. of Mcrida. Lr,ng. tU. 27. VV. lat. *). 50. N. Comlnnnias, a town of Peru, capital of a di.n- trict, in which is gathered a species of wild cochi- neal, that form.* a great article of trade. It is tf") m. N. N. W. of Arequipa. Cimflmn, a town of France, in the department of Gers, seated on the Raise, '2ii m. N. N. W. of Auch,and 2ri S. K. of lJordeau.r. Candftrr.y or Piiln Conilorn, a fertile island in the China Sea, near the Coast of Cambodia, I> miles long, and two where broadest; and is sur- roanded by several islets. Buffaloes, hogs, veg- etables and water are to be hafi here. Tlie Eng- lish had * in mean breadth ; it is bounded on the east by tho state of Maine, and west by the Connecticut River, which divides it from Vermont, and north by tho ridge of mountains which divides the United States territory from Lower Canada. On the southern confines of the county are the White Mountains, through which is a pass in one place not more than 22 feet wide, and appears cloven down to its very base, in a perpendicular line on one side, and on the other in an angle of about 45 deg. ; through this A'oteh or Onp, as it is term- ed, a turnpike road has been constructed from the banks of the Connecticut River to the Atlantic Ocean at Portland, a route much used for the con- veyance of lieavy produce on sledges in the winter season ; and thus, whilst it forms one of the grand- est natural features of the world, it is rendered sub- servient to the medium of an extensive and an advantageons intercourse. Coos County is at present but thinly inhabited. The population, however, which in 1810, was only 3,9!)1, in 1830 had increased to 8,.T.H). Lancaster, on the east bank of the Connecticut river, is the chief town. Consawatchip, a town of South Carolina, in Beaufort district. The courts formerly held at Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the Coo- saw, over which is a bridge, 20 m. N. W. of Beau- fort, and GO W. S. W. of Charleston. Copcnhanni, the capital of Denmark, built on a morass, and surrounded with several small lakes. It wa-s founded by some wandering fishermen, in the nth century, and is now accounted the best built city of the north of Europe. It became the seat of the court and government of Denmark in 1443. The streijts are well paved with a foot-way on each side. The greatest part of the buildings are of brick, and a few of free-stone ; the houses of the nobility are in general splended, and built in the Italian style. The harbour is capable of containing 500 ships ; and the streets are intersect ed by broad canals, which bring the merchandize close to the warehouses on the quays. Copenha- gen contains four royal palaces, 19 churches, a great number of public buildings, and a universi- ty ; and, in l-'2<;, about 00.000 inhabiUints. The palace called Christiansburg, built by Christian VI., but burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile of building, of hewn stone, the wings and stables of brick, stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is large and convenient, containing ,330 beds, occu- pied by as many poor. The church is so placed, that service may be heard by those who are con- fined to their bed. The exchange is a large Gothic building ; vessels are brought very near it COP 221 bv means of canals; and here the merchants assem- ble. The new royal market is the largest square in the city, and almost entirely composed of stately buildings ; as the academy of painting and sculpture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artil- lery house, &c. and in the centre is a marble equestrian statue of Christian V. In the north suburbs is an obelisk of reddish stone, erected in 17H3, by the city, to the honour of Christian VI. on his abolishing vassalage ; and around its pedes- tal are four female figures of white marble. The citadel is a regular fortification, witii five bas- tions, a double ditch fiill of water, and several ad- vanced works. This city owes its present beauty to the fire of 1723, which destroyed five churches and 67 streets, having been rebuilt in a better style. It suffered greatly by fire in 1794 ; and again in the following year. The new part of the town, raised by Frederic V., is extremely beauti- ful. It consists of an octagon containing four uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and of four broad streets leading to it, in opposite direc- tions. In the middle of the area stands an eques- trian statue of Fred. V. in bronze, as large as life, which is justly admired. The round tower built by Christian IV. and designed for an observatory, is a singular structure, not having a single step in it, though very lofty : its ascent is by a spiral road nearly fourteen feet wide, and one of their kings has driven in his carriage up and down it. On the interruption to the commerce of Holland, by the events of the French revolution in 1793-4, Copenhagen became the principal entrepot for the commerce of the north of Europe ; and for this, no place can be more advantageously situated ; but Denmark becoming involved in the conten- tions of that period, and joining in a confederacy with Russia and Sweden against the naval as- cendancy of England, an English fleet, in March, 1801, was despatched to bombard Copenhagen, when, after considerable damage being done to the town, and 28 ships of war taken or destroyed, an armistice was entered upon, which led to a treaty of peace with all the northern powers, but not without operating as a severe check to the commercial enterprise of Copenhagen. In 1807, the British government, although at peace with Denmark, sent a fleet of 17 ships of the line, with frigates, which bombarded the city for three days, when 300 houses, the cathedral, and part of the university were destroyed, and as many more buildings greatly damaged. Eighteen Danish ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and twenty-five gun-boats, witliall the naval stores in the arsenal of Copenhagen, were carried off by tlic British. This infamous act of treachery was committed under the pretence that the French would otherwise become masters of the Danish fleet. The city is five miles in circumference, seated on the east shore of the if'e of Zealand, at the entrance into the Baltic Sea, about 2.5 m. within the strait called the Sound, 340 m. S. W. of Stockholm, and 500 N. E. of London. Long. 12. 35. E., lat. .55. 41. N. See .linak. Copiapo, the most northern province of Chile, ►ounded on the north by the great desert of Ata- cama, east by the Andes, and west by the Pacific Ocean, being about 260 m. from N. to S. from 24. 20. to 28. of S. lat., and about 90 in mean breadth, abounding in mines of gold, iron, copper, sulphur, tin, and lead. The chief town, of the same name, stands on the south side of a river, also of the same name, at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, 490 m. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W. -COR lat. 27. 20. S. On the Andes, in a parallel line with the town of Copiapo is a volcano, called tlie Volcano of Copiapo. Coj>penbruae, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Collenberg, 10 m. E. by N. of Hamelen. Copper-Mint Ricer, a river of North America, which runs from south to north into the Icy Seaj in the long, of 111. 5. W., and 69. 7. of N. fat. Coppet, or Copet, a town of Switzerland, with a castle, on the west bank of the lake of Geneva, 10 m. N. of Geneva. The castle and barony be- came the property of M. Neckar, celebrated for his pretensions as a financier in the time of the French Revolution : both he and his daughter, Madam de Stael, lie interred here in a fine mau- soleum in the castle-garden. Coquet, a river of England, which rises on the borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of North- umberland, and enters the German Ocean, at Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a small island of the same name. Coquimbo, or Serena, a seaport of Chile near the mouth of a river of the same name, and the capital of a province also of the same name, rich in corn, and mines of gold and silver. The streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges, olives, &c. always green. It is 260 m. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 71. 19. W., lat. 29. 52. S. Corachie, Korachee, or Crotchei/, a seaport of Asia, at the mouth of a creek which communi- cates, in the rainy season, with the Indus, on the western side. It is supposed to be the Sangada of Arrian, or Port of Alexander, and is now the principal out-port of the Afghans. The inhabi- tants are of an enterprising disposition, and it ap- pears to afford a favourable opening for commer- cial adventure. It is about 100 m. VV. of Tatta, in the lat. of 24. 30. N. and 67. 15. of E. long. Corah, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict of the same name, lying between the Jumna and the main branch of the Ganges, which came wholly into the possession of the English in ISOl. It is a very fertile and productive district ; tlie town is 98 m. N. W. of Allahabad. Corbath, a town in the Electorate of Hesse, cap- ital of the county of Waldeck. It is divided into the old and new town, and near it, on a mountain, is the castle of Eisenberg. The Hanoverians were defeated here by the French in 17G0. It is seat- ed on the Itter, 22 ra. VV. of Cassel. Long. 9. 1. E., lat. 51. 16. N. Corbeck.a. town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 3 m. S. of Louvain. Corbeil.a. town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, seated on the Seine at the con- flux of the Juine, 17 m. S. of Paris. Corbie, a town of France, in the department of Sommc, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey, seated on the Somrae, 10 m. E. of Amiens. Corbieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg, 10 m. S. of Friburg. Corby, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. 13 m. N. of Stamford, and 102 N. by W. of London. Cordilleras. See Jindes. Cordova, an interior province of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, comprising an area of about 5,500 square miles, and in 1810 contained a popu- lation of 252,028. It is divided into nearly two equal parts, by the Gaudalquivir river, which in- tersects it from east to west : the N. W. part is mountainous, but the more southern part is ex ceedingly fertile in corn, fruit, v.ine, and olives It was formed into an independent kingdom hj Abderame, a Moorish General, about the vcarC9o COR 222 COR b«eides the city of Cordova, the other principal towna are Bujalance and Montilla. Cordova, City of, the capital of the preceding province, is seated on the north bank of the Gua- dalquivir, over which is a bridge of sixteen arch- es, built by the Moors. It was a considerable place in the time of the Romans , who surrender- ed it to the Goths, in 572. In t;!i2 it was taken by Abderame, a NIoorish general, who soon af- ter renounced the authority of the Grand Ca- liph of Damascus, and made the city of Cordova, the capital of a kingdom. It is now a bishop's see, and one of the finest cities of Spain. The circumference is large, but there are many or- chards and gardens within the walls. The pal- aces, church, and religious houses are superb, ftarticularly the cathedral, which is 534 feet in ength, and *!i7 wide, built by Abderame for a mosque, and it still retains the name of Mezquita. The square called the Plaza Magor, is surrounded by fine houses, under which are piazzas. The trade consists in wine, silk, and leather ; but is not BO considerable as formerly. In the neigh- bourhood are a vast number of orange and lemon trees; and here are the best horses in Spain. It was from hence that the leather called cordovan derived its name, the mode of manufacture being first introduced here by the Moors. Cordova is 130 m. N. E. of Cadiz, and VM S. by W. of Madrid. CordoTO, a town of Mexico, in the intendency of Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. Here are up- wards of thirty sugar mills. It is seated on a riv- er which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, 80 m. E. S. E. of Puebia de los Angelos, and 55 W. by S. of the port of Vera Cruz. Cordova, one of the eight intendencies of the Uni- ted Provinces of South America,extending through 9 deg. of lat. from 2!l. to 38. S. and 10 deg. of long. between 60. and 70. W. it comprises nearly the whole of the vast plain lyinw between the great river La Plata and the Andes. The principal towns are St. Louis and Mendoza, both on the route from Buenos Ayres to Santiago in Chile. There is also a town of the same name in the N. E. part of the province, in the vicinity of some salt lakes, and on the line of road from Buenos Ay- res to Potosi. Some scattered tribes of Indians roam over parts of this extensive district, but the aggregate population is very limited. Corta, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the north by Chinese Tartiry, on the east by the sea of Ja- pan, on the south by a narrow sea, which separ- ates it from the Japanese islands, and on the west b^ the Yellow Sea, which separates it from China. The west coast is flanked by innumerable islands. It is a peninsula, being surrounded on every side by the sea, except towards the north. It is gov- erned by a king, tributary to the emperor of Chi- na, and is divided into eight provinces, Hien-king, Ping-ngan, Hoang-hai, Kiang-yuen, King-ki, Tchu-sin, KinfT-chan, and Tchuen-so, which con- Uin 33 cities ot the first. 53 of the second, and 70 of the third, rank. The towns are exceedingly populous, and the inhabitants follow nearly the same customs, and are of the same religion with the Chinese. The country abounds in corn and rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of which delights in water, and the other which is the better sort, is cultivated on dry ground, like com. There are mines of gold and sil- ver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries on the coast. The Coreans are well niade, in- genious, brave and tractable. Thev are fond of dancing and music, and show great aptness for acquiring the sciences, wliich they cultivate with ardour. They are less fastidious and less cer- emonious than the Chinese, but equally jealous of admitting strangers into the country. Men of learningare distinguished from oilier people by two plumes of feathers, which they wear in tlieir caps. Their women are less confined than those in Chi- na, and have the liberty of appearing in company with the other sex. In China, parents often marry children without their consent, but in Corca the^ choose for themselves. They never bury their dead till three years after their decease, but keep them in coflins for that time. Corea extends from north to south from the lat. of 34. 30. to 42. 30. N. and from east to west from 125. to 120. of E. long. King-ki-tao, nearly in the centre of the kingdom, is the capital. Corfe Castle, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. It is seated on a peninsula in the British Channel, called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between two hills. On one of these stands the castle, formerly a place of great importance, and where king Edward the Martyr was stabbed at the insti- gation of his mother-in-law. It has a large church which is a royal peculiar, not liable to any episco- pal jurisdiction. Great quantities of fine clay and stone are shipped here for the Staffordshire pot- teries. The town is governed by a mayor ; and every alderman that has served the office has the title of baron. It returns two members to parlia- ment, is 21 m. E. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 1 ,4fw. Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Albania, at the entrance of the Adriatic. Here is made a great quantity of salt; and it abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives- It was anciently known under the several names of Scheria, PImria, and Corcijria. The Corcyrians were an independent people, coeval with the proudest epoch of the Greeks. In the 14th cen- tury the island became subjected to the Venetians, in whose possession it continued until 1797, when it was ceded to the French, by the treaty of Campo-Formio. It capitulated to the Turks and Russians in 1799, and with six other islands, was constituted independent, under tJie title of Ionian Republic {irhUhste.) Corfu, (the ancient Corctjra,) the chief town of the preceding island, is situate on the east side, on the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, for vessels of easy draught of water. The fortifica- tions are very strong. It is the seat of govern, ment of the whole of the Seven Islands, or Ionian Republic, and contains about 15,000 inhabitants. Lat. 39. 30. N., long. 19. 50. E. Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estre- madura, seated on the Alagon, 120 m. W. S. W. of Madrid. Coringa, a town at the north extremity of the coast of Coromandel, having a commodious har- bour a few miles north of the main channel of the Godavery River, in the lat. of 17. N. Corinna, t. Somerset Co. Me, Pop. 1,077. Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land which joins the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the Gulf of Lepanto west, to that of Egina east. The nar- rowest part of it is six miles over ; and on a mount here, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated tiie Isthmian games. There are still the ruins of a town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus, It is said Juhus Caesar, Caligula, and Nero, at- tempted to cut a channel through the isthmus; COR 223 they tlierefore built a n-all across it. called Heza- milta, because it was six miles in lencrth. This was demolished by Amurath II., rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a second time bv Ma- homet II. ■' Corhuh, a town of the Morea, situate on the northern declivity of a raounuin, sloping towards the Gulfof Lepantoand the precedinj^isthmus to which it gives name. During the zenith of Grecian glory, Corinth justly ranked among the most important and magnificent cities of Greece ■ Its temples, theatres, and fountains, were the admiration of every beholder. In the propor- tions and richness of their columns and porticos, architecture was perfected, leaving nothing for after ages to perform in that noble art, but to copy : and the Corinthian pillar or column now, more or less adorns every city of the civilized world! Corinth fell a prey to the fury of the Roman arms under Mummius in the year 146 B. C. ; and al- though Julius Caesar endeavoured to restore it to Its former OTandeur, in whose time it was visited ?■ . *^^"'' " °=" progressively sunk into a place ofmsignificance. It fell into the hands of the N enetians during the ephemeral career of their ascendency ; the Turks became masters of it in 171o, and It now forms a part of Independent Greece. It had formerly a port on the Gulf of Ji-gina, called Cenckrea, as well as on that of Le- panto ; but the former is now little used. The ancient oiUdel, JlcTo-Corinthus, still remains en- tire, and to a well-disciplined garrison, maybe con- sidered impregnable. Corinth is the seat of a Greek R^Tll^V^^'^^"^- ?°P- about 1,.500. It is 60 m. E. by S. of Patras, and 48 W. by S. of Athens Cortnlk, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Poo 712 Also a p.t. in Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,953 Also a p.t. in Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,412 Cork a maritime county forming the~southwest e^remih. of Ireland, having upwards of 100 miles of sea-coast, indented with several verv XT,r ^."^A""^^ ^V^^^nd harbours, opening into f^Z .?" """u** '° "'"■"'' "^"d '= intersected fiom east to west by two fine rivers, the Black- water and the Lee, with five or six others of in- ferior note. The following are the principal bays and harbours, beginning at the west : viz. BantiV Dumnanney Baltimore, Glandore, Ross,Clonakil-' ty, K.nsale, Cork, and Youghal. Besides the city rV, 7 'i KW^''^ "•"'"^ '" "'^ >nt"'or are CharleviUe Mallew, Daneraile, Michelstown, Bandon Cloyne, &c. Bandon, Mallow, and Voughal, each return one, and the citv of Cork and the county each two members to the parlia- ment of the United Kingdom. The agriculture of this county, both in tillage and pasture, has been much improved since the middle of the eighteenth century, and in conjunction with the adjoming interior county of Tipperar>-, supplies a great portion of the English marine With salt-beef and pork, rnore especially the former, and exports vast quantities of butter; and since 1800, it has also exported a considerable quantity of grain Some woolen manufactures are carried on for in^ ternaJ consumption in the eastern part of the county, and during the present century, several mwi,"' '^""i ■""''' '" ''"^^^^'^ the cotton manufacture over the countv generally. Forterri- torml extent divisions population, &i. see Ireland. i-orK, titij of, and capital of the precedino- county, supposed to have Ven first foSd bf the Danes in the 6th century, is beautifullv oZ advantageously situate on the banks of the "River COR Lee about five miles above its entrance intoCork Harbour. Cork, in conjunction with Ross, is a bishop 8 see The city is divided into twenty-two fnn f-!,'' u^'"^' '" 1.S21, contained a population of lUU,0o8 being an increase of upwards of 35,000 since 1813, exclusive of 8,998 in eight of the pa rishcs which extend beyond the sUtions of the city Next to Dublin, Cork is the lar..est and most inijportant place in all Ireland. During the twenty-four years' war, from 1793 to 1615, Cork Harbour was one of the chief rendezvous of the British navy ; and the extensive demand which that war created for salt provisions, enabled Cork to become the largest and most celebrated market in Europe for that article. The Cork beef contin- ues to be the chief source of supply, not only of the national, but of the commercial navy of the United Kingdom, and for long voyages and tropical climates is preferred by the ships of all nations. As the chief commercial town in the south-west of Ireland, Cork receives the surplus production, not only of the whole county, but of the greater part of those of Kerry and Tipperarv, wTiich it also supphes with such British and foreign pro- ductions as are received in exchange. Since the commencement of the war in 1793, the city has undergone great improvement, both in regard to public and private buildings. There are five bridges over the Lee; that of St. Patrick is a fine structure The exchange, custom-house, and town-hall, are all fine edifices. It has two thea- tres, several hospitals, and other public buildings. Ihe cathedral, erected between 1725 and 1735 is a stately edifice, and some of the parish churches are of the like character. The barracks on the north side of the city, situate on an eminence present a very imposing aspect. Cork has a pub- he brewery on a very extensive scale, and which makes also its own malt. The city is 125 miles souUiwest of Dublin, in the lat. ofol. 54. N., and o. ^. of W. long. Cork, Cote of, is that part of the harbour of Cork usually occupied as the anchorage ground. The harbour which is entered by a deep tSid nar- row channel, and defended by a strong fort on each side, IS about nine miles from the mouth 01 the River Lee and about the same extent in breadth^ At the upper end is an island called Great Island, from four to five miles long from west to east, and fVom two to three miles wide At the west end of this island is a town called Core which, in 1821, contained C,508 inhabitants, and the rest of the island 2,897 more ; and at the entrance of the channel between Great Island and the mam land, are two small islands called Haul- bowline and Rocky Islands, strongly fortified, and mhabied by 9o0 persons; and thus, whilst the natural positions of Cork Harbour are such as to afford accommodation for the whole British ma- rine secure from the effects of the elements, the fortifications render the shipping and the town equally secure from tlie irruptions of an enemy • and the surrounding shore being studded with neat and commodious residences render the whole as picturesque and agreeable as it is important in point of security and defence. ■ ^u'''fr"f',^ IV^^ '"^^ well-built town of Sicily, in the Val di Mazzara. (t is 24 mUes S. S W 0^ lalermo. Pop. about 13.000. Corlin a town of Further Pomerania, with a castle. It has considerable woolen manufactures, and IS seated on the Persant, 10 m. S. E. of Colberg. Cornuinlm, a town of Guinea, on the Gold Coast, large and populous. Here the Dutch have COR IWI COR a fort which was taken 1>y the English in lC(ir>. Long. 0. 15. VV., lat. f.. 30. N. Cnmeni,a town ofKrajice, in the department of Indre and Loire, with a Benedictine Abbey; seat- ed on the Indre, 8 in. S. li. of Tours. Coma, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in IrakAralu, seated on the Tigris, near its confln.x witli the Eu|>hrates, :t5 miles W. N. W. of Bassora. Cvrnelo, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of Saint Peter, sealed on the Marta, three miles east of the sea, and ten north of Civita Vecchia. CornhW, a town of the county of l>urhnni, l''ng. seated near the Tweed, OA'er which it has a large bridge to Coldstream, in Scotland. It is 12 ni. S. W. of Berwick, and 'Xa N. N. W. of London. Poji. (fc.-l. i'ornigliano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 15 m. E. of Milan. Cornish, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 108 m. from Boston. Pop. 1,(W7. Also a p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,234. Cornrille,\iX. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,104. CoTmcall, a county forming the S. W. extrem- ity of England, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean. It is bourtded on the E. N. E. by the river Tamar, which divides it from Devonshire, being washed on all its other sides by the sea. The south coast for about 70 miles, borders on the entrance to the English, and the north, for about 90 miles, on the entrance to the Bristol Channel. At its eastern, or E. N. E. extremity it is about 42 miles wide, but gradually narrows towards the west to about 15 miles, when it di- verges at a distance of about (JO miles into two points, the most southerly called the I.izurd, in the lat. of 49. 58. N., and 5. 11. of W. long., and the other the Land's End, in the lat of '>(>. 4. N., and 5. 42. of \V. long ; the intermediate space being known by the name of Mount's Baij. The distinguishing characteristics of this county are its minerals, semi-metals, and clays, which axe found here in greater variety than in almost any other part of the world. Gold, silver, cobalt, an- timony, manganese, and lapis calaminaris, are all found to a certain extent, and some in abun- dance ; but the j)redominatiiig pro00,0(JO per annum in amount. "What are denominated the duchv lands are very e,\tensive, and the in- come derived from thiiu together with the duly on tin ore, form the only remaining parts of those immense hereditary revenues which were an- ciently appropriated as a provision for the heir apparent to the crown. Previously to the inva- sion of Britain by the Romans, Ci>rnwall was in- habited by a tribe called the Dumnonei with whom the Phcenicians are supposed to have traded largely for tin. The descendants of that tribe, and the succeeding inhabitants, continued longer to retain the language, manners, and customs of antiquity, than in any other part of England, and which up to this time can hardly be said to be extinct. The coast is, in nian^ parts, extremely rugged, and ridges of granite intersect the west- ern part of the county, whilst the valleys are beautifully diversified with verdure, shrubs, and pl.'ints, among which the myrtle is common, with several ])eculiar to the district. The coast abounds with marine vegetables, which are much used for manure. The blocks of broken granite appear in remote ages, according to the supposi- tion of some persons, to have been much used in the construction of rude temples for religious worship. Near the Land's End is a block, from !I0 to 100 tons in weight, so nicely poised as to be moveable with the hand ; there are several others of less magnitude similarly poised ; these arc termed toatrin stones, and arc ndiculously sup- po.ied by some to have been contrivances of art, and objects of religious adoration ; whilst they are doubtless only the natural results of repeated submersions of our planet, during which the lay ers of earth or clay have been washed away. Similar evidences of the operations of nature are to be seen in the western hemisphere, a few miles east of Bo.ston, in Massachusetts, on the road to Salem ; and it is probable that the supposed cairns, cromlechs, rockbasins, Slc, of the Druids, are nothing more than the simple results of the pro- gressive operations of nature. The principal ports on the north coast, are Padstow and St. Ives ; on Mount's Bay, Penzance and Helstone ; on the south coast, Falmouth, Truro, Fowey, and Looe , Plymouth Sound bounding the soutli-east extrem- ity of the county. The principal towns in the interior are Redruth, St. Auske, Penryn, Bod- win, Launceston, &c. The assizes, &c., for the county, are held alternately at Bodmin and Launceston. Streams of water intersect the county, in all directions, and add considerably to its diversity and picturesque beauty. Some woolen , and a few other manufactures, are car- ried on in different parts of the county, but they are inconsiderable. Cornwall Cape, is about 5 m. N. by E. of the Land's End. Comicall, a township in Orange County, New York, situate along the west bank of the Hudson COR a25 COR River, lO.') ni. S. of Allmny. I'o)). 3,4H(;. Also the iiaiiie of a. townsliip in Addison coiitity, Vit- moiit. Top. 1,204; nml of a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut. Pop. 1,713. Cnriiwiill, a town of Slorinont Counly, Upper Canada, situate on the north bank of the St. i.,aw- rence, about .50 ni. ubove JMontreal. Coinwall, JVcw, a county in the western part of N. America, extending Irorn Gardner's channel, in lat. Xi. 15., to Frederick's Sound, lat. 57. (j. N. Cor/iwatUs, a town of Nova Scotia, seafed on the south siinre of the basiti of mines at the head of tlie Bay of Fnndy, about 10 ni. N. \V. of ■Windsor and 45 N. W. of nahfa.\. Cornwall is, a coiinty of Lower Canada, e.xtend- Ing for about IGO miles along the S. E. bank of the great River St. Lawrence, bounded on the N. L. by the district of Gaspe. It is at present but thinly inlialiited. Coro, a town of Colombia, in the province of Venezuela. It is advantageously situate at the en- trance of an isthmus, at about an equal distance from the Carribean Sea, and the Gulf of Mara- caibo. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in mules, cattle, Ac. with Curarjao and other islands, in the Cartibean Sea. See VcntzucUi. Coromandd, Const of, the eastern coast of the peninsula of Hindoostan, extending from Point Calymere in the lat. of 10. 18. N. to the Kistnah River, in the lat. of 10. N. There is not a port for large ships on the whole coast, which is an even, low, sandy country. Madras is the prin- cipal town, and the other places of note are Negapatam, Pondicherry, Pullicate, &c Coron, a seaport of Independent Creeec, in the Morea, seated on the W. side of a bay to which it (rives name, 15 ni. E. of Modon. Long. 21. 40. E., lat. 30. 55. N. Coronation, Cape, a cape of the island of New Caledonia, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 107. 8. E., lat. 23. 5. S. Correggio, a town of Italy, in the Modonese, with a castle, !) m. N. N. E. of Rewgio. Corrczc, an interior department of France, con- taining the late province of Limousin. It takes its name from a river which runs in.to the Vezere, after having watered Tulles and Brives. Tulles is the capital. Corrientes, Cape, on the E. coast of South Africa, opposite the S. end of the island of IMad- agascar. — Also the name of another cape on the W. coast of Mexico, in the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 20. N. Corrientes, a town of Paraguay, with a fort, seated on the E. side of the Parana, at the influx of the river Paraguay, 400 m. N. of Buenos Ayres. Long. 59. 0. W. lat. 27. 30. S. Corryvrekan, a dangerous whirlpool on the W. coast of Scotland, between the Isle of Scarba and the N. point of that of Jura. It is so named from a young Danish prince, who perished in this place. Its vortex extends above a mile in circuit. Corsliam, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. and a con- siderable woolen manufacture. It is nine miles E. N. E. of Bath, and 07 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,727. Corsica, or Corse, an island in the Mediterrane- an, separated from that of Sardinia, on the south, by the Strait of Bonifacio. It is 1.50 miles from north to south, and from 40 to 50 in breadth. It was known to the ancient Greeks, by the names of LTnllijIa and Cvrnus, and to the Romans bv its '3!) present appellation. On the coast are many e.r cellent harbours. It is mountainous, but fruitful valleys are interspersed ; and it has some fine lakes and rivers. In the earliest time it has been famous for its swarms ol' bees, and produces vast quantities of honey, which, however, is reckoned bitter, on account of the box and yew with which the country abounds. The mountains are rich in lead, iron, copper, and silver ; and there are also mines of alum and saltpetre. The granite of Corsica is nearly equal to tlie oriental ; por- phyries, jasper, talc, amianthus, emeralds, and other precious stones, are found scattered in the mountains, and the south coast atiounds with beautiful coral. This island was, for some cen- turies, under the dominion of the Genoese, whose tyranny was such, that the Corsicans were almost in a perpetual state of insurrection. In 1730 a German adventurer, Theodore Baron NewhofF, brought some assistance to them ; and, on his as- surance of more powerful aid, they elected him king ; but as he could not substantiate his prom- ises he was obliged to leave the island. He went into England, was thrown into the Fleet prison, released by an act of insolvency, (after having registered his kingdom of Corsica for the benefit of his creditors,) and suffered to die in extreme indigence. The Genoese, tired of the contest, sold the sovereignty to France, in 1767; and Paoli, who had been elected to the chief com niand, in 1755, was obliged to abandon the island in 170it. After the French revolution in 1789 Corsica was admitted as an eighty-third depart- ment of France at the particular request of a de- putation, of which Paoli was at the head. In consequence of some events which followed the revolution of 1792, Paoli revolted ; the French, by the assistance of the English, were expelled from the island; and Corsica, in 1794, was de- clared annexed to the crown of Great Britian. In 1790, however, the English found it expedient to evacuate the island, of which the French im- mediately took possession, and again united it to France, of which country it now forms the eighty sixth department. It is divided into four prefec- tures, viz. Bastia, Calvi, Corte, and Sartenne. Ajaccio, on the wes coast, is the principal sea-port Pop. about 180,000. Corsricr, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, on a peninsula, in the Great Belt, with a good harbour for light vessels. It is defended by a citadel, which serves also as a magazine for corn ; and is 54 miles W. S. 'W. of Copenhagen. Long 11. 12. E. lat. 55. 12. N. Corle, a town of Corsica, situate in the centre of the island, on the side and foot of a rock, at the confluence of the Tayignano and Restonica. On the point of a rock, rising above tlie rest, is the cas- tle, to wluch there is but one winding passage, that will admit only two persons abreast. While the island was in the possession of the English, Corte was made the seat of the viceroy ; and it has been enlarged and fortified by the French. It is 27 miles N. E. of Ajaccio, and 40 S. AV. of Bastia. Pop. in 182G, 2,735. Cortcmiglia, a town of Piedmont, in Montferrat, situate on the Bormida, 10 miles E. of Cherasco. Cortona, a fortified town of Tuscany, and a bishop's see, with a famous academy. It stands on a mountain, on the frontiers of the Ecclesias- tical States, 33 m. E. of Sienna. CuTunna, a seaport at the N. W. of Spain, in Galicia, with a large and safe harbour, called the Groyne, defended by two castles. The town i3 COS iiX COT of a circular form : but the poverty of tlie Bur- rojtidine country aiVonln few resources fnr trade. A British army of 13,(»U0 were, on the Kith Jan. IHOi', near being driven into the sen, by a Krench force of 30,000 men. It is 2(1 miles S. W. ol Ferrol, and 35 N. by K. of Compostella. Long. H. ly.W. and lat. 43.'33. N. Carrey, a town and small principality of West- phalia, with a celebrated abbey ; situated on the U'eser, 27 m. K. by N. of Paderborn. Long. 9. 35. E. lat. 51. -10. N. Corro, tlie smallest and most northerly island of the Azores, so called from the abundance of crows found upon it. The inhabitants cultivate wheat and feed hogs. Long. 31. C. W., lat. 39. 42. N. Corydon, a flourishing town of Harrison coun- ty, Indiana, situate on the base line of a bend of tlie Ohio River, from which it is distant about 15 m. both E., W. and S. Cosenza, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria Citeriore. and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. The environs produce abundance of corn, fruit, oil, wine, and silk. It is situate on several small hills, at the foot of the Apennines on the east side, and by the River Crati, 155 m. S. E. of Naples. Pop. about lti,000. Coshocton, an interior county of the state of Ohio. Several streams of considerable magnitude unite within this county to form the Muskingum River, which river it is in contemplation to unite with the Cuyahoga, and thereby open a direct water communication between the Ohio and Lake Erie. The chief town of the same name is situ- ate on the east bank of the Muskingum, IJ5 ra. N. N. E. of Columbia, the capital of the state. Pop. 11,162. Coslin, or Korslin. tilown of Further Pomerania, which has good woolen manufactures, excellent fisheries, and fine cattle. It is seated on the Neslbach, 18 m. E. of Colberg. Cosne, a town of France in the north-west part of the department of Nievre. Anchors for ships are forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves, are much esteemed. It is seated on the east bank of the Loire, at the influ.v of the Noain, 34 m. N. by VV. of Nevcrs, and 110 S. by E. of Paris. It IS the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 182U, 5,823. CospouT, a town of the kingdom of Assam, 276 miles east of Patna. Long. 92. 57. E. lat. 24. 5f). N. Cossars, a peopU inhabiting the confin-^s o Po- land, Russia. Tof'.ary, and Turkey. They are divided into the K )s:ikki-sa-Parovi, the Kosakki- Dimski,nnd the Uralian Cossacs. The men are large and well made, have blue eyes, brown hair, and aquiline noses ; the women arc handsome, well shaped, and complaisant to strangers. The Ura lian Cossacs dwell in villages along the banks of the Ural and their chief town is Uralsk. The country which the Kosakki-sa-Parovi inhabit is called the Ulkraine, and their towns are built of wood atVr the nnuiner of the Russians. The Kosakki-Donski dwell on both sides of the Don, are under the protection of Russia, and profess the same religion. See Ukraine, and Vraliun Cos sacs. Cosseir, a town of Egypt on the Red Sea, and the chief place of trade across that sea, between Egypt and Arabia. It is 2S0 m. S. by E. of Sue? Long. 33. 50. E. lat. 20. 8. N. Cossimbazar, a river of Hindoostan, in Bengal, the most western arm of the Ganges, from which it separates 35 miles below Rajemal. It passes by Moorshedabad, Cossimbazar, &c. to Nuddea, where it is joined by the Jellingy, another arm of the Ganges, and their united streams form the Hoogly. Cossimbazar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal. It has been at all times the residence of the dif- ferent European factors, this being the centre of their trade. It is seated on the river of the same name, by which it is surrounded, 7 miles south of Moorshedabad, and 105 north of Calcutta. Cossimcotia, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir- car of Circacole, on a river that flows into the Bay of Bengal, 74 m. S. W. of Circacole. Long. 83. 7. E. lat. 17. 42. N. Cossipour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Dehli, on the north-east border of the prov- ince, 100 m. E. N. E. of Dehli. Long. 79. 16. E. lat. 29. 14. N. Costa Rica, a province of the chain of territory that unites the two grand divisions of the western hemisphere, bounded on ihc north by Lake Nicara- gua, and on the south-east by Veragua. It has rich mines of gold and silver but in otlier respects is mountainous and barren. Cartago is the capital. Costainitza, a town of Croatia, on the river Udda, and borders of Bosnia, 57 m. E. S. of Carl- stadt. Long. 17. 8. E., lat. 45. 20. N. CoswicI:, a town of Upper Saiony, in the prin- cipality of Anhalt, with a castle, situate on the Elbe, iO m. W. by N. of Whittenburg. Cotabamba, a town in the province of Cuzco, Peru, seated on the west bank of tlie Apurimac River, 75 miles south of the city of Cuzco. Colbus, a town and district of Lower Lusatia. Tlie castle stands on an eminence on the east side of the town. Here are a great number of French protestants, who have introduced their manufac- tures ; and it is noted for excellent beer, pitch, and flax. It is seated on the river Spree, (JO m. E. by S. of Wittenburg. Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 51. 4G. N. Cote d Or, an interior department in the east part of France, which has its name from a moun- tain, situate at the south of Dijon. It contains part of the late province of Burgundy. Dijon is the capital. Population estimated at 400,000. Cotes du J\'ord, a department of France, so nam- ed from its northern maritime position. It con- tains part of tlie late province of Bretagne. St. Brieux is the capital. Cotcsicold Hills, a long tract of high ground in the east part of Gloucestershire, Eng. It affords in many places a fine short grass for liie feed of COT 227 COV sheep , and others are de^'oUd to tht gTowth of corn. The sides of this long range are beautiful as they sink into the vale, from the hills of Stinch- comb and Nibley in the south, to that of Bredon in the north, which has been celebrated in ancient rhyme. Colhen, a town of Upper Sa.v>ny, capital of the principality of Anhalt-Cothen. with a castle. It is 12 m. S. W. of Dessau. Long. 12. 9. E., lat. 51. 4i. N. Cotignac, a town of France, in the department of Var, on the River Argens, 33 m. N. N. E. of Toulon. Cotignola, a fortified town of Italy in the Fer- rarese, 2.5 m. S. S. E. of Ferrara. Cotopaxi, one of the highest peaks of the An- des, remarkable for the ftequency and violence of its volcanic eruptions. It is about 2-5 m. S. E. of the city of Quito. This mountain is the most elevated of those volcanoes of the Andes, from which, at recent periods, there have been eruptions. Its absolute height is 12,392 English feet : it would conse- nuently exceed by more than 2,550 feet the height -.f mount Vesuvius, even supposing that it were ^iled on the summit of the Peak of TenerifFe. Cotopaxi is likewise the most formidable of all the volcanoes of the kingdom of Quito; and it is also from it that explosions have been the most frequent and the most destructive. The cinders and fragments of rocks that have been ejected by this volcano, cover the neighbouring valleys to an extent of several square leagues. In 1758, the flames of Cotopaxi shot up to a height of 2,700 feet above the edge of the crater. In 1744, the roaring of this volcano was heard as far as Honda, a town situated on the banks of the river Magdalena, a distance of two hundred leagues. On the 4th April, 1763, the quantity of cinders vomited up from the mouth of Cotopaxi was so great that the sky continued as dark as night until the third hour after mid-day. The explosion which took place in the month of January, 1803, was preceded by a frightful phenomenon — the sud- den melting of the snows that covered the moun- tain. For more than twenty years, neither smoke nor any distinguishable vapour had issued from the crater, and yet, in one single night, the subterranean fire had become so active that at sun-rise, the external walls of the cone, strong- ly heated, had become naked, and had acquired the black colour which is peculiar to vitrified scoria. At the port of Guayaquil, fifty-two leagues in a straight line from the edge of the crater, M. de Humboldt heard day and night the roaring of this volcano, like repeated discharges of artillery. Were it an established fact that the proximity of the ocean conlribut/?s to feed volcanic fire, w« should be astonished to see that the most active volcanoes of the kingdom of Quito, Cotopaxi, Tun^rahtWj and Sangay^ appertain to the eastern chain of the Andes, and, consequently, to that which is farthest removed from the coast. Coto- paxi is more than fifty leagues from the nearest shore. Coulan, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Travancore with a good harbour, and a navigable river. It stands on a peninsula 60 m. N. W. of Travancore. Long. 70.24. E., lat. 8. 51. N. Coupee Point. See Point Coupee. Courland, a duchy of Europe, bounded on the west and north by the Baltic, east by Livonia, and south by Poland. It is divided into Courland Proper and Semigallia, and is 2-50 miles long and 40 broad. The country swells into gentle hills, and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is most- ly open, but in some parts there are forests of pine and fir, and groves of oak. It was formerly a feudatory province of Poland, but was annexed to the dominions of Russia in 1795 by an act of the states. Mittau is the capital. Population about 500,000. C'ourtra>i,a. town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders, celebrated for its trade and manufactures of table linen and woolen cloths. It is seated on both sides the River Lis, 12 m. east of Ypres. Coutances, a seaport of Erance, capital of the department of Alanche, and a bishop's see, with a fine cathedral. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bayeux, and 185 W. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 182C, 9,015. Coutra.", a town of France, in the department of Gironde, at the conflux of the Ille and Dronne, 25 m. N. E. of Bourdeaux. Cove. See Cork, Core of, CorentTij, City and County of . is insulated with- in the County of Warwick. The city, in lo2l. contained a population of 21,242, and the remain- der of the county, which comprises nine adjoin- ing parishes and hamlets, 8,138. It is a place of considerable antiquity, and was formerly sur- rounded with strong walls which were 3 miles in circumference, having 26 towers and I2gates, but k\v vestiffes of which now remain ; having been demolislied by order of King Charles if. in 1662, in revenge for the resistance made to the troops of his predecessor. A parliament was held here in the reign of Henry IV. caWei Parliament- um Indoctum, or the unlearned parliament, because the lawyers were excluded. Leofric, Earl of Mercia, who was lord of the place about 1040, is said to have loaded the inhabitants with heavv taxes, on account of some provocation he had received from tliera ; and beinng importuned by his lady, Godivia, to remit them, he consented upon condition that she would ride naked through the town, which condition she accepted and per- formed ; for, being possessed of a long fljjwing head of hair, she contrived to dispose ofher tres- ses so as preserve her decency ; and at the same time enjoined the citizens on pain of death, not to look out as she passed. The curiosity of a poor tailor, however, prevailed over his fears, and he ventured to take a single peep, but was struck blind, and was ever after called Peeping Tom. This improbable story is annually commemorated by the citizens of Coventry with great splendour, and a female, closely habited in fine linen of flesh colour, rides through the town, attended by a very numerous and elegant procession The window through which tne tailor is said ti> ;.ftv« cov vrj8 CRA gratified hie curiosity is still shown, with liis ofTi^y alwayH newly dressed for the pniccssioii which is on the Friday precodinjr Trinity Sundny. It had liirnierly cxlpiisivi'' umiMifuctures of woolens and worsted stnU's, now i|uiti' discontin- ued in this part of the country, they liavini; been supplanted liy the inanuliicture nrrililjonH.ot'whicli it IS the focus tor the produce of from 17 to 18,000 looms. It has also, two tolerably extensive es- tablishments for Ihf inanufiieturc of watches, and four or five others of inferior importance. It has a canal coinnnmicatinf; with the i;rand line of ca- nal navigation between London, Ijivcrpool, and Manchester. It is situate on the verge of the great coal strata, miming through all the northern part of the country. The vein i.s workc-d in abun- dance within five miles of the city of t'ovenhv. The city is divided into two parishes, and the churches, contigioiis to each o1 her, are both line structures, more particularly so that dedicated to St. Michael, which wa.s Iwenlv Iwo years in building, and finished in lli'.M. 'I'he s|)ire is 'M'.i feet high, and deservedly ranks among the most beautiful specimens of architecture in the kinnr- doni. There is a third spire, the cliureh to wliicri, has long since been demolished ; hut there is a third church with a stalely lower, which serves as a chapel of ease to St.' Michael The three spires form beautiful and interesting objects in the perspective from the surrounding country for many miles, on all sides. Tlie corporation con- sists of a mayor anil nine olher aldermen. St. Mary's Hall, in which the archives of tlje city are kept, and its business Iransaclcd, is an ancient and venerable edifice ; the county hall is a neat Doric structure. It has a free-school and two hospitals, and had formerly a very extensive es- tablishment of Carmeliles, or Whitefriars. whose house, after lyinl.B. C. It is 48 m. S. of Milan, and about tlie same dis- tance S. by W. of Mantua. Pop. about 30,000. Cremonrsr Trrrltory, e.ttends from the south in a W. N. W. direction, for about 4.'» (niles, be- tween the River Po on the soutli, wliich divides it from the Duchy of Parma, and tlie Oglio on the north, which divides it from Bresciano ; the east end borders on the Duchy of Mantua, and the west on the small district of Cremasco. It is a very fertile country. Crcmsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle and a convent, seated on the west bank of the River Marsch, 18 m. S. S. E. of Olnnilz. Crepy, a town of France in the department of Oise, 17 m. S. of Compiegne. Cresapshurg, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland. Crcscnttitio, a fortified town of Pirdinnnt, on the north bank of the River Po, 20 m. N. E. of Turin. Crcssij or Crccy, a village of France, in the de- partment of Snmmc, celebrated for llie victory over the French, gained by Edward III. in KMO. It is 32 m. N. W. of Amiens. Crest, a town of "France in the department of Drome, on the River Drome, It) m. is. S. E. of Valence. Crcrddt, a town of Germany, at the north ex- tremity of the territory of Cologne. Near this place the French were defeated by tlie Hano- verians in 1758. It has considerable manufac- tures of linen It is 32 m. N. N. W. of Cologne, and 7 from Dusseldorf. Pop. about 700. Creusc, an interior department nearly in the centre of France, so named from a river, which crossed from south to north, and flows in- to the Vienne. It contains the late province of Marche. Gucret is the capital. Crciisen, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Bayreuth, seven miles east of Bay- reuth. Crnilzhurtj, a town of Silesia, in the principali- ty of Brieg, with a castle. It has a great trade in honcv, wax, leather, and flax ; and is seated on the Brinnitz, 35 m. E. by N. of Brieg. Crnitznarli, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in wine, salt, corn, wool, and tobacco. On Dec. 2, 1705, this town was taken three times ; first, by the French, then by the Austrians, and again by the former. It is seated on the Nalie, 25 m. S. VV. of Mentz. Crewkcrnc, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. In 1825 it had six considerable establishments for the manufacture of sail-cloth. It is'seated near a branch of the Parrct, 25 m. S. of Wells, and 132 W. S. W. of London. Pop. in 1S21, 3,021. CreicsKtllc, p.t. Goochland Co. Va. Crickeitli, a town of Wales, in Caernarvon- shire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 244 N. W. of London. CrickhoiceU, a town of Wales, in Brecknock- shire. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on the Usk, 10 m. S. E. of Brecknock, and 1.53 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1R21, 1,008. CricJiUuk, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. seated near the Thames, and the Stroud Canal, 25 m. W. by S. of Oxford, and 84 W. by N. of London. Pop- in 1821, 1,500. Crief, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with manufactures of paper and thin linen, seated on the Erne, 18 m. W. of Perth. Crim, a town of the Crimea, supposed to be on the site of an ancient city that once gave its name of Crim Tartnry, or Crimea, to the whole peninsula of the Taurida ; after having, under the name of Crimmerium, been the ca|iital of a famous people, who gave laws to the greatest part of Eurftpe. The mo0 ralliiiiiis lout;, liU bnmd altlif linUom, am! 100 al the top ; it is 'J-t fathuiim itrep, anil in tliis inan- iitTstrclcheBliori fathoms into tilt" sea. At the end of the canal are two pyramidal columns, with in- seriptions relative to this j^reat work. The town occupies the east part of (lie island, and the in- habitants areestinmU'd at ID.OOO. It is -"2 ni. \V. of Petersburg, of which it is tlie outport. Long. ta. -M. E , lat, 50. ,'■)(;. N. Cronsliidt, a town of Transylvania. See Erassnu. Crod/ccd hltintl. See Jlahujiia^-. Cro/jiini, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- ore, Dm. K. N. K. of St. .Severino. Croshi/, a village in Hanr,ock Co. Me. Also a township in Hamilton Co. Ohio. Cro:fs Creeli, a township in Jeiferson Co. Ohio. Crusne, a town of Austrian Poland, in the pa- latinate ofLemberg, 80in. W. S. W. of Leni- berg. CrosseUf a town of Brandeid)urg, in the New Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on the frontiers of Silesia, near the conilux of the Bolier w ith the Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit, 23 m. S. E. of Frankfort. C'rosS'fetf, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. 8 m. E. S. K. of Kirkoswold. Its extreme altitude IS 2,802 feet. At diiferent elevations there are two extensive plains ; and a third on the sunnnit contains several hundred acres covered with moss and other vegetable productions. The view from this height comprehends a great part of six coun- ties. A few yards below the summit is a spring called the Gentleman's Well. Cross Plains, p. v. Fayette Co. Ken. Cross River, p. v. West Chester Co. N. Y. Cross Roads, villages in Chester Co. Pa. and Kent Co. Maryland. Crossicick, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. Crotona, or Crolon, a seaport of Naples, on the east coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, cheese, oil, and silk, and is l."") m. S. E. of St. Severine. Long. 17.27. E. lat. 30.9. N. Crotoij, a town of France, in the department ofSomnie, on the east side of the mouth of the Somnie, 33 m. north-west of Ao'uriis. Crouch, a river in Essex, Eng. which rises near Ilorndon, and enters the German Ocean between Burnliam and Foulness Island. The Walfleet and Burnham oysters are the product of its creeks and pits. Crowlaiul, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here was formerly an abbey of great note, and some stately ruins yet remain. The town consists of four streets, which are separated by watercourses, anil connected by a curious triangular bridge for foot passengers. The chief trade is in fish and wild ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent pools and marshes. It is 11 miles north of Pe- terborough, and 93 north by west of London. Pop. in 1821,2,113. Crairle, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. seated on the Isle of Axholm, near the river Dun, 18 m. N. of Gainsborough, and JG7 N. N. W. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, l.OGl. Croirn Point, a fort and town of New York, in Essex county. The fort was erected by the French in I73I,on a point that runs north into Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the Eng- lish in n.'jO, Uiken by the Americans in 1775 and retaken by the English the year after. It is 123 ni. N. of Albany. Pop. 2.041. Croijdini. I. Sullivan C^o. N. H. 80 m. fr. Porls- moulh. Pop. 1,057. Criiijdiin, a town in Surrey, Eng. It has an hospital and free-srhoid, founded by archbishop \Vhitgifl ; and in Ihe cliurch are some monu- ments of the arch-bishf England and Wales. The island was first made known Ito Europeans by Columbus in 1402; and from the great extent of Its coast from east to west, was at first supposed to form i)art of the western continent. It was, however, ascertained to be an island in 1508, by Nicholas Ovando, who sailed round it in that CUB Vt33 CUL f year, and ii> about lliree years after it was taken possession of l)y a Spanisli force from Hisnaniola, under tile command of Don Diego do Velasquez, who extirpated the natives ; after wliich the is- land remained, witli but little interruption, in possession of the Spaniards, until 17-11 , wlien an unsucce.'isful attempt was made upon it liy the Knirlish, to whom however it surrendered on the i;!th of August, 17'ri, after a desperate resistance of the Spaniards, for alioul two months. It was restored to Spain in the following year, and has remained in their quiet possession up to 182G, hav- ing been but iittle affected by the events whicli ii ;? the entire subversion of Spanish domi- nation over every part of their contini'ntal pos- sessions in the western hemisphere. Since the period of 1791 , when the mania of the French revolution e-Ytended to the neighbouring island of Hispaniola, numerous planters of that island fled to Cuba, which has ever since continued to im- prove ill cultivation and increase in population, and its produce in sugar, coffee, and tobacco, since the commencement of the present century, has been very great and progressively increasing. The tobacco is unequalled in quality, and is chief- ly made into cigars. Mountain ridges pervade the whole island, ren- dering the face of the country exceedingly pic- turesque. It is tolerably well watered ; and, by social arrangements and well-directed exertion, it is capable of maintaining twenty millions of people in the highest degree of earthly enjoyment. In the woods are some valuable trees, particularly cedars of a large size ; and birds abound here, both in variety and number, more than in any of the other islands. The soil is fertile, and cattle, sheep, and hogs are numenms. There are copper mines in the mountains, and the forests are full of game. The principal ports are Havana, and Matanzas, on the north coast, near the west end; and St. Jagode Cuba and St. Salvador, on the south coast, near the east end. In addition to its staple productions, of sugar, coffee, and tobacco ; ginger, long pepper, cassia, tamarinds wild cinnamon, mastic, aloes, honey, &c. &c. are abundant. The lime grows plentifully in this island. It is produced by a small tree or rather shrub. Its fruit is a great favourite in the West Indies and its acid is sharper as well as more cooling than that of the lemon. Cuba, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 36 m. S. by E. of Evora. Cmagua, a small island off the nortli coast of Colombia, between that of Margaretta and Cunia- na. Here the Spaniards, in ISOI', established a fishery of pearl ; but the banks disappeared in in 1524. The island is barren and nitrous. I.ono-. 64 10. W lat. 10. 5G. N. 3U Cuban, a. river, which issues from the north side of the Caucasian Mountains, divides Cir- cassia from part of Taurica, and flows into the north extremity of the Black Sea, near the en- trance to the Sea of Asoph; it receives several tributary streams from the south. Ciibiiii. or Cuhun Tiirlnnj, a county in the Rus- sian province of Taurica; bounded on the west by the sea of Taurica, north by the river Don, which separates it from Europe, east by the desert of Astracan, and south by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circassia. Curhfidd, a town in Sussex, Eng. 13 m. N. W. of Lewes, and 39 S. by W. of London. Pop. in lrt2l,i.',:!S5. Cuddulorc, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Carnatic, near the place where Fort St. David once stoo2. Cttllera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the mouth of the Xucar, 2) ni. soutli of Valencia. Pop. about 4,000. 6'u/m,acity of Prussia, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a Catho- lic university. It is seated on the east bank of the Vistula. 8.'> m. south of Dantzic. Long. la. ;iO. E., lat. 53. 24. N. Culm is also the name of a town in Bohemia, in the west part of the circle of Saaz. It was near this place where the French general Van- damnie was defeated bv a corps of Austrians and Prussians, in Aujjust 1S13. Culmbach, a town of Franconia, formerly the capital of a principality of the same name. Near it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of Plassen- burp, where the archives of the principality were preserved, but they were removed to IJayreuth in 1783. Culmbach is seated near the Weiss branch of the Maine, 13 m. N. N. W. of Bayrcuth. Pop. about 3,Sno. Culmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, on the coast of Lou^h Foyle, five m. north by east of Londonderry. It is stated in a return made to parliament in 1821, to be extra- parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parish, and county rate. Pop. in 1H2I. G(il. CrJprprr. a county of the K. District of Vir- ginia, bounded on the north-west by the blue ridge of the .Apalachian Mountains, and on the east by the Rappahannonk River. Fairfax, is the chief town. Population of the county 24,02G. Culrosf, a borough of Scotland, in Perthshire, in a district almost surrounded by Clackmanan- shire. Here is a princely abbey, built in 1217. It is situate on the frith of Forth, 20 m. south of Perth, and 21 W. N. W of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1*21, Mill. CitnMna, a sea-port of Colombia, and capital of the province of Orinoco. It is seated on an arid sandy plain at the entrance of a spacious inlet of the Carribcan sea, in the lat. of IC. 12. N. and fi4. 24. W. long. Cumana has suffered much both by inundations and by earthquakes. On the 14th of Dec. I7i)7 about four-fifths of the town was destroyed. It is ntherw,-iys advantageously situate for external commerce, which it carries on to some extent in cotton, cocoa, mules, cattle, &c. in exchange for the manufactures of Europe gene- rally. Top. in 1826, about 20.000. CvmbtT, or Comber, a parish and town in the county of Down, Ireland. The town is pleasant- ly seated at the head of a small bay of Strangford Lough. Population of the town in 1821, 1,283, and of the parish 6.918 more. Cumhrrlan/i, a maritime and mountainous coun- ty of the north of England, bounded on the north by the river Liddel, w>iich separates it from Scot- land, and on the east by the counties of Northum- berland and Durham ; south by those of West- moreland and part of Lancashire, and east by the Irish sea. This county contains a good deal of dreary moor, but some of the valleys intersected by streams of water and interspersed with lakes are exceedingly picturesque, and very fertile. The two principal rivers are the Eden and Der- went. which abound with salmon and char. The mountains and moors are rich in minerals, espe- cially coals and lead. It has also a very valuable bed ol" plumbago, or blacklead. Sea Fell, the highest peak of the mountains, rises to a height of 3.166 feet above the level of the sea. Shtddou and Helvellyn also each rise to heights exceeding 3,000 feet, and five or six others approximate to 3,000 feet. Carlisle is the capital, where some considerable manufactures of cotton are carried on. The county also yields a surplus of cattle and about 200,000 chaldron of coals annually. The sea-ports are Whitehaven, Workington and Maryport ; and the principal towns in the interioi, Aldstoii, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wiglon. Cumberland, is also tlie name of six counties in different parts of the United States of North Amer- ica : viz. 1st. In the state of Maine, of which Portland is the chief town, and formerly was the seat of gov ernraent of the state. Ii is a maritime county, its area not exceeding 700 square miles, comprising a considerable surface of lakes. The north-east corner of the county is bounded by the Kenebec River. Pop. 60,113. 2nd. At the S. extremity of New Jersey, bor- dering on Delaware Bay, in the lat. of 39. 15. to 39. 30. N. Pop. 14,091. Bridgetown is the capital. 3rd. In the E. District of Pennsylvania, bound- ed on the north by the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany Mountains, and on the east by the Susquehanna River. It is about 35 miles in extent from east to west, and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 29,218. Car- lisle, is the chief town. 4th. In the E. District of Virginia, extending south from James River for 28 miles, to the .Ap- pomattax River. The mean breadth of this county does not exceed eight miles. Carterville is the chieftown. Pop. 11,689. 5th. In the interior of North Carolina, intersect- ed by Cape Fear River. Pop. 14,824. Fayctte- ville is the chieftown. 6th. In Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, in tersected by the Cumberland River. Pop. 8,636 Burkesville is the chief town. Cumberland, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 3,675. Also towns in Pa. and Va. Cumberland Riter, which gives name to three of the above counties, rises on the west side of the Cumberland Ridge of mountains, which divide the south-east end of the state of Kentucky from that of Virginia, in the lat. of 37. N, runs west for about 120 miles, when it leaves the state of Kentucky in a southerly direction, at the south- west corner of Cumberland County, into the state of Tennessee, througli which it runs a course of about 150 m., when it re-enters the state of Ken- tucky in a north-west direction, and, after a fur- ther course of about 60 miles, falls into the Ohio about 50 miles above the entrance of that river into the Mississippi. From the source of the Cumberland River to its confiux with the Ohio, the distance in a direct line is 300 miles, being 6 deg. of long, between 62. 15. and 88. 15. in the lat. of 37. N. but the distance by the course and windings of the stream is near 600 miles, .500 of which it is navigable for batteaux of 14 or 15 tons burthen. Cumberland Ridge, is the most westerly of tlie Apalachian chain ofmonntains, and extends from the frontier of Georgia in the lat. of 35. N. in a E. N. E. direction, through the state of Tennessee, flanking the south-east end of the state of Ken- tucky, into Tazeville County, in the stale of Vir- ginia, in the lat. of 37. 20. >'. where it terminates in several knolls, which give rise to the streams that form the Big Sandy River. CUR 235 cus Cumberland, an island on the coast of Georgia ; tlie most Bouthern territory of the United States on the Atlantic Ocean, previous to their posses- sion of the Floridas in July 1821. It is 15 miles long and two broad. Opposite its south extremity is tne island of Amilla, and between them is the entrance to St. Mary's River, n the lat. of 30. 39. N. Cumber/and, a town and fort of British Ameri- ca, in a county of the same name, forming the isthmus which unites Nova Scotia to New Bruns- wick. The fort is situate at the head of the bay of Fundv. on the east side of its northern branch, called Chignecto Bay. The isthmus is here about 15 miles across, easily admitting a canal to unite the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. 64. 10. VV., lat 45. 45. N. Cumberland House, a station of the Hudson Bay Company, in the country of the Knisteneaux Indians, on the south-west side of Pine Island Lake, in the lat. of 54. N. and 102. of W. long. Cumbo, or Combo, a kingdom on the west coast of Africa, south of the river Gambia. The Por- tuguese have a settlement at Cacheo. Cumbray, Great and Little, two islands of Scot- land, at the entrance of the frith of Clyde, to the south-east of the isle of Bute. The former is six miles in circumference, has excellent freestone quarries, and the ruins of a cathedral dedicated to St. Colujuba. The latter lies a little to the south of the other, and on it is a lighthouse. Long. 4. 47. W., lat. 55 45. N. Tliey are included in the county of Bute. Pop. in 1821, G57. Camima, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles south- west of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. Cumly, a fort and town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, seated between two rivers, at their entrance into a salt water lake, which is separated from the sea by a spit of sand. On the opposite side of the south river is the town of Kanyapura, to which it was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 15 m. S by E. of Mangalore. Cummington, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 102 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,2U0. Ctimrce, t. Berks Co. Pa. Cundinatnnrca, one of the four great divisions into which the new republican territory of Colom- bia was first divided; but since the division of 1823, when the country was divided into twelve provinces, it forms the central and metropolitan province of the republic. See Bogota. Cupar, a borough of Scotland, capital of Fife- shire. Here are manufactures of coarse linens, and a considerable tannery. It is seated in a rich valley, on the north side of the Eden, eight miles west by south of St. Andrew, and 30 N. N. E. of Edinburg. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 5,692 Cupar, in Angus, a town of Scotland, partly in Forfar, but chiefly in Perthshire, with a consider- able linen manufactory and tannery. It is seat- ed on the Isla, 12 miles north-west of Dundee, and 13 N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 1821, 2,022. Curasao, an island in the Carribean Sea, Ij'ing off the coast of Colombia, near the entrance to the Gulf and Lake Maracaibo, 35 miles long and 12 broad, subject to the Dutch. It produces sugar, tobacco, and salt ; has numerous warehouses, which used formerly to supply the adjacent coast with the productions of Europe and Asia, and which still continue to do so to some extent. In 1800 some French having settled on part of the is- land, and becoming at variance with the Dutch, the latter surrendered the island to a single British frigate. It wae restored to the Dutch, by the peace of 1802, and taken from them by a British squadron in 1807, and again restored by the peace of 1814. The principal town is St. Peter, at the north-east extremity of the island. Long. G9. 15. W., lat, 12. 52. N. Cnriro, the tenth in order to the provinces of Chile, the chief town of the same name is about 100 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 35. S., on the road from Concepcion to Santiago. Curia Muria, an island on the coast of Arabia Felix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim. Long. 55. 25. E., lat. 17. 0. N. Curisch Huff, a lake or bay of Prussia, separa- ted from the Baltic Sea by a tongue of land, 70 miles in extent, in a N. N. E. direction but not more than from two to three miles wide ; the Haff is about 30 miles wide at the south end, pro- gressively narrowing to about a mile only at its outlet into its sea at Mcnnel. Currah, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, on the south bank of the Ganges, 3U m. north west of Allahabad. Current, a township in Lawrence Co. Arkan- sas. Currinsrille, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. Currituck, a maritime country at the north-east extremity of North Carolina, the north end border- ing on the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and the south end on Albemarle Sound. This was formerly a very dreary district, but some of the land within the present century has been render- ed verv productive in rice. Pop. 7,G54. The county gives name to one of the inlets into Albe- marle Sound. Curupa, a tov.-n of BrnzL],in the government of Para, seated on the south bank of {he main chan- nel of the Amazon, 2-50 miles west of Para. Long 53. 10. W., lat. 1.50. S. Curiota, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 2(J miles long. It abounds in wood proper for buildinir ships, and produces good wine . At the east end is a forti- fied town of the same name, with a good harbour, Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 43. 6. N. Cusco, or Cuzeo, a city of Peru, and a bishop's see, formerly the capita! of the Incas, supposed to have been first founded by Manco Capac, in 1043. The Spaniards, under Pizarro, took possession of it in 153"!. On a mountain contiguous to the north part of the city are the ruins of a fort and palace of the Incas, the stones of which are of an enormous magnitude. Cuzco is built in a square form, in the middle of which is the best market in all America; four large streets, which are perfectly straight, terminate in the square. It contains nine churches besides the cathedral, which is a noble structure. The number of in- habitants is about 30,000, of which one-half are original Americans. Streams of water run through the town, which arc a great conveniency in a country where it seldom rains. It is seated near the source of a river falling into the Pilcomayo, on the east side of the first collateral ridge of the Andes, 350 miles east by south of Lima. Long. 71. 47. W., lat. 13. 20. S. Cushing, t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 681. Cussrl, a town of France, in the department of AUier, 37 miles south by east of Moulins. Pop. about 4,000. Cuslee, a town of Bengal, on the south bank of the main branch of the Ganges, 100 miles north by east of Calcutta. It has considerable manufactures of silk. Custrin, a fortified town of Brandenburg, capi- CY? 23G CZE Ul of liie New Mark, with a ensile. In 1700 it VM bombarded and nlinost di'stroycd l)y the Jtiuaiong, and in l-'IK! it was taken liy tin- Frer.ch. It ia seated amid morasses, at the conllux ol' the tVarta with the Oder, 4ti ni. east by north of Berlin. Cutuis, the chief town of Iineritia. The re- mains of the catliedrnl seem to prove that it was once a considerable place. It is seated im the Riona, 120 miles west by north of Teflis. Lon. 10. of K. long. Besides Jagernaut the other places of note ore Balasore, Masulipatam and Jagepoor. This district was familiar to the Mahomt^lans as early as the commencement of the tliirleenlh century, but continued in possession of the Hindoos till 1500, when it surrendered to Solynian Keranp, who annexed it to Beng.il. In ]7f>7 it w.as ceded to the Nagpore Mahrattas. .nnd I'ell into the pos- session of the English in l.-!l)3. ro])ulation about 1,200,000. Cuttcrali, a town of Hindoostan in the province of Oude, 25 miles south by east of Bereilly. cele- brated for a decisive battle fought in its vicinity on the 18th of .\pril, 1774, between the Rohillas and the British. Cuxharrn, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, in the Duchy of Bremen, situate near the point of the promontory formed by the mouths of the rivers Weser and Elbe. It is an insignificant place, hut rendered of some importance as the station of the post office packets between England and the north of Europe. It is 00 miles N. N. W. of llambure. Lat. .''>3. 50. i\., and S. 40. of E. long. Cuyahoaa, a stream of Ohio tailing into Lake Erie at Cleaveland. The great Ohio Canal . passes along this river and joins the Lake at its mouth. See Ohio Canal. Cuyahoga, a county of Ohio bordering upon ro. It fell again into the possession of Austria at the general par- titioning of 1814. This portion of Dalmatia, which 18 all now understood by that name, has about 200 miles of sea coast, within the latitude above mentioned, being about 40 miles in me.Ti. breadth, which gives an area of about 8,0l'(i square miles, and is supposed to contain 3,50.itl|: inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Bo- cana River, which separates it from Albania, and on the north by Bosnia and Croatia ; west by Mor- lachia. It has several islands lying ofi" the coast, the principal of which are Brazza, Lessena, Car- zola, Sabonelio and Meleda. It has some moun- tainous territory, containing marble, gypsum, iron and other minerals ; but parts are very fertile, and the mulberry, vine, and olive, flourish in consid- erable luxuriance. The principal river is the Narenta, which rip?8 in Bosnia, and either this or the Bocana might easily be united with ccllateral branches of the Save, near its union with the Danube, and thereby open a water communica- tion by means of the latter, with the Black Sea on one side, and the interior of Germany on the other, but military despotism and catholic subju- gation are incompatible with social improvements. The principal towns on the coast are Cattaro, Ra- gusa, and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and Slostar. Dairy, a village of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 7 m. N. N. W. of Irvine. It has a cotton manufac- ture, and near it are valuable coal mines, and a strong sulphureous spring. Pop, in 1621, 3,313. Dalsland. See Dalia. Dulton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, and near it are the magnificent ruins of Fumess abbey. It is seated in a champaign country, not far from the sea, six miles S. W. of Ulverston, and 2G5 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 714. Dullon, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connecti cut, at the 15 mile falls. Pop. 532. Dalton, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 791. Damanltar, a town of Egypt, near the canal ot Alexandria, 32 m. E. S. E. of Alexandria. Damar, a town of Arabia Felix, in Yemen, with a university, 60 m. S. by E. of Sana. Damariscotta, a river of Maine flowing into the sea between Penobscot and Casco Bays. Da7nnscus, or (as it is called by the Arabs) Sham, a city of Svria, capital of a Turkish pacha- lie, and the see of a Greek archbishop. The form is an exact square, each side being a mile and a half long, and is supposed to contain from 160, 000 to 200,000 inhabitants, among whom are great numbers of Christians and Jews. It has three walls, now almost entirely ruined ; and of the several suburbs which it formerly had, there re mains only one, which extends three miles in length. Several streams flow across the fertile plains of Damascus, which water all tlie gardens, supply the public fountains, and are carried into every house. The houses are built of wood, with their fronts inward, where there is a court; in the streets there are only walls to be seen, but the insidea are richly adorned. The most remarkable DAM 233 DAN building arc the caravanseraia, wliich consist of long galleries supported by marble pillars, and surrounding a large square court. The castle is like a little town, having its own streets and hous- es : and the famous Damascus steel was kept here in a magazine. The mosques, of which there are about 200, are extremely handsome edifi- cies, the most stately of which was a christian church. One street runs across the city and sub- urbs in a direct line, on each side of which ai"e shops, where all sorts of rich merchandise are sold. Several manufactures are carried on here, among which that of sabres and knives has been the most famous. Damascus is one of the most ancient places existing ; it is mentioned by Abm- 'i i:n 1917 years before the christian era, as the ilice near which he encountered the forces of Jiiedorlaomer king of Elam, (Persia,) and res- ■■lifd his nephew Lot with considerable treasure, which the Elamites had taken from the cities of the plain. It afterwards became the capital of an independent kingdom, and at a later period became subject to the Jews. It was conquered by the Romans ; and after the fall of the Roman empire, Damascus became the seat of the grand CTliph of the Saracens, who surrendered it to the Turkish emperor Selim, the third of the Otto- min dynasty about 1515. It has continued sub- ject to the Turks since that time. The pachalic which extends from the desert of Arabia, through five degrees of latitude to Aleppo, is considered the most valuable and important of all the Turk- ish possessions. The pacha makes an annual j lurney to Mecca, as the representative of the !f rand seignior. . (See Syria.) Damascus is seated sixtv miles from the sea, at Berut. in the lat. of ■i.i. 30. N., 130 miles N. N. E. of Jerusalem, and 170 S.by W. of Aleppo. Damascus, towns in Wayne Co. Fa., Frederick Co. Md., and Logan Co. Oliio. Damaun, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the country of Baglana, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cambay. Aurungzebe besieged it about the middle of the seventeenth century, with an army of 40,000 men ; but the garrison sallying out on a part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, so terrified those animals by their fire-arms, that they turned on their masters, and trampled to death half his army. The Persees (see Bachu) have a celebrated temple here. It is subject to the Por- tujuese, and is sixty miles south of Sural. Long. 72T47. E.,lat.20. 18 N. Damegan, or Damgan, a town of Persia, seated near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in the district of Mazenderan. It is supposed once to have been the seat of government of the Parthian empire. It is 90 m. east by south of Ferrabad, and 300 north by east of Ispahan. Damgnrtin, or Damgard, a town of Hither Pomerania, with a castle-seated at the mouth of the Recknitz, 18 m. W. of Stralsund. Damictta. a town of Egypt, and a Greek arch- bishop's see, with a good harbour, atone of the eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several squares, various grand mosques, and public baths faced with marble. The rice mezelaoui, the finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring plains. Here are likewise Indian stuffs, silk, sal ammoniac, wheat, &c. The Christians of Aleppo and Damascus carrv on the principal trade, the Turks being indolent, and contontinff themselves with occasional extortions. During the crusades, Damietta was frequently an object of contention. It surrendered to the French in 179?, since which period it has been on the decline. It is about ninety miles east of Alexandria, the same distance north by east of Cairo, in the lat. of 31. 2U. N., and 31. 50. of E. long. Fop. about 30,000. Damm, a town of Further Fomerania, which has a considerable trade in steel manufactures. It is seated at the south end of a lake of the same name, near the mouth of the Oder, 8 m. E. S. E. of Stettin. Pop. about 2,000. Damme, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders, seated on the canal between Sluys and Bruges, 5 m. N. by E. of Bruges. Damme, or Appingedam, a town of Holland, in Groningen, seated on the Damster, near the mouth of the Ems, 14 miles N. E. of Groningen. Dampicr's Land, in the lat. of 10. S., on the west coast of New Holland, so called from a nav- igator of that name, who visited it in 1688, and who reported having discovered a large river or deep inlet of the sea in that part, but the assertion yet remains to be confirmed, Dan, a river of North Carolina, rising in Vir- ninia and falling into the Roanoke near Mecklen- burg. Dana, t.Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. C23. Danbury, a village in Essex, England, 5 m. E. of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of the se^. It stands on the highest ground in the county, and the spire of the chuicn serves as a sea-mark. Pop. in 1821, 1,005. Danlmry, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 93 m. from Bos- ton. Pop. 786. Danbury, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield County. This town, with a large quantity of military stores, was burnt by the British in 1777, It is 20 miles N. N. W. of Fairfield, and 65 N. N. E. of New York. Pop. 4,325, Danby, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,362. Dancali, a country in the east part of Abyssinia, at the entrance to the Red Sea, The soil is un- productive ; and its chief riches consist in fossil salt and honey. It is governed by a prince nomi- nally tributary to the negus, or emperor of Abys- sinia. Bailor is the principal town. Dandridge, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ten. Danielsville, p. v. Spotsylvania Co, Va, and Mad- ison Co. Geo. Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pacific Ocean, seen by Byron in 1765, but so surrounded by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to land. The commodore supposed them to be the islands seen by Quiros, in the beginning of the seven- teenth century, and named Solomon's Islands. Long. 169. 28. W., lat. 10. 15. S. Dannemora, or Dammora, the most celebrated iron mine in Sweden. It produces from four to five thousand tons of iron of the very best quality annually. It is about thirty miles N. of Upsal. Dannpnbnrg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Luneburg, capital of a district of the same name ; seated on the Jetze, near the Elbe, 30 m. E. by S. of Luneburg. Dansrille, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728. Dantzic, a city of Europe, very advantageously located on the west bank of the '{'istula, about five miles above its entrance into the Baltic Sea, in the lat of 54. 21. N., and 18. 38. of E. long. It is supposed to have been first founded by the Danes in the twelfth century, and for some time continued a fiee and independent city. In 1454 it became subject to Poland, retaining, however, all its municipal institutions, and long continued to rank as the chief commercial city of the north of Europe, included in the Hanseaiic league. At U.VN -'10 1).\R llio commencement of the eii»liteentli century it contained upwards of 100,(tOU inhabitants, more than 20,000 of whom were carried otV by a pest in 1709. In 17:$4 it offered protection to Stanislaus, king of I'oland, when it was besiej^ed by the Rus- sians and Saxons, to whom it was forced to sur- render. InlTlKtit was taken possession of by a Prussian force, wlio held it till IfiO", when, after a loniy siege, it surrendered to the French, who, in their turn, were forceil to surrender it to a uni- ted Russian and Prussian furce, after llie disaster- ous campaign of ltreclude the countries through which this noble river Hows, from deriving much exter- nal advantage from its navigation. In tlie arch- duchy of Austria it f Durtmoutk College. See Ihnorer, N. II. Dartmouth^ a sea-port in Massachusetts, in Bristol county, adjoining New Bedford. Pop. 3,SG7, 62 m. S. of Boston. Long. 70. 52. VV., lat 41. 37. N. Dart07cn, p. v. Butler Cn. Ohio. Danear, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the coun- try of Sanore, taken from Tipponby the British in niU, and afterward restored to the Mahratias. It IS 4.') m. W. N. W. of Sanore, and 00 E. of Goa. Dancen, Vpper and Loicer, two townships in the p.arish of, and contiguous to, Blackburn, Lan- cashire. Pop. inI821,.-',i»4i). See Blackburn. Dnrlmoor, an extensive forest in Devonshire, Eng. bounded on the north by bleak hills com- prising .about 80,000 acres, and is watered by the river Dart. Many sheep are bred here, but of a small kind, and black cattle, which thrive well on the coarse herbage. Dassrl, a town in Germany, in tlie principality of South Calenburg, 48 m. S. by W. of Hanover. Dauphin, a county in the E. District of Pennsyl- vania, bounded on t}\e west for about 40 mites by the Susquehanna River, being about 20 miles in mean breadth. The Blue Mountain Ridge inter- sects this county from VV. to N. by E. Pop. 25,- 303. Harrisburg is the chief town, and seat of government of the state. Diiupliinij, a late province of France, extend- ing 40 leagues from north to south, and 3() from east to west ; bounded on the west by the Rhone, north by the Rhone and Savoy, south by Pro- vence, and east by the Alps. The heir apparent of the kings of France derive the title of dauphin from this province. Two-thirds of Dauphiny are intersected bv mountains, which afford good pas- turage ; plenty of timber, fir-trees in particular, for the building of ships : and very scarce simples. In these mountains, which are branches of the Alps, are bears, chamois, marmots, eagles, hawks, &.C. and mines of iron, copper, and lead. The vallevs afford wheat, and the hills in the vicinity of the Rhone, excellent wines, olives and silks. The principal rivers are the Rhone, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps (each of which see.) Datenport, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,780. Darrntry,a.lown in Northamptonshire. Enw. with a manufacture of whips. It stands on the Roman highw.iy called Watlins-street, on the side of a hill, 16 miles west of Northampton, and 72 N. W. of London, on the mail-coach road to Birmintrham and Liverpool. It is distinguished for its cheese fairs, in April and October. Pop. in 182], 3.326. Darid, St. a town of Soutli Wales, in Pem- brokeshire. It was formerly an archbishop's see, and in king Arthur's days the metropolitan of the British church, and continued so till king Henry I. at which time Bernard, who was the forty- seventh archbishop of St. David's, became suffra- gan to the see of Canterbury. The situation of the town being very unhcalthful, and the soil of the adjacent country very barren, it has nothing now to boast of but its cathedral, which is 300 feet long, and about 127 high, and supposed to be the highest in Britain ; though the east end is in ruins, tlie western part and choir are in good re- parr. St. David's is at present a bishop's see. yet only a single street of miserable cottages. It is seated on the Illen. near the coast, 24 nnles N. W. of Pembroke, and 255 west by north of London. Pop. in 1-^21, l.HKJ. Darid, St a village of Scotland, in the parish of Dalgety, Fifeshire, with a harbour in Invcrkei- thing bay. It has a considerable manufacture of salt, and exports an immense qiiantity of coal. Darid, Fort St. an English fort on the coast of Coromandel, which was taken and destroyed by the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles south of Fort St. George. Davidson, acounly of West Tennessee, about 30 miles square. It is intersected from east to west by Cumberland River. Pop. 22,.523. Nashville, on the south bank of the river, is the chief town. Daridsonville, p.t. Lawrence Co. Arkansas, on Current River. Darid-^lown, tillage, Huntindon Co. N. J. Daries, an inlermr county of the stale of In- diana, 'Z'i m. from south to north, and 15 wide, intersected bj' White River, which falls into the Wabaah. Pop. 4,512. Washington is the chief town. Daries, another county in the western part of Kentucky, bounded on the south and west by Green River, and on the north by the Ohio, which separates this county from the state of Indiana. Owenboro', on the south bank of the Ohio, is the chief town. Another town called Vienna, is seal- ed on the north bank of Green River. The ex- tent of this county is about 25 miles each way. Pop. 5,218. Daris's .S/rn^'^«,an arm of the sea between Green land and North America, discovered by captain Davis in ].5.'^5, when he attempted to find a north- west passage. This sea comprises a space be- tween the lat. of 58. and 68. N., and from 50. to 70. of W. long., to which from fifty to sixty sail of ships are annually fitted out from England to fish for whales. Darishirg, v. Christian Co. Ken. Dayton, p. v. Montgomery Co. Ohio, on the Great Miami river. Dflro.?, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, capital of a district in which are mines of copper, lead, and silver. It is 14 miles east of Coire. DaicUti, Great and Little, two villages contigu- ous to Shiflnal in Shropshire, Euff. abounding in coal and iron ; the working of w-liich gives em- ployment to from 2,000 to 3,000 persons. Total population in 1821,5,147. /)rt7r//j,7i, a village pleasantly situate nearTeign- mouth, on the shore of the English Channel, in Devonshire. It is a good deal frequented in the summer season for sea bathing. Pop. in 1821, 2,70'J. Dar, or Darqs. a town in France in the depart- ment of Landes, and lately a bishop's see. Here are some famous hot baths, the spring of which discharges thirty-six cubic feet of water in a minute. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with towers, and seated on the Adour, 24 ni. N. E. of Bayonne. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1826 contained 4.849 inhabitants. Dead, r. Coos Co. N. H. falls into the Margalla- way. Dead Sea, a lake or inland sea of Palestine into which the river Jordan runs. It is sixty miles long and fifteen broad, enclosed on the east and west by high mountains. There is no verdure on its banks, or fish in its waters owing to the ex OEA 24:t DED trerae saltiiess and otJier qualities of its water. Mines of fossil salt are found in the sides of the mountains, which supply the neighbouring Arabs, and the city of Jerusalem ; also fra^menls of sul- phur and bitumen, which the Arabs convert into triflintr articles of commerce. This lake, called also Lake Asphaltites, and by the Turks and Arabs Almotana, has no outlet ; and it has been demonstrated, that evaporation is more than suffi- cient to carry off the water brought in by the rivers. It was on the site of this lake that Sodom and Gomorrah, and three other cities were situate, which were destroyed by a miraculous conflagra- tion about 1,900 years antecedent to tlie Christian cera. Dcadman's Head, a cape on the south coast of England, in Cornwall, between St. Mawes and Fowey. Dcal^ a town in Kent, Eng. It is seated be- tween the North and South Foreland, and is a member of the cinque port of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. It has no harbour, but the sea be- tween the shore and the Godwin Sands, called the DoicnSy is generally a secure road for ships, where they usually ride at their leaving or entering the river Thames. The port is defended by two castles. Deal or Walmer Castle to the south, and Sandown Castle to the north ; and also by several batteries. The mariners of Deal are considered most intrepid seamen, but there being no port regulations, strangers embarking or disembarking in the Downs, are exposed to the most wanton and unjustifiable impositions, whilst the induce- ments to smugsrlin?, which the unparalleled rates of taxation in England excite among the inhabi- tants of this part of tlie coast, on account of its proximity to the continent, makes the seamen as desperate and vicious as they are crafty and im- posing. The town of Deal is 9 m. N. of Dover, and 74 E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1621, 0,811. Dean^ a celebrated forest in Gloucestershire, Eng. which originally included all that part of the county which lies between the Severn and the shires of Monmouth and Hereford, and contained four market towns and twenty-three parishes. It is fertile in pasture and tillage, bears very fine oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal. It was once reckoned the chief support of the English navy ; but having been much thinned by fre- quency of felling, and narrowed by increase of cultivation, it was near losing all features of its former character, until within the present century, when a still extensive tract, containing a popula- tion exceeding 5..'>00, has been replanted and i*e- plenished with deer, and divided into si.\ walks, extra parochial, over which proper rangers have been appointed. There is a village without the boundary of the present forest, one mile north of Newnham, called Litth Dean, containing, in I^;21, 807 inhabitants ; and contiguous is Mitcliel Dean^ at which a market was formerly held on Mon- days. Pop. in 18*21, 550. **^* There are ten other villages in different parts of England named Dean, all inconsider- able. Dearborn, a frontier county at the south-east extremity of the state of Indiana. Lawrenceburg, the principal town, is seated on a point of land formed by the junction of the Miami with the Ohio River. The county is about 30 m. from south to north, and 35 in mean breadth. The N. E. part borders on the state of Ohio, and the S. E. on that of Kentucky. Pop. 14,578. Law- renceburg is the cliieftown DearboTttf p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. GIG. DehalpooT, a town of liindoostan, capital of a district m the country of Moultan. It is situatp on the great road from Delhi to Moultan, near the river Setlege, 80 miles south of Lahore, and 170 east liy north of Moultan. Loner. 73. 32. E., lat. 30 5. N. Dchen, a river in Suffolk, Eng. which rises near Debenham, and flows to Woodbridge, wh<^re it expands into a long narrow arm of the German Ocean, a little to the nortii of Harwich. Denbenham, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on the side of a hill, near the source of the Deben 24 m. east of Burj^ St. Edmunds, and 63 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1621, 1,535. Debretzin, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a district of the same name, and one of the most populous and important trading towns in all Hun- gary. It was taken by the Turks in IG'i-i, and the Austrians retook it the same year. It is 107 m E. of Buda. Long. 21.3-S. E.,'lat. 47.34. N. Deeatur, p. t.Oitie go Co. N. Y. Pop. IJIO. Also towns in Mifflin Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Alab., Adams and Brown Cos. Ohio. Drccan, an extensii'e tract in Hindoostan, which from the signification of its name, the Southy has been supposed to include the whole region snutli of Hindoostan Proper. But, in its more accepted sense, it contains only the countries situate be- tween Hindoostan Proper, and what is termed the Peninsula; namely, the provinces of Candeish, Dowlalabad, V'isiapour, the north part of Golcon- da, Berar, Orissa, and the Circars. It is bounded on the north by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and b}' Bahar ; and the river Kistna forms its separation on the south from what is called the peninsula of Hindoostan. All this vast country was once the southern province of the Moguls, who did not pass the Kistna till a recent period. Candeish, Visiapour, and a part of Dowlatabad, Berar, and Orissa are subject to the Mahrattas. The English have part ot Orissa and of the Cir- cars. The dominionsof the Nizam of the Deccan comprising Golconda, the principal part of Dow latabad, and the western part of Berar. His ter- ritories are bounded on the north-west by the Poonah Mahrattas, north by the Berar Mahrattas, east by the Circars, and south by the Carnatic and Mysore. By a family succession in 1780 the Nizam became possessed of the districts of Adoni and Tachore, and of the Gunto or Circar ; and by the peace of 1702 and partition of 1709 he had a share of the countries belonging to Tippoo Sul- tan, including Kopaul, Cuddapa, Gangecoha, Gooty, and Gurrumconda. His dominions (with- out including the cessions) are supposed to be 430 miles from N. W. to S. E. by 300 wide. The capital is Hydrabad. Decize, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, seated on an island, at the conflux of the Airon w'ith the Loire, 16 miles S. E. of Ne vers. Drckendorf, a towm of Lower Bayaria, seated on the Danube, 27 miles N. W. of Passau. Dcckerstoicn, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. Deddinston, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 16 m. north of Oxford, and G9W. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,&47. Dcdham, a town in Essex, Eng. with a manufac- ture of baize. It has an ancient large church, with a curious steeple, and a free grammar- school endowed by queen Elizabeth. It is seated on the Stour, 6 m. N. N. E. of Colchester, and 58 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,651. Dcdkanij a town of Massachusettsj chief of OKIl 314 UlOL Norfolk county, seated on Charles river, 1 1 m. S. W. of Boston. Top. 3,117. Du, a river of Wal<>s, lulil In (jrcat veneration by the ancient Xirilony, urid tlie tlifiiie of many a poet since. It issues from the Inke nf IJalii, in Merionethshire, whence it llnws throiij^h a fine vale across the s<»ulli part of l)enhi;^shire to the nortii-west part of Shropsliire, visits the west bor- der of Cheshire, passes on to Chester, and flows thence to the Irish sea, inakini; a bniad .t. Rockingliani Co. N. H. 55 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,tlMl. Decrficid, a town of Mass:i<-hii.=;etls, in Hamp- shire county, sealed on the Cniinecticut, near the influ.\ of the river Ueerlield, 15 in. N. of North- ampton, and .SO W. by N. of Hoston. Pop. y,(U«. Decrjield, p. I. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mcdiawk, opposite Ulii'a. Pop. 'l.lS'i. Alsoap.t. in Cum- lierlaiid Cu. N. Y., ■! townshi|>s in Ohio, and a village in Augusta (^o. V'a. Deerhusf, a vilhi^e in (lloucestershire, Eng. three miles south ol Tewkesbury, Kubiect to fre- quent inundations from the Severn, llerewasa celebrated monastery, which was ailerwards made a cell to Tewkesbury abbey. Detriu". p.t. Hillsborough Co. N H. tlli m. Ir. Boston. Pop l.y^T. Deer Island, in I'enobscot Bay, state of Maine, containing li,',il7 inhabitants. Delili, commonly mis-spelt Dillii, a )UMvince of Hindooslan,boundpd on the N. W. by Lahore, N. K. by Serinagur. east by the llohilla country, south by Agra,and wcstby Moultan. Having been the seat of continual wars above si-\tv years, previous to IKOG, when it fell under the inllueiiee . N, ; the two capes being about IH ni. distant, nar- rowing to about 10 m. at Bombay bar which is considered as forming the entrance to the river. The bay. and its entrance is interspersed with numerous shoals, the ship channel being on the sideof Cape llenlojien, and about midway be- tween Bombay Hook and Philadelphia is a small island called Fia I'alcli, on which are two strong forts. Just within Cape Henlopen, at the moulli of the bay, there is now constnieting a bri-akwa- ter of solid rock, and a dike farther inward, whiidi form an artificial harbour with 5 or (i fathoms of water. DEL 21.J DEL Dcliware, one of tlie United States, bounded N. by Pennsylvania; E. by Delaware Bay and river ; S. and W. by Maryland, extending from :58. 20. to 39. 47. N. lat. anti from 71. 56. to 75. 40. W. loniT. d'i miles in length ; and 23 in its great- est breadth; containing 2,120 sq. milea. Top. 7li,7:ii>, of whom 3,305 are slaves. This state is almost wholly an alluvial level ; the northern extremity is hilly. In the south the soil is sandy and uaproductive, but toward the north it is e.xcellent and produces the finest wheat in the United States This article is the staple commodity of the state, and the flour mills of Brandywine, near Wilmington, are among tjio largest in the country. The soil also produces raaize, flax, buck-wheat, potatoes, &c. and there are some excellent grazing lands. At the south- ern extremity of the state, is the Cypress Swamp, from which great quantities of timber are obtained for exportation. In the same quarter is found abundance of bog iron ore. There is no large river in the state, nor any good harbour upon the bay, although this hitler defect will in some measure be remedied by the breakwater above mentioned. l^he Chesapeak and Delaware canal {}pJifch sre) crosses the north- ern part of the state and will materially assist the trade of the country. The chief pursuits are ag- ricultural. The commerce consists in the export of flour. The shipping in 1^28. amounted to 13,213 tons. The manufactures of the state are considerable. They are chiefly at Wilmington, and consist of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder, snuff, &c. Delaware is divided into 3 counties, New- castle in the north, ls[pnt in the middle, and Sussex in the south. The legislature is called the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Tiie Governor is chosen for 3 years. All elections are popular and suffrage is universal. Dover is the capital. The other chief towns are Wilmington and i\ew- castle. The Methodists have 15 ministers ; the Presby- terians 10; the Baptists 9, and the Episcopalians 0. There is no college in Delaware, butcommon schools are established by law ; and the School Fund of the state yields an annual income of 9,225 dollars. Also the proceeds of 25,000 dollars in- vested in the Chesapeak and Delaware Canal are devoted to purposes connected with education. This state was first settled by the Swedes, and afterwards formed a part of the colony of Pennsyl- vania. The present constitution was framed in 1792. Delaware is also the nroae of four counties in the different states of North America, as fol- lows : — 1. In the state of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania, in whicli is tiie Susquehanna, as well as the Delaware rivers, both iiave their source. It is a somev/hat mount.iinous district, but its fertility and local advantages may be in- ferred from its increase of population, which in 1300 was 10,22?, and in 1S30, 32,933. Delhi is the chief town. 2. In E. Pennsylvania, bounded on the south by the state and east by the river Delaware, and north by the county of the city of Philadelphia. It is the smallest county in the state. Pop. 17,301. Chester, 15 m. S. W. of Philadelphia, is the chief town . 3. In the centre of the state of Ohio, intersect- ed by the Scioto river, and Walnut, Alum, and Whetstone creeks. It is a square of about '2S miles each way. The pop. which in 1810, was only 2,000, in 1830 had increased to 11,523. The chief town of the same name is seated betv.een the main branch of the Scioto and Whetstone creek, twenty-five miles north of Columbus. 4. In the eastern part of Indiana. Pop. 2,372. Muncytown is the capital. Delaware, city, Newcastle Co. Del. This place has just been laid out, and is situated on the Delaware at the entrance of the Chesapeak and Delaware Canal. Delaware, is also the name of 4 townships and villages in Pa., Va. and Ohio. Delft, a town of South Holland, well built, with canals in the streets, planted on each side with trees. Here are two churches, in one of which is the tomb of William I. prince of Or- ange, who was assassinated. It has a fine arsenal, and a considerable manufacture of earthenware. Delfl is the birth-place of the renowned Grotius. It is seated about midway between Rotterdam and the Hague. Delftshareti, a fortified town of South Holland, on the north side of the Maese, with a canal to Delft. It is between Rotterdam and Schiedam, about three miles from each. Dclftzut/f, a town and fortress of Holland, in Groningen, with a good harbour. It is seated on the Demster, at its entrance into the mouth of the Ems, 12 miles west by south of Emden. Long. 6.58. E., lat 58. 18. Delhi, the chief town of Delaware County, in the state of New York, seated on the north bank of the Mohawk branch of the Delaware River, 40 m W. S. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,114. See also Delhi. DeJiiz, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. Great quantities of worsted stockings are made here. It is 15 miles north by east of Leipzig. DcllamcoUa, a fortress of the countiy of Bootan, which commands the principal pass over the mountains. It was taken by storm in 1773, by a detachment under the command of captain John Jones. It is 55 m. S. S. W. of Tassit.udon, and 200 N. of Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 46. E. lat. 27. 2. N. Delmenhorst, a town of Westphalia, capital of a district in the duchy of Oldenburg ; seated on the Delm, near the Weser, 8 m. S. W. of Bre- men. Delos, or Dili, an island of the Grecian Arclii- pelago, formerly celebrated for the temples of Diana and Apollo, whose birth-place it is said to be. It is 6 miles in circumference, but now little more tlian a desert rock, covered with ruins, and uninhabited. Long. 25. 12. E. Int. 37. 38. N. Dilphi, or DclpTios, a tov/n of Independent UEM 240 DL.N Gr-Cf, '" l^ivadia, once famous fur llie oracle of Apollp, whicli people came from all parts to roiiault. It is seated in a valley ni>ar Mount Farnassus, 18 m. VV. S. W. of Livadia and now called Castria. Driplii, p V. Onondaga Co. N. Y., also a p.t m Marian Co. Ten. DrI Reij, a tract of country on the coast of Brazil, about 100 miles wide, and SOO from north to south, between the mountains of Paraguay and the Atlantic ocean. At its south cxtreinitj- are two lakes, called de los Petos and Mini, each about KiO miles long, and from 10 to 50 broad, witli a fort at each end. The principal place on this extensive coast is the island of St. Catherine, in the lat of 27. 30. S. This coajst is now princi- pally included in the province of Rio Grande. Dehhury, a town of Switzerland in the late bishopric of Basil, on the river Birs, 10 m. N. \V. ofSoleure. Delta, a part of Lower E"ypt, inclosed between the mouth of the Nile and' the Mediterranean ; so called, it i.s supposed by some, from its trian- gular form resembling the Greek letter of that name, and bv others, as implying a maritime and swampy district ; hence, the term Dtlta is now generally applied to the mouths of all great rivers Raving diverging branches, such as the Indus, Ganges, Mississippi, fee. Dehiao, a town of Lower Albania, seated about 15 miles from the coast of the Adriatic, opposite Corfu. It is the residence of a pacha, and is populous. Dnnbra, an interior province of Abyssinia, of which Emfras is the capital, in the lat. of 12. N. and 37. 30. E. Ion". In the centre of the province is a lake, supposed to be 4.")0 m. in circumference, and contains many islands, one of which is a place of confinement for slate prisoners. Its waters appear to form one of the principal sources of the Nile ; but this part of Africa is at present very little known. Dcmerara, a river and plantation of South America. The entrance to the river is in the lat. of G. 48. N. and 53. 2. of W. lon^. It is naviga- ble for about 100 m. inland, and at its entrance forms a very commodious harbour, impeded how- ever by a bar, not admitting vessels drawing more than 18 feet of water. The plantations he on both banks of the river. They were original- ly formed by the Dutch, but fell into the hands of the English inl7;Hi; restored at the peace of Amiens in 1802; retaken on the renewal of the war in the following year, and confirmed to Eng- land at the generafpeace in 1814 ; since which the cultivation has been greatly extended, and next to Jamaica, is now the most populous and iiroductive of all the British colonies in the West ndies and South .Vmerica. Demianslioi , a town of Siberia, in the govern- ment of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh, at the influx o Tobolsk influx of the Demianha, 100 m Irtysli. . N. N. E. of Deinmin, a fortified town of Anterior Pomera- nia, seated on the banks of the Ribnitz, 37 m. S. of Stralsund. Pop. about 3,000. Demona, a town and fort of Piedmont, on the river Stura, 10 m. S. VV. of Coni. Demona I'al. See Dimonn. Demotira, or Dumotica, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, where a Greek archbishop resides. It was the residence of Charles XII. for some years '. and is situate near the Marisca, 12 m. S. of .Adrianople. WtHUiii, a village of France, iu tlie department of Nord, where a victorv was gained over prince Eugene, by Marshal Villars in 1712. It is sealed on the Scheldt, ti m. S. W. of Valenciennes. Denbigh, a borough of North Wales, capital of Denbighshire. Ila ruined castle, with its vast in- closure crowning the top of the hill, forms a striking object. Denbigh has a considerable manufacture of gloves and shoes. It is situate on the side of a rocky hill, above the vale of Clywd, on a branch of the river of that name, 27 miles west of Chester, 5 S. of St. Asaph, and 218 N. W._of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,l!)o. It returns one member to parliament. Denbighshire, a. coMnyy of North Wales bounded on the north by the Irish sea, north-east by Flint- shire, cast by Cheshire, south by Salop, Merio- neth and Montgonieryshires, and west by the river Conway, which separates it from Caenarvon- shlre. It ifl 48 miles long from south to west, and 20 in its broadest part, but its mean breadth does not exceed 14 miles. This county contains some picturesque and beautiful scenery, besides the the Conway, the Clywd and Elwy also fall into the Irish sea, whilst the Dee, running in a mean- dering course from east to west, intersects all the south part of the county ; and the vale of Clywd, for 20 miles in extent, is deservedly celebrated for its fertility as well as for its picturesque beauty. Its surplus product consists principally of cattle and butter, a partial supply of grain, some wool, &c. &c. by which the rent-tax, state and local exactions are discharged. It contains veins of both coal and lead, but the mines are very partially worked. Besides the borough of Denbigh, the other principal towns are Wrexham, Ruthin, Abergely, and Llhangolen. DendcT, a river of the Netherlands, which rises in Hainault, flows by Leuze, Ath, Lessines, Gramniont, Ninove, and Alost, and joins the Scheldt at Dendermond. Dendrra, a town of Egypt, the residence of an Arabian prince who lakes the title of Emir. It was anciently called Tentyra, and from the ruins that are seen appears to have been a large city. This place supplies most part of Egypt with char- coal. It is seated near the west bank of the Nile, 2»)0 miles S. by E. of Cairo. Long. 31. 58. E., lat. 2C. 15. N. Dendermond, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, in Flanders, with a strong citadel. It was taken by the allies in 1706, and the Dutch put a garrison into it as one of the barrier towns. The French took it in 1745, and again in 171M. It is surrounded by marshes and fine meadows which can be covered with water, and sealed at the con- flux of the Dender with the Scheldt, lli miles E. of Ghent. Pop. about 0,000. Its name is ren- dered immortal by Sterne in his tnio of I.K'levre. Dcnia, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia. The entrance into the harbour is difficult, and the chief trade is in almonds and rai.sins. It stands at the foot of a mountain. 47 miles N. E. of Alicant. Long. 0. 2. E., lat. 38. 50. N. Denis, St., or St. Denys, a town of France, in the department of Paris. The abbey of the Ben- edictines, to which the town owes its rise, has the appearance of a palace. Here is an ancient and magnificent church, in which were the tombs of many of the French kings, and in the treasury, among other curiosities, the sword of St. Louis and the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of Ch.arlemagne. In 17!I3, after the abolition of roy- ally, the royal tombs in the church were all de DEi\ 247 Ktroyed ; and the nanu- of tlie lown was cljan?cd tothatoffrancade; but, at the re-establishmeiil ot the monarchy and Catholic mumtnery St Uenis resumed its former celebrity. It is the seat of a prefect and seated on the river Crould, near 5 569 "''^' '"^'^ "^ ^"''^' ^°P '" ^*^' Denmark, a kingdom of the north of Europe Jyin^ between the lat. of 53. 34. and 57 43 N " partly contmental and partly insular. The conti- nental part comprises .North and South Jutland r.?l^ ?'"^^"r"i'"';?; """^ 'he Insularpart, the islands of Zealand, funen, Laaland, Fainter Bornholrn, Femern &c., all lying between the fas coast of Jutland and Sweden ; and in the At .int.c Ocean m the lat. of 62., are the Ferro Isles ; and in the lat. of from 64. to 60. Iceland, ard several other islands lying off the west coast of Jutland, all formmg a part of the European do- mnmns of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising together an area of about 22,000 squire miles o? Mjrlace. In addition to these the islands of St ^To,x, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West indies, are also subject to Denmark. See each part and island under iu respective head The aspect of the continental part of Denmark is flat and undiversified, containing neither mountains teH IJT '"'^ »agnitude. It is largely inden- ted by the sea, and possesses numerous creeks and bays, as well as internal lakes. The only ca- nal ot importance is that of Kiel, which will ad mit vessel, of 120 tons burden, aiid e "t^nd from the Baltic to the Eyder at Rendsburg, where th" r ver becomes navigable, thus opening a com! munication between the two seas, through 105 miles of territory. It is 22 Eng ish miles in s if)) fe'?'' fl ^"'' -^f P' ''^ '''-^dth at the top •s^]()0 feet, at bottom 54 feet. It was begun in dimom rT^^^'^V" ^'^^'^' ^" e.-.peLe o? fnm A '.'on?^- ^"'•'"g ">« l^**' war, between s ate of r„h ""' "! 'u S^"""' '° ane.xcellent c t.n-te h ^^"™' """^ ^^^ P=i^'"'-age is rich : the r-T", p !"" * SfPat resemblance to that of vj.eat ontain. toPi! °='"f'^j'°'">nunity, although its early his- tory IS involved in considerable oblcurity, appears ohave been of Scandinavian originf 'and Us ZZn^/'''i-' ='"'°"? ">e most anc^eni, pe'haps lie most so of any, in Europe, havincr b-en con- cmMoe»nJ 'Advancement of the Danes in dis- 2rrl7/ "u™" ■" ""= '^"'f" <='^"<"'-V may be in- ^■r od ^Td .'h •" "™P/'°" '"'" Eniland^at that ir. in ',1.. ^ " """"^^^ conquest of the coun- try in the early part of the following century It was not, however, till towards th? close of the fourteenth century that Denmark appears to have °n t'^le^r^"''^'^'"'' '"'' — a^dinr^osUion nW,^ European compact, when i-^orway by nheroance and Sweden by conquest and cessio^ ^•**". became united with Denmark under queen Margaret, whose heroism obtained for her m,/P'?'"?''?" f 'he Semirimis of the North came • . '•'.■'■V,^'"' '"y^ ""'■ of Skioldun,. be came extinct. Christian of Oldenburg succeeded the « ,T'"' ^^ "■''°'n ""'^'"^i" an°d Sleswick annexTd "S,'':)''""''^ "^ ^""^"d, also became' •miexed to the dominions of Denmark Sweden wrhTheTf'^'''^'^ "" independence PnTsI^" trines of 1, h " """'' '"^'"'ained. The doc marf In "5'^*^ <:"^P^'»""lg-'ted in Den- in Jo22 the inhabitants embraced the DEN confession of Augsburg, and in 1536 the bishops were deprived of their temporal power, and placed on a footing similar to those of England with the exception of the Danish bishops ifavinJ wai f triirH™"'. ^''•''"^'^y 'o leoo DenmarE was a limited and elective monarchy ; in that year It was made absolute and hereditary by a revolution almost unparalleled in history The avarice and contentions of a rival aristocracy led to such oppressions of the people as induced ihem voluntarily to resign their liberties into the hands • .J sovereign. The turbulent and martial spirit of Charles XII. of Sweden involved Den- mark in a state of continual warfare durinl lioops uein!» J,i»uu, oci-upyiiij; i pluco ill tlie diet, analiavini; Ihrei- votes. Since the general peace, in 1815, Oeiiinark has excited little or no interest in the con5irtiralioiis of the relations of Europe. Like most of tlie other btates she has been occupied in attempting to re- pair her finances, so extensively deranged by the events of so protracted a state of warfare, and the speculative experimenta to wliieli it gave rise. In ISWC the national marine of Denmark consisted of three ship.s of the line, four frigates, and three brigs : her commercial navy has inrrcasud since the" termination of the war, but nnl etinal to its extent in 1^0, when she possessed oliove 2.000 merchantmen, liO.OOO seamen, and 2-"iO,000 tons of shipping. The nature and extent of her eomuiercc and capabilities will be found more parlicnlarly eluciiiated under the heads of Holstein, JullanJ, and Zealand. The manufactures of Uenmark are very limited. The ancient literature of Denmark is rich in Ihe elucidation of Scandinavian antiqui- ties; and their traditions, whilst they vie with the Heathen Mythology in prepostcroiisness, are ex- ceedingly amusing for their quaintness. For the higher order of mental cultivation, at the present tim'', there is a university at Copenhagen on an extensive scale and under liberal regulations ; another at Kiel in Holstein, and a college at Oven- see in the island of Knncn. The manners and customs of the superior classes differ but little, whilst the manners of the people are more social and orderly than in most other parts of Europe. For some time after the adoption of the tenets of Luther, the penal statutes against dissenters were very severe, but tlie most complete toleration in reference to religious pretensions now prevails. The Danes have regular and well-formed fea- tures ; frequently fair or brownish hair, blue eyes, and a body capable of sustaining fatigue. The women are of a more delicate frame. Their com- plexion is dazzlingly white ; but upon the whole their countenances are <]f! litnte of animation ; and soon after twenly-five they begin to lose all their charms. The Dane is gallant and brave ; a spir- ited sailor or soldier, hut averse to enterprise. The dress of the Danes is rrenerally copied from the French, and the French language is very general in Denmark. The population of the Danish do- minions is about 2,(IOO.O(iO. This includes Ice- land, the Ferro Islands, Greenland, and the settle- ments in Africa and the West Indies, which amount to 107,000. Denmark, p t Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 054. Also a |).l Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,270. Also a townsliip in Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Dcnnctrilx, a village of Brandenburg, where the French experienced a severe defeat in Itf J3, two miles from Juterbock. Dennis, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod. Pop. 2,317. hcnnis Crcrl:, p. v. Cape May Co. N. J. Drnnfisrille, p.t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 85G. Di-nlila, a country of Western Africa, situated to the W. of Ki r.kodoo. It is famous for its iron, in prepniiug which Ihe natives employ as a flux llie Oilies of the bark of the kino tree. Dentnn, a town of Maryland, capital of Carolina county ; seated on the E. side of Choptank River, ;i7 m. S. S. E. of Chester. Dentrerastaiuz's Channel, a strait on the S. E. coast of Van Dicmen's Land, about 30 or 40 m. long. Dentrecasteauj's Port, or Port North., a harbour near the S. extremity of Van Diemen's Land. Deogur, the Mansion of the Gods, a town in the the province of Bahar, Hindoostan, 170 m. N. N. W. of Calcutta; tiie name is applied to several hill forts in different parts of India. DeouneUa, a town of the Mysore, supposed to have been the birth place of Hydcr Ali, it surren- dered to the English under Lord Cornwallis in 171)1. It is 20 m. N. by E. of Bangalore. Deplford, an appendage to London, situate in the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames, the market place is 4 1-2 miles E. of London bridge. The town is intersected by a stream called the Ravensbourne, on the banks of which arc some extensive flour mills ; a hand- some bridge over Uie river near its entrance into the Thames, connects Dej)tford with Greenwich on the E. It contains the principal store house for victualling the national marine, and also sev- eral slips for building and repairing the largest ships of w.ar. It has also two floating docks, a basin, and two ponds for masts, and extensive workshops for the manufacture of cables, anchors, and blocks. In the reign of lien. VHI., a socie- ty was incorporated liere under the title of the IVIaster, Warden, and Assistants of the guild of the most glorious and undivided Trinity, which society was invested with the power of examining the masters of the king's ships, the appointment of all pilots, ballasting of all ships in the Port of London, and the erecting and maintaining light- houses, buoys, beacons, &c. in t)ie river Thames, and within certain limits on the E. coast of Eng- land. Tlie business of this society was trans- ferred to an elegant edifice in the vicinity of the Tower in London, in 1788 ; but in 1G85 a hos- pital with 5l) apartments, and another in 1788, with 23 apartments, was endowed here for decay- ed Masters of Vessels and Pilots, and their wid- ows, with very comfortable allowance. Dept- ford is divided into two parishes, St. Nicholas and St. Paul ; the church of the latter, erected in 1730, is an elegant and spacious structure. With the exception of the importance which Deptford derives from its extensive government establish- ments, it is an uninviting part of the metropolis; and as such its population has not materially in- creased since IsOl, when it amounted to 17,548, and to 19,802 in 1821. Dcrbent, a district or khanship in the province of Daghestan, Persia, extending for about 20 m. along the W. shore of the Casjiian sea, and l.'Sm. inland: the chief town of the same name, which implies a door locked, or en imjiassible place, is DER supposed to hsTe been built by order of Alexan- der of Macedon, aa tlie portal of Persia from the Wurtli. Tiie town extends from tlie shore of the Caspian to the foot of a lofty mountain, and is surrounded by a strong wall, Hanked with nume- rous towers, and with a well organized garrison might defy any assault. It surrendered to the Russians nil ra-J, when it was defendeil by 2;i(J pieces of ordnance; tiie Russians held it till 17:(.3 since when it lias s<-veral times cliano-ed ni.isters' and since 180C, has again been occupied by the Russians; the inhabitants of the district, however acknowledge no sovereignty but their own will' and the town is now deemed but of little impor- tance It IS inhabited by about 'JOO families Per- jiians.Tartars, and Armenians ; the harbour is near- X'' ?t^1 "P- ^' '^ '" ">« '="• of 42. 8. N. and ir* ii). ol L. long. Deptford, p.t. Gloucester Co. i\. J. , Derbij, an interior countv of England, extend- ing about 5G miles from N."to S. and 20 in mean breadth the greaW part of its W. side is bound- ed by the river Dove, which divides it from Staf- lordsh.re ; the N. W. corner is bounded bv the county of Chester, and the N. by the county of York; and the counties of Nottingham and Lei- cester bound It on tiie E. and S. The noble river Trent and the Trent and Mersey canal in- ersectthe S. end, whilst the Derwent falling into from N. to S. The N. W. part of the county is mounUinous, several of the peaks rising to the height ol upwards of 1700 feet, and Holme Moss the highest point, to 1,859 feet above the leve ol the sea ; near the centre of the county is a rich vein of lead ore ; it also contains several veins of iron ; in the mountainous district of the N W corner of the county, are several extensive cav- erns, which attract mimerous visitors, and pro- duce a beautiful variety of spar and petrifactions, which are extensively wrought into vase.s and other ornaments {sre Peak.) It abounds also in numerous mineral springs, (sec Button and Mm. lock) and parts of the county are esteemed as the most beautifully picturesque of any in the kino-, dom ; the south part of the county is rich in pas- ture and yields a considerable surplus of cheese and cattle, and other agricultural produce The county also contains several tan-yards, participates partially in the cotton, silk, and hosiery manufac- tures and extensively in the manufacture of nails Besides the Trent and Mersey canal, already .mentioned, another eajinl extends from the S extremity of the countv into Warwickshire Two others, the Derby and Eiewa.sh, intersect the S c-\ P"^ ,, ." count.v; another extends from Chesterfield in the N. E. into Yorkshire, and another mtersects the mountainous district of the 1 ■ rj,?""'"? «.''^""?'' Cheshire into Lanca- shire. The principal towns in Derbyshire, be- sides those previously mentioned, are iDerby the county town Allreton, Ashborne, Bakewell, Chapel-in-le-frith, Dronfield, Duffield,and Tides- Dcrby^ the chief town of the preceding countv IS situate on the W. bank of the river Oerwent, about ten miles above its entrance inlotjie Trent abom^ 'r °'/'S'<^!^'"' '•' ^^- "'" Nottingham about 30 E. of Stafford, and 120 N N \V of l^ondon on the inailcoach road to Manchester from which it is disUnt tiO miles. Derby is a aruval borough by Edward L in 1305. It con- si.-s of five parishes. The church of All Saints Si !<49 DER 18 a stately and elegant structure, having a beau- t.lul gothic tower 173 feet in height. About the year 173o an extensive silk mill was erected here, the model of which was sureptitiously obtained lishment ol the kind in England, and is still one ol the most extensive ; and in 17.50, a porcelain manufacture was established which is now in high repute for the elegance of its productions. , 1 <■" '":"^"y '''^Pot »'■•'« established here, suiUble lor the arming and equipment of 15.000 men ; and m 1-' "''•^'^' '" '''^l had increased to . i, general aspect of the town is re- spectable, and in its prinicipal part assumes a fea- ture of importance ; the county hall and other county buildings are stately ; it has a spacious as- sembly room, and a literary and philosophical so- ciety, a range of alms houses for clcraymens widows, 2 others for lay persons, and several dis- senting places of worship. Derby was formerly surrounded by a wall, and contained a castle and J monasteries, no vestiges of any one of which now remain. The Pretender's army from Scot- land entered the town in 1745, but withdrew afler a very short stay. Derby returns two members to parliament, and holds 7 fairs annually The river Derwent is navisrable from the Trent up to Derby in a N. N. VV. direction, but the town com- municates with the Trent and Mersey canal bv a cut in a direction due S. and with the Erewash canal, in a direction nearly due E. which affords an easy conveyance (o all the S. E. parts of the country. "^ Drrhy, Ifesl, a township 4 miles N. of Liver- pool Lancashire, which in 1821 contained 0,304 inhabitants (sec Ifnlinn and Lircrpool ) Di^rbti. a town of Connecticut, in New Haven county, seated on the Housatonic, which is navi- gable hence to the sea. It is 14 miles N. W of INew Haven. Pop. 2,253. Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin county, latere is a cave divided into several apart- ments, and adorned with stalactites. It is situate on the fewatara. two miles above its conflux with the Susquehanna, and 10 S. E. of-Harrisburcr Ucrby, IS aI.so the name of a township in 0?anee Co. Vermont, on the E. side of lake Memphre- magog and bounded on the N. by the conven- tional line which divides the United States ter- ritory from Lower Canada. Pop 1 4C'i Dereham, a town in Norfolk, Eng.' The church IS a very ancient structure, with four chapels, and a curious stone font. It is 16 miles VV. of Nor- wjcl^, and 101 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1S21, Dies 250 DKV i, seaU-J on the Mulda, at its '=°»«";'. Ti'il*'" ilf(mo/«,a lu"" "■ '■■^": ,-,„,i ,,,, .1, Us In the coast of the ,.a of Marmora. D^rmon, t Fay.tle Co^ U^ ^^ „_^ KS8!'"a1,d%vatcrVd W% nu,uW of r^^^ communication between inc '-"-;;;,-;,•,;•■,■,■- 2ss;^;:5iSS5w Co. Oliio. />rry, sec I^nri''««'.'-r!/- Pnn 1 447. ?a.r^tion S. ^, ..y t^:^;-- :t:-tnc:ii ^-y'^:!!-^-X7^^^'l^ the king- a aireciimi u. ^- -j - ri.>„,i.,, ,.»„y.u.^ and .,» » _ __,J^ ^„„ "^^^^J^^^eT;:!';!" e'^.n towns of this name '"^:if^'^^Srlr?.of^ansy.v.nn, seatedonthe S. bank of the Marosch, about U '"■^^^^'-^iS'"' twf of Upper Hindoostan, on Tfew miles S. of Sirinagur, (xohtch sec) •'■"^ ,h^ i.inction of 4 united streams from the ''r'luVrGan"es and where the water is es- margins. The lake contains hvc island It suffered the principal i)"!)"'""— — -- ,„ -i^^!f^^^:;t:^'S^"V^S?rin.ontl. pro^^^^^ofOude. a town ol' the sa„>e name is "Xl'o;'«:o:!;:a't;^::fEu;;pean Turkey, anople, ann i^" i'- ' I nna "7 22. E. lat. 42. 3v>. N. ar, and 41. S. Whose o,uuw» ..^^ i." > p„;,',, ofrfnfcr, a city of Holland, the capita " b"«-/-, a s,„aU island .^"^ ^'^ E, of P°" ' Over yssel ^vith a'colle|e. It '^ ^""?r'^'l. ''o^f Chateau, the eastern extremity of Guadaloupe to uver} ^^^^j ^^ j,^^ Y^^^,_ ^^ ,„ j,. ot which it is dependent ; it is n\.out 2o square miles str"% :^^';^ ' p „bout 10,000. . Tn extent and contains about 300 white inhabitants Amste.dam. P ,.„„.,„.„, „.h,.h rises m one ot "'r:?f,";',.arVhe centre. i.-< famous for having been rhe'resfd^nce' oflt. Herbert, the ruins of whose hermitage are yet remaining. Drsapuadern, a river and lake of B°1',X, »'.^°"> municatinTwith the S. end ot the lake Title aca ncsa'n.,rdero Chahnlse is the name applied to pa tof-the channel of waters concentrating in the frn at -.lains E. of the Andes, between ti.e lat. ol K[:.tS':i'.S.whoseo,.tletisinU,StMatth.asBay. ol and GOO slaves; it was the f""-^\ '"-"i,-'" "1' n*^ Columbus on his second voyage. Lat. lb. 4U- i"- ''"^.W«,"c';i:"^N.W. point of Terra del Fue^o for'mini the S. W. point of entrance in.^ the St ails of Magellan from the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 53. 48. and 74. IH. of W. long. Descada Ririr, see Port Drsne Drrcron, a river of Scotland, which rises thfsE of Banffshire, and enters the ocean at Banff It forms the boundary between the coun- '?■^l;"ttorn^!!tL«":a:t^';f;he'^Carnatic -:r:dt^:^§^.n---^^ Rurrendcred to tne r,iigii=.i- .■■»•■— -■—.- DEV 251 DEV DrvU's Hasoriy a harbour in C'liristmas Sound, at the S. W. extremity of Terrsi del Fucrro, open- ing into the S. Pacific Ocean in the lat. of 55. 1*5. S-l the Iiarbour is surrounded by rocks of a very repulsive aspect, and so lofly as to preclude the rays of the sun from ever beaming on its waters, hence its name. Dr.riVs Island, Key and Race, names given to several small islands in the West Indies, and off the E. coast of S. America, generally of rugged aspect and difficult to approach. Devizes, a borough town in the centre of the county of Wiltshire, England, ,^^5 miles W. by S. of London, on the rofid to Bath, from which it is distant 18 miles. It was a Roman station, and at a more recent period, had considerable manufac- tures of worsted stuff; but two public breweries on no very extensive scale are now the only source of surplus of production. Dcvonport, the principal station of the national navy of England, formerly called Plymouth Dock (see Phjmouffi); but received its present name by mandate of Geo. IV. on Jan. 1st, 1824 ; it is situ- ate at the S.W. extremity of the county of Devon at the moutii of the Tamar river, which here forms one of the most commodious harbours in the world. This spot was first used for a marine sta- tion at the close of the 17th century, previous to which it was a mere fishing village, and it was not till after 17G0 that it assumed any thing like im- portance, whilst during the long war from 1793 to lbl(i, it progressively rose to be the most ex- ten ive and complete arsenal in the world, the natural advantages having been rendered as con- venient as labour and skill could make them. The natural accommodations of Devonport con- sist of a triple harbour, the outer one is called the Sound, the first inner one Catwater, and the upper one Hamoaze ; the Sound was formerly open and exposed to the swells of the Atlantic Ocean, which during a continuance of S. W. winds, used to subject the anchorage to much inconvenience, and sometimes to danger; but in August, 1812, the first stone was sunk of a break- water, pier, or mole, 5,100 feet in length, 4,000 feet in a slraigiit line, with an angle inclining into the Sound at each end ; this stupendous work is com- posed of upwards of two millions tons of stone, blasted from the adjoining rocks, in pieces of 1 1-2 to 5 tons each, sunk indiscriminately into the wa- ter to work tiiPir own position; it is carried up Ifl feet above high water mark at spring tides, 30 foot broad at the top. on which it is proposed to erect storehouses at intervals, and liglits along its whole extent. The space within the pier is about 3 miles each way, affording anchorage for 2,000 sail of the largest ships, secure from the fury of the ocean however tempestuous ; the ingress and ''Tfoss being safi? and easy at either end of the pier, defended from the land side on tlie W. by the rock of St. Carlos, and on the E. by the Sho- vel rock. The Catwater is formed bv the estu- ary of the little river Plym with the Tamar, and may be regarded as the harbour of the town of Plymouth, and applicable to the commercial in- tercourse of the port ; whilst the Hamoaze extends inland for about 4 miles, in a direction nearly due N, and about half a mile wide, forming one of the the most convenient and beautiful natural basins known in the world, affording moorings for 100 of the largest ships of war, without interruption to the anchorage and movement of numerous other vessels; and with sufficient depth of water to enai)le ships of the largest burden to take in their stores directly off the quays and jettys, that ran^e along its eastern shore. The Dock Yard ex- tends 3,500 feet along the shore and comprises 06 acres, containing a basin 250 feet by 180, in which are kept the boats and launches belonging to the Yard ; also two mast ponds and a canal, which enables vessels bringing stores, to land them at the door intended for their reception. Ships and dry docks for building and repairing of the largest ships of war, range along the shore of Ha- moaze, and communicate with the Dock basin, a block of store houses built of stone, 450 feet long, and 300 wide, 2 roperies 1,200 feet in length, 3 stories hi^h, and a smithery containing 48 forges, all are within the Yard. The bakehouse, brew- house, and cooperage, and slaughter house, hos- pital and barracks for 3.000 men, are without the Yard, but contiguous thereto; all defended on the land side by several batteries, and a line of circumvallation mounted with numerous cannon, and an outer trench excavated 22 to 20 feet deep, out of the solid rock, forming altogether the most complete and magnificent display of human art and exertion in the world. The parish church is at Stoke, about a mile distant, but the town con- tains two chapels of ease and numerous dissen- ting meeting-houses. Here are also a commo- dious town-hall and a public library, besides sev- eral other handsome buildings. The column erected to commemorate the name of the town is a prominent and interesting object. The streets are mostly at right angles and well paved. In the census of 1821 the population of Devonport, then Plymouth Dock, was returned with Plymouth, ickich see ; the post office at Devonport is 217 1-2 miles S. W. of Hyde Park Corner, London, by way of Salisbury and Exeter, distant from the latter 45 miles. The block house flag-staff of the garrison is in the lat. of 50. 22. 56. N., and 4. 9. 11. long. W. of Greenwich. Devonshire, a maritime county in the S. W. of England, bounded on the N. E. by the county of Somerset, N. W. by the entrance to the Bristol Channel, W. S. W. by the Tamar River, which divides it from the county of Cornwall, and S. by the English Channel. Its extreme length from the Start Point in the English Channel to Ilfra- comb, on the shorf- of tne Bristol Channel, is about 70 miles, but its mean length and breadth is about 50 miles, giving the largest area of any county in England, except those of York and Lincoln. It is the fourth county in order of pop- ulation, and the most agricultural of any in the kingdom. Although it has the finest harbour in the world, and several other convenient ones, and in- tersected by numerous streams, favourable for mill sites, and other manufacturing operations, rela- tively, it is one of the least commercial and man- ufacturing counties in the kingdom. The S. W. part of the county contains a dreary tract called Dartmoor, containing upwards of 53,000 acres ; the highest elevation of this moor, is 1,549 feet above the level of the sea ; the other parts of the county more particularly the S. and W. are ex- ceedingly fertile. Its principal surplus produce is cattle of a remarkably fine breed, either for dairying or for feeding, and of beautiful symme- try ; the N. E. part of the county contains veins ofcopper, lead, manganese, gypsum, and of load- s-'one ; antimony, bismuth, and cobalt are also found in small quantities ; it has also quarries of beautiful marble and granite, none of which how- ever are worked to any great advantage. The principal manufactures of the county are serges, UKW 2:12 UIA tcrocvs, sliallooiis, liroadclotli, liloml liui', niul porcelain; there is also a cmwiili'raliU' iiliiplmild- ing trade at Barnstable. Tlio wimlrii (loth uian- ufacturcs at Tiverton and Oieiit Toriiigt^n, and the wool-conibiiig at Chunilciijli, were tbriiierly extensii'i', but have nuw much decayed or van- ished. Besides the Taniar, which divides the county from Cornwall on the S. W., the other principal rivers lallin.' into the Kujilish Channel arc the Dart and the K.\e, and into llidel'ord H:iy, on the side of the Bristol Channel, the 'I'orrid^e, and the Taw ; Devonshire conlainii one city, tx- ctcr. DcTon, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. E. part of Perthsliire, and, iiller a co\irse d'U) miles, enters the Forth at Claekmaniiaii, oiily eight miles distant from its source. In IVrthsliire it forms some romantic waterfalls, ealli'd the De- vil's Mill, the Rumbling Bridge, and the Caldrou- linn, Dctirrn, a town of the Prussian stales, in the duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and paper, and some iron works. It is ]■] miles K. ot Ai.x-la-Chapelle. I'op. about 3,500, Deulz. See Diiytz. Deuz Patifs, a late duchy of Germany, lyin^ W. of the Hhine ; it is about 31) miles in length from N. to S., and V2 in mean breadth, and tole- rably fertile. It was ceded to France at the peace of Luneville in 1802, assigned to Austria at Uie general partitioning after the peace of Paris in 181-1. and by Austria exchanged with Bavaria for other districts on the F,. It now forms part of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, and is supposed to contain from 50,000 to 00,000 inlialiilanls ; besides the chief town of the same naiiie, the other prin- cipal towns are Kussel, lloniburg and New llorn- bach, Deur Ponls, the chief town of the preceding district or duchy, is sealed at the confluence of the Hornbach with the F.rlbaeh, a short distance above tlie entrance of the united stream into the Blisp near the S. end of the duchy. Its (tastle, the former residence of the grand duke, is a state- ly edifice ; and it has two spacious churches, an academy, and an orphan house, and was formerly celebrated for a printing establishment, %vliicli pro- duced a valuable edition of the Greek and Latin Classics, since removed to Strasliurg. Pop. about 5,000 ; Deux Ponls is .%.". miles K. by .\. of Mi'lz, and 05 N. W. by N. of Mentz. I.at. 4;>. 15. N and 7, S^. of E. long Dr.trcnupinae, a town of Bengal, on the W. bank of the Bnrrampooter, 110 iiiilca N. N. W. of Dacca. Dfirarco^n, a town and district of North Ifin- doostan, between the Ganges and the Jumna ; the town is seated on the W. bank of the main branch of the Ganges, 1T5 miles N. by W. of Delili, and 90 N. W. of Sirinagur. Df Witt's iMitd, the name given to about 10 de- grees of lat. of the N. W. part of New Holland, after the Dutch navigator of that name, who first made it known to Europeans. Dnrsburtfh or Deicsbury, a parish and town in the west Riding of Yorkshire, England. The parish which includes the townships of Osset, Soothill, and Clifton-cum Heartsiiead. contain- ed in 1821, lfi,2f;i inhabitants. The town of Dewsbury is a place of great antiquity, being mentioned as early .as 020, when Paulinus, the first archbishop of York, preached Christianity to the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; it is now distinguished as the seat of an extensive commerce, having upwards of 50 establishments for the manuliieture of blankets, carpets, and other heavy woolen fabrics; and Ilcckmondwike ad- joining, has 40 other establishments for the like (iiirpose, chietly blankets. Dewsbury is seated near the N. baiik of the Calder river, 5 miles W. by N. of Wakefield, on the road to Halifax, and in 1821, the town contained 0,380 inhabitants. Dnjiise. a town of Flanders, seated on the S. bank of the Ly, '.I miles VV. S. W. of Ghent, Deijrdh, a town of Upper Ilindoostan, on the frontier of Dehli, in the province of Sirinagur. Dtsiiignr, a town of France, in the N part of the department of I.'Ardcche, 25 miles W. N. W, of Valence. Pop. about ;!,,500. Pejltr, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop, 885, Dczrnsano, a town of Breciano, situated at the S. end of lake Garda, 15 miles E. of Brescia. Pop, about 3,500. Urzfiil, a populous town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Chochistan, seated on the banks of the Abjal, over which is an elegant bridge of 22 arch- es. Dezful is 130 miles N. by E. of Bassora ; the Abjal falls into the Aliwas. which joins the Tigris, at its junction with the En]ihrates. Diadiii, a town of Armenia, seated near the source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia, 80 miles S. S. W. of Erwan. Diiikorar, a town of Sclavonia, about 20 miles S. S, E. of Essig, on the road to Brodo Pop, about 3,000. Viammul ffarbonr and Point, on the Hoogly river, (sec Cnhatta). Diiivtotid Isle, a small island lying off the S. W. Soint of Pegu, and S. E. point of the Bay of lengal, in the lat. of 15, 51, N, and 94, 12, of E long. Dinmond Pniv), the N. E. point of the island of Sumatra, at the entrance to the strait of Malacca, in the lat. of 5. 18. N. and 97. 48. of E, long, *„" There is a river of Sumatra, called Diamond river, falling into the strait a little S. of the point. The S. W. part of the island of Mar- tinique in the West Indies, in the lat. of 14. 25. N. and 61. 9. of W. long, is also called Diamond Point. Diiino.K town of Naples, W. o''the Apennines, ill Principato Citra, 15 miles J<, by E, of Poli- castro. Pop. about 4,.5O0, ninrli(l;ir, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of .Mgazira, the whole of which extend- ing from 33. 20. to the lat, of 3!). N, was for- merly called Diarliekir: and the Pasha or gover- nor of the prnvinre is still called the Pasha of Diarbek. It formed tlie ancient kingdoni of Mesopotamia; but the district of Diarbekir is is now confined between the 37th and 38th de- (rieesof N. I.at. ; it lies E, of the Euphrates, and IS intersected by numerous streams, forming the head waters of the Tigris. It is beautifully di- versified with mountains and vallies, and to a social people wimld form a most delightful resi- dence. Diiirbfkir, the chief city of the preceding dis- trict, or as it is called by the Turks Korlc Amid, which signifies a black wall, in refiTence to a lofty wair of black stone with which the city was formerly surrounded, is seated pn the banks of the main branch of the Tigris, in the lat. of 37, .55. N, and 39. 22. of E. long. .570 miles E. S, E. of Constantinople, and 180 N. E, of Aleppo, The Pasha resides in an extensive castle on the N.side of the city. Extensive manufactures of silk, wool, rottnn, and leather, and in metals ar» DIE 253 DIM carried on at Diarbekir ; and their dyed fabrics in wool and cotton are justly esteemed for the beau- ty of tlieir cnlours. As in most eastern cities,^ the streets are narrow and dirty, but many nf the houses are spacious and elegant within. It contains several commodious bazaars, a ma;rniti- cent mosque, and alsj a noble cathedral belong- ing to tlie Armenians. As a place of residence to°Europeans it is considered amonir the most agreeable of all the Turkish cities. The popu- lation is variously estimated at from 40,000, to 80,000, consisting of Armenians, Kurds, Chris- tians, Jews, and Turks. Dirk!usoii, p.l. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. 44G. Also a township in Cumberland Co. Pa. Oirlcsriit, a County of West Tennessee, about 23 miles from N. to S. and 25 in breadth. Duck river, which fills into the Tennessee, washes all the S. part of the county, whilst the E. and W. corners of the N. side jet upon the great Ciirnlier- land river ; a collateral ridge of the Alleghany mountains intersects the county fVom tlie S. F.. to the N. W. Pop. 7,201. Charlotte, N. of the mountain ridge, is the principal town. nidkr, St. a town of France at the N. E. ex- tremity of the department of Upper Loire, 40 miles S. S. W. of Lyons. Pop. about 3,200. *^" There are three other small towns of the same name in different parts of France. Die, a town of France in the department of Drome, situate on the N. bank of the river Drome ; it is the seat of a prefect, and in 1^^2.5 contained 3,.")09 inhabitants. It produces excel- lent wine, and has a mineral spring in its vicini- ty. It is 30 miles S. W. of Grenoble, and 80 S. S. E. of Lyons. Diebiagh, a.lovfn of Hesse Darmstadt, seated on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river, 7 miles E.by N. of Darmstadt, and 18 S. S.E. of Frank- fort on the Maine. Dirgo. St. a town on the coast of New Albion, in the north Pacific Ocean, capital of a jurisdic- tion of its name. It stands in so barren a coun- try, that in the dry season cattle are sent up- ward of 20 miles for pasturage. Tlie port affords excellent anchorage. Jjong. IIG. 53. W. lat. 33. 12 N. Diemcii's Land. See Van Dicmrn's. Diepholtz, a town and castle of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name. It has manufactures of coarse woolen and linen cloth, and stands on the river Hunte, near the lake Dummer, 30 miles N. W. of Minden, and 38 S. S. W. of Bremen ; the county comprises about 2(55 square miles, and contains .about 15,000 in- habitants ; and now forms part of the kingdom of Hanover, the inhabitants subsist chielly by breed- ing of cattle, which they drive down to the mar- kets of Holland. Dieppe, a sea port town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, with a good harbour formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an old castle and two piers. The principal trade consists in fish, ivory, toys, and laces. It was bombarded by the English in 1G94, and is not so considera- ble as, formerly. It is situate on the coast of the English Channel, opposite to Brighton, from whence pajU^et boa.ts sail daily to Dieppe dur- ing the surSaer season, forming the easiest route from London to Paris. Dieppe is 50 miles N. N. E. of Havre. 35 N. of Rouen, and 9ad. Dinnn. a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, seated on a craggy mountain, by the river Ranee, 20 miles south of St. Malo. ft is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in I ^"i"), 7,075. Dinant, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, with a castle, and eight church- es. The chief trade is in leather, and in the vicinity arc quarries of marble and mines of iron. It is seated near the Meuso, 15 miles S. by E. of Naraur, and 44 S. W. of Liege. Dinapnrc, or Danapoor, a military cantonment of Hindoostan, 11 m. W. ofPatna, on the S. bank of the Ganges. DinasmoiUAy, a town of Wales, in Merioneth- shire. It stands at the foot of a high precipice, on the river Dysi, 16 m. S. liy W. of liala, and lOG N. W. of London. Diitdi(ruf, & province of the peninsula of Hin- doostan, 8<) miles long, and 40 broad, lying be- tween Coimhetore and Travancore, and chiefly ferlilein rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 17^9, it became subject to the British. Dindigvf, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the province of the same name, with a fortress on a rock. Ilis 40 m. N. by W. of Madura, and 77 S. E. of Coimbetore. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 10. 24. N. Din^c^Jin^e^,ato\vll of Bavaria, seated on the Iser, 20 m. E. N. E. of Landshut. Dingle, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Kerry. The chief exports are butter, beef, corn, and linen. It is seated at the head of an inlet, on the N. side of Dingle bay, US ni. W. S. VV. of Tralec, and UU S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1 821 , 4 ,.">l!8, and the parish 1,942 more. Long. 10.3a. W. lat. .51.58. N. Dimneall, a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire. Some linen yarn is manufactured here, and there is a lintmill in the neighbourhood. It is seated at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18. miles W. of Cromarty. Pop. in lr21, 2.031. DinkdnbuJil, a town at the N. E. extremity of the circle of Suabia. It has a foundation of Teu- tonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping- hooks, ft is seated on the Wernitz, 22 miles S. S. W. of Anspach, and is now included in the Bava- rian circle of the Rezat Pop. about G,500. Dimciddie, a county of the E. District of ^'i^- ginia, lying between -Appomattox and Nottoway rivers. It is about 18 miles square. Pop. 18,637. Petersburg is the chief town. Dippoldisvalda. a town of Saxony, 12 miles S. by W. of Dresden. DIsrnlis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Orisons, with an abbey founded in the seventh century. It is situate near the source of the Low- er Rhine, 10 miles \V. by S. of Ilantz. Dishtey, a village in Leicestershire, Eng., two miles N. W. of Loughborough, rendered famous by a native grazier and farmer, Robert Bakewell, (who died in 1795) from his successful experi- ments and practices in the improvement of live stock, more particularly sheep. Dismal Swamp, Great, extends about 30 miles from N. to S., and 10 broad between the Chesa- pcak and Albemarle Sound, partly in Virginia, and partly in North Carolina It derived its name from its disninl aspect, being imperviou.'! in most parts, for trees and brushwood, there is a pond In the centre about 15 miles in circumfer- ence. This territory abounds with noxious rep- tiles and wild animals ; within a few years a ca- nal has been cut through it from the Elizabetli River, falling into the Chesapeak to the Pasquo- tank, falling into Albemarle Sound ; this canal unites the harbour of Norfolk with Albemarle Sound : it is 23 miles long and is navigable for sloops. There is another swamp between Albe- marle and Pamlico Sounds, called the Little Dis- mal Swamp. Diss, a town of Norfolk, Eng. on the border of Suffolk. It is seated on the river Waveney, on the side of a hill, lit m. S. of Norwich, and 85 N. N. E. of London. Population in 1821, 2,7(>4. Dissen, or Tissen, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburg, where are salt works which belong to Hanover. It is 16 miles S. E. of Osnaburg. Ditmarsr.n, a district of the Duchy of Hol- fitein, lying on the coast of the German Ocean, between the rivers Eyder and Elbe, it contains no towns of importance. Ditteah, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Bundelcund, on the frontier of Agra, about 120 miles S. by E. of the city of .\gra. Diu, an island of Hindoostan, making the S. point of Guzerat, at the entrance of the gulf of Cambay, 3 miles long and one broad. On it is a fortified town of the same name, built of free- stone and marble ; and it contains some fine church- es, erected by the Portuguese, about the time they took possession of the island in 1515. Tiie trade of the town, once so important, is almost entirely removed to Sural. It is ].':0 miles W. by S. of Sural, and 200 N. W. of Bombay. Long. 71. 5. E. lat. 20. 45. N. Dixan, town of Ab3'S8inia, in Tigrc, seated on the top of a conical hill, and inhabited by Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is steal- ing children, and carrying them to a market at Masuah, whence they are sent to Arabia or India. It is 34 miles S. of Masuah. Dtx Core, a British fori on the Gold Coast of N. Africa, 40 miles S. W. of Cape Coast Castle. Diifield. p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 890. Dixmont, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 945. Dixmude, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheese and butter. It is seated on the Yper, 13 miles N. of Ypres and II S. of Oslend. Dixon, a township in Preble Co. Ohio. DixrilU, an unsettled township in Coos Co.N.H. Dizier, St. a town of France, at the N. extremi- ty of the department of Upper Marne, seated on the Marne, 13 m. N. N. E. of Joinville, and 120 E. of Paris. The Marne is navigable from here to Paris which renders St. Dizier a place of con- siderable commerce. Pop. about 6.000. Djtbait, or Gebail, a town of Syria, sealed near the coast on the site of the ancient Biblos, about 25 miles N. of Berus. It was a place of some importance during the reign of Solomon, tlie Biblos, having had at that lime several vessels employed in the conveyance of wood for the building of the temple. The town was taken possession of by the Crusaders in 1100, and at present contains from 5 to 6,000 inhabitants. Djebel, or Gebcl Hadda, Gebd Saade, and Gebel Jlmer Kemir, places of Mahometan devotion S. of Mecca. Dnieper, a river of European Russia (the an- DOL 255 DOM cient Borysthenes), rising near the northern front- ier of the government of Smolensk, in the lat. of 56. 20. N. and after a course of about 800 miles in a direction nearly due S. falls into the Black Sea, at Otchakov in tlie lat. of 46. 30. N. It is navigable from above the city of Smolensk, the whole of its remaining coursej but is impeded by rapids within about 200 miles of its entrance into the Black Sea ; it receives a great number of trib- utary streams both from the E. and W., the prin- cipal of those on the E. are the Sotz, the Uiput, ani the Deszna ; and from the W. the Berezina, and the Przypiec, by the latter and a canal, the wa- ters of the Black Sea are made to communicate with the Baltic. See Brazesc. Dneislcr, a river of Europe, (the ancient Tyras), rising on the N. side of the Carpathian mountains in Austrian Galicia, in the lonir. of 23 E ; and from the long, of 26. 20. to 21). 1;. in a direction S. S. E. it divides the Polish Palatinate of Podo- lia, from Moldavia, when it takes its course near- ly due S. for about 100 miles past Bender, and dividing Bessarabia from the Russian province of Catharineslaef, falls into the Black Sea at .\kermen, 100 miles W. of Otchakov, it is navi- gable the greater part of its course. Dohrzin, a town of Poland in the palatinate of Ploczko, or Polock, seated on a rock near the Vistula, 14 m. N. W. of Ploczko. Dokum, a town of Holland, in West Friesland near the mouth of the river Ee, 10 m. N. E. of Lewarden. Dodhroolc, a town of Devonshire, Eng. noted as being the first place where white ale was brew- ed. It stands on a rivulet, by which it is parted from Kingsbridge, 208 miles W. S. W of Lon- don. Pop. 885. Doebhn, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S. E. of Leipzig. Population upwards of 4.000, chiefly employed in manufactures. Doel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 7 m. N. w! of Antwerp. Doesburg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland. It has been often taken ; and the reduction of it, in 15S6, was the first exploit of the English for- ces sent by queen Elizabeth to the assisUnce of the Dutch. It is seated on the Yessel, 10 m. S. S. W. of Zutphen. Dofar, a town on the coast of Arabia, in the Indian Ocean, seated on the E. shore of a bav of the same name ; it is the residence of a sheik and exports some gum olibanum and other drugs Lat. 16. 16. N. and 54. of E. long. ' Dogger Bank, a sand bank^in the German Ocean, between Fl.imborough Head and the coast of Jutland; it is about 200 miles from W. to E. and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30 fathoms depth of water ; it yields abundance of excellent cod to the English and Dutch fisher- men. A sanguinary but undecisive sea fio-ht be- tween the Dutch and English, took place on this bank, on the 8th August, 1781. Doglian!, a populous town of Piedmont, 18 m N. by E. of Mondovi. Dol, a town of France, in the department of lUe and \ ilaine, situate in a morass, 5 miles from 3 aw"' *"** ^^ ^' ^' °*" ^'' ^''^°- ^°P- ''''""' Dohc Aqua, a town of Piedmont, in the county ° 'V';T.' "'"^^ '^ <=^s"'^. seated on the Nervia, 5 m IN. of Vintimiglia. Dole, a towli of France, in the department of Jura, on the river Doubs. It contains several public buildings, evidences of Roman ma-nifi- ccnce Under the ancient re.rime of France it was the capital of Franche Comte, until 1674, when Bensanoon was made the capital. It is now the seat of a prefect; and in 182.5 contained J.tA7 inhabitants. It is 70 miles N. bv W of Geneva, and 30 S. E. of Dijon. Dole La, one of the loftiest peaks of the Jura chain of mountains, rising to the heiirht of 5 600 feet above the level of the sea. ° ' Dolgelly, a town of Wales, in Merionethshire, with a manufacture of coarse woolen cloth, un- dyed called webbing. It is seated on the river Avon, on the foot of the mountain Cader Idris 12 miles S. E. of Harleigh, and 208 N. W. of London, on the road to Caernarvon, from which It IS distant 39 miles. The summer assizes for Uie county are held here. Population in 1821, Dollart Bay, a bay or lake separating East Fries- land, in Germany, from Groningen, in Holland. It_was formed by an inundation of the sea, in 1277, when 33 villages are said to have been des- troyed. DomfrmU, a town of France, in the department of Orne, seated on a craggy rock, by the river Mayenne, 35 miles N. W. of Alenoon, and 65 E of St. Malo. It is the seat of a prefect. Pod in 162.5, 1,670. ^' Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, or Haijti, an island of the West Indies, extending from Cape Enirano in the long, of 68. 20. W. to Cape Donna ivfaria,' in 57. 26. W., this gives an extreme leno-th of 408 English statute, or 346 geographical miles, but as the west end projects out in two promontories the mean length will not exceed 275 Encrlish statute miles, between 18. and 20. of north la°t or a breadth of 135 statute miles ; these limits give an area of 23,760,000 English statute acres, being about three fourths the extent of En^rland exclu- sive of Wales. The east end of the island is separated from Porto Rico, by the Mona, or Porto Rico channel, about 120 miles wide, and the northern promontory of the west end is separat- ed from the island of Cuba, by the windward passage about 60 miles wide ; and the southern promontory of the west end, is about 100 miles distant from the east end of the island of Jamaica A chain of mountains extend from the extremity of the northern promontory of the west end to the S. E. end of the island and about the centre rise to the height of about 6,000 ffeet above the level of the sea. Other mountain chains run in various directions, giving great variety of feature and climate to every part of the island, whilst streams of water intersect it in all direcUons, contributing alike to its beauty and fertility. There are four principal streams rising about the centre of the island, the Yuna flowing into Samana Bay in the E., the Yaque de Santiago, flowing to the N the Artibonate to the W. and the Neibe to the S.' This island was discovered by Columbus on the 6th of December, 1492, after having touched at the Bahamas or his first voyage, and is mem- orable for being the first spot in America, which was colonized by Europeans. Columbus landed at Navidad near the extremity of the N. W prom- ontory, where he left 3^ of his comrades ; returning to Spam the following month. At tiiis time the country was called //ai/*; bv the natives ; Colum- bus gave it the name of Es'panota, or little Spain, hence Hispaniola. Columbus returned in No- vember following, and landed on the N. coast of the island in the long, of 71 near to the mouth DOM 2r>r> DOM of » .mall river, ^vl>icll >'' '='^'''H'1"»'-''' ^'' ,''''' ,irone99 Isabella of Spam, hi- named after her. C a"we of the selllera soon excited the just uj- di„„ation of the native inhabitants, whose resent- n enl, however, was readily subdue.l by the more ample and destructive n.eans of warlare ot the Snaniards. ColumblTs relumed lo bpau. in llu; leavin./ his hrotlier Bartholomew in com- mand of the "settlement, who soon alVer removed to the southern coast, and founded the i^^")- <''='; DominT.., which alV-rwards jrave name to the whole island. The nu.nUer of settlers Iron, bpam increased rapidly, and the natives were compel ed to the severest labour, which soonbrought on d.s- ease and pren.ature.death, and so ata to 1. ie was the cruel policy of the Spaniards, that ,.ll( r a a„,e of about -M years, an ellieuMil lal.ourer scarce- rreuiained on the island. Un.ler tins exigency, aUit U).OU>l of the inhabitants ol the Bahama Isles were decoyed from their homes to become laWuIers or slaves in St. Uomingo ; hut sue . was the perverse policy ol the ^l'^'"'^';'',^,''; ,,,"','; wilhstandin lbs. of cotton, :!,-i.-,7,iil0 lbs. of indigo, 1,53(3,017 lbs. of cocoa, "and 'il7,4G3 casks of sugar. From this period a new and important era in ihe history of St. Domingo commences. 1 he deso- lating ma'nia of the French revolution, had ex- tended 10 this island; an insuirection ensued, m which up^vards of 5,000 of tlie whites fell a prey to the fury of their slaves. In 17:12 the national assembly of France proclaimed the political equal- ity of the negroes and whites ; in tlu' following year three commissioners were despatchi'd from tVance, who on their arrival in St. Domingo pro- claimed the emancipation ofthe slaves. This served as a 8iirii,al tV.r the slaves to wreak their vengeance on their white oppressors, and on the yist oi June 1793, a force of 3,000 blacks entered Cape Franeois and beran an indiscriminate slaughter amon" the white inhabitants, whilst the most cruervengeance displayed itself over all that part of the island. ,. t. v i . In the midst of this confusion, the bnglisli at- tempted to establish their authority ; and a force froni Jamaica succeeded in taking possession of Port au Prince, but after sutferme much trom disease and the resistanee of the blacks, they aban- doned the island in 1793. By this time the whole ofthe white population had become nearly extirpated, whilst the blacks, under the command of Ri.'aud and Toussaint LOuverture, had etTect- ed considerable progress in military discipline On llie 1st of July l«01.tl.e independence of he island was formany proclaimed in the name ofthe republic of llayti: when Toussalnt LOuverture wl a .pointed governor for lif-, «ith the p.nver of naming his successor. On the (, 1. Oct >''". 1801 Ibe French concluded a peace with hnglanu, and in the December following despatc lei a squadron with 20,000 men, under the eomniand ot general l.e Ckrc. to attempt the subjugation ot SI. Domingo. The troops landed in Samana Bay, at the E. en.l of the island, l.e Clerc coni- meiiced the campaign in I ebruary IpO', and fought with varied success unti the iollowing May when a truce was concluded upon ; during which Toussaint was inveigled on board a ves- sel and conveyed to France, where he died m prison, in April, 1803. Suspicion of treachery in his d.'ath having been entertained against the ins oeaiu Muviii- ,^^v --" c . . „„ French, hostilities recommenced with greater an imositv than ever. The command ot the black troops- devolved on Dessalines, and the .l^nghsh bein'. now regarded as auxiliaries against the Freirch, on the 30lh December IH03, the whole oi the remaining French forces surrendered prison- ers of war to the English. . r jr 11 Thus St. Domingo was again freed from alt l-.iiropean .qipression ; but new ealamities now awaited it. On the 1st of January IHOo, the gen erals and chiefs ofthe army entered into a solemn compact, in the name of the people ol Havti, re- nouncing forever all dependence on France. Dessalines was then appointed governor lor lite, and invested with extensive powers ; in Septem- ber following he assumed the imperial title o Jac- nees the 1st, Emperor of llayti. lIis ambition and tyranny brought upon him the dctestati.m ol the people ."and he was slain by a military conspi- racy in October 180(5. He was succeeded by Chnstophe as " chief of the government, but Petion starting as a rival candidate for the su- preme authority, a severe battle was fought be- ween the forces of Petion and Chnstophe, on the tst of January 1807, in which Petion was defeat- ed In the same year Christophe was appointed chief maaistrate for life, with the power of ap- pointing his successor, but like his predecessor Dessalines he was not content with conditional power, and in 1-11. he assumed the regal title of Henry I. King of Hayti, making the title heredi- tary in his family, an.l Saus Souci, a village about ].-> miles from C^ape Francois, now called tape Henry or Cape llayti, the seat ol his court and gover^nnient.' King Henry was both avaricious and cruel, and like Dessalines fell a prey to his own" Idi'ery, who dragged him from his palace by force, an^d massaeredliim in October 1820. In tl^iP mea. time, from 1301 to ISl 8, Petion after his defeat in 1807 retreated to the south of the west part of the island, and remained at the head of a considerable portion of the country. In 1810 he was appointed president for life but died in May 818, universa-ly lamented by all who had espous- ed his cause. He was succeeded by Boyer, who on the death of Christophe obtained the command and government of the whole of what was for- merly the French part of the island. In 1794 Spain ce'ded the whole of the remaining part of the island to France, but the trouble. DOM 257 UOM which ensued rendered the cession nominal, the French never having been able to take possession. The Spanisli flag continued to wave over the fortress of the city of St. Domingo, until the 1st of December 1821, when the inhabitants issued a formal declaration of independence, and made overtures to tlie republic of Columbia, to be ad- mitted as an integral part of its confederacy, which proposition however was not acceded to. Such was the political state of St. Domingo at the pe- riod of 1822, about which time the French by in- trigue endeavoured again to regain an ascendan- cy in the island, and conceiving all attempts by force of arms likely to prove ineffectual, they suc- ceeded in inducing the Haytians to agree to a pecu- niary indemnity, for tlie loss of the plantations at the commencement of the revolution ; this after several years negociation, in 1825, was settled at 120,000,000 francs, or about £.5,000,000 sterling, payable by instalments, and under regulations calculated to divert a great portion of the produce of the island into the lap of France on better terms than though she held the island in colonial possession. Under the mild and judicious administration of president Boyer, Ilayti promises to advance in prosperity and social influence; a college has been founded and liberally endowed at Cape Ilay- ti, i*" wiiich provision is made for instruction in all the languages, arts, and sciences, usually taught in tlie European establishments of the like kind ; public schools have been established in most of the principal towns of the west part of the island ; and be the future destiny of St. Do- mingo what it may, she is at present one of the most interesting subjects for contemplation in the world ; an age has hardly passed away since the bulk of the inhabitants wore hold in the most ab- ject and degraded state of bondage ; since when they have successfully resisted the arms of two of the most powerful nations of their time, and now rrniain pursuing a silent but steady course to- « rads giving a new and additionally important ch.ir.icter to the social relations of the civilized world. Of its present extent of population and produce tliere is no satisfactory information. The popu- lation of the Spanish part of the island is suppos- ed to have decreased considerably since 1785, and is thought, now, not to exceed 100,000. In sneaking therefore of the island of St. Domingo or Hayti, as it is now again generally called, all that is politically important in relation to pop- ulation and intercourse a]>plies almost exclu- sively to the W. end or about one third only of the island ; the chief occupation of the compari- tively few inhabitants of the eastern, or greater part of the island, being that of attending to the breeding of cattle, which they drive to the markets of the more populous districts of the west. Under social institutions, and well directed ex- ertion, Hayti would doubtless prove adequate to supply the whole of Kuropc with an abundance of all the luxurious products common to a tropi- cal climate, whilst the artificial productions and conveniences which Hayti would be able to com- mand in exchange, might make it the most de- lightful residence on earth. The temperature of the mountains ranges at a mean of about 70, and although in the plains it ranges at about 100, the pressure of the heat is considerably modified by the alternate land and sea-breezes ; tbe coast on all sides is indented with convenient bays and har- . 33 hours. The indigenous vegetable productione of St. Domingo are various, beautiful and valuable ; its mahogany is unrivalled for its texture and beauty, and there is a satin wood proportionably superior to that of other parts of the world. The flowering shurbs are various, and no where sur- passed in beauty and fragrance; vanilla and the plantain are both luxuriant; pine for ship building and house carpentry is abundant, whilst the cot- ton tree supplies the material for canoes. Of quadrupeds one only is known peculiar to the Island, the agouti cat, in size less than the com- mon cat of Kurope ; all the domestic animals of ICurope, have, however, been introduced, and thrive exceedingly ; swine, horses, and horned cattle, all running wild in considerable numbers. The feathered race are numerous and beautiful in plumage, and more melodious than common with birds of tropical climates. There is a salt water lake of considerable extent between the French and Spanish part of the island, on the S. side, which as well as the plains and rivers of that side, abound in alligators and other reptiles of great size, and also in the noxious insects common to the situation and climate. The land tortoise is common, and the coast abounds in turtle and oth- er fish. Dovihigo, St., City of, is situate on the west bank of a river called the Ozama, in lat. and long, as previously laid down. The city was originally founded in 1400, on the opposite bank of the riv- er, but afterwards moved to its present site. It is regularly laid out, and like most of the cities built by the Spaniards in this part of the world, the private houses have interior courts and flat roofs The cathedral, finished in 1.540, is a ponderous ed- ifice; the government house, hall of justice, bar racks, and arsenal, are all respectable buildings , it has also several convents, which have been mostly deserted by their inmates since 1794. The harbour is capacious, but exposed to the tempests from the S. W. The population, which at one time amounted to 25,000, is now reduced to half that number, and indicates decline rather than prosperity. It was sacked by the English Admi- ral Drake, in 15.86, who obtained a ransom from the inhabitants of about £7,000 to prevent further devastation. It has not experienced any marked vicissitudes since that period. *^" There are several other towns called St. Domingo in different parts of America, settled by the Spaniards, but all inconsiderable. Dominica, one ot the West Indian Leeward Is- lands, lying N. of Martinique and S. of Guadaloupe, being about 34 miles from N. to S. and 10 in mean breadth. It was discovered by Columbus on Sun- day, November 3, J403. A party of Frenchmen settled upon it about the beginning of the 17th century, who by cultivating the friendship of the natives, succeeded in the culture of the soil. At the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1743, it was agreed that it should be neutral, but the English took possession of it in 17.50, and it was confirmed to them at tjie peace of 1763. It was captured by a French force from Martinique in 1778, but re- stored to the English in 1783, since when it has remained in their possession. It is very produc- tive of cnflVe of a choice quality, and yields some sugar. Charlotte Town at the mouth of a river towards the S. end of the island on the W. side, is in lat. 15. 18. N. and 61. 2.8. of W. long. Dominica, the largest of the islands of the Pa- cific Ocean, called the Marquesas. Long. 139.2. W. lat. 0. 41. S. DON 1258 DON nomiiin, St one of llic Troinitti islands, in llio iruH'of Vonico, If) miles iruni tliu coast of Naplus Hi the lat. of 'l•^ 10. N. Diimitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mocklcn- burgli-SclnviTin, with a lurt senti'd at tlio conlln- once of the KIdo and i:ihf, 25 ni. S. of Sidiwrrin. Pommel, a river of Untch Hrabant, which re- cpivos the Aa below Bois lo Due, and then flows into the Meuse. Domo d'Ossola, a town or Italy, in the Milan- ese, with a castle, sealed near the frontier of the Valois on the Tossa, "JO m. N. of Varallo. Domoiira, or Dimolirr, a lar^e town of Enropc- an Turkey, situate on tlie W. bank of the Maris- sa, 12 miles S. by W, of Adrianople. Pop. about ?,ono. Dompaire. a town of France, in the department of Vosges, lb m. AV. N. W. of Kpinal. Domrenni, a town of France, in tlie department of Meuse, the birth-plar.c of the celebrated Joan of Arc, tlie Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the Meuse, 5 m N. of Neufchalean DomTiUrrs, or Dnntillers a town of Franco in the department of Meuse, U m. N. of Verdun. Dan, a river of Europe (the Tanais of the an- cients,) which intersects the south-east provinces of Russia. It i.ssues from the lake St. John, in the government of Tula, and after a very circui- tous course of several hundred miles, flows into the sea of Azoph. Tliis river has so many wind- ings, aiul such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, e.xcept in tlie sprinfr, on the melting of the snows ; and flat-bottomed boats only, e.x- cept in the same seasjn, can pass into the sea of Asoph. Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in the V/. fart of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie-water at nverary, passes by Kintore, and enters the Ger- man Ocean, at Old Aberdeen. Don, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. which rises on the borders of Cheshire. Hows by Penistone, Shef- field, Rotheram, Doncastcr, and Thorn, and joins the Ouse near its termination in the Ilumber. Ponitghadcc, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Down, it is seated on the coast ;r> miles W. N. W. of the Isle of Man, and 23 W. by S. of the Mull of Galloway. It is celebra- ted as the mail packet station between Ireland and Scotland (Sec Port Patrick.) It has a custom house, and exports some cattle and other live stock to Scotland, but in other respects its com- merce is very inconsiderable, the receipt of cus- toms not equalling the e.xpcnsc. Population of the town in 1821, 2,795, and the parish 3,793 more : on Mew island at the entrance of the har- • hour, which has been made convenient for the packets, is a liglit house in the lat. of 54. 40. N. and 5.24. of W. long. DonnUlsonriUc , p.v. the capital of the parish of Ascension. Louisiana, on the Mississippi. DonaursrhinstH, or Doncscliiiifreii, a town of Suabia on the E. border of the Slack Forest, in the principality of Furstenburg. It is the chief residence of the prince ; in the court yard of whose palace are some springs, collected in a res- ervoir about 30 feel square, which has the honour of being called tlie head of the Danube. It is 13 m. N. N. VV. of Schafiliausen. Donaiccrl, a strono; town of Bavaria, seated on the N. bank of the Danube, at the influx of the Wernitz, 25 miles N. by W. of Augsburg ; here is a bridge over the Danube, which causes Dona- wert to be a place of considerable intercourse Pop. about 2,.">00. Poncastcr, a handsome town in the S. Iv ]>,irt of the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It is situati- on the great high road from London to York and Edinburgh, on the S. bank of the river Don, over which are two handsome bridges. The jirincipal street is about a mile in length ; the mansion house, in which the mayor and justices hold their sittings, is a spacious and elcnrant buildinir ; there is also a town hall, theatre, dispensary, hospital, and two or three other public buildings, and the church dedicated to St. George is a noble ed- ifice. Doncaster has 5 tan yards, several flax dressers, and some manufactures of sacking, car- pet'^, nails, *S:c. and its trade in corn is consider- able ; but the agreeableness of its locality ren- ders it more celebrated as a place of gaiety and fashion, than as a manufacturing or trading town The annual races are alioiit the gayest in the king- dom, and the frequent balls and concerts held in tlie mansion house make it the resort of all the fashion and gaiety of the surrounding country ; there are also about a dozen separate private es- tahlislinients for the education of young ladies and gentlemen ; these with its constant tliorourrlifare tend to render it a cheerful and an agreeable res- idence. It is 15^ miles N. from Lrindon. 18 N. E. of Sheflield, 20 S. E. of Wakefield, and 37 S of York. The population, which in 1801 was 5.097, in 1S21 had increased to 9,1IG. Market on Sunday. Donilra Jlciiil. the southern point of the island of Ceylon, in the lat. of 5. 55. 30. N. and Wl. 42. of E. long. The land is low and densely popula- ted, but appears to have been of greater impor- tance than at present, there being the ruins of a magnificent Hindoo temple in the vicinity. See Maiura. Donegal, a maritime countv forming the N. W. extremity of Ireland ; it is aLout 70 niiles in ex- treme length, but being indented by numerous bays and harbours, it has about 150 miles of sea coast ; the principal bay is called Lough Foyle. and divides Donegal from the county of London- derry, opening by a narrow strait into the north channel. Lougli Swilly is another capacious bay, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, and Donegal bay, forms the southern boundary of the county, which is bounded on the E. and S. E. by the counties of Tyrone and Fermanagli. The river Finn intersects the centre of the county from W. to E. and then takes a northern course into Lough Foyle. Donegal is a mountainous and rather dreary district, and its inhabitants may be consid- ered the rudest in Ireland, the greater portion speaking only their vernacular language. The mountains contain various minerals ; kelj) is made upon the coast, which yields also a salicious sand used in the manufacture of glass ; the spinning of flax, the linen manufacture, and distillation of spirits prevail over the greater ])art of the ctmii- ty ; the principal towns are Lilford, Raplioe, Johnstown, Letterkenny, Ballyshannon, Donegal, and Killibegs ; at Ballyshannon is a valuable salmon fishery. It contains the ruins of several castles and other works of antiquity. For divi- sions, superfices, population, »S:c. see Ireland. Donegal, a town and parish of the preceding county, seated at the head of a bay 111 miles N. W. of Dublin, and 25 S. VV. of Lifford. Pop. of the town in 1821, 690, and of the parish 4,420. *,* There are four townships called Donegal in the state of Pennsylvania. Doneraile, a town and ])arisli of Ireland, in ihe county of Cork. Mear it are quarries of beautiful ORK 2.5'J DOR variegated marble. It is situate on tlie Awbe^, whicu falls into the Black Water 19 miles N. W. of Cork, and 113 S. W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town in li'^l, 2,4.55, and the parish l,'ll!l more. DongoUif or Dunffultt, a town of Nubia, capital of a province of the same name. It contains lO.OUO houses of wood, and is seated on the Nile, among mountains, 500 miles N. by W. of Sen- naar. The country is celebrated for a fine breed of horses, and the inhabitants for their skill in horsemanship. liOnor. 32. 5. E. lat. 19. 25. N. Donjon, a town of France, in the department of Allier, 24 m. S. E. of iVIoulins. Donninglon, a town in Lincolnshire, En^. Much hemp is cultivated in the neighbourhood. It is 8 miles \V. S. \V. of Boston, and lOU N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,G38. *,* There are 7 villages of the same name in different parts of England, the principal one in Leicestershire, with a population of 2,308. Donnij Brook, one of the out parishes of the ( iiy of Dublin, celebrated for its annual saturna- lia or fair. Donz'j, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, 22 m. N. of Nevers. Duoab, a term applied by tlie Hindoos to tracts of land lying between two rivers; the most cele- brated tract is that lying between the Ganges and .liinma, in the provinces of Allahabad, Agra, and Dehli. Doon, a river of Scotland, which issues from a lake of the same name in Ayrshire, and enters tlie frith of Clyde, 2 in. S. of Ayr. Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on tlie side of a mountain, 28 m. S. of Sana. Doral, a town of France, in the department of Upjier Vienne, seated on the Abran, near its junc- tion with the Sovre,25 m. N. of Limoges. Dorchester, a borough and the capital of Dor- setshire, England. It was formerly much larger, and the ruins of the walls are still to be seen in some places. It has three churches ; and a fine terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds the town, which has no manufactures, but is fi- mous for excellent ale. A little to tjie S. is a Roman amphitheatre, constructed of chalk and turf, supposed to be the most perfect in the king- dom. One mile to the S. W. is the Maiden cas- tle, another work of tlie Roinans ; there are three ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated on the river Frome, about 10 m. from the sea at Wey- mouth, 53 E.of E.teter. and 120 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 2,743. Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till li)-f;, when William the Conqucrer translated it to Lincoln ; and it had five churches, though now but one, which was tlic cathedral. It is seated on the Tame, 3-4 of a mile above its junction with tlie Isis ; the united streams forming the river Thames, 10 miles S. E. of Oxford, and 49 W. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, &54. Dorchester, a county of tlie state of Maryland, lying between tlie Nanticoke and Choptank riv- ers, on the E. side of Chesapeak bay. Pop. 18,(J85. The chief town is Cambridge, on the S. hank of the Choptank, 00 miles S. S. W. of Bal- timore. Dorchester, p.t. G ration Co. N. II. 90 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 702. Dorchester, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoinino' Boston. Pop. 4,061. Dorchester, p.t. Colleton Dis. S C. Dordognc, an interior department in the S. W. of France, comprising the late province of Peri- gord, and part of the Limousin; a river of the same name intersects the S. part of the depart- ment ; the Vizere, lUe, and la Drome, all fall- ing into the Dordogne, in its course to the Ga- ronne at Bourg, intersects other parts of the de- partment, which is in general fertile and yields some delicious wines ; it is divided into five ar- rondissements, the principal towns of which are Perigueux, the capital, Bergerac, Nontron, Ribe- rac, and Sarlat ; the other principal towns are Belves, Monpont, and Eaciderfil. For territori- al extent, population, &c. &c. sec Frarue. Dorestro. See Silislria. Dorking, a beautifully picturesque town in Surrey, England, with a market on Thursdays, celebrated for a remarkably fine breed of poultry; a vast quantity of lime is burnt in the neighbour- hood. It is 23 ra. S. S. W. of London bndge.— Pop. in 1821, 3,812. born, a village in a detached part of Worces- tershire, Eng. 3 m. S. E.of Camden in Glouces- shire. The Roman fossv;ay runs through it, and abundance of coin, both Roman and British have been found here. Domhurg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Weimar, with a castle ; situate on a hill, by the river Saale, 14 m. E. of Weimar, and 40 S. W. ofLeipsig. Doriwch, a borough on the E. coast of Scotland, capital of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry to Tain. It is a small place, and half in nuns, but was formerly the residence of the bishops of Caithness, and part of the cathedral is kept up as the parish church. It is 40 miles N. of Inverness. Long. 3. 48. W. lat. 57. 52. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,100. Dorp, Dorpat, or Dorfat, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga, with a university ; seated on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero and Pepas, CO m. S. of Narva, and about 50 £. of Pernau. Pop. about 5,000. Dorset, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,.507. Dorsetshire, a maritime county of England, having about 70 miles of coast in the British Channel ; bounded on the W. by Devonshire, N. by the counties of Somerset and Wilts, and E. by Hampshire ; it is of an irregular form, having an extreme length of 55 miles from W. to E. and 35 in extreme breadth, but the mean lines do not much exceed half that extent ; the superficial area being only 1 ,005 square miles. The soil is generally rich and fertile, though in some parts very sandy ; the northern part, which is divided by a range of chalk hills from the southern, affords good pasturage for cattle ; while the south- ern part chiefly consists of fine downs, and feeds incredible numbers of sheep. The chalk hills, which run through every county from the S. E. part of the kingdom thus far, terminate at the further extremity of this ; but on the coast, chalk clifFs extend beyond it into Devonshire, 10 miles W. of Lyme. From the Hampshire border to the neighbourhood of Blandford a heathy com- mon extends, which causes an exception to the general character of fertility which this county merits ; but the rich vales to the S. W. make ample amends. The greater altitude of the county is 009 feet above the level of the sea ; the climate is mild and congenial. The principal rivers are the Stour, Piddle, and Frome. Heie is DOU 260 DOV plenty of poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcocks, pheasants, partridges, fieldfares, &c. The prin- cipal towns on the coast are Lyme Regis, Mel- conibe Regis, Weymouth, Bridport, Wareham, and I'oole ; at the two latter some ships are built, and some foreign trade carried on ; and Poole was formerly celebrated for its extensive interest in the Newfoundland fishery ; and considerable manufactures of cordage, twine, and coarse wool- ens were formerly carried on in the vicinity of Bridport and Poole. The commercial and manufacturing concerns of the ccninty have of late years declined and are now, relatively, in- significant, the sliipping being principally em- ployed in carrying, and the rental, taxes, and sup- ply of siiop goods for the consumption of the county, are now paid out of the suri)lus produce of sheep and lambs for the London market, some cattle, wool, and stone, from the quarries of Portland, and Purbeck, and freight of shipi)ing. Some trifling manufactures also contribute to con- stitute an exchange ; and the W. part of the coast abounds in mackerel during the season. The prin- cipal towns in the interior are Dorchester (the capital), Corfe castle, and Shaflesbury, each of which, as well as each of those on the coast, and the county, return two members to parliament. There are 13 otlier market towns, and upwards of »00 villages in this County. DorseltsciUe, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C Durstcn, a fortified town of Westphalia, in the county of Recklinghausen, seated on tlie Lippe, 15 m. E. by N. ofWcsel. Dort, or Dordrecht, a city of South Holland on an island formed by the Meuse, which is here called the Merwe. The island was formed in 14'il, in November of which year an inundation destroyed 72 villages and drowned 100,000 per- sons. In 14o7 Dort was nearly destroyed by fire, and is further celebrated for an assembly of pro- testant clergy from all parts of Europe, in lUld — 1()19 called the synodof Dort, which condemn- ed the tenets of Arminius. Here are several Lu- theran and Calvinist churches, a fine council- house an e.^celleut academy, and the mint of South Holland. It has a good harbour, and a great trade in corn, wine, and timber ; of the 'after immense rafts are floated hither from An- dernach, in Germany. It was formerly the chief depository of Rhenish wines ; but its commerce has much declined of late years, having been transferred to Rotterdam. The father of the cel- ebrated De Witts was Burgomaster of Dort, and Vossius was once supcrintendant of its academy. The natural situation of Dort is such that it has never been taken by an enemy ; but it surren- dered to the French in 1705. It is 10 miles S. E. of Rotterdam. Long. 4. 45. E. lat. 51. 51. N. Pop. about 20,000. Dortmund, a strong town of Westphalia, in a nook at the S. extremity of the upper bishopric of Munster. It was lately imperial, and is seat- ed on the Enister, 15 m. S. W. of Ham, and 30 S. by W. of the city of Munster. Pop. about 4,000. ' Dotcliom, or DeutcUom, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, with a foundery for bombs and cannon balls ; seated south of the Yssel, 10 m. S. E. of Doesburg. Douarnrncz, a town of France in the depart- ment of Finisterri-, seated on a bay of the same name, at the entrance of the English channel, 8 m. N. W. of Quimper. . Douai), a city of France, formerly the capital of the department of Nord,wiUi a fine arsenal, a foun- dery for cannon, a military school, a citadel, and three famous colleges ; to which a great number of the catholic youths of England and Ireland are sent for education. It Wiis taken by the Duke of Marlborough in 1710, and retaken by the French in 1712, after the suspension of arms. It is 110 miles N. by E. of Paris, 70 E. S. E. of Bo- logne, and IS S. of Lisle, to which it is connect- ed by a canal. It is the scat of a prefect, and in 182;) contained lH,f-,">4 inhabitants. Doubsy a department of Fraiice,on the frontier ofNeufehatel in Switzerland. It comprises the easti-rn part of the late province of Franche Compte, and is watered by a river giving name to llie department w4iich falls into the Saone a little above Chalons. Doubs is a woody and mountainous district, interspersed with fertile vallies ; the mountains yield a considerable sup- ply of iron, the forests abundance of timber, whilst sheep and black cattle abound in the val- lies, yielding a considerable sui)ply of butter and cheese, the Matter is celebrated by the name of grueyere ; the vine is also cultivated with suc- cess, and to some extent; it has been proposed to unite the river Doubs with tlie Ille, falling into the Rhine, and thereby unite the waters of the north sea, with the Mediterranean. The de- partment of Doubs is divided into four arron- dissements ; Besamjon, 210 miles S. E. of Paris, is the capital; and the chief towns of the other three arrondissements are Baunie, Pontarlier, and Montbelliard ; tliere are two other considerable towns, viz. Quingey and Ornans. Done, a town of^ France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, with a considerable manu- facture of druggets and tammies. Near it is a vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid rock. It is 9 miles S. W. of Saumur. Dove, a river of Derbyshire, Eng. which rises in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county from Staffordshire, and after a course of about 40 miles joins the Trent, 4 miles below Burton Dircer, Straits of, between the S. E. point of England, and the N. W. extremity of France, leading from tlie Atlantic Ocean, through the En- glish channel into the north sea ; the narrowest part of the strait is about 20 English statute miles, and the two usual points of intercourse about 23 miles. Dover castle being in 1 . 19. 7. and Calais lights in 1. 51. 1. of E. long, being a difference of 32 miles of long, which in the lat. of 51. is equal to 19 geographical or 23 English statute miles. The straits extend from the S. W. in a direction N. N. E. for about 44 m., intersect- ed by the long, of 51. of IV. lat. Dovt:r, Town of, which gives name to the pre- ceding strait, is seated on tlie English coast, in the county of Kent, and is celebfated in every period of English history ; by the ancient Britons it was called Dour, by the Romans Duhris, and by the Saxons Dotre ; and the Romans regarded it as Claris ct refrag-iilian, totius rcgni— (lie lock and key of the whole realm. Dover may doubtless still be regarded as the great outlet and portal of the realm on the side of northern Europe, and from its peculiar local situation and advantages to be still entitled to high consideration. But as navigation has advanced towards perfection, and England advanced in her maritime ascendency, in a relative sense, Dover has become an inconsider- able place, and in point of security and defence is very insignificent compared witli either Porte- mouth or Davenport; while Harwich, Sou;»!iainp- DOU 261 DOW ton and Falmouth vie with it, as points of egress and ingress to and from foreign parts, and since the application of steam to purposes of navigation, numerous visitors to and from France now pro- ceed and arrive direct from and to tlie Thames at London, who used formerly to pass by way of Dover. Dover is, however, still (1831) the medi- um of conveyance for tlie mails, and of all mes- sengers and travellers intent on despatch, between England and France, for whose accommodation packets proceed to and from Calais witli every tide, and the intercourse is still very great, consti- tuting the chief support of the town. It c.v- tends for near a mile along the shore, and is divi- ded into two parts ; the eastern part is called llie tovm, at the extremity of which, on an eminence, is the castle, supposed to have been first founded by Julius Ctesar, the west part is called the pier, and is overhung by a range of chalk clitfs, whicli seem to threaten an immediate overwhelming of all below ; the heights 300 to 350 feet, above the level of the sea, are fortified with trenches, subter- raneous works and casements for tlie accommoda- tion of 2,000 men, and in clear weather present fine prospects of the coast of France. Dover is one of the (five) cinque ports vested with peculiar privileges : by the 32 Hen. VIII. cap. AS. On condition of furnishing a number of ships equip- ped and manned for the national defence, one of the privileges was, each port returning two mem- bers to parliament, by the title of Barons of the Cinque Ports. Dover post office is 71 m. S. S. E. of London Bridge, by way of Canterbury, from which it is distant 10 miles. It is divided into two parishes, with two weekly markets on Wednes- days and Saturdays. The castle is a very exten- sive edifice, and interesting from its antiquity, and the historical events connected witli it; besides the castle and two churches, the other public buildings are a town hall, theatre, military liospi- tal, victualling office, and custom house : the busi- ness of the latter is confined almost exclusively to the inspecting the baggage of the passengers arriv- ing by the packets. Tiie harbour will admit ships of 500 tons burthen ; but the town carries on liule or no foreign trade. Pop. in 1811, 9,074, and in 1821, 10,327. Domr, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,042. Doner, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 10 m. fr. Ports- nioutli on the falls of the Cocheco, a stream run- ning into the Piscataqua. The falls have several pitches, one of which is 40 feet perpendicular, af- fording a vast water power, which has been ap- plied to manufacturing purposes. The cotton manufactories produce 10,000 yards of sliirting a week. The iron works roll and slit 1,000 tons of iron annually, and make 700 tons of nails. New establishments are also in progress, and the mill sites here are numerous. Dover is one of the oldest towns in the state. Pop. 0,440. Dover, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. Pop. 497. Dontr, p.t- Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,108. Dover, p.t. Kent Co. Del., llie capital of tlie state of Delaware. It is situated upon a small stream falling into the Delaware, and is hand- somely laid out and built. The houses are mostly of brick and in the centre of the town is a spacious square surrounded by the State House and public offices. *<" There are six other towns called Dover in llie United States, viz. in Monmouth Co. N. J., York Co. Pa., Cuyahoga, Athens and Tuscarawas Cos. Ohio and Stuart Co. Ten. Douglas, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, seated on a river of the same name, falling into the Clyde, 29 ra. S. S. E. of Glasgow on the road to Carlisle. Pop. in 1821, 2,lit.'i. Douglas, the chief town of the isle of Man, seated at the month of two united streams, on the E. side of the island, in the lat. of 54. 4. N. and 4. 36. of W. long. Pop. in 1821 , G,0.54. See .Van. Douglas, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,742. Douglas, Cope, a promontory on the W. coast of America, the W. point of the entrance to Cook's Inlet. Its summit forms two verv high mountains. Long. 153. 30. W. lat. 58. 56. 'N. Doulaincourt, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Marne, 10 m. S. W. of Joinvillc. Doullens, a town of France in the deparment of Sonime, with two citadels ; seated on the Autie, 15 m. N. of Amiens; itis the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 3,504. Domic, Donn, or Donne, a town of Scotland, in the parish of Kilmadock, Perthshire, with the ru- in of a huge square castle, wliose tower is yet full 80 feet in height. Here is a manufacture of pis- tols; also an extensive work called the Adelphicot- ton-niill. It is seated on the Teih, 8 m. N. W, of Sterling, and 32 S. W. of Perth. In 1821 the parish contained 3,150 inliabitants. Dourdan, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, with a manufacture of silk and worsted stockings : seated on the Orge, 25 m. S. W. of Paris. Douro, a river of the Peninsula, rising near So- ria, in old Castile, in the long, of 2. 30. W. It rises to the W. of Soria, and from thence runs S. for about 20 miles, when it takes a course nearly due W. past Aranda into Leon, past Zamora to the frontier of tlie Portuguese province of Trazos Monies; it tlien takes a course S. S. W. past Mi- randa, and for about 60 miles forms the boundary between Leon in Spain and Tras os Monies : it then takes a course N. by W. dividing the latter province and Entre Douroe Minho from Beira.fall- ing into llie sea a short distance below Oporto. The meridional distance from its source to its en- trance into the sea is about 300 miles, while the course of the stream will be near 400 miles ; it re- ceives numerous tributary streams both from the N. and S. Doiclatahad, formerly called Amednagur, a province of the Deccan of Hindoostan ; intersect- ed by the Godavery river, bounded on the N. bv Candeisli, W. by the Gauls, S. by Visiapour and Golconda, and E. by Berar. Aurungabad is the capital. Dowlalahad, one of the celebrated hill-forts of Hindoostan, and formerly the capital of the preceding province. The fort is 420 feet above the levelof the plain. In the beginning of the 14lh century the Emperor Maliomet III. caused affreat number of the inhabitants of Dehli, to emigrate S.of the Godavery river, and attempted to make Dow- latabad the seat of government of his empire, but the project did not succeed, and his successor re- turned to liie ancient capital. Dowlalahad never- theless continued an important place and capital of tlie province, until the time of Aurungzcbe, who fixed his residence at Aurungabad (ichirh see), about 10 miles to Ihe S. ; it is now included in the territories of tiie Nizam of the Deccan. Down, a maritime county on the N. E. coasl of Ireland, opposite to the Isle of Man, it is liounded on the N. by the Lough of Belfast, which divides it from the county of Antrim, S. by Carlingford Bay, w'liich divides it from the county of Louth, and on the W. it is bounded by the county of Ar- DRA ','02 J)RE nmvh. It is 53 miles in oxlreiiio lciii;lli from S. W. lo S. E. anil aliout 2.'> in mean breadlli, the N. E. boing indciitod by Stranirford Lonjrh, rontain- jn"" about 100 siiuare miles of surface ; a canal from Carlin^t'ord Hay lo the Loui^h Neagli,bounii8 the W. einl of the county, and the river Lagan iulliii;; into IJeltast Ijouirhj wati'rs the northern side ; the river 13ann intersectinir the S. ^V. Down is the tlflh county in Ireland, in order of popula- tion, both collectfvely and relatively, ami although it is one of tlie least j)roduclive counties in the country, a (jreat portion of its surface beini^ occu- pied as bleach rough, Droniore, (anotiier bishi>p's sec), and Newry, at the head of Carlingford Itay, which is the largest and most con3ideral)le trading town in the county. For extent of surface, divisions, &c. .vt*; Ireland. Duwn, or Dotnipatrkli , the chief town of the preceding county, is pleasantly located on the banks of a stream falling into the S. end of Slrangford Lough, 7.| miles N. N. E. of Dublin, and 23 S. by E. of Belfast ; it a bishop's see in conjunction with Coniinr, in the county of An- trim, and besides the cathedral has three other places of religious worshiji; its other public liuildings consists of a diocesan school, hospital, town hall, court house and goal, Down is cele- brated as the supposed place of interment of Ire- land's adopted saint, St. Patrick, and a well in the vicinity dedicated to that saint, is held in high veneration. Down participates in the linen manufacture; its population in 1821, amounted to 4,123, and the parish to4,417 more. It returns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Powiir, a township in Cumberland Co. N. J. Doicnliam, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on the side of a hill, about a mile from tlie Ouse. It has a great tradi? in butler, which is sent up the river in boats to Cambridge, and thence conveyed in waggons to Londcm, under the name of Cam- bridge butter. It is 11 miles S. of Lynn, and SU N. by E. of London, and is celebrated for a foun- dery of church and turret bells, of a peculiarly harmonious tone. Pop. in ISOI, I,.'J12, and in If 21, 2.014. "," There are four villages of tlie same name in dilTerent parts of l^iUglaiul. Dorringtov. p. v. Chester Co. Pa. Downs, a fanious road for shippmg, on the E. coast of Kent, between the Nor'lli and South Fore- land. See Ciudirin .S'/zhi/.s-, and Oral. Downtun, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. seated on the Avon, 6 m. S. E. of Salisbury, and 83 W. S. W. of London. Pop. in 182) , :1,1 12. Dnti!fstotrn, p. v. Hucks ('o. Pa. Druahurfrh, a town of Carinthia. on the river Drave, near the frontier of Tyrol. Drficut, a town of Massachusetts, in Middlesex county on the N. b.ank of the Merrimac, at Paw- tncket falls, 2.^ m. S. W. of Exeter, and 30 N. N. W. of Boston . Pop. ],G15. Dnnlfi'.t, or Diirhv , a town of Nubia, with a harbour on the Red Sea, and wells of good water in the vicinity. It is 3(5 miles N. N. W. of Suakem. Dnigulirnnn, a town of France, canital of the department of Var, 10 miles N. W. of Frejus, 40 N. E. of Toulon, and 420 S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. in ]f2.->, 8,(il(i. Drakcnstnn, an extensive valley in the Cape of Good Hope territory. See SteUrnhosch. Dramr, a town of Macedonia, near the ruins of Philip])!, and about 20 m. N. N. E. of Emboli. DramhuTfrh^ a town of Brandenburgh, in the N. part of the New Mark, seated on the Drage, lo m. E. by N. of New Stargard. Urnnnncn, the two towns of Stromsoe and Brag- nas, on each side of the Drammen river, falling into the bay of Christiana, in Norway, are called Drammen. See Slrojnucc. DrancsviUc, p.t. Fairfax Co. Va. /Jrarc, a river which rises in Germany, at In- nichcn in Tyf"'; fl""s througli Carinthia and Stiria, tiien along the confines of Sclavonia and lower Ilunffary, and after a course of about 300 miles joins the Danube a little below Essig. Dintjton, a town in Shropshire, England, with a market on Wednesday, it is sealed on the banks of the river Tern, at the N. E. end of the county, on tlie road from Shrewsbury to Newcastle, 'jt has 3 tan yards, 2 jiaper mills, and 2 manufac- tures of hair cloUi ; I.'')! miles N. W. of London. Pop. in IdOl, 3,102, and in 1)^21, 3,700. "," There are 10 villages called Drnt/lon, and DvnijcoU, in diflerent parts of England. Droi, is a Sa.\on word, but its application to the names of places is not very obvious ; the etymologist must draw his own inferences respecting it. Dresden, a city of Germany, and the capital of the kingdom of Saxony. It is divided by tlie Ellje into the old and new town, which are united by a grand bridge, and surrounded by strong fortifica- tions. It has a castle, an academy of painting and sculpture, and a magnificent cliurch for the Roman catholics, with a tower 300 feet in height, one Calvinist, and 11 Lutheran churches. The houses are built of freestone, almost all of the same height ; and though the palaces are few, it is deemed the handsomest city in Germany. The palaces of Holland and Japan are full of curiosi- ties from that country and China ; and the pic- ture gallery may claim precedence over every in- dividual gallery in Italy. The royal palace has a tower 35.'V feet in height. Dresden is deservedly celebrated fur its manufacture of porcelain , the repository for which is in the castle. Here are also manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewel- lery, paper-hangings, and wind-instruments of music, 6 Dresden contained about 6.5,000 inhabitants, from which period it progressively declined down to 45,000 in 1610, but since the restoration of peace in 1814, it has gradually increased, and in 182.5 contained again a population of 54,000. In the vicinity are several fine gardens and public prom- enades, which serve to render Dresden one of the most ao-reeable abodes in the north of Europe. It is in the'lat. of 51. 2. 50. N. and 13. 43. of W. Ioner; 2;! m. N. Hull, 30 E. York. Long.O. 20. W. lat 54.0. N. Pop. 1,8.57. Here are manufac- tures of woolen and cotton, both lately introduced, and a weekly market on Thursday. Drighling'ton, t. Enuf., in the W. Riding of Yorkshire; 5 m. from Leeds. Pop. 1,3.55. On/o, a small island on the W. side of the gulf of Bothnia. Long. 17. 7. E. lat. 02. 2«. N. DrWo, or .Icliates, r. Sicily, in the vallev of Noto, which runs into the Mediterranean, m. S. E. Terra Nuova. Drimnna Point, cape, Ireland, on N. coast of the bay of Donegal ; 3 m. S. Killibegs. Drin, or Drinns, r. which ri.ses in S. W. part of Servia, and runs into the Save, 32 m. W. Sabaoz. Drinain, r. Servia, which runs into the Save, 15 m. W. Sabacz. Dringenhunr, t. Prussia Minden ; 6 m. E. S. E. Paderborn. Pop. 734. Driiigfort, t. Prussia; m. N. E. Rastenburg. Driiio jS'ero, or Black Drino, or Drilo, r. Eu Turkey, which rises in the lake near Akrida; joining the Drino Bianca, it takes the name of i>r/no only, and runs into the Adriatic ; about 8 m. S. W. Alessio, forming a bay at its mouth, called the Gulf of Drino. It is navigable nearly 100 m. for large rafts. Drissa, a town of Russia, in the government of Polotsk, at the conflux of the Drissa with the Dwina, 20 m. VV. N. W. of Polotsk, and 272 S. of Petersburg. JOrista. See SiJistria. Driraslro, a town of European Turkey, in Alba- nia, 20 m. N. E. of Dulcigno. Drorrhedf/, a seaport on the S. coast of Ireland, seated at the head of a bay on the banks of the river Boyne, which here divides the counties of Meath and Louth, Drogheda, being a town and county of itself, with a separate jurisdiction. It is a respectable town, and carries on a consid- erable trade in butter, grain, and coarse linens ; the harbour is tolerably commodious, but its en- trance is impeded for ships of large burthen by a bar. It is divided into three parishes ; Oliver Cromwell took it by storm in 104U, and it was near here where the decisive battle was fought between the forces of William and James in 1 001, when the latter were defeated. Sec Boijne. Drog- heda is 24 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 18,300. It returns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Droiticick, a borough in Worcestershire. Here are famous salt springs, which were in great celeb- rity at the period of the Norman conquest ; from these is made much peculiarly fine white salt. It is seated on the Salwarp, 7 m. N. N. E. of Worcester, and 110 W. N. W. of London. It is connected with the river Severn by a canal, 7 m. in length, and the Birmingham and Worcester canal runs at a short distance, and by this means the salt is distributed over all parts of the kino-- dom. Droitwich is divided into four parishes, and returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821,2,176. Drome, a Department of France, takes its ap- pellation from the river Drome, which crosses it, bounded by the department of the Upper Alps, Lower Alps, and Vaucluse ; the Rhone bounds it on the west. The country is high, full of mountains and valleys; the soil in many parts un- productive. Valence is the capital. Pop. 253,372. Protestants, 34,000. Drome, or Druna, a r. of France, which rises near Valdrorae, passes by Die, Pontaix, Saillans, Crest, Livron, &c., and falls into the Rhone about 11 m. S. Valence. Dromo. a small island in the Grecian Archipel- ago. Long. 24. E. lat. 39. 28. N. Dromore, a town and parish in the county of Down, Ireland; the town is a bishop's see, the palace of the prelate is a stately edifice. It is 20 m. W. by N. of Downpatrick. and 00 N. of Dublin, on the road to Belfast Pop. of the town DRU ac4 DUB ill 1821, 1,861, .ind of tlie parish 12,700 more; there is nnotlier parisii and town of the same name in the county of Tyrone. Pop. of the town 415, and of the parish 7,098. Dromore, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. Dronero, a town f>f Piedmont, at the foot of tlie Alps, on the river Maira, I'l m. S. S. VV. of Sa- hizzo, and about tiu.' same distance W. by N. of ■ Coni. It contains (i churches, and has a fine bridge across the river. Pop. about ('•..'iOO. Dronthciin, tlie most northerly of tlie four great diocesses of Norway, extendintr fntm the lat. of (12. 5. to (15. 20. N. bcinff about t^) miles in mean breadth ; it is intersected by several small streams, and the coast is indented with numerous inlets and bays, and flanked with numerous islands ; altiioufrh a dreary district, the industry of the in- habitants counteracts in a considerable degree the inhospitality of its position and climate. It is divided into t^O parishes containint; a population of about 2.50,001), having considerably increased during the last and present century. The chief town of the same name is seated on a point of land, formed by a deep inlet, about 40 m. from the open sea, in the lat. of 03. 2{>. N. and 10. 22. ofE. long., 253 m. N. E. of Bergen, about the same distance due N. of Christiana, and 3li0 N. W. cf Stockholm. It was the residence of the ancient kings of Norway-, and is now tlie princi- pal trading town of the diocese, and exports a verv consfderable quantity of fir limber and deals, some pitch, tar, peltry. Sec. It is the residence of the bishop of the diocese ; the cathedral is a state- ly edifice ; the houses are mostly built of wood, but the streets arc commodious, and in the sum- mer season this town is not an unpleasant resi- dence. Pop. about 0,000. Drosntflorf, a town of Austria, with an ancient castle, seated on the Teya, on the frontier of Mo- ravia, 10 m. N. of Horn. Dros.li 11,11 town of Brandenburg, iu the New Mark, 1-1 m. S. E. of Cuslrin. Drum, the name of two parishes in Ireland, one in the county of Mayo, and the other in Roscom- mon ; there are also about thirty other parishes, and several villages in different parts of Ireland beginning with Drum, such as Drumara, Drum- boe, Drumcannon, &c. &c. Drumsnn, a town of Ireland, in the county of Lcitrim, seated on the E. bank of the Shannon, 4 m. S. E. of Carrick, and 73 from Dublin, it is rather a neat town. Pop. in |.'^21, 000. Dntsatlicim, a town of France in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, seated on the Motter, near the Rhine, 15 m. N. by E. of Strasburg. Druses, a community of people in Syria, which had its origin in a fanatical persecution of a caliph of Egypt, against the Mahoraedans. About the beginning of the 11th century, the ca- liph and his prophet (a native of Persia), both met a violent death, and such of their disciples (the Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for a refuge to the mountains of Lebanon, and Antilibanus; from whence they successively made war against the Crusaders, the Sultans of Aleppo, the Mamelukes and Turks ; they were effectually subdued by Am- nrath IU. in 1588, who imposed aregular tribute upon them, appointing an emir or chief whom he invested with executive power, and held him re- sponsible for the payment of the tribute. This organization, however, the Druses soon turned against the Turks, with wbom they have since been involved in repeated conflicts with alter- nate success; they still maintain a nominal inde- pendence, occupymg about 70 miles of coast from Saide the ancient Sidon, to Gebail or Djebail Bairut or Berut {irhir/i see) being their chief sta- tion. Their number is estimated at about 120, 000, all the males being trained to arms. Their language is the Arabic ; and they now appear to have but little religion of any kind, praying indif fcrcntly in Christian churches or Turkish mosques. Drijburg, or Dril/urg, a town in the Prussian States, seated near the source of a stream, falling into the Weser, in the principahty of Paderborn ; it is pleasantly located and distinguished for its baths ; 10 m. E. of the town of Paderborn. Drijdcn, p.t. Tomkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,206. DitancshuTirli ,n.i. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,837. ' ^ J Dublin, a maritime and fertile county on the E. coast of Ireland, being about 'AO miles in ex- treme length, and 13 in mean breadth. Its capital a city of the same name is the capital of all Ire- land, and in extent of population and architectu- ral display is tlie second city of the British domin- ions in Europe, but in other respects inferior to either Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, or Edin- burgh. For divisions, extent of superfices, popu- lation, &c. of the county of Dublin. See Ireland Dublin City, the capital of Ireland, is seated on the banks of the river Lifiey, at its entrance into a bay of about 40 square miles in surface. The city lies up the river, about a mile from the bay, which is much more remarkable for its pictur- esque beauty on either side than for its navigable uses. This bay has been compared, rather idly, by some person in the first instance, with that of Naples ; and after him, still more idly, by a thou- sand others. It forms a vast semicircular basin about eight miles in diameter, perilous from its shallows and breakers ; wiiich are, however, coun- teracted by a long and massive central mole run- ning into it, with a lighthouse at its extremity, and two piers on either side at its entrance. A bold peninsular promontory, called the hill of Howth, shelters it on the north, having a range of lowlands from jts base skirting the sea, luxuri- ajitly wooded and varied, exhibiting here and there, a church, a mansion, or a pretty villa : whilst, on the south, it is bordered, atashortdis- tance, by the picturesque and beautiful range of hills called the Wicklow mountains. Dublin resembles Uie cities to be met on the continent much more than those of England, in the frequent juxtaposition of magnificence and meanness. 'Tlie late Mr. Curran compared it to a man with a new coat over a dingy under dress Its square area of about two miles and a half con- tains more noble edifices, wretched habitations, and public charities, than will be found within the same compass elsewhere. It is in form a rectan- gle, divided by the river into two nearly equal parts. We will suppose the spectator in the open space called College-green, on tlie left bank of the river and eastern side of the city. Looking east- ward, he beholds the Bank of Ireland, formerly the parliament house, on his left ; and the Univer- sity immediately facing him, with a bronze eques- trian statue of king William between. The Bank of Ireland presents a noble, simple, and really classic mass of Grecian architecture. Its principal front is a grand Ionic colonnade, 147 feet long, resting on an elevated plane, reached by a flight of steps. The front of the University, at r right angle with the Bank, is a long and florid Corintian fa- cjade; the central columns surmounted by a pedi- DUB 265 HUB ment, and the whole terminated by Corinthian pavilions, with coupled pilasters of the same or- der. An octagonal vestibule, with the museum on the right, leads from the town into the first of three squares, which is built of hewn stone, and contains three principal buildings; — the chapel, presenting a beautiful Corinthian colonnade, on the left ; the theatre or examination-hall on the ritrht, exactly corresponding ; and beyond tliis square, on the left hand, forming the smaller side of a rectangle, with a simple pilastered front, the hall in which the fellows and students of the whole university dine. The library, though inferior to to many others in the number of volumes, is one of the most complete and precious in Europe ; containing rich materials of bibliography. It con- sists of two compartments ; the ancient library of the university, entered at one end, and present- ing a lonff and noble vista, with, on either side, a trallery and balustrade above. The books are admirably arranged in stalls beneath. At the re- mote end is a handsome pavilion, containing the Fagel library, a gem in its kind, once the family library of the Fagels, Grand Pensionaries of Hol- land, and purchased by the university. There is, again, archbishop Usher's library, left by him to the university, of whicli he was the founder, — containing many books noted and commented on with his own hand. There is, lastly, a collection of valuable, or at least curious, manuscripts, Per- sian, Arabic, Chinese, and Irish. Graduates of the university only, as in the Bodleian, have the privilege of reading ; but studious strangers are admitted, upon a proper introduction to the provost and board. The chapel and theatre were built from the designs of sir W. Chambers ; the latter contains a monumental marble group in memory of provost Baldwin, full of grace, senti- ment, and beauty, and not sufficiently apprecia- ted or known. There are also some mediocre portraits, including one of Swift, in whom, by the way, his Dublin alma mater could discover only ill nature and incapacity. The spectator returns to his former place, goes up Dame-street, and meets at its extremity on the left hand the Royal Exchange, on an elevated site, a quadrangle of which the principal fatjade presents a Corintliian portico surmounted by Corinthian pilasters and a balustrade, over wliich is visible the summit of the dome. The interior is a rotunda formed by twelve fluted Corinthian columns, and richly stuccoed. Immediately to the left is the Castle, the residence of the vice-regal court. The upper castle-yard or court is a quadrangle, with an Ionic structure crowned with a Corinthian tower and cupola, from which the vice-rewa! flag waves ; and on the opposite side a colonnade leads to the vice- regal apartments. In the lower chapel-yard is observed a Gothic chapel built by a living archi- tect of Dublin : it is a very graceful specimen of the pointed Gothic. Crossing tlie river to the north side, the Law Courts present themselves; a noble edifice, ill- placed on a low site, looking immediately over the river ; it is a modern building, the first stone having been laid by the duke of Rutland, lord lieutenant, in 178G. The whole fagade is 450 feet, with a central portico of Corinthian columns surmounted by a pediment, and allegorical statues over these, — the wings connected in a right line with the front by arched screen walls with areas behind. The hall a circular area, lighted from the lop and surmounted by a dome with a mosaic ceil- ing, is paced round and round, or occupied in 34 groups, by barristers, attorneys, and strangers, while business is proceeding in the several courts which are in the periphery of the hall. Return- ing on the same side, and descending with the river, Sackville-strcet, a spacious and even noble avenue, opens on the left. At about half its length appears Nelson's pillar, a heavy column, placed in its centre, with a perversness of absur- dity rarely seen to break a fine and complete view. The new Post-office, a fine building, with an Ionic fluted portico surmounted by a pediment and several allegorical figures, is in this street immediately near Nelson's pillar ; and at the re- mote end another handsome mass of buildings, comprises the Lying-in Hospital and Rotunda Assembly-rooms. A little further on are the King's Inns, comprising the record-office and prerogative court; a recent edifice, with much of architectural and well-executed sculptural orna- ment. Having retraced his steps to the river, and followed its course a short way, the observer be- holds the Custom-house, with its principal front nearly at the water's edge — its centre a Doric portico, supporting an entablature and frieze rather too ornamental, with various allegorical groups single figures, — and a noble dome, supported by columns and surmounted at its vertex by a colos- sal statue of Hope, — placed there most inauspi- ciously, — for all idea of customs or commerce has been abandoned even in expectancy, and the building receives another destination. Crossing again to the left bank or south side of the town, the spectator should halt for a moment on Carlisle- bridge to view SackviI!e-street,^u.nfortunately broken and disfigured by Nelson's pillar, but adorned by its own breadth and elegance, — the portico of the Post-office, and the Rotunda in the distance ; the south front of the Custom-house, and a noble line of walled quays, over an innavi- gable river flowing into a bay without ships ; Westmoreland-street, with on either side a por- tico of the bank and a pavilion of the university ; and d'Olier-street, with the Dublin Library, and a view of the front of the new square of Trini- ty-college. A little fiirthur on to the south is the theatre, a handsome building, and adapted to its purposes, built in 1821 by Mr. Henry Harris, whose name is honourably associated with the English drama. There are in Dublin five squares ; three on the south and two on the north side of the river ; of which one, called Stephen's-green, may be called magnificent, from its space, ornament, and edifi- ces. The river is crossed by seven bridges within the city, all, with one exception, modern and well built, and one of them of cast iron. Sarah's bridge, so called from Sarah, countess of West- moreland, who laid the first stone in 1791, is about a mile above the city ; consisting of a single arch, bea\itifully constructed and of very picturesque effect. Dublin is an archiepiscopal see, and is sin- gular in the United Kingdom as having two ca- thedrals, both of which are more interesting for their antiquity and monumental associations than for their architecture. St. Patrick's cathedral, founded in 1100, but commenced in its present form in 1370, is a Gothic structure, beautiful only for its arched stuccoed ceiling; and containing, among many other monuments, that of Jonathan Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, " one who loved virtue, liberty, and his country ; and here only re- leased from the torture of his honest indignation." Christ-church cathedral, founded, it is stated. i>UD 266 DUL in h>3S, but constructed succpssivoly sonic centu- ries later, is a diliipidated d'olliic edilice, contain- ing some interesting inonuiuents : arnonf^ liieni tliat of earl Strongbow, the first Knglish invader of Ireland. There are, besides tlie two cathedrals, nineteen oliurclies and two chapew of east ; of which few are deserving of particular notice. St. Andrew's is a vain anU unfinished attempt after the church of the Rotunda at Rome St. Wcr- hurjh's exiiibils the Ionic, Corinthian, and com- iiosite, in its facjade ; and contain.^ the remains, Lut not the nio'nument, of lord Kdw.ird Fitzge- rald. St. George's is a modern edifice, with a handsome Ionic fluted portico and a light and lofty steeple. There are in Dublin twenty Roman C^atholic chapels. The metropolitan chapel, built by eub- Bcription, and begun in 18J6, is in the best taste, — a large edifice, with a simple but majestic Doric portico, resting on an elevated plane, approached by a flight of steps, and sustaining a marble pedi- ment. The places of worship for dissenting non- cathojic congregations are also very numerous, and exceed, in proportion, the number in any other part of the United Kingdom. There are about a hundred public hospitals, and other be- nevolent institutions and private associations, for the relief, protection, reformation, and education of the poor. Dublin contains one public and two large sub- Bcription libraries ; the Dublin Society, for pur- poses of science and art; the royal irish acade- my, and several others. Literature, however, in Dublin is rather an accessory accomplishment than a profession : there is no aulJinrshijj, no pub- lishing trade. The university sends forth well educated and disciplined generations, but does no more : the junior fellows arc occupied with the " crambre repetita" of public and private lectures, and other academic duties, whilst the senior fel- lows I've in opulence and learned ease. The medical and surgical schools are well sup- plied with professors and all the other means of knowledge, — much frequented, and in high re- pute. Several attempts have been made in Dub- lin, but without success, to establish a school of art 1 men conscious of their genius, or who have proved it, migrate to London. From these may be singled out, without distinguishing invidious- ly, the president of the royal academy in London (Mr. Shec,) and .Mr. Mulready. The chief manufactures of Dublin are, what are called Irish poplins, tabinels, silks, cottons, wool- ens, and hardware, — of which last the extent does not at all equal the excellence. Dublin occupies a square area of about 2 m. and a half. It is distant 102 m. from Belfast, 'X^ from Walerford, 122 from Limerick, and l.'Mi from Cork. Lat. 53. 2L N. Long. G. 0. 15. VV. Pop. 200,01)0. Dicblin, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 70 m. fr. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,218. Also towns in Huntington, Bedford, Philadelphia and iMontgomery Cos. Pa., Laurens Co. (Jeo. and Franklin Co. Ohio. />u4oij,-, a county of Indiana. Pop. 1,774. Por tersviUe is the chief town. Dubro, a town of Russian Poland in the pro- vince of Volbynia, seatid on the banks of a branch of the Przypiec, near the frontier of Galicia ; it was formerly celebrated for its great annual fair. It is 21 miles S. E. of Lucko. Pop. about (i,.")00, chiefly Jews. Duddingston. a pleasant village on the S. side of Edinburgh, Scotland. Dudcrsladt, a town of Germany, in the territory of Eichsfeld, 18 miles E. of Gottingen. Pop. about 4,000. Diidlo/, a town of "Worcestershire, Eng., insu- lated in "the county of Stallbril, 10 miles W. by N. of Birmingham, and V-bi from London. It is a place of anliuilt, is a beautiful structure with a lofly spire. The pop. which in 1801, was only 10,107, and in 1811,13,025, in 1821 had increased to 18,21 1 . Dudley, a town in Worcester county, Massa chusetts near the frontier of Connecticut, 20 ni. S. of Worcester. Pop. 2,155. Duffel, a town of the Netherlands, a few m. N of M'alincs. Pop. about 3,000. Duisburtr, a town of Prussia in Cleves. Duke of York htuiid, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by commodore Byron, in 1705, lying N. of the Friendly islands. Long. 172. 30. W. Fat. 7. 51). S. Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, lying between New Briti.an and New Ire lanJ,sonaniedby captain Carteret, in l"li7. The natives go entirely naked ; are stout, well made, and of a light copper colour; their hair is woolly, but they dress it with grease and powder, and make it hang straight. Their huts are made chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the shade of cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before tliein, within which the plantain, banana, yam, sugar-cane, &c arc cultivated. The island produces, besides the plants above-mentioned, belel-nuta, mangoes, Dread-fruit, and guavaa. Here are also dogs, hogs, poultry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen by captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter bay, in this island, in 17'J1. Long. 151. 20. E. lat 4. 7. S. />«/tc's COT;n(i/, in Massachusetts. See Martha's Vinnjurd. Dulas, a village of Wales in the isle of Angle- sey, 10 m. N. W. of Beaumaris. It stands on the Irish sea at the mouth of a river of the same name ; and is much frequented on account of the corn and butter trade, and for fern-ashes and kelp. Pop. in 1821 , 220. *,* There are several small rivers in difl^ercnt parts of Wales, named Dulas, and also a village in Herefordshire. Dulcigno, a town of European Turkey, in Alba- nia, sealed at the mouth of the river Boina, 15 m. S. W. of Scutari, trliich sec. Long. 18. 50. E lat. 42. 23. N. Pop. about 8,000. Dulccli, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Meath, formerly the see of a bishop, but now an inconsiderable place. It is seated near the S.bank of the river Boyne, 3 m. S. W. of Drogheda, and 21 N. by W. of 'Dublin. Pop. of the town in 1821 , 1,030, and of the parish 2,008 more. Dulkcn, a town of the Prussian states, lying about midway between the Rhine and the Maese, 20 m. N. by W. of Julieis. Pop. about 4,000. Dull, an extensive parish in the highlands of Scotland, in the county of Perth, about 30 m. in OUM 207 UUN length, by 12 broad ; it is intersected by the mili- tary road, from Sterling to Inverness, it contains a village of the SDine name on the N. bank of Loch Tav. Pup. of the parish in 1801, 4,055, and in 1821,4.50d. Diihnen, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- pality of Miinst^r, 14 m. S. W. of Munsler. Pop. about 1,800. Dulrcrton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with manufactures of coarse woolen cloths and blankets, (t is seated near the Ex, 20 m. S. of Minehead, and 1«5 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,027. Duhcic'hf a beautifully sequestered village in Surry, 4 m. S. of London. It is famous for a college, founded by Edward AUeyn a comedian, called tlie college of God's Gift ;. to which is at- lachi.'d a gallery containing a beautiful collection of paintings; the village is seated in a vale. Pop. included with Camberwell, which sec. Dumarintrj a town of the island of Borneo, on llie E. coa-st. Long. 117. 30. E., lal. 2. 10. N. Dumharton, Counfij of, sometimes called Dun- barton, formerly Lenno.t, formed a narrow strip of territory between the lowlands and highlands of Scotland, e.\tending W. from near the Frith of Forth, for about 25 miles to the mouth of the Clyde, and then N. for about 25 miles more be- tween Locli Long and Loch Lomond, the mean breadtli not exceeding 5 miles ; tlie grand canal from the Clyde to the Forth runs along the E. part of the county, which is divided into 12 par- ishes : the principal towns and villages are Cum- bernald and Kirkintilloch in the E. part ; Kirk- patrick, Killpatrick, Dumbarton, Cardcross, Bon- iiill, and Kilmarnock in the centre; and Rose- neath. Row, Lup, and Aroquhar in the N. The cotton manufacture is carried on in the central part of the county, and illicit distillation in the N. Dumharton^ the chief town of the preceding county, is a royal burgh, seated on the N. bank, of the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the outlet of Loch Lomond ; on a point of land tbrm- ed by tiie junction of the two rivers is a castle, occupying a very commanding position, and formerly deemed the key of the pasturage be- tween the lowlands on the VV., as well as com- manding the navigation of the Clyde. The town consists principally of one long street, in the form of a cresent, parallel with the Leven; over which is a handsome bridge of five arches. It has a handsome church, with a lofly spire erected at the close of the last century. Its prin- cipal manufacture is glass ; a portion of the in- habitants are employed in the cotton manufac- ture in connexion with Glasgow. It has a con- venient port for small vessels, and a quay, but no custom house, being included in the port of Greenock. It is 12 miles W. N. W. of Glas- gow. Pop. in 1801, 2,.')41, and in 1821, 3,481. Damhuoc, or Duinboo, a salt lake on the north frontier of Bournou, in the interior of North Africa, from whence much salt is carried to Agades and other parts of western Africa ; there is a considerable town of the same name on the W. side of the lake, which is S. of the Tropic of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 50. E. Dumfries, a county of the S. of Scotland, being about G5 miles in extreme length from E. to W., and 30 in mean breadth its superficial area being 1,00(3 square miles ; it is bounded on the N. by the counties of Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, and Pioxburg, and 'E. S. E. by the English border, W. S. W. by Kirkcudbrightshire, ~and S. by the Sjlway Frith : is intersected from N. to'S. by three considerable rivers, abundant in salmon and trout, viz. the Nith, .^nnan.and Esk, all run- ning from the N. into Solway Frith, and is divid- ed into 44 parishes, including four royal burghs, viz. Dumfries, Annan, Lochmabcr, and Sanquha . A great part of this county is mountainous, over- ' spread with heath, well stocked with game, and affording pasturage to numerous hertfs of sheep and black cattle, which are driven into England, in great numbers ; the valleys watered by the three rivers before mentioned, and the coast bor- dering on the Frith, are fertile both in pasture and tillage ; the mountains in the N. W. part of the county contain a bed of rich lead ore, yield- ing a small portion of silver ; coa and lime abound over the greater part of the county, and on the English border both copper and iron have been found ; the county also contains a vein of anti- mony, and two mineral springs. It has no man- ufactures of importance. Dumfries, a royal burgh, and chief town of the preceding county, seated on the E. bank of the river Nith, where that river forms the boun- dary between the counties of Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, and about 7 miles above its en- trance into Solway Frith. Dumfries is a port of entry, but its external commerce is inconsidera- ble (except coastwise) ; it derives its chief impor- tance from being the assize town for tiie county of Kirkcudbright as well as for Dumfries, and from being the seat of the commissary and sher- iff court and of the Presbytery and Synod, while the agrceableness of its locality renders it the focus of gaiety and fashion for all the S. W. part of Scotland. It has 2 bridges over the Nith, one of them ancient, the other modern and elegant, 2 churches, a catholic chapel, and 4 dissenting places of worship. Its other public buildings are the town house, guild-hall, infir- mary, house of correction and lunatic asylum ; Dumfries is 38 m. W. N. W. of Carlisle, 75 S. W. of Edinbur in. S. by \V. of Lieffo, and about tlic same ilistance E. by S. of Namur. Diircn, or Deurrn,a town of the Prussi.in Rtalea of the Rhine, on the E. banii of the Roer. ia the duchy of Jiiliors, 15 iii. E. of Ai.x-la-Chapelle. Pop. about '1,700. Durham, a maritime county, on the N. E. roast of Enirland, bounded on tlie S. and S. W. by the river Tees, which divides it from Yorksliire ; tlie western e.vtremity of the county jets upon West- moreland and Cumberland, and the rivers Der- went and Tyne divide it iVom Northumberland on the N.; the line of the coast from the mouth of the Tees to the Tyne, is about 3"2 miles, but in its extreme extent from N. to S. the distance is 36 miles, and from E. to W. about -10 miles; being, however of a triangular form, its superfi- cial area does not exceed 1,0G1 square miles. All the W. part of the county is mountainous, some of the peaks rising upwards of 2,000 feet above thelevelof the sea : from these mountains rises the river Wear, which by its circuitous course and collateral streams, waters all the interior parts of the county. The chief characteristic of this county, is the coal mines, which yield about two million tons annually, chiefly for the supi)ly of London, and the E. and S. E. parts of Eng- land. The river and coasts abound in salmon and other excellent fish, while the E. and S. E. parts of the county yield a surplus of agricultural produce, both in grain and cattle : it owns also a considerable extent of shipping, employed chiefly in the conveyance of its coal, the value of which, including the freight and its supply of agricul- tural produce, together with some lead, iron, and mill-stones, constitute an exchangeable amount, exceeding £1,000,000 per annum. The principal towns besides the capital of the same n.inie, arc Stockton, Darlington, and Bernard caslle, on the N. bank of the Tees; Gateshead, and South Shields on the S. bank of the Tyne ; Monk Wear- mouth, Hishop's WonDnoulli, and Sunderland, at the mnulh of the Wear; Bishop's Auckland, Cliester-!e-Street, &c. in the interior. Durluim Cilij, the chief place, and capital of the preceding county, is seated on the banks of the river Wear, about the centre of the county, on the Una of the great high road from London 10 Edinburgii, 10 miles from the sea in a direct line, about 20 ffom the mouth of the Wear by the course of the stream. 11 from the Tyne at Newcastle, 10 from the Tees at Darlington, 242 in a meridional line, and 2.j5 by the line of^road N. by W. of London. It was created a bishop's see, by a king of Norlhumlx'rland prior to the conquest, wlio nut of devotion conferred the whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a monk of Landisfarne. its first bishop, and his suc- cessors for ever. This grant was confirmed by William the Norman Conquerrir, who constitu- ted it a principality, or county palatine ; hence the county is sometimes designated the principal- ity of Durham ; and the revenue of the see jus- tifies the appellation, it being the richest in Eng- land. The cathedral was founded tow.ards the close of the 11th century, and is amagnificent ed- ifice, upwards of 4C0 feet in length, seated on an eminence 80 feet above the surface of the river ; the principal tower is 214 feet in height. Besides the c.ilhi'dral there are six other churches, three of them fine edifices, two Roman catholic, and fieveral dissenting places of worsliij). Durham has also a stately castle, founded by William tlio NoruKin, now the bishop's palace, and several public buildings more iuimediately belonging to" the city ; 'while the goal, house of correction,- courts and governor's house for county purnoses, have all been recently rebuilt in a handsome style. There are three bridmes over the river; and on the whole, the city of Durham presents a very interesting and imposing aspect and is cele- brated in several pages of English history. It re- turns two members to parliament ; market on Thursday ; it has no manufacture of importance. Pop. in J801, 7,530, and in 1821. 0,822. Durhnm, p.t. Slrafi"ord Co. N. II. 11 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1 .(lOti. Also a p.t. Cumber l.iiid Co. Rle. Pop. 1,731. Also a p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop. 1,110, Also a p.t. Green Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,039. Also a township of Bucks Co. Pa. DuTlhrim, a town of Germany, in the palati- nate of the Rhine ; seated on the river Hardt, 17 m. S. W. of Worms. Durliftfiw, or Turkfirim, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, w"here the French gained a victory over the Austrians in 1C75. It fs4 ni. N. W. of Colinar. Durlaeh, a town Suabia, capital of Baden-Dur- lach, with a castle. It was formerly the scat of government of the grand Duke of Baden, who transferred his residence to Carlshrue, since the peace of 1814. Here are manufactures of porce- Lain, cloth, and stuffs. It is seated on the Gies- sen, 15 miles N. N. E. of Baden. Long. 8. 3o. E., lat. 48. 58. N. Pop. about 8,000. Durslry, a corporate town in Gloucestershire, Eng. In 1821 it had 3 establishments for draw- ing of wire, 4 for the manufacture of carding ma- chines, and 4 for the manufacture of woolen chilhs; it had formerly a castle. It is 13 m. S. W. of^ Gloucester, 20 W. of Cirencester, and 108 from London. Pop. in 1821, 3,186. Diirtat, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is tan- ning. It is 16 m. N. E. of Angers. Diishy Baij, a b.ay on the S. W. coast of New Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean. The country here is steep, and the hills near the sea-side are cover- ed with intricate and impenetrable forests. Abun- dance of excellent refreshments are found here ; and it contains several coves and harbours. Long. 106. 18. E., lat. 45. 47. S. Dusscldorf, a strong city of Westphalia, capital of the duchy of Berg. Contiguous to the palace is a celebrated gallery of paintaings. Dussledorf was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated on the river Dussel,near the Rhine, 25 m. S. of Wes- scl. It was included in the sessions to Prussia in 1815, and is now the capital of a circle, with about 356,000 inhabitants ; that of the town about 20,000. Long. 6. 40. E., lat. .51. )2. N. Dulchfss, a county of N. Y., extending for 45 m. along the E. bank of the Hudson river, and 22 in breadth. Poughkeepsie, the chief town, seat- ed near the banks of the river, is 00 m. N. of the city of N. Y., and 73 S. of Albany. Pop. .50,926. button, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 052. DuilniTij, t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. C52. Duztury,dL town ofJVIassachusetts, in Plymouth KAS 271 KAT county, oil the W shore of Massachasetts bay, with a harbour for small vessels, and a light-house at the S. extremity of the beach. It is situate S. by E. of Plymouth, 3 ra. across Plymouth bay. Pop. 2,705. DmjshuTg, a fortified town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleves, with a Calvinist university. It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 m. S. by E. of Wesel. Dui/(:, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is inhabited chiefly by Jews, and seated on the Rhine, oppo- site Cologne. Duijrcland, one of the islands of Zealand, in Holland, E. of Schowen, from which it is separa- ted by a narrow channel. Dihiiia, a river of Russia, which runs from S. to N. into the White Sea, at Archangel. Dicina, another river of Russia, which issues from two lakes, one in the government of Twer, and the other in the government of Pskov, runs S. by W. to Vitepsk, then W. N. W. past Polotsk and Dunabourg, dividing the ancient province of Livonia on uieN.,from Samigalia on the S., and afler a course of 4riO m. in a meri- dional line, and upwards of (JOO by the course of the stream, falls into the gulf of Riga at Duna- maunde, a few miles below the city of Riga. Dyberrij, a township of Wayne Co. Pa. Dtjt:r^ a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 1 ,904. Dyersburgh is the capital. Dijnapoor, a town and fort of Hindooslan, in Bahar, near which is a diamond mine. It is seat- ed on the Ganges, 10 m. W. of Patna. Dijsari. a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour. It has a considerable trade in coal, a salt work, a manufacture of checks, and some employ in building ships. The number of inhabitants in t'ne borough in 1821, was l,6o8, and of the parish 4871 more. It is seated on the N. shore of the frith of Forth, IG m. N. by £. of Ed- inburgh, and 80 S. W. of St. Andrews. E EAGLE, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. Eaglesham, a village of Scotland, in Renfrew- shire, 9 m. S. W. of Glasgow. It has bleaching- irrounds, and a considerable cotton manufacture. Kp. in 1821, 1,927. EaglesvUle, v. in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and Marengo Co. Alabama. Eating, with Old Brentford, a village in Mid- dlesex, having a great number of private schools for the education of the youths of the metropolis. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 6,608. See Brentford. Eaoowe, one of the Friendly islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasinan in 1643, and by him named Middleburgh. The land gent- ly rises to a considerable height, presenting a beau- tiful prospect of extensive meadows, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 21. 24. S. Earl, townships in Bucks Co. and Lancaster Co. Pa. Earlston, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire. Near it, on a rocky bank, stands Cowdenknows, an old building, now somewhat modernized ; and on the adjacent knolls may be seen, the remains of its Broojn , so renowned Scottish ditty. Earls- ton is seated on the river Leader; 35 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Earn. See Erne. Eiisdide, a small island of Scotland, near the coast of Argyleshire, to the S. E. of Mull, cele- brated for its slate quarries, which abound throughout the whole island: it is also traversed in many places with basaltic veins and thin layers of quartzose and calcareous stones. Easenfiall, a village in the parish of Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, seated near the river Avon, 4 m. N. by W. of Rugby; the line of canal from London to Manchester and Liverpool passes through the hamlet. Easingiooldfi town in the North Riding of York- shire, Eng. with a great trade in bacon and but- ter. It is 13 m. N. N. W. of York, and 208 N. by W. of London. Pop. 1821,1,912. Eastboiirn, a town in Sussex, Eng. noted for plentv of the birds called wheatears, and as a place of resort for bathing. Near it is a chaly- beate spring. In 1707 a tessellated pavement and a Roman bath were discovered here. It is seated near Beachy Head, in the English channel 15 m. E. S. E. of Lewes, and 61 S. S. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,607. East Cape, the most eastern extremity of Asia, on the W. side of Behring's strait, nearly opposite Prince of Wales Cape on the continent of America. Long. 92. 20. E. lat. 59. K". N. East Chester, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Fop 1,300. East Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. Pop. 1,591. East Haddam, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop. 2,763. East Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 734. East Hartford, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 3,373. East Hawn, township, Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 33. East Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 442. ° ' ^ ^ East Manor, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. Ea^t A'antseille, a township in Chester Co. Pa. East Sudbury, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 944. East Windsor, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 3,537. Easton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. Pop. 1,756. Easton, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,753. Easton, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryland. Easton, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. It is seated on the Delaware immediately above the Lehigh, and is a handsome town regularly laid out, with a large square in the centre. There are two bridges across the Delaware and Lehigh. The Delaware, Morris and Lehigh canals unite at this point, and afford it remarkable facilities for trade. Eastown, a township of Chester Co. Fa. Easlrille, p. v. Northampton Co. Va. Easticoodford, p. v. Union District, S. C. Eaton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,432 Eaton, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,558 Also townships in Luzerne Co. Pa. and Preble Co. Ohio. EBR 272 FM.,^UU, p.v. Caldwell Co. Kentucky. Eatonlon, pt, Putnam Co. t.eo. , £a/«n/OKm, a village of Monmouth Co. -N. J. F.hensbure, P v. Canibrm Co Fa. r>.o,„ /.•„.„rr hinnd, an .sic in the Pacfic Ocean 1-j Iraguea in circuit. It han a h.Hy and stony surface ; is naturally barren, and affords ncitlor safe anchorage, fresh water nor wood for fucL Rau are the only 1'""lrupeds, and there a c bu few birds. The natives are industrious, and plant paper-mulberries and bananas, w.th '•'S"'" fi"-'^^ Sf potatoes and yams. Tins '»l|'"''„«"%'''f." ^^^ Davis in lta<;-, it was visited by Roegewe.n in 172-2, and by Cook in 1774. Long. lOJ. o7. vv., ^%5po%%i. Washington Co. Me the most e.a.tern'^ point of the United states of America. The town is situated on Moose island, in Passaina- quoddy bay, and is favourably placed for carrying 2nanrxteLiyetraffic,upthePassamaquodJy,a^^^ on anexiensive irami., up "- %V. „.i„ I it other rivers falling into the bayoflundy^ Lat 44 43 N and 111. '.. or about i..iO sUtute m. in a meridional line N. E. of Washington in the Long, of r.6. 49. W. of Greenwich. P"p. ^A^. Eastonness, a capo of England on the coast of Suffolk, forming the N. P"'"'/*^ ^ ^"""'^iK^d Eastwood, a parish of Renfrewshire, Scotland, seated on the border of Lanarkshire, part'C'pat" in" largely in the cotton manufacture. Fop. in 'i?i",fw«,a town in Bf''<°"'''\''« ,fi"fl\"''. united with St. Neots, in Huntingdonshire by a handsome bridge over the f"'" Ouse oo m^ N. ot London. Pop , of Eatonui 1621,2,039, and ot ^ £«LT'a\S of France in the department of fi*M 17 m S W. of Condom. Pop. 3,.t>U. ^i wJl/. a town of Denmark, in Jutland with a good harbour, on a bay of the Caltegat, 16. m. N. E. of Aarhus. _ . . ■ r«^« Ehenezer, a town of Effingham county in Geo. situate on the Savannah 25 m. N. N.W. of Sa- "Ti«/«r/A, a town of Austria, on the Leyta, 22 " £ier6L^','aTown of Gerrnany, in the Lower Rhine, with a Cistertian abbey .seated on the Neckar,llm. E. by N. of Hiedelberg, now in- cluded in the territory of Baden. . . Khtrmansladt, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of Bamberg, on the Wisent, near it^ en- trance into the Rednitz, 13 m. S. S. E. of Bam- "iherstrin, a town and caaUe of Suabia, 8 m. S. by E. of Baden. , , .„„„, Ebenillc, a town of France, m the department of Puy de Dome, with a Benedictine abbey, seated on the Scioule, 8 ra. N. of Riom. . Ebiniren, a town of Werteraberg, noted for its cheese; 7 m. S. of HohenzoUern Pop. about ^ro, a river of Spain, the ancient Iberis, which rises in the mountains of Asturias on the conhnes of Leon, about 00 m. from the shore of thf i-^y of Biscay, runs E. across the N. part of Old t^as- tile and afterwards -n a direction E. S. L., lorm- \m the boundary between that province and those nf Biscay and Navarre; it then, in a S. E. direction, divides Arragon into nearly two equal parts, in- tersecting theS. part of Catalonia, and after a course of 300 m. in a meridional line, and about 400 by the course of the stream, past LogronoCa- lahorra, Tudela and Sarago^sa, falls mto the Med- iterranean a few in below Tortosa There are EDD several Islands off its mouth, and a canal runs par- allel with it through Arragon used inore for ir- rigation than navigation. The river is but lit le u«-d for navigable purposes, on account of ita numerous shoals and rapids. £«/«,aparishof Lancashire, Eng consist ng of five townships on the W. side ofManchester, (irAiWiJw). Pop. in 1H21, 23,331. .,,.„, ^ ErclrJl BUrloy, a township in the parish of, and contiguous to Sheffield, Eng. on the S. W side. Pop. in IdOl , 5,3C2, and in lf21 , 9,113. Set Erd'csfidd, a town and parish 5 m N of Shef- field, the town in 1821 contained 7,H.3 inhabitants, and the remainder of the parish ;>,333 more. See ^''fcdtfcchan, a town of Scotland, in P"n,frie- shire, noted for \U great """"^ 'iyp-^^f^^^^mfries" tie, 5 m. N. of Annan, and lo E. of Dumfries. Pop. about ■'500. . c. ie3 one entire side of the Par- liament-square. The most remarkable circum- stance connected with it is, that it is divided into four parts, each of which is adi.stinot rluirch. It is here also that the General Assembly is held, and that the aftairs of the Scottish church are or- dered by its ruling ministers. The part of the building most admired is the elegant tower and spire, which rise from the centre of the edifice to the height of Idl feet, and are ornamented bv richly wrought arches. Of the other churches it is only necessary to mention that of Trinity col- lege, founded by Mary of Gueldres in 1462, a no- ble Gothic structure ; and these of St. Andrew's and St. George, which arc elegant l)uildings of modern erection. Besides these, which belong to the national churcli, there are six e])iscopal chapels, of which St. Paul's and St. John's, rais- ed within late years, arc amongst the grandest of modern structures : the former is after the mod- el of King's college chapel, Cambridge ; and the latter is a parallelogram, the parts ol which arc composed in richest Gotliic style. A Roman Catholic chapel built in l.-'U, is greatly admired for a siniilox species of architecture ; and almost every class of dissenters has its appropriate place of worship. The university was founded in the year 1582, but at that period had only one professor : anoth- er, however, was soon after appointed, and then a third, till the number increased to twenty-seven, the present establishment. The original building belonging to the university was so ill adapted to its increasing celebrity, tliat in 178!) it was part- ly taken down, and a new structure commenced ; but from want of funds the work was for many years delayed, and was not till of late resumed, and then on a diminished scale. The university lilirary contains more than 50,000 volumns ; and the number of students is, on an average, 2,000. Next to this establishment we may mention the high school, founded in the sixteenth century, and consisting of a rector, four masters, and near 500 scholars. The charitable institutions are numerous, and some of them richly endowed. The hospital, es- tablished by the celebrated jeweller of James VI., George Ileriot, is a handsome Gothic edifice; and under its venerable roof .1.^0 boys are boarded and educated with benevolent care. Watson's hospital is also on a similar plan ; and there are others for the support of decayed tradesmen, their wives, and daughters. Of tlie literary and scien- tific institutions of Edinburgh, the Royal, Anti- quarian, and Wernerian societies are deservedly distinguished; and there is nootlier city in Europe where the men of letters and scientific ability bear so great a proportion to the number of the in- babiUints. No particular manufacture is carried on in this city ; the working and trading classes being chief ly supported by the production and sale of the more general articles of dmnestic use. Edinliurgh sends one member to parliament. Distance N. N. W. of London ',«lli miles. Lat. 55. 58. N. I>ong. 3. 12. W. l>o|). in H2I, 112,335. See Leifh. Eitisto, a river in South Carolina, which after a course of aliont IJO m. falls into the Atlantic Ocean by two channels, about '10 m. S. of Charleston. The island, formed by the diver- gence of the stream, contains about 3,000 inhabi itants, the greater jiart of whom are slaves. I'.itmimtim, a village of Middlesex, England, C ni. N. of Shorediti'li Church, Eondon, on the great hiijh road to Edinburgh. It has nothing but its tnnroughfare to entitle it to notice. Pop. in b-OI, 5,0!I3, and in l.--'l . 7,!I00. fUtirards, a county on the E. frontier of the state of Illinois, boundeil by the great Wabash river, :!5 ni. from S. to N. and about 30 in mean breadth, the little Wabash intersects the W. side of the county; and towarils the S. part, between the two rivers. Pop. 1,(110. Albion is the capi- tal. Eilirintlsrillc, a village in Madison Co. Illinois Also a township in Greenville Co. Upper Can- ada. Eccloo, a populous town of the Netherlands, 11 m. N. by W. of Ghent. Effcrding, a town of Austria, with a castle, seated near the S. bank of the Danube, 12 m. W, of Lintz. F-flinir/iam, a village in Surry, Eng. 12 m. N. E. of Guilford. It was once a much larger place, and supposed to have contained 1(1 churches, wells, cavities like cellars, having been frequently found in the neighbouring fields and woods ; and in the present church are some ancient stalls and monuments. Effingham, a county in the state of Georgia, bordering on the Savannah river, its area compri- ses about .500 sq. m. Pop. 2,000. WiUoughby is the chief town. Effinghum, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 07 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,011. Egeiti, a town and castle of Germany, in tJio duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Bode, 10 m. S. S. W. of Magdeburg. Egoilurg, a town of Austria, noted for good wine, 13 m. S. W.ofZnain in Moravia. Egcr, a river in Germany, which rises in the principality of Culinbach, running in an E. N. E. direction through the circle of Saaz, and after a course of about 120 miles falls into the Elbe, near Leiitmcritz. Eger, a fortified town at the western extremity of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with a castle and college. It was taken by the Krench in 1712, but thi'y were forced to evacuate it the next j-ear through famine. Here are manufactures of lea- ther, hats, cloths, and stuffs ; and its mineral wa- ters are famous. It is seated on the Eger, 90 m. W. bv N. of Prague. Long. 12. 27. E., lat. 50. 5. N. fop. about 8,000. Egcrscg Szala, a town of Lower Hungary, seat- ed on tlie banks of the Szala, which falls into the S. end of lake Balaton. Egg, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S. of Skye, 5 m. in length, and from 2 to 3 in breadth. It is partly flat, and jiartly hilly and rocky, with some basaltic pillars. The low grf a castle ; and 3 m. S. E. of the town, in the wooded vale of the Calder, are the remains of the Calder abbey. Egremont, is seated near the Irish sea, on the river Eden, 5 m. S. S. E. of Whitehaven, and 2?!) N. W. of London. KgrcuwiU, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 889. Kgtjpt. a country comprising the N. E. extrem- ity of Africa, having about lOO m. of coast, be- tween Alexandria, and El Arish, including the indentations of lakes and bays ; Cape Bourlos its N. e.xtreniity is in lat. 31. 3(). N., from which point it extimds inland to the frontier of Nubia, in the lat. of about 24. 30. giving a length of about 50.) ni, while its boundaries E. and W. are very un. defined. It is divided from Asia, at its N. E. ex- tremity, by an extensive desert, and further S. by the gulf of Suez, and the Red sea, {scr Suez.) It is bounded on the W. by the deserts of Barca ajid Libya, and parts of Africa but little known, and in its extreme limits from W. to E. may be considered aa comprising about 2 degrees of long, or 122 statute m. between 31. and 32. E. ; the inhabited parts however, do notexceed more than !.'> to 2.5 m. on eacli side of the Nile, \A-hich runs in a direction N. by W. through tiie whole ex- tent of Egypt, except fur about 120 m. above its entrance into the Mediterranean, where it diver- ges into two main and numerous collateral chan- nels. This is called the Delia of the jVile, com- prising an areaof about 12,000 square m. studded over, the greater part, with towns and villages. In the niarslies of this region grows that remark- able rei-d grass celebrated in ancient times by the name of papyrus, the leaves of which afforded the first materials fur making pai>er. It has a tapering stem surmounted by a tuft or plum* of hairy leaves. This country, so celebrated in history for its fertility, its policy and arts, appears first to have attained pre-eminence under the renowned Sesos- tris about 1720 years antecedent to the christian era. For nearly four centuries prior to this period. Egypt appears to have been divided into several petty sovereignties, under what was then termed Hijcsos or Shepherd Kings, of whom .dmasis al T/tetmosis was the first who gained an ascend- ancy over his compeers ; this ascendancy was acquired about 100 years prior to that of Sesostris ; and it appears to have been the de- scendants of Amasis who were ruling in Egvpt at the time of the dearth in western Asia, when Jacob and his family established themselves in the valley of Gessen, or Goshen, east of the Nile. From the descendants of Amasis and Sesostris sprung the race of the Pharoalis, who ruled over Egypt for 12 centuries, until Cambyscs king of Persia, became master of it, 52.5 years B. C. By the Pharaoh's all those wonderful structures were raised, and works perfected, which we cannot behold without astonishment. These are, the pyramids, the labyrinths, the immense grottos in Thebaid, the obelisks, temples and pompous palaces, the lake Mferis, and the vast canals, which served both for trade, and to irrigate the land. After this conquest, Cambyses demolished the temples, disinterred the remains of Amasis and burnt them, and persecuted the priestij. Tliia country continued under the Persian yoke till the time of Alexander of Macedon, who having conquered Persia, built the city of Alexandria. He was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Lngos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeed- ed each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt be- came a Roman province, and continued so till the reign of Omar, the second caliph of the successors of Mahomet, who drove out the Romans after it had been in their hands 700 years. When the |)ower of the caliphs declined in the 13thceflturv, Saladin set up the empire of the Maniclouits who in time became so powerful, that they ex- tended their dominions over a great part of Afri- ca, Syria, and Arabia. Next, about 1570, Egyjit yielded to the arms of Selim, tlie 2nd emperor of the Turks, under whose dominion it still continues. The present inhabitants are composed of four different races of people ; the Turks, who assume to be masters of the country ; the Saracen Arabs, who were conquered by the Turks ; the Copts, who were descended from tlie first Egyptians that became Christians ; and the Mam'elouks, who were originally Circassian or Mingrelian slaves, and being the only military force, continu- ed for centuries to be the real masters of the country ; and Egypt had been for many years, distracted by the civil wars between the different contending beys, by which its 24 provinces were governed. The famous Hassan Ali, the Turkish admiral, gained several victories over them in 1780; but though he repressed, he could not totally subdue them. The French invaded Egypt in 1798, under Bonaparte, who defeated the beys in several engagements ; but after the departure of Bonaparte, a strong British force arrived to aid tlie country, and the French were expelled ill 1801. But the Turkish Pacha, finding the EGY 270 EIB pciwiT of tlic Maiiielouks broken by tlioir con- (lii'ls witli the French, p.irtlv by treachery and partly by force, succeeded in driving them out of E^'ypt into Nubia. Tlie complexion of the Egyptians is of a dusky brown, they are generally indoh'ntand co\yardly ; and the lower class are d'lsjjustinfily filthy in their persons ; the richer sort oo nolliin;; all day but drink coftee, smoke tobacco, ttud sleep ; and tliey arc ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously vain, liut the C'"]>ts are um inmMiious people, and have great skill in business. From March to November, the heat, to an European, is almost insupportable ; but the other months are more temi)eratc. Tlio S. winds which occur at inter- vals, from February to the end of May, are by the natives called poisonous winds, or the hot winds of the deserts; they are of surli e.\lremo heal and aridity, that no animated body exposed to it can withstand its fatal influence ; and for the three days that it gi'nerally lasts, the streets are deserted. The sands are so subtile, that they penetrate into the closets, chests, and cabinets, v.hich, with the hot winds, are i)rob:ibly the cause of sore eyes being so very common here. It rains very seldom in Egypt ; but that want is fully supplied by the annual inundation of the Nile. neumon enters the jaws of the Crocodile h bile h" is asleep and devours his entrails. This animal Whcn the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then the corn is harrowed into it, and in the following March there is usully a plenti- ful liarvest. But some lands are never fallow, and yield three harvests annually ; particularly in Lower Egyi»t, where sowing and reaping are going on incessantly, wherever the water of the river can be obtained for irrigation. There is no ]>lacc in the world better furnished with corn, llesh, fish, sugar, fruits, and all sorts of garden vegetables ; anf the Fharoahs, Thebes in Upper Egypt in the lat. oC2'>. 'M't. appears to have been the capital of llie wh S. S. W. of Stuttgard ; both these towns are in the dominions of tlie king of Wurlemberg, and contain each about 'l,()Utt inhab- itants. EhienhrcitsUin. a fortress of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, on the E. bank of the riv- er Rhine, o])posite Coblentz. It stands on the sunimil ot' u slupembms rock, not less than bOU feet above the level of the river, and is deemed to be imjireL'iiable. It has a communication with Colilcnlz by a subterraneous p:issage, cut out of the solid rook, and is plentifully snpplieil with water from a well 3811 feet deep. In the vale of Ehrenbreilstein is an old palace, whiili belonged to the elector of Treves. This fortress surrender- ed to the French through famine, in 17111), afler a blockade of above 20 months. Eihcnstuck, or Eijhcnstocic, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in the circle of Erzeberg, near the N. W. frontier of Bohemia, 00 m. S. by E. of Leipzig I'op. 3,200. ELB 277 ELB Eichsfddt, a territory of Germany, at the N. E. extremity of tiie circle of the Lower Rhine, sur- rounded by I3ruiiswlcl5, Tliuringia, and Ilessc. It produces much flax and tobacco. Heileigon- stadt is the capital. It is now divided between Prussia and Hanover : it formerly belonged to the elector of Mentz, and contained a pn|i. of 90,000, on a surface of about (JOO square miles ; Stadt Worbis and iVlulhausen are the other prin- cipal towns. Eichstadt. Sec Aichslath. Eil Loch. See Linnhe Loch. Eilenburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, situate on the Mulda, 12 m. N. E. of Leipzig. Eimco, one of the Society isles, in the Pacific Ocean, lying 12 m. W. of Otaheite. The prod- ucts of the two islands, and the manners of the people, are much the same. Eimeo has steep rugged hills, running in dilferent directions, leav- ing large valleys, and gently rising ground about their sides. The hills, though rocky, are gener- ally covered with trees almost to the tops. Ehihcck, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Calenberg. It has manufac- tures of cloth and all kinds of stuffs ; and in the mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, cop- per, and lead. It is situate 17 m. N. of Guttin- gen, and 45 S. of Hanover. Pop. about 5,000. Eisenach, or Ei/senach, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, at the western extremity of Thuringia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a cele- brated college. The duke resides in a castle within the town ; and there is another on a mountain out of it, called Wartburg, which, in 1521, was for some time the asylum of Lulher. It is seated on the Nes.se, at its conflux with the Horsel, IG m. W. of Gotha. Long. 10. 21. E., lat. 51 0. N. Pop, about 8,000. Eiscnartz, or Eiscmtz, a town of Germany, in Stiria, famous for its iron mines, 34 m. N. N. W. of Gratz. Eisenberjr, another town in Thuringia, 35 m. S. W. of Leipzig. Fop. 3,.500. Eiscnsladt , a town of Hungary, with a magnifi- cent palace, 5 m. N. W. of Odenburg, and 27 S. of Vienna. Eislcbcn, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the county of Mansfield, with a decayed caslle. The celebrated Luther was liorii and died here. In the churches of St. Andrew and St. Ann are the superb burial places of the ancient counts of Mansfield. Eisleben contains many breweries, and derives much profit frnrn the neighbouring iron mines. It is 2'S m. N. N. VV. of Naumburg. Long. 11.47. E, lat. 52. 32. N. Ehfcldy a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin- cipality of Coburg, witli a castle. It has manu- factures of vitriol, *Vc. and stands on the Werra, near its source, 7 in. E. of Hildburghausen. Elba-, an island in the Mediterranean sea, l»e- tween Italy and the island of Corsica, and se|)ar- ated from Tuscany by the channel of Pioniljino. It was known to the Greeks by the name of Aithalia, and to the Romans by th.it ofllva. The form of the i.sland is very ini ';;ul:ir, the lengtli from E. to W. is about II m. and (lie greatest breadtli, wliich is at the W. end, is between 8 and U m. and contains ajiop. of about 14,000 souls. The whole island presents numerous mountains, eepar.ited by deep valleys, and si>i'»e plains of con- siderable extent; the south-west part is the most elevated, and are composed of black and while granite, susceptible of a fine polish. Elba has been renowned for its mines of iron and load- stone, for a period beyond the reach of history. Aristotle speaks of them as opened from time im- memorial ; it has also quarries of fine marble. On the N. E. part is the mountain, or mine of iron ore, which supplies most of the forges of Italy. The tower of Voltorjjo stands on this mountain, on a shaggy rock. The view from this tower is wonderfully fine every way, as the eye overlooks the whole island, that of Corsica, many scattered islets, the channel of Piombino, and a great range of continent. On the E. side of the mountain stands Rio, a village inhabited by miners. Under it breaks out the only rivulet in Elba, which does not run above a mile before it falls into tlie sea; but the water gushes out of the rock in such abun- dance, that it turns 17 mills in that short course. The soil of Elba is very shallow, witli scanty room for cultivation, and few places level enough for corn, producing little more than six month's pro- vision for its inhabitants ; but the island is so situ- ated that it can, in spite of a blockading fleet be always supplied with provisions, and the garrison with reinforcements. The wine is good, if made with care and pro])erly kept; the fruit of its stan- dard trees are excellent, though not in great jden- ty ; orange and lemon trees thrive very well in the sheltered vallics and narrow plains near the sea. There are several springs of excellent water in the island ; and tlie climate is mnch milder than the adjacent continent, for it produces many fruits and plants that cannot stand the Tuscan winters. Among the animals and birds are wild boars, hedge-hoOT, partridges, quails, canary-birds, nightingales, ortolans, &c. It has no rivers ; but there are a number of rivulets. Tliis island was held with Piombino, by the Ajipiani, as a fief of the emjiire, till Charles V. Ihouglit proper to transfer it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, that he might rescue it and the adjacent coasts from the Turks and French. Before the French revolu- tion, it was subject to the prince of Piombino, ex- cept Porto Ferrajo, and Porto Longone, the fi)rmer belonging to tlie duke of Tuscany, and the latter to the king of Naples ; but in 1801 the French be- came possessed of the whole island. It now owes its chief celebrity to the circumstance of its hav- ing been ceded by the powers of Europe in full sovereignty to Napoleon Bonaparte ; after the surrender of Paris to tlie allies in March I8J4. He landed at Porto Ferrajo, the capital of the island, on the 4th of May in that year, but on the 2(ith of February following, he embarked again fijr France, and reached Paris, without encount- ering the least obstruction : since when the island has been wholly ceded to the duke of Tuscany. Porto Ferrajo. on the N. side of the island, is in lat. 42. .50. N., and 10. 15. of E. long. Elba, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Po^Ji. 2,CT!). EUHissiiiio,n town of European Turkey, in Al- bania, 4.5 m. S. E, ol' Uurazzo. Elbi'., a river of I']uro]ie, rising on the N. E. frontier of Bohemia, bordering on Silesia, in the lat. of 50. 30. N., and 15. 35. of E. long , flows S. flir abinit 4(1 m. p.asl Konigingratz to Pardu- bilz, in the circle of Chrudin, I'roui whence it takes a meandering course in a N. W. direction to Melnick, where it receives the Moldau from the frontier of Austria on the S. : from Melnick, it continues a winding course through the circle of Leutmeritz, in which it receives the Eger from the frontier of Franconia, on the W. S. W. and then enlers llie circle of Meissen in Upper Pax- imy, still running in a N. W. direction past Dres- den, into the duchy of Saxony to Magdeburg ; ELS 273 KLK from wln-rice it lakes a direction N. by K to Ila- velbort;, where it receive;* tlie lliivel ; Irniii Ha- velhiTg it intersects in a N. W. direction the Old Mark ol' lJrandenbury;Ii ; and llien divides Meck- eid)urgh Schvverin, and tlie duciiy of Saxe Lau- enbiir*^ on the N., frtmi laineburi^ Zell, to Ham- burgh; from whence it becomes iiavifjjrfile for ships of the larj^est burthen, dividinfr lor about TO m. the duchy of Ilolstein on the N., from Bre- men on the S. ; and aller a course of ;W0 m. in a meridional line, and upwards of 5(10 m. by the course of the stream, falls into the North sea at Cuxhaven, in the lat. of 51!. 52. N., and H.4(j. of K. lonjj. The Elbe is rendered subservient to the purposes of navii^ation ; and by itself and ccd- lateral branches, receives and distributes produce along lines of country, several hundred m. in ex- tent. See JmIcc. I'JhcrfiJdl, or EUrfcldl, a town of the frrand duchy of Berg, seated on tlie banks of the Wip- per, which falls into the Jlhine between Cologne and Dusseldorf. It lias extensive manufactures of linen, silk, and wool, and a pop. of near iiO,000. It is 18 m. due E. of Duseldorl. Elbersluii, p.t. Eflingliam Co. Geo. Kibcuf, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine. It has extensive manufactures of cloth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 in. S. of Rouen, and (35 N. VV. of I'aris. Ethcrl, a county of the state of Ocorgia, Iving between tlie Savannah and Broad rivers. I'op. I-,',:i51. Elberton the chief town ; it is 11)0 m. N. W. of the city of Savannah. Killing, a strong town of W. Prussia, in the palatinate of Marienburgli, with a considerable trade in butter, cheese, and corn. It is seated on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the Frische Half, 30 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic. Long. lit. ;3(). E. lat.54. 18. N. Pop. about 18,000. Elhuiirn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a citadel ; seated on a mountain, by the river Eger, 10 ni. N. E. of Egra. tVbritlgc, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,;1j7. Ellium, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on the E. coast of Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. E. of llar- diTwick. Ekhc Mhufcra dc, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, 10 in. W. S. W. of Alicant. Elcjiitigcn, a village of Suabia, on the N. bank of the Danube, about 5 m. N. E. oflJlin, where a battle was fought between the French and Austrians in 1805, which obtained for Ney, one of Bonaparte's generals, the title of duke of El- chingen. Eldti, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 in. W. N. W. of Alicant. Elderton, p.t, Armstrong Co. Pa. E.tdridiff, p.v. Buckingham Co. Va. Also a township in Huron Co. Ohio. EU-pliarifti. called by the natives Gharipoor, an island on the W. coast of Hindoostan, 5 ra. from Bombay. It contains one of the most celebrated temples of the Hindoos. The figure of an ele- phant of the natur.'il size, cut coarsely in stone, ap[)ears on the landing place, near the foot of a mountain. An easy slope then leads to a subter- ranean lenijile, hewn out of the solid rock, 80 feet long, and 'JO broad, the roof supported by rtiws of pillars 10 feet high. At the further end are gigantic figures of the three Hindoo deities, Brahma, Vishnn, and Seva, which were mutilated by the zeal of the Portuguese, when this island was in their possession. lOlephanta was ceded to the English by the Mahratlas Eltiitlis, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the N. W. of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered in 1759 by the emperor of China. See Kalmiirs. El!,'in, a borough of Scotland, capital of Mur- rayshire, and formerly the see of a bishop. Here are many large old buildings over piazzas. Its cathedral w as one of the nupst niaunty of its name ; seated near the Rhine, 5 m N. W. of Coblentz. Enghcin, a town of the Netherlands, in Ilain- hault, 15 m. S. W. of Brussels, on the road to Tournay. It giTCs the title of Duke to one ofthe Bourbon family. Enjria, Etitrmn, or JE^ina (its ancient name), an island of European Turkey, in tiie gulf of En- gia, between Livadia and the Morea, It has a town ofthe same n.ame,22 m. S. S. W of Athens. Long. 23. 3!). E.. lat. 37. 45. N. England, the southern part of the island of Great Britain is a verj' irregularly shaped territory, extending in its e.ttreme length, from the Land's End in Cornwall, in the lat. of 50. 4. 7. and long, of 5. 41.31. to Berwick, at the mouth of the Tweed, which divides it from Scotland, in the lat. of 55. 4(!. 21. N., and 1. 59. 41. of W. long. The me- ridional distance between these two points is 3(»G geographical, or 425 English statute m. ; this line, however, intersects the entrance to the Bristol channel. South and North Wales, and the Irish Sea; the extreme meridional line that could be drawn on English ground, from N. to S. would be Zee. It was once a flourishing place; but its from Berwick to St. Alban's Head, in the county of harbour being now obstructed by sand, it has lost '"* * '*"'" ''"" '"* '^'"'^ -x-.__._ its former consequence. It was taken by the Eng- lish in 17;)!). It is 27 ra. N. E. of Amsterdam. Emlcarour Strait, a strait of the S. Pacific Ocean, which separates New Guinea from the N. E. point of New Holland. It received its name from captain Cook, who explored it in 1770. Its length, is 10 leagues, and its breadth about five, except at the N. E. entrance, where it is contract- ed to less tliin two miles, by the islands called Prince of Wales Isbands. Endingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, near the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. E. of Old Brisach. Enjicld, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It was once famo\is for an extensive r^iyal chase, disfor- ested in 1779; and had a royal palace, of which little now remains, the front having been taken down in 1792, and its site occupied by some houses. It is 10 m. N. of London. Pop. 8,227. Enfield, p.t. GraRon Co. N. H. 105 m. fr. Bos- ton. Pop. 1 ,492. Enfield, ft. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1.0.58. Enfield, a town of Connecticut, in Hartford county, situate on the E. bank ofthe Connecticut, 16 m. N. by E. of Hartford. Pop. 2,120. Knfield, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,3.32. Also a village in Halifax Co. N. C. Enauilina, or Inthnl, a delightful valley of Swit- zerland, in the canton of Grisons, extending along the banks of the river Inn, from its source to Tyrol It is divided into Upper and Lower, the chief towns are Zurz and Cernetz. Enfrplbcrg,XL valley of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Underwalden, 10 m. long, surrounded by mountains. It is subject to the abbot of a Bene- dictine monastery of the same name, whose reve- nues arise principally from a commerce in cheese. The country contains extemive glaciers, on the Dorset : this line would measure 3GG statute m. and the extreme length from W. to E. would bo from the Land's End, Cornwall, to the Dudgeon lights on the N. E. coast of Norfolk, which would measure .359 statute m. The four S. E. counties of Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, however form a promontory ; and as the superficial area of England by actual survey proves to be .50,535 square m. taking the length from N. to S. to be 36() m. the mean breadth from W. to E. will be within 150 m. The sea on the S. is called the English Channel, and which divides England from the N. W. coast of France : the sea at the S. E. point is called the straits of Dover, and divides Enirland from the N. W. point of France and the Nether- lands : the sea on the E. coast of England is called the North Sea, or German Ocean, and divides England from Holland, Germany, and Jutland : the sea on the N. W. coast of England is called the Irish Sea, and divides England from the N. E. coast of Ireland. Wales, North and South, bound the centre of its western side ; and the four S. W. counties before mentioned, project into the .Atlantic Ocean. England, for local purposes, is divided into 40 counties, viz. : Bedford, Berks, Bucks. Cambridge, Chester, Cornwall, Cumber- land, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Huntingdon, Hert- ford, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Mid- dlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, North- umberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop, Somerset, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, War- wick, Westmorland, Wilts, Worcester, and York ; each of which is subdivided into hundreds and parishes. For judicial purposes it is divided into six circuits ; and for ecclesiastical purposes into two archiepiscopal and 20 episcopal sees, or juris- dictions. The extent, relations. &c., of each of ENG 281 ENG Uie several counties, towns, &c., are noticed in their alphabetical place in this work. The face of the country affords all that beauti- ful variety which can be found in the most exten- bive tracts of the globe ; not, however, without romantic, and even dreary scenes, lofty mountains, craagy rocks, black barren moors, and wide un- cultivated heaths ; and yet, few countries have a smaller proportion of land, absolutely sterile and incapable of culture. The richest parts aie, in general, the midland and southern. Towards the N. it partakes of the barrenness of the adjoining parts of Scotland. The E. coast is in many places, sandy and marshy. A range of rude and elevated land, sometimes rising into mountains 3,000 feet in height, extends from the borders of Scotland to the very heart of England, forming a natural di- vision between the E. and W. sides of the king- dom. Cornwall is also a rough hilly tract; and a similar character prevails in part of the adjacent counties The.se mountainous tracts abound with various mineral treasures, more particularly coal, iron, copper, lead, and tin The rivers of England are numerous, and con- tribute essentially to the beauty and fertility of the country, as well as to facilitate the convey- ance of its products from one part of the kingdom to another: the four most deserving of notice for their magnitude and utility, are the Trent, Mer- sey, Severn, and Thames. These four rivers rise in the interior of the country, and flow in contrary directions, the first to the N. E.,the ne.xt to the N. W., the Severn to the S. W., and the Thames to the S. E. ; and being rendered navi- gable and united to each other by canals, they afford an admirable facility of conveyance over all parts of the country. In addition to these, the great Ouse and the Nen, flow from tlie centre of the country in a N. E. direction, into the N. sea between the Thames and the Trent, and the Nen IS united to the line of canal which unites those two rivers, and thereby with the Mersey and Severn. Further N. are the Humber, Teer., Wear, Tyne, and the Tweed, which divides England from Scotland, all flowing fi-om W. to E. into the North Sea: and on the other side is the Eden, Derwent, Ribble and the Dee, flowing into the Irish Sea: the tributary rivers deserving of notice, are the Medway and Lea, falling into the Thames, the Soar and Derwent falling into the Trent, the Don, Aire, and Ouse falling into the Humber, the Irwell into the Mersey, and the Upper and Lower Avon and Wye into the Severn ; all of which are navigable, and yield a variety offish : The Tamar, Torridge, Tame, Exe, Arun, and a few other rivers of inferior notej intersect the S. and S. W. parts of the country, falling into the Bristol and English channels. The lakes are neither numer- ous nor extensive, and are chiefly in the N. W. counties : those of Westmoreland and Cumber- land, in particular, exiiibit such varieties of beau- tiful scenery, as to become the object of summer excursions from every part of the country. With respect to climate, England is situate in the N. part of the temperate zone, so that it enjoj's but a scanty share of the genial influence of the sun. Its atmosphere is inchned to chillness and mois- ture, subject to frequent and sudden changes ; and is more favourable to the growth, than to the ripening of the products of tlie earth. No country is clothed with so beautiful and lasting a verdure , but the harvests, especially in the northern parts, frequently suffer from unseasonable rains. The country, nevertheless, generallv affords an abnn- 3(i dant supply of grain, and all the other nece.'isarits of life, and the rigours of winter, and the heats of summer, are felt here in a much less degree than in parallel climates on the continent ; a circum- stance common to all islands. The whole coun- try, some particular spots excepted, is sufficiently healthy ; and the longevity of its inhabitants is equal to that of almost any region. All its most val- uable productions, both animal and vegetable, have been imported from foreign countries, and have been kept up and improved by constant attention. England has now no other wild quadrupeds than those of the smaller kind ; as the fox, badger, marten, otter, hare, rabbit, squirrel, &c. On the other hand, every kind of domestic animal, im- ported from abroad, has been reared to the greatest degree of perfection. The horse has been trained up for all the various purposes of strength and swiflness, so as to excel in those qualities tlie same animal in every other country. The whole num- ber kept in Great Britain has been estimated at 1,500,000, including every valuable variety of that noble animal. The breeds of cattle in various parts of the kingdom have also been cultivated with much care, and have been brought to the largest size and greatest justness of shape. The different races of sheep are variously distinguish- ed, cither for uncommon size, goodness of flesh, or plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of its parks, which are originally a foreign breed, are superior in beauty of skin, and delicacy of flesh, to those of most countries. Even the several kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of courage, strength, and sagacity, rarely to be met with elsewhere. Domestic poultry, as well as wild birds, are numerous; the shape and beauty of plumage of the pheasant, and delicious note of the nightingale, cannot be surpassed. The im- provement in the vegetable products of this island in not less striking than in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almost all the variety of vegetable food which its woods could boast. To other countries, and to the ef- forts of culture, it is indebted for corn, esculent roots, plants, and all its garden fruits. The sea3 as well as the rivers of England are stocked with a great variety of fish, which yield a plentiful ar- ticle of provision to all ranks of people. The English are generally of a middle size, and are upon an average an inch shorter than the Americans. They are well-formed, handsome, robust, and though not so fair as the nortliern nations generally, of a florid complexion. The females are distinguished for their grace and beauty. In the cities and among the more fash- F.\G ar-2 EST ionabli' rlassos llioir dross is shf^wy, alt}ioii^li tlie fasliinns are generallv copieti from Ihf Krt^ncli. The manners of llic t^nwligh are formal, stiff, and reserved, and there is no country where ranks and conditions are fenced round with so many har- riers. Of the early history of England, but little is known prior to its becoming a province of the llonian empire, durinjr the first century of the Christian era. The first invasion of England by the Romans was under Julius Ca'sar in the frear 35, at which period the country was in- labited by a very numerous but hardy and rude race of people denominated lirilons, living in tribes and subject to an austere and rigf^rous priesthood. About the year 86 the whole country, after numerous eonllicts. was subdued by the Romans. During a period of nearly 400 years, from the lime of Ajricola to the year 417, when the Roman.« finally quitted the island, they had elfectually succeeded in reconciling the na- tives to a dependence on their government, and in diffusing a taste and desire to cultivate and practice the arts of social life ; they had, however, so implicitly yielded to Roman government and protection, that, on being left to govern and pro- tect themselves, they were unable to withstand the rude and vigorous attacks of the Picts and Scots, who poured into the country from the north. The Romans, on being applied to by the Britons, declining from inability to render thorn assistance, the Britons invited the a.^sistance of the Saxons, a people who had acquired celeb- rity for their valtmr in the north of Europe. In the year 449 Hcngist and Horsa, two Saxon leaders, arrived with a force of 1,()00 men, who succeeded in speedily subduing the Scots and Picts ; but perceiving the inefficiency of the Britons, the Saxons obtained a succession of rein- forcements, mide allies of the Scots and Picts, and turned their whole force to the subjugation of Kngland ; and, in the progress of time, the country became divided into seven monarchies, some one of which, however in its turn maintain- ing an ascendancy over the rest, the ascendant monarch being regarded as king of England. The following is a fist of the seven monarchies: with the dates of their foundation and extinction, viz — Rent founded in 4.>4 extinct '^'2'i South Saxons . . — East Saxons . . — Northumberland . — East Angles . — Mercia . — West Saxons . . — This period is denominated the Heptarchy, which merged into an \individed sovereignly un- der Egbert, the 17th king of the West Saxons, in 828 In 800 the Saxon Dynasty in its turn was assailed by the Danes, and, after repeated conflicts and ao-gressions, Swevn, a Dane, was crowned kin^ of England in 1013. The crown reverti'd agam to the Saxons in Edward, sur- named the Confessor, in 1042; but on the 14th of October, 100(5, the destinies of England were placed in ihe hands of William of Normandy, surnamed the Conqueror, from the decisive victo- ry he gained on that day. over Harold II., king of England. Erom thai period to the present lime the whole country has been under the rule of a snccessive line of kings, except for 11 years, from 491 — 0.^5 527 827 547 827 57.5 7!I2 582 827 592 — 828 1049, (o 1000, when it was under the proteclorale of Croi.iwell. durlr.g uhich liine it was ruled by the Parliament or tlie Protector, and was catkd the commonwealth of England. England, JVcw. See .Wtc England. English Town, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. Y. £«W(.33 more. It returns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Enniscorlliij, a borough of Ireland, in the coun- ty of We.xford, with a manufacture of coarse woolen cloth, and sonie iron works. It is situate on the Slancy, close under Vine:erstown, a town of Pennsylva- nia, in Lancaster county, and the principal settle- ment of a sect called Tunkers [Dippers], who are of German extraction, and first appeared in America in 1719. It is 22 miles N. of Lan- caster. Epinal, a town of France, capital of the de- pTrtment of Vosges. It is famous for its papef- niills, and seated on the river Moselle, near the mountains of the Vosges, (i5 miles S. W. of Strasburgh, and 195 E. by S. of Paris. Fop. in 1825, 7,941. Eppins, a town in Essex, Eug. It is famous f :)r excellent butt.>r, and .seated at the N. end of a forest of the same na.-ne, 17 miles N. N. E. of Londjn. Pop. in 1821, 1,!S^. Epjiinr, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. II. 20 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. l,2t)3. Epsom, p.t- Merrimack Co, N. H. Pop. 1,418. Epsom^ a town in Surry, Eng. celebrated for its mineral waters and salts ; and on its neigh- bouring downs are annual horse-races. It is 1.5 miles S. S. VV. of London. Population in 1821 3,890. Epworlli,3. town in Lincolnshire.Eng. on the isle of A.\holm, with a manufacture of sacking. John Weslev, the founder of the Arminian sect of methn;!ists, was born here. It is 11 miles N. of nain->borou"h, and lOG N. N. W. of Lnndon. Pop. in 1~2I. I,5li-:>. Erbarli, a town of Franconia, capital of a coun- ty of the same name, with a castle. It is £2 miles W. by S. of Wertheim, and 35 S. S. E. of Frankfort. Erekli, a town of European Turkey, on the N. Fhore of the sea of Marmora, 55 miles W. of Con- stantinople. It was the ancient Heraclina, and contains the ruins of an amphitheatre, built by the emperor Severus; and a wall at some former time extended from this place to Derkus on the shore of the Black Sea, a distance of about 55 miles, the object of which, seems to have been the protection of Constantinople from the nortli- ern barbarians. ^ J" There is another town of the same name on the S. W. shore of the Black Sea, 130 m. E. by N. of Constantinople. Erfurt, a city of Upper Saxony, sometimes ac- counted the capital of Thurin^ia, with a univer- sity and two strong forts. The principal magis- trate is sometimes a protestant and sometimes a papist ; but the greatest part of the burghers are protcstants. It has three fine libraries, one of which belongs to the papists, another to the uni- versity, and a third to the protestant ministers The inhabitants are computed at 15,000. A fire happened here in 173G, which burnt down 180 houses, aud several churches. In 1806 it was taken by the French ; and in 1814, it surrendered to the allies. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Gerar, 58 m. W. S. W. of Leipzig. Eribol, Lnrh, in Scotland, an arm of the sea, on the N. coast of Sulherlandshire, in the long, of 4. 30. W., capable of affording a safe retreat to the largest vessels. It receives several streams; particularly that which flows from a lake called Loch Hope. Ericht, Loeh,3. lake of Scotland, lying in the counties of Inverness and Perth. It is 24 m. in length and one in breadth, surrounded by lofty mountains and rugged cliffs, and its banks cover- ed with heath and a few strangling birches and alders. Its outlet, at the S. extremity, is the riv- er Ericht, which flows into Loch Rannock. Erie, Lahc, one of the great chain of lakes in North ,\nierica, lies between 79. and 84. W. long., and 41. and 43. N. lat. Its length is 230 m. and 40 its medium breadth. It is upwards of 650 m. in circumference, and navigable for ships of any burthen. The coast on both sides is generally favourable for batteaux and canoes ; yet in some places, chiefly on the S. side, there are rocks that extend seven! m. in length. Some of these, neat the mouth of the Cuvahoga, rise 40 or 50 feel perpendicular out of the water, and project ovei the lake. The heathen Indians, when they pass this impending danger, offer a sacrifice of tobacco to the water. The islands and banks towards its W. end are so infested with rattlesnakes, as to render it dangerous to land on them. The lake in covered, near the banks of the islands, with a large pond lily ; the leaves of which are thickly spread on the surface of the water, to an extent of many acres : on these, in the summer, lie rayriado of watersnakes, b.isking in the sun. This lake, at its N. W. end, receives the waters of the great chain, from the N W. by the river Detroit, and discharges them bv the river Niag.i ra, over the great falls at its N. E.end, into Lake Ontario. It iornis the boundary line between the United States, and British .North American terri- tories, botli parties claiming an equal right of nav- igation. During the v/ar of 1^12 — lcl5, the Americans had a squadron of 9 vessels, carryiiig Cf. gun.i, and the British one ofC vcsseU, carrying ERl 384 ERZ CO euiis ; on the lOlli of September 1813, after an action of three hours, the whole of the British squadron surcndered to the American Commodore Perry. The English have a fort called fort Erie, at the N. E. extremity of the lake where it narrows into the river Niagara, in the lat. of 49. 57. N., and 78. 20. of W. long. Erie, a county of West Pensylvania. The N. W. side is washed by the shore of the lake, the W. end borders on the State of Ohio, and the E. end on that of New York. Its area is about 750 square in. Pop. UJ,90G. A town of the same name seated near the shore of the lake, is 315 m. in a meridional line, N. N. \V. of Philadelphia. Erif, a county of New York, bordering on the E. end of the lake and Niagara river, bounded N. by the Tonnewanta, and S. by the Cattarau- gus river. Buffalo, opposite the British fort Erie, 13 tlie chief town. Pop. 35,710. Erie, p. v. Erie Co. N. Y. Eric, p.t. Erie Co. Pa. on Lake Erie at the har- bour of Presqu' Isle which is safe and commodious but has only 8 feet water at the entrance. The town has considerable trade, i)rincipally by the lake commerce. A turnpike road extends from hence to Pittsburg. Ericeillc, p. v. Madison Co. N. Y^. Eric Canal, the largest in the United States unites Lake Eric with the river Hudson. It is 302 m. long, 40 feet wide and 4 deep. It has 07!) feet of lockage ; the locks are 'M feet in length and 15 in width. This immense work leaves the lake at Buffalo and passes northwardly along Niagara river towards lake Ontario. It then turns to the east and proceeds northward of the small lakes of New York to the valley of the Mo- hawk down which it passes to the mouth of that stream. It then follows the western bank of the Hudson to Albany where it joins the river. It has several large aqueducts; one of which across tile Genesee at Rochester is 804 feet in length, and two other across the Mohawk are 1188 and 748 feet in length. The sides of the canal are paved with stone or covered with thick grass. There are a number of branches or side cuts to this canal ; one of them which extending from Syracuse to Oswego is 38 in. long, and another to Geneva 20 m. The navigation upon this canal is very great, and the canal duties amply compensate the cost of the work, which was above 7,000,000 dollars. It was begun in lgl7 and finished in 1825. Travelling upon the canal is very easy and cheap. The boats for passengers are 80 feet lonir with cabins nearly the whole length of the decK. They are drawn by horses and proceed 4 m. an hour, day and night. The fare is 4 cents per mile. ErisUnij, a small island of the Hebrides of Scot- land, at the S. end of South Uist; noted for being the first place upon which Charles Stuart landed, in his wild attempt to gain the British crown. Erilli, a village in Kent, En^. on ihe Thames, 5 m. E. by S. of Woolwich. Great quantities of corn and wood are shipped hence ; and here the East India ships, in their passage up the river, generally discharge a part of their cargoes. Erivan, the capital of Persian Armenia, in a province of thesame name, and the seat of an Arme- nian patriarch. The city is defended by a fortress, in which is the governor's palace, and by a castle, on the river Zuengui, near the lake of Erivan, which is very deep, and 60 m. in circumference. Tlic Meidan is an open square, 400 paces over, in which are very fine trees. The baths and cara- vanserais have their beauties, but the churches of the Christians are small, and half under ground. It is seated on tilt; banks of the Arus river, which runs past Shirvan into the Caspian sea, from which it is distant about 130 in.,and about the same dis- tance from Gonieh on the S. E. shore of the Black Sea. Long. 44. 10. E., lat. 40. 20. N. Erkclcits, a town of Germany, in tlie duchy of Juliers ; seated on the Roer, 10 m. N. W. of Ju- liers. Pop. about 2,;!00. Erlan, or Erlaii, a jtopulous town on the fron- tiers of Lower and Uj)per Hungary, (iO in. E. N. E. of Buda. It is the see of an archbishop. The cathedral and arcliiepiscopal palace are stately edifices. Erlnngcn, a town of Franconia, with a univer- ity and a jialace. It is divided into the old and new town ; and the latter is one of the handsom- est towns in Germany. The principal manufac- tures are hats, gloves, and stockings. It is seat- ed on the Rednitz, 12 m. N. of Nuremberg ; and is now included in tlie dominions of the King of Bavaria. Long. 11. 2. E., lat. 4!). 38. N. Erne, a river of Scotland, which issues from a lake of the sanie name in Perthshire, flows by Crieff, and joins the Tay, a little below Abernethy. Erne, a river of Ireland, which issues from a small lake on the N. border of the county of Long- ford, flows N. through that of Cavan, and N. W through Fermanagh into Donegal bay. In the latter county it forms a lake, called Lough Erne, 30 m. in length, containing several islands ; and on one in the middle part, where the lake is very narrow, stands the town of Enniskillen. Erncc, a town of France, in the department of Maycnne, on a river of thesame name, 15 m. N. N. \V. of Laval. Erodu, or Erroad,a town of Hindoostan,in the province of Coimbetore, with a large mud fort. Much coarse cotton cloth is made here and in the vicinity. It is seated on a canal from the Bhaw- ani, E. of the Cavery river, 75 m. W. N. W. of Tritchinopoly. Errol, t. Coos Co. N. 11. on the W. of Umba- gog lake. Pop. 82. Erromanao, one of tlie new Hebrides in the S. Pacific Ocean, 70 m. in circumference, with low shores. On the W. side is a promontory that sep- arates two bays, and captain Cook, from the tR-acherous behaviour of the inhabitants, named it Traitor's Head. Long. 169. 19. E., lat. 18. 47. S. Erry, a town of France, in the department of Aube, 17 111. S. by W. of Troyes. Erzeriiiii. or Jlrz ]!oiiin, the capital of Turkish Armenia, with Armenian and Greek episcojial sees. It is surrounded by double walls, de- fended by strong towers, and estimated to con- tain 125,000 inhabitants. The Turks are all jan- is.saries ; but most of them tradesmen, and re- ceive no pay. The Armenians have two church- es, the Greeks but one ; the latter are mostly braz- iers, and live in the suburbs. }y great trade is carried on in furs, Persian silks, cottons, calicoes, and drugs. This city is a thoroughfare, and a resting jilace, for the caravans to the East Indies. It is situate between the two sources of the Eu- phrates, at the foot of a chain of mountains, 104 in. S. E. of Trebisond, on the S. E. shore of the Black Sea. Long. 41. 36. E., lat. 39. 57. N. Erzgcbirg, Circle of, a populous district of Up- per Saxony, forming the S. W. part of the Mar- graviate of Meissen, or Misnia, bounded on the KSN 235 KSU S. by the Bohemian mounlaiiis. It abounds in valuable minerals. Freyburg, Altcnburg, and Chemnitz, are the principal towns. Escalona, a town of Spain, in New Castile, sur- roimded by walls. It is situate on an eminence, in a fertile country, near the Albreche, a tributa- ry of tlie Tagus, 20 m. N. W. of Toledo, and 39 S. W. of Madrid. Escambia, a county of West Florida. Pop. 3,386. Pensacola is the capital. Eschwegcn, a town and castle of Germany, in the landgraviate of Hesse Cassel, seated on the Werra, 25 m. E. S. E. of Cassel. EscurlaJj a village of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the Guadara, 15 m. N. \V. of Madrid. It takes its name from a noble structure, founded by Philip II. in memory of the victory gained over the French near St. Quentin, in 15-57. This edifice consists of a royal palace, a church, a mon- astery, a college, a library, shops of ditferent artists, apartments for a great number of people, beautiful walks, large alleys, an extensive park, and fme gardens. It is built of grey stones, found in the neighbourhood, and in the lorm of a gridiron, be- cause St. Lawrence, on whose day tlie victory was gained, suffered martyrdom by being broiled on such an instrument. It is along square of 740 feet by 580, and four stories high, with a tower at each angle 200 feet high ; and tile palace forms the handle of this imaginary gridiron. The most remarkable part is the arched chapel ; in which is a magnificent sepulchre called tlie Pantheon, being built in imitation of that church at Rome : it is theburying-place of the kings and queens of Spain ; and is thought by some to be the most curious piece of architecture in the world. The church is built after the model of St. Peter's at Rome. Esgucyra, or Esgiieria, a. town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 m. S. of Averio. Esli, a river which rises in Scotland, in the N. E. part of Dumfriesshire, and flows S. E. through a dale to which it gives name to the edge of the county. It there receives the Liddel from Ro.\- burghshire, and enters Cumberland, flowing S. by Longtown into the N. E. extremity of Sohvay frith. Esh, a river of Scotland, in Edinburghshire, formed by the junction of two streams called N. and S. Esk. They almost encircle the town of Dalkeitli, passing on each side of the eminence on which it stands, and unite a little below the town. Tlie river enters the Frith of Forth, at Musselburgh. Esk, J^ortli and Sovth, two rivers of Scotland, in Angusshire, which descend from the hills call- ed the Braes of Angus. The former divides the county from Kincardineshire for several miles, and reaches the ocean, a little to the N. of Mont- rose : the latter, after traversing the whole breadth of the county, enters tiie bay on the W. of the same town. Esid Sliehr, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- tolia. on the river Sakaria, which falls into the Black Sea, 80 m. E. S. E. of Bursa. Lonir. 31. 18. E., lat. 39. 48. N. Esiir, .Isna, or Esnnij, a town of Egypt, sup- posed to be the ancient Latopolis. Here is an ancient temple, with walls on three sides, and in the front 24 columns, well preserved : within it are three stories of hieroglyphics, of men about three feet high ; and the ceiling is adorned with animals, painted with beautiful colours. On the N.sidc of the town is another temple; richly carved with hieroglyphics, crocodiles, &.c. and a mile to tlie S. is the monastery of St. Helena, which contains many magnificent tombs. Esne stands on the Nile, 300 m. S. of Carlo. Long. 31. 40. E., lat. 24.4li. N. Esopus, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,770. Espalion, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14 m. N. N. E. of Rhodez. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 18'i5 contained 3,21)1 inhabitants. Esperance, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Esposenda, or Espandcnda , a sea-port of Portu- gal, in Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the Cavado, 22 m. N. of Oporto. Long. 8. 21. W., lat. 41.32. N. Esquimaux, a people of North America, chiefly inhabiting Labrador, the shores of Hudson's bay, tlie country between Gulf Welcome and Mac- kenzie's River, and probably Bhering's Straits. To the S. they extend as far as Slave Lake, and, to the N., the territory which they occupy is bounded bv an icy sea, if such a sea really exists, or else they extend their wandering excursions into a frozen desert. A permament establishment oT this nation was met with by Captain Ross, at Prince Regent's Bay, in lat. 76. N. ; and their huts were numerous in many parts of Melville Island, in lat. 75. N. Tlie latter officer observed them frequently in the islands of the Archipelago of Barrow's Straits, though their timidity preven- ted any intercourse. Little, squat, and feeble, the complexion of these Polar men partakes less of a copper hue, than of a reddish and dirty yel- low. Their huts, which are of a circular form, and are covered with deer-skins, can only be en- tered by creeping on the belly. Yet the rude necessities of the climate have suggested to this feeble race many contrivances which do honour to tlieir ingenuity. The snow-house, or the com- fortable, and comparatively speaking comAodious dwelling, which they construct from the frozen snow that surrounds them, aff'ords a favourable example. The rapidity and neatness willi whicli they raise these edifices, and render them imper- vious to the rigorous atmosphere around, is truly admirable", and these edifices, when finislied, af- ford their inhabitants a similar protection to lliat which the vegetable world receives from a cover- ing of snow. The Esquimaux of Prince Regent's Bay, and of the Arctic Highlands, are entirely ig- norant of boats and canoes, affording, it is said, a unique instance of a fishing tribe unacquainted with the means of floating on the water. Ross advances strong grounds for considering them as the true aboriginal race, from whence all other Esquimaux are derived. They seem utterly ig- norant of tlie nations to th«- south, and may be considered as an independent tribe, separated by ESS 2SC flinost iiiipissaWe niouiitaiiis fio.n the i. -qions of northern inlet of JialVn.s Bay. They are ahn-st per.sm an.l or entirely destitute of religious ideas. Ihc olhei tribeahavo canoes made of the skins of the sea ealf which sail with ^rn-al swiftness. These sav- ■,-rcs patiently work a grey an.l porous stone into tfie shape of pitchers and kcUles. 1 he ed^^es of llicse vases are elefrantly ornamented. f hey preserve their provisions of meal in bags, hlle.l with whale oil. Those who live near the inoutli „f Mackenzie's River, shave Iheir heads, a pecu- liar custom, but not sufficient of itself to prove an Asiatic origin. „ , ci i Esnnhmrcr Bn,,, a bay on the S. coast of Lab- rador! at the entr.ance to the straits of_B_elleisle from the gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. o/.oJ. »v., lat. 51. 3(f. N. „ „ . , , . I-:y^„hnatLt hianih, a cluster of small islands in the gulf of Si. Lawrence, oft" the entrance to tlie "'Es'!C'' or Eszek, a trading town of Sclavonia, wilh a'strong castle. It has a wooden bridge over the Urave, into Lower llunirary, and the marsh- es, .9 m. ill K-n..rlh, and t-O feel in breadth wi h towers at a.p.arler of a m. distant from each oth- Pr It is a dillicnlt pass, and several battles havo been fought hero between the Tmks and Ger- mans. Esse87, since which time it has continued m the hands ol the house of Austria. Il i.s seate. on the r.ver Drave. 100 m. W. N. W. of Belgrade,_aml l.?l. S. of Buda. Long. I'J. Mi. E., lat. 30. 4... N. Pop. about 0,000 ,. . „ J , „r Essri, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Ber" Here are several Catholic churches and convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Luther- ans Il is S in. K. of Diiysburg. _ „ . „ . Krscns, a town of Westphalia in Last Fnes- lind. near the German Ocean, 20 m. N. N. L. ol '■"f;s!-"»«;/'«, a river of Dutch Ouiana. on wl.irdi is a settlement of the same name lu I'^t- '■ !^- lnnutherans. It has three extensive^ suburbs, and its district yields .rood Neckar wine. It is seated on the Neckar, 8 ni. S. E. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 7,000. EsUiiii, a town cjf France in the di-partmcnt of Meiise, 12 m. E. N. E. of \erdun. Efli:!:iir. a town of Persia, in Farsistan, cajutal of a district of the same name. Near it are tlie mairnificent ruins of ancient Persepolis. It is .'JO m. "N. E. of Shir.is. Long. 53. 40. E.. lat. 30. 5. N. EslaraycT, a town and baliwiek of Switzerland in the cai'iton of Friburg, with a line castle, seatec: on the lake of Neufchatel, 13 m. W. of Friburg Eslc. a populous town of llie Venetian territory. ETA 2S7 EUH Estepona, a town of Spain, in Granail.i, near the coast, 20 m. W. S. W. of Marbella. Eslerabad. See .'hlcrabad. Esthonia, or Revel, a government of tiie Russian empire, bounded on the W. by the Baltic, N. by the gulf of Finland, E. by Ingria, and S. by Livo- nia. After having been long an object of bloody contention between tlie Russians, Poles, and Swedes, it was confirmed to the latter by the 1)eace of Oliva in ItJUO ; but it was subdued by 'eter the Great in 1710, and finally ceded to Rus- sia in 1721. It is divided into 4 circles. Revel is the capital. Esthwaite-inatcr, a lake in Lancashire, Eiig. be- tween Hawkshead and Windermere-water. It is two m. and a half long, and half a m. broad, in- tersected bv a peninsula from each side, jetting far into the lake. On the banks are villages and scattered houses, pleasantly situate under woods and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all heightened by the strong back ground of rocky mountains. No char are found in tiiis lake, though it is connected with Winderniere-waler. Estill, an interior county in tlie E. part of the state of Kentucky, intersected by the Kentucky river ; its area is about 500 square m. Pop. 4,G18. Irvine is the chief town. Eslil/mlle, p.v. Scott Co. Va. Estremadura, a province of Spain, extending from the lat. of 37. 50. to 40. 15. of N. lat. bounded on the VV. by the Portuguese province of Alemtejo and part of Beira. It is about 90 m. in mean breadth, giving an area of 14,400 square m. The pop. in 1820, was returned at 42d,'l!l3. The N. end is intersected by the Tagus, and the S. by the Guadiana; it seems a country of great capability. The vine, olive, and corn, all lu.Turiate within its limits. Cattle and fine wool are the chief articles of trade ; and groat herds of black swine are fed on the hills, which are covered with oaks. Ba- dajoz, near the Portuguese frontier, is the capital, and tile other principal towns are Plazencia, Coria, Alcantara, Albuquerque, TruxiUo, Merida, Oliven- za, Xeres, and Llerena. Estremadura, the metropolitan province of Por- tugal, lying on both sides of the Ta^us ; its area is about 700 square m. and the pop. in I'- 10, was returned at 82ti,C80. The part S. of the Tagus is mountainous and unproductive, whilst the N. although in parts mountainous, is exceedingly fertile ; the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other delicious fruits, as well as corn, millet, and le- gumes, abound. Besides Lisbon, the capital of the province, and of all Portugal, the other principal towns are Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarem, and Alenquer, all N. of the Tagus, and Setubal near the coast on the S. Estremos, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, and one of the strongest in the kingdom, being sur- rounded by ten bastions. An earthenware is made here, generally esteemed for its beauty and fine smell ; and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful marble. It is 18 m. W. of Elvas. and 100 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 6,500. Eszek, or Eszcg. See Esseg. Etampes, a town of France, in the department oT Se ne and Oise, seated on the river Loet or Etampes, 15 m. E. of Ciiartres. It is distinguished for the murder of its prefect on the 1st of March, 1702. Pop. in 1825, 7,(593. Etaphs, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, situate on the English Channel, near the mouth of the river Canche, 13 m. S. of Boulogne. Etaya, or Etaierk, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Agra, situate on the E. bank of the Jumna, which is here Oil feet high. On tiie top, near the river, are the remains of a fort. It is t.'2 ra. S. E. of Agra. Long. 7'J. 10. E., lat. 26. 45. N. Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region of Africa has been distinguished by some geogra- ]>hcr.-^, who have divided it into Upper and Lower Ethiopia. The first includes Nubia, Abyssinia, and part of Guinea : the second all the countries S. of the equinoctial line, as Congo, Monumugi, Monomotapa, &c. Ethiopia appears to have once been a great and powerful empire, but the details of its history are lost in the vortex of time. The Egyptian empire, was probably founded on the ruin of that of Ethiopia. Etienne, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire. Beside the manufactures of arms, hardware, and cutlery (the most considerable in France,) the weaving of ribbands forms a consid- erable article of commerce. Coal is found in the neighbourhood, and also a soft stone, fit for grind- stones. It is the seat of a prefect, 20 m. S. E. of Montbrison, and 32 S. W. of Lyon. Pop. in 1825, li),102. •„* There are about a dozen other towns in dif- ferent parts of France, named after St. Etienne, (Stephen) all inconsiderable. Etire Loch, a navigable inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire. It is 20 m. in length, but of very unequal breadth; and its banks are indented with creeks, which afford safe anchorage. About 7 m. from the en- trance it contracts into a narrow channel, called Connel, where a ridge of rocks occasion, at par- ticular times of the tide, a violent current. About 2 m. below is the ancient castle of Dunstaffnage. Etna.. See JEtna. Etna, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 3G2. Also a village in Tompkins Co. N. Y. Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, England, seated on the N. bank of the Thames, opposite to Windsor, to which it is united by an elegant stone bridge over the river. Eton is celebrated for its school, founded by Henry VI. 1440, for the edu- cation of 70 scholars, a portion of which, when duly qualified, are annually elected to King's Col- lege, Cambridge. In addition to the 70 founda- tion scholars, there are generally 3 to 400 of the sons of the opulent classes, receive their educa- tion at Eton. The buildings are commodious and elegant, their light gothic turrets form a beautiful and interesting contrast to the massive and ma- jestic towers of Windsor Castle, from which it is separated only by the river. Eton is 22 m. N. W of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,475. Etrnria. See Tuscany, and Stoke upnn Trent. Ettenheim , a town in the territory of the grand duke of Baden, 25 m. S. by E. of Strasburg. Ettlingen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Baden, on the river Albe, 4 m. S. S. W. of Durlach. £u,atown of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a strong castle, and a harbour for small vessels at Treport. The principal trade is in serges and lace. It is seated on the river Bresle, near the English channel, 15 m. N. E. of Dieppe. Evfr.mia, St. a town of Naples, on the W. coast of Calabria Ulteriore, on a gulf of the Mediter- ranean, to which it gives name, 27 m. S. by E. of Cosenza. Eu-ha, or Preciovs-rirer, a river of China, in EUR EUR IV.Iclie-li, wliicli flows N. E. into the Pei-ho, at TiiMi-siix' Miiuli grain is conveyed by this riv- iT for Pekin and it is also important for its connec- tion witli the N. extremity of tlie grand canal. £ule, a town of Bohemia, in tlic circle of Kurzim, with a gold mine, 11 m. S. by E. Prague. Eupalorgia^ or Kvstvf, a town of Russia, in the Crimea or government of Taurida, situate on the W. side of a salt lake, and near the Black Sea, as m. S. by. W. of Perecop. Long. 33. IC. E., lat. 45. 12. N. Eupen. Sec Ocpcr. Euphrates, a noble river of Western Asia, whicn rises from three sources in Turkish Armenia. The principal head is about 3.5 m. S. E. of Erze- rum, and is called by the Turks Binggheuil Fiat, or 1,000 springs, ani on the opposite side of the mountains from whence these springs flow, the Raksi, a branch oftheAras, which falls into the C:u>pian sea below Shirvan, also has its source : another branch of the Euphrates rises about 35 m. N. by W. of Erzerum ; these two branches unite in the long, of 40. E., and lat. of 31). 50. N., and about 40. m. W. by S. of Erzerum, from whence the united stream becomes navigable for boats. Another branch rises on the frontier of Persia, in the lonrr. of 43. 40. E.. and runs a course nearly due W.lo the long, of 30. 2.5. and lat. of 39. ; the united streams are then called the Frat, and flow in a direction S. S. W. to Semisat, in the lat. of 37. 8. N. and lon^. of 37. 20. E., being within CO m. of the gulf of Aiasso, at the N. E. extremity of the Mediterranean; from this point the Eu- phrates flows in a S.E. direction through 12 de- grees of longitude in European Turkey, falling into the gulfof Persia, in the lat. of 30., and long, of 4i?. 40. E., the meridional distance from tha source to the mouth of this noble river, is about 800 m. hut the course of the stream is about 1,200. It is navigable for ships of the largest burthen to Bassora,:j.5 m. from it.s mouth; and, were the country through which it runs, inhabited by a so- cial and well organized people, it might be instru- mental to the conveyance of a reciprocal inler- channe of the products of Asia and Europe. A sociar, scientific, and enterprising people would not be content with its communicating with the Persian gulf, but would unite its waters with the Mediterranean on one side, and the Caspian sea on the other. The ancient Babylon was seated on its banks. See Sijria. Irak-Jirahi. and Roum, and Eure, a department of the N. of France, so na- med ftom a river which intersects the E. part, fall- ing into the Seme, about 15 m. above Rouen ; the Seine then forms its northern boundary to its en- trance into the sea. Eure, however, may be con- sidered a manufacturing and aCTicultural, rather than a maritime department. It is divided into five arrondissements. Eure and Loire, an interior department of France, bordering on the preceding province, on the S. It is so named from the two rivers, the Ei;re and the Loire, both of which rise within the department; the Loire flowing to the S., and the Eure to the N., as described in the preceding articla Europe, one of the five grand divisions of the globe; the extreme limits of which, are Cape Matapan, S. in 36. 23. N. and 22. 2!>. E., Cape SL Vincent, W. in 37. 3. N. and 0. 2. W., Cape North, N. in 71. 10. N. and 25. 50. E., Cara River, E. in f)6. 30. N. and 63. 30. E. The longest meridional line, that could be drawn across Eurone, would be from Europa point, in the strait of Gibralt-ir which divides Europe from the N. W. extremity of Africa, in the lat. of 36. 7. N , and 5. 20. of W. long., to the Cara ri\'er, in the long, of 03. 30. E. in the lat. of 66. 30. N. This line, the angle of which is N. E. bearing E. would intersect the gulfs of Dantzig, Riga, and Finland, and the lakes Ladoga and Onega ; and its length would be 3,0*>.5 geographical, or 3,.54() English statute m. The longi'st line that could be drawn from S. to N. would be from Cape Matapan at the S. exlreia ity of the Morea, to Cape North, at the northern extremity of Finmark : this line would intersect the gulfof Riga, the entrance to the gulf of Fin- land, and the N. E. shore of the gulf of Bothnia ; and its length would be 2,090 geographical, or 2,423 English statute m. The boundaries of Eu- rope, however, on all sides, are extremely irregu- lar, jetting out into several great peninsulas, so that if it was resolved into a square, the sides would not exceed 1,000 geographical m. each way. It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Sea, VV. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. from the long, of 5. W. to 35. E. by the Mediterranean Sea, and E. by Asia. Among all the divisions of tl;e globe, Europe is that in which perhaps the works of external na- ture are on the smallest scale, and in which cer tainly the development of mind is the greatest. " A mere adjunct of the immense Asiatic conti- nent" — to use the words of the most illustrious geographer of modern times — *' the whole penin- sula could hardly contain a basin large enough for the Nile, the Kiang, or the Amazon. Its loftiest mountains cannot be compared in height, or in extent to the Andes, or Himalayas. If all its downs and uncultivated lands were added to the sandy plainsof Africa, the augmentation might be wholly imperceptible. The productions of the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms are here few and insignificant. Its mines do not abound in gold ; the diamond is not found among its mi.nerals. There are not more than fifteen or twenty species of quadrupeds that belong exclu- sively to Europe, and these are not of the most useful kind. Some animals, as the horse, the ox, the sheep, and the dog, have been greatly improv- ed by the care and industry of man ; but the most valuable natural productions have been im- ported from other quarters of the world. The silk-worm was brought from India, fine wo(j1 from Mauritania, the peach from Persia, the orange from China, and the potato from America. If it is rich, its wealth has been derived from the produce or spoils of other countries." Pre- senting a less extent of surface than Asia, Africa, or America, this continent shows that surface more crowded with men, improved by cultivation, en- riched by productive industry, and extensive com- merce, embellished with mighty cities, and splen- did works of art, illumined with the reflections of genius, and invested with irresistible preponder- ance in the scale of political importance. In oth- er regions, we contemplate, amid the great physi- cal features of the scene, A world of wonders, where creation seems No more the works of Nature, but her dreanu. In Europe, we behold a yet more elevating spectacle, — spirit asserting its supremacy over body, — and man, the lord of nature, pursuing most gloriously tlie high destiny originally as- signed him ' to replenisn the earth, and to sub- due it.' In other regions, it is matter we wonder EUR 289 EUR at; in Europe, it is mind we admire. Here hu- manity lias her chosen seat, and from hence have emanated her noblest gifts. The superficial extent of Europe has been va- riously estimated by different geographers. Our want of information respecting the extent of some countries, and the doubts regarding the real boun- daries between Europe and Asia, noticed above, increase the difficulty of statins precisely the ex- tent of surface belonging to Europe. Kitchen reckons 3,358,038 English square miles ; Hassel, 3,331 ,r>79 ; and Crome, 3,700,349. Perhaps, not- withstanding its irregularity of form, we may as- certain the superficial area of this continent with tolerable accuracy, by reducing it to an oblong square. If for angles of this square, be taken the North Cape in Norway, and the town of Ekate- rineburg in the Russian government of Perm, Bordeaux in France, and Cape Solomon the east- ern extremity of the Island of Crete, the sides of this parallelogram will measure 2,100 m., and l,.'i()0 m. respectively, and will enclose a super- ficies of 3,150,000 square m. ; and the difierent portions of land excluded f>om this measure- ment, will amount to about 300,000 square m., making in all a superficial extent of 3,450,000 square m. Europe thus embraces about one- sixteenth part of the whole terrestrial surface of the globe ; and, with all its islands, does not exceed in superficial extent, the Australian con- tinent. Europe is particularly distinguished by the seas and numerous gulfs that wash its shores, and the number and extent of its inland waters. Hence the facility with which the commercial in- tercourse of nations is here conducted ; and hence too the influence which Britain has been enabled to exert over the political destinies of Europe, as a great maritime power. Europe has an abun- dance of inland lakes. The greater part of them are situated in Switzerland, Upper Italy, Ger- many, Russia, and Sweden ; but very few of them can be compared, in point of extent, to those found in other parts of the world. The largest European lake is the Ladoga, in Russia, which has a superficial extent of 6,:J40 square m. ; the Onega, in the same country, is about half that size, and greatly exceeds the largest of the re- maining lakes. The accumulation of lakes, or insulated pools of water, in some places of Europe, is very remarkable. Some Russian governments possess an incredible number. They are less nu- merous in the western parts of Europe. But in Iceland, a hundredth part of the territory is occu- pied by lakes. Europe is abundantly watered, though its rivers are greatly inferior in size to those of the other continents. In fact, this con- tinent is too much intersected by the sea, and presents too small a mass of land, to abound in such magnificent streams as are found elsewhere. In the eastern part only, where it stands con- nected with the great Asiatic mass of land, is found any considerable breadth of contiguous territory, and here also do we find its largest rivers. The greater part of Europe is a mountainous surface ; but the masses which tower up in the south greatly exceed those of the north. The plains of Europe are much inferior in dimensions to the same phj'sical feature in the other conti- nents. With the exception of the wide valley of the Theiss, and the basin of the Po, we do not recognise any extensive plain on the south of the Sudetic chain ; but an enormous plain extends from the mouth of the Rhine, over the whole of northern Germany and the greater part of Poland , 37 to the foot of the Uralian chain. The difference in general elevation between northern and south- ern Europe may be illustrated by stating, that if the waters of the Atlantic Ocean were to rise 1,500 or l.GOO feet above their present level, the whole of northern Europe, with tlie exception of the mountainous districts of Norway and Scot- land, would be laid under water; while southern Europe, on the contrary, being higher than the level of such inundation, would form one or two large and high islands. The most elevated dis- tricts in Europe are Switzerland ^and Savoy. In the comparatively level countries of Europe, ex- tending from Iceland to the Caspian sea, the mountains rise in insulated groups ; while in the southern and central parts of this continent, or from Etna in Sicily, to the Blocksberg of the Harz, and from the Strait of Gibraltar, to tlie Bosphorus, all the mountains belong to one great connected system. In this quarter are the Alps, — the high- est, and beyond comparison the most extensive range of mountains in Europe, though scarcely exceeding c> £-half of the average height of the srreat South American chain under the equator. Perpetual ice commences here at the elevation of 7,000 or 8,000 feet. At the height of 10,800 feet the ice disappears, and the atmospheric vapour, congealed as it descends, covers the ground with eternal snow. The Alps extend over a space of 13,000 square miles. They branch out, in vari- ous auMlar directions, into the Maritime, Cot- tian, Graian, Peninne, Lepontine, Swiss, Rhe- tian, Norian, Carnian, Julian, and Dinarian Alps, which again spread out in many secondary chains. The Apennines, stretching in a vast crescent through the whole length of the Itahan peninsula, and evidently connected with the mountains of Sicily, may be regarded as a southern branch of the Alpine series. The average height of this chain is about 5,000 feet. A second great chain stretches its branches over the whole peninsula of the Pyrenees. The two outer buhvarks of this peninsula— which consists of a central plain ele- vated from 2,000 to 4,000 feet— are the moun- tains commonly called the Pyrenees, stretching between France and Spain on the north, and the Alpujarras or Sierra A'crada of Spain on the south. The mountains of Auvergne, which are connect- ed with those of Vivarais and the Cevennes, are united to the Pyrenees by the Logere. At the other extremity of Europe, three chains of moun- tains meet together, collectively called Aro-en- taro, at a point nearly equidistant from the Danube, the Adriatic, and the yEgean Sea. This central point may be considered as the nucleus of all the mountain in European Turkey. From it pro- ceeds the ancient Hajmua or modern Balkan, eastwards to the Black Sea. A second range runs N. W. till it joins the Carnian Alps; and a tliird runs southwards through the peninsula, dividing the northern continent of Greece into two parts of nearly equal breadth, and passing into the islands of the Archipelago. As the Hellenic Mountains, with the exception perhaps of Athos and Olympus, have never been accurately meas- ured, it is impossible to determine whether or not they are higher than the Apennines. Mount Orbelus, the northern boundary of the country, has, according to Pouqueville, its summit perpetu- ally covered with snow, and must tlierefore, ac- cording to the laws that fix the lower limit of con- gelation, exceed 8,500 feet of elevation. None of the other Hellenic Mountains, however, whetli- er they be insulated or disposed in groups and EUR 200 EUR ranges, attain the linn nf perpetual snow. The Carpathian anti Ilen'yniaii Mnuntains are sepa- rated from the Alps find the Hellenic Mountains by tlie Danube. This wild range, the jjcnrral elevation of which is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, completely encircles Transylvania, and is con- nected with the Sudetes or Giant Monntaina of Silesia, and the Krzgcbirge or Metallic Mountains of Saxony. The mountains of Ru.ssia have no visible connexion with the other European moun- tains. The woody heights of Valdai and Duder- huf seem to form their centre, from wiiicli a num- ber of secondary branches diverj^e, like radii, in- to tiie surrounding country. The British, Irish, and Icelandic mountains are all of secondary rank. There are only three volcanoes properly so called, in Europe; viz. Etna, Vesuvius, and Jlecla. Besides these, however, there are nine jukch in Iceland, and two mountains upon Strom- boii and Milo, which emit flames. Some natural- ists assert that there are two jrreat subterranean fires under Europe, one of whic!i cuts the first meridian of tiie Arctic polar circle, and the other extends under Italy and the Mediterranean, to- wards the Archipelaoro. The greater part of Europe ia situated within the northern Temperate zone ; about a twelfth part only of its superficies extends within the Arctic polar circle. Altlioutrh the astronomical climates are greatly modified in this part of the world by physif^al causes, we may, in taking a general view of the climate of Europe, consider it divided into four different districts, the I)oun- daries of which are defined by parallels of latitude. The Arctic district of Europe extends over a superficies of about 400,000 square m., and the warm district may be estimated at 540,000 square m- ; while upwards of 1,500,000 square m. belong to the cold, and 970,000 to the temperate. With the exception perhaps of Australia, Europe in natural fertility of soil, and variety and richness of pr-tLiLctions, is much inferior to any other di- vision of* L'.e earth. Zimmermann asserts that it has only sisleen species of indigenous animals, and these chiefly mice and bats. Some species of wild animals liave entirely disappeared before tlie increase of population, while others have be- come extremelv rare. Tlie Fallow Deer are ^ found in greatest abundance in £ngland. Yet here they are diminishing.— And according to Aristotle, the lion was once found in Greece, but it no longer exists in Europe. The buffalo, the elk, tlie stein-buck, and the beaver, are becomino- daily more rare in Europe; and the varieties o? game — which once seemed to possess, under the protection of merciless tyrants, a fuller right in the soil than man himse'.."— are now confined to juster limits. The rein-deer and dog are the only domestic animals of the Polar zone. The walrus, white bear, and blue fox. appear on the shores of the Frozen Sea. The horse is found to the 4^4>th parallel, but in the high latitudes is reduced to a dwarfisli stature; cattle too lose their horns in the northern regions, and shrink in size ; even man himself appears here an infe- rior species, whether physically or morally con- sidered. S %. Si N situate on a rock, b m. w. o. -i^i:;^.^n^Ff^ance,capita,ofU.^^n^ ,nent of Eure, and '^ ''-%\^;'^^, J''e"„ JbL "n is a handsome stn.cture. Tie \'^^\''''^^„^^„^. corn.r.ncn and woolen cloU and 't 1- ma som,t; m. W. of Croydon, and 13 S. b. W. London. ■ ■ , :„ tVie forest of Exmoor. in Ex, a river rising m the ioresl ot ^ f rr'm'i'rton ^'runTtLoush Devonshire, by below 1^"'^'^" ' I , -r„„^l,„,n whence it forms Tiverton, Exeter, ""i T'^i'." nncl at Exmouth. Tiverton, Exeter ana c,.^^^^^^^^^^^ an estuary to the Lnghaie. ^ ^^ £.rf ■ i £»",«„(/,, a town of Scotland in Berw.ck- shbe with a harbour for vessels of small burden and ; trade in corn and meak It -^Be^atcd at u"e mouth of the Eye, 8 m. N. by W. oi Ber- '""F„ln„ a town in E. Prussia, 20 m S Ko nifstrg'; fam's for a bloody baUle between the T!ii<;sians and French, Oct. 7, 1&U7. ^i:ZuLs, a tow^ of France, in the depart- meiit of Upper Vienne, with a considerable tr.idc Tn "kins, lea?l>er, and ra.^s ; seated on the \ lenne, '°i;«lrl!^a"lwn of Dutch Brabant, at the eonflfux of the Eynds with the Dommel, 13 m ^■J;,::i^^::i'^n of Moravia, in the circle °^s:^'fri:;h^^:^>^"-^"-- ^Tis:i;}!:!irifK;:r>:theBaiticsea^c. a triangular form, about 8 m. in circumference. ^''^?„\"t^vn^of'France=!-in the department of theEure,15ni. S. E.ofEvreux. F FA ABORG, a seaport town ofDeninark on the «? coast of the island of Fuuen, in a flat but ler fiie countU. The princinal trade is in pro^.s- ions It is 17 m. S. of Odence. Long. 10. lb. "^i^,^ I'^^londaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,071 m ana, a town of Italy, in the marquisite of Ancona, famous for its excellent paper. 11 .3 25 m. N. E. ofFoli^no. , FactoryviUc, p.v. Tioga Co. IS. l- Faana, a city "^ Ij^YoVuess'"'' Tlfe'^'ithlal bishop's see, with nn old '"Stress. in< stands in the great square and has a ^^"^ P ^ ^r''^^''fh' rtc'h fn" fterJa,.dVfake'n\y taken by the 1 rencn, ^n" , .^ troops the troops of h=jn-l;l'-'''^'^^,„l^,' j, f,„„U Tr^Int'eTAhe: wa"" It IS seated on the Amona, '^V™;.::^,:rt:wrffKn:capita,ofDalecar. FLO 303 FOl The climate is very liot, although in tlie north- ern parts water sometimes freezes In the peninsu- la the most delicate orange trees bear fruit in tu 1 perfection. In the lower parts tlie air is moist and in the neighbourhood of the nee fields it is unhealthy. From October to June the weather is most delightful. The southern extremity is subiecl to the hurricanes of the West Indies. The larn-est river is the St. Johns, which rises in the centre of the peninsula and (lows north- easterly to the sea; it passes through several lakes and its current is gentle. The Ap;il ich.cola pas- ses throuo-h West Florida into the Gull of Mexico. Manv small streams rise in the pine forests and fall into the inlets of the Gulf. The springs wliirh 510 are slaves. The commerce of the territory is inconsiderable. The shipping in l.si^ amoun- ted to 2,7.S1 tons. The imports for l52'J were 1.53 042 dollars. The exports of domestic produce, 38,iri3 dollars. Total e.xports 56,080 dollars. This territory was discovered in 1497. It was first settled by 'the Spaniards in 1524. Some set- tlements were made by the French about 30 years afterwards, and they established themselves in the neiirlibourhood of the spot where St. Augustine now stands in 1504. The Spaniards however, ex- pelled the French. In 1703 Florida was ccded_to Great Britain, and retained by that power till 1/81 when it was reconquered by the Spaniards. In 18-^1 Spain ceded it by treaty to the United States as an indemnity for spoliations upon our com- merce ; and the following year it was made a ter- ritorial government. Fluriila Cape, is on the E. coast of East tlor^- da in the irulf of the same name, in the lat. of 2-j. 4\' iN., and 30. 5. of W. long. ; ;k). m. N E. of Cape Sable, and about 3i) W. of the N. W. end of the Great Bahama Bank. Floridii, Gvlfof, is the passage out of the gull of Me.xico into the Atlantic Ocean, between the N W coast of the Island of Cuba, and the Baha- ma Bank and islands on the E.,and the promon- tory of East Florida on the W. Through this pnssnge the great body of waters flowing^into the am°eontinues to run along the eastern coast of North America, to the lat. of 42., when the current is dispersed by the great bank of New- f mndland. The gulf passage is from 30 to 130 m. wiile, the narrowest part being between Cape Florida, and the Great Bahama Bank before men- tioned. Florida Keys, or Marli/rs Islands and Reefs, are the shoals and sand-banks flanking the southern extri'iaity and E. coast of the promontory of East Florida, as previously described. Florida, p.t. Berkshire Co. Ma.ss. Top. 4.j4. Also a p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. I'op- 2,838. _ Fhrisnnt, a village in St. Louis Co. Missouri, on the Missouri. Flour, St. a city of France, in the department of Cantal, and a bishop's sec. Good knives are made here, and it has a considerable trade in corn. It is seated on a mountain, 35 m. S. of Clermont, and 108 N. by W. of Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 0,372. Flour Town, a village in Montgomery Co. 1 a. Floyd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. '1,2(>2. Prestonburir is the capital. Also a county ot In- diana. Pop. 0,303. New Albany is the capital. Floyd, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. l,(;i«>. Floydsburs, a village in Jefferson Co. Ken. FlusUin'T^a strong sea-port of Dutch Zealand, in the island of Walcheren, on the N. side of Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it de- fends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal runs through the town, which is deep enough to admit loaded vessels. The sUidihouse is a superb buildintr, after the model of that of Amsterdim. Flushing was the birth place of admiral De Ruy- ter and^has a capacious harbour and basm lnia ; it suffered greatly by an earllitiuake, iu 1732. Pop. about 17,000. Foalesrille, a village in Lehigh Co. Pa. Fo'gtia, a river of Italy, which rises on the con fines'of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino, and enters the gulf of Venice, at Pesaro. FotUzzo, or Foglino, a town of Piedmont, 5 m. N. VV. of Chivasso, and 13 W. of Crescentino. Fogo. See Fuego. Folir, or Fora, an ishand of Denmark, about 12 m. in circumference, near the coast of Sleswick, in the German Ocean, 05 m. N. of He'.igoland. Pop. about 5,500. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. .54. 44 N. Foix, a late district of France, in Languedoc, adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms, with Couscrans, the department of Arriegc. FAM 294 FAR il.P El. 'l.^li Tliis affair was scltlcd by a canven- „n and the Kngl.sl. regained posBess.on ; but m mX it»as abandoned, and ll.e -f »"v have been uninhabited. "wPc'l altream m N.w York which run, into Cayu"a Lake. The lall:i upon it cons.=l of a l"o°ent^apid which after descending for a mile :"d a hauP falls perpendicularly ■",=' "'"- °f. 'M feet. The view is very grand and pictur "TmUs Spring, a cascade in Virginia npon a Mi.all er'eeli which rises about 2U ■". f™"" \r w'lrm si.rin.' and runs into Jackson s Rn er. 1 his ,inn ills over a precipice 200 feet in perpcn- d cuTar lei rwland the sheet of water is thrown si fur forward that a person may walk dry be- tween the cataract and the rock. ""M^^rtownships in Washington and '^^VMi^rTa'llilage in the town of Troy.Mass. ^'Srti-nslupsinBucksCo.Pa.a„dMus. sasbets^^s.^; r rii,,. Pnql OUice packets to the a. oi i^u In,! 2?) W S W. of London. Long. 5. 2. ro. and ^o.f »» ■ ^ i^ni o^^n \v l,t -.0 8 N Pup- in 1&2I, 2,o-4J. '"^hi Ll, afown 'of the island o/ Jamai", on the N. coast, and on the S. side of MarU.a Brae '-^l.t^lo".oft;^ird^of^nfg«a,c. the S coast", with a forUfied harbour. Long. 02. ''■;wJ:i \V ,iat. 41.30. N. Pop. 2,.51S. Falmouth p.t. Cumberland Co. Me Pop. |,%G. AUo vlages^n Strafford Co. Va. and Pendleton ^"r^Tnay, a bay between H'e cape of Good Hope and Cape Fal.^e, frequented during the prevalence of the N. W. winds in May. Long. lB.53.E.,lat.31. lO.S „r the Cane ^^/^r:r.a^~tory20m.E^oftV.Cape "^^;;;i,^':'^r}r^.:^d1^SeJ^a^,^^olin circumference, near the entrance of the allic, off tT N. end of Zeabnd. and between the is- 7nd"Moen and Laland. Nykoping is the capi- , .1. Us area is about 185 square m. and pop Falsteroo, a town of Sweden, in Schonen, „ ."y'kno'wn for its lighthouse, at the en ranee , he^ Baltic from the Sound, 2:2 m. h. S. W . of a harbour defended by two forts. 1' Vl^^^Jj^^" by the Turks, in 1570, after a siege of 10 months, when they ffayed the Venetian governor alive rn'rinurdJred "Ihe inhabitants, though th^eysur- rendered on honourable terms. 1 is t^- ,n^ S^ by E. of N'cosia. Long^ 33. a .E ^^l^^eplrZui Famnrs,!i village ol r ranee, m i of Nord; near which the French were defea ed by the allies in 1793. It is 3 m. S. of \aUn ciennes. , ,. r^ u fVln»c^ pt. Franklin (.o. t a. . , , , - f- "" a f.rtified town of Italy, in the d.iehy of Urbino and a bi.hop's see. Here are an ancien triumphal arch, handsome churches and nepa^ aces It is seated on the gulf ol Venice, IJm. E of L'rbino, and 32 N. W. of A.icona. Pop. ''°ft!fan island of Jutland, at the entrance of the Little Belt from the Categat. FaUrrs, FunlU, the Gold Coast of Africa, from Cane Th ee Points, to Anconah, was formerly caXd F ntin; but since 1^11, it has more com- monly been c;iled Ashantee. The Fantees occu- pv the coast, and the Ashantees the interior. See .'hhantfc. S, atolnS' France in the department of Morbiham, 21 m. N. by W. of L Orient. Farehum, a town in ""'"P^ "^'■'. ^t"?' .,^3^ and smaller vessels are built here ; and it has a considerable trade in coal, corn, canvas and ropes. It is seated at the N. W. point of P"'!^'";;"' '' harbour, 5 m. N. N. W. of Gosport,and 3. W. by ^Fa^etcarc the most "outherly promontory of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis strait. lonrr 42 42. VV.lat. 59.38. N. ^ , ,^, , ^ y^rnrrll Capr', a promontory of the R end of the island of New Zealand. Long. 172.41. E.,Ut ''"/•I;.™,,, ,S/. a town of France in the depart me.it of Vonne, with a castle, 10 m. S. L. of ^'Fnrlm, a county of Africa, to the S. of the riv- er Gan" ia. It hL a town of the same name, on he^wcr St. Domingo about 130 m above , sen trance into the sea. Long. 14.30. W., lat. i«! ^%-aWy^W., a village in Charlotte Co^ Va. F«rmersri/(^ p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop '^^r,nin,ton, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me Pop. 2 340 FanninL'ton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. M. ^0 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,4()4. Farmin'Tlon. a town of Connecticut, in Hart- ford counfy, with a large congregational church sit ale on the river Farminglon, w'h.ch below the own receives the Cambridge, -d then acquires !^^iiai:i:S^^'rof\^.;:^fie;:j"pop; «^rr'S^f^^enti^- "«''"'^;; ::'nTl t^nTistearly four fini.s ^?;;:i;dt:t?^,Tl.t^,sportaUor.u^n.Js3.- iH:'^^ecut^^^;¥r''':;7''a^l^i::^''" If the work will probably be de'a^ed for a time^ .^riS-'^rJinl^ufr^^tpi^no. FarmcUlc, p.v. Prince Edward Co. \ a. FAW S95 FEL Farnham, a town in Surry, Eng. on the border of Hampshire. It has a castle, situate on an emi- nence, belonging to the bishop of Winchester. Farnham is celebrated for its plantations of hops, and has a great trade in corn. It is seated on the Wey , 38 m .W. S. W. of London. Farnham, p. v. Richmond Co. Va. Also a town in Bedford Co. Lower Canada. Faro, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, off the N. E. end of the island of Gothland, about 30 m. in circumference, populous, and fertile. The principal town has the same name, and is situate on the S. E. coast. Long. 19. 27. E., lat. 57. 50. N Faro, a town in Portugal, in Algarve, and a bishop's see. It has some trade in almonds, figs, orant^os, and wine; and is seated on the gulf of Cadiz, 20 m. S. W. of Tavaria. Long. 7. 54. W., lat. 36. 52. N. Faroer Islands. See Fcroe Islands. Faro of Messina, the strait between Italy and Slcilv, remarkable for having the tide ebb and tlow every si-x hours, with great rapidity, though it is but 7 m. over. It is so named from the faro, or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity to Messina. Farr, a town of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, at the head of a bay of its name, on the N. coast, 52 m. N. by \V. of Dornoch. Farringdon, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated on an eminence ; vastquantlesof hogs are fatten- ed in its neighbourhood. It is 63 m. W. by N. of London. FarrowvUIe, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va. Fars, or Farsistan, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the E. by Kerman, N. by Irac Agemi, W. by Kusistan, and the gulf of Persia. It is very fertile in the centre ; mountainous on the N., where are a great number of wild swine ; and tlie land so sandy on the S. as to produce little else than palm-trees. In the forests is a tree from which mastic is gathered, and emeralds are com- mon. Shiras, {which see), is the capital. Fartash, a town of Arabia Felix, in Hadramant, at the foot of a cape of the same name in the In- dian ocean, 150 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 51. 50. E., lat. 15. 30. N. Fasano, or Fasiano, a populous town of Naples, near the coast of the Adriatic in Terra di Bari, 15 m. S. S. E. of Pollgnano. Fate, a township in Clermont Co. Ohio. Fattipour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Agra. Here the emperors of Hindoostan, when in the zenith of their power, had a palace which is now in ruins ; and on a hill is a grand mosque, built by the emperor Acbar. It is 22 m. VV. by S. of Agra. Fauciirny, a town and castle of Savoy, in a dis- trict of the same name ; seated on the Arve, 14 m. S E. of Geneva. Fauqucmont. See Valkcriburg. Faiitiuier, a county of the E. District of Virgin- ia, bounded on the W. by the Rappahannock riv- er, and N. W. by the Blue Mountains : it is about 35 m. in length, and 12 in mean breadth. Pop. 2(3,37i). VVarrenton is the chief town of the county. Fatemey, a town of France in the department of Upper Saone,8 m. N. of Vesoul. Favognana, an island, 15 m. in compass, off th« VV. end of Sicily, with a fort and a good har- bour. Long. 12. 2:5. E., lat. 38. 16. N. Faieeetlstoicn, p. v. Columbiana Co. Ohio. Fawn, p.t. York Co. Va. Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western Island.), which suffered greatly by an earthquake, in 17G4. Its capital is Villa do Ilorta, the S. E. point of the island ; is in lat. 3S. 31. N., and 28. 42. of W. long. It is very fertile, and exports large quantities of wine. Fayetie, the name of five counties in the United States. 1st, at the S. W. cornerof Pennsylvania, bound- on the E. by the Laurel Ridge of the Allegha- ny mountains ; W. by the Monongahela river, and S. by Monongahela county, Virginia. It is nearly a square of about 32 m. each way. Pop. 2!),237. Union, IdGm. W. by S. of Ilarrisburgh, is the chief town. 2nd, in Georgia, bounded on the W. by Flint river, which divides it from the territory of the Creek Indians. Pop. 5,501. Fayetteville is the chief town. 3rd, in the S. W. part of Ohio, W. of the Scio- to river. Pop. 8,181). Washington, tlie chief town, is 40 m. S. W. by S. Columbia, and 35 N. W. of Chillcothe. 4th, in the interior of Kentucky, E. of Ken- tucky river. Pop. 25,174. Lexington, (which see) is the chief town. 5th, in the E. part of Indiana. Pop. 9,112. ConnersviUe, 05 m. S. E. by E. of Indianopolis is the chief town. Fayetie, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,049. Also a township in Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,21ti. Also a township in Alleghany Co. Pa. Fayetteville, a town of N. Carolina, in Cumber- land "Co., capital of a district, formerly called Fay- ette, but now divided into several counties. Its trade with Wilmington is considerable, to which it sends tobacco, wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber, staves, naval stores, &c., and has a return of Eu- ropean and India goods. It is situate on the N. W. branch of Cape Fear river, 50 m. S. by W. of Raleigh, and 90 N. W. of Wilmington. Fayetteville, p. v. Fayette Co. Geo. and Lincoln Co. Tenn. Fayoum, or Fium, a town of Egypt, capital of a province of the same name. It has a trade in flax, linen, mats, raisins, and figs ; and is seated on a canal, which communicates with the Nile, 49 m. S. S. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 39. E., lat. 29. 27. N. Fayston, a township in Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 458. Fear, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, where there is a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear river. This river is formed by two branches, called the N. W. and N. E. branches, which unite above Wilmington ; and it enters the At- lantic below Brunswick. Long. 77. 45. VV., lat. 33. 40. N. Fecamp, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a trade in linen, serges, lace, leather, and hats ; seated near the English chan- liA, 24 m. N. E. of Havre de Grace. Federalsburg, p.v. Carolina Co Maryland. Feestmcn, p.t. Clermont Co. Ohio. Feira. a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10 m. S. E. of Oporto, and 30 N. by E. of Avelro. Feldkurk, a town of Germany, In Tyrol, capi- tal of a county of the same name. It is seated on the river III, near its entrance into the Rhine, 19 m. S. of the Lake of Constance. Feldsburg, a town and castle at the N. E. ex- tremity of Lower Austria, with a fine palace, seated en the Teya, 18 m. E. of Laab. FER 20(5 FER FelicuJa, one of the Lipari islands, in the Aled- itfrr.inoan, iW in. W. of Lipari. Felipr, St, a populous town of Colombia, seated on the banks of a river fillin2f into the Carribean sea, Eibout 100 m. \V. of Caracas. Frlipe, St. See Xntira. f'elij-, HI., an island in the Pacific ocean, N. fJ. W. of Juan Firnandfz. Long. feG. W . lat. 5>C S. Feltetin, a town of France, in the department of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry. It is 20 m. S. S. W. of Evaux, and 21 S. S. E. of Gueret. t'ellin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the river Pernau, (12 m. S. E. of Revel. Fclsher^, a town of Genuanv, in Ilesse-Casscl with an ancient castle on a rock, 12 m S. ol Casael. Fdso-Iinnya, a village of Upper Hungary, near the frontier of Transylvania, celebrated for a gold mine in its vicinity. Fellri, a town of Italy, capital of Feltrino, and a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on the Asona, a small stream, falling into the Piave from the W., :!0 m. N. W. of Treviso. Long. 11. 55. E., lat. 4G. 3. N. Pop. about 5,000. FeUrino, a district of Italy, lying between Bel- unese, Trevisano, Vicentino, and the principality of Trent. It abounds in mountains, in which are iron mines. Feltri is the only place of note. Fcmrrn, a fertile island of Denmark, at the en- trance of the Baltic, from the passage of the Great and Little Belt. It is 10 m. long and 5 broad, separated from llie co.ist of Holstein by a narrow channel, called the Femern Sound, Borg is the chief town. Pop. of the island about 7,500. Fcmme Osage, a village in St. Charles Co Missouri. Fcncstran^e, or Pencslran^e, a town of France, in the department of Jleurte, on the river Sarrc, 40 m. E. by N. of Nancy. FenestrclU, a town and fort of Piedmont, seated on the Cluson, IS m. W. of Turin. Fenner, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,017. Feralad, a.town of Persia, capital of the prov- ince of Mazenderan. The environs produce su- gar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, about ](i, UOO, are principally descendants ofGeorgians and Armenians. It is seated among the mountains which bound the Caspian sea to the S., 12 m. from that sea, and 2^0 N. of Ispahan. Long. 52. 21. E., lat. 36. 54. N. Ferctda, or Forcula, a town of the kingdom of Tafilet, E. of Morocco, and the principal place of a district. It is 50 m. \V. of Sigilmessa. Long. 4. 30. W., lat. 31. 40. N. Ferdinand, a township, in Essex Co. Vt. Also a township in St. Louis Co. Missouri. Fere, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, famous for its powder mill and school of artillery. Near it is the castle of St. Gobin, in which is a manufacture of fine plate-glass. Fere is seated at the conflux of the Serre, with the Oise, 20 m. N. of Soissons, and 75 N. E. of Paris. Ferentino, or Fiorenzo, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, 3 m. W. of Alatri, on the high road from Rome to Naples. Ferettc, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, near its source, 40 m. S. of Colmar. Ferguson, a township in Centre Co. Pa. Fprmarui^h, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, founded on the N. by the counties of Donegal and Tyrone, E. by Monaghan, S. by Cavan. and AV. by Leitrim, the N. W. end jetting upon Donegal Bay ; it extends from the S. in a N'. \V. direction about 36 rn. being about 24 in mean breadth, one-fourth of its an'a is occupied by Lou^h Erne, which discharges its waters into Donegal bay.dividing the county into nearly twoequal parts. In the ceiilro of the county, liie water narrows so as to admit of the two parts bfiii^r united by a bridrre, see FmilskiUen. The linen njanufaclure, and the raising of cattle, and heinj), are the chief employ of the Inhabitants. The county is navi- gable throughout, by means of Lough Erne, but lis uneven surface, and numerous bogs, render it diflicult for travelling. Enniskillen is the cupital and only town of importance in the county. Fermo, a town of Italy, in the marquisale ..f Ancona, and an archbishop's see, with a goed trade in corn, wool, &c. It has a harbour on the culf of Venice, and is 17 m. S. E. of Macrrata. Long. 13. 50. E., lat. 43.7. N. Pop. about 7,0(10. Fremosella, or Formoseila, a town in Spain, in the province of Leon, seated on the N. bank of the Tormcs, near its entrance into Douro. Fermoy, a town of Ireland in the county of Cork, seated on the banks of the Blackwalcr, 100 m. N. W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork, from which it is distant 17 m. This place has risen from an inconsiderable village since tliecommenrc- mcnt of the war in 1793, to a town of C,7U2 inhabi- tants in 1>21. Fernando J\'oronha, an island in the S. Atlantic, 100 leagues from Cape St. Roque, the N. E. point of the province of Pernambuco. Lonir. 32. 33. W., lat. 3. 56. S. Fernando Po, an island of Africa, on the coast of Benin, 30 m. long and 20 broad. Long. 7. 30. E.. lat. 3. 6. N. Femey, a village of France, in the department of Ain, a few m. N. W. of Geneva, celebrated as having been the residence of Voltaire. Ferns, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, and a bishop's see united to I^eighlin. It is seated on the Bann, near its conflux with the Slaney, 17 m. N. of Wexford, and 30 S. S. W. of Wicklow. Feroe Islands, a cluster of 22 small islands in the Northern Ocean, between the Shetland Islands and Iceland, in 5. and 8. W. long., and CI. and 03. N. lat. subject to Denmark. Seventeen are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain, divided from the others by a deep and rapid cur- rent. Some of them are deeply indented with secure harbours all of them steep, and most of them faced with tremendous precipices. They produce agate, jasper, and beautiful zeolites. The surface consists of a shallow soil of remarkable fertility ; yielding plenty of barley and fine grass for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or stunted willow will grow here; and the only quadru- peds are sheep. \'ast quantities of sea fowls frequent the rocks, and the taking of them furnishes a peri- lous employment for the inhabitants. The exports are salted mutton, tallow, goose-quills, feathers, eiderdown, knit woolen waistcoats, caps, and stockings. To the S. of these islands is a consid- erable whirlpool. Pop. in 1880, 5,2f)5. Ferzabad, or Firuzabad, a city of Persia, in Farsistan, formerly of considerable repute, and yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens, and buildings. It is seated in a fertile country, CO m. S. by W. of Shiras, on the route to Ormus. Long. 53. 0. E., lat. 28. .50. N. Ferrara, a city of Italy capital of a duchy of the same name, and an archbishop's see, with a strong citadel, and a university. Its broad streets. FEV 297 FEZ and number of fine buildings, evince that it was formerly a flourishing place, but the present in- habitants are few in proportion to its extent. In the middle of the city is a palace, surrounded by walls flanked with towers and ditches. The cathedral is remarkable for its antiquity. In the Benedictine church, Ariosto the poet is interred. Ferrara was taken by the French in 1796 ; in 1799 it was retaken by the Austrians, but shortly after surrendered to the French. It is seated near the Po, 25 ra. N. E. of Bologna. Long. 12. 36. E., lat. 44. 50. N. Ferrara, or Fcrrarese, a duchy of Italy, bound- ed on the N. by the Po, which divides it from I'olesino di Rovigno, W. by the Mantuan, S. by the Bolognese and Romagna, and E. by the gulf of Venice. It had its own dukes till 1597, when Clement VIII. united it to the apostolic cham- ber. The air is unwholsome, on account of the marshes which the abject condition of the inhab- itants precludes from draining. Ferrara is the capital. Ferrendina, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, near the river Basianto,25 m. S. W. of Matera. Ferrisburc, a township in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 1,822. Ftrro, or Hierro, the most westward of the Canary Islands, above 18 ra. in circumference. It is not fertile, but produces some corn, sugar, fruits, and legumes. The inhabitants make use of water collected in cisterns during the rainy seasons, for there is no spring in the islandi. Voyagers speak of a fountain tree in the middle of the island, and say that in the night much water distils from its leaves. Some geographers have taken their first meridian from the VV. extremity of this island. Long. 17. 52. W., lat. 27. 47. N. Ferrol, a sea port of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the best in Europe, and here the Spanish squad- rons frequently rendezvous in time of war. The town is surrounded on three sides by the sea, and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 the English made an unsuccessful attempt on this place. It is 20 m. N. E. of Corunna, and 305 N. \V. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W., lat. 43. 28. N. Fcrrijsbridgc, a large village in West Yorkshire, Eno-. on the S. side of the Aire, over which is a noble bridge, 21 m. S. by W. of York, and 174 N. by W. of London. Ferryport, a village of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. below Dundee, and 9 N. N. W. of St. Andrews. It has a considera- ble manufacture of brown linens; and a ferry over the Tay, well frequented before the bridgo at Perth was built. Ferte siir Muie, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Marne, seated on the Aube, 22 m. W. by S. of Chaumont, and 33 E. S. E. of Troyes. *,* There are seven or eight other towns in France named Ferte, all prefixed to some other name, as in the case of Aube, to distinguish them from each other. Festenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oels, 14 m. N. W. of Wartenburg. Fethard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 8 m. S. E. of Cashel, and 86 S. 9. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1820,2,878. FffAard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, on the W. side of Bannow bay, 14 m. S. by E. of New Ross. Feversham, a town in Kent, Eng. on a creek felling into the mouth of the Thames, much fre- 38 quented by small vessels. It is a member of the port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The church is in the form of a cross, and the interior well worthy of observation ; and here is a free grammar-school founded by queen Elizabeth. It has a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; is famous for the best oysters for laying in stews; and has several gunpowder mills in its neighbour- hood. Here are the remains of a stately abbey, built by king Stephen, who was interred in it with his queen and son. James II. embarked here in disguise, after the success of the prince of Orange; but the vessel was detained by the populace, and the king conveyed back to Lon- don. Feversham is 47 m. E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1820, 3,919. Feurs, a town of France, in the department of Loire, seated on the Loire, 13 m. E. N. E. of Montbrison. Feijstritz, or Windisck Fislritz, a town and castle of Germany, in Lower Stiria, on a river of the same name, 17 m. N. N. E. of Cilley. Fez, a kingdom of Barbary, at the N. W. ex- tremity of North Africa, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by Morocco and Tafilet. It ex- tends upwards of 400 m. from E. to W. and is about 150 in breadth ; is divided into 9 provinces, and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The country is full of mountains, particularly to the W. and S. where Mount Atlas lies; but it is populous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins, honey, wax, cotton, flax, pitch, and corn in abun- dance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves, sheep, and the finest horses in Barbary. At the extreme N. point is the town and fortress of Ceuta, garrisoned by the Spaniards, (see Ceuta) ; the principal places on the Atlantic coast are Salee and Larache ; Melitta and Tangier, on the coast of the Mediterranean; and in the interior Mequinez, Fez, and Teza. Fez, the capital of the kingdom of Fez, and one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez. Old Fez is the most considerable, and con- tains about 80,000 inhabitants. New Fez, foun- ded about the 13th century, is principally inhab- ited by Jews, who trade with the Moors, not- withstanding the contempt with which they are treated by them. Old Fez was founded in 793 by Sidy Edris, a descendent of Mahomet and Ali, whose father fled from Medina to avoid the proscriptions of the caliph Abdallah. The palaces are magnificent; and there are numerous mosques, one of which, called Carubin, is one of the finest edifices in the empire. The houses are built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic work : those of brick are ornamented with glazin» and colours like Dutch tiles, and the wood-work and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt The roofs are flat ; and every house has a court, in which is a square marble basin. Here are two colleges for students, finely built of marble, and adorned with paintings. The hospitals and pub- lic baths are numerous, many of which are state- ly structures. All the traders live in a separate part of the city ; and the exchange, full of all sorts of rich merchandise, is as large as a small town. The gardens are full of all kinds of fra- grant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez aro clothed like the Turks; and though more polish- ed than their countrymen, are vain, superstitous. »nd intolerant. The wiinU, whom they pretend FEZ 293 FIG \ lo liivf bfiii biirlcil ill the cily, srrvc tlieiii lor n pri-U'-Xt t») lorbid ils ciitriiiice lu Ji-wsaiul Cliris- tiaiis : and an order froni llie einpiTor is necessary to ffiin admission. Araliic is bettor spoken here than in other parts of the empire ; and tlie rich Mi)ors send their chiWren to the si-hools at Fez, where tliey gain more instruction than l!iey could do elsewhere. Fez is the centre of tlie trade of liiis empire ; and lience caravans go to Mecca, carrying ready-made garments, leatiier, indigo, cochineal, and ostriches feathers, fur which they bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Torabuctoo, and the river Niger. They travel over such dry barren deserts, tliat every other camel carries water. Their com- modities arc salt, cowries, wrought silk, British cloth, and the woolen nianufictures of Jiarbary. Fez is seated in a circular valley, watered by a river, and surrounded bv mountains, 160 m. &. S. W. of Gibraltar, and"2-in N. E. of Morocco. Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 3:!. 40. N. Fczzan, an interior kingdom of North Africa, lying between the great deserts of Zaiiara and Libva bounded on tlie N. by Tripoli to the Ba- shaw of wiiich province Fezzan pays an annual tribute of4,000 dollars. It ia an extensive plain, encompassed by mountains, excei>t to the W. ; and to the intluence of tJiesc heights it may be owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no rain is ever known. Though the character of the surface (which in general is a light sand) and the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility, yet the springs are so abundant, that few regions in the N. of Africa, exhibit a richer vegetation. The greatest length of the cultivated part is about 300 m. from N. to S., and 200 from E. to W. From wells of 10 or 1.") feet deep, with which every garden and field is furnished, the husband- man waters the productions of his land ; among these are the da1.e tree, the olive, lime, apricot, pomegranate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions or calabash, carrots, cucumbers, onions, and gar- lic. Among the tome animals are the sheep, cow, goat, camel, asa, and a species of the domes- tic fowl of Europe. The wild animals are the ostrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A mul- titude of no.\ious animals infest the country ; ad- ders, snakes, scorpions, and toads, swarm in the fields, gardens, and liouses ; tlie air is crowded with niosquitos ; and persons of every rank are over-run with vermin. The heat of the climate in summer is intense, and the S. wind is scarcely supportable even by the natives; and in winter a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to the fire even the natives of a northern country. Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up the sand and dust .so as to give a yellow tinge lo the atmosphere. The towns are chiefly inhabit- ed by husbandmen and shepherds ; for tliough they also contain merchants and artificers, yet agriculture and pasturage are the principal occu- pations. The houses are built of clay, with a flat roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a quantity of earth is laid. The natives arc of a deep swarthy complexion ; their hair a short curly black, their lips thick, their noses flat and broad, and their skin emits a fetid eSluvia ; they are tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indolent, and ; inactive. Their dress is similar to that of the Moors of Barbary. In their common intercourse, all distinctions of rank seem forgotten ; the she- reef (or governor) and the lowest plebeian, the rich and the poor, the master and the servant, converse familiarly, and eat and drink together. Generous ami hospitable, let his fare be scant v (j/t(', p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Fish Hirer, Great, a river of Southern Africi flowing South into the ocean East of the Cape of Good Hope. The limits of the Cape Colony extend a little beyond it to the East. Fissato, a Bca-port of Barbary, in the province of Tripoli, 90 m. N. W. of Tripoli. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 33. 50. N. Fistellu,a fortified town of Mororco. The in- habitants carrv on a great trade in fine garments. It is I2."> m. N. E. of Morocco. Long. 5. 55. E. lat. 32. 27. N. Fitrhlmrg, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 48 m. N. W. Boston. It has some manufactories. Pop. 2,180. Fitztcilliam , p.t. Cheshire Co. N. II. on the Massachusetts border, 05 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,229. Fium. Sec Faijoiim. Fiuvie, a sea-port of Austrian lelria, with a cas- tle, and many fine churches and convents. It is noted fi)r wine, good figs, and other fruits; and has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufacture. The harbour is formed oy the river Fiumara which enters the bay of Carnero, at the extremity of the Adriatic. It is 37 m. E. of Capo d'Istria. Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 45. 38. N. Pop. about 12,000. Fladstrand, a sea-port of Denmark, in North Jutland, with a harbour defended by liiree forts, just within the entrance to the Cattgat. It is 30 m. N. N. E.of Alburg. Long. 10. 2!l. L., lat. 57. 33. N. Flaggtoum, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. Flamhorough, a factory of the Hudson Bay Company, on Hayes river, 70 m. from its moulh, on the VV. side of Hudson Bay. Long. 90. 5. W. lat. 56. 8. N. Flamhorough Head, a lofly promontory on the coast of Yorkshire, Eng. whose snow-white clifl's, rising from 300 to 450 feet above the level of the sea, are seen at a great distance from shore, and afford shelter to innumerable multitudes of sea- fowls. The lower parts contain vast caverns, and on the summit is a lijjht-house, 5 m. E. N. E.of Burlington. Long. 0.2. W., lat. .54. 8. N. Tliere is a village of the same name, contiguous to the clifl's. Pop. m )82I, 917. Off this headland the celebrated John Paul Jones in the American Frigate Bonne Homme Richard, captured tho British Frigate Serapis after one of the most des- perate batik's ever fought. Flainstrad, a village in Hertfordshire, Eng. Pop. in 1821, 1,392. It was a place of some im- portance at the time the Romans were in pos- session of England. The house in Greenwich Park, in whicn is the Royal Observatory, and from whence the English meridional line of lon- gitude is drawn, is commonly called Flamstead House after the name of its first astronomer. See Crecnicich. Flii7idcrs,a country of Europe, bounded on the N. bv the mouth of the Scheldt, and N. W. by the North Sea or German Ocean, lying between the lat. of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and'2. 15.10 4.15. of E. longitude. The early history of this coun- try is involved in considerable obscurity ; it has, however, for several centuries ranked among the most fertile, populous, and civilized jiarts of Eu- rope, it was formerly known under three divisions, of French, Austria, and Dutch Flanders; the French, or S. part, was comprised in the late province of Artois, now the department du Nord, or N. Tho Austrian cfimpriaed the centre from FLE 301 FLO F toW • and the Dutch the coast off the mouth of the Scheldt; the whole country was overrun by the French in the early part of the war which commenced in 17'.)3, and confirmed olheml.y the treaty of Campo Form-.o ,n 1/!!/ After the treaty of Luneville in lH01,Au9trian and Dutch Flanders were divided into two depart.nents; Lys on the W. and Scheldt on the h. and incor- porated with the French Empire. At the gener- al partitioning of this part ol lMiro|,e,wliich follow- ed the peace of 1814, those two departments were ceded to the new kinffdom of the Netherlands, and were called the tasl and West Flanders. J'or their subsequent history , see KctherUinds. i lie area of the E. part comprises about 1 ,0.-^0 square m., and contains about 000,000 inhabitants It is divided into four circles, of which Ghent, Dender- monde, Oudenarde and Eecloo, are the chief towns ; the other places of note are Sluys Ardni- berg, Phillipinii, and Sas Van filient on the shore of flie mouth of the Scheldt; and Devnse, Hen- aix Grainmont, Sotteshem, Alost, and WatU-ren in the S. The river Scheldt which rises m tlv! French department, of Aisne enters the b. VV. corner running N. by E. to Ghent in the centre of the province, and then nearly due K till it changes its course to the N. forming the bonnd.-i- rv of the province on the side of Brabant ; towards the S the surface is slightly undulated, but north- ward it is an entire level intersected by cana s, communicating both with the North Sea and the mouth of the Scheldt. . c. ia7 West Flanders is bounded on the b. and b vv by the French department ; on the N. and N. VV. by the North Sea; the area of this province is about 1,500 square m., containing 5;W,000 inhahi- tants It is also divided into four circles, of which^ Bruws, Furnes, Ypres, and Courtray are the chief towns, llie other places of note are the sea-ports of Nieuport and Ostend; the latter is regardt'd as lie maritime portal of this part of Europe This .ike E Flanders is a level country; in the S. E. part, line thread, lace, and linen cambrics are inunufacture.l to a great extent for exportation ; over all the oth- er parts of the two provinces, fisliing, agricnllnre and manufactures are assiduously pursued, and tend to render the inliabitiints among Uie most soci- al and best conditioned in Europe. The language of llie common people is peculiar, a niixtiire of Dutch and French ; but in the towns the i rench is most generally spoken. The Catliolic reiigion prevails througli both provinces ; the clergy are a tolerant and resjieetable body. Flanders, p. v. Morris Co. N. .1. Flatliusli,n town of N. Y., chief of King's coun- ty Lonir Island. The Americans were defeated near this place by the British in l/Tli. It i.s situ- ate amid garden-grounds, 5 m. S. by E. of New York. Pop. 1,143. Flallunds, a township of Kings Co. N. \ . on boitff Island. Pop. 590. FUUtrij, Caj)C, on the W. coast of North Amer- ica, disvered bv Cook, in 1778; and so named, because he was disappointed at not finding a har- bour. Long.124. 57. W.,lat. 43. 25. N. Flavifini, a town of France, in the depart- ment of iCote d'Or, with a Benedictine abbey^ seated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain, 27 m. W. N.W. of Dijon. Flcche, Im, a town of France, in the dcparl- ment of SarUv Here was a noble college, built by Henry IV., at which Descartes was educated ; the centre is now converted into a town-hnnse, and one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or military school for soldiers' children. It is sea- ted on the N.bank of the l.oire, and is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1S25, 5,:337. It is 80 m. E. N. E. of Nantes. FIcclicroe, Justrrof, or Flcclic.rrn., an island in the Scatrorack, near the coast of Norway, a few in. E. o? Christiansand. Between the island and the continent is a most excellent harbour, de- fended by a fortress. Long. 8. Irt. E., hit. 58.4 N. Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire which issues from a small lake of the same name, and enters Wigton bay, below Gatehouse. On its W. side are the vestiges of a camp, a dru- idical circle, and a vitrified fort. ,o ,„-> Fleming, a county of Kentucky. I op. l.i.-l.M. FlemingsTiurg is the capital, 50 m. N. E. ofEex- ington. --, «.! I Flemlngton, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. Fleleher, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. 1 op. 703. Flenshw", n. seaport of Denmark, in the duchy ofSleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbour at the head of a bay in tlie Little Belt, at its en- trance into tlio Baltic. It is a phice of gre.at coin- merce 15 in. N. N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 0. 47. E.', lat. 54.. 52. N. Pop. about 15,000. Fleinanre, a town of France, in the department of Gers, on the river Gers, 3 m. N. of Audi. ^ /•■frHCHi;, a village of the Netherlands, in Na- mur, m. N. E. of Charleroy. Here, in 1090, a victory was gained by the Frenijhover the allies ; and in 179471)10 Austrians were defeated in a general attack of the French posts. Flic, or Vlieland, an island on the coast of Hol- land, N. of the Texel, at the middle of the en- trance of the Zuider Zee. Flint, ^ county at the N. E. extremity of Wales, bounded in a N. W. direction by the estuary of llie river Dee, and N. by W. by Hie Irish sea. It is the smallest county in Wales, its superficies beiuit only 243 sq. m. It is, however, rich m eoaCcopper and lead, and since the coin.nence- nient of the present century, the cotton manu- facture has been introduced, and the pop. du- ring the 20 years, l.-ini— 1S21 has increased 30 percent. The principal towns are Mold, Holy- well, Hawarden. niid St. Asaph (imh af ir.'iirk see), there is also a town called Flint, formerly the chief lov.-n of the county, though now a small place. It has the eounty-goal, but the assizes are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a royal castle, in which Richard II. took shelter on arivin^- fnnii Ireland ; but on leaving it he was deliveredlnto the liand.4 of his rival, afterward Henry IV. : it stands on a rock close to the sea, and is governeil by a constable, who is also mayor of the ''town. Flint has no market, but is well frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on the estuary of the Dee, i2in. W.N. W. of Ches- ter, and 195 N.N. W. from London. Pop. in 1821. 1,012. Fiinl, a river of the state of Georgia, which rises in t!ie country formerly occupied by the Creek Indians, runs S. W. and joining the Chat- ahooeliee, at its entrance into E. Florida, forms the Apalachicola. Ftintstonr, p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland, Fill, a town of Spain, in"Catalonia, strong both by nature and art. It stands on a peninsula formed by the Ebro, and the side \yhere the river does not "pass is covered by mountains, and defen- ded by a cnstle. It is 23 m. N. of Tortosa. f7i»/(/(.« , a field in tlie parish of Kirknewton, Northumberland, Eng. 5 m. N. N. W. of Wool- FLO n02 FLO er on wl.icl. a bailie was foughl Wlwccu the Kn"li^l.»n.l Scots-.., If.lH, '■' " h";'' J"'"" ' * ' wL'killed, Willi ina..y of his nob.l.ty, a.id 10,000 '"Tvorar, a town of Franco, in the Ucparlmenl of Lozere, 13 m. S. of M.'.,(lo, and :.^> N. ot Montpclier. It is the seat of a prefect. 1 op. .n ^*F/or«<-f ,' a ceU-bralod city of Italy, "apital of Tuscany, and an archbishop's see w.ll. a c.tadel, and a iniversily. ll was f.rst loundod by he soldiers of Svlla, enibellislird an.l e.ilar.j.d by the triumvirs; destroyed by Tolila, a.id rebmit by Cliarlcianae. The circumference .s about m. and the fortifications consist of only a wall and a ditch, with two or three forts wluch command a nan of the town. It is divided .nto two unequal pirta, by the river Arno, over which are four !;and;om^e brid.es. The quays, tL- 'm, ,ngs on each side, and H'e .bridges, re...bT I e part IhrouMi which the river runs by far the hnest but every part is full of wonders .n H"' arts ol a nling Ltaluarv and architecture. The envi- rons are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of the Florentine merchanLs, formerly, were men of ureal wealth; and one of them, in the puddle of the fifteclh century, '■'"'l "^^ ""'":„ '^'HVr,; which, from the name of Us lounder .s sl.U called the Pala/.zo Pilli. H was afterwards pure i.ased by the Medici family, who made some enlarge- nfents ; and it lli«nce became the ";Bidencc of the grand dukes of Tuscany. The Palaz/.o Vecchio, or old palace, contains a room 1- J feel lon-r, and 70 wide, for public enlerlainmenis The beauties and riches of these palaces, in al that is masterly in architecture, literature ami the arUs, especially those of painlins: and sculplure have been often described. The celebrated Venus of Medici, the slan.lard of taste i.i fe.nale beiMity and proportion, stood in a room calleil the 1 ri- bunc;this, with other masterpieces ol sculp- ture, was carried away to Pans, but reslnred with most of the other works of art at the general peace in 1815. There are other r.m.ns, whose contents are indicated by the names hey bear , as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural histo- ry, medals, portraits, porcelain antiquities &c^ Beside theMedicean library begun by .K bus de Medici, and greatly augmented by duke Cosmo I ■ there are several other copioKS libra- ries, especially those in the two Benedictine and Carmelite convents. The Florentine Acade.ny and the Academia della Crusca were instituted to enrich the liU'rature and improve the language of Tuscany ; the latter is so named because it rejects like' hnm all words not purely Tuscan. The cathedral, the churches, and other public buildino-s, contain paintings and 5cul|)ture by the f,-8l masters in Italy ; and the chapel ot Lorenzo is perhaps, the mnsl'expensivo liabitation that ever was reared for the dead, being mcrusted with precious stones, and adorned with the workman- ihip of the best modern sculptors. The manulac- inrcs of Florence are chiefly silks, satins gold „nd silver stuffs, and damask table cloths It has considerable trade in fruits, oil and excel- 1. It wines. Florence is 4.5 m. EN. E. of Leg- I. rn, which is its out-port, and 12.. N. W. ol 1 ne. Long. 11.3. E.,lat.4X 46. N. Pop. in ^'f;i™.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 0G4. Also a village in Alabama, the capital of Landerdale Co. on the Muscle Shoals ol Tennessee River. Also a village in Huron Co. Ohm. Ftnrciit, Si. a town of France, in the departmc.it of Mayenne and Loire, with a Benedictine abbey ; sealed on the Loire, *) m. W. S. W. of Angers. Flornithi. n town of France, in the department of Yoiine, al the ccmllu.'C of the Armance and Arniancon, 15 in. N. E. of Au.verre, and SOS. E. of Paris. FlornUinn, or Fiorenlino, a province of Tusca- ny ; bound.d on the N. W. by the republic of Lucca and the Modencse ; N. E. by the Apen- I C* 1... (1. . C*t..,.»nc.> l^i^ri Illki-.lll :,Sll.- IjllCCil linu IIU- nti"ictiv.^v , *,. .-■ --J - _r nines, and S. by the Siennese. Pop. about oSO, 000; liesides Fbueiice the capital, tlie other prin- cipal towns are Leghorn, Pisa, mid Pistoia. I'lorcs, orMamri-iilr, an islam! of the Ea.-'t Indies, one of the chain that forms the S. boundary of the Java and lianda seas, 10.-( m. long and 45 broad, lying to the E. of that of Sumbawa. On the S. 'side, near the E. end, is a town named ],arantuca. Long. I'Jl. 50. E., lat. 8. 5U. S. Finns, «. fertile island, one of the Azores, so called from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lagens is the most populous town, but St. t'ruz is Ihe capiUl. Long. 31. 0. W., lat. 31). 34. N. , ^ Floridii, a Territory of tlie United Sutcs,and the most southern portion of the country. Its south- ern point is in '^5. N. lat., and it extends N, to 31. It lies between HO. 25. and S7. 20. W. long, and contains, about 45,000 sq. in. ll is shaped some- what like an L, the southeastern part lieing a pe- ninsula washed by the ocean on the E., and the Gulf of Me.xico on the W. Its boundaries on the N. are (JeorL'ia, and Alabama. It has been usual to consider tliis territory as consisting of two divi- sions. East and West,'but there is al present no political distinction. The land is low and generally either sandy or swampy. On the coast it is mostly barren. There are many savannas covered wilh a thick growth of>'rassand flowers. In the swampy tracts the cane brakes are of an enormous height and thick- ness. The reed canes are sometimes 30 and 40 feel high. The ponds and bayous are in summer covered with aquatic plants, and abound with al- liiralors. The uplands of the interior are the most fertile and bear the name of hammoc lands from the luftji or swells which they exhibit. The greater part of the surface is a pine barren ; Ibis is a land wilh a grey and reddish soil producing coarse irrass and a scanty growth of pine trees. Almost every part of the county affords abundance of timber, as pitch pine, live oak, cypress, &c. Two thirds of the country are covered with pine for- The mao-nolia is a very common and beautiful tree and o-'fows to the height of 100 feel with a strai'irht trunk surmounted by a conical mass of dark°anish beard which hancrs in festoons upon the branches of Uie live Oakland pine, afibrds a good material for stulbng. This country is very thinly inhabited, and har- dly any tliinir is known from experience as to its capabilities for agriculture ; but it is thought to be excellently adapted to the culture of tobacco, cot- ton indigo, rice, and sugar. At present the chief obiects of attention among the planters, are maize rice, potatoes, beans, melons, &c. The olive and coffee have been tried here and the former will undoubtedly succeed. FAl S93 FAL lia. Near it is a large copper iiiuie, ileciucd the most ancient in Kurope; also a manufacture of green and blue vitriol. It is situated in the midst of the rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and Warpen, 110 m. N. W. of Stockholm. Pop. about 4,000. Fuifo, a town of Cochin China, and a place of ^reat trade ; situate on a river that flows into the bay ofTuron, 30 m. S. E. ofTuron. Fairbank, p,v. Chatauque, Co. N. Y. Fairfax, a county of the E. District of Virgin ia lying VV. of the Potomac river, bounded on the E. by the district of Columbia. Its area is about 400 square m. Pop. 9,20G. Fairfax, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,729. Also towns in Fairfax and Culpepper Cos. Va. Fairfield, a countv at the S. W. extremity of Connecticut, bounded in a W. S. W. direction by Long Island Sound, and N. N. E. by the Housatonick river. It is divided into 18 town- ships. Pop. 4(5,950. Tiie chief town of the same name is seated on the W. bank of a creek in Long Island Sound, 22 m. W. S. W. of New Haven, h. was burnt by a party of tories and British in 1777. Pop. 4,246. Fairfield, is also the name of an interior coun- ty in the south part of Ohio, iu which the Hock- hockings river and a tributary of the Scioto have their sources ; it extends about 20 m. from N. to S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 24,788. Lan- caster is the chief town. Fairfield, a district of South Carolina, lying between the Catawba and Broad rivers. Pop. 21,54(i. Wanesborough is the chief town. Fairfield, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,265. Also towns in Cumberland Co. N. J. ; Crawford, Westmoreland and Adams Cos. Pa. ; Rockbridge and Nelson Cos. Va. ; Columbia and Putnam Cos. Geo.; Jefferson, Columbiana, Highland, Tusca- rawas, Greene, Butler, and Licking Cos. Ohio. Nelson Co. Ken. ; Franklin Co. Indiana, and Wayne Co. Illinois. Fairford, a town of Gloucestershire, Eng. The church was founded in 1493, by John Tame, a merchant of London, purposely for the reception of some glass, taken by one of his vessels, in a ship going to Rome : it has 2S windows, beauti- fully painted with subjects chiefly scriptural, de- signed by the famous Albert Durer. It is seated near the Coin, 25 m. S. E. of Gloucester, and 80 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,.547. Fairhaven, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 675. Also a p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Buzzard's Bay opposite New Bedford. Pop. 3,0*1. Fairhead, the N. E. point of Ireland, rising 631 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 55. 44. N., and 6. 2. of W. long. It is opposite to Raughlin Island. Fair Isle, a small island in the Northern ocean, between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both which its high towering rocks are visible. On the E. side the duke of Medina Sidonia, admi- ral of the Spanish armada, was wrecked in 1588. Fairlee, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 656. Fairley, a village of Scotland, on the coast of Arvshire, 12 m. N. W. of Irvine. It has a small harbour ; and the strait in the frith of Clyde, formed by the coast and the Cumbray isles is call- ed Fairley Road. FairpoTt, p.v. Geauga Co. Ohio, on lake Erie. It has a good harbour for small vessels. Fairloitn, a village in Cumberland Co. N. J. Fairvittc, a township in York Co. Pa. Also a village in Erie Co. Pa. on the lake. Also a vil- lage in Brooke Co. Va. ; and a village in Gacrn sey Co. Ohio. Faisar^, an island in the river Bidassoa, which separates France from Spain. It is also called the Isle of Conference, because Louis XIV. and Philip IV. here swore to observe the peace of the Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 conferences be- tween their ministers. It is considered as a neu- tral place, and is situate between Andayc and Fontarabia. Falicnlitim, a town in Norfolk, Eng. situate on a hill, by the river Yare, 9 m. from the coast, 20 N. W. of Norwich, and 108 N. N. E. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, L6;j.5. Falaisc, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, with a castle, and one of the finest towers in France. It is the birth-place of Wil- liam the Conqueror, and has a good trade in ser- ges, linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante, 20 m. S. E. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris, it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 9,912. Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows by Gram- pound and Tregony to Falmouth, where it forms a fine haven in the English channel. fflrtcna!/, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with manufactures of alum, sulphur, and vitriol ; seated on the river Egra, 12 m. N. E. of Egra. Falkcnberg, a town of Sweden, in Holland at the mouth of the Athran, on the Categat, oppo- site to the isle of Anholt, 17 m. N. by W. of Ilalmstadt. Falkenberg, a town of Brandenber^, in the New Mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage, 32 m. E. by N. of New Stargard. Falkmberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal- ity of Oppeln, with a castle, 14 ro. S. by E. of Brieg. Falkenstcin, a town in Germany, in a county of the same name. It stands a little to the N. of Winweiler, 24 ro. W. by S. of Worms. Falkenstcin, is also the name of a town in the Vogtland, near the N. W. frontier of Bo- hemia. Falkioping, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 56 m. E. of Uddevalla. It is memorable for a bat- tle fouglit in 1388, between Margaret, queen of Denmark, and Albert, king of Sweden, when the latter was defeated and taken prisoner with his son. Falkirk, a populous town of Scotland, in Stir- lingshire, famous for its trysts, held thrice a year at which 60,000 head of black-cattle have been sold at one tryst, beside a great number of sheep and horses. It is seated near the Carron and the Great canal, 12 m. S. E. of Stirling. The royal army was defeated near this place in 1746. Pop. about 12,000. Falkland, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with some linen manufactures. Here are the ruins of the royal palace in which James V. died in 1582 ; some of its apartments are still inhabited. It is 20 m. N. of Edinburgh. Falkland Islands, two large islands, surrounded by a great number of smaller, lying in the Atlan- tic ocean, to the E. of the strait of Magellan. The smaller of the two large islands lies E. of the other, from which it is separated by a channel called Falkland Sound. These islands were probably seen by Maigellan, but Davis is deemed the discoverer of the min 1592. They were visit- ed by sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594 ; and in 1765, commodore Byron made a settlement here ; but in 1770, the Spaniards forcibly dispossetied I'ON 304 KOR Fail, a lowu of France, capital of the ilepuil- inent of Arriege. Here is a manufacture of coame woolen cloths, witli some co|iper-niills. It is seat- ed on tlie Arriego, near the fool of the Pyrenees, 42 ni. S. bv K. of Toulouse. Fu-kicn a maritime province in the S. of China, boundej on the N. by Tche-kian^, \V. l)y Kiaiij;- si, S. by Quaug-ton^, and E. by the China Sea. Tiie climate is warm ; and yet tlie air is so pure, that no contagious ilisoascs ever prevail. It pro- duces musk in abundance, precious stones, quick- silver, iron, and tin ; also gold and silver, but it is forbidden to dii.' for these. It lias fine plains ; and industry fertilizes even the mountains, the greater part of which are cut into terraces, rising above eacii other. Its valleys are watered by ftprin«Ts and rivers from the mountains, wliich the husbandman distributes with great skill, to refresh liis rice : he has even the art to raise his water to the tops of the mountains, and to convey it from one side to the fither, by pipes made of-bamboo. The people speak a different language in most of tlie cities, each of which has its particular dialects. The language of the mandarins is that which is spoken every where ; but few understand it in this province : however, it produces a great num- ber of literati. It contains !) cities of the first anil (iO of the third class. Fou-tcheo is the capital. FoleshiU, a parish in the county of the city of Coventry, Eng. lyin^ on the N. side of the city, and intersected by the Coventry canal. Pop. in Ir'vJJ, 4,!):!7, almost exclusively employed in the riband manufacture. Fuli!pio,a town of Italy, in the duchy of Um- bria, famous for its sweetmeats, paper mills, and silk ni.inufactures. It is seated on the W. side of the Apennines, neara fertile plain, 09 m. N. of Rome. FulkinsUam, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on a rising ground, 18 m. W. S. W. of Boston, and lOti N. of London. Pop. 7.59. FolUsliine, a town in Kent, Eng. It had once five churches, four of which have been destroyed by the incursions of the sea. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. Dr. Wm. Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was born here in 157S. It is a member of the port of Dover, governed by a mayor, and a little to the ^V. is Sandgate castle, built by Henry VIII. It is seated on Uie English channel, 8 m. S. W. of Dover, and 73 E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,23'2, chiefly dependent on fishing and smuggling for support. Fondi, a town of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro, seated on the .jppinn Waij near the sea coast, 65 m. S. S. W. of Rome. Fonn-tsiang, or Fontchcou, a city of China, in the province of Chen-si. Its district contains eight cities of the second and third class. It is seated on the Hole Ho, which falls into the Yel- low river, .^tJO m. S. W. of Peking. Long. lOti. 57. E., lat. 3-1. afi. N. Fong-ijnng, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. It incloses within its walls several fertile little hills; and its jurisdiction comprehends five cities of the second, and 13 of the third class. It is seated on a mountain which overhangs a river falling into the Hongts Hon, 70 m. N. E. of Na-king. Long. 116. 58. E., lat. 32. 52. N. Fons, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 5 m. N. W. of Figeac. Fonlainbleati , a town of Fiance, in the depart- ment, of Seine and Marne, celebrated for its fine palace, and a hunting seat of the sovereigns of France. It stands in the midst of an extensive forest, 35 ni. S. S. E. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 0,439. Fontaine i Ecrqnr a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, (> m. W. of Charleroi. Fontanclto, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. E. of Crescentino. Fonturiihia , a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, on the frontiers of France, from wliicli it is separated by tJie river Bidas.soa, which forms a harbour at its mouth, in the bay of Biscay. It stands on a peninsula, at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains, and is so strong both by nature and art as to be accounted the key of Spain, on that side ; but it opened its gates to the French in 1794. It is 22 m. S. W. oTBayonne, and 02 E. by N. of Bilbao Long. 1.47. W., !at. 43. 23. N. Fonteiinij Ic Comtr, a town of France, in the m. N. K. oi'Rennes, nn'. S. W. of Trusi. France, a country of Europe, extending in its extreme limits from the village of Peats de Mello, at tlie foot of the Eastern Pyrenees, in the lat. of 42. 25., in nearly a perpendicular line to Dun- kirk, in the lat. of 51. 2. N. ; this line gives a distance of 517 geographical, .593 British statute m. ; the most important extreme point on the W. is Brest, in the long, of 4. 29. W., and 48. 23. of N. lat., and on tlie £. Strasbnrg in the long, of 7. 45. E. and lat. of 43.:J5. ; the distance between those two points is 12. 14. of VV. long., which in \\v mean lat. of 48. 211. is equal to 4'JO geographi- cal, or 570 British statute m., but a line exceed- ing this by about 4U m. might be drawn in this direction within the French territory, from Point ilus, 25 m. S. of Brest, to the extreme eastern limit, 45 m. S. byE. of Strasburg; the mean line, however, from N. to S. does not exceed 470, a.id from W.to E. 420 British .statute m. This limit gives a superficies of 107,400 sq. m., equal to 120,336,000 British statute acres; a report made In the French government in 1S17 computed the superficies to be equal to 12S millions of acres, of which about 02 millions were in a state of cultivation, ard about 30 millions of acres reported as unproduct'-'e, and unfit for cultivation. This fine territory is aounded from Dunkirk to the Rhine, in the lat. of 59. N. a distance of 290 m. in a direction E. S. E. of Netherlands and the Prussian provinces of the Rhine ; about 100 m. of this frontier nearest to Dunkirk is an open plain without any natural barrier ; further S. the inroad is more or less impeded by forests. From the lat. of 40. the Rhine in a direction S. by W. for about 1 10 m. divides France from the territory of the grand duke of Baden ; from the lat. of 47. 40. to 43. 42. it is divided from Switzerland, Savov, and Piedmont, by collateral ridges of the Alpine mountains ; the S. E. extremity is bounded bv the little river Var, which divides France from the countv of Nice. The meridional distance from this point to the eastern extremity of the Pyrenees is 220 statute m., but the indentations of the Mediterranean sea, give an extent of sea- co.ast on that side of France, near to, if not e.x- ccedina 300 in. The Pyrenean mountains in a direction W. by N. for 2-50 m. next form the K.iutlicrn boundary of France, dividing it from the Iherian peninsula of Spain and Portugal; the little river Bidassoa .Oinus the boundary at the S. W. extremity, and VV. from the month of this river in the lat. of 43. 22. and 1, 47. of W. long. to the isle of Ushant, in tlio lat. of 18. 23. and 5. 3. of W. long. Franoe is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean ; and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to Dunkirk by th." English channel. The meridional dl.5tance from the Bidassoa to Ushant is 31X1 m., and from Ushant to Dunkirk 3.30 m, but the indenta- tions of the sea will jive about 500 m. of coast on eacli side of the isle of TIshanI, and willi the S. Fi. boundary on the Mediterranean an aggre- gate extent of sea-coast of about 1.300 m, and a circumference of ahout 2,200 m. The sea-ports are Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Diepjie, Fecamp, Havre, Caen, Cherburgh, St. Maloand Morlaix,on the coast of the English rhannel: Brest, Qnimper, I.' Orient, Nantes, Roehelle, Rochefort, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. on the coast of the Bay of Biscay or Atlantic Ocean, and Marseilles and Tonlon in the Mediterranean ; Cherburgh, Brest, Roche- fort, and Toulon are the chief stations of the French national marine. Every part of France is intersected by rivers flowing in all directions. Taking them in geo- graphical order from the N. the first entitled to notice are the Moselle and the Meuse, both of which rise in the N. E. part of France, and take circuitous courses northerly into the Netherlands, the former falling into the Rhine, and the latter into the N. Sea. The Somme is an inconsidera- ble river running W. N. W. into the English channel. The next in order and importance is the Seine which also runs in a W. N. W. direc- tion into the English ciiannel, being joined in its course by the Marne, Aube, and the Oise, on the N., and by the Yonuc and the Eure on the S. The Ornc,and two or three other rivers of inferior note also fall into the English channel. The no- blest river in all France is the Loire, which rises in the S. and flows in a direction N. by VV. for about 2.50 m., when it takes a direction nearly due W. for about 250 m. more, falling into the Atlantic Ocean. It receives in its course numer- ous tributary streams, the most considerable of which, are the Allier, running parallel with it from the S. for about 180 m., and the Cher, Indre, Creuce, Vienne, and Sevre, all from the S., and from the N. it receives the Lower Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and a few others of a smaller size. In the S. the united streams of the Lot, the Tarn, and Garonne, with several others of inferior note, form the Gironde which falls into the Bay of Biscay, being joined from the E. below Bordeaux by the Dordogne and Ille. Between the Loire and the Gironde the Charente, and between the Gironde and the Pyrenees the Adour, each with numerous tributary streams also fall into the Bay of Biscay. The Rhone rising near Mount St. Gothard in Switzerland, after forming the lake of Geneva it enters France on the S. E., and after a course of about 80 m. to Lyons, first S. and tlien VV. it takes a course nearly due S. from Lyons, for about 150 m. falling into the Mediter- ranean ; being joined at Lyons by the Saone from the N., and below Lyons from the E. by the Isere, the Drome, and the Durance. The-Ssine is united with the Loire by a canal as is the Garonne with the Mediterranean sea. Since the revolution which commenced in 1789, France has been divided into 86 departments, each department into 3 lo C arrondissements, the total being 3ii3 , the arrondissements into 2,609 cantons, and the cantons into 38,990 communes. Accor- ding to censuses of the population taken in 1789, the numbers were 20,300,000, and in 1820, 30,451, 1^7; this number, taken in reference to the ex- tent of surface over which it is spread, renders France, relatively, more than one-third less popu- lous than England and Wales, With the exception of the S. E. departments bordering on the Alpine territories of Swit- zerland, Savoy, and Piedmont which are elevat- ed, France m,ay lie regarded as a level, rather than a mountainous country, and in many respects, alike in a geographical, political, and social sense, as liearing a similar relation to Europe that the fine and fertile plains and people of China do to Asia, Over all the S. E. part of the country the vine, al- mond, olive, and mulberr)', luxuriate and bring forth fruit in the higliest degree of perfection, and the vine and a variety of delicious fruits flour- ish over the greater part of the country, to the 49th degree of lat. FRA 308 FRA Wild animals arc not numerous in France, from tlic want of larjie forests and estonsive mountains. The black artll brown bears are found among the Pyrenees and the lynx amoiii; the Alps. The who is of a slender and elegant figure and very destructive to small game. This bird is also found in Germany and occasionally in Great Britian. "•"fil^J^^SSSK. badger digs its den in the remotest woods, and the mole is abundant in the most fruitful fields. The forests of the Vosges and the woods upon the Moselle atforil a shelter to several species of squirrels. And the Siberian flying squirrel, which issues from its retreat in the night and springs from branch to branch is not unconnnon among tlie Alps. The hamster rat is one of the most per- nicious of the tribes in existence. Ho makes ex- traordinary ravages among the crops and will sometimes amass in his den an hundred pounds of grain. All the large forests are inhabited by the wolf, the most destructive of the carnivorous animals in France. Almost every species of bird common to Europe is found here. The flamingoes from Africa ap- pear in flocks on the shores of the Mediterranean. The becaficoes or fig-peckers, so much esteeemed by the epicure are abundant in the south. That fine songster, the nightingale, is by no means rare. Larks are so abundant that the markets are often stocked with them for food, and the business of taking them with bird-lime affords employment to great numbers of people. The red partridge is common in the central and western departments, and the grey in the southern. Woodcocks and snipes frequent the woods and marshes. The ring ouzel is a bird of passsage and feeds upon insects and berries, but is particularly fond of the grapes of this country. The goldfinch, the liu; net and the bulfinch may be added to tlie list of singing birds. Of hawks there is a variety, and among them may be mentioned the goshawk The N. and N. W. departments are productive in every kind of grain, pulse and legumes ; man- ufactures of silk, wool, linens, leather, and met- als, are carried on over all parts of the country, and since the termination of the w'ar in 1814, tlie cotton manufacture has been progressively in- creasing, and is now carried on to a great extent. In addition to these internal resources, J'rance exclusively enjoys the abundant produce of the islands of Martinitjue and Guadaloupe in the West Indies ; she also holds in colonial possession Cay- enne in South America ; Goree and Senegal on the coast of Africa ; and the isle of Bourbon in the Indian Ocean ; and draws considerable supplies of produce from Brazil, the United States of Amer- ica, parts beyond the Cape of Good Hope, the Levant, and other parts of tlie world, in exchange for her surplus produce of wines, brandy, silks, and various manufactures. Exempt from all those extremes of climate which in several parts of the world militate against physical exertion, as well as vegetation, France may be considered as pos- sessing within itself all the means of commanding a higher degree of human enioynient than can be obtained in any other part of Europe, and equal to %vhat can be obtained in an^' other jiart of the globe. For centuries prior to the Christian era, this part of Europe appears to have been inhabited by a numerous and hardy race of people, those oc- cupying the interior being denominated Celts. The first important notice which history furnishes of them is in 225 B. C. when the Gauls who in- habited part of Piedmont and the north of Italy, invited tiie people then occujiying the banks of the Ulione to aid them in repelling the aggressions of the Romans ; and from thus being brought in contact with that powerful and enlightened peo pie, they acipiired tlie name of Transalpine Gauls, in reference to their territory lying W. of the Aljis, and in contradistinction to the ancient Gauls, who were designated the Cisalpiues. In lOU B. C. the Cimbri and Teutones from the north of Germany marched through Transalpine Gaul into Spain, ravaging the country on their way, but being driven back by the Celtiberians, tliey divided their forces with the view of pene- trating into Italy in two directions: the Teutones directed their course to the S. E. when they were opposed by Marius, between the mouths of the Rhone and the Durance, and experienced a complete defeat, losing 200,000 men on the field of battle, and 80,000 more taken prisoners. From this period the Romans extended their arms and their arts over the greater part of the country, and in 59 B. C. the Roman senate conferred on Julius Ca?sar the government of all Transalpine Gaul for five years ; two years after this, the whole western coast from tlie Seine to the Loire FRA 309 FRA became effectually subdued to Roman control, and in five years more, by awarding honorary distinctions to the principal cities, and distri- buting bribes to the leading chiefs, the whole country became reconciled to the Roman gov- ernment. It was afterwards divided into 17 mili- tary divisions. As the power of the Romans declined, Transal- pine Gaul again became exposed to the inroad of the different tribes on the N. E. In the year 406, a tribe of Burgundians from the banks of the Vistula crossed the Rhine and took possession of that part of tiie country, afterwards named Bur- gundy, and in 420 another tribe from Franconia, under the command of Pharamond entered from the N . E . From 4.50 to 4.52 it was ravaged by the Huns under Attila, who on laying siege to Or- leans was brought to battle by Meroveus, who defeated Attila with a loss of 200,000 men. In 482 Clovis, a Franconian and descendant of Me- roveus, possessed himself of all the places in Transalpine Gaul, previously held by the Ro- mans, and in 492 marrying Clotilda, daugliter of Chilperic, king of the Burgundians, became king of the whole country now called France. Clotilda at the time of her marriage had embraced Chris- tianity, and in 490 Ciovis initiated himself in its mysteries throuwli the means of St. Remi, and was baptized at Rheims on Christmas eve of that year : hence the custom of the coronation at Rheims of the kings of France through a period of more than 1,300 years. Clovis was the first of a race of 17 kings who reigned over France in regular succession, denominated the Mcroringian race, in reference to their descent from Meroveus. In 732 France was ravaged by tlie Saracens un- der the command of Abdilrahman, when I^udes, duke of Aquitain, implored the assistance of Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia who brought Abdalrahman to battle between Tours and Poiters, and defeated him, as jiistory informs us, wilii the loss of 375,000 men, Abdalrahman himself being slain on the field of battle. In 737 the crown of France devolved to Charles Martel, whose manly spirit, however, disdained regal parade. He ruled Franco for four years under the title of duke ; he died in 741 , and was succeeded by an imbecile named Childeric, whose authority m 752 was superseded by Pepin, and this person became tiie first of a race of 13 kinrs denominated Curlorin- friaiis. Pepin died in 7GS, and was succeeded bv Charlemagne the renowned, crowned emjjeror of the Romans, or of the West, at Rome, in 80(K On the death of Louis V. in 0S(!, after a reign of one year, the crown of France descended to Charles, an uncle of Loui.-?, but in consequence of his having vassalated himself to the emperor Otho III. lie was precluded from its accession, and the crown was conferred by election on Hugh Capet, who became tiie first of anotiier race of 1 1 kings termed the Capetian. Charles IV. tlie last of the Capets in regular succession dying in 1334, without male issue, the crown devolved^ on Philip of Vahis, who was the first of 7 kings of that race. In 1498 it devolved on the duke of Orleans, who became Louis XII. and w;is the first of another race of G kings. On the deatli of Henry III. in 1.589, the succession w.i3 again broken, when the crown devolved on Henry of Bourbon, in whose line it continued until the de- capitation of Louis XVI. on the 2l3t of January, 1793. For some centuries antecedent to this period, France had been divided into 32 provinces of v ery unequal extent, each with a distinct local admin- istration. The period of their formation does not appear. At the time the Romans first entered France, it was divided into four great parts, viz. Narbonensis, comprising the S. E., Aquitain the S. W., Celtica the interior, and Gallia Belu-ica the N. The division into 17 provinces took pTace under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, and some of the Roman names continued as late as the 13th century, John, king of England, in the preamble to Magna Charta, being styled duke of Normandy and Aquitain. Austrasia, over which Cliarles Martel presided in the 8th centurv, ap"- pears to have comprised part of the N. E. of France, and what now forms part of the Prussian Provinces of the Rhine. Subsequent to the pe- riod of the accession of Clovis in 481, tlie country appears to have been exposed to a continuity of internal dissensions ; and when these had subsi- ded, the vain glory which France acquired under Cliarlemagne, increased tlie Jealousy of the neigh- bouring powers, and e.\cited external broils. In 912 the N. W. coast was invaded by a northern tribe called Normans who retained possession of that part of the country afterwards called Nor- mandy ; and in lOliO, William the duke of this province, invaded, conquered, and became king of England. This event subsequently led to violent contests between England and France. Louis VII., in 1137, embarked in the crusading mania of that period, and in 1334 on Charles IV., the last of the Capets, dying without male issue, Edward III. of England, set up his claim to the French crown. The battles of Cressy and Poitiers in 134ti and 1355 resulted from this pre- tension. At the battle of Poitiers, John, king of France was taken prisoner, but afterwards ran- somed for 3,000,01)0 crowns of gold, equal to £1,500,000. A respite from external war followed this negociation, but internal broils again ensued, and in 1415 Henry V. Ring of England, availed iiimself of prevailing dissensions to renew the claim of Edward to the French crown, and on the 25tli of October of that year, the French forces experienced a decisive defeat at .^gincourt. Henry ftllowed up his victory by the capture of several of tlu- most important towns in Normandy, and in 1420 the succession to the crown was reded to him by treal y. In 1422 he assumed the regency o( France; but he dying at Viciiue on the 30lli of August of that year, his brother suc- ceeded him in the regency during the minority of his s )n Henry VI. who was crowned king ot* France at Paris, on the 7th of December f43L The Engli.sh influence had, however, previously experienced a considerable check, by the singukir and daring exploits of Jeanne of ,\rc, celebrated as the maid of Orleans, and by 1451, Calais was the only place in Fiance heid by the English. Her king^•. however, retained the title of king of France until the peace of .Amiens, in 1801-2. After having succeeded in driving the English from tlie French territory, France embroiled her- self in the contentions of her northern and east- ern neighlinurs ; but a general peace pervaded all Europe during the latfer part of the llith cen- tury, by the treaty of Cambray in 1.5.59. The rest- less spirit of the French government during the reigns of Francis H., Charles IX., and Henry HI., the three last kings of the Orleans race, directed their wantonness and cruelty against their own protestant subjects. This persecution was allay- ed for a time by Henry IV. the first of the Bour- bons, who ascended the throne in 1589, under rr.A no TR\ vhosi" conciliatory imlicy. tlio intorcst ; r.f France li'CnTni- ninrc consoliciatod tlrm ot any fiinner pe- riod. Henry, linwevcr, was nssassinateil by a fanatic in HilO, when fresh disnrder ensued, and France af;ain was seen involved in all the conten- tions of the Enropean states, and of England with her American colonies, which tooli place in the interval of that period. It was immediately after the ireneral peace of Europe in 17t*l!, when the Eng-lish American colonies obtained an honorable independence, that the triple oppression of the crown, the no- bles, and the clerijy became intolerable to the French people. The finances became ii.extricably embarrassed, and the States Cieneral or assembly of the repre- sentatives of the people according to an ancient but disused custom, were called together in I7.SI*. From the consideration of fiscal affairs they were led to the discussion of political ricrhts an(l theo- ries of government. The revolution fiillowed, and its events form the most tragic and bloody paore in all modern history. This occurri'iice in- vorved France in a war with almost all Europe, and her effiirts single handed against this tremen- dous odds e.^cited the astonishment of the world. Among those who contributed more especially to the eelat of the French armies, was a young officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on his return to Paris, alter his successful campaign in Italy, was intrusted with the command of a vast ar- mament to the shores of Egypt, and wiien he re- turned in 17i)0 was mainly instrumental in firm- ing a new constitution under a Triune consulate, senate and legislative body, in which he himself was appointed one of the consuls. In October, lS01,apcace was signed with England, which proved, however, of short duration. War was renewed in IMIIIi, when lionaparte was appointed Consul for life, with power to nominate his suc- cessor ; this, however, fidl short of his ambition, and in May of the fidlowing j'oar he was pro- claimed Emperor of France. On the 1st of October, 1H0.">, he again headed a powerful army against the German States ; detached the minor powers from the Germanic confederacy, and united them to his own interest, under the new title of the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1.^08, he marched an army of 80,000 men into Spain, and placed one of his brothers on the throne of that country •, another brother he had caused to be crowned king of Holland ; another king of Westphalia, and a brother-in-law king of Naples. The whole of the Netherlands he had annexed to France, in U, departments ; and on the king of Holland resigniuir his crown in ISOl*, the whole of that country, with the coast of Germany, as far as the Elbe; the ststes of the papal rhnrt'h, and the greater i>arl of the north of Italy, were also decreed integral ;>arts of the French empire, in 2S additional departments. The em]ieri>r of Austria, imagining that the di- vision of the French forces into Spain afforded him an opportunity of avenging the repeated de- feats he had sustained, provoked a new ecntest in 1809, when Napolemi again took the fiidd against the Austrians, and on the .^jlh of July completely defeated them. A treaty of peace fdlowed, in which the daughter of the emperor of Austria was ceded in marriage to the conqtieror of her father's ca])ital. The birth of a son in 1811 seemed for a time to render permanent the fortunes of Napolen;i anil hisfimily; but an ill-fated andii- tion led him, in ISl'J, lo'iiiarch an army o(".10ll,OIIO men into Russia. .After repeati d and Bovore c-in llicts lie reached Moscow, the acient capital .if tint empire, on the Mtli of Septi^mber. By the or- der (.f the governor, this citv was secretly ^■et en lire, and the desolation by wliicli Napoleon found himself surrounded induced him to withdraw his forces. They were overtaken with snow storms before they could reach the frontiers, whilst the Russians on their rear subjected them to continued disasters; and in the end destroyed the finest ar- my which ever assendded in Europe. In the tneai time the French troops in the peninsula were ex- posed to frequent defeats ; and, by 18M, Napoleon and his troops had nut only liee]i driven with- in their own frontier, but a united Ru.^sian, Prussian, and Austrian arinj' entered France from the N. E., the British, Spanish, and Tortugneso armies entered it from the S. W., and Napoleon, seeing the tide of fortune completely set against him, imTuediately abdicated the sceptre. The is- land of Elba was assigned to him as a residence in full sovereignty for life, with an income of about £200,000 per annum. On the 3rd of May, 18M, Louis XVIII., who had been exiled in Eng. during the consular and imperial dj'nasty, arrived in Paris to resume the throne of his ancestors. On the .')th of March, 181.'5, Napoleon secretly lan- ded at Frejus, and marched without interruption to Paris, from which Louis fled at midnight on the 'Jdth. Napoleon arrived the same evening; on they7lh the national council annulled his abdi- cation, and called upon him to resmne his impe- rial functions. On the 2!lth he abolished llie Af- rican slave trade; on the 12th of June he left Paris, to lake the command of an army on the N. E. frontier , but, after a whole day's severe fight- ing, on the 18th his lino was broken, his troops thrown into confusion, and the palm of victory left with the allies, who luarehed ng.ain upon Paris, which they reached on the 0th of July. Napoleon again abdicated the imperial sceptre, and on the 2'M\ of June quitted Paris never to return. Louis again resmned the sovereignty on the 18th of July; ou the 2.jth of the same month Napoleon surrendered to the commander of a British ship of war, and was afterwards carried to the island of St. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died on the .5lh of May, 1821. Louis XVIII. died in September 1824, and was succeeded by his brother Charles Philip (Count d'Artois) under the title of Charles X., whose in- creasing infringement of the rights of the people at length aroused universal indignation, and ex- pellrd hill) from the throne he had so unworthily iilled. and thecriuntry he had laboured to enslave. The form of government since 1814 resembled that of Britain — the power being vested in tie; king, the chamber of peers, and the deputies. To strengthen himself in the chamber of peers, ('harles X. increased it by creations: to weaken the people he invadi'd the elective franchise and shackled the ])ress. In August 1829 he dismissed M. Martignac's administration because it would not go all lengths against the people, and appoint- ed another of ultra royalists, under his natural son Prince Piilignae. The first act of the dejin- ties, on the meeting of the chambers in March 18:!0, was an address praying for the dismission of the ministers. The king answered it haughtily and dismissed the chambers. Finding that the ne\v chandler was likely to thwart his views still more than the fiirmer, he determined tostrike n decisi\'e blow, and on Sunday, July 2-'), he signed throe ordii'.n.uees — the first abolishing the ] FRA 311 FRA freeiniii ol' the press — the second dissulvinij the chamber of deputies, which had never asseni- l,led — and the third abrogating the most imjiortant rights of the elective francliise. — This, however, was the last act of his misrule. A revolution en- sued The people were victorious. Tlic govern- ment of Charles was overturned, and himself left to drag out the remains of his days in ignoininiuus and unpitied banishment ; while the sceptre was placed ill the hands of a constitutional monarch, Louis riiilippe 1. — formerly the duke of Orleans. This revolution has already had a powerful influ- ence on other states, and promises to open the way to the most important changes on the conti- nent of Europe. A distinguishing feature of the present order of government is its perfect tolera- tion in religious matters. The religionof the sov- freii'n and the court is the Roman Catholic, but the teachers of all other sects of Christians are now supported by government. A considerable number of priests have recently separated them- selves from the Romish pale, and the number of Protestants is increasing daily. France exhibits an imposing picture of physical, moral, and social power, which the pliilosopher and philanthropist will view with mingled feelings of hope and fear ; witli hope, that she will hence- forward be as assiduous to acquire glory in pursu- inn- the arts of peace, and the attainments of so- cial order, as she has heretofore been in the pur- suit of conquest and political aggrandisement ; and with fear, lest intrigue, priestcraft, and sel- fish ambition should again obtain an ascendancy, and predominate over the rights and interests of the people. It is not easy for American readers to acquire any just knowledge of the character of the French. English travellers have written much npon this nation, but they are not to be trusted. Tlie French people in many respects occupy the first rank among the European nations. The in- fluence of this country may be coinpare3, and retaken by the allies in 1794. It is seated 2 m. W. of the Rhine, and 7 S. of Worms. Franhcnhausen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with some extensive salt-works ; sit- uate on a branch of the Wipper, 26 m. N. of Erfurt. Pop. about 3,000. Frankenstein, a town of Germany, in the pal- atinate of the Rhine, 9m. S. E. of Kayserslautern. Frankenstein, ^ town of Silesia, in the princi- palitv of Munsterberg, on the river Bautze, 13 m. W. S. W. of Munsterberg. Frankford, towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Phila. Co. Pa., Green Brier and Hampshire Cos. Va. Frankfort, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Penob- scot. Pop. 2,4S7. Also a p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,620. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Illinois, 4.5 m. N. W. Shawneclown. Also villages and towns in Beaver Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Va., and Guernsey Co. Ohio. Frankfort on the Maine, a fortified city of Ger- many, in the circle of the Rhine. It is divided by the river Maine, 2.5 m. above its entrance into the Rhine, into two parts, which communicate by means of a stone bridge ; the larger part, on tlie N. side is called Frankfort, and the smaller Sachsenhausen. It contains several palaces and courts belonging to princes and counts ; and here the kings of the Romans have generally been elect- ed and crowned. The chief structure is the town- house, in which is preserved the golden bull, the origin of the fundamental laws of the empire. All religions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain restrictions,'; but Lutheranism is the established faith ; though the principal church is in the pos- session of the Roman Catholics. The Jews, 8 to 9,000 in number, were formerly confined to a par- ticular corner of the city ; but since 1796, they have resided indiscriminately in all parts. Frank- fort is one of the most considerable trading places in Europe, and has two great fairs every year. It was taken in 1759, by the French, who evacuated it in 1763. It was several times taken and retaken by the French and Austrians, in the war of 1793 — 1814. Since the peace of the latter year, it has been declared the permanent seat of the Germanic diet ; and as such most of tlie Europe- an state* have a minister resident here. It waa 40 the birth place of Goethe ; and also of the family of the Rothschilds, who, daring the war between 1807 and 1815 and ten years subsequent thereto, became the greatest money jobbers in Europe, Frankfort is in lat. 50. 7, N, and 8. 32. of E. long. Pop. about 40,000. Frankfort on the Oiler, a town of Brandenburo', in the Middle Mark, with a famous university am a noble academy. It has three great fairs, and the exclusive right of navigation up the Oder to Breslau. Here are two suburbs callelt Lebus and Guben, and a bridge over the Oder. In 1759, it was taken by the Russians and Austrians, and in 1806, it fell into the hands of the French ; hut fell to Prussia on the retreat of the French armv from Moscow in 1812. It is 45 m. E. by S. of Berlin, and 72 S. ofSleltin. Pop. about 12,ii00. FranA/or(, the chief town of Franklin county, Kentucky, and seat of the legislative assembly of the state. It is regularly laid out, and stands on the E. bank of the Kentucky, 60 m. from its con- flux with the Ohio, and 415 m. W. by S. of Wash ington. Pop. 1,987. Franklin, the name of 15 American counties The following are the states in geographical or- der, with the population of each, and name of its cliieftown. Vermont, 24,525, St. Albana. Massachusetts, 29,344, Greenfield. New York, 11,312, Malone, Pennsylvania, 35,103, Chambersburg. Virginia, 14,911, Rockymount. North Carolina, 10,665, Louisburg. Georgia, 10,13.5, Carnesville. Alabama, 11,078, Russelville. Mississippi, 4,622, Franklin. Tennessee, 15,044, Winchester. Kentucky, 9,2^51, Frankfort. Ohio, 14,766, Colc.mbus. Indiana, 10,199, Erookville, Illinois, 4,081 , Frankfort. Missouri, 3,484, Union. Franklin, is also the name of 34 towns, villages and townships in different parts of the United States. Fra7ikli7iTille, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Frankstotrn, a township in Huntingdon Co. Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, seated on the side of a woody mountain ; it is a bishop's see, always possessed by one of the 6 el- dest cardinals ; and in its neighbourhood are some of the most magnificent villas in Italy, and a sem- inary richly endowed by Cardinal York, The ancient city of Tusculum is supposed to have stood above Frascati ; and between the ruins and the town, it is generally believed, was the Tuscu lum of Cicero, where some Greek monks in the 1 1 th century, built a convent on the ruins of his house. Frascati is 12 m. S. E. of Rome. Pop. about 9,000. Frascrburg, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- sliire, with a small but excellent harbour, and a manufacture of linen yarn. It is seated on the German Ocean, a little S. of the point of Kin- naird Head, and 33 m. N. of Aberdeen. Fop. io 1821,2,831. Fratta Magpore, a populous village in the vi- cinity of Naples. Fraucnimrg, a town of E. Prussia, in the bish- opric of Ermland, on the Frisch Haff, 14 ra. N. E. of Elbin», and 4 W. of Braunsberj;. Cop- ernicus diecf here in 1543. Frauenfeld, a town of Switzerland, capital of rxz 311 KRC r Xh.ii-iriii with « ca«llP- H '' '*tV the «nton of Thofg^^- ^J^'^'^. Mu,g 19 m. N~ Boboiiscii, yo m. s. fc. ^^ ■ 0' E. of Zurich, ana o '' ' "■,,-;";::"s,,^„,,V, in Mis nia, on Ihc river B Dresden. P,,l„nd in the palatinate r™,i^md(, a town of Po""";, " , \,o,^l and ox- ofl^sen, which has a great trad, in w j,__^ , „. Near th.s town "battle was ga^^^^^ y^ ^,_^^ S.vedes over the Saxons, 1H">_ • (;i„„;>u, and frontiersof S.lesia, -JOnv N.^\.'>t ^ ' - • 55 S. S. W. of Posen. .,f Weatphalia, Frcdeherg,". town "f ll>'> ■'"' "I, „f Avensherg. on the river Wenne, ^i ">■ b- »• ^ _^^ j, j,„^„ i.Vc£ier««, P''- '^'^^"V^ :, 't'te of Georpjia, in Frcdcria., a tow., of t''' "^^^^^ „f gt. Sunon Glynn county, ami on the \V- ^l^^ "' harbour, W i^^^'v^:^tf^.ul.^"Lr?^i^50.W.,lat. Jutland, at the entrance of the Lail^ ,^ ^ I Categat, m ,the^ lat.^of o,>.^3.. ^l^ ,^_^^^^ ^^^^^^ „ 51 m P E. of Chrisliania. Long 10 55. Z, Ul. 50. 12. N . Top. about 4,0U0„ way, in the pr.nmc. J^„ Norway U has a U;::Glo,nine,ai,n.W.orFreaern^.^^^^^^.^ mouth Co. ^. y, ^■> ;";f;; , _,^^ Washington s in l/TC- Also a ^'^''f r'' Au'hips^enleang the LHtle Belt, "--'^^^j.-^^fora batfle betwee :e''he!rbtu.1,^o'^nclacontrjbut^^^^^^^^ ^'\„,^,. Ue^y VU..... 1. wards the ligtits and buoys on the coasis ^ . jj^_^^^ ^^^ Greene Co. IN . V . mark. P"P- about 3,^.00. ^ Maryland, fr«Jeri,-/c, a '■■onu^y £ " ' fn'u.nal line which bounded on the N . by "'^.^^ "^^' ';^„i„ and on the divides Maryland ftoi^.l^^-'Xird v des it from N. Y. Als S. by the Potoinac /';'?;• "7i';„„ib from N. to Virginia; >i '? ^''°"\„^u '"d h it°is intersected ?•' ''"n 't S Sfthe Monoc'oey river, which from N. to b. ''?/'„' in Pennsylvania, and Bprings from several sources in 3 F^derick- fills into tl>f .'^i"'""'=\,lPpop of about 5,000, town, the chief town, with a pop. ^^ W. of the Monocoey, la 1^0 m. Annapolis. ,y ^ District of Vir- Frci/cricA, a county in the \vesi ginia,betwen the Bine and NoHhrds^^ ^.^^^ ^Alleghany ^^"^^100 Mounuins on the E. skirts the foot ot tlie unit g j^ jsj. into the side of the county running from b^to 1 I'otomac. It IS divided into East a ^^^^ ^-^7l'^4r'^rh:J-^?^eleftown„sl30 -;ji,:^-:J^S?Montgomer^C.Pa^^ f „d.ri.J.6."-.?, P.v. bpottsj Ivama Co. ^^_^^^ ._^ the Rappahannock, wi h a consicl ^_^^ ,^ flour and tobacco The rrver h^ ^^^^F ._^ ^^,_ to admit vessels ol 140 to"'- ", ,■ latin Ken. and Washington Co. Indian^ ^^^^^ Frederkshuro, a Danish fort, on tne « of Guinea, near Cape fhree-points, 62 m. vv W. of Cape Coast Castle. Long. 1. o. w ., ia<. ""■^ederic^ur,, a town of Further Pomerania, the isle of Zealand, with a castle and palace, 10 ™-;?;.rrit^XS., a sea^port of Nor tw^n' tt' rl^er , tfom'' the d ffereiU saw mi Is, oc_. casions an annual "P^-^^i^^VXn.sThe' town, the summitof a rock which over . ^^ ^^^^_ Pop. 809. Also and Baltimore, ■op, 724. Pop. 2,02:!. h 'su--it of a rock,- which over-hangs uie .0 v ., ^^- ^ ^ . .lands the hitherto impregnable fortr. ss ol » re Frcudenirrg, : Sein •, at the -egeo which '" m«-. C};"'^ county of Hoya, Xll of Sweden wn« killed b> a n Fmlonia, p.v. Chatauque Co. village in Crawford Co. Indiana. Frccburg, p.v. Union Co. fa. iVee»,p.t. Waldo Co. Me^ aviUatre in Dutchess Co. l>. i- ""irr't-SomersetCoMe Po^ Frceport, p.t. Cumberland Co^Me. ^°^ • Also villages in Ontario Ca N. \., Arm Co. ; Pa. and I'""^"'' V°ro Mass on Taunion Fieduim, pt. Bristol Co. mass. 011 j River Pop. 1,'JOU. Also a p. t. Cortland Co. N.Y. ^Treeflwu the capital of the colony of Sier,: Leone The harbour has three wharves and is ;:r.cted by a >;--y„„^ \-;nts°e"uranc'e f^to of tlie river Su-rra bionc near ,^j g.SO.N. "'^^l:,"rc?;^'of r^anfe rn»partment of Co^es du Nord, 13 m. W. of St. Malo. Long, 2. ^^^;;ir^;l::v^*ol^rance,intl^epaHmen^^^ She Hver Argens in a morass 40 m. N. E. of Toulon. Long, b.44 L.,lat_4.i.^o^ Frenay '^ '''^-^'o m°s"s° W."f Aiengon. '^^OcriftownshTps of Mercer Co.and Ve- "XS^oI^villag^ofDinwicM^Co^V. ne^r^r- li::!'^'v^a?^'^'Monro^ Co. ^'P^in^ns Bay, a harbour with a small vil- >^>3rJc;", aVr^malrc-onia, on the river ■^. of Werlheim. a town of Westghaha, in the 13 m. S by \V. ol Bremen. FRl 315 FRl Frtuihnstailt, a strong town of Suabia, in the Black Forest, built to defend tlie passage into tliat forest. In 1796, it was taken by the French. It ia 23 m. S. by E. of Baden. Freuilrnlhal, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the principality of Troppau, celebrated for its breed of liorses, and manufactnre of fine linen ; seated near the Mohra, 24 m. W. of Troppau. t'rojbcr^, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle. In the environs are mines of cop- per, tin, load, and silver, which employ a great number of workmen. Here is the usual burying- place of the princes of tlie house of Saxony. It is s'tnate on a branch of the Muldau, 15 m. W. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. about 9,000. Frnjbcrgj a town of Moravia, in the circle of Oimutz, IG m. S. W. of Teschen, and 48 E. of Olmutz. Pop. about ^..^OO. I'm/berg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Scliweidnitz, near the river Polsnitz, 7 m. N. \V. of Schweidnitz. Frojpnsfcin, a town of Brandenburg in the Mark of Pregnitz, on the frontiers of Mecklenburg, 22 ni. N. E. of Perlberg. Frnjeriwalde, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, near which are mineral springs and extensive alum works. It is seated on the Oder, 36 m. N. E. of Berlin. Fmjsingen, a town of Bavaria, capital of a prin- cipality of the same name. The cathedral and palace are beautiful structures. It was taken by the French in 1796. It is seated on a mountain, n?ar the Iser, 20 m. N. N. E. of Munich. Loni. 11.. 50. E.,lat. 48. 21. N. Freijstadt, a town of Hungary, with a castle, seated on the Waag, oi>posite Leopoldstadt. Frn/stti(h, a town of Moravia, in the principali- ty of Teschen, with a castle, on the river Elsa, 8 m. i\. N. W. of Teschen. Frcystnt, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, with an ancient caslle, 14 m. N. E. of Sagan. Frcijstaf, a town of .\ustria, which has a great traile in worsleii, 17 ni. N. of Ens. Frthurg, one of (he cantons of Switzerland, surrounded on all sides by tlic canton of Bern. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures ; and the cheese made in this canton is deemed the best made in Switzerland. The inhabitants, 70,000 in number, are papists, quota of troops. 1 ,240. FrihurgyiL fortitied town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of the same name. It is seated in a mountainous country on the river Sanen, which divides it into two parts; that on the W. side standing on plain^ound, and the other among rocks and hills. Tlie public buildings, especially the cathedral, are very handsome ; and the bishop of Lausanne resides here. Three miles from this town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, said to be the work of one man, with his servant, who performed it in 2.5 years. Friburg was taken by the French, in 1798. It is 18 m. S. W. of Bern, and 30 N. E. of Lausanne. Lonw. 7. 1.5. E., lat. 4l). 43. i\. Friburg, a town of Suahia, capital of Brisgau. The steeple of its great church is the finest in Germany ; and here is a university, a college formerly belonging to the .Jesuits, and several convents. The inhabitants arc famous for polish- ing crystal and precious stones. It has been often taken. It is seated on the Triser, ,53 m. S. by W. of Baden, and 10 E. of Brisach, on the Rliine. Long. 7. 58. E., lat. 43. 3. N. Pop. about 10,000. Friburg, a town of Upper Saxony in Thurin- gia, witli a castle on a mountain, situate on ilia Unstrut, 5 m. N. N. W. of Naumberg. *,* There are numerous other towns and villa- ges beginning with Fri or Fre.y in dilferent parts of Germany and Fri and Frey are indiscriminate- ly written sometimes one way and sometimes ihe other. Fridcck, a town of Silesia, in the circle of Tes- chen, on the frontier of Moravia, 12 m. S. by W. of Teschen. Fridingen, a town of Suabia, on the Danube, 50 ra. S.^W. of Ulm. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia. It is seated on a mountain, by the river Usbach, 15 m. N. by E. of Frankfort. Friedberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, sit uate on the Lechfeld, 6 m. E. of Augsburg, and 30 N. W. of Munich. Fricdiierg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnitz. A little N. of the town a battle was gained by the king of Prussia, over the Aus- trians, in 1745. It is 7 m. N. W. of Schweidnitz. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, on the river Pink, and frontiers of Hungary, 33 m. N. E- of Gratz. Friedburg, a town of Westphalia, in East Fries land, with a caslle, 25 m. E. of Emden. Friedland, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppelen, on the river Steina, 12 ra. E. of Neisse. Friedland, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- lenburg, seated in a swampy country, on the frontiers of Pomerania. 16 m. S. S. VV. of An- clam. Friedland, a town of Bohemia, on the confines of Lusatia, 7 m. E. S. E. of Zittau. Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the Frencli, under Bonaparte, gained a complete victory over the Russians. .lune 14, 1807. It is seated on the Alia, 28 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Friindhj Islands, a group of islands in the South Pacific ocean, so named by Cook, in 1773, on account of the friendship that appeared to sub- sist ninnng the inhabitants, and their courteous behaviour to strangers. Tasman, a Dutch navi- gator, first touched liere in 1G53, and gave the name of New Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Mid- dleburg, to three of the principal islands. Cook e.tplored the wlinle cluster, which he found to consist of more than 20 islands, the principal of whicii are Tongataboo, or Amsterdam ; Eaoowe or Middleburg; Annainooka, or Rotterdam ; Ha- paee, and Lcfooga. Tlie first, which is the lar- gest, lies in 174. 46. W. lon^., and 21. 9. S. lat. The general appearance of these islands, conveys an idi-a of the most exuberant fertility the sur- face at a distance, seems entirely clothed with trees of various sizes, some of which are very large, particularly the tall cocoa, palm, and spe- cies of fig with narrow-pointed leaves. On closer examination, they are almost wholly laid out in plantations, in which are some of the richest pro- ductions of nature; such as bread-fruit and co- coa-nut trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a fruit like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds are .scanty ; but they received from Cook some valuable additions, both to the animal and vege- table kingdom. Their domestic fowls are as large as those of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and parroquets of various sorts which fur- nish the red feathers so much esteemed in the So- ciety isles. The numerous reefs and shoals atforJ shelter for an endless variety of shell-tish. These inlands are all inhabited by a race of paople, wk* FRI 316 FUE cultivate the cartli with great industry. Na- ture, assisted by a little art, appears no where in greater splendour. Agriculture, architecture, Dotit-building and fishing, are tiie employnients of tlip men : and to tlic women is confined tlic manufacture of cloth. Friemhliip, a town in Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 034. Also a p.t. in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pep. 1,502. Also a village in Anne Arundel Co. Ma- ryland. FrittiflsvUlef a village in Susquehanna Co. Pa. Friesaeh, a town of Germany, in Carintliia, with a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on the Metnitz, 17 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfurt. Friralttiid, one of tlie provinces of Holland, bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, W. by Zuyder-Zec, S. by the same and Overyssel, and E. by Overyssel and Groningeu. This country mucii resembles tlieprovinceof Holland in its soil, canals, and dikes. Lcwarden is lire capital. Harlin- gen on the shore of the Zuyder-Zee, is the princi- pal seaport. Friesliind, East, a principality of Westphalia, so called from its situation with respect to the Dutch province of Friesland. It is <1G m. long, and 43 broad ; boundefl on the N. by the German Ocean, R. by Oldenburg, S. by Munster, and W. by Groningen and tlie German Ocean. The country being level and low, is necessarily secur- ed against inundations by expensive dikes. The land is fertile ; and the pastures feed horned cat- tle, horses, and sheep, ol extraordinary size. On the death of prince Charles Edward, in 1744 it became subject to the king of Prussia. It was taken possession of by Bonaparte in 1806, and at the general partiiiouing of Europe subsequent to the peace of Paris in 1814, it was relinquished by Prussia, and ceded to Hanover. Emden is the principal sea-port; and the principal towns in the interior are Aurich, Essens, and Friede- burg. The aggregate pop. is estimated at 120,- 000, spread over a surface of about 1,150 sq. miles. Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brazil, in the prov- ince of Rio Janeiro. Long. 41. 31. W., lat. 82. 54. S. Frisck Huff, a lake or bay of Priissia, from 3 lo 9 m. broad, and extending 70 in length, along the Baltic sea, with which it communicates by a narrow passage, at Pillau; it receives the Preg- el at the N. E. end, the Passarges from the S. and the E. branch of the Vistula at the W. end ; the principal sea-ports within the Half, are Elbing, Braunsbcrg, Brandenburg, and Konigsberg. Frilzlar, a fortified town of Germany, in Low- er Hesse, with two colleges and a convent, seat- ed on the Eder, 20 m. S. VV. of Cassel. Friuli, Austrian, a district of Austria, compris- ing about 400 square m., bounded on the N. and E. by Upper and Inner Carniola, and W. by \\j netian Friuli, while a strip of tlie Venetian ti'rri tory, shuts it in from the gulfof Trieste. Gradis- ca, 30 m. N. !S'. W. of Trieste, is the capital. Friidi, a province of Italy, bounded on the N. by Cariiithia, E. by Carniola and Austrian Friuli, S. by thegulf of Venice, and \V. by the Trevisa- no and Belhineso. It is rich in timber, cattle, silk, wine, and fruit. It is watered by the Taglia- meuto, and s-^veral other rivers falling into the gulfof Venice, and contains about 370,000 inhab- itants. Udina, in the centre of the province, is the chief town. Friuli, or CiUa di Friuli, a town of Italy, in Friuli, with a collegiate church, and five convents. It stands at the foot of the mountains, which separates Friuli from Carniola, on the river Natisone, 15 m. N. E. of Udina. Frodlini'liam, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. 3G in. E. of York, and i;t4 N. of London. Frod.yfta III , a town in Cheshire, Eng. Here is a graving dock and3'ard for building and repairing vessels. It is sealed on the VVeever, near its en- trance into the estuary of the Mersey, 11 m. N. E of Chester, and U)2'N. N. W. of London. It has some extensive salt-works in the town and neighbourhood, and partakes partially of the cot- ton manufacture. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 5,451, of whom ],o5G reside in the town. Frome, a river which rises in the N. W. part of Dorsetshire, Eng. near Beaminster, flows by Frampton, Dorchester, and Wareham, and enters the bay that forms the harbour of Poole. There is another river of the same name, which rises on the border of Worcestershire, and falls into the Lug a little above its entrance into the Wyt, near I fereford ; and another rising on the border of Wilts, flows through Somersetshire, and falls into the Lower Avon near Bath. Frome Hrlwood, a town of Somersetshire, Eng. seated on the banks of the last of the preceding rivers, over which is a bridge of five arches ; it has three churches, one of them ancient and elegant, another erected in 1731, several schoids, ahns houscs,^five meeting houses, new market house, &c. Frome is the seat of an extensive manufacture of fine woolen cloth, there being about 50 establishments engaged therein, (i ex- tensive dealers in wool, and many dyers, 3 dres- sers, 4 wire drawers, and 7 for the manufacture of cards. It is 12 in. S. of Bath, and 104 W. by S of London. The pop. which in 1801 was 8,747, iiicrea.sed in 1821 to 12,411. Fronlenue, a county of Upper Canada baider- ing upon the eastern part of lake Ontario. Froiilignan, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Herault, celebrated for its muscadine i wine, generally called Frontignac. It is seated | on the lake Magulcone, 12 in, S. S. W. of Mont' pelier. Frostberg, OT Frost Town, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland, 10 in. VV. Cumberland. This place occupies perhaps the highest situation of any town in the United States, being seated upon one of the Apalachian ridges, about 1,800 feet above the level of the sea. Froijen, an island in the North Sea, near the coast of Nurwav, about 35 m. in circumlercnco. Long. 9. 0. E., iat. 03. 45. N. Fruitslovn, a village in Cumberland Co. I'a. Fnjihvrg, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,353. u Frutingcn, a town of Switzerland, in the can- I ton of Bern, 30 m. S. E. of Friburg. b Fuego, one of the Cape Vcrd Island, in the FUN 317 FUR Atlantic Ocean; it is a volcano, which burns con- tinually. It is much higher than any of the rest, and seems to be a single mountain at sea, but on tlie sides there are deep valleys. It has no river, and is almost destitute of fresh water ; bat is fer- tile in maize, gourds, wild figs, oranges, and ap- ples, and has a great number of wild goats. It is 300 m. W. of Capo Verd. Long. 24. 30. W., lat. 14. 54. N. Fuen-tdtcou, a city of China, in the province of Chan-si. Here are hot baths which attract a great number of strangers. Its district contains one city of the second, and seven of the third class. It is seated on the river Fuen, 2.S0 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 111. 20. E., lat. 27. 20. N. Fucnte Duenna, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, seated on the Tagus, 35 m. S, E. of Madrid. Fucnte Giraldo, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura. In 1734 it was taken and plundered by the Portuguese. It is lU m. N. W. of Coria. F«ssc«7a town of Suahia, in the prinoijiality of Aua-sbur", with an ancient castle and a Bene- dictine" abbey. It commands the pass into Bava- ria and Tyrol, and is seated on the Lech, 50 m. S. of Augsberg. Long. 10. 45. E., lat. 27. 43. N. Fula, or Foula, the most western of the Shet- land Islands, supposed to be the Ultima Thule of the ancients. It is 3 m. in length, and half as much in breadth, and affords pasturage for sin'ep. The only landing-place, which is called Ham, lies on the E side. Long. 1.37. W., lat. 60. 27. N- Fulda. a bishopric of Germany, in the elector- ate of Ilesse, circle of Upper Rhine ; bounded on the E. by the county of Henneberg and Wurtzburg, and on the other sides by Wetteravia and Hesse. This country containing 1'liO square m. is very bleak and mountainous, but contains numerous towns and villages , and an aggregate pop. of about U5,000. The river Fulda running from S. to N. intersects the N. W. part of the district, and falls into the Weser, above 3 m, S. of Cassel. Fulda, a town, capital of the preceding bishop- ric, contains several very fine buildings, among which are a' palace, throe churches, college and university. It is seated on the E. bank of the Fulda, 5.J. m. S. by E. of Cassel. in the lat. of 50. 31. N-., and 9. 48. of E. long. Pop. about 8,0{I0. Fidliam, a village of Middlesex, Eng. seated on the N. bank of the Thames, 4 m. W. by S. of Hyde Park Corner. Here is a wooden bridge over llie Thames, erected in 1720, at an expense of £'33, 975, to defray the interest of which, a toll is slill levied. Fulham has been the demesne of the bishops of London, ever since the conquest ; here Ihey have a palace and very fine garilens, and in the church-yard are the tombs of several of the prelates. The situation of the village is rather E' eluded, and as such has been selected fur the residence of a number of the retired traders of the metropolis. The pop. in 1801, was 4,4-28, increas- ed in 1821 , to 0,402. fufnct, a town and castle of Moravia, on the frontiers of Silesia, 2lj E. N. E. of Prerau. Fulton, p.t. Rowan Co. N. C. Futichnl, the capital of Madeira, situate round a bay, on the gentle ascent of some hills, in form of an amphitheatre. An old castle which com- mands the road stands on the top of a steep black rock, called the Loo Rock, surrounded by the sea at high water ; there are also three other forts, and several batteries. The streets are narrow and dirty, though streams of water run through them. The houses are built of freestone, or oi bricks ; but they are dark, and only a few of the best arc provided with glass windows ; all the others have a kind of lattice- work in their stead, which hang on hinges. The beams and roof of the cathedral are of cedar ; but the chief curiosity here is a chamber in the Franciscan convent, the walls and ceiling of which are covered with human skulls and thigh bones, said to be the relics of holy men who have died on the island. The town contains about 11,000 inhabitants. Long. 17. 6. E., lat. 32. 38. N. Fundi/, a bay of North America, between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, remarkable for its tides, which rise from the height of 30 to 60 feet, and flow rapidly. It extends about 200 m. in a E. N. E. direction; and with Vert bay, which pushes into the land in a N. W. direction from Northumberland strait, forms an isthmus of only 13 m. wide, which unites Nova Scotia, to New Brunswick. Funcn, an island of Denmark, 150 m. in cir- cumference; separated from Jutland by a strait, called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, hy the Great Belt. It is fertile in pasture and grain and exports to Norway, barley, oats, rj-e, and peas. Pop. about 130,000. Odensee on a bay at the N. end of the island, is the capital. Fujifliirclten, or Five Clmrches, an episeopr-l town of Hungary, situate in a fertile country, between the Drave and the Danube, 85 m. S. S. W. of Buda. Long. 18. 13. £., lat. 40. 12. N. Pop. about 11,500. Fuorli, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 21 m. S. S. E. ofSulmona. Furnace, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Fumes, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, seated near the German Ocean, on the canal from Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the barrier towns ; but in 1781. emperor Joseph H. expelled the Dutch garrison. It fi-as taken by the French, in 1793, and is 12 m. K. of Dunkirk. Furruckabad, a town of ilindoostan, in the ter- ritory of Rohilcund, capital of a small district, about 30 ni. in length, on the W. bank of the Ganges, which belongs to a chief of the Patan Rohilla tribe. Holkar was defeated here by the British in 1S04. It is seated on the Ganges, 70 m. E of .Agra, and 70 N. VV. of Lucknow. Lone 79. 30. W, lat. 27. 28. N. Furstenau, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- cipality of Osnabnrg, 13 m. S. W. of Quakenburg. Fnr.ilcnhcri^, a principality of Suabia, between the Black Forest and the principality of Con- stance. In this state the river Danube lakes its rise. Fuisleiiberff, a town of Snabia, in the prmci- pality of the same name, with an ancient caa^tle on a mountain, near the Danube, 27 m. E. by S of Friburg. Long. 8. 35. E., lat. 47. 53. N. Furslr.nhcrir, a town of Upper Saxony, in Lusa- tia, on the river Oder, 1 1 m. S. by E. of 'Frankfort. FuTstenberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- lenburg-StreUt?., on the river Navel, 10 m. S. of Strelitz. Furstcnfdd, a town of Germany, in Stiria, with a castle, on tlie frontier of Ilunaary. 39 m. E. by S.ofGratz. Furstfnirald, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, seated on the Spree, 32 ni. E. S. E. of Berlin. Furslenjcerder, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker Mark, 12 m. N. W. of Prenzlo. GAI ■MS GAL Fuitli, a lown and castle of Lower Bavaria, on llie river Cham, 10 m. N. E. of Clium. I'urlh, a town of Fraiiconia iji tlio principality of Anspach, seated on the Rcdnitz, f) ni. N. W of Nureniburg. It is a populous place, and the seat of extensive manufactures, which llie exelu- eive privileges of Nuuicrher*^ previ'nt from being carried on in that city. Pop. about 1!!, 01)11. FuUchpour, or Futtipoor, a town of 1 1 indoostan , in the province of Agra, ^1 m. W. of the city of Agra. It was a favourite place of Akbar. FtjrrSy a river of Scotland, in Invernessliire, which falls into the E. side of Lochncss. It is celebrated for its fall, a height of J07 feet, form- ing one of the most romantic and interesting scenes in the world ; the falls are 10 m. N. E. of Fort Augustus. Fijnr, lA)ch, in Scotland, an inlet of thi: Atlaiil.c in Argylesliire, nearly 40 m. in length. It re- ceives and returns a tide on each side of the isle of Arran, which is opposite its entrance. It is indented with bays, and in the herring season is the resort of numerous fishing vessels. Fyzithud , a city id' llindoostan, in the territory of Oude, of which it was once the capital. Hero are the remains of a vast building, the palace of the nabob Sujah Addowlah, which, at the time of his death, is said to have contained 1 ,000 women and upwards of 50 of his children. The city is populous; but, since the removal of the court of Uude to Lucknow, it has greatly declined in wealth. It is seated on the (iogra, 76 m. E. of Lucknow. Long. fc^. UU. E., lat. 2lj. id. N. G CABARET, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Landes, seated on the Gelisse, IG m. VV. of Condom. Gubel, a fortified town of Bohemia, which com- mands the pass into Lusatia. It is 6 m. S. of Zittau. Clahcs, or Gabs. See Ciihcs. Gahian, a village of France, in the depart- ment of IIerault,'J m. N. AV. of Beziers. It has a mineral spring; and near it is a rock from which issues petroleum. Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded on the N. by Majombo, E. by Anziko, S. by Loango, and W. by the Atlantic. It has a river of the same name, which enters the Atlantic a little N. of the equinoctial line. The chief town is Setto. GiKlamis, a town of Barbary, in Bikdulgerid, capital of a country ofthe same name. It is I7() m. S. W. of Tripoli. Long. 10. 40. E., lat. ;iO. 40. N. Gadebusch, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- lenburg, near which the Swedes defeated the Danes and Saxons in 1712. It is IG m. N. N. W. of Schwerin. Gaeta, a strong town on the W. coast of ?^aj)les, in Terra di Lavoro, with a fort, a citadel, and a harbour. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707, by the Spaniards in 1734, and by the French in IbOG. It is seated at the foot of*^ a mountain, on the gulf of Gaeta, 30 m. N. W. of Capua. Long. 13.47. E., lat. 41. 30. N. Gaildorf, a town of Franconia, in the lordship of Linburgh, with a castle near the river Koeher, n m. W. of Elwangen. GttiUac, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is seated on the Tarn, which is here navigable, 10 m. S. W. of Alby. It is the seat of a prefect, and in lfc'85 contained 7,310 inhabitants. Gailloii, a town of Fiance, in the department of Eure, with a magnificent palace, belonging to the archbisliop of Houen. It is II m. N. E. of Evreux.and 'i-^. S. S. E. ofRouen. Gaines, p t. Broome Co. Kentucky. Gainesrille, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,8-20. Gninsboroush, villages in Frederick Co. Va, and Jackson Co. Ten. Also a township of Lin- coln Co. Upper Canada. GainsbnTmfsb,& town in Lincolnshire, Eng. seated on the Trent, over which is a hand.so/ne stone bridge. It is a river-pnrt of some conse- quence, being accessible to vessels of sufficient size to navigate the sea ; and serves as a place of export and import for the N. part of the countv, and for Nottinghamshire, it is 17 m. N. \V. of Lincoln, and 140 N. by W. of London. Pop. in IHil, 4,oOi;, and in leiil, 5,8ilH. GainabuTg, p. v. Christian Co. Ken. GairUirli, a large bay of Scotland, on the W. coast of Ross-shire, which gives name to a tract of land near it. The fishing of cod, and other white fish, is here very considerable. Gatarz, or Gala, a town of European Tiirke}*, in Moldavia. In 1700, it was taken by the Rus- sians, after a bloody battle. It is seated on a lake, near the conflux of the Pruth with the Danube, 55 m. W. of Ismael, and 120 S. S. W. of Bender, Long. as. 24. E., l.it. 45. 24. N. Galapagos, a cluster of islands, in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Colombia. They lie under the equator, and the centre island is in long. 85. 30. W. They are uninhabited, but arc Ireqnenlly visited by the South Sea whale ships fi»r fresh water and provisions. The largest is 00 or 70 m. long and .'"lO broad. They are in general barren; but some of the highest have a stunted brushwood, and all of them are covered with the prickly pear-tree, up- on which a large species of land-tortoise lives and thrives in a wonderlul manner. The most accu- rate and ftill account of these curious animals is contained in a very amusing bofik, Otlano's Voyages and Travels, printed at Boston, in 1817. Captain Delano says, — '* The Terrapin, or as it is sometimes called, the Land-Tortoise, that is found at the Galapagos Island.1, is by (iir the laigts;, best, and most numerous, of any place I ever vis- ited. Some of the largest weigh three or four hundred pounds-; but their common size is be- tween fihy and one hundred pounds. Their shape is somewhat similar to that of our small land-tortoise, wliicli is found upon the upland, and is. like it, high and round on the 'lack. They GAL 319 GAL have a vprj long neck, whicli,logeUier witli llieir bead, has a disagreeable appearance, very much resembling a large serpent. I have seen them with necks between two and three feet long, and ulien they saw anything that was new to them, or met each other, they would raise their heads as high as they could, their necks being nearly vertical, and advance with their nioutli.j wide oi)en, aj)pearing to be the most spiteful of any re])tile whatever. Sometimes two of them woulil come up to eacli other in that manner, -^o near as almost to touch, and stand in that position for two or tliree minutes, appearing so angry, that their mouths, heads, and necks appeared to (piiver with passion, when, by tlie least touch of a stick against their necks or heads, they would shrink back in an instant, and draw their necks, heads, and legs into their shells. This is the only ([uick motion i ever saw lliem perform. I was put in the same kind of fear that is lelt at the sight or near approach of a snake, at the first one I saw, which was very large. 1 was alone at the time, arid he stretched himself as iiigh as he could, opened his mouth, and advanced towards me. His body was raised more than a foot from the ground, his head turned forward in the manner of a snake in the act of biting, and raised two feet and a half above its body. X had a musket in my hand at the time, and when he advanced near enougii to reach him with it, 1 held the muz- zle out BO that he hit his neck against it, at the touch of which he dropt himself upon the ground, and instantly secured all his limbs within Jiis shell. Tliey are perfectly harmless, as much so as any animal I know of, notwithstanding their threatening appearance. They have no teeth, and of course they cannot bite very hard. They take their food into their mouths by the assistance of the sharp edge of the upper and under jaw, which shut together, one a little within the other, 80 as to nip grass, or any flowers, berries, or shrubbery, the only food they eat. Those who have seen the elephant, have seen the exact re- semblance of the leg and foot of a terrapin. I have thought that I could discover some faint re- semblance to that animal in sagacity. They are very prudent in taking care of themselves and their eggs, and in the manner of securing them in their nests; and 1 have observed on board my own ship, as well as others, that they can easily be taught to go to any place on the "deck, which may be wished for them to be constantly kept in. The method to effect this is, by whipping them with a small line when they are out of place, and to take them up and carry them to the place as- signed for them ; which, being repeated a few times, will bring them into the practice of going them.selves, by being whipped when they are out of their place. They can be taught to eat on board a ship, as well as a sheep, or a goat ; and will live for a long time, if there is proper food provided for them. This I always took care to do, when in a place where I could procure it. The most suitable to take on board a ship, is prickly pear-trees ; the trunk of which is a sofl, pithy substance, of a sweetish taste, and full of juice. Sometimes I procured grass for them. Kither of these being strewed on the quarter- deck, the pear-tree being cut fine, would imme- diately entice them to come from all parts of the deck to it ; and they would eat in their way, as well as any domestic animal. I have known them live several months without food ; but they nlwoya, in that case, grow lighter, and their fat diminishes, as common sense tearlies, notwith- Btanding' some writers have asserted to the con- trary. Their flesh, without exception, is of as sweet and pleasant a flavour as any that I ever eat. It was common to lake out of one of them, ten or twelve pounds of fat, when they were open- ed, besides what was necessary to cook them with. This was as yellow as our best butter, and of a sweeter flavour than hog's lard. They are the slowest in their motions of any animal 1 ever saw, e.xcept the sloth. They are remarkable for their strength, one of them would bear a man's weight on his back and walk with him. I have seen them at one or two other places only. One in- stance was, those brought from Madagascar to the Isle of France; but they were far inferior in size, had longer legs, and were much more ugly in their looks, than those of the Galapagos Islands. Ofilfishicfg, a town of Scotland, in Selkirkshire with a manufacture of woolen cloth, known by the name of Galashiels Gray. It is seated on the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, 5 m. N. of Selkirk. GalbuUij, a village of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, 23 in. S. E. of Limerick. Pop 412. Galen, a township of Seneca Co. N. Y. Galir.ia, a late province in the S. W. part of Poland, lying between the lat. 48. and 51. N. and 19. and 2G. of E. long. It is bounded on the S. in a direction W. by N. by the Carpathian mountains, which divides it from Hungary ; the W. end jets upon Silesia, the Vistula river forms part of its northern, and the Bug part of its east- ern boundary ; the S. E. extremity is divided by the Bukowine district from Moldavia, and the Dneister river intersects the S. E. part. This territory was forcibly seized by the Austrians in 1772, and incorporated into the Austrian domin- ions, under the appellation of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomiria. The mountainous parts possess 6ne pasture ; the plains are mostly sandy, but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ; the country also contains mines of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latter are the most valuable. Its limits comprise up- ward of 32,900 sq. m., the pop. about 3,750,000. It is divided into East Galicia and West Galicia, of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracoy. Galicia, a province of Spain, forming the N W. extremity of the Peninsula, bounded on the N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by Asturias and Leon, on the S. by the Portuguese province of Tras-os-Montes,and on the S. W. by the river Minho, which divides it from the Por- tuguese province of Entre Douro e Minho. Its extreme length from the mouth of the Minho river in 41. 52., to Cape Ortegal, the exterme northern limit of Spain in 42. 40. N., is 133 statute m. , and its extreme width from the frontier of Leon to Cape Finisterre, the extreme western limit of Spain in tlie lat. of 42. 56. N., and 9. 17. of W. long, is about 120 m.; but the mean length andbreadth does not much, if at all, exceed 100 m. : its area therefore comprises about 10,000 sq. m. ; the pop. in 1810 amounted to 1,142,630. It is one of the most mountainous districts in Spain, yielding abundance of fine timber, and various mincraJs. The whole extent of its coast is in- dented with fine bays and harbours. Ferrol, 25 m. S. S. W. of Cape Ortegal, is on* of the prin- cipal stations of the Spanish national marine GAL. aao GAL llie porl of Coriiiina is on the S. W. side of tlic same bay, in wliicli Ihe harbour of Ferrol is situ- nle : the most important harbour on tlic W. cuaal is Vigo bay, about C-O m. S. of Cape Fini«t<'rre, and a few m. N. of the mouth of Ihe jMinlio. .Santiago, or St. Jago de Compostella, 3.5 ni. t!. olCorunna, and 300 N. W. of Madrid, is the cap- ital of the province ; the other principal towns are IVIondoneda and Betanzos in the N. ]•>., Lugo iV> ra. K. of Santia^fo, Orense on the S., aud Ciudad Tuy on the N. bank of the Minho, and liayona on a southern inlet of Vinro bay. GnliDch, a town of Russia, in the government of Kostroma, on the S. side of a lake of its name, r.() m. E. N. E. of Kostroma. Long. 42.54 E., lut. r.7. 5G. N. Gall, St. a small hut populous canton of Swit- zerland, the E. end bordering on a lake of Con- stance, between the cantons of Thurgau. and Ap- penzel. Its population in 1825, amounted to Vii, 000, its quoU of troops 2,030. Oa'l, St. or St. Oiillen, a town of Switzerland, capital of the cantqn of St. Gall. It has a rich ab- bey, whose abbot formerly possessed the sover- eignty of the town. The town is entirely protes- tanl ; and the subjects of the abbot whose territory is distinct, are mostly catholics. The abbey is sit- uate close to the town ; and in its library are many curious manuscripts. The town has an extensive trade, arising chiefly from its liiieu and cotton manufactures and bleaching grounds. It is seat- ed in a narrow valley, on two small streams, 35 m. E. of Zurich. Long. 0. U. E., lal. 47. 21. N. Pop. about 10,000. (Julia, an extensive territory of Africa, com- prising all the S. part of Abyssinia ; the limits on tlie S. and W. are very undefined ; the inhab- itants are among the rudest and uncivilized of any in Africa. Gallam, a town of Negroland, capital of a king- dom of the same name, on the river Senegal. Tlie French built a fort here, which was ceded to tlie Englisli in 17G3. During the American war it was taken bv the French, but restored in 1783. I,ong. 10. 0. \V., lat. 14. a5. N. Gallatin, a county of Kentucky, bounded on the N. for about 35 miles by the Ohio river, which divides it from the state of Indiana. Pop. G,fiSO. Port William, oh the east bank of the Kentucky river at its entrance into the Ohio, 45 ni. N. N. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Gallatin, is also the name of another county in the state of Illinois. Pop. 7,407. It is celebrated for its salt springs, from which vast quantities of salt are made. Equality is the chief town. Gallatin, a township in Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,.>^S. .\lso villages in Sumner Co. Ten. and Copiah Co. Mississippi. Gallatin's Kircr, one of the head water streams of the Missouri rising in the lat. of 44. N. and 110. 5. of W. long., upwards of 3,000 miles by the course of the river, above the entrance of the Missouri into the Mississippi. Gallia, a county on the S. E. border of the state of Ohio, bounded by the Ohio river, where it receives the great Kanahwa from Virginia. Pop. 9,733. Gallipolis, on the Ohio is the chief town. GalU, or Point ile Gatle, a sea-port on the S. coast of Ceylon, in a rich and beautiful district, with a strong fort and a secure harbour. It is populous, and in pointof trade ranks next to Co- lumbo. The chief branch of its traffic consists in Ihe exportation of fish to the continent; but a great part of the products of the island are also shipped here for Europe. It is 85 ni, S. by £. of Columbo. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. C. 0. N, Gallijioli, a strait between European and Asia- tic Turkey, the ancient Hellespont. It forms the communication between the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora, and is defended at the S. W entrance by two castles. It is here 2 m. over, and is 33 ra. long. See Dardanelles. Gnllipoli, a town of European Turkey, which gives name to the preceding strait, is seated near its openinir into the sea of Marmora. It is the residence of a pacha, and the see of a Greek bishop. It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,.'J00 Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an open place, with no other defence than a sorry square castle. It was the first place in Europe possessed by the Turks; 100 m. S. W. ofCon- sUntinople. Long. 20. 50. E., lat. 40. 26. N. Gttllijtoli, a sea-port of Naples, in Terra diOt- ranto, and a bishop's see. This place is a great mart for olive oil, and has a manufacture of muslins. It is seated on a rocky island, on the E. shore of the bay of Tarento, and joined to the main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 23 m. W. of Otranto. Long. 18. 5. E.. lat. 40. 20. N. Pop. about 9,000. Gallipolis, p.v. Gallia Co. Ohio, on the Ohio river. GaVoicay, a district of Scotland, now divided into East and West Galloway, or KiThcudbrigUt' shire, and Wigtmishire. It wasiamous for a par- ticular breed of small horses, called galloways. Galloiray, Mull nf, the extreme S. W. point of Scotland, in the lat. of 50. 38. N., and 4. 50. of W. long. It forms the W. point of entrance to Luce bay, and the E. point of entrance to the North Channel, between the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Galloieay.A'ew, a borough of Scotland, in Kirk- cudbrightshire, on the river Ken, 18 m. N. of Kirkcudbright, and SOS. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821,941. Galmier, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire ; with a medicinal spring of a vi- nous taste, 18 m. E. of Montbrison. Galston, a populous village of Ayrshire, Scot- land, seated on the banks of the river Irvine, 3 m S. S. E. of Kilmarnock. Galum, p.v. Jackson Co. Illinois. Galioaij, a maritime county, in the province of Connaught, on tlie W. coast of Ireland, beirvg about 100 m. in extreme length from E. to W. the W. part projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, is a mountainous and dreary district, but the inland part is in general fertile both in grain and pasture ; next to Cork it is the largest county in Ireland, comprising 930,050 acres, and in le21 contained a pop. of 337,374. It is bounded on the E. by the river Suck, which divides it from Roscommon, and the Shannon on the S. E. divides it from Tip- perary, lake Corrib divides the W. from the b. part of the county ; beside the county liiwn of the same name, the other principal towns are Tuam, Athenry, and Loughrea. Galu-ay, the chief town of the preceding coun- ty, is seated on the banks, of the outlet of lake Corrib into Galway bay, 126 m. due W. of Dublin. It was formerly surrounded by strong walla ; the streets are large and straight, and the houses are generally well built of stone. The harbour is de- fended by a fort Here is a coarse woolen and linen manufacture, and a considerable trade in kelp. The salmon and herring fishery is also considerable. It is divided into 3 parishes, and ia CAN oVI (JAR a county of ilsr'lf, luiving .1 KO]>arate iiirisdiclioiT. Tile principal church, wiiich its collegiate, is a spacious *5ot!iic edifice ; it has several catholic establishments of friars and nuns, a county iiifirni- ar\', exchano'e. and several other public buildin*^. Pop. ni 1'^>(T, 27,77.'.. Galtrinj Bay, extends about 20 in. froui W. to E., and is fri\. Garmuuth, a town ot' Scotland, in Murrayshire, at the mouth of the Spey, with a good harbour. Great quantities of sbij)-tiniber are tlnaling down the river to the town, and many small vessels are built here. Wool is also a considerable article of commerce. It is 8 m. E. of Elgin. Garonne, a river of France, which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows N. N. E. to Toulouse, and from thence N. W. past Valence, Agen, Mar- mande, and Bordeau.\, into the bay of Biscay, re- ceiving in its course from the E. the Tarn, Lot, V^ezere, and Dordogne, from whence it is called the Gironde, and is united with the Mediter- ranean by a canal from Toulouse, called the ca- nal of Liinguedoc. Garonne, U/tncr, a department of the S. of France, containing jtart of the late province of Languedoc. The K. extends to llie Pyrenees, and It is intersected its whole extent from S. to N. by the Garonne. It is fertile both in tillag*? and pasture ; the vine is also cultivated to a great extent. It is divided into four arrondissements, ol' which Toulouse (the capital) Villefranche, and St. Gaudens are the chief towns. trarra^v/, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 11,S70. Lancaster is the chief town. Garrctsvillc, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y. Garsis, a town of the kingdom of Fez. surroun- ded by walls, and the houses are built with black- stone. It stands in a fertile country, on the Mulu, 56 ni. S. E. of Melilla. Garstang, a parish and corporate town in Lan- cashire, Eng. Here are the ruins of Greenliough castle ; and in the neighbourliood are several cot- ton works. The town is seated on the river Wyrc, 10 m. S. of Lancaster, and 229 N. N. W. of Lon- don. Gar(:, a town of Hither Fomerania, seated on the Oder, 13 in. S. by W. of Stettin. Gascttnij, a late province of France, bounded on the W. by the bay of Biscay, N. by Guienne,E.by Languedoc, and S. by the Pyrenees. The inhabi- tants are of a lively disposition, famous for boasting of their exploits, which has occasioned the name of Gasconade to be given to all bragging stories. This province, with Armagnac, now forms the di'partuients of Landes, Gers, Upper Pyrenees, and parts of the Upper Garronne, and Arriege. 6'flj/)C, an e.^:tensive district of Lower Canada, lying between the river St. Lawrence on tlie N., and bay of Chaleur on the S., bounded on the E. by the gulf of St. Lawrence; it is at present but thinly inhabited; the population is, however, pro- gressively increasing along the shore of the bay uf Chaleur, which supplies abundance of fine tim- ber. The bay of Gaspe it at tlie eastern cxtrem ity of the district. Gnstein, a tov.'n of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, near the frontier of Carinthia, celebrated for its warm baths, and mines of lead, iron, and gold. It is 45 m. S. of Salzburg. Gain, Cape, a promontory of Spain, on the coast of Granada, consisting of an enormous rock of a singular nature and appearance, 24 in. in cir- cuit. Long. 2. 22. W., lat. 30. 43. N. Gatehouse, a town of Scotland, in Kirkcud- brightshire, near the month of the river Fleet. Here are considerable cotton works, and an exten- sive tannery. Il is 9 m. N. W. of Kircud brightshire. Gates, a township of Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 7,484. Gates, a. frontier county of North Carolina, bor- dering on the Great Dismal Swamp, and bmintled on the W. by the Chowan river; it comprises about 200 sq. in. Pop. 7,800. Galcslicad, a town in the eountv of Durham, Eng. seated on the I'y"^* over which is a hand- some bridge to Newcastle. It appears like a su- burb to Newcastle, and is celebrated for its grind- stones, which are exported to all parts of the world. It is 13 m. N. of Durham, and 209 N. by W. of London. Pop. in IteOl, e,5il7, and in li-21 11,7(!7, chielly employed in the coal trade. GatldU, a borough in Surrey. Eng. It is 2m.N. E. of Uyegate, and 19 S. by W. of London. In 1021 it had only 22 houses, chiefly cottages, in- habited by 135 persons; it nevertheless returns two members to parliament. Gaudens, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 13 m. E. N. E. of St. Bertrand ; it is the seat of a prefect. Gati, a town of the territory of Genoa, an im- portant frontier place toward Montscrrat and the Milanese ; scaled on the Lemo, 22 m. N. W. of Genoa. Gaur, or Ztmf, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital of the province of Guar; seated on the river Zouf, )20m. S.by W. of Balk. Long. 04.40. W., lat. 35. 5. N. Gavls. See Gliauts. Gaza, a town of Syria, jn Palastine, 2 m. from the Mediterranean, with a harbour and a castle. It is now very small ; but, from the appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place. Here are manufactures of cotton ; but the princi- pal commerce is furnished by the caravans be- tween Egypt and Syria. It stands in a fertile country, 50 m. S. W. of Jerusalem. Lon". 34. 45. E., lat. 31. 28. N. Gazypoor, capital of a fertile and populous dis- trict of Uindoostan, seated on the N. bank of the Ganges, 45 m. N. E. ot Benares. Gcaron, or Juron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are pro- duced. It is dO m. S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 51. 17. E., lat. 28. 15. N. Geauga, a county in the N. E. of Ohio ; the N. end borders on lake Erie ; it comprises about GOO sq. m. Pop. 15,813. Chardon, in the centre of the county, is the chief town. Gcddes, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 6'r/?f, a sea-port of Sweden, capital of Gestrijcia, seated on an arm of the gulf of Bothnia, which di- vides the town, and forms two islands. The ex- ports are principally iron^ pitch, tar and deals. It is 90 ni. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 20 E., lat. GO. 40. N. GEN 323 GEN Gchol, or Zhchol, a Son-n of C'iiincss Tartary, with a larjre palace, and a mnffiiiiicent teraple of Budha. Here the emperor of China received the British embassy in 1793. It is 13(5 ni. N. of I'ekin. GctJcrland, one of the provinces of Holland, and tlie largest of them all. It lies betv,'een the Zuyder Zee. the provinces of Holland, Utretclit, and Overyssel, the principality of Munster, the ducliy of Cleves, and Dutch Brabant ; and is divi- ded intT three quarters or counties, called Tunie- guen, Arnheim, and Zutphen. from the principal towns. It is fertile in fruit and corn ; and, in ma- ny parts, abounds in wood. Gcl/tcrlnnil, Upper, a territory of the Xetlier- Innds. lying in detached parts, on both sides the river Xleuse, divided into .Austrian, Dutch, and Prussian Gelderland. The Austrian part includes Ruremonde, and its dependencies ; the Dutch comprehends the lordships of Venlo and Stevens- wert ; and the Prussian contains the capital, Guel- dres, and its district, which is reckoned as a part of the circle of Westphalia ; the Austrian and Dutch part, at the peace of 1814, were included in the kingdom of the Netherlands, and the re- mainder assigned to Prussia. GrUiers, a town of the Netherlands, and the capita! of Prussian Gelderland. Here is a palace, tfie residence of the former dukes. It was taken in 1702, hy the king of Prussia ; and in 1713, the town and its district was ceded by France to that prince, in exchange for the principality of Orange. In 17.'>7 it surrendered to the French, who restored it in 17ti4, after demolishing the fortifications; and in 17114, it again surrendered to tliem ; and. at the peace of 1314, was assigned to Prussia. It is 20 m. S. S. E. of Cleves. Long. U. 10. E.,lat.51. 31. N. Gelnhauscn, a town of Germany, in the electo- rate of Hesse, with a castle, seated on the Kintzig, 13 m. N. E. of Hanau. Gemappes, a village of Hainault in the Neth- erlands, near the Scheldt, 2 m. from Mons, famous for a victory gained by the French repub- licans under Dumourier, over the Austrians, in 1792. Gemhlmiz, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, with an ancient abbey, seated on the Or- neau, 22 m. S. E. of Brussels, on the road to Naniur. Grminiano, St. a town of Tuscany, in the Flor entino, seated on a mountain, in w'hich is a mine of vitriol, 2.5 m. S. S. W. of Florence. Gemona. a town of Italy, in Friuli, near the river Tagliamento, 20 m. W. N. W. of Friuli. Grmund, a town of Suabia, seated on the Rems, 24 m. N. by W. of Ulm, and 25 E. by S. of Stuttgard. Grmund, a town of Germany, in the Duchy of Juliers ; seated on the Roer, 24 m. S. W. of Cologne. Gemund, a town of Upper Carinthia, with man- ufactures of iron and steel, 16 ra. N. W. of Villach. Gemuruien, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Wurtzburg, on the river Maine, 22 m. N. of Wurtzburg. Gcmundcn, a town of Austria, famous for its salt-works ; seated at the N. end of a lake of the same name, on the river Traun, the outlet of the lake, 40 ra. S. S. W. of Lintz, on the Danube. Genap, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated on the Dvle, 15 m. S. E. of Bnj»»U. Genesee, a river of the United Slates, which rises on the N. border of Pennsylvania, and runs N. N. E. through the stale of New York into Lake Ontario. It h.is three falls, which furnish excel- lent mill-seats ; one of tliem at Rochester is W) feet perpendicular. On its borders are the Gene- see flats, 20 m. long and four broad, the soil rich and clear of trees. Genesee, a county in the state of New York, the N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario; it comprises about 1,G00 square m. and is intersected by the canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson river. Tlie pop. which in 1810 was stated at only 12, 5.S8, in 1830 was returned at 51, !jy2. Batavia is the chief town. Genesco, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,CT5. Genera, a fortified city, capital of a territory of the same name, surrounded by the duchy of Sa- voy, of which it was formerly a part, and the see of a bishop, now resident at Annecy. In 1584, Geneva concluded an alliance with Zurich and Bern, by which it was an associate with Switzer- land. During the greater part of tJie ISth cen- tury, there were frequent contests between the aristocratic and the popular parties ; and the years 1708, 17c2, 1789, and 1794, were distinguished by great revolutions. The last was eflected entirely by the influence of the French ; and not long ailer, this city and its territory was made a de- partment of France, under tlie name of Lcman ; but in 1814, after the expulsion of the French, it was annexed to Switzerland. Geneva, which stands partly on a plain at the W. end of a lake, and partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly built. It has a good arsenal, and an university founded in 1308. The houses are lofty ; and many in the trading part of the city have arcades of wood, which are raised even to the upper stories. The inhabitants, estimated at 26,000, carry on a great trade, and among others the watch-making busi- ness is particularly flourishing. The pop. of the district in 1825, was 41 ,5C0. Geneva is 40 m. N. E. of Chamberry, 135 N. W. of Turin, and 256 S. E. by S. of Paris. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 46. 12. N. Genera, Liikc nf, a large expanse of water, be- tween Savoy and Switzerland, in a valley which separates the Alps from Mount Jura. Its length from the city of Geneva to Villeneuve, is 54 m. , and the breadth in the w-idest part is 12. The water near Geneva is shallow ; in other parts the depth is various ; the greatest, yet found by sound- ing, is 100 fathoms. The river Rhone runs through it from the E. to the W. extremity. Genera, a duchy of Savoy, comprising an area of about GOO square m. bounded on the N. W. by the Rhone. Geneva, a village in the township of Seneca, Ontario Co. N. Y. It stands on Seneca lake and is one of the neatest villages in the State. The neighborhood has a varied and pleasant scenery with many elegant country seats. The village contains 4 churches, a bank and a college. The college was founded in 1823. It has instructers and a library of 1 ,500 volumes. It has 3 vacations of 10 weeks. Commencement is in August. Generals also the name of a township in Ash- tabula Co. Ohio, and of a village in Jennings Co. Indiana. Generiere, St. a county in the state of Missouri, on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, compri- sing about 1.100 sq. m. of territory. Pop. 2,182. The St. Francis river intersects theS. W. part of the county, which contains an exceedingly rich bad of lead ore. GEO 3v!J f;i;o Gerfrnoach, a Unvii of Suabia, in Brispu, with a Benedictine nl.boy ; seaU-d on a rivurcl of the gaino name, wliicli Hows into tlie Kintzig, iJO m. N. of friburg. • . r ,, i fitnci.acelebral.d city and sd at the hee-l of a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, in the lat. of 44. 25. fT, and 8. 5S. of E. long., 80 in. in a meridional line S. E. of Turin, about the same distance S. bv W. of Milan, 8C N. W. of Leg- horn, 95 N. E.of J^ice. Pop. 70,000. The territory which formed the republic of Genoa extends along the shore of tlie gulf for about 120 m. Genoa, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,768. George, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, in Inver- nesshire, which has several handsome streets of barracks. It is seated on the point ol a peninsu- la, forming the point of entrance into the Murray Frith, and completely commands the entrance in- to the harbour of Inverness. 1 1 is 10 in. -\. E. of Inverness. . GLorae, St. a small island in the Gulf ol \ enicc, t.i the §. of Venice, to which it is subject. Here is a Benedictine monastery, whose church is one of the finest in Italy. Gtoft. Si. one of the Azores, which produces much wheat. In 18(»ri a volcano broke out here which destroyed the town cf Ursulina, several faiminT-houses, &,c. The chief town is \ ellas. Long. 5d. 0. W., lat. M. :5'J. N. Grwc del Minn, St. a fort of Guinea, on the Gold ('oast, and the principal settlement of the Dutch in those parts. The town under it, called by the natives Oddcuna, is very long, and pretty broad. The houses are built of stone, which is uncommon, for in other places they are composed only of clay and wood. It is 10 ni. W. S. W. of Cape Coast" Cislle. Long. 0. 4. W., lat. 8. 4(5. N. Uciirgr, I'ort, St. See Mudrns. <;(•<»<■»<■, .S(. the largest of the Bermuda Islands. It is iiAhe form of a hook, about 40 in. in length, but seldom 2 in breadth. It has a town of the same name, containing 500 houses built of Irce- stone, which is the capital of all the islands. Long. la. :i5. W., lat. 32. 45. N. Ocor-rr, St. the capital of the i.sland of Grenada, formerly called Fort- Royal, which name the lort still retains. It is situate on the W. coast, not far from the S. end of the island, and has a safe and comiiiodious harbour. Long 01. 45. W., lat. 11.50. N. . . . , , r George's Key, St. a small island in the bay ol Honduras, on the E. coast of Yuctan. It is like wise called Cassina, or Cayo Cassigo. By a con- vention in 1780, the English logwood-cutterc were iiermilted, under certain restrictions, to oc '.!.;„ ;..|..„,l r.ntid m groups, or 8tandin- into the southern part. Near the south- ern shore are the ruins of Fort William Henry and Fort George, celebrated in the early wars with the French. George, St. an island of the United States, in the strait of St. Mary which forms the communi- cation between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. George, St. an island in the gulf of Me.\ico, op- posite the mouth of the Apalachicola. Long. &4. 50. W., lat. 29. 30. N. GcorgevUle, p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio. Geonretoicii, a maritime district of South Car- olina, bounded on the S. by the Santee river, which divides it from Charleston district; it has 34 ra. of sea-coast, indented with several small inlets. Black River, Cedar and Lynches Creeks, the great and little Pedee, and the Waccamaws river, all unite their waters in this district, which comprises a surface of about 000 square miles, exceedingly fertile in rice and cot- ton. Pop. 10,943. ^^, ,. Georselotcn. a city of the District of Columbia adjoining Washington, from which it is separated by a small creek. It stands on the east bank of the Potomac at the head of tide water. The site of the town is very pleasant, occupying a succession of hills rising gradually from the river. On a height overlooking the town stands a cath- olic monastery. The streets of the town are regular and the houses generally of brick. It fiM a considerable trade in the exportation of to- bacco and flour. Pop. 8,441. A canal from the Po- tomac to the Ohio begins at this place. See Po- tanutc and Ohio Canal GeTTveloten, p.t. the chief town of tlie district of that"^namc in S. Carolina, stands on Wiiiyaw Bay near the mouth of the Pedee, 13 m. from the sea ; and has considerable commerce. Georgetoum is also the name of 9 other towns and villages in diftcrent parts of the United States ; namely, Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,258. Mad- ison Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,094. Meroer Co. Pa., Beaver 3^-. OiiO Co. Pa., Susse.v Co. Uclware, Kent Co. Mar 1., Warren Co Geo., Harrison Co. Ohio, Dearborn, Co. I:iJ. Geonria, a country of .\sia, called by the Per Bians, Curdistan, ami by the Turks, Gurtchi. It is one of the seven Caucasian nations, in the coun- tries between the Black sea and the Ciispian, and the lat. of 39. and 43. N., and comprehends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is bounded on the N. bv Circassia, E. by Daghcstan and Schir- van, S. by Armenia, and W. by Cuban, or the new Russian government of Caucasia._ It is divided into 9 provinces. Of these, 5 form what is commonly called the kingdom of Geor- gia ; and four the kingdom or principality of Iiiieritia. The last reigning prince, Heraclius, ceded this country to Russia on his death, which happened in IfiOO. The hills of Georgia are cov- ered with forests of oak, ash, beech, chestnuts, walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of grapes, from wliich much wine and brandy are made. Cotton grows spontaneously, as well as the finest European fruit trees. Pvicc, wheat, millet, heinp, and flax, are raised on the plains, almost without culture. The valleys afford the finest pasturage, the rivers are full of fish, the mountains abound in minerals, and the climate is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, the principal of which isllie Kur, falling into the Caspian Sei, being fed by mountain torrents, are always ei- iherloo rapid or too shallow for the purposes of navigation. The Georgians are Christians of the Greek communion, and appear to have received their name from their attachment to St. George, the tutelary saint of these countries. Their dress nearly resembles that of the Cossacs ; but men of rank frequently wear the habit of Persia. They usually dye their hair, beards, and nails with red. The women employ the same colour to stain the palms of their hands. On their head they wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair falls on their forehead ; behind it is braided into several tresses : their eyebrows are painted with black, in such a manner as to form one entire line and the face is coated with white and red. They are celebrated for their beauty : but their air and manners are extremely voluptuous. The Georg- ians have great skill in the use of the bow and are deemed excellent soldiers : but the men have no virtue, except courage ; fathers sell their children, and sometimes their wives. Bothse.xes are addicted to drunkenness, and are particularly fond of brandy . The other inhabitants of Georgia are Tartars, Ossi, and Armenians. These last arc found all over Georgia, sometimes mixed with the natives, and sometimes in villages of their own. They speak among themselves their own language, but all understand and can talk the Georgians. Besides these there are a considera- ble number of Jews, some having villages of their own, and others mixed with the Georgian, Armen- ian and Tartar inhabitants, but never with the Ossi; the aggregate number amount to 320,000. The ChristTans of the country in part follow the rites of the Armenian, and in part that of the Greek church; and they are represented as the most tractable Christians in the cast. Teflis is the capital. See Imeritia. Georgia, one of the United States of America, bounded N. by Tennessee and N. Carolina, E. bv S. Carolina and the ocean ; S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama. It lies between 30. 20. and ;35. A, lat. and 8L and 86, 48. W. long. It is 300 m. in GEO 326 GER length from N. lo S and 240 in breadth and con- tains 50,000 s(j. ni. The river Savannoli washes almost the whole of the eastern boundary. The Ogeechee and Alalamaha have their wliolc course within the Blate ; llie Flint and Chatahoochee pass out of the state to the south. There is a small mountain- ous tract in the north, but nearly the whole country is an unbroken level. The soil is of various qual- ities. A chain of islands stretching along the whole coast have a fertile soil and produce the first cotton in the world, well known by the name of Sea Island cotton. The land here and along the shore consists of marshy tracts, and swells in the surface called hammoc land. On the Florida border is the great swamp of Ol.rfnnoko, {which sec.) Beyond isabelt of pine barrens interspersed with swamps. Still farther llie country becomes sandy, but towjirds the hilly region the soil is strong and productive. There are many lar^e forests which afford timber for exportation. In those parts which are flooded by the rivers the land is devoted to the cultivation of rice. The rice plant has a fibrous root, and puts forth stems which grow to the height of 4 and 5 feet. The ten, soundine exactly like those three words. It begins its calftowards evening, and continues with leaves are long and fleshy, somewhat similar lo those of the leek. The 'flowers are of a purple colour and grow in clusters on the top of the stalks. In the early stages of its growth the rice fields are inundated with water. The most profitable agricultural employment is the cultivation of cotton. Indigo was formerly produced in considerable quantities, but the cul- ture has almost totally ceased. Slave labour is universally employed, and agriculture as a sci- ence has made very little improvement. The climate in the southern partis hot and un- healthy. Epidemic fevers rage in the summer and autumn, rendering the country unsafe for strangers and even natives. The sea islands how- ever are esteemed salubrious and many of the planters spend the hot season there. In the north, pine forests abound; and here the air is pure and as healtliy as in any part of the United States. The heat of summer, is excessive and the annoy- ance from moschetoes one of the greatest dis- comforts imaginable. No sleep can be enjoyed at night wiljiout the precaution of placing a rooscheto net of gauze at every window. The number of frogs in the swamps and small streams is prodigious. Alligators abound in eve- ry stream of the low country. Great numbers of water fowl frequent these parts as well as the beaches and inlets of the sea-co.ast. The Chuck Will's Widow is one of the most common birds here, but is rarely seen north of Tennessee and Virginia. It is a solitary bird, somewhat resemb- ling' the Whip-poor-will, and is often confounded wit'h it It name if derived from the not«» it u(- short interruption for several hours. In a still evening it may be heard at the distance of a mile. Georgia is divided into 7G Counties. The cap- ital is MIUodTOville. Tlie largest towns are S,v vannah and Augusta. It has a university at Alli- ens and a school fund of 500,000 dollars. It has no manufactures. Its trade consists chiefly in the exportation of cotton and rice. The commerce of the state is chiefly carried on by northern ves- sels. The shipping owned in the state amounted in i62.Sto 13,!I59 tons. The imports in 1&29 were 380,29.'? dollars. The exports of domestic produce 4,0t-0,(>12 dollars. Total exports, 4,!)tss ni ..iprmino Jl civil euusos d.-fiiiitcly, < nil. Igiiiilil ii,.ar tlie centre ol the ^a^'-"' ' ^ ., 'gca,. The V VV ri reel ion into t'"' '^""n '''-"•■ in a N. VV. direeu Germany, 0,ler intersects all the M.r- PJ' ,,^ a Ms into the »fj^'=^^^-„„P:i,.eV:„,ullriv- En.s, the Adi^e,llieL)r^^« . ,, .^„3C„r the vine, "'.''''';■'"' V'/r'"^^^^ abundance; while „,„n attention to yield ^""\"^ ,^^ of grain to furnish materials for "'^"^'; ^^j in consid- ^'■[■"^'.OG'ttrSermanic confederacy was dis- ..,';; lly' N;o?eon, -d .evera, o ^ or :T f the' con^deSn" of tt^R^hine ■. while •^:stSaUa, W"i-„jerg^d Bava^ia^^recoii. stitutednew and ■"d«P<^"f^"\^^';=^^t".^e heredi- sia and Austria retain.n|tl,e.rrespecti^^^^.^_^ ^^. tary dominion, bu^ at te gen P^^^^^^ l:Xd^^^o:^t^^«^i::;:},::^r't ed, Willi some variations •!•■»' '"°" '"J g^vereiLm- 1,.>5 tl- /onf«'l"-y--1^1 twns'f Hahu- riermnny. a township in :v:'!.^r^'.nurih;7i:l;::;^i^an.'and .7 n. t".. of Barcelona. ., (Verry, p t. Chataiique Co. ^^ . ^ , , "> V 'w of CV,-vau interior department in the b. W. oi v n' Uwa ere.1 l.v numerous streams, run } ranee: ■' !=' ""^ " ' ''^,1,^ Garonne, the p/inci- "a;T,rmis;i!:!G:^;tliich.ives'nanu.othe de U l.iient. U contains a strata of pit coal, and hai nanufactures of wool, linen, and ^1 pe e SlSs^lh.l^h^twr:^"^^''^''-^""''-"' Lectoure, l.ombe/., am Miiamle _ Gcr.«» a town of Switzerland, on ho^lake o^ Schweitz! at the footof the Ragi, U m. b. W.ot talen, the last t„ne by the ^-nch in .7 A ^but soon recoverei'. It is / m- i J- W of Padcrborn. ^:::SaSv':^"fSweden^eS.partof 5r^.r:^d^iX?rur^;e'n^:;e^ "%,;l r^^o.:Jr^'pe^n^^:lin Vor. Co Xt" at the head of Rock creek, 30 m. VV ''^rVx"l^town of France, in the department of the lake of Geneva, and Switzerland, lU m. IN. w. principality of Fulda, seated on the Ulster, 17 m. ''vt,»'i':;r'o/-->. a sea-port of Arabia Felix Loheia. Long. « 1-J^>4;^'^t^i%i„bek, anklort. l^opeonc ;■■;.■ ^nd contains m."-- -, .•, population IS estimated at JU,UUU, u llie principal city vince Ol i,i«ji'"----, -;--- - contains mines of iron and cop- per The iniiuoitants are ■'""'".''"^'.""i'e'v'li've P"as the most ancient people o Africa .they live r:^erun:;\t^'^S-^'^e'-p"-^ 5:,H:iit#?rit^||S'i r^ie e called Neel il Abeed, or ^l.le of the Ke „,. It is 100 m. E. by S. of Cassina. «A„i!r'; the nante given to seve-al groups and GHA 329 GHE chains of mountains in Hindoostan. The word signifies ' passes' or ' gates'. These mountains are considered as commencing at Cape Comorin : yet tlie southern chain, or Malayala mountains form a separate group, terminating in the district of .Coinibctore, at tile great valley in whicli tlie forts of Paliliadery and Annamaly are situated. Tlie (iliauts begin separately on the nortli of these plains, forming two branches, one running to the east, and the other to the west of nortli. The eastern Ghauts e.\tend 70 ni, beyond Madras, forming the boundaries of the Carnatic, and to the north of that country divide into several branches, in which the mountains are subjected to interruptions, being separated by valleys cov- red with tliick forests. iJut the principal chain is divided Ivy no hollov/ grounds, except narrow defiles, whicli are well lined with fortresses. To the natives, this chain is known by the name of KUacooda, or the '■ While Mountains." It then runs along the northern margin of the Circan?, forming an uninterrupted series of mountains so close as to afford only two military passes. At the place where the (ihants separate the Cir- cars from tlie province of Jierar, the mountains become almost inaccessible, and there is only one passage for carriages and for Jiorses, viz. that of Salarghaut which leads to Beliar. Nothing is seen on every hand but masses of rock, rising perpen- dicularly to the clouds, and leaving apparently no outlet for the intimidated traveller. All the sum- mits of this chain are composed of granite, and it every wliere presents one picture ot total barren- ness and utter nakedness. Yet large trunks of trees in a state of petrification, are found here, and most particularly in the ravines created by the torrents, where trunks, projecting from the steep sides of tlie rocks, sometimes serve for bridges. The western chain of the Ghauts extends along the west coast to a distance of 70 m., and acquires a greater elevation than the eastern chain. Its height has not yet been ascertained by barometri- cal observations, but it is generally believed to amount to three or four thousand feet. The chain then crosses Kanara and Sunda, passes near to Goa, enters the Mahratta country, and divides in- to several branches. The closeness of the forests, the depth of the precipices, and the rapidity of the torrents, render these mountains very difficult to cross, and tlip passage is in many places, 50 or Oil m. long. *rhey are described as containing much limestone, and some basaltic rocks, but no one has deliberately studied the position and ma- terials of the different strata. Towards the sea- coast, the western Ghauts present a magnificent amphitheatre of rocks :«id verdure, enlivened with towns and villages. The highest, or at least the steepest part to the east of Sural, goes under the ■jame of the Bala-Ghauts, which is sometimes ex- tended to the whole of the western Ghauts, while the eastern chain, together with the intermediate plateau, is called the I'aian-Gliauts. About the sources of the river Godavery, sonie lower chains are sent oil* from liie mass of the western Ghauts, pass through the interior of tlie peninsula, and join the mountains of Berar and Gundanwa. The central chains which run parallel to the course of the ^ferbuddall river, one on its north side, and the other on the south, generally pass under the Sanscrit name of the Vindliias; the ex- lent whicli this name embraces appears somewhat arbitrary to our most learned eastern geographers. 4^ But Arrow smith more positively confines it to the mountains immediately adjoining the Nerbur- dah. It is also in these central countries that the Hindoos place their Sanyah and their Sookhian mountains, though they have been mistaken for the western Ghauts. Ghent, called by the French Gand, the chief town of £ast Flanders, is situate at the junction of the Scheldt and Lys. Julius Cajsar is said to liavc been its founder. Tlie Vandals afterwards became its masters, and called it \'anda, or Wan- da ; of which its present name is by some thought to be a corruption. This town has been the scene of some diplo- matic transactions ; the compact of the provinces of the Netherlands against the tyranny of Spain in loTS, called the Pacification of Ghent, was dra%vn up and executed here ; the last treaty of peace concluded between Great Britain and America, in I8I4, was signed here also. It was likewise the residence of Louis XVIII. during the period in which he was forced to quit France after the return of Bonaparte from Elba. Ghent is situate on a beautiful plain : its area may vie in extent with that of any other citv in Kurope, being little less than fifteen miles iii cir- cumference ; but no small portion of the enrlosed space is covered with gardens, orchards, and fields of grain. Like all other towns in this flat coun- try, it is intersected with numerous canals, cross- ed l)y three hundred bridges ; some of stone, but most of wood. Their banks, being generally planted with majestic trees, afford an extensive and grateful promenade for the inhabitants. The streets are spacious ; though some of the most frequented, as is the case in many old towns, are so narrow that two carriages can scarcely pass each other. There are thirteen public squares, the principal of which is ornamented with a pe- destrian statue of Charles V. The town hall is an immense pile of building, presenting an incongruous combination of various styles of architecture : one front, which is unfin- ished, is Gothic ; another Italian; each story be- ing supported by pillars of a different order ; — the ground story iJoric, the next Ionic, and the upper Corinthian. Jt is enriched with many val- uable documents of an early period, and with some good paintings. The structure and arrangements of the public prison or house of correction are on an excellent plan. The building is a spacious octagon, having a large court-yard in the centre, by means of which an immediate and constant communication can be easily kept up witii every part. Each department branches off from this ; and the pris- oners are kept in separate classes, accordino- to the nature of their crimes and the depravity of their character. In the centre of the woman's apartment is a large basin or trough for washing linen. Every prisoner is locked up at night in a separate cell, and brought out to work at a eta- ted hour in the morning. The average number of prisoners i.s 1,300 ; the annual expenditure is ol),000 florins, or somewhat more than JW,000 sterling ; therefore the cost of each prisoner to the state is less than £/l annually. This eco- nomical effect is produced by employing every convict capable of working in some species of in- dustry. The principal portion of the profits ia set apart for defraying the expenses of the estab- lishment, and the remainder is divided into two parts ; one of which is allowed to the prisoner for pocket-money, and tlw other forms a fund GHE 330 GIB wliich he receives on his liberation. Near the prison is the Atelier de Beinfiiisiince ; an in- etitulion intended to check mendicity, by sup- jilyin m. W. S. W. of Orbilello. Gi'^nac, a town of France, in the department of Ilerault, on the river llcrault, 14 m. W. of Montpelier. GUiun. Sec .imu. Gijon, or Uyon, a sea-port of Spain, in Asturi- as, with an ancient castle; seated on the Bay of Biscav, Id m. N. E. of Ovicdo. Long. 5.3G. W. lat. 43. 34. N, Gilbcrts^rillc, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y. Gtlhoa, p. v. Schoharie Cti. N. Y. Gilifirl, a township in Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 377 Gilra. an interior county in the W. part of Vir- ginia bounded on the E. by the great Kanahwa river. It contains about 2,000 sq. m. of surface. Pop. 5,29^. Giles, another county East of Tennessee, border- ing on Alabama, intersected by the Elk river, which flows S. into the Tennessee, it comprises about (lOO sq. m of surface. Pop. ](i.020. Pulaski is the chief town. Gilforil. t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the S. side of L. Winipiseogee. Pop. I.b72. Gill, p. I. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 8(34. alien, St. a town of J'rance in the department of Gard, 10 m. S. of Nismes. Pop. in 1S25 .'i.COO. GilVmnhiiw, a town in Kent, Eng. on the E. bank of the Mcdway, near its entrance into the Thames, it is strongly fortified, forming the out- port of the arsenal of Chatham. It is a place of considerable antiquity. There is an extensive parish of the same name, in Dorsetshire, Eng. Pop. in le'21,2,24G. The town is 4 m. .\. W. of Shaflsburv. Gilmanlon, p.t. Straft'ord Co. N. IL on the S. E. of L. Winipiseogee. Pop. 3,*S1(I. Iron ore exists here, and there were formerly iron works. Here is also a mineral spring, potent in cutaneous and bilious diseases. Gilolo, an island, the largest of the Moluccas. It is 130 miles from N. to b.,but is intersected by several large bays ; the breadth of any limb sel- dom exceeds 40 miles. The shores are in gene- ral low, and the interior rises in high peaks. It does not produce any fine spices, but has a great deal of rice, and abounds with oxen, buffalos, goats, deer, and wild hogs. The sultans of Tcr- nate and Tidore share this island between them. The natives are industrious, particularly in weav- ing. One of the chief towns is Tatany, on a small promontory on the eastern limb, and only accessible by ladders. Gihum. t. Cheshire Co. N. H. adjoining Kcene. Pop. ()42. Gitntmt, a town of France, in the department of Gers, 10 m. E. of Auch. Ginger, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, strong both by nature and art, being seated on a mountain, whose lop is divided into 3 points, on each of which is a castle. It is 38 m. N. W. of Pondicherry. Long. 7!). 3ij. E., Jat. 12. 15. N. GioTgier, or GiurdesoT, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, near which the Russians gained a victoi-y over the Turks, in 1771. Itis sealed on the Danube, 48 m. S. W. of Bucharest. Giorrnazzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a castle. It has high houses and towers, built of polished stone with flat roofs, which give it a singular appearance. It is seated near '.he sea, 10 m. N W. ofBr.ri. GIG GLE Girardeau, Cape, a county of the state of Mis- souri, lying between the St. Francis and Missis- sippi rivers ; it contains about 1,200 sq. m. of sur- face. Pop. 7,430. Jackson is the chief town. Oirest, a town of Persia, in Kcrman, with a trade in wheat and dates, 100 ra. E. by N. of Gom- broon. Oinje, a town of Egypt, about 3 ni. in circum- ference, and contains several mosques, bazars, and squares, but no marble buildings, or remains of ancient structures. It stands near the left bank of the Nile, 40 m. N. of Esne, and iiOO S. of Cairo. Long. -31. 12. E., lat. 2S. *">. N. Girgenti, an episcopal town, on the S. W. coast of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a castle. It is part of the ancient Agrigentum, and in the vicinity are numerous remains of temples, &c. ; gnat ipiantities of sulphur are exported from this ])lace. It stands on a hill, near the river St. 15lai.-,e, C2 m. S. of Palermo. Long. 13. nS. E., lat. 37. 14. N. Gironde, a river of France, formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogue, 12 m. N. of Bor- deau.x. Gironde, a maritime department of France, which includes part of the late province of Gui- eiine. It lies on both sides of llie Garonne, and it is the largest of the8G departments, containing about 1 ,022^000 hectares ; it yields abundance of wine, and is fertile in every kind of grain and cattle, whilst the rivers and coast supply abundance of fish. Its principal manufactures are in fonnderies, glass, earthenware, dye stuffs, liquors, (anniseed) and salt ; it contains some seams of pit cq^il, and beds of peat. It is divided into G arrondissements, of which Bordeaux, (the capit.il,) Bazas, B!aye, Lesparre, Libourne. and Reole are the chief towns. Pop. in 152.5,522,040. Girons, St. a town of France, in tlie department of Arriege, 4 m. S. by E. of St. Lizier. Girran, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, at the moutli of the river Girvan, which forms a tolera- ble harbour. It is 16 m. S. S. W, of Ayr. Gisliorough, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. It is celebrated for being the first place where alum was made, as it was formerly for its fine abbey. It is 22 m. N. W. of Whitby. Oisors. a town of France, in the department of Eure, seated on the Ept, 2S m. S. E. of Rouen. Gilscliin, a town of ISohemia, which sulFered greatly during the long war of the Swedes in Ger- many. Itis22m. S. W. of Koningsgratz. Givet, a fortified and frontier town of France, in the department of Ardennes, divided by the Meuse. into 2 parts, Givet Saint Hilaire, and Givet Notre Dame, the former situate at the foot of a mountain close by Charlemont, and the otiier on the opposite side of the river. It is 15 m. N. E. of Rocroy. Pop. in 1825, 4,066._ Gitila or GuHest, a strong town of Upper Hun- gary, on the Irontiers of Transylvania and the river Keresblau, oO m. E. of Great Waradin. Long. 20. 40. E., lat. 46. 40. N. Giula .Vuoea, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo IJlteriore, uear the gulf of Venice, 13 ra. N. of Alri. Giuliani, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a craggy rock, 12 m. N. N. E. of Xacca or Siacca. Gizih, a fortified town of Egypt, with a palace, several mosques, a cannon foundery, and a manu- facture of coarse earthen pots and tiles. A few m. to the S. W, are the largest pyramids in the country. Gizeh was taken from th« French by the British in 1801. It stands on the left bank of the Nile, nearly opposite Cairo. Gladbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, with a Benedictine abbey. It has man- ufactures of fine strong linen, and is seated on the Ners, la m. N. of Juliers. Pop. about 6,000. Gladenhath, a town of Germany, in Upper Hes- se, 12 m. N. of Giessen. Glammis, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire, with manufactures of j'arn and linen cloth. Near it, on the bank of the Dean, is Glammis Castle, a lar^e edifice, in which Malcolm II. was mur- dered. Gtainorvannhire , the extreme S. E. county of Wales, bounded on the S. for about 50 m. by the Bristol Channel, on the E. by the county of Mon- mouth N. by Brecknock, and W. by Caremarthen- sliire. It contains 792 sq. m. ^if surface, or about SOG.ii^O acres; is divided into ten hundreds, and 124 ()arishes ; has 1 city and 5 market-towns; and sends 2 members to parliament. The num- ber of inhabitants in 1611 was 85,067, increased in l.-!21 to 101,737. On the N. side it is moun- tainous ; but being more level on the S. side, it there bears large crops of corn and very sweet grass. Cattle abound in all parts, there being fruitful valleys among the mountains, that yield verv good pasture. The quantity of ijutter with which it supplies the Bristol market is very con- siderable. In the N. part of the county are the most extensive iron works in the world, (see Mer- thijr Tijdrill ;} copper and lead also abound, (see Swansea.) The county is intersected from N. to S. by several streams of water, and by 3 canals, by which the heavy products of the mines and forges are conveyed to the coast. -CardiiT, {irhirh see.) is the assize town, but MerthyrTydvill is the most populous, and Swansea the most important town in the county ; the other towns of note are Neath, Lantrissant, Cowbridge, and Landaff*. Glandfordbridge, or Bri^g, a town in Lincoln- shire, with a market on Thursday, and a good trade in corn, coal, and timber. It is seated on the Ancholm, which is navigable for sloops to the Humber, 23 m. N. of Lincoln. Glaris,oT G/aru.s, a canton of Switzerland, boun- ded on the N. by the river Linth, Grisons, and lake of Wallenstadt, E. by the canton ofSargans, the canton of Uri, and W. by that of Schweitz. It is a mountainous country ; and the chief trade is in cattle, cheese, ana butter. The inhabitants, amounting to 27,000, are partly protestants, and partly catholics ; and both sects live together in the greatest harmony. Claris is surrounded by the Alps, except toward the N. : and there is no other entrance but through this opening, which lies between the lake of Wallenstadt, "and the mountains separating this canton firom that of Schweitz. Glarls, a town of Switzerland, capital of the preceding canton is surrounded by mountains, and seated on the river Linth. It had manufactures of cloth, and a trade in cattle, horses, cheese, slate, and wooden ware ; 32 m. S. E. of Zurich. Glasgow, a large and populous city of Scotland, in Lanarkshire. From its extent, beauty, regu- larity, and modern improvements, it is undoubt- edly the second if not first city in North Britain The four principal streets, which intersect each other alright angles, divide the city nearly into four equal parts. The high church, the most magnificent golhic structure in Scotland, St. Andrew's church, St. Enoch's church, the Tron church, the college, the Tontine, and tmdea'-hall, GLA 334 GLO nrp some of the principal buildines in GluBgow. The town-liouso is an elegant building with a ,,ia7.za in front ; and opposite to it is the exchange, 11 square building, with an equeslrian statue ol William HI. in the centre. Tlie t.)U-bn„th, tlie .riiilclliall,and the theatre are also worthy ol no- tice There arc several charitable eslabhsliinciils; nartienlarly llio Mercliant's Hospital, and that of the town, and a large infirmary. Here is also a monument, 145 feet high, in the green of Glas- .rnw, to the memory of the galhint iNelson. i he university, instituted in M:.0,is constantly increas- ing in reputation. At present it consists of a chan- ceTlor, rector, dean of faculty, a principal, and 1() professors, of which one is fur law, lour lor theol- 02V five for the study of medicines and subjects rohnected therewith, and the others l.T the ac- uity of arts. It has lately been greatly enriched in the mathematical department by tlie library ol tlie late celebrated Dr. Robert Simpson, author oi the translation of Euclid, and has received an im- portant addition, by a collection ol rare books am manuscripts, in every department, of science, but particularly in medicine, bequeathed by the late Dr William Hunter, who has also left his cxten- Bivc museum to the university ol Glasgow. J3c- Bideslhe anatomical preparations, the museum, for which an elegant building has been erected, contains a collection of shells, corals, insects, and fossils, made by the late Dr. FothergiU, and a cabi- net of medals and coins, anchnt ai.d modern, tlie most complete of the kind in Kurope_ 1 be observatory is well fitted up, and supplied wi h the most improved instrument for the use oi the professor of practical astronomy. But being main- iv dependent on private aid for suppport, since the novelty of its erection has ceased, it is not main- tained without difficulty. Glasgow, next to Lon- don and Liverpool, is the most commercial place in (he British dominions, and in manufacturingex- tent and importance, ills only exceeded by Man- rhestcr and Leeds ; the cotton manufacture em plovs about 40,non looms, wtih all the attending operations of staining, dyeing, glazing, &c. &c., which support numerous iron fouiiderics, machine makers, &c. &c, ; in addition to which, it has sev- eral tlass bouses, sugar refineries, &c. Glasgow was oritrinally one parish, but is now for the beni- fit of the poor and ease of ministers, divided into 12 with as many churches, and several chapels of 'ease, and numerous meeting houses for Dis- senters The population of 10 parishes within the city in 1821, amounted to 72,76.5, the Barony ■■>) 919 and Gorbals Q2.3.W, making an aggregate papulation of ll7,n.i;i,' being G-.!,274 more than in l^lLand more than treble 1 he number 'nl'™- The city of Glasgow is seated on the N. bank ol the Clyde, the suburbs extending to the opposite Bide connected by three elegant bridges of stone. The river is navigable for vessels of eight feet wa- ter as far as the bridge ; but larger vessels stop at Port Glasgow, or Greenock, at the mouth of the river to unload ; it has also the advantage ol two canals, beside the great canal that joins the Clyde to the Forth. Glasgow is 41 in. W. ot Lrt- inburgh, and (iO S. W. of Perth : the mean dis- tance from London, is only 346 m. the route of the mail 404. aiasmw Port. See Port Glasgow GUisboro,igl<,y>.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. Glastcnhury, pt. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. '' Glistenhurii, t. Bennington Co. Vt^ Pop_52. Glastmhir'y, a town of SomerBetthire, Eng. ii is seatfd near a liigh hill, called the Tor, and fa- mous for an abbey, that occupied an area of 60 .acres, of which some considerable ruins still re- main ; particularly the kitchen which is the most entire, and of a very unusual contrivance. The Geori'e Inn was formerly an ht>s|iital for the ac- conunodation of pilgrims who came to the abbey and to the thorn, which, it is pretended, was planted by Joseph of Arimatliea, and blossomed on Christmas eve. It was also pretended, that the bodies of Joseph of Arimatliea, of king Ar- thur, and of Edward the confessor were buried here. The last abbot of this place was banged on the top of the Tor, by order of Henry \III. for not acknowledinjr his supremacy ; and on this hill is a tower, which serves as a landmark to sen. men. GlastcnUiury has two churches, and a man- ufacture of worsted stockings. It is seated on the river Brue, 6 m. S. W. of Wells, on the road to Exeter, and 124 W. by S. of London, Glalz, a sovereign county of Germany, lying between Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia, sur- rounded by mountains. It is 40. m. long, and •& broad ; has mines of coal, copper and iron, good . I- 1,1.. .....1 ,.«,.-... .1 .1 .1 Ctittj cnrinrrtj (it Tiuarries of marble and Stone, and fine springs ot mineral waters. In 1742, it was ceded to the king of Prussia, by the queen of Hungary, and is now deemed a part of Silesia. Glalz, a strong town of Silesia, capital of the county of Glatz, seated on the side of a hill, by the river Neiss. On the top of the hill is an an- cient caslle, and a new citadel. In 1742, the Pru.s- sians took the town by capitulation ; and in 17(.n, the Austrians, took it by storm, but restored it in 1763 It is 60 m. S. S. W. of Breslau, and 90 E. N. F,. of Prague. Long. 16. 32. E., lal. 50. 18. N. GUiurhav^a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with considerable manufactures of cotton and oth- er stuffs ; seated on tlie Mulda, 36 m. S. by E. of Glcnnitz, a town of Silesia, noted for the culture of hops and the weaving of cloth ; 34 m. S. E. of Oppeien. 67.H/Mff,a town of Scotland, in Wigtonshire, with a harl>our for small vessels, Glenn, p.v, Gloucester Co. Pa. GImns Foils, on the Hudson 2om. above Alba- ny. They are a violent rapid descending 63 feet in 500, The stream is divided by the rocks into three channels, A village of the same name is situated a quarter of a mile from the fiiUs, Gloaau, orGiwss Glosau, a town of Silesia, cap- ital of'a principality of the same name, which is very fertile, and produces wine. The town is well fortified, and formerly stood close by the Oder, which has since changed its course, and now flows above a m, from it. Besides the papists, there are a o-reat number of protestanls and Jews. It was taken by the king of Prussia, in 174), It is C0m,iS,W. of Breslau. Long. 10. 14, L,, lat, Glo-rau. Little, a. Um'n of Silesia, with a col- legiate church and Minorite convent, 2S m. i>. ot Oppeln. ,, , . , G/ommc. a river of Norway, in the bishopric of A-re-erhuys, which flows into the North feea, atFr?3erickstadt, At least .^AOOO trees ai^ an- uallv floated by this river to Fredericksladt, G/oMop, a parish of Derbyshire, Lng which contains 18 townships and hamlets : total pop. in 1821 13 760 The township of the same name contained 1 ,3.57 inhabitants. It is 8 in, N, of Chapel-in-!e-frith, Glovresterthirf, a county of England, 60 m. GLO 335 GOC long, and 29 broad ; bounded on the W. by Herefordsliire and Moninouthshire, N. by ^yor- cestershire, E. by Warwickshire, and Oxfordshire, and S. by Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It con- tains 803,000 acres; is divided into 27 hundreds, and 33'J parishes ; has two cities and 2-5 market- towns; and sends 10 members to parliament. The air is sharp in the E., or liiUy part, called the Culesimlii; but very mild in the rich vale that occupies the centre, through which the river Severn flows. The W. part which is the small- est district, is varied by hill and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The staple commodities of the county are its woolens and cheese. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Wirwickshirc Avon, Lower Avon, Wve, Thames, (."•do, and Lech; the Severn and 'fliames are united by a canal. The principal manufacturing towns are Stroud-water, Tewkesbury, and Wooton-under-edge, and the other places of n'ltc besides the capital and city of Bristol, are Cheltenliani, Cirencester, and Dursley. Gloucester, a city and capital of the preced- ing county. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and seated on the E. side of the Severn, where, by two streams, it makes the isle of Al- ni'v. It was fortified with a wall, which Charles 11. after the Restoration ordered to be demolished. The four principal streets have their junction in the centre of tlie town. It once contained 11 churches, but now has only 5 beside the cathe- dml, in which is a large cloister, a whispering gallery, and the tombs of Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, and Edward II. It has five hospitals, two free-schools, and a large county jail It has f)ur extensive establisiiments for the manufac- ture of pins, and is a great mart for wool, and there are 12 incorporated trading companies. Ships corne up hy the Severn to the bridge ; but the navigation being circuitous and difficult, a ca- nal is made hence to Berkeley, with sufficient depth of water liir chips of 400 tons burthen, at the head of whlcii 1.-: a basin, fit for the reception of 100 vessels. Ilerkeley is distant from Glou- cester 15 m. The city and neighbourhood con- tain many remains of abbeys ; and those of Lan- tony abbev, in the S. suburb, are converted into outhouses belonging to adjacent farms. Glouces- ter is 24 m. N. E. of Bristol, and 104 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1801, 7,.559, and in 1821, !t,744. GloucestCT, a county of the state of New Jer- sey, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to Del- aware river, a distance of GO m. and is about 20 in mean breadth, giving a superficies of 1,21)0 sq. m. It is divided into 12 tmvnshijjs. Pop.2S,431. Woodbury is the chief town. Gloucester, a maritime county in the E. District of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by York riv- er, and Chesapeak bay. It contains about 300 sq. m. Pop. 10,G08. The chief town of the same nime stands on a point of land on the N. side of tlie mouth of York River, 17 m. N. E. of York town, and 70 E. by S. of Richmond. Gloucester, a sea-port of Massachusetts, in Es- sex county, and on the peninsula of Cape Ann, whiohformsthe N. side of Massachusetts bay. The liarbour is accessible for large ships, and defend- ed by a battery and citadel. It is one of tlie most considerable fishing-towns in the United States, lb m. N. E. of Salem. Long. 70. 40. W., lat.42. 30. N. Pop. 7,513. Gloucester, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the N. W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,524. Also a vil- lage in Gloucester Co. N. J. Glover, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 902. There was formerly a small lake in this town, which burst its borders and deluged the neighbouring country in a singular manner. See Vermont. Gloijdshorough, a village of Hampshire Co. Va. Gluclistadt, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of Ilolsteln, with a strong castle. It has a considerable foreign trade, the principal branch of which is the whale fishery. It is seated on the Elbe, near its mouth, 28 m. N. W. of Hamburg. Long. 9. 29. E., lat. 53. 51. N. Glynn, a maritime county of the state of Geor- gia, comprising about 3,0.50 square m. of territory. Pop. 4,407. Brunswick is the chief town. Gnesen, or Gnesna, in Prussian Poland, con- tains an archbishop's see, whose prelate was pri- mate of Poland. It was the first town built in the kingdom, and formerly more considerable than at present. It is 98 m. N. by E. of Breslau, and 145 W. by N. of Warsaw. Long. 17. 40. E., lat. 52. 28. N. Goa, a city of Hindoostan, in the Concan, ami the capital of the Portuguese settlements in In- dia. It stands on the N. side of an island, 22 m. long, and C broad, formed by the river Mandova, which is capable of receiving the largest shijis. The viceroy's palace was a noble building; but this, as well as the city at large, is very much on the decline. The inhabitants are contented with greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, are their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is the Roman catholic, and the clergy are numerous and illiterate. In this place was one of the last refuges of the inquisition ; a description of which is given in Dr. Buchanan's Christian Researches. Goa has few manufactures or productions, the best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is de- fended by several forts and batteries. It is 250 m. S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 45. E., lat. 15. 31. N. Goalpara, a town of Hindoostan, at the N. E. extremity of Bengal, where the Europeans have factors, who carry on a great trade with Assam, Bootan, Thibet, &c. It stands on the E. bank of the Brahmapootra, 38. m. E. of Ranganiatty. Goar, St. a small town of Germany, formerly the capital of the lower county of Catzenellenbo- gen. It is seated on the Rhine, under the stupen- dous rock and castle of Rheinfels, with which it surrendered to the French, in 1794. It is 25 m. S. of Coblentz. Goot Island, There is an island of this name in the harbour of Newport R. I. and another at Ni- agara Falls, which see. Goavc, Grand,a. town of St. Domingo, near the sea-coast. It is 10 m. S. S. W. of Leogane. Goavc, Petit, a sea-port of St. Domingo, in the gulf of Gonaves, and the mart to which the tra- ders in Grand Goave and other places send their commodities. It is 31 m, W. S. W. of Port au Prince. Gobbi, a country of South Africa, on the coast' of the Atlantic, between the country of Cawma and Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, under the equator. The chief town is situated about a day's journey from the sea. The principal trade of the inhabi-. tants consists in elephants and ivory. Gobin St. See Fere. Goch, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cloves, seated on the Niers, (i m. S. of Cleves. Goclislieim, 01 Gochen, a town of Snavia, late- GOL »3<) GOM ly belonging to Wurtcmberg ; but ceded to Ba- varia, in mm, 21 ID. S. of Heidelberg, and 34. N. VV. ofStuttgard. Giiciano, a town of Sardinia, capital of a coun- tv of the same naine, willi a castle, seated on the Chirjjo, 25 m. E. of Algheri. iiuilalminfr,^ town in Surry, Eng. with manu- factures of stocltinffsand coarse wooIlmi clotiis. It is seated on the VVye, where it divides into seve- ral streams, 4 ni. S. W. of Guilford, and 'Si of Londim. Godavcrij, a river of Hindoostan, which has its snuree in the Sukhicn mountains, 70 m. to the N. K. of Bombay. In the upper p.irt of its course is esteenied a sacred river by the Hindoos, wiio call it Gonga, a term for a river in general. After crossing Dowlal^ibad and (jolcondn, from \V. to K., it turns to llieS. E., and receiving the iiaiii, about 'X) m. above the sea, divides into 2 princi- pal channels at Rajamundry ; and tlifse subdivi- ding again, form altogether several tide harbours, for vessels of moderate burthen, at ils diflerent mouths in the bay of Hengal. Its course is esti- mated to be above 700 m. and e.^tensive forests of leak timber border on its banks, within tJic moun- tains. (lolling, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle, seated on a branch of the Marsche, 38 m. S. E. ofJirunn. Goilinaiirhestcr, a corporate town in Hunting- donshire Eng. parted from Huntingdon by the river Ouse. It is seated in a rich fertile soil, which vields great plenty of corn. When James I. cami' through it from Scotland, the inhabit,anls met him with 70 ploughs, drawn by as many team of horses ; for which novel sight he irranted them a charter. Here is a school called Uie free trrammar school of Queen Elizabeth. It is oO m. N. bv VV. of London. Pop. in 1821. 1,953. Ui'n: or Trr Goes, a small town of the Nether- lands, in the island of S. Bevelnnd. It has a con- siderable trade, particularly in s.alt and corn. The great church was burnt down in 1(148, and anoth- er was built, which is a handsome structure. It communicates with the Scheld by a canal, and is 10 m. E. of Middleburg. Long. 3. 50. E., lat. 51. 33 N. Gofatomi. p.t. Hillshornngh Co. N. H, on the Merrimack, 55 m. from Boston. Poji. 2,213. Gof^nril, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, near Take Wetter. 23 m. N. N. W. of Linkioping. Gogo, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with a good tide harbour, at the mouth of a river, in the gulf of Cambav, 100 m, S. by W. of Ameda- bad. Long. 71. .''.3. E., lat. 21. 45. N. Gaarra or Surfctc, a river which issues from lake Lankee in Thibet,and forcing its w.ay through Mount Himmaleh, pervades tlie province of Oude, in Hindoostan, where it takes a S. E. direc- tion, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah, in the province' of Bahar. Goliuil, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir- car of the same name, in the province of Ara, ()3 m. S. E. of Agra. Long. 78. 44. E., lat. 2C. 2-1. N. Goito, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated on Ihc river -Mincio, betwen the lake of Mantua anil that of Garda, 1.') m. N. W. of Mantua. GolansT/Uc, p. v. Caroline Co. A'a. Golrnntlii, a province of Hindoostan, now called Hyderabad, between the lower parts of the rivers Kistna and Godavery, and the principal i)art of Dowlatabad. It was formerly called Tellingana, or Tilling, and is subject to the nizam of the Dec- can. The king of Golconda, at one lime, main tained in his pay above .500,000 soldiers ; but in 161)7 the reigning prince became tributary to Aurengzebe. The kings had vast revenues, aris iug i'rom the properties of land, customs of mer chandises and provisions, but chielly from the dia- mond mines ; for Golconda may be called the country of diamonds. In some districts the in- habitants have yearly two crops of rice, and sev- eral other kinds of grain. Hyderabad is the cap- ital. dolconila, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the country of the same name, 6 m. W. N. W. of Hy- derabad, and joined to that city by a wall of cnn- municallim. It occupies the summit of a conical hill, and is deemed impregnable. (loUoniln, p.v. Pope Co. Ilinois. Gold Const, a maritime country of d'uinca, where the Europeans have several forts and set- tlements. It is about 220 ni. in length from W. to E., between the rivers Ancobar and Volta ; and includes several districts, in wliich are two or three towns or villages, l3'ing on the sea-shore. Seven of the districts are dignified with the title of Kingdoms, though they contain but a small ex- tent ofMand along the coast, the chief is Ashantee. The natives are generally very rich, as they carry on a great trade with the Europeans for gold ; and many of them are employed in fishing, and cultivating rice, which grows in incredible quan- tities. This they exchange with others for maize, yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhab- itants go naked ; and those who are best clothed have only some yards of stuff wrapped about their middle. Golden Grore, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C. Goldberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Lignit.;!. It has manufactures of woollen and linen, and is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Katzbach, 11 m. S. W. of Lignitz, and 50 W. of Breslau. Pop. about C.OOO. Golditigen, a town of the duchy of Courland, with a castle, formerly the residence of the dukes. It is seated on the Wela, about^ IS m. from the shore of the Baltic, and GO m. W. of Mittau. Long. 22. 91. E., lat. .50. 48. N. GoldshoTougli, t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 880. GoUtto, or GoiiUfte, a fortress of Tunis, on a narrow channel, between the lake of Tunis and the se.i. In ].5,3() it was t.aken by Charles V. when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and kept by the Spaniards till 1574, when it was taken from them by Selini II. Golliiig, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Salzburg, 14 m. S. by E. of Salzburg. Golnitz, or Ga-lauit . a douuIous town of Upper Hungary, 2() m. N. N. W. of Raschan. Golnoir, a town of Pomcrania, seated on the Ihna, 14 m. N. E. of Stettin. Govihroon, or Gambron, a sea-port of Laristan, in Persia, called bv the natives Ilunder Abbasse. The best houses are built of brick, flat at the top, with a square turret ; but the common people have huts, made with the boughs of palm-trees, and covered with leaves. It is now reduced to a low condition. Long. 50. 10. E., lat. 27. 18. N. Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, 20 m. long, and 10 broad. It has a town of the same naiiie, with an excellent harbour, where the Spanish ships often take in refreshments. Long. 17. 8. W., lat. 28. 0. N. Gnmersn.t, a town of Yorkshire, Eng. 6 m. W. of Huddersfield. Gommcrn, a town of Upper Sa.Kony, with a cas- GOP 387 not tic, situate near llie Elbe, 7 in. S. E. of Madge- biii'!,'. donate, a sea-poit of llie islanil of St. Domin- go, in the gulf of Gonaves, with an excellent har- bour. Here is a medicinal spring, with hatha, and accommodations for visitors. It is ^0 m. S. K. of St. Nicholas-le-raole. Long. I'i. 'iti. W. lat. 19. 3(3. N. Gonarcs, Gulf of, ia funned by two promonto- ries jutting from the W. end of the island of St. Domingo ;' it is about lilO m. wide at iLt entrance between Capes St. Nichola.-^-le-niolo, and Donna Maria, and extends eastward about lUIJ m termi- nating in Port an Prince bay, which is formed by the island of Gonave, about 'X> m. from E. to W. ■iiid 5 to 7 wide ; the N. side into Port au Prince bay is called St. Mark's chttuuel, and the S. Go- naves channel. Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, situate on a hill of considerable height. The pahice of the neguz, or king, is at the \V. end, Hanked with square towers. The liouses are chiefly of clay ; the roofs thatched in the form of cones. The in- habitants are estimated at 40,000. They have no shops ; but carry on their trade in a large square, where they expose their merchandise upon mats. There are numerous churches, and the patriar- chate depends upon that of Alexandria. It is 180 in. S. E. of Sennaar. Long. 37. 33. E., lat. i2. 34. N. Gondegama, or Gondlacomma, a river of Hin- doostan, which rises near Combam, forms the nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the N., and enters the bay of Bengal at Mootapilly. Gondreeourt, a town of France in the depart- ment of Meuse, seated on the Ornain, 20 m. S. of St. Michael. GondreviUe, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe, with a caslle and a magnificent hospital. It is seated on a hill, on the river Moselle, 8 m. W. of Nancy. Goncsse, a town of France, in" the department of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Crould, 10 m. N. E. of Paris. Gonieh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, at the S. E. extremity of the Black Sea, in the lat. of 41. 85., and 41. 15. of E. long. Gonjah, a kingdom of Africa, between the coast of Guinea on llie S., and Toinbucloo on the N. Gonjah, the capitiil, is 870 m. W. by S. of Cassina. Long. U. 10. W., lat. 13. 20. N. Goochland, a county in the Eastern District of Virginia. Pop. 10,:)58. Good Hope. See Cnpc of Good I{opr.. Goodwin Sands, sandbanks off the coast of Kent, Eng. between the N. and S. Foreland. They run parallel with the coast for 10 m. at about 7 m. distant, riud add to the security of the capacious road, the Downs. GoodwJnsviUe, p. v. Dinwiddie Co. Va. Goomlii, a river of Hiudoostan, which rises in the Rohilla country, flows S. E. by Lucknow and Joanpore, and enters the Ganges, a little below Benares. Gooracpoor, a town and district of Hindoostan, in the province of Oude,!!.^ m. E. of Fyzabad. Gootij, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, cap- ital of a district of the same name, on the N. side of the Pennar, formerly subject to the re- gent of Mysore, but ceded to the nizam of the Deccan in" 179tj. It is 41) m. S. S. VV. of Can- oul. Long. 77. 48. E., lat. 15. 15. N. Goppi)igen,ti Um'ti of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg. with a castle, a woolen manu- ■i.i facture, and a celebrated medicinal Bating. It stands on the rivulet Vils, 22 m. S. E. of Stut- gard. Pop. upwards of 4,000. Goru^ot, a town of Hindoostan. in Bengal, 94 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 89. Zi. E., lit. 25. 14. N. Gorcum, a town of South Holland, which lias a small trade in corn, cheese, and butter. It ia seated on the Linghe, at its junction with the Wahal, 20 m E. of Rotterdam, and 3S S. of Amsterdam. Oordonville, p. v. Orange Co. Va. Gore hland, an island in the Pacific Ocean, so named by captain Cook, who discovered it in 1778. It is 30 m. long, and appeared to be bnr- ron and uninhabited. Cape Upright, the S. E. extremity, is in long. 17^. 50^ W., lat. (iO. 30. N. " 6'orff, a small island of Africa, near to, and S. by Cape Verd, of importance onlv as an al- most impregnable military position. The French Burrcndered it to the British in IbOO ; it was re- taken in January 1804, by the French ; and Uiey were compelled to surrender it again in Marc)i following, but it was given up to them at the gen- eral peace of 1814. Long. 17. 15. W., lat. 14. 40. N. Oorec, or Gocrec, a town of Holland, capital of an island of the same name, at the southern mouth of the Maese. It is 12 m. S. S. W. of Briel. Long. 3. 50. E., lat. 51. 44. N. Gorcc, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Gorey. See Xewborou^h. d'arg^oiifl, a small island of Italy, Ifi m. from the coast of Tuscany, opposite Leghorn, near which large quantities of anchovies are taken. Gorgonu, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 18 m. from the coast of Colombia. It is higli land, very woody, and about 10 m. in circumference. Long. 77.50. W., lat. 3. 6. N. Gorham, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,983. Also a p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,!>77. Gor:H, or Gorilin, a town of the Austrian empire, capital of a counly of its name, with » castle. Here are considerable manu'facturea of leather, and the environs produce wine, fruit, corn and silk. In 17117 it was taken by the French It stands on the Isonzo, on the frontier of Friuli, 12 m. N. E. of Palma, and 40 W. of Laiibach. See Gradisra. Gorhali, the capital of a county of the same name, in Asia, on the borders of Napaul, 35 m. N. W. of Catmunda, and 200 N. of Benares. Long. &1. 30. '£.., lat. as. 25. N. Gorlitz, a strong town of Upper Lusatia, with a celebrated academy. The inhabitants are above 12,000, and carry on a considerable trade in linen and woolen cloth. It is seated on the Neissa, 50 in E. by N. of Dresden. Giiroditrhi, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Penza, 30 m. E. S. E. of Penza. Gorl. a town of Ireland, in the S. part of the rouuly of Galway. Gosrhnit, a town of Silesia, with a castle, near the frontiers of Poland, 14 m. N. of Oels. Goshrn, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 42 m. fr. Con- cord. Pop. 772. Goshen, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield countv, famous for excellent cheese ; 7 m. IS". N. W of Litchfield. Pop. 1,732. Goshen, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. .555 Also a town in Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop COO. Also a town in Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,3G1. Alio towns in Cape May Co. N. J., cor 338 GOZ Chester Co. Pa., London Co. Va., Lincoln Co. Ctoo , Tuscarawas, Belmont, Cliainpaiffn and Clonnont Cos. Ohio, and Si Clair Co. IHinois. Ooslar, a city of Lower Saxony, in tlic terri- tory of Brunswick. It derives its principal sub- fiisteiice from llie neii^hbourinir iron mines, man- ufactures of brass and copper, and brewing. Mere the art of m;ikinjj crnnpowder it said lo have been discovered bv a monk. U is seated on the river Gcise, at the foot of a muuntain, call- ed Uaumielribertf , 3'^ m. S. of UrunswicU. hong. 10. :il. E.. lat. a\. 57. N. I'op about (i,000. (los/mrl, ,1 fortified town in llampsliire, Enj^. on the W. side of the harbour of Portsmoutli. over wliich is a ferry. It iias a considerahb' trade, especially in times of war, from its conti<;uity to the naval arsenal at Portsmouth, lli're are sever- al breweries, an extensive iron foundery.and a royal hospital, called H:uslar Hospital, for tlic sick and wounded of the royal navy. It is \o m. S. E. of Southampton, and 7:! S W. of London. The pop. which in JHll was returned at 7,731, in IS'Jl had decreased to f!,18l. Gos/wrl, a township comprising a part of the Ish^s of Sljoals.in llockinjhani Co. N. H. Pop. UK!. Gosporl, p.t. Klizabeth Co. Va. on Elizabeth river, opposite Norfolk. Hero is a Navy Yard of the United States with a dry dock. Gussweinslcin, or Gossmiuistrin, a town of Fran- conia. in the princip'ilitv of Bamln'r^, on the Putlaeh, -M m. v.. S. E. of Bamberor. Gutha, a town of Upper Saxony, the capital of a principality of the same name, in Thurinfia. It is the residence of the duke of Sa.ve-Gotha whose palace contains a fine library, and a rich cabinet of coins. Near it is the ducal observato- ry of Seeberg-, the most beautiful and useful in Germany. Gotha has a fiiunderv for cannon, a porcelain mannficture, and a considerable trade in woolens, wood, and beer. It is seated on the Leine, 10 m. VV. bv S. of Erfurt, and 7.") from Leipziir. Lontr. 10. 48. E., lat. oO. .')I.N. Pop. about 1:12,01)1) ; the principality contains about .'>0 sq. m. and upwards ^ifHl),O0() iniiabitants. Gnlltaj a river of Sweden, which issues from the S. W. e.\tremity of lake VVener. Hows by Trol- ixatta (where it firms a cataract) ami Balms, and enters the Cateirat at Gottenimr^. Gulhiinl, St. a celebrated mountain of Switzer- land, in the canton of Uri. It is 0,05.5 feet above the sea, and 2"^ m. S. of .\ltorf Though not the highest mountain, it is deemeil the principal sum- mit of the Helvetian .Mijs ; for in ils vicinity rise the rivers Tcsino, .^ar, Ileuss, and Rhone, which flow hence in every direction. Gothclmrrr, or Gnttenhnrg, a city of Sweden, capital of West Gothland, seated at the mouth of the Gotha, which forms an e.xeellent harbour; the best situate for foreign trade of any in the kingdom, as it lii's on the Categal. Here is a considerable herrin^r fishery ; and a great trade in Bait, iron, and fir-planks ; and from this port the Swedish East India shi[)s t.ake their departure. The inhabitants are computed at ^0,000. Its envious present a uniform scene of barren rocks on the side of which part of the suburbs are built. Tile interior of the city resend>les in some respects the towns of Hrdland, having canals with rows of trees abmg their margin. In l.Sl)2 nearly a fourth part of the city w.ts consumed by a fire. It obtained great imjiortance as a comtnercial depot during the proscription of Bonaparte in 1807 — 1811. It is IdO m. S. W. of Orebro. Long. 11. 30. E ,lat. 57.49. N. Gothland, one of the five general divisions of Sweden; bounded on tlie N. by Sweden Proper, E. and S. by the Baltic, and \V. by the Sound and the Categat. This country is inhabited by a nation, ceUbratcd for their excursions and invasions of other countries, which had its origin from the Getie, or Tartars of the Crimea. The (ioths luad kings of their own till 1 liW, when they were united to Sweden. It was fortnerl}' divided into E., \V. and S. Gothland, but now intoO firovinces and the isle of Gothland and QO- and. Gothfaml. an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, 70 m. from N. to S., and 25 in its greatest breadth Erom its form and situation it has obtainef^sea coast, on the Mediterranean ; the mean length of the province from W. to E. being about 234 m., the e.xtrcme breadth at the E. end is about 95 m. but tije W. part not more than 30, its superfice.s not exceeding 805 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1810 692,924. It is bounded on the E. by the kingdom of Seville, N. by those of Cordo- va and Jaen, and W. by Murcia. Though a mountainous country, the soil is good ; but it has not been v.'ell cultivated since the Moors were expelled in 1492. However, it produces corn, wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, hon- ey, wax, and mulberry-trees, which feed a great number of silk-worms. The forests produce gall- nuts, palm-trees, and oaks. It is intersected by several streams falling into the Mediterranean, but the principal rivers run from E. to W. into the Guadalquivir through Cordova and Seville. Granada was the last province in Spain occupied by the Moors. The principal towns on the coast ofthe Mediterranean, beginning at the W. are Marbella, Malaga, Almunecar, Motril, Adra, Almeria, and Vera, and in the interior, Granada, (the capital) Ronda, Velez Malaga, Santa Fc. Guadix, Baza, Hues'-ar, and Purchena. Granada, a city of Spain the capital ofthe kini^- dom of that name, is situated near the confluence of the Xenil and the Darro, at the foot of the highest mountain in the Peninsula, the Sierra Nevada, and on the verge of that fertile district called the Vega de Granada. Notwithstanding its vicinity to the snow-clad Alpujarras, the win- ters are mild in Granada, and the climate is healthy and agreeable. The number of houses is 12,000, and the pop. according to the last census, was 68,295. In commerce and splendour the city has much declined notwithstanding the fer- tility of its territory. It rose to its highest pros- perity under the Moors, by whom it was occupied soon after their first invasion of Spain in 711 : it became a royal residence in 1013 ; during two cen- turies retained that distinction ; and was not fi- nally surrendered to the Spaniards until 1492. Of its magnificent edifices, the most notable are the palace of the Alhambra and the Generalife, or pleasure-house and garden of the Moorish kings. The Alhambra, with its 30 towers, alone occupies the space of a town, and is situated on a hill, fronting tliat called the Alcanaza, and sepa- rated from it by the rapid Darro. The ascent to the Alhambra is through groves of poplars and orange-trees, with fountains by llie road side. CRA 340 CRA The outer walls inclose a large .iren, surround- ing the inner walla ; and a nuniluT uf lanka or cisterns occupy the space between tlu-se and tlie Moorish palace, — a congeries of buiMini;^ chiel- ly reuinrkablo for their interior deeorationa. The chambers are all paved witli inarbli>, and erna* mcnted witli marble pillars, suslaiiiiriij arclu-n of pure Arabic form : they are adorned with stucco, and with a species of porcelain which jxeshly re- tains its gildinjr after a lapse of 5 centuries. The Court of the Lions, so called from the sculptures which adorn its fountain, has no liwer than ITit! marble pillars. The hall of the Abencerrages is so called from the massacre of that illustrious tribe, said t'l have been here perpetrated by Boahdil the lapt king of Granada. They were the objects of envy to the Ze^ria and the Cionieles, by whom they were falsely accused of treason l« tlie Kin«^ ; and one of them was charged with illicit iiilerrourse with the queen. In conoetiuence of this charge, the monarch beheaded St) of the Abencerrages (or, according to some statements, ?..">) in one day. The sultana commilted her di-fenie to'l Christian knights, her champions, who each overcame the accuser with whom he fought, and vindicated both her character and that of the noble family which had been slaughtered. The common people fancy that in the alabaster bason, which is in the centre of the apartment, they can discern traces of the blood of those brave men ; but the unanimous opinioD of enlightened travellers is, that these ensanguined stains are nothing more than the effects of time and exposure to ne air. This hall appears to have been a central saloon, communicating with the other apartments of the palace. Kvery possible variety of combination which could be devised by ingenuity, was employ- ed to decorate the wall and ceiling, and the style of execution is the most exquisite that can be conceived. The lines regularly cross each other in a thousand forms. and after manifold windings return to the spot whence they begin. The ceiling is equally extraordinary and worthy of admiration ; it represents a series of grottoes from which depend stalactites, painted of v.arious colours The Golden Saloon, so termed by the Arabs from the profusion of gold ornaments which it contained, was ajj[)ropriatcd to the reception of ambassadors, from which circumstance the Span- iards have designated it I^a Sala de los embasado- res. It is situated in the b>fty tower called the Comaresh ; is '.K feet square, and M feet 1 inches high, from the floor to the highest part ofthe ceil- ing. The walls are, on three sides, fifteen inches thick, and on the fourth side nine. The lower range of windows is thirteen f:et in height. The grand entrance to this noble hall is through an arched doorway, admirably finished, and embel- lished with flowers and arabesques in stucco : they were blue and gold, but the gilding is now almost entirelv cfTaced. Over the principal door IS an Arabic inscription, which appears to have been executed in a style corresponding to the rest of the edifice : it is taken, with the exception of its concluding sentence, from the Kor.in. On en- tering the Hall of Ambassadors, the beholder is lost in astonishment at the exquisite taste and ele- gance of execution which characterise every part of it ; and if thus superb, even in its pre- sent deserted state, observes Mr. Murphy, how resplendent must this golden paloon liive been, when the sovereign, arrived in nil the pomp '"f oriental magnitirence, assembled his brilliant court to give audience to the representatives of neigh- bouring monarchs ! The whole floor is inlaid with mosaic. The some kind of ornament, bnt of diflerent patterns, covers every part of tlio walls, interspersed with flowers and Araijic inscriptions executed in por- celain, with exfjuisite taste, so as to unite and harmonise exactly with the stucco ornaments that every where abound. The most remarkable part of the Alhambra, for exterior beautv, is the palace begun by the emperor Charles V. in l.'ili", when he had lioped to fix his court at Granada : it is a square build- ing, each front being 'ZiO feet in leiijjth ; and, though it is roofless, so mild is the climate, that the marble staircases appear as fresh as if they were just completed. Fine as the prospect is from llie Alhaiidira, a still finer is enjoyed from the Generalife on the opposite hill, which was the residi-nce of the court during the heats of sum- mer. The rooms are all floored with marble, and have streams of pure water running through them ; a luxury whidi the Spaniards of Granada, in imitation of their Moorish ancestors, are fond of introducing into their houses. Most of these have fountains in the inner courts, with awnings around them, where the inhabitants in hot weath- er take their repasts and receive visits. Granada is an archiepiscopal .see : it has an university, now dwindled into insignificance ; forty-one convents, various churches, thirteen hospitals, many re- mains of Moorish magnificence, and a bazar called Aleanteria. Its rich territory bears, in perfection, all the products peculiar to the south of Kurope. In the stately cathedral are the tombs of Ferdinand the Catholic and his queen Isabella ; also that of the renowned warrior Gonsalvo de Cordova, (iranada is in lat. 37. 15 N , long. 3. Uo. W. Ormiada, .\cw, an extensive territory of South America, which comprised all the western part of the new republic of Colombia from the great river Maranon, or Amazons, to the Cariboean Sea; this part of the western hemisphere was first explored by Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, in 15(W, and became completely subdued to Span- ish rule undi-r a captain general, in 1547. In l/lf* it was formed into a viceroyalty ; restored to a capUiin generalship in \TH ; hut in 1740, the viceroyalty was re-established and continued un- til l^K). In December Itflt), an union was ef- fected with Vcncrulea into one republic, under the name of Colombia^ {irlnch Sff). firanaril, a neat town of Ireland, in the county of Longford, l(i in. E. N. E. of Longford. Pop. in l.*.>0, 2,534. Oriinhij. a township of Essex Co. Vt. Pop. P7 Also a p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. l,0f>-1. Also a p.t. Ilirtford Co. Conn. Pop. 2,730. Also a p t. Oswetjo Co. N. Y. Pop. 1.423. Also a vil- lage in Lexington District South Carolina, seat- ed on the Congaree. on the contrary side to Co- lumbia, about a m. below that city. It is noted for a curious bridge, whose centre arch is H:o feet wide, to give passage for large trees which are brought down by the floods. Grnnd Island, in Niagara River, N. Y. is about G m. long and 3 broad. It has a good soil and is generally covered with trees. Grriua Isir, a county of Vermont consisting mostly of the islands in Lake Champlain, Pop. 3,fi08. North Hero is the cnpital. There is a vil la^e ofthe firne name in this county. GRA 541 GRE Grand Lick, p. v. Campbell Co. Kentucky. Grandmont, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Vienne. Near it was a celebrated abbey, suppressed in 17()9, after the death of the then professed members. It is 15 ni. N. N. E. of Limoffes. Grand Manan, an island at the entrance of tlie bay of Fundy, tlie S. end of v.hich is in lat. 44. A'S. N., and ()7. of W. long. ; it is included in tlie province of Nova Scotia. Grandpre, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, seated on the Ayre, 32 m. E. of Rheims. Grand View, a township of Washington Co. Ohio. Grangemouth, a village of Scotland, in Stirling- shire, at the junction of the Great Canal willi the rivi-r Carron, 4 m. N. E. of Falkirk, in which pariili it is included. Upwards of 40,000 tons of shipping are annually entered here, belonging either to the foreign or coasting trade. Granscr, a county of East Tennes.^ee. Pop. 1,000. "Rutledge is the chief town. Also towns in Cuyahoga and Medina Cos. Oliio. Grnnsce, a towJi of ilrandenburg, in the Mid- dle Mark, 30 m. N. of Berlin. Granson, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays do Vaud. It stands near the S. end of the lake of Neufchatel, IG m. W. S. W. of Neufchatel. Grant, a county of Kentucky, E. of the Ken- tucky river. Pop. 2,087. Williamstown is the capital. Grantham, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. The church is an elegant structure with a very lofty spire. A canal passes hence to the Trent at Nottingham. Grantham is seated on the Witham, 20 m. S. by W. of Lincoln and 110 N. by W. of London. It returns two members to parliament. The population which in 1801 was 3,:f03, in 1.-21 was 4,148. ■ Grnnlkam. t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 45 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,079. Grantsrille, p. v. Greene Co. Geo. GranrUle, a town of France, in the department of Manche, seated on the English channel, in the bay of St. Malo, partly on a rock, and partly on a plain, 15 m. S. by W. of Coutances, and 25 N. E. of St. Malo. Pop. 7,0'M) ; it carries on a consid- erable traliic with the Island of Jersey. Granville, a county of North Carolina. Pop. in,343. 0.\ford is the chief town. Granville, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,652. Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,882. Also towns in Licking Co. Ohio. Monongahela Co. Va., and a Seignory ofCornwallis Co. Lower Canada. Grfl«//7i, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Siaz. famous for its manufacture of brass, 15 m. N. W. of Elbogen. Grasmcrr-icatcr, a small lake of Westmoreland, Eng- W. of Ambleside. Its margin is hollowed into email bays, with bold eminences ; some of rock, some of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure of the lake. .'\ low proniontorv projects far into the water ; and tm it stands a while village. Grason, an island in the gulf of C.:jthnia. near the coast of Sweden, 1.5 m. lon7. and 58. 43. north latitude, and between X). and."?. :54. west longitude from Paris. Its surface contains 1I,4U0 leagues. Its eastern and southern shores are less deeply indented than the western : they are con- sequently bolder. There are no islands upon the eastern coa.st, and upon the southern none e.xcept that of Wight and two others of inconsiderable size : on the west are those of Sicily elsewhere de- scribed, Anglesey, Man, Arran, fla. Jura, Mull, Tiry, Egg, Rum, Sky, the Hebrides and Orkneys. In the sontli the largest bay is that of Exeter. In the east are, beginning at the south, the sandy bay of the Thames ; the Wash, where the little stream called the Glen meets the sea ; the frith wliich receives the Ilumber: the friths of Forth. Murray and Uornoch. On the western coast are tlie friths of Clyde and Solway ; the bays of More- cambe and Arlecli, and the Bristol Channel, which receives the Severn. The mountains of this island compose three groups : the first toward the north is formed by the highlands of Caithness and Inverness; of this group the Orkneys, the Hebrides, Sky and Mull are the extremities : The second consists of the Grampian Hills and some other eminences which terminate at the friths of Forth and Clyde : The third comprises the Cheviot Hills and the broken surface of Wales and the south part of the island. The first group does not rise above 2,500 feet ; the highest eminence in the second attains to 4,370, and in tlie third a few summits rise to 2,500 and 3,000 feet. There are no basins of great extent. The hills of Caithness, and the Grampian chain form the one most northerly : the most considerable and rapid river of this basin is the Sjtci/ which flows with a swift course, and with much obstruction from cataracts into Murray Frith. Tlie southern ramifications of the Grampians form with the Cheviots an extensive basin through which flows the Forth : this river in a course of 00 leagues traverses an extent of meadows, forests, and fer- tile plains, and its waters abound in excellent nsh. Tlie Moorlands and u few other hills surround the vast basin of the Uiisc, which under the name of L'rc rises in the valley of Wensley, flows to Ays- gartii, where it tonus a beautiful cascade, takes the name of Ouse after receiving the Swale, and the name of Ilinithcr upon joining the Ocean. The ridge which forms the southern limit of this basin, bounds on the north that of the most important river of Great Britain, llie Thames. The basins ,jf the soutliern face of the Island are too small to give rise to any considerable stream. Those on the western face arc of small extent except that traversed by the Srtcrn : this basin is formed by the highest mountains of England and Wales : the Severn rises at the foot of Plinliinmon and runs into the Bristol Channel. The basin of the Clyde in Scotland, is narrow, but worthy of notice for the beautiful falls of this river, one of which near Stone Byres is 64 feet perpendicular. The region watered by this stream is one of the most romantic, fertile, and populous in the whole country. The Lakes of Great Britain are small ; the Largest in England is l.orli l.omond 30 m long and n wide. Its beautiful bonks are much fiequtnted in summer. It embosoms several islands, and its waters arc subject to violent agitations without any appari-nt cause. In Scotland are many lakes, the most noted of which is Locli Lomond, 30 m. long and two to three wide. The rigors of winter, and the heats of summer, are much less felt in Great Britain than on the continent under the same parallel. The winds from the sea, temper seasons the most opposite, but the variations of temperature arc sudden and frequent. If the northern regions are favorable to the growth of vegetables, the state of the atmos- phere is ofXen an obstacle to their maturity : rains destroy the too early expectation of a plentiful crop. Moreover, in the north there are wide tracts of barren territory, and on the eastern coast, sand an 1 marshes oppose an obstacle to fertility. The most fertile districts are in the centre and south. The most useful plants and animals have been imported from the continent at diflerent periods into the British Islands. At the most ancient period, Enffland was covered with virj^in forests like the wilds of America: the food of the inhabi- tants consisted of acorns, apples, nuts and berries ; bears, wolves, and wild hoars ranged undisturbed among these vast solitudes : the deer fed in the woods and the wild bull in the plains. The beasts of prey have disappeared ; the deer only is reserv- ed to afford a sport to the rich, and no other of the wild quadrupeds remain but the small tribes which find a shelter in the mountains and forests. A goat is almost a rarity throughout the island, ex- cept in Wales, where they approach somewhat to a savage nature : the Welsh take great delight in hunting them ; they prefer the he-goats as having the best fat and skin : the horns of this animal arc sometimes three feet in length. Most of the domestic animals of Scotland are small, but their flesh is savoury and highly esteemed. The island of Great Britain contained in lt!21 a pop. of 14,158, 815. Adding to this the pop. of Ireland which is 0,801,800, gives a total of 20,003,513. for the pop. of the United Kingdom. The total pop. of the British empire throughout the world is estimated at from 140 to 150 millions. The national debt of Great Britain in 1830 was £804,860,188 sterling. The shipping of the kingdom amounts to 2.500, 000 tons The imports are valued at 43 millions sterling, the exports 57 millions. The yearly man- ufactures of cotton 20 millions ; of woolen \S mil- lions ; of silk 10 millions. The whole amount of property in the British empire is estimated at 4,091) millions sterling. The geographical position of the British Islands has necessarily raised llie commercial power of the United Kingdom to a degree of prosperity beyond anything which antiquity exhibits to us. It has long been customary to compare the naval power of Great Britain to that of Carthage, but nothing will establisli the jiretended resemblance. Seated upon a continent. Great Britain would never have attained the preponderance she now exercises. If her two great islands formed but one, the same advantages would not have arisen. The extent of her coasts maintains an immense maritime pop- ulation, and removes the a^iprehension of any rival in the empire of the seas. The secret of tlie English power first began to be understood by Elizabeth. Called to the throne at a period when the religious reformation which ni.arked an important era, as political reformation characterizes the present, had been obstructed in its procrress under the short and blo^idy reign of ORE 313 CUE Mary, lliis great princpas placed licrselfal the head of the movement which luul drawn all minds with- in its inlluence. Unjust and cruel towards Mary Stuart, the political dilHculties of her situation can hardly palliate the enormity of her crime, but in other respects we cannot too much admire the grandeur of her conceptions. It was she who laid the foundations of the English power : who first despatched ships to circumnavigate the globe, and who, after sendin'g colonies to both Indies, laid tile foundation of that company of merchants who rule over nearly an hundred millions of people in the East. Skilful in turning the peculiarities of the Enirlish constitution to her advantage, she liad the talent to govern despotically without of- fending the nation, to restore order and economy a:nong the finances, and to give a new impulse to trade and commerce. The accession of James VI, of Scotland, to the English throne, under the name of James I, was attended with the advantage of uniting without violence, two crowns which the common interest should have placed on the same head. His reign was disturbed by plots which ceased only with the Stuarts, but exterior quiet favoured the operations of trade. Charles I, after sundry acts of indecision, weakness, and despo- tism, died upon a scaffold, before the eyes of a people who had learned by the tragical end of Lady Jane Grey and Mary Stuart, to witness the fall of a crowned head without shuddering. Under the protectorate of Cromwell, the English navy attained to a degree of power and reputation, which earned a title of glory not to be withheld from this cruel and crafly usurper. Charles II, restored to the throne of his ances- tors, confirmed the abolition of the feudal laws, encouraged commerce and agriculture, and found- ed the Royal Society of London ; but his luxuries and pleasures led him into foolish expenses, to met which he espoused the Infanta of Portugal with the sole desire of enjoying her rich dowry. He sold Dunkirk to France for 25,000 pounds sterling, and compromised the interests of Eng- land by joining Louis XIV, in the undertaken to destroy the Dutch power. His despotism and ex- tortions prepared a new revolution, which was accelerated by the pretentions of the Jesuit party, and the distrust of the protestants : victims on both sides fell upon the scaffold, and James il, in the midst of these troubles, forerunners of civil war, succeeded his brother, shocked the prejudices of the nation upon political and religious liberty, and fled from the kingdom at the apjjroach of William of Orange. Enlightened by the experi- ence of the past, the parliament, in decreeing the crown to the son-in-law of James, drew up the celebrated Bill of Riglits, which restrained the royal power within its just limits; the two houses retained the management of the public ex[)enses, and the king that of the civil lists, in vain Louis XIV, actuated by his attachment to the catholic religion, generosity towards an unfortunate prince, and hatred of William, placed at the command of James his money, soldiers, and sliips : the battles of the iJoync and Aghrim, in which this prince showed neither the courage nor presence of mind so necessary to a king, took away from him the hope of ever reconquering his throne. Finally after a reign of thirteen years, in which, for the maintenance of expensive wars with France, he was obliged to resort to loans, William died, leav- ing the kingdom burthened with a debt of 48 mil- ions of dollars, or ten times the amount of the debt in 1688. Anne the daughter of James II, in placing Marlborough at the head of the army, saw tliD national glory revive in the victories of Blenheim and Ramillies, while the battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet caused that of Almanza to be for- gotten. Under her reign, Newfoundland, Hud- son's Bay, Minorca, and Gibraltar, were acknowl- edged to belong to the English. Conformable to the act of succession, the houseof Brunswick fur- nished, in 1714, a new dynasty to Great Britain, (ieorge I. and George II. had to struggle against the bold enterprises of Charles Edward, the grand- son of James II. till the battle of Cnlloden, w'hich, in 174IJ, overthrew the party of the I'retender, and delivered England from civil war, and the fears of a new revolution. Toward the middle of the reign of George I, the private fortunes of many individuals were ruined by the South Sea scheme, as it happened in France at tiie same time, from the financial system of Law. The reign of George II, longerand more abounding in imj)ortant events, witnessed the renewal of that rivalry between Great Britain and France, which had subsequent- ly such important effects upon the political sys- tem of Europe. The former consoled herself lor the loss of the battle ofFontenoy, and the disas- ters of the Duke of Cumberland in Flanders, bv her successes on the ocean and in India, and by the capture of the island of Goree, and the conquest of Gaudaloupe and Canada. Under these favourable auspices George III. succeeded to the throne of his grandfather in 17G0. Born in England, he possessed a great advantage over his predecessor, and was the idol of the na- tion. A war which had broken out in 175."), between France and England, was continued fur three years longer, and when the former had suffered the loss of her fleets, and the latter so far exhaust- ed her finances as to be no longer able to raise soldiers without difficulty, the treaty of 1703 fol- lowed. Great Britain retained Canacla, the island of Cape Breton, Dominica, Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent, and Senegal, but these acquisitions in- creased her debt tenfold, and the sum now amounted to 134 millions sterling. This was no favourable time for diminishing the taxes, and still less so for increasing them, particularly by imposing burdens upon colonies so important as those of North America, and who required so much forbearance. These colonies had always possessed the right of taxing themselves in their provincial assemblies. The British parliament in 1705, passed an act for collecting stamp-duties in America, but this attempt failing in conse- quence of the spirited resistance of the Americans, it was renewed in another form by imposing a duty on tea imported from England : the Colo- nies began reprisals by refusing to make use of any British imports, and the Bostonians threw the tea into the sea. The mother country scorned the medium of concession and took up arms. The colonies assembled in a national congress, de- clared the country an indcpendcnt,sovereign state, made preparation for war and placed Washington at the head of the army. Victory, long time un- decided, at length inclined to the sTde of the Americans, and in 1778 France made a treaty with the new confederation, and agreed to defend their cause: this was a declaration of war against England : the struggle was obstinate and bloody, and the successes balanced, as shown bv the treaty of peace in 1783 by which Great Britain ceded to France Tobago, the banks of the Senegal, and some districts in the neighborhood of Pondicher- % r.RE 344 CrxK rr, reslorf 4I licr conquests from tliia power, and h'er ally, Sp»in, and abandoned llie deiiiolition of Dunkirk. France also gave up her conquests, and tlip consequence of this treaty was tlie acknowl- edgement of the independence of the United States. The events worthy of note in the aflairs of Erigland down to the svibsequeiit rupture with France are, abroad, the conquest of half the do- minions of Tippoo tSaib in India, a:id at home, the progress of relieious tuhralion, the extension of the privileges of juries in criminal cases to judge not only of tlie fact, but of the law, and tlie propo- sal for the abolition of the slav trade, bronirht for- ward by the virtuous AVilberforce, adopted by the commons, and rejected by the lords. But the principles which jjave rise to the French revolution were now proclaimed witii enthusiasm in the political societies of Great Britian, and the parliament adopted the bill for tlie exclusion of for- eigners, and prohibited the exportation of corn to France. The latter complained of the violation of the commercial treaty of 17.77. but Great Britain dismissed the French ambassador and organized against that power in 17113 the first coalition, of which she herself wa» the soul, and which was composed of nearly the whole of Europe. Tiie victories of the French broke up this alliance, and rendered France more powerful than ever, ling- land stirred up a second coalition in 1790, but was herself forced into a peace, and the treaty of Amiens was signed in ltf02. A new coalition arose under her auspices in ld05, and new victories and new aggrandizements on the side of the French at the expense of their neighbors were the result. In 1807 the fourth English coalition was broken by the treaty of Tilsit. In IHOtt a fifth was formed, and ended in the treaty of Vienna by a new ac- quisition of territory tor France. Finally after a perseverance which exhibits in a striking view the power of England, and the immense resources within her rjach, the sixth coalition, renewed in ltjl3, terminated in the fall of the French em- pire, the restoration of the house of Bourbon, and the treaty of peace concluded al Paris in 1814. The British constitution, is a piece of mosaic work belonging to different ej>ochs ; it is the great charter of Henry I, nioilified a century later and forced upon the acceptance of king John. It is the charter confirmed with great al- terations by Henry III, and sanctioned by Ed- ward I. Its completion is the Declaration of of Rights in 16*S. It possesses however, the ad- vantage of not impeding the developenient of any social faculty, of securing every liberty, by the unrestrained exercise ol that of the press, and of exalting the character of the subject by placing his life and property under the safeguard of the laws. The king of England joins to tlie dignity of supreme magistrate, that of head of the church. The former gives him the right of making wtir and peace, alliances and treaties, raising troops, assembling, proroguing, adjourning, and dissolving parlamenl, appointing all officers, civil and military, and the chief Ecclesiastical digni- taries, and pardoning or commuting the punish- ment of criminals : the latter gives him power to convoke national and provincial synods, who un- der his approbation, established dogmas and dis- cipline. The parliament enjoys the prerogative of proposing laws, but no law has any validity till approved by the king. On the other hand tlie will of the sovereign or his ministers, and the an- nual demand for supplies cannot take the shape of a law till under this form they have been sanc- tioned by the vote* of both houses. The king may increase not only the number of peers, hut even that of the commons, by authorizing a city to return ineinberi to parliament. He arrives at majority at the age of eighteen, and on his acces sion to the throne must sanction all the laws passed during his minority. Females as well as males possess a hereditary right to the crown. Tiic responsibility of the ministers, not an empty phrase in Englnnd, secures the inviolability of the monarch: the ministers are four in number, and inde|)endanlof one another : — the First Lord of the Treasury, or prime minister, who has under his directiim the taxes, the custom house, tlie stamp cilice and the post olTice ; — the Secretary of tState for foreign aflairs ; — the Home Secretary, who has the direction of colonial affairs excepting those of the l-Jast Indies, — and the Secretary at War whoso authority extends over the concerns of India. A council is organized to examine whatever relates to Indian affairs, and another superintending the business of commerce and the colonies, is composed of enlightened individuals who combine among themselves the interests of agriculture, industry and commerce, and study unceasingly the wants and tastes of every people for the purpose of making them in some wav sub- servient to British industry. Tlie House of'Cora- mons consists of (158 members, of whom 489 rep- resent England, tit the principality of Wales, 45 Scotland, and 100 Ireland. .\t the present moment Great Britain is ap- proaching a fearful crisis. Her trade is embar- rassed, her subjects disaffected, and her political institutions threatened by the example of popular revolt in the neighboring countries. The Whigs have once more come into power, and a ministry preside in the national councils whose avowed and leading object is to effect an essential change in the government. A struggle for life and death has commenced between the popular and aristoc- ractical bodies. The checks and balances which political theorists have been accustomed to con- sider as apart of the British constitution, have begun to 2ive distinct evidences of their conflict- ing tendencies ; and the hostile operation ofdis- cordnnt elements seems to promise collision and not equilibrium. The whole aspect of affairs is such as to warrant the belief that the present gov- ernment of Great Britain cannot last. Great llurriii!;lon, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 2,270. Great Hay, a lake in N. H. formed by the waters of the Swamscot, Winnicot and Lam- prey rivers. It is 4 m. wide. — Another lake connected with the Winipiseogee. Grebcnslein, a town of Germany, in Lower Ilesse, on the river Esse, 12 m. N. N. W. of Cassel. Greece, a territory of tlie S. E. extremity of Europe, and 2,000 years ago the most celebrated portion of that quarter of Uie globe, it having suc- cessfully combated the myriad armies of Persia and the cast, and extended its arts and its arms eastward to the banks of the Indus. As the glo- ry of Egypt declined, that of Greece rose to its meridian, to be eclipsed in its turn by the as- cendancy of Rome, till in the l.'Jth century it be- came tributary to the Turks. The main land of Greece extends from the lat. of 30. 25. to 42. N. or about 400 m., and is about 110 in mean breadth. In the days of Grecian celebrity, it was divided into four great parts, viz. Macedonia, Thessaly, Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, exclusive of tha GRE ai5 GRF. island of Candia, and the Archipelago. Unacr the Turks it was divided into four pachalics, viz. Silonica, Joannina, Kstropos or Negropont, and Tripolizza. It will Ite proper, before we speak of modern or Independent Greece, first to describe the whole of the country ill Europe inhabited by the descendants of the ancient Greeks. Tills reijion i.'i a sort of peninsula lying between the .^rchipelago and the Ionian sea. Its northern boundary is ratlier indefinite. Pindus, now Metzova, is probably the nucleus of the mountains in the Greek peninsula; ila rocks, forests and poetic fountains have of lale given rise to many interesting observations, but its elevation is still unknown. The numerous val- lies on its sides are covered willi trees ; snow falls (renerallv during the month of October on all its summits, and twoof them, Dokimi and Peristera, are covered with snow almost the whole year ; their height may be vaguely estimated at eight or nine thousand feet. The mountains of Epirusex- tend to the shores of the sea ; Thessaly is encom- passed with hills, and forms an amphitheatre on wliich seventy-five towns were in ancient times built. Olympus or the modern Laclia is not, according to XcnaiToras, more tlian 5,7t)0 feet ; according to BernouUli it is 6,1'2U high ; its rugged and pre- cipitous rocks ffive it a picturesque and sublime appearance ; the pass of Platamona on the north of Olvmpus, is encompassed with perpendicular rocksj that rise to the height of 3,000 feet ; the fa- mous pass of ThermopylsE is not so imposing, but neither can vie with the one in the ancient Meg- aris, between the Scironion rocks and the Salon- ic iTulf. Dark and sleep rocks hang above the sea, the waves resound beneath their base, the travel- ler walks along a narrow path near these precipi- ces, and appears suspended between the ocean and the sky. The erect and steep summits of the ancient Parnassus or the present Liakoura are very lofty, but although they have been seen by many trav- ellers, they have been measured by none. The middle districts of the Peloponnesus form an ele- vated ridge, and several mountainous groups arise from it; of these Culmos or the ancient Cyllene is said to be the highest central point, and Cape Matapan or the ancient Ttenarus, which extends farthest to the south, forms the southern extremi- ty of the European continent. The coasts of Albania descend gradually towards the gulf of Drino, and rise suddenly near the en- trance of the Adriatic. Rocks are heaped above rocks, their summits reach to the clouds, their sides are rent by lightning, the sea which wash- es them is always tempestuous, and the shores are covered with the wrecks of vessels. Such are the Acroceraunian mountains, so much dread- ed by the ancients ; they are now better known by the name of the Monte de Chimera. The coasts of the Ionian islands are for the most part very steep, the calcareous rocks of Leucade rise from the bottom of a deep and stormy sea ; they were the cause of inucJi alarm to mariners in the time of j^neas and Ulysses, thev are con- eidered dangerous even in the present day. The island of Candia or Crete is supposed to be a continuation of the mountainous districts which extend along Greece anm- p.TiUure of which in e00 feet high. 'J'hrotigliout the state these mountains are from 10 to Jo miles in breadth They are every where intersected with valleys, abounding in springs and streams, and exhibiting that perpetual verdure wliich has conferred upon them their name. Their sides are completely covered with woods, and their rocky summits .arc clad in a coal of green moss. The trees appear old, but small ; they are all of the evergreen sort, pine, spruce, hemlock and fir, intermixed with shrubs and bushes. Vegetation decreases on approaching the top of the mountains; the trees diminish in size, ;i!:d fre- quently terminate in a shrubbery of spruce and hemlock, two or three feet high, with branches so interwoven as to prevent all passage through them. Trees of this height with shrubs and vines pro- ducing berries, and a species of weed called win- ter grass, mi.xed with the moss of rocks, are all the vegetation which the mountains produce. The sides of the mountains are generally rugged and irregular ; some of them have large aper- tures and caves. The thick, green moss which coats their tops, is so compact and firm, and lies in such extensive beds, as to reach from rock to rock, and they will sometimes bear the weight of a man without being broken through. These immense spongy masses receive the moisture sup- plied by the clouds and rain, and while a part of it runs down tlie sides of the mountain, much of it is absorbed, and penetrates the whole mass. In this manner, several of these mountains are con- tinually wet on their tops, and have large marshy spots, which are the constant resort of water fowl during the warm season. The roads across them are frequenlly wet and miry, when the valley-s below are dry. The mountains e-xhibit but few rocky or sterile tracts, and afford generally excellent pasturage for sheep and cattle Greenoek, the chief sea-port of Scotland, in Ren- frewshire, at the mouth oflhe Clyde, with a small fori for the defence oflhe harbour. Here are sev- eral dry docks, and the building and rigging of ships is much followed. It has a great trade ; and the fisheries, particularly for herrings, and the Newfoundland fishery, are carried on to a great extent. In 1~01 the number of inhabitants was ^^,■ii>S. and in ISai, 22,0A3. It is 24 miles W. by N. of Glast'ow, of which it is the port. Long. 4. 47. W., lat. 55. 5G. N. Grftn Hirer, a stream of Kentucky falling into l!ie Ohio, about 9.''>0 m. in length. ORE 350 ORE Greensboroughy[t.t. Orleans Co. \'t. 30 m. N. E. Moiitpelicr. Pop. 731. Also towns in Caro- line Co. Maryland, Mecklenburg Co. Va., Guilford Co. N. C, Green Co. Ala., ana Greene Co. Geo. GrcensOurgfiy p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,195. Also towns in Westmoreland and Green Cos. Pa., Greene Co. Ken. and Decatur Co. Ind. Grceristcd. a villairc in Essex, Eng. 1 m. W. of Ongar, remarkable for its little cburcli, (built prior to the Conquest) the walls of which are formed of the trunks of trees. GreenrilUy a frontier county of the E. District of Virginia, bounded on the N. by the great Not- toway river, and S. by North Carolina ; super- fices about 300 square miles. Pop. 7,117. Hicks- ford is the chief town. Greenup, a frontier county, the extreme N. E. point of Kentucky, with a superfices of about aOi) square miles. Pop. 5,853. Greenupsburg is the chief town. Grccnrillc, a district at the N. W. extremity of South Carolina; superfices about GOO square miles. Pop. 10,*17G. The chief town of the same name in the centre of the county is 95 m. W. N. W. of Columbia. GrcenciUe, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,5G5. Also towns and villages in Providence Co. R. I , Luzerne and Somerset Cos. Pa., Sussex Co. N. J., Augusta Co. Va., Pitt Co. N. C, Greenville and Darlington Districts, S. C, Greene Co. Tenn., Muhlenberg Co. Ken., Darke Co. Ohio, Floyd Co. Ind., Bond Co. Illinois, Jefferson Co. Mis- sissippi and Butler Co. Alabama. Greenwich, formerly a district town, but now an appendage to the British metropolis. It is seated in tlie county of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames, 5 m. below London Bridge. It is celebrated for its hospital for wounded and decayed seamen of the national marine, which is one of the finest architectural edifices in the world. The buildings con. S. of Mentz. O'rui/ercs, a town and bailiwic of Switzerland, in the canton of Frisburg, with a castle on a hill. It has a great trade in cneese, and is 15 m. S. W. of Frisburg. llnife,a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. W. angle of Renfrewshire, runs over several precipices into the lower country, falling into the Black Cart, near the town of Paisley. Guailalazara, an interior province of Spain, forming the N. W. part of the kingdom of New Castile. Superfices 163 square leagues, with a pop in 1810, of 121,115. The chief town of the same name is sealed on the banks of the river Henares, 30 m. N. E. of Madrid. It has a wool- en manufacture. Pop. about 12,000. Guadalaxara, one of the 15 intendencies or di- visions of Mexico, bounded on the W. by the Pa- cific Ocean. Superfices 73,628 sq. m. with a pop. in 1803 of 630,500. It is intersected by the San- tiago river, or Rio Grande. The chief town of the same name is seated on the W. bank of the Santiago, in the lat. of 21. 19. N., 70 m. N. of Chapala, and 275 N. W. of the city of Mexico. Pop. about 20,000. Guadaloupe, a town of Spain, in Estremadura. with a celebrated convent ; seated on a rivnlet of the same name, 34 m. E. by N. ofTruxillo. Guadaloupr, one of the Leeward Carribean isl- ands, in the West Indies, between Antigua and Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a strait, called the Salt River. At this place the land on e'ach side is not above 4 m. broad, and by this strait the sea on the N. W. communicates with that on the S. E. The S. W. part is 60 m. long and 24 broad ; and the N. E. part is much the same. The soil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the gea, by rivulets "which fall from the mountains, and produces large quantities of sugar, cotton, and coffee. On this island is a vol- cano, called the mountain of Sulphur ; and on its E. side are two mouths, which open into a pit of sulphur : the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it from this pit. The French settled on this island in 1635. It was taken by the English in 1759, but restored in 1763 ; again taken by the English in 1704, hut evacuated the next year. The Emr lish again took it in 1810 ; and, fn order to allure Ihr Swedes into the late coalition against France, gave them this ishintl. It wiis, however, by the consent of Sweden, restored to France in 1814. Basseterre, at the S. \V. extremity of the island is the capital, l.ut. 16. N., 61. 48. AV. long. Outidaitjuivir, a river of Spain which rises in Ihe S. part of New Castile, flows through the kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and en- ters Ihe bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, aflera course of nhout 3M0 m. Guadiiniiwa, a town of Spain, in Old Castile. It has a i;reat trade in cheese, and is seated on the Gnadarrama, 25 m. N. W. of Madrid. Gi«uliuth Sea ali'ord this province great facility for carrying on an advan- tageous commerce with Peru, Terra Firma, and New Spain. The coasts abound with fish, but fishing is not followed with any considerable ac- tivity. They likewise neglect their silver mines, whicli are said to be rich; but they collect the sulpliur tliat floats on the surface of several lakes. The whole province is filled with volcanoes, and exceedingly subject to earthq-uakes. Guatemala is the capital, and is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a University. The ancient city was destroyed on the 7th June, 1777, by one ot the most tremendous earthquakes of which we have any record. From the 3d of June the agitated sea had risen from its bed ; the two volcanoes adjacent to the town appeared to boil ; one of them shot out torrents of water, the other, waves of blazing lava. On every side the earth was seen to gape in deep fissures. At length, after five days of unutterable anguish, the abyss opened, and the town, with all its riches, and 8.000 fam- ilies, was instantly swallowed up, while torrents of mud and sulphur, rushing over the ruins, ob- literated forever all vestiges of its former existence. The spot is now indicated by a frightful desert. The new city is built at the distance of four leagues from the site of the old town. We must not omit noticing Aynalitlan, or the town of letters, so call- ed in consequence of the talent which the Indians, iU inhabitants, displayed for carving hieroglyphics 45 on the bark of trees. The district of Soetmuste, of which the chief place is Guardian, produces the best cocoa of all America ; but very little of it is met with in commerce. In the district of ^uaalte- nango, very fine alum and sulphur are found. Solala produces the best figs in the kingdom, and a good deal of cotton is spun there. Two volca- noes are met with in the vicinity, the one called Milan, and the other Solola. The district of .Vt/z-A- itepcr, fertile in annotto, is subject to excessive rains. In the forests very large trees are met with, from which a fragrant odour is diffused, and odori- ferous resin distils. UifFerent varieties of gum, balsam, incense, and dragon's blood are also col- * lected. Canes of a hundred feet long are found, and of such a thickness, that from one knot to another twenty -five pounds of water are contained. The bees of this region make a very liquid honey, which, after becoming acid, is made use of, they say, instead of orange juice. The forests are in- fested with wild animals, amongst which Alccdo distinguishes the Tapir ot Dantu. When enraged, the animal shows his teeth like the wild boar, and, it is asserted, cuts through the strongest tree. Its skin is six fingers thick, and when dried, resists every kind of weapon. Very large bears are also met with. The province of Honduras is very little known. It extends from that of Vera Paz to that of Nica- ragua. The first Spanish navigators perceiving a great number of pompions floating down the banks of the river, called it the Coast of Hilmeras, that is to say, the Coast of Pompions. The most western part of this province contains the little Spanish towns of Comayaaua and of Truxillo. The latter of these has been built near a lake, where floating islands, covered with large trees, move from place to place at the discretion of the wind. Near the river Sibun, caverns have been discovered, or rather immense subterranean galleries, which run under several mountains, and appear to have been hollowed out by ancient currents. The in- terior of the country is inhabited by a savage and ferocious nation, the Mosquito-Sambos. The coasts, especially near Cape Gracias a Dies, are occupied by another tribe of Indians, whom the English navigators denominate the Coast Mosquitoes. This appellation originates m the insup^-ortable cloud of mosquitoes, or stinging flies, that here torment the wretched inhabitants, and compel them to pass one part of the year in boats on the river. The Mosquito Indians of the coast, a tribe governed by aristocratic chiefs, do not reckon more than fifteen hundred warriors. We arfc un- acquainted with their notions of religion ; but, ac- cording to the older voyagers, they divided the year into eighteen months and twenty days ; ana GUA 354 Ihev lormed tla- monllia lonlar, that in to say, a .novtuble ll.ing,-a v.-ry remarkable denomina- tion because- it evidently api.roacl.es the word lot by which the ancient Scandinavians designated the least that terniinaU-d the year— a tirni iip- uarenlly analogous with uhcd or cycle. iMiiiilar divisions of the year into eighteen inonths pre- vailed among the Aztecs of Mexico. Kach month consisted .)f twenty days, and tive complementary days were added at the end of the year, wliicli was denominated UmpohmiUll.uUI, from cfmpoMU, twenty, and ilhuilf, festival. '1 he caziiiue of these Mosquitoes, who inhabit the coast between black Hiver and Cape Gracias a Uios, lately sold or transferred that territory to a person of the name of GreTor MacGregor, who had allained some notoriety in the late Colombian struggle lor Ub- " According to the rwpectable testimony of Go- mara, and almost all tlie accounts and maps that have been published, the great lake o Nicaragua, is covered with beautiful and p.ipulous islands amoncst which only one contains a volcano,nained Omo tliat always continues burning ; it has no out- let towards the South Sea ; all its waters descend- init by the river St. John, in the d.rec-ion ol the North or Atlantic Sea. This river, the scene of Nelson', earliest eiph.its, forms about th.r y falls before it reaches the marshy shores of the sea where a pestilential air, and Indians d.slingnished alike f.r their |.er:\dy ofcharac'.er, and the feroci- ty of their disposition, f.ll the most intrepid navi- gators with alarm. The lake, then, is^situaled on I plateau, but at what elevation ? ' 1 he coast of Nioova," says Uampier,'' is low. and covered with shrubs To reach San Leon do Nicaragua one must walk twenty miles across a flat country, co- vered with mangroves, pasture land, and p anta- tions of the sugar cane." These remarks ol a ju- dicious ob.server appear to indicate that there is no considerable chain of mountains between the LakeofNicarac'ua and the l-acihc Ocean, ihc nlivsical reography of this country is unquestion- abiy possessed of great interest, and yet it is to- UiU'v neglected. Amonu the numerous volcanoes of tins country, that of ji[as,iij,i, three leagues (Castihan) troin Granada, and ten from Leon, appears to be the most considerable. Us crater, which is half a league in circumference, and 2.M fathoms in depth, ejects neither cin.lers nor smoke. Tlie matter, which is pprpetu,illy boiling within it, diffuses so intense a light through the air that it is visible at the distance of 'it) leagues, bo much, in lact, does it resemble g.dd in a state of fusion, that the first Spaniards actually supposed it to be this met- al the object of their anxious search ; and stimu- lated by their avaricious temerity, vainly attempt- ed to seize, with iron hooks, some of this very sin- gular lava. , . , No mines have as vet been discovered in the province of Nicaragua; but it is fertile in every description of fruit,and abounds in large and small rattle, especially in mules and horses. They also carry on a SM» square miles, extending from sea to^-ea The chief city of the same name is seat- ed "on the banks of a river, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, in the lat. of 17.15. N.,and%. aV of W. long., -SoO m. N. W. of the city of Gua- ^Tllo'inll. one of the 12 provinces of Colombia, according to the divisionof lf.2.. borderingon he Pacific Ocean, comprising the S. VV. part of the republic. The capital or chief town ol the same name, is seated on the W. bank of a "V" /"> '"f into a gulf or bay of the same name, about iOm. IVom tlie sea. G uyaquil is the sea-port of Quito, from which it is distant about loO in. b. b. W . The surrounding country produces an abundance of the finest cocoa, of which large quantities are exported to all parts of Eurojie. Lai J 11. t>., W lon most celebrated naturalists, who consider the jaguaretta to be the same animal as the jaguar. I'lie ant bear is indigenous to the country; the two species, which are best known are the ta- manda and the tanianoir ; the former is almost eight feet in length ; it attacks the jaguar, and seldom leaves its hold without destroying it. The cancrnplia^us, or dog-crab, frequents the sea- shore and uses its feet very de.Tterously in draw- ing sheU-6ah out of their cavities. There are many species of monkeys in Cuiana ; tlie qnnta is, perhaps, tlie most remarkable from its like- ness to man ; a fanciful traveller takes notice of a striking resemblance between these animals and Indian old women. The ipiala has short ears, four fingers on its hands, and five toes on its feet ; the extremity of its tail is of a spiral form, and enables it to suspend itself on the branches of trees. Some naturalists maintain that the orawg- nutam; has been observed in Guiana, but this is by no means certain, and many well-informed travellers are of a different opinion. Three spe- cies of deer are said to be indigenous to the coun- trj', and one of these, (the e/iriaron,) resembles the roc-buck in size and form. The ao^ouii and fTra are considered the best game in Guiana, he cabiai is an amphibious animal armed with strong tusks, and covered with bristles; it has been classed as a species of cavey on account of its not having a tail. The peccary or Mexican hog has an orifice on its back containing a fetid liquor not unlike musk, for which reason it has been called the porrus mnsrhijnus ; they go to- gether in herds and sometimes lay waste orchards and cultivated fields. The Indians slioot them with poisoned arrows. The boa, or, as it is called in the country, the aboma, is a large amphibious snake about tbrty feet in length, and four or five in circumference ; it is inditferent as to its pre}', and destroys, when hungry, any animal that comes within its reach; the negroes consider it excellent food, and its fat is converted into oil. The rattle snake and dip- sas are the most noxious reptiles in Guiana ; the sting of the latter is not always fatal, but it pro duces fever accompanied with excessive thirst, from which circumstance it has derived its name ; Guiana is besides infested with serpents, lizards, and alligators. Waterton the traveller has given us an account of his amusement in riding upon the back of one of these latter animals. Those that have visited Holland and Lower Holstein, may form an imperfect notion of the Dutch and British settlements in Guiana ;^a vast plain covered with plantations, or enamelled with a rich verdure, bounded on one side by a dark ridge of impene- trable forests, and watered on the other by the azure billows of tiie ocean. This garden, between the sea and the desert, is intersected by a great many stjeams confined by dikes, and separated from each other by excellent roads or navigable canals. Each habitation seems to be a village, from the nuniber of small buildings attached to it, and the natural beauties of the country form a striking contrast with its rich cultivation. The revolted negroes have established several petty republics in the interior ; although the inhabit- ants of these states go naked, they live in abun- dance. They make their butter from the fat of the palm-tree worm, and extract good oil from the pistachio nut. They are not only skilled in the chase, but are expert fishermen, and acquaint- ed with the art of curing their provisions. Like (he Hindoos, they obtain salt from the ashes of the palm-tree : and if a sufficient quantity of that article cannot be procured, they season their food with red pepper. The palm-tree furnishes them with plenty of wine ; their fields are covered with rice, manioc, ignames and plantains. The mani- cole supplies tliem with all the materials of which their huts are constructed ; their cups of gourds are made from the calabash tree, and a sort of net-work woven by an insect, serves them for hats. The nebces or banes, so common in the forests, are converted into cordage. Guicnnc,3 late province of France. 220 m. long and 8.") broad, on the S. W. coast, of which Bor- deaux was the capital. It now forms the depart- ment of Gironde, Lot and Garonne, Dordogne, Lot, and Aveyron. Gvildfortl , a borough in Surry, Kng. It is sea- led on the VVey, on the side of a hill, and had •■» GUI 357 GUI castle and a palace, now in ruins ; here is also part of a monastery, which is still occupied. The summer assizes arc alternately held here and at Croydon ; but the election of members for the county is always held here. It is a well built town, with two churches, and an elegant town hall. ' The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and the trade in timber and corn is considerable. It IS 23 m. W. S. W. of Croydon, and *) S. W. of I^ondon. It returns two members to parliament. I'op. 3,161. Guilford, an interior county of North Carolina, a sq. of about 25 m. each way ; it is well irrigated by the head waters of Cape Kear river. Pop. l.'ijTSS. Greensborough is the chief town. Guilford, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. C55. Also a p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,827. Also apt. of Connecticut, in New Haven county, sit- uate on a bay in Long Island Soiind, 17 m. E. by S. of New Haven. Pop. 2,344. Also a p.t. Chenan- go Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,0:34. Also townships in Franklin Co. Pa. and Medina Co. Ohio. GuillacoT Gaillac, a town of France, seated on the N. bank of the river Tarn, in the department of Tarn; it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7,310. It is 3-5 m. N. E. of Toulouse, and l."> W. by S. of Alby. Guimaraens, a town of Portugal, in Entro Douro e Minho, which has formerly been the res- idence of its kings. It is divided into the old and new town, the former situate on an eminence surrounded by walls. Here is a manufacture of linen in high estimation. The public buildings are magnificent, and the collegiate church is said to be founded on the ruins of a temple of Ceres. It is 10 m. S. E. of Braga and 25 N. E. of Oporto. Guinea, Upper, an extensive region of North Africa, comprising about 1,.500 m. of sea coast, from Cape Mesurado, in the lat. of li. 26. N.,and 10. 30. of W. long., to the Calabar river, in 4, 10. N., and 6. 42. of E. long., and from thence S. to the equator ; of the interior parts of this country either N. or S. very little is known. The coast of Upper Guinea, from Cape Mesurado, to Cape Palmas. a range of 241) m., is called the Grain Coast, from the vast quantity of grains of paradise or Guinea pepper which it was found to produce on first being visited by Europeans; further E. for upwards of 200 m. is called the Tooth or Ivory Coast, from the large quantity of fine elephants teeth which are brought to its markets ; eastward of the Ivory Coast to the meridional line, is cal- led the Gold Gold, from the gold dust which is found in its rivers ; and eastward of the meridio- nal line is called the Slave Coast, from the exten- sive traffic in slaves which was formerly carried on from thence by the English, Spaniards, French and Americans, to the West Indies and America. This extensive tract of territory is occupied by various tribes and communities of negroes ; the most numerous are the Fantees who occupy the coast from Cape Mesurado to the meridional line ; from a long continued intercourse with Eu- ropeans, the Fantees have acquired strong trad- ing habits, and among them most of the trading nations of Europe have formei!ian. Frederic and Har- dy. I'op. 1 1 ,'27i>. Us chief town i.s Romney. ' Iliimpsliiiil, n villaije of Middlese.x, F.nij. '1 m. N. N. W. of London, from Tvburn turnpilic, formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It may be considered one of the appindajres of the me- tropolis, beine a favourite residence of the mer- chants and citizens. It is seated on the side of a liill, on the top of which is a fine heatli that com- mands a delitjlitful prospect; and in the vicinity «re many elej^ant seats ami villas. In the win- dows of ail ancient edifice, culled the Chicken Jiouse, are painted in stained plass, poilraits of king; James I. and the duke of liiickingliam. of the former of whom it is said to have been a hunt- ing seat. Hiimpstrnd, p.l. Rockingham Co. N. 11, 30 m. W.Portsmouth. Fop. <»i:i. Hmnpstrnft , p. v. King Georce Co, Va. Hampton, a .seaport of Virginia, in Kli/.abeth county, near the mouth of Junies river, 2!t m. S. K. of'Williamsburnh. Long. TC. 17. W.lat.n?. S. N. Hampton, a sea-port nf New Hampshire, in Rockingham county, on a river of its name, near the eea. It subsists by the cod and maclterel tish- ories ; and is 1* ni. S. by W. of Portsmouth. Long. 70. Vk W., lat. 42. ->r,. N. Pop. 1 .10;!. Ilampttm, p.t. Windiiam Co. Conn. Ptip. ),10l. Also a p.t. AVashinglon Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,06(1. Also a town of Klizabeth City Cu. Va. at the mouth of .lames River. Ilamjiton Roads, at this place alford a convenient station lor shi]»ping ard afforded a slieller to the enemy's blockading squadron during the war of l,--r.i; but they are now strongly fortified against any hostile intru- eion. Ifaniptonrillr, p.t. Surrev Co. N. O. Hampton, a vilLige in Nliddlese.\, Kng. on the N.bauk of the river Thames, Vi m. S. W. of IjOr.Jon. It is famous for a royal palace, called Hampton court, originally anil magnificently built by cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VIH. "The remains of the ohi palace arc only s^mo of the domestic oftices, the principal part being taken down in lOfin, and the present palace erected by William III. The buildings, gardens, and parks are 4 m. in circumference. Hannn, a ulron;; town nf Germany, in Hesse Cossel, capital of a fertile county of the same name. It is divided into the old and new town, and in the former is a magnificent castle. It has miiiiufactures of woolen stnfis, stockings, porcelain and tobacco; and a trade in corn, iron, and tim- ber. It is seated on the Kintzig, near its conflux with the Maine, lit m. F.. N. K. of Frankfort on the Maine. Pop. obouf 12.000. Hanrorii, a County of Maine lying on the coast round Penobscot Rny. Pop. 24,:M7. Castine is the chief town. Also an interior County of Georgia. Pop. 1 1 .^'.^J. Sparta is the chief town. AlsoiiConnty of Ohio. Pop. fT). Findloy is the chief town. Also a county of Mississippi. Pop. I,!^(il. Pearlington is the capital. Also a town in Hillsborougli Co. N. II. X> m. from Concord. Pop l.liKl: in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 472: in Perkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,0.''ilt : in Delaware Co. N. V. Pop. 7(^6: and in Washington Co. Maryland. JIanrnrlisrillr, p.v. Union Dis. S. C. Uinn'-lchemi, a city of China, of the first class, cajiital of the province of Tclie-kiang. It is 12 m. in eircumfi'rence, exclusive of its suburbs ; contains it is taid a million of inhabitants, and is the general emporium of ail articles that pass between the northern and southern provinces. Here are e-xlensive shops and warelU'Uses ; and it has a great trade in dyed cottons and nankins, silks, rice, and other grain. It is seated between a large basin, that forms the S. extremity of the crranacanal, and a small lake, called See-hou,700 m. S bv K. of Peking. I-ong. 120. 20. E., lat. 30. 20. N. " UawkinsonrilU, p.v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi. Hanvihnl, a township of Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,7!>4. Ifanurir, a territory in the N. of Germany, bounded on the N. 1^. by the river Elbe, N.W. by the German Ocean, S. W. by Dutch Friesland and Prussian West])lialia, and S. E. by Saiony. Since IMl.S It has been divided into the provinces of Calenberg, Oottingen, Euneburg, Iloya and Diepholtz, Ilildeshiim, Osnahurg, Verden, Duchy nf Bremen, Rentlieirn, East Friesland, Eingen, and the l(»rdslii]i of Moppen. The chief towns are, Haiu>ver the ea])ital, Enibden, Hilrieg- lieim, Euneiiurg, (Osnahurg, Gfittingeii, Zell, (^lanstluill, Goslar, Kimbeck, and Hameln. In the S. is the niountainous tract of the Hartz, cov- ered with forests, and with the exception of which the v.liojp country is a vast plain. (Sec article Hartz). Towards the N. are numerous barren heaths ; but the valleys in the S. are very fertile. This country aliounds in extensive mines of sil- ver, iron, copper and lead. The iron mines are the most valuable, and bring annually to the rev- enue about Xn.'>,000 sterling, l^lie principal riv- ers are. the Elbe, the Weser, and the Embs with their tributary streams, and the chief lakes, Steinlieim and Dummer. The corn cultivated is much the same as in Brit- ain. The e.xtensive heaths of Euneburg produce honey annually to the amount of £10,000. Tli« chief'^manufactures are til read, linen, woolens, pa- per, and glass. The exports are linen, iron, cop- per, timber, horses, and Idack cattle. The imports are linen, broadcloth, silk and jewelry. The revenue of Hanover is about £1,000,000. The prevailing religion is the Eutheran ; but all denominations are tolerated. The Catholics amount to l.'jO.OOO, and the Calvinists to 40,000. In every village elementary schools are establish- ed, and in more pojiulousjrlaees academies, or high I IIAN afa^ HA.\ Bchools, wliich are well conducted, as well as tlie university of Gottingen. The frankness, sim- plicity and hospitality, mentioned by Tacitus as characteristic of the 'ancient Germans, is still a prominent feature in the manners of the Hano- verians, particularly the inhabitants of the heaths. Hanover though under the government of Great Britain for more than a century, has under- gone no political incorporation. At the diet of Germany, the king of Hanover occupies the fifth rank, and has four votes at the general assembly. The king's power is limited, havmg a counterpoise in the nobility of Wolfenbuttel, the heads of the church and the deputies of the towns. The only order of knighthood, is that of the Guelf, institu- ted in 1815. Hanover was taken possession of by the king of Prussia in 1801, and invaded by Bonapart» in 1803, and in 1806 partly ceded to the Prussians. But on the expulsion of the French in 1813, the whole electorate was restored to the king of Great Britain ; and the electoral olBce having been an- nulled, he assumed, in 1815, the title of king of Hanover. Population of the whole territory about 1,300,000, of whom about 8,000 are Jews. Hanorer, a city of Germany, and capital of the above kingdom. It is built in the form of a half moon, and divided by the river Leine into the oM and new town. The old town presents an anti- quated appearance, but the buildings in the new town are in a better style. Hanover contains a considerable number of public buildings, among which are the elector's palace, and the public li- brary ; the latter founded by Leibnitz, to whom an elegant monument has been erected in the town. There are five Lutheran churches, besides the chapels of the Calvinists and Catholics, and a Jewish synagogue. There are small manufac- tures of gold and silver lace, printing of cotton, linen, brewing, vinegar, &c. Pop. 25,000. 41 ni. W. by N. Brunswick, and 154 W. of Berlin. Hanocer, p.t. Gratlon Co. N. H. on the Con- necticut, 114 ni.fr. Boston: 102 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,301. In this pleasant village is situated Dartmouth College, which was established in 1771. The institution at present comprises a three story wooden edifice containing 34 rooms for the scholars and (i for other purposes ; a brick structure called Medical House, 75 feet long and 3 stories high, containing a laboratory, an anatom- ical museum, a mineralogical cabinet, 2 lecture rooms, G rooms for students and a chapel ; there is also a greenhouse. The oflicers are a President and 8 Professors. The college library contains (i.OOO vols, and there are 8,000 in the students libraries. The number of students in 1831 was 150. Tliere are 3 vacations in May, August and December of 15 weeks. Commencement is in August. IIunoFcr, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1,300. Also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,614. Also a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. And towns in Burlington Co. N. J. ; Montgomery, York, Lu- zerne, Lebanon, Daujihin, Norlliainpton and Bea- ver Cos. Pa.; Columbiana, Harrison, Butler and Licking Cos. Ohio. Hanorrr, a town of Virginia, in a county of the same name, situate on the Pamunkv, the S. brand! of York river, 22 m. N. N. E' of Rich- mond. Pop. of the county in 1810, 15,062, in 1820, 15,207. Hanocer, A'ctr, a large island in the South Pa- cific Ocean, opposite the N. W. extremity of New Ireland. It is high aurl covered witl» treefi, among which are many beautiful plantaliou8. Lat. of VV. end, 2. 25. long. 140. 6. Han-san. See Turon. llanse Towns, the name of certain free towns of Germany, which, being infested with pirates and robbers, entered into a mutual league for their protection. This association is supposed to have continued from the 13th to the 16th century. It consisted at first of only two towns, but it so increased in strength and reputation, thai at last it consisted of 66 cities. Having at length proclaimed war against Woldemar, king of Den- mark, with 40 ships and 12,000 troops, several merchants were ordered by the princes of their respective kingdoms, to withdraw their effects, and the association for the most part was dissolved. Several towns in Germany still retain the narne, though the laws by which they are governed are annulled. Hanson, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1,030. llan-tchoHg, a citv of Ciiina, of the first class, in the province of Chensi, on the river Han, sur- rounded by mountains and forests. The articl.es of trade are honev, wax, musk, and cinnabar. Long. 106. 35. E.,"lat. 32. 58. N. Hnnuije, or Hanmtt,^ town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the frontiers of Liege and Namur, 20 m. N. N. E. of Namur. Hiin-yaiig, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Houquan^. It is seated at the conflux of the Han with the Kiang-ku. Long. 113. 44. E., lat. 30. 36. N. Ilapnee, the name of four of the Friendly Is- lands, in the Pacific Ocean. They are of similiar height and appearance, and connected by a reef of coral rocks, dry at low water. The planta- tions are numerous and extensive. These islands extend from N. to S. about 10 m. and lie between 174. 24. and 174. 15. VV. long., and lat. 19. 39. and 19. 53. S. Hapsal, a town of Russia, in the government of Revel, seated on the Baltic, opposite the island of Dago, 45 ra. S. W. of Revel. Hapsburg, an ancient castle of Switzerland, on a lolly eminence, near Schintznach. What is left of it is now inhabited by the family of a peasant. This castle was the cradle, as it were, of the house of Austria, whose ancestors may be traced back to the beginning of the 13th century, when Rodolph, count of Hapsburgh was elevated to i.he empire of Germany and archduchy of Austria. llaran, or Charon, a town of Asiatic Turkey, Diarbek, known in Scripture as ihe country of Laban. To this place Crassus retired after his defeat by the P.arthians, and not far from it he was killed. It is 2") m. E. by S. of Orfa. Ifarborou!jh, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It is seated on the Wciland, 15 in. S. of Leicester, and 83 N. by W. of London. Harhurg, a town of Hanover, in the le canals. It was formerly strongly fortified^but public promenades have been formed of Ihe rampnrls. The chief public buildings are the stadthouue, the royal palace, and some char- itable institutions. It has 15 churches, one of which, called the great church, is the largest in Holland, and has Uie grandest organ in Europe , it contains 8,000 pipes, and 68 stops. Harlem is seated near a lake of the same name, 12 m. W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 37. E., lat. 52. 22. N. Harleston, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on the Wavenay, 16 m. S of Norwich, and 99 N. E. of London. Hartesrillc, a village in Marion Dis. S. C. Harlem, or Haerlem, a village in Newyork Co. N. J. on Harlem river, 7 m. from the city. ALso a township in Delaware Co. Ohio. Harligrn.a fortified sea-port of Holland, in Fries- land, of wliich, next to Lewarden, it is the larg- est and most populous. It has flourishing man- ufactures of pn per and canvass, and is seated on the Zuider Zee, 06 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam, and 15 W. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 20 E., lat. 53 10. N. Harlingen, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. Harlow, a town in Essex, Eng. On a common 2 ni. from the town, is a famous fair on the 9th September, called Ilarlow Bush fair, much re- sorted to by the neighbouring gentry. It is 23 m. E. of London. Harmony, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 925 ; also a p t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,988 ; a p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. ; a village of Butler Co. Pa. ; a township of Clarke Co. Ohio; a village in York district S. C. and a village in Posey Co. Indiana. See A'ew Harmony. Harper's Ferry, a village in Jefferson Co. Va. on the Potomac, at the spot where the river breaks through the Blue Ridge Here is an armory and a manufacture of muskets established by the United States. Harper. Sir Edmund Andres was sent by James II. to seize the charters of the New-Eng- land colonies. On arriving at Hartford he con- vened the legislature and declared his mission. Delay's were practised till eveninir, wiien the in- strument was brought into the hall and laid upon the table, but before Andros could lay his hand upon it, a sinrnal was given and all the lights were immediately overturned, ^\'llen tiioy were re-lighted the charter was no-\vhere to' be found. It had been secretly conveyed away and hidden in tlie tree above mentioned, where it remained safely till the deposition of Andros and the acces- sion of King William III. Hartford, is also the name of a town in Wash- ington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,420; in O.tford Co. Me. Pop. 1,297; Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,044, and towns in Pulaski Co. Geo., Ohio Co. Ken., Trumbull and Licking Cos. Ohio, and Dearborn Co. Ind. Harlland, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 718. Also a town in Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,503 ; in Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1.221 ; and in Niagara Co N. Y. Pop. 1,584. HartUton, p.t. Union Co. Pa. Hartsrilh, villages in Bucks Co. Pa. and Sum ner Co. Ten. Hartsrille, a village of Dutchess Co. N. Y. JIarlwich, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2.772. Harrisburg, the seat of government of the state of Pennsylvania, is in Dauphin Co. and situated on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, 9C m. from Philadelphia. It is regularly built and has a handsome state house and other public edifices. A bridge here crosses the Susquehanna. Pop. 4,311. Harrisburg, is also the name of a township in Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 712 ; and villages in Lan- caster Dis. S. C. and Ocatahoola Parish, Loui- siana. Harrisborousk,3. village of Richmond Co. Geo. //amson, a county of the W. District of Vir- ginia, divided into East and West. East Harri- son has a pop. of 10,119, West Harrison 4,558. Clarksburg is the scat of justice for both. Also a county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,180. Also a coun- ty of Ohio. Pop. 20,920. Cadiz is the chief town. Also a county of Indiana. Pop. 10,288. Cory- don is the capital. Also the name of 18 towns in the United States, 13 of which are in Ohio. Harrisonburg, p. v. Rockland Co. Va. HarrisoneiUe, p. v. Monroe Co. Illinois. Harrisvillc, villages in Butler Co. Pa., Bruns- wick Co. Va., Harrison and Medina Cos. Ohio. Harrodsburg, p. v. Mercer Co. Kentucky. Hart, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,292. Hartland, a town in Devonshire, Eng. Near it is Hartland abbey, which includes the site and some portion of the ancient abbey. It is seated near the Bristol channel, on a jiromontory called Hartland Point, 28 m. W. S. W. of Barnstaple, and 217 W. by S. of London. Lat. of the point 55. 1., long. 4. 30. Hartlepool, a sea-port of Eng. in the county of Durham, about 6 m. N. of the mouth of the Tees. In the vicinity are coal mines, and a large flour manufacture. It is seated on the German Ocean, partly surrounded by rocks and hills, 19 m. E. S. E. of Durham, and 258 N. by W. of London. Long. 1.10. W., lat. 54.41. N. Hartley, a sea port in Northumberland, Eng. C m. N. W. of Tynemouth. Its prosperity is chiefly owing to the mineral productions of the neigh- bourhood. A haven has been constructed half a mile to the N. whence coal is shipped to London ; and a canal is cut through a solid rock to the har- bour. Here are also large salt, copperas, and glassworks. About a mile to the N. W. stands Seaton Delavel, a magnificent and modern struc- ture, equalled by few m the kingdom, the interior of which was destroyed by fire a few years ago. Hartsrille, p. v. Bucks Co. Pa. Also a p. v. Sumner Co. Tenn. Hartwick, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,772. Hartz, a mountainons tract lying chiefly in the S. of Hanover, extending from Goslar to Hartz- gerode, 70 m. long, and 20 broad. It is part of the ancient Sylva Hercynia, and still covered with large forests, the timber of which is of great importance in supplying the numerous mines, and forges with fuel. (See Hanover.) There are ma- ny natural curiosities in the Hartz. The caverns of Scharsfeld and Baumann are the most interest- ing. The magnetic rocks of Ilsenstein, and the Brocken or Blocksberg mountain also deserves no- tice, the latter of which commands a prospect of about 8,000 sq. m. Hartzgerode, or Harzgtrodt, a town of Upp«r HAT sea HAV Saxony, in the principality of Auliall-Bernliiii;,', situate near tiie Hartz niounluina. Ithaaaniine- ntlice and a castle, ami is 2;i m. S. \V. of Brenburj. I'.ip. about 1,800. //. Mass. Pop. 1,001. Jlarcard University. Sec Cambridge. Uarwick, p.t. Harnstable Co. Miias.,on Barnsta- ble Bay. Top. ^,I(M. Harwich, a sca-porl anJ boroui;!! on the coast of Essex, Eng. It has a capacious harbour, in which a great number of the largest ships may anchor, and a conviMiient dock for the building of men of war. Much conip:iny resort hillier for the purpose of sea-bathing, and it is the principal place of embarkation for Holland and fSerniany. The entrance into the harbour is defended by a battery and Languard Fort. The town is sealed on a tongue of land, opposite the united nionllis of the St'our and Orwell, which are navigable I'-i in. above the town, A'i m. E. by N. of Cliehnsf ird, and 17 E. N. E. of London. 'Long. 1. i:i. E., lat. Gl.r.G. N. Pop. about 4,010. Iluncinton, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,516. HasUmerc, a borough in Surry, Eng. Vi m. S. W. of Guildford, and i'i, of London. It sends two members to parliament. Pop. in l-S'JI, about c!60. HdsUngden, a town in Lanca.shire, Eng. with considerable manufactures of linen, woolen, and cotton. It is 10 m. N. by \V. of Manchester, and 204 N. N. W. of London. Ilassflt,K fortified town of Holland, in Ove- ryssel, sealed on tho V'echt, m. i\. of Zwoll. llassclt, is also the name of a town of the Neth- erlands, in the province of Liege, 15 ni. VV. N. ■ ■ Pop. about 0,000 W.ofMaistricht Hasser, oi .'Isoerirhur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, province of Candeish, '20 m. N. of and t<0 N. h. ol Coblentz. to which place tliere is a ferry. It is 5 m. ol Nortlianipton. Pop. 893. Hatfield, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. It for- inerlv belonged to the bishop of Ely, in whose palace Elizabeth resided, and was thence conduct- i-d, on the ileuth of .Mary, to ascend the throne. She procured the alienalion of this manor; and James 1. exclianired it with Sir Robert Cecil, af terwards earl of Salisbury, for Theobald ; and on the site of the episcopal palace, that nobleman built the magnificent seat called llatfield-bouse. It is seated on the river Lea, 20 in. N. by W. ot Loudon. Iliil.uaz. a town of Hungary, in the county of Szabolt/., 11 ni. N. of Debretzin. The nund)er of inhabitants are about 1,000, and chiefly Calvinists. Ilalliirlni, or }{atlicrtrigh, a corporate town in Devonsliire, Kng. with a woolen manufacture. It is seated on tlie river Oke,yrim.N.W. of Exeter, and 'JOO VV. by S. of London. Hatras, a fort and tower of Hindoostan, province of Agra, 18 m. S. S. W. of Coel, and 35 N. E. of Agra. Haitem, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, seated on the Yssel, 4 m. S. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about y,-ioo. llaUeriis, a cape on the coast of Nortli Carolina, in the lat. 35. 7. N., and long. 75. 30. It is beset with dangerous shoals. llattinin. a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mar?, seated on the Roer, SS m. E. N. E. of Ousseldorf. Pop. about '2,000. Hulran, a town and fort of Upper Hungary, seated on a mountain, 28 m. E. N. E. of Buda. Ilatzfild, a town and castle of Germany, in Upper Hesse, capital of a county of its name ; seated on the Eder, 17 m. N. N. \V. of Marburg, Burhampoor. Ilassfurt, a town of Franconia, in the principal- ity of Wurtzburg, on the N. E. bank of^lhe river Maine, 8 m. E. of Schweinfurt. Pop. about 1,*'0. , „ . Hasslach, a town of Suabia, m the Brisgan, on the river Kintzig, 14 m. S. S. E. of Gengenbach, 20 N. E. of Friburg. Hastenbecli, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, near which the French gam- ed a victory over the duke of Cumberland, in 1757. It is 5 m. S. E. of Hamelin Haraiui, a city and sea-port on the N. W. part of Cuba, two m.in circumference, and the capital of the island. The houses are elegant, built of .stone, and there are 11 churches richly ornament ed, 2 hospitals, a dock-yard, lazaretto, and other public buildings. The harbour is capable of con taining upwards of 1,000 vessels, and the entrance whiciris so narrow tliat only one ship can enter at a time, is defended by two strong forts, called the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many other forts and platforms, well furnished with ar- tillery. A citadel of great strength is erected lUisdnss, a borough on the eastern extremity near the centre of the town winch cont-ains the of Sussex, Encr. It is one of the Cinque Ports, captain general's palace and where the treasure and had once a castle, now in ruins. The harbour, is deposited. Here all the ship* that come from formerly of much consequence, is now only an the Spanish settlements rendezvous on their re urn ndXint r^d for small vessels. The town is to Spain. This city was Uken by the English in commanded by a strong fort, has two churches, and is a fashionable watering place, which is now the chief source of its prosperity. In 1000, a bloody battle was fought here, between ILarold II. of England, and William, duke of Normandy, in whicirthe former lost his life and kingdom. Has- tincrs sends two members to parliament, and 1702', but restored to the Spaniards in 1703. It is seated on the W. side of the harbour, and water- ed by two branches of the river. This town ex- ceeds, in point of commerce, every other town in Spanish America. Pop. about 70,000. Lat fort Moro, '28. 9., long. 62. 15. Ilavant, a town in the S. E. extremity of Hamp' of ;;;t;d"between a high cliff towards the sea, and a Blure, Eng. 7 m. N. Eof^Port^-J^^""*''- ''"d «« ^ de, "24 m. of Lewes, E. of London. Long. 0. 38. E., lat. high hiU Voward"s"the land Vide",' "24 n,: of Lewes, W. of London. Pop. in 1821 2,009. '"s. V. " „ ^ ,..__j._ I J_ . o ij p i„t Harc/ier^, a town in Brandenberg, in the mark and 64 S S r.0. 52. N. Halborough, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. HaZchcrsmlle, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. Hatches, p.v. Onslow Co. N. C. Also a town- ship in Montgomery Co. Pa. .... Hatchij, a tributary stream of the Mississippi, which it joins in Tennessee. Hatfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the W. aide of the Connecticut, nearly opposite Hadley, of Pregnitz" seated on the Havel, near its conflux with the Elbe. Many vessels for the navigation of the Elbe are built here, and great qi^antities of wood sent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 m. N. N. W. of Brandenburg. Pop. about 2,000. Harerford, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. Harerfordicesl, a borough of Wales, in Pem brokeshire, seated on the side of a high hill. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, con JIAV 3G9 HAY tains three parish ciuirches, and has a considera- ble trade, and sends one member to j)arliampnt. The assizes and county ^aol are kept here ; and it had once a wall and castle, now in ruins, the latter built in the rei^n of Stephen. It is seated on the Cleddaw, which is navigable for vessels of small burden as hij^h as the bridge, and which soon after enters a creek of Milford haven, 15 m. E. S. E. of St. Oavid, and:^G3 W. by N. of London. Long. 5.0. W., lat. 5L50. N. Haverhilly p.t. Graflon Co. N. H. on tlie Con- necticut. 33 m. N. W. of Dartmouth College. Pop. 2,153. Ilarerhill, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merrimack, I'J m. above Newburyport. Pop. 3,!.U*i. This is a pleasanfly situated town and has considerable sliip building and trade by the river. It was set- tled in Kilo and suffered much in the early Indian wars. In 1G1.).S the Indians attacked and set fire to the town. A troop of them approached the house of a Mr. Dustan, wlio at tiiat lime wn.s abroad in the fields. He flew to the house, whicii contained his wife and eight children. He direct- ed the children to escape as fast as possible wliile he attempted to save his wife who was sick in bed. Before this could be done, the savages were at iiand. lie flew to the door, mounted his horse, seized his gun and hastened away with his chil- dren. The Indians pursued and fired upon them, but Dustan returned the fire and keeping himself in the rear ot his troop of little ones held the savaires at bay till he liad retreated to a place of Bafety. Mrs. Dustan with her infant, six days old and their nurse, fell into the hands of the In- dians. The child was soon dashed against a tree and killed. The Indians divided into several parties for subsistence ; and Mrs. Dustan and her nurse, and a boy taken from Worce.ster, fell to the lot of a family of twelve, with whom they travelled through the wilderness to an island at the mouth of Contoocook river, in the town of Boscawen, N. II, where they encamped for the night. Just be- fore daylight, finding the whole company in a pro- found sleep, she arose and armed herself and com- panions with the Indian tomahawks, wliich they wielded with such destructive effect, that ten of the twelve were instantly despatched ; one woman escaping, whom they thought they had killed, and a favourite boy was designedly Icfl. They took the scalps of the conquered enemy, and taking a canoe for their own use, and cutting holes in one or more that were left, to prevent pursuit, they descended the river, and arrived home in safety. She received a reward of .^0 pounds from the treasury of the colony. Tiie place whence they were taken, is about one m. nortli of the town; it is still owned by her descendants, and part ot the house is still standing. 47 ^ Untcril, a town in Suffolk, Enir. on the borders ofKssex, wiU> a manufacture of checks, cottons, and fustians. It is 16 m. S. W. of Bury, and 59 N. E. of London. HnttTstraw, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y., on the Hudson. I'op. a,;{Ofl. UuTre dc Grace, a very important and commer- cial aea-port of France, in tlie department of Lower Seine, with a strong citadel, a good arsenal, and storehouses for the construction and arming of ships. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and large ditches filled with water. The harbour has par- ticular advantages above all others on the coast; for the water does not begin to ebb till near three hours after the full tide. It is capable of contain- ing a great number of the largest vessels. This town was bombarded by the English in lfi94 and IT.')!*. It is seated at the mouth of the Seine, 4.5 m. W. of Rouen, and 112 N. VV. of Paris, of which it is the sea-port. Long. 0.6. E., lat. 49. 29. N. Pop. iil,0OO. Hiirre dc Grace, a town of Maryland, in Ilart- f«»rd county, on the W. side of the Susquehanna, at tlie head of Chesapeak bay, 37 m. N. E. of Bal- timore. Hansen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, on the river Kintsig, 2*2 m. N. N. E. of Friburg. Hausrvckviertet, on the quarter of Hausrtick, a circle of Upper Austria, bounded on the N. E. by the Danube, S. tZ. by the quarter of Traun, S. W. b)' Bavaria, and N. W. by the quarter of Inn, comprising a superficies of 733 square m. Pop. abo\it 10!I,UOO. The chief town is Lintz. Unutcrivc, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Arriege, 18 m. S. of Toulouse. llamirden. a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a considerable manufacture of earthenware, and a founderv for cannon. On an eminence between the town and the river Dee, are the remains of an ancient castle. It is 7 m. W. of Chester, and 196 N. W. of London. Ifawirk, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, with inaiiufactures of carpeting, woolen stockings, and tape. It is seated on the Tiviot, where it re- ceives the small river Slitridge, by which it is di- vided into two parl5, and over which there are two bridges. It has a parish church, and three chap- els for dissenters. It is 21 m. S. W. of Kelso, and 47 S. S. W. of Edinburgh. Ilawke, 01i. Also a county of West Tennessee, Pop. 5,3ofJ. Brownville is the capital. Hayicoodshorourth, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C. Hiiyti. See Ditmin^o, St. fftizehrmtck, a town of France, in the department of Nord.lH m.W. of Lisle, and 10 S. of Dunkirk. Pop. 7.000. Headford, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway,42m. N. of Galway. Heart, a town of Tonquin, on the river Hoti, 20 m. S. E. of Cachao, and CO N. W, of the gulf of Tonquin. Hmp, a township of England, in Lancashire, 3m. S. E. of Bury, and 104 N. W. by N. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1801.4,283, and in 1«2I, 0,000. //r4j. Hecliinaen.a town and castle of Suabia. which gives name to a branch of the family of Hohen- zollern, and is the residence of the prince. It is seated on the Starzel, 4 m. N. of Hohenzollem, and :!0 S. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,G00. Herla, Mmtnt. See Ireland. Uerlnr, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,212. Hedemora,jL town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia, with a manufacture of gunpowder, seated on the Uahl. 30 m. S. S. E. of Fahlun. Hedon, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng. seated on a creek of the Humber, m. E. of Hull, and 179 N. by W. of London. It sends two members to parliament. Hedsjaz, or Hejnz, a division of Arabia, ex- tending along the Red Sea, from Arabia Petrcea to Yemen. It contains Mecca, the capital, and Medina. Hcermund, or Hlndmend, a river of Persia, in the province of Sigistan, which after a westerly ^' course of about 400 in. falls into the lake of ■' Zereh or Durrah. Heidrlbrrg, a township of Perks Co. Pa. Also a village in Lebanon Co. and a township in York Co. Pa. ^| Heidelberg, a. city of Germany, in the circle of II Lower Rhine, with a celebrated university. It has manufactures of woolen stufls, carpets, silk stockings, velvet, and soap. It was the capital of the palatinate, and celebrated for a great tun, which held SOO hogsheads. The city has undergone so many calamities by war and fire, that it is not so large as formerly. The protestant electoral house becoming extinct in 1093, a bloody war ensued, in which the castle was ruined, and the elector removed his residence to Manheim. The French took possession of this town in 1800, and in 1803 it was given to the elector of Baden. It is seated on the Neckar, over which is abridge, 12 m. S. E. of Manheim, and 52 S. of Frankfort. Pop. about 10,000. Heidelsheim, a town of Germany, in Lower Rhine, 17 ra. S. of Heidelburg. Pop. about 1,800. Heilhron, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom or Wurtemberg. It is a handsome place situate in a country yielding good wine, and derives great advantages from its baths. It stands on the Neckar, 25 ra. N. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 6,000. Hcilhrunn, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pahty of Anspach, with a medicinal spring, 10 ra. E. N. E. of Anspach, HEL Heilfenbeil, a, town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Natangen. It is famous for fine beer and white bread, and seated on a small river which soon after enters the Frisch Haff, 32 in. S. W. of Konigsberg. . . Hdliaenberg, a town of Suabia, in the princi- pality o'f Fufstenberg, 12 m. N. N. E. Con- stance. Helligenhafen, a town of Lower Saxony, m Holstein, seated on the Baltic, opposite the isl- and of Femeren, 40 m. N. of Lubec. Lat. 54. 27. N., long. 10. 48. E. Hciligmstadt, a town of Lower Sa.\ony, capi- tal of the territory of Eichfeld, witli a castle and a college. It is seated at the conflux of the Geisland with the Leine, 17 m. S. E. of Gol- tingen. Heilsl/ertr, a town of Prussia, in the province "of Ermeland. In 1703 Charles XII. of Sweden tixed his head-quarters here. It is seated on the Alia, 45 m. S. of Konigsberg. Hdder, a town of North Holland, with a strong fort which defends the entrance of the Texel. In September, 1799, the fort was taken by the English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet lying in the Texel surrendered to them, for the service of the prince of Orange ; but the English aban- doned the fort in November following. It is situate on the N. W. point of the province, op- posite the W. end of Texel island, 24 m. N. of Alcmaer, and 45 N. by W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 34. E, lat. 53. O.N. Helena, p. v. Phillips Co. Arkansas. Helena, St. an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 27 m. in circuit, belonging to the English East India Company. It lies between the continents of Africa and South America, about 1,200 m. W. of the former, and 1,800 E. of the latter ; and was discovered by the Portuguese, in 1.501, on St. Helena's day. Afterward the Dutch were in possession of it till 1600, when they were ex- pelled by the English. In 1673 the Dutch re- took it by surprise ; but it was soon after recov- ered. It has some high mountains, particularly one called Diana Peak, which is covered with wood to the very top. There are other hills also, which bear evident marks of a volcanic origin, and some have huge rocks of lava, and a kind of half vitrified flags. The climate of St. Helena is temperate, being exempted from the extremes of heat and cold, from thunder and lightning and hurricanes. It is moist, however, and only about one day in three is illumined by sunshine. The interior valleys and little hills are covered with verdure, and interspersed with gardens, orchards, and various plantations. There are also many pastures, surrounded by inclosurcs of stone and filled with a fine breed of small cattle, and with English sheep ; goats and poultry are like- wise numerous. The inhabitants do not exceed 3,000, including nearly 500 soldiers, and 1,600 blacks, who are supplied with corn and manufac- tures by the Company's ships in return for re- freshments. The town, called James-town, is small, situated at the bottom of a bay on the S. side of the islartd, between two steep, dreary mountains. The principal street is well built and contains about 30 houses, at the top of which two other streets branch off to the east and west. In the latter are the barracks, the hospital, and several shops, stored with every kind of com- modities. On the left side of the parade are situated the goverranent-house and the main guard-room, in the former of which the gover- 371 HEL nor and public officers reside. The church is situated in front of the gateway, by which the town is entered, and near it there is a small theatre. St. Helena is particularly celebrated for having been the prison of Napoleon, the late emperor of France, and for being the place in which he breathed his last, and where his mortal remains are deposited. He died in May, 1821 . Lat. of James-town, 16. 55. S., long. 5. 43. Helena, St. one of a cluster of islands on the coast of S. Carolina, composing the parish of St. Helena, in the district of Beaufort. Pop. 8,79:1 Helens, St. a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the E. end of the Isle of Wight, 2 in. N. E. of Bra- ding. It has a bay or road of considerable note as a rendezvous for ships that are outward bound. Helens, St. a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m. N. E. of Prescot. In and near it are a variety of manufactures ; particularly an extensive copper- work, and a still larger one at Baveiihead, for casting plate-glass. The Sankey canal begins at the coal mines here, and takes a circuitous course by Newton to the Mersey, behnv Warringlnn. Hclier, St. the capital of the island of Jersey, seated on the E side of the bay of St. Aubin, with a harbour and a stone pier. It has of late rapid- ly increased from a small village to a respectable town. The inhabitants are computed to be 10,000, and have manufactures of woolen, stockings, and caps. At the top of the market-place is the statue of George II. ; and in the church, where prayers are read alternately in English and French, is a monument to the memory of major Pierson, who fell herein the, moment of victory. Besides the church there are chapels for dissenters. There are three gazettes published weekly in French, and one in English. Long. 1. 58. W., lat. 49. 11. N. See Jersey. HeJier, St. a little island near the town of the same name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the S. side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerius, or Helier, a holy man who lived in this island, and was slain by the Pagan Normans. His cell, with the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks; and in memory of him, a noble abbey was founded here. On the site of this abbey now stands Eliz- abeth castle, the residence of the governor, and garrison of Jersey. It occupies the whole is- land, which is near a mile in circuit, and is sur- rounded by the sea at every half flood ; and hence, at low water, is a passage to the town of St. He- lier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, formed of sand and stones. Heligoland , or Helgoland, a group of small is- lands in the German Ocean, off" the coast of Den- mark, to which they formerly belonged ; but now to Great Britian. They are situated about 28 m. from the Weser, the Elbe, and the Eyder. The principal island which is divided into the Cliff and Lowland, is about 2 m. and a half in circum- ference, and on it is erected a light-house, which is visible nearly 30 ra. distant. Heligoland has two good harbours, and to the east of the smaller island, called the Downs, is good anchorage in 48 feet of water. The number of inhabitants is about 2,000 who live chiefly by fishing and acting as pilots. Lat. of the light-house, 54, 11. N., long. 7.55. Heliopolis, or Materea, a village of Egypt, 4 m. E. N. E. of Cairo, where the French gained a de- cisive victory over the Turks in 180O. Here i* a celebrated spring of fresh water, said to be the only one in Egypt; and, according to tradition !IKL 372 JIEiV the Holy Family came here on their flight from Herod, and bathed llie child Jesus in tliis fountain. Hilliim, a township of York Co. Pa. Jtftlrrstoirn, p. v. Nortiiainptiin ('o. Va. IIiUcli, a town of Asiatic 'I'urkey, in Irak Ara- oi, situate on botli sides of the Eujilirates, with a bridije of conununication. It is su]>|ntspd to stand on tlie site of the ancient liabylun. 'I'lie siirmund- ini^ /gardens are so covered witli fruit trees, par- ticularly paluis, that the town ai)pt'ars as if seated in a wood. It is7i! ni. S. by K ofBaijdad. I'op. al.oul 12,000. Jlilli;itli\ a strait near the W. end of Loncj Is- land Sound, b m. N. by K. of New York. It is narrow and crooked, with ii bed of rocks extend- in;j (piite across ; but, at i)roper times of tlie tide, ships of any burden may pass through this Btraijjhl. Ilrilin, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, 44 m. N. W. of Murcia. Pop. about (1,000. Helmcrshaiisni, a town of Germany, in I-ow- er Hesse, on the river Diemel, 'JO m. iM. of Carisel. IlclmmU, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a slroHfT castle, on the Aa, 17 m. S. K. of Bois le Duo. Pop. about 'J5,000. Ilclmiitlal(\ a river fif Scotland, which issues from several momitain-lakcs in Sntherlandshire, and rolls over its rocky bottom to the Ord of Caithness. At its moutli in the German Ocean is a good salmon fishery. Ildmslcij, a town in the north riding of York- shire. It has the remains of a castle, and is seat- ed on the Uye, 20 m. N. of York, and 21S N. by W. of London. Pop. about 1,500. Ililmstailt, a town of Lower Sa.xony, it) the duchy of Brunswick, with a university, 22 ni. E. of lirunswick. Pop. r>.aoO. llchiiiburi^/i, a sea-purt of Sweden, in Schonen, seated on the Sound, nearly opposite Elsinore. Here is a ferry across the Sound to Denmark, audit has manufactures of ribands, hats, and boots. It is 5 m. N. E. of Elsinore and :!2 N. W. of Lund. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 12. 48. E.. lat. 50. 3. N. Jlclsinfors, a sea-port of Sweden, in Finland, and the chief town in the province of iN'yland. It has a commodious liarbour in the gulf of Fin- land, and an immense fortress. It is ilO m. E S. E. of Abo. Long. 25. E., lat. GO. f,. N. Pop. 3,200. Hclsicria, or Hdsingland, a province of Swed- en, in Nordland, 210 m.in length, between Dale- carlia and the gulf of Bothnia, and from 50 to 80 in breadth, and comprises a superficies of about 4,470 square miles. It has extensive forests and many iron mines. The chief articles of trade are iron, flax, linen, tallow, butter, tar, deal, and tim- ber. Pop. about 52,000. The principal town is Iliidswickswald. Jielslon,a borough in Cornwall, Eng. It stands on the river Loe,near its entrance into Mount Bay, and is one of the towns appointed for the coinage of tin. A little below it is a harbour, where ves- ■sels take in their lading. It sends two members to parliament. It is 11 ni. S. W. of Falmouth, and 274 W. by S. of London. Long. 5. 15. E., lat. 50. 7. N. "Pop. about 2,000. Helvetia. See Sicitzerfanil. Hdtortsluys, a strong sea-port of South Holland, on the S. side of the is-land of Voorn. Here some of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary ; and it is the general port for the English packets from Harwich to Holland. It surrendered to the French in 1795; and is 7 m. S. by W. of Briel. Long. 4. 0. E., lat. 51.40. N. Humpstfd, or Ilfvtel Jlfiiipyltd, a corporate town in Hertfordshire, scaled among hills cm the river G.ade, 18 in. \V. of Hertford, and 23 N. W. of London. Pop. about 4,000. Ilnii, a city of Syria, surrounded by walls 3 ni. in circuit ; but the present buildings only take up about a ipi.arter ol'thc area in the N. W. quar- ter. To the S. of the town is a large ruined cas- tle, on a high round mount, faced with stone. It is seated nil apuKill river, which runs into the Orciiles. 1110 in. S. ofAlcpjio. Ikm/ijhli/, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. Also a township in Westmoreland i'o. Pa. HcmpstanI, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,423. Arkansas is the (diief town. Hempsitnd,\i.\.. tjueens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- land. Pop. 0,215. Ilendcrsou.^ county in the western part of Ken- tucky, on the S. E. bank of the Oliio, and inter- sected, by the (ircen River. Pop. 0,049. Hen- dersonvilie is the chief town ; 138 m. W. by S. of Frankfort. llrndcrsniij a county of VV. Tennessee. Pop. 8,7-11. Lexington is the cajiital. Ilrndcrsnn, p.t. Jefl'erson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,428. Also a village in Montgomery Co. N. C. Uruthriinnsrille, villages in Nottoway Co. Va., Newbury !)is. S. C and Sumner Co. Ten. Iftudtir/.srilU, p.v. \Veslmoreland Co. Va. liciiriiftas, CriiU mid IJttIr, two of the most southern of the Bahama Islands. Lat. of the former, S. W. point, 20.50. N.long. 73. 40. W., lat. of the latter, VV. point, 21. 29. N., long. 73. 0. Hcnrr-lffifoii. a city of China, of the first rank, in the jirovinee of Hou-qnang. The chief manu- facture is iiaper. It is seated on the river Heng, 205 m. N. by W. of Canton. Ilniiii Li Hard, a to«n of France, department of Pas de Calais, m. N. VV. of Douay. Pop. about 2,400. lladcij iipnn Thames, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. The church is a large ancient building, the tower of which was built by Cardinal Wolsey ; the houses are modern and the streets spacious Tlie princifial trade is in corn, flour, malt ami beech wood. It is sealed on the Thames over which is an elegant stone bridge, 24 ra. S. E. of Oxford, and 1)5 VV. of London. Hrnh'ij, or Ilintcij in Jlrdcn, a town in War- wickshire, Eng. seated on the Alne, 15 m. S. by E. of Birmingham, and 101 VV. N. W. of London. Uniloprn.Capc, the S. W. side of the entrance of Delaware Bay. Lat. 38. 40. N., long. 75. 12. VV. Ileniubfr^, a town of Upper Saxony, in a county of the same name. Some ruins of the castle of its ancient counts are 3'et to be seen. It is 12 m. S. S. \V. of iMeinungcn. Pop. of the county, which comprises a surface of 850 square m. about 100,000. Hennchon, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, with a great trade in corn, iron, honey, &c. It is seated on the Blavet, m. N. E. of L'Orienl. Pop. about 5,000. Ilcnnilicr, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1 ,725. HcnricfinnoTil, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cher, sealed on the Sander, 15 m. N. N. E. of Bourges. Pop. about 2,987. Henrico, a county of the E. district of Vir- ginia, bounded on the S. W. by James River, N. by Hanover, and E. by Charles city. Pop. 28,798. Richmond is the chief town. HER 373 HER, HmrUtta, p.l. ftlonroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,302. licnry, a county of the E. District of Virginia, Ijorderiiig on North Carolina, intersected by Ir- vine, or Smitli's River, and the N. and S. branch- es of Mayo River. Pop. 7,100. Its chief town, IS Martinsville. ^ lleiirij, a county of Kentucky, bounded on tne N. W.'by the Ohio, and on the E. by Kentucliy River. Pop. 11,395. Newcastle, is the chief town. Hcnrtj, a county in Alabama, bounded on the K. by Cliatahoochy River, which separates it from Georsria, and watered by the Choctaw and Yel- low Water. Pop. 3,055. Columbia is the chief town. Ihnrtj, Cape, the S. cape of Virginia, at the entrance of Chesapeak bay. Long. 70. 12.,lat.3G 57 . Ifeppcnhelm, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of Li)wpr Rhine, situate on the Eisbach, 12 ni. K. of Worms. Pop. 3,200. Ucptmistall , a. township in the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. 8 m. W. of Halifa.x. Pop. in 1821,4,543. Ileriikli. See Erclili. Herat, a.city of Persia, in Chorasin, or Khoras- san, of wliich it was formerly the capital. The neighbouring country produces e.xcellent fruit; and roses are in such plenty, that it is called Sur- gultzar, or the City of Roses, it has a considerable manufacture of carpets. It is situate on a river of the same name, 300 m. S. E. of Mesched, on the high road from Persia to Hindoostan. Hcraiilt, a maritime department of France, so named from a river wliich runs into the gulf of Lions, in the Mediterranean. It is part of the late province of Languedoc ; and the capital is Montpelier. It contains 2,830 sq. m. Pop. about 300,000. Ihrbcmont, a town of the Netherlands, in Lu.x- cmburg, with a castle on a mountain, near the river Semoy, 3 m. N. N. W. of Chiny. Ucrbiers, hs, a town of France, in the depart- ment of La Vendee, 35 m. N. E. of La Roche. Hcrbnrn, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calvinist acade- mv, and manufacture of iron ; seated on the Dille, B m. S. S. E. of Dillenburg. Pop. about 2,000. Ilerculaneum, an ancient city of Naples, total- ly overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuv- ilis, in the beginning of the reign of the emperor Titus. Its situation was long doubtful till 1711, when something of this city was discovered by a peasant digging a well in his garden ; and from 17.W to the present time, researches being fre- quently made by digging, a great number of manu- script, paintings, statues, busts, domestic utensils, instruments of husbandry, &c. have been found. The village of Portici now stands on part of its site. It is 5 m. E. by S. of Naples. See Pompeii. Uerctjna, a river of Greece in BtPOtia, with two streams, the larger called by the ancient Lethe, and the smaller Mnemosyne. Herefordshire, a county of England, bordering on Wales, and bounded on the N. by Shropshire, E. by Worcestersliire, S. by Monmouthshire, and Gloucestershire, and W. by the counties of Brecknock and Radnor. It contains 5.)(i,400 acres, and is divided into 11 hundreds and 221 parishes. It has one citv, Hereford, and 7 mar- ket towns, Leominster, Ross, VVeobly, Ledbury, Kington, Bromyard, and Pembridge, and sends 8 members to parliament ; two for the city of Hereford, and two for the boroughs of Weobly, and Leominster and two for the county. Here- fordshire is almost entirely an agricultural coun ty. About nine-tenths of the land are in a state of cultivation, and it excels in almost every de- partment of husbandry. The face of the county is rich and picturesque ; the climate is mild and tlie soil extremely fertile, which arises from the subsoil of limestone on which it rests. Hops aro cultivated, and the apples producing the cider, for which Herefordshire is celebrated, grow in greater plenty than in any other country. Red and yellow ochres are often met with. Fuller's earth is dug near Stoke, and on the borders of Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It is watered by several streams, the chief of which are, the AVyc, the Munner and the Lug. Before the invasion of the Romans. Herefordshire was in- habited by the Silures, a brave people, who long checked {he progress of the Roman arms ; but be- ing at lust overcome, they retired into tlie fastnesses of Wales. It was a part of Mercia. one of the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. Pop. in 1811. !)4,073, and isai, 103,231. Hereford, an ancient citj-, and chief town of Herefbrdshiro, Kng. seated on the N. bank of the Wye, over which there is a stone bridge of six arches, it has manufactures of gloves, flannels, and hats. It was anciently defended by a cn.stle, which is now destroyed, and only part of the walls remain. It has four churches, the princi- pal of which is the cathedral, a large and venera- ble structure, and there are also several places of worship for dissenters. It has also an infirma- ry, a county gaol, a house of correction, and a lunatic asylum and a free grammar school. Tlie city is in general well built, the streets wide, and tlie environs delightful. It sends two mem- bers to parliament. Hereford, from its situation on the borders of Wales, suffered much from the wars between that country and England, and in later times, from the contests between the houses of York and Lancaster, and the civil broils in the time of Charles I. It is 135 m. W. N. W. of London, and 30 N. W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1811, 7,30G, and in 1821, 9,090. Herenthals, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, on the river Nethe, 20 m. N. E. of Lou- vain. Herford, or Herforden, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Ravensberg, with a nunnery belonging to the protestants of the confession of Augsburg. It has a trade in ale and linen, and is seated on the Warra, at the influx of the Aa, 20 m. S. W. of Minden, and 11 m. E. N. E. of Ravensberg. Pop. about 6,000. HericouTl, a town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, 15 ni. S. E. of Lure, and 27 E. of Vesoul. Herjadnlen, a district on the N. of Sweden, now included in Gefleborgstten, and bounded on the W. by Norway, and N. by Jcmptiand. It con- sists of an extensive valley watered by the Ljusna and Ljugna. It is mostly covered with wood, and abounds in cattle, game, and fish. Territorial extent 3,200 square m. with a pop. of only 4,000. Herinnes, a town of South Brabant, with 3,300 inhabitants, 17 m. S. W. of Brussels. Hcrisau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Appenzel, with manufactures of fine linen and muslin, 12 m. N. W. of Appenzel, aud 8 S. W. of St, Gall, Pop. about 6,500. Heriura, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on the Vedawati, 22 m. W. N. W. of Sera. Herkimer, a county of New-York on the Mo- hawk river. Pop. 55,869. The cluef town of HER 374 HE3 the couuty lias the same name and a pop. of 2,486. Herman, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 535. Hcrmanstadl, a strong city of Transylvania, and a bishop's see. It ims a large church, built by Maria Theresa, with a globe and steeple not easily described. In the great square is the liouse of the governor, in the best (lernian style, containing many good pictures. It is seated on the Sreben, d30 m. E. S. E.of Buda,and C7 S. S. E. of Colover. Pop. Ui.OUO. Hermsdnrf, two large villages of Silesia, the one ;W m. N. by W. ol'Breslaw, and tlie other 40 m. W. by S. of the ssxine place. Ileymstudl, a town of Silesia, in the principality ofWolau,on the river Rartch, 10 m. N. W. of Trachenberg, and 38 N. by W. of Breslaw. Hfmdorsrillc, p.t. Scott Co. Ken. Ihruf^runti, or Herratgrund, a town of Upper Hungarv, seated among mountains, witli rich mines of copper, 2S m. N. by E. of Scheninitz, and 4 N. N. W. of Neushol. Hcrn/iK«, a village in Lusatia. 12 m. N. N. W. of Ziltau. It was founded in 17'2*2, by some per- secuted Moravian brethren in the fields belong- ing to count Zenzendorf, who they considered as their bishop and father ; and they were for some time called Hernhutters, as this place continued their principal nursery. Hcrnosaiid, a sea-port of Sweden, in Angerma- nia, situated on an island in the gulf of Bothnia, which is joined to the continent by a bridge. It was formerly a staple town, and lias a consid- erable trade in linen. In ITllJ, 1714, and 1721, it was burned by the Russians. It was 240 in. N. Dy W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 53. E, lal. C2. 38. N. Ilcrnosand is also the name of an extensive gov- ernment of Sweden, of which the preceding is the capital, comprising the provinces of Angermann- land, Jemptland, and Medelpad, containing 18,- 000 sq. m. with only 100,000 inhabitants. Ihro, JVorth and South, two islands in Lake Champlain. HcTslal, or Heristal, a town of the Netherlands in Leige, seated on the Mffise, 4 m. N. of Leige. Pop. 4,750 Hertford, p. v. Perquimans Co. N. C. Hertford, an interior county of England, ex- tending in a north-easterly direction, about 32 m. in length, and 16 in mean breadth ; bounded on the S. by Middlese.-t, E. by Essex, N. by Cam- bridge, and Bedford, and W. by Buckingham and part of Bedford. It contains 337,920 acres, is di- vided into eight hundreds, l'& parishes, and has 19 market towns, the chief of which are St. Al- bans, Hertford, Ware, and Royston. It sends six members to parliament, two for the county, and two for each of the two boroughs. The north part is hilly, forming a scattered part of the chalky ridge, which slopes towards London. A number of clear streams take their rise from the S. side. Flint stones are scattered in great profusion over the face of this county ; and beds of chalk are fre- quently to be met with. The soil, however, with the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat and barley, which come to as great perfection here as in any part of the kingdom. The W. part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil and under excellent cultivation. The principal rivers are, the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one called the New River. The Grand Junction Ca- nal passes through the S. extremity of the coun- ty. Corn is the principal object of agriculture, and a great trade in malt is carried on. The man- ufactures are inconsiderable. Pop. in 1821, 129,714. Hertford, or Hurlford, a borough, and the cap- ital of Hertfordshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Len, which is navigable for barges, as it was once for ships. In 879 the Danes erected two forts here, for security of their ships ; but Alfred turned the course of the river, so that their vessels were left on dry ground. Ed«ard, the eldest son of Alfred, built a castle here, which has been often a royal residence. — The town is governed by a mayor, and had for- merly live churches, but now only two. Here is a fine hospital belonging to Christ's hospital in London ; also a noble shire hall, and a large coun- ty gaol. About a mile to the E. is a basin of water called Chadwell, which is the head spring of the New River, and at the distance of two miles and a half on the London road is the East India College for the education of 100 students.— Hertford is 21 m. N. of London. Pop. in 1811, 3,90(1. Hertford, a county of North Carolina, border- ing on Virginia, and bounded on the N. E. by Chowan River. Pop. 8,541. Windsor is the capital. Hertzherg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Grubenhagen, with manufactures of arms and iron tools ; seated near the Hartz moun- tains. 21 m. S. S. W. of Goslar. Hertzherg, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with a trade in saltpetre, wool, and cloths ; seated on the Elster, 14 m. N. N. E. of Torgau, and 28 S E.of Witteniberg. Herre. a town of the Netherlands in the prov- ince of Liege, 8 m. W. N. W. of Limburg. Herzsorina, a large tract of country stretching along the east shore of the Adriatic, from N. W. to S. £. The southern part belongs to the Turks, and the rest to the Austrians. Hesdin, a strong town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Canche 12 m. S. E. of Montreuil. Pop. including the suburbs, 5,000. Hesse Cassel, a territory in the west of Ger- many, bounded by Hanover, the Prussian States, Franconia, Nassau, and Hesse Darmstadt, com- prising an extent of 4,350 square miles. The chief towns are Cassel, the capital, Marburgh, Fulda, and Hanau. It is chiefly composed of Upper and Lower Hesse, the grand duchy of Fulda, the district of Hanau, and the lordship of Schmalkalden. The country is rather moun- tainous, and produces abundance of wood and minerals, among which are copper, silver, iron, cobalt, salt, pitcoal, and marble. Pop. in 1817, was 545,000, of whom the greater number are Calvinists. Hesse Darmstadt, or the grand duchy ofHesse, a district of Germany, belonging to Hesse Cassel, like which it is far from being compact; being di- vided by a strip of land into two parts, stretching from east to west. It contains about 4,000 square miles. The chief towns are Darmstadt and Gies- sen. Its acquisitions by the French revolution were considerable. It is mountainous like Hesse Cassel, and is equally productive of minerals. The principal rivers are the Rhine, Maine, Lahn, Niddu, and the letir. Pop. about 600,000, of whom the greater number are Lutherans. Hesse Uomhurg, a small principality of Ger- many, near Frankfort, belonging, with the titla HIG 37S IIIIVI of land^ave, to the younger branch of the house ofHesse Darmstadt. Pop. about ^1,000. Heltsladt, a town of Upper Sa.xony, on the Wipper, 9 m. N. of Eisleben. Hue/idem, or Hoekelun, a town of South f lol- land, seated on the Linghe, 5 m. N. E. of Gorcum. Heusdcn, a strong town of South Holland, seat- ed on the Meuse, with a castle. It was taken by the French in 1795; and is 8 m. N. W. of Bois le Due. Hexham, a town in Northumberland, Eng. with a trade in tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It had formerly a famous abbey, some parts of which yet remain. Near this place, in 1403, was fought a battle, between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the latter was defeated. — ilexham is seated on the river Tyne, a little be- low the junction of the North Tyne with the South, 22 m. W. of Newcastle, and 26o N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1811, 4,8i).'j. Hnjdcnheim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtomburg, with a castle, on the river Brenr, IGm. N. N. E.ofUlm. Ueydrnsfcld, a town of Franconia, on the river Maine, 3 m. S. of Wurtzburg. Heymcrtscrif a town in the circle of Lower Rhine, situate on the ErfTt, 11 m. S. of Cologne. Hcyst-op-tten-Berg, a town of the Netherlands, in South Brabant, on the Neethes, 11 ra. N. E. of -Mechlin. Pop. 5,300. Hlatslown, a village of Middlesex Co. N. J. Hihernia, p. v. Callaway Co. Missouri. Hickman, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on the N. by Duck river. Pop. 8,132. Vernon is the capital. Hickman, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,193. Hicksford, p. v. Greenville Co. Va. Hielmar, a lake in Sweden, 40 m. in length. Hieres, a town of France, in the department of Var, seated near the Mediterranean sea ; but its harbour being choked up, it is now much decay- ed. It is 9 m. E. of Toulon. Lat. 43. 7. N., long. 6. 7. E. HierM, a cluster of islands, in the Mediterrane- an, on the coast of France, opposite the town of Hieres. The four principal ones are called Por- queroUos, Porteros, Bagueau, and Titan. Hicrro. See Ferro. Higliam Ferrers, a borough in Northampton- shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins ; and is seated on an ascent, near the river Nen, 25 m. E. S. E. of Coventry, and 65 N. N. W. of London. Highgate, a village in Middlesex, Eng. con- tif'uous to London, seated on a hill, five miles andahalfN. W. of St. Paul's Cathedral. Here lord chiefbaron Cholmondely built a free-school in 1562, which was enlarged in 1570, by Sandys, bishop of London, who also added a chapel. In the vicinity are several elegant villas, the resi- dences of wealthy citizens. Highland, a township of Muskingum Co. Ohio. Highlands, an appellation applied to the moun- tainous tract in the N. and N. W. part of Scot- land, by which it is distinguished from the Low- lands in the E. and S. E. It is divided into W. and N. Highlands, the former comprehending the shires of Argyle and Bute, and part of Perth and Dumbarton, with the islands attached to them, and the latter containing the shires of Inverness, Ross, Sutherland, the districts of AthoU, Ran- noch, and isles of Sky, Lewis, and those annexed to Inverness, and Ross. Its extent is 200 m. in length, and 90 in mean breadth. The proportion of arable land is email, and is found chiefly on the borders of the lakes and rivers. Higklstown, p.v. Middlesex Co. N. J. Higvey, a city on the E. part of the island of St. Domingo, formerly of some importance, but now greatly decayed. It is situated on a river of the same name, 90 ni. E. by N. of St. Domingo. Hijellee, the chief town of a district of the same name in Bengal, s ated on an island near the western bank of the river Hoogly , near its mouth. It has an extensive salt-manufactory. Lat. 21. 51. N., and long. 88. 7. Hilburgliauscn, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Coburg. It is subject to the duke of Saxe-Hilburghausen, who has a palace here, and seated on the Werra, 20 m. N. N. W. of Co- burg. Hildcsheim, a city of Lower Saxony, capital ol a principality of the same name. It was lately an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided into the old and new town, and seated on the Irneste, 20 m. S. E. of Hanover. Hilliardstown, p.t. Nash Co. N. C.^gi Hillham, p.t. Overton Co. Tenn. Hillsborough, a county of New Hampshire, bor- dering on Massachusetts. Pop. 37,762. Amherst is the capital. Hillsborough, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop 1 ,792. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co N. J., Caroline Co. Md., Loudon Co. Va., Orange Co. N. C, Jasper Co. Geo., Franklin Co. Tenn., Highland Co. Ohio., Montgomery Co. Illinois. Hillsborough, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, 20 m. S. \V. of Belfast. Hillsdale, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,546. Hillton, a village of Charles Co. Maryland. Hilton, an island on the coast of S. Carolina, opposite Beaufort District,20 m. long and 5 broad. Hiltoitm, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Himmaleh, a vast chain of mountains, extend- ing from the 73rd degree of E. long, to the borders of China, and separating Hindoostan from Thibet and Tarlary. That part which forms the northern boundary of India, is a continuation of the same range with that to the west of the Indus, known among the Afghans under the name of Hindoo Coosh. To the east of that river, it increases in height, and assumes a character of additional grandeur, both from that circumstance and from its great extent in every direction. It forms, in fact, one of the sublimest features in the structure of the old con- tinent and of the globe. Here a long range of summits, covered with perpetual snow, presents itself to the Hindoo, who has in all ages raised towards it an eye of religious veneration. All the names by which it is distinguished are derived from the Sanscrit term Hem, signifying snow. Hence have arisen the name Imaus and Emodus among the ancients, and Himmaleh, Himadri, llimachal, and Himalaya, of the moderns. The river Indus passes through a series of narrow de- files in lat. 55. which scarcely offer any interrup- tion to the mountain chain. The direction of the mountain is eastward, as far as the north-east point of the valley of Cashmere : from this point, its direction is to the south-east, extending along the sources of all the rivers which run across the Punjab to fall into the Indus, with the exception of the Sutledge, which, like the Indus itself, rises on the N. side of the range, and takes its passage across its breadth. Pursuing the same direction the Himmaleh mountains cross the heads of the HIM 370 II IN Juniiia, llie Ganges, and llieir numerous tributary rivers. Farther cast, tiicy seem to be penetrated by several rivers, as llie (londuh, tin; Arum, the Teesta, and Cosi, and the Burranipnolcr. The geography of the countries to the east of tliis last river is so little known, that it is a question whether the same mountain ran^e jg continued any farther. It seems a<,'reed tliat, if it is contin- ued, its height ceases to be i'i|iially great ; it is probable, however, that n continuation of it ex- tends along the northern frontier of tlie provinces of Qiiang-si ami Quang-tong all the way to the Chinese sea, declining gradually as it advances to tlie east. The following are the heights of some of the peaks which have been ascertained : Dhawalagivri, or the White Mountain, near the sources of the Gonduk river, above the level of the sea, - - 2(),8r)'2 Jamootri, 2.t,.500 Dhaiboon, seen from Catmandoo, - 24,708 Another peak seen from the same capital, 24,f)25 Another near to the preceding, - - 2i},26'2 A third in the same vicinity, - - 23,0o'2 Peak St. George, .... 22,-JlO Thus the Ilinimaleh mountains exceed in eleva. tion the Andes of America ; that of Chimborazo, the highest of the latter, not exceeding 21,470 feet above the sea. Through this stupendous chain there are ditTerent passes, but all of them la- borious to travel, and some highly dangerous. One of the most practicable is that which in its upper part, follows the bed of the river Sutledge. To the east of this, there are some practicable only at a favourable season, and where the trav- eller still runs the hazard of being caught in a fall of snow, or otherwise perishing with cold. Through the whole mountainous tract, and even before ascending much above the inhabited parts, the traveller is liable to be attacked with an alarm- ing failure of respiration, from the great rarity of the air, an atfection attril)Uted by the natives to various fanciful and sometimes superstitious cau- ses. Some of the most difficult passes are occa- sionally traversed by marauding parties from the one side of the Himmaleh to carry off the properly of the inhabitants on the other. Such passes ex- ist between Nepaul and Thibet.or that stripe lying close to the nortii side of the Himmaleh which is inhabited by Bhootees, and may probably come imder the name of Bootan, a name of which we are not at present able to assign the exact local extent. Here there are also one or more easier passes chierty along the beds of the rivers Gon- duk, Arum, and Teesta. Hence armies have crossed from Nepual to attack the territory of Thi- bet, and a Chinese army has in return invaded and subjugated Nepaul. The difficulty of access to these regions, heightens the ardour of the ad- miring Hindoo, actuated in some degree by curi- osity, but much more by superstition, to bathe himself in the icy streams which give origin to the Ganges or its mighty tributaries ; to contem- plate the mystic rock, which so closely resembles the hind quarters of a bullock, and is reputed to have been the result of a holy transmutrition of a divine being, a scene where it is reckoned a merit to make a voluntary sacrifice of life, by precipita- ting the body over the fatal crag. Superstition has in many instances chosen to cherish its pro- pensities in localities signalized as the origin of large and fertilizing rivers. No where is this carried so far as in this mountainous tract, and it must be confessed, that in no locality is the sub- lime character of the scenery so much in unison with such feelings. In the Hindoo Pantheon, Himmaleh is defined, and is described as the father of the Ciauges, and of her sister Ooma, the spouse of the destroying power Siva, the favourite object of propitiatory adoration. Ilinrhiuhnwli Ifir, an island on the west coast of America, in Prince Williams Sound. Lat. GO. 24. N., and long. 142. :!.'>. to MO, 10. W. Hinrhinlirook Lsle, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. lOa. 'M. E., lat. 17. 25. o. JlinMcij, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It has a large church, with a lofty spire ; and had formerly a castle and walls, traces of which are still to be seen. Here is a considerable manufac. ture of common stockings, thread, and worsted It is seated on an eminence, 12 m. S. W. of Lei. cester, and IK) N. N. W. of London. Ilin(lclii/)ni, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, seated on the Zuider iJee, 21 m. S. S. W. of Li'warden. Ilindia, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a country of the same name, in Candeish ; situate on the S. bank of the Nerbudda, n him is perpetual and entire ; slie is not per- mitted to eat in his pri^sencc, and is considered n U as a companion to aid him in enduring the evils of life, but as a slave to bear children, and be subsevienl to his rule. Polygamy is tolerated ; but females. except among the Nairs, are not per- mitted to marry a second time. A iiusband can dismiss his wife at any time ; but there is nothing that can dissolve the wife from her matrimonial engagement. The inhuman custom of women iiurn'ing themselves on the funeral pile of their deceased husbands has however been recently proliibited in the presidencies of Fort Williiim and Madras ; and the progress of Christianity affords reason to hope for the speedy abolition of other revolting practices. The code of Gentoo laws, witii their sacred books, the Veidam and the Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit language, which is very copious and pervous, although tlie style of their best authors is wonderfully concise. Hindoostan, towards the N., is pretty temperate, but hot towards the S. ; and it rains almost con- stantly for three months in the year. Its pro- ducts are diamonds and other precious stones, silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and sugar; and the chief nianufactures muslins and calicoes. The great forests and marshy districts are peo- district he inhabits. The mountain bear is even more terrible than the tiger ; he inhabits the Ghauts and is probably a sort of hyiena. The common bear is found in the forests of the south, wolves and jackals are coimnon in tho interior parts. The sorval or pantlier cat which inhabit? this country is little known. The lynx and car acal inhabit the northern provinces. The rhinoc eros seeks auiid the mud and water of the marsh es a shelter from the scorching heat of the cli- pled with elephants. The tiger ts common in Malabar and Bungal aud in ths scourgtt of over^ mate. He is a much rarer animal than the ele- phant, and is never seen in troops like tliat ani- mal. Ho never attacks men unless when provok- ed. Hindoostan swarms with serpents, and alinoBt every river and lake abounds in erocod ilcs. nindoostnn, p. v. Martin Cn. Indiana. JliacspiUc^ p.v- Patrick Co. Va. //(ng/(fl7«, a town in Norfolk, I'^ng., 14 m. W. of Norwich, and i)9 N. E. of London. Hinghavi^ p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass., 13 m. S, V. Boston. Pop. 3,3o*7. It is situated on a small bay communicating with Boston harbour. It is actively engaged in themacken-l fishery, and has long been famous for the manufacture of buckets. Hing-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity furnishes abundance of rice, lichi, and silk. Hinfihy, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio. Hinsdale^ p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H., 96 m. from Boston. Pop. 937. This place was formerlv nam- ed Fort Dummer and Brhfifmuji's Fort^and suffer- ed much during the Indian wars. Also a p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 919. Hintcrsersdof, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 8 m. E. ofTreyburgh. Hinznan. Joanna, or .^njomin, one of the larg est of the Comoro Islands, situated off the east- ern coast of Africa. It is of a triangular form; and the whole island appears to have undergone the action of a volcano, the rocks being every where volcanized. It is entirely mountainous, but is covered with vegetation, which reaches even to the summit of the highest conical hill. The coasts can be approached with safety. The sovereign of Hinzuan takes the title of sultan, and formerly ruled over the whole group of the Comoro Islands. His subjects view him with tlic most profound respect, and never approach him without kneeling, and touching the earth with their forehead. The nobles are on a familiar foot- ing with tho king, and must be consulted on ma ny occasions. The natives are in general tall, ro bust, and well made; they liave long black hair, piercing eyes, and are of a colour between olive and black. They profess Mahomedism ; but the native African worship of fetiel.es is still very prevalent. They are courtfou- and hosj)itablf, and all shipwrecked mariners h* c been received with the greatest kindness, Thu'pine apples are most delicious, and the other fruiis are excellent. Varna and sweet potatoes are in abundance ; also goats and poultry. The bullocks arc of a moder- ate size, are excellent food. This island is often frequented by Europeans, and particularly by Eng HOA 379 HOG lieh vessels, for the sake of procuring water and provisions. The commodities in demand are arms, toys, looking-glasses, shirts and blue and red cloth. Saltam is the capital. Long. 41. 3U. t;.,lat. 12.54. S. liio, a. town of Sweden, in Gothland, seat- ed on the lake Wetter, 145 m. S. W. of Stock- holm. Hiorring, a decayed town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 27 m. N. N. W . of Aalborg. Hiram, p.t. 0.xfurd Co. IVIe. Pop. 1,026. Also a village in Portage Co. Ohio. HirsMr.rg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Jauer, famous for its mineral baths. In the neighbourhood are extensive bleach- inrr-ground.s, and ne.\t to Breslau it is tlie most considerable trading town is Silesia. It is seated on the Bober,23 in. S. W. of Jauer. Hirscltfclil, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, capital of a principality of the same name, depending on a famous abbey, wiiich was secular- ised in a favour of the house of Plesse-Cassel. It is seated on the Fulda, 34 ni. S. by E. of Cassel. Long. 9. 42. E., lat. .50. 50. N. Hirscholm, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a castle, 12 m. N. of Copen- hagen. Hischorn, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, with a castle ; seated on the Neckar, 7 m. E. of Hei- delberg. Hispaniola. See Domingo^ St. Hissar, a town of Hindoostan, in tlie country of Dehli, capital of a district of the same name ; seated near the river Sursoory, 112 m. W. N. W. of Dehh. Long. 75. 40. E., lat. 29. 5. N. Hit, a town of Syria, near which is a spring of naphtha and bitumen. It stands on a river of the same name, which soon after joins tiie Eu- phrates, 100 m. W. by S. of Bagdad. Hitckin, a town of Hertfordshire, Eng. with a great trade in malt. It has a handsome parish church, and several meeting-houses. 15 m. N. N. W. of Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London. Ilithe, or Hijthe, a borough in Kent, Eng. _ It is one of the principal Cinque Forts. Near it are the remains of Saltwood Castle, now turned into a farm house, barns, (fee. In consequence of the harbour becoming gradually choked up, the trade declined ; and the town itself was almost annihi- lated by pestilence and famine. At present, how- ever, it is a thriving and respectable place. It is 10 m. W. S. W. of Dover, and 08 S. E. of Lon- don. Iloai-ldnt', a city of China, of the first rank, in Ho-nan.' 320 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 112. 34. E., lat. 35. 0. N. Hoain-gan-foo, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kian-nan. It is seated in a marshy, and in- closed by a triple wall. The suburbs extend to the distance of a league on each side of a canal, and from their extremity a kind of port on the Hoang-lio. The canal, being above the level of the city, occasions perpetual danger of inunda- tion. 515 m. S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 118. 4. E., lat. 53. 30. N. Hoang-hoj a large river of Asia, also called the Yellow River, from the quantity of clay which it devolves. Its sources are two lakes, situate among the mountains of that part of Tartary known by the name of Kokonor, in about 35. N. lat. It pursues a N. E. direction to about 42. N. lat., and after running due E. it suddenly bends S. penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel H itg lourc* ; and then it pursuei an easterly di- rection till it enters the Eastern Oeean, 100 m. to the N. of the mouth of theKian-hu. The length of its course is estimated at 2,01)0 m. At 70 m. from the sea, where it is crossed by the great ca- nal, the breadth is little more liian a mile ; but it is so rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navi- gable. Hoboken^ a village in Bergen Co. N. J., on the Hudson, opposite New York, and noted as the spot where many duels have been fought. HocUerg, a castle of Baden, situate on a moun- tain, 2 m. N. E. of Emmeddingen. Hochst, a town of Germany, in Nassau, with an extensive tobacco manufacture ; seated on the Maine, 6 m. W. of Frankfort, and 17 N. E. of Mentz. Uochstadty a town and castle of Bavaria, fa- mous for a single victory gained near it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the En- glish call the battle of Blenheim, from a village 3 m. S. W. of this place. It is seated on the Dan ube, 17 m. S. \V. of Donawert. liuc/istadt, a iown and castle of Bavarian Fran- conia, in the principalitv of Bamberg, on the riv- er Aisch, 23 m. S. S. W'. of Bamberg. Iloclihndiing, a river of Ohio, flowing into the Ohio, 200 m. below Pittsburg. It ia navigable for boats. Hocking, an interior Co. of Ohio. Pop. 4,60G. Logan is the chief town. Also a township of Fairfield Co. Ohio. Iloddestlon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat- ed near the river Lea, 4 m. S. E. of Herdtord, and 17 N. by E. of London. Hodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a harbour for small vessels, on the Red Sea, 90 m. N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 43. 30. E., lat. 14. 10. N. Jioei-tckeou, a city of China of the first rank, in Kian-nan, famous for its tea, varnish, and jap- aned work, G2.5m. S. of Peking. Hoei-tchcoii, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-ton, 1,010 m. S. of Peking. Hockehn. See Hcukelum. Hoff, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Bayreuth, with manufactures of cotton, linen, and fine paper. The adj icent country has quarries of excellent marble. It stand on the Saale, 32 m. N. N. E. of B.iyreuth. Hojf, a town of Moravia, in the circle of OI- mutz, with a great trade of wool, 23 m. N. E. oi Olmutz. Hog Island, one of the smaller Shetland islands near the coast of the mainland. Hog Island, is also tiie name of several other islands : one in Pamlico Sound, near the coast of North Carolina. Long. 76. 36. W., lat. 34. 50. N. — on the E. side of lake Champlain, 9 m. long and about 3 broad; near the coast of Virginia. Long. 75. 42. W., lat. 37. 30. N. ;— in Rhode Isl- and, in Narraganset Bay, 2 m. in circumference ; — in the Eastern Sea, near the coast of Palawan. Long. 11. 36. E., lat. 10. 18. N. ;— in the Eastern Sea, 40 m. in length, and 3 in breadth, 60 m. W. of Sumatra. Long. 95. 50. E., lat. 2 30. N. ;— in the Eastern Sea, lying off the N. E. e.Ttremity of Java, 20 m. in circumference. Long. 114.55. E., lat. 7.5. S.; — in the Eastern Sea, near the W. coast of Salcyer, 15 m. in length, and in breadth. Long. 170. 45. E., lat. 6. 12. S.— on the W. coast of India, not far from Pigeon Island. Long. 74. 37. E., lat. 14. 2. N. Hog Islands, a cluster of small islands near ths S. W. eoaat of Ireland, and county of K«rry, b»- IIOL 3S0 HOL tvrorn Ballinaskelling Bay and the mouth of KcHniiire Kivor, 4 m. from liner's Iloail. lloarticularly in North Holland, unfavora- ble to health. The winters are severe, and the rivers are almost every season rendered unnavi- gable, for several weeks together, by the ice. The soil is rich, consisting of a deep fat loam ; but. owing to the humidity of both soil and cli- mate, tillage is very limited. Wheat, madder, tobacco, hemp, and flax, are raised, but the chiei agricultural wealth of the country consists in the jiastures, which feed great number of cows ; the making of butter and cheese being a princi- pal occupation. The meadows are generally un- der water during the winter, and the inhabitants onl3' discharge them fi'om it by mills adapted as in the fenny parts of England to this particular purpose. The natives of the United Provinces arc of good stature, and inclined to be corpulent, but they are remarkable in general for a heavy, awk- ward mien ; their features are regular, and their complexions fair. The better sort of peoplo imitate the French fashions in their dress ; but those who are stamped with the genuine charac- ter of their native country, never fail to load themselves with enormous incumbrances of clothes. The hats of the woman are as large as tea-boards, projecting forward on each side so ag to overshadow face and body. Tliey ore chiefly HOL 381 HOL of straw, with two broad ribands, not tied, but pendent from the sides. This hat forms a striking conl/ast witli the short dress, of.which tlie milk- maids sold in our shops is a faithful picture. Both men and women wear at least two waistcoats, with as many coats, and the fjrmer cover their limbs with double trowsers. Tlie dress of the young girls is the most singu- lar, especially at the time of any festival or hol- iday. In speaking of these, an anmsing writer observes, that any one would have supposed that the figures which appeared were masques, or de- signed as caricatures. Imagine, says he, a short fiy'ure, Vt'ith more breadtii than goes to the pro- portion of elegance, and with very little altera- tion in the width do.wnward to the waist, the pet- »ic:iat3 descending only half way below the knee. Imagine further, a round small face covered with a hat of three feet in diameter, perfectly circular, and applied t j the head in a part contiguous to the circumference. Then conceive a number of these figures in motion, brandishing their hori- zontal hats, rolling their diminutive eyes, and aftectini' a thousand ridiculous graces under cover of this extensive canopy. The iovt ensemble may brinir to the recollection those sculptural vagaries in which human figure is made the prop of a ca- thedral seat, the support of a wainscot pulpit, or the stand of a mahogany table. The Dutchman, living in continual danger of inundation, and of losiug not only the fruits of his industry but his life, becomes habitually pro- vident. His foresight is admirable, his persever- ance not to be conquered, and his labours, unless seen, cannot be credited. They astonish the more, w-hen the phlegm of his temper and the slowness of his habits are considered. View the minuteness of his economy, the solicitude of his precaution, and the inflexibility of his methodi- cal prudence ! Who would not pronounce him in- capable of great enterprise .' He builds himself a dwelling ; it is a hut in size, and it is a palace in neatness. It is necessarily situated among damps upon a flat, and perhaps behind the bank of a slufirish canal ; yet he writes upon it, " My Goencge," tily delight; " Landlust, " Country pleasures, " Land fight, " Country prospect, or some other inscription, that miwht characterize the vale of Tempc, or the warden oi Eden. He culs his trees into fantastic torms, hangs his awnings round with small bells, and decorates his Sunday jacket with dozens of little buttons. Too provi- dent to waste his sweets, lie cunningly puts a bit of suffar-candy in his mouth, and drinks his tea as it melts; one morsel serves, let him drink as long as he pleases. Around him is every token of care, caution, and cleanliness ; but none in his domestic hibits, of magnificence, or grandeur of design. The Dutch are usually distinguished into iive classes ; the peasants and farmers ; seafaring men ; merchants and tradesmen ; those who live upon their estates, or the interest of their money ; and military oflicers. The civet cat which is a native of the hottest climate of Africa, and Asia, is frequently reared in Holland where a great pro- fit is obtained by their perfume. The civet of Amsterdam is better than that of the Levant or Kast Indies. Holland is said to have derived its name from the vast and thick forests of wood with which it was at one time covered ; Holtlant, in German, signifying woodland. In the middle ages it was governed by its counts or earls ; in the 15th century it became subject to the house of Burgundy ; it passed afterwards to Austria ; and finally joined the other provinces that declared for independence. On the invasion of Holland by the French, in the beginning of 1795, the stadt- holder with his family took refuge in England. Holland was subsequently under various forms of the French domination. At length the people became weary of this connexion. The events of 1813 had weakened the power that bound them ; the people rose ; their fetters were broken ; and a provisional government was formed at Amster- dam on the ICth of November. William Frede- rick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from Eng- land at the close of the same month, entered Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and was pro- claimed Sovereign Prince of the United Nether- lands, which had formerly been subject to the dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the prince of Orange, as William I., king of the Netherlands, and these countries continued under one government till 1830. For an ac- count of the revolution of that year, See J\i'ethcr- lands. Holland, a strong town of E. Prussia, seated near the river Weeske, 14 m. S. S. E. ofElbing. Holland, J\"ew, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, and the largest known land that does not bear the name of a continent. It extends from luy. to 1.53. E. long., and from 11. to 39. S. lat., or 2,730 m.from W. to E., and 1,'JCOfrom N. to S. When this vast island was first discovered is un- certain. The Portuguese and Spaniards appear to have visited it in the sixteenth century, but it was the Dutch who first made it known to Europe. In the beginning of the seventeenth century they traced tlie N. and W. coasts; and what was deemed, till lately, the S. extremity, was discov- ered by Tasman in 1G42. Captain Cook, in 177U, explored the E. and N. E. from 3S, S., and ascer- tained its separation froniNew Guinea; and in, 1773, captain Furneaux, by connecting Tasman's discoveries with Cook's, completed the circuit. But the supposed S. extremity, which Tasman discovered by the name of Van Diemen Land, was found, in 1796, to be an island, separated from New Holland by a channel forty leagues wide, named from the discoverer, Bass's Strait Different parts of the coast have been called by the names of tlie discoverers, &.c. The eastern coast, called New South Wales, was taken pos- session of in his majesty's name by captain Cook, and now forms a part of the British dominions See Hales, J\'i:w South. Holland, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 422. Also a p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 453. Also a p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,070. llollty p.t Genesee Co. N. Y. Hollidaysburg. p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. HoUis, p.t. HiSsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 7,501 . HoUislon, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,304. HoUodalc, a river of Scotland, in the county of Sutherland, which rises in the mountains on the borders of Caithness and flows N. into a bay of the North Sea, forming, for several miles, in the latter part of its course, the boundary between the two counties. IIOL 383 IIOL Holm Cvitram, a. town in Cumberland, Eng. (omptimes called Holm-Abbey, from the celebra- ted abbey that formerly stood here, the remains of which have bei-n converted into the parish church. It is seated near the mouth of the Wa- ler, 12 m. N. of Cockermouth, and Mi) N. N- W. of London. Holmesburs, p.v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. Holmes's Hole, a harbour in the island of Mar- tha's Vineyard, irhich See. IlolmcsrilU, p.v. Pike Co. Missouri. IMstrhroe, a town of Uen.mrak, in North Jut- land, situate on a shallow river which runs into the North Sea. The principal trade is in corn, oxen, and horses. It is 24 m. \V. of W'iburg, and C-^N. of Ripen. Ihlstein, a dutchy at the N. extremity of Ger- many belonging to Denmark, 100 m. long and V) broad ; bounded N. by Sleswick, E. by the Baltic and the dutch of Saxe-Lauenburg, S. by the duchies of Bremen of Luneburg, and W. by the German Ocean. Its principal rivers are the Elbe, the Eyder, and the Stor. It is a fruitful country, and well seaUd for trade, having some considerable harbours, particularly those ot Ham- burg, Lubec, and Kiel ; and from the latter is a canal to the Eyder at Rensbur^, by which there is a free navagation from the IJaltic to the Ger- man Ocean. Pop. in I'il'i, aKO.OOO, most of whom are Lutherans. Ilolston, a river of the United Stales which rises in the AlleghaDv mountains in Virginia, and Hows S. S. W. into tlie State of Tennessee, where it takes a more Southerly course to Knoityille, and :io in. below that town'is joined by the Clinch, v.hcn their united waters take the name of Ten- nessee. It is navigable for boats of 25 tons np- v.ards of 100 m. On its banks arc several iron works; and the adjacent country abounds with iron ore, and has sundry lead mines. Iloll, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with an excellent free school founded by Sir John Gresham. It is Bituate in a fertile district, 2-1 m. VV. N. W. of Norwich, and ll'J N. E. of London. Holy Island, an island on the coast of England, 6 m. S. E. of Berwick upon Tweed, but belong- ing to the county of Durham. It is 'J m. long and 2 broad ; the soil rocky and full of stones ; and at low water it is accessible by horses and carriages. It hasatowncalled Kilo, and a castle on a hiirTi rock, under which is a commodious har- bourrdefcnded by ablock-housc. On this island are considerable remains of a stately monastery, called Lindisfame, and here was anciently a bishop a see, removed with the bodv of St. Cuthbert, first to Chester le street, and afterwards U> Durham. Holyhead, a seaport and cape of Wales, in the isle of Anglesey. It derives its principal support from the expenditure of passengers to and from Ireland, being the usual place of embarkation for Dublin, and the station of the government pack- ets to and from that city, distant about 20 leagues. In the neighbourhood is a large vein of white Fuller's earth, and another of yellow. Among the principal objects of interest are the venerable ruins of a hermitage, two chapels, and the remains of a Dutch wall ; these, with the light-house and su-ipension bridge, attract the at- tention of strangers. The church, near the verge of the cliff, is a handsome structure of the thir- teenth century : here are also 4 chapels for dis- senters, a free school, and some almshouses. Pop. in 1S21, 4,007. 2C7 m. N W. of London. Long. 4.40 W.,Ut53. 23. N. Hohjokt, Mount, an eminence near Northamp- ton in Massachusetts. It is about 800 feet hi(?h, and may be easily ascended in a carnage. (Ju the summit is a building erected for the accomo- dation of visitors who resort hither in summer to cnjov the beautiful prospect which the mounUin aftor'ds. Southwardly is seen Connecticut river, retiring under the shade of Mount Tom, whiten- ed lirlow by South Hadley Falls; beyond which is tlie hill at Springfield. The river makes scve ral turns, and on the horizon arc 2 very distant peaks, which are supposed to be East and VVest Rocks, at New-Haven, about 70 m. distant. Northeast is seen Monadnoc Mountain in Niw- Hampshire ; and the view toward the cast is in- terrupted by the neighbouring peaks of Mom.t Holyoke. North, you look up the charming vni- lev of the Connecticut; bordered by distant iaj\or^ of hills and mountains, varied by a few isolali d peaks, covered with the richest coal of vepetation, and scattered with villages and innumerable farm houses. The river makes a beautiful serpentinO lourse from where it first appears at the foot of Sugar Loaf Mountain, and Mount Toby, until it reaches the village of Hadley, which lies in full view; and then taking a bold sweep to the west, and flowing 4 m. it returns to (he end of the street, only a mile distant from wlicre it first meets it The whole peninsula is rich and fertile, and covered with cultivated fields of wheat, corn, grass, &c. without being disfigured by fences, according to the custom prevalent herc- abouU ; this is the richest sight upon the river, particularly when viewed in connexion with the scene immediately below, where the river flows on, almost immediately under our feet, and the western shore presents the extensive Northampton meadows, a mile wide. Following the current with the eye, in the West south west, it forms a still more remarkable peninsula, although one of inferior size : the Hockanum Bend beuig a turn measuring 3 m. in circuit while the isthmus is only 4G rods across, or 1.50 yards. In the com- pass of this view, from the north to the west and south, numerous village spires are seen, with lev- el fields, orchards, and gardens, almost without number; and the whole scene is so bounded with mounUinous ridges, as to seem to justify the opinion of geologisU, who say that it v.as onco covered with an extensive lake, until the water forced a passage between Mounts Tom and Holy- oke. Northampton is seen about west-north- west, with Round Hill ; and towards the right, the top of Saddle Mountain, in the distance. There are also others still further north, particu- larly Haystack and Bare Mountain. More than 30 church steeples may be counted here. Hohmcll,a. town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a market on Fridav. It has a mat parish church, and 4 places of worship for dissenters. From lU vicinity to the mines, and the extensive manufac- tures carried on in the neighbourhood, it is be come the most flourishing town in the county. Its name was derived from the famous well of St. Winifred, concerning which so many fables and superstitious notions have prevailed, bu' which is ccrUinly a verv remarkable spring, bursting out of the gronnd with great impetuosi- ty at the foot of a hill, and discharging upwards of 29 tons of water every minute. The water* have long since lost their reputation for miracu louB healing powers, but are much esteemed by the manufacturer, being now applied to the pur- pose of turning several milli for the working of HON 333 IIOO copper, inaki[i5 brass wire, paper, and snuff, and spinning cotton. It is 10 ni. E. of St. Asapli, and 2U7 N. ^V. of London. Ilotzapfd, a town of Germany, m the duchy of Nassau. It is situate on the Lahn, at the foot of a mountain, on whidi is tlie tower of an ancient castle, the original seat of tlie princes of Nassau, 4 ni. N. K. of Nassau. Ilnlzmindm, a town of the state of Brunswick, in Wolfenbuttcl, with considerable iron works. It is scaled at the conflu.\ of the Holz with tlie Weser, H m. N. W. of Gottingen. liDmliitrir, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- sel, witli an iron forge and a glass manufacture, 20 m. S. of Cassel. — Also a town of Prussia, in the duchy of Berg, 4.-J m. S. E. of Dusseldorf — And a town of Bavaria, in Deu.x Fonts ; seated on a mountain, 5 m. N. \V. of Deu.x Fonts. Ilo-niin, a province of China, bounded on the N. by the provinces of Pc-tcheli and Chan-si, E. b ' Kiang-si and Chantong, S. by Hou-quang, and W. by Chensi. As every thing that can contri- bute to render a country delightful is found in this province, and as it is situate almost in the centre of the empire, the Chinese call it Tong-hoa, The Middle I'lcnver. Besides Cai-fong, its capital, it contains eight cities of the first class and 102 of the second and third. Honan, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Honan, 31)0 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 112. '.). E. lat. 34. 44. N. Ihniiwp.ra, or Onorc, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, seated in an inlet of the sea, which spreads into a Like, and includes a number of islands. It was formerly a place of great commerce, but was demolished by Tippoo after he had recovered it by the treaty of Mangalore. Here is now a custom- house, and a few shops ; also some merchants who live scattered near the banks of the lake, and sell rice, pepper, cocoa, and hetelnuts, *S:-c., to the trading vessels that come from Goa, Rajaputra and Bombay. It is .50 m. N. by W. of Kandapura, and .S4 3. S. E. of Goa. Hondtchootc, a town of France, department of Nord,near which a part of the allied troops were surprised and defeated in 1793. 7 ra. S. E. of Dunkirk. Uondiirns, a province of IVJexico, 490 m. long, and l.^O broad bounded on the N. by a bay of iu name, E. by the .Atlantic, S. by Nicaragua, and W. by Guatemala and Vera Paz. The country consists of mountains, valleys and plains, water- ed by numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly fer- tile. The vineyards bear thrice a year, and the soil in many parts yields 3 crops of maize ; other productions are wheat, peas, cotton, wool, log- wood, with e.xcellent pastures, honev, wax, and provisions of all kinds. Honduras was formerly one of the most populous countries in America, but at present, though so fertile, is almost desert- ed. The capital is Valladolid, or Comayuguas. Honduras Bay, is that gulf of the Carribean Sea between the peninsula of Yucatan and Cape Honduras. It is well known from the colonies settled on it by tiie British for the cutting down of mahogany and dye woods. The trees are cut at the wet season of the year, and afterbeing drag- ged from the forest to the bajiks of the rivers, they are made into rafts and floated to tlie shore. The growth- of the logwood here is extremely rapid, so much so that it is said to attain maturity in 5 or (i years, when it is cut and sent to Europe in logs. Besides the mahogany and logwood tree, Hondu- rai Bay, produces 'i or 3 kindi of th» mangrove, as the red, white, and black. Cedars are large and abundant, and are commonly used in ship- building. The palmetto, the sapadilla, and the sea-grape trees, are all found very useful ; as are also the bullet-tree, the iron-wood-tree, tlie cala- bash-tree, and the butlon-wood-tree. The althea grows at a considerable distance from the coast, and is generally made into rafls for floating the log-wood to the sea. The tree that exudes the resinous substance called coutchouc, or elastic gum, from which Indian-rubber is made, grows plentifully in several provinces of Guatemala, particularly in various parts of Honduras. In ad- dition to those may be enumerated tlie locust-tree, the fustic, the cocoa-nut-tree, the cabbage, and the silk-cotton-trees, besides which both trees and shrubs of a medicinal nature grow in great variety and profusion. The soil which has been brought under cultivation is extremely fertile, and the climate is superior to a great part of the Amer- ican continent. The shores abound with aquatic birds of different kinds. Myriads of swallows are found in some parts, particularly in Honduras, during the periodical rains. The humming-bird is seen in most of its splendid varieties, and the oxilis, one of the most minute and beautiful of this elegant tribe, is very common. The number offish, insects, and reptiles, is also great. Honey Brook, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. on the head streams of the Brandy wine. Honeysvillc, p. v. Shenandoah Co. Va. Honflcur, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Calvados. The harbour is very capa- cious, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its princi- pal trade is in lace. 8 m. N. of Pont I'Evcque. and 110 N. W. of Paris. Lontr. 0. 1.5. E., lat. 49 24. N. Honiton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. cele- brated for the manufacture of broad lace. The church is half a mile trom the town, but it has al- so a chapel belonging to the establishment, and three meeting-houses for Independents, Baptists, and Presbyterians. A fire happened here in 1747, which consumed three-fourths of the town ; and another, in 17G5, destroyed nearly 180 buildings. It is situated in a delightful vale on the river Otter, 16 m. E. of Exeter. Market on Saturday. Hooghly, a,nveT of Hindoostan, formed by the two westernmost branches of the Ganges, named the Cosimbazar and Jellinghy, which unite at Nuddea. It flows by Hooghly, Chinsura. Chan- dernagorc, and Calcutta, to the bay of Beng.al, and is the only brancli of the Ganges that is com- monly navigated by ships. Hooghly, a city of Hindoostan, in Bengal, now nearly in ruins, but possesing many vestiges of fomer greatness. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was the great mart of the export trade of Bengal to Europe. It is seated on the river Hooghly, 25 m. N. of Calcutta. llooffstralen, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, 15 m. N. of Hercntals. HooUertoicn, p v. Greene Co. N. C. Hooksift, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merri- mack, 52 m. fr. Boston. Here is a beautiful cata- ract, round which a canal passes. Pop. 660. Hooksioirn, villages in Beaver Co. Pa. Balti- more and Talbot Cos. Md. and Greene Co. N. C. Hoorn, or Horn, a seaport of N. Holland on the Zuyder Zee, with manufactures of woolen cloths and carpets, and a considerable trade in cattle, butter, cheese, herrings, and other fish. 20 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam. Uooaack MounSain. a ridga in the weetero part IIOR 384 HOT nf r^Iassachusctts passing tlirough the >«tut(' from Vermont to Connecticut. Hoonuck, a stream rising in Vermont and fal- ling into tiie Hudson, 8 m. above Lansinburg. ««/)(;, a river of the island of Jamaica, which runs mto the sea 5 in. S. of Kingston. f/o/)C, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Top. I,.>1I. Al.so towns in Durham Co. N. C. ajid Oaspe Co. L. C Hope .Idrancf, llaii, n hay in Hudson's Strait, 100 m. \V. of Cape ('liidley. Hope Buy, a bay at the N. E. cornfr of Nootka Sound. — Also a bay in the Knf^lisli Cliannel, on the coast of Kent, between Sandwich and Kams- gate. Hope Cape, a cape of Hudson's Bay, at tlie en- trance of Repulse Hay Hoprfield, p. v. Phillips Co. Arliansas, on the Mississippi, opposite Chic!,7tJ;J. Madisonville is the capital. HopkinsfUle, a township of Caledonia Co. Vt. Also villages in Powhatan Co. Va. and Christian Co. Ken. Hopkinton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on Con- toocook river. Pop. 2,474. Also a p.t. Wash- ington Co. R. I. pop. 1,777. Also a p.t. Mid- dlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,800. Also a township in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 827. Horaidan, a town of Persia, in the province of Farsistan, 7(i m. N. W. ofShiras. Horb, a town of Wurtemberg, with a consider- able trade in woolen goods, seated on the Neck- ar, .51 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen. Horcli, mountain of Arabia Petrea, a little to the W. of Mount Sinai. Here are two or three fine springs, and a great number of fruit-trees. Horn, a town of Austria, with a trade in beer, made of oats ; seated on the Tiffer, 48 m. W. N. W. of Vienna. Horn, a town of the Netlierlands, in the prov ince of Liege, 3 m. W. N. W. of Ruremonde. Horn, Cape, the southern e.xtremity of South America, forming part of Hermite Island, on the coast of Terra del Fuego. Long. 66. 13. W., lat. 55. 58. S. Hornachos, a town of Spain in Estremadura, near the river Malachel, 30 ni. S. S. E. of Merida. Hornberg, a town of Baden, in the Black For- est, with a fortress on a mountain ; seated on the Gutlash, 12 m. N W. of Rothweil. Hamburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Use, 8 m. S. of Wolfenbuttel. Hornby, a small town in Lancashire, Eng. situ- ated on the bank of the Wenning, 9 m. N. E. Lancaster. The principal object of attraction is Hornby Castle, erected, as is supposed, by Nicho- las deMont Begons,soon after the conquest. Here was formerly? a weekly market on Friday, which has merged in the fair for cattle every alternate Tuesday. Honicastle, a town in Lincolnshire, situated in an angle formed by the confluence of the Bane and the Warinsr, with a market on Saturday. It was a Roman station, and part of the wall is still remaining. Here are achurch. fourmcctiiighou- ses, a dispensary, Ac. 2) in. K. of Lincoln, and 130 N. of Lontlon. HorntllsviHe, p. v. Steuben Co. N. Y. Hornsea, a town in E. Yorkshire, nearly sur- rounded by an arm of the sea, and much resorted to y (heir chief was a cane with a brass top, given to liim bv the Dutch East India Company. The Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with music and dancing; their visitors, in return, treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their music was produced from flutes, made of the bark of trees, of different sizes. The men form them- selves into a circle, with their flutes ; and the women dance round them. Among other tribes of Hottentots are the Bosjesmans, who. inhabit the mountains in the interior part of the country, N. E. of the Cape, and live by hunting and plun- der. On this account they render themselves odious to the planters, and are pursued and exter- minated like wild beasts, or made slaves of when taken alive. Their habitations are not more agreeable than their manners or maxims ; bushes and clefts in rocks serve them by turns for dwell- ings. Many of these savages are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with the skin of any sort of animal. Being ignorant of agricul- ture, they wander over hills and dales after cer- tain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw ; also caterpillars, termites, locusts, grasshop- pers, snakes, and spiders. Another tribe of plot- tentots, near the mouth of Orange River, were observed by lieutenant Paterson, in his journey to the N. \V. in 1799. Their huts were loftier, and thatched with grass ; and were furnished with stools made of the back-bones of the gram- pus. Their mode of living is in the highest de- gree wretched, and they are apparently the most dirty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress is composed of the skins of seals and jackals, the flesh of which they eat. When a grampus is east ashore, they remove their huts to the place, and subsist upon it as long as any part remains. They smear their skin with the oil, the odor 'of which is 80 powerful tliat their approach may be perceived some time before they appear in view. To the N. of the country of the Bosjesmans, and on the banks of Orange River, is another tribe called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank high- er than any of the other Hottentots known in the S. of Africa. Their features are of a superior cast ; they are more cleanly in their appearance, and neater in their drese and domestic utensils : 49 their huts are also constructed with greater care, and with a view of being more durable. They seem to be a mi.Ted breed, between the Hottentot and Caffre. The Hottentots, in general, are described as a mild, simple, aSecfionate, and in- offensive race ; but extremely indolent in their habits, and limited in their faculties. Where, however, any sort of effort has been made to cul- tivate their powers, and give them a feeling of hope and liberty in their occupations, they have been found active, intelligent, and useful. No traces of religion appear to have been retained by tliis people. But Christianity has been introduced, through the exertions of the Moravians and other missionaries, who have recently endeavoured, with some degree of success, to ameliorate the condition even of some of the wilder tribes, who inhabit the N. and N. W. of the colony. The country possessed by the Europeans is considera- ble; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, N. to lat. 30, and E. to the Great Fish River, about 550 m. in length, and 330 in breadth. The whole is naturally barren and mountainous ; but the in- dustrious Dutch overcame all natural difUcuIties, and it produces not only a sufficiency of all the necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also for the refreshment of all the European ships that touch at the Cape. The year is considered as di- vided into two seasons, termed monsoons: the wet monsoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the dry one, or summer, in September. Among the quadrupeds of this country are antelopes, which go in large herds ; buffaloes ; camelopardalises ; the gemsbock, a species of antelope, which haa remarkably long sharp horns, and, when attacked by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are very destructive to sheep ; elephants ; elks ; hye- nas ; the koedo, an animal rather larger than a deer, of a mouse colour, with three white stripes over the back, and the male having very large twisted horns ; lions ; jackals ; tigers ; the quagga, a species of zebra, but more tractable ; rhinoce- roses ; horses ; domestic horned cattle ; common sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered with hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus, or river-horse, is frequently seen here. Among the birds are vultures, ostriches (whose eggs are excellent food), and the loxia, a species of gregari- ous bird. Among the insects are a species of ter- mites, which do no injury to wood as in the East Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they im- pede the progress of vegetation. The black or rock scorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous kinds. Houat, an island of France, between Belleisle and the continent. It is 10 m. in circumference, and is defended by a fort. Houthiin, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 9 m. S. of Bethune. Houdan, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Oise, 21 m. W. of Versailles. Uaunsfield, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,415. Hounslow, a town in Middlesex, Eng., situate on the edge of a heath of the same name, on which are many vestiges of ancient encamp- ments, 10 m. W. by S. of London. Housatonic, a river rising in Massachusetts and flowing through Connecticut into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for small vessels 12 ra. Houstonville, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. Also a village in Pendleton Die. B. C HUB 366 IIUD Hmi-qitava, a province of China, wliicli occu- pies nearly tlie centre of llic empire, and ia divi- ded into two parts, the N. and S., by the rivi-r Kian-liu. It is a flat, open country, watered l;y lalies, canals, and rivers; and has plenty of wild fowl and cattle. The soil is remarkably fertile; ^old is found in the sands of the rivers ; and there IS such a variety of all sorts of commodities that it is called, by the Chinese, the store-house of the empire. It contains l.j cities of the first class, and 114 of the second and third. Vou-tchang is the capital. Ilourn, ImcIi, an arm of the sea, on the ^V. coast of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, extending liO m. inland from the sound of Skye. Uuussn, a considerable town of Negroland, cap- ital of a country of the same name, e.Mendin" along the N. side of the Niger. It is 200 m. h. of Tombuctoo. Long. 4. 20. E., lat. 10. 10. N. Umi-tclicou, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Tche-kiang. The quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incredible, and it is the chief place for making writing [lencils. It stands near a large lake, called Tai, 110 m. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 120. 15. E., lat. 30. S.'i. N. Uincartl, a county of Missouri Pop. 10,844. Fayette is the Capital. hoicaril, p t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,304. Also a township of Centre Co. Pa. Jlotcdnt, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. It gives name to a small district called Howdenshirc. The bishops of Durham had formerly a palace here, the remains of ^vhich are now occupied as a farm- house. Here is a large church, like a cathedral, part of which is in rums. It is seated near the Ouse, and surrounded by a level country in a high stale of cultivation, 21 m. S. S. E. of York, and 175 N. by W. of London. Howe, Cape, the promontory at the S. E. end of New Holland. Hntcell, a township in Monmouth Co. N. Y. Uowltimlf a townsiiip of Trumbull Co. Ohio. ihiitfr,:i tbrtlfied town of the Prussian states, on the Wcser, 23 m. E. by N. of Paderborn. Hull, one of the Orkney Islands, situate between the island of Pomona and the N. coast of Caithness- ahire. It is 15 m. long and broad. Here is a stupendous rock, called the Beary ; and on the W. coast is a great conic hill, called Hoy Head, which is a seamark. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 58. 46. N. Hoxja, a town of Hanover, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Weser, 37 m. N. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 52. 47. N. Hnycr, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sles- wick, celebrated for its oyster-fishery, 4 ni. W. of Tonderen. Hui/ersirrrda, a town and castle of Lusatia, on the Black Elster, 17 m. N. N. W. of Bautzen. Iloym, a town and castle of Saxony, in the prin- cipality of Auhalt, seated on the Godel, at its junction with the Selke 7 ra. E. of Quedlinburg. firatlisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a cir- cle of the same name, which produces excellent wine. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, and stands on an island in the river Moraw, 30 m. S. S. E. of Olmutz. Long. 17. 30. E., lat. 49. 7. 0. Huahinc, one of the Society Islands, in the S. Pacific, 30 leagues from Tahiti. It is 21 m. in compass, and has a commodious harbour, called Owharra Bay, on the W. coast. Long. 151. 8. W., lat. K;. 44. S. Hubliard, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio. IJithharilston, p.l. "Worcester Co. Mags. 4.5 ni. W. Boston. Pop. 1,(174. JlubbardUm, p.l. Rutland Co. Vt. 40 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 8G.5. Hubert, St., a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, with a celebrated abbey,- seated in the forest of .\rdennes, on llie rivulet Homme, 14 ni. W. of Bastogne. lIuhcrtsbcriT, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a magniticent hunting-seat, built by Augus- tus HI., then electoral prince, 22 ni. E. of Leip ■zig. Iluddcrsfuld, a populous and flourishing town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here is a large circulur hall, j.u which narrow and broad cloths, serges, kerseymeres, ».\:c., manufactured in the town and neighbourhood, are weekly exjtosed to sale. It stands on the Colnc, 3 m. from the CaUler, from which it has a canal to Ashlon-under-Liiie. In addition to the parish church, two others have been erected — Trinity Church, in 1819, and Christ Church, completed in 1824; and there arc several meeting-houses for the dillercnt denomi nations of dissenters. The charitable institutions are numerous, and a mechanic's institulute was established in 1825, to which a valuable library has since been attached. It is 41 m. S. VV. und near it liad obtained the name of Copper-mine River. Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived at this river in June 1771, and traced it till ho came in sight of the Arctic Ocean, finding it en'-nmberea with slioals and a bar at its mouth, which is in long. 111). W., lat. 72. N. In 17ri!) Mr. Mackenzie, another officer of the company, explored the country still more to tlie W. ; and entering a river (now called after his name), which is the outlet of the Slave-lake, lie traced it to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean, where it forms a wide estuary in long. loj. W., lat. 71. N. Further discoveries have been made by Capt. Franklin. Hudson, a city of New York, in Columbia county with considerable manufacturing busi- ness. The streets are spacious, and cross each other at right angles j and the houses are sup- plied with water brought in pipes from a spring 2 m. distant. The trade is considerable, and vessels of the largest size can unload liere. It is seated on an eminence, on the E. side of Hud- son River, Pop. .5,3il2. 30 m. S. of Albany, and 120 N. of New York. Hudson, villages in Caswell Co., N. C. and Portage Co. Ohio. Hudson, a river of the United States, which passes its whole course of 300 m. in the state of New York, it rises between the lakes Ontario and Champlain, and flows S. by Albany, and Hudson, and enters the Atlantic Ocean at New York. It is navigable for sliips to Hudson, and for sloops to Albany, and is one of the finest nav- igable streams in the world. Undtticksiratd, a seaport of Sweden, the chief tn has been superseded by that of the following circles : — 1. Circle this side the Danube 2. Cir- cle beyond the Danube ; 3. Circle this side the Tiieyss; 4. Circle bej'ond tlie Theyss ; 5. Prov- ince of Sclavonia ; 0. Province of Croatia. These are divided into counties, of which there are thirteen in the first circle, and eleven in each of the others. The principal rivers are the Danube, the Drave, the Marosch, the March, the white Kor- esch, the Izamos, the Theyss, the Waag, and the Temes. The chief lakes are Balaton and Nicusi- edl, W. ; Palitsch on the S. \V.,and Grunsee or the Grun Lake among the Carpatliians. There arealso several extensive marshes here, as that of the Isle of Schut on the \V. and that of Saxetje on the E. of the kingdom. The climate among the moun- tains is ot' course bleak ; but in the S. it is in general nrild ; in the sandy districts extremely iiot; on the banks of the rivers and near the marsiies there is much humidity : indeed this is a prevaiiinj^ characteristic of the climate of the level part of Hungary. The country abounds in all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especial- ly that called Tokay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also of opal at Czerweniza, which gem is peculiar to this country. There is such plenty of game that Imnting is allowed to all. The trade princi- p.ally consits in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, and wine ; and these are almost whol- ly sent to the Austrian provinces. The com- merce of the country is fettered by no inter- nal taxes, a circumstance of which the Hun- garians are very proud ; but the Austrian government has environed it with custom houses, where a duty of one and one-third per cent, is gathered on all goods that pass into it from the other -Aiustrian states. We may thus see that the encouragement of manufactures within the king- dom will never, voluntarily become the policy of that government. The kingdom of Hungary can easily raise an army of 10l),000 men. The horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Hey- dukes. Tlie government is hereditary in the house of Austria, and the established religion is popery, though there are a great number of pro- testants. No country in the world is better sup- plied with mineral waters and baths ; and those of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it, were reckoned the finest in Europe. Hungcrford, a town in Berkshire Eng. with a good trade by its canal navigation. John ol Gaunt granted a charter by the gill of a brass bu- gle horn, which is blown annually for the inli:io itants to elect the constable, who is the chief otli cer. It is seated on the Kennet, ii2 ni. S. S. W of .\bingdon, and til W. of London. lluttintriten, a town of France, in the depart- ment of tfpper Rhine, seated on the Rhine. The strong fortress of Iluninguen, which for a long time held out against the allies in I'^lii, was ai- terwards demolished in consequence of a stipula- tion in the treatv of Paris. 2 m. N. of Basel, and 14 E. of Altkirch. llunmanhij, a to« n in East Yotkshire, Eng. The town is pleasantly situated on a rising ground, surrounded by a fine wood on the N. W.. within two miles of the sea, and contains m.-.i good houses. 39 m. N. E. of York, and 207 N. <,i London. Hunter, p.v. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,0()0. Hunterdon, a county of New Jersey, on the Del- aware. Pop. 31,0GG. Trenton is tlie chief town. Iluntrrstotrn, a village in York Co. Pa. and a township in St. Maurice Co. L. C. Iliintersvillc, villages in Pocahontas Co. Va. and Lincoln Co. N. C. Jlnntintfdvn, aborough and the capital of Hun- tinijdonshirc, Eng. witli a market on Sniurday, and a great trade in corn, coals, wood, &c. It was once a large place, said to have had 15 churches, which are now reduced to two ; and there are the cemeteries of two other parishes, in one of which is an ancient steeple. Iluntingdon is the birth-place of Oliver Cromwell. It is seat- ed on the river Ouse,over which is a stone bridge to Godmanchester. 10 m. W. N. VV. of Cambridge, and 59 N. by W. of London. Huntingdon, a county in the W. district of Pen- sylvania. Pop. 27,15'J. The capital has the same name. Huntingilon, towns in Adams, Luzerne and Westmoreland Cos. Pa. and Carroll Co. Ten. Huntingdonshire, a county of England, 2.^ miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Northamptonshire, E. by Cambridgeshire, and S. W. by Bedfordshire. It contains 240,0(i!» acres ; is divided into four hundreds, and 111" parishes ; and has six market towns. It sends four members to parliament. The principal riv- ers are the Ouse and Nen. The S. E. part con- sists of beautiful meadows. The middle and we.-l- ern parts are fertile in corn, and adorned v.'ilh woods; and the upland part was anciently a fr>r- est, jjeculiarly adai)ted for hunting. The N. K. part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; but they are drained, so as to afford rich pastur- age, and even large crops of corn. In the midst ot them are some shallow pools abounding with fish; and a lake six miles long and three brond, called Whittlcseamere. The principal commod- ities are com, malt, and cheese ; and it fattens abundance of cattle. //«n(eni'(on, pt. Chittenden Co. Va. on Onion river. Pop. 920. Also apt. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. l,3C!t. A p.t. Suflolk Co. N. Y. P<.i.. 5,5.~2. Also towns in Laurel Die. S. C, Gallia, Ross and Brown Cos. Ohio. Huntingtoicn, p.v. Calvert Co. Maryland. Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, with a manufacture of linen cloth; seated on th(^ Bogie, near its conflux with the Deveron, 35 m. N. \V. of Aberdeen. Hiintshurg, a village in Franklin Co. Vt. near the Canada line. Also a village in Geauora Co. Onio. Huntstille, villages in Otsego Co. N. Y., Sur- ICE 38'J ICE rey Co. N. C, Laurens Die. S. C, Madison Co. Alab., and Robertson Co. Tenn. Huntspiil, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 7 ra. N. of Bridgewater, and 143 W. by S. of London. Hurdwar, a town of Hindoostan, in tlie prov- ince of Dehli, where the Ganges first enters the country. It is 100 m. N. by E. of Dehli. Long, 73 23. E.,Iat. 29. 55. N. Huron, a lake of North America, whicli lies between 80. and 85. W. long., and 43. and 48. N. lat. It lias a communication with Lake Michi- gan and Lake Erie. Its shape is nearly triangu- lar, 250 m. in length, and its circumference 800 miles. On tlie N. side is a chain of islands 150 miles long, called Manitoualin by the Indians, who consider them as sacred : on the S. W. is Saginau Bay, and a little more to the N. W. is Thunder Bay so called from the frequent thunder that is heard there. JIuron, a county of Ohio, lying upon Lake Erie. Pop. 13,:il5. Norwalk is the capital. flurst Castle, a fortress in Hampshire, 4 m. S. of Lymington. It stands on the extreme point of a neck of land, about a mile distant from the Isle of Wight, in this castle Charles I. was con- fined previously to his being brought to trial. Hiis, or Hussu, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, the see of a Greek bishop. Here Peter the Great made peace with the Turks in 1711. Itissituate on the Pruth, 70 m. S. W. of Bender. Long. 28. 34. E., lat. 40. 35. N. Hussingabad, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwah, on theS sideof theNerbud- dah, 140m. N. W. of Nagpore. Long. 77. 54. E.,lat. 22. 42. N. Hiissum, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel. It has a trade in horses and o.\en, and manufactures of leather, cotton, and linen. It stands on the river Ow or Aue, near the German Ocean, IG m. W. of Sles- wick. Long. 9.20. E., lat. 54. 3G. N. Hutlnny, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Visiapour. It is surrounded by mud ram- parts, and has a citadel, and a spacious caravan- sera. 30 m. S. S. W. of Visiapour. Long. 75. 6. E., lat. 17. 5. N. HuttOTisvUle, p.v. Randolph Co. Va. Huy, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, with many paper mills, and iron foun- deries. It is seated on the Maese, 12 m. W. S. W. of Liege. Hyannis, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on the S. side of Cape Cod. Hyattstown, p.v. Montgomery Co. Maryland. Hyde, a county of North Carolina, lying on Pamhco Sound. Pop. G,177. Lake Landing is the seat of justice. Hyde Park, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. T. on the Hudson. Pop. 2,554. Also a village in Halifax Co. N. C. Hyderabad, a populous city of Hindoostan, cap- ital of Golconda, and the metropolis of the Dec- can. The suburbs, which are very large, are oc- cupied by merchants and tradesmen. It stands in a plain, on a river that runs into the Kislna, 310 m. N. N. W. of Madras. Lon-r. 78. 52. E., lat. 17. IG. N. Hyderabad, a fort of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Sinde, and the usual residence of the prince of Sinde; situate near the Indus, G m. E. of Nusserpour, and 62 N. E. of Tatta. Hydra, a small island of Independent Greece, the ancient Aristeia. It lies on the eastern crmsl of the Morea about 3 m. from the shore. It is a barren rock, but was an miportant naval station of the Greeks during the war of the revolulirn. The town of the same name contains 13,000 in- habitants. The houses are built on the side of a rocky hill and make a very picturesque appearance* The inhabitants are enterprising, and en^jaged altogether in naval affairs. A Greek newspaper is printed here. Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gard, seated on the Vidourle, near its source, 12 m. S. W. of Alajs. Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Doubs, on the river Doubs, 40 m. E. by N. of Besancon. Hys, a town of Asiatic Turkej', in the Arabian Irak, on the Euphrates, 120 m. S. of Bagdad. Hytke. See HMc. IBARRA, the capital of a fertile province of the same name in South America, is situated on an extensive .and delightful plain, watered on the E. by the river Taguando, and W. by .\javi. The streets are wide and convenient, and the buildinn-s of good construction. 42 m. N. E. from Quito. Iberrillc, an outlet for the overflowing waters of the Mississippi, during the seasons of inunda- tion, entering Lake Maurepas. Iberritle, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,050. The chief town has the same name. Iberia, jXeic, a village of Louisiana, in the dis- trict of Attakapas,200 m. W. of New Orleans. Iberian Mountains, the most extensive mountain range of Spain, beginning to the W. of the Ebro, and extending to the shores of the Mediterranean. Ibiza. S^Jvica. Ihnrg.a. small town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Osnaburg, 10 m. S. VV. of Osnaburg. Ireland, an island of the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Denmark, extending according to Henderson from lat. 63. 20. to 07. 20., and°bc- tween 15. 30. and 22. 30. W, long. It is of an ir- regular oval figure, about 380 m. in length, and 230 in its greatest breadth. For two months to- gether the sun never sets ; and in the winter it never rises for the same space, at least not enlirelv. The coast is indented all round Willi numerous deep gulfs, bays, and creeks, scver.al of which form excellent harbours. The island is mountainous, stonv, and barren ; but in some places there are excellent pastures. The chief rivers are in the E. part ; the Skalfanda. Oxarfird, and Bruna, all flowing from S. to N. Some are white with lime, others smell of sulphur. The principal moun- tains, clothed with perpetual snow, are called Yokuls ; and of these Snafial, hanging over the sea on the S. W. coast, is esteemed the highest, beinff computed at G,8G0 feet. Mount Hccla, about 2,000 feet in height, is the most noted, and is a volcano : tliere are also several other volcanoes and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were so dreadful and multiplied that it was feared the island would fall to pieces ; the eruptions were IDA 390 K.II the iiioKt In'iiK'ndous of any recorded in liistory. The last eruption, which was less terrific in its consequences, occurred in December 1821. The climate is not extremely cold, but the seasons arc variable. The sea, at a small distance from the shores, is seldom frozen ; and very little ice is ever seen near the VV. coast, notwithstanding is prox- imity to Greenland. Iceland is governed as a dependency of Denmark, and is divided into four provinces, I'.t shires, and Ir'.J parishes. The in- iiabitants wercestimated at r)l),0'J2 in lf2A. Their Ixouscs are at a distance from each other, and many of them deep in the ground ; but they are all miseralile hovels of turf, without windows, and those of the common class are such wretched dens that it is wonderful how anything in the human form can breathe in them. The Danes trade witii the natives for hides, tallow, train oil, whalebone, and seahorses" teeth, whicli are as good as ivory. The established reli^rion is the Lutheran, and there are 300 churches in the island. The dis- tressing scarcity of bibles which had long pre- vailed, was relieved, in 1815, by a liberal distri- bution from Britain, which were received with the greatest thankfulness. The principal school, held at a place called Bessestadt, near the W. coast, has three masters, who teach the classics, the- ology, and the Danish language ; and societies have itcen formed for the cultivation of literature. Icohnhill, or tona, one of the Hebrides, near the S .VV. point of the isle of Mull, only 4 m. long, and one broad. Here are the ruins of an augustine nunTierv, luftnasterv, and cathedral, said to have been founded by St. Cohunba, about the year7.lt'> ; also a sinall chapel dedicated to St. Oran, con- taining many marble tombstones of the great lords of the isles ; and adjoining it is a cemetery, in which many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of monas- tic and druidical edifices can be traced ; and many places are pointed out, noted for j)articular acts of St. Columba. This island was the retreat of learning, during the Gotliic ignorance which per- vaded Europe, after the overthrow of the Roman Empire ; and the seminary whence issued those pious monks and laymen who again revived learning, and propagated Christianity through many kingdoms of Europe. /f/«, a loO-y and pointed mountain in the middle of the island of Candia, famous in ancient times as being the place on which Jupiter was brouglit up, and where there was a temple dedicated to t'ybele. /(A/, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, 140 m. t.j the W. of Olympus. Jilintliii a .VfuiYi, a town of Portugal, in Beira.3 m. S. W. of Idiinha a V'elha. /ittinhu a J'cffta, a town of Portugal, in Beira. Tlic French took it by assault in 1704. It is seated on the Ponsul, y'l ni. E. of Castel Branco. Long. (i. 14. W., lat. 39. 3!>. N. Jilria, a town of the Austrian states, in Carnio- la, relebrated for its rich quicksilver mines, 'M m. E. N. E. of Gorz. liistcln, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassitu, with a castle, the residence of the duke ; situate in a district containing several forests and iron works, IG m. N. ol Mentz, il2. S. W. of Wctzlar. //', an island in the Rlediteranean, on the coast of France, the most eastern of the three before the harbour of Marseilles, and well fortified. lilltiu^ a fortified town of Moravia, capi»tal of a circle of the same name, with two convents and a college. Good cloth is manufactured here, and the connnerce in corn and hemp is considerable. It is seated on the Igla, 40 ni. W. N.W. of Brinn. Long. 1.5. yy. E., lat. 4;>. a8. E. lnhsius, a town of the island of Sardinia, and a bishop's see. 37 m. W. S. W.of Cagliari. Long. S. 3!). E., lat. 39. 18. N. Ilior. See Joliorc. J/icry, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, for- merly the cajiital of a jirincipality. It was of a great size, surrounded by three concentric walls; but, the court being removed to Nagara, the in- liabitants willingly followed, and the town was depopulated. Iln. See hia. link, or Jiiliik, a town of Nubia, on the Nile, supi>osed by some to be the ancient Meroe. Long. 34. 30. K., lat. 18.48. N. Iliinz, a town of Switzerland, in the Orisons, capital of the Grey League. It is seated on the Rhine, y3m. S. W.of Coire. Ilrhcstcr, or hdchtstcr, a borough in Somer- setshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is a place of great antiquity, and the birth-place of the celebrated Roger Bacon. The election of the county members is held here, and here also is the county gaol. It is seated on the Ivel, KJ m. S, by W. of Wells, and Vi> W. by S. of London. Iltfffonso, St. J a town ofSj>ain, in New I'astile, noted for a magnificent summer palace, built by Philip V. ; and for a large manufacture of glass, belonging to the crown. It is 5 m. N. of Uzeda, and 40 N. W. of Madrid. Ildefiiiifu, St., a town of Mexico, in the prov- ince of Guaxaca, seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. N. I', of Guaxaca. Itilerton, a village in Ncn-tliuniberland, Kng. 4 ni. S. ol' Wooler. On a hill near it is a semicircu- lar encampment, defended by two high rampiers of earth, an{l a deep fosse, with an inner circle of stones, whiclr appear unccmented. Tiie area is about iOO yards diameter, and contains many re- mains of buildings. llfianimh, a sea-|)ort in Devonshire, Eng. It has a spacious natural basin, with a good pier and quay, projecting into the Bristol Channel. Tliis port employs a number of brigs and sloops, chielly in carryingore from Cornwall, coal from Wales,. and corn from Bristol; also ^Ainiber of fish- ing skilVs. It is49 m. N.N. W. of BXeter, and 203 W. of London. Ilheoa. a province of Brazil, S. of that of All Saints Bay. lis ( liieflown of the same name, ia ILX. 301 ILL seilpd al tlio inoiilli of the river llhoos, l;!ll m. S. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 40. 15. W., lat. 11 55. S. 77/iuc/i, a town of Poland, in the Palatinate of Cracow, remarkable for it3 silver and lead mines, 15 m. N. W. of Cracow. Ille, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Teck, 10 in. W. of Perpignan. Mc-ct-Vilahie, a department of France, contain- ing part of the late province of Bretagne. It takes its name from two rivers, which unite at Rcnnes, the capita! of tlie department. Iller, a river of Germany, which rises in Tyrol, runs N. through Bavaria, and joins the Danube near Ulm. Illescas, a town of Spain, in New Castile, lH m. S. S. W. of Madrid, and 1."). N. N. E. of Toledo. Illinois, a river of North America, formed by the junction of several streams near the S. end of Ijake Michcgan : after taking a S. W. cour.se of S-JO m. it enters tlie Mississippi, ;!0 in. above the influx of the Missouri. Illinois, one the United States, bounded on tlie N. by the N. W. Territory. K. by Indi.ana. S. by Kentucky and W. by the Slate and Territory of Missouri. It extends from 37. to42 30. N. lat. and from 87. 17. to 1)1. 50. W. long. 3:j0 m. in length and 100 in mean breadth and containing 50,000 sq. m. The Mississippi washes its western, and the Ohio its southern border, and it is travers- ed by the Illinois and Kaskaskia rivers. The N. E. corner touches upon Lake Michigan. This State is not traversed by any ranges of hills or mountains; the surface in general is level, but in a few instances uneven, and approaching to hilly. It may be arranged under three general heads. 1. The alluvions of rivers, which are from one to eight m. in width, in some places elevated, and in others low. and subject to inundation. They consist of an intermixture of woods and prairie. The soil is almost invariably fertile— such are the banks, on the Mississippi, Wabasli, Illinois, Kaskaskia, A,c. 9. After leaving the alluvions, and rising to the ' bluffs' which bound them, is a tract of level land, elevated from fifty to one hun- dred feet, and which is sometimes called ' table land.' The greater proportion of this is prairie, which in some places is dry, and in others wet and marshy, depending upon the convexity or concavity of the surface. The soil is less fertile than that of the alluvions, but is generally prefer- ed by emigrants. The tract of country between the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers belongs to this class. 3. In the interior and towards the northern part of the State, the country becomes rniigii and uneven. It consists of an intermixture of woods and prairies, diversified with gentle or abrupt slopes, sometimes attaining tlie elevation of hills, and irrigated with a number of streams. The most of the country which lies south of a line drawn from the mouth of the Wabasli to the mouth of the Kaskaskia, is covered with timber. Avery few prairies, and those inconsiderable in point of size, may be found immediately south of this line. Crossing that line, the timber is ftmnd to decrease in quantity, and the prairies to expand ; yet the latter are still comparatively small, whoUtt unconnected with each other, ami their outliuJpdistinctly marked by the thick for- ests which sorround and separate them. Advanc- ing to the north, the prairie surface begins to predominate ; the prairies now become large, and commmunicate ^vith each other like a chain of lakes, by means of numerous aveuuns or vistas ; still, however, the traveller is surrounded by tim- ber ; his eye never loses sight of the deep green outline, throwing out its capes and headlands ; though he sees no more than dense foresti) and large trees, whose deep shade almost appalled him in the south. Travelling on from the centre of the State to its northern limit, we find ourselves surrounded by one vast prairie. In the country over which we have passed, the forcat is inter- spersed with these interesting plains ; Acre, the prairie is studded with groves and copses, and the streams fringed with strips of woodland. The eye sometimes wanders over immense plains cov- ered with grass, discovering no other object on which to rest, and finding no limit to its vision but the distant horizon; while more frequently it wanders from grove to grove, and from one point of woodland to another, charmed and refreshed by an endless v:iriety of rural beauty. The growth of the bottom lands consists of black wal- nut, ash of several species, hackberry, elm, (white, red, and slippery,) sugar-maple, honey-locust, buck-eye, cat^alpa, S3'camore, Cottonwood, peccan, hickory, mulberry, several oaks — as, over cup, bur oak, swamp or water oak, white, red or Span- ish oak ; and of the shrubbery are red-bud, papaw, grape vine, dogwood, spice hush, hazle, green- brier, &c. Along the margin of the streams, the sycamore and Cottonwood oflen predominate, and attain to an amazing size. The Cottonwood is of rapid growth, a light, white wood, sometimes used for rails, shingles, and scantlings, not last- ing, nor of no great value. Its dry, light wood is much used in steam-boats. The northern portion of lUinois is said to be inexhaustibly rich in mineral productions, while coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone, are found in every part. Iron ore is often found in the southern parts of the State, and is said to ex- ist in considerable quantities near the rapids of Illinois. Native copper in small quantities has been found on Muddy river, in Jackson county, and back of Harrisonville, in the bluff's of Mun- roe county. One mass weighing seven pounds was found detached at the latter place. A shaft was sunk forty feet deep in 1617, in search of this metal, but without success. Hod oxide of iron, and oxide of copper were dug out. Crystalizod gypsum has been found in small quantities in St. Clair county. Quartz crystals exist in Gallatin county. Silver is supposed to exist in St. Clair county, 2 in. from Rock-Spring, from whence Silver creek derives its name. In the early set- tlements by the French, a shaft was sunkhere, and tradition tells of large quantities of the pre- cious metal being obtained. In 18'.J8, many per- sons in this vicinity commenced digging, and be- gan to dream of immense fortunes, which however vanished during the following winter. They dug up considerable quantities of hornblende the shining specula of which were mistaken for sil- ver. Lead is found in vast quantities in the north- ern part of Illinois, and the adjacent territory. Here are the richest lead mines hitherto discover- ed on the globe. This portion of country lie* principally north of Rock river and south of the Wisconsin. Dubuque's and other rich niinct, are west of the Mississippi. There is scarcely a county in the State, but what can furnish coal in reasonable quantities. Large beds are said to exist near the junction of Fox river with the Illi- nois, and in the vicinity of the rapids of the laiter. Salt is found in various parts of the State, held in IME 392 IND solution in the sprinjjs. Tlie manufacture of salt hy boiling and evaporation is carried on in Galla- tin county, 12 m. VV. N. VV. from Sliawncetown ; in Jackson county, nfar Ilrownsville ; and in Vermilion county, near Danville. The springs and land are owend liy the State, and the works leased. A coarse marble, much used in building, is du:; from quarries near Alton, on the Mississip- pi, where larpe bodies exist. Scattered over the surface of the prairies, are larjje masses of rock, of granitic formation, roundish in form, usually called by the people lost rorks. They will weigh from one thousand to ten or twelve thousand pounds, and are entirely detached, and frequently are ibund several miles distant from any quarry. There has never been a quarry of granite dis- covered in the State. Agriculture is thriving, but education in Illi- nois is still in its infancy, and many of the settlers have no proper view oi' its necessity and impor- tance. Many adults, epecially females, arc una- ble to read or write, and many more, who are able to read a little, cannot readily understand what they attempt to read, and therefore take no pleas- ure in books and study. Common schools are usu- ally taught some part of the year in most of the settlements, but more frequently by teachers whol- ly incompetent to the task. The Methodists are the most numerous religious sect. This state is divided in 52 counties, and has a pop. of 1.^>7,.575, of whom 746 are slaves. The capital is Vandalia. The slate was admitted into the Union in 1818. The legislature is composed of a Senate and House of Representatives called the General Assembly. The Senates are chosen for 4 years and the Rep- resentatives for 2. The governor is chosen for 4 years. Elections are popular, and suffrage is universrJ. In the northern part are many Indian tribes, as the Kaskas, Sauks, Fo.xcs, Potawotam- ies, &.C. llm, a town of Saxony, on a river of its name, 13 m. N. W. of Rudolstadt, and 14 S. by E. of Erfurt. Ilnten, a lake of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, 48 miles long, and from 12 to 18 broad. Near it stands the city of Novogorod. It ooinmunicates with lake Ladoga, by the river Volkhof Ilmenau, a town of Sa.xc-Weimar, in Henne- berg. Near it is a mineral spring; also a copper and silver mine. It is seated near the source of the Ilm 17 m. E. S. E. of'Sraalkalden. Ilminister, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a manufacture of narrow cloths. It is seated among hills, near the river llle, 2G m. S. W. of Wells, and 130 W. by S. of London. Ilskti, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated between two hills, 14 m. N. W. of Reading, and 54 W. of London. list, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, seated on the Weymer, 12 m. S. of Lewajden. Ilstrop, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 27 m. S. S. E. of Gotheburg. Iltcn, a town of Hanover, in the province of Luneburg, 16 m. S. S. W. ofZell. ntzhofen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 m. N. E. of lialle. [mbro, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, about 20 m. in circumference. It is mountainous and woody, and affords plenty of game. Long. 25. 44. E., lat. 40. 10. N. Imerilia, a country of Asia, lying E. of the Black Sea ; bounded on the S. by Turkey, W. by Mingrelia, N. by Osseta, and E. by Georgia, of which it is properly speaking, a part. The inliab. ■ itants estimated at not more than 20,000 families, " are scattered over the country in small hamletii. They send yearly considerable quantities of wine to the neighbouring parts of Georgia, in leathern bags, carried by horses : but they are without manufactures, very poor and miserable, and cruel- ly treated by their landlord. Cutais, or Cotatis, is the capital. Ittimeristtidt, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Upper Danube, situate on a small river which soon after joins the Iller, 12 m. S. of Kemp- ton. Imola, an episcopal town of Italy, in the dele- gation of Ravenna, with a strong citadel. It is Burr[>unded by walls, towers, and ditches ; con- tains 16 churches and 17 convents ; and is seated on the Santerno, i:{ m. W. by S. of Ravenna and 45 N. N. E. of Florence. Inrhbroyock, a small island of Scotland, in For- farshire, within the mouth of llie South Esk, near Montrose, with which it communicates by a draw- bridge. It has also a largo and convenient dry dock. Inrhcohn, a small island of Scotland, in the fritii of Forth, near the village of Aberdfiur, on the coast of Fife. Here is the ruins of a famous monastery, founded by Alexander I. in 1123, to commemorate the hospitable treatment he receiv- ed here from a hermit. Inehgartie, a small island of llie frith of Forth, nearly in the middle of the passage over the Queensferry. Inchkeith, a small island of the frith of Forth, lying midway between the ports of Leith and Kinghorn. Here is a light-house, and also a ruinous fort. Inchmarnockj a small island of Scotland, on the S. W. side of Bute. The ruins of a chapel dedicated to St. Mamock are still to be seen ; and on the W. side are vast strata of coral and shells. Indal, a town of Sweden, in Medelpadia, on a river of the s.amc name, near its entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 m. N. by W. of Sundia- wald. Jndn-pour See Indrapovr. Inden liotun, a.to\vn of Chinese Tartary capital of the Mantcheou Tartars, 420 m. E. N. E. of Pckin. Indrpcndaicc, a township in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 877. Also townships in Sussex Co. N. J. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio and Bond Co. Illi- nois. India, or Hind, a contraction of Hindoostan, is a name often given to that region of Asia ly- ing to the S. of Tartary, and between Persia and China, with its independent islands. Itcontains, besides Hindoostan, the Birman Empire, Siam, Cochin China, Tonquin, Tkihft, Japan, and Cey- lon ; but is now, in its geographical features, more iisally, and far more properly, described under those respective heads, which see. Indiana, one of the United States, bounded N by Michigan Territory, E. by Ohio, S. by Ken tucky : and W. by Illinois. It extends from 37. 45. to 41. 50. N. lat. and from 84. 42 to 87. 4U. W long. It is 287 m. long, and 255 broad, and con^ tains 30,000 so. m. It is washed on the Soutliern boundary by the Ohio and traversed by the Whit€ and Wabash rivers. There are no niountaina in Indiana ; the coun try, however, is more hilly tlian Illinois, particu larly towards the Ohio river. A range of hills IND 393 IND called the Knobs, extends from the falls of the Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, which, in many places, produces a broken and uneven surface. North of these hills lie the flat woods, 70 m. wide. Bordering on all the princi- pal streams, except the Ohio, there are strips of bottom and prairie land ; both tojrether from 3 to C m. in width. Between the Wabash and lake Michiffin, the country is mostly champaign, abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies, lakes and swamps. A range of hills runs parallel with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Mi- ami to Blue river, alternately approaching to within a few rods, and receding to the distance of 2 m. Immediately below Blue river, the hills disappear, and there is presented to view an im- mense tract of level land, covered with a heavy growth of limber. North of the Wabash, between Tippecanoe and Ouitanon, the banks of the streams are high, abrupt and broken, and the land except tlie prairies, is well timbered. Between the I'lein and Theakiki, the country is flat, wet and swampy, intersperesd with prairies of an in- ferior soil. The sources of rivers are generally in swamps or lakes and the country around them is low, and too wet for cultivation. There are two kinds of prairies, — the river and the upland prairies. The former are bottoms, destitute of tiiubcr and are said to exhibit vestiges of former cultivation ; the latter are from 30 to 100 feet more elevated, and are far more numerous and extensive. Some of them are not larger than a common field, while others extend farther than the eye can reach. They are usually bounded by heavy-timbered forests, and not unfrequently adorned with copses of small trees. In spring and summer, they are covered with a luxuriant growth of grass and fragrant flowers, from six to eight feet high. The soil of these plains is often as deep and fertile as the best bottoms. The intervals bordering on the Wabash are particularly rich. Wells have been dug in them, where the vegetable soil was 22 feet deep, under which was a stratum of fine white sand. The ordinary depth is from two to five feet. The principal produc- tions of this state are wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, buck-wheat, potatoes, pulse, beef, pork, butter, whiskey and peach brandy. There are salt springs in different parts, but they are little used. The salt is more cheaply obtained from the neighbouring States. Coal, iron, and copper are found in some places. The climate is generally healthy and pleas- ant, closely resembling that of Ohio. The Wa- bash is frozen over in tlie winter, so that it may be safely crossed on the ice. This state abounds with large caverns, the most celebrated of which is called the Epsom Salts Cave, from the quantity of that mineral which it contains. The hill, in which the cave is situated, is about 400 feet high from the base to the most elevated point ; and the prospect to the south-east, in a clear day, is ex- ceedingly fine, commanding an extensive view of the hills and valleys bordering on Big Blue river. The top of the liill is covered principally with oak and chesnut. The side to the south-east is mantled with cedar. The entrance is about mid- way from the base to the summit, and the surface of the cave preserves in general, about that ele- vation. After entering the cave by an aperture of twelve or fifteen feet wide, and in height, in one place, three or four feet, you descend with easy and gradual steps into a large and spacious room, which continues about a quarter of a mile, 50 pretty nearly of the same appearance, varying in height from eight to thirty feet, and in breadth from ten to twenty. In this distance the roof is, in some places arched ; in others a plane and in one place, particularly, it resembles an inside view of the roof of a house. At the distance above named, the cave forks ; but the right hand fork soon terminates, while the left rises by a flight of rocky stairs, nearly 10 feet high, into another story, and pursues a course at this place nearly south-east. Here the roof commences a regular arch, the height of which, from the floor, varies from 5 to 8 feet and the width of the cave from 6 to 12 feet ; which continues to what is called the creeping place, from the circumstance of the visitor's crawling 10 or 12 feet into the next large room. From this place to the Pillar, a dis- tance of about one mile and a quarter, the visitor finds an alternate succession of large and small rooms, variously decorated ; sometimes mounting elevated points by gradual or ditlicult ascents, and again descending as far below ; sometimes travel- ling on a pavement, or climbing over huge piles of rocks, detached from the roof by some convul- sion of nature; and thus continues his route, un- til he arrives at the pillar. The aspect of this large and stately white col- umn, as it comes in siglit from the dim reflection of the torches, is grand and impressive. Visitors have seldom pushed their enquiries further than two or three hundred yards beyond this pillar. This column is about fifteen feet in diameter, from twenty to thirty in height, and regularly reeded from the top to the bottom. In the vicin- ity of this spot are some inferior pillars of the same appearance and texture. Chemically speak- ing, it is difficult to say what are the constituent parts of these columns, but lime appears to be the base. Epsom salts, abounds throughout this cave in almost its whole extent, in a manner which, has no parallel in the history of that article. This neutral salt is found in a great variety of forms, and in many different stages of formation, some- times in lumps, varying from one to ten pounds in weight. The earth exhibits a shining appear ance, trom the numerous particles interspersed throughout the huge piles of dirt collected in dif ferent parts of the cave. The walls are covered in different places with the same article, and re- production goes on rapidly. With a view to as- certain this, a visitor removed from a particular place every vestige of salt, and in four or five weeks the place was covered with small needle shaped crystals, exhibiting the appearance of frost. The quality of the salt in this cave is in- ferior to none. The worst earth that has been tried, will yield four pounds of salt to the bushel, and the best, from twenty to twenty five pounds. This quantity is inexhaustible. The next pro- duction is the nitrate of lime, or saltpetre earth. There are vast quantities of this. There are also large quantities of the nitrate of olumine, or ni- trate of argil, which will yield as much nitrate of potash, or saltpetre, in proportion to the quantities of earth, as the nitrate of lime. The three arti- cles above enumerated, are first in quantity and importance ; but there are several others, which deserve notice as subjects of philosophical curiosi- ty. The sulphate of lime, or plaster of Paris, is to be seen variously formed ; ponderous, crystal- ized and impalpable or soft, light, and rather spon- gy. Vestiges of the sulphate of iron are also to be seen in one or two places. Small specimens of the carbonate, also the nitrate of magnesia, IND 394 have been found. The rocks in tlio cave princi- pally consist of carbonate of lime, or comtnnn lime stone. Near the forks of the cave are two specimens of painting, probably of Indian origin. The one appears to be a savage, with somethino- like a bow in bis hand, and furnishes the hint, tlial It was done when that instrument of death was in use. The other is bo much defaced, that it is im- possible to say what it was intended to represent. This stale is divided iiitu lU counties. The P'>1>. is 341,582. In the N. part are many Pota- uotamies and Chippeway Indians. There are no slaves. The State was "admitted into the union in 1816. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, styled the General As- sembly. The Senators are chosen for 3 years and tlio Kepresentative for 1. The Governor is cho- Bi-n for 3 years. Suffrage is universal. The cap- ital of the state is Indianapolis. There is a col- leira at Bloomington, and provision is made by the state for tlie support of schools. Indiaiin, a county of the Western District of Pennsylvania. Pop.H,U.')I. The chief tow/i has the same name. Also a town in Alleghany Co. Pa. litdianupolis, the capital of the state of Indiana is situated in Marion county on White River in the centre of the state. It has but recently been established. Indian Old Tinrn, a settlement of Penobscot Indians, on an island in Penobscot river Maine a little above the great falls. It consists of about 500 souls. Indian Town, villages in Dorchester Co. Md Currituck Co. N. C. and Williamsburg Dis. S. C. Indies, East, the name given by Kuropeans to that vast tract of country in Asia which is situ- ated to the S. of Tartary, between Persia and Chi- na (see Hindooitan,) as well as to a great num- ber ofislands in the Indian Ocean,°e.xtendin.r from the peninsula of llindoostan as far E as New Guinea, and from the bay ofBener ; but linrses and cattle are brought from the continent. The wild animals arc foxes, hares, and r:ibbits. Prior to the French revolutiom these islands were subject to Venice, but were ceded to France by the treaty of Campo Formio (ITJ7.) After re- pt'atedly changing masters, the republic was plac- • li under the protection of Great Britain by the arrangements of the congress of Vienna; and a constrtution for this smalt state was drawn up and ratified by the British government in July, IHl?. IpSj a town of Austria, near the conflux of tiie Ips with the Danube. 22 ni. W. of St. Pollen. fpsala, a town of European Turkey, in Roma- nia, and a Greek archbishop's sea. Near it are mines of alum : and red wine is an article of com- merce. It is seated on the Marissa, 43 m. S. of -Adrianople. Ipsara, an island of the Grecian Arehipelago, !■'> m. .\. W. of the island of Scio. To the W. is another small island, called Anti-Ipsara. Ipshcim, a town of Franconia, in the principal- ity of Bayreuth, 17 m. N. N. W. of Anspach. fpstcichj a borough and principal town of Suf- folk, En?. It was once surrounded by a wall, traces of which are vet to be seen. It is irregu- larly built, and has declined from its former con- sequence , but now contains 12 parish churches, several meeting-houses for dissenters, a library, several hospitals, a free-school, a commodious market-place, a guildhall, a custom-house, and a county jail. Much com and malt are sent hence to London, and great quantities of timl>er were formerly sent to the king's dockyard at Chatham. It has a considerable coasting trade, a small share of foreign commerce, and sends ships to Greenland, \essels of large burden are obliged to slop at some distance below the town. It is the birthplace of cardinal Wolsey ; and is seated on the Orwell, 26 m. S. E. of Bury St. Edmund, and GO N. E. of London. Ipsjtich, p.t. Essex Co. Massachusetts, situa- ted on a river of the same name, about a mile from the sea, 23 m. N. E. of Boston. Pop. 2,951. The manufacture of lace is carried on in this town to a considerable extent Ira, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 442. Also a p.t. Cayuga Co. N. T. Pop. 2,I9S. trasbuTg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop SCO. Jrabally. See Irraicaddy. Irae, a province of Persia, comprehending the greater part of the ancient Media. It is bounded S. by Fars and Khuzistan, E. bv Khorassan and the Great Salt Desert, W. by Bturdistan, and .\. by Azerbijan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan, and divi- ded into five districts, Ispahan, Tehraun, Naen, Mullager, and Kermanshaw. Irac-.lrabi (the ancient Chaldea), a province of Turkey in Asia, bounded \V. hy the desert of Arabia, N. by Kurdistan and Diarbeck, E. by Khuzistan, and S. by the gulf of Persia and Ara- bia. Bagdad is the captal. hhtt, or IrbitilMia, a town of Rusia, in the gov- erament of Perm, an the river Irbit, and the fron- tiers of Siberia. In the vicinity is a large iron- work, which yields nearly 2,00*1 tons of iron a year. 142 m. N. E. of Ekaterinenburg. Irtby, a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated in a valley, at the source of the Ellen. 10 m. N. E. of Cockermouth, 303 N. N. "W. of London. Iredell, a county of North Carolina. Pop. l.'i,262. Stateaville is the chief town Ireland, the second in'magnitude of the British- Isles, is situated to the W. of Great Britian, in flie .-Mlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the N. W. and S. by the .\tlanlic, and on the E. by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. George's Channel, which separate it from Encrland. Its pealest length is about 300 m. and its maximum breadth about 110 ra. The superficial contents are estimated at about 20,000,000 of English acres. Ireland is divided into four provinces ; namely, Ul ster, to the N., Lcinster to the E., Munster to the S., and Connaught to the W. ; and these are subdivided into 32 counties. Ulster contains the counties of Down, Armaeh, Monaghan, Cabir, Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, and Donegal; Leinster has those of Dublin, "Louth, Wicktow, Wexford, Longford, East Meath, West Alcath, King's county, Queen's county, Kilken- ny, Killdare, and Carlow : Munster includes Clare, Cork. Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford ; and Connaught has Leitrim, Ros- common, Mayo, Sligo, and Galway. The cli- mate of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more humid than in England. It is on the whole, of a mountainous character, but well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the soil, in most parts is very good and fertile ; even in those places where the bogs and morasses have been drained, there is good meadow ground. It produces corn and hemp, in great plenty. The cultivation of flax is so abundant as to afibrd nearly the whole supply ol'the great linen manufactures of the coun- try; there are so many cattle that beef and but- ter are exported to foreign parts ; and not only the English, but other snips, frequently come to be vicliialled here. The other commodities are hidis, wool, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and wax. The commerce and manufactures have for many years been greatly on the increase : the staple branch of industry is the manufacture of fine lin- en cloth, which is brought to great perfection. This country is well situate for foreign trade on account of its many secure and commodious bays ,?nd harbour.s. Its principal lakes are Lough lyTan, Lough Ern, Lough Neagh, and Lough Cor- rib ; and its chief rivers are the Shannon, Lifi'ey, Boyne, Suire, Nore, Barrow, Blackwalcr, and Lee. The mineral productions of Ireland, which were little known till of late, are now fast rising into importance. The mining companies recent- ly formed are nearly all of them eminently suc- cesful : copper, lead, iron, antimony, and Molyb- denum, are now obtained : and some of the mines are xery productive. In the royalty of Glend- alougli. in the county of Wicklow, are two veins IRK 399 u 1 u .0 Fnrmerlv this kingdom had a par- ?Srthich°wrsubordinaJto that of Great lirUaTn ; but, in 1800, it was deemed expedient for Ue w-elfere of Ireland that it should be an- ted to great Britain. The two parlianjents pass- ed ^tf for that purpose, and the two k'ngdoms at the commencement of 180 , were styled he Un ted Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . and 32 peers" (four of them bishops) and 100 com- moners of Ireland are elected to represent hat country in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland as well L tt council, are appointed from t"ne « t,„e, by the king. The country people in 1'?^"' ■ "*; remarkably hospiUble and very '^•"■» ■" ^^'' ''•^^' affections.' The peasantry m g'^"'="'. "^. ''^* ever sunk in poverty and ignorance. Their diet consists chiefly of coarse bread, P°t^ °^^^f "^,^^„"^': termilk ; the favourite liquor is «^h'»'^^-; '"fj^,';. baucrh) k distillation from corn; and the rural cot u"e"u'a wretched hovel of mud Kducalion has been much neglected, and still conlmues to be disrountenancedby the Cathohc clergy. Great efforts have been made for some years past to re- move this, chiefly by two societies estabUshed in Britain, who have under their patronage a great number of schools, in a highly prosperous slate. The established religion is the same as in Eng- land, but the great majority of th^ P«7'« ='^,': Catholics, The latter were long excluded from all civil and military distinction. This system of in- tolerance, however, no longer exists ; and there is reason to hope that Ireland will speedily occu- py its proper rank among European nations, and that the British government wilUiberally encour- age its growing literature, commerce, agricul- ture, and" manufactures, f.u^p,,, Irehind, Xcw, a long narrow island of the Last- em seas, N.of New BriUin, extending from iN . W to S. E. about 190 m. and in general very nar- row The natives are Papuas, who go entirely naked, smearing their faces, and powdermg their heads with white clay; their huts have only an openinir to crawl in on their hands and knees. Their canoes, however are neatly formed ol a sin- gle tree, sometimes 90 feet long, and luriiished with outriggers. See Britain, ^'elc. Irclmul, p.v. Hampden Co. Mass. frislUowH. See Kilkenny. . ^, , , . , /rjab, a town of Afghanistan, in Cabul, seate^d near a western branch of the Indus, 111 m. b. S. W. of Cabul. JrUen,or Irkien. See Yarkan. Irkutsk, the largest and least populous govern- ment of the Russian empire, comprising all the E part of Siberia, from the Northern Ocean to the frontiers of Chinese Tarlary, and from the boundaries of the government of Tobolsk to the Eastern Ocean. This large territory was grad- ually conquered and appropriated by the Russians, in their desultory excursion from Tobolsk. It is divided into four provinces of I kutsk, Nertchinsk Yakutsk, and Okhotsk. Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of the gov- ernment of the same name, and the see of .a bishop. It is a place of considerable commercial importance, from the caravans passing through it which trade to China, and from its being the seat ISE of supreme jurisdiction ov*r eft"n Siberia. There are several churches and other edifices ot stone, and the wooden houses are large md con- venient. The inhabitants are estimated at I -i, WO. It stands on the river Angara, near the lake Bai- kal, 90u m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Iroquois. See Uncrence, St. Irrawaddij, or Irabatty, a considerab e river of Asia, which rises in Thibet, flows S. throuM, the kingdom of Birmah and Pegu, and enters the bay of Ben-ral by several mouths. On its banks are produced great quantities of the finest teak timber, so much esteemed in ship-build.ng. The princi- pal market for this valuable timber is Rangoon, at the most eastern mouth of the river. Irtysck, a river of Siberia which issues from the lake Saisan, in Chinese T"tary nans N. W between Uie two countries above 300 m , t 'en flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, below whichit joins the Oby. /rri«c, p.v. Muskingum Co. Ohio. /rriM a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire which passes by Newmills and Kilmarnock to the town of Irvine, below which it enters the frith of *^'^/^;>«, a borough of Scotland in Ayrshire The chief trade is the exporting of coals to Ire land. Here is a dock-yard, a large tan-work, and manufactures of carpets, muslins silks, lawns, &c. It is seated near the mouth of the river Ir v^ne 10 m. N. of Ayr, and 24 S. W. of Glasgow lAccll, a river in Lancashire Eng., which rises above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and ioins the Mersey, below Flixton. Irwin, a county of Georgia bounding upon Florida. Pop. l.ltiO. . , j . Issur T<«e,a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cote dOr, seated on the TiUe, l.i m. .'S °^?sZMa, a town on the N. coast of Hispa.iiola, founded by Christopher Columbus in 14JJ Long.71.2.W.,lat. 19.55. N. hbcllsrilU, p.v. Todd Co. Ken. ... IscJua, an island of Naples, 1... m in circuit ly- ing 3 m. off the coast of Terra di Layoro. It is mountainous ; but abounds in minerals, sulphur fruiU, and e.xcellent wines. It was taken by a British and Sicilian force in 1«()7. I resh water is scarce, and the rain is collected in cistorns but the air is healthy, and there are several hot baths, on which accounU it is much resorted to by invalids. „ ., , •. 1 - Isrhia, an episcop.il city of Naples, capital oi the above island, with a strong fort. It sUnds upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a bridi'e, and is like a pyramid of houses piled one upon another. At the end of the bridge, next the city, are iron gates, which open into a subter- ranean passage, through which the city is enter- ed. Long. 14.2. E.,lat. 40, 41. N. h(,,bur", Upper, a principality of Germany, on the borders of Hanau, subject partly to Hesse- Cassel, partly to Hesse-DarinsUdt. It ■/ ge^f "'• ly fertile, and contains 217 sq. in., and 47,o00 in- habitants. . , f henbura, Aac, a small town in the fijregoiiig principality, 3 m. S, of Frankfort on the Maine. Iseo, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, «" the ». t. side of a lake of the same name, 10 m. K. W. ot Iser, a river of Bavaria, which rises on the con- fines of 'Tyrol, and, passing by Munich and Landshut, joins the Danube, between Straubing and Passau. ISL 400 ISIS /otr, or Isar {Circle iif), one of Ihc inoiltTii ili. visions of Bavaria, bounded partly by (lie circles of till' Rpijen and llie Upper Danube, partly by the Austrian states. It comprises most of t)ie soulh- ••rn part of tlie old duchy of Kavaria, and is divi- ded into ^ti districts; its chief town, Municli, be- ing the capital of the kingdom. The S. is nioui^- tainous, and consequently cold : the N. forms a larj^'c plain, with few elevations, possessinff great fertility The principal rivers are the Inn, the Iser, and the Lecli. Isere, a department of France, including part of the late province of Dauiiliiny. It is so named from a river, which rises in Savoy, crosses this department by Grenoble, Moirans, and St. Mir- cellin, and joins the Rhone, above Valence Grennlile is the capital. Isrrlolin, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Mark, with manufactures of iron, tin, velvets, silks, and stuffs. It is seated on the 15u;iren,41 m. E. by N of Oussoldorf. tserniu, a to«n of Naples, in the Molise, at the foot of the Apennines. In IHIl.i it suffered nuicli by an earthquake, 12 m. W. of Molise. [siipitl, a town of France, in llie department of Calvados, 15 m. VV. by N. of Baycux. Jsin"la.ys, r. N. II. Hows into the Coclieco his. See Thames. Isia, or llii, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S. W. of Jura, from wliich it is separated by a narrow channel, called the Sound of Isla. It is 21 m. long, and l.'> broad. On the 1']. side the surface is hilly, and covered with heath, but the greater part of the island is fl-it, and, when uncultivated, covered with a fine green sward. In the centre of the island is Loch Fin- lagan, about 3 m. in circuit, with an islet of the same name in the middle where the great lord of the isles resided, but the palaces and olljces arc now in ruins. Isla has mines of iron, lead, cop- per, emery, quicksilver, and black-lead ; with im- mense stores of limestone, marl, coral, and shell- sand, I'or manure. Much flax is raised here, a great number of cattle fed, and a large qn:iiiti!y of whiskey distilled. The principal village is IJow- more, which has a convenient harbour and quay. IsUimulmil, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, capital of the country of Chittagong ; situate on the Currunipooly, near its entrance into t!ie bay of Bengal. Long. t)l. 55. E., lat. 22. 22. N. hltind Crrfk^ a township of Jefferson Co. Ohio. Islands, liny of, a bay of New Zealand, at the N. extremity of llie most northern of the two isl- ands that go under that name. In 1772 M. Du- fresne Marion, with two French sloops, put into this bay, and with 2S of his crew, was murdered by the natives. Isle .'hiam, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Oise, 20 in. N by W. of Paris. Isle mix M)ix, an island in Sorel river. Lower Canada, about 10 m. from Lake Chaniplain. Isle Hoitchartl, a town of France, in tiio dej)art- ment of Indre-et-Loire, surrounded by the Vienne, 21 m. S. S. W. of Tours. Isle Dicii, a small island of France, 14 m. from the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the English in 1795, but soon after evacuated. Isle fie Franre. See France Isle of. Isle louriliiin, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gers, seated on an island in the river Save, 8 m. N. of Lombez. Islelioruugh, a township of Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 674. Isle of iyif,'ht, a county of the E, District of Virginia. Pop. 10,417. Smithficld is the chief town. See also ll'iglil. Isles of Shoals, a cluster of small islands near the coast of N. Hampshire, between Newbury port and Portsmouth, belonging to New Hampshire and Maine. The New Hampshire portion con- stitutes the township of Gosport. They are bar- ren heaps of sand and rocks, with hardly a green sod ujion them, yet were once populous and wealthy. The inhabitants live solely by fishing, and the is/f o/ .S7ioa/5 Dun Fish are well known as the best cured cod in the world. They have now about 100 inhabitants, and a lightlioubie has been recently built here. A cave is still shewn upon one of them in which one of the female in- habitants secreted herself when the islands were invaded by the Indians. The celebrated Captain Smith discovered these islands, and they were formerly called Smith's Isles. The New Kng land Sea Serpent, that mysterious monster, whose full length portrait has been shadowed forth in the narration of many a wondering spectator, but whose absolute non-entity is still maintained by llie perversity of scepticism — was accustomed to make these shores his favourite resort. Recently his visits, like the portentous humps upon his back, have been few and far between. tslctrorlh, a village in Middlesex, Eng. seated on the Thames, m. W. of London. Here are many elegant villas ; and near it is Sion-hoiisc, the magnilicent seat of the duke of Northumber- land. Islington, a large village in Middlesex, Eng. N. of London, to which it is now contiguous. The New River is received at the S. W. end of it into a large reservoir, whence its water is convey- ed in pipes, to all parts of the metropolis. Near this is a spring of chalybeate water, called New Tunbridge Wells. To the E. of the town is a manufacture of white lead. Islip, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. PoB. 1,053. hmoil, a strong town of European Turkey, in Bessarabia. The Russians took it by storm in 17'.I0 ; and it is said that the long siege, and the capture did not cost them fewer than 20,000 men. The brave garrison merited the highest honours, but Ihey were massacred by the Russians: and the city was abandoned to the fury of the brutal soldiery. Ismail is seated on the N. side of the Danube, 140 m. S. by W. of Bender. Ismid,a. town of Asia Minor, on the side of a hill overlooking the gulfof Nicomcdia. Long. 2!). 34, E., lat. 40. 3!). N. Istiih, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natoha, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is the ancient Nice, famous for the general council held here in 325. Nothing remains of its ancient splendour but an ITA 401 ITA aqueduct. The Jpws inhabit the greater part nt' it ; and silk forms the principal article of trade. It is seated in a country fertile in corn and wine, (i(J m. S. E. of Constantinople. /sny, a town of Wurtemberg, with an abbey, railed St. George, whose abbot was a state of the iinpire. It is seated on the Isny, 18 m. N. E. of Lindau. IsordskUk, or Kroczka, a town of Servia, 14 m. S. E. of Belgrade. Ispahan, a city of Persia, long the capital of the Persian monarchy, is situated in the province of Irak, and was formerly celebrated as the finest rity in the East. It stands in the middle of a plain, surrounded on all sides by mountains at 8 m. dis- tance, which rise gradually in the form of an am- phitheatre. There is no river e.xcept a small one called Sanderut, which supplies almost all the houses with water, and over which are several fine bridges. There are IGO mosques, 1 ,800 large car- avanseras, and above 200 public baths. The streets are not paved, but are generally clean, on account of the dryness of the air; for it seldom rains or snows here. The inhabitants are computed at nf)t more than 200,000, havinoj been greatly de- populated by the intestine broils and civil wars with which this kingdom has been almost torn to pieces. This city is the emporium of the inland commerce of Persia, being the medium of com- munication with India, Cabul, and Turkey. It is 20.5 m. N. E. of Bassorah, and 300 S. of the Cas- pian Sea. Israel's River, N. H. a beautiful stream formed by the cataracts which descend from the White Mountains. It falls into the Connecticut at Lan- caster. Issel. See Yssd. Iscngeauz, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, 17 m. N. E. of Puy . Isseqiuho, or Essequeho, a settlement extending along the banks of a river of the same name, jn Dutch Guiana, and contiguous to that of Deme- rara, from which it is separated by the river Borassierri. It was taken from the Dutch during the late wars, and was finally ceded to Britain in 1814. It is extremely fertile, and is well cultivated. Tlie Issequibo River is 20 m. wide at its mouth, and more than :300 in length. Issoitdim, a town of France, in the department of Indre, with a brisk trade in wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings. It is seated on the Theole, 17 m. S. W. of Bourges, and 135 S. of Paris. Islapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of Culiacan, 40 m. E. by S. of Culiacan. Istriii, a peninsula of Italy, between the bay of Trieste and the Quarnaro Isles, bounded by Friuli on the W. and Carniola on the N., being 200 m. in circumference. The air is unwholesome, es- pecially near the coast ; but the soil is fertile. Oil and wine are abundant, and there are some pro- ductive quarries of fine marble. The chief riches of the country, however, consits in its vast and valuable forests. One part of it belonged formerly to the Venetians ; but the whole was ceded to the emperor by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805. In 1809 it tell into the hands of Napoleon ; but was re-conquered by the Austrians in 1814, and now forms the southern division of Austrian Illyria. The inhabitants (about 140,000) are chiefly oc- cupied in agriculture, rearing bees, fishing, and the manufacture of silk, leather, tallow, and salt. Italy, one of the finest and most celebrated countries of Europe, lying between 7. and 10. E. long., and between 37. and 46. N. iat. On the 51 N. N. W., and N. E., it is bounded by France, Switzerland, the country of the Grisons, and Germany; on the E. by the Adriatic Sea; and on the S.and W. by the Mediterranean; its fig- ure bearing some resemblance to a boot. Its length from Aosta at the foot of the Alps, in Sa- voy, to the utmost verge of Calabria, is about 000 m. but its breadth is very unequal, being in some places nearly 400 m. in others not above 25 or 30. It was formerly the seat of the Roman em- pire, and, afterwards, of that more astonishing usurpation, the dominion of the pope. In the middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that of Naples held the two extremes, and the Eccle- siastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre. In more modern times the northern part became divided into a great number of states, differing considerable in their extent and importance. By the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1707, the Vene- tian territories to the E. and N. of the river Adige were ceded to Austaia ; and the remain- der of the Venetian states, with the duchies of Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of Massa, and the three legations of Ferrara, Bo- logna, and Romagna, in the pope's dominions, were erected into a government by the French, and called the Cisalpine Republic. This rejiub- lic was overturned in 1790, but restored after the battle of Marenga, in 1800. In 1802 it receiveed a new constitution, under the name of the Italian Republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul of France, was elected president. In 1805 the Ital- ian Republic was erected into a kingdom, and the emperor of France assumed the title of king of Italy. In December following, the Austrian part of tlie Verietian states was added to its terito- ries, by the treaty of Presburg. The kingdom was divided into departments, and the city of Milan was the capital. But the subsequent chan- ges which took place in Europe again deranged the political situation of this country. The king- dom of Italy was overturned ; and the country is now divided into the following states : — The Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, the kingdom of Sardinia, the States of the Church, or pope's dominions, the Two Sicilies, the grand duchy of Tuscany, the states of Modena, the states of Par- ma, the duchy of Lucca, and the republic of San Marino. Italy, as to climate, has been divided into four separate regions. The first of these embraces the basin of the Po, extending about 260 m. in length, and 1.50 in its greatest breadth ; being bounded by the Alps and Apennines on the N. VV^. and S., and open to the Adriatic on the E. Here the atnios pliere is uniformly serene and bright ; and, be- ing tempered by refreshing breezes from the adja- cent heights, the climate is altogether one of the most salubrious and delightful in the whole world. The second region includes the Tuscan and Ro- man territories, being screened on the N. by the Apennines, and more exposed to the heats of summer than to the rigors of the winter. Frost and snow are here experienced ; but the temper- ature is sufficient to mature the orange, the fig, and similar fruits. The third district contains Campania Felix, and its dependencies, where the vegetable treasures of nature are also found in the greatest perfection, the air uniformly mild and serene, and a peculiar glow of beauty per vades the landscape. The fourth division cxtenda from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and embraces the southern districts of the peninsula. Here the aloe, the palm, and other productions of a eoutli ITA 402 IVE em climate flourish ; but, when the sirocco blows, the hcnts are overcoming to a stranger from al- most any other part of Europe. The climate of Italy also experiences much diversity from elevation and local circurnslurices. The general aspect of the country is liiijhly beautiful and pic- turesque. The .'ilpsand Apennines diversify tliis ])eninsula with almost every ))ossible combination of hill and valley, rivers, l.ikos, and romantic scenery. Northern It^Iy is broken into bold and rugged acclivities by tlio former, from the south- ern face of which decsend the streams that form the Po and various other classical rivers. To- wards the southern extremity of Italy, the Apen- nines diverge into two branches, one of which ailvances eastward to Capo de Leuca, and the oth- er southward to the straits of Messina. Several detatched mountains, among which i."! the celebra- ted \'esuviu3, here ovir-hang the gulf of Naples, and discharge their liquid fires into its waters. The Apennines are, in many parts, clothed with trees to their summits; in other places they are more precipitous, and attain the altitude of ice and snow. The principal rivers are the I'o, Tiber, Adige,Brenta, Piavej and Tagliamento, and there are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, l.ugano, Como, Garda. Perugia, J5racciano, and Celano. The soil, in general, is very fertile. It produces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Eu- rope ; excellent silk in abundance ; corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in other countries ; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raisins, sugar, figs, peache?, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, chesnuts, &c. The olive is one of the most valuable productions of Italy. The Tuscans were the first that exported olive oil in any quanti- ty ,on which account it is still called, Florence oil. There is something peculiarly mild and graceful i'u the appearance of the olive tree, even apart from its associations. The leaves are somewhat like those of the willow, only they are more sofl port ation ; and great Bums of money are expended by travellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosi- ties, relics, antiquities, &c. No country has pro- duced better, politicians, historians, poets, musi- cians, painters, and sculptors ; that is, since the revival of the arts and sciences, exclusive of those of ancient times. The Italians are generally well proportioned; but of their complexion tlu'V can- not boast. With respect to dress they follow the fashions of the countries on which they bor- and delicate. The flowers are as delicate as the leaves. They come in little spikes from buds between the leaf stalks and spikes. The ma tured-wood of the olive is hard and compact though rather brittle, and has the pith obliterated like box. Its colour is reddish, and it takes a fine gloss, on which accounts the ancients carved it into statues of their gods. The moderns make it into snufF boxes and other trinkets. This coun- try also yields good pastures, abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, and horses. The forests are well stored with game ; and the mountains have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &c., but also gold and silver, with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, shrubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal articles of ex- fi - f^^^ r^ *!^fm U ^^^im'^)i ^ ^ 1f/1^^ ' 1 IrH ^M||H! Wa h----_uJ^U^ Ji '\nfejj S Yt.-.^^ '■ "^s^zlgTil LjTT^-^ ^^H ,^it^^ ^^^« ^fe- ^M^^^ ■":i_^ ■V -,.....■., der, or to which they are subject. They arc ve- ry afTable, courteous, ingenious, sober, and ready- witted ; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lasiv- ious, ceremonious, and superstitious Masquer- des, gaming, horse-races, and conversazione or assemblies, are the chief diversions of the Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are pompous beyond all other nations. The establish- ed religion is the Roman Catholic, but all other sects are now tolerated : the number of archbish- ops in the whole country is :!« ; and that of the suffragans indefinite, as may be truly added of the inferior ecclesiastics. Their language, a cor- ruption of the Latin, is remarkable for its smooth- ness, and is said to be spoken in its greatest pu- rity at Florence. Further particulars of this country will be found under the names of its par- ticular divisions, as Aaplcs, &c. Italy, ^iuslrian. See Lombardo- Venetian King- dom. Itahj, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,092. Itamarca. See Tatiiariea. ItrltcnfiT Aire, a river in Hampshire, Eng. which enters the bay of Southampton, at the town of that name. Ithaca, or Ihiaki, one of the Ionian Islands. It is as rugged and barren as it was in the times of Ulysses, who was a native of this island. It has about 8,000 inhabitants, who are the most indus- trious in the Ionian Islands. Ithaca, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake. Pop. 5,270. It has several manufactories, and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. There are some beautiful cataracts in the neighbour- hood . Itzckoe, a town of Germany, in Holstein, be- longing to Denmark, with a fortress. A duty is exacted here from all ships coming up the Stoer, on which river it is seated, 12 m. N. N. E. of Gluckstadt, and 31 N. W. of Hamburg. hanaorod- See A'arra. Ivaiutz, a town of Croatia, seated on the Lonia, 42 m. N. E. of Carlstadt. Irelchester. See Uchestcr. Ires, St., a borough in Cornwall, Eng. seated on a JAC 403 JAE bay of thesame name, celebrated for its extensive pilchard fishery. It is governed by a mayor, and has a market on Wednesday. The church is a handsome building close to the sea. Here are al- so meeting-houses for Independents and Metho- dists, and a good grammar school, founded by Charles I. In the vicinity of tlie town is Tregan- ny Castle ; and one mile from this mansion on the summit of a lofty hill, is a pyramid erected by the late J. Knoll, esq., who died in 1811, and di- rected by will that at the end of every 5 years an old woman, and lU girls under 14 years of age, dressed in white and accompanied by music, sliould walk in processsion from the market-house to this pyramid, where they should dance, and sing the' 100th Psalm. For this he bequeathed certain freeholds, and vested them in the mitiis- t'T, to whom and the i)ort collector he bequeath- ed £10 for a dinner. S ni. N. E. of I'enzance, anil '277 W. bv S. of London. /i"w, St., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng.with a m irket on Monday ; seated on the river Ouse, C m. S. E. of Huntingdon, and 59 N. by \V. of London. /( -'c«, an island of the Jlcditcrrancan, 5C m. S. VV. of Majorca. It is about GO m. in circumfer- ence, and mountainous ; but fertile in corn and fruits. A great quantity of salt is made here, liiijhiy esteemed for its v.'Iiileness. The capital, ot'the same name, which stands on the S. side of the island, is well ibrtifiod, and has a convenient harbour. Long. 1. 2-5. E., lat. 38. 52. N. Icinglioe, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng- with manufactures of bonelace. It is 6 m. S. W. of Dunstable, and 33 N. W. of London. Irera, an ancient town of Piedmont, with a fort, citadel, and castle. It is a bishop's see, and con- tains a cathedral, four other churches, and several religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, be- tween tivo hills, 20 m. N. of Turin. Long. 7. 48. E., lat. 45.22. N. Iftij, a town of France, in the department of Eure, with a late Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Eure, 12 m. S. E. of Evreux, and 50 N. W. of Paris. Irry, a town of France, in the department of Cote 'd Or, 9 m. S. E. of Arnay le Due. Jxwortk, a town in Suffolk, En^. with a market on Fridav, 7 m. N. E. of Bury Si. Edmund, and 77 N. E.'of London. Izerij, St., a town of France, department of Aveiron, G m. N. \V. of V'abres. IzcTon, a town of France, department of Rhone, 10 m. S. W. of Lyons. Izijtinsk, a town of Sibera, in the province of Okhotsk, defended by lofty palisades, and wooden bastions, provided with cannon and n)ilitary stores. The commerce consists of furs, and the skins of reindeer. It is seated on the Izengen, 15 m. from its mouth, and b'20 N. E. ofOkhotsk. Izquintrnanno, a town of Mexico, in the prov- ince of Chiapa. The country about it produces cotton and a great number of pine-apples. It is 100 m. S. E. of Chiapa. JAALONO, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Marne, 9 nj. W. of Chalons. Jabiiz, d. town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 20 m. N. W. of Angora. Jabhinkau, a town of Silesia, in the principali- ty of Tcschcn, on the river Elsa, with a fort near it, called Jablunkau Schanz, which defends a defile toward Hungary. It is seated between higli mountains, II ui. S. S. E.of Teschen. Jacca, a town of Spain, formerly the capital of Arragon, seated on a river of the same name, among the Pyrenees. It is a bishop's see, and i:; defended by a citadel. 45 m. N. by E. of Saragossa. Jitcl d' .Imiila, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dem- ona, 10 m. N. N. E. of Catania. Jiich$on, a county of Georgia. Pop. 0.000. Jeffer- son is the capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,974, th" chief town has the same name ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 4,.S1)4. Brownstown is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. J,.'^27. Brownsville is the capital ; a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 9.902. Gainesborongh is the capital, a county of Alabama. Pop. 12,17'.2 ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 1,789. Also the nimeof24 towns and vil- l^o-es, namely in AVashini/. J:.- "^'jaUhidar, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict of the same name, in the country of Lahore. 80 m. E. by S. of Lahore. Long. /4. 10. E., lat. ^^jlloffs', or Oualoffs, a people of Africa who oc- cupy great part of the country between the lo»er pan of the Gambia and that of the Senegal. Their territory is estimated at 4,800 square miles. They are celebrated as hunters and warriors ; and the cotton cloth which they manufacture is superior, both in quality and colour, to that o! the Mandingos. . ,„ Jalonilza, a town of European Turkey, in VVa- lachia, on a river of the same name, 9o m. b. W. "^^JS'^a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Ao-imerc, situate on a mounUm difEcult of acxess, 85°m. W. N. \V. of Cheitore. Jamagorod, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Petersburg, with a strong fort, seated on '^^S:ib:m"ost^colia.e and valuable of the British West India islands, discovered by Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 eagues \V_ of fel. Dominecic8 of benediction in Ute church of the sepulchre ; and they are boujrht even by those who are most sensible of their in- significance, a. au. E., lat. 31. 47. N. Jt'ru5rt7«m, p. V. Ontario Co. N. Y. Also a vil- lage in Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Also a village of Southampton Co. \'a. Jcsi, a town of Italy, in the states of the church, seated on the river Esino, 10 m. W. S. W. of An- conn. .hssaminc^ a county of Kentucky, on Kentucky river. Pop. 0,001. Nicholasville is the capital. Jessehnere, a town of Hindoostan, in a district of the same name, in the province of Agimere, governed by an independent chief. 70 m. W. by N. of Bickaneer. JeA\»ro, a large island, lying between those ofNi- phon and Saghalien. It is liiO m. in length, and from 80 to 220 in breadth : the narrow part is in the S., towards Niphon. It is full of woods ; and the natives, who live by fishing and huntings, are strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when com- pared to the Japanese. Here are some Japanese colonies, and the island is generally deemed sub- ject to Japan ; bnt it may be rather considered as a foreign conquest than as a part of the civilized empire. Matsmai is the capital. The S. point is in long. 142. 30. W., lat. 40. 50. N. Jessore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, capi- tal of a district of the same name. It is seated on the river Boirub, and on the high road from Calcutta to Dacca. It was at this spot that the pestilential cholera broke out in 1817, which from that time till 1332 ravaged a great part of Europe and nearly the whole of Asia. Jever, a small district of Germany, situated between East Friesland and the duchy of Olden- burg. Though surrounded by Westphalia, it was never included in any circle of the empire. It was ceded to Oldenburg in 1314. Jrrrr, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Oldenburg, 34 m. N. by W. of Oldenburg. Jidda, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, on the Red Sea, in a barren, sandy district, destitute of fresh water. A very considerable trade is carried on here, this city being a mart between Egypt and India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed further than this port, and those, from India are not suffered to advance to Suez. The English are permitted to trade here ; but, in consequence of the numerous e.xactions to which they are sub- jected, the trade has greatly declined. By the treaty with the Porte the duty is 5 per cent., but under various pretences it is raised to 12. 34 m. W. S. W. of Mecca, of which it is the port. Long 39. 15. E., lat. 21. 20. N. Jinbala, a town of Negroland, capital of an is- land so called, which is formed by two branches of tlia Niger that separate at leaving the lake Dib- ble, and unite again about \'> m. from Tombuctoo The town is a resting place for traders between Tombuctoo and the western parts of ihe country II stands on the W. branch of the Niger, 80 m. S. W. of Tombuctoo. Long. 0. If.. E., lat. lU. 4, N. Jionpour,^ town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir- car of the same name, in Allahabad. It is seateil on ihe Goomty ; and not far from the cnnflii.>: of that river with the Ganges is the fort of Jionftour, on a high bank commanding the bridge over tin; Goomty. This place was at one time the seat of an empire ; and sultan Shirki built the great mns- jud, or mausoleum, which is still remainmg. Tin- stone bridge over the Goomty consists of si.xtfcn pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many lit- tle shops on both sides. It was built in l.')G7, and has hitherto withstood the force of the stream, which, in the time of the rains, frequc-ntly Hows over the bridge ; and in 1774 a brigade of the British army passed over it in boats. Jionpour is 48 m. N. W. of Benares. Long. 82. 55. E., lat 25. 4.5. N. Jvachim, a village in Jefferson Co. Missouri. Joachintstlial, n Uiwn of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, noted for its mines and a manufacture of lace. 15 m. N. by E. of EInbogen. JoachimslluU, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, 36 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Joanna. See Hinzua-n. Joannina, or JaniTut, or Janitia, a city of Euro- pean Turkey, and the capital of Albania, standy upon the banks of a lake, the ancient Acherusia, the waters of which are discharged into a subter- ranean abyss. The town is 2 m. in length and half a m. in breadth and contains a pop. of 40,1)00 engaged in the exportation of oil, wool, corn, tobacco, and the importation of manufactured goods. This place was the capital of the celebrati-d Ali Pacha, and was visited by Lord Byron in his early travels in the East. Jobstown, p v. Burlington Co. N. Y. JiKkirrim, a town of Bavaria, province of tlie Rhine, situate on an eminence, near the Rhine, 9 m. S. E. of Landau. Joluin-georgf.n-stadf, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Erzgebirge, celebrated for its mines, and for a considerable manufacture of Uce. 18 m. S. S. E. of Zwickau. Johannesburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, celebrated for the vineyards in its environs, which were bestowed by the emperor on prince Metternich in 181G. It has a citadel, and is seated on the river Pych, near the lake Spirding, 95 miles S. E. of Konigsberg, and 18 W. of Mentz. Long. 22. 30. E., lat. 53. lU. N. ■ John, a township of Franklin Co. Missouri. Jiihnsburg, \<\. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 085. John, St., one of the Philipoine islands, E. of Mindanao. Long. 12fi. 32. E.,'lat. 0. 30. N. John, i'(.,a small island in the W. Indies, N. of St. Croix, belonging to the Danes. It has a town and spacious harbour. John, St., or Prince Editard, an island in tlu 5. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having New Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on tlie S. and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the English. The capital is Charlotte Town. John, St., a river which rises in the N. W. pari of the district of Maine, flows N. E. into New Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. course, and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of St. JON 411 JUA Juhn. It 13 navigable fiO m. for sloops of 50 tons, and about 2C)(J for boats ; and affords a com- mon and near route from the province of New Brunswick to Quebec. Jiikn, at., a city of New Brunswick, situate at the mouth of the river St John, in the bay of l'"undy. It stands in a high situation and is regu- larly built. The harbour is open thToughout the year and the city carries on an extensive com- merce. Long. 65. 15. W., Iat.45. V2. N. John, St., the chief town of Newfoundland, sit- uate on the E. side of the island. It has a good harbour, entirely land-locked, and defended by several forts, in one of which the governor of the island resides. This town suffered very severely bv repeated fires during the years 181(j, 1617, and ibid. Long. 5:i. 20. \V., lat. 47. '32. N. John, St., the capital of Antigua. It is one of the most regular towns in the \V. Indies, and has the most commodious harbour in the Leeward isl- ands. Long. G2. 4. VV., lat. 17. 4. N. John, St., a town and fort of Lower Canada, on the W. bank of Chambly or Richelieu River, at the N. end of Lake Champkin. In 179G it was made the sole port of entry and clearance for all goods imported from the V ■ States into Canada, a is 20 m. E. by S. of Montreal, and HON. by E. of Crown Point. Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 45. 25. N. Juftn ti Acre, St. See Acre. Johnshiiveii, a, village of Scotland, in Kincard- ineshire, with a harbour for small vessels, 4 m. S. S. W. of Bervie. It was formerly a great fishing town, but is now more noted for an extensive man- ufacture of canvas. Johnson, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. on Lamoil river. Pop. 1,070. Johnson, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,596. Vienna is the capital. Johnsonburg, p. v. Warren Co. N. J. 74 m. N. Trenton. Johnston, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 10,'J3.y. Smithfield is the capital. Johnston, p.t. Providence Co. R. 1. 5 m. N. Prov- idence. Pop. 2,114. Also a township of Trum- bull Co. Ohio. Pop. 400. Johnstown, p.t. Montgomery Co. N.Y. 25 m. N. W. Schenectady. Pop. 7,700. Also a p.v. Cam- bria Co. Pa. and a p.t. Licking Co. Ohio. Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, extending nearly a m. on the river St. Lawrence. It is 50 m. N. E. of Kingston, and 100 S. W. of Mon- treal. Long. 75. 10. W., lat. 44. 42. N. Johnstown, St., a borough of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Donegal, on the river Foylc, 5 m. S. S. \V. of 'Londonderry. Johor, or Jor, a town of the peninsula of Ma- laya, destroyed by the Portuguese in It)03, but subsequently rebuilt; it is seated near the S. coast, 150 m. S. E. of Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat. 1.35. N. Joignij, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, surrounded by thick walls, and seated near the Yonne, 17 ni. S. S. E. of Sens. Joinoilte, an ancient town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne, situate on the Marne, 25 m. S. W. of Bar-le-Duc, and 125 S. E. of Paris. Long. 5. 20. E., lat. 48. 20. N. Jolucar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 7 ra. N. E. ofMotril. Jonaseille, a village of Alleghany Co. Maryland. Jones, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 5,G"28. Trenton is the capital. Alsoacounty of Georgia. Pop. 13,342. Clinton is the capital. Joncsborovgh, a town of Tennessee, capital of the county of Washington, seated near the foot of the Iron mountains, SO m. E. by N. ef Knoxville. Long. »2. 40. W., lat. 3G. 8. N, Jonesborough, a village in Jefferson Co. Alab. Jonesburg, p.v. Camden Co. N. C. and Union Co. Illinois. Jtmkioping, a town of Sweden, in Smalmd, and the seat of justice for Gothland. It has a strong citadel, and a manufacture of arms. The houses are chiefly of wood ; and on the roof are spread layers of birch bark , covered with turf or moss, many of them producing herbage, and some orna- mented with flowers. It is seated near the S. end of the lake Wetter, 80 m. W. N. W. of Calmar. Joodpour, a town of Ilindoostan, capital of a district of the .same name, in the province of Agi- mere. It carries on a considerable trade by means of caravans with Guzerat and the Deccan. The rajah is now one of the British allies. It is seated near a branch ofthe Pudda, 100 m. W. S. W. of Agimere. Long. 73. 18. E., lat. 20. 8. N. y^n/^a, a village of Hartford Co. Maryland, 16 m. N. E. Baltimore. Jordnn, a river of Syria, which rises in Mount Libanus, and flows S. through the lake of Tiberias, to the Dead Sea. Jordan, a village of Onondaga Co. N. Y on the Erie Canal, 10 m. N. Skenealeles. Jorjan, or Korgan, a town of Persia, in Astera- bad, bordering on the Caspian Sea. It is 00 m. E. by N. of Asterabad, and 320 W. of Meschcd. Long. 56. 5. E,, lat. 15. 56. N. Jorkuu, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saalz, celebrated for its breweries. On a moun- tain by the town is the magnificent castle of Rothenhaus. G m. N. of Commotua. Josselin, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, 25 m. N. N. E. of Vannes. Jotiarre, a town of France in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 in. S. E. of Meaux, and 35 E. of Paris. Joud. See Jchvt. Joue, a town of France, department of Indre-et- Loire, 3 m. S. of Tours. Jouc du Plaid, a town in the department of Orne, 5 m. S. W. of ."Vrgentan. Jougue, a town in the department of Doubs, 8 m. S. of Montarlier, and 22 E. S. E. of Salins. Jougues, a town in the department of Mouths ofthe Rhone, 12 m. N. E. of Aix. Joura, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, 10 m. in circuit, and 2 S. W. of Andros. Jouij, a town of France, in the department of Seinc-i't-IJise, 3 m. S. of Versailles. Jouy le Chalrl, a town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 m. N. W. of Provins. Jouy sur Morin, a town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 15 m. S. E. of Meaux. Jouz Mount. See Jvra Mount. Jotjeuse, a town of France, department o( Ar- deche, seated on the Beaune, 27 m. S. W. of Privas. Juan, St., or Dcsanuadcro, a river of Mexico, which is the outlet of the lake Nicaragua. Il flows, from the S. E. corner of the lake, in an easterly direction, between the province of Nica- ragua and Costa Rica, into the Carribean Sea. Juan, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, situate at the head of the river St. Juan, 110 m. E. of Nicaragua. Long. 84. 45 W. lat. 11. 1.5. N. Juan de Fuea, Strait of, a large bay or gulf of the Pacific Ocean, on the W. coast of N. AincricJ. The entrance is in long. 124. 55. W.,lat. 48. 25. N. JU(J 412 jol Juan de la Frontera, St., a town of Chile. Its territory contains mines of gold, and a kind of almonds thut are very delicate. It is seatid near the lake Guanacho, on the E. side of the Andes, 150 ra. N.of Mendoza. Long. 68. 40. W.,lat. 31. 20. S. Juan de Porto Rico, St., the capital of the isl- and of Porto Rico, with a good harbour, defended by several forts. It is a bishop'.s see ; and is well built, and better inhabited than most of the Spauisli towns. It was taken by sir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumber- land ; but, losing most of his men by sickness, he was oblii;ed to abandon it. In 1G15 the Dutch took and plundered this city, but could not retain it. It stands on a peninsula, on the N. coast of the island. Long. CG. 45. VV., lat. 18. 29. N. Juan dc Uluu, St., a small island in the gulf of Mexico. See Vera Cruz. Juan Fernandez, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 36 leagues eastward of the island of Masafuero, and 'S.tO VV. of the continent. It is supposed to have been inhabited by a Spaniard, whose name it retains ; but it is more remarkable for having been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch- man, whose lite and adventures furnished De Foe with the ground-work of that admirable no- vel, Robinson Crusoe. The island is about 40 m. in circumference, and at a distance appears like a naked rock ; but there are intersecting val- leys covered with wood, and a great number of goats on the side of every hill. In 17G6 a set- tlement was made by the Spaniards on the N. and highest part of this island, at Cumberland Bay, which is defended by batteries. The town is mtuate in a fine valley, between two high hills, and every house has a garden, with arbors shaded with vines. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 3a. 40. S. Juho, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, with a capital of the same name, subject to the Portuguese. Long. 43. 20. E., lat. 0. 50. N. Jucatan. See Yuc(Uan. Judenbunr, a town of Upper Styria, capital of a circle of the s.ime name, with a handsome cas- tle. The public buildings, with the square, are magnificent. This town was taken by the French in 1797. It suffered dreadfully from fire in 1807 and 1818. It is seated on the Muer, 40 m. W. of Gratz. Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 47. 10. N. Judith, Point, the Cape at the entrance of Nar- raganset Bay on the West. Here is a light house. Judoinne, a. town of the Netherlands, rn S. Brabant, near which are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on the Geele, 13 m. S. S. E. of Louvain. Jundii^pore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of liahar, 20 m. from Patna. Juggcritaut, a place of Hindoo worship, on the coast of Orissa, district of Cuttack^ with a pop. es- timated at 30,11011. It is one of the most celebrated places in India. All the land within 20 m.is consid- ered holy ; but the most sacred spot is enclosed with a stone wall 21 feet high, and forma nearly a square, being C5G feet long and G2G wide. Within this area are about 50 temples, dedicated to various idols ; but the most conspicuous buildings consist of one lofty stone tower, 184 feet high and 26 1-2 feet square inside, and two adjoining stone build- ings with pyramidal roofs. The tower is oc- cupied by the idol Juggernaut, his brother Bul- budra, and his sister Subudra, and the other bnildingf are used for purposes connected with tlie worship. Adjoining is also a low building on pillars (with a fibulons animal in the centre; which is inteiidfd as au awning to shelter the entrance from the rays of the sun ; and after thid is another, where the food prepared by the pilgrims is daily brought previous to distribution. The temple of Juggernaut was erected by rajah .\nung lilieem, in A. D. 1108; it was taken by the British, together with the town, in ]tf03. The roofs are ornamented in a singular style, with representations of monsters : the walls of the temples, which are not visible beyond the enclo- sure, are covered with statues of stone. Each side of the boundary wall has a large gateway in the centre; but the grand entrance is in "tli ■ eastern face. The id m. in cir- cumference, and defended by a castle. The in- habitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on an exten- sive trade, and it is the resort of merchants from all parts of Asia Minor and Syria. It is sit- uate at the foot of a mountain, always capped with snow, 130 m. E. N. E. of Cugni. Kaketf a town of the country of Georgia, in a province of its name, which compreliends a part of the ancient Iberia. It is situate near Mount Caucasus, 45 m. N. N. E. of Teflis, and 1^0 iN. VV. of Derbend. Ktilfiu, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with a great trade in wool. 11 m. S. E. of Luckau. Knihat, a town of Arabia, on a river of the same name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ornrus, 60 ra. S. E. of Mascat. Kalisrh, one of the eight palatinates of Rus- sian Poland, bounded on the VV. by Prussian Po- land, and on the three other sides by the palati- nates of Sendomir, Cracow, and Masovia. Kalisch, a city of Poland, capital of the above palatinate, with manufactures of cloth, linen, and leather. It is surrounded by morasses and walls, lias a collegiate and ten other churches, four re- ligious houses, and a Catholic high scliool. GO m. N. W. of Breslau. Kalka Pira, a river of Chinese Tartary, which gives name to a tribe of Monguls, inhabiting the country N. of the Mongul Tartars, properly so called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of the Eluths, and is nearly 300 leagues in extent from E. to VV. Kallin^burif, a sea-port of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, seated on an inlet of the Great Belt, with the best harbour, next to Copenhagen, on the island. 55 m. VV. by N. Copenhagen. Long. 11. 11. E., lat. 55. 47. N. KalmiLcs, a nation of Tartars, inhabiting that part of the Russian government of Caucasia which lies between the Volga and the Ural, to- ward the Caspian Sea. They all live in tents, and remove from place to jilace in quest of pastur- age for tiieir numerous cattle, consisting of hor- ses, camels, cows, and sheep. They neither sow nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that they live witliout bread, or any sort of vegetable; and, in winter, their cattle fare like the wild beasts. Their food is flesh (especially that of horses), fish, wild fowls, and venison ; and they have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ; but mare's milk is the most esteemed, and from it they make a strong spirit, to which they are par- tial. They are divided into a number of hordes or clans, each under its own particular khan, and all acknowledge the authority of one principal khan, who is called Orchicurlikhan, or the king of kinff.^, and derives his pt>digree from the great Tamerlane. All of them, however, have submit- ted to the government of Rnssia, or hve und'-r its protection. They are pagans, and believe in transmigration of souls. In person, manners, and customs, they resemble the ancient Sycthians, from whom they are descended. See Tarlanj. Kftlmunz, a town of Bavaria, sealed at the conflux of the Nab with the Vilz, 13 m. N. N. VV of Ratisbon. Kaluaa, a government of the Russian empire, formerlv a province in the government of Mos- cow. Its principal town, of^the same name, io seated on the Occa, 107 m. S. S. VV. of Mos- cow. KamaUura, an island of Japan, 3 m. in circum ferencc, lying on the S. coast of Niphon. It is surrounded with very high and steep rocks, and is used as a place of exile for state prisoners. Kamnlia, a town of Negroland, in the country of Mandingo. The inhabitants are partly pagans and partly Mahoinedans, and have manufactures of cotton, leather, and iron. Kambida, a ridge of mountains in Thibet, be- tween the lake Palte, and the river Burrampoo- ter. Kammilz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, 27 m. E. by N. of Becliin. /vrf/nm/>rA-,a8trongtownofHus»ian Poland, cap- ital of Podolia, and a bishop's see, with a castle. When the Russians seized part of the Polish ter- ritories, in 17'.)3, this fortress held out a long time but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle is seated on a craggy rock. 85 m. VV. of Bra- claw. Kamnitz, a town of Bohemia, with manufac- tures of stockings, glass, and linen ; also several bleachfields. 21 m. N. N. E. ofLeitmeriz. Kamtschalka, a peninsula on the eastern coast of Asia, extending from 52. to 63. of N. lat. long, of its extremity to the S. being 156. 45. E. The isthmus joining it to the continent on tlie N. lies between the gulf of Olutorsh and Penshink ; and its extremity to the S. is Cape Lopatka. Its greatest breadth is 236 computed m., being from the mouth of the river Tigril to that of tlie river Kamtschatka ; and towards each extremity it gradually becomes narrower. It is bounded by the N. Pacific Ocean to the S. and E. ; and by the sea of Okhotsk to the W. A chain of high mountains from N. to S. extends the whole lenjjln of tlie peninsula, and almost equally divides it; whence several rivers rise, and take their course into the Pacific Ocean, and the sea of Okhotsk. Stunted trees are thinly scattered over the whole face of the country, whose bottoms are mossy, with a mixture of low heath ; the whole resem- bling Newfoundland in a most striking degree. The severity of the climate is in proportion to the sterility of the soil. Four months, commenc- ing at midsummer, may be considered as forming their spring, summer, and autumn : the rest of the year is all dreary winter. They have great quantities of wholesome vegetables in a wild state such as chervil, garlic, onions, angelica, and wild celery, with some excellent turnips, and turnip radishes, upon a few spots of ground in the val- leys ; and this is the utmost extent of their gar- den cultivation. A variety of wild berries, which are gathered at proper seasons and preserved by mashing them into a thick jam, constitute a con siderable part of the winter provisions, serving as a general sauce to their dried fish, the main arti- cle of food. The forests abound in wild animals. KAN 41jS KAS particularly the bear; and wild fowl are also plentiful. The people of Karatschatlia may be said to consist of three sorts, the Kamtschadales the Russians, and Cossacks, and a mixture produc- ed by their intermarriages. The habitations of the natives consist of three different kinds, which they call jourts, balagans, and log-houses. They inhabit tlie tirst in the winter, and tlie second in the summer ; in the third, introduced by the Rus- sians.only the wealthy people reside. The exter- nal appearance of ajourt resembles a round, squat hillock ; a hole serving for a chimney, window, and door, is left in the centre, and the inhabitants go in and out by tlie assistance of a long pole, liaving notches deep enough to afford a little se- curity" fur the toe. The upper garment of the Kamtschadales resemble a wagoner's frock ; if fur siiiiinier wear it is made of nankeen; if intended for winter it is made of skin, having one side tanned, and the hair preserved on the otlier, whicli is worn innermost ; a close jacket of nan- keen, or other cotton stuff', is the next under this ; and, beneath that, a shirt made of tliin Persian silk, of any colour. They wear long breeches, and boots, made of skins, with the hair innermost. They have also a fur cap, with two flaps, that are usually tied up close to the head, but allow- ed to fall round the shoulders in rough weather. A species of dog, resembling the mountain or shepherd dog of Europe, is used for the purposes of labor and draught. None of the inhabitants keep fewer than five of these dogs, which in winter are fed upon offals or decayed fish : in summer, when their services are not required, they are left to range over the country and provide for them- selves ; but on the approach of winter they re- turn home in the most punctual manner. They are harnessed to a sledge, two abreast, with one well trained in front as a leader, and are used both for travelling and for conveying all sorts of com- modities from place to place. The Russians made themselves masters of the whole of this peninsula in 1706 ; but the government they have establish- ed is exceedingly mild, the inhabitants being per- mitted to choose their own magistrates. Skins and furs form the only articles ot trade, in return for which they import brandy (the introduction of which has been attended with tha most de- structive effects), nankeens, and other Chinese stuffs, together with various commodities of Rus- sian and European manufacture. Kamtschatkoi, Kiznei, a town of Siberia, capital of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, arsenal, and bar- racks. It is seated on the N. side of the river Kamtschatka, 20 m. from its mouth. Long. IGl. 50. E., lat. 5C. 30. N. KamtscJiatkoif Verchni, a town of Siberia, in Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 m. S. W. of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. Kanahwa, or Kenhawa,Great,3. river of Virginia. It rises in North Carolina and flows North and Northwesterly to the Ohio at Point Pleasant. It is 400 m long. The Little Kuruihica flows into the Ohio at Parkersburg 12 m. below Marietta. Kandahar. See Candahar. Kenein, a town of the empire of Bornou, in a province of the same name, where are bred mul- titudes of cattle and horses. It is sealed on the Gazel, 150 m. N. N. W. of Bornou. Kangaroo Island, an island on the S. coast of New Holland, discovered by captain Flinders, and so named from the number of kangaroos found on it, which were extremely tame. Kangaroo Head is in long. 137. 58. E., lat. 35. 43. S. Kaiilsra, a strong town of Lower Hungary, capital of the county of Salawar ; seated on the Urave, lUO in. S. by E. of Vienna. Long. 17. 40. E., lat. 40. 55. N. Kansas, r. a branch of the Missouri from the south west between the Platte and the Arkansas. It is formed of several branches, which intL-rlock with the head streams of the above rivers, and flowing easterly 400 m. unite into a single strtam half am. in width. This flows 100 in. further and joins the Missouri at a point which constitutes the western limit of the State of Missouri. Kan-lcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. Its district contains I'J cities of the third diss; and the soil produces a great number of trees, whence distils a fine var- nish, reckoned the best in China. It is sealed on the Kan-kiang, 840 m. S. of Peking. Long. 115. 2. E., lat. 25. 52. N. Kao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quangtong. In its vicinity is found a kind of marble, that represents naturally, rivers, mountains, landscapes, and trees : it is cut into leaves, and made into tables, &,c. Kao-tcheou stands on a navigable river, 3G m. from tlie sea, and 1,130 S. S. VV. of Peking. Kaposmar, a fort of Lower Hungary, on the river Kapos, which washes its walls, It is 55 in. W. of Tolna. Long. ]«. 13. E., lat. 40. 31. N. Karahissar. See Jiphiom. Karsubanur, a town of the Crimea, noted for its noble antique bath, and an ancient manufac- ture of leather from the skins of Tauric goats. It is situate on the Karasu, in a delightful valley, 34 m. W.of Caffa. Karck, or Garak, an island in the N. E. part of the gulf of Persia, 5 m. long and 2 broad ; where ships bound for Bassora generally call for pilots. Long. 50. 26. E., lat. 20. 15. N. Karlebij, GaTnla, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship- building ; seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karleby, 90 m, N. by E, of Christinesladt, Long. 22. 20. E., lat. 63. 56. N. Karleby, JVy, a town of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, on the river Lappojock, 6 m. from the sea, and 20 S. of Gamla Karleby. Kasan, the ancient Bulgaria, a government of European Ruusia, lying on both sides the Volga, between 4G. 20. and 4'J. 40. of E. long., and 54. and 57. of N. lat., and bounded by the govern- ments of Vialka, Orenburg, Niznei-Novgorod, and Simbirsk. Its extent is 22,000 square m.; its pop. about 850,000, partly Russians and partly Tartars, though of very mixed origin. It is water- ed by the Volga, the Kama, the Sura, the Vialka, and the Kasanka, besides smaller streams and a great number of lakes. It was formerly an inde- pendent kingdom, belonging to the Kalmucs, to whom the dukes of Moscow, with other petty principalities of Russia, were tributary. But, in 1552, it was conquered by Ivan Bassilowitz II., and annexed to Russia. Kasan, a city of Russia, capital of the forego- ing government, and an archbishop's see. It has an antique Tartar fortress, built of stone, several churches, and 11 convents; and there are several suburbs, one of them inhabited by Tartars. At one end of the city is a manufacture of cloth for the army. It has also manufactures of woolen, cotton, lace and earthenware, with large soap- works tnd tanneries ; and carries on an extensive trade. At a short distance from Kasan is a new admiralty establishment , with a navigation KEU 41C KEN Eolioul, magazines, and a dock-yard, where galliots arc constructed, and sent down llicVol;.'a to the Caspian Sea. It is seated on the rivulet Kasanka, where it enters the Volga, 420. ra. K. of Moscow. Long. 49. -M. E., lat. 55. 46. N. Kntaba, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a citiulel ; situate in a fertile country, near a river, which runs into the sea at Aden. 75 m. N. ol Aden. Long. 44. 'i'J. E., lat. 13. 54. N. I\iiiij', a town of Arabia^ in the province of Bahrein. It is built of rock salt, and stands on the gulf of Persia, 95 m. N. of Lachsa. Long. iS. 38. ¥.., lat. 27. 40. N. h'uiijhcvrni, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, witli manufactures of cotton, linen, fustian, and leatlur. It is seated on the VVerlach,3S m. S. by \V. of Augsburg. Kauga, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the empire of Bornou. It is seated on a large lake, 2i'0 m. S. by E. of Cornou. Long. 23. 30. E., lat. 15. 20. N. Kaukehan, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, situate on an almost inaccessible mountain. 20 m. \V. Sana. Kiiunilz, a town and castle of Moraria on tlic river Igla6 m. S. S. W. of Brinn. Kaurzim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of tho same name, which produces much timber. It stands on a river which runs into the Elbe, 26 m. E. S. E. of Prague. Kuye Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the W. coast of N. America, 30 m. long and 4 broad, discovered by Cook in 1778. Its N. E. point is a naked rock, considerably elevated : the other parts abound in small valleys, filled with pine-trees, but of no extraordinary growth. Long. 144. 48. W., lat. 59. 56. N. Kayscrslautem, a town of Germany, in the pal- atinate of the Rhine. In 1793 it was taken by the French, who the year following were sur- prised in their entrenchments near it, by the Aus- trians, and defeated. It is seated on the Lauter, 28 m. S. W. of Worms. Long. 7. 50. E., lat. 49. 27. N. Kaijserstuhl, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, with a castle, seated on tlie Rhine, 8 ra. S. E. of Zurzack. Kaysericcrt, a town of Germany, in the territo- ry of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. W. of Dusseldorf hazimiers, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Aublin, with a castle, situate on a hill, on the Vistula, 25 m. W. S. W. of Lubhn. Kazroon, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, of con- siderable extent, but many parts of it are in ruins. 70 m. W. S. W. ofShiras. Kcsho. See Cashac. Kallcston, a village in Derbyshire, Eng with a medicinal spring, much resorted to in summer, and the elegant seat of the earl of Scarsdale 5 m. N N. W. of Derby. Ktff, or Keffls, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, with a citadel ; situate on the side of a hill, with a plentiful source of water, 70 ra. W. S.W. of Tunis. Kifil, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi, 14 m. b. of Hillah ; celebrated for the tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, which is annually visited by a number of Jews. Kehl, a strong fortress of Germany, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge to Strasburg ; it is an important pass between France and Ger- many. It was ceded by France at the peace of Reswick, 1697, and conferred on the margrave of Baden. During the war with Germany the French repeatedly besieged and took it : in 17'J6 it fell into their hands, and they retained posses- sion till 1804, when it was restored to the grand duke of Baden. Keighley, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with a market on Wednesday, and manufactures t»f woolen cloths, cotton3,and lindseys. The town is nearly all built of stone ; and the church, which was rebuilt in 1B05, is a spacious and hundsome structure. Here is a free grammar school, found- ed in 1716; also a mechanics' institute, wilh a good library, established in 1826. The towu is wi-ll supplied with water from two fine springs to the E. and W., under an act obtained in Lslo. It is seated in a deep valley, at the junction of two small rivulets, which discharge themselves about a mile below into the river Aire. 12 m. N. of Halifax, and 202 N. by W. of London. Keith, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, wilh manufactures of flax. 12 m. S. S. W. of Cullcn, and 46 N. W. of Aberdeen. Kelira, a town of Prussian Saxony, near the river Helm, 10 in. S. of Stolburg. Kelhcim, a town and castle ol Bavaria, with a Franciscan convent, a considerable brewery, and extensive magazines of salt. It is situate at the conflux of the .A.ltinuhl and Danube, 10 m. S. S. W. of Ratisbon. Kells, a borough of Ireland in E. Meath, on the river Blackwater, 12 m. N. by W. of Trim. Kcllyvale, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 314. Kelso, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, with a bridge over the Tweed, below tlie influx of the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruins of which still remain, was founded by David I. Here are manufactures of carpeting, flannels, leather, linen, and shoes. It is 10 m. N. N. E. of Jedburg, and 20 S. W. of Berwick. Kemi, or Kiemi. See Kimi. Kemmoo, a town of Negroland, capital of a country lying to the W. of Bambarra. It is 340 m. W. of Sego. Long. 7. 46. W., lat. 14. 1.5. A'emnsriUc, p. v. Princeton Co. Va. 16 ra. S. E. Norfolk. Kempten, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, with a late princely abbey of the Benedictine order. It has a great trade in linen, and is seat- ed on the Iller, 45 ra. S. by W. of Augsburg, and 50 S. by E. ofUlm. KemfrvUle, p. v. Niagara Co. N. Y. Ken, a river in Westmoreland, Eng. which flows by Kendal, and enters the sandy wash of Lancashire, called Morecambe Bay. It has a cataract near its mouth, which obstructs the nav- igation. Ken, a river of Scotland, which rises in the N. W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, flows to New Galloway, thence expands into a lake, 4 m. long and one broad, and then joins the river Dee. Kendal, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. It is seated on the Ken, over which are two stone bridges, and one of wood leading to the castle, which is now in ruins. It has a spacious church and two chapels belonging to the establishment, and no fewer than 10 meeting-houses for dissen- ters. Besides the free school, which is well en- dowed and has some exhibitions to Queen's Col- lege in Oxford, there is a large national school, and also a school of industry, &«. Here are manufactures of kerseymeres, linsey woolsey, ser- ges, baizes, knit woolen caps and jackets, carpet- ings of various textures, waistcoatings, &c. ; and KEiN 417 KEN ill the neiglibourliood are gunpowder works, corn and piper mills, dye works, &c. It has seven trading companies, who have each a hall : and the trade, notwithstanding the disadvantaire of its river for water carriage, is very consid- erable. It is 4-4 m. S. of Carlisle, and 201 N. of London. Long. 2. 52. W ., lat. 54. 15. N. Kenilworth, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. Its church is an ancient edifice ; and there are two dissenting meeting-houses, a free school, and a school of industry. Here was a famous castle, the remains of which form one of the most pic- turesque objects in the kingdom. It is 5 m. N. of Warwick, and 9G N. W. of London. Keniiitire, a town of Ireland, in the coiinty of Kerry, at the head of a river or bay of the sunie name, 20 m. S. S. E. ofTralce. Kemutj a river of England, which rises among the chalky hills in Wiltshire, becomes navigable at Newbury in Berkshire, and joins the Thames at Sunning. Kensiniiton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m. W. of London. Here is a royal palace, whicli until the reign of George III., was a favo\irite residence of the kmg of England. King William, Queen Mary, Queen Anne, and George II. died here. The gardens now form a fashionable and extensive promenade having been gradually aug- mented to 3 1-2 m. in circumference. Knshi^tnn,t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 45 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 717. Kent, a county of England, 55 m. long and 2.3 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Thames and the German Ocean, E. by the same Ocean, S. E. and S. by the English Channel and Susse.\, and W. by Surrey. It con Ains 935,000 acres ; is di- vided into 03 hundreds, and 414 parishes ; has two cities, Canterbury and Rochester, and 24 market towns; and sends IS members to parlia- ment. In the soil and face of the country there is a great diversity. The banks of the Thames are low and marshy, but backed by a range of chalky em- inences, sometimes rising to a moderate height. This kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barren- ness, extends to the N. K. e.\tremity of the coun- ty, and thence round to Dover,e.xhibiting its nature in the lofty white cliffs wliich here bound the is- land, and produce that striking appearance at sea which gave it the name of Albion. The S. part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat and woody tract of a clayey soil, and fertile. The midland and western districts are a mi.xture of hill and vale, arable and pasture, equal in pleasantness to any part of England. The minerals of this coun- ty, consists chiefly of chalk, flint, ragstone, and pvrites ; and the only mineral water of any note is tliat of Tunbridge WulN. The manufactures are few, and mostly of the coarser kinds, but every branch of agriculture is e.xtensively pros- ecuted with ability and success. Besides the usual objects of agriculture, the county produces large quantities of hops, fruit of various kinds (especially cherries and apples, of which there are large orchards for the London markets), and madder for dyeing. The country inland from Do- ver, consisting chiefly of open downs, is e.xcellent for the feeding of sheep; and many bullocks are fattened to an extraordinary size in Romney Marsh. The principal rivers, besides the Thames are the Medway, Darent,Stour, Cray, and Rolher. Kendall, a village in Perry townsliip. Stork Co. Ohio, with a woolen manufactory. Kennebec, a river of the State of Maine, flowing into the Atlantic, formca by two branches, one of 55 which rises in Mooeehead Lake, and the other in the highlands on the north of the State. It ia 30U m. in length and is navigable for ships 13 and for boats 60 m. Kennebec, a county of Maine on the above riv er. Pop. 52,491. Augusta is the capital. Kcnnebunk, p.t. York Co. Me., at the mouth ot a river of the same naine, 25 m. S. W. Portland. It has some trade in lumber. Pop. 2,233. Ken- nchunk I'ort has an additional pop. of 2,703. Kent, a county of Rhode Island in the centre of the State. Pop. 12,7S4. East Greenwich is the capital. Also a central county of Delaware. Pop. 19,911. Dover is the capital. Also acouii- ty in the northern part of Maryland, on the east- ern shore of the Chesapeake. Pop. 10,502. Chee- tertown is the capital. Also a county of Lower Canada lying on the St. Lawrence, opposite Mon- treal. Also a county of Upper Canada extend- ing to the N. and W. without any defined limita. Kent, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Housa- tonic, 44 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,001. Also a p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,928. Kent Island, in the northern part of Chesa- peake Bay. It contains about 30,000 'acres and is comprised within the county of Queen Anne. Kentucky, one of the United States, bounded N. by Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; E. by Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. bv Missouri. It e.xtends from 30 30. to 39. 10. N. lit. and from 81. 50. to 89. 26. W. long. Is 300 m. in length from E. to W. and 150 in mean brcadtli, and contains 42,000 sq. m. It is washed by the Ohio ou the whole of its northern limit and traversed by the Licking, Kentucky and Green rivers. The Cumberland and Tennessee intersect the western e.xtremity. The former rises in the eastern part of the state and passes into Tennessee after which it returns, and flows through Kentucky into the Ohio. Tlie eastern boundary is formed by the Cumberland Mountains, and the eastern portion of the state is generally mountainous. The soil rests upon a bed of limestone from 3 to 10 feet below the sur- face. This substance is also mixed up in the soil and imparts to it a warm and exciting quality which witli the help of moisture gives a remarka- ble freshness and vigour to the vegetation. The centre of the state contains a tract of 150 m. in length and 50 in breadth, which for beauty of land- scape and richness of soil surjiasses any region of the same extent in the western country. Alonir the Ohio between Salt and Green rivers is a large tract called the ' barrens' on account of its defi- ciency in wood, yet here the land is generally good, and covered with grass. In many parts of the state however, there are not wanting sterile and mountainous tracts unfit for cultivation. The general appearance of the county is remarkab.ly jiicturesque, being diversified by hills and dales ill the most charming manner. The woods have a delightful appearance and resemble groves pro- miscuously arranged by art for the effect of a pleasure ground. The trees are walnut, cherrv, honey-locust, buckeye, pawpaw maple, cotton wood, mulberry, elm, ash, hawthorn, sycamore, &c. In the early part of spring the woods are covered with the purple flower of the red bud and the white blossoms of the dogwood. Grape vines of prodigious size climb the trees, and in early times the country was covered with a thick canebrake. This state does not furnish many mineral pro- ductions, yet it is said to contain much iron and some lead and coaf. Salt springs are common, but little salt is manufactured from them. There KEN 418 KEN are aovte medicinal iprings near Lexington, and Harrodsburg. The surface of the country in many parts exhibits remarkable cavities or de- pressions called sink-holes ; these are something in the shape of inverted cones, and appear to be caused by perforations in the limestone rock be- neath, which have occasioned the soil above to sink. The sound of running water has sometimes been heard at the bottom of these cones. But the most remarkable natural curiosity is the Mam- moth Care, near Green River, which has been traversed for 16 m. under the earth without reach- ing the end. The sides and roof are formed of a smooth limestone rock perfectly white. Some of its apartments are 8 acres in extent and 100 feet high. Others contain colunms of brilliant spar and st^actites 60 or 70 feet in height. The earth in the cave is strongly impregnated with saltpetre, and here was found some years since an Indian mummy in perfect preservation. The wheat raised in this state is of the finest kind. Maize is produced in great abundance. Hemp and tobacco, are, next to flour, the staple productions of the country. Some cotton is also cultivated. The manufactures are woolen and cotton cloth, cordage, bagging, maple sugar, saltpetre, paper, whiskey, leather, &c. The trade of the state is very flourishing. Agricultural and manufactured products are exported by steam- boats and other river craft to New Orleans, and herds of cattle are driven across the mountains to the Atlantic States. The legislature of Kentucky is styled the Gen- eral .Issemhly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senators are chosen for 4 years and the representatives for one. The Governor is chosen for 4 years ; one fourth of the Senators are renewed annually. Elections are popular, and sufirageis universal. Frankfort is the seat of government, and Louisville is the largest town. The other large towns are Lexing- ton and Maysville. There are coiletres at Lex- ington, Danville, Augusta, Princeton ."^ardstown and Georgetown. The Baptists are the most nu- merous religious sect: they have 2S9 ministers • the Methodists 77; the Presbyterians 70; the catholics 30 and the Episcopalians 5. The stale ia divided into 63 counties, and contains a popu- lation of(>"i8,844,of whom above 165,350 are slaves. This state was originally a part of Virginia, and was admitted into the Union as a state in 1792. The first settlement within its limits was made by tlio rpLhrated D.inie! Bvoue in 1775. He was a native of Maryland, and as early aa 1769 made a visit to this country. In 1770 he wa<» living alone in the woods, the only white man in Kentucky. The next year he with his brother explored the country as far aa Cumber- land river, end in 1773 Boone had collected a company of 45 persons who attempted to form a settlement but they were attacked by the Indi- ans and lost their cattle. In 1775 he built a fort on the spot where Boonsborough now stands, and this was the first effectual settlement in the state Boone was aflerwads taken prisoner by the sava- ges but escaped and arrived at Boonsborough after a journey of 160 m. thiough the woods which he performed in 4 davs, eating but a single meal in that time. He was after- wards actively engaged in warfare with the Indians who continually annoyed the early settlers with hostilities. Being subsequently vex- ed with law suits respecting his title to the land in his possession, he retired to tlie banks of the Missouri ; and led a solitary life among the forests. " We saw him" says Mr. Flint '• on those banks with thin grey hair, a high fore- head, a keen eye, a cheerful expression, a singu- larly bold conformation of countenance and breast, and a sharp and commanding voice, and with a creed for the future, embracing not many articles beyond his red rival hunters. He appeared to us the same Daniel Boone, if we may use the expression, jerked and dried to high preservation, that we had figured, as the wanderer in the woods, and the slayer of bears and Indians. He could no longer well descry the wild turkey on the trees, but his eye still kindled at the hunter's tale, and he remarked that the population on that part of the Missouri was becoming too dense, and the farms too near each other, for comfortable range, and that he never wished to reside in a Elace where he could not fell trees enough into is yard to keep up his winter fire. Dim as was his eye, with age, it would not have been diffi- cult, we apprehend, to have obtained him as a vol- unteer on a hunting expedition over the Rocky Mountains. No man ever exemplified more strongly the ruling passion strong in death." He died in iT^i aged 85. Kentucky liicer, ris es among the mountains in the eastern part of Kentucky, and flows north westerly into the Ohio. It is a very rapid stream and for a great part of its course flows between high and perpendicular cliffs of limestone. It has a navigation of 150 in. and at its mouth is 450 feet in width. Keppcl Bay, a bay on the E. coast of New Hol- land, which communicates with Port Curtis. Kercolana, an island in the Indian Ocean, about 80 miles in circumference. The face of the country is diversified with steep hills and extensive valleys, and is everj- where covered with trees and verdure. The inhabitants are Malays. Lon?. 126. 30. E.,lat. 4.28. N. Kergiielni's Ijund, an island in the Southern Ocean, which, on account of its sterility, captain Cook, who visited it in 1770, would have denomi- nated the Island of Desolation, but that he was unwilling to rob M. Kerguelen of the honour of its liearing his name. On the N. E. coast is a good and safe bay, named Christmas Harbour. Long. t;!t. 30. E., lit. 49. ao. S. Kerkuk, a town of Curdistan, the capital of a government, and residence of a pacha. It is sur- rounded by walls, and defended by a castle, 135 m. S. S. E. of Betlis. Kerman, the ancient Caramania, a province ot Persia, lying on the gulf of Persia. The northern part is barren, but towards the S. the land ia fertile. Kerman, or Sirgan, a city of Persia capital of KEX 419 KlU the foregoing province, celebrated for its beautiful pottery, carpets, and stuffs. It is 120 m. N. by W. of Gombron. Long. 55. 15. E., lat. 20. 20. N. KfrnesvUle, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. Kerpen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the duchy of Juliers. It has a collegiate church, and is seated on the Erft, 10 m. E. S. E. of Juliers. KerrsviUe^ a village in Lawrence Co. Ohio. Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, bounded on the E. by the counties of Limerick and Cork, W. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Shannon, which separates it from Thoraond, and S. by Desmond and the Ocean. Its greatest length is about 67 m. and its maximum breadth 62, comprising about 1,040,487 statute acres, or 1,639 square m. The southern part is plain, and fertile in corn ; but the greater part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for grazing. Considerable quantities of beef, butter, hides, and tallow, are exported from its excellent harbours. Tralee is the capital. Kerry, a parish of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, situate in a beautiful vale of the same name, 3 m. from Newton. Kershaw, & District of South Carolina. Pop. 13,545. Camden is the capital. .tcricA, a sea-port and fortress on the E. coast of the Crimea. The fortress is of great importance, as one of those commanding the passage which forms the communication between the Black Sea and the sea of Asoph. It is GO m N. N. E. of Caffa. Long. 36. 24. E., lat. 45. 13. N. Keschim, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, in Hadra- maut, 80 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 50. 50. E., lat. 15. 25. N. Kesh, or Sebs, a town of Usbec Tartary, in Bukharia, once the ordinary summer residence of Timur, who surrounded it with walls, and built a new palace in 1379. It is 30 ra. S. by W. of Samarcand. Kessel, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- vince of Antwerp, with a handsome castle, seated on the M.aese, 7 m. N. of Ruremonde. Kesscldorf, a village of Saxony, 7 m. W. of Dresden, celebrated for a victory gained by the king of Prussia over the Saxons, in 1745. Keswick, a town in Cumberland, Eng. ; seated in a vale of its name, near the rapid river Greta. This vale is much visited by the admirers of na- ture : here is the lake of Keswick, or Derwent- water; and to the N. of this soars the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished in England. Keswick has manufactures of cotton, linen, and coarse woolen goods, and an establishment for making some of the finer tex- tures has been recently opened. About a mile and a half to the S. of the town is a remarkable arrangement of rude granite stones, which form a circle, called the Druids' temple. It is 25 m. N. W. of Kendal, and 293 N. N. W. of London. Kettering, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with manufactures of tammies, serges, lutestrings, &c. It is 12 m. N. E. of Northampton, and 74 N. W. of London. Keuschberg, or Kiade, a town of Prussian Sax- ony, 6 m. S. E. of Mersburg. fe'cio, a village in Surrey, Eng. 6 m. W. by S. of London. The royal palace of Kew, taken down in 1828, was a favorite retreat of George III., who enlarged the gardens, and united them with those of Richmond. The botanic garden, chiefly for exotics, is one of the finest in the world. Kezholm. See Wiburg. Kexholvt, a town of Russia, in Fmland, formeily the capital of the Swedish province of Carelia and now of a Russian government. It is seated on two islands in the River Woxon, which here flows into lake Ladoga. 90 miles N. of Peters- burg. Long. 30. 25. E., lat. 61. 3. N. hrynsham, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a trade in malt : seated on the Chew, at its con- flux with the Avon, 5 m. S. E. of Bristol, and 114 W. of London. Keysville, a village of Charlotte Co. Va. 70 m. S. W. Richmond. Key-U'est,K smaW island in the Gulf of Mexico, near the southern extremity of the peninsula of East Florida. A settlement was made here by the United States government with the design of making it a naval station, but it has been abandoned, from the unliealthiness of the spot. Khar/ioff, or Charhow, a town of European Russia, capital of a government of the same name : seated on the small rivers KharkolF and Lapan, 400 m. S. by W. of Moscow. Kf'orassan, See CA. N. . Ki(lwellij,a. town of Wales, in Caerniarthenshire. It stands on a creek of the Hristol Channel, and has a canal to stime fnllierics, whence coal is brought down and exported. Here are also an iron foundery and a tin mill. On the rippt>site haTik of the creek, where the old town formerly stood, are the remains of a castle. It is H m. S. oi Caermarthen, and •^J\i W. Iiy N. of London. A'iV/, a sirong town fif Denmark, capital f)f the dnchv of Holstein. with a rastle, and a university. It stands on a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic, and has a commodious harbour ior ships of the largest size. It is one of the most commercial places in Httlstein ; and its trade is augmented hy means of the Eyder canal to Hendsburg. Kiel is :i7 m. N. \V. ol I.ubee. and 4(; N. by K. of Ham- burg Long. 10. 1<;. E., lat. 'A. 'i\. N. A'(cn-M//i^, a city of China, of tlic first rank in the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the con- quest of China by the Tartars it sustained two sieges, and wa.s at last taken, and all the inhabi- tants put to the sword. It was afterwards re-es- tablished by the Tartars, and is now a place of considerable trade. It stands on the river Min- lio, aiO ra. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 117. 2. E., lat. 27. 5. N. Kim-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, seated in a fertile country, 340 m. S. S. \\. of Nan-king. Long. lit*. 20. E., lat 27. 35. N. Kicou-hinng, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, situate on the Kian- ku, immediately above the influx of the Poyang- hou. It is the rendezvous of all the barks which jnss to and from other places in this province, and the provinces of Kiang-nan and Hou-quang. It is 250 m. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 116. 0. E., lat. 20. 54. N. Kilharchan, a village of Scotland, on the W. side of Loch Winnoch, 5 m. S. W. of Renfrew. It is inhabited chiefly by weavers, and has e.xten- cive bleaoh fields. Kilbride, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, noted for its cotton manufactures, and for being the birthplace of Dr. William Hunter and his brother John, celebrated anatomists. It is 6 m. S. hv V" r'f (ilasnrow. Kilcalmimrll , a town of Scotland,in Argyleshire. 17 m. N. of Campbelton. Kilda, St. one of the Hebrides, 28 m. to the W". of North Uist. It is 3 m. long and 2 broad, fenced about with one continued perpendicular face of rock, of prodigious height, e.xcept at the landing place on the S. E., where there is a nar- row and steep pass-age to a village on the top of a rock. The surface of the island is hilly ; but it feeds manv sheep, and produces plenty of barley and potatoes. Many of the inhabitants live chief- ly by fishing, and catching wild fowl. In the latter employment, they are incredibly adventu- rous. Being let down by a rope from the summit of the precipitous rocks, they clamber along their fronts IP search ol the eggs and nests ot varioui birds. St Kilda is the most remote of tlie Heb- rides, and is about 140 m. from the nearest point of the mainland of ScolKajid. Long. 8. 23. W., lat. .57. 43. N. Kildare, n. county of Ireland, in the province of Leinslcr, about 37 m. long, and from 12 to 20 broad ; bounded on the E. by Dublin and Wick- low, W. by King's county, and Queen's county, N. by East Meath, and S. Iiy C^arlow. The prin- cipal rivers are the Lill'ey. Barrow, and Boyne. It is a very fertile and arable country. It sends 2 meiubt>rs to the imperial parliament. h'ildiirr,-.! borough of Ireland, capital of the fore- going county, and a bishop's see. It is chiefly supported by frequont horseraces on what is call- I'd the ('urragh, a fine turfy plain, containing up- wards of .5,0(H) acres, which feeds a great nunil)er of sheep. 27 m. S. W. of Dublin. Long. G 57. W., lat. 53. !), N. Kilfnifini, a small town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Killa- loe. 12 m. N- W.of Ennis. Kilirnrrnn, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire, now Inhabited principally by fishermen- Here are the remains of an -nncient and celebrated cas- tle, on a high rock. It is seated on the Tivy, 30 m. N. of Pembroke, and 231 W. N. W. of Lon- don. Killiiini, a parish in East Yorkshire, Eng. 31 m. E. N. E. of York. Kilia, a fortified town of European Russia, in Bessarabia, with a good trade in wool, goat's hair, tallow, wine, corn, \-c. It is situated on the most northern branch of the Danube, r'G m. S. W. ol Bialogorod. KitJirnvi/, a county of Ireland, in the prov- ince of Leinster, about 40 m. long and 20 broad ; bounded on llit- E. by Carlow and Wex- ford, W. bv Tipperary, N. by Queen's county, and S. by Waterford. It sends 2 members to par- liament. The surface is in general level and the soil fertil'>. It is particularly noted for its coal which makes no smoke in burning. The princi- pal rivers are the Barrow, Suire, and Nore. Kilkrnnij. a city of Ireland, capital of the above county, situate on the river Nore, over which are two bridges. Irishtown, on the E. side of the riv- er, is joined to it, and both together form a large and pleasant place. It had formerly a bishop ; and the cathedral, which stands in Irishtown, belongs to the bishop of Ossory. The chief manufactures are coarse wftolens and fine blankets. 26 m. N. of Waterford. Long. 7 32. W. lat. 52. 3(i. N. AV/Acnny, t. Coos Co. N. H. among the White Mountains. Pop. 27. Also a village in St. Law- rence Co. N. Y. and a township in Leinster Co. Lower Canada. KillaUif a sea. port of Ireland, in the county of Mayo and a bishop's see united with Achonry. It stands on a fine bay ot* the Atlantic, to which it gives name. 24 m. N. of Castlebar. Long 9. 4. W., lat. 54. 8. N. Killidoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Kilfenora. It is seated on the Shannon, over which is a bridge of 19 arches, 10 m. N. N. E. of Limerick. Killarney, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, much frequented on account of the ad- joining lake. 14 m. S. E. of Tralee. KiUamrtj, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough Lean, from Its being surrounded by high mountains. It is divided into three parts, called the Lower, Mid- KIL die, ^na Upper Lake. The northern, or lower kke is 6 m long and 3 broad. On the side of one'of the mountains is O'Snllivan's Cascade which falls about 70 feet mto the lake with a tremendous roar ; and opposite this cascade is he island of Innisfallen. The promontory of Muc- russ divides the upper from the Lower lake, and, on passinground its extremity into tlvM.pper lake, there is a celebrated rock, called the Kajjle s Nest, which produces wonderful echoes, lie upper lake is 4 m. long and 9 broad, and from the numn- tains descend a number of beautiful cascades. 1 he islands in this lake arc numerous, anil afford an amazing variety of picturesque views. The cen- tre lake is small in comparison with the ntlier twn, and cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores are indented withb;..ys, surrounded by dark groves of trees The K. boundary is formed by the base of Manwrton, down the sleep side of which de- scends a cascade, visible for l.'SO yards: this fall of water is supplied by a circular lake near the summit of the mountain, called the Devil s Punch- bowl, which is considered one of the greatest curiosities of Killarney. , , . ,, , ^^ KillcuUen, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, on the river Liffey, over which is a bridcre. y in E S. E. of Kildare, and 2o S. W. ol Dublin. KiUin<;ly, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 3,261 . . , KUliniyton Peak. See Green Mountains. KiUhwworth, p.t. Middlese.x Co. Conn, on Long Island S'ound, 2U m. E. New Haven. Pop. 2,483. Kiamalhck. a town of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, formerly one of the best built inland towns in the kingdom, but much decayed. 16 m. S. of Limerick. Killoni/, a town of Ireland, in the county oi Sliu-o.G'm. S. of Sligo. KUlouvU, or Port St. Ann, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, to the iN. of St. John's Point, in the Irish Sea. A rock stands in the middle of the entrance of its harbour, covered at iialf flood. Here is a manufacture of salt. 6 ra. S. S. E. of Downpatrick. Long. 5. 40. \V., lat. /vt//i//jt'4«, a town of Ireland, in the county Doufffal "with a spacious harbour on the N. side of Donegal Bay. 12 m. N. W. of Ballyshannon. Killijlciiult, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, with a linen and thread manufacture. The celebrated Sir Hans Sloane was born in this town; It is seated on an arm of Strangford Lough, 33 m; N. E.ofNewry. „ , , . ^ W r /v(7m«C(/i«(ff/i,avillageofIreland,inthecounIyot TfGalway, an old episcopal see, united to Clonfert. The ruins of the cathedral, a monastery, &c., de- note its former consequence. 12 m. N. of Ennis. Kihnacthomas, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, 12 m. W. S W of Waterford Klhnainham, a town of Ireland, in a valley, abruit half a m. W. of Dublin. It has a session- house, a gaol, a foundling hospital, and an hos- pital for invalid soldiers. Here the knights for the county of Dublin are elected ; and it was the scat of government before the castle at Dublin was appropriated to that purpose. Kilmarnock, a populous and flourishing town of Scotland, in Ayrshire. It is the principal man- ufacturing town in the county, and carries on an e.ttensive trade : its chief manufactures are car- pets, serges, blankets, tartans, and other woolen goods, saddlery, leather, iVc. Near it arc the re- mains of Dean Castle, the seat of the earls of Kil- marnock, in the desolate condition to which it was 421 KIN reduced by lire in 1735. It is seated neartne Irvine, 11 m. N. N. E. of Avr, and 20 S. S. W. of Glasgow. Long. 4. 2-i. W., lat. 55. 40. N. Kilmarnock, p. v. Lancaster Co. Va. Kilmaurs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, for- merly celebrated for its cutlery. 2 m. N. W. of Kilmarnock. • Kilmore, a town of Ireland, in the county ot Cavan, and, with Armagh, a bishop's see. 3 m. S. W. of Cavan. Kilrenmj, a parish of Scotland, m Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth. . ^ . ,. ,. Kilfijlh, a village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, inhabited chiefly by weavers employed by the Olascow manufacturers. It is situate on the Great North Road from Edinburgh and Stirlin" to Glascow, I.', m. S. W. of Stirling, and 13 N. E. of Glascow. Kilwinning, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire. Here is the elegant seat of the Montgomery fanuly. Eclington Castle ; also some remains of a ma^ nificent monastery, which was erected here in 1140. The vicinity abounds in limestone and coal. It is seated on the Garnock, over which is a stone bridge, 5 m. N. N. W. of Irvine. Kimhcrton, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. Kimberworlh, a village in West Yorkshire hng. 2 m. W. of Rotherham. Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. Here is a castle, the seat of the duke of Manches- ter where queen Catherine resided for some time after her divorce from Henry VIII. 63 m. N. by W. of London. Kimi, or Kicmi, a town of Russian Lapland, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 m. E. of Tornea. Kin, Kain, a town of Persia, in the province of Seistan, situate at the foot of a mountain, 60 m S. S. W of Herat. Kinhur", a fortress of Russia, in the government of Taurida, on the S. side of the estuary of the Dnieper. It has been frequently attacked by the Turks, by land and sea, but without success. 18 m. S. S. E. of Oczakow, on the opposite side of the Dnieper. Kincardine, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a commodious harbour, and a good road in the frith of Forth. Ship-building is carried on to a great e.xtent, and the coasting and foreign trade is considerable. 5 m. S. E. of Alloa, and 22 S. by W. of Perth. ifm/.-rerrfirac, a town of Scotland, m Rossshire, with a small harbour, on the frith of Dornoch, 14 m. W. by N. of Tain. Kincardine, O'necl, a town of Scotland, in Aber deenshire, seated on the river Dee, 23 m. W. by S. of Aberdeen. Kincardineshire, or Mearns, a county of Scot- land, bounded on the N. W. and N. by Aberdeen- shire, E. by the German Ocean, and S. and W. by Ano-usshire. Its length along the coast is 30 m. an^ its greatest breadth about 24. Tlie N. W. part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for pas- lure ; but to the S. of the Grampians the surface is in general fertile. The small village of Kincar- dine O.m.S. W. of Stonehaven, was formerly the capital but Stonehaven is now the county-town. Kindcrhook, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. on the Hudson 20 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,706. Kinclon. See Kington. King and Queen, a county in the E. district ot Virginia. Pop. 11,044. Kimr George, a county in the E. district of Virginia. Pop. 3,3'JT. KIN 4a2 KIN King Creek, i village in Barnwell UinlriclS. C. KingHeld, p.t. Somerset Co. Mc. Pop. 554. King George the Third Sound, a. harbour on the S. W, coast of New Holland discovered by cap- tain Vancouver in 1791. It is safe, and easy of access any where between its outer points of en- trance, Bald-head and Mount Gardener, II ni. distant from each other. Long. US. J 7 E., lat., 3o. 5. S. King George Sound, the name (riven by captain Cook, in 1778, to the bay wjiicli he discovered on the W. coast of North America, in long. 126. 48. W., and lat. 49. 33. N. but the natives call it jVootka ; tlie name now generally adopted by th« Knglish. It is notsituate on the continent, as Cook liad reason to suppo&e, but on an island, to which captain Vancouver, in 17!hi, gave the name of Quadra and Vancouver Island. In 178Ga few British merchants in the East Indies formed a settlement in this place to supply the Chinese market with furs ; but the Spaniards in 178!), cap- tured two English vessels, and took possession of the settlement. The British ministry made their demand of reparation, and the affair was ami- cably terminated by a convention. Kin-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Klamr-si, seated on the Kan-kiang, 800 m. S.of Pekin. Long. 115. 10 E., lat. 27. 16. N. Kindhorn, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, nearly opposite Leith. It joins with Burntisland, Kirkaldy, and Dys.irt in returning two members to parliament. It lias two harbours, one below the town, and the other halfa mile W. at Pettycur, for the passage boats between this place and Leith. The manufac- ture of thread stockings, and the spinning of cotton and flax, were fonierly carried on here to some e.xteni, but owing to the depression of trade the former is given up and the latter is not prosecuted with any great activity. 9 m. N. by W. of Leith. Kivasborouah p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 50. m. N. W. Albany. Kings County, a county of New York, compris- ing the west end of Long Island. Fop. 20,537. Flatbush is the capital. Kinsburir, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. on the Hudson 90 m. E. Albany. Pop. 2,006. Kings County, a county of Ireland, in the prov- ince of Lcinster, 43 m. long and about 39 in its greatest breadth; bounded on the N. by West Sleath, E. by Kildare, S. by Queen's County and Tipperary, and W. by the Shannon, which sepa- rates it f/oni Galway and Ro.scomnion. It is di- vided into 52 parishes, contains about 130,000 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Shannon, and the Greater and Little Brosna ; and the grand canal croses the N. part of the county. It is not so well cultivated as some of the other counties, but the soil is tolerably fertile. The capital is Philips- town. King's Langley, a village in Hertfordshire, where Henry III. occasionally resided. It is seated on the river Gade, 5 m. S. W. of St. Alban's. Kingsbridgc, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat- ed on a branch of the Salconib River, over which is abridge to Dodbrook,34 m. S. by W. of Exeter, and 208 VV. S. W. of London. Kingsclcrc, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a great trade in malt. It was the residence of some of our Saxon kings. 54 m. VV. by S. of London. Kinnscliff, a parish in Northamptonshire, Eng. 12 ra. W. of Peterborough. Kingscssing, a township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. King's Mountain, a mountain in Lincoln Coun- ty in the western part of North Carolina. A battle was fought here Oct. 7. 1780 between a body of American militia and a party of British and Tories in which the latter were defeated and nearly the whole killed or taken prisoners. Kingsteig, a strong fortress of Norway. See Frtdericstndt. Kingston, a corporate town in Surrey, Eng. At a national council held here, in the year 8'.1§, king Egbert, and his son Athelwolf, were pres ent ; and several of the Saxon monarchs were crowned here. This town sent two members to parliament in the reigns of Edward U. and III. but was disfranchised by the desire of the inhab itants. Queen Elizabeth founded here a free- school ; and the spring assizes are held at this place. It is seated on the river Thames, over which it had an ancient wooden bridge, now re- placed by one of stone. 10 m. S. W. of London. Kingstona sea-port of Jamaica, in the West Indies, situate on the N. side of Port Royal Bay. It was built in 1798, after the great earthquake which destroyed the town of Port Royal, and tn 1803 was incorporated as a city. It is a place of good trade being much resorted to by ships com- ing to load and unload their cargoes ; and of late years it has been greatly enlarged by the addition of many handsome houses. Pop. including 18,000 slrves, 33,OOo. It is 10 ni. E. of Spanish Town. Long. 76. 40 W., lat. 18. 3. N. Kingston, the capital of St. Vincent, in the West Indies, situate at the head of a bay of the same on the S. W. shore of the island. Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. adjoin- ing Exeter. Pop. 999. Also a township of Ad dison Co. Vt. 25 m. S. W. Montpelier. Pop. 803. A p.t. Plymuoth Co. Mass. on Plymouth Bay. 4. m. N. W. Plymouth. Pop. 3,322. A p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. formerly Espus. It stands on the Hud- son, .55m. below Albany. Pop. 4,170. Also towns and villages in Middlesex Co. N. J. Luzerne Co .Pa. Talbut and Somerset Cos. Md. Delaware and Ross Cos. Ohio. Roane Co. Ten. and Morgan Co. Geo. Kingston, the largest and most populous town of Upper Canada, with a good harbour. Here the king's stores are kept and guarded. Vessels from Lower Canada go no further than this place ; and hence to York, Niagara, &c. Stores and meHhendise are conveyed in boats. It is seated on Lake Ontario, and its outlet into the St. Law- rence, 190 m. W. ofMontreal. Long. 75.41. W., lat. 44. 8. N. Kingston on Hull. See Hull. King-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Hou-quang. It is considered one of the keys of the empire, is well fortified, and has a large Tartar garrison. It stands on the Kian-ku, 620 m. S. S. W. ofPeking. Long. 111. 37. E., lat. 30, 26. N. King-tc-lching, a town of China, in the prov- ince o'f Kiang-si, famous for its beautiful por- celain. It is computed to contain above 1,000, 000 of inhabitants, and extends 4 m. along the banks of a river which here forms a kind of har- bour. 6.55 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 54. E. lat. 29. 25. N. Kington, or Kineton, a town of Warwickshire, Eng. King John kept his court in a castle he erected here. 65 m. N. W. of London. KIN 4-23 KIR Kington, or Ki/nelon, an ancient town in Here- fordshire, Eng. with a considerable clothinv trade. It is seated on the Arrow, under Bradnor Mountain, 19 m. S. W. of Hereford, and 150 W. by N. of London. Kintr-tree, p.v. Williamsburg Oistrict S. C. C4 m. N. Charleston. Kinscilte, p.v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio on Lake Erie. Kins IVilliam, a county of the Eastern District of Virginia. Pop. 9,812. Kingtcood, a township of Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Delaware, also a p. v. Preston Co. Va. Kin-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kiang, on the banks of a fine ri»er, into which several little streams discharge themselves. It has a great trade in dried plums and hams; and is famous for good rice-wine and very white candles ; the latter are made of a substance obtain- ed from little shrubs with a white flower, not unlike jessamine. It is 190 ra. S. by. E. of Nan- king. Long. 119. 10. E., lat. 29. 10. N. hinnnird Head, a lofly promontory on the E. coast of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, about a mile to the N. of the town of Fraserburg. Here is a castle 4 stories high, on the top of which is a lighthouse. Lon". 1. 46. W. lat. 57. 39. N. Kinnoul, a parish of Scotland, in Perthshire, on the E. bank of the Tay,with the remains of an ancient castle. It stands at the foot of a hill of Kinnoul, which is particularly famous for its fine agates, and also abounds with many rare plants. Kinross, a borough of Scotland, capital of Kin- ross-shire, seated in a plain, screened on the N. by the Ochil Hills, and on the river Leven, be- fore it enters Loch Leven. It has a manufacture of cotton and coarse linens. 23 m. N. N. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 56. 7. N. Kinross-shire, a. county of Scotland, surrounded by the shires of Perth and Fife, and almost cir- cular, about 30 m. in circumference. It is divid- ed into four parishes and contains about 7,000 in- habitants. The central part is occupied by Loch Leven, and the country around has a rich appear- ance. It sends one member to parliament alter- nately with the county of Clackmannan. Kinsalc, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is a maritime arsenal, contains 10,000 inhabitants, and has an e.xcellent harbour, defended by a strong fort. In times of war it is very much frequented by E. and W. India fleets, on which account the leases of the inhabi- tants oblige them to pay double rent during the^ seasons. It is seated at the mouth of the Bsc^^ don, 13 m. S. of Cork. Long. 8. 28. W., lat. 51. 42. N. Kinsale, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Va. on the Potomac near Chesapeak Bay. Kinsman, p.t. Trumball Co. Ohio 180 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 720. Kinston, p.l. Lenoir Co. N. C. on the Neuse, 40 m. above Newbern. Kinlcliin^, the capital of the island of Loo-choo, in the China Sea, and of all the islands under that appellation. The kings palace, reckoned to be four leagues in circumference, is built on a neighbouring mountain. Long. 127. 30. E., lat. 2G. 2. N. Kin-tang, ncyiy of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. The surrounding country is mountainous, but the valleys yield abundance of rice. It is seated on the Pa-pien, 750 m. W. by N. of Canton. Lonj. 100. 40. E., lat. 24. 30. N Kintore, a borough of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, on the river Don, 13 m. W. by N. of Aber- deen. Kintyre. See Cantyre. Kin-^ana, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chen-61. It has always been deemed as a bar- rier against the incursions of the Tartars, and ja strongly fortified. The country around is very fruitful. 5G0m. S. W. ofPekin. Long. 107. 30. E.,lat. 36.6. N. Kin-yutn, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-si. It is seated on a fine river, but sur- rounded with craggy mountains, inhabited by a rude and savage race of people. 310 m. W. by N. of Canton. Long. 108. 15. E., lat. 25. 28. N. Kinzua, p.t. Warren Co. Pa. 350 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Kiov, or Kimc, a government of the Russian empire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little Rus- sia. It was once a duchy, belonging to the great dukes of Russia, and Kiov was their capital. This country was conquered by the Tartars, and came again into the possession of the great dukes but wasoverrun and possesedby the Cossacs. under the protection of Poland. In 1064 the natives, discontented with John Casimir, king of Poland, submitted to Russia, and have ever since remained subject to that empire. This gov- ernment is divided into 12 circles, and contains about 1 ,000,000 of inhabitants. Kiov, a town of European Russia, capital of the foregoing government, and a Greek archbishop's see, with a caatle. It is divided into the Old Town, the Lower Town, and the fortress of Petscherski, all connected by intrcnchraents. Here are cata- combs of considerable extent, dog, as it would seem, through a mass of hardened clay. It is seated on the Dnieper. 180 m. N. E. of Kaminieck and 335 E. S. E. of Warsaw. Kio-feou, a city of China, in the province of Cban-tong and district of Yen-tcheou. It was tlie birthplace of Confucius, several monuments to whose memory are still to be seen here. Kio"e, or Koge, a seaport of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand. The English defeated the Danes here, and took the town in 1807. [t is 10 m. S W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 55. 30. N. Kioping, or Koping, a town of Sweden, in the government of Westeraas, 18 m. N. by W. of Westeraas. Kippen, a parish and village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, on the S. bank of the Forth, 9 m. W. of Stirling. Kirhy Lonsdale, a town in Westmoreland Eng., with manufactures of carpets and blankets. It is sealed on the Loyne, over which is a curious an- cient stone bridge of three arches. 12 m. S. E. of Kendal, and 252 N. W. of London. Kirliy Moorsiilc. a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. There are several interesting ruins in the neigh- bourhood ; and in the village of Kirkdale, 2 in. hence, many fossil animal remains were discov- ered in lrt20. It is seated on the river Dow, 29 m. N. of York, and iiil N. by W. of London. Kirby Stephen, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. The woolen manufacture is the chief trade here, but there is also one silk factory in the town, and many of the inhabitants are employed in the man- ufacture of stockings. It is seated on the river Eden, 3 m. S. S. E. of Appleby, and 266 N. N. W. of London. Kirchberg, a town and castle of Wurteraberg, in a district of the same name ; seated on the Her, 9 m. S. of Ulm. KIR 424 KIT Kirclibem, a town of VVurlcmberg, with a castl# on a hill, by tlie river Jaxt, 12 m. S. S. W. of llotrnbur^. Kirilihern, a town in tlie Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, 41 m. W. of Mentz. Kirchf.iny& town of Bavaria, on tJre Mindel, ',".) in. E. S. E. of Ulni. Kirflihaipi, a town of the Prussian stales, in Lusritia ; seated on tlic Bober, 18 ni. S. of Ltickau l\irrlili(im,a town of \Vurtembcr^, witli a castle, seated on the river Lauter, 18 m. S. E. of Stuttir&rd. Kirfiorf, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, 4-i m. S. S. VV. of Cassel. li'irin, a ■jovernmcnt of Eastern Tartary, en- closed between tile sea nf Japan, the northern frontier of Corea, and the river of ^^:t1rl)ulien. 'I'he climate is extremely cold; and, from the rniii)l>er of forests by which it is covered, the country i» thinly inhabited. The valuable plant irinsenl; (jrows here ; and the emperor of China sends hither the criminals banished by the laws. Wirin, a city of eastern Tartary, capital of the foregoing province, and the residence of a Mand- shnr general, who is invested with the authority of a viceroy. It is situate on the river Sonijari, which is here called Kirin, .SIO m. E. N. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 20. E., lat. 4:J. iiO. N. Kirkcnldij, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour. Here are a dock yard for small vessels and manufactures of checks, tick- ing, cotton, and leather. This w;is the birth-place of the celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, author of the ' Wealth of Nations.' It is seated on the N. side of the frith of Forth, 11 m. N. of Leith. KirkeaMrisht, a borough and seaport of Scot- land, capital of its name, with a castle. The har- bour will admit ships of any burden to rome up to the town, and yet it has no considerable trade or manufacture. It is seated at the mouth of the Dee, 28 m. S. W. of Dumfries. , Kirkrudlirightshirc , or EaM Onllowaij, a county of Scotland, 4."> m. long and 30 broad; bounded on the .N. W. by Ayrshire, N. E. and E. by Dum- fries-shire, S. by Solway Frith and the Irish Sea, and W. by Wigtonshire. It is divided into 28 par- islies, contains 33,000 inhabitants, and sends one member to parliament. The northern parts are mountainous and uncultivated ; but there is some fertile land on the sides of the rivers, and it feeds a great number of cattle and sheep. The chief rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Cree, and Orr. Kirhlinm, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The an- cient church was taken down in 1822, except the tower, and rebuilt by a subscribed rate. The manufactures, which are increasing in importance, are sail clotli, cordage, coarse linens, cottons, 4&c; It is seated near the mouth of the Ribble, 23 m. S. of Lancaster, and 220 N. N. W. of London. Kirkintillurh, a town of Scotland, in Dumbar- tonshire, with manufactures of linen and cotton ; seated near the junction of the Luggie with the Kelvin, 7 m. E. N. E. of Gla.sgow. KirkUss, a village in W.Yorkshire Eng. situate on the Calder, 3 m. from Hudderstield. In the park near it is the monument of the famous Rob- in Mood. kirkositiild, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On an elevated spot, a little E. of the town, are the ruins of a castle ; and on another eminence, 3 ni. to the 9u is the famous druidical monument called Long Meg and her daughters. Kirkoswald is sealed at the conflu.■*. N. Also villages in Crawford Co. Geo., and Jefferson Co. Ohio. Knutsford, a town in Cheshire, Eng. Here are some cotton-mills, and manufactures of shag vel- vets, &c. It is seated on a branch of the Birken, 25 m. E. by N. of Chester and 175 N. W. of Lon- don. Koanu-sin. a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si. Here are manufactures of good paper, and the best candles in the empire. It is 250 m. S. bv W. of Nanking. Long. 118. 20. E., lat. 28. 30. N. Koei-Uheou, a province of China, neat the S. W. extremity of the empire. It is almost ^desert, and fill! of precipitous mountains, inhy*^*^ ^T barbarous races, whom the Chinese Bave never been able fully to subdue. In the mountains there are mines of gold, silver, copper, and mercury. The horses are the best in China ; and excellent KON 436 KOO ganu' abounds. Static are made of a certain herb which resembles hemp, and are very much suited for summer clothes. The capital is Koei-yang. h'ori-trhcnu, a city of China, of the first rank, in Se-lchuon. It is very rich, and carries on a groat trade. It stanas on the great river Kian-ku, 037 m . S S. W. of I'ekin. Long 109. 50. K., lat. :il . 10. N. Koei-yan^, a city of China, capitil of the pro- vince of Koei-tcheou. It is built partly of earth and partly of bricks, and is surrounded by steep mounUins. Long. 108. 30. E., lal. 27. 40. N. Ao«e. See Kione. Kohistan, a district of Persia, in the province of Mecran, possessed by a powerful chief, who re- sides at Bunpoor. /vo/iAe/an, a mounL-iinous district of Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore, on the western side of the Jhylum River, possessed by petty chiefs, who arc subject either to the Seiks or AfVlnns. Koilonor, or Hohorwr, a country of Tarlary, on the borders of China, inhabited by a trilie ol^ Kal- mucks called Sifans. It contains a large lake of the same name. Kola, a town of Russian Lapland, in the gov- ernment of Archangel. It has a good harbour on the river Kola, near a bav of the same name in the Frozen Ocean. Long. ;W. 30. K.. lat. llt^. 20 _N. Kalin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaur- 7.im, with a castle. A little to the W. of this place, in 1757, the Austrians gained a victory over the Prussians. 20 m. E. S. E. of Prague. Koliran, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a district of the same name, in the government of Tomsk. In the neighbourhood are some very productive copper mines, with some silver and gold. It is seated on the river Herd, at its conflu.x with the Oby, 480 m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Long. 81. 20. E., lat. 55. 28. N. KolIioUro, a lake in the peninsula of Kamt- schalka, connected with a river of the same name. It is said to be 112 m. in circumference, and abounds with sea calves. Kolomna, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, and a bishop's see, with a trade in corn, tallow, salt beef, &c. It is seated on the Occa, near the influ.t of the Moskwa, Go m. S. E. of Moscow. Kom. See Covi. Konff, a kingdom of Central Africa, on the bor- ders of Guinea, from which it is separated by a ridge of mountains. The country is populous, and abounds in horses and elephants. Konir. a town of Africa, capital of the above Kingdom, 230 m. S. S. W. of Sego. Long. 3. 20. W.,lal. 11.20. N. Konirsber!;, a town of Norway, in the govern- ment of Aggerhuys, formerly celebrated for the richest silver mines in Europe. It is situate on both sides of the river Lowe, 311 m. S. W. of Chris- tiana. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 50. 40. N. Koncr.^rinirrr, a town of Norway, on the fron- tiers of Sweden, near the river Glomme, at the foot of a steep rock, on which is a strong citadel. 42 m. N. E. of ChrisUana. Long. 12. 8. E., lat. 60. 12. N. Kons-trhnns, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Clien-si. Itstandson the river Hoei, surrounded by high mountains, where a tomb isscen, which the Chinese pretend to be Uiat of Fo-hi. Long. 104. 20. E., lat. 34. 5C. N. Konieh, or Koineh. See Cogni. Konigin^alz. a fortified town of Bohemia, cap- ital of ft circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. It has a spacious, handsome market-place an elegant cathedral, and many other handsome buildings. In I7ci2 a body of Prussian troops en- tered the town, and laid the greatest part of it in ashes. It is sealed on the Elbe, 44 m. E. of Prague. Long. 15. 40. E., lat. 50. 10. N. Konigshtrq, a government of the Prussian states, comprehending the N. and VV. parts of the pro- vince of E. Prussia, and corresponding nearly to E. Prussia Proper. It comprises a superficial area of 8,il00. sq. m. with 401,000 inhabitants. Konitisbcrg, the capital of E. Prussia, with a university, a magnificent palace, and a public li- brary. The town-house, the e.vrhange. the roi-al mint, and the cathedral are fine structures. The tower of the castle is very high, whence there is a beautiful prospect. Tlie wall which encloses the city and suburbs is m. in circumference, but more tlian half tliis space consists of gardens and corn fields, the pop. of the whole not exceeding 55,000, who are principally of the Lutheran reli- gion. Many of the houses are large and elegant; and the trade is very considerable. No ships drawing more than « feet water can pass the bar of the river, so that large vessels anchor at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic. Konigsberg, though fortified, is not capable of making any serious re- sistance. It was taken by the Russians in 1758; and in June, 18117, it fell into the hands of the French ; but, since the overthrow of Bonaparte, it has been under the dominion of Prussia. It is seated on the Pregel, near its entrance into the Frisch Haff. 170 m. N. of Warsaw. Lone 20 45. E.,lat. 54.42. N. Kimigsbrrg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas sel, 40 m. N. N. E. of Mentz. Konigsbrrg, a town and castle of the Bavo- rian states, in Franconia. 14 m. N. W. of Bam berg. Konigsberg, a town and castle of Silesia, in the principality of Troppau, 15 m. S. E. of Troppau. Koniiisberg, a town of Hungary, seated on the river Gran, 70 m. E. by N. of Presburg. Konigsberg, a well built town of Prussia 59 m. N. E. of Berlin. Konigshof, a town and castle of Bohemia seated on the Elbe, 14 m. N. of Konigingratz. Konigshofen, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on llie river Saale, 30 m. N. W. of Bamberg. Konigshitter, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, with a celebrated abbey. It is seated on the rivulet Lutter, 10 m. E. of Bruns- wick. Konlgztein, a town of Saxony, on the frontiers of Bohemia. A garrison is constantly maintained in the fort, which stands on a mountain, and is deemed impregnable. The town has manufactures of woolen and linen, and is seated on the Elbe, 10 m. S. E. of Dresden. Long. 14. 14. E., lat. 50. 54. N. Konigslcin, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a castle on a rock, 11 m. N. VV. of Frankfort. Konitz, a town of W. Prussia, 10 m. N. W. of Culm. Konkoiloo, a country of W. Africa, bordering on Jallonkadvn, Satadoo, and Dentila. It is full of sleep mountains, which, however, are cultivated even to the summit. The streams which descend from these mountains impregnate the sand and earth with gold dust, which the natives separate by a mechanical process. Koovjoor, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a circar, in the province of Orissa. 80 m. N. N. KOR 427 KRA , A l.V! W S. VV. of Calcutta. W. of CatUck, and IbJ w Long. 85. 38. E. lat. il ^^.;„J .'S, when these pas- that abound .''"'; ?°!hev wander in search of tures are einausted they w ^^^ ,y others. The ""j"*^" ^ iUs „ot easy to calcu- exceeds 900 ; and, 'hough it is n i ; ined tate that of 'he wand«.ng Kor acs,^^^^^ . that they do not ranch excee ; a,e not features'of the majority o^ the K.^^^^ ^^ j,^^„. Asiatic; and they raght be co .^^ ^^^^^ peans,but for t»',';;^";if"Yn general the wo- and the color of their skin i B prominent Ln havesunkeneyes flat noses a P^^.^ ^^.^_ cheeks, and in ?oing abont tney j^^^ ^^^^^ ,„ dren in a kind f f ' °J^.]'Y„ a silling posture, which the infant is place a i acknow- r„''d sheltered from 'he weath -^They^^ ledge a Supreme Being, the "e ^^^^^^ He^is supposed to inhabit es" ^^ ^^ orb they consider as the « fear nor worship Lordof Nature. 1 hey ne. ^gjence; and it him: goodness, they say , IS " xiie prin- U impossible he Bhonld '!» »^ny 'nj^ J ^^^ . ciple of evil they consider ^^^ ^ f who divides with the ?oo ^^^^ happiness of nature. As the one is^nte'i ^^ ^, maniLind, the other endea ealamit.es unhappy. ^.D'=",fe Ms works, and the instru- of every kind, are nis w ' -^ his wrath, ments of his^.v-gX^^.J^X, "he first fruiu they offer to him ^"'0"^ ^";'"^„d' whatever they of iheir hunting and h^hin • ^^^^^ ,, „o possess that is most ^aluab^e ^^^ ^^^ ?emple set apart for ^''^.^t^„'^3 by' piously getting Ihat'they render him P'-oP'^^^^^keVness is become drunk in their jou^ls, tor ^^^^.^^_ ^j the with these people a re igi basis of all tWrsolemniUes^ ^^ Sumatra, Korintid, a valW ■« tw ^ which forms the behind the range of f ?""tains ^^ boundary of the ^ounUies of A^^;,hich abounds Indrapoor. ^t ^.""^ks^ envied with viUa- witb fish, and its banks arc ges. Koro. BUcU, a ''-r of Hungary, wh.cl.'-: ir\e%.earc\rgU' 1-heta.aUnate of Bek- esch. r Viirooean Russia, in the Korolscha, a town of turopean ^^^^ ^ ^;^::^:^^^^^^- --^-^"^ Kursk ^^-.^'^.t'-^are Co. N. V. Pop -^..,orK»..,aO>^fJ,town^°^f^^^:;.': Silesia, on the T';" Of^Vedo" n of Western Af KosK, a ^on^'derable kingdo^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^^ rica, situated on the E^ ^^^"^ ° g this situation about tiO m. from its mouth. °\^ ^f „ii Uie the people of Kosie command^- tra ^. ^^^ ^^^ slaves which are brought a jw the tra- tkey prevent all oo-raunicaUon betw^^.^_^ ders of La^os and those ot I ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^, capital, of tSe ^ame ."arae, ^s j^^^ ^^ ,^.^m. ei^rt^f^^.c^-;l-T- ment of the same name, and am v ^^ ^ ^;^. Turrounded by astrong w-ll,an^='tu^^^ ^^^^ e-f^^--ename,at.ts^e,U^^^^ Long. 41. U. E.,'lat. 57. ^0- N- f Hindoostan, in the ^^'"'"'L^fT.ir^erl -a" d on the Chumbul. ?^^f^'}:'ofc^t:il Africa, capital of acrt?;'rf^hr^S^---!:.r tion and 'extent are not accurate y^ .^ ^ no m" S VoHreken^ L-^- ^^'■^- ^' '^'^ ""■ "l.^-,!r^.!lt?:^^ofEgypt^nt oftheN.le,oncea place of greatw^^^^^ ^^ j. ^d"fhXtre'a.''S8"rrof Dendera, and 4.. brisk trade P"t'cularly i" hon^ y^ ^^^ ^.^^^^^^ seated at the eonflux o tne "^ ■"■ ,'^- ^wy.e town of European Russia in Ko-Jot, a lafg"; t"«n o ^^ ^^^.^^^ trade is the goyernmen of Tambo ^^^ Cossacs. and in cattle, which are so a I ^^^ ^^ y^ j.-.fu -^t^t^dTn V Voronet, 48 m. W. N. "^KraS'^'atown of Bavaria, seaUd on the Inn 5 m. N. E. of Eurkhausem .^ (,„. „i^-wtu:i':i:s::^e^--^--^-^- VV. of Laubach^ Germany, in the princi- paUw'oft^xl'.Gra" on the river Um, 12 m. S. E. of Erfurt. Prussian Silesia, with a .irt \h: raufof the r-^-- -•''^ '^^ Oder,'l4 m. S. f ^PPfshL town of AsiaUc Rus- Kru"<"-sfc- a four sm^ ^ uade in aia, in Uie government of lorn K ^^^ji,^, fur's, and a <=ons.deraMe txansit o^^. ^^^^ KUB iHS KUO It i« seated on a small rivor, which falls into the Yenisei. Krasnoiarsk, a town and capital of a district in the government of Aslracan, Asiatic Russia. It is situated on an island formed hv branches of the Volwa. Long. 48. :ill. K., hit. '1(1. :tO. N. KmsnosUno, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin, aO ni. S. S. W. of Chelm. Krauprn,a town of lioboniia. in the rircle of Leutrncritz It has ronsiderable tin mines m its vicinity, ami is 17 in W. N. W. of Loutmerili._ Krautlicim, a town ami castle of Germany, in Baden, on the river Ja.vt, 15 m. S. W.of Merfjen- theini. h'rnrirrrille., p. v. Northampton I'o. I'a. KriUilh, a corporate town of Wales, in Oscrnar- ■lonshire, seated on the Irisli Sea, near Traeth- Amawar Bay, where a castle formerly stood, now in ruins, lit m. S. by V,. of Caernarvon, and 234 N. VV. of London. Krcmpc, a town of Denmark, in Holstcin, seat- ed on a river of the same name, f) m. N. of Gluck- Ktidt. Krcms, or Crrm^-. .t town of Austria, with alum vjorks, and miv ■ 'ulures of velvet, siUt stuffs, and excellent tlif ^i\. U is seated on a river of the same name, at its conllu.x with the Danube, 48 m. \V. N. W. of Vienna. I^ong. 1'). ;)(!. E . lat. 18. 24. N. Krimherg See Cronenotrs- Kropp. a large manufacturing village" of Aus- trian lllyria, in Carniola, circle of Laucach, seat- ed on a river of the same name. Krotosckin. a town and castle of Prussian Po- land, near the borders of Silesia, i-! in. W. of Kalisch. Krotzka, a town of iiuropoan Turkey, in Servia, on the S. side of the Danube, 15 ni. S. E. of Belgrade. Krumlau. See Crumhu. Kruszirica, a town of Russian Poland, in the palatinate of Brzcsc, with a castle, noted for be- ing the birthplace of Piast, who from the station of a private citizen, was elected king of Poland in the year 842. It is seated on a lake called Goplo, which supplies the Netz. with a great part of its water. 2S m. W. of Brzesc Litov. Klcifa, a small walled town of Syria, on tlie borders of the desert, suppo.si'd to be the ancient Adarjsi, 22 m. E. N. E. of Damascus. Kilara, a province of Abyssinia, situated near the banks of the Babr-el-Abiad. It is very moun- tainous and unwholesome, but abouiuis in irold, which is brought from the neighbouring coun- tries. The governor is one of the great ofEcers of state, and has absolute power in his own province. Kuhbces, a city of Persia, in Seistan. in the midst of a great sandV desert, on the road from Kerman to Herat. I'liO m. S. E. of Yezd. Kiihcs/iii, a strong town of .\sia, in Daghistan, situate on a hill, between high mountains, its inhabitants call llieiiiselves Franki (Franks, a name common in the E. to all Europeans), and form a republic. They are excellent artists, and make very good fire-arms, sabres and several arti- cles in gOid and silver, for exjiortation. Tiiey have, likewise, for liicir own defence, small cop- per cannons, of three pounds calibre, cost by themselves. They coin Turkish and Persian silver money, and even rubles, which readily pass current, because they are of the full weight and value. Kubesha is considered 03 a neutral town, where the neighbouring princes can deposit their treasure with safetv. In 1725 it acknowlodgid the sovercigntv of Russia, but without iiaylng any tribute.' Long. 47. 49. E., lat. 42. HO. N. A'uiiH, a town of Hungary, in the Bannat, (■pposite Semendria, with 2,400 inhabitants, who carry cm a brisk trade with Turkey. Kubin, a town of Hungary, in the district of the Tsaikists. Long. lit. 18. E., lat. 49. 14. N. Kiif.itrin. a strong town of Austria, in the Tyrol, with a castle on a rock. It surrendered to the French and Bavarians in 1805. It is seated on the Inn. on the Irontiers of Bavaria, 40 m. S. S E. of Munich. Long. 12. I'l. E., lat. 47. 30 N. h'lillii, a country of Central Africa, to the S. E. of Wan^ara, traversed by a river of the same name. It was represented to Browne as an im pnrtant slate, but be did not enter it. Ixtilshrijit, or Kitlzhetin, a town of IJaden.in the principality of Leiningen, 40 in. £. S. E. of Heid- elberg. Kumaniii. Grealand Little, two districts in the central part of Hungary, separated from each other by a considerable tract of country as well as by the river Theyss. fireat Kuniania coinjirises a superficial extent ftf 420 sf|. in. ^\■itb 13.000 in- habitants. Little Kumania is however the imuv extensive district, comprising an area of 1,000 sq. ni., and a pop. of 41,000. The Calvinist is the prevailing religion in both districts. Ktiinlapiira , a town of iIindo(tstan, in Canara, and the chief place in the northern part of the province. It is sealed near the mouth of a river of the same name, which here expands into a lake, and forms a number of islands. It is the port for all goods coming from, or going to Naga- ra ; but the bar will not admit vessels that draw more than 12 feet. Jl is 30 m. W. S. W. of M.angalore. Long. 74. 45. E., lat. 14. 24. N. KuiuT:fdorf, a village of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, 3 m. E. N. E. of Frankford on the Oder. Here, in IT.MI, was fought one of the most bloody battles on record between the Prussians and Russians, in which the king of Prussia, after a great slaughter of the enemy for upwards of six hours, was in the end obliged to ipiit the field with the loss of all his cannon and 20,000 men. Kunha, a district of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Orissa, situate on the sea-coast, near the Point Palmyras. Being much intersected by rivers, the rajah successfully maintained his inde- liendence again.it the Mahrattas, but surrendered to the British in 180.'i. Kunhuiriir, the capital of the above district, and the residence of the rajah,- situatf on the sea coast. Long. 87. 5. E.. lat. 20. 50. N. Kuntinis, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the principality of Eichstadt, at the conflux of the Schwarzach with the Altmuhl, 12 m. N. E. of Eichstadt. Knngce, a town of Mindoostan, in the province ofDehli, and district of of Sirhind. It is sur- rounded by a mud wall and deep ditch, but was taken by the British in 180i), withont resis- tance. /u/Hrt, a fortress of Japan, in the island of Nip- hon UO ni. W. S. W. of Jeddo. Kunowitz, a town of Moravia, on the Olschowa 37 in. S. by E. of Olmutz. A'Ko;vm, a town of Sweden, in Finland, capital of Savolax. and that part of Carelia remaining to Sweden. It is situate on the ^V. side of an ex KUR 429 len,ivelake200m.S.E.ofUlea. Ix.ng. 29. 10. E.,lat. 63. 20. N. of Prussian Silesia, in the principality ol jauer, u .„. N. W. of Jauer. ^ „f Pe^ia, flowed in the «P""^V,:„doostan, in the province K„r,te, a town "<; "'"^""V^o^tier, about 3 m. of Guzcrat, near the N. W. uoni , S.ofTheraud. i„i„„ mrilv in Armenia Kurdistau, a country lyin| P ^^J^^"^^^^ of the ^"■^ P^-fl!rn's"';""cotp"rlhenrg great . part o." river Tigris, ana ,^ -j ^ prpciscly aa- ancient Assyria 'f "^'*^^„.^d as bounded or certained; but it m'^y ,7, J'^ L, Persia, on thi the N. by Armenia, on he E^ -) 1^^^ ^^ ^,_^ ^^ S. by Arabian and Per , an ir ^ ^,„^. by Diarbckir, or, as \'';''""'_r,g v.^ , I.owei ,L Itis d■■-'^;t-l»^ivfson^^:hic'his in. Kurd.sUn, or ^^e J es'^J V Bac-dad , and corrcs- clnded in thj^. P^^^^^^Ie ofVe ancient Assyria ponds n«'"]y*°,''K" which extends from the ii,„^.r- and Ardelan, ""."^'' ,..,,. ,1;,,,.;^, of r?" h^^Tlfe surface is diversified by mountains Zohaub. 1 ne s""'' p aces fertile ""^ ^^'If^^Uivat'eibui abounds ^.th deserts, and ^vellcultnated - ,,„„d of the towns, and, except in tne neig. , bailey arc is barren and o. '^ h^,;„ a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, name, at its entrance "ntothe Zu>der .iee, - ^■^^Xat:wn^iib^^J^'p''^>"^T^ ^£i^tr=^eiur|:f??;^nLl -^;:v!ffio^n'l:;^AS?r'i^;k;7r'inNato. "="'.-^ 7; '^^ ?on!'chain of islands at the eastern Knnlcs, "^ '""f •^^'^^'"nding from the southern extremity of Asia, "t^""' S . f } „ ^i noint of Kamtschatkato t^ie -'«; "'^ between Slatsmai an island of Japan^^^^lh^y^^ 42. and ol. ot «_ lai., ^ g^^lu. r:?fh^V^rTtralX£tl|yare;^in^n^um. ^-^'-1??Ii^r^^'-"-^^"^- ^5^'>^"^^^"^ir:^ the Baltic, on the coa.. :^^^^'^Bl^^^^ of|^^:X!';tl!n .en^..Om.N.by E. irn'riarhrr^'o ?a;:r The nor.li„ernmost, of Riga. _ „„,„ rich It i^ divided into 47 parishes, and is pro- ductive particularly in fruit and wine. Kv'fr^r-. a town of the Prussian province of the Low/r Rhine, situated on the river Kjll. M m N N E. of Lu.xemburg. , . , ■ «,„ kJI small river of Germany, which rises be- 1,^HonXVhiyar;22in num- ^^|Xr::t:nt'o.rhaiF:,^ Scotland, hut con- ^, They are annexed to the goj""™-;/ Xtn'only 115,000 inhabitants. It extend, ^'- ^ ^ • V a tribute of furs and sea calves, ta.nin j._^_^ Kymmene. _ . . patka : the next, named P"^"^,'^^^'j„.„ inlands Irably larger than ^ho-f -^J ^ tn i7l3, and r:^[Ub^fK^-^-;--i neriod. Some of these islands are '"^""^ , hunting foxes and otters. The natives are very "*"&», a town of Hindooslan, in the province ofBahar, and district of Ramgur. Long. 66. 5. E.,lat 24. 15. N. ]^:r:;ra!::.^n3rtressofHindoosUn,in ih^n ov"nce of Gundwaneh. It belongs to one of tS Go'n'd chiefs, who is tributary to^he rajah of Nagpore. It is situate near 'he Lucknow HiUs^S m. S. E. of Ruttnnpore. Long. 81. «. E, lat. 21. 27 N. LAB 430 LAC Kj/ranfy, a town of Bengal, m the dmtrict of Morung, and W. by Nepaul. It waa conquered Cooch Bihar, on the Durlah River. Long. 88. by the rajah of Nepaul in 1769, but ia very little 50. E., lat. 26. 45. N. known to Kuropeans. ATyrau/, a district of Hindoostan, bounded N. by A'yrt<:,a town of the Prussian states, in Bran- the Himmaleh Mountains, E. by Bootan, S. by denburg. 4H m. N. W. of Berlin. LAAB, a town of Lower Austria, on the river Teya, 30 m. N. by W. of V.enna. Long. IG. 20. E.,lat. 48. 43. N. LaaSf a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola, with a trade in salt, leather, and horses. 12 m. S. of Laubach. Laasphc, or Lasplic, a town of Germany, in tlie Prussian states, seated on the Lahn, 75 m. E. of Cologne. Lahadia, a town of Austrian Italy, seated on tlie Adirge, 20 m. N. N. W. of Ferrara. Labcr, a river of Bavaria, in Franconia, which rises near Neumark, and falls into the Danube at Sinzing, above Ratisbon. ImIcs, a t'lwn of Prussia, in Pomerania, with manufactures of cloth ; seated on tlic Reca,35 m. K. K. of Stargard. /.nii'a, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, 70m.S.W. ofNissa. Labiau, a town of East Prussia, with a strong castle, seated at the mnutli of the Deine, near the Curische Haff, 25 ni. N. E. of Konigsbcrg. Labrador, a country of North America, on the E. side of Hudson Bay. The general aspect of the country is most dreary : the surface is moun- tainous and rugged, and covered with large stones, and the soil is poor. Coarse plants, adapted to tlie nourishment of deer and goats and other wild animals, are its chief productions. The cli- mate, in onl}' lat. 47. N., is excessively cold dur- ing winter. The ice begins to disappear in iVIay, and about the middle of July commences hot weather, which at times is such as to scorch the face of the hunters. Mock suns and halos are not unfrequent ; and the night is enlivened by the aurora borealis, which spreads over the whole sky. No country is belter furnished with large, safe, and convenient harbours, or supplied with better water. The numerous islands along the E. coast abound with eider ducks and other wa terfowl, and also with hares, foxes, and deer. The animals are not numerous ; the most com- mon are reindeer, bears, wolves, tigers, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, ermines, wild cats. The Labrador jumping mouse is common to this country and to all tlie interior as far as Slave lake. Eagles, hawks, owls, geese, bustards, ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl are numerous. The fishes are whales, morses, seals, cod, and a white fish preferable to herrings ; and in the rivers and fresh waters are pike, perch, carp, trout, &c. During the 3 months of summer there is a variety in the color of the several ani- mals, but in winter everything, animate and in- animate, is while. The trees of Labrador are mere shrubs, with the exception of the black. white, and red spruce, silver fir, birch, and aspen. A few vegetables are produced, and various kinds of fruit. A beautiful spar, called Labrador stone, waa discovered by the Moravian Missionaries, who have successfully exerted themselves in im- proving the condition of the natives. They have now 3 settlements on these inhospitable shores. the total pop. of which is about 600. The natives are called Escpiimaux. They have no fixed abode, but rove from place to place, and sometimes come as far as Newfoundland. Tliey are of a different race from the other native Americans ; for the other tribes have no beards, but these have them so thick and large that it is difficult to discover any feature of their faces; they are likewise the only savages that eat their food in a raw state. They are of a middling stature, generally robust, lazy, and of a brown color. Their head is large, and their face round and flat ; they have thick lips, a flat nose, long black hair, large shoulders, and uncommonly small feet. They are always well clothed; forthereis nothing to^be seen but part of their faces and their hands. They have a sort of shirt made of the guts of fish, with a coat of bear or bird skins, and a cap on their head. They have likewise breeches made of skins, with the hair in- wards, and covered with furs without ; also two p.iir of hoots, one over another, of the same sort 'of skins. In summer, they have nothing to cover them in the night; and in the winter, they lodge in tents made of hides, or in caves. The dress of the women is nearly the same as that of the men. They are very superstitious, and have some sort of sacrifices They acknowledge two invisible essences j the one has the origin of good ; the other, to whom they pay the most hom- age, as the origin of every species of evil. Their chief employment is hunting and fishing. They are very covetous ; and pay so little regard to private property as to take every advantage of bodily strength to rob their neighbours, not only of their goods hut their wives. In other respects they are the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be found on the borders of Hudson Bay. Murder, which is so common among all the tribes of south- ern Indians, is seldom heard of among them. A murderer is shunned and detested by all the tribe and is forsaken even by his relations and former friends. The women perform the most laborious offices; they pilch the tents, carry or haul bur- dens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the vict- uals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the W'ives and daughters are never served till all the males have taken what they think proper. Laby, a considerable town of Western Africa, in the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. It is upwards of 2 m. in circumference and contains 5,000 inhabi- tants, who are employed in Ihe manufactuie of narrow cloths, and various articles in iron, silver, wood, leather, LAN 18 Burroundeil by walls of brick, and adorned witli beautiful edifices and gardens. Here are manu- factures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds, and of very curious carpets. It is situate on tlic S. bank of the Rauvee, 210 m. S. of Cashmere. Liikr, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, which was only a village m 17H0; but is now an active manufacturing town. The man- ufactures are of woolens, linens, cotton, tobacco, and leather. 18. m. S. S. E. of Strasburg. Ijiino. a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, near a river of the same name, 19 m. \V. N, W. of Cassano. LairdstiUc, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. Lake, towns in Stark, Wayne and Logan Cos- Ohio. Lake PleasatU, a township of Hamilton Co. N. Y. Pop. acG. Liil-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chang-tong, with a convenient harbour on the Yellow Sea. It stands on a pro- montory, 2o5 m. S. E. of Pekin. Lalnnd, an island of Denmark, situated at the entrance into the Baltic, near the coast of Zea- land. It is about 00 m. in length by 1-1 i?i breadth, and is reckoned tlie most fertile spot in the Danish dominions. It produces plenty of all sorts of grain, particularly wheat and peas. The climate, how- ever, is considered unhealthy, on account of the damp. Latand forms a part of the bishopric of Funen. Naxkow is the capital. Ijaland, an island near the N. coast of the island of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. Long. ifJ. 20. E.,lat. 1.45. N. Lamhaeh, a town of Austria, on the Traun, SJI ra. S. S. W. ofLaintz. Lamballe, a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, with a good trade in cattle, linen, and parchment. 11 m. E. S. E. of St. Brieux. Lainbaijeque, a town on the coast of Peru, with upwards of 10,000 inhabitants, the generality of whom are poor Spaniards. Mulattoes, and Indians. It is 95 m. N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 79. 35. W. , lat. 6. 45. S. Lumbesc, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. N. of Ai.K. Lamlielh, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the River Thames, opposite Westminster. Here the arch- bishop of Canterbury has an ancient palace. By the vast increase of buildings, Lambeth is now joined to the metropolis, in a direction to eacii of the three bridges. Here are numerous extensive manufactories, and various places of public nniuse- menl, particularly the celebrated Vauxhall Gar- dens. Lamlcum, a town in Berkshire, En^. seated on a river of the same name, 15 m. S. W. of Abing- don, and G5 W. of London. Lamego, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel, two cathedral churches, and four convents. Here the states as- sembled to confirm the election of Alfonzo Hen- riquez, the first king of Portugal, and enacted the fundamental laws, now forgotten, it is seated on the Balsamao, .50 m. E. of Oporto. Long. 7. 30. W., lat. 41. 12. N. Lamr.rmuir, a mountainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the county of Berwick from that of Haddington for above 20 m., and terminates on the W. at Soutra Hill, which is elevated 1 ,000 feet above the sea level. These hills are bleak and barren, affording but scanty pasture for sheep. Laialash, a town of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the isle of Arran, on a bay of its name, which forms an excellent harbour for vessels of any size. It is sheltered from the sea by a lofty islet, 2 m. long, called Holy Isle. Lamail, or LumailU, a river of Vermont, ris- ing in Caledonia county and flowing into Lake Champlain opposite the southern extremity of South Hero. Oimpii, an extensive and mountainous district of Peru, in the intendancy of Cuzco. The cli- mate is cold, and it is chiefly valuable for its pas- tures. The chief town, of the same name, is 90 m. S. of Cuzco. Long. «1. 44. W., lat. 16. 55 S. Lampungui, a lofty mountain of the Chilian Andes, celebrated for ita rich mines. 240 m. from Valparaiso. iMmpcdusa, an island in the Mediterranean, be- tween the coast of Tunis and the island of Malta. It is about 21 m. in circuit, and is pleasant and fertile ; but it is uninhabited. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered from all winds except the N. Long. 12. 24. E., lat. 35. 40. N. Ijimperthcim, a village of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt. !) m. S. E. of worms. Lampeter, a towship of Lancaster Co. Pa. Lampon, a town of Sumatra, capital of a dis- trict belonging to the king of Bantam. The Dutch have a resident here. It is situate on a bay of the same name, in the strait of Sunda, 180 m. S. E. of Bencoolen. Long. 104. 15. E., lat. 5. 40. N. iMmprey, a river of Rockingham Co. N. H. fall- ing into Great Bay at Durham. ijunpsactt , a town of Asiatic Turkey , in Natolia, celebrated for its wine ; seated on the sea of Mar- mora, G m. from the Dardanelles. Liijnsprinore, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Hiidersheim, situate at the source of the rivulet Lame, 17 m. S. of Hiidersheim. Lanark, a borough of Scotland, and the county- town of Lanarkshire. Since the intoduction of the cotton manufacture, many new houses have been built. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Clyde, 22 m. S. E. of Glaso-ow, and 30 S. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 43. W., lat. 55. 42. N. Lanarkshire , a county of Scotland, bounded N. and N. W. by Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Stirling, N. E. by Linlitlijow and Edinburgh, E. by Pee- bles, S. by Dumfries and S. W. by Ayrshire. It is 't'i ra. in its greatest length, and 33 in its great- est breath, comprising a superficial extent of 870 sq. m., or 55(),800 English acres. On the whole, it is mountainous and heathy, but pleasant and agreeably diversified, exhibiting landscapes inter- mingled with wood and water, hill and dale. It contains as much curious, romantic, and varied scenery, as any in Scotland ; but the falls of the Clyde are particularly interesting to a stranger. The climate is rather moist, and the S. W. wind is the most prevalent. The county is divided in- to three districts, called the Upper Middle, and Lower wards, and contains 41 parishes. The riv- er Clyde runs through tlie whole extent of the county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. It abounds in lead, iron, and coal. Lancashire, a maritime county of England, bounded S. by Cheshire, E. by Yorkshire, N. by Westmoreland, and W. by the Irish Sea. It is 74 m. from N. to S., and its greatest breadth is 44 m. It contains 1,155,840 acres; is divided into 6 hun- dreds, and G3 parishes; has 27 market towns j and sends 14 members to parliament. It is a coun- ty-palatine, under the title of the Dulchy of Lan- LAN 433 LAN caster : the only duchy of England (that of Corn- wall excepted) which is not merely titular. This county comprises a variety of soil and face of country ; but upon the whole, is one of the least favoured by nature. The hundred of Furness, which is separated from the rest by Morecaiiibe bay, is a wild and rugwd region, stored with quantities of iron ore and slate, and covered with a growth of underwood, which is cut in succes- sion, and made into charcoal. The E. part, be- tween the Ribble and the Mersey, comprising the ancient forests of Wyresdale and Bowland, is mountainous and generally barren ; but the S. part of the tract between these two rivers is flat. Much of this is a fertile country, though occaison- ally deformed by black turf bogs, here called mos- ses, some of which are of large extent, and impass- able in wet seasons. In the N. E. part of this di- vision are some lofty hills, the most noted of whicli is Peiidle Hill. The remaining part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. Amon^ its products, is a species of coal, called cannel,niglily valua- ble as fuel, and capable of being manufactured in- to candlesticks, cups, snuff-boxes, &c. As a com- mercial and manufacturing county, it is superi- to any other in the kingdom. Its principal man- ufactures are linen, silk, woolen, and cotton goods, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, hardware, plate-glass, &c. Oi the commerce of this county, it may suffice to observe that Liverpool is the sec- ond port in the kingdom. The principal rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern, Wyre, Hoeder, Roche, Duddon, VVinster, and Ken; and it has two considerable lakes, Winan- dermere and Coniston-mere. It has numerous canals, and had the honour of exhibiting the first regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by the duke of Bridgewater in 1758. Lancaster,^ borough and the capital of Lancas- sliire. It is seated on the Loyne, or Lune, which forms a port for vessels of moderate burden. The parish church of St. Mary is a fine structure, on the side of a hill, on the summit of which is a no- ble castle, serving both as the shire-house and the county goal. Here are also two chapels belong- ing to the estabUshment, and several dissenting meeting-houses. On the top of the castle is a square tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair, whence there is an extensive prospect. Among the modern improvements are an extensive quay, with large warehouses, and a commodious and el- egant bridge over the river, in place of the old one, now in ruins. The canal from Kendal, winds round the E. part of the town, and is conveyed over the river by an aqueduct of 5 arches, each of 70 feet span. Besides numerous other charities, there is a county lunatic asylum, a handsome stone erection on Lancaster Moor, opened in 1816. It has a chapel attached, and tlie hospital is capa- ble of accommodating 300 patients. 5 m. from this place is Dunald-mill-hole, a cave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and passes 2 m. under ground before it appears again ; some of its vaults are so high that they resemble the roof of a church, and in other parts so low that they can be passed only by creeping on the hands and feet. Lancaster depends for its support princi- pally on its trade and manufactures and the county business. The merchants trade chiefly to Ameri- ca, the West Indies, and the Baltic. It is noted for the making of mahogany cabinet ware, and has manufactures of sail cloth, cordage, linens, &c. The cotton manufacture is also gaining ground, and ship-building is carried un to a con- 55 siderable extent. It is 53 ra. N. W. of Manches- ter, and 240 N. N. W. of London. Lancaster, a handsome town of Pennsylvania, capital of a county of the same name. It is a pleasant and flourishing place, situate in a fertile and well cultivated country, and contains a court house, a jail, two banks, and nine places of wor- ship. A college was founded here in 1787, but the buildings are now appropriated to schools. Here are manufactures of guns and other hard- ware ; and about a mile distant is a lar^e cotton manufactory. The town has considerable tmde, which increases with the population of the sur- rounding country. It is seated near Concstoga Creek, which runs into the Susquehanna. 61 m. W by N. of Philadelphia. Long. 76. 32. W., lat. 40. 2. N. [Mtirnster, a county in the E. District of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 76,.5o8, the capital has the same name. Also a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 4,800. Also a District of South Carolina. Pop. 10,301. [jincuster, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connec- ticut, 40 m. above Dartmouth College. Pop. 1,187. Also a p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. a branch of Nashua river 3G m. N.W. Boston Pop. 2,01li. Also a p.v. Fairfield. Co Ohio, apt. Garrard Co. Ken. a p.v. Smith Co. Ten. and a township in Glengary Co. U. C. Ijmduff, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecticut, C2 in. M. Concord. Pop. 951. Lanri rota, one of the Canary isles, 30 m. long and 10 broad. It is very high, and has a good harbour at the N. E. end. Long. 13. 26. W., lat. 21>. 14. N. L«Hfi«no, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Cilra, on a river of the same name. It is an aroh- bishops see, and has a good trade, and two great annual fairs. 84 in. N. bv E. of Naples. Long. 14. 3(1. E., lat. 42. 16. N. ' /..anrfaii, a small but strong town of the Bava- rian circle of the Rhine, well known in mlilary history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded to Louis XIV. in 1630, and afterwards fortified by Vauban. In 1702, 3, 4, and 13, it was alter nately taken by the Austrian and French, but was confirmed to France at tfie peace of 1713.' In 1793 it was attacked but without success by the Prussians and -lustrians. The French cedetl it to Bavaria in 1815. It is seated on the Queich .">i;m. N. N. E of Slrasburg, and 347 N. E. of Paris. Long. 8. 7. E., lat. 4<». 12. K. Landau, a town of Lower Bavaria, situate on an eminence on the Iser. Long. 12. 37. E., lat. 48. 36. N. Landau, a small town of Germany, in West- phalia, near the Walter. Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 51. 12. N. Landetk, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the county of Glatz. 27 ra. S. W. of Neisse. Landelles, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, seated on the Vire, 28 m. S. W. of Caen. tunrfcji, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- bant, famous for an obstinate battle fought near it in 1693, in wliich the French under marshal Luxemburg defeated the allies commanded by William III. of England, and also for a battle in 1793 in which the French were defeated by the Austrians. It is seated on the river Becke, 19 m. S. E. of Louvain. Landcrnau, a seaport of France, in the depart ment of Finisterre, with considerable manufac- tures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated" LAN 43^1 LAN at the mouth uf the Elhoni, 23 m. N. L. of Brest. Landeron, a town of Switzerland, in tlic cuntou of Nfofchati-l, at thu S. W. e.xlremily of the lako Neufchatcl 7 m. N. E. of NoufcliatL-l. Uindcs, a department of France, bounded W. by the Atlantic, and on its other sides by the do- partnicnts ofGiromlo, Lot-el-Garonno, ClerS, and Lower Pyrenees. It is divided into tiie three ar- rondissenients of Mont de .Mursan, Dax, and St. Sever, and h.is an area of ;t,7U(.' sq. in., witli Siod.OOO inhabitants. The principal rivers are the Adour and the Uouze, which traverse it from E. to W. To the S. of these rivers the soil is tolera- bly fertile, prodiicinjr wine, fruit, and corn, but on the N. it is perfectly sterile. Tlie forests are e.Ttensivc ; and the climate is generally warm. The exports are wood, turpentine, tar, wa.\, cat- tle, wool, and brandy. Liiiuli.'^burg, p.v. I'erry Co. Pa. Lundrccij, a strong town of France, in the de- partment of Nord. It was beseiged in vain by prince Eugene, in I7r2. In 17'Jl it was taken by the allies ; but shortly afler evacuated. It was one of the barrier fortresses occupied by the al- lies after the second treaty of Paris. It is seated on the Sainbre, IS m. E. by S. of Canibray, and 19 S. by E. of Valeniuennes. Liindriii<;i),n. town of Italy in the Milanese, II m. S. S. E. of Milan. Ijindsbrnt, a town of Bradenburg, in the New Murk, with a Cfjnsiderable trade in cloths and wool. In 17.")-i it was taken by the R\issians. It is seated on the Warta, 2:! m. N. E. of Custrin. Lundubcrir, a town of Upper Bavaria, with a castle near the river I.ech. 30 m. S. of .Vugsburg. LnndscTon, a town and fort of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, 24 m. S. of Cracow. Lnndscrona, a fortified seaport of Sweden, in Schonen, seated on an island near the Stjund, with a good harbour between the continent and a small island. It is 20 ni. N. W. of Lund, and 21 N. N. E of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 51. E., lat. 55. 53. N. Lands-end, a promontory in Cornwall, and the most westerly point of Great Britian. It is a vast ao-irretrate of Moorstone, and on the outermost rocks at low water arc to be seen vains of lead and copper. Long. 5. 42. W., lat. 50. 4. N. Landsfttrd. p.v. Chester District S. C. LdndsUut, a town of Bavaria, with a palace, a collegiate church, and a beautiful convent : the last IS now occupied by the university, which was removed thither from Ingolstadt in li:i00. Brewing and distilling are carried on here to a considerable extent, and there are manufaetures of cloth, leather, and watcheo. Upon an adjoin- ing mountain is the ancient castle of Trausnitz. It is seated on an island in the river Iser, 32 m. N. E. of Munich. Long. 12. (J. E., lat. 48. 30. N. Ldiidshiit, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Sclnveidnitz. It has a flourishing linen trade, and is seated on the Bober, 22 ni. S. W t>f Scheweidnitz. Ijindi:hut,!i town of Moravia seated on the ISIo- r.iu, on the confines of Hungary and Austria, 3tj ni. S. E. of BruTin. iMndxtruii.i, or hmdlrost, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carnolia, with a castle and a Cister- cian convent ; situate on an island in the river Gurk, 30 m. S by W. Cillcy. Lmiu, a river of Ireland, in the county of Ker- ry, whose waters, being confined by a great ledge of rocks, from the lakes of Killarney. It runs from Lough Lane, into Castlcmain Bay. Lanthottn;, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy, in the province of Mariennc. It stanils on the Arve, at the fool of Mount Cenis, and is 80 shut up with hills that the sun is scarcely visi- ble from November to January, 20 m. N. N. \V. of Susa. Ijiine-cnd, a town in StaiTordshire, I'^ng. noted for its extensive potteries, by which it has greatly increased of late years. It contains two gioil market houses, two churches, several meeliii;'- houses for dissenters, a catholic chapel, an Enj- lish charity school, n mechanic's institute, Ac. 5 m. E. by S. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. lAineinrzun, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Pyrenees, 15 in. S. E. of Tarbe. lMni:/i(ir, a town in the department of Gers, 1 1 m. S. S. \V. of Condom. /.iincrrnst , a pari.sh of England, in the county of Cumberland, situate in a romantic valley, 13 m. N. E. ofCulisle. Lnncaiorougli , a town of Ireland, in the county of Longfuril, situate on the Sli.innon, over which is a fine stone bridge, 7 m. S. of Longford, and 02 W. N. W. of Dublin. Ijimtsbnrmiiili, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 14 ni. N. Lenox. Pop. 1,192. Here are valuable marble quarries. iMnarillc, p.v. Snsquehannah Co. Pa. ''^ngnnico, ihe ancient Olympia, a town of Independent C-roece, in the Morea, situate on the :!mall riivr Carbon, the ancient Alpheus. It was once a -ity !,f gre.-it note, neiir which the famous Olympian games v.'<'fe celebrated ; and here was a fine temple of Jupiltv Olympus, with a celebrated imaw of that god, .".0 cubits high, which was reck- oned one of the seven w^mders of the world. It is now an inconsideraulo place. 32 m. S. S. E. of Chiarenza, and lifl S. \V. of Corinth. l.nngdun, p.t. Sulhvan Co. N.U. on the Con- necticut. 4U m. \V. Concord. Pop. C(i7. I.aiigmc, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, seated near the AUier, 12 m. S. of Brioud. Latigcais, a town of France, department of In- die-et-Loire, noted for the culture of melons; seated on the Loire, 12 m. W. of Tours. LanntUmd, a fertile island of Denrhark, in the S. part of the Great Bell. If is 33 m. long, but scarcely 5 broad. The principal town is Rud- kioping. Lnnagenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Koniglngratz, on the Little Elbe, with some ex- tensive manufictures of cambric and gauze. Laiigcnaii, I'/jpcr un<\ Lower, Iwo populous vilages of Pru.s.-iia, in Silesia, 11 m. S. of Glalz. Langcntiu.^ long and straggling village of Ger- many, in Wurleniberg. It contains 3,Gl)ft inhab- itants, are mostly weavers, ID m. N. N. E.ofUlni. Langcnbcrt^, a town of the Prussian province of Cleves and Berg. 15 m. N. E. of Dusscldorf Langcnhurg, a town of Germany, in VVurtem- berg, with a magnificent castle ; seated on the river Jaxt. 32 ni. W. of Anspach Liingensaha, a town of PrussiaH Saxony, capital of Thuringia, with a castle, and manufactures of silk, woolen, cotton, ifcc. It stands on tlie Sal- za, near its conlUix with the Unstrut, 11 m. W by -N. of Erfiirth. Long. 10. 42. E.. lat. 51. 5. N. fMiioeittluii, a town of Switzerland, in the can ton of Bern, in the neighbourhood of which are some medicinal springs. IH m. N. E. of Hern. Lungmzenn, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, on the river Zenn, and near the Ilednitz, 20 ni. N. E. of Anspach. LAO 435 LAP Langkolm, a town ofScotland, in Dunifriessliire, with an extensive cotton manufacture ; seated on the Esk, on the borders of England, 20 m. N. by W. of Carlisle. iMnconce, a ton-n of France, department of Lozere, 2! ni. N. E. of Mende. Lanffon, a town of France, department of Gi- ronde, with an extensive trade in wine and brandy. It has a good harbour and is seated on the Garonne, 10 m. N. of Bazas. LangpoTt, a town in Somersetshire, Eng., situ- ate on a iiill, by the river Parrett, wliich is navi- gable for baro-es to the Bristol Channel. 10 m. S. E. of Bridgewater, and I'i-i W. by S. of London. Ijingrcs, a town of France, department of Up- per Marne. Its cutlery wares are in high esteem. It is seated on a mountain, near the source of the IVIarne, 40 ni. N. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 19. K., lat. 47.52. N. Languard Fort, a strong fort of England, situ- ate on a sandy point of land on the Suftulk side of the harbour of Harwich, but within the limits of Essex. At high water it is surrounded by the sea, and becomes an island nearly a m. from the shore. It was erected fur the defence of the port of Harwich, and has a garrison, under the com- mand of a governor. Languedoc, a province of the S. of France, di- vided at the revolution into the departments of Upper Garonne, Aude, Herault, Gard, Lozere, and .\rdeciie. It extends on the E. to the Rhone, and W. to ihe border of Gascony, and comprises a superficial extent of 1(»,000 sq. m. The Upper or Western Languedoc had Toulouse for its capi- tal ; and the Lower or Eastern , Montpelier. Lanier, a township of Preble Co. Oliio. Lanjan, or Lanchang, a city, and the capita! of the kingdom of Laos, at least of tiie southern part, to which it gives name. Tlie king's palace is said to be of vast extent, and the houses of the grandees are also large, and highly ornamented. It is situate on the W. side of the river Mecon, 400 m. N. N. W. of Cambodia. Long. 101. 38. E., lat. 13. 30. N. iMnmeur, a town of France, department of Finisterre, 6 m. N. E. of Morlaix. iMnnilis, a town of France, department of Finisterre 19 m. N. of Brest. Lnnrion, a town of France, departmei:t of Cotes du Nord, with a trade in wine, hemp, and butter. In the neighbourhood are mines of iron aiid sil- ver. It is seated on the Guer, 39 m. W. N. \V of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 27. W., lat. 43. 44. N. Lannoy, a town of France, department of Nord, em. E. N. E. of Lisle. Lansnrgues, a town of France, department of Herault, 9 m. W. of Montpelier. Lansdown, a mountain in Somersetshire, Eng. 4 m. from Bath, 813 feet high. Lansiri(T, a township of Tompkin's Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,020. iMnsinhurgh, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. It contains four churches, a court-house, a jail, and an academy ; and is seated on the E. side of the Hudson, opposite the S. branch of the Mohawk, 9 m. N. N. E. of Alb.any. Pop. 2,(503. Lazno, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, on the river Stura, over which is an ele- gant bridge, 12 m. N. W. of Turin. Lao, a town of the island of Cuba, 25 m. VV. of Havannah. Lno, or Lean, a cily of China, of the second rank, in the province of Chan-si. Long. 112. 57 E., lat. 37. 4. N. Laon, a decayed town of France, capital of the department of Aisne, with a castle. The princi- pal trade consists in corn and wine. It is cele- brated for a battle fought under its walls, between the French and allies, in March, 1814. It is seated on a mountain, near the Ardon, 77 m. N. E. of Paris. Long. 3. 43. E., lat. 49. 34. N. Laos, a kingdom of India beyond the Ganges, extending )i-oui 12 to 18. N. lat., and bounded by Laktho, Siam, Cambodia, Tonquin, and Cochin- China, to the last of which it is nominally sub- ject. It is surrounded by mountains covered with forests ; but the country is in general flat, and the soil fertile, being watered by numerous rivulets from the mountains and a number of canals from tlie Mecon, which flows from N. to S. through thewliole region. It abounds in rice, fruit, honey, wax, and cotton; and the principal drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and silver are found in certain places of the river; and it has mines of iron, lead, and tin. It is very thinly in- h.abited, the greater part of the population con- sisting of migrating tribes, who wage an almost constant internal warfare. The religion, l.in- guage, and manners are much the same as in Siam. Lanjan is the capital. Liiplaad, a northern region of Europe, now be- longing to Russia and Sweden, bounded on the N. by tlie Arctic Ocean, E by the White Sea, S. by Sweden, and W. by Norway and the Atlantic. It was formerly divided into three parts, Russian, Swedish, and Danish (or Norwegian) Lapland. The first, the most dreary region of the wliole, consisted of three districts, BeUamore.skoi, Mare- manskoi, and Terskoi ; but these are now all in- cluded in the general appellation of the circle of Kola, which includes also the tract on the 10. of the Torneo called Kemi-Lapniark, which was ceded by Sweden in 1809. Swedish Lapland, or Lapland Proper, is subdivided into six provinces, now comprised in the governmentof Umea. Nor- wegian Lapland, or Finmark, the most northerly of all, now belongs also to Sweden. The general aspect of Lapland is mountainous. The principal rivers are, the Tornea. which issues from a lake of the same name, and, after a course of 300 m., falls into the gulf of Bothnia; the Tana, and the Alten, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean. The lakes are numerous, and many f>f them very extensive. The maritime districts are of unifurin and rather mild temperature ; but in the interior the winter is intensely cold: in the most northern parts the sun remains below the horizon from the 20th of November to the 10th of January ; and the whole country is covered with snow and ice from the beginning of September to the middle of March. In summer the sun continues two months above the horizon ; and in the valleys and plains the heat is excessive, favoring the production of numerous insects, particularly moschetoes, which greatly infest the inhabitants. Ilnrley is the com- mon grain, but rye and oats are also cultivated in some places, anil a few culinary vegetables tln' carria^^e clear of ice and snow, in the tilher. he sets out. and enn- l:nnes his journey with incredible speed, the ani- mals chnosintjf the road and directing their course vith very little trouble to the traveller. Their milk and clieese are nntrilive and pleasant ; their flesh is well tasted food, whetln"r fresh or dried ; their skin forms excellent elothinir both for the bed and body ; and their inlestinea and tendons Kul>ply their ninslers with tinead and cordnge. The Laplanders are rather lower in stature than the more soutiiern l-jiropcans. The men are of a swarthy imd d;irk complexion ; their hair is black and sliort. their moutli wide, and thi'ir clieek hol- low, with a lonjjjish pointed chin. Tiu' women are in general well made, complaisant, chaste,and ex- tremely nervous. In their manner of life the Lap- landers are divided into lisht-rs and mountaineers. The former, in summer, fix their liabitations in the neitrhbourhood of some lake, from which they draw their subsistence, and in winter live in the woods. The latter seek their support on the moun- tains, and possess herds of rein-deer more or less numerous. They are active and expert in the chase ; and the introduction of fire-arms has al- most abolished the use of thf Scotland, in Fifeshire, on a bay of tbe same name, at the opening of the fritli of Forlli, which is a safe roadstead for ships of all descriptions. The town has a manufacture of lin- en and checks. B.m. S. S \W . of S*. Andrew. Lffrw5, atown of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a samll harbour on the frith of Clyde. It is memo- rable for the defeat of tlie Norweirians, in tiieir hist invasion i>f this county, in ViKjW. It is 15 ni. N. W. of Irvine. Lfirhio. a town of Naples, in the Molise, 25 m. E. N. E. of Moli.se. fMrissa, a town of Greece, capital of Thessaly and an archbishop's see , with a palace, and some handsome mosques. It was famous aa the resi- dence of Achilles, and retains its former name. The inhabitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on a large trade. It is seated on the Pcneus, 75 ni. S. by W.ofSalonica, Long. 22. 47. E., lat. 3!t. -l-S N. Larttit/in, a small province of Persia, extcnrlintr along the northern shore of of tlie Persian (iult The soil is so impregnated with acrid sul)stances, and so destitute of waU^r, that it is the nutst un- productive province of the kingdom. Those who inhabit the coast are addicted to ])iracy, and live umler their own sheiks, paying the king only a trifling tribute. Lar is the capital. Oii-ve, a town of Ireland, in the county of An- trim, at the mouth of a river of the some name, 8 m. N. of Carrickfergus. Ijirnica, a town of Cyprus, the second in the island, and the emporium of its commerce, the bay on which it is situated forming one of the best roadsteads in the island. It lias no good wa- ter but is supplied from a distance by an aqueduct Long. 'XV 45. E. lat. 34. 5)^ N. Lurry Bun/inr, a town of llindoostan, on the N. branch of the Indus, called the Pitta. 5G m. W. of Tatta. Long. 6(i. 42. E. lat. 24. 43. N. Larta. See .4rta. Larvisren, or Lnurwi^en, a sea-port of Norway, in tlie bishopric of Christiania. It is a place of considerable trade, and has productive iron works. It stands at the conflux ot^ two rivers, near the sea. 74 m. S.S. W. of Christiania. La Sfi/fr, a seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. C. 12 m. S. Montreal. Lasenbourrr. a town of Savoy, on the river Arc, at the foot of Mount Cenis, the passage of which is the principal support of the inhabitants. The LAU 437 LAU enn i« bidden from the inhabitants of this town, by the mountains, during two months in the year. It is 20 m. N. N. W. ofSusa. Lassa, or Lahassa, a city of Asia, capital of Great Thibet. It is not large, but the iiouses are spacious and built of stone. About 7 m. to the E. of the city, is the mountain of Putala, on the sum- mit of which is the palace of the grand Lama, the higli priest of Thibet, whose authority is as great over almost all the regions of Tartary and Thibet as that of the pope was formerly over Eu- rope. Lassa is seated on a spacious plain, on a river that flows S. into the Sanpoo, 680 m. N. N. E. of Calcutta. Long. 91. 25. E.,lat. 29. 30. N. Lassakr, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a lake of the same name, 38 m. S. S. E. of Stral- sund. Lassam, a town of Java, on the N. coast, through which flows a fine navigable river. It has a considerable trade. 419 m. E. of Bata- via. Lassaij, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne, 12 m. E. N. E. of Mayenne. Lasselsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Lastres, a town of Spain, in Asturias. near a cape of the same name, on the baj' of Biscay. 35 m. E. N. E. of Oviedo. Laswarce, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Dehli, wliere a desperate battle was fought in 1803, between tlie British under long Lake, and the Malirattas under Dowlat Row Scindia, in which the latter were totally defeated. Labacunna, a town of Peru, capital of a district of the same name. The streets are broad and straight; the houses only one story high, and arched, on account of the frequency of earth- quakes, one of which overturned the vuhole place in 1698. It contains manufactures of cloth and baize, «&c., and exports great quantities of salt pork : the vicinity is nuted for making fine red earthenware. 50 ra. S. of Quito. Long. 18. 16. VV., lat. 0. 56. S. Ldlakia, the ancient Laodicea, a seaport of Syria, and a bisliop's see. It has beautiful re- mains of antiquity, and a considerable trade, es- pecially in t»)bacco though the harbour is become too sliallow for large vessels. It stands on the S. side of a small peninsula, 75 m. S. W. of Aleppo. Long. 24. 30. E., lat. 35. 40. N. Latimore^ a township of Adams Co. Pa. LaiffikoOf Old and J^ew, two towns in Caffuria about 900 m. N. E. of Cape Town. They are about 50 m. apart, and are inhabited by a sav- age race called Bootskiianas , or Matchappces. See Leetahoo . Lattxj Afrhanij, a barren district of Hindoostan between the provinces of Agirnere and Moultan, inhabited by a tribe of Hindoos, supposed to be tile aborigines of the country. Ltwhach^ a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, with a castles, 10 m. E. by S. of.Giessen. Laubach, one of the two governments of Aus- trian lUyria, containing nearly 640,000 inhabi- tants. It is divided into the circle of Laubach, Newstadtl, Adelsberg, Clagenfurt, and Vil- lach. Laubacli, or Lai^bfich, a strong town of Austrian lUyria, capital of the preceding government. The castle, called the Old Fort, stands on a mountain, and is now used ouly for a prison. It has manu- factures ofsilk, leather, and e.xcellent cloth. In 1821 a congress was held here fur deliberating on the affairs of Italy, and attended by the em- perors of Russia and Austria. It is seated on a river of the same name, 38 m. S. E. of Clagen- furt. Long. 14. 35. E., lat. 46. 11. N. Lauban, n walled town of Upper Lusatia,on the frontiers of Silesia. It has a good trade in cloth, yarn, and linen, and is seated on the Queiss, 14 m. E. S. E. of Gorlitz. Ijiuda. a town and castle of Germany, in Baden, on the river Tauber, 18. m. S. W. of Wurlz- burg. Lauder, an ancient royal burgh of Scotland, in Berwickshire. The castle, originally built by Edward I. as a fortress, is now the seat of the earl of Lauderdale. It is seated on a river of the same name, 21 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Lff?/r/frrfrt/e, a county of Alabama. Pop. 11,782 Florence is the capital. Laucnbiiig, a liiicUy in the N. of Germany, on the right bank of the Elbe, adj.arent to Hamburgh and included since lH15in the Danish dominions, of which it forms the southern e.Ytremity. Liiur.nlnirg, the capital of the foregoing diichy. There is only one wing of the ancient castle, whore the dukes resided, now remaining. Great quantities of merchandise are sent hence to Lubec, by means of the Steckenitz. It stands on the Elbe and Steckenitz, 35 m. E. S. E. of Hamburgh. Long. 10. 50. E., lat. 53. 22. N. LtivcnJiurg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the Leba, 37 m. W. by N. of Dantzic. Long. 17. 48. E., lat. 54.27. N. iMitjfr-n a town of Austria, in the duchy of Salzburg, with a fine castle, seated on the Salza, 12 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg. Lfiiiffen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle. Here is a celebrated cataract of the Rhine, the perpendicular height of which is about 60 feet, in the breadth 300. It is 3 m. S. by W. of Schaffliausen. LiivffenbuTg, a strong town in the S. W. ex- tremity of Germany, with a castle. It is seated on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the beauty of the scenery. 26 ra. W. Schaffliausen, Long. 8. 2. E., lat. 47. ;S5. N. Laiiglilinton, a village of Westmoreland Co. Pa. 23m.E. Greenburg. Laiighlon, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on a high hill, 6 m. E. S. E. of Rotherham. It is noted for its church, whose curious tower and spire are seen at the distance of 60 m. Laitingen, a town of Bavaria, in the principali- ty of Neuberg, seated on the Danube, 3 m. VV. of Dillingen. Launresloji. a borough and the capital of Corn- wall, Eng. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Attery, which falls into the Tamar, 3 in. be- low the town, tl^i m. N. of Plymouth, and 214 W. by S. of London. Long 4. 12. W., lat. 50. 38. N. Lniinreslnn, a town of Van Diemen's Land capital of Port Dalrymple, seated at the junction of the Esk and Tamar, and containing 400 inhab- itants. Launy, a town of Boliemia, near the river Kper, lOm. E. N. E. of Saaz. Ijiupcn, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, at the conflu.x of the Sanden and Sense, 5 in. S. W. of Bern. Liiiirel, p. v. Sussex Co. Del. Laurel Mountains, one of the western Apa- lachian ranges in Pennsylvania. They are of a moderate height and covered on the eastern side with laurel trees. LAV 438 LEA iMurenceburo', villages in Armstrong Co. I'a. Franklin Co. Ken. ana Dearborn Co. Indiana. Laurens^ a district of South Carolina. Pop. 20,803. Also a county of Gcorffia on the Oconee river. Pop. 5,578. Dublin is tlie capital. iMurcns, a township of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,231, ' 1 ■=■ Laurcnseille, p,v. Laurens Dis. S. C. Lauirnuen, a town of Germany, on the river Laur, 11 m. N. E. of Schweinfurt. Lauringlon, a villaje of Marlborourgh Dis.S. C. Laurrin, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggerluiys, 55 in. S. of Christiania. Lausanne^ a city of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Pays de Vaud, and a bishop's sec, with a famous collcjje. It stands on a very uneven tract of land, formed by tlirce small hills; and loftv parts afford the most subline views in na- ture. The cathedral, the town-house, and other public buildings, are magnificent, 30 m. N. E. of Geneva, and 42 S. W. of Bern. Long. G. 45. E.,lat. 40. 31. N. Lausanne, a township of Northampton, Co. Pa. on the Lehigh. Lautcnhurir, a town of W. Prussia, in the pala- tinate of Culm, 4 m. E. by S. of Culm. jMuter, a river which rises in the Vosges moun- tains, and forms the boundary between France and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, into which it falls at L.iulcrburg. iMUterlmrh, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, noted for excellent tin mines. 9 ra. S. S. W. of Carlsbad. LauUrbacli, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Saxe- Weimar, with a trade in linen and woolen cloth ; seated on the Vogelsberg, 15 m. W. N. VV. of Fulda. Lauterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, G m. S. of Interlaclien. It is seated in a romantic valley of the same name, celebrated for its cataract, called Staubbach. IjiuterburQ, a town of France, department of Lower Rhine. It stands on the Lauter, near its conflux wi^h the Rhine, 14 m. S. of Laudau. Latigertc, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 20 m. S. W. of Cahors. Langun, a town of France, in the department of Lot-et- Garonne, 17 m. N. E. of'Marmande. Laval, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Mayenne. It is surrounded by an old wall, and has two old castles, fjve churches, and three hospitals, with a monastery established in 1815. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manu- factured here ; and tlie neighbouring cpiarries F reduce green marble,or black, veined witij white, t is seated on the Mayenne, 40 m. W. of Mans. Long. 0. 45. W., lat. 48. 5. N. Laramunde,^ small town of Austrian Illyria,in Lower Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 ra. E. of Clagen^irt. Larcld, or Lnfclil, a village of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, 4 m. W. of Macstricht. In 1747 the French obtained a victory here over the allies, commanded by the duke of Cumber- land. LarcUo, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 90 m. E. by N. of Naples. LuTcnham, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with manu- factures of hempen cloth and woolen yarn. Here is a spacious market place, with a cross in the centre; but the market has long been disused. The town is situate on an eminence, at the foot of which runs the river Breton, 12 m. S. by E. of Bury St. Edmund, and G2 N. E. of London. Laccnia, a town of Italy, in the priucipality o Massa, with a citadel ; seated at the mouth of* the Lavenza, on the gulf of Genoa, 6 ro. W. N. VV. of Massa. Latinirtnn, a town in Wiltshire, Eng, 4 m. S. of Devizes, and 00 W. by S, of London. Laris, a town of the Austrian stati'S, in Tyrol, at the conflux of the Lavis with the Adige. 7 m. N, of Trent. Latoro, Terra di, a province in the S. W. part of Naples, bordered on the W. by the Tuscan Sea ; and containing 1,720 square m. with 520.000 inhabitants. It is proper for tillage, whence it took its name; and is fertile in excellent wines and fruits. There are also mineral springs, and mines of sulphur. Capua is the capital, and Gae- ta is the chief sea-port. iMirrciifc, a cnunly of Ohio. Pop. 5,300 Bur- lington is the capital. A county of Indiana Pop. 9,237. Bedford is the capital. A county of \V. Tennessee Pop. ,5,412. Lawrenceburgh is tlie capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,800. Jackson is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 5,321. Monticello is the capital. A county of Alabama. J'on. 14,984. Moulton is the capilal. A country of Kentucky. Pop. 3,897. Louisa is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 3,661. Law- rencevillc is the capital. Lairrrnrc, towns and villages in Stark, Tuscar- awas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Hunterdon Co. N. Y. and Clearfield Co. Pa. Lawrcnrcbiirtr, towns in Armstrong Co. Pa. and Dearborn Co. Indiana. Lamcnccrille, villages in Tioga, Alleghany Co. Pa. Nansemond Co. Va., Montgomery Co. N. C. Gwinnett Co. Geo., Madison Co. Ohio. Lawrence, St., a large river of North America, proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which it runs 700 m. to the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Atlan- tic. Its mouth is 100 m. wide ; and it is navigable for ships of war as far as Quebec, which is 300 in. and vessels from Europe ascend to Montreal which is 180 m. further. In its course it forms a great variety of bays, harbours, and islands, many of which are fruitful and extremely pleasant See (Quebec, Montreal, &c. Lawrence, St., Gulf of, is formed between the western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores of I.,abrador, the eastern extremity of ihe province of New Brunswick, part of ihe province of Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton. It com- municates with the Atlantic Ocean by three dif- ferent passages. Lawrcnce-lirk, a. town of Scotland, in Kincar- dineshire, with manufactures of lawn, cambric, thread, Ac, and a large bleach-field. It is seated on the small river Leuther, 8 m. N. of Montrose. Luwscille, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. 10 in. N. Montrose. Laipgersrllle, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Laxcmburg, a town of Austria, with a palace, seated on the Suechat, 17 in. S. of Vienna. Laybach. See iMuboeli. Lea, a river of England, which rises near Lu- ton, in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and Ware, and, dividing Essex from Hertfordshire and Mid- dlesex, enters the Thames below Blackwall. Lcarocl:, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 50 in. W. Phil- adelphia. Lend mhies. This name is given to a tract of country on the Upper Mississippi which contains inexhaustible quantities of lean ore. The tract is more than 200 m. in extent. The chief mines are in the neighlionrhood of Galena in the North LUA 439 I.KC Wfskrii p-iilof Illinois. Mere arc the rii-liesl lead iniiifs liillierto diacovered on the globe. This portion of country lies principally novlli of Rock river and south of the Wisconsin. Dubuque .s, and other rich ?nine.>j, are west of the Mis.sissippi. Native copper, in larjje quantities, crista in this region, especially at the nioulh of Plum creek ank on the Peekatonokee. Plum creek is a small creek, of Illinois about 40 miles above Rock river, which runs into the Mississippi. Peekatonokee is a branch of Pvuck river. For many years the Indians, and some of the French hunters and traders, had been accustomed to di^ lead in these regions. They never penetrated much below the surface, but obtained considera- ble quantities of the ore, which Ihey sold to the tra- ders. In 1823, the late Col. James Johnson, of Great Crossings, Ky . obtained a lease of the United States Government, and made arrangements to prosecute the business of smelting, with con- siderable force, which he did the following sea- son. This attracted the attention of enterprising men in Illinois, Missouri, and other States. Some went on in 1320, more followed in 1827, and in 1828 the country was almost literally filled with miners, smelters, merchants, speculators, &c. Such was the crowd of adventurers in 182i), in this hitherto almost unknown and desolate region, that the lead business was greatly overdone, and the market for awhile nearly destroyed. Fortunes were made almost upon a turn of the spade, and .ost with equal facility. The business is now re- viving, and probably will be prosecuted in fu- ture more in proportion to the demand for lead. The following table shows the amount of lead made annually at these diggings, from 1821, to Sept.30, 1830. Founds of lead made from 1821, to Sept. 30, 1823, 33.5,130 Do. for year ending Sept. 30, 1824, 175,220 Do. do. do. 1825, 664.530 Do. do. do. 1826, 958 842 Do. do. do. 1827, 5,182,130 Do. do. do. 1828, 11,10.'>.810 Do. do. do. 18-29, 13,343,150 Do. do. do. 1830, 8,323,998 Total, 40,088,860 The government formerly received ten per cent, in lead, for rent. It is now reduced to si.^c per cent. These lands will soon be surveyed, and probably sold, which will add greatly to the stability and prosperity of the mining business. Leiidhills,SL village of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, situate amid mountains, in which are rich mines of lead. Here is a public library, fitted up by the miners, who work only eight hours in a day, and employ much of their spare time in reading. It is supposed to be the highest inhabited place in Britain, being about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is situate on the road from Glasgow to Dumfries, 18 m. S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of Glasgow. LcadtiUe, p.v. Randolph Co. Pa. Lrjikrsvitlc. p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 105 m. N. W. Raleigh. Leamington Priors, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. Here are some saline springs, with warm and cold baths, a pump-room, and other accom- modations for genteel company. It is seated on the river Leam, near its confluence with the Avon, 2 m. E. of Warwick and 89 N. W. of London. Leao-tong. See Chen-ytmc Lmsburg, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. &4 m. N. W. Raleigh Ltalfiirlieiii!, a town in Surrey, Eng. Here is a bridge of 14 arches over the river Mole, which a little above is said to make its re-appearance above groxmd. 18 m. S. S. W. of London. Lfnthcs-watcT, or U'itliburn. a fine lake in Cum- berland, Eng. lying S. E. of Keswick. It is nar- row ami irregular, about 4 m. in length, skirting the foot of llelvellyn, and receiving numerous torrents from that huge mountain. The singular beauty of this lake is its being almost intersected in the middle by two peninsulas, which arc joined by a neat wooden bridge. Its outlet at the N. end joins the river Greeta, which runs into the Derwent below Keswick. Lcarenicorlli, p.v. Crawford Co. Indiana. Lcba, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a river of the same name, which, after forming a lake 15 m. in circumference, enters the Baltic Sea. 16 m. N. N. W. of Luenburg. Lebanon, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,391. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,868. p.t. New London Co. Conn. Pop. 2,552. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop 2,249. p.t. Huntingdon Co. N. Y. p.t. Leba- non Co. Pa. 25 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Also towns and villages in Russell Co. V'a. "Washing- ton Co. Geo., Warren, Meigs, and Ashtabula Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ken., Wilson Co. Tenn. and St. Clair Co. Illinois. Lebanon, a county of the E. District of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 20,S40. Lebanon is the capital. Lebiila, a sea-port of Africa, in the territory of Tripoli, with a good harbour and an old castle. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 30 m. S. E. of Tripoli. Lebrixa, or Lehrija, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a castle, seated in a territory abountl- ing in olive-trees that produce the best oil in Spain, 20 m. S. by W. of Seville. Lebus, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seat- ed on the Oder, 5 m. N. of Frankfort. Lrcasello, a town in the state of Genoa, 22 m. N. E. of Genoa. Lecce, a city of Naples, in Otranto, and a bish- op's see. It is the residence of the governor of the province, which by some is called Lecce in- stead of Otranto. 17 m. N. W. of Otranto, and 195 E. S. E. of Naples. Long. 18. 20. E., lat. 40. 36. N. Lecco, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milan- ese, with several flourishing manufactures. It is seated on the E. branch of the lake Como, 15 m. E. N. E. of Como. Long. 9. 23. E., lat. 45. 5. N. ^ Lech, a river of the Bavarian states, which rises in Tyrol, divides Siiabia from Bavaria, and enters the Danube below Donawert. Lechlade, or Letcklade, a town in Gloucester- shire, Eng. A canal from the Severn joins the Thames near this town, and the traffic here, on both, is considerable in cheese, corn, and coal. It is seated at the confluence of the Lech with the Thames. -28 m. E. by S. of Gloucester, and 76 W. by N. of London. Lechnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the province of Oppeln. Near it is the convent of St. Annenburg. much resorted to by pilgrims. It is seated near the Oder, 17 m. S. S. E. of Op- peln. Led:, a river of Netherlands, which branches off" from the Rhine at Deur.stede, and enters tha Maese, 10 m. E. of Rotterdam. Leclourc, a strong town of France, department of Gers, with manufactures of leather, and some trade in corn and wme. It is situate on a moun- LEE 440 LEH tain, near the river Gera, 16 m. N. of Audi. Long. 0. 37. E., lat. 4:1. 56. N. Le,4(il. Jonesville is the capital. Also a township of Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. l.OOtt. p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 140 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,825. p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,r,J4. township in Athens Co. Ohio. Leeds, a flourishing town in West Yorkshire, Eng. It stands on the river Aire, over which is a stalely stone bridge. It is the principal of the clothing towns in Yorkshire, and the mart for the colored and white broad cloths, of wliirh vast quantities are sold in its two cKitli hails, within the space of an hour, without tlie least confusion. Leeds has flourishinw manufactures of carpets ; also some mills for the cutting of tobacco, and several potteries. In the neiglibourhood are numerous collieries, and great quantities of coal are sent to York and Hull. ;i m. N. N. W. of the town, on the river Aire, stands the remains of that venerable pile, Kirksta! Abbey, embower- ed in groves of oak. A canal passes hence to Liverpool, by which and the river this town has a communication with the Irish Sea and the Ger- man Ocean. 24 m. S. W. of York, and 18i» N. W. of London. Lonw. 1 . 34. W., lat. bi. 4H. N. Leeds, a parish in Kent, Eng. which had form- erly a castle and a priory: some ruins of the lat- ter still remain. 5 m. S. W. of Maidstone and 40 from London. Leeds, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,08."). Also a village in Gloucester Co. N. J. on the coast. Leedston, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Va. 105 m. AV. Washington. Leefoao, the most fertile of the Hapaee islands, in the South Pacific. It is not above 7 iii. in length, and only 2 or 3 in breadth, but is superior in many respects to Annamooka. The inhabi- tants are treacherous, and have frequently attemp ted to seize European vessels. Long. 185. 49. E., lat. 19. 49. S. Leek, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It has a brisk trade, and manufactures of bandanna and other handkerchiefs, ribands, twist, and buttons. It is seated on the Churnet, 21 m. N. of Stafford and 154 N. N. W. of London. Leer, or Lehr, a town of Hanover, in East Friesland, on the river Leda, which soon after joins the Ems. 14 m. S. E. of Emden. Leerdam, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, seated on the Linghe, 11 ni. S. of Utrecht. LeeroTt, a fortress of Hanover, in East Friesland, seated at the conflux of the Leda with the Eius, 10 m. E. by S. of Emden. Leers, or Liers, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, near which the allies were defeated by the French in 174(). 4 in. N. of Liege . Leersburg, p.t. Loudon Co. Va. 46 m. N. W. Alexandria, also towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Washington Co. Ten., Tuscarawas, Champaign and Highland Cos. Ohio. Lerrillr, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y., p. v. Camp- bell Co. Va., p.v. Lexington Dis. S. C, p. v. Lawrence Co. Indiana. Leetalioo, or hittnkou, a town of Southern Africa. The old town of this name was until lately the most remote place known in the Botshuana country. The inhabitants, when visiled by Mr. Cninpbell and others in 1813, appeared to have made consider- able progress in the arts and civilization. Soon after they removed to a more suitable situation, several miles distant, in a southern direction, and founded New Leetakoo. On his return, in l.~2(), he found lliis new town occupied by about 8.(100 persons, collected from various tribes. The women perform most of the agricultural labor; while the men milk the cows, make the clothes, and go to war. New Leetakoo is 800 in. N. E. of Cape Town. Ixetotrn, p.v. Jefferson Co. Va. Leeinrr, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in South Brabant. It is seated in a morass on the river Geete, 12 m. E. of Louvain. Lceirard Islands, such of the Carribee Islands ill the West Indies, as coniiiience at Porto Rico, anJi)it!il3, a I'n.'e schoid and three charity schools. In Id'il an act was passed for lighting the town with gas, which has since been carried into effect. The principal manufac- ture is that of stockings, of which several years &^r) the value amounted to jCf>n,OllO annually, and it has of late much increased. A canal passes hence by Loughborough to the river Trent. At a parliament held here, in the reign of l[enry V., the first law was made for the burnini; of heretics. In the meadows near the town are the ruins of an abbey, in which Cardinal Wolsey died. It is seated on the Soar, 'ii m. S. by E. of Derbv. and Ol3 N. N. \V. of London. Long. 1. r*. \V., lat. oi. 3S. N. lMci;stershirc, a county of England, bounded on the N. by Derbyshire and Noltinjjhauishire, E. by the counties of Lincoln and Rutland, S. by Northamptonshire, and W. by Warwickshire and Staffordshire. It is about 45 m. long and 3l) broad, contains 51,456 statute acres, is divided into si.\ hundreds and 1U6 parishes, has 12 market towns, and sends four members to parliament. The cli- mate is temperate and tlie county is well watered. The chief rivers are the Avon, So.ir, Swift, Wreko, Anker, and Welland ; and it has three distinct lines of canal navigation. The soil, in general, affords great quantities of rich grazing land and is peculiarly litted for the culture of beans. Toward the N. W., the Bardonllills rise to a great height ; and in their neighbour- hood is Sherwood Forest, a rough and open tract; further to the N. W. are valuable coal mines. The manufacture of stockings, the principal one in the county, is very considerable ; but it may be considered rather an agricultural than a man- ufacturing county. It isfamous for its breed of large black cart iiorses, numbers of which are continually sent to London, and for its tine neat cattle and sheep : the latter, owing to the great care paid to crossing the breed and other modes of im- provement, have been brought to an astonishing de- gree of excellence. More tnan half the land is con- stantly in pasture, and most of the rest maintained in tillage is also rendered subservient to the rear- ing of cattle. The principal object of the gra- ziers here is to fatten their cattle tor the butcher, but the dairy is also in some places attended to ; and great quantities of cheese are annually ex- ported. The Stilton cheese is made in this coun- ty, near Melton Mowbray. Lf.icester, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 4G m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,78"2. Here is a manufactory of wool cards. Also a township of Livingston Co. N. Y. on the Genesee. Pop. 2.042. Also a township of Addison Co. Vt. on Otter Creek. 42 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. G38. Leii^'h, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with consid- erable manufactures, particularly of fine jeans, in imitation of those of India, fustians, and other cot- ton articles ; and a great traffic by its canal navi- gation. 12 m. W. of Manchester, and VJS N. W. of London Lci^k, a. small sea-portin Essex, Eng. opposite the E. extremity of Canvey Island. It is noted for oysters, and has a good road for shipping. 18 m. S. S. E. of Chelmsford, and 39 E. of London. Leigh, a parish of England, in Worce'stershira 4 1-2 m, W. by S. of VVorcester. 50 l.eiglihn, Old, a decayed town of Ireland, in the county of Carlow,!( in. i\. K of Kilkenny. Lr.i^rlilja Bridge, a village of Ireland, in th9 county of Carlow, with tne ruins of an ancient abbey, and also of a strong castle ; seated on tlwi river Harrow, 7 m. S. 'd' Carlow. Lni^lit.oii Buzzard, ■•xVtjvtii in Uedfordshire, Engf. The trade consists in corn, cattle, lace, platted Htvaw, iVx. About half a m. distant are there- mains ofa Roman catnp. It is seated on tlie Ouse, 18 m. S. ofBedlWrd and 41 N. W. of London. Lrin, a town of Ciorniany, in the duchy of Nas- sau, 4 m. N. E. of Welburg. Lcinriiireti, a small town of the Bavarian circle of the Rliine, .30 m. S. «( Mentz. l,riiisl,cr,!i province of Ireland, 101 ni. long and oli broad ; boundcKl on the E. and S. by St. Creorge's Channel. VV. by Connaught and Muos- ter and N. by Ulster. It contains the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kild.ire, Kilkenny, King's coun- ty, Longford, Lough, Ea.st Meath, West Meatli, We.x(*:>rd, and Wicklow. Dublin is the capital. The principal rivers are the Boyne, the Barrow, the Liffey, the Noire, and the May. fjFJpa, a town of Bohemia, with manufactures of porcelain, glass, fine cloth, and cotton. 47 m. S. E. of Dresden. ftciphcim, a town of Bavaria, on the S. bank of the Danube, 12 m. N. E. of Ulm. Leipnic, a walled tovn of Morvaria, near the river Beczwa, 14 m. E S. E. of Olumtz. Leipzig, Circle, of, a province of the kingdom of Saxony, bounded E. by the circle of Meissen, S. by that of the Erzebirge and the principality of .\ltenburg, and W, and N. by the Prussian part of Saxony. It comprises 14 bailiwics, and is the seat of considerable manufactures. Leipziir, a city of Saxony, in the circle of Mein- sen, with a famous university, and a strong cita- del, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a consid- erable trade ", and has three great fairs every year, which last a fortnight each. The number of in- habitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the principal man- ufactures are silk, gold, and silver stuffs, linen and cotton printinj;, leather, and paper. There are six handsome colleges belonging to the univer- sity, besides the private colleges; and the exchange is a fine structure. Leipzig was taken by the Prussians in 1715 and 175(i. The Austrians, in 17riG, besieged it in vain ; they took it two years afler, but were soon obliged to give it up. Leip- zig is celebrated for two of the greatest battles recorded in history having been fought in its vi- cinity, between the Frenclx and allied armies, on the 16th and 18th of October, 1813, which were followed by the capture of the town and the rear-guard of the French army, on the follow- ing morning, and also the king of Saxony and his family, who were made prisoners. It is seat- ed in a plain, on the river Pleysse, C4 ra. W. N. W. of Dresden, 90 S. W. of Berlin, and ISO N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. Long. 12. 21. E., lat, 51. 19. N. Lcirin, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, and a bishop's see, with an ancient castle on an eminence. 77 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 34. W., lat. 39. 48 N. Leisznir;, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with manufactures of cloth, lace, stockings, &c. It is seated on the Mulda, 21 m. E. S. E. of Leip- zig and 32 N. W. of Dresden. Leith, a sea-port of Scotland, on the frith of Forth, 2 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, of which It is the port. It is situate at the mouth of the river LEM 442 LEO l^eitli, winch lonns the harbour, and divides the town into N. and S. Loith, which communicate by two draw-bridges. The harbour is secured by a noble stone pier, and it is accommodated with wet and dry docks and other conveniences for ship-building, wliicli is carried on to a considera- ble extent. Here are also manufactures of ropes, canvas, carpets, glass, shoes, leather, aoap, and candles, and several iron forj^es. There are three churches, an episcopal chapel, three meeting- houses, a magnificent banking-house, an hospital for disabled seaman, rebuilt in 1S17, and numer- ous charities. A little to the E. of the town are the baths, wliich are constructed upon a grand scale, and in a style of great elegance. The har- bour is defended by a martello tower and to the W of the citadel is a battery for the protection of the shipping. The commerce of Leith is very con- siderable ; and the vessels employed in the Lon- don trade are, in general, of a large size ; but the largest ships are those employed in the Green- laud whale fishery. To foreign parts are export- ed lead, glass ware, linen, woolen stufis, and a variety of other goods. Long. 2. 5G. W.,lat. 55. &1. N. Leitmeritz. See Lcutmrritz. Leltomisckel. See Leutiiilsckel. Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, bounded on the N. by Donegal B.ay, N. E. by Fermanagh, E. by Cavan, S. E. by Longford, S. VV. by Roscommon, and W. by Slig(*. Its greatest length is ab'>ut 54 English ni., and its maximum breadth "20. It contains '2! par- ishes, and an areaof 407,261) English acres. The northern parts are mountainous and uncultivated but they abound with inexhaustible veins of lead, iron, and copper ore, and have likewise some coal mines. The S. is level and fertile. The county is traversed by the river Shannon, abounds with small lakes and rivers, has some productive iron- works, and feeds great herds of cattle. It re- turns two members to the imperial parliament. Carrick is the capital. Leitrim, a village of Ireland, from which the preceding county has its name, and formerly a place of some note. It is seated on the Shannon, 4 m. N. of Carrick, and 82 W. N. W. of Dub- lin Lcinalip, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare. It has a noble castle with large gardens, on one side of which is a fine waterfall, called the Salmon Leap. Near it is the ruins of the church and castle of Confy. It is seated on the LilTey, 8 m. W. of Dublin. Lrmhiirg, or Leopold, a town of Austrian Po- land, formerly the capital of Red Russia, and now of Galicia and Ladorneria. It is well fortified, and defended by two citadels, one of which is on an eminence without the city. The cathedral, churches, and public buildings are magnificent; and the inhabitants, computed at 44,000, of whom 14,000 are Jews, carry on a considerable trade. It is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and has also an Armenian and Russian bishop. It is seated on the Pelton, 72 m. S. S. E. of Chelm,and 159 E. of Cracow. Long. 24. 26. E., lat. 49. 51. Lfmgmt>,3. town of Prussia, in Westphalia, and in tlie principality of Lippe-Detmold, with some cloth and stufT manufactures, and a considerable trade in printing and bookselling. It is seated on the Beya, 17 m. S. of Minden. Lcmtws, or Slnlimenr,, an island of the Archi- pelago, lying near n.e ?fri!t of Gallipoli, 15 in long and II broad. The poets made it sacrei to Vulcan, who was hence called Lemnitis Pater. It was also celebrated f^>r ita labyrinth, of which not a trace remains. The air is pure, and the produce consists of corn, oil, Cfttton, and a varie- ty of fruits. It has two harbours on the S coast and an extensive roadstead on the N. Its capi- tal is of the same name, and is a metropolitan see. Long. 25 28. E., lat. 40. 3. N. Lempslcr, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. II. 40 m. W. Concord. Pop. 999. Lemington, a township of Essex Co. V't. on the Connecticut,!!} m. N. K. Montpelier. Pop. 182. Lemon, a township of Butler Co. Ohio, on the Miami. Pop 2,870. It contains the villages of Middleton and Monro<». Lena, a river of .\siatic Russia, in the govern- ment of Irkutsk, which rises in the mountains to the N. W. of the lake Baikal, flows N. and N. E. to Yakutsk, where it is 5 in. wide, and proceed- ing N. i\. VV., enters the Frozen Ocean by sever- al mouths. LeiMwee, a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,591. Tecumseh is the capital. Lenczicz, a strong town of Poland, with a fort on a rock. It staiids in a morass on the river Biusa, 77 ra. W. of Warsaw, and 110 N, by W. of Cracow. Lenham, a decayed market town in Kent, Eng. seated on an eminence, at the s(nirce of the Len, 10 in. E. of Maidstone, and 44 S. E. of Lon- don. Lenncp, a town of the Prussian states, in the province of Cleves and Berg, on a river of the same name, 20. m. E. S. E. of Dusscldorf. Lenoir, a county of'North Carolina. Pop. 7,935. Kingston is the capital. Lenox, ]).t Berkshire Co. Ma.ss. 6 m. S. Pitts- field, and 147 W. Boston. Pop. 1,355. It is a very neatly built town and has manufactures of woolen and iron. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. on Oneida Lake. Pop. 5,039. Also towns in Sus- quehanna Co. Pa. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Lenot, a county of Upper Canada lying upon the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. Lenox Cdstle, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. C. Lennzmlle, p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. on Core Sound. Lens, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 10 m. N. W. of Douay. Lentini, an ancient town of Sicily, in Val di Noto. It is a small remainder of the ancient Leontium, and situate at the foot of a height, on the top of which Charles V. built a new town, called Carlentini. Lentini was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1093. It is seated on a river of the same name, 17 m. S. W. of Catania. Lenlzburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of .\argau, with a castle, and manufactures of lin- en, cotton, tobacco, &c. It is seated on the Aa, C ni. E. of Aargau. Lfntzen, a town of the Prussian province of Bran- denburg, near the Elbe, 74 m. N. W. of Berlin. Lcahcn, a town of the Austrian states, in Upper Styria, situate on the Muhr, 20 m. N. VV. of Gfatz. Leobsdiuz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a trade in corn and yarn, 10 m. N. N. E. of Jagern- dorf. Leoaane, a town and fort, with a good harbour on the N. side of the S. peninsula of St. Domin- go. It was taken by the British in 1796. 26 m. S. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 72. 37. W lat. 18. 33 N. LEP 443 "If'U'f'xL churctu ;pacious/and has a cider, &c. i"*^.''" i. ' B„|,„ns Here are also beautiful alur-p.ece b? «"''«■ -^ ,ei,o.,ls,and two four meeting-housps, two cnan y ^ free schools, one of them ejdov^ ed by H ^^,^^^^^^^ It i3 seated on the l^ug, ~o ni. andl37NW. of London. ^0 m. N. W^eX"n'NaIuTHv«. Pop. 1,H01. It has TanSres of combs and othe.arUce. S. by Estremadura, and_L. by^Old Cas^tac.^^1 ^^_ oooTfonTrnd UO-b^oad, ind divided into al- SSritK^^^i^^SF-'^^ '-^i:;. fhTc^p Jur'u:^are";;':^ince, and a !:-e]t^tap^t,iStn9co„.instheto.b of 37 kin^s an3 one,emperor. 1 ^ j"; j^, / ""/."Jwirtr ^Tfnsula'fed'Irlcfon the S W^ Leon, isle Of, a" ■ , ^^ nland by a coast of Spam, ^epara^ed from th „^ ^^^^ ^^, ^^ canal and r.ver 10 mm le , ^^^^^^^ ='" ''tl a'n%ne'my in posse^lion of the mainland against an ^"^"y.'.V^/p^neh in ISIU) is farther ' r;: Tlown 'on Se above island. The popu- '■ iL'^a'city of G Jatfmala, capital of the prov- ince of'NicarLua. In the vicinity .s a mountam ;Ttr/vorcano= which --f^^^-f-rrn't; nnakes It is a commercial place, seaicu XeN^W extremity of the l='ke Nicaragua, 30 m from the Pacific Ocean. Long. 87.20. W., lat. \Fon Ve«r, a province in the S. part of New P;raid'c'^oT: seated on the Vienne, XO m. ^i„J^S;:tv'st'ML|" Co. Maryland, on the Potomac' G8mS^E. W^^hington LeoMrrf«;i;(e, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. Jo m. ^e^ri: a town of Germany , in tbe^in^dom of Wurtemberg, situate on the Glem, 6 m. W. ol ^'tlrJu^tadt, a town and fortress of Hungary, tX'a^tenS b-rcLT"on aneminen|. The produce of the accent country --"-. -^ corn, rice, leather, and tobacco. It is se^tea ai Paci^c Ocean. Long. 1G8. 5. E. lat. 15. 33. S. LE3 Le Rnj, a township of Jefferson Co N. Y. 20 m N.E. Sackelt's Harbour. Pop. 3,4JU. Lcrcna, or IJfrenu, a town of Spain, in Lstre- madura, it the fool of a muunUiii., and Ibe source ^•ihe Malachel, 50 m. S of Meridaand 03 N. of Seville. Long5. 59. W,lat. 3-. (. N. Lcrida (the Ilcrd^ of Lucan) , an ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop s sec, with a univ^^rsi^y and a castle. Near this place are the remains of a palace of the kings of Arragon^ It is seated on a hill, on the river Seera, (>9 "i. b. b. E, of Saragossa and 200 N. VV. of Madrid. Long. ''•^ri^'.'u-o'VsUndrin the Mediterranean on the coast of France, 5 m. ^oin Ant.bes That nearest the coast, which is the .l"g" 'f ^"'',ii! called St Margaret ; the smaller is called bt. llo norat, andhas a Benedictine abbey. . Uma, a town of Spain, in the province ^ Burgos, with a palace, sealed on the Arlanza, 23 ""Ur:!!,"!^":^ of Cyprus, formerly a lar.e citv as appears from its ruins. It is situate on tic S.^oast o^-'the island, where there^ a good road and a small fort, for its defence, 30 m. b. W. ot J"T;ICp t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 10 m. E. BaU- via^ Pop 3,909. Also a township of Geauga Co. ^Le^kfc a town of Scotland, capital of the She laTd Islands, situate on the spacious harbour caUedSrassaSo^nd. Itrslhe rendezvous of the fishing busses and vessels employed in t he her rin^ Ishery. Near the iN. end of the town is Foft Cha7otte, which commands the ^.^ntr_ance to Brassa Sound. Long. 0. 5b. W '^t- «)■ /-;^^ 1 Lescar, a town of France department of Lo«er Pyrenees, seated on a hill, Jm. n. vy.oi i »u 4'i S E of Bayonne. . i40. E-. Ol u } r,„„i,:,„,„ See Daahistan. K:""at°o;^n;fFrce,departmentofAude. ^S::.i;rnisUndrthe guirof Venice, on the coa^t of balmatia, 65 m. long and 14 broad. It cmitains .real quantities of different kinds of mar- ble and produces wine, oil, figs, almonds, oranges saffron, aloes, honev, &o., m great abundance, butsa"t-fish is the chief article ol commerce. The caDiUl of the same name, has a good harbour and coEs 1,200 inhabitants 20 m. S. of Spalatro. ^X^..tfaVr:y^ffnwan Eng^with rS-;U:r^:iiri^^m t^'c^ir had formerly a castle, now in rmns, and is one of rte coinage towns for tin. Besides the church whichTs a large and noble edifice, here are three places of worfhip for dissenters a free grammar school, two national schools, and a charity school f^r'^poor children U. the -inily are severd ex- rd'J^ W^V S of Lo'n^on'*- Long. 4.^42. W., '"z.™e,^a town of France, department of Gi- rond?n^a which are found transparen pebbles, known by the name of Medoc stones. It is 13 m. I« N \V of Bordeaux. , . « • LcsZes\ town of the Netherlands, in Hain- aufi fan"is for its linen manufacture ; seated on the bender, 28 m. S. W. of Brussels. L^^witlad, or LosUcUhiel, a borough m Corn- wall Eng with a tolerable woolen manufacture^ Cule"unnarygod,andtbec„n.yc^^^^^^ are held here. It is seated on the river , LEV 414 LEW Tihich was formerly navigable, but is now choked up with sand. 22 m. N. E. of Truro and 232 W. bv S. of London. Lctart, a township of Mciga Co. Ohio. Lettere, a town of Naples, seated at th» foot of a mountain, 12 m. N. W. of Salerno. Lettrrkenny, a township of Franklm Co. Pa. 5 m. N. W. Chambersbug. Leubus, a town of Prussian Silesia, witli a cele- brated Cistercian abbey ; seated on the Oder, 30 m. N. N. W. of Brenlau. Lcucate, a town of France, department of Audo, nituata near the Mediterranean, on the N. aide of -a lake ot the same name, 2U m. N. E. of Perpigiian. Leuchf or Lcuk, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, much fref Hungary, on a river of the same name, 2.*> m. N. E. of Gran. Lcices, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It had CejT- mnrly 12 parish churches, now reduced to six, in- cluding those of the adjoining villages of South- over and Clift'. It is a very ancient place, and vestiges of its walls and castle, and of an extensive priory, still remain. Here are 7 meeting-houses f.ir liissenters ", also a handsome county-hall, a free gramtnar school, a good charity school, sev- eral (tluiritable jn'^filutions, and a theatre. On a hill, abrmt a iiiiie from the town, is the race ground, which is accounted one of the best in England. Near this town was fought a battle in 12(j3, when Henrv III. and his son (aiterward Edward 1.) were made prisoners by the earl of Leicester. Lewes is situate at the edge of the South Downs, !^ m. N. E. of Brighton, and 49 S. of London. Long. 0. 2. E., lat r>(l. 55. N. Leioix, one of the most considerable of the Western Islands of Scotland, parted by two arms of the sea into two divisions, the southern ot which is called Harris, and the northern Lewis; the former is annexed to the county of Inverness, but Lewis belongs to Ross-shire. It is about 60 m. in length from N. to S., and from 10 to 15 in breadtii. The country in general is wild, bleak, bare of wooil. and little fitted for cultivation. Bear, oats. pe.TS, rye, aud potatf»es, are the pro- ducts of the soil. The hills are covered with heath, which afiords shelter for various sorts of game. The lake and streams abound with salmon, large red trout, &c., and there are good fisheries on the W. coast, which is annually visited by millions of herrings. The inhabitants amount to 13,942, whose principal employment is the rearing of sheep and black cattle, and the fishery. There are several small villages, but Stornaway is the only town. The j»romontory at the N. extremity of the island is called the Butt of Lewis. Long, fi. 32. E., lat. 5.-i. 33. N. A.C7ri>, a county of .New York. Pop 14,958. Mar- tinsburg is the capital. A county of the W. Dis- trict of Virginia Pop. P,241. Weston is the capi- tal. A county of Kentucky on the Ohio. Pop. 5,200. Clarkesburg is the capital. Letcis, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. GO m. N. E. Montpc- lier, p.t. Essex Co. N. V. 6 m. N. Elizabethtown. Pop. 1,305. p.t. Brown Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,022. Lewisherrij, p,v. York Co. Pa. LeirisbvTg, p.t. Green Brier Co. Va. 2.50 m. W. Richmond, p. v. Union Co. Pa. on the Susquehanna, 7 ra. above Northumberland, p. v. Muhlenburg Co. Ken. on Green River. Lewisham, a village in Kent. Eng. which from its pleasant situation, and its proximity to the metropolis, has become the residence of several opulent citizens, who have many elegant houses here. 5 m. E. of London. Letciston, p.t. Lincoln Co. Mc. at the ftlls of LE¥ 445 LIB the Androscoggin, 30 m. W. Wiscaaaet. Pop. 1,549. Also a p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. on Niagara river opposite Queenstown, at the head of ship navigation from Lake Ontario. Pop. 1,.">28. p.t Montgomery Co. Missouri. Lewistoxon, p.t. Sussex Co. Del. on Delaware Bay, 3 ra. within Cape Henlopen. This town was bombarded by the British fleet during the late war, but without any etfecl. Salt is made here by solar evaporation. Also a p. v. Mifflin Co. Pa. on the Juniata, 55 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Letcisville, p. v. Brunswick Co. Va. 70 m. S. Richmond, p. v. Chester Dis. S. C. 7-i m. N. Columbia, p. v. Blount Co. Tenii. 170 m. E. Murfreesborough. terrm^'Ton, p,t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 1 1 ra. N W. Boston. Pop. 1,541. This town will be i-ver memorable in American history, as the spot where the first blood was shed in the revolutionar)' con flict. This took place on the I9th April 1775. A monument has been erected on the green at Lex- ington in commemoration of the event. Lejcington, a town of Kentucky, chief of Fay ctte county, and formerly the capital of the state It has six edifices for public worship, a university, and a court-house. The trade is considerable, and the manufactures numerous and flourishing. Pop. 0,10-1. Near this town are to he seen curious sepulchres, full of human skeletons, which are fabricated in a method totally different from that now practised by the Indians. In the neighbour- hood are the remains of two ancient fortifications, with ditches and bastions; one containing about six acres of land, and the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen vessels, a manufacture with which the Indians were never acquainted, have also been ploughed up near Lexington. These, with the fortifications and the sepulchres, have been urged as an argument that this country was formerly inhabited by a people farther advanced in the arts of life than the present Indians. Lex- ington stands in a fine tract of country, on the head waters of Elkhorn River, 24 m. E. S. E. of Frankfort, the present capital. Long. 8-J. 55. W. lat. 33. 15. N. Transylvania University at this place was founded in 1798. It has instructers and 93 students Its libraries have 3,850 volumes. It has 2 vacations in spring and autumn. Com- mencement is in September. Urington, p.t. Greene, Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,248. p.t. Henderson Co. Tenn., Rowan, Co. N. C, Og- lethorpe Co. Geo., Erie Co. Pa., Richland and Stark. Co, Ohio. Scott Cos. Indiana and Boone Co. Missouri. Lexington, a town of Virginia, chief of Rock- bridge county, situate near the N. branch of James River, 1-50 m. W. by N. of Richmond. Washington College at this place was founded in 1312. It has 23 students ; the library ia small. It has 2 vacations in autumn and winter. Com- mencement is in April. Lczin'Hon. a District of South Carolina. Pop. 9,070. Leydcn, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine, which here almost expires in a number of small channels. It is famous for the long siege it sus- tained in 1574, against the Spaniards, during which 0,000 of the inhabitants died of famine and pestilence. In honour of this siege a university was founded in 1575, celebrated for its colleges, botanical garden, anatomical theatre, astronomical observatory, cabinet of natural history, and valua- ble library ; in 1807 it was almost destroyed by the blowing up of a vessel loaded with gunpow- der. The principal church is a superb sfiucture, and the old castle, town-house, custom-house, and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here are excellent manufactures of soap and indigo ; and the vicinity produces the best Dutch butter and cheese. It stands on .50 islands, and has 145 bridges, the greatest part built of freestone. The inhabitants are estimated at 50,000. Leyden is 4 m. E. of the German Ocean, and 20 S. W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 28. E., lat. 52. 8. N. Leijdrn, a town of Franklin Co. Mass. 117 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 790. Also a p.t. Lewis Co. N.Y. 33 m. N. Utica. Pop. 1,.502. Lcypu, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leut- merilz, seated on the Pubietz, 23 m. E. N. E. of Leutmeritz. Lctfla, one of the Philipoines, about 40 leagues in length, and 95 in circumference. Its soil on the E. side, is very fertile : but the hiffh moun- tains that intersect it from E. to W. occasion so great an alteration in the climate, that, when the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the others sow , and they have two plentiful harvests in the year, to which the rivers descending from the mountains not a little contribute. The isl- and contains 9,000 inhabitants, who pay tribute in rice, wax, &c. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 10. 50. N. Lifrm-po. See Ming-po. Lilianus, or Lebanon, a lofly mountain of Syria, extending from the vicinity of Tripoli to the bor- ders of Palestine, about 30 or 40 m. from the sea. Its height is very considerable, the summit is cov- ered with snow a great part of the year. Few specimens now remain of those magnificent ce- dars for which it was once so celebrated. Near Damascus there are immense caverns, one of which can contain 4,000 men. To the E. is a parallel chain called Antilibanus. Libalta , ^ lown of Guinea, in the country »( Gabon, seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 m. N. W. of Sette. Long. 8. 54. E , lat. 0. 58 S. Libau, a town of Courland. on the Baltic, with a harbour for small ships. The chief articles of commere are hemp and linseed. It is seated on a peninsula, 50 m . N. of Memel, and 80 W. of Mittau. Long. 21. 25. E., lat. 50. 30. N. Libtria, a district on the coast of Africa bo nim- ed from its being colonized by liberated captives and free people of colour. IJnder the auspices of a colonization society, in America, the first set- tlers proceeded to Africa in 1822. Cape Mesu- rado, in lat. 0. 18. N., was purchased of the na- tives ; the plan of a town, afterwards called Mon- rovia, was formed ; and as fresh emigrants arriv- ed they purch.ased additional tracts of country. The greater part of the early settlers from Amer- ica were men of eminent piety, and their just, humane, and benevolent policv. has given them an uncommon influence over the native tribes. In 1827 this sable community had risen complete- ly above the pressure of urgent necessities. Mon- rovia was rapidly improving in accommodations and increasing in magnitude, and several fresh towns were already springing up. The soil is extremely fertile : the natives of the country, without tools, without skill, and with little labour, raisin;;' more grain and vegetables than they can consume and often more than they can sell. Cattle, swi,:e, fowls, ducks, goats, and sheep, thrive without ;':>eding, and require no other care than to keep them ."romstraving. Cotton, coffee-. 1 LIT 44U LIE indigo, and sUj^ar-eanp, are all the Ei>iiiiUiieuu.s growth of the forests, and may be cultivated at pleasure, to any extent, by such aa are disposed. Tlie same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Gui- nea corn, millet, and too many species of frnils and vegetables to be enumerated. Add ti all tins that winter is here unknown, the hills and plains iire covered with perpetual verdure, and nature is constantly pouring her treasures, all tiie year round, into the laps of the industrious. The trade and commerce e.xlend to the coast, to the interior parts of the continent, and to foreiiin vessels, and is already valuable and fast increa- sing. Tiie chief exports are rice, palm oil, ivory, tortoise shell, dyewoods, ^old, hides, wa.v, and a small amount of coffee. Tlie imports consist of the products and jnannHietures of the four (]uar- ters of the world. The liarboiir is seldom clear of European and American shippinir; and the bustle and thronging of the streets show some- thing already of the activity of the smaller sea- ports of the United States. Mechanics of nearly every trade are carrying on their various occupa- tions, and not a child or youth in the colony but is provided with an appropriate school. The most recent accounts from Liberia are exceeding- ly encouraging as to the health, connnerce, and prosperity of the colony. Fresh emigrants are constantly arriving, who are innnedi;itely suppli- ed with emplovment, or if sick, removed to a spacious Infirmary. The piety of the first settlers has continued to spread, and tlie standard of mor- als consequently remains high. The Sabbath is carefully regarded, and Sunday schools have been established for the beneht of the native children. The cheerful abodes of civilization and happiness — the flourishing settlements — the sound of Christian instruction, and scenes of Christian worship, which are heard and seen in this land of brooding pagan darkness — a thousand contented freemen, united in founding a new Christian empire, happy themselves, and the instrument of happiness to otiiers— while they refresh the hearts cannot fail to encourage the brightest anticipa- tions of Christian Philanthropists. Liberty, a county in the E. part of Georgia, with 7,234 inhabitants ; the chief town is Riceborough. Liberttj, a township of Sullivan Co. N. Y. on the Delaware. Pop. 1,277. Also towns and vil- lage in Adams and Tioga Cos. Pa., Bedford Co. Va., Trumbull, Delaware, Fairfield, Highland Clinton, Crawford, Butler, Jefferson and Mont- romery Cos. Ohio, Union Co. Indiana, Casey Co. Ken., Marion and Smith Cos Ten., and Amite Co. Mississippi. Liberty Halt, p. v. Pittsylvania Co. Va., Pendle- ton Dis. S. C. and Morgan Co. Geo. Liberty Hill, p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. and Green Co. Alab. Liberlytown, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland. Libcrtlicji, a town of Hungary, with rich mines of copper and iron, and productive springs of blue vitriol. 122 m. E. by IN. of Vienna. Libonso, a town of Africa, on the Lufuna, near the sea, .Will. S. S. W.of Bombi. Li6owr«e, a town of France, department of Gi- ronde, with manufactures of light woolen stuffs, and a trade in wine and brandy. It is sealed at the conflux of the Iller with the Dordogne, 20 m. E. N. E. of Bordeaux. Lichfield. See Litchfield. Litchstell, or Litehstullen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Basel, seated on the Ergetz, 7 m. S. E. of.Basel I Lif/i/tKiM/, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- sel, 15 m. S. E. of Cassel. Lichtcnau, a town of Franconia, in the territory of Nurember Pa. Ligonta, a village i.-. Amelia Co. Va. Ligore, a town of the Malay peninsula, sub- ject to Siam, situate on a river of the same name. Long. 100. 35. E., lat. 8. 18. N. Ligueil, a town of France, department of Indre-et-Loire. 21 m. S. of Tours. Likons, a town of France, department of Somme, 18 m. E. of Amiens. LilierUha.l,a. town of Sa.xony, on the river Warp, 10 m. N. N. E. of Bremen. Lille. See Lisle. Lillers, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, seated on the Navez, 17 ni. N. W. of Arms. f/t'Wo, afortofthe Netherlands, in Brabant,on the N. side of the Scheldt, 9 m. N.N. W. of Antwerp. Lilley Point, a. village of King William Co. Va. Lima, a province of Peru ; bounded N. by Tru-t- illo, E. by the Andes, S. by Arequipa, and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Lima, the capital of Peru, and an archbishop's see with a university. This city was founded in 1534, by Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciu- dad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings. This Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but is better known to foreigners by that of Lima. It is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and surrounded by brick walls, with ramparts and bastions. The streets are handsome and straight : the houses are gen- erally only of one story high, in consequence of the earthquakes. They have flat roofs, and trees round tliem to keep off the sun. The river forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the houses, and serve to water the gardens, &c. The churches and convents are extremely rich ; and many images of the saints are of gold, adorned with jewels. Here are the courts of the viceroy and the archbishop, the royal mint, and the court of the municipal body. AH the provinces remit their product and manufactures to Lima, and are supplied hence with the neccessary commodities. The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000, are rich, fond of dress and splendid retinues, and extreme- ly superstitious. Lima is 90 ill. from the Cordil. leras, and 850 S. by F.. of Quito. Callao is its port. Long. 70. 49. W., lat. 12. 1. S. Lima, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. IG m. W. Ca- nandaigua. Pop. 1,7C4. Limale, a town of the Netherlands, in BraBani, seated on the Dyle, 13 m. S. E. of Brussels. Limaradij. See A'cieton Livmrady. Limburg, a province of the Netherlajids, bound- ed by Prussia and the provinces of S. and N. Brabant, Liege, and Antwerp. It contains an area of 1,500 sq. m. with 290,000 inhabitants. It has good arable ground, and abounds in a fine breed of cattle and contains mines of iron and lead . Limburg, a. town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of that name, with a castle built of LIM 448 LIN marbla. Here is a manufacture of woolen ulutlis, and it is famous for excellent choeec. In the neigliboiirliood are quarries of diflVrent liinds of marble, and good mines nfcaluniiiio coal. Liiii- buri; was taken by tlie French in 171)3; but in 1814 they delivered it up to the allies, it is seat- ed on a mountain near the river VVeze, 20 ni. K. of Licfje. Long. 0. :!. E., lat. 50. Sd. N. Limliurfi, a town of (Tcrniany, in the tluchy iti Nassau, with a tine cathedral. The Austrians defeated the French on (he heights near this place in 17(><'>. It is seated on the Lahn, 2(i ni. N. W. of Frankfort. Lime, a town in Dorsetshire. See Lijmc Regis. .Limrkilns, a town of Scotland, in Fifesliire, on the coast of the Forth. It is famous for great lime-works, has a good tide harlionr for small vessels, and is 4 m. §. VV. of Dunifcrniline. Liiiicn'r/c, a county fif Ireland, in tiie province of Munster, bounded on the N. by the river Shannon, which separates it from tlie conntv of Clare, W. by Kerry, S. by Cork, and F. by Tip- perary. It is 50 English m. long, from E. to W., and :!2 broad from N. to S., and contains an area of 970 square m. with 218,432 inhabitants, ex- clusive of the city of Limerick. It isdivideil into 10 baronies, and 125 parishes, and sends two members to parliament. The princi|ial rivers are the Ueel, Maig, Comogue, Feale, (Jal, and Hhick- waler, besides the noble river Shannon, which may rather be said to flow by the county. The Buriace of the county is tolerably level, but shel- tered on the S. E. by a range of mountains called the Galteas ; and the fertility of the soil is prover- bial. To the N. of the Galteas lies the tract of land denominated for its fertility the Golden Vein, and on the banks of the Slmnnun lie the carlaghs, or swamps, on which a quantity of man- ure is annually deposited by the overflowing of the river. Lhncrickj a city of Ireland capitiil of the above county, and generally considered the metropolis of the province of Munster. It was formerly well fortified, and reckoned the second city in the kingdom, but has long since yielded that rank to Cork. Limerick is a county of itself, and a bishop's see, and is divided into the Irish and English town, the latter being built im an island of the Shannon called King's Island. The inhab- itants are estimated at upwards of 40,000, and it has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The linen, woolen, and paper manufactures are carried on to a great extent ; and the export of provisions is considerable. Besides the cathedral and other churches, it has a modern episcopal palace, many hospitals, and other handsome public structures. King William was obliged to raise the siege of this city in ItiilO ; but ni 1091, the garrison sur- rendered on a very honorable capitulation. It is 40 m. S. S. E. of Galway.and 94 W. S. W. of Dublin. Limerick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,420; p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. and a township of Montgom- ery Co. Pa. 25 m. W. Philadelphia. Livicstone, a county of Alabama, on Tennessee river. Pop. 14,K4H. Athens is the capital. Limington , p.t. York Co. Me. on the Saco, 22 m. W. Portland. Pop. 2,320. LiviinaX, a river of Switzerland, formed by the junction of the Mat and the Linth, the former issuing from the N. W. extremity of the lake Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from tlie S. The Limmat flows N. W., passes through the lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aar below Baden. Limne, or Liinpnc, a village in Kent. Eng. near it are the remains of a fortress called Stutfau Castle. It was formerly a port, but is now 2 ni. from the sea. The Roman road from Canterbury, called Slunes Street, ended here, 3in.S. W.ofllithe, and 04 S. E. of Lonilon. Limni^rs, an ancient town of France, depart nient of Upper Vicnne. It is a trading place, and the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It is seated on the Vienne, 110 m. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 1. 20. F,., lat. 45. 50. N. LimosiH,(iT Limimniiifii late province of France, divided into the Upper and Lower Liniosin, the forjner of which is cold and hilly, but the latter is temperate and firlile. It contains mines <•( lead, copper, tin, and iron, and now forms the departments of Upper Vicnne and Correze. Limotti, a town of France, department of Aude, with manufactures of woolen, leather, and soap. It is seated on the Aude, 50 in. S. E. of Toulouse. Lincoln, a city and the capital of Lincolnshire, Eng. It is situate on the river Witham, is divi- ded into Upper and Lower Town, and has two suburbs. Formerly it contained 52 churches, now reduced to 15. It is a bishop's see, and the dio- cese, though much reduced, is still the largest in England. The cathedral stands on the brow of the hill, and is admired for its rich and light arch- itecture. The great bell of the cathedral, called Tom of Lincoln, requiretl 15 able men to ring it, but has been forbidden to be used, in consequence of the decay of the tower in which it hangs. Here arc several meeting-houses for dilTerent de- nominations of dissenters, a catholic chapel, a national school erected in 1814, and several other schools and charitable institutions. Of the castle, built by William I., few vestiges remain, but the ruins of religious houses are so numerous that the very barns, stables, &c., are built with arch- ed doors and windows. Newport Gate, on the N. side of the city still remains, and is one of the noblest remnantij of Roman architecture left in Britain. Lincoln is a county of itself, governed by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool, which are sent by the Witham. Here is a small manufacture of camlets. It is 32 m. N. E. of Nottingham, and 131 N. by W. of London. Long. 0. 25. W., lat. 15. 53. N. Lincoln, a county of Maine, on the Kennebec, and washed by the ocean. Pop. 57,181. Wis- casset is the capital ; a county of N. Carolina on the Catawba. Pop. 22,025. Lincolnton is the cap ilal; a county of Georgia, on the Savannah. Pop. 0,137. Lincolnton is tlie capital; a county of Kentucky on (ireen river. Pop. 11,012. Stanford is the capital ; a county of W. 'Tennessee, on Elk river. Pop. 22,080. FayetteviUe is the capi- tal ; a countyof Missouri on the Mississippi. Pop 4,000. Troy is the capital. Lincoln, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 50; a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. G39; a town in Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 709; and a town in Mercer Co. Ken. Lincolnshire, a large maritime county of Eng- land, bounded on the N. by the Humber, which divides it from Yorkshire, it contains 2,888 sq. m., is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parishes ; has one city, and 31 market towns ; and sends 12 members to parliament. The coast is flat, and at low water may be seen the submarine relics of a forest, which is a great natural cm-iosity. The principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Witham, LIN 449 MP Welland, and Ancholm. Tliis country is divided into throe districts, called Holland, Kesteven, and Lindsey. The air is various. The soil, in many places, is very rich, the inland part produGingcorn in great plenty, and the fens coleseed, and very rich pastures ; whence tlicir breed of cattle is larger than that of any other county of England, except Somersetshire ■ their horses are also excellent, and very large; their sheep ari> not only of the largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse woolen manufactures, and many of the unimprov- ed fens are devoted to the rearing of geese, the quills and feathers of which are sent in immense quantities to the London and other markets. In the N. W. part, the rivers Trent, Uune,and Idle, form an island, called A.xholm, which is a rich tract, antl produces much Ha.x. To the N. E. is a large tract of heathy land, called the Wolds, in which great flocks of sheep are bred. The southern portion is for the most part enclosed and wi'll inhabited. Lincolnshire has no consid- erable manufactures, and its trade is almost con- tined to the exchange of its produce for manufac- tured and grocery goods, and other consumable commodities. Lincointon, towns in Lincoln Co. N. C. and Lincoln Co. Geo. Lindau, a town of Bavaria, with a castle and wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French took possession of this city in 17iiG ; and it became subject to Bavaria in 1805. It is a trading place, seated on an island ofthe lake of Constance, join, ed to the mainland by a long bridge, 25 m. E. S. £. of Constance, and 75 S. W. of Augsburg. Long. n. 4LE., lat. 47. 32.N. Linilau, a town and castle of Germany, in the pnncipality of Anhalt-Kothen, 5 m. N. of Zerbst. Limleness. See JVazc. Linden, p. v. Marengo Co. Alabama.. Liiidenfds, a town ot Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, 22 in. N. N. E. of Manheira. Lindieyslown, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y Lindisfarne. See Holy Island. Linden, a county of Germany, in Westphalia, divided into Upper and Lower, and partly belong- ing to Prussia, and partly to Hanover. Lingen, a town of Hanover, with an excellent Calvinist academy. A little to the N. of it is a passage over the Elbe, called tlie Lingen Ferry. It is sealed on the Elbe. 40 m. N. N. W. of Munster. Lin-kcnng, a cily of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. It is thinly inhabit- ed ; but it is of some note, on account of one of its villages being the general mart for all the druo-s sold in the empire. It is seated on the Yu-Tio, 410 m. N. by E. of Canton. Long. 115. 0. E, lat. 27. 58. N. Linkioping, a government of Sweden, corres- ponding nearly to the old province of East Goth- land. It lies along tlie Baltic, and contains 3,280 sq. m. with 160,000 inhabitants. Linliiiiping , a town of Sweden, capital of the foregoing government, and a bishop's see. It is defended by a castle, and stands on the river Stoeng, near the lake Roxen, 113 m. S. W. of Stockholm. Linlithgow, a borough of Scotland, capital of Linlithgowshire, seated on a rising ground, over- looking a lake at its E. end. It has manufactures of leather, and in the ne.ghbourhood are an ex- tensive printfield, bleachfield, and two distille- 57 ries. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their noblest palaces, now in ruins; but tlie room is still shown in which queen Mary was born. Lin- lithgow is 17 m. W. of Edinburgh. Loni'. 3. 33. W., lat. .56. 0. N. Linlilligoicshirc, or IVcst Lothian, a county of Scotland, 20 m. long and 12 broad; bounded on the N. by the frith of Forth, S. E. by Edinburghsliire, S. W. by Laiiarkshiie, and N. W. by^ Stirling- shire. It is divided into 13 parishe.';, and con- tains about 20,000 inhabitants. The surface is finely diversified with hill and dala : it is fertile in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron, lime- stone, and lead. The chief rivers are the Avon, and Amoud. LinnJic, X,orA, an arm of tlie sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which separates the counties of Argvle and Inverness. It e.tteiids in a N E. di- rection from the sound df Mull to Fort William, where it takes a northerly direction, and acrjuires Uie name of Loch Eil. .\itother brunch, in asouth- easterlv direction, is called Loch Leven. This lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains. TiiH island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in it are interspersed several smaller ones. lAnnich, :i town ofthe Prus.sian states, in the duchy of Juliers; seated on the river Roer, 5 m. N. N. W. of Juliers. Lin-tchcin, a city of China, of the second rank, ill the province of Chan-tong, seated on the great canal. Here is an oclagonal tower, diviiled into eight stories, the walls of which are covered on the outside with porcelain. 187 ra. S. of Pekin. Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated on the river Granton, 10 m. S. E. of Cambridge and 40 fJ. by E. of London. Lint:, the capital of Upper Austria, and a bish- op's see, has two castles, and considerable woolen manufactures. The J^rench became masters of it in 1741 and again in 1800. It is seated on the ri-Tht bank of tlie Danube, over which is a wooden bridge, 'M in. W. of Vienna. Long. 14. 16. E., lat. 48. 21. N. Lintz, a town and citadel of tlie Prussian states, in the late electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 2;! m. S. S. E. of Cologne. I, ions, Gulf of, in the Mediterranean, lying along Uie French coast between Spain and ItiUy. It was named thus from the furious storms to which it is subject, yet is commonly incorrectly written Lyons, as if called after the city of that name wliicli is nearly 200 ni. inland. Lipari Islands, a cluster of islands in the Med- iterranean, lyin;' to the N. of Sicily, to which they politically belong. They are all of volcanic orijrin, were feigned to be the residence of .^olua ana Vulcan, and formerly called iF.olian Islands. They are 12 in number ; and nearly as follows, in the order of their size : Lipari, Stroraboli, Vol- cano, Salini, Felicuda, Alicuda, Paiiaria, Volcan- ello, Vacheluse, Lisca, Dattolo, and Tila Navi. They produce great quantities of alum, sulphur, nitre, cinnabar, and most kinds of fruits, particu- larly raisins, currants, and figs. Some of their wines are much esteemed, particularly the Mat- . vasia. Lipari, the largest and most fertile ofthe Lipari islands, about 15 ra. in circumference. It has not suSered from subterraneous fires for ages past, though it every where bears the marks of its for- mer volcanic state. It abounds with tlie currant grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quanti- ties of pumice are exported. It has a town of the same name, which is a bishop s sec, and stands LIS 400 US on ihc S. E. side of the island, 20 m. N. N E. of Patli, in Sicily. Lonff. ir>. 30. E., lat. JS. *). W. Lipno, a town of Poland, in the palatinate ol Ploczko, 3:! m. N. N. \V. of Ploczko. Lipouric, a town of Poland, in the palatinate ol Cracow, 22 m. W. of Cracow. Lippe, a river of VVest|>halia, wliuh (lows \\. bjr Padcrborn, Li|)pstadt, Main, and Uorsten, and joins the Rhine above VVescl. Liupe- Del moid, a principality of Germany, in Westphalia, bounik-d by tlio Prussian stales an„„< •* Lhhon, the capital of Portugal and the See ol a patriarch and an archbishop with a "mvcrsity. It is seated on the N. side of the Tagus, 10 m. from its mouth, and built in the fo"" of »" am- phitheatre, on seven hills, not broad but six im n lenrth. The city is walled round, and it has 80 increased by degrees, particularly towards the W that tlie old walls now divide the two dio- ceses ; the E. part under the arclibishop, and the W under the patriarcli. The harbour, which is capable of containing 1 ,000 ships in the greatest safety, is defended by two f'rts;/"'V''''"'lN, ,r entrince to the cily is tl.e lort o Be eni. Nea this is a grand aqueduct, between two hills, \vh cli conveys water to a great reservoir at one of he e.xtreinities of Lisbon. In the middle of the city, on one of the hills, is a citadel, which commands the whole place. The cathedral, on another emi- nence, is ancient and gloomy ; but the riches oi the Portuguese have, rendered it magnificent. The royal l.alace, which fronts the river, 'x^^[tie and inacrniiicent, and contains a library, collected at vast "expense by .lolin V. Lisbon was almost destroyed by an ea,lh,|uake in 175;., but has beeri handsomely rebuilt. It contains many beautiful edifices, 40 parish churches, !»!l chapels, ''J con- vents of both se.«s, and about 200,000 inhabitants. There are public walks, two theatres, and a circus for the bullfights. The manufactures are in a backward state, but the trade is very considerable and many foreign merchant., both catholic and protestan", reside here ; this e-'y '-"^/''^.g""'' fnaga-.ine of all goods brought ^"■" »'■'':''■ f^'^-^^ the colonies belonging to Portugal. In ii^''"''^" 1607 it was entered by the French, who retained possession till August 1808, when they evacuated It after the battle of Vimeira, in which they were defeated by the I'ritish. The inhabitants of Lis- bon are described as superstitious, vindictive, and meanly ac.piiescing under power. In the early part of the revolution tliey made a noble stand ibr freedom, but have since submitted without resistance to tlie usurper Don Miguel. See / »r- tugal. 178 m. W. by N. of Seville and 2..^ S. by W. of Madrid. Long. !t. 5. W., lat^ 38. 42. N. Lhhon, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Androscog- Bin Pop. 2,4:!2. p.t. Grafton Co. N. 11 fO m. I\. \V. Concoid. Pop. 1,.W.. p.t. New Lond.m < n. Corn. 7 m. N. Norwich. Pop. l,Ui(i. p.t.bl. Lawrence, Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence, ,i in, below Ogdenshurg. Pop. 1,8'Jl. also a village ol Lincoln Co. Geo. on the Savannah. Lisburn, p.v. Cumberland Co. Pa Lhlmrn.a. town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, with manufactures of linen, cloth, mus- lin and cambric. It is seated on the Laggan, » m. S. W. of Belfast. ^ ,. t • • ■ i Lisca, or Lisca Bianca, one of the Lipoji isl- ands, 3 m. S. W. of Stromboli. It is a small des- ert spot. , , /, i-^ 1 Lideui, a town of France, department of Calva- dos It has a good trade, particularly in linen cloth, and is seated on the Touqiie, 12 m. from the sea.and 40 S. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 14. E., lat. 49. 9. N. ^ . 1 J . . / i4e a strong city of France, in the department of Nord, and om- of the most commercial towns in France The inhabitants are estimated at CO 000. Its citadel is supposed to be the strong- est in Europe, next to that of Turin 1 he streets and squares are adorned with noble buildings, particularly the Great S.piare and the Little Square ; aiid among the public structures are the e-xchanne, a magazine of vast extent, and a gene- ral hospital. The manufactures are numerous, comprising camlets, serges, cotton, linen, silk, velvet, lace, &c. Lisle was taken by the allies in 1708 ; but was restored by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713 in consideration ol the demolition ol the fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1782 it suBta.ned a severe bombardment from the Austrians. It is seated in a rich and marshy soi, on the Deule, 18 m E of Tournav, and 14o N. N. E. of Pans Long. 3. 4. E,, lat. 50. 33^ N^ /i;.,p.t. BroomeCo. N. y. Pop^4 303 Lismore, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, at the entrance of Loch Mull.on the coast ol Argvle- shire. It has a fertile island, m. long and 2 broad, and was ancie'ntly the residence of the bishop of Argyle. , , . ,, . c L,sm„rr, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, and a bishop's see united to V% aler- ford The cathedral is spacious and handsome, but ihe town is now a small place. It stands on tlie Blackwaler, 20 in. N. L. of Cork. Lisomo, a river of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, which enters the gulf of Trieste. Lissa, an isla^nd in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Austrian Dalmatia. Here is a fishery of pilchards and anchovies, and it produces excellent (^.'ine and abundance of oil and almonds. It is 56 m. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 0. L., lat. 44. i>J. ^'Lissa, a town of Prussian Poland near the boners of Sile-sia. In 1707 it was laid waste by the Russians ; but it has been rebuilt, with great improvement and carru>s on ^ great trade. 1 1 J^. 03 m. W. of Kahseh. Long. 16. 35. E , lat. o4 U. N LIT 451 LIV Liasa, a village of Prussian Silesia, on the Weistritz, 6 m. N. W. of Breslau, celebrated for a victory gained by the Prussians over the Aus- trians in 1757. Litchfield, a city of Staffordslnre, Eng. It is a county of itself, and, united with Coventry, forms an episcopal see. It has 3 parisli churches, be- sides the cathedral, which is a beautiful structure, and walled in like a castle. Litchfield is the birthplace of two celebrated contemporaries, Sam- uel Johnson and David Garrick. Tlie city is governed by two bailiffs, &.C., and sends 2 mem- bers to parliament. It is seated on both sides of a small river, which soon afterwards joins the Trent, 16 m. N. of Birminsliam, and I I'J N. VV. of London. Long. 1. 44. W.,lat. 52. 41. N. Litchfield, a mountainous county of Connecti- cut, bounded N. by Massachusetts, K. by Hartford county, S. E. by New Haven county, S. VV. by Fairfield county, and W. by New York. The soil is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat and Indian corn, anil afforaing hne pasture. Pop. 42,855. Litchfield, the capital of the above county, sit- uated in an elevated plain. It is a good agricul- tural town, and contains numerous mills and manufacturing establishments. 8 ra. N. N. W. of New Haven. Pop. 4,458. Litchfield, a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H. Fop. 505 ; a township of Herkimer Co. N. Y. 10 m. S. Utica. Pop. 1,750; p.t. Lincoln Co. We. Pop. 2,308, also villages in Bradford Co. Pa. and Gray- Bon Co. Ken. Lithuania, the former name of an extensive tract of country lying between Poland and Rus- sia, now forming the three Russian governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It was divided into Lithuania Proper and Samogitia; and in 1569 was united to Poland, under one elective king. It is a flat country, fertile in corn, and produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of wool ; also e.xcellent little horses which are never shod, their hoofs being very hard. There are vast forests in which are bears, wolves, elks, wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, wild cats, &c. ; and catrles and vultures are very common. Litiz , a village of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, and a settlement of the Moravians, 06 m. W. by N. of Philadelphia. Litschau, a town and castle of Austria, on the frontiers of Bohemia, 23 m. N. W. of Horn. Lilian, a town of Moravia on the river March, 9 m. N. N. E. of Olmutz. Little Britain, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. Little Compton, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the eastern point of Narraganset Bay. Pop. 1,378. Little Creek, a township of Susse.x Co. Del. Little Egg Harbour, a township of Burlington Co. N. Y. lying upon the sea ; with a harbour and river of the same name, navigable for small craft. Little Falls, a village of Herkimer Co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, 8 ni. below Herkimer. Little Plrimouth, p.v. King and Queen's Co. Va. GO m. N. E. Richmond. Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas Territory, BO named by antiphrasis from the enormous mas- ses of rock around it. The town stands on the southern bank of Arkansas river, 120 m. from the mouth of the stream. 400 m. S. W. St. Louis, 300 N. W. Natchez. Lat. 34. 17. N., and 1,068 m. W. of Washington. IJttlcion, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- necticut. 75 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,435. p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 947. p.v. Sussex Co. Va. 36 ni. S. E. Rich- mond. Little Valley, a township of Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 337. Little York, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio. 77 m. S. W. Columbus ; p.v. Harding Co. Ken. 90 m-. S. W. Frankfort. Licadia, a province of Independent Greece, to the north of the Morea, comprising Attica, Boco- tia, Phocisand Locris. The town of the same name is situate E. of Mount Helicon. 50 m N. \V. Athens. Pop. 4,000. Lirenza, a river of Austrian Italy, which runs on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and en- ters the gulf of Venice between the mouth of the Piava and the town of Caorlo. Lircrmure, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. E. Paris. Pop. 2,4.56. Liverpool, a city in Lancashire, Eng. with mar- kets on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Up to the close of the seventeenth century it was a very inconsiderable place, having only one church, which was a ch.apel of case to Walton, a village 3 m. oflT. In 1G69 an act was passed to make it a distinct parish, and erect a new church. Since this period it has been gradually advancing in importance ; and, with respect to population and commerce, it is become the second port in tiie kingdom. It extends 3 m. along the E. bank of the river Mersey, and about a mile in average breadth; contains 23 churches and chapels for the establishment, a much greater number of meet- ing-houses for dis.senters, five Roman catholic chapels, and a Jews synagogue. Among the public buildings, which comprise numerous speci- mens of architectural taste, the most important are the town-hall, exchange buildings, lyceum, Wellington rooms, corn exchange, infirmary, St. John's market, blue coat school, dispensary, asy- lum for the blind, theatre, athenteum, music hall, news room, custom-house, and a borough gaol on the Howardian plan. The streets are generally spacious, some of them elegant, and the greater part lighted with gas. At the head of the insti- tutions fiir literary and scientific pursuits is the Royal Liverpool Institution, opened in 1817 at an expense of £10,000. To enumerate the asylums for the wretched and unfortunate, of every de- scription and denomination, would be altogether incompatible with our limits. The increase njjd prosperity of Liverpool have been greatly promo- ted by the enterprise and skill of its inhabitants, by its local advantages, commanding tlic trade of Ireland and America, and by the wisdom of the corporation in abolishing all exclusive laws, aud encouraging every species of industry and com- mercial talent. The principal manufactures, be- sides tliosc connected with the shipping, whicli employ an immense number of persons, are fine porcelain, watches, gbiss, iron, salt, copperas, Ac. The watch movement and tool business is almost confined to this part of the country ; and the breweries, soap-works, brass nndiron founderies, sugar-houses, &c., are on an extensive scale. Few towns possess accommodations for shipping at all comparable to Liverpool : it has, at present, six docks, the Dry Dock, Salthouse Dock, King's Dock, Queen's Dock, George's Dock, Prince's Dock, Nortli Dock, and Brunswick Dock, which with their basins occupy nearly 100 acres of land. The estuary of the Mersey may be jiroperly term- ed an arm of the sea, opening to this port a ready access to the Western Sea, and ships of any bur- den may come up fully laden to the town ; while LLA 452 LOA the lysteni of caiial navigation opens a conimuni- cation inland with all parts of the kingdom. This port is now estimated to engross a fourth part of the foreign trade of Britain, a sixth of its funeral trade, and to furnish one-twelfth of the shipping ; its customs amount to nearly JtM.OOO.uOO, and its exports exceed even tlKise of the metropolis. The town is governed hy a mayor, and sends two members tu parliament. 4^ m. S. of Lancaster, and aiHJ N. W. of London. Long. 3. W., lat. 03 22. N. t,irtrpoi>l, a town of Nova Scotia, in Queen's county, with a harbour at Ihe mouth of a river of iis name, ">,•• m. N. \V. of Halifax. Long. tU. 1.5 W., lat. 44. 10. N. I.irrr/ianl, villages in Onondaaa Co. N. Y., Ferrv and York C^>s. Pa. and Medma Co. Ohio. f.iri»^sto7i, a counlv of New York, on (lenesee river. Pop. 27 .Ton. Cienesee is the capital; a county of Kentucky on the Tennessee and Ohio. Pop. t).C07. Salem is the capital. f.lvhu'Stonj a township of Colunihia Co. N. Y. on the lludson,40 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,0^7 ; also a village in Essex Co. N. J. Urin-trsfnnvUlc, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. I.ironm.n province of Russia, which, with that of Esthonia, has been reriprocallv claimed and possessed by Russia. Sweden, and Poland, and, fir more than two centuries, was a perpetual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wresle2 iii. N. N. W. of Perth. Lo^rofiOj a town ttf Spain, in the [irovince of Burgos, seated on the Ebro, in a country abound ing with excellent fruits and good wines, C>2 m. E. of Burgos, and 155 N. N. E. of Madrid. Long. 2. 20. E., lat. 42. 22. N. Logrorw, a town of Chile, capital of Mclipilla Long. 71. Iti. VV.,lat. 33. :W. N. Loliiiirur^ a celebrated fortress of llindoostan, province of Dowlatabad, now belonging to the British, 20 m. N. W. of Poona. Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on me coast of the Red Sea. It has a great trade in cotFee, brought from the neighbouring hills : in the vicinity is a mountain which affords a con- siderable quantity of mineral salt. It has no har- bour, and the smallest vessels arc obliged to an- chor at a distance from the town. 180 m. N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 42. 50. E., lat. 15. 42. N. Loja. See Loxa. Loire-et-Clier, a department of France, bounded on the N. E. by the province of Loiret, N. W. by that of Sarthe, S. by that of Indre, S. E. by that of Cher, and S. W. by that of Indre-et-Loire. It takes its name from the rivers Loire and Cher ; the former of which joins the Sarthe above An gers ; and the latter runs into the Loire, 10 m. below Tours. Blois is the capital. Loire, the principal river of France, which rises in the department of Ardeche, and falls into the Atlantic about 40 m. below Nantes, watering a vast plain of more than UOO m. and dividing France almost into two equal parts. By means of the central canal, it establishes a communication between llie Atlantic and Mediterranean, and facilitates the commercial operations of the king dom. Loire, a department of France, adjoining those of Rhone and Isere. It has its name from the river Loire, which flows N. through its whole length. Montbrigon is the capital. Loire, Upper, a department of France, com- prising the Velay and that part of the Cevennes dependent on the former province of Languedoc. It takes its name from the river Loire, which flows through it from the S. to the N. E. Le Puy is the capital. Loire, Infericure, a department of France, con- taining part of the ancient province of Bretagne. It has its name from the river Loire, which crosses it from E. to W. and then enters the ocean. Nantes is the capital. Loiret, a department of France, comprising part of the former province of Orleanois. It has its name from a small river that runs into the Loire. Orleans is the capital. Loilz, a town of Prussia, in Pomcrania, with a saslle, seated on the Peene, 25 m. S. of Stralf und. Loldong, a town and fortress of HindooBtan, on tlie N. E. border of the province of Dehli, and on the river Pattereah, 8 m. above its conflux with the Ganges, and 100 N. N. E. of Dehli. Long. 78. 38. L^, lat. 21). 47. N. LokercH,a large town of the Netherlands, in E. Flanders, with various manufactures and a con- siderable trade. It is seatJ'd on the Darme, 12 m. N. E. of Ghent. Lombardo- rmelian-Kin^dmn, or Jiuslrian Italy, a kingdom of Italy, belonging to the house of Austria. It is bounded on the E. by lllyria, S. E. by the Adriatic, S. by the states of the church, Parma, and Modena, W. by Piedmont, and N. by Switzerland and Austria ; and is divided into the governments of Milan and Venice. The countrv IS well cultivated and is watered by the tinest lakes and rivers of Italy. It was erected into a kingdom in 1815; and, though declared to be a monarchy inseparable from the Austrian empire, it has a constitution of its own and a prince of the imperial family at its head, who has the title of viceroy, and resides at Milan. Lomliardy, p. v. Amelia Co. Va. 50 m. S. \V. Richmond ; p. v. Columbia Co. Geo. 64 m. N. E. Milledgeville. Lomiez, a small town of France, department of Gers. It is seated on the Save 27 m. S. VV. ol'Toulouse. Lomhoeh, an island of tne East Indies, between Bali and Sumbava, 50 m. long and 45 broad. It is very mountainous, but covered with wood and verdure. At the town of Balli on the E. side, in the straits of Alias, and in the many flourishing villages of the coast, European ships passing to the E. arc well supplied. The inhabitants, origi- nally emigrants from Hindoostan, retain most Hindoo customs. Lonibock, a strait formed by the island of Balli W. and that of Lombock E. The S. entrance is in long. 115. 43. E., and lat. 8. 45. S., where is a large island called Banditti Island, to the W. of which there is no passage. Owing to the extreme rapidity of tlie tides, navigation is here extremely dangerous Loviond, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Dumbar tonshire, 30 m. long and from 1 to S) wide. It contains several islands, some of which are in- habited, and adorned with antique ruins, concealed among ancient yews ; and others rise into high rocky cliffs, the habitation of the osprey. On the E. side is the mountain Benloniond, which rises to the height of 3,240 feet ; and the river Leven issues from its S. extremity. Lona(o, a town of Auslriivn Italy, in the gov- ernment of Milan, 12 m. E. S. E. of Brescia. Loncarty, a village of Scotland, in Perthshire, signalized by the great victory obtained by the Scots over the Danes, in !I7(). It has extensive bleacliing grounds, and is seated near the Tay, 5 m. N. of Perth. London, the metropolis of Great Britain, one of the largest and most opulent cities in the world, mentioned by Tacitus as a considerable com- mercial place in the reign of the Roman emperor Nero. In its most extensive view, as the metrop- olis, it may be said to consist of five great portions, viz. : the west end ofthe town, the city, the east end of the town, Westminster, and the borough. The west end of the town is popularly regarded as extending from Charing Cross to Hyde Park, and from St. James's Park to Paddington. This is the best and most fashionable portion of the metropolii, and is chiefly occupied by the town LON 455 LON residences of the nobility and gentry, and fasliiun- able shops. The city includes the central part, and is the crreat emporium of commerce. Ihe east end of the town is also devoted to commerce, sliipbuildinff, manuflictures, &c. The southern hanlt of the Thames, from Deptford to'Lambeth, to«l a great resemblance to the east end of the w'se a great numoer o. raee, ^"n bfr occupied by persons engaged in com- d.ssenters of al P"BuasK.ns mercial au'd marUime concerns. Tondon and t^nt churches lo Roman Ca the East, and several others are worthy of notice : but the far greater number are of plain and ordi- nary architecture. The churches and chapels be- longing to the establishment, in the bills of mor- tality, including those erected under the recent act of parliament, amount to •2('>6. There are like- wise a great number of meetings for Protestant IS, 30 foreign Protes- Catholic chapels, and We;tmin-ste-r aresituated in Middlesex,on the N l^TelWrl t ma^/ir^hoursonh^prl^Ll side of the river Thames^ Southwark is situated P,X^i,-,^\^'d%? the nobility and gentry^. The on the opposite bank, in Surrey. The extent of ^ ^^'^ > ^^^.^ but the foun- thc whole, from L.mehouse and Deptforo to M 1- j °*f „„^„j^i„ H j^ /„„ounded by a wall, and bank and Vauxhall, IS about / m. ; the breadth ^^'^"by a deep ditch. Here are the jewels and "ThlernVofof this metropolis, since the mid- .LaLn^s of the crown, as well as the other rega- die of the last century, has proceeded with un- precedented rapidity, and covered the fields, gar- dens, and marshes in the vicinity of London with new squares and streets. The direction of the principal streets accompanies the course of the river Thames from east to west ; and the cross streets run mostly in a transverse direction from north to south. There are two chief lines of streets from west to east : one of which commen- ces at the north side of Hyde Park, and under the successive namesof Oxford -street,St. Giles's, Hol- born. Skinner-street, Newgate-street, Cheapside, Cornhill, and Leadenhall-street, is continued to White-chapel and Mile End, on the Esse.x road ; the other begins at the south side of Hyde Park, and consists of Piccadilly, St. James's street, Pall Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet-street, Ludgatehill, St. Paul's church-yard, Watling- street. Cannon-street, and Tower-street : whence crossing Tower-hill, it may be said to be further extended two miles along the river side, in Wap- ping. The streets near the river, nnd most of the cross ones in the city are very narrow ; the broadest and handsomest are to the north ^f Ox ford street and Holborn. They are well paved with granite stones, for the attempts at macad- amizing have not succeeded in London, and on each side with flag-stones for the convenience of foot passengers. The subterranean works, con- structed for the accommodation of the inhabitants, consisting of sewers, drains, water-pipes, and gas- pipes, are most extensive. The houses are most- ly built of brick of a pale colour. The principal squares are Grosvenor, Portman, Berkeley, St. James, Hanover, Manchester, Cavendish, Bed- ford, Russel, Tavistock, Bloomsbury, Montague, Leicester, Bryanston, and Finsbury squares, and Lincoln's Inn Fields. Among the public buil- dings, St. Paul's cathedral is the most conspicu- ous. It is ?,"2!I2 feet in circumference, and 340 in height to the top of the cross, and is inferior to none in Europe except St. Peter's at Rome. It contains monuments of many illustrious individu als, who have done honour to their country by their talents or their virtues. Westminster Ab- bey is a grand specimen of Gothic architecture, said to have been founded by Sebert. king of the East Saxons, in 610. Here most of the "English sovereigns have been crowned, and many of them interred. It contains also a great number of mon- uments erected to the memory of kings, states- men, heroes, poets, and persons distinguished by genius, learning, and science. The chapel of Henry VH., adjoining, Leland calls The Wonder of the World. St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is a small church of exquisite beauty, the of Sir Christopher Wren. Bow'Churc masterpiece lia; and the menagerie for foreign birds and beasts. The Mint, on Tower Hill, is a very ele- gant modern building of pure Grecian architec- ture. The bridges are a great ornament to the metropolis. The most ancient, London bridge, was beiTun in 1176, and finished in 1209. The length of it is 915 feet. The number of arches was 19, of unequal dimensions; through which, in consequence of their narrowness and clumsy construction, the current rushed with such force as to render the navigation extremely dangerous. This clumsy fabric fs however about to be sup- planted by the New London bridge, a noble struc- ture of 5 arches, which is now rapidly approaching towards completion. Westminster bridge was commenced in 1730, and opened to the public in 1750. It is 1,223 feet in length, and has 13 large and two small semicircular arches. Blackfriars' bridge, built by Mylne, was completed in 17G8. Its length is 995 feet ; the breadth of the carriage- way 2!?. and of the foot-paths 7 feet each. It con- sists of 9 elliptical arches, the centre one of which is 100 feet wide ; and both this and the arch on each side are wider than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. Waterloo bridge, commenced in 1811 and opened in 1816, in the anniversary of the bat- tle which it is designed to commemorate, is one of the noblest structures of the kind in the woild^ It consists of 9 arches, each 120 feet span and 35 feet elevation. The other bridges are those of Southwark and Vauxhall. Among the other pub- lic buildings, which can merely be enumerated here, are Westminster Hall, containing the su- preme courts of justice, and adjoining to which are the houses of Lords and Commons ; the Ses- sions House ; the Horse Guards, the Treasury, and the Admiralty, at Whitehall ; the noble col- lection of public offices which form that magnifi- cent structure called Somerset Place ; the British Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the Bank church in Cheap- of England; the Excise Office ; the East India side, St. Bride's in Fleet-street, St. Dustan'a m House ; the Mansion House, for the lord mayor ; LON 466 LON the Monument, in commemoration of the jreat fire in 1656 ; the New Post Office, in St. Martins- le-frand, opened in September, 1829; the Stocli Excliani;e , the new Custom House ; tlie new Corn Kxchange, erected on the site of tlie old one in Marklanein lb2n ; the Herald's Colleiro ; and the halls of the various city companies. The Adelphi-terrace is the admiraiion of foreigner.^, for the noble view which it afl'ords of the river, the bridffcs and other public buildings, and of the fine hills beyond Lamlielli and Southwark. Tlie inns of court for the study of the law, the col- leges, learned societies, and public Fciuinarics ; the noble hospitals and the other charitable in- stitutions ; the public places of diversion, &c., are too numerous to be mentioned. Such, on a cursory view of it, is the metropolis of Great Britain, to the extent and opulence of which many causes liave contributed. The broad stream of tlie Thjnies ilowinjr between I-ond.ni and Southwark, continually agitated by a brisk current or a rapid tide, bring constant supplies of fresh air, which no builaingscan intercept. The country arouid, especially on the London side, is nearly open to some distance ; wiience, by tlie action of the sun and winds on a gravel- ly soil, it is kept tolerably dry in all seasons, and affords no lodgment for stagnant air or water. The cleanliness olXondon, as well as its supply of wa- ter, is generally aided by its situation on the banks of the Thames; and tlie Nev.' River, witli many good springs witiiin the city itself, further contri- bute to the abundance of that necessary eli'ment. All these are advantages, with respect to health, in which this metropolis is exceeded by few. its situation, wilh regard to the circumstance of navigation, is equally well chosen; had it been placed lower on the Thames, it would have been annoyed by the marshes; had it been higher, it would not hive been accessible, as at present, to ships of large burden. It now possesses every advantage that can be derived from a sea-port, and at the same time, by means of its noble river and its canal navigation, enjoys amost e.\tensivecoin- munication w^ith the internal parts of the country, which supply it with necessaries, and in return receive from it such commodities as lliey require. It contains several large wet docks, particularly those called the West India, the East India, the London, and St. Catherine's docks; also dry docks for reparinff, and slips for building of ships, besides the king's yard at Ueptford, for building men of war. London therefore unites in itself all the benefit arising from navigation and commerce, with those of a metropolis at which all the public business of a great nation is transacted ; and is thus both the mercantile and political emporium of these kingdoms. It is the seat of many con- siderable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to itself, as administering to the demands of stud- ied splendor and refined luxury; others in which it participates with the manufacturing towns in general. The most important of its peculiar man- ufactures is the silk weaving established in Spit- alfield by refugees from France. A variety of works in gold, silver, and jewelry, the engrav- ing of prints the making of optical and math- ematical instruments are principally executed here, and some of them in greater perfection than in any other country. The porter-brewery, a busi- ness of immense extent, is also chiefly carried on in London. To its port are likewise confined r.ome branches of foreign commerce, as the vast East India trade, and those to Turkey and Hud son s Bay. Thus London has risen to itK prea ent rank of the first city in Europe with respect to wealth and population. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 1,009,- 104, in 1821, 1,225,900; since which period it has been every year rapidly increasing. The city is divided into 26 wards, each governedby an alder- man ; and from the alderman the lord mayor is annually chosen. There are likewise 236 com- mon-councilmen, a recorder, a common-serjeant, two sheriffs (who are also sheriffs of IVliddlesex), a chamberlaai, a town-clerk, a city renicmbran cer, a \yater-bailiff, and many inferior officers. Westminster is governed by a high stewnro. who is generally a nobleman, chosen by tlie dean and cliapter, and he bos an under slew ird who officiates for him. Next to him is the liizh bailiff, chosen also by the dean and chapter, whose pow- er resembles that of a sheriff. The suburbs are under the jurisdiction of justices of the peace for the county, and there are also several police oflices ^yhere magistrates sit every day for the examina- tion of offenders and the dcterinination of various complaints in a summary way. During the last three years the police of {be metropolis and suburbs has been strengthened by a new estab- lishment, under the superintendence of a milita- ry officer, who receives instructions from the Home Department in Whitehall. The cost of this establishment will be greater by about .30 per cent, than that of the watchmen, which it has superseded. This, however, is more then com pensated by its superior efficiency, the former '^guardians of the night" being generally decrepid from age and infirmities, while the new police is entirely composed of men in the prime of life, and of unblemished character. Southwark was long independent of London, but Edward III. granted it to the city. It was then called the vil- lage of Southwark, and afterwards named the bailiwic. In the reign of Edward VI. it was form- ed intoa26tli ward, by the name of Bridge Ward Without. On the death of the alderman of this ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority, to whatever ward he may belong, this ward being considered as a sinecure, and consequently the most proper for " the father of the city." The city has likewise a high bailiff and steward here. The city of London is a bishop's .see, and is repre- sented in parliament by four members, elected by the livery, two other members are elected by the householders of Westminster, and two by those of Southwark. To attempt an enumeration of the events by which this great capital has been dis- tinguished, within the limits of a work like this, would of course be absurd ; but we cannot omit to mention the plague, in 1665, which cut of! 08,596 people, and the dreadful conflagration, in 1666, by which the cathedral and many other churches, with 13,200 houses, were destroyed. London is 225 m. N. N. W. of Paris, 395 S. of Edinburgh, and 338 E. S. E. of Dublin. Long. 0.5. W.,lat. 51.31. N. London, JVcw. See J\''cif London. London, a town of Upper Canada on the Thames, 100 m. N. E. of Detroit. London, p.t. Madison Co. Ohio. 25 m. S. W. Columbus. London Bridge, p.v. Princess Anne Co. Va. 140 m. S. E. Richmond. f^ndrm Britain, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. Ij>ndvndcrrij, a county of Ireland, in the prov- ince of Ulster, 40 English in. long and 33 broad ; bounded on the W. by Donegal, N. by the ocean, I>ON 457 LO.N S.aiid S. W. by Tyrone, and E. bv Anlrini, It contains, accordin^j to the last census, 'SJ,'^V.> in- habitants, is divided into 31 purishea, and sends 'J members to parhament. It n a fruitful chain, paign country ; and the greater p-irt of it was giv- en by James I. to an incorpoi-iled company of London merchants. The linen manufacture flour- ishes through every part of the city. Londonderry, a city and sea-port of Ireland, cap- ital of the foregoing county, and a bishop's see. It is still surrounded by walls, and celebrated for a long siege it sustained against James II. in IIHO. It is governed by a mayor, and sends one member to parliament. The principal commerce is with America and the VV. Indies. Including the suburbs, it contains 18,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the river Koyle, over which is a wood- en bridge, 1,0()8 feet in length. Lomlonderrv is 4 111. S. of Lough Foyle, and IH N. W. of Dublin. f.ondondcrrij, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., with a manufacture of linen, cloth, and thread ; seated near the head of Beaver River, which runs into the Merrimack,3iS m. S. S. VV. of Portsmouth. Pop. i..ii;;i. Londonderrij, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 27 m. H. \V. Windsor. Pop. 1,302 ; also towns in Chester, Dauphin, and Bedford Cos. Pa. and Guernsey Co. Ohio. London Grove, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. London Town.a. village of Anne Arundel Co. Va. Lonfrarominff, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J., IG m. S. E. Philadelphia. Long, Loch, an arm of the sea in Scotland, which, from the frith of Clyde, extends 20 m. N. between the counties of Dumbarton and Argyle. It is from 1 V* 2 m. in breadth ; and near the mid- dle, on the Argyle side, it sends off a amall branch called Loc> Goil. Longford, a jounty of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 2-5 m. long and 20 broad; bounded on the iV. W. by Leitrim, N. E. by Cavan, S. E. by West Meath, and W. by the river Shannon, which parts it from Roscommon. It is divided into 2.J parishes, contains 107,570 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. The country in general is fertile, but interspersed in some parts with bogs, morasses, and forests; the flat parts, along the Shannon, are subject lo in- undation. It contains several lakes, and besides the Shannon is watered by the Inny, the Camlin, the Fallen, and numerous inferior streamlets. Oats form the chief article of agricultural e.xport. Longford, a borough of Ireland, capital of Iho above country. Much linen is manufactured in the town and neighbourhood, and great quantities of flax sent to other parts. It is seated on the Camlin, 70 m. (English) VV. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 40. W., lat. 52. iS. N. Longforang, a town of Scotlauil, in the S. E. corner of Perthshire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. W. by S. of Dundee. Lang Island, an island belonging to the State of New York, extending along the coast of Connecticut, from S. W. to N. E., about 140 m. in length and 10 m. in average breadth. It is di- vided into three counties. King, Queen's, and Suffolk. At theW. extremity it forms the bay of NewYork. On the side of the ocean the island is bordered by an immense beach of sand. In other parts, it is much indented with numerous bays; aisd Gardiner's Bay, with several others, occupies an extent of near 30 m. at the E. end. These bays also encompass many islands, several of which are of considerable extent. A ridge or drain of 53 ^ low hills e.'.tcnds from the west end to the eastern I'ttreuiity. The waters are stored with a vast abu/idance and variety (tf fish, and Long-Island has long been celebrated for its wild fowl and various forest game. Much of the land in the east is a liifht sunil, still clothed with vast fnrests of pine: and in these are found abundance of i^ame.* East of the Hempstead plains, the island is cov- ered with shrubby oaks and pines, called the brushy plains ; and hereare iVmnd the gruusc,or, hcatU-hens. Farther eastward, towards Islip and Fire-plane, are streams where there is good trout fishing ; and towards the centre of the island, is plenty of wild deer. Ih.nt are hunted and killed by way-layintr them as they are driven nlong by hounds. In October and November, brent, wild gee.se, and other waterfowl, are killed in great num- bers alonij the bays and inlets. Deer cannot lawful- ly be killed on Liong Island from January to July ; nor heath-hens, partridges, quails, or wo0 m. N. N. W. of Ypres. Im/i-cIioo, or Lieou-kiou, the general name of 30 islands lying between Formosa and Japan. The Great Loo-choo is oO ni. long and from ]'i to l.j broad ; the others are inconsiderable. They were very imperfectly known to Europeans, till visited by captain Hall and Mr. M'Leod on their return from the late embassy to China. The climate and soil seem to be among the happie.st on the globe. The fruits and vegetable productions are of the most exquisite description. 'I'lie inhabi- tants are diminutive in their .stature, but strong, and well made. Their disposition appears to be peculiarly gay, hospitable, and affectionate, but they showed that strong aversion to receive stran- gers into their country which is characteristic of China, Japan, and all the neighbouring regions. The king is tributary to China, and the govern- ment resembles that of the Chinese. The capital is Kin-tching, about 5 m. from its port of Napa- kiang. Long. 1-27. r>2. E., lat. 2li. 14. N. Ijioe, East and ll'cst, two decayed boroughs in Cornwal, Eng. separated by a creek, over which is a narrow stone bridge. They are supported chietly by the pilchard fishery, and an inconsid- erable coasting trade. Together they send as many members to parliament as the city of Lon- don. The market, held at East Looe. is on Sat- nrdav- 13 m. \V. of Plymouth, and a33 W. by S. ol' London. Loulioul, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, S. of Cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound. Long. 76. 48. W., lat. 34. 22. N. Lookout Mountain, a ridge in the Northwestern part of Georgia extending to Tennessee river. Looz, or Lootz, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, 14 m. N. N. W. of Liege. L(rpalka,Ca]>f. the S. extremity of Kamtsohatka. Long, l.'ili. 4."). E , lat. .">!. 0. N. See Kuriles. Lojihiim, A'orlli and Soutli, two adjoining par- ishes in Norfolk, 4 m. S. E. of East Harling. Lo/m Gonsulrc, Cupr, a long and narrow pen- insula on the coast ot Guinea, low, flat, and cov- ered with trees. It'affords a good harbour, and near the cape is a village, where provisions are plentiful. Long. 8. 30. ^., lat. 0. 4.'). S. Loop, p. v. Giles Co. Va. 274 m. W. Rirhniond. Lorn, a town of Spain, in Seville, on the Gua- dalquivir, ^S m. N. E. of Seville. iMramie, a township of Shelby Co. Ohio. Lorain, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,01)0. Elyria is the capital. Lorbus (the ancient iMrllnis Colonia), a town of the kingdom (tf Tunis, with a castle, and fine remains of antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fer- tile in corn, VA) ni. S. W. of Tunis. Long. tt. 0. E., lat. 35. a">. N. Lirrra, a town tif Spain, in Murcia, divided into the Upper and Lower Town. The former has narrow, crooked, and ill paved streets; the latter is regularlv and neatly built. It contains nine churches and several monasteries, and has exten- sive raanufaclurea of saltpetre In li;02 the water for the purpose of irrigation, occasioned much damage to the town. It is seated on an eminence near the Sengonera. 40 m. W. S. \V. of Murcia. Long. 1. 22. W., lat. 37. 25. N. Lord lloire's Group, an extensive group of islands, in the S. Pacific, thickly covered with wood, among which the cocoa-nut is very distin- guisliable. The natives are of a dark copper cohnir; their hair tied in a knot on the back of the head ; and they seem to have some method of ta- king off the beard ; for they appear as clean shaved. Their arms and thighs are tattooed in the manner described by Captain Cook of some of the natives of the islands he visited in these seas ; and some are painted with red and while streaks. — They wear a wrapper round their mid- dle. Long, from 15'J. 15. to 159. 37. E., lat. 5. 30. S. Lord Howe's Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1788 by lieutenant King. Many excellent turtle have been caught here on a sandy beach ; and it abounds with a variety of birds, which were so unaccustomed to be disturb- ed that the seamen went near enough to knock them down with a stick. At its end are two high mountains, nearly perpendicular from the sea, the southernmost named Mount Gower. About 14 m. to the S. is a remarkable rock, named Ball's Pyramid, which at u distance had much the appearance of a steeple. The island is 3 1-2 m long and very narrow. Long. l,5il. 0. E., lat. 31. 30.TV. IjOrenzo, San, a town of Mexico, province of New Biscay, with 500 inhabitants, whose employ- ment consists in cultivating the grape. — There are numerous settlements and inconsiderable islands of this name in South America. /,««», a town of Austrian Italy, in Rivigo, on the Adige, 20 ni. E. of Rivigo. Lurrllo. a fortified town of Italy, in the papal states. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa or Holy House, in which it is pretended the vir- gin Mary lived at Nazareth. According to the legend, it was carried by angels from Galilee into Dahnatia, and thence to the place where it now stands. This house, or chapel, is 31 feet long, 15 broad, and 18 high; the inner part very old, but cased with marble on the outside. The famous lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in her arms, stands upon the principal altar, in a niche of silver ; this statue is of cedar wood, three feet high, but lier face can hardly be seen, on account of the numerous gold and silver lamps around her. She is clothed with cloth of gold, set off with jewels ; and t!ic little Jesus is covered with a shirt, holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned with rich jewels. Those who go on pilgrimage to Loretto. after having performed their devotion, make the A'irgin a present; so that the treasure of this chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitants of this town subsist principally by agriculture and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers, tailors, and sellers of cliapl'^ts. Loretto was taken by the French in 1790, and the church despoiled of its treasures : even the Virgin was carried away but restored in 1802. It is seated on a mountain, 3 m. from the gulf of Venice, 12 S. E of Ancona, and 115 N. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 30. E., lat. 43. 27. N. Loretto, p. v. Essex Co. Va. 75 m. N. E. Rich- mond. Lornues, a town of France, in Provence, on the Argens, 10 m. W. of Frejus. LOU 45D LOU L'OnenI, a fortified modern Beaport of France, department of Morbihan. It is built with consid- erable regularity ; the streets are wide, the public squares spacious and handsome, and the harbour large, secure, and easy of access. Formerly it was a very flourishing town, the Frencli East In- dia Company making it the exclusive entrepot of their imported goods. It has still some trade, and is a place of importance on account of its maga- zines for the nav}'. The chief manufacture is of salt. The BritisFi made an unsuccessful attempt upon it in 1746. It is seated on the bay of Port Louis, at the influx of the Scorf, 340 m. W. by S. of Paris. Long. 3. 20. W., lat. 4'J. 44. N. Lorrock, a town of Germany, in Baden, G m. N. E. ofBale. Lorraine^ an extensive district of the N. E. of France, between Champagne and Alsace, and now forming the departments of Meurthe, Moselle, and Vosges. It abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape-seed. Lorraine, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 1,727. Lossiemouth, a village of Scotland, in Murray shire, at the mouth of the river Lossie, 7 m. N E. of Elgin, of which it is the port. Lost Creek, a tpwnship of Miami Co. Ohio. Lot, a river of France, which rises in the de- fjartment of Lozere, begins to be navigable at Ca- lors, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon. Lot, a department of France, consisting of the former district ofQuercy,in Guienne. It takes its name from the river Lot, which crosses it from E. to VV. It is bounded on the N. by Correze, E. by Cantal and Aveyron, S. by Tarn-et Garonne, and W. by Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne. Its pastures feed numerous flocks, whicli consti- tute a great part of the commerce. The climate is mild and healthy ; and the soil, consisting of fat rich earth, is cultivated with horses, and yields more than sufficient for its population, estimated at 275,296. Cahors is the capital. Lot-ct- Garonne, a department of France, inclu- ding part of the former province of Guienne, bounded on the N. by Dordogne, E. by Tarn-et- Garonne, S. by Gers, and W. by Landes and the Gironde. It has its name from the rivers Lot and Garonne. Its pastures are but indifferent, and artificial meadows are little known. The land, being much covered with heath, is cultivated with oxen ; and a large proportion of the department is incapable of cultivation, consisting of rugged hills or sandy deserts. Agen is tiie capital. Lotinhiere, a seignitory of Buckingham Co. L. C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 40 m. above Quebec. Lothian. See Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire. Loudeac, a town of France, department of Cotes du Nord, 25 m. S. of St Brieux. Loudon, a county of the E. district of Virginia, on the Potomac, adjoining Fairfax, Berkley, and Fauquier counties. It is about 50 m.in length and 20 in breadth. Pop. 21,938. Leesburg is the chief town. Loudon, a town of France, department of Vien- ne, 30 m. N. W. of Poitiers. London, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the E. side of the Merrimack, 45 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1 ,642 ; also a p. v. Franklin Co. Pa. 63 m. S. VV. llarrislmrg. LoudonriUe, p.t. Richland Co. Ohio. Loughborougli, a township in Frontcnac Co. U. C. Loughhoiough, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It has a large church, with a handsome tower, seven rnecting-houses for dissenterg ; also a free grammar school, and a charily scliciol. The chief manufactures are those of cotton spinning, lace, and hosiery. By means of the Loughborough canal, the river, and rail-roads, it carries on a brisk trade particularly in coals. Manv of the houses have an old and irregular appearance, but great improvement have lately taken place. It is seated near the Soar, 11 m. N. of Leicester, and 109 N. N. W. London. Long/trea, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, near a lake of the same name, 15 m. S. W. of Galway. Lo«/i>n square miles, ll is iulrrsirttMl liy the Mississi|ipi, Ued and Wasliila riviTs and ntany inferior streaiiiii; the western limit is wx^lird by the Sabine. Three (piarlcrs of this stale are without nn ele- vation, that can properly be called a hill. The pine woods grouerallv have a surface of a very particular charaeler, rising into line swells, ■,vilh ta- ble surfaces on the summit, and valleys frojn thir- ty to forty feet deep. Hut they are withoutany par- ticular ranire, and like the waves of a high and reg- ular sea. Tlie alluvial soil of course iu level, and the swamps, whieh are only inundated alluviona, are dead fliila. A rang*- of lull:* connnences in gentle elevations in Op»dousa:i, rises gradually and diver- ges towards the Sabine. In the vicinity of Natchi- toches it preservesadisla nee. intermediate between the Sabine and Red rivers.and continue.'* to increase in elevation to the western parts of the slate. Seen from the pine hills above Natchitoches, they have in the distance, the blue outline, and the general aspect of a range of mountains. Another line of hills, not far from Alexandria, eommencoB on the north side of Red river, and senaraling between the waters of tiiat river and Dngdemony, unites with another line of tiingular shaped niamelle hills, that bound the alluviona of tlie Washita, as bluRs, gradually diverging from that river as they pass beyond the western limits of the state. That very remote part of the parish of Natchito- ches, called Allen's settlement, is a high and roll- ing country. There are also considerable hills beyond the Mississippi alluvion.s east of thai river. But, generally speaking, Louisiana may be considered as one innnense plain, divided, as respects its surface, into pine woods, prairies, al- luvions, swamps, and luckor}* and oak lands. The pine woods are generally rolling; some- times, hut not often level. They have almost invariably a poor soil. The greater proportion of the prairies is second rate land. Some of those west of Opelousas. and between Washita and Red river are even sterile. Some parts of the prairie.9 of Opelousas are of great fertility, and those of Attakapas still more so. As a sreneral fact, they are more level, than those of the upper country. A large belt of these prairies near the gulf is low, marshy, and in rainy wenthej inundated. A very considerable cxt'-nt of them has a cold clayey soil, with a hard crust near the surface. In other places the soil is of inky blackness, and disposed m the hoi and dry .season to crack in fissures of a size to admit a man's arm. The bottoms arc generally ri'jh. but in very different degrees. Those of the Mississippi and Red river, and the bayous connected with those streams, are more fertile and productive, than the streams west of them, and between them and the Sabine. The fertility of ihn richer bottoms of the Mississippi and Red river is sufficiently attested by the prodigious growth of the timber, the lux- uriance, size and rankness of the cane, and the cotton, tlie tangles of vines and creepers, the as- 400 LUO stonishing size of the weeds, and the strength ol vegetation in general. The most fertile district of Louisiana is a belt of land called the roast lying along the Mississip- )>i in the neighbourhood of New Orleans. It con- sists of that part of the bottom or alluvion of the Mississippi, which commences with the first cul- tivation above the Ualize. about forty miles below New Orleans and extends 150 m. above the city. 'J'his belt, on each side of the river, is secured by an embankment called a Itrer, from six to eight feel in height, and sufiicieully Inroad, for the most part to Airnish a fine high way. — The river in or- dinary inundations would cover the greater part of this belt from two to six feet in depth. It is from one to two miles in width, and perhaps a riclier tract of !;ind in the same extent can not he fOU 4G1 LOU a stale of nature, with a dark and heavy forest. Its soil has been accumulalin;; for unknunn ages from the spoils of the Mcxicin mountains, and the vast prairies through which it rolls in its up- per courses. All the bayous of Rod river, aji I thev are numerous almost beyond computation, partake of the character of the' main river. Vast extents of marsh interpose between tho sea and the cultivable lands. The lakes and in. lets and sounds are connected by an inextricable tissue of communications and passes accessible by small vessels and bay craft, and impo.-^sible to be navigated except by pilots, perfectly acquainted with the waters. The shore is indented by num- berless small bays,very few of them alTnrdingsuf ficient water to shelter vessels. Berwick's bay is the only one that has any considerable extent. A very great proportion of the surface of this state is covered with prairies. Almost all these prairies are connected, and form, like the waters of the Mississippi, a family, through which the connection of all the branches may bo traced. The prairies, that are included under the general name of Attakapas, are the first, that occur west of the Mississippi. The parish of Attakapas is situated in these prairies. The name implies ' man eater,' in the language of the savages who formerly inhabited it, and who are reported to have been cannibals. It is an immense plain of grass,spreading from the Atchafalaya on the north to the gulf on the south. Its contents are com- monly staled at 5,0U0 square miles. Cut it is thought this computation is too large. Being open to the gulf, it is generally fanned by the refreshing breezes of that sea. Its aspect of ex- treme fertility, its boundless plain of grass, its cheering views, its dim verdant outline, mingling with the blue of the sea, white houses seen in the distance, innumerable cattle and horses grazing in the plain, or reposing here and there under the shade of its wooded points, has an indescriba- ble pleasantness to the traveller, who has been toiling on his way through the tangle, and the swamps, and along the stagnant lakes, and the dark and deep forest of the Mississippi bottom. All at once he leaves the stifling air, the musche- toes, the rank cane, the annoying nettles, and the dark brown shade, and emerges into this noble and cheerful plain, and feels the cool and salu- brious breeze of the gulf. Opelousas prairie is still larger than tne other, and computed to contain nearly 8,000 sq. m. It is divided by bayous, wooded grounds, points and bends, and other natural boundaries, into a num- ber of prairies, which have separate names and marks of distinction. Taken in its whole ex- tent, it is bounded by the Attakapas prairie on the east, pine woods and hills on the north, the Sabine on the west, and the gulf on the south. The soil, though in many places very fertile, is in general less so than the former. It atones for that deficiency by being more salubrious, be- ing generally deemed the healthiest region in the state. There are here considerable cotton planta- tions, and some of indigo ; and the parish which bears its name, is one of the most populous in the state. The people of the other parish are de- voted to the growth of the suMr cane. This is the centre of the land of shepherds, and the par adise of those who deal in cattle. The greater number of the people are chieHy devoted to that employment and they number their cattle by thousandB. Bellerue prairie is partly in Opelousas. partly in At'.akapas. Calca:;iu and Sabine prairies are names that designate the ditferent forms, shapes and openings of this continuous line of prairies, as it stretches along the settlements from the Plac- quemine to the Sabine. Some of them, as Opelousas, are of immense extent. That of the Sabine is boundless to the vision. Calcausiu is seventy miles long by twen- ty wide. They are generally so level, as to strike the eye as a perfect plain. They have, however, slight swells and declinations, sufficient to carry the water from them. Though after long rains they are extremely wet, and immense tracts are covered with water. They have a gentle and imperceptible slope towards the gulf, and gener- ally terminate, before they reach the shore, in wet marshes, into which, when the south wind blows, the sea is driven. These marshes are cov- ered with a luxuriant growth of tall, reedy grass, called cane grass. — In various parts of these pra- iries, there are islands of timbered lands. They generally have an appearance of such recjularity and beauty, that a stranger is with difficulty con- vinced, that they are not clumjis of trees, planted out in circular, square, or triangular form for the beauty of their appearance. It would be impossi- ble to convey to one, who has not felt it. an idea of the effect produced bv one of these circular clumps of trees, seeming a kind of tower of ver- dure,rising from an ocean of grass. Wherever s ba- you, or a stream crosses the prairie, it is marked with a fringe of limber, which strikes the eye of au observer, like the lines of trees in landscape paint- ing. All the rivers, lakes and bayous of tjiis State abound with alligators. On Red river before it was navigated by steamboats it was not uncommou to see hundreds at a time along the shores or ou the immense rafls of floating or stranded timber, groaning or uttering their bellowing noises like thousands of furious bulls about to fight, and hud- dlinsr together so closely that llie smaller ones would iret upon the backs of the larger. At one period thousands of them were killed for the sake of their skins which were made into leather for shoes, boots, &c. But it was found that this leather was not sufficiently fine and close grained to keep out the water. The alligators, are some- times 12 and 15 feet in length, and are found in all the st.ites south of North Carolina. Tiie climate of Louisiana is hot and moist. In summer it is extremely unhealthy, especially in the neighbourhood of marshy spots It is how- ever favourable to almost everv vegetable pro- duction of warm countries, ftere flourish the sugar cane, orange, leinon, cotton-plant, to- bacco, rice, maize, sweet potato, &c Sugar and cotton are the staple articles of cultivation. The sugar cane is principally raised upon that tract called the coast, upon the shores of the gulf, and upon the bayous of tlie Mississippi. The capital invested in sugar estates was estimated in 1838 at 45.000,000 dollars : the produce of sugar for lh« LrOU 463 LOU ■amr year, was w,^78,000 pounds 'I'lie coiii- merce of the state consists in the exportation of these products, and a great variety of others brought down the Mississippi from tlie western states. New Orleans is the centre of commerce for the state. The imports for 182!) were valued at G,.NJ7,2f>9 dollars; the exports of domestic pro- duce at lO.aOS.ie;) dollars; total exports 12,:iC»".,- (MjO. The shippin^r of the state in le28 amounted to 51,903 tons. The pop. 13 215.575. of whom 100,631 are slaves. The inhabitants of the state consist of remnants of the former Spanish and French possessors m- tennixed with Americans. The French are very numerous and exhibit in their manners the cus tomary gaiety and volatility of that nation. This is one of the fi-w stales in the Union where the slaves exceed the freemen. The Catholics are the most numerous religious sect ; they have above 20 parishes in the state. The Baptists have |J4 ministers ; the Methodists C ; the Presbyterians 5, and the Episcopalians 3. The state is divi- ded into the Eastern and Western DistricLi, which are subdivided into 31 parishes. New Orleans is the seat of government. The Legislature is styl ed the GeiuTol .'luse.mhly, a.nd consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are chosen for 4 years and the Representatives for 2> The Governor is chosen for 4 years, and is elect- ed by the legislature from the highest two previ- ously voted lor by the people. Suffrage is univer- sal. There are colleges in this state at Jackson and New Orleans, but general education has re- ceived little care. This state consists of the Southern part of the extensive country purchased by tJie United States from France in 1603 for 15,000,000 dollars. It was first settled by the French, and afterwards occupied by the Spanish, but subsequently came again into the hands of the French. Louisiana under its present limits was admitted into the Union as a state in 1812. Louisiana, p.v. Pike Co. Missouri, on the Mis- sissippi. 96 m. N. W. St. Louis. Louisville, p.t. Jefferson Co. Kentucky, on the south bank of the Ohio, at the falls. This is a busy and flourishing town, situated upon a slop ing plain at the junction of Beargrass Creek with the Ohio. The chief declivity of the falls begins a quarter of a mile below the town. The three principal streets run parallel with the river, and command a pleasant view of the opposite shore. The streets are paved with blocks of lime-stone. The buildings are mostly of brick . The town has considerable manufactures and a thriving river trade. Pop. 10,352. Louisville and Portland Canal, passes round tne falls of the Ohio, through the town above men- tioned to Portland below. It is 2 m. in length and is cut through a limestone rock. It has sever- al locks which overcome a descent of 24 feet. It admits the passage of the largest steam-boats and thus opens a line of free navigation from Pittsburg to the sea. This canal was finished in lasi. Louisville, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. T. on tne St. Lawrence, 30 m. below Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,076. Also a p.t. Jefferson Co. Geo. 50. m. S. W. Augusta, Louistoim, a village in Talbot Co. Maryland. Louis, St. a county of Missouri, on the Missis- sippi. Pop. 14,907. Louis, St. the capital of the above county, and the chief commercial town in tha state of Mia souri, stands on tlie Mississippi, 18 below the mouth of the Missouri, on a gently rising ground and is accessible by steam-boats from New Orleans at the lowest stages of the water . The town was founded by the French from Canaca in 17t»4 and many of the inhabitants are still French. Here is a Catholic college and cathe- dral. A considerable part of the western fur-trade centres here, and the town is otherwise well situ- ated for commerce. The passage to New Orleans is l,2tX) in. by the river, and there are steam-boats constantly plying between these two places. There are also the same number constantly running between this place and Louisville, besides others todifl'erent places. The town is regularly laid out and extends 2 m. along the river. Pop 5 K''J Lat. 3H,26. N.,long. ^9. 56. W. ' Louie, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, sur- rounded by antique walls, and seated on a river of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of Faro. Luu-noan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chan-si, situate near the source of the Qiieyho, 270 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 116. 56. E., lat. 31. 40. N. Lourde, a town of France, department of Upper Pyrenees, with a castle on a rock, 10 m. N. W.of Bagncres. Louristan, a mountainous but fertile district, of Irak, in Persia, bordering upon Khusistan. It is abundantly watered, and the pastures are most luxuriant, but agriculture is quite neglected. The inhabitants are a barbarous and independent race, and reside always in tents. The only town is Korumabad. liOuM, a corporate town in Lincolnshire, Eng. with manufactures of blankets and carpels, and also a large soap manufactory. Here is a noble Gothic church, with a lolty spire ; also five meet- ing-houses for dissenters, a free school, founded by Edward VI., and another founded in 1677. It has a navigation, by means of the river Lud, and a canal, to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek. 28 m. N. E. of Lincoln," and 141 N. of London. Louth, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 27 m. long and 18 broad ; bounded on ^hc N. by Armagh and Carlingibrd Bay, E by the Irish Sea, W. by Monaghan and E. Meath, and S. by E. Meath, from which it is parted by the river Boyne. It is a fertile country, contains 61 parishes, with about 101,000 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. IjOutk, a town of Ireland, in the county of the same name, containing the ruins of an ancient abbey, founded by St. Patrick. 18 m.N. N. W. of Drogheda. L«u/re, a village in Montgomery Co. Missouri. Louvain, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- bant, with an old castle, and a celebrated universi- ty. Its walls are nearly 9 m. in circumference, but within them are many gardens and vineyards. The churches, convents, and public buildings are magnificent. Large quantities of cloth were formerly made here, but this trade is decayed, and the town is now chiefly noted for good beer. It was taken by the French in 1746, 1702, and 1794 and is seated on the Dovie, 14 m. E. by N. of. Brussels, and 20. S. S. £. of Antwerp. Long. 4 41. E., lat. 50. 53. N. Loutiers, a handsome town of France, aepart- ment of Eure, with a considerable manufacture of fine cloths. It is seated on the Eare, 10 m. N. of Evreax, and 55 N. W. of Paris. AourrM, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Oise, 14 m. N. of Paris LOZ 163 I.UC Lavell, p.l. Oxford Co. Mc, 02 in. N. \V. I'ort- and. Pop. 14,508. iMcin^ton, p.v.HcUon Co. Va.. 110 m. N. W. Richmond. Lotenislein, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- berir, capital of a county of the same name, m. E. §. E. of Heilbruiin.aiid 'Si N.N. E. of Stuttgard. Lmccnstcin, a fort and ancient castle of the Netherlands, in the province of Guelderland, situ- ated attlie W. end of the island of Bommelwert. In this castle, in 1618, Hugo Grotius was confin- ed, and after three years imprisonment was con- veyed away by a stratagem of his wife, in a re- turned bo.v used for the purpose of carrying books. It is 18 m. S. E. of Rotterdam. Loicesfof, a town of Suffolk, Eng. Its church IS a fine Gothic building ; and it has beside a chapel of ease, several dissenting meeting-hou- ses, and two grammar schools. The chief trade is in the mackerel and herring fisheries ; and it is much frequented for sea-bathing. Here are forts and batteries for protecting ships in the roads. The coast being dangerous, here are two light-houses, and a floating Tight was stationed off this port in 181.5. It stands on a cliff, the most easterly point of Great Britain, 10 m. S. of Yarmouth, and 114 N. E. of London. Long. 1. 44. E., lat. 52. 29. N. Lomes-icaler, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. one mile long and a quarter of a mile broad. It is of no great depth, but abounds with pike and perch. In opposition to all the other lakes, it has its course from N. to S., and under the lofty Mell- break, runs into the N. end of Cromach-water. Lowhill, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa. 12 m. N. W. AUentown. Lowell, f.i. Middlesex Co. Mass. on the Merri- mack, 25 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 6,474. This place has grown up within a few years by means of its manufactures, and is now one of the most important manufacturing towns in the United States. It has the waters of the Merrimack at command, with a fall of above 30 feet. The largest manufacturing establishments in the coun- try are at this place ; they belong to 8 or 10 differ- ent companies. The town is built with regularity and is rapidly increasing. For further particulars of the manufactures of Lowell, see Massachusetts. Lower Smitlifield, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 15 m. N. E. Easton. Loteicz, a town of Poland, with a strong fortress, seated on the Bzura, 42 ra. W. of Warsaw. Lozcositz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmeritz. In 1756 the greatest part of it was burnt in an obstinate engagement between the Saxons and Prussians. It is seated on the Egra, 5 m. W. S. VV. of Leutmeritz. Lowlhcrseille, p. v. Lewis Co. Va. 365 m. N. W. Richmond. Loitcille, p.t. Lewis Co. N. J. 57 ra. N. Utica. Pop. 2,334. Loza, or Loja, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a royal salt- work, and a copjier forge ; sealed in a fertile country, on the river Xenil, 28 m. W. of Granada. Loza, or Loja, a town of Quito, capital ot a province of the same name, famous for producing £ne Jesuits' bark and cochineal. Carpets of re- markable fineness are manufactured here, but the toivn is much decayed. It stands at the head of aN. W. branch of the Amazon, 150 m. E. N. E. of Paita. Long. 78. 16. W., lat. 4. 5. S Loyalstock p.t. Lycoming Co. Pa. Lozere. a department of France, corresponding tn the ancient Gevaudan. It \» a mountainous, barren country, and receives its name from the |>rincipal ridge of mountains. Mende is the capital. Lu, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, 8 m. S. S. W. of Alexandria. Luarta, a town of Spain, in Austria, near the sea-coast, 23 m. N. W. of Oviedo. Lubar, a town of Prussia, in the government of V'oUiynia, with 3,000 inhabitants. Lubauyd, town of Prussian Silesia, 30 m. N W. of Glatz. Lubben, a town of Lower Lusatia, seated on the Spree, in a swampy country, 50 m. S. S. E. of Berlin. Long. 13. 55. E., lat, 52. 0. N. Lubrr, a free city and sea-port of Germany ad- joining the ducy of Holslein. It was the head of the famous Hanseatic league, formed herein 1164, and the most commercial city of the north ; but great part of its trade is transferred to Ham- burg. The city is surrounded with walls, which i are planted with rows of trees, but the other de- fences were demolished by the French, to whom it was surrendered in 1806. The houses are built of stone in a very ancient style. The town -house is a superb structure, and has several towers. There is also a fine council-house, and an ca- change. The inhabitants are Lutherans. There are lour large churches, besides the cathedral The trade consists in the export of corn from the adjoining country and the import of articles foi consumption ; and the manufactures, which are on a small scale, comprise woolen, silks, cotton, tobacco, soap, white lead, copper, &c. Lubec is seated on the Trave, 8 m. S. W. of the Baltic, and 35 N. E. of Hamburg. Long. 10. 49. E., lat 53. 52. N. Lubec, an islana in the Indian Ocean, near tho island of Madura. Long. 112. 22. E., lat. 5. 50. S. Lubec, a sea-port of Maine, in Washington county, situated on a peninsula, on the W. side of Passamaquoddy Bay, 365 m. E. of Boston. It was founded in 1815, and is now a handsome and flourshing town. Pop. 1,535. Luben, a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the Katzbach, 14 m. N. of Liegnitz. LublenUz,a. town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppein, 32 m. E. of Oppeln. Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cit- adel. Three annual fairs are held here, each lasting a month, which are frequented by great numbers of German, Russian, Turkish, and other traders and merchants. It is seated on the Bis- tricza, 85 m. S. E. of Warsaw. Lonir. 22. 4.5. E , lat.51.14. N. Lublyo,a. town of Poland, palatinate of Cracotr 56 m. S. E. of Cracow. Luc, a town of France, denratment of Var, 25 m. N. E. of Toulon. Lucanas, a town of Peru, which gives name to a jurisdiction, containing rich silver mines, and feeding great droves of cattle. It stands near one of the head branches of the Apurimac, 80 m. S. of Guamanga. Lucar, Cape St. the S. E. end of the peninsula of California. It lies under the tropic of Capri- corn, in lon"_. 111. 30. W. Lucar de Barramcda, St. a sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, and a bishop's see. It has a fine har- bour, well defended, at the mouth of the Guadai quivir,40 m. S. S. W. of Seville. Long. 5. 54. W., lat 36. 53. N LUC 464 LUD t.uciir de Ovniliana, Sl.,& strong town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the river Guadiana, 70 in. W. N. W. of SeviJle. Long. 7. 18. W., lut. 37. 28. N Lncaijo Islamh. Sne Jinhnma. Lucca, a duchy of Italy, Ivintj on tlie E. coast of the gulf of Genoa. It is iiounded by Tuscany, Modena, and tlic Mediterranean, and contnins about 4^0 square m. Much of it is mountainous, but it is well cultivated, and produces plenty of wine, nil, silk, wool, and chestnuts; the oil, in particular, is in high esteem. It was formerly a republic, was constituted a principality by Nap<>- leon in lp<05, and in Ic'lS erected mto a ducliyby tlie congress of Vienna, and given to the infanta of Spain. Lucca, a city of Italy, capital of the above Juchy. and an archbishop's see. It is nearly three m. in circumference, regularly fortified, and contains l-*.000 inlialiitants. The state palace, and the cathedral and other churches, are worthy of notice. Here are considerable manufactures of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Lucca was entered by the French in 179(5, evacuated in 179!', and re-entered in lr<00 It is seated in a fruitful plain, near the river Sercliio, 10 m. N. E. of Pisa, and 37 VV. of Florence. Long. 10. 35. E., lat. 43. 50. N. Luce, a spacious bay on the S. coast of Scot- land, in VVigtonshire, lying E. of the |>romontory called the Mull of Galloway. The river Luce enters its N. E. extremity, at the town of Glen- lucc. Luccinstcis, St.j& narrow pass from the country of the Grisons into Germany, defended by a fort, 3 ra. N. of Maycnficld ; which was taken by gen- eral Massena in March 1799. Luccna, a town of Spain, in Cordova, 32 m. S. S. E. of Cordova, and 49 W. N. W. of Granada. Luccra, a city of Naples, capital of Capilanata, and a bishop's see The town is small, but popu- lous, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 75 m. N. E. of Naples. Long. 15. 34. E., 41. 28. N. Lucema, a town of Piedmont, in a valley of its name, 15 m. S. W. of Turin. Lucerne, A canton of Switzerland, containing a superficial extent of 740 sq. m. ; and bounded by the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zu- rich. The air is mild, and the soil uncommonly fertile. Freedom and openness of manners char- acterize the inhabitants, who are Roman Catho- lics, and computed at 87,000. Lucerne, the capital of the above canton, is di- vided into two parts by a branch of the Reuss, which here enters the lake of Lucerne. It has no manufactures of consequence, and little com- merce, the merchants being principally engaged in the commission business, upon goods passing between Italy, and Germany, over Mount St. Gothard and the Lucerne Lake. 30 m. S. W. of Zurich, and 43 E. of Berne. Long. 8. 14. E., lat. 47. 0. N. Lucerne, or Wahhtadle, a lake of Switzerland, between the cantons of Underwalden, Lucerne, Schweitz, and Uri. It consists of a number of detached parts, forming in a manner separate lakes. It is the largest, as well as the most ro- mantic lake in the interior of Switzerland, being 25 m. long and from 2 to 4 broad. Luchow, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Luneburg, seated on the Jeetze, 3G m. S. of Lu- neburg. Lucia, St.. one of the Carribee islands, 27 m. long and 12 broad. It consists of plains well wa- tered with rivulets, and hills, furnished with tim- ber ; and has several good bays and commodious harbours. liy the peace of 17G3, this island was allotted to France. In 1803 it was taken by the English, and cnnfumed to them by the treaty of Pans in 1814. There are two high mountains, by which this island may be known at a considerable distance. Its N. enil is 21 m. S. of Martinique. Long. (JO. 51. W., lat. 14.0. N. Lvriii, St., one of the Cape de Verd islands, to the W. of that of St. Nicholas. Lone 24. 32. W, lat. 10. 45. N. Liiciii, St., a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, l."i m. \V. of Messina. Lucia, St., a town of Iluenos Ayree, on a river of the same name, 30 m. N. of Monle Video, and :!40 N. by W. of Buenos Ayres. It is also the iiajne of several settlements in S. America, none of which require particular notice. /.«<-/■«»«, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, R m. W. N. W. of Ecija. Lncilo, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 11m. N. E. of Molise. Lurl;au,n town of the Prussian states, in Lower Lusatia. It is seated in a swampy country, on the Berste, 55 m. N. of Dresden. LucUmtrald, a town of Prussian Saxony, seated on the Nute, 32 m. S. of Berlin. Luckforil. a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. W. of IIolme,on the Luckford, which falls into the Frome and forms the VV. boundaries of Purbeck Isle. Lucknow, an ancient city of Hindoostan, and capital of Oude. It is large, but poorly built, and the streets are narrow and crooked. The palace of the nabob is situated on a high bank near the Goomty, and commands an extensive view both of that river and the country on the eastern side. Adjoining the palace is a cantonment of one of the East India Company's regiments of native infantry ; and in the vicinity is the dwelling of the British resident. Luco, a town of Naples, on the W. bank of the lake Celano, 9 m. S. S. VV. of Celano. Lucnn, a town of France, department of Ven dee; Ri'fitf7. E., lat. 4.5. 54. N. Lugano, a lake in tlie canton of Tesino, 25 m. in length, and from 3 to G in breadth. Its form is irregular, and bending into continual sinuosities. It lies between the lakes Como and Maggiore,but is above IdO feet higher than either of them. Ludge, or Lude, a town of Prussian Westpha- lia, seated on the Emmer, 24 ra. N. !V. E. of Pad- erborn. Lugo, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a bish- op's see. It was once the metropolis of Spain, but is no\r chiefly celebrated f>r its hot medicinal springs. It is seated on the Miuho, 50 m. E. N. E.ofCompostella. Long. 7. 32. W., lat. 43. 4. Luis, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, m the prov- ince of Tucuman, 140 m. W. S. W. of Cordova. Long. 67. 52. W. lat. 32. 10. S. Luis de la Paz, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan. 120 m. S by E. of Mecho- acan. Luis de Potosi' St., a city of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, situate in the midst of rich gold mines, and all the comforts of life The 59 streets arc neat and straight, and the churehc* magnificent. It is ISO m N. by W. of Mechoa- can. Long. 102. 54. W., lat. 22. 25. N. Im-IcIuuu, a city of China, of the iirst rank, in the province of Quanir-tong. It is seated in a fertih- country, near the sea, ;!I5 m. S. W. of Can- ton. Lo..g. lO'J. 2">. E., lat. 20. 5d. i\. Lufca, a sea-port of Sweden, in Bothnia, with a good hari»ouf. Mear it is a mountain cf iron ore. It stands on a river of the same name, at the N. VV. extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 115 m. N. i\. E. of Uma. Long. 22. 12. E., lat. 65 32. N. Lumberland , a township of Sullivan Co. X. Y. on the Delaware. Pop. !I55. I.uiiibertmi, a village of Burlington Co. N. J. near Mount Holly, also a village in Robertson Co. a. C. 25 m. S. Fayetteville. LumeUo,a. town in the Sardinian state8,formerIy the residence of the kings of Lombardy, but now a small place. It is seated on the Gogna, 44 m. E. N. E. of Turin. Lunun, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire, sit uate on a bay of its name, at the mouth of tlie riv- er Lunan,5 in. S. S. W. of Montrose. Lund, a town of Sweden, in the province of Scania It carries on but little trade, and is prin- cipally supported by its university, founded by Charles XI., and from him called Academia Caro- lina Gothorura. The cathedral is an ancient ir- regular building. It is 21 m. E. of Copen^Mgen, and 'M S. W. of Christianstadt. Long. 13. 12. E.. lat. 55. 42. N. Lvtidcn, a town of Denmark, in N. Ditsmarscb, seated near the Eyder, 22 m. W. of Rendsburg, Lundy, an island at the entrance of the Bristol Channel, about 12 m. from the Devonshire coast. It is about 5 in. long and 2 broad, and in the N. part is a high pyramidical rock, called the Con- stable. Long. 4. 8. W., lat. 51. 18. N. Lunc. See Loijiie. LuntI, a town of France, in the department of Gard, near the river Ridouile. It has excellent muscadine wine, and is 16 ni. E. of Montpelier. Lunen, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Marck, situated at the contlux of the Zezisk with the Lippe, 20 m. S. by W. of Munster. Lunenburg, or Luneburg, a province of Hano- ver, formerly a duchy of the German empire, ly- ing along the left bank of the Elbe. A small por- tion, lying on the right bank of the Elbe, now belongs to Denmark ; but Hanoverian Lunen- burg comprises asuperficial extent of 4,236 sq. m, with 240,000 inhabitants. It is watered by the rivers AUer, Elbe, Ilmenau.Oker, Jeetize, Fuhse, and some smaller streams ; and part of it is full of heaths and forests, but near the rivers it is tol- erably fertile. Lunenburg, a large fortified town, capital of the foregoing province. The chief public editi- ccs are the pl.\ces for public worship, the palace, three hospitals, the town-house, the salt magazine, the anatomical tiieatre, and the academy. The salt springs near this place are very productive. It is situatedon the (Immenau. 30 . S. E. of Ham- burg, and 60 N. of Brunswick LuncnhuTg, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecti- cut, nearly opposite Lancaster N. H. Pop. 1,054. p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,318. Luncnhurg, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 11,957. Also a county of Nova Sco- tia containing a township of the same name. Luneville, a town of France, department of I-UX 4C(i LVM Meurtlie. In itBCUHtle the diikc8 ofLorrain form- erly kcjit tlicir court, as did iifterwards kiii|r Stan- islaus. Ill lyol a treaty ofjjeace was concludt'd here between France and Austria. Luneville is mated in a plain between the rivers Vesoul and Meurthe, 14 m. E. S. E. of Nancy, and 1,2 W. of Strasburg. Long. 0. :tO. E., lat. 4W. 30. N. Liitiirrb, a town of Naples, in Basilicala, chief- ly inhabited by Greeks, 35 m. N. N. W. of Co- Kenza. Lnpoir, a town of Pomerania, on a river of the same name, 15 m. E. ofStoljte. Luraij, p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va. Lure, a town of France, department of Upper Saone, celebrated for a late abbey of Benedic- tines, converted, in 1704, into a chapter of noble canons. It is seated near the Ougnon, 30 m. N. E. of Besanoon. I.urgiin, atown of Ireland, in the county of Ar- magh, with an extensive linen maiiufiicture, 14 m. N. E. of Armagh, and 07 N. of Dublin. Lusaiiti^ a margraviate of Germany, \)i^ m. long and GO broad; bounded on the N. by Branden- burg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, ond W. by S'lxony. It is divided into l_I]>pt'r and Lower Lu- satia, formerly two distinct states, which became subject to Saxony and formed a province of that power until 1815. The whole of Lower Lusatia, which forms the northern part of the margraviate now belongs to Prussia, as does also one Jialf of Upper Lusatia, which is included in the govern- ment of Liegnitz ; the part that remains to Sax- ony is computed at 1,170 sij. m. with 170,000 m habitants. Upper Lusatia abounds more in moun- tains and hills than the Lower, in which are many bogffy and moorish tracts, yet it is the most fruitful. The breeding of cattle is very consider- able, and there is plenty of game ; but the prod- ducts of the country do not supply the necessities of t!ie inhabitants. This want is compensated by its numerous manufactures, particularly tiiose of cloths and linens. Liisignan, atown of France, department of Vi- enne, seated on the Vonne, 15 m. S. S. W. of Poitiers. Luso, a river of Italy, which rises in the duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Romagna, and enters the gulf of Venice 10 m. N. of Rimini. Luton,n town of Bodford.shire, Eng. with a mar- ket on Monday. It is situate on the river Lea, Id m. S. of Bedford, and 31 N. by W. of London. Lulterhcrg, a town of Hanover, in the princi- p.ility of Grubinhagen, seated on the Oder, 15 m. S. of Gozlar. LiUtcnmrth, atown in Leicestershire, Eng. It has a large and handsome church. WicklitT, the eelebratfcd reformer, was rector, and died here, ill 1387. Lutterworth has little trade, being prin- r.ipally supjiorted by the neighbouring opulent graziers. It is Ftated on the river Swift, 14 m. S. of Leicester, and H.8 N. V^\ of London. LnlzfhLrinj a town of France, department of Lower Rliine, with a strong castle, seated on a mountain, 30 m. N. W. of Strasburg. Lulztn,a. town of Saxony, in the principality of Merseberg, belonging to Prussia, with a cas- tle. Near this place, in IG32, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was killed in a battle, at the moment of victory. Lutzen is also celebrated for the defeat of the united forces of Russia and Prus- sia, by Bonaparte, in Mav, 1813. It is seated on the' Elster, 21 m. \V. S.'W. of Leipzig. Luxemburg, a province of the Netlierlands, bounded by the Prussian slates on the Rhine, a part of tlie French frontier, and the Belgic pror jnces of Namur and Liege, and comprising a su perfu'ial area of ■.i,400 sq. in. with 220.000 inhabi- tants. It gives the title of grand duke to the sovereign. The surface is mountainous and woody jlieing traversed by branches of the Arden- nes; and the climate is colder than that of the other provinces. The princiiial river is the Mo selle. Corn, potatoes, flax, and some wine are raised ; the rearing of cattle forms an important branch oi' industry ; and there are manuiactures of woolen and iron ; but the chief wealth of the province consists in its forests, ■.vhieh occupy up- wards of 400,000 acres. It is divided into the districts of Luxemburg, Dictkirch and Ncufcha- teau. LuxcinhitTg, the capital of the above province, and one of the slrimgest towns in Europe. It is divided by tlie Alsitz into the Ujiper and Lower Town ; tlie former almost surrounded by rocks, but tile latter seated in a plain. In 17II5 it sur- rendered to the Freiicli. but was restored in 1814. It is 22 m. W. S. W. of Treves, and 130 S. E. of Brussels. Long. 0. 10. E., lat. 4!). 37. N. Luxcuily a town oi' France, department of Up- per Saone, near which are some mineral waters and warm baths. It is seated at Uie foot of the Vosges, 14 m. from Vesoul. Luijo and Chilltm.t, a province of Peru, bounded E. by mountains, N. and N. W. by the province of Jaeii, and S. ]•). by that of Caxamarca. It is 54 m. in length, and 24 in breadth, and contains 3,500 inhabitants. The capital has the same name, and is in long. 77. 41. W., lat. 5. 33. S. Lu:ara,Vi strong town of Austrian Italy, in the province of Mantua, where a battle was fought between the Austrians and the French and Span- iards, in 1702, when each side claimed the victory. It is seated near the conflux of the Crostolo with the Po, 10 m. S. of Mantua. LiiuiTchrs, a town of France, department of Seine-ct-Oise. 19 m. N. of Paris. Lvzirne, a county in the W. District of Penn- sylvania, bounded N. by Tioga county, New York, E. and S. E. by Northampton, and \V. by Lycoming and Northumberland counties. It ia about 711 m. in length and 75 in breadth, and is divided into 12 townships. Pop. 27,304. WilUi's- barre is the chief town. I.i/zrrni:, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. at the great bend of the Monongahela Lyruf/iing. a county of the W. District of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 17,037. Williamsport is the cap- ital. Also a township in the same county, and a small stream falling into the W. brancii oi" the Susquehanna. Luton. See Lvconia. Lijdtly a town in Kent, Eng. It is a member of the cinque port of Romney, and seated in Roni- ney Marsh, 25 m. S. W. of Dover, and 72 S. E. of London. Lijg(:,a town of Norway, near aiakeof the same name, 1(> m.N. ^V. of Ciiristiansand. Lijmun, a townslvp of York Co. Me. 27 m. N York. Pop- 1,502. Lyme, or Li/ine Regis, a. borough and sea-porl iii Dorsetshire, Eng. It is seated on the side of a craggy hill, on the river Lyme, at the head of a little inlet : and its harbour is formed by two very thick walls, called the Cobbe. Here the duke of Monmouth landed, in 1G85, for the execution of his ill-judged design against James II. Lyme is the birth-place of Thomas Coram, the benevolent patron and contriver of the Foundling Hospital MAA ^7,S a .-ulf of Denmark, in N Jutland, winch has a n°„ow entrance from the Ca tegat rJd extends 80 .n. across the country w>de„mg iruhiallv and forming several brancheb, tli^. VV f:,d is 20 m long, anJ separated fron> the North Si-a onlv bv a narrow bank. ,. p r, L,Jmu.gtk a borough in Hampslnre Eng U is sealed°on ariver of its name, a m/'";" '«' "^^^ and the harbour will admit vessels of 300 tons turden The chief trade is in salt ; an.l >l .s uuc reported to in summer for sea-ballung Ne r .t are the remains of a Roman can.p ; and in U44 "J; 2,ro"Ibs. weight of their coins were d.cov- ered here in two urns. It is jf m S. te. w. oi Southampton, and 83 S. W. of London. ,„ N W.Amherst. Pop. 1,147 "'l,j„Lrst, a village in Hampshire Eng. on the N side of the New Forest, 9 m. W. b. W. ot Southampton. Here arc the king's house and he kind's stables, the latter very large ; and all the fore^sl courts arc held here. ,„ N E L,jndo,i, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 32 m. W. J^- Montpelier. Pop. 1,822 ^ „ ,.„ pj Lyneville, p.v. Granville Co. N. O. 00 m. i>. '^K'or L,jnn Regis, a borough and sea-port in Norfolk En.T By the Ouse, and its associated nv s,itsapl,liesLst of the midland countries with coal, timber, and wine; and, in return, ex- ports malt and corn in great quantities : it a^o pai- t^ikes in the Baltic trade and Greenland fishery. Lynn has a large market-place with an elegan cIoZ It is 42 m. W. N^W. "f Norwich, and % N. by E. of London. Long. 0. 24. L., lat. o~. *\mn p t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. E. Boston. Pod G IM. This town is noted for its manufac ture of shoes, of which between one and two mUUon pair ar'e made annually. It lies upon he coast, and is connected by a long beach with the neninsula of Nahant. „ ,, , j • •^IZ, a township of Lehigh Co, Pa. bordering -trc^'t^-"^- -"- '' '"• '' ^'SS^t. Essex Co. Mass. 11 m. N.Boston "^Tuollois, a former P™vince of France lying on the W. side of the Saone and Rhone, 30 m. n length, and 17 in breadth. This province with Forez and Beaujolois, now forms the department of the Rhone and the Loire. Lyoiis, a city of France, capital of the depart- 467 MAB nieiil of Rhone, and tlie see of an archbishop. Many antiquities are still observed, w.iich evince its Roman origin. It was long considered as the second city of France in beauty, size, and popula- tion, and Superior to Paris in trade, commerce, and manufactures. The quays were adorned with magnificent structures ; tire cathedral was a ma- jestic Gothic edifice ; and the town-house was one of the most beautiful in Europe The other prin- cipal public buildings were the exchange, the cu..tnm-liouse, the palace of justice, the arsenal, a theatre, a public library, two colleges, and t«o hospitals: The bridge which unites the city with the suburb de la Guillotiere is l.oOO feet lonj, and there are three other principal suburbs, six gates, and several fine churches, buch was Lyons fn June 17J3, when it revolted against the national convention. Being obliged to surrender, in Oc- tober, the conventfon decreed that the walls and public buildings should be destroyed and the name of the citv changed to that of Ville Aifranchie. The ch" -rofth? insurgents had tleart of 1831. This city is seated at the conflux if the Saone with the ^hone lo m. N of Vienne, and 280 S. E. of Fans. Long. 4. 49 E , lat. 45. 46. N. Pop. 14o,b7o. Lyons, p.t. Wayne Co. N.Y. 16 m. N. Geneva. ""TifSr, p.t. Onondaga Co. N.Y. 20 m. N. W.Onondaga. Pop. 3,228. , ,. „ ,. LvOic, a village in N. Yorkshire, Eng. on the sea coast, 4 m. W. N. W. of Whitby, noted for its extensive alum works. ., ,■ c /"A«m, a town in Lancashire, Eng. 5 m. from Kirkham. and 230 from London. M MAALMORIE, a promontory and smalHsland thyi^vince^f Zealand onj^^^^^^^^^^^^ of Tho.m of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the isle of -"j;,X„ a town of Algiers, seated on tl.o gulf oJ '''2«r»e«rf!,/.-.,atownof the Netherlands, in Bona 10 m. W. of Bona. MAC 4C8 MAC .tfacao, a town of China, in an island, at tlic iMitrancc of Ibo liay of Canton. It is (iefcndrd Ijy tliree forts. The i'ortun-uesc hav<; been in possession of the liariiour since 1(140. The Ilrit- ish have a factory here. Long. 113. 40. i'., lal. a--'. 13. N. Mfjnirsrn, a sea-portof Austrian Dahnatia. ami a bishop's see. In its vicinity are many siibler. raneons ^rottoes. U is seated on tin: (iulf ")r Venire, :!(i m. S. K. ofSpalatro. Kong. l^^. 7. K . lat, 4:i. 411. l\. .Vi/ra.v, a townof Peru, the rapital of a fertile (listvietuf the same name, which iiirjos the most ra.sterly part of the kingdom of Qnilo. Tho tiiwn was fi>rnierly a rich and flonrishiiiir pbiro. but is greatlj' decayed. It is seated on one of the sources of the Amazon. 1H.S m. S. by Iv of yui- to. Mtinissiir^ fornieilv a ronsiderahli' liioudnm of the island of Celebes. Its princes at one period ruled over almost the whole island, and also over several of the ni'igbbouring ones. Since Ibat time, however the empire has been cftmplelely subverted by the Dutch. .U(/i«.«H/-, the rbief settlement oftheUutcli in the above territory, called by them Fort Rotter- dam, with a respectable fort and good harbour, but tlie laltter is of ditficult access. Chinese junks carry on a direct trade with C'bina from this place, so that the mi.ted pop. of IJulch and lialf-rastes, Chinese and natives, is very consid- erable. Tlic Portuguese settled here about lo^"!, but were expelled by the Uutch in ItifiO. The Uritish took possession of it in 1810, but restored it in 1X14. It is seated at the nniutli of a river, on theS. \V. coast, and attheS. end of the strait of Macassar. Long. 110 4'J. E., lat :> 9. S. Macnssnr^ a strait v.'hinh separates the i'^lands of Celebes and Borneo. It is about ;t.")ll m. in length, and from oOto 140 in breadth, and coutaius numerous shoals and rocky islands. Macrlrsfield, a town in Cheshire, Kng with manufactures of mohair, twist, hatbands, buttons, and thread, and mills for the winding of silk. It is alarge handsome town.and contains two churches 7 meeting-houses for dissenters, a Ronian catholic chapel, three alms-houses for widows, a free gram- mar school, founded by Edward VI., and two Sunday schools. It is seated at the edge fif a for- est, near the river BoUin, 36 ni. E. of ("hester, and 107 N. W. of Lomlon. Long. 2. 17. W., lat. 53. ir>. N. Afur-Conndshurrr.Y.v. Bedford Co. Pa. In the neighbourhood of this place is a medicinal spring. Miic-Connrhrillr, p.t. Morgan Co. Ohio. ManuiitiehrilU, p. v. Sportan Dis. S. C. Miir!/>n, p.v Chester Co ra. M„da r,, lakes a northerly course of above 600 m^ ana "uerstheCarr.boaA fa, hy several mouths, be- twecn Carthagena and St. Martha „ ,, ,, MaJbunj. atownship of Strafford Co. N. U. U m N W. Portsmouth, Pop. olll. _ Madeira,^n island in the Atlantic Ocean, o4rn. lon' and 2b broad, and 2-50 N-.bv E. of Jenenffc^ ThI Portuguese discovered this island in I-IK', H Hrrrienxd^M^^^--^^ tt curling naturaUy,t..;r ^o.e.^ ^^ Le fVom Sicily ;nnd^,^ sugar and w.ne^ of thouo'h not fl^at. They seem to have are small, the vine '^om ^yP™"^- " ^^^ ,„d wine of h^d .a great XL ^^licVXi article! of some cons. though not nai. mcy '<^>^"' '. ,, , =f^t?r^^^::.^^aSowJ^ ^r own doors so low that a boy of 1^ J-ars oW canno pnter them without stooping. 1 hey na\ e neiuier . , ^ ,ne year. ."v. - ;"ndows"or chimneys 'and the roofs are covered t'.-ugi^^u ^^^ y ^^^ ^,^^ „;ih reeds or leaves. Both men and women are g island. Powers nursed in the tnglisn Jond of bracelets and necklaces, and anoint their "^ f^'^o^s^s grow wild here in the fields; the bodies 'vith grease or oil. Those that are dressed gree" h u, ^^g ^^^^^^^ of the myrtle, rose jas- i„ the best manner have a piece of cotton cloth n^ » honeysuckle ; while the larksp ir fleur- o"r silk, wrapped round t^eir middle ;bu they SL-Us, lupin. &c., spring up sponaneouslym.lo aenerally make little use of clothing, ineiroeus ^, Mad. mliXlvbecaii.. article! of some cons. Ste in'The commerce of Portugal The suga. lorks have since been removed, but its « ine .s now in the highest estimation, e^pee all uch as has been a voyage to the E. or W. Indus. he Bcorchinff heat of summer and the icv ^h 1 o, winter afe here unknown ; for spring and autumn aenerally make little use of clothing. '■"'=" "^"' Meadows. There are few reptiles to be seen in Ire only ">at3 spread upon boards ■ anf a Piece of meaUo^^ . ., ,^__„, ,„ „^ „,„,, ,„„,„„„ Ca- are only maw »pica>^ >.|'-— "-- - ,,.,„_■ xhev wood or stone serves them for a bolster. J i ey rr^verv superstitious, and practise eircumc.s.o. and Dolv^amy. Madagascar is happily e.xemp ftomW ravages of th? lion and the tiger, but ere are great^ numbers of locusts which some mes swfrm to such a degree as to darken the ait. They are eaten by the natives, and considered as a dainty food. Here are also crocodiles and cameleons. The French have frequently at- tempted to settle here, but have always been on. S^island ; the lizard is the most common n^^rv birds and aold-finchcs are found in the moLtains The^hog is the food most relished ; they are suffered to range amon^ the fountains, and are hunted and caught by dogs. Salted cod U iinported from America, and is the chief diet of the poor Madeira is well watered and populous. The Br tish factory settled in this island consists of uDwads of 20 commercial houses and have consfderablv more of its trade than the Portugue«. iriSOS it "surrendered to the English, but wa. afterwards restored. Funchal is the capUal^ Madcly Market, a town in Shropshire F.n|. I is relebrated for having afforded refuge to Charles T 'aftcr"he battle of Worcester, ""e "e some very e.xtensive iron works ; and a work for oMain- ing fossil tar from the smoke of coal It is m. N of Bridgenorth, and 147 N. W. of London. MJhJri. a town of HindoosUn m Mysore with a strong hill-fort. In its vicnity much -^o^. is smelted, and a great ""fb"",'^ '^"'^^ "^ „ It is seated amidliills and fertile vallejs, *. m F.. of Sera. MAD 470 MAD St. ' Maduin, or Miilian, a town of Arabia I'ctrea, on llje E. side of the eastern arm of the Red Sea. The Arabians call it Megar el Schuoid, the Grot- to of Scliuaid (or Jethro,) andsuppo.se it to be the place where Moses tended the tlocks of his fa- ther-in-law. It is 50 m. N. of Moilah, and (-0 S of Acaba. Madison, a connty of New York. Pop. 39,037. Cazenovia is the capital. A county of the K. Dis- trict of Virginia. Pop. 9,236. Aladison is the capital. A county of Georgia. Pop. 4,020. Dnn- ielsville is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 0,190. London is the capital. A county of Indi- ana. Pop. 2,442. Andcrsontown is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. (>,229. Kdwnrdsville is the capital. A county of Missouri. Pop. 2,371. Krcderickstown is the capital. A county of Ken- tucky. Pop. lH,0:i-"). Kichmond is the capital. A county of W.Tennessee. Pop. 11,750. jack- son is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 28,011. Huntsville is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 4,973. Livinjrston is the capi- tal. A county of Florida. Pop. .525. Hickstow is the capital. Also the name of 27 towns and villages in different parts of the United States Madisontillc, p. v. Hopkins Co. Ken. ; p. v. Tammany Parish Louisiana. Madras, or Fort St. Gcoro-e, a celebrated fort and city of Ilindoostan. It is the capital of the British possessions on the E. side of the peninsu- la, and is a fortress of very great extent. It is close on the margin of the Bay of Bengal, from which it has a rich and beautiful appearance, the houses being covered with a stucco called chu- iiam, which in itself is nearly as compact as the finest marble, and bears as high a polish. The Black Town is separated from the fort by an es- planade. In common with all the European set- tlements on this coast, Madras has no port for shipping, the coast forming nearly a straight line ; and it is incommoded also with a high and dan- gerous surf. It is the seat of an archdeaconry, and of missions from different societies in Britain. In 1746 it was taken by tlie French, but restored, by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is 100 m. N. by E. of Pondicherry. Long. 80. 25. E., lat. 13. 5. N. Madras Territory, the countries subject to the presidency of Fort St. George, or Madras, com- prehending nearly the whole of India, S. of the river Kistnah, and the cctensivc province denom- inated the Northern Circars. Within these boun- daries , however, three native princes, the rajahs of Mysore, Travancore, and Cochin, still collect their resources, and e.^ercise a certain degree of authority within their territories. The rest of the country is under the immediate jurisdiction of the governor and council of Madras ; and is sub- divided into 24 districts, over each of which there is a European judge and a collector, with the re- quisite establishments. There are also four pro- visional courts of circuit and appeal, to which the above mentioned judges are subordinate, and a supreme court of appeal stationary at Madras, consisting of four judges, selected from the com- pany's civil servants. Madre dc Dies, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Patagonia, 180 m. in cir- cumference. Madrc dr. Pojia, a town of New Granada, with a celebrated convent. It is much resorted to by the pilgrims of S. America, and they pretend that the image of the Virgin has done a great many mira- cles in favour of the .seafaring people. It is seat- ed on the MadalciiH,50 in. K. of Carthagena Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New Castile. It was formerly an inconsiderable place, belong- ing to the archbishop of Toledo , but the purity of the air engaged the court to remove hither, and it is now a considerable city. It contains 77 churches, (JO convents, 15 gates of granite, and about 200,000 inhabitants. The houses are most- ly built of stone ; and the principal streets are long, broad, and straight, and adorned at proper distances with handsome fountains. There are above JOO towers or steeples, in different places, which contribute greatly to the embellishment of the city. It stands in a plain, surrounded by mountains, and has a high wall, built of mud. There are two palaces on a large scale. The Pal- ado Rcn^ ,^\. the west end, is strongly built and ele- gantly ornamented on the outside ; the liurn lictiro is situated at the east of the town, and is chiefly remarkable for its large collection of paint- ings, and very extensive gardens. The churches and inonasteries contain many paintings, by the most celebrated masters. The squares are ru- merous ; the finest is the Placja Mayor, which is 1,. 530 feet in circuit, surrounded by houses. 5 stories high, all of an equal height; every story being adorned with a handsome balcony, and the fronts supported by columns, which form very fine arcades. Here the auto da j'r.s, were formerly celebrated, with all their terrible appara- tus. In the environs are several royal residences, such as the Casa del Campo, where a great many wild animals were formerly kept for the chase. The manufactures of Madrid are very inconsider- able; those for hats, and the royal china and salt- petre works, are the principal. The French took possession of the city in March ISOtf, and on the 2nd of May the inhabitants rose up in arms to ex- pel them from the city, when a terrible carnage took place for several hours, and it was not till the arrival of more troops that order was enforced among the people. On the 20th of July follow- ing, Joseph Bonaparte entered it as king of Spain ; but was obliged to quit it soon afterwards. On the 2nd of December, of the same year, it was retaken by Napoleon, who reinstated his brother on the throne, and he kept possession till August 1812, when Madrid was entered by the British ar- my, under the duke of Wellington. The French, however, again took possession of it in Novem- ber ; but finally evacuated it the following year. The inhabitants joined in the revolution of 1820, when the king was obliged to accede to the gen- eral desire of restoring the constitution of the Cortes of 1812. See Spain. Madrid is on the river Manzanares, over which is a magnificent bridge, 205 m. N. E. of Lisbon, and C50 S. S. W. of Paris. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 40. 25. N. Madrid, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence. Pop. 3,4.59. Madrl^ral, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seat- ed in a plain, fertile in excellent wine, 10 m. N. E. of Medina del Campo. Madrisio, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 30 m. N of Venice. Mad Rircr, a town of Clark Co. Ohio, on a stream of that name running into the Great Miami. Madrogan, a town of Al'rica, the capital of Moc- aranga, with a spacious royal j»alace. The upper part of the houses is in the shape of a bell. Long. 2;). 40. E„ lat. 10. 0. S. Madura, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name, belonging to the Brit- ish, and included in the collcctoriinip of Dindigul. I MAG 471 MAG It h furtififil with sfiuare towers and parapets, ami lias one of the most superb pagodas iii Hiiidoastan. It is 130 111. N. N. W. of Cape Coiiioriii, and 270 S. S. W. ofMadras. I/ong.78. 12. E.,lat. 9.55. N. Madura, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the N. coast of the island of Java. It is 100 iii. lon^ and 15 broad, and the soil is fertile and well cul- tivated. The chief towns are Sainanap, rarma- cassan, and Baiicallan. Maeler, a lalte of Sweden, Hi) in. long and 20 broad, between the provinces of VVestniania and Sudermania. It contains several fine islands, is usually frozen during a few weeks in winter, and opens an easy communication, by sledges, bo tween the interior parts of Sweden and the city of Stockholm. Maelstrom, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Norway, in G8. N. lat. and near the island of Moskoe, whence it is also named Moskoestrom. When it is flood, the stream runs up the country with a boisterous rapidity ; but the roar of its im- petuous ebb to the sea is scarcely equalled by the loudest cataracts. The whirlpool is of such an extent and depth that, if a ship comes within its attraction, it is inevitably absorbed and beaten in pieces against the rocks below ; and when the water relaxes, the fragments come up again. The intervals of tranquility are only at the turn of the ebb and flood, and calm weather ; and they last but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most boisterous, and its fury heightened by a storm, vessels have been reached by it at the distance of 5 m. Maema, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 23 m. W. S. W. of Trent. Maese. See Meuse. Maeseijk, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 m. S. S. W. of Ruremonde. Maeslandslmjs , a town of S. Holland, near the mouth of the Meuse, 10 m. W. of Rotterdam. Macstricht, a city of the Netherlands, about 4 m. in circumference, seated on the Meuse, oppo- site Wyck, with which it communicates by a stone bridge. The number of inhabitants is esti- mated at 13,000. It has fine long streets, many churches and convents, a college formerly be- longing to the Jesuits, a council house with its li- brary and considerable manufacture of cloth, leather, hosiery, and hardware. Near it is the lofty mountain of St. Peter, with a fortress ; and a stone quarry, with such a number of subterra- nean passages as to be capable of containing 40, 000 persons. The other fortifications and the sit- uation of Maestriclit are such t'lat it is deemed one of the strongest places in Europe. The city was besieged by the French in 1748, during the negociations of Aix-la-Chapelle, was unsuccess- fully attacked by them in 1703, and they became masters of it towards the end of the following year. In 1814 it was delivered up to the allied forces. It is 14 m. N. N. E. of Liege, and 58 E. of Brussels Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 50. 49. N. Mtifra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, with a college founded in 1772. In a sandy and barren spot near this place Jolin V., in pursuance of a vow, erected a building of extraordinary magnificence, as a Franciscan convent. The town is seated near the sea, 18 m. N. N. W. of Lisbon. Miiiiadi, or Maghcrtj, a town of Hindoostan, in the district of Mysore, seated in a hilly country, abounding in timber-trees, stone and ijon, 24 m. W. of Bangalore. Magadoxa, tiie capital ofa kingdom of the sanio name, on the coast of A jan, with a citadel, and a good harbour. It stands at the mouth ofa river, which is supposed to have a long course, having regular inundations that fertilize the country to a great e.xtent. The inhabitants are mostly Ma- hoinedans ; but there are also some Abyssinian Ciiristians. They all speak the Arabic tongue, are Btoutand warlike and among other weajions use poisoned arrows and lances. The city is a place of great commerce, receiving from Adel and other parts, cotton, silk spices, and drugs, in exchange for gold, ivory, wax, and other commodities. Long. 4U. 25. E., lat. 2. 10. N. Mufrdalcn hlfs, a group of islets, in the gulf of St. Lawrence, near its entrance. They are in- habited by a iiiw families, whose chief support is derived from fishing. Magdahiia, a large river of Colombia, which rises in the province of Popayan, and after a course of 900 m. falls into the sea, in lat. 11.2. N. MairilalcTm, a river of New Mexico, which runs into the sea between the rivers Flores and Mexicano. Magdeburg, a government of the Prussian states, in Saxony, composed of part of the 01<1 Mark on the left of the Elbe, the pirncipality of Halperstadt, the abbey of Quedlinbur^, the coun- ty of Wernigerode, the barony of Schauen, and the bailiwics of Kloetze, Barby, and Gommern. It comprises a superficial area of nearly 4,400 si|. m., is divided into 15 circles, and contains 450,000 inhabitants. The country is in general level, and the parts which are not marshy and over- grown with wood are very fertile. Its commerce is greatly facilitated by the Elbe, which traver- ses through its whole extent. Magdeburg, a fortified city, capital of the fore- going government. It has a handsome palace, a citadel with a fine arsenal, and a magnificent cathedral, which contains the superb mausoleum of Otho the great. The inhabitants are computed at 30,000. Here are manufactures of cotton and linen goods, stockings, gloves, porcelain, hats, leather, soap, and tobacco ; but the principal are those of woolen and silk. It is well situate for trade, on both sides oftheElbe,by which it has an easy communication with Hamburgh. In the neighbourhood are the monastery of Bergin, and tlie salt-works of Schcenebeck, producing about 30,000 tons annuallj". Magdeburg has sustained several sieges. In 1031 it was tiken by the Austrians,who burnt the town, except the cathe- dral and a few houses, adjacent, and massacred above 10,000 of the inhabitants ; but it was soon handsomely rebuilt. In 1800 it surrendered to the French, and was not restored till 1813. It is 75 m. W. S. W. of Berlin, and 120 S. E. of Ham- burgh. Long. 11. 40. E., lat. .52. 10. N. Magellan, a strait of S. .\merica, discovered in 1.520 Dy Ferdinando Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain. It has since been sailed through by several navigators ; hut the passage, upward of 300 in. being dangerous and trouble- some, they now sail round Cape Horn. Magcrrillc, a townsliip of Sunbury Co. New Brunswick, on the St. Johns. Maggcroe, or Magcron, a large island on the coast of Norway, and the most nothern land in Europe. It is separated from the continent on tlie S. by a narrow channel ; and its N. extremiyr is an enormous rock, called N. Cape. Long. 2j. 57. E., lat. 71. 10. N. MAH 472 MAl Mughi-rufeU, a town of Irclund, in the I'ouiity of Londonderry, with a cunaiderable linen man- ufacture, Vi m. W. of Antrim, and 30 S. E. of Londonderry. Magia, a river of Switzerland, in the canton of Tesain, which runs S. with rapidity, through a narrow valley of its name, and enters the lake of Majji^iore, near Locarno. Maggiorc, a lake of Upper Italy, separating part of the Auslro- Italian governmuntof Mila)i from the states of Sardinia, and extending from Sesto, northward to Locarno ; 'M) ni. in length, and 3 in breadth. The river Tcsino runs S. through its whole length; and it contains the celebrated Bor- romean Isles. Moghidnmio. Sec Mindanao. Mai;liaiw, utovin of Italy, province of Sabina, seated on a mountain, near the river Tiper, 34 m. N. of Rome. Long. 12. a'.. E., lat. 42. 2.'i. N. Magna Macca. a town andfortof Italy, in the Capaf states, seated at the mouth of the lake of Commachio, in the gulf of Venice, 3 m. S. E. of Commachio. Magnisa. See Manachia. Matrny^ a town of Krance, department of Seine- et-Oisi-.'sam. N. W. of Paris. Magra^ a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap- pennines, on the S. confines of Varma, and flows by Pontremoli and Sarsana into the gulf of Genoa. Mahaleu, a town of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It carries on a considerable trade in linen, cotton, and sal-ammoniac ; and the inhabitants have ovens to hatch chickens. Long. 33. 30. E., lat. 31. 30. N. Mahaiuida, a river of Ilindoostan, which rises in the N. E. part of Berar, crosses Orissa, and en- ters the '.)ay of Bengal, by several mouths, below Cattack. These moutlis form an assemblage of low woody islands: and at the mouth of the prin- cipal channel, named Cajung or Codjung. Mahdia. See Madea. Mahanoy, Little, Lower and Upper, three town- ships in Northumberland Co. Pa. Mtthantanao, Upper, a township in Schuylkill Co. Pa. JlfaAc, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, for- merly belonging to the French, but taken by the English in 1793. It is situate on high ground, at the mouth of a river, 5 m. S. S. E. of Tellich- erry. Mahlberg, a town and castle of Geriisany, in Baden, 17 m. N. of Friburg. Maltmnodabad, a town of Hindoost.an, in Guze- rat, 17 m. S. S. E. of Ahmedabad. MahmuJporc, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 80 m. N. E. of Calcutta. Mahomdij, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Oude, 70 m. N.W. of Lucknow, and 150 E. S. E. of Dehli. JVfaAon/ng, three townships in Mercer, Indiana and Columbia Cos. Pa. Also a river of Penn- sylvania falling into the Alleghany. Mahratta Territory, an extensive country of Hindoostan, which till lately stretched across what is called the peninsula of India. On the accession of Ram Rajah, in 1740, the peishwa and the paymaster-general confined him to the fortress of Sattarah, and divided the empire be- tween them, the former fixing his residence at Poonah, which became,the capital of the West- ern Mahrattas ; the latter founding a new king- dom in the province of Gundwaneh, called the Eastern Mahrattas, and fixing his residence at Jfagpure, which see. The peishwa became de- pendent on the British in l.'^02, but attempting to shake ofl* his depeudeiiiM', he was defeated and de- posed. The Mahrattas lire Hindoos: and many of the Brahmins are polished and insidious mer- chants. They are fond of horses, and their army was almost entirely composed of cavalry ; they were however, never very formidable, as a regu- lar force, dejieuding more on the celerity of their motions and the suddenness of their incursions IIkui on the boldness with which they met their enemies. Molirliurs. See Marchhirg. Mahur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict of its name, in the province of Berar ; seated on the Chin, Gonga, which (lows into the God.a- verv, 140 Tu. S. W, ofNagpore. Long. 78. 34. E., I:it."lll. -24. N. Maida, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. On the plain near this pl.ice, in 180(), a victory was obtained by the British troops over the French. It is !l m. W. S. W. of Squillace. Maiden Creek, a township of Berks Co. Pa. Maidenhead, a. Unvn in IJerkshire, Eng. with a good trade in malt, ine.il, and timber. It is seated on the Thames, over which is a bridge, 12 m. E by N. of Reading, and 20 W. by N. of London. 2 m. distant is Maidenhead Thicket, formerly in- fested by highwaymen. Maidenhead, a township of fliintcrdon "Co. N. J. Maidcniu, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 30 m. long and n broad. In the N. W. part of it na- tive copper is found. Long. 1G7. 10. E., lat. 54. 40. N. ^ Maidstone, a borough and the county town of Kent, Eng. It has a brisk trade in exporting the commodities of the county, particularly hops, of which there are numerous plantations around, here are likewise paper-mills, and a manufacture of linen. The church is a spacious and handsome edifice; and there are several meeting houses for ilissenters, a grammar school, H charity schools, A:c. Maidstone is seated on the Medway, over which is a bridge of seven arches, 10 m. W. of ("anterbnry, and 34 E. S. E. of London. Long. 0. 38. E., lat. 51. Ifi. N. Maidstone, a township of Essex Co. Vt. 53 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 230; also a township of Es- sex Co. U. C. Mailddpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Mal- wal, near which the troops of Holkar were defeat- ed by the British in 1817. It is seated on the Soprah, 20 m. N. of Oojain. Mailrotay, a lofty fortress of Hindoostan, in My- sore, and one of the most celebrated places of Hin- doo worship. The large temple is a square build- ing of great dimensions, and the jewels belong- ing to it are very valuable. In 1772 Hyder was completely routed by the Mahrattas near this place ; and it was here that the Mahratta chiefs joined lord Cornwallis in 1701. It is 17 m. N. of Seringapatam. Maillic:ais. a town of France, department of Vendee, seated on an island formed by the Seure and Autize, 22 m. N. E. of Rochelle. Maina, a sea-port of Greece, in the Morea, which gives name to a district that lies between two bays of the Mediterranean Sea, The inhab- itants of the district, cstim.ated at .50,000, could never, even nominally, be subjected to the Turks, till the end of the 18th century, when they agreed to pay a small tribute to the Porte. The town is seat- ed on the bay of Coron, 4t) m. S. bv W. of Misi- tra. Long. 82. 10. E.,lat. 36. 34. "N MAI 473 MAI Mahie, uiie uf the United States, nnd cun^ti tutiiig the iiorlh-eaBtein extrnnitv of tlie Union. It extends from 4:i . 5. to 47. UO. N. lat. and from ee. i'J. to 71. 4. W. long, bounded N. and N. W. by Lower Canada. E. by New Brunswick, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by New llanijishire, and containing 3(),n()() squ.'ire m. The nortliorn limit, as fi.Tcd by the king of the Netherlands, has some- what reduced the state from its former dimensions. The nortliern parts are mountainous, and a part of the north-western limit is formed by one of the extremities of the Apalachian chain. Mount Kalahdin or Kuiadn an isolated peak in the ni'rth ia 5,3H5 feet in height , and several other elevations exceed 4,000. The mountains are cov- ered with wood, and indeed all the northern re- jrions may be considered as one great forest. Here is still to be found the moose, a wild animal wliich has disappeared from almost every other part of the United States. The trees are jiriiici- pally pine, hemlock, spruce and birch. Toward the sea grow the white and red oak, but these trees are not abundant. The chief rivers in Maine are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscog- gin, and Saco which rise among the mountains and flow southerly into the Atlantic. These streams have a rapid course and in the upper part are niucii broken by falls. The Walloostook Aroos- took and Allagash, in the north, Hows into the St. Johns. The St. Croix forms a part of the east- ern boundary. There are many lakes in this state, the largest of which arc the Mooaehead, Cliesuncook, and Schoodic. The coast ia indent- ed with a great number of bays and inlets of the sea, and no state in the Union has so many ex- cellent harbours. Along the coast an^ also scat- ercd many fine islands, a great number of which are populous and well cultivated. The mineral productions are few. Iron and lead in small quan- tities have been discovered. Slate and limestone are abundant ; lime is burnt for esporlulioii at Thomastown and Camden, and oil the New Eng- land States are supplied from this quarter. The soil among the mountainous parts and on the coast is inferior, but there are many tracts in tho interior of great fertility. Wheat, barley, rye and potatoes are extensively eultiialed. Maize also receives attention, but does not thrive so well here as in the other New England States. Tho climate is the coldest in the United States ; and in the spring heavy fogs are common. The summer is hot but of short continuance. The inhabitants subsist mostly by agriculture and maritime enterprizc. There are few manu- factures in the state except domestic fabrics. The commerce is chiefly confined to the exporta- tion coastwise of lumber, fish, lime, plaster &c. There is also some trade to the West Indies. Tho shipping in 1827, amonnted to 202,3115 tons. The GO imports for 1S2:), were valuid at 742,781 ; the ex ports of domestic produce, 72'.M 06 dollars ; the total exports 737,832 dollars, the fisheries are very productive ; the fish annually taken are esti- mated to be worth nearly half a million of dollars. Tho northern parts of the statt; furnish vast quan- tities of timber. The trees are felled in the depth of winter by parties which penetrate into the woods in autumn for that purpose, and cut down the trees after the ground is covered with snow suir.ciently to enable them to drag the timber by oxen to the rivers where they are rolled upon the ice. When the rivers, break up in tlie spring the logs arc floated down to the sea. Where the riv- ers are wide and uninterrupted by falls, the logs are fastened together in immense rafts. This .slate is divided into 10 counties. The capiial is Augusta. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, the mem- bers of which are chosen annually. The Gover- nor is also elected annually All the elections are popular, and suffrage is universal. The most numerous religious sect is that of the Baptists ; they have 146 ministers; the Calvinistic conirre- gationalisls have 107; the Methodists 5i);"the Unitarians S ; the Episcopalians 4 ; the Catholics 4. There are also 30 societies of Quakers, 50 of I'Veenill Baptists; 3 of Sandemanians and some Universalists. There are colleges at Brunswick and Waterville and theological seminaries at Ban- gor and lleadfielil. Common schools are support- ed by 1.1 w and the business of education receives gre;il attention. There are some Indians remaining in this state, ehirlly of tiio IViinobscot tribe. Their settle- ments are on the I'eiiobscot, and on Passania- rpioddy Bay. The population of Maine 13 399,402. Tliis state was originally a part of Massachusetts with the tille ofthe District of Maine. In 1S20 It wa.s admitted into the Union as an independent Slate. The most populous part of the state lies along the coast. The northern iiart is unsettled. The largest town is Portland ; the other principal towns are Bath, Hallowell, Gardiner, Bangor, Wiscasset, Thomastown, Eastport, Lubec and York. Miiiin-, a large river of Germany, formed by two streams called the Red and White Maine, which rises arnoug the mountains of Franconia. It joins the Rhine a little above Menlz. Maine, Lower, a circle of the Bavarian states, contiguous to Baden, Hesse-Cassel, and Hesse- Darmstadt, comprising a superficial extent of 3000 sq. m. with 423,000 inhabitants. The principal products arc corn and wine. Wurtzburg is the capital. Maine, Upper, a circle of the Bavarian states, MAK 474 MAL contiguous to Bolieniia and Saxony, comprising an extent of 3,400 sq. m. wiliil'.i4,000 inhabitants. The inanufaclures. tiiougl. confined to the pro- ductions of the province, viz. tlic metals, flax, and timber, are considerable. Bayreuth is the capi- tal. Maine- el- Loir e^ a department of France, bounded by the departments of Mayeiinc, Sartlie, and lii- dre-et-Loire, comprisinjr an extent of 4,UU0 sq. iii. with 404,600 inhabitants. The soil is in General fertile, producing corn, tkx, hemp, fruit, and wine'; and the manufacture of linen is carried on to a considerable extent. Anirers is the capital. .Maine and Taiiber, a circle of Baden, coniprising the N. E. portion of the grand duchy, and a small tract on the Maine, insulated from the rest by part of Bavaria. Wertlieim is the chief town. Mainland, the principal of the Shetland Isles, is 60 m. long, and from C to 18 broad, and is di- vided into eight parochial districts. The face of the country exhibits a prospect of black, craggy mountains, and marshy plains, interspersed with some verdant spots, which appear smooth and fer- tile. The mountains abound with various kinds of game ; the lofty cliffs, impending over the sea, are the haunts of eagles, falcons, and ravens ; tlie deep caverns underneath shelter seals and otters; and to the winding bays resort the swans, geese, scaups, and other aquatic birds. The seas abound with fish, such aa the herring, cod, tnrbot, and haddock ; lobsters, oysters, muscles, &c., are also plentiful; while the rivulets and lakes abound with salmon, troQt, &c. The hills are covered with sheep of a small breed, and of a shaggy ap- pearance ; but their fleece is very soft, and ex- tremely fine. Their horses are of a diminutive size, but remarkably strung and handsome, and are well known by the name of Shclties. There is an immense store of peat, but no coal. The in- habitants are estimated at about 14,00t). They have some manufactures of linen and woolen cloth, but their chief employment is derived from the fisheries. Lerwick is the capital. Mainland, the principal of the Orkney islands. See Pomona. Maintenon, a town of France, department of Eure-et-Loire, seated between two mountains on the river Eure, U m. N. by E. of Cliartres. Miiire, La, a strait of S. America, between Terra delFuego and Staten Land, about 15 m. long, and as many broad. Maisa, a town of Hungary, in Little Cumania, with 4,100 inhabitants. 17 m. S. by W. of Fele- gahaza. Maixanl, Si. a town of France, department of Deux Sevres, with a trade in corn, and manufac- tures of stockings, woolen stuffs, &c. It is Beated on the Sevre Niortoise, 36 m. S. VV. of Poitiers. Majomho, a country on the coast of Guinea, be- tween Biafara and Gabon, of which little is known. Majorca, the principal of the Balearic Isles, 40 m. long and 35 broad, situate in the Mediterrane- an Sea, between Ivica and Minorca. The whole coast is lined with strong towers. The N. \V. part is mountainous ; the rest produces good corn, olive-trees, fine honey, and delicate wine. Palma is the capital. Majvmba. See Mat/amba. Mukarev, a town of Russia, in the government of Niznei Novogorod^ situate on the Volga, 24 ra. £. N. E. of Niznei r«ovogorod. Makarief, or Makareu, a town of Russia, in the government of Kostroma. It is seated on the river Unza, 140 m. E. of Kostroma. Long. 44. 14. E ,lat. 58. 50. N. Mukeficld, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Makrr, a village in Cornwall, Eng. 7 m. S. E. of St. Germains, on an eminence, forming the W. point of the llanioaze, at Plymouth. On the heights is a very strong battery ; and the steeple of the church, called Maker Tower, it is a noted sea-mark. Long. 4. 10. W.,lat. 50. 21. N. Malabar, a miiritiiiie province of Hindooptan, lying between II). anil 13. N. hit., now undi-r the dciminion of tlic Urilish. It cons;ists either of flat land washed by the sea, or of different ranges of hills, extending to the foot of the mountains ; and it is intersected by a number of mountain streams. Its chief produce is timber, sandal- wood, cocoa-nut, coir, and black pepper. Its principal towns are Calicut, Tellicherry, and Can- annre. The inhabitants are principally Hindoos ; but there are also Jews, Mahomcdans, and Cliris- tians. Malacca, or Malaya, an extensive country of In- dia, beyond tho Ganges, bounded on the N. by Siam, E. by the ocean, and S. W. by the strait of Malacca, which separates it from Sumatra. It is 775 m. in length and 125 in breadth ; and pro- duces a great many excellent fruits and roots, pepper, and other "spices, with some precious gums and woods. There is but little corn, and sheep and oxen are .icarce ; but hogs and poultry are plentiful. The Malays are r.ather below the middle stature ; tlieir limbs well shaped ; their complexion tawny ; their eyes large ; and their hair lon;^, black, ami ^llllllllL•. i hcv urt' fond of navigation, war, plunder, eniJeration. adventures and gallantry; talk incessantly of their honor and bravery, and speak tbe softest language of Asia; yel they are deemed the most treachernus and fe- rocious, people on the face of the globe. The ffov- ernmcnt is vested in a rajah, or sultan, with a great number of chiefs under him, who (renerally pay very little regard to his authority. Tbeir re- ligion is a mixture of Mabomedism and paganism. The inland parts are possessed by a savage and barbarous people. Malacca, tbe capital of the above country, situ- ate on the western coast. TJie Portuguese had a factory here, which was taken from tnem by the Dutch in IG-IO ; it was subjected to the Ji^nglish in 1795; restored to the Dutch m 1818; but is now under the authority of Great Britain, and is one of tlie principal stations of the London Mis- sionary Society. It is sealed on the strait of its name, 480 m. S. E. of Acheen. Long. 102. 5. E.,lat. 2. 12. N. MAL 475 MAL k-^ Malaga, a sea-port and city of Spain, in Gran- ada, with a good harbour, capable of containing 400 merchant vessels and 20 sail of the line. The cathedral is a stupendous pile, be^un by Philip II. while married to Mary of England, and their united arms are over the gate. The inhabit.ints are about 50,000, who have some trade in raisins and excellent wines, and manufactures of silks, velvets, soap, paper, &c. Malaga was taken by the French in 1810, and remained in their posses- sion till 1812. It is seated on the Mediterranean, surrounded by hills, 55 m. W. S. W., of Granada. Long. 4. 10. VV., lat. 30. 35. N. Malaga, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 30 m. S. Philadelphia ; p. v. Monroe Co. Ohio. 147 m. S. E. Columbus Malahide, a town and bay of Ireland, in the county of Dublin, 6 m. from the capital. In the vicinity is Malahide Castle, the residence of the Talbot family. Malamhito, a town of S. America, in the prov- ince of Carthagena, about 60 m. E. of Carthage- na, on the W. side of the river Magdalena, Malamoceo, a small island and town of Austrian Italy, 5 m. S. of Venice. Maiatia, a town of Asia Minor, on the site of the ancient Melitene, once the capital of Arme- nia Minor ; seated 15 m. W. of the Euphrates, 00 W. N. W. of Diarbekir. Long. 57. 30. E. lat. 37 30. N. Matawully, or Malavilly, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a large mud fort, separated into two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a fruit- garden of great extent, planted by the late sul- tans. Tippoo Sultan was defeated here by gene- ral Harris in 1799. It is 35 m. E. of Seringapatam. Malehin, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, seated on the river Peene, where it forms the lake Camrow, 22 m. E. of Gustrow. Makko, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, between the lakes Calpin and Plan, 23 m. S. S. E. of Gustrow. MaJdeghina, a town of France, department of Lys, 10 m. E. of Bruges. Malda, a town of Bengal, capital of a district of the same name, on the N. E. side of the Gan- ges. It is the residence of the commercial agent of the E. India Company, and carries on an exten- sive trade in raw silk, and manufactured goods. Long. 83. 4. E., lat. 2-5. 3. N. Maiden, a borough in Essex, Eng. with consid- erable trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal, iron, deals, and wine. It has two parish churches, a free school, a library, and a town-hall. Vessels of moderate burden come up to the town, but large ships are obliged to unload at a distance below, in Blackwater Bay. The custom of Borough Eng- lish, by which the youngest son succeeds to the burgage tenure, is kept up here. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Blackwater, 8 m. E. of Chelmsford, and 37 N. E. of London. Maiden, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 2,010. Also a town and fort on Detroit river, U. C. Maldives, a cluster of small islands, in the In- dian Ocean, lying S. W. of Cape Comorin, ex- tending from the equinoctial line to 8. N. lat., and situated between 72. and 74. E. long. They are divided into 17 attolons, or provinces, each having its separate governor and its distinct branch of industry, the Brewers residing in one, the gold- smiths in another, &c. The inhabitants appear to be a mixture of Arabs and Hindoos from Alal- abar. They supply ships with sai)s and cordags cocoa-nuts, oil, and homy, dry fish, tortoise-shell, and especially cowries. Maldonado, a town of Buenos Avres, with a harbour sheltered by a small island of its name ; seated near the N. entrance of the Plata. Lone 5.'>. 30. W., lat. 34. 50. S. Maldonado, a small river of Buenos Ayres, which enters the sea in the bay of Maldonado. Malemba, a sea-port on tlie coast of Loango, Western Africa. 50 m. S. of Loango. Male, the principal of the Maldive islands, and the residence of the prince. Long. 73. 10. E., lat. G. 20. N. Maleslierbes, a town of France, department of Loiret; seated on the Essone, 35 in. N. E. of Orleans. Malfstroit, a town of France, department of Morbihan , seated on the Ouse, 19 m. E. N. E. of Vannes. Malham, a village in \V. Yorkshire, Eng. sur- rounded on every side by mountains and rising grounds, which abound in natural curiosities : and among them,onahigh moor, is a circular lake, about a ni. in diameter, which is the source of the river Aire, (i m. E. of Settle. 233 from London. Malines. See MeckJin. Malitagonaa, a river of Ceylon, which rises among the hflls to the S. E. of Candy, nearly en- compasses that city, and, after many windings among the mountains, enters the sea at Trinco- malee. Malleville, a town of France, department of Aveiron, 6 m. N. E. of Villefranche. Mallicollo, one of the largest of the New Hebri- des, in the S. Pacific, extending 20 leagues from N. W. to S. E. The inland mountains are very high, and clad with forests ; but the soil is rich and fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, bread fruit, bananas, sugar canes, yams, eddoes, turmeric, oranges, &c. Hogs and common poultry are the domestic ani- mals. The inhabitants appear to be a different race from those of the Friendly and Society Is- lands. In many particulars they seem to cor- respond with the natives of New Guinea, particu- larly in their black colour and wooly hair. They go almost naked, are of a slender make, have lively but very irregular features, and tie a rope fast round their belly. At the S. end of the is- land is a port, named Sandwich Harbour. Long 107. .53. E., lat. Ifj. 25. S. Mailing, ll'esl, a town in Kent, Eng. 6 in. W. of Maidstone, and 20 E. by S. of London. Mallow, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, with considerable linen manufactures and a fine spring of tepid water. It is seated on the Blackwater, 17 m. N. by W. of Cork. Malmtdy, a town of the Prussian province of Lower Riiine. government of Aix-la-Chapelle, seated on the Recht, 20 m. S. of Aix-IaChapelle. Malmoc, a sea-port of Sweden, government of Malmohus, with a large harbour and a strono- cit- adel. It has manufactures of woolen, and a con- siderable trade ; seated on the Sound, 13 m. E. by S. of Copenhagen. Long. 13. 7. E., lat. 55.36 Malmolms, a government of Sweden, including a great part of the ancient Schonen or Scania It lies along the Sound and the Baltic, and compri- ses an area of 1,380 square m. with 137,000 in- habitants. Malmsburij, a borough in Wiltshire Enw. with a woolen manufacture. Its castle is demolished • but there are some remains of its once celebrated abbey. It is seated on a hill, almost surroundel MAL 476 MAN or the Avon, over wliicli it nas G hridffes, 20 m. E. by N. of'Bristol, anil !l(i W. of London. M(il(nu!,p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 50 in. iN. W. Plattsburg. Pop. •i,i>i)7. M(ilo. St.,ti sea-pitrl of Kranco, department of llle-pt-Vilaine, willi a .^troni; castle It lias n large harbour, diflicult of access, on nccount of llie rocks that snrnmnd it, and is a tradinjj place of great importance. It was bombarded by the Entrlisli in H)!t:l, hnl withotit success. In \7't^, they landed in Cancalle Bay, went tc> the harbour by land, and bnrnl abo\'e 101) sliips. St. Malo is seated on an island, nniti'd to the mainland, by a canseway, *M m, N. N. W.uf Hennes. Lonf Marlborough, in I7IJII, m.S. £. of Mons. Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sicily, 2U ni long ami \2 broad, form- erly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belong- ing to Europe. It was anciently little else than a barren rock, but is now become a f<*rli!e island. The ])rincipal objects of (Miltivation are lemons, indigo, sati'ron, cotton, and vines which produce excellent wine. The number of iidiabitants is said to be about 110,00t), wlio speak Arabic and Italian. After tlie taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles v., gave this island to the grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusaiein. It wan attacked in 15CG by the Turks, who were obliged to aban- don the enterprise with the loss of l!fl,00(l men. It was taken hy Bonaparte in the outset of his ex- pedition to Egypt on the I'ith of June, 17H8, when he found in it 1,201) canons, 200,0110 lbs. of pow- der, two ships of the line, a frigate, four galleys, and 40,000 muskets : besides an immense trea- sure collected by superstition ; and 4,.")00 Turk- ish prisoners, whom he set at liberty. It was soon afterwards taken by the British ; was stip- ulated to be restored to the knights at the peace of Amiens, but retained in consequence of pre- tended dangers from France. In 1803 the v.arre commenced between the two nations, and the treaty of Paris, in J.8M, confirmed the possession of it to Great Britain. Malta is extremely well fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock, and extend many miles. Valetta is the capital. Malta, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 8 m. E. Augusta, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Sar- atoga. Pop. 1,.")17. Malton, jYnn, a borounh m N. Yorkshire, Eng. with a consider.ible trade in coals, corn, butter, &c. Here are two churches, four dissenting meeting houses, a free school, and a nationiU school. It is sealed on the Derwcnl, over which is a stone bridges to the villam; of Old Malton, 18 ra. N. E. of York, and 21 4 IN. I.y W. of London. Malvern, Great aru\ Little, two villages in Wor- cestershire, En^. The former is 8 m. W. by S. of Worcester, and had once an abbey, of which nothing remains but the gateway of the abbey and the nave of the chuTch, now parochial; the lat- ter is seated in a cavity of liie Malvern hills, 3 m. frbra Great Malvern. Between Great and Little Malvern are two celebrated chalybeate springs, one of which is called the Holy Well. Mill rtrn Hills, tiriMsrp of hills in the counties of Wnrcester aii«, a town of France, department ofLo- 7.ere ; seated on the Truyere, 12 m. N. N. £. of Mende. Miimiihalinir, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 23 m. \V. .Newburg. Pop. 3,0(i2. Mtimaniiieric, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on Lonor Island Sound. 23 m. N. E. New York. Pop. 838. Mamars, a town of France, department of Sarthe, seated on the Dive, 14 ni. W. of Belles- me. Man, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 m. long and 12 broad. It contains 18 parishes under the iu- risiliction of a bishoj), called the bishop of Sodor and Man, who is .sole baron of the isle, and pos- sesses other important privileges, but has no seat in the British parliament. The air is healthy, and the soil produces more corn than is suflicient to maintain the inhabitants, who arc a mixture of English, Scotch, and Irish. The commodities of the island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, bl.ack marble, slate, linu'stone, lead, and iron. Some manufactures of coarse hats, cotton g. Of the in- stitutions for the proinotinn of literature and sci- ence, the principal are — the Literary and Philo- sophical Society — the Society for the Promotion of Natural History, and the Royal Manchester In- stitution. The Mechanics' Institute is in a very flourishing state ; and there arc several valuable libraries, jiarticularly tlie College Library and the Portico. Manchester is governed by a borough- reeve, two constables, a deputy constable, Ac, and contains several courts of law. It has risen lo its present consequence entirely by its manu- factures. In respect to population it ranks next to London : in 1821 it contained ll!:i,788 inhabi- tants. By the Irwell it has a communication with the Mersey and all tile late various exten- sions of inland navigation. It is 30 ni. E. by N. of Liverpool, and 18li N. N. W. of London, Long. 2 10. W., lat. 53. 27. N. Manchester, p.t. Bennington Co Vt. 22 in. N. I Bennington. Pop. 1,52.'5. p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 30 m. ST. E. Boston. Pop. 1,2^8. p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 877. p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. at the falls, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,811. p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 8 m. S. W. Ulica, and towns m York Co. Pa., Baltimore Co. Maryland, Chester- field Co. Va., Sumter Dis. S. C. Clay Co. Ken., Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio, Dearborn Co. Ind., and St. Louis Co. Missouri. Mnndal, a town of Norway , capital of a province in the government of Bergen ; seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 00 m. W. S. W. of Christiansand. Long. 7. 42. E., lat. 5v8. 2. N. ^ „ , Mandan, a fort and Indian village of N. Amer- ica, on the Missouri, where captains Lewis and Clarke had their winter encampment, when on their expedition to the Missouri. Long. 100. 50. W., lat. 47.20. N. Mandar, a district of the island of Celebes, on the W. and N. coast, bounded W. by the straiU of Macassar, and E. by a tract of desert moun- tains. Mandinao, a country in the W. part of Negro land, at the sources of'^the rivers Niger and Sene- gal. Not only the inhabitants of this stale, but the bulk of the people in many other districts in the western part of Africa, are called Mandingoes, probably from having originally emigrated from this country. They are of a mild, sociable, and obliging disposition : the men are above the mid- dle size" well-shaped, strong, and capable of en- during great labour ; the women are good-natur- ed, spl-ightly, and agreeable. The dress of both sexes is composed of cotton cloth of their own manufacture. Polygamy is common, but the wo- men are not under that restraint which prevails in many other countries. Most of the towns con- tain a mosque, where public prayers are offered ; and abentang, or coffee-house, where public busi- ness is transacted. The private houses are built of mud, with a conical bamboo roof thatched with grass. The language of the Mandingoes is said to be copious and refined, and is generlly under- stood in all the regions of Western Africa. Mandskars, or Mandsheus, a branch of the Mon- gul Tartars, whose ancestors conquered China in the thirteenth century, but were expelled by the Chinese in 1308. They inhabit the three provin- ces of Eastern Tartary, and retain the customs they brought from China. Maiifrcdonia, a sea-port of Naples, in Capita nata, with a castle and a good harbour. All sorts of vegetables are in abundance, and most of the corn exported from the province is shipped here. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 30 m. E. N. E. of Lucrea. Long. 10. 12. E., lat. 41. 31. N. Mangnlore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Canara, seated between the two arms of a fine lake of salt water, each of which receives a river from the Ghauts ; but the bar at the entrance into this harbour will not admit vessels drawing more than ten feet. It is a place of great trade : the principal exports are rice, betel-nut, black pepper; sandal- wood (from the country above the Ghauts,) cinnamon, and turmeric. Here are the ruins oi^a fort wliich Tippoo Sultan ordered to be demolished in 1784. In this town a treaty of peace was signed between Tippoo and the English in 1784 : in 17911 it came into the hands of the British, and is now the residence of the jud^e, collector, &c., of S. Canara. It is 130 m. N. N W. of Calicut, and 190 S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 75. 4 E., lat. 12. 50. N. MAN 476 MAN Mangea, auisliind in tiie S. Pacific, 5 leagues in circumference. In the interior parts it rises into email hills, and captain Cook, hy whom it was dis- covered in 1777, represents it as a fine island ; but he did not find a landing place. Long 158. IG. W., lat. 21.27. S. Manheim^ a town of Baden, and capital of the circle of the Neckar. The streets are spacious, straight, and well paved ; the houses are elegant and uniform. The palace is a magnificent struc- ture, with a cabinet of natural curiosities and a gallery of pictures. The inhabitants are compu- ted at 24,000. Manheim was frequently taken and re-taken by the French and Austrians in the late wars ; and was finally ceded to Baden in 1802. It is 17 m. N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 40. 29. N. .Wrin/ic/m,p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. on the Mo- hawk. Pop. 1,937. p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. and townships in York and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. Manica, an inland kingdom in the S. E. part of Africa, bounded on the N. by Mocaranga, E. by Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. by unknown regions. It is said to abound witli mines of gold, and has a river and capital of the same name ; but it is little known to Europeans. ManickduTg, a town and fortress of Ilindooetan, in the province of Berar, 5 ra. S. E. of Clianada. .Wan!c/;pa(am,atownofHindoostan, in the prov- ince of Orissa, 12 m. S. W. of Juggernaut. Manickpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name in the province of Al- lahabad ; sealed on the Ganges, in lat. 19. 40. N., long. 6.5. 36. E. Manlius, p.t. Onondaga, Co. N. Y. Pop. 7,373. Mani'ta, the capital of the island of Luconia, as well as of the other Philippine islands, and the Bee of an arthbishop, who is commonly the Span- ish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by the castle of St. Philip. The number of Christian inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the public structures are built of wood, on account of .he frequent earthquakes, by one of which, in IC17, a mountain was levelled, and in 1625 a third part of the city was overthrown by another, when 3,000 persons perished. This city is seated near the lake Baliia, on the E. side of a bay, on the S. W. coast. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and great part of it land locked, but the part peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies 9 m. to the S. W. On account of the pure and mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most healthy of all the European settlements in the East. Long. 120. 52. E., lat. 14. 36. N. Manningtree, a town in Essex, Eng. The prin- cipal imports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It is seated on a branch of the Stour, called Man- ningtree-water, 11 m. W. of Harwich, and 60 E. N E. of London. Mannharlsbcrg, a mountain chain of Austria, beginning at the frontier of Moravia, and termin- ating at the Danube. The products are corn, saf- fron, and wine. The chief towns are Crems and Kloster-Neuburg. Manosque, a town of France, department of Lower Alps, near the Durance, with a castle, 25 ra. N.E. ofAix. Manpurry, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in the district of Dooab, seated onIssah,G4 m. E. of Agra. Manresa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a castle, and manufactures of silk, hats, gunpowder, &c. ; seated at the conflux of the Cardonero with the Lobregrat, 20 m. N. W. of Barcelona. M. N. Y. 4 iii. N. K. from Skenealeica Lake. I'lip. 'J.O*;. March, a town in Cambridogsliirr, Knj;. with a considerable trade in corn, coals, and timber. Near tliiti place tlireo nrns full nf burnt boni'S and some small Roman emus were dug up in 17:iO. It is seated on the Nen, in the isle of Kly, 2(. m. N. N. W. of Cambridge and HI N. of London. Marchtmrg, or Mulirhurg, a town of the Aus- trian States in Styria, capital of a circle of its name, with two castles. In its vicinity arc good vineyards. It is seated on the Drave, '.id m. S. b \:. of Gralz. Long. 15. 38. E., lat. 4U. 48. N Marche, a town of France, department of Vos- ges ; situate near the source of the Mouzon, -U m. S. of Neufchateau. . Murcheck, a town of Lower Austria, with an old castle ; seated on the March, on tlie frontiers of Hungary, 23 m. E. by N. of Vienna Marciennes, a town of the Netherlands, prov- ince of Hainault; seated on the Sambre, 18 m. C.by S.ofMons. , . . f Marchiennes, a town of France, department ct Nord. seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe, .) m W N. W of Valenciennes. Marcianisi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo- ro, 13 m. N.N. E. of Naples. Marcis-ny, a town of France, department ot Saone-et-Loire, near the river Loire, 32 m. W. of Macon. „ , , . /-,.. Marco, St., a. town of Naples, m Calabria Citra, seated on the Senito, 22 m. N. of Coscnza Mnrcou, St., two small islands in the English Channel, near the coast of France, 7 m. S. L. of La Hague. , t-. i Marcus Hook, p.v. Delaware Co. Pa. ou the Del- aware, 20 m. below Philad. Mardike, a village, of France department ot Nord, seated on a canal, to which it gives name, 4 m. W. by S. of Dunkirk. Mardin. a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the dis- trict of Bogdad. It stands on a high and steep hill and is surrounded by a wall. Mareli, the capital ot a district of Arabia, in Ye- men It is 100 m. S. E. of Sanaa. Long. 47. 20. E., lat. 15. 44. N. . . , Marmao, a village Austrian Italy, in tlie gov- ernment" of Milan, fimous for a decisive victory gained by the French over the Austrians, June 11, 1800. U is 3 m. S. E. of AUessandria. Marenvo, a county of Alabama. I'op. 7,74-... Linden is the capital. Mareniro, p.v. Seneca Co. N. Y. Marennes, a town of France, department ol Lower Charente, remarkable for the green-hnned oysters, found near the coast. It is 25 m. S. of La Rochelle and 270 S. W. of Paris. Marclimo, an island in the Mediteranean, on the W. coast of Sicily, 12 m. in circumference. It has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and ^pro- duces much honey. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 38. 5. N. Margarctla, a township of Huron Co.Ohio. 110 m. N. E.Columbus. Margaret's Island, in the N. Pacific, was discov- ered by captain Magee, in the ship Margaret, of Boston in his voyage from Kamtschatka, in 1780. Long. 141. 12. E., lat. 24. 40. N Mar■ E., lal. 5H. 28. N. Marienwc7.hr, one of the two gnverninenLs mlo which W. Prussia is now divided. It is a on^ tract, of very irregalar form, lying N. of Poland and S. of Po.neranTa and the govcriiinent of Uant- zic. Areae,880sq. m. ,,,, „ MaHenwerle salt-works : seated on the Seilie, in a niarsti of dillicult access, 17 m. li. S. K. of Nancy. ^/a7'W«,a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma/.ara, built on the ruins of tlie ancient Lilybieuni, at the most western part of the island, 4."> m. \V, S. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 29. E., lat. ;W. 4. N. Ilarsaquiccr, a strong soa-])ort of Algiers, in the province of iMa.*!cara ; seated on a rock, near a bay of the Mediterranean, 3 m. from Oran. Marsch. See Moraw. Mitrsden, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. near the source of the Colne, 7 m. S. W. of Hudders- field. Here are some extensive cotton mills, and the lluddcrsfield Canal passes this ])Iace. Marseiifcs, a flourishing sea-port of France, capital of the department of Mouths of the Rhone. The inhabitants are computed at 110,000. It was so celebrated in the time of the Romans that Ci- cero styled it tiie Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny called it the Mistress of Educatt:>n. It isdivid«.'d into the Old Town and the New. The former appears like an ampiiitheatre to the vessels whicli entei llie port; but the houses are mean, and the streets dirty , narrow, and steep. In this partis the principal church, built by the Goths, on tlie ruins of the temple of Dian.i. The New Town is in every respect, a perfect contrast to the Old, with which it has a communication by one of the finest streets imaginable. The other streets and sqaarer as well as the public buildings in general are verv elegant. With respect to commerce, Marseilles has long been eminent ; and it is now sometimes called Europe in Miniature, on account of the variety of dresses and languages. In the environs are nearly 5,000 little country boxes of the citizens, called Bastides. The port is a basin of an oval form, 3.4S0 feet long, by 'JOG broad at its widest part, witli 18or 20 feet depth of w.itm'. In 1G49 the plague raged with great violence m Marseilles, and with still greater in 1720. when it carried off 50,000 of the mhabitants. The late lord Gardenstone observes that Marseilles was a little republic within itself, that the citizens elect- ed their own magistrates, and that the expense of a law-suit never exceeded eiDopence-kalfpciinij, which sum was lodged by each party with the clerks of court, at the commencement of every process ; after which no further expense was in- curred. Marseilles is seated on the Mediterran- nean, 15 m. S. of Aix, and 450 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 5. 27. E., lat. 43. 18. N. Marseilles, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 ra. S. W. Richmond. .Miirshallsrille, a village of Mecklenburg Co. V'a Murshallon, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W. Philadelphia. Marslifield, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. seated on the Coteswold Hills, 11 m. E. of Bris- tol, and 103 W. of London. MarshficlJ, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. S. E. Montpeiier. Pop. 1,271. p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. on the coast of Mass. Bay, Sii m S. E. Boston. Pop. 1,563. Marshpee, an Indian town in Barnstable Co. Mass. on the S side of Cape Cod. 70 m. S. E. Boston. Here :ire about 150 Indians. See Mus- ifac/iiuietts. Miirsieo .Viiiwo, a town of Naples in Principato Citra, 12 m. N. N. E. of Policastro. Marsiro I'rccJiiu, a. town of Naples in Bnsilicata, near the river Acre 23 m. N. E. ol' Policastro. Mnrsiltij, a town of France, department of Marne, lo m. S. of Suzanne. Marstranil, a town of Sweden, in the govern nient of Gottenburg. 'i'he inhabitants, about 1 .200, subsist cbii'ily by the herring fishery, by the number of ships which in bad weather take refuge in the harbour, which though difliiudt of entrance is secure and commodious, and iiy a contraband trade. It stands at the entrance of the Cattegat, 23 m. N. N. W. of Gottcnburrr. Long. 1 1 , 3(i. E., lat. .^7. 53. N. MarLa, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter ; sealed on a river of tlie same name, 10 in. E. of Castro. MnrtuhuH, a city of the BIrman empire, capital, of a province of the same name, fertile in rice, fruits, and wines oi'all kinds. It was at one time a rich trading place, but after it fell into the hands of the Birmans, they caused its harbour to be nearly choked up, and it is now of little impor- tance. It is seated on the Bay of Bengal, at the mouth of the Thaluan, 120 m. S. E. of Pegu Long. 07. .")(>. E., lal. 1(1. 30 N. Mtirtapitro. See Mctapura. .Marie), a town of France, department of Lot seated near the Dordogne, 18 m. E. of Sarlat. Martha, St., a district of the republic of Colom- bia, in the territory of New Granada, bounded N. by liie Carrjbean Sea, E. by Maracaibo, and W. by Carthagena. It abounds with fruits proper to the climate, and there are mines of gold and precious stones, and salt-works. Here commences the famous ridge of mountains, called the Andes, which runs S. the whole length of S. Amer- ica. Martini., St., a town of Colombia, capital of the above district. The harbour is surrounded by high mountains. It was once flourishing and populous, but has of late years much declined, it has been frequently pillaged by the Englisii, the Dutch, and the buccaneers ; in 1596 it was reduced to ashes by Sir Francis Drake. It is sealed on one of the mouths of the Madalena, lUO m. W. bv S. of Rio de la Hache. Long. 74. 4. W., lat. 11.27. N. Martliasrillc, p.v. Montgomery Co. Miss. G6 m. W. St. Louis. Martha's l^inetjara, an island near the S. coast of Massachusetts, a little to the W. of Nantucket. It is 21 m. long and from 2 to 10 broad ; with the Elizabeth Islands it forms Dukes County, con- taining a poj). of 3,51.'?. The chief products ai-e Indian corn and rye. Edgarton is the chief town. Marthalin, a town of Switzerland, canton of Zurich, 6 m. S. of Scaffliausen. Martic, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Marti!.ruis, a town of France, department of Mouths of the Rhone , seated near a lake, 12 m. lonir and 5 broad, which produces excellent salt. 20 m. N. W. of -Marseilles. Martin, a country of N. Carolina. Pop. 8,544. Williamslown is the capital, a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,010. Mount Pleasant is the capital. Martinshurg, p.t. Lewis. Co. N. Y. 50 m. N Uti- ca. Pop. 2,382; also villages in Bedford Co Pa. Berkshire Co. Va., Knox Co. Ohio., Morgan Co. Indiana, and Hopkins Co. Kentucky. MAR 4.?3 MAR Martin's Creeh, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 10 m. N. daston. Martin, Cam, a prouicntory of Spain, separating the gulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Lonij. 0. 36. E., lat. 38 54. N. Martin, St., a town of France, in the isle of Re, witii a harbour and strong ciladLl. 10 m. W. .V. W. of Rochelle. Long. 1. 21. \V., lat. 4ti. 13. N. Martin, St., one of the Leeward Carribee isl- ands, 44 m. in circumference. It has neither harbour nor river, but sevcriil s.iltpits, and salt water lakes. Tobacco is the chief commodity cultivated. It was long jointly possessed bv the French and Dutch, was taken by the British in llJOl, but subsequently restored. The W. end is 5 m. S. of Anguilla. Long. 63. 16. VV., lat. 16. 4. iV. Martinach, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, on the river Dranse, 12 m. S. W. of Sion. Martinsville, p.t. Henry Co. Va., p. v. Guilford Co. N. C, p.v. Morgan Co. Indiana. Martinique, one of the Windward Carribee isl- ands, fjO m. long and IS broad, belonging to the French. There are high mountains covered with trees, several rivers, and many fertile valleys. The chief products are sugar, cotton, ginger, in- digo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and other tropical fruits. The island is e.\tremely populous ; and it has several safe and commodious harbours, well fortified. It was taken by the English in 17G2, 1794, and 1800, but restored in 1815. In 180C it suffered great damage by a tre- mendous hurricane. Fort Royal is the capital. Martock, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with an elegant church, 130 VV. by S. London. Martorano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, and a bishop's see, 18 m. from the sea and 15 S. of Cosenza. Martord, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, at the conflu.x of the Noya and Lobregat, 18 m N. W. of Barcelona. Marios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a fortress. 10 m. W. of Jaen. MarUr, a town of Persia, in Khorasan, celebrated for its salt works; situate on the Morga, 130 m. E. N. E. of Mesched. Marvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 8 m. N. E. of Portalegre. Marvtjols, a town of France, department of Lozere, seated on the Colange, 10 m. IS. VV. of Mende. Marcille, a town of France, department of Meuse, seated on the Oshein, 3 m. N. of Jamctz. Mary, St., a sea-port of the stale of Georgia, in Camden countv, at the mouth of St. Mary River, 70 m. S. by W' of Nowport. Long. 81. 52. W., lat. 30. 43. N. Many Ricer, St., a river of the state of Georgia, navigable for vessels of considerable burden for flO m. Its banks afford immense quantities of fine timber suited to the W. India markets. It rises in the Okefonoko Swamp, and thence forms the boundary between Georgia and Florida to the ocean, which it enters at the town of St. Ma- ry, between the points of Amilla and Cumberland islands. Mary, Strait, St., a strait in N. America, about 70 m. long, which connects Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It contains a number of islands, and at the upper end is a rapid, which, by care- ful pilots, can be descended without danger. Maryborough, a town of Ireland, in Queen's county, with considerable woolen manufaelnres. It IS the shire and assize town, and has an excel lent gaol and a market-house. 17 in. S. of Fliilips- town and 43 S. W. of Dublin. Mary/and, one of tlie United Stales, bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the ocean ; S. and W. by Virginia; cilending from 'Ai. to 3U. 66. iN. lat. and from 75. lU. to 7.j. 21). W. long, and containing 10,^00 sq. m. It embosoms all the northern p.art of Chesapcak Hay, and is washed on the south-western limit by the Potomac; the other streams are the Patuxent, Patapsco. Sev- ern, Choplank, and \aiiticoke. A very narrow strip of its territory extends westwardiy and is crossed by the eastern ranges of tlie Apalachain mountains; but nearly the whole of the state in level and low. In the west the soil is somewhat strong, a!id in other parLs are tracts of thin unpro- ductive soil, but in general the land is excellently fitted for the culture of grain and tobacco. The climate in the southern and eastern parts is un- healthy ; agues and intermittent fevers are preva- lent in this quarter in summer. The mincr'tl productions are not numerous ; bog iron is ali'ord- ed in many of the level tracts in tlie south, and coal occurs in various quarters ; neither of these, however, are extensively worked. Agriculture is chiefly confined to the staple articles of wheat and tobacco ; cotton has lately been introduced, and promises well ; flax and hemp are also rais- ed in the west. The manufactures consist of cot- ton, paper, iron, glass, carpeting, &c. and there are great numbers of flour mills in the state, par- ticularly in the neighbourhood of Baltimore. Com- merce is very active ; the slate is admirably sit- uated for maritime trade, being intersected by the noble bay of Chesapeak and many navigable riv- ers. The shipping in ld2fj amounted to 170,'J07 tons, but a great proportion of the commerce is carried on by northern vessels. The imports fur the same year were estimated at 4,8t>4,l;J5 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce 3,602,273 dollars, total ejports 4,804,465 dollars. Maryland consists of two divisions, separated by the Chesapeak, called the Easlern and Western shores. The counties are 19. The population is 446,913, of whom 102,878 are slaves. Auuapolis is the seat of government. Baltimore is much the largest city. The other principal towns are Fredrickstown and Hagerstown. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Delegates. The senators are chosen for 5 years and the Del- egates for one. The governor is chosen by the legislature annually. Suffrage is universal. The senators are cliosen by electors, who are chosen by the people. Other elections are popular. The most numerous sect are the Catliolics who have an archbishop, the metropolitan of all the Catholics in the United Stales. They have in this state between 30 and 40 churches. The Epi.'fcopalians have 57 ministers ; the Presbyte- rians 17 ; the Baptist 12 ; the German Reformed 9. Maryllnd has a university at Baltimore ; at which place there is a Catholic college, and another at Emmittsburg. There is also a col- lege at Annapolis. The means of internal communications have been greatly increased by artificial improvements. The Potomac and Ohio canal commences in the western part of the state, and extends north-west- erly through this state and Virginia. The Port Deposit Canal passes along the Susquehanna to avoid the obstructions in that river. The Ches- apeak and Delaware canal opens a ready com- munication lietween these two bays, and rail- MAR 4S4 MAS roads exlend from lialtimure toward llie Olilo and Susquehanna. This state was settled in l(ili3 by catliolics who fled from persecution in Enjjland. The present constitution was funned in 177(j. ManjIaiul.pX. OtseLf" Co. N. Y. (57 ni. W. Albany, Marij/iorl, a town In Cnnilierland, Knij. with a good harbour. In 17.')() it was only a pom- fishinjr town ; but it ha.s nuw u|>warartmenl of Arriege, with a benedictine abbey seated on the Clisse, 8 m. S. W. of Pamiers. Musajuero, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 80 m. W. of Juan Fernandez. It is high and moun- tainous but lowest to the N., and at a distance appears like a hill or rock. It is uninhabited, except by numerous seals and goats. There is also plenty of wood, but ditficult to be got otf; the heavy surf allows of no good landing place. Long. «I. 40. W., lat.33. 40. N. Mashate, one of the Philippines, about 80 m. in circumference ; the natives are tributary to the Spaniards. Long. 123. 25. E., lat. 12. 18. N. ^ Masbrough,a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Rother- ham. Here are considerable iron works, where all sorts of hammered and cast-iron goods are made. Musrfira, tiie western i>rovince of Algiers, 370 m. long and 130 broad. It is dry, barren, and moun- tainous, except on the N. where there are plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. The S. parts are inhabited by independent ^vandering tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. Mascara, the capital of the above province, with a strong castle, in wliich the bey resides. In 1732 it was an inconsiderable place ; but is now populous and flourishing. It is not so large as Tremesan, but surpasses it in beauty, having a great number of good houses and mosques, ft is seated in a fertile district. 45 m. E. S. E. of Or- an and liiO S. W. of Algiers. Long. 0.40. E., lat. a5. 54. N. Mascat, a sea-port on the E. coast of Arabia, with an excellent harbour. It has a castle on a rock, and is very strong both by nature and art, though the buildings are mean. It was taken, in 1508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a century and a half. The cathedral,. built by tlie Portuguese, is now the imaum's palace. Tliere is no vegetation to be seen on the sea-coast near It, and only a few date trees in a valley at the back of the town, though the inhabitants have all things in plenty The bazaars are covered with the k'aves of date trees, laid on beams which reach from tile house tops on one side to those of tiic other. The inhabitants are IVlahomedans. Great Britian recognises the flag of Mascat as neutral, and in time of war it has often been the medium of communication with the enemies' ports. It is seati-d on a small bay of the Arabian Sea. Long. .5!». 2ij. K., lat. 23. 31). N. Masham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with manufactures of coarse woolen cloths ; sealed on the Ure,7 m. S. E.of Middlehain and2lBlN. N. W. of Jjondon Mnshanagur, a town of Candahar, province of Cabul, situate on the Seward, 48 m. N. of Attock and 130 E. S. E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 7. E., lat. 33. 54. N. Maskdanc Isle, a small beautiful island, in tlio S. Pacific, lying oflfthe S. E. point of Mallicollo, one of the New Hebrides. Long. 1(J7. 59. E., lat. l(i. 32. S. MasTJiunsUr , a town of France, department of Upper Rhine, 2,j m. S. S. W. of Colniar. Mason, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 30 m. S. Concord. Poj). 1,403; a village in Pike Co. Miss. Mason, a county of the W. district of Virgin- ia. Pop. 6,-534. Point Pleasant is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. l(i,205. Washington is the capital. Mason Hall, p.v. Orange Co. N. C. 52 m. N. W. Raleigh. Masonrillr, p.t. Delaware Co. M. Y. Pop. 1,145. Musotia, a jialatinate of Poland, bounded by Prussian Poland, the palatinates of Sendomir and Kalisch, and X'istula. The name formerly includ- ed a province oi much greater extent. Warsaw is the capital. .^/iw.fa, a town of Italy, capital of the duchy of Massa Carrara which is i'amous for its quarries oi fine marble. The town and its territory belonged to Tuscany, but they are now independent. It is seated on the river Frigido,3 m. from the seaaiud 30 N. by W. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 10. E., lat. 44. 2. N. Pop. of tho duchy 29,000 ; of the cap. 7,000. Massa, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese. Borax and lapis lazuli are found in the neighbourhood. It is seated on a mountain near the sea, 35 ni. S. W. of Sienna. Long. II. 3. E., lat. 43. 5. N. Massachttsclts, one of the New England States bounded N. by N. Hampshire, E. by the ocean, S. by the ocean and the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut, extending from 41. 23. to 43. 52. N lat. and from (J9. 50. to 73. 10. W. long. 190 m. in extreme length from E. to W. and 90 in breadth and containing 7,.500 squ.are miles. The Green Mountains extend from Vermont into the western part of this state where they form two ridges cal- led the Hoosac and Tagkannuc Mountains. Far- ther to the East the White Mountain range en- ters from New Hampshire and passes southerly to the east of Connecticut river, dividing below Northampton into the Mount Tom, and Lyme ran- ges. There are no considerable ridges farther east, but several detached eminences are scattered here and there, the most easterly of which is Mount Wachusett in Princeton. The highest point is Saddle Mountain, an eminence of the Tagkan- nuc ridge in the north-western corner of the state ; this is 4,000 feet in height, few of the other peaks exceed 3,000. The rivers of Massachusetts are the Connecticut which intersects the western MAS 485 MAS part, the Merriiiia< k whicli enters at the north-east and nieeU the sea in this stale, and the Housatonic which rises in the west and passes into Connecti- cut. The Pawtucket and Tannton which flow into Narraganset Bay, the Charles and Neponsct flowing info Boston harbour. The climate exhib- its considerable extremes of heat and cold ; all the rivers are frozen for 3 months in winter, and the ground is commonly covered with snow dur- ing that time. The spring is wet, foggy and dis- agreeable ; pleasant, settled weather is not gen- erally expected before the middle of May. The summers are hot and vegetation is rapid ; the au- tumn is serene and delightful ; winter sets in at the end of November. The climate is salubrious with the exception of its tendency to aggravate pulmonary complaints. The soil in the interior is generally good, and alonirthe valley of the Connecticut, it is uncom- monry rich. The south-eastern part consists of the narrow peninsulaof Cape Cod, which projects into the sea in the shape of a man's arm bent in- ward at the elliow and wrist ; it is 75 m. in length and from 5 to 20 in breadth ; the soil of this part is almost entirely sand and produces little vege- tation except pine shrubs, coarse grass and whor- tleberry bushes. Agriculture is well understood and skillfully practised m Massachusetts ; no state in the Union surpasses it in this respect. The farms are generally from 100 to 200 acres and are almost universally the property of the culti- vators ; there are many agricultural societies in the state whose exertions to promote skilful and thrif- ty husbandry have been productive of the best ef- fects. Cattle-shows and exhibitions of the various products of the soil and of household manufacture are also held in many parts of the state. The ar- ticles of cultivation are maize, wiieat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, pulse and garden vegetables in great varieties : hay is afforded in great quanti- ties. In minerals this state is not very productive. Iron is produced in the south ; chiefly from bog ore ; copper and lead have been found in the inte- rior but they are not at present wrought ; marble is abundant in the west, and granite of tiie best quality abounds at Chelmsford and Quincy. Soap stone and slate are produced in the interior parts, and the island of Martha's Vineyard furnishes argillaceous earth for the manufacture of alum. The roads in this state are excellent, and the means of internal communication are facilitated by canals. Middlesex canal extends from the Merrimack to Boston harbour : Blackstone canal extends from Worcester to Providence and seve- ral canals pass round the obstructions in the Merri- mack and Connecticut. The first railroad built in the United States was in this state, and extends from the granite quarries at Quincy to Neponsct river. A railroad has also been commenced from Boston to Lowell, and another is projected from Boston to Providence. In commerce this state is the second in the Union, and in tonnage of shipping, the first. The imports for 1.929 were valued at 12,520,744 dollars. Tlie exports of domestic produce at 3,040,751 dol lars. total exports H,254,937 dollars. The shipping in l&Zii amounted to 420,513 tons. The fisheries are also very productive, and every sea-ptirt in the state is engaged in them. The cod and mackerel fisheries occupy above 1 ,000 vessels and the whale fishery 4t!0 ships. The product of the fisheries in 1>''20 was estimated at 1 ,«)70,02*2 dollars. In man- ufactures this state lias the second rank : the fab- rics are cotton, woolen, carpeti.ig, paper, ^lass, iron, copper, lead, hats, leather, hosiery, lace, duck, cliemical preparations, Ac. The largest establishments are at Lowell on the Merrimack, 1.5 m. above Haverhill. Tliis town has been recently founded, and by means of its manufac- tures has experienced a very rapid growth ; a small cotton manufactory was first established here in 1813, and others were added a short lime afterwards ; at present the place continues to in- crease and bids fair to equal any of the interior towns in the United States. The manufactures of Lowell are chiefly cotton, of which more than 14,000,000 yards are made annually. Here are also made carpeting, cassimeres, 6atii>ets, Ac. At Waltham, near Boston, are large manufactures of cotton, principally sheeting and shirting; about :i,000,000 yards are made annually. At Troy are large manufactures of cotton, woolen and iron. At Taunton are manufactures of calico, iron, cop- per, and lead. At Amesbury arc manufactures of flannel, and there are others of woolen and rnt- ton at Southbridge, Milbury, Ware, M, Dudley, Northampton, and a great number of other towns. In many places on the coast are manufactures of salt by solar evaporation. Upon Cape Cod, and in the neighbourhood of New Bedford, more than 000,000 bushels are made yearly. There are colleges in this state at Cambridge, Williamstown and Amherst, a Theologiral insti- tution at Andover, and between 50 ana 00 incor- porated academies in different parts. General edu- cation receives the greatest care ; common schools are maintained by law in every town. The reli- gious sects arc not so numerous as in most other parts of the Union. The Calvinistic Cohgreg.i tionalists have 1.54 ministers ; the Unitarians MO ; the Baptists 110; the Methodists 71 ; the Univer- salists 46 ; the Episcopalians 30 ; and there are one or two other sects. Remnants of some of the In- dian tribes still remain in this state ; they are about 750 in number and live principally on the island of Martha's Vineyard and on the southerly coast of Cape Cod They are under tlie guardian- MAT 48G ship of thf. slate government and have missiona- ries residing among them. Mxssachuselts was first stttliHl at PlymouUi in December 102(1. and tliis ost.ilili.shmenl \v:is the germ of all the New I'ngland eolnnies. The »Ulc received its name from .Masr-iwil. an Indian Sa- chem with whom Ihi; first Ntilcr.-. made a treaty wliich was faithfully observed for 50 years. The American revolution beiran in this st.ite with the lialtlc at Lexington in 177.">. The British were driven from Boston the next year, and an inde- pendent government was established which pre- served the colonial form till ]7'.)0. A conven- tion of delegates in that year framed the pres- ent constitution, which was slightly revised in 1820. Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties. The pop. is 610,014. There are 305 towns in the state. The legislature consisU of a Senate and House of Representatives, the members of which as well as the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are cho- sen yearly. Elections are popular, and suffrage is universal. Boston is the capital. The other large tovms are Salem, Newburyport, New Bedford, Charlestown, Cambridge, Gloucester, Plymouth, Lynn, Marblehead, Nantucket, Northampton, Springfield, and Haverhill. M(issachuse:tls Bay, a bay of the foregoing state between Cape Ann, and Cape Cod. Massafra, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 16 m. N. W.of Taranto. Massena, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence. Pop, ^,070. Masserano, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont. 40 m. N. N. E. of Turin. Masserne Mountains, a branch of the Ozark range ,cxtending east and west through the western part of Arkansas Territory. Masseube, a town of France, department of Gcrs, 14 m. S. of Auch. Massinsales, p.v. Sullivan Co. Ten. Masiuih, a town of Abyssinia, situate on an isl- and on the coast of the Red Sea, with an excel- lent harbour, distributed into three divisions. The houses, in general, are built of poles and bent trass, as in the towns in Arabia. Long. .50. 30. ;., lat 15. 35. N. Masulipatam, a city and sea-port of Hindoostaii, in the district of Condapilly, with a good harbour and a considerable trade in chintzes, painted lin- ens, &c. It formerly b°longed to the French, but was taken by the British in 1709. It is seated near one of the mouths of the Kistna, 73 m. S. W. of Rajamundry. Long\ 81. 15. E., lat. 19. 10. N. Mastaiix,a. town of France, department of Up- per Rhine, at the foot of the Vosges mountains, lOm.N. ofBefort. Mata, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Near it is MAT a lake of the same name, noted for the immense quantity of salt that it produces. The town stands on the si-a-coast, 28 m. S. S. W. of Alicant. Mtitata, or Mntunca, a commodious bay on the N. coast nf the island of Cuba, 35 m. E. ot Havana. Long. 81. Hi. \\., lat. 23. 12. N. .'thiUila, a town and cape on the S. coast of the island of Candin, ;!0 in. S. of Candia. Long. 24. :>\. E , lat. VA. 40. N. Molnmbii. a country of Africa, in Congo, bound rd on the N. by Congo Proper, E. by parts un- known, S. by liemba and Benguela, and W. by .\nEiila. The chief town is St. Maria. Miitamusliit,^ village in Hyde Co. N. C .MiUiinzns, a sea-port on the N. coast of Cubn, 00 in. E. Havana. It has a good harbour and -t laroe trade with the United States. Pop. 6,()i;(). Lit". 23.3. N., long. tfl. 30. W. Miilan, or Macliin, one of the smaller Philip- pines, on which Magellan was killed in 1521, afler he had conquered the isle of Zebu. Miitapan, Cape, the most southern promontory of the Morca, between the gulf of Coron and that of Cnlochina. Long. 22. 20. E., lat. 30. 35. N. Matararn, a town of the island of Java. It is strong by situation, and is sealed in a fertile and fopuious country, surrounded by mountains. ,ong. 111. 55. E., lat. 7. 15. S. MatuTu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, celebrat- ed for its glass works, and the best red wine made in the province. Here are also manufactures of calico, silk stuffs, laces, &c. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 20 m. N. E. of Barcelona, Materd, a town of Naples, capital of Basilicata, and the see of an archbishop. It is seated on the Canapro,35m. W. N. W.of Taranto. Long. 16. 31. E., lat. 40. 50. N. MaUrea. See Hclwpolis. Mathan, a. iuv/n of the empire of Bornou, with a royal palace, forming a kind of citadel ; situate on a small river, 100 in. S. W. of Bornou. Mutkicu, a town of France, department of Upper Vienne, 12 m. W. S. W. of St. Junier. Mathiira, a celebrated town of Hindoostan, pro- vince of Agra, much venerated by the Hindoos, as the birth-place of their god Krishna. It is one continued street of temples, the resort of innu- merable pilgrims from all parts of India, and is seated on the Jumna. Long. 80. 40. E., lat. 27. 32. N. MatildariUe, a village in Fairfax Co. Va. Matlock, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. situate on the Derwent, 4 m. N. of Wirksworth. It is an extensive straggling place, built in a romantic style, on the steep side of a mountain ; and near the bridge are two chalybeate springs. A little to the S. is Matlock Bath, famous for its warm baths, which are much frequented from April to October. Near the western bank of the river is a petrifying spring. MaUapony, a river of ^"irginia which passes through N. Carolina, and joining the Pamunkey, forms York River. Mattclieeh, or Matseheicice, a town of Poland, memorable for a great victory obtained by the Russians over the Poles in 1794. 32 m. E. of Warsaw. Mallhco, St., a town of Spain, in Valencia, 10 ra. from the Mediterranean, and 58 N. N. E. of Valencia. Matthew, St., an island in the Atlantic, 420 m. S. by W. of Cape Palmas, on the coast of Guinea. It was planted by the Portuguese, but is now de- serted. Long. 8. low, lat. 1. 24. S MAU •1S7 MAT Mattheie, .ft., a small islanJ iii t!ie Indian Oeoan. l.onf. 123.51. E., lat. 52. J. S. MallUcws, a county oi'the K. Districtof Virginia. Pop, 7,()(J3. Mattapoisct, a village on Buzzard's Bay in Ply- mouth Co. Mass. Mattitiiek, p.v. Suffolk Co. N Y. on Long Island. Matlo Grosso, a province of Brazil, bounded N. by the province ot^ Para, S. by that of St. Paul, VV. by that of La Plata, and K. by that of Goias, and lying between 52. and 04. of \V. long., and between 10. and 23. of S. lat. It wa.s first visited by the Portuguese in search of gold, which abounds near the sources of many of its rivers. The coun- try is generally fertile. MmUumaij, a sea-port in the island of Jeso, cap- ital of a province of the same name, tributary to Japan. Long. Vi8. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. Matura, a sea-port of Ceylon, with a small fort. The country round is exceedingly wild, and abounds in elephants, which are here principally caucrht for exportation. It is seated at '.he mouth of tfie Melipu, near the southern extremity of the island, 25 m. E. S. E. of Galle. Long. 80. 28. E., lat. 5. 53. N. Matura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of A.'ra, 22 m. N. E. of Agra and 70 S. S. E. of Dehll Maubeuge, a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Nord, with manufactures of arms and woolen stuffs. In 1793 the Austrians formed the blockade of this place, but were soon driven from their position. It was one of the fortresses occu- pied by the allies from 1815 to 1818. Seated on the Sambre, 13 m. S. of Mons. Mauch Chunk, a village of Northampton Co. Pa. on the Lehigh, 35 m. S. W. Easton and 108 by the river above Philad. Here are large coal mines, for an account of which See Pennsylvania. Mauldah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, sit- uate on a river that communicates with the Gan- ges. It arose out of the ruins of Gour, which are in its neighbourhood ; and is a place of trade, par- ticularly in silk. 170 m. N. of Calcutta. Long. 88. 16. E., lat. 25. 3. N. Maule, a province of Chile, 132 m. long and 120 broad. The soil is fertile, and the province is well watered. The capital is Talca. Lat. 34. 47. S. Mattle, a river of the above province, which rises in the Cordillera, and enters the Pacific in lat. 34. .50. S. Mauleon,a town of France, department of Ven- dee, with an ancient castle on a rock. It is seated near the river Oint, 52 m. N. E. of Rochelle. Mdideon, a town of France, department of Lower Pyrenees, 20 m. W. S. VV. of Pau. M'luleon, a town of France, department of Up- per Pyrenees, 23 m. S. E. of Tarbes. Maiimec, a river of Indiana, flowing into the Ohio. Also a village in Wood Co. Ohio, on the same river. Maura, St., an island in the Ionian Sea, on the VV. coast of Greece, 15 m. N. of the island of Ceph- alonia, and about 50 m. in circuit. Its surface is mountainous and rugged, and it is subject to fre- quent earthquakes. The chief products are wine, olives, citrons, pomegrantes, almonds, and other fruits. It forms part of the Ionian republic, and sends four deputies to the assembly. There are several wood ports ; but no town of consequence except tne capital, of the same name, situate at the N. extremity of the island. Long. 20. 46. £., lat 38. 40 N M.iiirfpiis,^ liike in the eastern part of LouidianA which discharges its watt-rs into Lake Pontchar- train by a strait 7 m. long • the lake ia 12 m. in length and 7 in breadtli, wiUi a depth of 12 feet. Mtturiar, a town of France, department of Can t'll, famous for excellent horses ; seated neai'lhe Dardognc, 23 m. E. of Tulle. Maurice, St., a town of Switzerland, in the V'a- lais, situate on the Rhone, between two high mountains, 10 in. N. VV. of Martij^ny. Maurice, 6^,a river of Lower Canada, flowing into the St. Lawrence. Also a county lying upon t)ie same river. Maurice, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J. on a stream of the same name, falling into Delaware Bay. Mauritius. See France, Isle of. Maurua, one of the smaller Society Islands, in the S. Pacific, 14 m. VV. of Bolabola. Long. 152. 32. VV., lat. IG. 25. S. Maury, a Co. of VV. Tennessee. Pop. 28,153. Columbia is the capital. MaiUern, a town of Austria, on the S. side of the Danube, opposite Stein, with which it is con- nected by a long wooden bridge. It is 11 m. N. by VV. of St. Polten. Maws, St., a borough in Cornwall, Eng. It has no church, but a chapel has been erected at the expense of the late marquis of Buckingham. Henry VIII. built a castle here, opposite to Pen- dennis, for the better security of Falmouth. It is seated on the E. side of Falmouth Haven, 12 m. S. S. VV. of Grarapound and 260 VV. by S. of London. Maxaiauny,ai township of Berks Co. Pa. 20 m. N. E. Reading. Maieri, a town of Upper Saxony, celebrated for a victory obtained by the Austrians over the Prussians, in 1759, when 20,000 Prussians sur- rendered themselves prisoners of war. It is 10 m. S. of Dresden Mazjield, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 186. Maiimin, St., a town of France, department of Var, seated on the Argens, 21 m. N. of Toulon. May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth of the frith of Forth, with a light-house, C m. S E. of .\nstruther. May, Cape, a cape of N. America, on the N. side of the mouth of the Delaware. Lone. 75. 4. VV.. lat. 30. 0. N. Mayamba, or Majumha, a sea-port of .\frica, in Loango. The chief trade is in logwood. It stands at the mouth of the Banna, 110 rn. N. VV. of Loango. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 3. 40. S. Maybnle, a town of Scotland, in .Ayrshire, with a manufacture of blankets; seated on an emi- nence, surrounded bv hills. 8 m. S. of Ayr. Maycn, a town in the Prussian province of Low- er Rhine, with a castle and a collegiate church; seated on the Nette, 15 m. VV. by N. of Coblenlz. Mayence. See Mentz. Mayenfield, a town of Switzerland, in the Grison country, chief place of the League of the Ten Ju- risdictions, with 900 inhabitants; seated on the Rhine, in a romantic valley, 22 ni. S. by E. of Appenzel. Mayennc, a department of France, includin>T part of the former province of Maine. It takes Its name from a river, which flows S. by the cities of Mayenne and Laval, to that of Angers, where it receives the Sartlie, and soon after joins the Loire. Laval is the capital. Mayenne, the chief place of an arrondissement in the above department, with a castle on a rock. It has manufactures of linen, woolen, and tliread ; MAZ 488 MEC and is 9PaleJ on llic river Mayenne, 4."! m. W. N. W. n( Mans. Lonjr. 0. 4:i. W., lat. 4c!. IS. N. Mayfield, [).t. MontgoiiuTy Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,()1). Also a township of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, and a villaije of Ilioltnian Co Ken. Muyftcw, a village anionj^ the Choctaw Indians in the north-eastern part of Mis.-^issippi. Here is a missionary station. Marjncsborough, a township of Coos Co. N. II. li) in. E. Lancaster. .Maynooth, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare. Here is a royal college for students in- tended tor the Romish church ; also a college for lay sliulents of tlie same persuaL-ion, established in \SU->. It is 1-2 m. VV. of Dublin. .Vrtf/o, a county of Ireland, in tlie province of Coimaught, C".i ni. lon,|j and 'fi broad ; bounded K. by Roscommon, S. ny Gahvay, W. and N. by the .\tlantic, and N. E. by Sligo. It is divided into 70 parishes, contains about '2i)l,U00 inhabit- ants, and sends two members to parliament. The W. coast is mountainous, and tliinly inhabited; but the interior produces excellent pasturage, and is watered by several lakes and rivers. The liiheriea are very productive. In 1827, \,160 boats, with !},li}9 persons, were employed in Westport alone. Mayo gives the title of earl to the family of liourke. The principal town is Castlebar. Mayo, a town of Ireland, once the capital of the county of its name, but now a poor place, 9 ni. S. E. of Castlebar. Mayo, one of the Cape Verde islands, 20 m. in circumference. The N. E. end is low, and the land rises gradually till it arrives at a volcanic mountain, to the S. W. of which is irregular ground, soon followed by a high peak, much more lofty than the volcanic cone. The soil in general is barren, and water is scarce ; but there are plen- ty of'beeves, goats, and asses ; as also some corn, yams, potatoes, plantains, figs, and water-melons. The chief commodity is salt. Long. 23. 5. W., lat. 15. 10. N. Mayo, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 97 m. N. \V. Raleigh. Mayorga, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, near the Atlantic, 67 m. N. of Lisbon. MaysUck, p.v. Mason Co. Ken. on the N. Fork of Licking river. Maysrille, p.t. Mason Co. Ken. on the Ohio, r>6 m. above Cincinnati, 03 N. E. Le.vington. Pop. 2,040. It stands on a narrow bottom below the mouth of Limestone creek, and has considera- ble trade and manufactures. Maytown, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. Maycille, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. on Cha- tauque Lake. Mtiywar. See Oudipour. Mazaaan, a sea-port of Morocco, near the Atlan- tic, 8 m. W. of Azamor and 120 N. of Morocco. Long. 8. 1.5. W., lat. 33. 2. N. Mazandcran, a province of Persia, bounded N. by the Caspian Sea, W. by Ghilan, S. by the lof- ty mountains of Elburz, which separate it from Irak, and E. by Khorassan. It is a fertile coun- try, and the mountains on its S. boundary are covered with timber trees; but the climate is moist and unhealthy. Sari is the capital. Mazara, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, and a bishop's see. It has a capacious harbour, and is built on the ruins of the ancient Sesinun- tum, 45 m. S. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 30. E., lat. 37. 53. N. Maziera, or Mactira, an island in the Arabian Sea, on the coast of Oman, GO m. long and from 4 to 8 broad. Lonir. 59. 30. E., lat. 20 30. N. Mr.aco, a pity of Niphon, in Japan, formerly the metropolis of thi' wlnde empire. It is still the ecclesiastical capital, the residence of the dairo, or spiritual sovereign, and the centre of literature and science. The palace and some of the tem- ples are of extraordinary magnificence. A num- ber of the finer manufactures, particularly japan- work, painting, carving, &.C., are carried on here. Tlie town is seated in a fine plain, 100 m. W. S W. of Jeddo. Long. 153. 30. E., lat. 35. 24. N. Mratl, townships in Crawford and Belmont Cos. Ohio. Meadia, a town of Hungary, in the bannat of Temeswar. It was taken by the Turks in 1738 and 178H, and is 23 in. S. E. of Temeswar. Mr-adsriltc, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa. Here is an institution called Alleghany College, founded in 1815. It has a library of 8,000 volumes and is tolerably well endowed. McadsMU, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 m. S. W. Richmond, p.v. Franklin Co. Mississippi, 30 ra. S. E. Natchez. Mrcn, one of the smaller Moluccas, in the In dian Ocean, with a good harbour. Long. 127. 5. E.,lat. 1. 12. N. McatisviUe, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. Mairnit. See Kincardinitshirc. Meath, or East Meath, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 43 m. (English) long and 30 broad ; bounded N. by Cavan and Louth, E. by the Irish Sea, S. by Kildare and Dublin, and W. by West Meath. It is divided into 18 baronies and 147 parishes, contains 1.59,183 in- habitants, and sends two members to parliament. It formerly contained several small bishoprics, which were gradually united into one see, and received the name of Meath in the twelfth cen- tury. There is no cathedral, and the episcopal palace is at Ardbraccan, a village near Navan. The agriculture of this county is now in a very flourisliing state. The soil in general is a rich fertile loam, producing abundance of corn, and feeding numerous sheep and cattle. Trim is the capital. McatU, IVest, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Leinster, 42 m. long and 35 broad; bounded N. by Cavan, E. by East Meath, S. by King's county, W. by Roscommon (from which it is separated by the Shannon), and N. W. by Longford. It is divided into 11 baronies (besides half the barony of Fore) and 59 parishes, with parts of seven others, contains about 130,000 in- liabitauts, and sends three members to parliament. It is very fertile in corn and pasturage, and has several lakes and rivers. This county gives the title of marquis to the family of Nugent. Mul lengar is the county town. Mcaux., a large and populous town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne. The market- place is a peninsula, contiguous to the town, which was formerly well fortified. In the cathe- dral is the tomb of the celebrated Bossuet, bishop of Meaux. It is seated on both sides of ihe Marne, 25 m. N, E. of Paris Long. 2. 53. E., lat. 48. 58. N. Mecca, a city of Arabia, famous as the birth- place of Mahomet. It is seated in a barren val- ley, surrounded by many little hills, consisting of a blackish rock. The houses follow the wina- ings of the valley, and are built partly on the de- clivities upon each side. The streets are regular, level, and convenient. The chief support of the MKC *iO MED i„lmbitaul8 is derived from the iMlsnins wl.o flock to this place from every j.arl of the Malioni- etan world. On the top of one oi the hills is a cave, where they pretend Mahomet usually re- tired to perform his devotions ; and hither, the-/ affirm, the greatest part of the Koran was brought to hirn by the angel Gabriel. Numbers of sheep are brouo-ht hither to be sold to the pilgrims. The principal ornament of Mecca is the famous temple which has 42 doors, and its form resem- bles that of the Royal Exchange in London, but it is nearly ten times as large. The area in the middle is covered with gravel, e.Ncept in two or throe places that lead to the Beat-Allah through certain doors; and these are paved with short stones. The Beat-Allah, in the middle ol the temple is a square structure, covered all over with a thick sort of silk, and the middle em- broidered with large letters of guld ; the door 13 covered with silver plates, and hns a silver cur- tain before it, thick with gold eiiil.roidpry. 1 his Beat is the principal object of the pilgrims' devo- tion, and is open but two days in the space o. six weeks, one day for the men and the iiext for the women. About 12 paces from the Beat is the pretended sepulchre of Abraham, by whom the Mahometans affirm the Beat-Allah to have been erected • and 2 m. from the town, according to the same authority, is the hill on which he pre- pared to oiFer up his son Isaac. The famous balm of Mecca is not manufactured in this city but is found and brought hither from the surrounding country. Mecca is governed by a sheref, who is a temporal prince, and his revenue is increased by the donations of Mahometan sovereigns. It is 34 m. E. N. E. of Jidda, the sea-port of Mecca, and 220 S. by E. of Medina. Long. 40. 55. E. lat. 21.40. N. ^ , „ „ V Mechanicfc, a village in Dutchess Oo. IN. Y. Jo m. N. E. Poughkecpsie. r-. n q Mechanicsbura, p.v. Cumberland Co. Fa. 8 m. from Harrisbur'g ; p.v. Champaign Co. Ohio and a village in Liberty township, Butler Co. Ohio Mcchanickstoirv, p.v. Frederick Co Maryland. Mr.chnmclis Mill, p.v. Moore Co. N. C. 08 m. S. W. Raleigh. ^ „ ir hi . MechanicsviHe, p.v. Saratoga Co. N. Y., Mont- gomery Co. Maryland and Darlington Uis. b C. Mechlin, or Maliius, a town of the ^ether- lands, capital of a district in the province of Antwerp, and an archbishop's see. The cathe- dral is a superb structure, with a very high stee- ple Here is a great foundery for ordnance ot all kinds; and the best Brabant lace, fine linen, damask, carpets, and leather are niade here. Mechlin submitted to the duke of Marlborough in 1706: and was taken by the French in 1740, 1792 and 1704. It is seated on the Dyle, 10 m. N N E. of Brussels and 15 S. S. E. of Antwerp. Long. 4. 29. E., lat. 51.2. N. AUchoacan. See Valladohd. MexkcnUeim, a town of the Prussian states, in the province of Berg and Cleves, situate on the Erm, 8 m. S. 'VV. of Bone. , a a MecUhnburg, a duchy of Germany, bounded N by the Baltic. E. by Pomerania, S. by Bran- denburg, and "W. by Holstein and Lunenburg. It extends 135 m. in length, and 90 where broad- est, and abounds in corn, pastures, and game. The country was, for many centuries, under the government of one prince; but on the death of the sovereign, in 15!»2, it was divided between his two sons; the elder obtaining the duchy of Mecklenburtf-Schwerin, and the younger the C2 duchy of Meckleiiburg-Strelitz. Both princce re- ceived the title of grand duke at the congress of Vienna in 1815, and they have each a vote at the diet of the empire. Schwerin and Slielitz are the chief towns. Mccldenhcru, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 20,36G. Boydton is the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,076. Char- lotte is the capital. MccUtey. See Cassay. Mecon, a river which rises in the N. E. part of Thibet, flows through the country of Cambodia, and falls into the China Sea by three mouths. Mcrrun, ur Mekran, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the N. by Segistan and Candahar, E. by Ilindooslan. S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by Kerman. The southern part is dry, and little more than a desert ; the northern is less so, but animals are rare, and tlie soil far from fertile. Kidgc is the capital. .Vc(/f«, a town of Algiers, on the site of the ancient Lainida, in a country abounding in corn, fruit, and sheep. 3-5 m. S. W. of Algiers. Mcdca,ot MaMia, a sea-port of Tunis, formerly a place of importance ; seated on a peninsula in the gulf of Cabcs, 8 in. S. by E. of Tunis. Mcdchach, a town of Prussia, in the province of Westphalia, '32 m. E. of Cassel. Mcilelin, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, the birth-place of the celebrated Fernando Cortes. It isseatedin a fertile country on the river Guadia- na. 20 m. E. by S. of Mcrida. Medclpadia, a province of Sweden, between the gull's of Bothnia and Jamtland. It is 100 m. long and 45 broad ; very mountainous and woody, but interspersed with lakes, rivers, and fertile valleys. Sundswold is the capital- MedcnItUck a sea-port of the Netherlands, in N. Holland, witn a good harbour. The chief com- merce is in timber brought fiom Norway and Swe- den ; the vicinity is remarkable for its rich pas- tures. Medcnblick was taken by the English in 1799. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 28 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 51 . E., lat. 52. 46. N. Mcdficid, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 817. Mcdford, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Mystic river, 5 111. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,755. Median. See Madian. Medina, a town of Arabia Deserta, celebrated as the burial place of Mahomet. It is a small, poor place, but is walled round, and has a magnificent mosque, in one corner of which is the tomb of Mahomet, enclosed with rich curtains and lighted by a creat number of lamps. Medina is called the cTty of the Prophet, because here he was pro- tected by the inhabitants when he fled from Mec- ca, and here he w.as first invested with regal pow- er. The time of his death was in 637 ; but the Mahometan epoch begins in ri22, from the time of his fliiMit. Medina is seated on a sandy plain, aboundiniT in palm trees, 200 m. N. W. of Mecca. Its port is Jambo. Long. 39. 33. E., lat. 25. 20. N. Medina, the capital of the kingdom of Woolly, W. Africa. It contains about 1,000 houses, and is defended by a high wall, surrounded by a thick hed3;1. The bridge over the Elbe, burnt down by the Prussians in 17.57, has been replaced by another of a very handsome construction. Meissen is seated on the rivulet Meisse, at its junction with the Elbe, 12 m. N. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 13. 31. E., lat. 51. 11. N. Meisscnhrim, a town of Bavaria, in a district of the same name , situate on the Glan. M m. N. bv E. of Deux Ponts and 30 W. S. VV. of Menlz. Millassa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situate on a fertile plain, near a mountain abound- ing in while marble. It was ancientlv a city, adorned with many public buildings, cs|)ccially temples ; and is still a large place, but the houses are mean. 80 m. S. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 50. E., lat. 37. 15 N. Melazzo See. Milazzo. Melhourn, a considerable village in Derbyshire, Eng. 3 m. S. by E. of Derby. Here are a church, four meeting-houses, and the vestio-es of an an- cient castle in which the duke of Bourbon was confined after the b.altle of Agincourt. The in h.abitants are chiefly employed in the manufacture of worsted stockings and a peculiar kind of silk flowered shawls. Melbourne, a township in Buckingham Co. L. C. Me/eli, a town of Austria, with a bencdictine alibey r^n a hi^h rock, near the Danube. 10 m. W of St. Pollen. MrJcomhe Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng It has a good market-place, and a town hall in which the corporation of Weymouth , and Mel- combe transact business It is seated at the mouth of the river Wey, opposite to Weymouth, with wliich it cominunicates by an elegant bridge 127 m. W. S. VV. of London. See Ifeymoulh. Mcldert, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant. 10 m. S. E. of Louvaiu. Meldorf, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, seat- ed near the mouth of the Miele, 50 m. N. W. of Hamburgh. Mehhum, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen shire, 17 m. N. N. W. of Aberdeen. Melji, a town of Naples, in Ba-jilicata, and a bishop s see, with a castle on a rook, 20 m. N. N W of Acerenza. MEL 4S1 MEM Mdgaza. a town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, with B strong castle ; seated on the Min- ho, 27 ra. N. by E. of Braga. Mdida, an island of Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, withabenedictine abbey, 6 villages, and several harbours. It is 30 m. in length, and abounds in oranges, citrons, wine, and fish. Melilla, a sea-port of Fez, on the coast of the Mediterranean. In 14% it was taken by the Spaniards, who built a citadel. It is 1 1."> m. N. E. of Fez. Long. 2. 57. W., hit. 34. bS. N. Mdinda, a kingdom of E. Africa, on the coast of Zanguebar. Its products are gold, elephants' teeth, ostriches' feathers, wax ; and aloes, senna, and other drugs ; also plenty of rice, sugar, cocoa- nuts, and other tropical fruits. Mdinda, the capital of the above kingdom, is a large and handsome place, surrounded bj' fine gar- dens. It has a good harbour, defended by a fort ; but the entrance is dangerous, on account of the great number of shoals and rocks under water. The inhabitants are said to amount to above 200,000, principally negroes. 470 ni. S. W. Magadoxa. Long. 41. 48. E., lat. 2. 15. S. MdipUla, a. province of Chile, extending about 25 leagues from E. to W , and abounding in grain and wine. Logrono is the capital. Mdita. See Malta. Mditdlo, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 8 m. Vf. of Leontini. Mditopot, a town of Russia, government of Tau. rida, situate on a lake, 12 m. from the sea tf Asoph and 103 S. of Catharinenslaf . Mdksham, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. with a market every other Thursday for cattle, and a manufacture of broad cloths. It has a large par- ish church and three meeting houses. 9U ni. W. of London. Mdle, a town of Hanover, seated on the Hase, 15 m. E. by S. of Osnaburg. Mdle, a town of France, department of Deux Sevres, 12 m. S. W. of Niort. Mellcr. See Mader. Mdlingen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, seated on the Reuss, m. S. by W. of Baden. Mdlville, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J. Mdnick, a town of Bohemia, with a castle. Its vicinity yields excellent red and white wine, and near it stands the Augustine convent of Schopka. It is seated on the Elbe, opposite the influx of the Muldau, 18 m. N. of Prague. Mdoui, a town of Egypt, with a remarkable mosque ; seated on the Nile, 3 m. S. of Ashmu- nein. Mdrose, a town of Scotland, in Roxburgshire, with manufactures of linen and woolen cloth. At some distance from the town, on the S. side of the Tweed, are the magnificent remains of Melrose Abbey, founded by David I., part of which is still used for divine service. Alexander II. is said to be buried under the great altar. Ab- botsford, the seat of Sir Walter Scott, is in the' vicinity of the abbey. Melrose is 11 ni. N. W. of Jedburg and 35 S. of Edinburgh. Melton Moicbray, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. The fine cheese called Stilton is chiefly made in Its neighbourhood. The church is a fine Gotliic edifice, and here are two meeting-houses, a char- ity school, a national school, and 12 almshouses, six of which were erected in 1827. It is seated in a rich grazing country, on the river Eye, over which are two handsom? stone bridges, 15 m. N. E. of Leicester and 100 N. by W. of London. MdlommlU, p. v. Anson Co. N. C. 130 m. S. W. Raleigh. Mdvn, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Marne. It has a trade with Paris in corn, meal, wine, and cheese; and is seated on the Seine, 25 m. S. E. of Paris. Long. 2. 35. E., lat. 48. 30. N. Mdcitle Island, one of a group of islands in the Polar Sea of the western continent, called the Georgian Archipelago, where the English discov- ery ships under Capt. Parry wintered. It lies between 74. 25, and 75. 50. N. lat. and 106. and 1 14. W. long. 240 m. long and 100 broad. It is a mass of rocks without a tree or shrub, but in the ravines or valleys the soil affords grass, moss and salads. A few Esquimaux resort hither in sum- mer, and the wil^ animals of the north also make it their abode in the same season. Herds oi musk oxen were seen at Winter Harbour in this island early in the spring. These animals have a singular appearance owing to the shortness of their limbs, their broad, flattened and crooked horns and their loner hair which hangs nearly down to the ground. ^Vhcn full grown they weigh about 700 pounds. The flesh of the youmr cow and calves is tolerably good, but the old ones have so strong a scent of musk that they cannot be eaten. They are found in great numbers within the Arctic Circle, and go in nerds of eighty or an hundred. MemeJ, a strong town of E. Prussia, with a cas- tle, a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce. It is seated on a river of the same name, at the N. extremity of the Curische Haff ; and on tlic N. E. side of the entrance into the harbour is a lighthouse. It is 70 m. N. N. E. of Konigsberii- and 130 N. E. of Dantzic. Long. 21. 20. E., lat° 55. 46. N. Memminscn^ a town of Bavaria, defended by art, and surrounded by a mor.iss. It has a con- siderable trade in fine linen, fustian, cotton, paper, salt, tobacco, and hops. Near this place, in 171>5, the French republicans defeated the emigrants under the prince of Conde ; and in 1600 the French defeated the Austrians, and took the town. It is seated in a fertile plain, near the river Iller, '^ m. S. by E. of Ulm. Long. 10. 12. E., lat. 48. N. Memphis, p.t. Shelby Co. Ten. on the Missis- sippi, on tile site of old Fort Pickering. It has a fine situation at a point where the great western road strikes the river. Meviphremagog, a lake of N. America, in Can- ada and Vermont, 35 m. long and 3 broad. Its outlet is the river St. Frances, running into the St. Lawrence. On an island in tliis lake is a quarry of oil stone equal to the best Turkey oil Btone. MEN 492 MER Menai, a strait which divides the island of An- glesey from the other parts of N. Wales. An elegant suspension bridge has been thrown over this strait, which will allow vessels that pass the strait to sail beneath it. Menan, a river of the kingdom of Siam, which pa-sses by the city of Siam, and enters the gulf of Siam, below Bancnk. Menancahow, a kingdom in the centre of the island of Sumatra. The country is described as a large plain, clear of wood, comparatively well cultivated, and abounding in gold. Mendt, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Jjozere, and a bishop's see. It has man- ufactures of serges and other woolen stuffs; and is seated on the Lot, :V) m. S. W. of Puy and 210 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 3. :?n. Iv, lat. 41. :il. N. Mcndham, p.t. Morris Co. N. Y. Mendip Hills, a lofty tract in the N. E. of Som- ersetshire, Eng. abounding in coal, calamine, and lead : copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre, are also found. A great portion of tliese liillH, formerly covered with heath and fern, has been brought into cultivation and produces good corn. At the bottom of a deep ravine, near the village of Berrington, a cavern was discovered, in ITii'i, containing a great number of human bones, many of them mcrusted with a calcareous cement, and a large portion completely incorporated with the solid rock. Menddsliam, a decayed village and parish in Suffolk, Eng. where an ancient silver crown, v;eiehing CO ounces, was dug up about the end of the 17th century. It is seated near the source of the Deben, 80 m. N. E. of London. Mcndon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 3,153; a township of Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,075. Mendoza, a city of Buenos Aj'res, province of Cugo, on the E. side of the Andes, in a plain adorned with gardens, well watered by canals. It contains four convents, a college, and a church. A river of the same name flows by this town, and finally enters the Atlantic under the name of Co- lorado. Long. 70. 12. W., lat. 34. 0. S. Mendrah, a province of the kingdom of Fezzan. much of which is a continued level of hard and barren soil ; but the quantity of trona, a species of fossil alkali, that floats on the surface, or settles on the banks of its numerous smoking lakes, has given it a higher importance than that of the more fertile districts. It has a town of the .same name, GO m. S. of .Mourznuk. Mendrisu), a town of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, containing several convents. 7 m. W. by N. of Como. Mr.nehould, St.. a town of France, department of Marne. In 1792 the French gave the fir.st check to the progress of the Prussians at this place, which in the end compelled them to a retreat. It is seated in a morass, on the river Aisne, be- tween two rocks, 20 m. E. N. E. of Chalons. Menken, a town of Wurtemberg, near the Dan- ube, 50 m. S. of Stutg.ird. Mengeringliauscn, a town and castle of Ger- many, county ofWalG.Nik, 8 m. N. E. of Corbach and 24 N. W. of Cassel. Mcnin,n town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan- ders. It has been often taken ; the last time by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Lis, 10 m. N. of Lisle. Mentone, a town of Nice, with a castle and a small harbour, 5 m. E. N. E of Monaco. Mentor, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. Mtntz, or Maijencf, a city of Germany, in the grand duchy of Hesse, and a bishop's see. It is well fortified, and deemed a barrier fortress. The city is built in an irregular manner, and plenti fully provided with churches. The principal buildings are the electorial palace (now much de- cayed), the house of the Teutonic knights, and the cathedral. Mentz is one of the towns which claim the invention of printing; and the growth of the best Rhenish wine is limited to a circle of about five miles round it. The French took this place by surprise in 1792; and the next year it stood a long blockade and siege before it surrend- ered to the allies. It was twice re-attacked by the French in 179r>, but they were defeated by the .Anstrians, who also relieved it from a block- afie of two months in 179t.>. The siege wac sof.n after resumed, and continued till the signing of the treaty of Udina in 1797, when the city was taken possession of by the French. By the peace of Luneville, in 1801, it was formally ceded to France, but was delivered up to the allies in 1S14. Mentz is seated on the Rhine, just below the in- flux of the Maine, and on the opposite side is the town of Cassel, connected with it by a bridge of boats. It is 22 m. W. S. W. of Frankfort and 70 E. by N. of Treves. L.mg. 8. 10. E., lat.4!).5«. N. ^fevt:, a township of Cayuga Co. N. Y. 12 ra N. W. Auburn on the Erie Canal. Pop. 4,144. Mrmif,^ town of Eirvpt, situate in a well culti- vated country, near that branch of the Nile which flows to Rose'tta, 40 m. N. N. W. of Cairo. Menzala, a town of EctP^i situate near a lake of the same name. 00 m. long, separated from the Mediterranean by a narrow slip of land. It is 20 m. S. S. E.of Damietta and 73 N. NE. of Cairo. Long. 33. 2. E., lat. 31 3. N. Mcjtpen, a town of Westphalia, capital of a dis trict of the same name, 52 m. N. of Miinster. Meqiuvcnza, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a castle, seated at the conflux of the Segra with the Ebro, '16 ra. E. S. E. of Saragossa and l.'iO E.N. E.of Madrid. MfJiuinf.z. a city of Morocco, seated in a de- lightful plain, having a serene and clear air; for wliich reason the emperor frequently resides in this place in preference to Fez. The palace stands on the S. side, and is guarded by several htmdreds of black eunuchs, whose knives and scimitars are covered with wrought silver. In the middle of the city, the Jews have a place to themselves, the gates of which are locked every night, and guarded. Close by Mequinez, on the N .W. side, is a large Negro town, which takes up as much ground as the city, but the houses are not so high, nor so well built. The inhabitants of Mequinez. estimated at 112,000, are considered more polished and hospitable than those of the southern provinces. 5.S m. W. of Fez. Long. 5. 4G. W., lat. 32. 40, N. Mcr. a town of France, department of Loire-et- Cher, 11 m. N. N. W. of Bloise. Mrran. a town of the Austrian States, in Tyrol, of which it was formerly the capital : seated near the conflux of the Passar, with theAdige, 12 m, N, N, W, of Botzen, Long, II, 5, E., lat. 4G. 39. N, Mr.rcT, a county of the W. district of Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 19.731. The chief town has thesame name. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 17.70G. Har- rodsburg is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 1,110. St. Mary's is the capital. A county of Il- linois. Pop. 26. Mrrcer, p.t. Somerset Co. -Mc. 94 m. S. E. Port- MER 493 MER land. Pop. 1,110; also towns in Mercer and But- ler Cos. Pa. Mercersburg, p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. IG m. S. W. Chambersburg. Merdim, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, and an archbishop's see, with a castle. The country about it produces a great deal of cotton. It is seated on the summit ol a mountain, 45 m. S. E. of Diarbekir. Long. 39. 59. £., lat. 36. 50. N. Mere, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. 100 m. W. by S. of London. Merecga, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, celebrated for its warm baths. '2-'> m. S. E. of Shershel and 50 S. VV. of Algiers Mcrccz, a town of Russian Lithuania govern- ment of Wilna, seated at the conflux of the Mer- cei and Nemen, 30 m. N. of Grodno. Meredith, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 03 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,(W3. Here are considerable manufactures of cotton, woolen and paper. Mrrgentheim, a well built town of VVurtem- berir 'seated on the Tauber, 20 m. S. S. W, of Wurtzburg. Long. 9. 52. E., lat. 4!). 30. N. Mcrahen, or Merguen, a city of E. Tartarj', provin'ce of Tcitcicar ; seated on the Nonni, 140 ni. .\. by E. of Tcitcicar. Long. 134. 55. E.. lat 49. 10. N'. Mergui, a sea-port on the W. coast of Siam, with an excellent harbour. It was wrested from the Siamese by the Birmans in 1755, but was ceded to Britain in 1824-5, and is 208 ra. S. W. of Siam. Long. 98. 9. E., lat. 12. 12. N. Mergui Arehipelago, consists of islands extend- ing 135 m. along the coast of Tannasserim and the isthmus of the Malay peninsula, with a strait between them and the mainland, from 15 to 30 ni. broad, having regular soundings and good anchorage. They are in general covered with trees, but are not inhabited, although the soil ap- pears fertile. The principal of them are King's Island, Clara, St. Mathew's and Tannasserim. Merida, a strong town of Spain, in Estremadura, built by the Romans, before the birth of Christ. Here are fine remains of antiquity, particularly a triumphal arch. In 1811 it fell into the hands of the French, but was retaken by general (afterwards lord) Hill in the following year. It is seated in an extensive fertile plain, on the river Guadiana, over which is a noble Roman bridge. 32 m. E. of Badajoz. Long. 5. 58. VV., lat. 38T 47. N. Merida, a town of Mexico, capital of a province of the same name, lying between the Bays of Hon- duras and Campeachy. It is situated in an arid plain. 30 m. S. of the gulf of Mexico and 70 N. E. of Campeachy Long. e^. 58. W., lat. 20. 45. V Meriden, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 17 m. N. New Haven. Pop. 1,708. Meridiansritle, p. v. Madison Co. Alab. Meridien, p. v. ^ladison Co. Missouri. Merion, Upper and Lotcer, two townships io Montgomery Co. Pa. near Philaaelphia. Merionethshire, a county of Wales. It contains nearly 500,000 acres, is divided into 5 hundreds and 37 parishes, has four market towns, and sends one member to parliament. The number of in- habitanU .s !?21 was 34,3f*2. The face of the country is varied throughout with a romantic mix ture of all the scenery peculiar to a wild and mountainous region. The principal rivers are the Dee and Dyfi. Cader Idris. one of the highest mountains in Wales, is in this county. Meritch. an important town and fortress prilin- doostan, in the province of Bejapoor ; situate near - — . -■! - w. ofViaia- cejapoor ; , 62 m. S. the N. bank of the Kistna pour. Mcrmentau, a lake and river in the S. W. part of Louisiana flowing into the gulf of Mexico. Mero, a strong town of the kingdom of Pegu. 140 m. S. W. of Pegu. Long. 98. 36. E., lat. 16. 0. N. Mermi, a town of Persia, in Khorassan, seated in a fertile country, which produces salt, 112 m. S. W. of Bokhara. Long. 64.25. E., lat. 37.40. N. MerriUstown, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. Merritlsvillc, p. v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 120 m. N. W. Columbus. Merrimaet, a river of New England rising in New Hampshire. One of its head streams called the Pemigewassct has its source near the Notch of the White Mountains ; the other flows through Winnipisiogee Lake. The river runs south into Massachusetts, wflere it turns south-east and flows to the sea at Newburyport. In the upper part of its course it is much obstructed by falls. These afford excellent mill sites, and the largest manu- factories in the United States are situated on this river. Many canals pass around the falls ; at Chelmsfird the Middlesex canal extends from this river to Boston harbour. The mouth of the rivi-r is obstructed by a sand bar which does not admit the passage of ships except at high water. There is a good navigation for vessels of 200 tons to Haverhill. Two chain bridges cross the river at Newburyport and Salisbury. The current is rapid and the shores bold ; the interval borders are narrower than upon the Connecticut, but af ford much beautiful scenery. The waters are pure and salubrious and abound in salmon, shad, ale- wives, herring and sturgeon, which last gave name to the river, Merrimack being the Indian name for sturgeon. The chief branches are the Con- toocook in New Hampshire and Nashua and Con- cord rivers in Massachusetts. Merriinaek, a county of New Hampshire, formed from the N. part of Hillsborough Co. Pop. 34,619. Concord is the capital. Merrimack, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 6 ni E. Amherst. Pop. 1,191. Also townships in Wash- ington and Franklin Cos. Missouri. Merrijhill, p.v. BerUe Co. N. C. Mcrrymceting Bay, a wide expansion of water at the junction of the Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers. Also a bay in Winnipisiogee Lake. yicrsca, a town in Essex Co. U. C. on Lake Erie. Mersch, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, 8 m. N. of Luxemburg. Merseburg, one of the new divisions of the Prus- sian states, consisting principally of cessions made by Saxony in 1815. It lies to the S. of Anhall and to the E. of the government of Erfurt, and comprises an area of 4,000 sq. m. with 471,000 in- habitants. MersfJiurg, the capital of the above government, formerly a bishopric The most remarkable build- ings are the castle, the cathedral which stands below it, and the academy. The brewing and exr MES 494 MET It svas half deslroyed. 1 1 has with elegant houses only two porlation of strong beer furnish the principal em- also in 1683, when ployment of the inhabitants. It is seated on the since been rebuilt, Saale, 15 m. N. W. of Leipzig. stories hi"h. For several years prior to the peace Mersey, a river of England, which rises in the of 18(4, Messina was the head-quarters of the Brit- N. extremity of the Pealt in Derbyshire, receives ish troops in Sicily. It is seated on the strait of the Tame at Stockport, and, lower down, the Irwell ; it then passes by Warrington, and receives the Weaver at Frodsliam, where it forms a broad estuary, that contracts on its approach to Liver- pool, below which it enters the Irish Sea. This river not only affords salmon, but it is visited by annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of a remarkable size and flavor. Mersey, an island in Essex, Eng. between the mouth of the Coin and the entrance of Blackwater Bay. It has two parishes, called E. and W. Mer- sey. 7 m. S. of Colchester. Merthyr Tidnil, utown of S. Wales, in Glamor- ganshire. It has a canal to Cardiff, immense mines of iron and coal, and very extensive iron works. 3 m. distant are the ruins of Morlais Cas- tle, said to have been the residence of the kings of Brecknock. II is seated on the Taafe, 24 m. N. N. W. of Cardiff and 180 W. of London. Mertola,a. strong town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, seated near the Guadiana, 00 m. S. of Evora and 100 S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 37 W.. lat. 37. 41. N. Messina, whidi separates Sicily from Calabria, VM m. E. of Palermo. Long. 15. 50. E.,lat. 38. 10. N. Messing, a. town of Franconia, in the principah- ty of Aiclistat. 14 m. N. N. E. of Aichstat. Mestrr, a town of Austrian Italy, in Treviso, 8 m. N. W. of Venice. Mesurailo, a considerable river of W. Africa, which falls into the Atlantic on the Grain Coast. On its banks is a kingdom of the same name, the boundaries of which are very uncertain. See Liberia. Mesurata, a sea-port of Tripoli, and the resi- dence of a governor. Caravans travel hence to Fezzan and other interior parts of Africa, by which they carry on a freat trade. It is 100m. E. S. E. of Tripoli. Long. 1.5. ;0. E., lat. 32. 0. N. Meta, a large river of New Granada, which has Its rise opposite to Santa ¥e dc Bogota, and falli into the Orinoco, about 4.")0 m. from its sourer* in long. G7. 4."j. W.lat. 6. 10. N. Metapura, a town of the isle of Borneo, in the kingdom of Banjermassing, 72 m. N. E. of Ban- Mcrlon, a village in Surrey, Eng. with calico jermassingand 100 S. E. ofNegara manufactures andblcach-fields. Here Henry III held a parliament in 12:51), at which were enacted the Provisions of Merton, the most ancient body of laws after Magna Charla. It is seated on the Mandle, 7 m. S."W. of London. MerviUe, a town ofFrance, department of Nord, seated on the Lys, 15 m. N. of Lisle. Mesched, a city of Persia, capital of Khorassan. It is fortified with several towers ; and is famous for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of the family of Ali, to which the Persians pay great de- votion. Here is a manufacture of beautiful pot- tery, and another of skins. Caravans are con- tinually passing through this city from Bokharia, Balk, Candahar, Hindoostan, and all parts of Per- sia. It is 130 ra. E. of Asterabad and 490 N. E. of Ispahan. Long. 58. 30. E., lat. :i'). .'SC. N. Mesched Ali, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak- Arabi, near a large lake, called Ilahema, which communicates with the Euphrates by a canal. It stands on the spot where Ali, one of the succes- sors of Mahomet, was interred ; and his tomb is annually visited by Persian pilgrims. It is 110 m. S. of Bagdad. Long. 44. 50. E., lat. 32. 5. N. Mesopotamia, the ancient name for the country lying between the Tigris and Euphrates. It now forms a part of Asiatic Turkey. Mesopotamia, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. 170 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 5G2. Messa, a considerable town of Morocco, on the river Sus, not far from the Atlantic. It is 165 ra. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 10.46. W., lat. 29. 58. N. Messina, a sea-port of Sicily, capital of an in- tendancy of the same name, in Val di Demona, with a citadel and several forts. It is 5 m. in cir- cumference, has four large suburbs, and contains 36,000 inhabitants. The public buildings and monasteries are numerous and magnificent ; there are 50 churches, including the cathedral, which is much admired. The harbour is one of llio 8afe.<;t in the Mediterranean, and has a quay about a mile in length. A great trade is carried on here in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine. This Metcalfsborough, a village in Franklin Co Ten. Mctelcn, a town of Prussia, in the province of Westphalia, seated on the Vechta, 1!) m. N. W. of Munster. Melclin, or Mtjtilene, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, anciently called Lesbos, to the N. of Scio, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of Guestro. It is about 40 m. long and 12 broad ; somewhat mountainous, and has many hot springs The soil is very good, and the mountains are in many places covered with wood. It produces good wheat, wine, oil, and the best figs in the Archipelaga Castro in the capital. Methil, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a safe harbour on the frith of Forth, whence much coal is exported. 6 m. N. E. of Dysart. Methuen, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri- mack, 30 m. N. Boston. Pop. 2,011. Here are manufactures of cotton and paper. Methrcn, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, where king Robert Bruce was defeated by the English in 1306. 6m. W. N. W. of Perth. Metling, or Mottling, a strong town of the Aus- trian states, in Carniola ; seated on the Kulp, 13 m. N. W. of Carlstadt and 40 S. E. of Lau- bach. Metro, a river of Italy, which rises on the fron- tiers of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino, and enters the gulf of Venice near Fano. Metrojioli, a town of the island of Candia, on the site of the ancient Gortyna, of which many vestiges remain. 22 m. S. S. W. of Candia. Metz, a town of France, in the department of Moselle, and formerly the capital of the kingdom of Austrasia. The fortifications are excellent, and it has three citadels and noble barracks. The cathedral is one of the finest in Europe. Here are manfactures of cotton, linen, gauze, chintz, fustian, &c. ; and a considerable trade in leather, wine, brandy, &c. The sweetmeats made here are in high esteem. Metz is the seat of the de- partment admini.°tralion and a bishop's see, and contains nearly 42,000 inhabitants. It is seated city suffered much by an earthquake in 1770 ; nnd at the conflux of the Moselle and Seille, 210 m E. of MEX I'uris. Long. C. 10. E., lal. 495 MEX 49 %.Uo.o, a range of mo"ntaj^.s^n European 'Xl;.^^^:^^^^''^ ^ vUlage o^f this a considerable portion of Mexico is within the tor>^ .one, the climate in genera >s tempera e and healthy. No- country abounds more with grain fruits. rooU, and vegetables, many of them Sar to the country, or at 1--' l", A'"«-'«^- it is also celebrated for its mines ot gold and sil- T and has quarries of jasper and porphyry, and : uisUe niarlle.. Cochineal is a mo., pecu.ar Jf««/«n a village of frauce, wiui a ...<.s..... _'isiie marble. Cochi...-- . .ie'Xaipal-e?ndpark;BeatedontheSe.ne,G LTultuntry ; its indigo and c^coaare^^^^^^^^^^^^ •";^;r!a^wnofFrance,departmentofSeine^ l^rL^nnS^nt :;t:i^ ol^o^n^l ''Among et-Oise, seated on the Seine, over w^'ch 's ^ "i^^ '"drupeds are the puma, jaguar, bears, elks a1onrb'ridgeof2l arches, 20 m. N. W. of Par- Wvt,deeU- J'- P-;-V//"Vhe"sf L" ^Meurs or JVf<.c«, a town of the Prussian states ^"^''frequemU.e^ mountainous and woody parts caS of a small principality of the same name _ It mals Ire^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ir'uZ. hai Tcastle, and was formerly a place of stlf g^ '■ ^"eat ravages among the sugar-canes niaize, inan- S^ttts fortifications were destroyed in 1704. 10 gj^^^^'^a pfuto fields. In Guiana the Indiansshoot m N N. E. ofDusseldorf. -=■ Meurlhe, a town of France, including pa't of he former province of Lorraine. It is bounied by the debarment of Moselle, Vosges, and Meu?e.. »"d comprises an area of 2,500. sq m., w.O. 3O.,600 inhabitants. The climate is temperate, and tlie 80 1 in general ferUle. Nancy is the capitaK MeJthc, a river of France ^hich rises in e department of Vosges, and flows by Lunev.Ue and Nancy into the Moselle. Mci^e a river which rises in France in the departoent of Upper Marne. It enters the Neth- erlands a? Givet"^flows to Charlemon, Namur, Huv Lie«, Maestricht, Ruremonde, Venlo, Sra'^e, Batlekburg, Ravestem, Gorcun, (where it receives the Waal), ^^^^ Woreum^, ^'he J^o t them with poisoned arrows blown through a tube. divides into four principal brf ches- jne m ^^^ domestic animals of Europe, particular y rTrn'Tf whi^h'-u'cdWd the^Merve. These form the island of Yaselmonde, Voorn and Oyer sla^kee, and enters the German Ocean below Briel, HelvoeUluysand Goree. . , j. .i,„ Meuse, a department of France , including the former duchy of Bar. It is bounded by the grand duchy of Lu.xemburg, and the departments of Sle Vosges, Marne, and Ardennes, and com- prises ok area of 2,500 sq. m^with iteo,000 inhabi- tants. Bar sur Ormain '^J^.^^P'^^^-^.^^..^^ Mcoar. an extensive district of Hindoostan, The domestic animals of Europe, particularly- horned cattle, have multiplied here, almost witli incredible rapidity. Numbers of these having been suffered to run wild, now ranse over the vast plains, in herds from 30,000 to 40,000 ; they are killed merely for the sake of their hides, which are annually exported, in vast quantities, to Eu- rope. The inhabitants consistof native bpaniards , Creoles, who are descendants of Europeans ;Mu- lattoes, the issue of whites and negroes ; Mesti- zoe- descendants of whites and Indians ; Zam- province of Agimere, lying chieHy between m ^^^^^^^ ne^<=^;,f ''V' hills. It is nominally possessed by the rajah of ^M^""aL, or .myes, a river of New Mexico, on the confines of Louisiana, which runs into the ^"^:Sr!:;;ntryofN^^America,nowIor^ on increasing, especially aunn^ lue m=i. ..i."".--- years; and accordingly, it would appear that, in total amount, these countries are more populous at present than they were previously to the arri- val of Europeans. The kingdom of Montezuma did not equal in extent the cighUi part of Ne^v Spain as it now exists. The great towns of the Aziecs, and their most cultivated lands were met with in the environs of the capital of Mexico, and particularly in the delicious valley of Tenochti- tlan. The kings of Alcolhuacan, of Tlacopan, and of Mcchoacan, were independent princes. Be- ui. u. ^..^.v...-. -1^ Amprlei now form nnoun ainou. c unuy ^tlan^._^^ U^ woul i ^1 „f .ecuraey the i„term..xed with ">a".[.;'^'' J7^1^__e, arc'near number of Montezuma's subjects, as it would be mountains many of whch are volca-ye^, »r« J.^ respecting the ancient population of the coast of the Pacific Ocean. 1 lie eastern sii r Persia CarllTaw, or Greece, or even with i. a flat country, full "f -P-;t-ble forests with Eg>Pt, Persia, C^rtlm, ,^^^^ ^, '::^::iiu^C:'^^S:i^:^ ^Z:,^ ».: on the on^ hand, with a .ram of conqueror. MEX 4% MEX Rmbitious to throw ttdditioiial lustre on tlirir own exploits ; on the other, religious and sensible men directing with noble ardour the arms of eloquence against the cruelty of the first colonists. Both parlies were equally interested in exafjgerating the flourishing condition of the newly discovered countries. At all events, the extensive ruins of towns and villages that are met with in the It*, and 20. of latitude in the interior of Me.\ieo, seem to prove that the population of this single part of the kingdom was once far superior to what it !.■< now. Yet it must be remarked that these ruins are dispersed over a space that, relatively speaking, is but very limited. To a great degree of muscular Btrengih, the copper-coloured natives add the advantage of be- ing seldom or never subject to any deformity. M. Humboldt assures us that he never saw a hunch-back Indian, and that they very seldom squint, or are met with either lame or wanting the use of their arms. In those countries where the inhabitants suffer from the goitre, this affec- tion of the thyroid gland is never observed among the IndianB,and rarely among the Mestizoes. The Indians of New Spain, and eapecially the women, ge/ierally live to an advanced age. Their hair, it is said, never turns grey, and tlicy preserve all their strength till the period of their death. la respect of the moral faculties of the indigenous Mexicaps, it is difficult to form a just estimate of lliem, if we consider this unhappy nation almost in the only light in which there has been an op- portunity of viewing it by intelligent travellers, as sinking under long oppression, and depressed almost to the lowest pitch of degradation. In his present condition, the Mexican Indian is grave, melancholy, and taciturn, as lon^ as he is not under the influence of intoxicating litjuors. This gravity is particularly remarkable in the children of Indians, who at the early age of four or five years display infinitely greater intelligence and developement of mind tiian the children of whites. They delight in throwing an air of mys- tery over their most trifling remarks. Not a pas- sion manifests itself in tlieir features. At all times sombre, there is something terrific in the change, when he passes all at once from a state of absolute repose to violent and ungovernable agitation. The energy of his character, to which every shade of softness is unknown, habitually degenerates into ferocity. This is especially the case with the inhabitants of Tlascala. In the midst of their degradation, the descendants of these republicans are still distinguished by a cer- tain haughtiness with which they are inspired by the remeTubrance of their former greatness. The Mexicans have preserved a particular taste for painting and for the art of carving on stone and wood! It is truly astonishing to see what they are capable of executing wilji a bad knife upon the hardest wood and stone. They exercise themselves in painting the images, and carving the statues of saints ; but from a religious principle, they have continued to servilely imi- ate for 31)0 years, the models which the Europe- ans brought with them at the period of the origi- nal conquest. In Mexico as well as Hindoostan, the faithful are not allowed to make the smallest change in their idols ; every thing connected with the rites of the Aztecs was subjected to immuta- ble laws: It is on this very account that the Christian images have preserved in some degree, that stiffness and hardness of feature which char- icterised the hieroglyphical pictures of the age of Montezuma. They Jippiay a great deal of apti tudo for the exercise of tiie arts of imitation, and ttill greater for those of a purely mechanical na- ture. When an Indian has attained a certain degree of cultivation, he shows great facility in acquiring information, a spirit of accuracy and i)recision, and a particular tendency to subtilize, or to seize on the minutest differences in objects that are to be compared with each other. He reasons coldly and with method ; but he does not evince that activity of imagination, that lively freshness of sentiment, that art of producing, which charac- terises the people of Kurope and nmny tribes of African negroes. The music and dancinir of the indigenous natives partake of that want of cheer- fulness which is so peculiar to them. Their sinking is of a inelanclioly description. More vi- vacity, however, is observed in their women liian in their men ; but thev share the evils of that slate of subjection to wliieh the sex iscondenmed among most of those nations where civilization is still imperfect. In the ilancc women take no part ; they are merely present for the sake of otfering to the ilancers the fermented drinks which they themselves had prepared. The Mexican Indians h:ive likewise peservcd the same taste for flowers that Cortez noticed in his lime. We are astonished to discover this taste, which doubtless indicates a taste for the beautiful, among the people in whom a sanguina- ry worship, and the frequency of human sacrifices appears to have extinguished every feeling con- nected with sensibility of mind and the softer af- fections. In the great market of Mexico, the na- tive does not even sell fish, or ananas, or vegeta- bles, or fermented liquor, without his shop being decked out with flowers, which are renewed every Huceeedingday. The Indian shop-keeper appears sealed behind a perfect entrenchment of verdure and every thing around him wears an air of the most refined elegance. The Indian hunters, such as the Mecos, the .Ipiuhes, and the Lipuns, whom the Spaniards comprehend under the denomination of Im'Jos hravo.':, and whose hordes in their incursions which are often made during night, infest tlie frontiers of New Biscay, Sonora, and New Mexico, evince more activity of mind, and more strength of character, than the agricultural Indians. Some tri bes have even languages, the mechanism of which appears to prove the existence of ancient civilization. They liave great difileulty in learn- ing the European idioms, while, at the same lime they express themselves in their own with an ex- treme degree of facility. These same Indian chiefs, whose gloomy taciturnity astonishes the observer, will hold a discourse of several hours, whenever any strong interest rouses them to MEX 4!*7 MEX lir. Mk thiii babitual silence. This whole coun- try was long under the dominion of Spain, anil governed by a. viceroy. The first attempt to as- sujne independence took place in 1810. In IHiil a federal government was established. Numer- ous disturbances have since arisen, and the coun- try is still far from being in a .settled state. Mexico, the capital of the above country. It was a flourishing city before the Spaniards e'nter- ed the country, and was seated on several islands, in a salt-water lake, called Tezcuco, to which there was no entrance, but by three causc-wajs, 'i ni. in length each. The circumference ol llie city, exclusive of the suburbs, was formerly above 10 m. and it contained at least 80,000 houses, with several large temples, and three palaces. It was taken by Ferdinando Cortez, in 15*21 , after a siege of nearly three months, and, as the Mexicans de- fended themselves from street to street, it was al- most ruined, but was afterwards rebuilt by the Spaniards. The water in the neighborhood of the City has dried uji, and Me,\ico is now three miles distant from the shores of the lake. The streets are wide and straight, but badly paved. The houses present a magnificent ai)pearanre, being built oi' porphyry anu amygdaloid. Several palaces and private mansions have a majestic effect, and its churches glitter with metallic riches. The rath- passing in every direction; each iKial, with its musician seated on the stern, playing on thf) gurtar, and some of the party singing, dancing, or both united. Revolution has had its usual op- eration here ; it has reduced the overgrown, but insecure wealth of the rich, to an independent protected competence ; but it has also wiped away the tears, and broken the chains which galled the innocent people whose labours had amassed it. M. de Humboldt saw erecting, in the great square of Mexico, an equestrian and colossal sta- tue of the king of Spain, by Jl/. Tolzu, ''a statue," says he, '• which, by its imposing mass, and tlie noble simplicity of its style, might adorn the first cities of Europe. According to the accounts of Spanish authors, balls, and games of hazard, are pursued with ardour, while the more noble en- joymeiils of the drama are less generally relished. To vivid passions the Mexican Spaniard adds a edral surpasses, in this respect, all the churches in the world ; the balustrade which surrounds the great altar being composed of massive silver. A lamp of the same metal, is of so vast a size that three men go into it when it is to be cleaned ; and it is enriched with lions' heads, and other or- naments of pure gold. The statues of the Virgin and the saints are either made of solid silver, or richly gilded, and ornamented with precious stones. Palaces, mansions of great families, beautiful fountains, and extensive squares, adorn the interior of this city. To the north, near the suburbs, is the principal public promenade, or Mameda. Round this walk flows a rivulet, for- ming a fine square, in the middle of whioh there is a basin wiSh a fountain. Eight alleys of trees terminate here, in the figure of a star. But in consequence of an unfortunate proximity, imme- diately in front of the alameda, the eye tliscovers the (^utmadero, a place where Jews and other victims of the terrible Inquisition, were burned alive. This detestable tribunal was finallv abol- ished by the Emperor Augustin Iturbide in 1820. In the fine evenings, during the dry season, the environs of the city present a scene of pleas-' ure, gaiety, and bustle, scarcely to be paralleled ; hundreds of canoes, on the canal of Chalco, of various sizes, mostly with awnings, crowded with native Indians, neatly dressed, and their heads crowned with the most gaudy flowers, are seen great fund of stoicism. He enters a gaming- liouse, loses all his money upon a single card, and then takes out bis cigar from behind his ear, and smokes as if nothing had happened. Mexico preserves few monuments of antiquity. The ruins of aqueducts, the stone of sacrifices, and the calender stone, both of which are placed in the great square of the city ; manuscripts, or hierooflyphical tables, badly preserved in the ar- chives of the vice-regal palace; and finally, the colossal statue of the goddess Tco-Vnomiqui, lying on its back in one of the galleries of the Univer- sity, are all that remains worthy of notice in this city. But, to the north-east of the town, and of the lake Tezcuco, on the little hills of Teotikuacan, are seen the imposing remains of two pyramids, consecrated to the sun and moon, and, according to some historians, constructed by the Olmec, an ancient nation that came to IVIexico from the east, that is to say, from some country situated on the Atlantic Ocean. The pyramid, or house of the sun, (Toruitiu-ytzaqual ,) is 171 feet high, and its base measures G45 feet; that of the moon, (Meztli-ytzat/uul .) is thirty feet smaller. These monuments appear to have served as models for the Teocidiis, or houses of the gods, constructed by the Mexicans in the capital and other parts of the country ; but tlie pyramids are incased by a thick waif of stone. They formerly supported statues covered with very thin leaves of gold. A i'ev.' small pyramids, which appear to have been dedicated to the stars, surround the two great ones. The situation of Mexico is highly favorable for carrying on commerce both with Europe and Asia, being about 69 leagues distant from Vera Cruz on the one hand and from Acapuico on the MIC 49d MIC otlier. Thf working of gold und silver lias lonj; been carried to ^reat perfection iiere, and iu-rf are also uiaiiufactures of calico, cloth, soup, and tobacco. This city has been frequently inundated by the overflowing of the lakes in its vicinity, particularly in 1(>20, when 111,000 persons arc said to have been drowned, 'i'o prevent the recur- rence of such calamities, a vast conduit w;is con- structed to turn the course of the waters which fornierly flowed into the lake Tezcuco lhroU{;li the nioiinUiins. ^00 ni. I'.. N. E. of St. Juan de Ulhua. Lon^. 100. 40. W., lat. :*). 4. N. Mexico, GulJ'afjjin imnicnsegulf of N. America lyiniT between the S. coast of E. Florida and the N. h. point of Yucatan. Mexico, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 'M4 ; p.t. Os- wego Co. N. Y. on a bay of Lake Ontario, 1.') ni. E. Oswego. Pop. 2,(i71 ; p.t. Mifllin Co. Pa. on the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Mcyahoun, a city of Pegu, with numerous gild- ed temples and spacious monasteries. Its vicinity is uncommonly fruitful in rice ; and here are ca- pacious granaries always kept filled with grain ready to be transported to any part of the emi)ire in which there happens to be a scarcity. It stretches 'i m. on the S. W. bank of the Irrawad- dy, and is f^ m. N. W. of Pegu. Long. 95. S. K , lat. 18. 18. N. Meyenfild. See Maijenfrld. Mr'yrvies, a town of France, department of Lozere, 23 m. S. of Mende. Mrztmna, a sea port of Fez. on the coast of tile Mediterranean, SO m. E. of Tetuan. Long. 4. 1. W., lat. *>. 22. N Mczieres, a town of France, department of Ar- dennes, with a citadel ; seated on an island in tne river Meuse, 12 m. W. by N. of Sedan. Mezin, a town of France, department of Lot-et- Garonne, 9 m. N W. of Condom. Mhtndigaut, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Agra, on the W. bank of the Ganges. Long. 70. 57. E.. lat. 27. 3. N. Miaco. See Mcaco. Miami, Little and Great, two rivers of the state of Ohio, which run S. into the Ohio, the former just above Columbia and the latter 21 in. below Cincinnati. The Little Miami is (10 in. to its source, but generally so siiallow as to afford no navigation. Tlie irreat Miami has a navigation, like the Muskingum, thai approaches near tlin navigable waters of Lake Erie. The country be- tween these two rivers was called the Miainis, and is reckoned among the richest belonging to the United States. Miami, a countv of Ohio. Pop. 12,rfOG. Troy is the capital : a township in Cooper Co. Missouri, and townships in Hamilton, Champaign, Greene, Clermont, Montgomery, Oiford and Logan Cos. Ohio. J/taiia, a townof Persia, in Aderbeilzan. Here the celebrated traveller M. Thevenot died, onhis return from Ispahan. It is 57 m. S. E. of Tauris. Micha, a cape of Dalmatia, which advances into tlie gulf of Venice, near the town of Zara. Michael, St.. the most extensive and populous island of the Azores. It is 54 m. long and from C to 15 broad, and contains nearly 80,000 inhabi- tants. In a valley on the eastern side are a num- ber of boiling fountains ; also many sulplinreous ■ springs, some of a hot. and others of a cold tem- perature. The principal towns are Punta del Guda(the capital of the island) and Villa Franca. Long. 25. 42. W.. lat. 37. 47. N. Micharl. St . a borough in (Cornwall, Eng. with It^O inhabitanta. 8 m.S. S. W. ofSt. Columb and 2.50 W. by S. of London. Michael, St . a town of France, department of Meuse, with a line hospital, and the rich library of a Itenedicline abbey. It is surrounded by moniitiiins, and is seated on the Meuse, 20 m. N. E. of Itar le due. Michael, St., a town of Me.\ico, in the province of Nicaragua, on the river St. Michael, 110 in. N. W. of Leon. Long. H7. 45. W., lat. 12. 2.5. N. Michael, St., a town of Mexico, province of Cu- liacaii, near the iiioutli of the Siguatlan,30 ni. K. S. E. ofCuliacan. Long.107.40. W., lat. 24 10. i\. Miehnil, St., a city of 'Pueuiiian, situate in a fruitful valley, at the fool of a range of rugged mountains. 150 m. N. W. of St. Jago del Estero. Long. tJO. 45. W , lat. 27. 0. S. Micluirl tic llmrra, St., a town of Colombia, in the presidency of Quito, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It has a large and elegant church, a college, and several convents ; and is 70 in. N. E. of Quito. Long. 77. 30. W., lat. 0. 25. N. Michael lie I'itira, St., a town of Quito, seated near the mouth of the Piura, 325 m. S. S. W. of Quito. Long. 80. 40. W., lat. 5. 10. S. Michael, Gulf of, St., to the E. of Panama, that part of the Pacific Ocean which was first discov- ered by the Spaniards, afler their .-.larch across the isthmus of Darien Michigan, a territory of the United States, the western part of which is sometimes called the Territory of Huron. It was formerly limited to the peninsula enclosed between Lakes Michigan and Huron, but now comprising also that tract callit the peninsula.tliecountry has been little explored. It is everywhere level except in the western part, soutli of Lake Superior, where are some mountain ranges call the Ocooch Mountains and Porcupine Hills. The peninsula is a complete level with but just sutlicient elevation in the centre to give the rivers a direction to the shores of the lakes. The country consists mostly of prairies and for- est, but the greater part is covered with wood. It is watered bv numerous rivers, as the Ouiscon- sin, Chippewav, St. Francis, Missisagaigun, St. Croix, St. Louis, Wolf", Fox, Menonienies, Sa- ginaw, Grand, Kallimazo, St. Joseph, Raisin, ami others. The western p.arts abound with wild ani- mals, as bipon, elks, bears, deer, beaver, otters, muskrats, ic. The elk is very similar to the MIC 490 MIU /cin deer. He is 4 or 5 feet in height, and feeda upon the buds and tender twigs of the forest. He is shy and has very acute senses. His flesh is highly esteemed by the hunters and Indians, and the horns when soft are a great delicacy. The elk has often been domesticated. The soil is various : the alluvions of the rivers are fertile ; along the shore of Lake Michigan it is sandy and sterile. The chief mineral pro- duction is lead, for which See Lend Mines Cop- per was formerly thought to e,\ist here in great abundance, but Uiis does not appear to be the case. Iron is found in various parts. The cli- mate of the southern parts is mild, but in the north the winters are severe. One of the most valuable natural productions is the wild rice which grows on the marshy lorders of tlie lakes nd rivers. It grows in G or 7 feet depth of water where the bottom is muddy ; the stalk is 12 or 14 feet in length; the leaves and spikes resembles those of oata. Sheaves of thejii are bound together while growing, to preserve them from the birds who resort to these spots in mil- lions for the purpose of feeding upon the rice. After it haa ripened in this manner, the Indians row their canoes through the rice and beat the grain with sticks into the canoes where blankets are spread to receive it. There are many Indians residing in this ter- ritory. The tribes are the Chippeways, Winne- bagoes, Menomonees and Ottawas. Their num- bers amount to about 30,000. A very great proportion of the county is still in a wild stale, and the settlements are chiefly within the penin- sula. The counties in the territory are 18. The pop. exclusive of Indians is 31,2G0 of whom "i7 are slaves. Detroit is the capital. The Methodists have 11 preachers in the territory ; the Presbyterians G; the Episcopalians 5; the Baptists 2 ; and there are some Catholics. A settlement was made here at Detroit by the French, so early as 1G70, but they never occupied much of the country. The territorial government was established in 1805. The peninsula was over- run by the British in 1812 shortly after the coni- riencement of the war, but they were driven from the territory by General Harrison the next year. Michigan, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes in North America. It lies wholly within tlie limits of the United Statt-s, inclosed in the terri- tory above described. It is 21K) ni. in length, 55 in breadth, and 800 in circumference. It com- municates with Lake Huron at the northern ex- tremity by the Strait of Michilimackinac, which has 12 feet depth of water. The lake is deep •nough to be navigated by ships of any burden. It abounds with fine trout, sturgeon and various .ither kinds offish. Canals are in contemplation to connect it with the waters of the Missis- sippi Mic/iaeisvtUe, p. v. Hartford Co. Maryland. Michilimackinac, a county of Michigan. Pop. 877. It comprises all the northern part of the Territory. Michilimackinac or Mackinac, on the island of that name, is the capital. Michilimackinac, ;i strait which unites the lakes Michigan and Huron. It is G m. wide ; and on ita S. E. side, in Lake Huron, is an island, with a fort and village of the same name. Long. 64. 30. W., lat. 45. 48. N. Michilimackinat , Little, a river of the stale of Illinois, which enters the Illinois 200 in. above its junction with the Mississippi Middlcborough, p.t. Plymouth Co. Ma^s. 40 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 5,008. Here are manufac- tures of nails and iron, which are supplied with bog ore from ponds in the neighbourhood. Middiebroolc, p. v. Augusta Co. Va. and Mont- gomery Co. Maryland. Miildlcl/urg, a large commercial town of the Netherlands, capital of the island of Walcheren, and of all Zealand. The squares and public build- ings are magnificent; particularly the town-houso, f.jrinerly a celebrated abbey. The harbour is r.ommodjous, and has a communication with Flushing by a canal, which will bear the largest vessels. Middleburg was taken by the i.'ritish in July, 180!), but evacuated in the December fol- l.jwing. 85 m. S.W. of Amsterdam. Long. 3. 37. E., lat. 51. 2.'». N. Middleburg, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders, 5 m. S. E. of Sluvs. Middleburg, one of tfie Friendly Islands. See Eaooice. Middleburg, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,26G ; p.v. Union Co. Ps. ; p.v.Fredricks Co. Md. p. v. Loudon Co. Va. ; also a village in Nelson Co. Ken. and a township in Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Middleburg,p.l. Addison Co. Vt. on Otter Creek, r.:! m. N. W. Rutland. Pop. 3,408. Here arp man- ufactures of cotton, iron and marble. A quarry of this last material exists on the banks of the creek within the town. Middleburg College at this place was founded in 1800. It has 5 instruct- ors and O'J students. The libraries have above 4,000 volumes. There are three vacalionH. in January, May and August, of 13 weeks. Com- mencement is in August. Middleburg, p.t. N'ew Haven Co. Conn. 36 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 81G ; p.t. Gennesee Co. .\. Y. Pop. 2,415 ; p.v. PorUge Co. Ohio. Middlrjicid, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 24 m. \V. Northampton. Pop. 721 ; p.t Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 3.238. .Wi in. M. by E. of Manchester and Hill N. N. VV. of London. Miffiintnvn, p. v. Mifflin Co. Fa, Milinlulii, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- li.i. with a fort; situate on a river which ruiia into the sea of Marmora, .'Vim. W. by S. of Hnrsa. Milan, or Uic Milanrse. a country of Italy bound- ed .m llie N. by the Alps, K. by the Venetian territory, S. by the Apennines, and \V. by I'ledmont. The soil is every whore fertile in corn, wine, ("ruits, rice, and olives; and there are also plenty of cattle. The rivers are the S.-ccin Ti- cino, Adda, Oglio, and Po. There are likewise several jaki's, the three principal of which .ire those ol Maggiore, Como, and Lugano. Milan, with other countries in Italy, was long comprised under the general name of Lombnrdy. hi the Mill crntciry it becamea ducliv. The campaign r.t prince lOugene, in ]70(i, put'it in posseBsi'rm''ol the house of Austria, to whom, with the e.xivp. tion of the Sardinian Milanese, it continued sub- I.Tud ("o. Pa. and a township in Columbia Co. Pa Miildlrlown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on Connecticut river, 15 m. below Hartford. Pop. (>,87ri. The town stands on a bend of the river, .and has manufactures of cotton, woolen, swords, rifles, 0 m. E.Trenton; Dauphin, Washinsrlon, Biuks, Delaware and Susquehanna Cos.' Pa. iNewcastlcCo.Del.; Erederickand Dorchester Cos. Md. ; Frederick Co. Va. ; Sullivan Co Ten.; Jef- ferson Co. Ken.; Butler nnd Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Miiltlliluwn Point, p.v. Monmouth Co N J I'J in. N. W. Shrewsbury. Midrihville, p. v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. IH) m N ^V. Albany. MiiliUncny, p.t. Jefferson Co. Va. Middlnnih, a town in Cheshire, Eni'. The trade of the pliice is chiefly derived from the surrounding neighbourhood, which is a . W.,lat. 3-1. 21. S. MinasvilU, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Minas Gcrars, a province of Brazil, bounded N. by Bahia, W. by Goiaz. and S. bv the I'ar.ii- buna. It extends 600 or 700 m. frr)m N. to S. nearly the same from E. to W., and contains 3!)0- 000 inhabitants. This vast territory produces gold and diamonds in abundance ; also iron, anti- mony, bismuth, platina, cliroinate of lead, &c. The soil is likewise rich, producinjr in the vallevs sugar, cotton, &c. ; and in the higher grounds wheat, and generally all kinds of European grain. Mineh, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which separates the Isle of Sky from Lewis Island. Minthing Hampton, a town of Gloucester- shire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of cloth. It IS pleasantly situated on a declivity, 10 m. W. of Cirencester and 08 W. of London. Mincio, a river of Italy, which flows S. from the lake Garda, forms the lake and marshes that surround Mantua, and afterward runs into the Po. Minckcndorf, a town of Austria, on the Tries- sing, Cm. E. N. E. of Baden. .^lindatuw, an island in the Eastern seas, and one of the Philippines, about 300 m. long and 108 broad. The coast is indented by numerous bays, and the interior is intersected by chains of lof\y mountains, with intervening plains that aftord pasture for immense herds of cattle. The sides of the hills and valleys are stony, and yet there are tall trees, of kinds unknown in Europe. Some of the mountains yield very good gold; and the valleys are well watered with rivulets. Rice is produced in abundance ; as are also plantains, cocoa-nuts, sweet potatoes, and all the fruits com- mon to tropical climates. There are neither lions nor tigers, but horses, beeves, buflaloes, goats, hogs, deer, cV-c, are numerous. The fowls are ducks, hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets and tur- tle-doves, besides many small birds. The inhabi- tants are generally of a low stature, with little heads, small black eves, short no.ses, and large months. Their hair is black and straight, and their complexion tawny, but more inclined lo yel- low than thatof otiier Indians. The chief trades are goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and carpenters, who can build pretty good vessels. Polygamy is prac- tised. The government is partly feudal and part- ly monarchical. The prevailing religion is Ma- honiedisni,but the Spaniards have been in posses- sion of a large portion of the sea-coast to tlie W., N. and N. E., where they have planted colonies of Christians. MimUmao, the capital of the above island, and the residence ofthe sultan and his court, is about (i m. up the Pelangv. Opposite stands the town ofSelangan. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 7 9. N. MlntlcUifiin, a town in Bavaria, with a c%astle on a mountain, situate between the rivers Iller and Lech, 2.1 in. S. VV. of Augsburg. Miniirn, a government ol' tlie Prussian slates comprising the N. pj. part ofthe province of West- phalia and the former principalities of Minden, Paderborn, Rittberg. and Corvey, the bailiwic of llcckeberg, and the lordship of llhcda. It has an area of 2,o00 sq. in. divided into 13 districts, with 3:W,000 inhabitants. The soil in general is fer- tile, and the pasturage good. Mituirn, the capital of the above government is one ofthe oldest towns of Germany, and, while the see of a bishop, formed a petty republic. Its convenient situation for trade and navigation, its breweries, sugar-houses, and wa.x manufactures, are great advantages to the inhabitants. Near tliis town prince Ferdinand, of Brunswick, de- feated the French in 1759. It was occupied in 1800 by the French, and finally ceded to Prussia in 1814. It is seated on the Weser, 43 m E. of Osnaburg. Long. 8. 50. E., lat. 52. 19. N. Mindm, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,5(17. Miniinro, one of the Philippines, separated from Luconia by a narrow channel. It is mountainous, and abounds in palm-trees and all sorts of fruits. The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute lo the Spaniards. MiticrsrilU, a village in Schuylkill Co. Pa. sur- rounded by extensive coal mines. Minerva, a township of Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 358; p.v. Mason Co. Ken. Minr.hcad, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on tlie Connecti- cut. Pop. i.50. Mine Shihholelh, p.v. Washington Co. Missouri, 55 m. S. W. St. Louis. Here is one of the rich- est lead mines in the country. Mimhcad, a borough and sea-port in Somerset- shire, Eng. It has a good harbour on the Bristol Channel, and carries on a trade in wool, coal, and herrino-g. 31 m. N. of Exeter and ICO W. by S. of London. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 51. 12. N. Mingrrlia, a country of Asia, bounded W. by the Black Sea, E. by Imerilia. S. by the river Pliasis, and N. by Georgia. It is governed by a prince who is tributary to Russia. The face of this country, its products, and the customs and man- ners of tlie inhabitants, are similar to those of Georgia. Minlio, a river of Spain, which rises in the N. K. part of Galicia, passes by Lugo, Orense, and Tuy, and dividing Galicia from Portugal, enters the .'Vtlantic at Caminha. Minic, a town of Egypt, on the lefl bank ofthe Nile, 00 m. S. of Fayouin. .Win)>/n/,-, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Dela- ware. Pop. 4,970. Minorrino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 24 m W. S. W. ofTrani. Minorrn, one ofthe Balearic islands, lying 50m. MIR 503 MIS to the N. K. of Majorca. It is 30 m. long ana 1'2 broad ; and is a mountainous country, with some fruitful valleys. Some corn is raised, but the principal products of the island are wine, wool, cheese, and various fruits. It has been frequently in the hands of the British, l>y whom it was taken without the loss of a man in ITils, but given up at the peace of ld02. Ciudadella is the capital ; hut Malion claims greater coDsequ-^ncc, on ac- count of its excellent harbour. Port Mahon, which is defended by two forts. Long. 3. iS. E., lat. 39. 51 . N. Mhtot, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,908. Minsk, an extensive province of European Rus- sia, comprehending the old palatinate of Minsk and portions of Polotzk, Novogrodek, and Wilna. It extends from the Dwina N. to the province of Volhynia, comprises an area of 37,000 sq. m. is divided into ten circles, and contains '.150,000 in- habitants. The surface, productions, &c are the same as in Lithuania. Minsk, the capital of the foreeoing province, with two citadels, is seated on the Swislocz, ^0 m. S. E. of Wilna and 310 E. N. E. of Warsaw. Long 27. 58. E., lat. 53. 46. N. Mintaon, an island in the Indian Ocean, 40 m. lone and 14 broad, nn the W. coast of the island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 33. E., lat. 0. 25. S. Mioes, a lake of Norway, in the province of Iledemarke, 90 m. in circumference. It is almost divided by a peninsula, and contains a fertile isl- and 10 m. in circumference. Miqudon, a small desert island, S. W. of Cape Ray in Newfoundland, ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it by the English in 1793, but it was restored to them in 1802. Long. 56. 10. W., lat. 46. 42. N. Mira, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 16 m. N. W. ofCoimbra. Afi>flnt' an islaiifl l>end or sandbars. In these instances, it tears up the islands, removes the sandbars, and sweeps awav the tender, alluvial soil of the l)ends, with all llieir trees, and deposites the spoils in aimther place. At the season of high water, nothing is more familiar to the ear of the [leople on the river, thiii the deep crash of a land-slip, in which lari;- er (tr smaller masses of the soil on the banks, with all the trees, are plunged into the stream. The circumstances that change the aspect and current of the river, are denominated, in the vocabulary of the watermen, ciiutes, races, chains, sawyers, planters, points of islands, wreck iieaps and cy- press bends. The divinity most freijuently in- voked by boatmen, seems t>> have imparted his name oftener than any other to the dangerous pla- cesalongthe river. The 'Devil's' face paths, tea-tii- ble, oven, &c. are places of difficult or hazardous navigation, that frequently occur. They arc se- rious impediments to the navigation of this noble stream. Such is its character from Missouri to the Balize ; a wild, furious, whirling river, — nev- er navigated safely, except with great caution. On the immense wreck heaps, where masses of logs, like considerable hills, are piled together, the numerous wrecks of boats, lying on their sides and summits, sufficiently attest the character of the river, and remain standing mementos to caution. Boats propelled by steam power, which can he changed in a moment, to reverse the impulse and direction of the boat, are exactly calculated to ob- viate the dangers of this river. No person, who descends this river for the first time, receives clear and adequate ideas of its grandeur, and the amount of wat<'r which it car- ries. If it be in the spring, when the river below the mouth of the Ohio is generally over its banks, although the sheet of water that is making its way to the gulf is, perhaps, thirty miles wide, yet finding its way through deep forests and swamps that conceal all from the eye, no expanse of wa- ter is seen, but the width, that is curved out be- tween the outline of woods on either bank ; and it seldom exceeds,and oftener falls short of a mile. But when he sees, in descending from the falls of St. Anthony, that it swallows up one river after another, with mouths, as wide as itself, without affecting its width at all ; when he sees it receiv- ing in succession the mighty Missouri, the broad Ohio, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red rivers, all of thein of great depth, length and vol- ume of water ; w hen he sees this mighty river absorbing them all and retaining a volume, appar- ently unchanged, — he begins to estimate rightly the increasing depths of current, that must roll on in its deep channel to the sea. Carried out of the Balize, and sailing with a good bieeze foi hours, he sees nothing on any side, but the whit*.* and turbid waters of the Mississippi, long after he is out of sight of land. From its source to the falls of St. Anthony , it runs alternately through wild rice lakes and swamps, by limestone bluffs and craggy hills ■. occasionally through deep pine forests, and beau- tiful prairies ; and the tenants on its borders are elk, buffaloes, bears and deer, and the savages that pursue them. In this distance, there is no a civilized inhabitant on its shores, if we except the establishments of Indian traders, and a gar- rison of the United States. Buffaloes are seldom seen below these falls. Its alluvions become wide, fertile, and for the most part, liearily tim l>ered. Like the Ohio, its bottoms and bluffs gen- erally alternate. Its broad and placid current if often embarassed with islands, which are gener ally rich alluvial lands, often containing from live hundred to a thousand acres, and abounding with wild turkeys and other small game. From lOII in. above the mouth of the Missouri, it would be difficult for us to convey an idea of the bcaiitv of the prairies, skirting this noble river. They are a perfect level ; and are in summer cov (red with a luxuriant growth of grass and flowers without a tree or bush. Below the mouth of the Ohio, in the season ol inundation, to an observing spectator a very strik- iTigspectaoIe ispresented. The river sweeps along ill curves, or sections of circles, of an extent from six to twelve miles, measured from point to point. The sheet of water, that is visible between the fori'sts on either side, is a mile wide. On a calm spring morning, and under a bright sun, it shines, like a mass of burnished silver. Its edges are distinctly marked by a magnificent outline of cot- Ion wood trees, generally of great size, and at this time of the year, of the brightest verdure. On the conve.x, or bar side of the bend, there is gep erally a vigorous growth of willows, or young cotton wood trees, of such astonishing regularity of appearance, that it always seems to the in- experienced spectator, a work of art. The water stands among these trees, from ten to fifteen feet in height. Those brilliant creatures the black and red bird, flit among these young groves, that are inundated to half their height. Nature is carrying on her most vigorous efforts of vegetalion below. If there be wind or storm, the descending flat and keel boats immediately make for these groves, and plunge fearlessly, with all the head- way they can command, among the trees. Should they be of half the size of the human body, strucli fifteen feet from the ground, they readily bend before even a frail boat. — You de- scend the whole distance of a thousand miles to .New Orleans, landing at night in fifteen feet water among the trees ; but, probably, in no in- stance within twenty miles of the real shore, which is the bluff. The whole spectacle is that of a vast and magnificent forest, emerging from a lake, with its waters, indeed, in a thousand places in descending motion. One of the most striking peculiarities of this river, and of all its lower tributaries, is the uni- formity of its meanders, called in the phrase of the country, its ' points and bends.' In many instances these curves are described with a precision, with which they would have l)een marked off by the sweep of a compass. The river sweeps round, perhaps the half of a circle, and is precipitated from the point, in a current diagonally across its own channel to another curve of the same regularity upon the opposite shore. In the bend is the deepest chan- nel, the heaviest movement of waters, and what is called the thread of the current. Between this thread and the shore, there are generally counter currents, or eddies: and in the crumbling and MR 5(15 MIS lender alluvial soil, the river is generally niakinj inroads upon it* banks on the bend side. Oppo- site the uend there is always a sandbar, irtatched, in the convexity of its conformation, to the con- cavity of the bend. Here it is, that the appear- ance of the young cotton wood groves have their most striking aspect. The trees rise from the shore, showing first the vigorous saplings of the present year; and then those of a date of two and three years ; and trees rising in regular gradation to the most ancient and lofly point of the forest. These curves are so regular on this, and all Ihr rivers of the lower country, that the boatmen and Indians calculate distances by them; and instead of the number of miles or leagues, they estimate their progress by the number of bends they have pressed. The navig.nlion upon this river is very great. Sliios seldom ascend higher than Natchez. The number of steam-boats upon the Mississippi and its tributaries is about 300. Their size is from o-lO tons downward. The passage from Cincinna- ti to New Orleans and back, h.Ts been made in 11) davs. From New Orleans to Louisville Ihc shortest passage has been 8 days and 2 hours, the distance being 1,G50 m. and against the current. 'J'he steam-boats have generallj' high-pressure power, a.nd many fatal explosions have happened upon these waters. The tirst steam-vessel here was built in 1810. New Orleans is the outpnrt of this river, and the largest city on its banks. Its waters pass into the Gulf by several channels which in- tersect a flat marshy tract. The main entrance is at the Balize. Mississippi, one of the United States, bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by Louisia- na and VV. by Louisiana and Arkansas. It ex- tends from 30.10. to 35. N. lat. and from 60. 30. to 81. 35. W. long. 335 m. in length from N. to S. and 150 in breadth, containing 45,7G0 sq. m. It is wa- tered by the Mississi|»pi on the western boundary, the Yazoo and Big Black rivers, branches of Uie Mississippi, the Pascagoula and I'earl which flow into the Gulf of Mexico, and the head streams of the Tombcckbee rise in the N. part and pass into Alabama. There is a small e.\tent of coast lying upon Lake Borgne at its outlet into the Gulf, along which are scattered a lew low sandy islands but there is no sea-port of consequence in the state. Nearly the whole country is an alluvial flat, and the shore of the Mississippi in the north is an immense swamp 70 m. in width. In the N. E. part are some hilly, broken tracts. A great part of the soil is a pine barren, but the river intervals are rich and productive. Sugar-cane is raised in the south. The middle parts produce figs, grapes, tobacco, maize, sweet potatoes, rice, and indigo. Cotton is raised in all parts, and is the staple ar- ticle of cultivation . The climate is hot. moist and U4 in the level country is ins.'iliibriuus. Stagnant wa- ters are abundant, and the intense heat of the summer engenders bilious diseases. In the eleva- ted parts the climate is healthy and pleasant. The northern and central portions of this state are occupied by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians; the former tribe number about lil ,000 souls and the latter 3,000; civilization and useful arts have made considerable progress among them; tlieir agriculture is in a thriving state, and they have commodious houses, shops, schools an m. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, nearly in the same parallel with the Mississippi. The most authen- tic information we have yet had of the sources of tliis mighty river, is from its first intrepid American discoverers, Lewis and Clarke. What may properly be called (he Missouri seems to be formed by three considerable branches, which unite not far fioiii the bases of the principal ran- ges of the mountains. To tlie northern they gave the name of Jeffijrson, to the middle. Gallatin.and to the southern, Madison.— Each of these branches forks again into a number of small mountain streams. It is but a short distance from some of these to the head waters of the Oregon, on the other side of tlie mountains. A person may drink from llie spring sources of each, without travelling more than a mile. After this junction, the river continues a considerable distance to be still a foam- MIS 500 MIS in,' niomitain lorrcnt. It then epreails into :i broid nnd rninparativelv gentle Btrcain full Dl'isl- an(U. Prrcipitous pt-uKs of blackish rurk frown above the river in perpendicular clevationB of 1 ,(100 feet. The inountuins, whose bases it sweeps, arc covered with piiies, cedars, and firs ; and moun- tain sheep are bi en bounding on Iheir summits, where they are apparently inaccessible. In this distance the mountains have an aspect of inex- pressible loneliness and (rrandeur. The river then becomes almost a continued cataract for the distance of about 17 m. In this distance its perpendicular descent is 3ljij feet. The first fall is 98 feel ; the second, 1'.); the third, 47 ; the fourth, 20. These falls are next to Niag- ara the grandest in the world. The river contin- ues rapid for a long distance beyond. The Roche Jaune, or Yellow Stone, is probably the largest tributary of the Missouri. It rises in the same ranges of mountains with the main river, and has many points of resemblance to it. Il enters from the south by a mouth H,")!) yards wide. It is a broad, deep, and sweeping river ; and at its junction appears tlio larger of th(! two. Its course is commonly calculated at l,(JOU miles, liut the si7.e and length of all these Iribularies are probably over rated. lis shores, for a long distance above its entrance, are heavily timbered, antl its bottoms wide, and of the finest soil, lis enlnnne is deemed to be I..Sc!0 ni. above thenioulh of the Missouri ; and it was selected by the gov- ernment, as an eligible situation for a military ]iosl, and an extensive settlement. White bears, elk, and mountain sheep, are the principal ani- inuls seen along this pan of the river. The oth- er tributaries are the Kansas. I'lalte, Osage. Lit- tle Missouri, Running Water, White and Milk Rivers. At the point of junction with the Yillow Slniie, the Missouri has wide and fine bottoms. Hut its banks are for the most part deslilulc of limber, and this for a long scries of years will prevent its being inhabited. The 'Gates of the Rocky Moun- tains,' through which the Missouri seems to liavi^ torn itself a passage, are foinmonly described ns among the sublimesl spectacles in the world. Kor nearly 13 m. these mountains rise m black and per- pendicular masses 1,200 feet above the siirfaee of the river. The chasm is little more than 2.')0 yards wide ; and the deep and foaming waters of Ihe Missouri rush through the passage, as if it wi're a cataract. The heart of the beholder is chilled, as he contemplates, in these wild and uninhabittMl regions, this conflict between the river and Ihe mountains. The smoolh and black walls of the cleft rise more than twice as hi"h as the nioun- tainson the Hudson, below West Point Kvery p.is- scnger up that river has been impressed with the grandeur of that scene in the midst of ameni- ty and life. What then must be the sensations of the passenger through the gates of the Rocky Mountains, who witnesses the proofs of this con- flict of nature, in a region three hundred leagues from civilization. \^ast columns of the rock are torn from the mountains and lie along the banks of the river. The bottoms of the Missouri have a character, very dislinffiiishable from those of the Upper Mis- sissippi. They are higher, not so wet, more s.-m- dv. with trees which are not so large, but taller and straighter. Its alluvions are something nar- rower ; having for the first .''lOO m. a medial w idtli of more than 4 m. Its bluffs, like those of the other river, are generally iimestxine. but not so pir|)endieular ; and have more endency to run into the mamdic form. The bottoms abound svith deer, ttirkeys and small game. The river seldom overflows anv part of iU banks, in this distance It is little inclined to be swampy. There are much fewer lakes, bayous, and small ponds, than along the Mississippi. I'rairies are scarcely seen on lln; banks of the river, within the distance of the first 400 m. of its course. It is heavily timbered, and vet from the softness of the wood, easily cleared 'riie water, though uncommonly turbid with a whitish earlli. which it holds in suspension, soon and easily settles, and is then remarkably pure, pleasant and healthy water. The river is so rapid and swee[>iiig in its course, and its bed is comjios- ed of such masses of saiid, that it is continually shilling its sandbars. A chart of the river, as it runs this year, gives little ground fur calculation, in navigating it the next. It has numerous islands and generally near them is the most difllcult to be stemmed. — Still more than the Mississippi be- low its mouth, it tears up in one place, and depos- ites in another; and makes more frequent and powerful changes in its channel, than any other western river. Its bolloms are considerably settled for a dis- tance of 40O m. above its mouth. That of Chara- ton is Ihe highest compact settlement. But the largest and most pojiulous settlement in the slate is that called Boone's Lick. Indeed, there are 1 HMI^'"'' i ^^M j^yH| KVkmi'w^jK '• ^im^ n.''.:j^SJMfa ^S S^^^sli^^Hm ^^s a^sSc^B^?jja^^M^Bi L3«#«« ilgt^f'^^"''-.!?'*-*^ " — ^i!a^^^B^^H^^^B Anit-Tican Bettlers, here and there, on the bottuins, alx've the Platte, and far beyond the limits of the Htiite ol* Missuuri. Above the Platte the open anil prairie character of the country begins to de- veinpr. The prairies come quite into tlie banks of the river; and slretcli from it indefinitely, in naked j^^rass plainy, where the Iravelier may wan lier for davs, withotit seeing either wood or water. ■ — The ' Council Bluffs' are an important mil itary station, about IJOO m. up the Missouri. Be- yond thiw point oommences a country of great interest and fjf^ndeur in niany rcspecls ; and de nominated, by way of eminence, the Upper Mis Kouri. The country is composed of vast and al most boundless gras^plains, through whichstretch the Platte, tlie Yellow Stone, and the other rivers of this ocean of grass. The savages of this region have a peculiar physiognomy and mode of life. It is ft country, where commence new tribes of plants. It is the liome of buffaloes, elk, white bears, antelopes and mountain sheep. And its in- oxliaustible supplies of game make it the paradise ofliunters. Sometimes the river washes the ba- sis of the dark liills of a friable and crumbling suit. Here are found, as Lewis and Clarke, and other respectable travellers relate, large and sin- truiur petrifactions, both animal and vegetable. — On the tup of one of these hills they tound ihe petrified skeleton of a huge fish, 45 feet in length MIS 507 MIS The herdi of gregarious aniniils, particularly the buffaloes, are innumerable. Such is the gen- eral character of the country, until we come in contact with the spurs of the Rocky Mountains. As far as the limits of tlie state, this river is ca- pable of supporting a dense population, for a con- siderable distance from its banks. Above those limits it is generally too destitute of wood, to be- come habitable by any other people than hunters and shepherds. All the great tributaries of this river are copies, more or less exact, of the parent stream. One general remark applies to the wliole country. The rivers have a narrow margin of fertility. The country, as it recedes from the river, becomes more and more sterile, s'mdy and destitute of water, until it approximates in char- acter towards the sandy deserts of Arabia. Missouri, one of the United States, lying west of the Mississippi, and intersected by the great river from which it takes its name. It is bounded N. and W.bytlieTerritory of Missouri, K. by Illin- ois, Kentucky and Tennessee, and S. by Arkan- sas -, extending from 30. to 40. ;iO. N. lat. and from 89. to U4. 10. W. long. 270 m. in length and 220 n breadth. It contains 60,000 sq. ni. The Mis- Kissippi washes the eastern boundary, the other principal streams are the brandies of the Mis- souri and this river. The Ozark Mountains ex- tend south-westerly from this state into Arkansas, and there are some mountain ridges toward the cast, A large extent of this great state in its south-east angle commencing above New Mad- rid, and extending down tlie great swamp, and through the alluvial region, a considerable dis- tance back from the Mississippi, is low, swampy, full of lakes, and in many places subject to be in- undated. Beyond that region, which is generally marked by a bold line of rolling and fertile high lands, the country gradually rises into high flint knobs, still rising beyond that region to tlie moun- tainous country of the lead mines. This country extends to the Osage and its tributaries. Beyond this the country is broken and hilly ; until we open upon the boundless belt of open prairies, which spreads beyond the western limits of this state. The best portion, and the most inhabited parts of the state arc between the Missouri and Mississippi. This vast tract is no where moun- tainous. It contains great tracts of alluvial and hilly prairies. It is for the most part ii surface, delightfully rolling and variegateil. There is no part of the globe, where greater extents of coun- try can be traversed more easily, and in any di- rection by carriages of any description, where the -e are no roads, and thai is yet in a state of nature. One specific difference between the soil of this country, and the country bordering on the Ohio is, that the land here contains a much greater pro- portion of sand, is more loamy and friable, and the soil is not so stiff. There are tracts over all this country, where we find the ''.layey soils of Ohio and Kentucky. But they are sniall. The roads generally, run over tracts, where the falling rain and snow are so readily absorbed, even m the win- ter, that the people are not troubled with the deep and almost impassable roads, that we find in those states. The rich uplands are of a darkish grey colour ; with the exception of the great tract about the lead mines, where the soil, composed of decom- posed pyrite, is reddish, and of a colour brighter than Spanish brown. The poorer uplands are generally covered with white oak, and that small shrubby species of oak denominated here jnti onk. It is usually a stiffer and more clayey soil than the other ; and it is of a light yellow colour. There are two extensive tracts of that fine kind of tim- bered upland alluvion, which constitutes the finest central portions of Kentucky. The one is, per- haps, fifteen or twenty miles in extent. It is south- west of the mine country, and is called Bollevuo settlement. The other tract is much larger, and is called in this country tlie Boone's licl. settle- inent. There are entailer extents of this kind of land, spread over all the state. In a state of na- ture, it strikes the eye delightfully. The surface rolls gently and almost imperceptibly. It has the same trees and shrubs, and the grand vegetation, that designate the rich alluvions; and at the same time it has the diversified surface, and the asso- ciated ideas of health, and springs of water that are naturally connected with the notion of up- lands. These lands are timbered with the same trees whicli the alluvions bear. Like those, they are surmounted with grape vines, and are free from underbrusli. The graceful pawpaw, tlie persimon, and the wild cherry tree, all di'nnting rich soils, abound in these regions ; and tliey are nearly as fertile as the bottoms of llic Missouri, or the Mississippi. The prairies are generally level and of an inter- mediate character between tlie richer and the poorer uplands. The alluvial prairies are univer- sally rich, and nearly as fertile as the bottoms. Some tracts of the upland prairies are rich Hut there are scarcely any lands in this state suffi- ciently level for cultivation, that have not ferti- lity enough to bring good crops of corn wilhi-'Ut manure ; and in many instances the poorer lands are better for wheat than the richer. The grand- est objects of nature will, probably, not excite so much surprise in the mind of a traveller from the Atlantic states, as tl e first view of a prairie. Ri- ding, day after day, through forests, where the small improvements made in the wilderness scarcely interrupt the general aspect of woods, he opens at once upon tiie view of a boundless hori- zon. In the early periods of summer, he beholds outstretched under his eye a perfectly level plain, of the most sot\ and beautiful verdure, covered with a thousand flowers of every scent and hue. Here and there, in the skirts of the prairies, and often in tlif'ir centre are clumps of ooks, and j)ec- cans and lilack walnuts, disposed in forms so re- fulor, and 1) feet below the surfaee. About ll.OOD.OOO jiounds are annunlly smelteii. Coul is found in abundance along the iMissouri. and iron in every part of the state. i\Ianganese, zinc, antimony, and cobalt acconipanv the lead ore ; salt, nitre, H ta,».-*tone, pinmbagu, barv'es. pumice stone, gyp- Mim, Mint and marble are also produced here. The elimite is generally salubrious, and the nir uncommonly dry ; but the weather is subject- ed to greater extremes of cold and lieat than in the other western stales. Wheat and maize are the staple articles of cultivation : fla.v, hemp and cotton are also raisetl. M:.-.souri is divided into Itii counties. Tlie pop- ulation is !4U,(»7-J, of whom '^4,91(0 are slaves. The capital is Jeiferson . the largest town is St. J>'>uis. The legislature is called the General As- senihl}-, and consists of n Si iiate and House of Kcpresentalives. The aenat"vs are chosen for -I years and tiie representatives for -. The Gov- ernor is chosen for 4 years and is ineligible for the next term. Elections are popular and suf- frage is universal. The Ilaplists have (17 minis- ters in liiis state; the Methodist^s 'J:! ; the I'resby- terians tO; the Episcopalians :\, and there are sjme Cathohcs. There is a ccdlege at St. Louis and a few seminaries of learning exist in other j)arts. This state was originally a part of the Territory of J^ouisiana. It was admitted into the Union in ]ti'2\. .'fV.s'tfuW Terrnortf, the niuie "riven to that vast extent of wild country belonging to tlu' United Stales which lies west (*{' all the seltb'd districts and east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded N. by the British possessions^ E. by Michigan, Illinois, and the state of Missouri, S. and S. W. by ]\Iexic') and W. by the Rocky Mountains. It ex- tends from 30. '.iO.'to -W). N. lat. and from 00. to 1 l*j. W. long, and is eytimated to contain ^00,000 st]. miles. A great part of this immense territory i-s intersected by the river Missouri and it.^ numerous branches. The n')rth-western part is traversed by a niounlain ridge which branches from the great Rocky Mountain chain, about the 4:2d degree of latitude, and extends north-westerly towards Lake Winnipeg. The eastern part is a level country. From 200 tn -100 miles west of the Mississippi, the land is partly covered with forests. Beyond this limit commences a vast ocean of prairies, and the country is mostly a plain in some parts fertile and covered with gra.>s, and in others a barren desert of sand. The surface and soil of this vast extent ol coun try is diflerent from any other of the same dimen- sions on the globe. Tlie lower courses of all the rivers, that enter the Mississippi from this region, are wooded. In proportion, as we ascend towards the mounLains, the wood becomes more scarce, and the upper tributaries of these streams run throuHi open prairies. There is, also, a fertile belt along the banks of all these streams ; but in proportiun as we diverge from them, the land becomes more sterile and parched. We some- times may travel whole days, without seeing water. Great portions of this country may be al- most likened to the Sahara of the African deserts. There is. however, in the most sterile parts a thin sward of grass and herbage. Countless droves of buflalues, elk and deer, range upon these vast prairies. These will probably, in some future period of unr national existence be replaced by herds of domestic cattle, and flocks of sheep, fol- lowed by moving bands of shepherds. Almost the whole course of the Missouri, Platte and Yellow Stf»ne are through a rich soil. The same may lie afiirmed of Red river. The upper courses of the Arkansas are through the most sterile re- gion of this ocean of prairies. In a country of such immense extent, generally level, naked and open, the climate must of course in a great measure correspond to the latitude. The first climate, beyond the state of Missouri, and the territory of Arkansas, is mild and temperate. The belt beyond has nearly the climate of New England Still further towards the mountains, it is Canadian. Pike and other travellers speak ot encountering storms of sleet and hail in the sum- mer, near the sources of the Arkansas. When the winds blow from the west over the summits of these mountains, the cold they occasion is extreme. Wild horses are abundant in various parts of this country. Lewis and Clarke in their expedi- tion saw many oflliem on the plains of the Mis- souri, and Major Long observed whole troops up- on the prairies still iarthcr south. The Indians are abundantly supplied with them, many of which are very fleet, and capable of great en-iu - ranee. A savage warrior mounted on one of these with his long spear, makes a very formida- l)le appearance. The Indians take no pains to breed horses, but supply themselves by catching and taming as many as they want. A metiiod sometimes adopt- ed by hunters for taking the wild horse, is to shoot the animal through the neck, using the requisite care nc)t to injure the spine. A iiorse may re- ceive a rifle ball through a particular part ot" tho neck, without sustaining any permanent injury, the blow, is however, suflicient to occasion a tem- MIS porary Euanensioii of the powers of life, during which, the animal is easily taken. This is call- ed crFiuinf; and requires for its successful per- fonnancp.'no small degree of skill in the use of the rifle. Major Long remarKs, Inat in IVe habits ot the wild horse, we find little unlike what is seen in the domestic animal. He becomes the most tiin orous and watchful of the inhabitants of the wil- derness. It would appear from the paths that are seen, that they sometimes perform lonjj j'lurneys. Wild horses were once numerous on the Kno- ttnnv Lands, near the northern sources of the Co- 'unibia, on the eastern side oi' the Rocky Moun- tain lUd'je, hill of late years they have been al- most eradieaU'd in tliat (|iiarter. They are not known ti e.xistin a wild stale to the northward of the fiClv-second or fifty-third parallel of latitude. The Kootaiinies are aeipiainled with the Sjianish and .\nieri''an ninde of taking them with the htso. Major Long mentions that horses are an object of partifuilar value to the Osan-es. For the pnrp ise of obtaining these animals, which in their wild state preserve all their fleetness, they go in a largi" parly to the country of the Red Canadian River, where they are to be found in considerable numbers. When they discover a gang of the horses, they distribute themselves into three par- ties, two of which take their stations at dirt'erent and proper distances on their route, which by pre- vious experience they know the horses will most probably lake when endeavouring to escape. This arrangement being completed, the first party commences the pursuit in the direction of their colleagues, at whose position they at length ar- rive. The second party then continues the chase with fresh horses, and pursues the fugitives to the third party, which generally succeeds in so far running them down, as to noose and cap- ture a considerable number of them. Immense herds of bison, elks, deer, and other wild animals occupy these vast plains. Of these the bison is the most remarkable from the incred- ible numbers in which they feed together. Some- times 40 sq. m. of territory have been seen com- pletely covered with them. At the period when the Europeans began to make settlements in North America, this animal was occasionally met with on the Atlantic coast; but even then it appears to have been rare to the eastward of the Apala- chian Mountains ; for Lawson has thought it to he a fact worth recording, that two were killed in one season on Cape Fear River. As early as t!ie first discovery of Canada it was unknown in that country. Theodat, whose history of Can- ada was published in lU3(i, merely says, that he was informed that bulls existed in the remote wes- ern countries. Warden mentions that at no very di.-ilant date, herds of them e.xisted in the western ple than thought it best to re- turn, and fled into the thicket. This territory is inhabited by various Indian tribes, the most numerous of which are the Sioux. The whole number of the Indians is estimated at 150,000 The United States have railiUry postain different parts. It constituted a portion ol the great territory of Louisiana purchased of the French. Missouri, towns in Clark and Hempstead Cos Arkansas. MissouriUm, a town in Howard Co. Missouri Mistaken Capr, the S. point of the eastern-nu.sl ol the Harinit Islands, about 9 m. £. N. K of Cape Horn. MisliiUeii Point, a promontory on the W. of Cai^ Race, at the S. E. point of the island of New- foundland. Mislassin, Ijihc, a laKe of New BriUin, lying E. of the S. part of James' Bay, and surrounded by mountains called the Great Mistassins. It is above 2.10 m. in circuit, of a very irregular shape being much intersected by long and narrow pro- jections of land, and contains several islands. It is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers from the mountains, and its outlet is the river Rupert .W,>(rf/(«, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dcmona! 50 m. E. S. E. of Palermo Milcham, a village in Surrey, Eng. 7 m. S. W. of London. It is seated on the Wandle, on whicti are some snuff-mills and calico-printing manu- factories. MilrJicldmn, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng seated at the N. extremity of tlie forest of Dean 12 m W. of Gloucester and IIG W. by N. of London. Milchrlstown, a town of Ireland, m the county of Cork, with a college for 12 decaved' gentlemen and 10 genllewomen. It is 2:! m.'S. £. of Cork and 20 S. S. E. of Limerick. Miltjiu, a town of Russia, capital of the govern- ment of Courland, the residence of Louis X'VIII for several years duriiiij his exile. The walls and luoals of the town are decayed, the houses, for the most part, have no particular elegance; and a grtat many gardens and open places are contain- ed withm Its circuit. Here are two Lutheran churches, a beautiful Calvinist church, and a Catholic church. It is seated on the Aa, 45 m E of Goldinjren and 270 N. N. E. of Warsaw. Lonir 23. 50. E., lat. 50. 40. N. ^' Miltmicahl, a town of Siberia, on Uie Neisse 18 m. S. of Gi'utz. * Mitten waid, a town of Bavaria, capital of the county of Werdenfels; seated on the Iser, 12 m. N. of Inspruck. MUtirbur-r, a town of Austrian Illyria, witli a castle on a rock, ."W m. S. E. of Trieste Mobile, p.t. Mobile Co. Alabama, and tne only considerable town in the state. It stands on the W. side of a large bay to which it gives its name and has a good trade principally in the exporta- tion of cotton. Steam-boats ply between lliis place and New Orleans, as well as the towns on the river above Mobile. This town was founded by the L'paniards about the year 1700. The yellow fever is often prevalent here Lat. 30. 37. N. Ion? 88. Irt. \V. Pop. 3,194 ^' Mobile, a river of Alabama, formed by the junc- tion of the Alabama and Tombcckbee. 40 m. above the town of Mobile It enters Mobile Bay by several channel.s. The western channel is called MOB 611 MOH the Mobile ; the easlern i« called the Tensaw, and has the greatrsl width ana depth. Mobile Bay is 30 m. Ion" and 12 bro»<>iirlioual ones are Gilolo, Coram, Ainboyna, Ouby, Ternate, Tidore, Motir, Machi an, and ISacliian. Except Gilolo, tliey produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, but lliey have oranges, lemons, and other fruits; and are most remarkable ftjr spices, especially cloves and nut- megs. On the shores there are large rocks of coral, of great variety and beauty. Tlur clove tree, (now called by botanists Lugt- via curyopltyllata,) is about forty or fifty feet high, with long poinb-d leaves tike those of the laurel. Some compare its ajtpearance ti) that of the beerh. .'\t tiie beginning of the wet season in May, it throws out a profusion of leaves. Soon after, the germs of the fruit are to b<* seen at the extremities of the shoots, and in four months the cloves ar« -X-^-""^ fully formed. The fruit, at first of a green colour, assumes in time a pale yellow, and then a blood red. At this period, it is fit to be used as a spice, consequently this is the clove harvest. But to open Eufiiciently for the purposes of propagation, it requires three weeks longer; in which period it swells to an extraordinary size, loses much of its spicy quality, and contains a hard nucleus like the seed of the bay. It is now called " tJie Mo- ther Clove." There are five varieties of this fruit It has a more limited geographical distribution than any other useful plant. It was originally confined to the five Molucca islands, and chiefly to Makian. It had been conveyed to Amboyna a very short lime before the arrival of the Portu- guese. Not partial to large islands, it does not grow well in Gilolo, Ceram, Booro, or Celebes, h has been cultivated, and has produced fruit, in the western part of Occanica. It has also borne fruit, though of inferior quality, for these fifty years in the Mauritius. Even at Amboyna, the tree is not productive before the tenth or twelfth year of its growth, and requires great attention whereas, in the parent islands, it bears in its seventh or eighth year, and requires very little care or culture. It neither thrives near the sea nor on the high hills. The gathering, the drying, and the packing of it, are all as simple operations as possible ; and very little care is required for its preservation as an article of commerce. The most remarkable animals in these islands are the barbiroussa, the opossum, the phalanger, the Indian jerboa, and the chevrotain or Moschus m/gmaeus. There are but few domestic animals. The eye is delighted with the magnificent plum- age of some of the birds, such as tlie bird of para MON 51'J MON disc, tlie fishing martin, llm difllTont parroquets, cockatoos, and others. We know httle of the minerals of these regions. ^V The natives of the Moluccas, before they were visited by foreign nations, attached no value to the vegetable riches which are peculiar to their islands, and which have rendered them at once so celebrated and so unfortunate. The Chinese first accidentally landed in the middle age,and dis- covered the clove and the nutmeg, in consequence of which a taste for these commodities was dif- fused over India, and thence extended to Persia and to Europe. These Islands were discovered in 1511, by the Portuguese, who formed some settle- ments," but were driven out in 1507 by the Dutch, to whom the islands are at present subject. Molicitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Brieg, famous for a victory gained by •Jie Prussians over the Austrians in 1741. 4 m. W. of Brieg. Mombaza, a city on the coast of Zanguebar. It was seated on a peninsula, which has been since turned into an island, by cutting a canal through the isthmus. It is defended by a strong citadel, has a commodious harbour for lar^e ves- sels, and carries on a great commerce with the islands and kingdoms adjacent, in- gold, ivory, rice, flesh, «fcc. The king of Melinda, being a Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese governor, took the castle by assault, turned Ma- homedan, and murdered all the Ciiristians, in 1()3I. In 1729 the Portuguese again became masters of this territory ; but since that time the natives have regained possession of it, and have treated in the most treacherous and hostile man- ner all Christians who have attempted to land. Mombaza is 75 m. S. S. W. of Melinda. Long. 39. 30. E., lat. 3. 15. S. Momfiot, a town of Egypt, with manufactures of linens, sealed on the left bank of the Nile, 20 m. N. N. W. of Sioutk Mompox. a town of Xew Granada, in llie pro- vince of Carthagena, on the left bank of the Mag- dalena, 112 in. S. S. E. of Carthagena. Afona. an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, to the S. W. of the isle of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Siege is the chief town. Monacfis, p. v. Montgoinen,' Co. Alabama. Moruuo, a fortified sea-port of Italy, capital of a small principality of the same name, between the country of Nice and the duchy of Genoa. The harbour is good, but not deep enough for large vessels ; the principal export is olive oil. It is seated on a craggy rockthat projects into the sea, 12 m. E. N. E. of Nice. Lon^. 7. 30. E., lat. 43. 44. N. Mojut^fmn, a county of Ireland, in th*? province of Ulster, bounded N. by Tyrone, E. by Armagh, S. E. by Louth, S. W. by Cavan, and W. by J>r- inanagh. Its area includes ]7lt,i;0O Irish acres, part of which is occupied by woods and bogs, and a third part taken up by Lough Erne. A ^reat part is, however, in a high state of cultivation, and the population amounts to about IHO.OOfl. It contains five baronies, is divjded into 20 parishes, and sends two members to parliament. Monaghan, the capital ofthe foregoing county, was fortified with a castle and a fort, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. It is 40 m. S. W. of Belfast and 60 N. N. W. of Dublin. Long. (>. 49. W., lat. 54. If). N. Monnghan, a township of York Co. Pa. Monaster J a town of the kingdom of Tunis, seat* ed near the sea. 70 m. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 11. 6. E., lat. 3:5: no. N. Motuistcrran, a town of Ireland, in the countv of Kildare, situate on the Barrow, near the grand canal, Ifl m. N. of Carlow and 32 S. W. of Dublin. Monblanc, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Francoli, 17 m. N. of Tarragona. Moncallier, a town of the Sardinian states in Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the Po, 5 m. S. E. of Turin. MonraJro, a town of Piedmont, province of Mor.tferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 m. S. W. of Casal and 30 E. of Turin. Moncaon, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minlio, with a strong castle ; seated near the Minho, 24 m. N. of Braga. Monchabon, a city of Birmiih, and during a short period its capital, is surrounded by a wall and ditch, but is chiefly celebrated as the birth-place of Alompra, who afterwards became the deliverer of his country and the conqueror of Pegu. It is 40 m. N. of t/mmerapoora. Moncon, a town of S])aiii, in Arragon, with a castle, 6 m. S. of Balbastro and 50 N. E. of Sar- agossa. MonconJour, a town of France, department of Cotes du Nord, 12 m. S. S. E. of St. Brieux. Monaflnock, mountain, usually called the Grand Momidnork, is situated in the towns of ,IaflTey and Dublin, in Cheshire Co. N. H. about 22 m. E. from Connecticut river, and JON. ofthe Southern boundary of this state. The direction of the ridge is N. E. and S. W. The mountain is about 5 ra. long from N. to S. and 3 m. from E. to VV. According to Professor Dana, who visited the moun- tain in 181G, its base is 1,452, and its summit .'!,450 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain is composed of talc, and mica slate, distinctly strati- fied. Garnet, schorl, feldspar, and quartz, occur in various parts. On the E. side, plumbago is found in large quantities. Crucibles and peucils have been manufactured from it, but for the latter, it proves not very good. The summit when seen at a distance of 4 or .5 m. appears rounded and destitute of those high cliffs and mural precipices belonging to granitic mountains. The prospect from the pinnacle is very extensive ; thirty ponds of fresh water, some of which are so large as to contain islands of 8 or 10 acres, may be seen from it, in the immediate vicinity. Near the base ofthe mountain, is the " Monadnock Mineral Spring." Moncontour, a town of France, department of Vienne, 27 ra. N. W. of Poitiers. MON 514 MON Monilcgo, a river of I'ortimal, which lias ita Bource near Guardo, crosses Beira by Coimbra, and enters the Atlantic, near a cape of the same name. Us banks were the theatre of ijrcat inih- tary niovcnienta between the Frencli and British in IrtlO and 1811. Mundontdo, a town of Spain, in GulHcia, and a bishop's see ; CO ni. N. E. of Compostella and 115 N. VV. of Leon. Long. 7. Jl). \V., lat. 43. 30. N. Mondori, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a province of its name and a bishop's see. In 171W the French «rained a victory here over the Austrians, wiiich made tliem masters of tlie states of the king of Sardinia. It is seated on a moun- tain, near the river Kllero, 14 m. E. of Coni. Long. 8.3. E.,lat. 44. UT,. N. Mor,drai;on, a town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, near which are some medicinal springs and a famous mine of excellent iron. It is seated on the Deva, 24 m. S. S. W. of St. Sebii.sti.jn. Moiulrauone, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- voro, celebrated for its medicinal waters. 13 m. N. W. of Capua. Monfin, an island on the coast of Zanguebar, to the N. E. of Quiloa, tributary to Portugal. Long. 40.50. E.,lat. 7. 50. S. Monftanquin, a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, 20 m. N. N. E. of Agen. Monfurte, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a castle, 11) m. N of Orense. Monforlr., a town of Portugal in Beira, 17 m. S. E. of Castel Branco. Monfurte, a town of Portugal, in Alcmtejo, 21 m. S. of Portalegra. Monfurte, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- tes, 30 m. W. of Braganza. Monghyr, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin- doostan, capital of a district of its name in the province of Bahar, seated on the S. bank of the Ganges, which in the rainy season forms here a prodigious expanse of fresh water. The town, as distinct from the fortress, consists of 10 different bazaars, or market-places, scattered over a space of about a mile and a half long and a mile wide. The population is estimated at 30,000. Since 18IG this has formed one of the stations of the Baptist Missionary Society, whose exertions have here been attended with a pleasing degree of success. SO m. E. by S. of Patiia and 300 N. \V. of Cal- cutta. Long. 8G. 3(i. E., lat. 25. 24. N. Mongolia, or Western Chinese 7nr(ari/, is bound- ed on 'the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartary, S. by the Great Wall of China and Leatong, and W. by Independent Tartary, and occupying most of the space between China and Asiatic Russia. Almost the whole territory consists of a level plain, which borders on the Altai and other mountain chains that for;:i the Russian frontier. The inhabitants are decidedly distinguished both from the Turks and Tartars. They have neither towns nor houses; Imt wander. in hordes, and live under tents, which they remove from one place to another, according as the temperature of the diff'erent seasons, or the wants of their flocks, require. They pass the summer on the_ banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of some mountain or hill which shelters them from the piercing N. wind. Their ideas of honour, per- haps less ridiculous than those of our contempo- raries, induce them rathcf to be content with the food which their flocks supply them, than culti- vate the earth. During the summer they live only on milk, using without distinction that of the Cow, mare, ewe goal, and camel. Their or- dinary drink is warm water, in which a little coarse tea has been infused ; with this they mix cream, milk, or butter, according to their cirruin- stances. They havb also a method of makinir a kind of spirituous liignor of sour milk especially of that of the mare. The Monguls are free, open, and sincere. They pride themselves chiefly on llieir dexterity in handling the bow and arrow, mount- ing on horseback, and liuullng wild beasts. Polig- amy is permitted among them ; but they generallv have only one wife. Their religion is confined to the worship of Fo. They have the most su- perstitious veneration for their lamas, to whom they give the most valuable of their elTeets in re- turn for prayers, which they go about reeilimr from tent to tent. The Monguls are now split iiilo a number of petty slates, dependant on the em- pires of Russia and China. Those under the Chi- nese government may be divided into four prin- cipal tribes, which arc the Monguls, properly so called, the Kalkas, the Ortous, and the Tartars of Konkonor. Monhcim, a town of Bavaria, in Neuburg, 8 ni. N. of Oonawert. Munihrndum.a sea-port of the Netherlands, in N. Holland, with manufactures of soap and silk : seated on an arm of the Zuider Zee, 8 m. i\. £. of Amsterdam. Lon^. 4. :W. E., lat. 52. 28. N. Monislrul, a town ot France, department of Up- per Loire, 14 m. S. W. of St. Etienne. Monlia corner, p. v. Charleston Dis. S. C. MonLlun. p t, Addison Co. Vt. 2(j m. S. E. Bur- lington. Pop. 1 ,3.'^4 ; also a township of Annapo- lis Co. N. C. and Westmoreland Co. N. B. Munntoutfi, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 20.- 2:13. Freehold is tiie capital. Muninuuth, p.t. Kennebec Co. Ale. 17 m. W. Augusta. Pop. \.Hr'-i. Moniuuuth, a borough of England, capital of Monmouthshire. It was formerfy defended by a wall and ditch ; and contains the ruins of a cas- tle in which tlie warlike Henry V. was born, hence called Henry ofMonmouth. His cradle and the armour which he wore at the battle of Agin- court are still shown at Troy House, the seat of the duke of Beaufort, about half a mile from the town. Here are two ancient churches, both cu- rious structures. The inhabitants carry on some trade by means of the Wye, and there are iron and tin works in the neighbourhood. Monmouth is seated at the conflux of the Wye and Minoiir, 25 m. W. of Gloucester and 131 W. by N. of Lon- don. Momnovlhshire, a county of England, 24 m. long and 20 broad. The eastern, and largest part, is a tract fertile in corn and pa.sture, well wooded, and abounding with limestone. The western portion is mountainous, and in great part unfavourable for cultivation ; whence it is devo- ted to the feeding of sheep and goats. Mon- mouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the cfuinties of Wales ; and from the names of its towns and villages, its mountainous rugged sur- face, and its situation beyond the Wye, which seems to form a natural boundary between Eng- land and Wales in this part, it certainly partakes most of the cliar;;cter of the latter country though now comprehended in the civil division of tlie former. Tiie higher ranks generally speak Eng- lish, but the common people use the Welsh lan- guage. The chief wealth of the county arises tVom its agricultural and mineral products. Dur- ing the last century n great number of iron works MON 515 MON have been established, and some tin works ; and the inland intercourse has been greatly lucilitatsd by the Brecknock and Monmouthslure canals, as also by the several railways. JUoiiomotnpa. See Mocaran!(a. Mononsahtla, a river of the United States, which rises in Virginia, at the foot of the Lnuri-1 Mountains, flows N. by Morgantown, where it becomes navigable, then enters Pennsylvania, and passes by Redstone to Pittsburg, where it meets the Alleghany, and their united streams assume the name of Ohio. Monongalia, East and West, two counties of the W. district of Virginia. Pop. E. G,(W8, W. 7;.K4. Morgantown is the capital of both. Monopoli, a town of Naples, in Terra di IJari, on the coast of the gulf of Venice, "iS jn. E. S. K. of Bari. Monpazier, a. town of France, department of Dordogne, seated on the Drot, 18 m. S. W. of Sarlat. Monquegna, or Monqucqiui, a town of Peru, in the bishopric of Arequipa, capita! of a territory of its name, adorned with large vineyards. Its wliole commerce is in wine and brandy, which are greatly valued. 100 m. S. E. oi' Arequipa. Long. 71. 40. E.,lat. 17. :i4. S. Monreale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma7..ara. It is an archbishop's see, and the cathedral is an admired specimen of Gothic architecture. 3 ni. W. S. W. of Palermo. Monroe, a county of New York. Pop. 49,8C2. Rochester is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis- trict of Virginia. Pop. 7,703. Union is the cap- ital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 8,770. Woodsfield is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 0,578. Bloomington is the capital ; a county of Ken- tucky. Pop. 5,125. Tompkinsville is the capi- tal ; a county of E. Tennessee, Pop. 13,700. Madisonville is capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,119. W^aterloo is the capital ; a county of Michigan. Pop. 3,187. Monroe is the capital ; a county of Florida. Pop. 517. Key West is the capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 3,855. Hamilton is the capital; a county of Alabama. Pop. 8,780. Clairborne is the capital ; also a county of Missouri. Monroe, a township of Waldo Co. Me. Pop. ) ,081. t. Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston. Pop. 265 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on the Housa- tonic. Pop. 1,522; p.t Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,071. Also towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Brad- ford and Bucks Cos. Pa., Warren Co. N. C, Wal- ton Co. Geo., Monroe Co. Michigan., Overton Co. Ten., Lincoln Co. Missouri, and 19 towns in Ohio. Monroetown, p. v. Pittsylvania Co. Va. 160 m. S. W. Richmond. Monrocville, p. v. Huron Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. Columbus. Monrovia, a flourishing town on the coast of Africa, founded by the Americans. It is the cap- ital of a district named Liberiij. It contains a public library, a court-house, meeting-houses, school houses, an infirmary, &c. The houses arc constructed of the same materials and finished in the same style aa in the towns of the United States. In the vicinity good building stone, shells for lime, and excellent clay for bricks, abound. Timber of various kinds, Ht for all the purposes of building and fencing, is also plenti- ful. See Liberia. Mons, a strong town of the Netherlands, capital of Hainault. The most remarkable buildings are the castle, the arsenal, the townhouse, and the great church. It is a place of good trade, has considerable manufactures of woolen stuff's, cot- tons, lace, earthenware, &c., as also iron founderies and salt works, and contains 25,000 inhabitants. Mons has been several times taken by the French, Dutch and Austrians. It stands partly on a hill and partly on a plain, on the river Trouille, 30 m. S. S. W. of Brussels. Long. 3. 57. E., lat. 50. 27. N. Monsaraz, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, seated on the Guadiana, 25 in. S. W. of Elvas. Mongol, :\ town of Guinea, in the country of Anziko, the residence of the Micoco, or kinn-. •M) in. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 17. lU. f., lat. n. 40. S. Monsnn, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 411. Monson, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 72 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,204. Here are some manufac- tures of cotton and woolen. Montague, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. on the Con- necticut, 90 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,152. Here are falls in the river round which a canal passes ; p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 03 m. N. Trenton ; p.v. Essex Co. Va 72 m N. E. Richmond. Monstiers. See Motistters. Mont Blnnr, a stupendous mountain of the Pennine Alps, in Savoy, so called from its white appearance. It is supposed to be highest in Eu- rope, being 15,673 feet above the level of the sea. Mont Dauphin, a town of France, department of Upper Alps, seated on a craggy mountain al- most surrounded by the Durance, 16 m. S. of BriauQon. Mont de Marsan, a town of France, capital of the department of Landes, seated on the Midouse, 30 m. N. E. of Dax. Lons. 0. 30. W., lat. 43. 55. N. Mont St. Michel, astrong town of France, de- partment of Manche, built on a rock in the sea, which is accessible at low water. 10 m. S. W. of Avrinchcs. Long. 1. 30. W., lat. 48. 37. N. Montabnur, a town of Germany, in the duchv of Nassau, with a fine palace, 7 m. N. of Nassau. Montagu Island, on« of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, near Sandwich Island. Long. 163 31. E., lat. 17. 26. S. Montagu Island, an island in the N. Pacific, 50 m. long and 12 broad, near the W. coast of N America, at the entrance of Prince William Sound. Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 60. 0. N. Montaigu, a town of France, department of Ven dee, 18 m. S. S. E. of Nantes. Montaigu, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome, 33 m. N. N. W. of Clermont. Montaigu, or Scherpcnhcuel, a town of tlie Netherlands, in S. Brabant, famous for an image of the Virgin, visited by a great number of pil- grims. 14 m. N. E. of Louvain. Montalcgrr, a town of Portugal, in Tras o^ Montes, 25 m. N. E. of Braga and 42 W. of Bra- ganza. Montahan, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a strong citadel, seated on the Rio Martin, 44 m. S. of Saragossa and 92 N. by W. of Valencia. Montalrao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo on the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. N. E. of Por- talegrc and 108 from Lisbon. Montargis, a town of France, department of Loiret, adjacent to the river Loing, from which a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. It is seated near a fine forest, 15 m. S. of Nemours and 62 S. by E. of Paris. Montauban, a town of France, department of MO.V Tarn-et-Garonne, with a eel brotcd Protestant u„.vers.tv. 1, „ ,l,e see of a bi.hop, rest.^ed ?,^ Itlk """^ "«,'»/''>"f'«^t>"-es of silk »tockin.r, auffs serges, shalloons, &c. This t,>Hn w-,^ tak,-„ from the Huguenots i„ 1,;-J;,, „„,, ,|, . ,■„" ' fieations were de.nolished. I„ the'rei;!, of /^u , inlSr u'" ^„f P"P"''^'") '">• 11'^- dragomiades, a" d inl8I.Mt8uftored much from a i.e^seeution rais ed against the Protestants by an il.furiat".! rablde ., N^nfT "! "" '■'""•]^"'-''-"" 'III' river Tarn, ■>() 111. IM. of loulouse and 30 S. ofCalmrs .W«W,/,a l„«-n of I'-ranre, department of Doubs, with a castle on a roek. It has a ?;,od trade in linen, leath.-r. and cutl.-rv, and nearht is (Inence o( he Savoure.ise with the laizine which soon after joins the Doubs, 10 ,n, S. S. VV .fBe Muntbrisim, a town ol' France, capital oftlie de partment of Loire, celebrated for^s „ie H a "•aters_ It is seated on the Ve,.i.e, 40 m. W s \V of Lyons Long. 4. 7. 10., lat. 45. M. i\ ' •Monl,l„lur, a t/.wn of France, department of Somme, seated on a mr.untain, -h m S S E of Amiens and 58 N. by E. of PaHs Mo,Uc .'llcino, a town of Tuscany, famous for liroducing the best wine in Italy, called Mis eatella di Monte Alcino. It is L'-I ni S S F of nienna ' ' 510 AION S. w"ofFrr;na°""'''"'""^' '" '''"""''' '^ '" «. •"°"''-. C/,m(o, a town, river, bay, and cane on the .\. side of St. Domingo. The Vape is Thi^h Ca„e?ar '^'"" "','' 'ent, called by' the French Cape la Grange. Long. 71. 50. VV., |at. I!). 54 IN.— Also a chain of mountains in St. Domin.ro slmait"^ " ^""'^ ^''""° ^"y '» "'^ ^-" of' Monte Falco, a town of Italy, in the nanal SpoleJo""" "^^ '"" Clitujiino, 1'" m W "^of -l/oTKc Fiascoiie, a town of Italy, in the uaoil Blates near the lake Bolsena, la in.' N. N VV 'of viterbo. ' islfr^. 'brN^of Le:i;:r7""^"^' '"'"^ ^'--. -W te«»f a town of Naples, in Calabria IJI- tra^and a bishop's see, 12 m. N. N. K. of i\ico- Uhfa"^),nT'?n''''"°'''^''P'^=' '" Pni.cipato LMIra, y m. N. of Benevento Lltra, near the river Cahore, Id m. S. of Bene- Mo,itrc Pdosi,, a t.nvn of Naples, in Basilicata uKf::%';^i^^':;t,;^,fp'-.'"i'-cipato rnouHw,!' "'r'^^^-V^'^f^^'^'^^On^nUX. at the w^ll -.nH?^- ''" '""■;' "^ ^""""x Jed bv a strong «all, and he principal trade consists "in hides UiL rth'' V "'/ '^"'i''^ '^ '°".V conical mou, : lam, on the .\ side of the river, 140 m. E. of Bue- nos Ayres. Long. 53. 2.5. VV.,' lat. 31. 35. S v\ZT7n"' "•"'"■" "•■ Austrian Italy, in the pro- V nee 01 Brescia, near which the French defeated the Austrians in 17%. 10 m. S. E. of Brescia MojUerro Buy a. sea-port, on a bay of the same J..ong. ,n. {), VV., lat. 18. 30. N Mvntclimart, a town of France, department of Drome with an ancient citadel, and inanufac nire. of wool, silk, and leather, it is seated ma ^tl^.'N;of:;^^;^'^"<"-'^'"-««'fvje;;u Monlnnaro JVoro, a town of Portugal, in Alem- .ejo o,. , ,„ canna, 15 in. VV. N. VV. of Evora and «>■> It. m Ijtslxin. Muntrmur o / WAo, a town of Portugal, in Beira K;''K.T;^t;;r'^'"'""'^'«''""^s'i«"-^' ^3^,Sa;:^,'^;:-;.;!:^S^t- J^^Ji^:i;:y;;l"wi;^,'o:^.!;rx^'dw!':r Pd with great loss. It hius a trade in corn Ac voln:,7;rrs"i!"ofe,r "-"-""'' - 1 as • n^M '"",1 ''^ ^^^"„T'''-' '-^ "■■^'l<-'' round, and as. f,rt. with a small kind of blockhouse u. lit- e above the top of ,1„. w.all, at each corner f the square. It stands on the S. E. part of as, a Clous bay of Its name. Long. 121. :;i. W., lat 'y-! ci*r^'s:T::?^:;"^-;fspai„,inva,en. Mo,Ur.^n,„r,t, a town of France, in tlie deoarl niento t/pp..r(;ar,,nne,15m S.s:E.ofTourre. ., , ' '. ■" "'" -3. r.,.oi lou ou.«e G::^'rirw:s.'v;'^;';&-"'-''"'-"^°'^ ca;^r';^ri^"AS^r^"''-^""""='^- Monlfrrrnnd. a town of France, now formins a suburb to CIrrmunt, which see ^ Mmufcrrat, a duchy of Italy, formin^r a p,rt of he bardinian stales, and bounded bv Piedmon the Milanese, and Genoa, from which as i is separated by the Apennines. It is very fe ile and well cultivated, abounding m corn, wine, 'i I. etS::',2rvv:''.!;'S4^''"'-""''""- II."!'c'l''r'"'' \ ^"^'^'^"^ ,""'» °'"^'"' Netherlands, in lUreeM' '" ' °" "" ^^'"^^ ^ '"■ ^- W. of f"«'for', ^ town of the Austrian States, in Tv roj. () lu. N. o( Feldkirch. - ■.Mnnl;fa.u, or Mun/aic.^:, a town of Hun' Pop, 10,'22l. Mount StrrlinT is ,|,p caDit.il ••, county of VV. Tennessee. Pop= M,:)'' 'Xri;,'' W v,."«''f''"^'' ^ «""ty of Alab.ania. Pop 1 j.,(..»4. Montgomery is the capital ; a countv if Missouri. Pop. 3,!IOO. Lewistown is the canftaP a county of Illinois. Pop 2,:C.O. Hill., .'ro ^Jh ^ tlie capital ; a county of Indianna Pop 7 3^" Crawfordsville 13 the capital. ^ ' MON 517 MON Monlaomery, p.t Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 460 ; p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 12 m. N. W. Spring- field. Pop. 579 ; p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,887. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co. N. J., Montgomery and Franklin Cos. Pa., Rich- mond and" Franklin Co. Ohio, and Montgomery Co. .Alabama. Montgnmerij, a borough of Wales, capital of Montgomeryshire. Here are the ruins of a cas- tle which was destroyed in the civil wars. Of late years the town has received considerable improve- ments ; the market-house has been enlarged, and a new county gaol erected ; many of the buildings are large ana handsome. It stands on tlie side of a hill, at a sliort distance from the Severn, l(i8 ni. N. W. of London. Montsomeryshirr, a. county of Wales, 30 m. loTifT and 34 broad. Though barren and moun- tainous in many parts, it has a greater mixture of fertile vale and plain than several of the Welsh counties. Its riches proceed from its sheep and wool, the hilly tract being almost entirely sheep- walks ; and the flocks, like those of Spain, are driven from distant parts to feed on them during the summer. This county also affords mineral treasures, particularly lead ; and it abounds with slate and lime ; but there is no coal. Its princi- pal rivers are the Plynlimmon, Severn, Vyrnew, and Tannat, all of which are noted for affording a variety of fish, particularly salmon. MontgojnerijvilU , p. v. Gibson Co. Indiana. Montguyon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Charente, 43 m. S. S. E. of Saintes. MonticMo,fX. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 40 m. W. Newburg; p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 3.") m. N. Co- lumbia ; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. 32 m. N. W. Mil- iedgeville, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. 10 m. E. Natchez; p.t. Wayne Co. Ken. 100 ni. S. Frank- fort ; p.v. Lawrence Co. Arkansas. Also the seat of the late President Jefferson, Albermarle Co. Va. 2 m. E. Charlottesvilie. Moniiefy a town of Spain in New Castile, 22 m. W. of Alcaraz and 70 E. S. E. of Calatrava. Montignac, a town of France. inUie department of Dordogne, on the Vezere, 21 m. E. S. E. of Perigeux. MontUla, a town of Spain in Cordova, 18 m. S. S. E. of Cordova. MorUivUliers, a town of France, department of Lower Seine, on the small river Lazarde, 6 m. N. of Havre. Monljou, a town of the Prussian province of Lower Rhine, with a fortified castle on a hill ; sit- uate among rugged rocks, 10 ra. S. S. E. of Ai.x- la-Chapelle. Monttieu, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. of Saintes. Montlouis, a town of France, department of Up- per Pyrenees, with a regular fortress on a rock, at the foot of tiie Pyrenees, for the protection of the frontiers. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Perpignan aiitl 430 S. of Paris. Long. 2.5. E., lat. 42. 30. N. Montlucon, a town of France, department of A!- lier, with manufactures of lace, ribands, serge, &c., seated on the Cher. 35 m. W. S. W. of Mou- lins. MoTttlufljA town of France, department of Ain, on the Seraine, 9 m. S. E. of Trevou.x. MotitmarauU. a town of France, department of Allier, 23 m. S W. of Moulins. Montmedy, a town of France, department of Meuse, seated on the river Chiers, which divides it into Upper and Lower Town, 21 m. N. of Ver- dun. Monlmirel, a town of France, dcpartmeol oi' Marne, rendered memorable for two severe bat- tles fought in its vicinity between the French and the allies on the 12th and I4th of February, l.-il4. It is 33 m. W. by S. of Chalons sur Marne and Ho E. of Paris. Montmmenri, a small stream flowing into the St. Lawrence from the N. 9 m. below Quebec. Here is a beautiful cataract with a perpendicular descent of 240 feet. Montmoreiiof^ a town of France, department of Seine-et-O-je." 10 m. N. of Paris. MonttnorHloii, a town of France, department of Vienne, seated on the Gartempc, 35 ra. S. E. of Poitiers. Montana, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 10 m. E. S. E. of Umago. Monlpelier, one of the largest, richest, and most beautiful cities of France, in the department of Ilerault, and a bishop's see, with a university in w'hich is a celebrated school of medicine, and a botanic garden, the first establishment in Europe. Here are also one of the great provincial schools, a special school of medicine erected in IdOl, an anatomical theatre, an extensive library, a liter- ary society, &c. The town-house is remarkable for its halls, which are embellished with fine paint- ings. The number of inhabitants is computed at 33,000. Its trade consists in silks, blankets, car- pets, cotton goods, gauzes, hides, &c. The air is extremely healthy, and a great number of invalids flock hither from all parts. Montpelier is the seat of the departmental administration, and is situa- ted on an eminence between the small rivers Lez and Mcrdanson, about 5 m. from the Mediterra- nean, with which it communicates by the Canal de Grave. 30 m. S. W. of Nismes and 47 N. E. ofNarbonne. Long. 3. oS. E., lat. 43. 37. N. Montpelier, p.t. Caledonia Co.^ Vermont, and the seat of government for the state. It has a central situation on Onion river; the site is low and surrounded by hills. The town has consider- able manufactures and 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. l,7i)2. Montpelier, p.v. Hanover Co. Va. and Rich- mond, Co. N. C. Also the seat of President Madi- son in Orange Co. Va. Motitrcal, a district of Lower Canada, compri- sing the counties of York. Eflingham, Leinster, Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey, Bedford, Richelieu, and Montreal. Montreal, a fertile island and county of Low- er Canada in the river St. Lawrence, 30 m. long and 10 broad; surrendered by the French to the Englisli in 1700. Montreal, city, stands on the eastern side of the above island. It makes a fine appearance from adis- lance with its compact mass of buildings, roofed with sheets of tin, and overtopped by church spires glittering with the .-^ame metal. Behind it rises a mountain spotted with orchards. The houses are mostly of stone, or plastered to resemble it, and are low with a heavy look ; the streets are narrow. The cathedral is the largest church in .North America except that of Mexico ; it is 2.V) feet long and 134 wide and is capable of contain- ing I0,0()0 people. The college is a large edifi'.e of stone, and has 300 students. The General Hos- pital or Convent of the Grey Sisters was establish- ed in 1753 and is under the raanagemenlofa Supe- rior and 19 Nuns. The other objects worthy of notice are Nelson's Monument, the Museum, and the Parade, a beautiful public ground. This city is the principal depot of the Notlhwestern Fin MOO SIS MOR Company, anJ carries on a large trade with the United Slates. A rapid in the river below, is a great impediment to the commerce with Quebec, ftlontreal was taken from the French by the En- glish under General Amherst in ITM. In 1773 It was taken by the Americans under General Montgomery, but shortly after abandoned. It in 120 m. S. W. of Quebec, 220 N. by W. of Boston. Lat.4r>. 31. N. Long. 73. 35. W. Pop. in 1825, Mfmtre/Uj a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle, seated on the Xiloca. ^> m. N. of Albara- cin. .WoTi/rco/, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, and an archbishop's see ; sealed on a rivulet, 5 m. W. of Palermo and 50 N. E. of .Mazara. Monlrtuilf a stron*^ townof France, department of Pas de Calais, on a hill, near the mouth of the Canche, 20 m. S. E. of Boulogne and SO S. of Calais. Montrenil Bcllay, a town of France, department of Maine-el-Loire, on the Touet. 10 m. S. S. W. of Saumur. Montric/iard, a town of France, oepartment of Loir-et-Cher, with a castle : seated near the Cher, 12 m. S. E. of .\mboistf. Montrose, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, in Anguss-sliire, at the mouth of the S. Esk, over which is a bridge. A little above the town the river expands into a wide lake, called the Basin, into which the tide flows, so that at high water the town is almost surrounded by the sea. Of late years fine quays have been erected, and two light-houses. The harbour is very commodious, and has a dry and wet dock. Here are conside- rable manutactures of canvass ropes, sheeting, linen, and thread. The salmon fisheries on the N. and S. Esk form a valuable branch of com- merce. Montrose, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. and a vil- lage in Cumberland Co. N. C. Montsauchc, a town of France, department of Nie»re, 15 m. N. E. of Chateau-Chinon. Montserrado. See Mesurado. .A/oTiAscrro/, a mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a monastery with a chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, .resorted toby numbers of pilgrims. It is 26 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Montserrat, one of the Leeward Carribee Isl- ands, discovered by Columbus, and so named by him from its resemblance to the mountain men- tioned in the preceding article. It is about 9 m. in length and breadth ; and the hills are covered with cedar and other trees. It belongs to the English, and is 30 m. S. W. of Antigua. Long. 01. 7. W., lat. 16. 48. N. MontmUe, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 30 m. N. E. Wis- casset. Pop. 1,743; p.t. New London Co. Conn. m. .\. W. New London. Pop. 1,»G7. Monza, A town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- ernment of Milan, famous for the treasury of St. John the Baptist, where among other tilings, is the iron crown of the kingdom of Lombardy. Charlemagne was crowned Tiere with it in 1774 and Napoleon in 1805. It is seated on the Lam- bro,8m. N. E. of Milan. Mootrrs, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. Pop. of the town and Ellcnburgh, 1,222. Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, extending from VV. Africa, through Abyssinia, to the Indian Sea. They are higher than those of Atlas. -Woon, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. Moore, a township of Northampton Co. Pa. Moore, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,753- Carthage is the chief town. Mooresborougk, p. v. Rutherford Co. N. C. Moorsburg, p. v. Columbia Co. Pa. Moorslown, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 9 in. from Philadelphia. Moorscille, p.v. Limestone Co. Alabama. 130 m. N. Tuscaloosa. MoorfUtd, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio ; a township of Clark Co. Ohio ; and a village in Nicholas Co. Ken. 45 m. N. E. Frankfort. Moorfield , p.t. Hardy Co. Va. 53 m. S. W. Win- chester. Moorshurg, a village of Hawkins Co. Ten. 70 m. N. E. Knoxville. Moorshedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capital of Bengal before the establishment of the English power. It is seated near the western arm o? thi- Ganges, 112 m. N. of Calcutta. Long. 89. l.'>. E., lat. 24. 12. N. Moosehead iMkc, in Somerset Co. Maine; it is 2j m. in length and from 3 to 15 in width. It is the chief source of Kennebec River. MooshdocU, commonly called Moose liiUock. a mountain in Coventry. Grafton Co. N. II. 4.(i3C feet in height. Mootapillij, a town of Hindoostan, in the Gun- toor circar, at the mouth of the Gondegama. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 15. a5. N. -VoyueAiw, a province of Peru, bounded by tnose of Lainpa, Puno, Chucuico, Arica, and Arequipa The chief products are wine, fruits, and olives. The capital, of the same name, is situate in a fer- tile valley, at the foot of the Cordillera, 70 ra. S. of Arequipa. Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on the Odivor, 29 m. N. W. of Evora Mora, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the Ebro. 18 m. N. of Tortosa. Mora, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 m S. E. of Toledo. Moranl Point, a promontory on the E. coast of Jamaica. Long. 75. 5C. W., lat. 17. .56. N. Moral, or Murten, a town of Switzerland, can- ton of Friburg, with a castle. It stands on the S. E. side of a lake of its name, lying parallel with the lake of Neufchatel, into which it flows by the Broyne. This town sustained a siege against the duke of Burgundy, in 1476, in which his whole army was destroyed. 10 ro. N. E. of Friburg MorataJaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 23 m. E. of Ciudad Real. Moratalla, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 34 m. S. S. W. ofChincnilln. Morava, a large river of Servia, which rises in Bulgaria, and, running through Servia by Nissa, joins the Danube at Semendria. Moravia, a province of the Austrian empire, bounded N. and W. by Bohemia, E. by Hungary, and S. by Austria Proper. With Austrian Sile- sia, now annexed to it, its area is npwaras of 10,000 sq. m. and iu population l,(i8p,000. It is intersected by mountain ranges, but the most lofty ridges are diversified with fertile valleys and extensive plains, and it is watered by a great number of rivers and brooks. More corn is grown than the inhabitants consume, and much hemp and flax are raised. The principal manu- factures are woolens, linen, cotton, iron, glass, paper, and gunpowder. From this country a sect of Christians takes its name, their doctrines hav- ing been first taught here ; but Uie inhabitants in general are Roman Catholics Brnnn is the capital. MOR 519 MOR Moravian I'ilta^c. a village in UpptT Canaila, oil the TtiaiiKS, between Lakes llunm and Erie. 70 111. E. Detroit. It is inhabited by about KW Indians, and their pastors, the Moravian mission- aries. Here General Harrison defeated the Brit- ish in lrti:i. . ^ , . . Moraw, or Mnrscli, a river ol the Austrian states whicli rises in the mountains between Bo- hemia and Silesia, crosses Moravia by Olmutz and Hradisch, and receiving the Teya, on the confines of Austria and Hungary, separates these two countries as far as tlie Uanubi , into which it enters, 15 m. above Presburg. It has commonly the latter appellation till it receives the Teya. Morbrgno, a town of Austrian Italy, one of tlie handsomest and most commercial towns in the Milanese, seated on the Adda, \'i m. S. E. of Chiavenna. Long. 9. 30. E., lat. 4G. 8. N. Morheys, or Ommirahih, a river of Barbary, which rises in Mount Atlas, flows through the empirf of Morocco, and enters the Atlantic at Azamor. Morbihan, a department in the N. W. of France, bounded N. by that of Cotes du Nord and S. by the sea. It takes its name from a bay between Vannes (the capital) and the island of Bellisle. Its entrance is narrow; but it extends within, and contains about 30 little islands. Morcone, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 19 m. S. S. E. of Molise. Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsula in the south of Greece, joined to the main land by the isthmus of Corinth. It is 180 m. lonir and 120 broad. The soil is fertile, e.xcept in tlie middle, where there are many mountains ; and it is watered by several rivers, of which the Alpheus, Vasili Potamo, and Stromio, are the chief See Greece. Mortau, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. T. on the Hudson, opposite Glen's Falls. Pop. 1 ,690. Moreland, p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y. also townships in Montgomery, Philadelphia and Lycoming Cos. Pa. Morella, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated among high mountains, 80 m. S. of Valencia. MoresvUle, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Morel, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Marne, near the Seine, 12 m. S. S. E. of Melun. Mureton Hainpstead, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with manufactures of woolen cloth and yarn, and a considerable trade. Here are the vestiges of two castles, or forts ; and in the vicinity are a Druidical temple, a large rocking stone, and a cromlech. 185 m. W. by S. of London. Moretoien, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 7 m. W. Montpelier. Pop. 816. Mnrttta, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; seated on a small river which runs into the Po, 18 m. S. of Turin. Morgan, a county of the W. District of Virgin- ia. Pop. 2,692. Berkley Springs is the capital. .4 county of Georgia. Pop. 12,023. Madison is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 11,796. Mc Connelsville is the capital. A county of E. Ten- nesse. Pop. 2,.")82. Montgomery is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 12,709. Jacksonville is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 5,579. Martinsville is the capital. Morgan, towns in Greene Co. Pa. and Morgan, Butler, Knox, Ashtabula and Gallia Cos. Ohio. Morganfield, p.t. Union Co. Ken. MorganstiUe, p. v. Nottaway Co. Va. MoTgantawn, p v. Berks Co. Pa., Monongalia Co. Va, Burke Co. N. C, Blount Co. Ten., Butler Co. Ken. and Clinton Co. Ohio. Murgr.s, a town of Switzerland, in th^ canton of Vaud, with a castle. By its canal, goods are sent to other parts from the lake of Geneva, on which the town is seated, 5 in. VV. S. W. of Lausanne. Morlmnire, a town of France, department of Moselle, 21 m. S. S. E. of Mentz. Moriak, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,742. Moriches, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Moriiren, a town of Hanover, on the Mohr, 12 m. N. S. W. of Gottinren. Maritz, St., a town of the Swiss canton of Gri- sons, with a famous mineral spring, 25 m. N. N. E. of Chiavenna. Mortachia, a mountainous country, lying be- tween, and forming part of the provinces of Croa- tia and Dalmatia. The inhabitants are called Morlachi, or Moro-bla3si,and are said, by some to be of Wallachian extraction. They inhabit the pleasant valleys of Koter, along the rivers Kerha, Cettina, Naranta, and among the inland moun- tains of Dalmatia. The Morlachi are said to be extremely superstitious, and if injured or insulted, implacable ; but hospitable, and in a high degree capable of gratitude: the most pleasing trait of character among them is friendship, which they have even made a kind of religious article ; for the Sclavonian ritual contains a particular bene- diction for the solemn union of two male, or two female friends, in the presence of the congrega- tion. The male friends, thus united, are called probratimi, and the female posestreme, which mean half-brothers and half-sisters. From these consecrated friendships among the Morlachi, and other nations of the same origin, arose, as it should seem, the sworn brothers, a denomination fre- quent among the common people in many parts of Europe. Segna is the capital. Morlaiz, a town of France, department of Fin- isterre, with a castle and a tide harbour. The church of Notre Dame is a singular stracture, and the hospital very handsome. It has a consid- erable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco, and is seated on a river of the same name, 30 ra. E. N. E. of Brest. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 48. 33. N Morocco, an empire of Africa, comprenending a considerable part of the ancient ftlauritania, bounded W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediter- ranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by the Sahara. Its greatest length is above 590 m. but it is no where more than '^60 broad. The soil though sandy and dry in some places, is fertile in others ; and the fruits, as well as the pastures, are excellent but the country is not properly cultivated. The inhabitants are .Vlahomedans. of tawny complexion, robust, and very skilful in managing a horse and wielding a lance : they are jealous, deceitful, su- perstitious, and cruel. There are a great number of Christian slaves and some merchants upon the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who car- ry on almost all the trade, especially by land, with the negroes, to whom they send large cara- vans, which travel over vast deserts, almost des- titute of water. Besides woolen goods, their commodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochi- neal, and ostriches' feathers ; in return for which they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and drugs. In the deserts are lions, leopards, goats, and serpents of several kinds. The fruits are dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, pomegra- nates, and many others. There are also much IIOR -.20 MOS flax and hemp, but very litlle timbpr. Tin- empe- ror is absolute, his will being a law, ami he olien exercises ffreat cruelties. Ilis naval f.iri-c con- sists chiefly of rovers, who now and then lake large prizes. He can bring 100,000 men into the field, half of whom are foot and half horse ; but they are poorly armed auu know but little of the art of war. The recent ca|)tiire of Algiers by the French will no doubt entirely change the politi- cal character of this despotic government. Morocco, a city of the foregoing empire, scati'd in a beautiful valley, formeil by a chain of moun- tains on tlie N. and those of Atlas on the S. and E. Though not equal to Fez in magnitude and population, it is generally considered the capital, being the most usual residence of the emperor. It has nothing to recommend it but its great ex- tent and the royal palace. It is surrounded by strong walls, 8 m. in circumference. The mosques are very numerous and some of them magnifi- cent. The best houses are enclosed in gardens; but the generality of them serve only to impresj the traveller with the idea of a miserable and de- serted city. The Jews, who are numerous, have a separate town, walled in, and under the charge of an alcaid, appointed by the tmijieror. It has 'Z gates, which are regularly shut every evening at nine, after which hour no person can enter or de- part. Morocco is DO m. E. of M:igador and 400 S. of (iibraltar. Long. 7. l.'i. W., Tat. ;iO. 57. N. Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle: near it is a mine of precious stones. It is 30 m. S. E. of Seville. Mnrutoi , one o? ihii Sandwich Isles, 7 m. W. N. W. of iVIowee. Vamsare its principal produce ; but it has little wood. The coast, on the S. and W. sides forms several bays. Lonff. 117. 11. W., lat. 21.10. N. Morpeth, a borough of Northumberland, Kng. It stands on the N. Bank of the Wansbeck, and on the opposite side are the parish church and the ruins of a castle. Here are also a chapel of ease, a Roman Catholic chapel, two meeting-houses, a free grammar school founded by Edward VI., an English free school erected in 170d, a dispensary opened in 1817, and a mechanics' institute com- menced in 1825. The other principal buildings are the town-hall, and the new county gaol, house of correction, &c. 15 m. N. of Newcastle and iiSO N. by W. of London. Morris. a. county of New Jersey. Pop. 2;!,.5S0. Morristown is the capital. Also townships in Huntingdon, Greene and Washington Cos. Pa. Morrison, a township in Jackson Co. Ohio. Morristown, \i.l. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 1.618; p.t. Morris Co. N. J., 19 m. N. VV. New York ; p. v. Belmont Co. Ohio. 120 ni. E. Colum- bus. Morrismlle, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y., Bucks and Green Cos. Pa., and Fauquier Co. Va. Morsona, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 14 m. N. E. of Molise. Mdrtagne, a town of France, department of Orne, famous for its series and tanneries. 10 m. E. N. E. of Aleneon and 70 W. S. W. of Paris. Mortairne, a town in the department of Nord, seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt, 8 m. S. E. of Tournay. Mortatrne, a town in the department of Lower Charente, on the Gironde, 24 m. S. S. W. of Saintes. Mortugne, a town in the department of Vendee, where a buttle was fought between the royalists and republicans, in 1793, in which the former are said to have lost 20,000 men. It is :iO ni. N. of p'ontenay le Comte. Mortain, a \.o\wt\\n the department ofManche, on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by craggy rocks, 18 ni. E. of Avranches. Martare, a town of the Sardinian Milanese. 22 in. S. W. of Milan. Mortaij, or Martcro, an island in the Eastern Seas, formerly subject to the Sultan of Ternate. It is HO m. in circumference, and thinlv inhabited, but full of sago trees, which are cut liy the peo- l>le of Gilolo. Long. 128. 2;?. E, lat. 2. 15. N. Mortl,ich,n. village of Scotland, in Itanll'shire, where Malcom II., m memory of a victory gaineil over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was translated to Aberdeen by David I. ; the ancient cathedral is now used as the parish cimrch. U m. S. W. of Keith. Morricdro, a town of Spain , in Valencia, on the site of the ancient Saguntum, with the ruin of a Roman amphitheatre, itc. It is seated on a riv- er of the same name, 1.5 m. N. of Valencia. Mosa, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 25 m. N. by E. ofMordia. Mosambiquc, a straight or channel of the Indi- an Ocean, between the K. coast of Africa and the island of Madagascar. It is the narrowest in the middle, where it is 240 m. over. Mosambiijuc, a city and sea-port, the principal settlement of tlie Portuguese on tlie V.. coast of Africa. It stands on an island of the same name, not more than 3 m. in length and half as much in breadth, and about 2 m. from the continent. The cit_v is handsome, and the buildinu's well con- structed, especially ihe churches and convents: the fort, or castle, is about a musket shot from the city. Tlie Portuguese have generally a good garrison here, a well stored magazine and a large Hospital for sick sailors. Their ships ahv.ays call here in going to the E. Indies; and the harbour is so commodious that whole fleets may anchor and provide themselves with all necessaries. Long. 41. 8. £.,lat. 15. 5. S. Moshach, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, with a castle, and manufactures of cloth and salt; seated on the Neckar 18 m. E of Heidelberg. Mosburg, a town of Bavaria, seated at the conflux of the Amber with the Iser,24in. N. E. of Munich. Moscocy. See Russia. Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now a govern- ment of Russia ; bounded on the N. by the gov- ernment of Tver, E. by that of Great Volodimir, S. by the government of Kaluga and Rcsan, and W. by those of Tver and Smolensko. It is a fruitful country, and a considerable portion is laid out in gardens and orchards. Moscow, the capital of the above government, and formerly of the whole empire. Previous to the invasion of the French, it was the largest city in Europe, the circumference within the rampart that enclosed the suburbs being 20 m.; hut its pop. did not correspond with its extent. Jt contained, within the rampart6,300,000 souls and was the most populous city in the empire, notwithstanding the residence cf the court was at Petersburg. Moscow is rendered memorable in history, for one of the most extraordinary events that ever took place. In June 1812, the French entered Russia with such an immense army that they threatened to sweep every thing before them like a torrent ; and it was generally expected that if they once reached this MOS r,2i MOS ciiy, which would alloni vnsi resources Cot their army, aa wt-ll as conilortabl" quarters for the win- ter, the object of the war wuuhi have been noin-^ Dieted. On the 8lh of September the battle ot Borodino took place ; victory decided in favour of the French, and the Russians retreated oil" the field, leaving Moscow to its fate. The road he'mtf thus' left open, the French entered this city, on the Mth of the same month with little opposition. But a sad reverse of fortune now took place, which preserved the Russian empire from ruin, and pav- ed the wav to the downfall of the French military power over Kuropt. The city was sot on tire by the Russians, so that the French were compelled to attempt ihoir retreat, at the rnmnent they Ihouglit themselves securely entrenciird for the winter. Nothing now remained but to offer terms of peace to the Russians, which were rejected ; they next proposed an armisiice. which was refus- ed ; and, on the l!)th of October followinj,', they commenced tlieir calamitous retreat from Moscow. The conflagrations destroyed upwards oi thr^-e parts of the town ; and, shockinrr to relate, more than 30,U0n sick and wounded soldiers, who were in the hospitals, perished in the flames. Tlie old city was distributed into 5 divisions, all of which, not excepting the suburbs, have been rebuilt, with wider streets and greater uhiformity in the pri- vate dwellings, and the population has nearly i;eaciied its former magnitude. The divisions are — 1. The Kremlin, in the central and highest part of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone and brick, 2 m . in circumference. The division contained the ancient palace of the czars, where Peter the Great was born; also the cathedral with seven towers, besides other churches, the patriarchal palace, and the arsenal. The pal- ace escaped the conflagration of 1812, but was damaged by the French on their leaving Mos- cotv ; it has since been rebuilt, with improve- ments. 2. The Khitagorod, much larger than the Kremlin, contained the university, the print- in()(): of these 484 were pub- lic churches, some buili of brick, stuccoed or white-washed, but the great/?r part were or wood, painted red some had domes of copper, others of tin, gilt or painted green, and many were roofed with wood. They were richly orna< mented within ; and the pictures of the saints were decorated with gold, silver, and precious stones. Some of their bells were of a stupendous size; they liung m belfries detached from the church, were fixed immoveably to the beams, and rung by a rope tied to the clapper. In the calh- edral of St. Michael, tne sovereigns of Russia were formerly interred, their bodies being deposit- ed in raised sepulchres, in the shape of cofiins, above the pavement. The cathedral of the As- sumption rif the Virgin Mary was the most mag- nificent in tlie city, and had long been appropri- ated to the coronation of the Russian sovereigns. The foundling hospital, founded by Catherine II., was an immense pile of building, oi a quad- rangular shape, and capable of containing 8,000 foundlings. Since the fire, the ciiurcbes and chapels are less numerous than before, but thoge which have been rebuilt occupy the former sites. Moscow is the centre of the inland conmierce of Russia, particularly connecting the trade between Kurope and Siljoria. The principal manufactures arc those of silk, linen, cotton, paper, leather, and sugar. Moscow suffered severely from the pes- tilential cholera in 1831. Its present pop. is about 300.000. The navigation to this city is formed by the'Moskwa, which flows into the Occa. near Kolomna, and that river communicates with the Volga and also by a canal to the Don, whicli r'V- er communicates v.'ith the sea of Asoph. 425 m. S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 37. 33. E.. lat. 55. •U!. N. Moscoic, p. I. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 405; p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. near Genesee river, 30 m. above Rochester; also a village in Clermont Co. Ohio. Mosrllf, a department of France, including part of the former province of Lorraine. It takt-s its name from a river, which rises in the Vosges, wa- ters Kpinal and Toul, receives fne Meurthe be- low Nancy, and, passing by Metz, Thionvillo, and Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz. Melz is the capital. Moscjiia, a town in Persia, in Khusistan, 22 m. S. VV. ofSuier. Mosldrch, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, where the Austrians sustained a defea't in 1800. 22 m. N. Stuttgard. ^Joahoc, an island on tlie coast of Norway, sep- arated from the mainland by the Vestfinrd. On its coast is the whirlpoolof .V«c/^Vrom, which see. Mosquito Shore, a tract of country of the east- ern coast of Honduras. It is well watered by navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in Jish, game, and provisions of all sorts ; furnishes every neces- sary for raising cattle and stock; and is clothed with woods producing timber for every purpose at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the W. India Islands, the climate more salubrious and the destructive ravages of hurricanes, and earthquakes are here unknown. It received its name from tlie immense swarms of mos- chetoes wliicii are the torment of the inha^>i- tants and compel them to pass a great part of their time in boats upon the rivers. The Mos- quito Indians of this coast are governed by aris- tocratic chiefs, and number about 1,500 warriors. IMOU 522 MOD Tliia cnunfry w;i3 liold l.v the Kiii;lisli f( r 80 years, but was ceded to Spain in 17rtt), in consid- eration of certain censionaon tile coast ofYuoatan. It is now included in the Guatemalan Republic. Sec GnalcTiuda. Moss, a sea-port of Norway, in the government of Ajfgerliuys, at the mouth of a river of its name, on the E. side of Cliristiania Bay. Here are nianv Baw-i.iills and a large iron foundery. 2.-^ m. S. of Christiania. Long. 10. 43. E., lat. r,S. :Vi. S. Mossula, a town of the kingdom of Coniro at the mouth of the Onzo, '"O m. S. W. of sf, Sal- vador. Long. \-i. 10. E , lat. 7. r>0. S. Mostar, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and n Greek archbishop's see ; si'ati-d on the Narenza, 20 m N. E. of Narenza. Long. 18. .'i?, E., lat. -liJ.-lS. N. Mosiil, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Oiarbeck surrounded by high walls and defended bva cas- tle and citadel. The houses are in several places gone to ruin ; but it has a great trade, particularly in cloth, and all sorts nf cottons and silks. At some distance from Mosul is a mosque, in which they pretend the prophet Jonah lies ; and they belit-vo this town stands on the site of the ancient iNine- veli. It is seated on the Tigris, i;iO m. S. E. ol Diai-bekir and 1!)0 N. E. of Ban-dad. Lonw 4:i M) E., lat. 3t>. 20. N. ° = • • Mollirrliill, a hundred of Kent Ca Del. FreJ- rica is the cliief town. Motir, one of the Molucca Islands, 20 in. in circumference, and valuable for its spices. Lonir 127. 0. E., lat.O. 10. N. Mntril, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 37 m. S. E. of Gi-anada. Long. 3. 28. W., lat 3U 32. N. Motla, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Trevis- ano, at the conflu.'c of the Mottiirano and LivCnza 18 m. N. E. ofTreviso. ' Motta, a town of Naples, in Capitunata, 3 m. E. S. E. Volturara. M:iUUng. See McUing. Mjuab,ato\vn of .Arabia, in Yemen, and the residence of a prince ; seated in a fertile coun- try, 90 m. S. E. of S.ma. Lono-. 4li. 3.). E., lat J4. 20. N ' Mouiloit, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, with a castle on the summit of a moun- tain, 12 m. N. N. E. of Lausanne. Mouliiis, a town of France, cajiital of the de- partment of Allier. Its manufacture of cutlery is in great esteem ; and the houses of the late Chartreu.v, and of the Visitation, are magnifi- cent. It is seated on the Allier, over wliich is a line bridge, :!0 m. S. of Nevers and 22.') S. S. E. of Paris. Long, 2. 20. E., lat. JO. 34. N. Moulinsen Gilbert, a town in the department of Nicvere, at the loot of the mountains of Morvan. 5 m. S. VV. of Chateau Chinon. on Pop. Muuliii.i ta .'Urtr<7((!, a town in the dejiartmcnt of Orne, 24 m. N. E. of Ali'ncjon. MiniUan, a province of Miniinostan bomideed by I.aliore, Arghanistan, Aglinere, Sinde, and Heloo- chistan. Its products are cotton, sugar, opium, galls, sulphur, Ac, In many parts there are fine camels, and a breed of excellent horses. It is gov- erned by a nabob, tributary to the Afghans. MouUfin, the ca[)ital of the above province, sur- rounded with a line wall 40 feet high nnil four miles in circumference, is slronoly lintified, and has a lliniloo l.-mple of great celebrity. It is lii mous for its silks and carpets, and is situate in a plea.sant and well cultivated district, 4 m. S. E. of the (.'henob,or .\cesinies River, and 210 S. \V of Lahore. Long. 70.40. E., l.at. 20. ."i2. N. Miiiiltoii, p.v. Lawrence Co. Alabama. Moulti>uliiiroui>h, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Lake Winipisiogee. 3G m. N. Concord. 1,4.')2. Mnunldin Island, a village of Scott Co. Ken. Mmintnin Shoals, p.v. Lawrence Dis. S. C. Moinit .linj, p.v. Surrey Co. N. C. 172 m. N. W. Raleigh. Mount Ilai/.nUay m the English channel, on the S. co.ast of Cornwall, between Lanil's End and Lizard Point. Within rises a lofty pcninsii- l.ated rock, called Mount St. iNIichaef, near the town of Marazioii, to which there is a diy pas.san-e at low water. " Movnt linhrt, a village of Somerset Co. N. J. iilso two townships, Upper and Lower, in Nortli- nampton Co. Pa Mount Ciiniid, p.t. Edwards Co. Illinois. Mount Clemens, a village of Macomb Co. Mich- igan. Mount Desert, a fertile island on the coast of the state of Maine, in Hancock county, ]:i m. long and 12 bro.ad. It is intersected In'tlie miil- dle, by the waters flowing into the S. side frfTta the sea; and the N. part is separated from the mainland, by a strait m. wide. Pop. 1,003. Mount Clto, p.v. Sumter Dis. S. C. 52 m. E Columbia. Darlington Dis. S. C. 77 Mount Elon. p.v. N. E. Columbia. Mount Hilrail, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. Mount Hennj, o.v. Montgomery Co. Ten. 07 ni N. W. MurlVeesborough. Mount Holly, p.t. ifutland Co. Vt. 20 m. W. Windsor. Pop. 1,:;18; p.t. Burlington Co. N. J. 18 m. E. Philadelphia. Mount Hope, an eminence in Bristol R . I., cel- ebrated in tlie early history of New England, as the residence of the Indian Sachem jlletacom, or Jting Pliilip. It stands on the shore of a wide brancli of Narraganset !i;iy. Mount Hope, ij.y, Orange Co. N. Y.; p.v. Shenan- doah Co. Va. Mount Horcb,p.t. Nelson Co. Va.; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. Mount Jurlison, p.v. Beaver Co. Pa. Mount Joy, towns in Lancaster and Adams Cos. Pa. Mount Laurel, p.v. Halira.\ Co. Va. Mount Morris, u.Y. Livineston Co. N. Y. Poo 2,.534. , ' Mount Mourne, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. Mount Pilot, p.v. Sumner Co. Ten. Mount I'isnuh, ji.v. Iredell Co. N. C. and WIN co.\ Co. Alabama. Mount Pleasant, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. ontho lludson,33 m. above New York. Pop. 4,932; also towns and villages in Lancaster. Westmore- MOU 523 MUI land and Wayne Cos. I'a., llnven Anno Co. Ma- ryland, Shenandoah, Spotsylvania and Halifax Cos. Va., Rockingham Co. N. C, Fairfield Dis. S. C, Baldwin Co. Geo., Jefl'erson Co. Ohio, Mar- ten Co. Iiid., Maury Cn. Ten., Wilkinson Co. Mis- uissippi, ISaton Kouge Parish, Louisiana. Mount Prospect, p. v. lidgeconibe Co. N. C. Mount Republic, p. v. Wayne Co. Pa. Mount Solus, p.v. Hinds Co. Mississippi. Mount Sterling, p.v. Switzerland Co. liid. ; p.v. Montgomery Co. Ken. Mount ll/jlon, p.v. Clienango Co. N. Y. Mount Vernon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. II in. N.W.Augusta. Pop. \,i'.V.\ a township of Hills- borough Co. N. H. Pop. 7'.)3 ; p.v. Chester Co. Pa; p.t. Knox Co. Ohio ; j).v. Rockcastle and Bul- litt Cos. Ken. ; p.v. Posey and Jelleisoii Cos. In- diana. Mount Vernon, once the residence of Washing- ton, and the spot where his remains are entomb ed. It is on the south side of the Potomac, in Fair- fax Co. Va., 15 in. from the city of Washington. The house is a plain wooden building surrounded by handsome lawns and gardens. Tlie tomb is a rustic excavation in the earth with a front of brick and totally devoid of ornament. MouiUcUle, p.v. Loudon Co. Va Mount Vintdffc, p.v. EdgcMeld Dis. S. C. Mount Washington. See X'liitc Mountains. Mount Washinvlon, a township of Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 34.). It forms the S. W. corner of the state of Massachusetts. Within its limits stands Mount Washington, one of the summits of the Tagkannuc ridge, about 3,000 feet high. Mount Zion, p.v. Union Co. Ken., Hancock Co. Geo., and Monroe Co. Missouri. MountmcUick, a town of Ireland, in Queen's county inhabited principally by Quakers. The wool-combing, malting, and tanning business, the cotton manufacture and bleaching are carried on here. It is seated on a stream which falls in- to the Barrow, 5 m. N. of Maryborough and 4'2 W. S. W. of Dublin. Mountrath, a town of Ireland, in Queen's coun- ty. In its neighbourhood are some iron works ; but the woolen manufacture forms the principal trade. 23 in. N. of Kilkenny and 47 W. S. W. of Dublin. MountsorrrI , a town of Leicestershire, Eng. seated on the Soar, at the foot of a high mount or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, with wliicli the town is chiefly built and paved. It i.s 7 m. N. of Leicester, and 102 N. W. iil London. Moura, a town of Portugal, iu .'Vlenitej ), with an old castle, 34 m. S. S. K. ofKvora. Mouraon, a town of Portugal, in Aleintejo, with a castle, on the borders of Spain, yS m. ji. by S. of Evora. Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, with a fjrt- ress, in which is the sultan's pal.-ioe. It is situate on a rivulet, and supplied with water from a mul- titude of springs and wells. The medley which is present to the eye, of the vast ruins of ancient buildings and the humble cottages of earth and sand that form tlic dwelling of the present Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotesiiue and strange. It is surrounded by a high wall, with three gates, at which is collecteil a ta.x on all gotjds (provisions cvccpted) that arc brought into the city. Its commerce, which is considerable, consists of for- eign nH>rcliandise brought by the caravans from Cairo, Uornou, Meaurala, and other smaller troops of traders. Mourzouk is S'.IO m. S. Mesiirala and 700 N. W. of Bornou. Long. 15. 35. E., lal. 27. 54. N. Mousticrs, a town ot France, in the department of Lower Alps, with a manufacture of porcelain ; seated between two craggy mountains, U m. E. of lez. Mouzon, a town in l!ie department of Ardennes, with a manufacture of serges ; seated on the Meuse,'J in. S. E. of Sedan. M:iwrc,ono of the t^andwich islands, \(j'i in. in circumference. A low isthmus divides it into two circular peninsulas, of which the eastern is double the size of the western. The n>>unlains in both rise to a great heiglit. but the country presents an iijipearauce of verdure and fertility. Near the W. point of the smaller peninsula is a spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with cocoa-nut trees. Long. 17o. OG. W., lat. UO. 53. N . Moya, a mountain of S. Ami'rica, from which, during the great earthquake in Felirmry, 17'J7, such a flood of water burst forth that it totally swept away Pelile, and the celebrated plaiitatiun of St. ildefonso, where 1,000 per.-*ous perished. Moi/allin, a town of Ireland, county of Down, with a manufacture of linen. 3 in. i'rom Porta- down and 03 frfnn Dublin. Mjijanicnsinir, t. Philadelphia Co. Fa. it is a suburb (jl'the city on the south. Mai/rnnic, a town of France, department of Meurthe, noted for its salt sprinir, 2 m. E. S. E of V^ic and 10 E. of Nancy . Mozijr, a town of Russian L'lhuanii, in tlie government of Minsk, on the river Prynee, 150 in. S. S. E. of Minsk. Long. 2'J. 30. 1:;., lat. 52. 10. N. Mosclslaw, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the government of Mohilef, formerly the capital of a palatinate. It is seated on the Sol'z, 30 m. S. of Smolen-ko and (i4 E. by i\. of Mohilef. Long. 3-2. 3'.'. E., lat. 54. 26. N Mtici:Ui.n, a town of France, in toe department of Dordognc, on the river lUe, 18 m. S. W. of Perigueux. Murk, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 4 m. S. W. the isl. of Egg. It is 3 m. long and a m. broad ; the soil in general is good, and the black cattle thrive well. Kelp is burnt on its shores, and much oil extracted from the livers of the sunfish. Mndanid, or Munihinin,i\ town ofTurki^v, in Natolia, on a gulf of the sea of Marmora. The commerce is very considerable in grain, fruit, wine, saltpetre, silk, and the manuf'actures of liursa, which are brouglit here for exportation. It is 17 in. N. of Bursa. Long. 29. 10. E., lat. 40. 27. N. Murfcln, Kew, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, witli a castle called llugethal. 18 m. W. by N of Meissen. Musfifi, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the W. coast, 40 111. W. iN. W. of Compostella Mu^^lia, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, with a castle, and a harbour for barges, 5 m. S. E. of Trieste. Muirliiz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olnuitz, 22 in. N. N. W. of Olmutz. Muhlhcrt^, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseberg, ft'illi a castle, situate on the Ellie, 30 m. N. W. of Dresden. Mahhlorf, a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 23 in. S. S. E. of Landshut. .Ww/i/fK^ei-g, a county of Kentucky. Pop. .5,3-11. Greenville is the capital. .Muirkirh.a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with MUN 5•^l MUN manufacturrs of iron, coal and tar, on the river Ayr, 26 m. E. of Ayr. Mujaxar, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on a hay of the Mediterranean, 40 in. N. E. of Almcria. Long. 1. ,«. W., lat. 37. 7. N. MuldaUj or Moldau, a river of Bohemia, whicli rises on the confines of Bavaria and, after receiv- ins; a number of rivers, enters the Elbe opposite Afelnick. Midhujisrn, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Erlurt. It was formerly an im- perial city, hut fell to Prussia in LSOi and wa.s confirmed to that power in 1HI4. Here are va- rious manufactures and some flourishing schools. It is sealed in a fertile country, on ihe Unstrnt, 2!» m. N. W. of Erfurt, hong. 10. 37. E., lat. 51. 10. N. Mulhauscn, a town of France, department of Upper Rhine, with manufactures of printed linens and cottons; seated in a fertile plain on the Ille, 24 m. S. of Colmar. MufirtuUIij, a river of Ceylon, which rises at the foot of a hiijh mountain, called Adam's Peak, about GO ra. N. E. of Columbo, flows westward, and enters the sea by several branches. The largest of these, called the Mutwal, runs into the sea 3 m. from the fort of Columho, and is navi- gable for boats upwards of li.") m. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 2H m. in length and in some places of equal breadth, se- parated from the mainland of Argvleshire by a narrow passage, called the Sound of Mull. There are many good natural harbours ; and the ruins of several ancient castles are to be seen. The soil is for the most part, rocky and barren ; hut the hills abound with springs, and are covered with sheep and cattle; these, with the fishery, and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the arti- cles of commerce. The principal place is Tober- mory . Mtdlieohill, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 17 m.-S. W. Philadelphia. MulLinsiiT, a borough of Ireland, capital of W. Meath. It is a place of good trade, and stands on the river Foyle, :58 m. W. of Dublin. Lonw. 7. 50. W., lat. 53. 30. N. Mulluria, a river which rises in Mount Atlas, divides the empire of Morocco from the kingdom of Algiers, and runs into the Mediterranean Sea. Mulrose, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, seated on a canal cut between the Spree and Oder, 10 m. S. W. of Frankfort. Midlnonuih, a branch of the Oregon or Colum- bia river, which falls into the main stream about 100 m. from the ocean. Its course and length are but imperfectly kMown. Mumpers, p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. Munchber^, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth.Ul m.E. of Culmbach. Mnnrhi'nherir, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, with silk and woolen manufactures, 34 m. E. of Berlin. Muncy creek, p.t. Lycoming Co. Pa. Miinda, a town of Spain, in Granada, 30 m. W. N. W. of Malaga. Mundcn, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the Werra, at the influx of the Fulda, where their united streams form the Weser. Good millstones are found in the neigh- bourhood of the town. In the war of 1756 it was several times in the hands of the French, by whom it was again occupied in 1805. It is 10 m. N. E. of Cassel and 13 S. W. of Gottingen. Munderl.ingrn, a town of Germany in Wurteni- bcrg seated on the Danube, fl m. N. of Buchau. Mnnfitt, a town of Hiiidoostan, capital of a dis- trict. of the same name, extendingfrom 22. to 23. N. lat., in the province of Malwah. It was an- ciently the capital of the province, and was then 22 m. in circuit, and contained many mouments of ancient magnificence, but it is fallen much to decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofty mountain, 25 m. S. of Oujjein and 110 N. N. \V. of Bnrbimpour. Long. 75M7. E., lat. 22. 50 N. MunfitrfhriUr, p.v. Hart Co. Ken. Mtmtslitrf, a town of Afghanistan, in the prov- ince of Cabul, 125 m. ni. of Cashmere and 1:1," E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 15. E., lat. 34. 15. X. Miiti'jufhnnt, a town of Bengal, with a manu- facture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the Dnrlah, 20 m N. N . E. of Rungpour. 'Munich, one of the finest towns in Germany, and capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. It con- tains nearly (iO,000 inhabitants. The houses are high, and ihe streets spacious, with canals in ma- ny of them. The palace is a stupendous struc- ture, the interior magnificently adorned ; and the cabinet of curiosities, the museum, the library, and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral of Notre Dame contains the tomb of one of the emperors, of black marble, adorned with statues of bronze. Institutions for charitable, literary, and scientific purposes are numerous. The large market-place, in which is the town-house, is very beautiful. Manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen cloth, and tapestry, are carried on. Near the city are two otfier palaces, Nymphenburg and Schles- heim. Munich has oflen suffered in the wars oi Germany, and in 171Hi and LSOO it was taken hv the French. It is seated on the Iser, 33 m. E. S. E. of Augsburg and 62 S. by W. of Kaiis- bon. Long. 11. 30. E., lat. 48. 10. N. Mnnh/jrs. See MoniirtUz, MunncrsUuU, a town of Germany, in Franco- nia, situate on the Lauer, 13 m. N. of Schwein- furt. MunnypouT, a town of Birmah, capital of the province of Cassay. 210 ra. N. N. W. of Umme- rapoora,and 410 E. by N. of Calcutta. Loner. 04. 40. E., lat 24. 30. N. Munsingen, a town of Germany, in the kino-- dom of VVurtembero-, with a castle, 20 ni. W. of Ulm. Munstcr, a province of Ireland, 13-5 m. long and 120 broad; bounded on the N. by Connanght, E. by Leinster, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. It contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary. Water- ford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. The principal place is Cork. Munstcr, a government of the Prussian prov- ince of Westphalia. It contains 2,820 sq. m. and is divided into 10 circles or districts — .Munstcr Proper, Tecklenbnrg. Wahrendorf, Beckum, Ludinghausen, Koest'eld, liecklinirhausen, Berk- en, Ahans, and St*-infnrt. The chief rivers are the Ems and Lippe. The country is level, with some agreeable lieiglits, but no mountains ; and it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heaths that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone. This government consists, for the greater part, of the ancient bishopric of its name which on the secularisation of church property, in 1802, was divided between Prussia, the duke of Oldenburg, and several other princes, all of whom became subject to Prussia in 1815. Munster, the capital of the foregoing govern- ment. The cathedral, the library of the chapter, MUR and many antiquities are worthy of notice. In 15;jr, a tailor, called John of Leyden, king of the anabaptists, made himself master of the city ; but it was retaken in l.")3(i al\er 14 months sicgc, when John and two of his associates were tortur- ed to death with red-hot pincers. The famous Ireatv called the treaty of AVestphalia, which ended the 30 years' war, was concluded here in 164"^. In tlio war of 17511 this city sustained sev- eral sieges and was taken in IT.ji). In 180(i the French laid the inhabitanLs under a heavy contri- bution, and stripped the churches of their plat<^ Munster is seated on the Aa, .)() m. E. N. E. of Wesel and 52 W. N. W. of I'aderborn. Long. 7. ;ili. E., lat. 51. 06. N. MuitsUr, a town of Switzerland, in the cantons of Lucerne, 12 m. N. N. W. of Lucerne. Minister, a town of Switzerland, canton of Orisons, 15 m. N. of Uorniio. Miiriater, a town of France, department of Up- per Rhine, U m. W. of Cohnar. Munster, p. v. Cambria Co. Pa. Munstrr Eiffel, a town of the Prussian stales, in Westphalia, 10 m. .S. S. VV. of Cologne. Munster Mienfdd, a town of the Prussian prov- ince of Lower Rhine, 12 in. S. W. of Coblentz. Munstfrberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in tlie government of RiMchenbach, rich ingrain, flax, hemp and hops. It is sealed on the Ohiau, 13 m. N. W. of Neisse. Long. 17. 3. E., lal. 50. 31. N. Mur, or Mulir, a river which rises in the duchy of Salzburg, crosses Slyria,and falls into the Drave near Canischa, in Hungary. Mur de Barrez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, 32 m. N. by E. of Rhodez. Murano, a town of the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, on an island of the same name, one of largest of tlie Lagunes of Venice. Here the fa- mous Venetian looking-glasses are made. It is 3 m. N. by E. of Venice. Mural, a town of France, in the department of Canlal, seated on the Alaignon near its source, 13 m. N. W.ofSt. Flour. MurcUi, a province of Spain bounded N. by New Castile, E. by Valencia, W. by Andalusia and Granada, and S. by the Mediterranean. It is 90 ra. long and .58 broad ; and the principal river is the Segura. The soil is dry, and it produces little corn or wine ; but oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sutrar areplentiful. It has^xlso a great deal of silk. The v.ile of Murcia is celebrated for the variety and ichness of its culture. Murcia, the capital of the foregoing province, and a bishop's see. The inhabitants are compu- ted at tiO,000. A number of hands are employed in the working of bassweed, and there is also an extensive establishment for twisting silk, and a refinery of salt-pctre. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It is seated on the Segura, over which is a bridge, 27 m. N. of Carthagena and 212 S. E. of Madrid. Long. 1. lU. W.,lat. 37. 53. N. Miirfretsliorough, p.t. Rutherford Co. Ten. and formerly the seat of government for the stale. 32 m.S. E. Nashville and 100 \V. Knoxville. lat. :35. .52. N., long. 86.35, W. It is situated in a level .ind fertile country, producing wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Also a p.t. Hertford Co, N, C. on the Meherrin. Muro, a town of Naples in Basilicata, sealed at the fool of the Apennines, 12 m. S. E. of Conza. Muros, a town of Spain, in ti'alicia. at the ') MYS mouth of the Tambro,25m. W. by S. of Compos- lella. Murray, p. v. Gennesce Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E. Balavia. Murray Friih, a considerable inlet of the i«ea, on the coast of Scotland, between Tarbctness in Ross-shire, on the N., and Brough-Head in Mur- rayshire on the S. It extends in aS. W. direction as far as Inverness, and thence W. to the town of Beaulie, where it receives the river of that name. Murraysliire, or Elginshire, a county of Scot- land, .50 m. in length and 20 alonw the coapl : bounded on the N. by Ihe Frith of Alurray, E. by Banll'shire, S. by Inverness-shire, and VV. by lli.it county and Nairnshire. It is divided iiit:> 12 parishes, and the number of inhabitants Is al.'-ut 30,001). The S. pari is mountainous and O'X'u- pied by forests ; but tJie greater part is rich, and produces wheal, barelv, oats, and fla.v. The chief rivers are the Spi-y, Findhorn, ana Lossie, The county town is Elgin. Murray^sille , p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa., West- moreland Co. Va., Buncombe Co. N. C. Marten. See Moral. •Ifitsn, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen, 13 in. E. of Mocha. Muska, a town of Prussia, in 'Ipper Lusatia, with a castle, seated on the Neisse 2-5 m. N. N W of Gorlitz and 52 N. E. of Dresden. Muskinirum, a river of the state of Ohio, whicli runs S. into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it is 2S0 yards wide. It is navigable by large bart^es 110 in. from its mouth, and by email boats .15 m. further to the lake at its head, whence, bv a short portage, a communication is opened to Lake Erie. Muskingum, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2.^.325. Zanesville is the capital. .tf«se/6uro-, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburj- shire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which are three bridges to the suburb of Fisherrow. It en- joys many privileges, and has even incorporated trades. Besides the parish church, here are on episcopal chapel and four other places of worship. The principal manufactures are of sail, starch, earthen ware, and leather. 5 m. E. of Edin- burgh. Mustagam, or Mustygannim, a sea-port of Al- giers, in the province of Tremecen, with three castles, 140 m. VV. S. VV. of the city of Alrrk-rs Long. 0. 30. E., lat. 3f;. 20. N. Musuela, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situ.ile on the river Guad-alquivir, 7 m. N. E. of Ja;n and 50 N. of Granada. Mulcodu, a town of Ifindoostan, in Mysore, noted for its manufacture of the glass used for making the rin?s which are worn on the wrists of the native women. It is 34 m. W. of Sera. Muydcn.a fortified town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, seated on tlie Zuvder Zee, at the in- flux of the Vecht, Ij ni. E S. fe. of Amsterdam. Myeoni, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, .30 m. in circumference. The soil is dry, and the mountains are of great height. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves. ra!i- bits,and wheatears; also excellent grapes and fiirs. The harbour is open, and deep enonch for tfie largest ships to ride secure from the N. wind. Long. 25. 21. E., lat. 37. 38. N. Mycrstoim,p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa, 31 m. E. Har- risburg. My.iol, one of iJie Moluccas, of a triangular form, with a bold shore. The villa,' territories took place, and, on the !!{l(h of June following, Kistna Rajah, then only five years old, was placed by the British on the throne of his torefithers. The dominions of the rajah of Mysore are now divided into three great districts, Palana to the S., Nagara to the N. \V., and Clia- trakal to the N. E., so called from the three places where the chief otiices are situate. The Putana district is by far the largest, and of itself com prises a much greater extent of territory than was ever before subject to the Mysore family. Mfjsnrc, the capital of the foregoing province, was ruined by Tippoo Sultan ; but since the Eno-- lish restored the ancient family in I7'.I'J, and made it the rajah's seat of government, the town and fortress nave been rebuilt, and the population is rapidly increasing. Mysore is 10 in. S. of Serin- gapatam. Long. 7G. r,0. E., lat. 12. 15. N. MytiUnf. See Mctclin. Mijtoii. at town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 2 in. from Aldborough.. N N.\AS, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, where the assizes are held alternately with Athy. It was anciently the residence of the kings of Lcinster. 17 ni. S. W. of Dublin. Long. G. 42. ^W., lat. 53. 13. N. A'at, a river of Oermany, which flows S, through the kingdom of Bavaria, and enters the Danube n little above Ratisbon. yahnl, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, cele- brated for its potteries. Near it are several re- mains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, 32 in S. S. E. ol Tunis. Long. 10. 10. E., lat. 53. 13. N. .Valburff, a town of Bavaria, on the river Nab, in m. E. S. E. of Amberg. A'ablous, a town of Palestine, capital of a coun- try which was the ancient kingdom of Samaria. It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tri- bute to the pacha of Damascus. Here is consid- erable trade, and the manufactures flourish more than in most cities of the east. The soil of the surrounding country is fertile, and produces a great ieal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. Nablous is 24 m. N. of Jerusalem and 00 S. S. W. of Damascus. Long: 35. 24. E., lat. 32. 20. N. J^nro, a town of S. America, in Me.xico, 50 m. N. VV. ofValladolid. Xatoudochcs, a small town in Texas, 120 m. AV. of Natcliitoches in Louisiana. JVadir, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, 28 m. N. N. W. of Cairo. JVaefch, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Claris, near which, in 1:3.-'^, an unparalleled victory was obtained b)- 3''>0 troops of Claris, as- sisted by 50 Schweitzers, over 15,000 Austrians. In memory of this heroic achievement, a chapel was built on the spot, which was rebuilt in 1770. 4 m. N. of Claris. J^acrdcn, a strong town of the Netherlands, in • S. Holland, at the head of the canals of the pro- vince, of which it IS considered the key. In 1572 it was taken by Fernande de Toledo, son of the duke of Alva, and all the inhabitants were mas- sacred. In H>72 il was taken by the French, and retaken by the Prince of Orange the following year. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee. 14 ni. E. S. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. II. E., lat. 52. 10. N. J\'agamanffalii, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the contre, both fortified with mud walls. In the outer town a wide street e.x- tends all round, with short lanes on each side to the outer and inner wall. In the fort are two large temples and a ruinous palace. 30 in. N. of Seringapatam. .Varr'ira,OT Ifyiler-na^nra, a city of Hindoostau, capital of the district ot Bednore. It was former- ly called Bidderuru,andby Europeans Biddenore ; but received its present name in 17t'i3, on beintr taken by Hyder, who made it his principal arsenal and a place of great magnitude and commerce. It afterwards declined, being neither the seat of a court nor of any public works, except the mint. In 17H:! il was taken by the En!rlisli,and re-taken soon after by Tippoo ; but on his final deli-at, in 1700, it was ceded by the English to the rajah of Mysore. 70 m. N. by E. of Mangalorc and 150 N. W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 8. E., lat. 13 48. N. JVagaz, a town of Candahar, province of Cabnl on the Cowmull, 70 m. 'W. by N. of Attock and 120S. ofCabuI. Jfagera, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a fort, 3 m. N. W. of Calahorra and 138 N. of Madrid. A'agoUl, a town of Germar.y in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle ; situate on a river of the same name, 15 m. W. of Tubingen. A'agorc,Vi city of Ilindoostan, cipital of a district of the same name in the province of Agimere. 50 m. N. VV. of Agimere. Long. 74. 15. £., lat 27. 0. N. .V«ff/7orr. a city of Ilindoostan, capital of the Eastern Mahratta territories. It is extensive and po|)ulous, but meanly built ; and, excepting a small citadel, is open and defenceless. GliO iii W by S of Calcutta Long. 70. 4li. E, lat. 21 O.N. NAM 527 NAN NagpoTc Chula, (or Little,) a district of Bahar, Hindoostan, constituting Uie S. W. British fron- tier, and included in tlie collectorship of Raing- hur. It is one of the wildest and least cultivated districts of British India. Nairtjhanja, a town of Hungary and one of the royal'lrec towns. The gold and silver mines are ofgreat produce, and money is coined here. It is 30 m. N. E. of Zatmar. Long. 22. 54. E., lat. 48. 10. N. fi'altant, a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 8 m. N. E. Boston. It belongs to Lynn in Essex Co. and is united to the continent by a narrow isthmus of sand called Lynn Beach. The penin- sula has a rocky, uneven surface, and is adorned with many summer cottages belonging to the in- habitants of Boston. Durmg the summer months it ia greatly frequented by visitors. Two spa- cious and elegant hotels built of stone, afford ex- cellent accommodations, and steam-boats pass every hour in the day between Nahant and Bos- ton during the season. Jfahe, a river of Germany, which risee in the territory of Treves, above Birkenfeld, and enters the Rhine at Bingen. JV'aAn, a town SfDehli, Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name, and a place of con- siderable strength. It is the residence of a Hin- doo chief, tributary to the rajah of Nepaul. Long. 77. 8. E., lat. 30. 41. N. A'aim, a borough of Scotland, and capital of Nairnshire, with a small harbour. It is seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the Murray Frith, 15. m. N. E. of Inverness and 120 N of tdinburgh. Long. 3. 6. W., lat. 57. 38. N. jVai'rns/urc, a county of Scotland, 15 m. long, and 10 broad; bounded N. by the Murray Fritfi, and enclosed on every side of the counties of In- verness and Murray. It is divided into 4 parishes and sends one member to parliament alternately with Cromarty. The S. part is mountainaus, but towards the N. it is level, and the soil abund- antly fertile JVafcsivan^ a town of Prussian Armenia, former- ly a large city, but ruined by Abbas I., who re- moved the inhabitants in the interior parts of Persia. Here are now some considerable buzaars, caravenserais, baths, and other public buildings. It is 85 m. S. E. of Erivan and 250 E. of Erze- rum. Long. 45. 30. E., lat. 33. 40. N. AVims'an, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a castle. It is situate among morasses on tJic river Weyda, 20 ni. E. S. E. of Breslau. A'amur, a province of the Netherlands, 30 ni. long and 20 broad ; bounded by the French fron: tier, and by the Belgic provinces of Hainault, S. Brabant and Liege. It is pretty fertile, and has several forests, marble quarriers. and mines of iron, lead and coal. TJie rivers Meuse and Sani- bre divide it into 3 parts, nearly of equal client. Before the French Revolution of 1780, the great- er part of this province belonged to Austria, and the remainder to France. In 17!)4 the whole was siezed by the French, and constituted for 20 years part of the department of Sambre-et-Mcuse. it was finally incorporated with the kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. J^rtT/l«r, the capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. It has a castle in the middle of Iho town, on a craggy rock, and several forts. Tlic inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. Fire- arms, swords, knives, and many other kinds of cutlery, are made here. This city was the scene of a sanguinary conflict between the allies and Die French in June 1815, and is noted in nUtory as the scene of many early battles. It is seated be- tween two mountains, at the confluence of the Maese and Sambre, 24 m. W. S. W. of Liege and 32 S. E. of Brussels. Long. 4. 45. E.,lat 50. 29. N. Sanus, a town of Hungary, 23 m. N. W. De- breozin. Pop. 4,000. JV'flTia!/, a river of Quito, falling into the Amazon. A'ajicezille, p. v. Harrison Co. Indiana. A'ancy, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Meurthe, and a bishop's see. It is divid- ed by a canal into the Old and New Town. The former though irregularly built, is rich and populous, and contains the palace of the ancient dukes of Lorraine ; and their tombs are in a rich saloon which adjoins the church of the late Cor- deliers. The New Town, whose streets are per- fectly straight, was one of the finest in Europe, even before the magnificent works with which Stanislaus I., titular king of Poland, and duke of Lorraine, enriched it. The cathedral is a supurb structure, and there are several other elegan churches. It was occupied by the allies in 1814. Nancy is seated in a delightful plain, near the river Meurthe, 30 m. S. of Metz and 230 E. of Paris. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 48. 42. N. JYandar, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict of the same name in the province of Dowle- tabad. 132 m. N. N. W. of Hydrabad. Nandidroog , a strong town of Hindoostan, in Mysore. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1709, it has been garrisoned by English troops. It is 25 m. N. by E. of Bangalore and 04 E. S. E. of Sera. Nanfio, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, a little tothe E. of Santorin ; it is 2C m. in circum- ference, but has no harbour, nor springs sufficient to water the fields. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and their chief trade is in onions, wax, and honey. The ruins of the temple of Apollo are yet to be seen, and consist chiefly of marble columns. Long. 26. 10. E., lat. 36. 15. N. Naugosakiy a city of Japan, in the island of Ximo, with a good harbour and the only one in the empire in which foreign ships are permitted to anchor. The inhabitants carr^* on a great trade with the Chinese and Dutch. Long. 129. 40. E., lat. 32. 32. N. A'angis, a town of France in the department of Seine-et-Marn, 12 m. W. of Provins. A'anjfmog, p.t. Charles Co. Maryland. 45 m. S. Washington. A'ankang,a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the lake Po- yang, 6.37 ra. S. of Fekin. Long. ] 13. 58. E., lat. 29. 33. N. jVan/.i'ni',a city of China, capital of the prov- ince of Kiangan. It is 17 m. in circumference, and about 3 m. distant from the great river Yang- tse-Chiang, from which canals are cut, so large that vessels may enter the town. It was f^irmer- ly the imperial city, whence it is called Nanking, which signifies southern court ; but, since the six grand tribunals have been removed to Pekin, it is called Kiang-nan in all public acts The place is greatly fallen from its ancient splendor; for it had a magnificent palace which is quite destroyed, as well as many ancient monuments ; and a third part of the city itself is desolate. The streets are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and on each side are shops neatly furnished. The pub- lic buildings are mean, except a few temples, the city gates, and a tower of porcelain 200 feet high. NAN 52a NAP Th(* iiifialtitaiils wore formerly cstiinatcd at*J,nOO, noO, ilie cily being above ;JOm. in circumference. Tlio number at present is said to be 1,000,000, without romprehendintr the garrison of 40,000 men. Tiiey have several manufactures in silk and wood. Here the physicians have tlieir prin- cipal academy. Nanking is seated on tlie Siam, 500 m. S. S. K. of Pekin. Lon;; 110. i»5. E., lat. :J2. -It;. N. Nunvfran, a city of China of the first rank, in Kiangsi. It alanus amoiiital. Also a river flowing through this county into James IViver at Hampton Roads. Js'antashct, the Indian name of the peninsula on tlif S. side of Boston Bay. It contains the town of Hull, and is joined to the mainland by a beach of sand several milos in length. The peninsula has several hi»jii hills which command one of the entrances into Boston harbour. Nanfiiakv.t Hoatl, the name given to that part of the outer harbour of Boston, oetween Nantaskct and ihi' islands to the N.and N. \V. just within the outer light. jYini-tckang, a city of China, capital of Kiang- fii. It has no trade but that of porcelain, which is made in the vicinity of Jaatcheou. The country is so much cultivated that the pastures are barely sufficient for the flocks. It is seated on the Kan- kiang, which flows hence into the lake Poyang, 695 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 30. E.. lat. 2d 36.N. ,yant€S, a citv of France capital of t!ie depart- ment of Lower Loire, and a bishop's see, with a university- It was formerly the residence of the dukes of Bretagne. who built a strong castle on the side of the river, wliich still exists. The cathedral contains Uie tombs of the ancient dukes ; besides which there are a collegiate ehurrh and 11 parish churches. Tlie bridges over llie Loire, in which are some islands, are ahnc)st a league in length. The suburbs exceed the city in extent. A great quantity of salt is made in the territnrv of Nantes, both at the bay of Bourgneuf and in the salt marshes of Guelande and Croisic. Large ves- sels can come no higher than Port Laubai, which is 12 m. from Nantes. The inhabitants are com- puted at nearly ^0.000. It was here that Henry IV. promulgated the famous edict in l59iS, in fa- vour of the Protestants which was revoked by LouisXIV. in \Ci67i. Nantes is 58 m. S. by E. o( Rennes and 217 S. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 33. W., lat. 47. 13. N. JVanticoke, p.t. Broome Co N. Y. on a creek of the same name falling mto the Susqueiianna. J^arUiroke, a hundred of Sussex Co. Del. on a river of the same name falling into the Chesa- peak. J^antmilly E. and W.,two townships in Chester Co. Pa. 35 ra. N. W. Philad. jyaTitnUy a town of France, department of Ain, with manufactures of gauzes, taffetas, chintzes, &c. situate on a lake of the same name, 18 m. E. of Bourg. JVtintitcket,^^ island of Massachusetts, 20 m. S. of Cape Cod. It is 15 m. long and 7 broad, and contains 29,380 acres. It is a aandy spot with little vegetation, yet aflurds grass for the pastur- age of a few cows and slieep, and supports a jiopulation of 7,202. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the whale fishery, and iheir ships pen- etrate to the most distant seas on the globe. The island constitutes one town and (me county. The principal village is on the N. side of the island, Olid has a tolerable harbour ; the houses are of wood. Tliere are many spermaceti works upon the island. The shipping owned here in 1827 amounl- o(\ to 2(5,353 tons. S. E. of Nantucket, out of sight of liii^ island are some dangerous shoals. Xujitirtrli, a town in Cheshire, Eng. The mnn- ntacluie of salt was formerly considerable, but it is now confined to a single establishment; and the chief trade consists in the manufacture of shoes for the London and Manchester dealer.';. The principal dairies of Cheshire are about this town, and it has considerable trade in cheese. It is seated on the Weaver, and by the Chester Ca- nal, which here forms a broad basin, 20 m. S. E. of Chester and 164 N. W. of London. A'aji-ijan^y a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Ho-nan, seated on a small river, and surrounded by mountains, IGO m. S. of Ho- nan. Xtui-yoiifT, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quantong, seated on the Pei- kiang, near its soun^e, 170 m. N. N. E. ofCanton. .Xapnul. See .Vrpaut. A'uplcs, or the Ttro ■'iicilirs, a kingdom com- prehending the S. part of Italy, bounded on the N. VV. by the Ecclesiasticalstates, N. E. by the gulf of Venice, and every where else by the Mediter- ranean. It is 300 m. in length by 100 in breadth, ;md is divided into 13 provinces : namely, Napo- lia or Najdes, Terra di Lavoro (the ancient Cam- pania Felix), Principato Citra and Dltra, Molise, Basilicata, Calabria Citra and Ultra, Abruzio Citra and Ultra, Capilanata, Terra di Bari, and Terra d' Otranto ; the Inst three forming the an- cient Apulia, now called Puglia, on the E. side of the kinirdorn. The climate in general Is extremely hot, espec- iilUy in Julv. August, and September, and is said to be one of the most inconstant and unfavoura- ble to valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains every day for (1 or 7 weeks together ; but the most disagreeable part of the climate is the sirocco, or S. E. wind, which is very common in May, and extremely relaxing. In winter there is seldom any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The country nbounds with grain, the finest fruits and vegetables, rice, flax, oil, wine, saffron, and man- na ; and atfords alum, vitrei, sulphur, rock crystal, marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk. Besides the manufactures noticed in the account of the city of Naplesj waistcoats, caps, stockings, and gloves are also made of the hair or filaments of a shellfish, which are warmer than those of wool and of a beautiful glossy green. The principal mountains are the Apennines (which traverse this country from N. to S., branching to the two extremities) and the celebrated volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The rivers are numerous, but incon- siderable ; the chief are the Garigliano and Vol- lurno. One of the greatest inconveniences to which this kingdom is exposed is earthquakes. The established religion is the Roman Catholic ; but Protestants and Jews are allowed to settle here. The inhabitants of this country have at all times borne but an indifferent character among otlier nations ; gluttony is here a predominant vice, while instances of ebriety are comparatively .\\r NAR rare In lli(^ female sex, tl.o pass.on for finery is almost suuorior to every other ; and though chas- tity is not the characteristic virtue of the country, yet a Neapolitan woman would for the most part prefer a present-to a lover. The breach of tlie conjugal vow sometimes occasions quarre s and assassinations among people of inferior rank ; and in the metropolis, assassinations are often perpe- trated from much less cogent motives. That fu- rious jealousy f >r which the nation was once so remarkable is, however greatly abated. See Uahj and Sicily. ,Vo/<.'m, a large and rich trading city of Italy, one of the finest in the world, capital of the above kingdom, with a university. It is situated at the bottom of a bay, and is built in the form of a vast amphitheatre, slopin;? from the hills to the sea. Altliough tlie style of architecture is inferior to what prevails at'Romc, and it cannot vie with that city in the number of palaces or in the magnifi- cence of the public buildin;;s, yet the private hou- ses in general are bettor built, and the streets are broader and better paved. No street in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; nor can any of them be compared with the beau- tiful streets which lie open to the bay, where the e.icessiveheatof thesunisoflcn tempered with the sea breezes and gales wafting the perfumes of the Campagna Felice The houses in general are 5 or C sto'ries high, and flat at the top, on which are placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit trees in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agree- able effect. On the mountain St. Elmo, in a most pleasant situation, is a convent of Carthu- sians, on which much expense has been lavished to render the building, the apartments, and the gardens, equal to the situation. Naples is admir- ably situated for commerce, and has all the neces- saries and luxuries of life in great profusion. The chief articles manufactured here are silk stockings, soap, snutT-boxes of tortoise-shell or of the lava of Mount Vesuvius, tables, and ornamental furni- ture of marble. They are thought to embroider here better than in France ; and their macaroni is preferred to that of any part of Italy. They ex- cel also in liquors and confections ; particularly in one kind of confection, called diaboloni, of a very hot and stimulating nature, and which is sold at a very high price. The number of inhabitants is computed at3.")0, 000, which is very probable ; for, though Naples is not one-third of the size of London, yet many of the streets here are more crowded than the Strand, and a great proportion of the poorest sort are obliged to spend the night in tiiein, as \vA\ as the day, for want of habitations. There is not a city in the world, perhaps, with the same number of inhabitants, in which so few contribute to the wealth of the community, by useful and produc- tive labour; the number of priests, monks, fid- dlers, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and lazzaroni or vagabonds, is immense : the last alone have been computed at above ;!0,000, but their number has since been somewhat diminished. The nobility are excessively fond of splendour and show, as ap- pears by the brilliancy of their equipages, the num- ber of Iheirattendants. the richness of their dress, and the grandeur of their titles. The king, it is said counts 100 persons wiili the title of prince and still a greater number with that of duke, among his subjects. Six or seven of these have estates of from JC10,1)00 to £lt^,000 a-year, and a considera- ble number have possessions to about half that amount; while the annual revenue of many is not 67 above n ,000 or £-2000. The inferior nohility «re much poorer, many counts and marquises not having above .£^300 or JWOO a-year, of a paternal estate, many still less, and not a few eiMoying the title without any estate whatever. Alljioiigli the churches and convents of Naples are not to be compared with lho.se of Rome in point of archi- tecture, they surpass lliem in rich jewels, and in the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, ves- sels, and other ornaments. The cathodra) is a grand Gothic edifice; and, of all the palacef, tliat of the king is not only the most magnificent, but in the l>est style of architecture. The harbour, which is spacious is protected by a mole. The bay of Naples is one of the finest in the world, be- ing almost of a circular figure, about 'Mi m. in di- ameter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the island of Capri, and three parts of it sheltered by a circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was taken by the French in January. 171*9. but retak- en by the British fleet under lord Nelson, in the June fi>lluwing. In Ir-Oli it was again taken j>os- ses.sion of by the French under Massena, soon after which Joseph Bonaparte was here crowned king of Naples ; but on his removal to Spain, in 160"*, the crown was conferred on Murat. In May, 1815, Naples was surrendered to a British squadron, and in the following month king Fer- dinand was restored. In 1S03 the city suffered much damage by an earthquake. It is 1 10 in. S. i:. of Rome^ 104 N. E. of Palermo, and :100 S. by E. of Venice. Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 14. 53. N. A'lipoli dc Romania, a sea-port of the Morea, and an archbishop's see, sealed on a peninsula, at the head of a bay, of the same name. It has a large harbour, witii a narrow entrance, defended by a citadel. This town was taken by the Turks in 171.'). and remained under the government of the Porte till the recent dismemberment of Greece. It is 20 m. S. S. W. of Corinth. Long. 22. 44. E., lat. :i7. 41. N. J\'apoii ili MnhasitL, a sea-port of the Morea, on the island of. Malvasio* It has a fine harbour defend- ed by a good citadel ; and .a long wooden bridge, which joins it to the mainland. It gives name to that excellent wine called Malmsey ; and w.as the ancient Epidaurus, famed for the temple of jEscula- pius. It is seated on a rock, at the entrance of the bay of Napoli de Romania, 38 m. S. E. ofMisitra. Long. 22. 58. E., lat. 3t>. 53. N. .Vara, a town of Jap.an, in the island of Niphon, with ajiiagnificent castle, 2.5 m. N. W. of Meaco. A'arainiiuitae, a town of Bengal, in the district of Dacca, with manufactures of muslin, and a trade in grain, salt, tobacco. A:c. It is seated on the Luckia. Long. 90. 33. E.. lat. 23. Al. N. Sarosin^htipura , a town of Hindoostan, in My sore, with two considerable temples. It is well built, and stands in a fertile country, on the Cave ry, immediately below the influx of Kapina, 30 m. E. S. E. of .Mysore. .yarhelh, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire ; seated on a hill, 12 m. N. E. of Pembroke and 242 W. by N. of London. .AV/rAojinr, a city of France, in the department of .'^ude. In the time of the Romans it was the capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbon- cnsis ; and here the emperor .Marcus .Aurelius was born. Some Roman inscriptions, in difl'erent parts of the city arc still visible; and the canal from the river .4ude. through the city to the Med- iterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is famous for its honey, and the cathedral is remark- NAS NAT able for ils iiolile (lit)!]-. It is 5 m. fioiu tlic Mi'd- ilcTranean :iiiiU'. W., lat. 4.'>. 0. N. Xardo, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Olranto, 22 m. \V. by N. ofOtranlo. J\'artnzti, a town of Dainiatia, and a bishop's see ; Beatcd on a river of the same name, 42 m. N. N. VV. of Ragusa. A'arim, a town of Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, surrounded bv pallisades and wooden towers. The environs afM>und with fo.xes, ermines, and sables. It is sealed at the conflu.t of the Ket with the Oby, 401) m. l'",. by N. of Tobolsk. Long. 81. 1.5. E., lat. 511. 10. N. JVffrH«/;«, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, province of Berar, 3'i m. W. N. \V. of EUich- pour. JVarni, a town of Italy, in the slates of the church. Here are the ruins of a marble bridge, built by Augustus; and also of an aqueduct that brought water from a spring at the distance of 1 5 m. It is seated on the Nera, 20 m. S. S. W. of Spoleto, and 40 N. of Konie. wVuro, a town of Sinily,in Vnl di Mazara, on a river of tlie same name, II in. E. of Girgenti. JVaroni , a river, of Russia, which issues from the lake Peipus, flows to Narva, and enters the gulf of Finland S m. below that town. It has two cataracts, poniponsly described by travellers; but they are far inferior to that of the Rhine at LaufFen. J^arra!;ansrt, liaii, in Rhode Island State, ex- tends from N. to S. dividing the state into two parts. It is separated into several distinct chan- nels by the islands which it embosoms. The largest are Conanicut and Rhode Island. The length of the bay is about IJO m. and its breadth 15. It affords many e.xcellenl harbours and is ac- cessible at all seasons of tlie year. It receives many rivers, and the cities of Providence and Newport with other small towns lie upon its waters. J^arraL'uairiis, p. v. Washington Co. Me. 'il m. W. Machias, on a river of the same name. jyarsht.trfipalain, a town of Hindoostan, in the territory of Cattack, near the coast of the bay of Bengal, 44 m. S. of Cattack. J\«rra, a strong town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Petersburgh. The houses are built of brick and stuccoed white ; and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Russian town. In the suburb called Ivangorod are the stupendous remains of an ancient fortress, built by Ivan Ba- silowitz tlie Great, which imjiend over the steep banks of the Narova. In 17l)0 Charles XII. of Sweden obtained a victory here over Peter the Great. Five years alTer, the czar took the town by assault; and. by his own personal exertions, saved it from pillage and massacre. The princi- pal exports are hemp, fla.x, timber, and corn. It is situate on the Narova, 8 m. from its mouth and 85 W.S. W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. Sii. E., lat. 59. l.H. N. Karicar, a town of Ilimlotjstan, capital of a fer- tile district of the same name, in the province of Agra; seated near the Sinde, 1 15 m. S. of Agra. Long 78. 17. E., lat. 25. 40. N. JVasca, a. sea-port of Peru, in the audience of Lima. It has a good harbour, and stands in a tei - ritory fertile in wine and sugar, 220 m. S. S. I'J. of Luna. Long. 75. II). W., lat. 14. 45. S. JVaselnj. a village in Northamptonsliire, Eng. fa- mous for the decisive victory rrained by the army of the parliament over lliiil of Charles I. in 1()15. 12 m. N. N. W. of Niirtharuptnn. J\'ush, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 8,402. Nashville is the capital. A^iisltna. a branch of the Merrimack, rising in Worcester County Mass. and falling into the Merrimack at Dunstable, N. II. It is 40 m, li'og. JWishtifni. one of the Elizabeth Islands, on tlie S. side of Buzzard s Hay, in Dukes Co. Mas. AflsAr/7/f, p.t. Daviilson Co. Tennessee, and tl;e seat of government for the stale. It is sealed on the S. branch of Cumberland river near some hi^rb bluffs. The site is pleasant and healthy and the town is much visited during the hot season by people from the lower country. Here is a branch of tile United States Bank. The Cumberland is navigable to this place by steam-boats. The Uni- versity of Nashville was founded in l.-^Ofi. It has 4 instructers and i>5 students, the libraries have :j,250 vols. It has two vacations of II weeks. Pop. 5,,5(iG. Kashmllc, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 50 m. N. E. Raleigh. JVns/iou', a town of Denmark, in the island of Laaland, with a convenient harbour, seated on a bay of the same naiiie, 15 m. W. by N. of Maricboe. A'assau, an independent duchy of Germany, formed of the several principalities which formerly bore tliis name. It is bounded by the Prussian territory on the Lower Rhine and the slates of the princes of Hesse. It contains mines of iron, cop- per, and lead, and the soil is fertile in some places, but the surface is for the most part woody and mountainous. The rearing of cattle and the cul- ture of the vine are the princijjal occupations of the inhabitants. The duke of Nassau holds the i:?th jilace at the smaller assembly of the German diet and has two votes in the full assembly. A'ltssiiu, a towui of Germany, in the above duchy, the only place bebmgintr in conimon to the duke of Nassau and the king of the Netherlands. Op- posite the town, cm the other side of the river, and on a high mountain, formerly stood Nassauberg, a pl.ace of great antiquity, and the original seat of the Nassau family. Nassau is ;12 m. W. N. W. of Frankfort. Long. 7 . 52. E.. lat. 50. Ifi. N. .Vassiiii, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. E. Albany. Pop. L!,254. jXasstiii, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the W. side of the island of Sumatra, about 120 in. in circumference. It abounds with forests, and pre- sents an enchanting verdure. The inhabitants are dissimilar from their neifflibours; for they approach the simplicily of manners and personal appearance of the Otaheitans, while their rolor is like that of the Malays. Long. 9!). 40. E., lat. 2. 50. S. JVn.'JSUcA', a town of Hindoostan, in the iirovince of Guzerat. 95 m. S. S. W. of Surat. Long. 73. 4!). E., lat. 19. .50. N. .Xalii, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the province of Panama, seated in a fertile country, on the bay of Panama, (>8 m. S. W. of Panama. Long. 81 5 W.. lat. 8. 30. N. A'ulnl. a country on the S. E. coast of Africa, lying N. E. of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited by atribe of Cafl'res. It is aboutSOO m. in length, and near the middle is a river and also a bay ot the same name. Long. 31. 30. E., lat. 29. 0. fe. .\'(il(hez, p.t. Adams Co. Mississipui, on the r?AV b'til iNKA eastern branch of the river M;s»'»J't'l">, '"':' '"■ above New Orleans by land, and :ia2 by the nver. It is the only large town u. tbo state and Ims a (Treat trade in cotton. Stx^am-boats and r.ver sin,- pinL' frequent this place in great numbers., and make it one of the bnsiest towns upon the river. h is situated upon a bluff 300 feet above the river and is surrounded by a level country. It .3 oftert visited by the yellow fever A branch of U,e United States Bank is established liere. 1 op. ^,/!)0. J^atchilochr,s, a parish of Louisiana. I'op. 7,'.«(i. The capital is the following. A-iitrhiloHic^, p.l. on Hod River, Lou. ..) d m. N. W. New Orleans. It is the frontier town of the United Slates toward Mexico, and llie centre of communication for the land Uade with that conn- try. It was settled above a century airo, and its inhabitants are composed of Frencli, Spanish and Indian descendants iuterinin^'led witli native and emiirrant Americans. Us trade witli Mexico con- .-.ists' in the exportation of luanufietured goods, soirits and tobacco, fr)r which it receives in re- turn silver bullion, horses and mules. This town is Ibe resort of many fugitives and desperate cli'ir acters from the United States, but tlie stationary uopnlation is respectable. MUkk, p.t, Middlesex Co. Mass. IB m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 800. „.,.,,■ JVatoUa, a country formerly called Asia Minor. It is the most western part of the great continent of Asia, bounded N. by the Black Sea, E. by the Euphrates, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from W. to E., and watered by a great number of rivers. The soil is generally fertile, produciniT fruits of various kinds, corn, toliacco, cotton, and silk. The whole country has suffered severely from Turkish oppression. AoUam, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the district of Dindigal, 4.5 m. S. S. W. of Tricli- inopoly. mutore, a town of Bengal, seated on the river Attri, 47 m. E. N. E. of Moorsbedabad. muiiral Bridge, p. v. Rockbridge Co. Va. ITli m W. Richmond. See Rockbridge. ViMcn, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. N. W.ofBerUn. JWm?«(icr'r,a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, situate on tlie Eider, 10 m. W. S. W. of Casscl. Js'aamhiirg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseburg, formerly capital of a 3ucliy of the same name. It has a small citadel, and its catliedral is remarkable for its fine altars paintings, and subterranean chapels. The chief manufactiu-esare leather, soap, starch, gunpowder, turnery wares, &c. ; and its town carries on a brisk trade. It is seated on the Saale, l.-i m. \V. S W. of Merseberg. Long. 12. 0. E., lat. 51. UN. , . . , JVimmbiira, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government" of Leignitz, on the river Quels, 11 m. N. W. of Lowenburg. Mwan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meath, seated at the conflu.v of the Blackwater with the Boyne, 7 m. N. E. of Trim and 25 N. W. of Dublin. ^'aviirino, a sea-port on the W.' coast of the Morea, with a large liarbour defended by two forts. It is memorable for the destruction of the Turkish and Egyptain fleet, by the English, French, and Russians, in 1827. It is seated on a hill, 10 in. N. by E. of Modon and H8 S. W. of ( ■orinlh. Long. 21 . '.ir>. E , lat. 37. .">. N. j\iivarrr. a proviuce of Spain, containing tne greater part of llie ancient kingdom of Navarre It is 7.") m. long and CO broad. Though a nioun taiuous country, abounding in game and iron mines, some valleys produce good corn :;nd ex- cellent wiuc. Paiupeluna is the capital. jVapurre, A'rw, a former province of Mexico, now divided into various modern intendancies. Kaoarreins, a town of France, department of Lower Pyrenees, on the (iave d' Oleron,2li m. S. E. of Bayonne. JS'urigatnr's Islands, a cluster of ten islands in the P.icific Ocean, discovered by Bougainville, and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are called by the natives' Opoun, Leone, Fanfouc, Rlaouna, Oyalava, Calinasse, Pola, Shika, Ossanio, anrl O'uero. Opoun, the most southerly and easterly of these islands, lies in long. Hilt. 7. W., lat. 14. 7. S. Mamina, Oyalava, and Pola, may be num- bered among the "largest and most beautiful isl- ands of the" S. Pacihc. They combine the ad vantages of a soil fertile without culture and a idiniate that renders clothing unnecessary. The inhabitants arc a strong and lusty race ; scarcely a mail is to be seen among them less than six fei't high, and the women are in proportion. In dis- poUition they are thievish, treacherous, and fe- rocious. Their villages arc situate on creeks, by llie seaside, and have no paths between them ; so that they pass from one to another in their canoes, and thus are almost constantly on the water. Their canoes, houses, Ulc, are well constructed : and they are much more advanced in internal policy than any of the islands in this ocean. See Mnnunn. Kaiia, or M'axos, an island in the Grecian Ar- chipelago, 15 in. in length and .50 in circumfer- ence. It is fertile in grain, wine, oil, cotton, and silk ; and its plains abound with orange, olive, lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mul- berry trees. It has a great many villages ; but the population of the whole island does not ex- ceed 10,000. The highest mountain is Zla, which signifies llie mountain of Jupiter: but there are no antiquities, except some small re- mains of a temple of Bacchus. JVu.ti«, the capital of the above island, and one of the most beautiful places in the Archipelago. It has two archiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and the other Latin. Here is no harbour, but the trade is cimsiderable jn barley, wine, oil, figs, cotton, silk, flax, cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. It stands on the S. side of the island, and is de- fended by a castle. Long. 25. 32. E., lat. 37. 6. N. Katjakmuihullij, a large square town of Hindoos- tan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the centre, both strongly fortified with mud walls. In the town a wide street extends all round, and has short lanes on each side. . It has a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth, and in the vicinity are many palm gardens. It is 34 m. S. W. of Sera. Knuretli, a town of Palestine, celebrated as the residence of Christ, in the e.irly part of his life. It is now a small place, where the monks of St. Francis have a convent. 50 m. N. N. E. of Jerusalem. Ku-arrlh, Upper and Lotccr, two townships in Northampton Co. Pa. 7 m. N. W. Easton. The inhabitants are Moravians, and here was their first settlement in the country. JVaiP, or Liiuleness, the most southern promon- tory of Norway. Long. 7. 20. E., lat. 57. 30. N. Sriigli, hough, a lake of Ireland, 20 m. long and NEP 532 NEG l.'i broad, lyiii" in the countips of Armagli, Down, Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. Tlie river Bann flows Ihroiiijli it. .Xciit/i, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamor- gansliire. In tiie neighbourliood are iron forgen, Kineltinnr works for copper, and coal mines; and on llie utlier side of tiie river are the extensive remaim; of an abbey. A threat cpiantity of coal ia exported hence in small ve.=?sels. U i.s silnate on the river Nealii. near llie lUisto! f'liannel, ti7 m. S. VV. of lirecltiiock and I'.l-I W. nf London. JVcat/i, a river of Wales, wliieli rises in iirrrk- nockshire, and runs tliroiigh (ilaiiiorganshiro, by the town t)f iS'eatli, into tiie Bristol (^lianni-1. .Vf4, a river in the Isle of Man, which run.i inio the Irish Sea at Peel Ca^stle, A'iMii fOi- .Xehbiuy a ruined city on the N. sido of the island of Corsica, 1 mile from St. Kiorr'iizo. ^icbrti, a town of Prussian Sa.vony, in Thilrin- yia.on tlio Unstrut, 12 m. N. N. W. ol' Nanndmrg. JWchaVf a river of Cicrmany, v/hich rises in Wurtcmlier^, flowa by Rotliwiel, Tnbin;;{en, Ks- sUn^en, lleilbron, and IleidcllM^r^, antl enters the Uhine at Manheim. This river gives name to three departments '. of L.indeii. Hence the two celelirated battles of I/mden are some- times called by the name of Ncerwinden. See iMnden. A'effa, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 2.i0 m. S by W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 25. E., lat. 30. N. A'egnpatam, a city of Plindoostan in the dis- trict of Tanjore, on the coast of Coromandel. It was first a colony of tlie Portuguese, but was ta ken by the Dutch ; and the latter were disposses- sed of it by the English in I7f2. The port in not extraordinary ; but most of the different nations in India are hi-re'selLled, and trade under the pro- tection of the fort. The Wesleyan Methodists have two missionaries here. It is .50 m. E. of Tanjore and llit; S. hv W. of Madras. Long. 79. 5(i. fc.. Int. 111. 4(1. N.' .Wi'rtn/, a town of the isie of Borneo, capital of the kiiigdoin of ilanjermassing ; situate on the r. side of the river li.injer, (iO in. N. of the town of BanjiTinassing. Ijoiig. 114. 0. L , lat. 1. 40. S. .A' riv/Hf/io, a sea-port on the W. coast o\' the isle of Ceylon, with a fort built by llie Portu- guese. It was taken in ItilO by the Dutch, \vi;o evacuated it to the English in I7i'(i. It is 10 m. N. of Ccdunibo. Long. 79. .55. E., lat. 7. 20. N. Ararais, an island on the E. side of the bay of Beiig.'il, at the iiionth of Basien Kiver, the itiosl western branch of the Irrawaddv, with an excel lent harbour. Long. 94. 30. E.,'lr.t. l(i. 0. N. A'fs^ril Point, the inC'St westerly promontory C'f the inland of Jamaica. Long. 78. 23. W., lat. Id 17. N. .Xegro Cape, a promontory of Africa, on the coast of Benguela, being the most southerly country to which the Europeans usually resort to purchase slaves. Long. 11. 40. E, lat. lli. 15. N. A'rtri-olnnd, or A'l^ritiu, a large country in llie interior of .Africa, through which the river .Niger flows from W. to E. iT is called by the Arabs Soudan, a wortl of similar import to the European appellation, signifying the Land of the Blacks It extends from long. 10. W. to 27. E., and from lal. 10. to 25. N. ; being bounded on the N. by the Sahara and the mountains which separate it from the states of Barbary, on t!ie E. by Nubia and Abyssinia, on the S. by countries nnltnown and Guinea, and W. by Guinea, Fouli,and Zalia- ra. Of this vast country little is known more tl'.an the names of some of the towns and great kingdonts of which it is composed. Some parts, jiarticularly on the river Niger are said to be exceeiiingiv fer- tile; other parts are represented as sandy and desert. Among the animals of the territory may I'e no- ticed the Panther, a fierce insidiou.-i ;md cruid an- imal wlio attacks not only beasts, but man, taking the precaution always to apjiroach him troni be- hind. Major Denham saw one killed in Ihis country, above 8 feet in length. Tiie principal territory known is Bornou. The general charac- ter of tKe negroes, who are I he inhabitants of this region, is that of levity. They do not appear to want the feelings of humanity, nor are they more destitute of sagacity than other jieople of an equal degren of education ; but as their country sup- plies them with food by a very slight degree of NKl 533 .NEP industry, and there ia little occasion lor clothing amid the heat of their climate, they have a gener- al habit of seeking present pleasure, and no care for the future. The only necessary of life that appears to be deficient is salt, whicJi is the more wanted among them in consequence of their sub- sisting chiefly on vegetable food ; and it is a pro- verbial expression of a man's riches to say that he eats salt witli liis food. This important article they receive from Zaliara by caravans of trading Arabs. They also receive arms, hardware, glass- es, and trinkets, fnnn the VV., by the Europeans, and. in the interior, by the caravans of Cairo, Fezr.an, and Morocco, i'or these they give in re- turn "old dust, ivory, and elephants' teeth. The kind of government that exists among the negro nations is by no means uniform. Many districts are governed by a number of independent petty chiefs, who are engaged in frequent wars witli each other. In other places, the talents of indi- vidual chieflains have been able to reduce consid- erable tracts of territory under their dominion ; and hence some flourishing towns have sprung up. Many of the towns are Ibrtilied with ditches and high walls. Uomeslio slavery prevails in a very great degree among all the negro states. When the tropical rains fall, or are so deficient that the sun burns up the face of the country, it is not uncommon for parents to sell their children, and even themselves, for bread. A free man may also lose his liberty by being taken prisoner in war, or on account of the crimes of murder and sorcery ; and also in consequence of insolvency. The knowledge of the negroes, with regard to religion and all speculative subjects, is extremely limited; but they have much superstition, and are implicit believers in witchcraft and magic. Mvroponl, an island in the Grecian Archipela- go, 100 m. in length and 18 in breadth, anciently called Eubcea. It is near the N. coast of Livadia, and separated from it by tlie strait of Euripus over which is a bridge. It abounds in corn, wine, oil, and fruits. It forms a part of Independent Greece. JVegropont,^ strong city, capital of the above island, and an archbishop's see, with a good har- bour. The walls of the city are 2 m. and a half in circumference, but the suburbs are much larg- er. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30 111. N. E. of Athens ar^t 2ti0 S. W. of Constanti- nople. Long. 24. 8. t., lat. 38. 30. N. yehatend, a town of Irak, in Persia, famous for a battle fought near it between the caliph Omar and Ye.x Degerd, king of Persia, in (»38, when the latter lost his life and kingdom. It is200 m.N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48. 10. E., lat. 34. 20. N. JS'eidcnbP-r c(s, spi- ces, tobacco, and European gfods. In 1*14, in consequence of the repeated encroachments of the Nepaiilese, the British invaded their torrilorie.", ami dictated to them a treaty of peace in iPlG. By this treaty Ncpaul is limited on the W. to the river Gogra ; the British have gained poMc.'-i'icn NET 534 NET oftlie province of Kemaon, and a British envoy conslanOy resides at ( 'atlamandoo, the capital of Nepaul. Sepean Islanil, a small island in tlie S. Pacific, opposite Port Hunter, rovinrial customs, particularly among the Dutch. The royal power was vested in the family of Nassau-Orange, with the title of king of the Netherlands, prince of Orange, and grand duke of Luxemburg. The parJiament was divide)! into two houses. The character of the inhabitants in the northern and sciulluTn provinces differs considerably. The Dutch have been bmg distinguished as a labor NEO sa". Ni:u ous and persevering people, not devoid of enkr- prise, but led much more rarely than the English and AiiK-ricana into adventurous speculations of doubtful success. The Belgians have less uni- formity in their habits and disposition ; on tho borders of Holland tlu-y are hardly to be dis- tinguished from tho Dutch, wliilc in the jirov- inces to the S. the dress and habits of the French are prevalent. Calvinism is the established relio'ion of the northern provinces, the Roman CatTiolic that of the southern; but there arc no political disqualifications on account of religious tenets. The earliest accounts we have of the his- tory of this country, are from the Romans, by whom all the southern and central part was con- quered, and called by Iheiii Belgium. After se- veral political changes, the country came into the possession of the house of Burgundy , and by mar- riage, passed to Ma.xiniilian of Austria, father of Charles V. The latter united the 17 provinces into one state : but the bigotry and tyranny of his son Philip II. produced the separation of the 7 United Provinces. The other II) however, con- tinued under the Spanish crown till 17V2, when Louis XIV. obtained possession; but after the battle of Rainillies, in 17UG, the Netherlands \yere brought under the power of the allies, and assign- ed to the Austrians by the peace of Utrecht. In 1711 the French under marshal Saxe recovered what the preceding generation had lost; but at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle the country was again restored to Austria. In 1792 the French overran Uie Austrian Netherlands : they were driven out of the country in 1793; but returned in 1794, and subdued every part of it; and in 1795 decreed it, with the territories of Liege and Upper Guclderland, an integral part of the French republic. To this country they gave the name of Belgium, and divided it into 9 depart- ments ; but in 1SI4, agreeably lo the treaty of Par- is, they evacuated all that part which formerly be- lono-edto Austria and Holland : and the 17 prov- mces were united and funned into an independent state. Tho above comprises me di'scription and history of the kingdom of the Netherlands as organ- ized in l.yio and as it remained lor 15 years after- wards. This kingdom no longer e.xists. The people of Belgium, or the southern part of the kingdom never became cordially reconciled to their union with Holland, and various minor causes of dis- content served to augment their dislike to the government. The rev Islington, for the su|»|>ly of the metropolis with water. It was finished in liil:(, liy Sir Hugh Mid- dleton, a citizen of Uinuinn, who expended his whole fortune in the undertaking. It has since been carried up to a jqtring U'-ar Hertford, called Cliadwell. where the streuin is also increased by a cut from the river Lea. The river, with all its windings, is 42 m. in length, and is under the management of a corporation called the New River Conii)any. A'cic Year Hurhoiir, a good liarbi>ur on the N. coast of Stuten Land. Long. tiJ. II. W., lat. .>!. 49. S. jVcie Year hianils, small islands in the S. Pa- cific, near New Year Harbour, the resort of vast numbers of slions, seals, and a species of vulture. Jfeie .llliuny, p.t. Floyd Co. Indiana, on the Ohio. 4 m. below Louisville. Also a village in Bradford Co. Pa. A'nn .1lriandria.\>.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. and a town of Columbiana Co. Ohio. .Vfic .iiiistcrdan, a town of South America, in Guiana, the capital of Berbice. It stands on the river Berbice near its mouth. .\cw Antrim, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 34 m. N. W. New York Xeicark, a borough in Nottinghamshire Eng. with a good trade in malt, corn, and coals, manu- factures of coarse linens and lace, iron and brass founderies, extensive roperies, &c. Gypsum of a superior quality is found in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge, IM ra. N. by W. of London. .Vetrark, a town of Upper Canada, on the W. side of the river Niagara, at itsentranoe into Lake Ontario, and opposite the town and fort of Niagara, 27 m. N. by E. of Fort Erie. JVe.wark, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic, 9 m. W. New York. Pop. 10,953. This town is regularly and handsomely built, and has consider- able manufactures. The river is navigable to the sea for vessels of 80 tons. The neighbourhood produces excellent cider. .Also a p.t.. Tio^a Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,029; p.v. Ontario Co. N. Y; p.t. Newcastle Co. Del. 14 in. S. W. Wilmington; v. Worcester Co. Maryland ; p.v. Louisa Co. 'a. 2.) m. N. W. Richuiond ; p.t. Licking Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,913. Scicark Baij, lies N. of State n Island and com- municates with Newark harbour on the E. and the ocean on the S. jVeio Ashfurii, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 20 m. N. Lenox. Pop. i^'i. J^r.iD Athens. \^X. Harrison Co. Ohio. Here is a seminary called Franklin College, founded in 1824. It has ^ instructers and 40 students. Also a p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. .\'rw Bahimorc, p.t. Green Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, Irf m. below Albany. Pop. 2^0. Also a p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. .\'eto Ilnrlmdues. a township of Bergen Co. N. J. jVeic Ued/iird, p. I. Bristol Co. Mass. with a good harbour on Buzzards Bay. It enjoys an active commerce and is largely engaged in the whale fisherv, in which it employs 40,000 topa of ship- 08 V ping, with 20,000 additional in other fi«herie»and coa.sting. Here are 10 churches, 3 banks, 3 m- surance offices, and 7 manufactories of spermaceti candles. In the neighboirrhood are large salt works which make annually above 500,000 bush- els. Pop. 7,r,lt2. .Wio Bedford, p.v. Mercer Co. Pa. l."> m. S. W. Mercer; p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 00 m. N. E. Coliiinbus. -Wic Berlin, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,(>4:t ; p.v. Union Co. Pa. .\eirbern, p.t. Craven Co. N. C. is the largest town ill North Carolina. It is seated upon the Ncuiw, 311 111. above its entrance into Pamlico Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and secures it a considerable commerce in the expor- tation of flour, naval stores and lumber. It wa» once the seal of goTcrnmeiit for the state. Pop. 3,770. .Xetrbern, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va. .Veicl/ernrilte, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. .Vc(r6crry, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 17, 441. Also a p.t. capital of this district, 40 m. N. W. Columbia ; p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. ; p.v. Ly- coming Co. Pa. and a village in Christian Co. Ken. J^'eichii'ifcn, a fishing town in Northumberland, Eng. situate on the N. side of a bay to which it give name. 7 ra. E. of Morpeth. .\eirbvroui;h,i>i Ourey, a town of Ireland, in tJia county of Wexford, UTi ni. N. by E. of Wexford. .Vew Boston, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 17 m. S. Concord. Pop. 1,IH0 ; p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. jVeic Bourbon, a village in St. Genevieve Co. Missouri. JVVw Braintree, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 18 m. N. W. Worcester. Pop. 825. .\'eiD Britain, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. wVew Broirnsril'e, a town in Wayne Co. Ohio. JVew Brunsicick, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. on the Rarilan, 30 m. N. E. Trenton and 36 S. W. New York. It stands at the head of sloop navigation with a considerable trade in flour and grain. Pop 7,831 . Rutgers College at this place was founded in l/<0. It has 5 instructers and 70 students. Xew Brunjicick. See Brunstcick. j\cioburv, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson 84 m. S. Albany, and 70 N. New York. Pop. 6.424. It is finely situated on the side of a hill close to the river, and has considerable trade. Xeirburgh, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour on the frith of Tay. Here the large vessels belonging to Perth unload their goodg into lighters. The principal manufacture is linen. 10 m. S. E. of Perth. Xeicburalt, a town of Wales, in the isle of An- glesey, 250 m. N. W. of London. .Vcjchurjj, a town in Berkshire, Eng. its manu- factures of druggets, shalloons, and broad cloths, formerly very extensive, are greatly dechned ; but a considerable trade is carried on by means of the Kennet and Avon Canal. Here are (35 alms- houses. Two battles were fought near this town between Charles I. and the parliament in 1643 and 1(3-14. It is seated on the Kennet, 26 m. S. of Oxford and .">6 W. of London. jVciciurv. a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 626; p t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Pop. 869. XricBurtington. p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. A'eirburij. p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connecti- cut, 30 m.S. E. Monlpelier. Pop. 2,252 ; p.t. Essex Co. Mass. at the mouth of the Merrimack, 32 m. N.E.Boston. Pop. 3.803; towns in York Co. Pa., Geauga and Miami Cos. Ohio. jVewburifport, ji.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Met" NF.VV 538 rimack ntar its moulli. It is one of the liand- •onipst towns in the United Stales, and is built on a slopin;; bank ot' the river, with regular streets and handsDnie houses. It extends a ni. along the river, and has 7 churches, y banks, y insurance offices, and 2 newspapers. An elegantchain bridge crosses the river from tlie centre of the town, "it had formerly a very active commerce, but it is now much declined. A firo in 1(^11 destroyed be- tween two and three hundred buildings in the most compact part of the town, and the%)Ot still remains in ruins. Shii) buildincj is carried on here, with some West India ancf coasting trad and fisheries. Here is also a manufacture .NEW tallow, and grindstones; and imports wine and and fruit from the S. of Europe, and timber, iron hemp, Ac, from the Baltic and Norway. Ships are sent hence to the Greenland fishery. It also JTOssesses manufactures of steel, iron, and woo- len cloth ; and in the town and vicinity are several glass-houses. The first charter which was granted to the townsmen for dig- ging coal was by Jlenry III., in liJH; but, in 130t;, the use ot' coal fur fuel was prohibited in London, by royal proclamation, chiefly because m It injured the sale of wood for fuel, great quanti- de ties of which were then growing about that cily , ot but this interdiction did not long continue, and Portsmouth Pop. C,38a. JVeio Canaan, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 ra S W.Hartford. Pop. 1,820. A'ew Canton, p. v. Buckingham Co. Va. and Hawkins Co. Ten. A'ctccastle, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen- shire. It had a fine castle, now in ruins ; and is seated on the Tivy, 2211 m. W. N. W. of London. A'circaslJe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Dublin, 10 m. W. S. W. of Dublin. .Veiccastle under Lyme, a borough in StafFord- ohire, Kng. with a considerable manufacture of hats. The throwing of silk is a very considera- ble branch of trade, and here are also a cotton mill, tanneries, malt concerns, &c., and in the ncio-h- bourhood are some iron works. Tlio villages around are entirely occupied with the manufac- tures of porcelain, stone-ware, itc. The princi- pal streets are broad, well paved, and lighted with gas, and the general aspect of the town is much improved of late years. It stands on a branch of the Trent, 15 m. N. by W. of Stafford and 149 N. N. W. of London. KcwcasUe upon Tijne, a borough and sea-port in Northumberland. Eng. It is situate amonT steep hills on the Tyne, which is here a fine and deep river, so that ships of 300 and 100 tons bur- den may safely come up to the town, though the large colliers are stationed ai Shields. The ha- ven is so secure that vessels, when they have passed Tynemouth Bar are in no danger either from storms or shallows. The town rises on the N. bank of the river, where the streets upon the ascent are exceedingly steep. Many of the hous- es are built of stone ; but some of timber, and the rest of brick. Through this t^nvn went part i;f the wall which e.vtended from sea to sea, and was built by the Romans to defend the Britons asrainst the incursions of the PicU, after all their trained ynutii had been drawn from the kingdom to re- cruit the armies of their conquerors. ° The castle, which is old and ruinous overlooks the whole town. The exchange, churches, and other pub- lic buildings, are elegant ; and the quay for land- ing goods is long and large. Here are a sur- geon's hall ; a Large hospital, built by the contri- bution of the kee'men, for the maintainance of the poor of their fraternity ; and several charita- ble foundations. Newcastle is situated in the centre of the collieries, which have for centu- ries supplied London, all the eastern, and most of the midland and southern parts of the kingdom with coal. This trade has been the source of great opulence to Newcastle, which, besides, ex Gateshead. , in place of the old one which was carried away by an extraordinary flood in 1771. Newcastle was visited by the pestilen- tial cholera in 1831 . It is 272 N . by W, of London Long. I. 14. W., lat. 54. 57. N. Seiecasllc, a county of Delaware, Pop. 29,710, the capital is .yeiccasllr, formerly the seat of government of Delaware. It is seated upon the Delaware, 34 m. S. of Philadelphia. It has some trade in flour. ^^elcrasllr, p t. Lincoln Me. Pop. 1,544; t Rockingliam Co. N. H. 2 m. E. Portsmouth on Great Island in the Piscataqua. Pop. 850 ; p. v. Mercer Co. Pa., Hanover and Botetourt Cos. Va., and Henry Co. Kentucky. .Vnc Churl f. 'tun, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. ■Vcw Chester, p t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,090. .Vctrromb, p. v. Preble Co. Ohio. SVeu-eomerslmrn, p. v. Tuscarawas. Co. Ohio. Xete Cuncoril, p. v. Columbia Co. N. Y. j\cw Durham, t. Straflbrd Co. N. H . Pop. 1,162. J^■<•^c Eifijjit, p.v. Monmouth Co. N. J. jyewilluate, a village of Eng. in Surrey , 5 m. S E. of Darking. In the E. part of this vi'llagc is a medicinal spring, of the same nature as that of Epsom. J^'ew Echola, the capital of the Cherokee Indi- ans. It IS seated on the Coosa, in the northwest- ern part of Georgia. Here is a newspaper pub- lished 111 English and Cherokee. -Veic Enuland, the name applied to the north- eastern parts of till- .American Union, comprising the states of .Main,', New Hampsh.re, Vermont Massacluisetts, Khode Island, and Connecticut. This territory extends from 41. to 47. 20. N. lat, and from (iti. 49. to 73. 45. W. long, and is bound- ed N. W. and N. by Canada, E. by New Bruns- wick and the Ocean : S. by the Ocean, and W. by New York It contains about 63,000 so. — . I ""r '7 *"» — - — -, » w.^fc At, ^v/«i i^ft&tlio UL/<.rit^ U«.J,V*'W GIU • TH* ports large quantities of lead, salt, salmon, butler, The surface of the country is infinitely varied, and NEW 533 NEW pre»eiil» the grealesl diversity of lieautiful eceiiery. ll is traversed by several extensive mountain ran- ees uliicli may be considered as extensions or Brandies of the great Apalacluan chain: these are the White, Green and Tajkanniic .Mountains which scr Rivers and small streams arc abun- dant, and few countries in the world are better watered; the largest arc the Connecticut, I e- nobscot, Merrimack, Kennebec, Androscoggin, and Saco. The climate exhibits great extremes of heat and cold. In most parts the ground is covered with snow for several months in winter, and all the rivers are frozen, .\bundance of ram falls in spring, summer and autumn, and drniigiils are very rare. There is every variety of soil ; the river alluvions are very rich,' but most of the oth- er soils are stony, and on the whole the country cannot generally be called fertile. Notwithstand- ino- this, no part of the United States is so well cultivated, and the skill and industry of the New England farmers have made the country like a garden. The various articles of cultivation will Be found enumerated under the heads of the sev eral sUtes. Cattle are raised in great numbers no part of the country offers finer OTazing lands. Grass and maize are the staple productions in all parts. New England is the most densely peopled section of the United States, and has been the chief nursery from which the western stales were peopled. The greater portion of the cummeroe t)f the Union, and nearly all the fisheries, are car- ried on by the shipping of New England. A spirit of adventure, activity, zeal and foresight are characteristic of the people. They are inge- nious.inquisitive. shrewd, calculatinn- siderable stream which lu'lonirs wholly to .New Hampshire. Many beautiful fakes are scattered about in different parts and su])ply the numerous rivers with their water. Tlie largest is Winipisio- ffee which flows into the Merrimack ; it is above 20 miles lont^ and 10 wide, and exhibits some of the most defifrhtful scenery in the world. See Winipisio^ci^. The others are Sijuam, Snnajiee and Ossipee lakes, whicli Src. The climate of New Hampshire is salubrious but the winters are severe ; deep snows occur in winter, and furious winds prevail amonij the mountains : in the northern part, the snow lies till May. The summer and autumn are pleasant, nnd throuirhout the year the fair days are to the cloudy as three to one. A L'real part of the state is covered with forests which furnisli abundant Bupjtiies of timber such as oak, maple, beech, hendock. walnut, white pine, llr, elm, cherry, ash, poplar, iiornbeain, birch, locust, Ac. The surrar maple is one of tln^ mtjst valua!)Ip trees in the world. It grows here sometimes to the diameter of 5 or feel! In the spring the trunk is tapped a few feet from the grounil and the sap drawn out ; this is practised onl3' f^"' ^ season of -1 or ."> weeks, when the trees are frozen at nii'ht ami thawed in tlie day: at no other lime will the sap run freely. When the bnds swell, the sap ceases to flow. The liquor is then sinijily boih-d down and poured into pans where llie sugar crystallizes. s^^siS^i:^^! ;^^^^^M_ The larger trees will yield 5 gallons of sap ,n ,t day and ]."> pounds of sugar in a season. In this state and the adjoining parts of Vermont the manufacture of this sugar is carried on to a con- siderable extent. The mineral products are iron, copper, plumha- Co, inanganese, soapstone, and limestone. The soil is generally suscejitihle of cultivation, and on the borders of Ihe rivers it is very rich. The mountainous tracts nfl'ord good pasturage. The articles of culture are maize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, fla.T, potatoes and pulse. Hay is produced abundantly. Cattle, and the products of the dairy r>rM! imjiortant articles of exportation. Domestic manufactures are common in all ])ar(s, and there are large manufacturing establishments at Dover nnd Somersworth. Most of the export trade goes to the States of .Maine and Massachu.sett6. The foreign imp.irt;; in Ifi-* amounted to 2)0,84!) dol- lars ; the exports of domestic produce to 115,0-17 dollars; tlie shipping amounted to Sli.a");! tons The fisheries employ (iO or 70 sail, and take about 40,000 quinljils of cod and pollock, and (),flOO bar- rel.- of mackerel yearly. Portsmouth is the nnlv sea-port, except a few sm.ill coves for fishin^' cnili. The Isles of Shoals, which See, lie upon this coast. New Ilainiishireis divided into 8 counties, and 230 towns. The capital is Concord. The other priii- eipul towns are Portsmouth, Exeter, Dover, Am- herst, Haverhill, I lanover, Keene and Charlestinvn The population of the slate is '2till,.">,'iS. Tlie leg- islature consists of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives. the members of which are chosen yearly as well as the (Jovernor and executive council. Elections are popular and suffrage is universal. Perfect toleration is allowed in religion ; no citizen is taxed but by bis own consent, for Ihe sujipnrt of any religions society. The Calvinistic Con- gregationalisls have lli'i ministers; the Knitari- ans II ; the Presbyterians t*; the Episcopalians S ; Ihe Calvinistic liaptists 70; the Kreewill liap- tists ."il ; the Clirist-ians 17; the Methodists 71 ; the Quakers I.'i; the Universalists 20; the Sha- kers 2 and the Sandemanians 1. i'idiication re- ceives great care ; common schools are supported by law. The larger Seminaries are Darloinulh College at Hanover and Phillips .\cadeinv at Kxeter. New Hampshire was first seltlc'd at Dover and Portsmouth in l(;93. It was frjr a lime a part of Massachusetts, but has hei'ii a distinct government since 1741. The present constitution was established in 17!'2. .Nrir Iliniijitoit, I. Strafford Co. N. II. on the Merrimack, ;iO in. above Concord. Pop. I,|i01- p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 40 m. N. W. Kew Rriinswick. .Xrii- lliiiiorir. a county of North Carolina. Pop. )0.7.'.0. Wilmington is the capital. Also a lownshij) of Montgomery ('o. Pa. .\cir ILirmonij. or Harmony, a town in Pnje v Co. in the south-western corner of Indiana. . n the Wabnsli. formerly the s( al of the Harmoni.-;'.L!, under the fi'erman Rapp. and more reccntlv. of' the co-operalives under Owen of Lanark. "The former establishment was removed to Economy, which .«((. ,ind the latter has been abandonerl. .\nr lliirlfnri!. p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. ■.:2 ni N. W. Hartford. Pop. \.7a;- also a village in Oneida f^o. N. Y. 4 m. W. Utica ; it is neatly built, and surrounded with many handsome coun- try seats. .Xrir Iliiiru, a town in Siisse.'-, Eng. near the mouth of the Ouse, with a small harbour. i"7 m. from London, also a small town in Scotland on the Frith of Forth. I in. W. Leith. ' .Ynn Ihrrii. p. I. Addison Co. Vl. on Otter creek Pop. l.r'M; p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario. Pop. 1 .1 10 ; p t. Huron Co. Ohio ; p.v Hamilton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Oallatin Co. Illinois. .V.rie Harm, a county of Connecticut. Pop 43,848. New Haven is the capital. .Yew Ilurrn. citv. the ca.pital of the above coun- ill NF.W tv and i-i.itlv with HiMtrc-J, H'l' ^<^''\ "f g"''"'" Ln"f.r Connecticut, stand, on a b.yopomn. at on. surrouiitii-'l '>y J""^' . 'V,.,f' ,^.-i,. j,,,,! ^on. rd'^u's.lnd the general a^.ct of th. town i it a .d fl.-g»nt. In the c-ntre is a la ge I-:,„are pl^ntod ,vitl, trees an d front ed by U.e State House, the college buildings, eeveral churches and other fine structures, c.nstituling one of the finest public places m the co"n O- The Stale House is one of the handsomest build- ings in the United St.ites. ^ale College, at this place, was founded in 1 /Ol. It has 15 instructers and r.l() students I he lib- raries liave 17.500 vnlumrs, and the collection of minerals is the best in the c.untry. 1 he buildings are 4 for the dwellings of the students, a chapel a laboratory and an observatory on the model of the Tower of the Winds at Athens. A law school is connected with the college. There are 3 vacations in January, May and September, ol 12 weeks. Commencement is in September. "New Haven has considerable commerce, and its trade with the interior is assisted by the Far- min^ton Canal, which extends from this place norlTiward into Massachusetts. It is in 'at. 41. 13 N lon.\.. llillsl)orough Co. N. II. 18 in. S.W. Amherst. Pop. 1 ,073 .Vcir Jrrscii. one of the United Slates, bounded N by New York, E. by the ocean, S. by Dela- ware Bay and W. by Pennsylvania. It extends from 30. to 41.21. N". lal. an"d from 74. to 75. 2). W. lono-. It is 103 ni. long from N. to S. and 'iOm. in average breadth, and cont.iins 8,300 sq. miles. A small portion in the North is mountain- ous, but the greater part of the stale is level, ami the'soulhern°portion is aflat sandy alluvion, in some parts marshy, but in general barren or pro- ducing only shriib oaks and|)iiies. The Dela- ware washes the whole western limit of the state, and a part of the eastern boundary lies upon the Hudson. The other rivers are the RariU'.n, Pas- saic, Ilackrns.ack and Cireat K>rg Harbour. The ellmate is milder than in the adjoining states of New York and Pennsylvania, and nearly the whole state lies open to the sea air. The soil of the northern part is good, Imth for agrienltn.-e and grazing. Fruit is abundant; the apple or- eliarns are very nninerous anil jiroduce great fl'ianlitie-; of excellent cirlnr. Wheal, rye. maii'.e, NEW buckwheat and garden stufisare he cnicf arliclrs of cultivation ; cnnaiderablc nnmbera of cattle are r.iiscd for exportation. The foreign commerce w carried on principally through the ports of New York and Philadelphia. The imports directly into the stile amounted in l'-2;) to 780,2 17 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce to S,C22 dollars; the aliip|>ing in \-ii amounted to 48,772 tons. The shad fishery is very productive ,and constitutes a source of income lo the stale: there are alio considerable oyster beds which are produclive There are some mines of copper and iron, but the sUte is not rich in minerals. Flourishing ""anii- factures are carried on at Trenton, New York, Palter.s..n and the neighbourhood ; they consist ol cotton, woolen, iron, copper, brass, nails, duck, hats, shoes, leather, &c. The stale is divided into 13 counties and J-V townships; the population is 320,700; ol whom 3,440 are slaves. The capital is Trenton. 1 -le other principu.1 towns are Trenton, Burlington, Br.rdeiitown, Princeton, New Brunswick, New- ark, Elizabethtown and .\mboy. The legisla- ture, consists of a council and a House of Assem- bly, the members of which are chosen yearly. Tiie governor is chosen yearly by the legitliture. Voters must be resident one year and possess a property of 50 pounds. The most numerous reli- gious sect are the Presbyterians, who liavc f •> churches ; the Reformed Dutch have 28, the lJ:ip- list 34, and the Episcopalians 20 ministers. Tne slate has a school fund yielding a yearly reve- nue of 22.000 dollars. There are colleges at Prince- ton and New Brunswick. This state is traversed by several canals and railroads. The ,l|..rris C««a/ extends from the Hudson at Powles-Hook opposite NewYork to Easlon on Uie Delaware, '.A m. : it has a rise and fall of 8'JO feet by means of leeks and inclined planes, at which the boats are drawn up by machinery. It passes by the towns of Newark, Palerson. and Dover, and crosses Pas- saic and Pompton rivers by aqueducUs. The Ddutcare and Raritan Camil will extend Irom the Delaware at Lamberton below Trenton, lo New Brunswick on the Raritan, 3d m. : it is 75 feet wide at the surface, and 7 feel deep and will prolv ably be finished in 1833. The Camden and. im- Imij Railroad, is nearly completed and will extend from Camden on the Delaware, to Ainboy, 01 m. The Patnxon and Hudson Rircr Railroad, will pass from Palerson to Jersey city, on the Hudson, •' m. Two other railroads are projected, the 14 111. J wo inner iitiiiuau» ai^ j^.vi. ^-. -, .•-- }l'rst Jtrsci/ and the Elizahctldoicn and Somcrrillc Railroads. !iHStMEMyH|MKMfc 1 f^ I^EDI Lo^» J^^^ «&»* ^^ j^Ims S'^S^^^' '^^' ^S%fi*^ mWj^ '^.&^AW' J^SjH H Jj^^ ■ „.a; av:»=^;. ■"~-'.Bsf P^ds New Jersey wa.-;lirst settled by the Danes at Beriren, opposite New York, in 102( ; the Dutch afterwards made settlements in the same neigh- bourhood. The Swedes settled on the Dehiwaro in 1020 and the English in 1040. The whole roiiii .NEW ••l-i try reduced by the Kiigltsh m 16ti4 Elizabclli- town was founded by them in IGCo. The govf ru- iNEW ^ 1 i i ■^' \ = '"-■^i ment underwent vnriouB mutations, ami tin- state was tur a time divided into East and West Jersey. At Ibe revolution a single irovernmenl was estab- lished which has eontinuod to the present day. The constitution was Ibrrned in 177H. .Xrw KnU,ti county of the E. district of Virgin- ia. Pop. r),4.")7. .Xnn Jxhrnton, p. v. Columbia Co. N. Y. 124 m. S. 1', Albanv.near the Massnchuselts line. It is iiih:iliited hv the Shakers.and has a mineral spring. Till' village is di-lijhtfully situated in a valley piTl'i-elly level at the holtoin and surrounded by a chain ol'highlaiids, the slopes of which are covered with v.'oods and cultivated fields, presenting a most chafniint' prospec't. Also a p,v. Camden Co. N. I", yjll m. N. K. Raleigh. .Wir Lr/inirltm, p v. Richland Co Ohio; a village in Knox Co. Ohio; p.t. Preble Co. Ohio ; iind a village in Scott Co. Ind. A>w Liberty, p. v. Owen Co. Ken., and Guern- sey Co. Ohio. .Vrwliin, a township of Chester Co. Pa. on Rraii- (lywine Creek. ■jVne Liilwn, p. V. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,2:i'2 ; a village in Montgomery Co. Maryland ; p.v. Columbiana Co. Ohio, I.)l1 m. N. E. Columbus. .Win Ixindon, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 30 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. I'Ki ; a township of Ches- ter Co. Pa. ; a village in Anne Arundel Co. Ma- ryland, 'i m. S. W. Annapolis ; p.v. C.unpbell Co. Va.; a township of Huron Co. Ohio; p.v. Mad- 'son Co. Ohio ; p.v. Jefti-rson Co. Ind.; p.v. Rails Co. Missouri. .Vcw iMndon. a county of Connecticut. Pop. ii:>'X>. Scir LoH(/on, the capital of the above county stands on a fine liarbour, at the mouth of the Thamis. Most of the town is built at the foot of a hill lacing to tli(t east. The streets are irregu- lar, but Home of Ihe buildings are hatulsome. The town has somewhat declined from its former pros- perity vet the whale fishery is considerably active here. The harbour is defended by forts Trum- bull and Griswold. Pop. 4,3.")6. .AVw Mirilisan, p.v. IJarke Co. Ohio, 81 ni. W. Colunibus." .\fw Mailrid, a county of Missouri. Pop. ii,;!5I. J\'e7D Madrid, \.\w capital of the above county blands on the Mississippi,. 50 m. below the mouth of the Oliio. It was once a considerable place but is now reduced to a small village. .Vi:irm«n, p.v. Pike Co. (ieo. JVeicmur/ic/, a town in Suffolk, Eng. film. N. K. London. Jftwmiirkrt, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. H. 15 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,1111!; also towns and vil- lages in York ('■!. Pii . Dorchester Co Md. Spotsylvania Co. Va., Frederick Co. Md , She nandoih Co. Va., Maryland Co. Ohio, Wash ington Co Ken., and Jefferson Co. Ten. .\'iir Marlborough, p.t. Berkshire Co. Maes. 48 m. S. \V. lioston. Pop. l.tSfi. Srir Milford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 13 m. S. W. Litchfield. Pop, 3,970. Arf Mills, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. A^nrnliain, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. on the Severn, 115 m. N. W. London. A'tirnstotrn, a township of Dauphin Co. Pa. .Xrw Orleans, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4G, 310, the capital is the following. J^eir Orleans, city, the capital of Louisiana, stands on the Mississippi, 105 in. from its mouth by the windings of the stream and 90 in a direct line. The river here makes a considerable bend to the N. E. and the city occupies the north- western bank, although its situation is east of the I'eneral course of the stream. The site is low and marshy, which makes the place insalubrious, and in the summer most of the inhabitants remove from the city. It is regularly built and is com- posed of three divisions, the city proper and the fauxliourgs or suburbs of St. Marie and Marigny. In the city the houses are built in the French and Spanish style, and covered with white and yellow stucco. The fauxbourg St. Marie is built after the American fashion, and does not dift'er in ap- pearance from one of the Atlantic cities. Here are a larije catholic cathedral, a handsome jires- byterian'church, a French and English theatre, a college, a convent of tirsuline nuns, an orphan asylum, and many charitable institutions. The commerce of the city is very great, as it is the oulport of all the states lying on the Mississippi •ind its waters. Here arc sometimes 1,, 500 flat boats from the upper country loaded with all sorts of agricultural produce; .50 steamboats, are often counted at a time in the river. The foreign ex- ports consist of all the various productions of the southern and western states, but the most impor- tant articles are sugar and cotton. The Canal Carondelet extends from the Mississippi at this place to Lake Pontchartr.ain 2 m. and aflbrds a navigation for small vessels to the ocean. A rail- road 4 1-2 m. in length also passes between the same places and joins the lake at an artificial har- bour. Both tiiese communications arc perfectly straight and the variation of level on the railroad is only Hi inches. The population of New Orleans is of a very miscellaneous character. Dissipation prevails to a high degree. Half the inhabitants are blacks or mulattoes, and there are more French than Ameri- cans. The neighbourhood is a swamp, and the soil on which the city is built is so spongy that water rises at a few n-et below the surface, and the buildings have no cellars. With all these disadvantagi's added to the unhealthiness of the spot, it continues rapidly to increase, and will doubtless soon become one of the most important commercial cities in the world. It was founded by the French in 1717. The British landed an army for the purpose of attacking it in 1814 but were totally deleated by General Jackson, a few miles below the city on the 8lh of January 1815. New Orleans is in lat. 29. 57. N., long. 90. 8. W , 322 m. by the river belowNatehez ; 1 ,189 be- low St. Louis ; 991 below the mouth of the Ohio ; and 1,933 below Pittsburg. It is 1,260 m. S. W. Washington. Pop. 40,310. AVie I'alz, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. 7 m. S. Pough- keeosic. Pop 5 105 # NEW 54;5 NEW .Vcio Paris, p. v. Preble Co. Ohio. 92 m. S. W. Columbus. jVeio Phdiidrlphia, p,v. Tuscarawas Co. Oliio. 5G m. N. E. Zanesvillt. Also a village in Hardin Co. Ken. , . c Xewport, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. and the chief town in the Isle of Wight. It stands on the River Cowes. A borough in Cornwall. 214 in. S. W.London. A town of Monmouthshire. 118 m. N. W. London. A town of Wales in Pembrokcsliier. !ijO ni. N. W. London. jyewpart, p.t. Penoljscot Co. Me. Pop. 8117 ; p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. l.!)13; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. a» m. N. Herkimer. Pop. 1,803 ; p.t. Cumberland Co. N. J. H4 ni. S. W. Trenton; t. Luzerne Co. Pa.; p. v. Perry Co. Va. and Indiana Co. Pa. ; p.v. Newcastle Co. Del., :i ni. S. W. Wilmington ; p.v. Charles Co. Maryland, 40 m. S.E.Washington; p.v. Washington Co. Ohio; p.v. Vermilion Co. Indiana ; p.v. Cooke Co. Ten. ; p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri. JVewvort, a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 10^ 534. Newport is the capital. JVeicporl, p.t. one of the chief towns in Rhode Island. It stands near the southern extremity of the island which gives its name to the stale, upon a harbour formed by the entrance of tne main channel of Narraganset Bay. This is one of the finest harbours in the world, lying close to the ■ca, and always accessible ; the entrance is de- fended by several strong forts. Newport formerly enjoyed a very active commerce, but this has great- ly declined, and the town has a decayed look. The legislature of the slate sit here occasionally, and many people resort hither in summer for the purity and niildness of the air. Here are 1 1 churches, and some manufactures of cotton and lace. Pop. 8,010. JS'ewpoTt, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken. on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati. It is finely situated on an elevated plain, and contains an United States ar- senal, and a well endowed academy. jVfio Piirlaire, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio, 114 m. N. E. Columbus. JVeio PoTtlund, p.t. Somerset Co., Me. Pop. 1,215. A'ewport PagncI, a town in Buckin"hamshire, Eng. with manufactures of bone lace. It is sealed on the Ouse, .')l m. N. W. London. jVcip Picstun, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 43 m. W. Hartford. jVrin Prospect, p.v. Bergen Co. N. J. 88 m. N. E Trenton. .Vcir Proriilrnrr, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. 12 ni. N. W. Nev/nrk. See also Proridnicc. Arw Uiihmonil. p v. Clermont Co. Ohio, on the OhiT, 20 ni. S. E. Cincinnati. .Vrip lliirhfllr. p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 20 m. N. E. New York. Pop. 1,274. A'nc Hoiclctj, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. Xi m. N. E. Boston. .Veto Rumhy, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 130 m. N. E. Columbus. A'nrn/. a borough of Ireland, in tlie county of Down, 40 m. N. Dublin. A'fwni, a townsliin of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 345. A'cio Siilr.m, p.t. I'Vanklin Co. Mass. 81 m. N. W. Boston ; p.v. New London Co. Conn., Onta- rio Co. N. Y., Fayette Co. Pa., Randolph Co. N. C. and Jefferson Co. Ohio. A'nn Scotliind, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 m. from Albany. JVfu's'iiim, a village of Durham, Eng,, 5 m. from Darlington. A'cMi Sharon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. I;b90- JV«!0 Slielland, or .Vrte South Shr.tlniid, a cluster of Islands in the Antarctic Ocean, lying to the S. E. of Cape Horn, in about lat. (w. S. Their exist- ence was first made known to the world in 1820, although it is said the American South Sea whalers had been accustomed to visit them for some years previous. They are but little known, ^ yet have been found to extend 200 m. from E. N. * E. to W. S. W. The land exhibits marks of vol- canic action and consists of lofty summits, crown- ed with snow and ice. Seals are abundant in this neighbourhood. A'ete Shoreham, a town in Newport Co. R. I. on Block Island. Pop. 1,885. JV'cw South Wales. See Wales. JVew Switzerland, a village in Switzerland Co. Ohio, on the Ohio, tj5 m. below Cincinnati. A'ctrton, a town of Wales in Montgomeryshire, 16!l m. W. N. W. London. Also towns in Lan- cashire and Cheshire, Eng., a borough in the Isle of Wight, and a township of York Co. L. ("anada. Mcwton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles River, 9 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,377. Here are manufactures of paper, iron, and snuff. Also towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Licking, Hamilton, Miami, Trumbull, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio, and villages in Essex Co. N. J. and Bucks Co. Pa. Kewtmi Busliel, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 15 m. S. W. Exeter. J^eicton Stewart, a town of Scotland in Wigton- shire, 26 m. N. E. Portpatrick. JVeirlown, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. 10 m. N. W. Newburvport. Pop. 510 ; p.t. Fair- field Co. Conn. 2.} m.'N. W. New Haven. Pop. 3,099; p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Island, 8 m. E. New York. Pop. 2,010. The orchards of this place produce the finest apples in the world. Also towns and vil- lages in Gloucester and Sussex Cos. N. J., Bucks and Cumberland Co. Pa., Frederick and Worces- ter Cos. Maryland, King and Queen and Loudon Cos. Va., Hamilton and Licking Cos. Ohio. Xeirloion Stercnshurg, p v. Frederick Co. Va. .Vewtoirn, Trap, p.v.Frederick Co. Maryland. Xew Trenton, p.v. Franklin Co. Indiana. JVcio Vernon, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. Xew Villaae, p v. Sussex Co. N. J. A'ctrrille, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. ; p.v. Cum- berland Co. Pa. ; p.v. Barnwell Dis. S. C. J\'cw Waslungton, p.v. Clarke Co. Indiana. J\'ete Windsor, a township of Orange Co. N.. Y, Pop. 2,310. JVeio Woodstock, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. jVew Year's Islands, a number of small islands near the N. coast of Staten Land, in lat. 54.41. S., long. (54. 28. W jVfw York, one of the United States, bounded N. by Lake Ontario and Lower Canada, E. by Vermont, Massaclnisetts, and Connecticut, S. by Pennsylvania and N. Jersey, S. W. and N. W.by Lakes Erie, and Ontario, and Canada. It extends from 40. 30. to 45. N. lat. and from 73. to 79. .'."> W. long. It is 340 m. in length from E. to W. and 304 in breadth, and contains, including Long Island, 45,085 sq. m. This state is mountainous in the eastern part, where it is traversed by a branch of the Apalachian chain, called the Shawangunk ridge, different portions of which are known by the name of the Highlands, and Catskill Moun- tains. See Catskill. In the north-eastern part are the Peruvian Mountains, which lie around the sources of the Hudson, and separate the waters of Lake Champlain from those of the St. Lawrence. # .\EW TliP most of the wcstf rn part is lovel, l>ut on Hie bordprs of Pennsylvania art- some hilly tracts. Par- allel with Lake Ontario there rnns an elevation called the Ridffe, about 70 ni. in l.nplh ; it is not more than 'M feet above the surriiundin<; eountrv and lltO feel in width, and extends from Niairnra river to the Genesee. The mounlaiMs e.\hihit granite, (jnei.s8, limestone and mica slate ; the western and central dislriel.^ are secondary, and the southern mostly transilion. Iron, tin, lead, and plumbacTo are tiiund in the niountiiinons parts ; coal, {Typsuni and slate occur alon<; Hie Hudson, with some native silver. Antimony and arsenic Jiave also been discovered. The eastern part is watered by the Hudson, which riss's on the western side of I,ake Gliani- plain, and flows southerly to the sea at New York ; the Mohawk, from the west, is its chief branch. The Genesee crosses the state from Pennsvlvania and runs into L. Ontario lil.ick river and the Oswegatcliie, water the northern parts: the Onon- daga receives the waters of a numlier of small lakes toward the west, .and disehartres them into l^ake Ontario : the head streams of the Susipic- banna have their source in this state. A frreat extent of the north western limit is washed bv Lakes Erie and Ontario ; on the north -east<-rii border lies Lake Champlain, dividini' it from Ver- mont, and in the same ipiarler is Lake George. In the west are the smaller lakes of Oneida, Sken- eateles, Owasco, Cayuga. Seneca, Crooked, -Ca- nandaigua and Chataucpie, many of which are adorned with beautiful scenery. The soil in a great part of the state is excel- lent ; on the Mohawk are alluvial tracts of re- markable fertility : in the west are the Genesee flats which are no less rich. In tin- north it is clayey ; about Albany are some tracts of sandy plain interspersed with marshes. The valleys nave a rich black moulil ; along the Hudson in tlie southern part, the s jjl is gravelly ivith rich alluvial tracts. About one fourth of'tlie land is under cultivation ; wheat is the chief article of culture ; maize, rye, barley, oats, flax, buckwheat, hemp, &c. are also raised. The climate of this great state is more diversified than perhaps that of any other in the union. The northern part feels the severity of a Canadian winter ; the south ha5 a climate comparatively mild. .-Miout Albany the winter begins toward the middle of December and ends early in March. Hay is cut early in July, aid the maize ripens in September and Oc- tober. The Hudson is l'roz..'n in winter. This state abounds in mineral springs, the most celebrated of which are in the neighbourhood of Saratoga, which See. There are in the western part, many which discharge inflammable air. See Hurning Spriri'js Salt springs arc alsoconxnon, and salt is manufaeturi-d in great abundance at various places. See SaJinn. ^fhe iniernal trade of the state is facilitated hf maiiv canals, the lar- gest of whlrh unites the Hudson with ].,ake Erie. See Erir Viinnl. The Northern canal connects Lake Cliam|)lain with the Hudson, and is (s? m. in length The Delaware and Hudson canal e.v- tenils frf>m l*ort Jer\'is, on the Delaware to l!ie Hudson ; it has a further extension to Honesdale, in Pennsylvania, .and its whole length is 10."^ in. There are also canals which open a communica- tion between the .Mohawk and Lake Ontario Ihrough Oneida Lake. Vtnw railroads are in a process of con;^l ruction. The Mohawk and Hud- son Railroad, betv.'een the Hudson at -Albany and the .MoiiaVi'k at Schenectady lo miles — the Ca- .-.u NEW n,aJoliarie and Catakill Railroad from Canajohari" on the Erie canal to Catiikill on the Hudsim 7-1 111 ; — the Hudson and Delaware Ilailioad, from Newburgli on the Hudson to tlie Delaware; — the Troy ami Hennigton Kailroad, from Troy on the Hudson to llennington in Vermont. These iin- proveinents with tlie iidmirabh' position of the gri'at outport of the state at the mouth of the I Hudson, have given the trade of New York an | unexamph'd activity, and it has alreailv become \ one of the most flourishing states in the Union. The eoiiiincree is chiefly transacted through the single sea-port of New York ; but there is also much trade by the way of the lakes. The iniporls into the state" in IH^n' were valued at Mf ,7r.l,(;4-l dollars ; the exjiorts of domestic produce at I.'t,li'.'ll,lii7 dollars; total exports 2:!,8:M,1M7 dol lars. The ship|iii}g in the same year aniounled to 35*1.771 tons. Thus in amount of foreign trade New York surpasses every state in the Union, al though ill tonnage of shipping Massachusetts is superior. The 111 inufaetures consists of cotton, woolen, cloths, iron, salt, paper, glii-ss, leather, &c. The chief establisliments are .at the following places. At Columbiaville near Hudson,are II factories pro- ducing yearly l(i,o-10,(MM) yards of calico, with car- peting and llannels ; — at Matteawan near Fishskill are itianutactured broadcloths unsurpassed for fine- ness in the country ; — at Catskill carpeting and pa- per; — at Walden are produced yearly MII,i)(IO yards of flannel; ;tG(),U00of sheeting and 30,00(1 of broad- cloth ; — at Scheiiectaily are made yearly 400,000 yards of cotton cloth, 30,000 lbs. of yarn, with carpeting, satinet and paper. There arc also manufactures of cotton, iron, Ac. at Uamapo, ^^ I- bany, 'JVoy, and many other places. The yearly value of the manufactures without reckoning do- mestic fabrics is estimated as follows, cotton 3,000, 000 dollars; woolen 3,000.000; iron 4,000.000; paper 600,000 ; hats 3.000.000 ; boots and shoes .'i,000,000 : leather 3,000,000 ; window glass aOO, 000. The domestic manufactures in Xr^iii amount- ed to nearly o.OOO.OOO dollars. The state is divided into d districts and .50 coun- ties. The towns and cities are 7G'2. The popu - lation is 1 ,ni3,50S of whom 4C are slaves. There are also about .'i.OOO Indians in the western parts. The capital is Albany. The other large towns are New York, Brooklyn, Troy, Hudson, Pough- keepsie, Newburgli, Rochester and BulTalo. The legislature consists of a Senate and an Assembly ; the senators are chosen for 4 years, one fourth of the numlters being renewed annually, and the mem- bers of the Assembly for one year. The Govern- or and Lt. Governor are chosen for 2 years and are elected by the highest number of votes given, al- though less than a majority. The clergy are ex- cluded from oflice. Elections are popular and surtVagcis universal. The most numerous religi- ous sect are the Presbyterians, who have 567 chur- ches ; the Baptists have 539; the Episcopalians 1^ ministers; the Luthern3 27, and the Reform- ed Dutch .')4 churches. Education is provided for by a Literary Fund producing yearly 0,000- dollars, which sum is divided among the incor- porated academies. There is also a common school fund; and 200,000 dollars raised from this source and from taxes, are annually appropriated for tbe support of public sdiotils. There are in the state !>i incorporated academies and H,(iOO common schools which atTord instruction to 400,000 chil- dren. There are 4 colleges in tlie state, at New Y'ork, Schenectady, Clinton, and Geneva i « NEW 545 NEW New York was first settled by the Dutch who established Uiemselves at Albany, and on the is - and of Manhattan, where the c.ty of ^ew York now stands, about 1612. The English, disputed their claim to the country, and Charles II. made a grant of it to his brother the Duke of York. A strong force was sent against the colony, and the Dutch unable to offer resistance, peaceably sub- mitted. The name of the colony was changed from New Netlierlands to that of New York. It passed aaain into the hands of the Dutch for a short period. Sut finally became established under the Enirlish government. It was the theatre of some of llie most important military operations during the American revolution, and tlie territory was not wholly abandoned by the British till the conclusion of peace. Tlie present constitu'ion "' the state was established in le21. A'cw York, city, in the above state, the chief city in the western world for population, wealth anil commerce, is situated in the south-western ex- tremity of the state, upon a wide harbour at the mouth of the Hudson, communicating with Long Island Sound and the ocean by two entrances. The city stands on the southern point of the isl- and of Manhattan which is washed on one side by the Hudson, and on the other by the strait called East River, which separates it from Long Island, and aflbrds a navigable communication between New York harbour and Long Island Sound. The harbour extends m. S. of the city to the sea. The first settlement was made at the southern ex- tremity, consequently that portion of the city is composed of narrow, crooked, inconvenient streets, and unsightly old buildings ; but the more modern parts, and especially those which have grown up within 20 years, are regular and commodious. The finest street is Broadway, which traverses the whole city in a straight line from N. to S. be- ing 3 m. in length and dO feet in breadth ; it is occupied chiefly by shops and elegant public build- ings, and few streets in the world ecpral it for the spTendor, bustle and fashion it exhibits. The Bat- tery is an enclosed promenade on the shore at the southern extremity of the city ; it is planted with trees, and though not extensive, is pleasant, much frequented, and offers a delightful view of the harbour. The Park is a triangular enclosure of 11 acres in the centre of the city ; upon one side of this Btands the City Hall, an elegant structure with a front of white marble ; it is 210 feet long and 105 broad, and is one of the finest buildings in the country. The Merchants' Exchange in Wall street is handsomely built of while marble. The United States Branch Bank is also a fine marble structure. St. Paul's Chapel is esteemed one of the finest buildings in the city ; its spire is 234 feet high. St. John's Chapel has a spire 240 feet 63 in height, and is the most costly church in the city, having been built at the expense of 300,000 dollars. St. Patrick's Cathedral, a Roman Catho- lic edifice, is the largest of all the churches, and is of stone, 120 feet long and dO wide. There are more than 100 additional churches, some of them very costly. Trinity Church is a Gothic edifice of stone, and belongs to the oldest and richest episcopal establishment in America, possessing a properly to the amount of several millions of dollars. Columbia College at New York, was founded in 1757, and till the Revolution, was called King's College. It has a President and 5 professors. The libraries contain 14,000 volumes. The stu- dents are 124. This institution is well endowed. Commencement is in August ; there is but one vacation of about two months immediately after- ward. The college building is of stone, stuccoed, and contains lodgings for the professors, with a chapel, library, museum, lecture rooms, &c. but the students do not reside in it. The grounds at- tached to the college are extensive. The New York Institution comprises a large edifice, 200 feet in length, in the rear of the City Hall, and occupied by the Literary and Philosophi- cal Society, the Historical Society, the Academy of fine Arts, the Lyceum of Natural History, the Museum, and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The Historical Society have a library of 10,000 volumes. The New York Society Library in Nassau street has 20,000. The State Prison is on the eastern bank of the Hudson, in the upper part of the city, and is a large stone building, enclosed by a spa- cious yard. The almshouse is at Bellevue, on East river, and comprises tliree stone buildings, the largest of which is 320 feet in length. The Hospital is a large and well regulated establish- ment, and has a library of 4,000 volumes. The city rises with a moderate ascent from both rivers. The view in approaching it by the Nar- rows from the sea is particularly fine. The bay contains many small islands, with forts and castles upon them, and the lofty spires of the city are visible at a great distance. The water is every- where deep and the current rapid; it has not been frozen over for 50 years. The commerce of the city is very great, as may be gathered from the following Items. During the year 1830, there ar- rived l,4dU vessels from foreign porta; sailed for foreign ports 1,138 ; entered coastwise 1 ,332 ; clear- ed coastwise 3,474 ; total arrived and departed 7,433. The revenue collected at the custom house in 1629 was 13,052,070 dollars ; being more than half the whole revenue of the United States from foreign commerce. The city expenditure by the municipal government in 1830, was 1,033,419 dol- lars. The population by the census of 1830, was 207,021 in the citv and county which take in the whole island of New Y'ork. Brooklyn, on the Long Island shore of East river, is properly a suburb of the city, and contains a population of 15,396. Packets sail from New York, to Liverpool and London every week; to Havre every 10 days; and to Hull, Greenwich, Belfast, Vera Cruz, Car- thagena, and all the chief ports of the United States at different times. Fifty steam-boats constant- ly pass between New York and the towns on the Hudson, Long Island Sound and other waters in the neighbourhood. There are 61 banks in the city, 28 insurance companies ; 403 schools ; 40 bookstores ; 450 lawyers ; 98 clergymen ; 50 auc- tioneers : 300 oyster shops ; 5C lottery offices ; • NEY n.OOO licensed sroccrief- and l.ivoruH • 2 WO 1) censed carhne.i and »„rter8 ; 2,1 10 i,n„l.,.rsm tl.e ..•)l i' 1, ' ' '•"''""'• ""^ Pf""nal estate at 37 (W yj>-tdi.ll:ir8; total, 127 .Sstfl r)18 <".",'"■•""'■.'»» tl>e institution for the Deaf and Dumb; the Horticultural iSocie 54fi NIC .{ ' A ,'*'""1""' Academy of the arts of Desi..,, ; the Asylum for the Insane, and many charitable institutions. The povernment of the city is com- posc^d ol a Mayor, 10 Aldermen, and 10 AListants. whl.r .r''l"'*.."'r?""' '" PoiHilation and trade which ISew; Y ork has experienced within a few years, and its commandinfr position for a commer- cial mart, added to the increasing facillies for in- ernal navigation, and the growmg prosperity of the back country, niust secure it a permanent supe- riority ov.'r all other cities in the United Stales lis population exhibits a frcat diversity of char- acter. The ancient Dutch settlers have left tra- CB8 of tlieir national manners amon^ their de- cendants, and the number of foreigner? constant- ly residinsr here .s very great. The most nume- rous are the Irish, who are estimated at 20,000 r he French and Spanish are next in number' The city was founded by t),e Dutch in KiU and was by them called New Amsterdam. It'waa taken b^ the English in lGfi4, and received the name of New York. It is in lat. 40. 42 40 N Alba^ny'i:'3'^3no'l%L.Lr^^'''"«'-' ^^« «■ Aew lor/(, p.t. Alhem.nrlo Co. Va 2.3 m W m. N. W. Mur- V. Montgomery Co. Tc freesborough. .Veui Zealand. See Zealand A'(-y;an(/,atown in Suffolk, Eng. r>7m N £ of 1-ondon. It has some mannfactu'res A'fytraehi a town of Upper Hungary, cai.ital of a county, 40 m. N. K. Prcsburg. ^''^''l'""' "' .^i,'«« lu„ir F,„„ a city of Chirm, capital of ,|,e western part of the province of Kiing Nnn. in;e^/Vl" n ' " '"''''• "'y "'■(^'""••> "1 llie prov- ince of IIou Quang. 420 m. W. by S. of Nankin uk;:s^;:::a,r?;nS''"j,^-#«.-"T''''F a.d flows northerly nbon.'ln^d^:;];.;;;...^;:?^ a d l"land'''T''f '?'? '"'" '=''-"'-l'' ^^^ ofO ... I , "'""■''''^""ic'-lielow the union of these channels are the celebrated filk nf V nra universally allowed to I,, ill , *"°" ractin the world M, r V ,S'"«"<''-»t eala- tlie rive is a f Ls r IruT''*; "'""^■'" ""^ '■^'"''• certain destruc i n^evervh nt"in ^7'"^ "^'"y '" tlie river ,s here thre"^,ia"e^,"c7 -','"','■ ^'f and Iron, this point it ruslu.s down w , ' ""',' velocity to the fill where it l„... • '"-reased ..-s f wn a pe:;!;rul " e'l^ee 'j^l": ;n depth, with a roar that may bel^L in , l"'' tlie fall stands a small island called Go'/Tf " which breaks the great sheet or , !, '*'"'"'' :-^nt^^i,^u^ht^r;^^^S''''-" Btairca,se leads down „ the fZ 'rT"^ " "'"'^^ where visitors may^.'a^s umt the '.n k'^"''- the sheet of water and the rock The „ i >''''? far under the excavate.l bL,k of til i v'er Jhie." in some p acs forn.s a roof overlia;;i'ng':,o [.'et I lie tail of sueh an immense mass of >i^.. . <"CPS violent whirls in the air an .1 ' '"■"" driven out with sneh f. ce t hat no In ''"'">' '" cavern there is dnnrr,.r „f i, ■ " , . "^""endous Btrong drivi,;g':,X;rs'of"pr^. ''";,"^'' '^ "■" distance to wMcli it is nos^ hl'^i^ ^ ' " e"'»t"st in the sheet ofwater s'l^O tt 'tCT T'''; the river for several miles below 11.1^11^""" "'^ pend.cul.ir precipices of rock and tb. r„ • I"'''' to believe that the cataract was fi'' ' "■'"■""P farther down the river, the rock InvinT^ ,"'"m'' worn away to the presVn s ,ot A elf ^''r'"""^ IS continually risinV from il,;^ V„, r ' "P'"-*" exhibiting ,n^he'?unr,e'': tiMi^l^'^'rb""'' 1 he island upon the summit is , ,.,/','"'"'■ c.rcumfercnc^, and is covered wb' L'/,''''-'-,'" summer crowds of visitors are con in -.K '" ing hither fron, all parts of the wo d aL'^""' ' are many public ho'uses in the neighbourlLi"([,r their accommodation ounioou lor ^/^^v.':f^,b^r!^"■-^'"'"■^■^--''''': i/i^T^.^:!^:l'''"^''"''^'^^'y<'(^'^-"^, Kicarngva, a province of Guatemala l,n„„ i i on the N. by Honduras. E. by the AUanJiof'' S. E. by Costa Rica, and .4 U^ by '? I'e fe' Ocean. It is 400 m. from E. to VV am K' i r N. to S. It is well watered by lakes an r '''""' and produces plenty of sugar, eoel,inea,„„7«"' chocolate. lion d^ Nica^agJ-a is ^.C^,^, """^ A,c«r„^a,a lake ,„ Die^ foregoi, g"X„ce f NIC SI? NIX) 350 m. In circumference. It is interspersed with islands, and oliounda in fishes, but is infested with crocodiles. The S. W. extremity is only a few leaijues from the Pacific Ocean, and the S. K. end communicates witii the Atlantic Ocean by the river St. Juan. JViraragua,^ city of the foregoing province, ait- nale at some distance S. W. of tlie lake, and near the mouth of a river, on the Pacific Ocean, 120 in. S. K. of Leon de Nicaragua. Long. 8(1. 10. W., lat. II. 15. N. A''caria, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, between Sanios and Tina, anciently called Icaria. ;t is 50 m. in circumference, and full of rocks. L-.ng. 2r.. 30. E.,lat. 37.40. N. .Virastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, with an ancient castle, 17 m. S. S. E. of Cosenza. .A/Vr, a county of Sardinia, bounded by the Var, lilt' M.iritime Alps, the territories of Genoa, and tiif .Mi'diterranean. It was anciently an appendage of Provence in France, but at'terwards jiassed to llu" king of Sardinia. It is 3ii m. long, and IS brn-irl ; and contains about 100 000 inhabitants. .Xirr, an ancii'nl, liandt:onio, and considerable town, on the confines ofFran'ee and Italy, capital of the foregoing province. It has a strong citadel built on a rock, and on the VV. it is fortified with a wall and ditch. On the E side of the rock is the harbour, called Liinpia, from a small river that runs into it. The inhabitants e.xport oil, silk, wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all ."iorts of dried fruits. It was taken by the French in I7;(2. retaken by the Austrians in 1300, but evac- uated in a week afterwards. It is very agreeably situated, 4 m. from the mouth of the Var, 83 S. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. of Ai.T. v\7f^, a city of NatoUa. See fsnic. Xichnburij, a town of Persia, famous for a mine of turquoise stone in its neighbourhood. It is 37 ni. S. of Mesched. Klrhohg^ a county of the W. district of Virgin- ia. Pop. 3,340. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,832. Carlisle is the capital. J\'fchnlnsrillc, p.t. Jessamine Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. of Frankfort. J\'irl(olas. St., one of the largest and most pleas- ant of the ('ape Verde Islands, between St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 m. in length ; and is the residenceof the bishop of the isles. Long. 14. 10. W., lat. l(j. 32. N. Micholiis, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe, with a handsome church, to which pilirriins fiiriiirrly resorted. It is seated on the Meurthe, 7 in. S. E. of Nancy. Kichiiliis, Si., Moll'., a town, harbour, and cape, lit the N. W. extremity of St. Domiu'ijo, com- manding the strait called the Windward Passage. The harbour is strongly fortified by nature and art; and ships of any biirdi'U may ride at anchor in the basin, even during a hurricane. It was ta- ken by the English aided by the French royalists, in 1703, but evacuated in 1708. Long. 73. 30. W., lat. 10.40. N. .Yiehohis Islanil, a small i.-iland on the N. coast nf the island of Cuba. Long.7!». 40. W., lat. .33. .50. .\. Kicohar IslaviJx,n group of 10 islands on the E. side of the bay of Bengal. They are almost en- tirely uncultivated ; but the eoeoa-nut, the mel- lori or lerum (a kind of breadfruit), and other tropical fruits grow spontaneously ; there are also yams and sweet potatoes, and the edible birds' nests so much esteemed in Cliiii.'!. Dogs and liogs are the principal animals. The inhabitaiitH are tall and well proportioned, with black eyes, black lank hair, and dark copper-coloured skins. They live in little huts, having no towns, and go quite naked, except a cloth about tins waist with a small string hanging down behind. These is- lands extend northward, from the N. point of Sumatra. The largest, which gives name to tha rest, is 25 m. long and 10 broad. Its extremity is in long. 94. 3. E., lat. 6. 30. N. Kicojack Cave, in Georgia, is situated in an em- inence called Racoon Mountain. Its mouth is 50 feet high and lliO feet wide. It is many miles in depth and the tloor is covered with a stream of water throughout its whole length. Three miles within is a cataract, beyond which visitors have not penetrated. The rock is limestone. .'\Vro/flrtf/", a city of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslai, founded by Catherine II., on the S. side of the I ngul, at its conflux with the Bog. The public buildings and a number of private house.^ are constructed of a wdiite calcareous stone, but the rest of the houses are of wood. This place, being of easier access by water for vessels than Cherson, is now the capital of the naval es- tablishment of the Black Sea. The admiralty, with a long line of magazines, workshujis, wet and dry tincks, and every necessary department for shipjiincr are placed along the bank of the Ingul. It is 30 m. N. N. E.ofOczakow and 45 N. W.of Cherson. Long. 30. 40. E., lat. 40. .58. N. Kicolo, St., the most considerable of the isles of Tremeti, in the gulf of Venice. It has a har- bour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey with a church. Long. 15. 37. E., lat. 42. 10. N. Kcolsburg, a town of Moravia, with a castle on a mountain , 12 m. E. N. E. of Laab. A'lropnli, a town of Bulgaria, famous for the first battle fought between the Turks and the Christ- ians in 13%, when the emperor Sigismund was de- feated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of the Osma, 60 m. S. S. W. of Bucharest and 150 N. N. W. of Adri- anople. Long. 25. 43. E., lat. 44. If,. N. KlropoH, or Glanish, a town of Turkish Arme nia, built by Pompey in memory of a victory gained over Mithridates. It is 15 m. S. of Erzcrum. JVicosia, the capital of Cyjirus seated near the mountain Olympus. From the time of Con- stantino the Great till 15(;7, it was m. in cir- cumference ; but the \'enetians, finding it too ex- tensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it with II bastiuns and 3 gates ; all the rest they razed to the foundation, demidishing temples, palaces, and the m -wt beautiful monuments. In 1.570 it it was besieged 45 days bv the Turks, and then taken by a general assault. The church of St. Sophia is a fine old Gothic structure. The ba- zaar is extensive, well supplied with provisions, and remarkably clean. Long. 33. 20. E., lat. 35. 14. N. .Vico.sia. u town of Sicilv, in Val di Demona, 12 m. S. of Cefalu. jyicotira, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, near the coast of the Mediterranean. 35 m. N. N. f). of Rei'"io and |;15 S. E. of Naples. Lung. 10. 30. K.l lat. 3S. 34. N. .V»'W/«, a town of Guatemala, in Costa Rica, situate on a small river, which runs into the bay of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is 98 in. W. N. W. of Cartago. Long. 85. 49. W., lat. 10. 40. N. A'icsara, a town of Turkey, in Caramania, and an archbishop's see. 10 m. N. of Tocat. Long. 3(;. 0. E., lat. :iO. 2;'.. N. .Vidua, a town of Switzerland, in the canton » mo 543 NIL or Born, with a castle; situate on the lake of Biol, 15 m. N. VV. of Bern. A'itlda, a town of Germany, in Hease Darm- eladt, seated on a river of the same name, 20 ra. N. E. of Frankfort. .Yifbla, a town of Spain, in Seville, near which is a considerable copper mine ; seated on the Tin- to, 11 m. N. N. W. ofMoguer and 40 W. of Se- ville. \icmerk, a town of Brandenburg, on the river Ada, IG m. N. of VVurtembcrg. J\'irmrcZj a strong town of Moldavia, situate on a iiinnntain, on a river of the same name, 70 m. W. S. W. of Jassay. Long. 26. 10. E.,lat. 40.58. ,V/Vmm, a river which rises in Lithuania, and passes by Bielica and (jrodno ; it th'Mi runs liirouffh part of Samogitia and E. Prussia, and en- ters the C/Urisch HafFby several mouths, of which the principal and most northern is called the Russ. S^'ienhirff, a strong town of Hanover, c.Tpil;il of the county of Hoya, with a considerable trade in corn and wool; seated on the Weser,37m. S. S. K. of Bremen. Long. 0. 25. E., lat. .')2. ;«». N. A'ienburgy a town of Prussia, in the government of Munster, seated on the Dinkel, 33 m. N. W. of Monster. .Vi>Ti6«ro', a town of Germany, in the duchy of AnIialtKollien, seated in the Saale, 8 m. N . \V. of Kotlien. A'icnhaus, a town of Hanover, in the district of Paderborn, with a castle, formerly tlie residence of the prince: seated on the Lippe, 2 m. N. N. E. of Paderborn. .Vieper. See Dnieper. A'iester. See Dniester. JV7e«;)or(, a sea-port of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, at the mouth of the Yperlee . Here are sluices, bv which the country can be laid under water. The inhabitants principally subsist by the horrintr fishery, and by making nets and ropes. !). m. S. W. of Ostend. Long. 2. 45. E., lat. 51. 8. N. JYidiporl, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, seated on the river Lech, 15 m. E. of Rot- terdam. jVi'errc, a department of France, including the greater part of the province of Nivernois. Its lakes Its name from a small river, which rises near Champlemy, and runs into the Loire, at Nevers, the chief town of the department. Niger, a celebrated river of Africa, rising near Mount Lamba in the countryof the Soulimas, on the northern declivities of the Kong Mountains. No geograpliical problem ever presented a more fruitful subject for conjecture, doubt, hypnthesis, and research, both critical and e.xpcrimental, than the course and termination of tliis mysterious river. Until the travels of Mungo Park in I7!I0 it was even disputed whether it flowed East or West. This traveller although he establislied the fact of its easterly direction, and proceeded si)ine distance along its banks, yet was unable to make any further discovery respecting its termination. Attempts made by other travellers were followed by no better success, and Park in his second jour- ney into the country lost his life. Many authors were of opinion that the river flowed into a great central lake, and had no communication with the sea; others sought for arguments to show that its waters were swallowed up bv the sands of the de- sert ; at one time the belief was very prevalent that it flowed a great distance south and ran into the ocean by the river Zaire or Congo ; the Brit- ish government even despatched an expedition under Captain Tuckey to proceed up the Congo and make discoveries, but nothing satisfactory was the result. The travels of Laing, Denham, and Clapperton failed to settle tlie long disputed point, and an impenetrable cloud ol* mystery con- tinued to hang over the subject til) ISIO when the frand discovery was eflt-cted by Richard and ohn Lantler, the former of whom had been the servant of Clapperton in his African travels, and who attended him on the expedition in whicli he lost his life These travellers in March 1830 penetrated iii'o the country till they reached theNiger,and proe-eed- ed down the stream till they arrived atthe Bifb' of Benin, a termination which had been fi.\ed up n many years before by a German theorist naii;r'l Reichard, although his reasoning was grnunfj.-d upon false data. The Niger, or Quorra, or Joliliu, for it is called bj' all these names, is tlius asr-cr- tained to flow into the Atlantic ocean in about .">. N. lat. It discharges its waters by several chan- nels, forming a great delta like the Nile, Ganges and Mississippi; the channel by which the Lad- ders arrived at the ocean, has been hitherto known as the river Nun, and the delta is 240 m. in ex- tent along the coast, from the river Benin to that of Old Calabar; the inland extent of the delta is about the same, and the whole territory is inter- sected by various arms of the river, such as are called bmiotis on the lower course of the Missis- sippi. The banks of these streams are generally overflown, and the land is covered with mangrove trees growing in the water ; the whole surface is low, flat and swampy. For the first half of its course the Niger flows in a N. E. course ; between 15. and 10. N. lat. it turns to the 12. and afterwards pursues a southerly direction to the sea. It flows by the cities of Sego, Jenne, Tombuctoo, Boussa, Yaoori, Nyffe,Rabba, Egga, and Kisnee, at which last place the delta commences. It receives from the N E. a branch called the Tshadda, which the Landers saw in a state of inundation 2 or 3 miles in width. It is now very evident that neither Herodotus. Pliny ,or Ptolemy ever had any knowledge of this river, and that the name of Niger ought no longer to be applied to it. Its most common name in Africa is the Quorra. A''igono, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, 22 m. S, W. of Modena. A'irrriUa. See Kegrolanih JVV/c, a great river of Africa, which, accordmg to the most authentic accounts, rises in the mountains of the Moon. It runs through the lake Denibea, then makes a circuit towards its source, wliirh it leaves 25 m. to the E., and en- tors into Nubia, through which country it takes a circuitous course, and forms some considerable cataracts. It then flows almost directly S. through Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo ; and a little below that city it divides into two great branches, which with the Mediterranean Sea,lorms the island called Delta. The ancients reckoned eleven mouths of the Nile, of which seven were considerable ; but at present there are only two that are at all times navigable, and those are alRoscltaand Damictta. The fertility of Egypt depends upon the over- flowing of the Nile, which takes place regularly every year, from the 15th of June loJJie 17th of September, when it begins to decrease. It is cans cd by the periodical rains that fall between the tropics, and more particularly in Abyssinia, v/hich is full of high mountains. In Cairo there is a ca- 4 NIV 549 NOA nal called Khalis, which is opened when the water ia himple ilidicaled to Bhavany. Lone. 85. 30. E., Ial.i7.40. N. .Vuailles, a town of France, department of V'lenne, m. S. S. E. of Poitiers. A'oanairur, a town of Ilindoostan, in Gu7.erat, capital of a district of its name on tlie coast of the gulf of Cutch, inhabited bv a piratical tribe, called Sangarians. The chief of the district, by a treaty with the British, engaged to prevent his subjects from plundering British vessels. lOO m. W. S. \V. of Amedabad Long. CO. 30., lat. 22. 22. N. .Vlea, in Prin- cipato Citra, 8 m.W. W. of Salerno and 20 S. E. of Naples. Xockumixon, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. !\'ogara, a town of France, department of Gcrs, 21 m. S. VV. of Condom. Kosarcot, a town of Ilindoostan, Nepaul, with a celebrated pagoda, GO m. N. E. of Catinandu. .Xofretit Ic liotrcu, a town of Frarice, department of Eure-etLoire, seated on the Iluisne, 315 ni. N. E. of Mans. A'ogent sur Seine, a town in the department of Aube, seated on the Seine, 25 m. N. W. of Troyes, A'oir, Cane, a promontory at the S. extremity of Terra del Fuego. Long. 73. 33. \V., lat. 54. 32. A'oirmovtlcr, an island of France, in the bay of Biscay, S. of the mouth of tiie river Loire. It is 12 ni. long and 3 broad, and has good pastures. Tlie principal town, of the same name, is defend- ed by a fort. Lon^. 2. 10. W., lat. 47. 0. N. .\ola, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, once a rich Roman colony, and still a handsome place. The silk spun in its neighbourhood is much esteemed. It is 14 m. K. N. E. of Naples. JVolensriUc, p. v. Williams Co. Ten. j\'ali, a town of Sardinia, with a fortand a good harbour, 30 ra. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 41. E., lat. 44. 18. N. A'ombre de Dios, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of Daricn, 30 m. E. of Porto Bello, to which its once flourishing trade is now trans- ferred. J\'ombre de Dios, a town of Mexico, the most populous in the province of Zacatecas. 170 ill. N. of Guadala.xara. Long. 104. l.j. W., lat. 24. O.N. A'mnrny, a town of France, in the department of Meurtlie, on the Seille, 15 m. N. of Nancy .Voii, Cape, a promontory of the kingdom of Fez, opposite the Canary Islands. The Portu- guese, in their first attempts to explore the W. coast of Africa, long considered this promontory as an impa.ssa))le boundary. This its name im- ports ; but they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Long. II. 50. W., lat. as. 36. N. AtfHff, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see. It was once a splendid city, but is now a mean place, and its harbour not capable of receiving large vessels. It is almost surrounded by the sea. 7 m. N. by W. of Kara. A'ontron, a town of France department of Dor- dogne, 21 m. N. of Perigueux. Aoopmir, a town of Ilindoostan, in Guzerat, 55 m. E. of Surat. Long. 73. .00. E.,Ial. 21. 11. N. .Vuotka Sound. Sec Oregon, J^OTlcrg,ti town of Sweden, in Westinanl.md, near which are the best iron mines in the province. It is 34 m. N. of Strocmsholm. Long. IC. 12. E., lat. no. 2. N. JS'orria, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spolc- to, seated among mountains, on the river Frcdara, 20m. S. E. ofSpoleto. A'ord, a department of France, so named from its situation. It includes the greater part of the former divisions of Ilaiiiault, French Flanders, and Cambresis. A'ordburg, a town of Denmark, at the N. extrem- ity of the'isle of Alsen, with a castle 9 m. N. N. ^V. of Sunderburg. .Vurrff/i, a sea-port of Hanover, in FriesLiiici. with a good harbour. It is 4 m. from the Gt-r man Ocean and 14 N. of Emden. A'orJliauscn,t\ town of Prussian Saxony, in llie government of F.rfurt, with 7 Lutheran churelics and a well-built orphan-house. It has a consider- able trade in corn, brandy, and rape and lintseed oil, and manufartures of niarlileaiid alabaster. It was ceded to Prussia in 1HI12 : and is seated on the Zorge,35 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 5G. E., lat. 51.30 N. A'ordlieim, a town of Hanover, situate on the Rhiime,at its conflux with the Leina, 10 m. N of Gottingen. .\iirdldojiing, a sea-port of Sweden, in Gothland It is 10 m. in circumference, but the houses are scattered, and the inhabitants do not exceed 12,000 The river Motala flows through the town, forms a series of cataracts, and is divided into four prin- cipal streams, which encircle several rocky islands covered with buildings ; but at the extremity of the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here are manufactures of woolen cloth, paper, and fire- arms, some sugar-houses, and a brass founderv. Corn is exported hence in great quantities ; ami a salmon fishery gives employnient and riches to many ol the inhabitants. It is 110 m. S. W, of Stockholm. Long. 15. .'50. E., lat. 58. 35. N. A'ordland, one of the ancient divisions of Swe- den, bounded on the N. by Lajtiand, E. bv the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by Sweden Projier, arid W. by the same and Norway. It contains six provin- ces. A'ordland, a province of Norway, having the North Sea, on the W. and Swedish Lapland on the E. A'ordlingcn, a town of Bavaria, fortified in the ancient manner. Here the league of the five western circles of the empire was concluded in 1702. In 171K) it was taken by the French. It is a commercial place, seati^d on the Eger, 38 m. N N. W. of Augs'jurg. Long. 10. 34. E., lat. 46 50. N. .Xordmallng, a town of Sweden, in Angerma- nia, near a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 24 m. S. W. of Uma, and 70 N. E. of Hcrinosand. A'nrdxirand, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of S. Jutland, I'i in. long and 5 broad. It has a town called Ham, 28 m. W. of Sleswirk Long. 0. 4. E., lat. 54. 40. N. A'ore, a noted part of the river Thames, situalfd off Sheerness, at the point of a sand bank which runs eastward from the Isle of Grain. It is the well known limit of the Cooknevs' summer voy- age. Long. 0. 44. E., lat. 51. 27. N. A'orfolk, a county of England, 77 m. lone and 45 broad ; bounded on the N. and E. ly the German Ocean, S. E. and S. by Suffolk, and \V. by Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It contains I,o;i4,400 acres, in divided into 33 hundreds and .1 4 NOR 551 NOR 600 parishes, has one ci'v and 'Jl market towns, and sends 12 members to p\ind it uninhabited, e.icept by birds. It is very hilly, but some of the valleys are tolerably large. Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 12,000 feel high. The whole island is covered by a thick forest , but has not much underwood ; and the principal timber tree is the pine, which is very useful in buildings, and seems to be durable. The island is snj)plied with many streams of good wa- ter, which abounds with many fine eels. The oHSj round the coast are 240 feet high, quite per- pendicular • and anchorage is safe all round the island, on taking the leeside ; but there is no har- bour, and from the heavy seas which constantly beat upon the shore, there is great difficulty in approaching it, in consequence ol which the set- tlers are encouraged to remove to Port Dalrym- ple or the Derwcnt River, in New Holland, where the greater part of the military and convicts were removed irv 1805. Long. itiS. 12. E., lat. 29. 5. S. JVorham, a village in Durham, Kng. Its castle, on the edge of a rock above the Tweed, has been many times taken and destroyed by the Scotch, and as often rebuilt by the English. 6 m. S. W. of Berwick. JVurmandij, a former province of France, now forming the departments of Calvados, Eure, Man- che, Orne, and Lower Seine. The Normans, a people ol Denmark and Norway, having entered France under Rollo, Charles the Simple ceded this country to them in 912, which from Uiat time was called Normandy. Rollo, the first duke Held it as a fief of the crown of France, as did se- veral ofliis successors after him. In lOlJIJ, Wil- liam the 7th duke having conquered England, it became a province of that country, till it was lost in tlie reign of king John, and re-united to the crown of France. It is one of the most fertile provinces in France, and abounds in all things except wine, which defect is supplied by cider and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great number of rivers and harbours. A'urrifl^fwork, p.t. Somerset Co. Me., on the Kennebec. Pop. 1,710. A'arristowji, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa., on the Schuylkill, 17 m. above Philadelphia. J^'orUlira, or Js'ot Tclae, a sea-port of Sweden , in the Baltic. It suffered much from ravages com- mitted by the Russians in 1719. Near it is a forge for making fire arms. 30 m. N. E. of Stock- holm. Lon^. 10. 32. E., lat. 50. 44. N. Kirrlh Antrton, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. Near this place was fought the celebrated battle- between the English and Scots called the Battle of the Standard, in I13S. It is seated in a delip-lit- ful valley 222 m. N. by W. of London. JVorth Cape, an enormous rock at the N. end of the island Maggeroo, on the coast of Norway', and the most northern promontory of Europe. Long. 25. 57. E., lat. 71. 10. N. yorth Sea. See Gentian Oeean. J\'ortham]>lon,a. borough and the capital of North ■ amplonshire, Eng. It was formerly surrounded by a wall, and had a castle, of which there are still some remains. In 1G75 it was almost entirely destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. The houses are uniformly built of freestone and chief- ly slated ; the streets are regular, and the town is lighted with gas. It has 4 churches, 8 dissenting meeting houses, a capacious market-place, a good free school, a general infirmary, and a county gaol on the principles of Mr. Howard. The prin- cipal manufacture consists of boots and shoes, chiefly fjr exportation. In the meadows below the town a battle was fought in 14G0 between Henry VI. and the Yorkists in which the former was defeated and made prisoner. Two miles to the S. is a fine ancient Gothic structure called Queen's Cross, erected by Edward I., in memory of his queen Eleanor. Northampton is seated on the Nen, 30 m. S. E. of Coventry and m N. W of London. NoTlhamjytonshire, a county of England, fi5 m long and 24 where broadest ; bounded S. by Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. In the N. E, part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With this single exception, Northamptonshire is said to contain less waste ground, and more seals of the nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel, which is but scantily supplied by its woods ; and, though coal is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear rate. This county, however, possesses some con- siderable remains of its old forests, particularly those of Rockingham on the N. W., and of Salcey and Wliittlebury on the S. Its products are, in general, the same with those of other fanning counties ; but it is peculiarly celebrated for graz- ing land. Woad for the dyers is cultivated here , but the country is not distinguished for manu- factures. A'ortlijleel , a village in Kent, Eng. a/»ated on the Thames, 2 m. W.'of Gravesend The church NOR 552 NOR cuiituiiis frnijiiionls of nioiiiiiiieiits aa nHciciit as Uie lltli century. Vast iiuantitics of lime are inadc here, and great numbers of extraneous fts- sils have been dug up. Korllileach, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. seated near the source of the Lech, 2o m. E. of Gloucester and HI W. bv N. of London. A'urthon, a village of Wales, in Flintshire, 3 m. S. K. of Flint ; noted for iLi manufactures of coarse earthenware, firebricks, &c. A'orthumberlaml , tiie most northern county of Kngland. In the Saxon heptarchy it was a part of the kingdom of tht- .\orthumbri:ins, which con- tained also the counties of York, Lancaster, Dur- ham, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, and recei- ved its name from being situate N. of the Huni- ber. It is of a triangular form, (i4 m. in extreme length and 50 in extreme breadth ; bounded on the L. by the German Ocean. The soil is va- rious ; the E. part is fruitful in most sorts of corn, with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers ; but the W. part is mostly heathy and mountain- ous. The S. E. part abounds with thick seams of coal; and the S. W. angle has rich lead mines. Limestone and iron ore abound in various parts. Alnwick is llie capital; but the largest town is Newcastle. Aorthumherland Islands, a chain of islands in the S. Pacific, near the N. E. coast of New Hol- land. Lon». \:>0. E., lat. 2-2. S. A'orthumberlantl Strait, the S. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, between the island of St. John and the coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. A'arlliwich , a town in Cheshire, Enw. with a cotton manufacture, and considerable salt-works ; seated on the Dan, at its junction with the Weev- er, 20 m. N. E. of Chester and 174 N. W. of London. A'orton Sound, an inlet of the sea, ou the W. coast of N. America, discovered by Cook in his last vovage. The entrance is between Cape Denbigh on the E. and Ca|)e Danby on tlie W., about 70 m. distant, both lying in lat. 64. 30. N., and the latter in long. UJ2. 55. W. J\'orth, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,915. Aorth.lmmia, p. v. Dutchess, Co. N. Y. A'nrtlinmpton, a town of England, the capital of Nortliamplonsliire, with sonic^ manufactures. It stands on the Nen, (Hi m. N. W. London. A'ortliamploiisliire, a county of England con- taining 1,017 sq. m. Pop. 102,483. Kortliampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the Connecticut, 05 m. \V. Boston. Pop 3,fil3. It is handsomely built, and very pleasantly situated In the neighbourhood of Mount llolyoke, which set. Here are woolen manufactories.' The Farm- ington Canal is designed to extend from New Ha- ven to this place. A'orthampton. a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. tiO m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1 ,3!12 ; a town- ship in Bucks Co. Pa. and Burlington Co. N. J. ; p.t. Lehigh Co. Pa. 55 m. N. \V. Phllad. ; pv. Por- Uge Co. Ohio ; p. v. Northampton Co. N. C. A'urtliampton, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 8,r,44. E'astville is the capital ; a county of'N. Carolina. Pop. 13,103. A'oTlk Hampton, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on the coast, 7 ra. S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 767. .Xorth RItnhcin, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y 55 m. S. W. Albany. J\'nrthborovi'h, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 36 m. W. Boston. "Pop. 9!14. A'orOihrulge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 in. S W. Boston. Pop. 1,053. Xortli BrooUJicld, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. C8 in. W. Boston. Pop. 1,241. A'orth Branch, p. v. Somerset Co. N. J. A'urlh liridgctralcr, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 28 m. S. Boston. Poj). 1,053. Xorth Bend, p. v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, on the Ohio, in tlie S. \V. corner of tlie state. A'orth Carolina, one of the United States, bound- ed N. by Virginia, E. by tiie ocean, S. by the ocean and S. Carolina and W. by Tennessee. It extends from 33. 50. to 30. 30. N. lat. and from 75. 45. to 84. W. lonor. 435 m. in length from E. to W. and ISO in breadth. It contains 43,800 s(|. la. Nearly all the state is level : in the west the Blue Ridge of mountains crosses the country from \'ir- ginia to S. Carolina. It is watered by the Cho- wan and Roanoke rivers which rise in Virginia and flows through this state into Albermarle Sound; by the Pamlico and Cape Fear rivers which flow to the sea in the eastern and southern parts^ and the Yadkin which passes into S. Carolina. A number of low sandy islands are scattered along the coast and inclose several large sounds, as Pamlico, Albermarle and Currituck ; yet the entrances to these, and the mouths of the rivers are obstructed with shoals, and there is not a good harbour in the state. The soil is to a great extent sandy and poor, with extensive swampy tracts ; there are however, fertile districts here and there, and the banks of the rivers are generally produc- tive. In the wcsl»'rn parts the soil is much the best. The Great Dismal Swamp lies between this state and Virginia and covers a space of 150, 000 acres. In its neighbourhood is another called the Little Dismal Swamp. The mineral region of this state h,is lately at- tracted great atti^ntion. Mines of gold have been discovered which have already proved highly productive ; these mines are not confined to the limits of North Carolina but extend into the ad- joining'states of Virginia, South Carolina, Ten- nesee, Georgia and AInbama. They are comput- ed to cover more than 1,000 sq. m. of surface. The mines in this slate are very active and em- ploy about 20,000 men. They are not sunk very ~l "■ m deep but arc wrought extensively in a horizontal direction. The gold is also found on the sur- face, in grains among the sand and gravel, and is obtained by washing the earth. The particles seldom exceed in size the head of a pin, although occasionally larger pieces arc found, and in one instance a lump weighing 2S pounds wns discov- ered. There are a great number of mills in this state for grinding the ore, which are driven by water orsteam. The greater part of the gold is sent to Europe. The quantity afforded by all the mines is not known with any accuracy, although NOR 553 NOR many exaggerated statements have been made respecting it, some of which state the amount OS high as 5,000,000 dollars annually. A great part of the country is covered with forests of pitch pine. In the plains of the low country, this tree is almost exclusively the natu- ral growth of the soil. It much exceeds in height, the pitch pine of the Northern States. The tar, turpentine and lumber, afforded by this valuable tree, constitute one half the exports of the state. The moisture of the air, in the swampy regions, loads the trees with long, spongy moss, which hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives the forest a singular appearance. The mis- tletoe is often found upon the trees of the interior. This state also produces several valu- able medicinal roots, as ginseng, Virginia, and Seneca snakeroot, &c. The rich intervals are overgrown with canes, the leaves of which con- tinue green through the winter, and afford good f.idder for cattle. The most common articles of culture are maize and wheat, to which tlie nature of the soil seems well adapted. Some attention is paid to cotton and rice. Tobacco is raised in tlie uplands, as well as most of the productions of the Middle States. Agricultural societies exist in different parts of the state, and sums of money are annu- olly paid by the government for their assistance. Agriculture, however, is in a backward condi- tion. The produce of the interior is generally carried to the trading towns in Virginia and South Car- olina for a market. Timber and plank, grain, flour and naval stores are the chief exports. The sliippin^ of the state amounted in 163H, to 54,094 tons. The imports for the same period, were a.'*.'?,.'?47 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce, 504;50U dollars. In the mountainous parts of the west, the climate is temperate, and the air salubrious ; this region "s one of the most healthy in the country, and though the days in sunimer are hot, the niglits are refreshed by cool breezes. In all the eastern .irts, the climate is unhealthy, and intermittent evers are common in summer and autumn. The inhabitants have a pale,yeIlowi8h,and bilious com- plexion. The winters are very mild. The wheat harvest takes place in the beginning of June ; the maize harvest early in September. North CaroHna is divided into C>2 counties. The population is 738,470, of whom 246,462 are slaves. Raleigh is the capital. The other large towns are Newbern, Wilmineton and Fayetteville. The legislature is styled theGeneral Assembly , and consists of a Senate and a House of Commons. Each county chooses one senator and two repre- sentatives. The governor is chosen annually by the legislature, and is ineligible three years out of six. Voters for senators must be freeholders. The clergy are excluded from the legislature. The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect; they have 272 churches ; the Presbyterians 126; the Lutherans 45; the Episcopalians 11 ; the United Brethren 4. The Methodists have 32 preachers, and there are a number of societies of Quakers. The state has a university at Chapel Hill, and a small literary fund, but which is not yet available for the purpose of education. The first permanent settlements in North Caro- lina were made by fugitives and seceders from Virginia, between l&40and 1650. The constitii- tion was the work of the celebrated John Locke. Th» chief magittrate was called tli* Palatine, and 70 Fe there was an hereditary nobility, with the titles of Landgrave and Cazique. The legislature was called a parliament. This constitution was found upon trial to be ill adapted to the character of the people, and it was abolished in 1693. This colony had been connected with that of South Carolina, till 1729, when they were separated, and the government of both was assumed bjr the king. This continued till the present consti- tution was established in 177G. A'orlhcaslU, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 16 m. from Kingsbridge, Pop. 1,C53. A'ortk East, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 90 m. N. New York. Pop. 1,689- pv. Erie Co. Pa. ; p. v. Cecil Co. Maryland. Aorlh End, p. v. Matthews, Co. Va. Xorthfidd, p.v. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merrimack, 14 m. above Concord. Pop. 1,169; a township on Staten Island N. Y. Pop. 2,171 ; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. on the Connecticut, 80 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1 ,757 ; a township of Washing- ton Co. Vt, Pop. 1,412; a village of Essex Co. N. Y. and a township of Portage Co. Ohio. JVort/i Hero, an Island of Vermont, in Lake Champlain. It constitutes a township. Pop. 6:». Aorthington, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn. 9 m. W Hartford. A'orlU Kingston, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. on Narraganset Bay, 20 m. S. W. Providence. Pop. 3,036. JVorthlech, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 80 m. W. by N. of London. J^orth Middleton, p.v. Bourbon Co. Ken. A'»rth Moreland, p.v. Luzerne Co. Pa. Kortli Mountain, a portion of the Kittatinny range in Pennsylvania. AoTlhyoTt, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 6 m. S. Belfast. Pop. 1,083. JVorth Providence. See Paiclucket. A'orth fkticm, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,276. A'orthumberland, a county of England, border- ing upon Scotland, containing 1,850 sq. ra. Pop. 108,965. It Contains the richest coal mines in the world. Also two counties in Upper Jind Lower Canada. J\'orOiumhcrland, a county of the W. District of Pennsylvania, Pop. 18,1(58. Sunbury is the cap- ital. Also a county of the E. District of Virginia Pop. 7,953. Northumberland, p.t. Northumberland Co. Pa. .Xort/iwood , p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m E. Concord. Pop. 1,342." A'orton, a village in Essex Co. Vt. ; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 7 m. N. W. Taunton. Pop. 1,484; p.t. Delaware Co. Ohio ; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio. .Xorton, or Chrppine A'orton, a town of Oxford- shire, Eng. 74 m. N. W. London. J^orton Sound, an inlet on the W. coast of N. America, in lat. 64, 55. .Vorwalk, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on Long Is- land Sound. 12 m. S. W. Fairfield. Pop. 3,793; p t. Huron Co Ohio. 14 m. S. from Lake Erie. Pop. 903. .Vorvay, a country in the N. of Europe, be- longing to Sweden, the most westerly part of the ancient Scandinavia. It is bounded on the W. and N. by the Northern Ocean, E. by Swedish Lapland and Sweden, and S. W the Cattegaf extending from the Naze in lat. 57. 30., to the N Cape in lat. 71. 10. Ite breadth, whieh it r»ry unequal, is firora 40 to 980 m. It i* naluralh fDrnied into two divisiom, ■amsly, Nortkcra »*i NOR 554 NOR Soulhprn or Proper Norway, separated from each oUier b}' the small Swedish province of llerndahl. It is divided into llie four governments of Ajr^jer- huys, Christianta or Clirisliansand, Ber*yen, and Drontheini. From its rocky soil, and northern position, Norway is not populous in proportion to Its extent. I'he number ot inhabitants is calcula- ted at 1,000,000, who like the Swiss mountaineers, are eiccedingly attached to their country. In Norwav, they liave a (larlicular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by GrieftelfeM, at the command of Christian v., the great legislator of this country. By this law, — the palladium of Norway, the peasants are free-born. They possess much spirit and fire in their manner ; are frank, open and undaunted, yet not insolent; never fawning, yet paying proper respect. Their prin- cipal mode of salute is by offerings their hand ; and, when they are given or paid anv trifle, the peasants, instead of returning thanks by words, or by a bow, shake hands with great frankness and cordiality. The same causes which affect the population of Norway operate likewise on the state of tillage ; for, although in some places vegetation is so quick that the corn is sown and cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country does not produce sufficient corn for its own consump- tion. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pasture, and consequently produces much cattle. The horses are small, but strong, very active, and hardy. The fisheries, particularly on the W. coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, and supply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet. The principal fish are salmon, cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil ; and the smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. The extensive forests of oak and pine produce timber, spars, beams, and planks, besides charcoal, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but also a kind of wine. The general exports are tal- low, butter, dried fish, timber, planks, horses, horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ; the former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea ; but tlie rivers are in general of a short course, except the Glommen. The mountains are numerous, and generally clothed with pinc-s and firs; the grand Scandinavian chain, which rang from S. to N., is known by distinct appella- tiona; the chief are the ridges of Langfial, Dofra- fial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild animals are the beer, lyax, wolf, fci, and hare ; but the most singular creature is the lemming, or Norwegian mouse, of a reddish colour, and about five inches long. These animals proceed in vast numbers from tlie ridge of Kolen to the sea, devouring every product of the soil in their course, and at last seem to devour each other. Norway was formerly governed by its own he- reditary sovereigns. On the demise of f lasen V., in 13lt), witliout male issue, his grandson in the female line, Majrnus Smek, united in his person tlie kingdoms of^Sweden and Norway. Alagnus was succeeded in the kingdom of Norway by his son llat^en \'I., husband of the celebrated Margri- ret, andat his decease, in 13c0, Norwav w,as uni- ted to Denmark by their son Olof V., wlm ilyin:.'. witliout issue, Margaret herself was raised t.i the throne by the unanimous voice of the nation. On her death it descended with Denmark and Sw • den to her nephew Eric. Sweden was afterwarcl- eeparated from Denmark by the valour and ad- dress of Gustavus Viwa. IJy the treaty of Kiel, in January, l^M, Norway was ceded by the king of Denmark to Sweden ; but the people, not ap- proving of the cession, had recourse to arms, in order to resist the entrance of the Swedish troops into their country ; and the diet elected Prince Christian, the king of Denmark's son, who was then governor, to the throne. However, on the conclusion of the war with France, the allied powers, who had previously promised this coun- try to Sweden, if she would take an active part in the coalition against the French empire, now did all in tlieir power to enforce the cession. For this pur- pose a considerable body of their troops was march- ed into the Danish territories on the continent, to W'atch thai power, and all tlie ports of Norway were blockaded by the Swedish and English fleets by sea, while the Swedish army, under the crown prince, entered Norway by land. Amidst such united efforts, it was not to be expected that the brave Norwegians could hold out long. Afli-r the capture of Frederickstadt, and the passage of the Glommen by the Swedes, Prince Christian proposed to resign bis crown into the hands of the Diet: and on the 20lli of October, l.-iI4, that as- sembly came to the resolution that N(»rway should be governed by the king of Sweden, but as an in- tegral state, preserving its constitution and laws, to \fhich Sweden assented. Christiania is the capital. .Vorif tc/i, a city and county of England, the cap- ital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see. It was for- merly surrounded by a strong wall, of which some ruins still remain. Many of the streets are still narrow and ill-disposed, {hough during the last JO years considerable improvements have been efl'ec- ied. Besides the cathedral, which is one of the most spacious and elegant in the kingdom, here arc :y ;iarish churches, two churches for the Flemings, a number of dissenting meeting houses, and two Roman Catholic chapels. On a hill, command- ding an extensive view of the city, is the castle, an ancient and stately edifice. Near this citv, on Mousehold Heath, are the ruins of the caslfe of Kett, the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign of Edward VI., the city was reduced to a ruinous state. Norwich has extensive manufactures of crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds, and a considerable trade. It is seated on the riv- er Tare. 2-2 m. W. of Yarmouth and 110 N. E. of London. Long. 1. 20. E., lat. 52. 40. N. AonrifA, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,712; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,152. \oncich, p t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connec a NOV 555 NOV ticut, 21m. above Windsor. Pop. 1,91G, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 15 m. W. Norlhampton. Pon -d7; pt. New London Co. Conn, on the Thames, 1-4 m. above Now London. Pop. .>,100, this township comprises 3 villages, llie largest ol which is Chelsea Landing'. Hero arc large man- ulactures of cotton, flannel, carpelmg, paper, iron llnt-iced oil Ac. Here is an ancient aboriginal cemetery called the IJmying Ground of the Unca- ses Alsoap.t. ChcnanffoCo. N. Y. 1 op. .(,J/4, ami a township of Kranldin Co. Ohio, on the Scioto, a ni. above Columbus. jVoj-sc«,atown ofSa.xony. on the Mnldau, IH m. W. of Dresden. jyaUliurg, a town of Russia, in the government of Petersburjr, seated on an island in the lake La- do.ra at the "place where the Neva issues. It has a ffrj.id citadel, and was capital of Ingria, before Petersburj!; was built. It is i'l m. K. of Pelers- burff. L.mg. ;5I. !'. V.., Kt. 5;>. .'.li. N. Kuin a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Nolo. It was ruined by an eaitli. M. I., '^ }<„Uin8 OCE «ealed on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora. Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the Frozen Ocean, about liGO ni. from N. to S. and frojn '15 to 60 in breadth. The S. W. extremity, wliere it is entered by the river Oby, is in long. Gi). 15. E., lat. UG. 55. N. Obvinsk, a town of Russia, in the covernmont of Perm, situated on llie Kama, GO m. N. "f I'lrm. Lon^. 5G. 0. E., lat. r)8. 44. N. Ouij, or Ob, the largest river of Siberia. It is- sues from Lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska, runs N. VV. and W. by Kolivan, Narini, and Sur- jrut, till it receives the Irtysh from Tubolsk, when it Hows N. and N. E., and, after a conr.-io of 1,000 m. enters the gulf t>f Obskaia. It is a lartre smooth stream, abounds in fish, and is navigable almost to its source. In its course, esjjecially after the influ.x of llie Irtysh, it forms a great number of islands. Orana, an ancient town of Spain, in La Mun- clia, formerly fortified, but now in a slate of de- cay. In 1810 a battle was fought in its vicinity between the French and Sjianiards. 30 m. S. S. E. of Madrid. Ocunii, a town of Terra Firma, i n the pro- vince of St. Martha, on the llio do Oro, which (lows to the MacrdaliMia. It is yiO m. S. by E. of St. Martha. Lcmg. 73. 2(i. W., lal. 7. 40. N. Ocmnica, a nai.ie introduced by Multe I5run,to designate a fifth grand division of tlio globe, com- prising the islands of the Indian Seas and tlie Pacific Ocean, with the continent of New Holland, and all the .\ntarctic regions. The limits and feneral character of tliis division of the earth are cicscribed by this celebrated geographer in the following words. The Chinese Sea separates Asia from the great ocean, as the Mediterranean separates Africa trom Europe. To the west we continue the boundary line through the strait of Malacci, and then turn- ing round the north point of Sumatra, we proceed to the point where the [^id meridian east from London crosses the equator. Through the whole southern hemisphere, that meridian will form a convenient divi.-iion between the seas of New Holland and those of Madagascar and Africa. The islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul will, on this principle, remain connected with the Archi- pelago of the Indian Ocean. When we leave the t-'hinese Sea to the north, lite channel between Formosa and the Philiopines Weing the broadest, marks the natural boundary. From this we draw a line wliich, following that part of the waters whieli in most of islands, separates the .Japanese si'as to a distance of 300 or 450 m., and reaches the point of intersection of the 40th parallel of north latitude with the l.")"2d meridian. The lOth parallel will continue to bound the new division of the world, till we come to the point where it is crossed by the loSth western meridian from Lon- don. Taking our departure from this point, we separate the North .Vmerican seas from those of the Oceanic Archipelago by the shortest line that can be drawn from this to the point of intersection t)f the I().-*lh western meridian and the equator. This meridian will be our boundary through the southern iiemispliere. The fifth part of the world thus determined is found to be situated in the Great Ocean, that which, of all others, is the Ocf.an, by way of eminence. This essential character is not com- mon to it with any other division of the globe : it is a character which impresses a special physi- ognomy oil its geography, as well as on its natural and its civil history. It is therefore wor- thy of being made the foundation of its name. It will be called Ocfanic.\, and its inhabitants Oceanians ; names which will supersede the un- meaning or inaccurate designations of Austral- asia, Nolasia, Austral India, and Australia. New Holland lias not_ one Asiatic feature. E.xtend- ing the principle of the nomenclature which is in present use, we ought to call .Africa " Occiden- tal Asia." This designation wo\ild be equally correct with those others. There is no occasion for perpetuating the memory of the pretended Tirra .■luslralis, in the name of a part of the world which is not exclusively situated on the Austral (or southern) Iiemispliere. Tlie liajipier term of Polynesia will be preserved for that subdivision of Oceaniea to which it has been specially aji- plied. Tiie great countries of Oceaniea are exposed lo the inlhience of a vertical sun. It is probable that New Holland, unless it contains inland sens, has a climate as hot and arid as Africa. The marshy shores of some islands in the north-west of (.)ceanica, exposed to an intense heat, generate a pestiferous air, which may be corrected by hu- man cultivation. Notwithstanding these local in- conveniences, Oceaniea presents to the industri- ous, the healthy, and the temperate, a greater di- versity of .delightful climates than any other part of the world. Such Tslands as are small and ele- vated resemble so many paradises. Ily selecting localities with the proper elevations, the English- man may find his fresh lawns and his moss-cov- ered trees, the Italian liis orange-groves, and the West Indian planter his fields of sugar cane. The small extent of these islands procures for them the temperature of the ocean. The heat never becomes insupportable, even for northern Europeans. The air is continuallv renewed by the light sea and land breezes, dividing the em- pire of day and night. Their perpetual spring is rarely disturbed by hurricanes or earthquakes. None of the .great races of quadrupeds, cither of Asia or New Holland, has extended to the small islands of Polynesia. The pig is the only one found everywfiere domesticated, and is the same species as in India and China. Dogs, cats, antl rats, formed the whole quadruped class in these islands befiire Captain Cook supplied them with goats and cattle. Ornithology offers, through the whole of Oceaniea, a little more variety, along with many features of mutual resemblance. The vegetable kingdom of Oceaniea presents to us all the riches of India in new splendour, and accompanied by new pleasures unknown to Asia. In the Sunda islands, the Pliilippines, and the Moluccas, rice occupies the place of wheat ; and the culture of it is probably extended over New Guinea. Further to the east, in the islands of Polvnesi.n, there are four exceedingly useful escu- lent plants, which grow either sjiontaneously, or under the influence of culture ; the potato, the yam, and two species of arum, from w-hich, bv culture and boiling, a sweet farinaceous substance is obtained. Two orders of trees are spread overall the mid- dling and small islands of Oceaniea, which de- light both the eye and the taste. The numerous family of the palms is extended over the most re mote and smallest islands. Between the tropics there is scarcely a rock or a sand-bank on which these trees do not display their astonishing vege- tation. The palms have, in the interior structure of their trunks, no analogy with other trees. In \ OCE 5^)0 OCR U.bit and in structure ^-yj^^^^^^t^^^ their blossom the K™^-^«/.^ '^,^7,e,?a e'so portly l'™d by thoir usefulness. The extcr.ial ay r^ortho (runk furnish u hard and he-y w.»d, wliicli may be formed iuto planks and stakts Te sheaths vvhicli contam the clusters of fruit ac;V> ■ such thickness and consistence that they a c- often use.l as vessels. The "gf, If'^'-'^^Ya. employed for roofing wigwams and cottage Ma terids^or wadding, flock, -"^ cordage re fur- nished by the fibrous pericarp of the p"''"-'-""' W the leafstalks of several other spec.cs, and by til fila„>entous tissue which, in all "f ^'''•'"•f;;;^^ the trunk. Ofthese are mad r,^ even sad-clohand^tey are u ed ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ nltleAle r fi.rTa s t the Indian fair ones; r'^Af" «..«..«. faU,l^.-,ni. lurmsh para.- sols which can cover ten people at a timi . in eaves of some palms are used '"^ «" mg on the shell of the cocoa-nut supplies us with ana tSra cup. This order of trees furnishes a numl r of excellent dishes. The sweet and pulpy sub_ Ince surrounding the shells of some is eaten and Dressed in a variety of forms ; such are the .'J,cca ^:L and the PiLiz .lacUjUfcra. I" -"-; -^ the cocoa-nut, the pensperm o^, «»tJ-Iodonous matter while in others, as the cabbage pa m, or 7ea''oLu-ea, the terminal leaf-bud is used as a pot-herb. The milky liquid contained in he arge cavity of the cocoa-nut is capable of being converted into wine, vinegar, and alcohol. From the same fruit a good oil is procured. Another family of nutritious trees enjoyea uy the Oceanian naUons is that of the .ir/omrp. or bread-fruit trees. This valuable genus rise o a height of forty feet. Us trunk acquires the thick nesi of tlie human body. The fruit is as large as a child's head. Gathered before it is fully ripe, and baked among ashes, it becomes a «-l'.°l^f"™; bread, resembling fresh wheaten bread m tas e^ For a period of eiffht months, this tree yields its fruit in such prolusion, that three of them will support a man for a year. The inner b"k " the Bame tree is manufactured into a kind of cloth Hs wood is well adapted for building cottages and canoes. Its leaves are used as napkins ; Us glu- tinous and milky juice furnishes good cement and ^ Tlie inhabitants of Oceanica eecm to be refera- ble to two stocks, totally distinct both in physiog- nomy and 111 language ; the Malays, or Yellow Oceanians, and the Oceanian Negroes. The Malays are no longer considered by tlie learned as having originally come from the pen- insula of Malacca : it is now understood that It was not till a comparatively recent period that thev became inhabitants of that country^ I heir national historians trace their ongm to the island of Sumatra; tli.7 also describe then, as connect- ed with the Javanese; but we hnd H'em J't pre- sent extending over numerous countries. Not onlv are all tli? inhabitants of tlie maritime parts of Borneo, Celebes, Lu.on, and the Moluccas, o the Malay race; but the innumerable trbs of Polynesia, or eastern Oceanica, seem to h.un the sanie orig n. Although the Marians are o,o()0 m. f^n Ka^ter Island, ^andthou^. Oy^^eejs.t nearly an equal distance from ISew Zealand «e have a collection of facts, authenticated by the c ncurrina testimony of numerous observers whic ^force us to regar.l the families disseminated over this wide region as having a common origin^ The islanders have lawny complexions, varyinc; a little in tlic different tribes, independently ol any ascertainable circumstances in their habi s of hfe or their climate. The fairest are generally in the most westerly regions; some of them, as the Battas of Sumatra, arl directly under the equator The hair of the head is long, lank, rough, and al- ways black. The hair of the beard, and in gen- eral of every part except the head, is scanty_ Thev are in the practice of plucking out that of the beard in their youth. The Mahometan priests affectin<.to wear' long beards, cultivate them to U,e best of their power, but not with so much success as to escape ridicule. Their persons are short, squat, and robust ; their lower limbs some- what large, but not ill-formed. The busts o the females ire much inferior in symmetry to those of the women of Indostan. The face is round the mauth wide, the teeth >•'="> Y.'"'''y,f;°f',r chin square, the cheek bones high, the cheeks rather hollow. The nose is short and Bmall, ne>-_eT prominent, but never flat ; the eyes are ^n^^". ^"^ fike those k other Orientals, always blacky They are an ill-looking people compared to the Arabs, Birmans, and Siamese. They are less handsome- ly formed than the Chinese, but have much better •^ Uiffe'r'ences in colour and in the appearance of the hair have been obB^"'''^ between ho great and the common people in Otahe, e, ^^l ch fed Forster to believe that a Malay colony had subdued in these islands some prior negro tr^es of the race which inhabits New Guinea and New Holland. But others may, with some probability ascribe this difference to habit and diet a le great live on the flesh of quadrupeds, and tlie common people chiefly on fish. The similarity of the languages, as exhibited in the very imperiect vocabularies given by lorsttr, Father Gobien, Marsden, and otRers, is strongly marked. The inhabitants of eastern Oceanica speak the same language in different dialects and this presents a singular analogy to that of the Malays, particularly tliat spoken m Sumatra. OcLcnfurt, a town of Bavarian ^Fr'^f °"'^> seated on the Maine, 10 m. S. E. of Wurtxburg Ochsenlmuscn, a town of Wurtemberg, capital of a petty principality (formerly the territor, of a rich abbey), which was given to prince Mtt- ternich in 1803. 14 m. S. of Ulm Ocracoke Inlet, the entrance o P.^™''^° S"un^: inN. Carolina, 7 leagues S W of Caoe Hatte OEL 560 OIIE ras. Lat. 34. 55. N. It is 14 feet deep at low water. Ocrida- See Lochrida. OczaJiow, or Olchahof, a decayed sea-port and fortress of Russia, in tiie government of Cathari- nenslaf. It has been frequently an object of con- test between the Turks and Russians, many thou- sands of whom, on both sides, have fallen in its dilFerent sieges. The Russians took it by storm in 178H, and it wa.s contirmed to them by the subsequent peace. This important place is the key to both the Bog and the Dnieper, rivers of great consequence to this part of the empire. It is seated near the Black Sea, on the N. side of the estuary of the Dnieper, opposite Kinburn, 50 m. W. of Cherson and 190 N. E. of Constanti- nople. Long. 30. 30. E., lat. 46. 3."i. N. Odaibach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Fonts ; seated on the Glan, 34 m.VV. of Mentz. Oilensee, a town of Denmark, capital of tho isle of Funen, and a bish- tists 111); tlif Mellioilists HI ; the l.nllierans :i7 ; the Associate I'resbylerians 20 ; the (ierinan lle- loruied &2', llio Kjjiscopaliaus Hi; the Sweden- borgians 4 ; there are also s(niie Catholics, Uni- tarians, Universalists, Quakers and Sliakers. Two universities enjoy endowments from the state ; they are established at Athens and Oxford. There are also colleges at New Athens, Hudson nnd (iambicr, and about 20 incorporated acade- mies in dilVerent places. The first selllenieut in Ohio was made at Ma- rietta in \7r<'i. A territorial irovcrnmcnt was established the ne.xt year. In 1H02 it was admit- ted as a state into the Union. The fertility of the soil, and happy local position of the stale for trade, have made it one of the mf)sL desirable re- gions of the western country for emigrants, and its increase in population and wealth has been almost unparalleled. Oliliiu, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a fine castle. Great fpiantities of tobacco are produced in the neifrhbourhood. It is situate on the Ohia, K; m. S. R. ofUreslau. Ohrilnif, a town of Saxony, in Saxe-Golha, with A castle and numerous manufactures, b m. S. S. E. of Gotha. Ohrinirm, a town of Wurtemberg, capital of the district of Hohenloiie, with an academy. In the vicinity of the town many Roman antiquities have been found since 1741. It stands on the river Ohm, which divides it into the Old and New Town,28m. S. S. W. Mergentheim. Long. '.). 42. K.,lnt. 4'). 11. N. Oirh, l.och, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness- shire, 4\\tending 4 m. from K. to W., and contain- ing some little wooded islands: its outlet at the N. end is the river Oich, which flows by I'ort Au- gustus into the S. extremity of I^och Nes.'?. Oil Crcrli, p.t. Crawford Co. Pa., on a creek of the same name, fallinir into the Allewany. Oirr, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Otranto, with an old c.isi,k , seated at the foot of the Ap- ennines, 20 in. N. K. of Toronto. Oisc, a department of France, including part of the former provinces of the Isles of France and Picardy. It takes its name from the river Oise, which has its source in the Ardennes, and joins the Seine below Pontoise. Beauvaia is the capi- tal Okefonokn Sirtnnp, in Georgia and Florida is tt Bort of marshy lake li^O m. in circumference giv- ing rise to the rivers St. Mary and Suwan}'. Du- ring the wet season it has the appearance of an inland sea witlt numerous islands. It is inhabited by immense numbers of alligators, snakes, frogs, nnd all sorts ofreptilcs that arc engendered in miry regions Vaet swarms of moschetoes infest the air in summer, and the poisonous vapours which the heat id" the sun raisi-s tVoni its waters in that sea- son render the neighbourhood uninhabitable for any human being. OihlocoiHf, a river rising in Georgi.T, and flow- ing through Florida into Ockloeonee Bay, 41) m. K. ofllie inoulhofllie Apalachicola. Oiulsl;, a town of Siluria, capital of a prov- ince of the same name, in the government of Ir- kutsk. It is seated at the mouth of the Okota, in. a bay of the Pacilic Ocean, called the Sea of Okotsk,4;iOm. K. S. of Yakutsk. Long. 143. 12. K., hit. fi'.t. 20. N. OltUnhur^, a grand duchy of Germany, consist- ing of several scattered portions. Oldeiil)urg Proper was formerly a county, united with Del- menh(>rst, and when the line of its counts bee ;iiiie extinct, in l(»r.7, it (U volved to the royal family of Denmark. In ITTii it was exchanged iiy Denmark with the grand duke of Russia for the district of Kiel in Holstein ; and, in 1777, the emperor of Germany raised it to the the rank of a duchy. The reigning duke was ex|)elled by Napoleon in 1810, but was restored in I^K!, and at the con- fress of Vienna received the title of grand diike le now possesses, besides Oldenburg Proper (In- cluding Delmenhorst and the lordships ofV'arel, Jever, and Kniphausen), the principality of Tu tin (formerly the bishopric of Lubec) in Holstein and the lordship of Birkenfeld, ceded by Prussia out of the territory on the Rhine. The inhabi- tants are of the Lutheran religion. OldcnburfT^ a fortified town of Germany, capi- tal of the foregoing duchy, and the residence of Uie grand duke. The church of St. I^ambert con- tains the tombs of tlie last counts of Oldenljurg. which are very curious. It is seated on the llun- ta, 22 111. W. of Bremen and 70 S. S. W. of Hamburgh. OUltnhur^T^ a town ttf Denmark, in the duchv of Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 28 m. N. of Lubec. 0/(/c«.suc/, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove- rysspl,30 m. E. ofDevonter. (Hdeshhr, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, with extensive salt-works, seated on the Trave, 17 m. W. of Lubec. Olil l-'iiil, p.v. Centre Co. Pa ; |i v. Burke Co. N. C. Oldham, n town in Lancashire, Eng. built on hif'h ground, on a brancdi of the Medlock, and near the Irk. whose streams give motion toting machinery, Ac, of numerous manufactures, 7 m. N. of Manchester. Oldham, a county of Kentucky on the Ohio. Pop. !'.r>0:i, VVrslport is the capital. Old I'liliil Camfoii, a cape on the North en- trance of James river, Va. Old Tdicn, or Indiin Old Toirn, i settlement of Penobscot Indians on an island 'U Penobscot river, Maine, 12 m. above Bangoi They are about ;iOfl in number, and have a Catholic priest and a school. Old Tuicn, it.l. Allegany Co. Md.; p.v. Ross Co. Ohio. Orran, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop .'CI. Oleron, a populous and fertile island of^ France, 5 m . from the W . coast, opposite the mouth of the Charente. It is 20 ni. long and 5 broad, and belongs to the department of Lower Charente. This Tsland was formerly in the possession of the crown of England ; and here Richard I. com- piled the code of maritime laws called the Laws of Oleron, which are received by aV nations in OLT 563 ONE Europe as the ground and subslruclion of all tlieir marinr; constitutions. Olemn,^ town of France, department of Lower Charentc, with a castle ; seated on the E. side of the island of Oleron, 13 m. W. S. W. of Roche, fort, l.onir. 1. lo. W., lat. 4.1. 4d. N. Oleron, a town in the department of Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave, 10 ni. S. \V. of Pau. 0/i/r«, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, with a citadel, 2(J m. E. of Lucko. Olinda. See Pernamhuco. Olita, a. town of Spain, in Navarre, formerly the residence of the king of Navarre, but now much reduced. It is Bcate(l in a fertile country, 20 m. N. of Tudela. Olina, a sea-port of VV. Prussia, where a peace was concluded, in lOGO, between the emperor of Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland. It is situate on a bay of the gulf cf Dantzic, 10 m. W. N. W. of Dantzic. Long. 18. 32. E.,lat. 54.2-1. N. 0/ry, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. 0/?'i^c,townships in Morgan and Meigs Cos. Ohio. UUrctira, a town and fortress of Spain, in Es- tremadura, which, with its territory, formerly be- lt)nged to Portugal, but was ceded to Spain in 1801. It is 10 m. S. S. W. of Badajnz. OHorton, a town of Nottinghamshire, Eng. seated on the river Maun, and surrounded by hop plantations, which contribute greatly to its pros- perity. 14 m. N. W. of Newark and 137 N. by W. of London. Olmcdo, a decayed town of Spain, in Leon, seat- ed near the Adaja, 25 m. S. of Valladolid. Oimutz, a district or circle oftlie Austrian prov- ince of Moravia, containing 2,000 sq. n). with 347, 300 inhabitants. The N. part is mountainous, but the S. level and fertile. Olmutz,\.he capital of the above district, and formerly of Moravia, is an archbishop's see, and has a famous university. It is fortified, well built, and almost surrounded bv the river Morau. In 1741 it was taken by the king of Prussia who attempted it again in 1758, but was obliged to raise the siege. The emperors of Russia and Austria met here in 1805, previously to the battle of Austerlitz. Itis80 m. N. by E. of Vienna, and in S. of Breslau. Long. 17. 15. E., lat. 41). 33. N. Olucy, a town in Buckinghamsliire, Eng. with a manufacture of bonelace ; seated on the Ouso, 12 m. S. E. of Northampton and 55 N. N. W. of London. Ofonrtz, a government of Russia, formerly in- cluded in the government of Novogorod. In this district are mines of copper and iron. The capital is Petrozavodsk. Olonrtz, a town of the foregoing government near which are a mineral spring and an iron forge. It is situate on the river Olonzo, near its entrance into the lake of Ladoga, 100 m. across the lake, N. E. of Petersburg. Olonetz Moutitnins, a chain cf mountains in ilie N. W. part of Russia, which runs in a direc- tion almost due N. fur tlie space of 1 ,000 m. form- ing part of the boundary between this country and Sweden. Olonne, a town of France, department of Ven- dee, 35 m. W. of Fontcnay le Comte. Oljilicn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 17 m. S. S W. ofMunster. Ollcn, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Soleure ; sealed on the Aar, 17 m. E. N. E. of Soleurc. Uiijmpian Springs, in Bath Co. Ken., nriif the source of Licking river; they are considera- bly fre(|upnted by invalids. The water conta,-ns iron, sulphur, and carbonic acid. Olympus, a celebrated mountain of Nalolia. The ancients supposed its top reached the hi'avens, and from that circumstance placed the residence of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter. It is 10 m. S. E. of Bursa. Also a mountain in Thessaly, separated from Ossa by the celebrated vale of Tempo ; it is 0,000 feet in height. There is beside a mountain in the island of Candia with this name. Oiiiagli, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 14 m. S. of Strabane. Oman, a province of Arabia, bounded on fjie N. W. by the Persian Gulf, N. E. and S. E. by the ocean, and S. W. by extensive deserts. It iti possessed by a number of petty sovereigns, the most considerable of whom is the imam of Ros- tak. The chief town is Mascat. Omlio, a town of Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 20 m. N. of Esne. OmZroHc, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, at the mouth of the river Ombrone, 5 in. S. of Grossetto. Omcpia, a town of the Sardinian states, prov- ince of Novara, on the N. E. side of Lake Orta, 25 m. N. N. W. of Novara. Omcr, St., a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Pas de Calais. It owes its name and importance to a saint, who bnilt a grand monaste- ry here in the 7th century. The cathedral and the church of St. Bertin are magnificent structures. About a league from the town is a great morass, in which are some floating islands. St. Omcr is seated on the Aa, on the side of a hill, 8 m. N. W. of Aire and 135 N. of Paris. Lornr 2. 15. E., lat. .50. 44. N. Ommcn, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove- ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 17 m. N. E. of De- venter. Ommirahih. See Morbcys. Omoa, a town of Honduras. It is seated on the bay of Honduras, 80 m. N.N. W. of Val- ladolid. 0ms!;, a town and fortress of Russia, in tlia government of Tobolsk, situlte at the conflux of the Om with the Irtysh, 350 m. S. E. ofTobolsk. Long. 74. 54. E., lat. 54. 14. N. Onccote, a village in Stiffbrdshire, Eng. 8 m. N.byE.of Chearile, noted for the rich copper mines in its vicinity. 0;icc/i«i/', one of tlie Sandwich Islands, in the N. Pacific, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Its eastern coast is higli, and rises abruptly from the sea, but the other parts consist of low ground, except a round blulVlicad nn the S. E. prunt. It produ- ces plenty of yams, and a sweet root called tee. Long. 101. O.'W., lat. 21. 50. N. Onrfr^ a town of Russia, in the government of Archangel, on the river Oneo-a, near the White Sea,80m.S. S. W. of Archangel. Long. 37. 54. E., lat. 03. 53. N. Onega, a river and lake of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Olonetz. The hike is 100 m. long and 40 broad, and has a communication with the lake Ladoga. The river gives its name to a country fullof woods,and flows into theWhiteSea. Onealia, a province of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, surrounded by the territory of Genoa, and the sea. It abounds in olive-oil, fruits, and wine. Ontglia, or OncUle, a aea-port of Piedmont, OON 564 ORA capital of tlie above province. In 1792, tlie Frcncli took it by storm, anil set it on fire in several pla- ces. It is seated at the mouth of the Iniperiale, 55 m. S. VV. of Genoa. Long. 7. 57. K., lat. 43. 58. N. fe . Oneida, a lake of New York discharging its water into L. Ontario. It has a canal communi- cation witli the Mohawk. It is 20 m. long and l broad. Oneida, a county of New York lying upon the above lake. Pop. 41,326. Utica is the capital. Oneida Castle, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. One Li^, a township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio, 114m. N.E.Columbus. Pop. I,ti4o. Tlie ge- nius that invented this name must have been a limping concern. Onczkoe, a lake of Russia, in the government of Olonetz, 120 in. long and 40 broad. It contains several ir^lands. OnguT, or Chipping Ongar, a town in Kssex, £ng. 21 m. E. N. E. of London. Ongolc, a town of IIindoostan,in the Carnatic, capital of a district of its name belonging to Bri- tain. It is 78 m. S. S. W. of Condapilly and IGG N. by W. of Madras. Long. 70. 5t). E., lat. 15. 23. N. Onion, one of the principal rivers of Vermont, which flows through a fertile country, and after a course of70 m. falls into Lake Champlain. Onondaga, a lake of New York communicating with lake Ontario. It is in. long and 1 broad. Onondaga, a county of New York on the above lake. Pop. 58,074. Syracuse is the capital. Onondaga, p.t. in tJie above county 50 m. W. Utica. Pop. 5,068. Here are very largo salt works. See Salina. Onrust, a small island near the coast of Java, at the mouth of the harbour of Batavia. Here tJie Dutch formerly repaired their ships, and had large warehouses, which were destroyed by the British. Onshin, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,814. Ontario, a lake of N. America, situate between 75. and 70. W. long., and 43. and 44. N. lat. Its length is ISO m. and 50 its medium breadth. On its S. W. part it receives the waters of lake Erie by the river Niagara, and near the S. E. the Onondago River ; and on the N. E. is its outlet the river Iroquois, or St. Lawrence. It is 500 m. in circumference, and abounds with fish, among which are the Oswego bass, weighing tiiree or four pounds. The islands are principally at the eastern end. The chief harbours are York and Kingston, belonging to the British, and Sackets' Harbour belonging to the Americans. Ontario, a county of New York. Pop. 40,167. Canandaiffua is the capital ; also a county in Up- per Canada. Ontario, p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,.'587. Oodamallij, a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe- tore, 30 m. S. S. E. of Coimbetore. Oonalashha, one of the islands of the Northern Archipelago, visited by Cook in his last voyage. The natives are described as very peaceable. Fish and other-sea animals, birds, roots, berries, and even sea weed, compose their food. They dry quantities of fish during the summer, wliicli they lay up in small huts for their use in winter. Their clothing is chiefly composed of skins. The upper garment, made like a wagoner's frock, reach down to the knees. Besides this, they wear a waistcoat or two, a pair of breeches, a fur cap, and boots. They manufacture mats Mid baskets of grass, which are both strong and beautiful ; and there is a neatness and perlerlii n in most of their works, which shows that thry are not deficient in ingenuity and perseverence. Long. 165. 0. W., lat. 53. 5 N. OostboTch, a town and fort of tJie Netherlands, in the Isle of Cadsand, 4 m. N. E. of Sluj's. 0»«(fH/i//, a town'of Sweden, in the Isle of Oeland, 27 m.S. of Borkhohii. Ootatore, a town of Hindoostan. in the Carna- tic, 22 m. N. N. \V. of Tanjore and 80 S. W. of Pondichcrry. Opdoii.ins, p.v. St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. 223 m. N. \V. New Orleans. Opheim, a town of Norway, in the province of Bergen, 45 m. N. N. E. of Bergen. Oporto, or Por/o, a city and seaport of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, and a bishop's see. It is by nature almost imprej^nable ; and is no- led for its strong wines, of which large quantities are exported to England ; whence all red wines from Spain and Portugal are called Port wines. The other chief exports are oranges, lemons, oil, sumach, and linen cloth. Its commerce greatly increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 17.'>5; before that time the poj)ulation was estimated at 20,000, and it is now said to be 70,000. It is seat- ed on the side of a mountain, near the river Douro, which forms an e.tcellent harbour, 172 m. N. by E. ofLisbon. Long. 8. 22. W.. lat. 41 10. N. ^ Oppcln, a province of the Prussian states, com- prising the greater part of Upper Silesia. It con- sists chiefly of hills and mountains abounding with extensive forests, and containing a lan;c store of valuable minerals. The district called the principality of Oppeln, including more than half this province, was formerly governed by its own duke. Oppeln, the capital of the above province, with a Catholic collegiate church. It has a great trade in wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 m. S. E. of Breslau. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 50. 30. N. Oppcnhcim, a town cf Germany, in Ilesse Darmstadt. The vicinity produces excellent « ine. It is seated on the side of a hill, near the Rhine, 12 m. S. S. E. of Mentz. Oppcnhcim, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. on the Mohawk. Pop. 3,650. Oppido, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at the foot of the Apennines, 25 m. N. E. of Reg- gie. Oppido, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,. 5 m. S. S. E. of Acerenza. Oppurg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Meissen,"with a castle, 4 m. \V. S. W. of Neu- stadt. Orach, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 m. S. W. of Ilelgrade. Ortin, a city and sea-port of Algiers, in the province of Tremecen, with an excellent harbour, almost opposite Cartbagena in Spain. It was taken by the Spaniards in l.")00, and re-taken in 1708. In 1732 the Spaniards became masters of it again. In 1700 it was destroyed by an earth- quake, little besides the exterior walls being left standing, when 2,000 persons perished. 225 m. W. N. W. of Algiers. Long. 0. 5. W., lat. 35. 58. N. Oran, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Orange, a city of France, in the department of Vancluse, and a bishop's see. It was an impor- tant place in the time of the Romans, but at pre- .sent is remarkable only for its antiquities. A triumphal arch, 200 paces from the town, was ORt) 5Ci> ORE foriuerlv within its limits ; and lierc are also the lornieny wiui j^jt, e^tre, some aqueducts, r Th°/f:rtifi"s were demolished by Louis XIV in 1G.S2 The chief manuractures are linen, ^^nd naocr The city is seated in a fine ;i^S:o''nthe''rr;:rAigues,l^m. N. of Avignon '"iZ%°iltTio^ Vermont. Pop. 27^0. Chelsea" is the capital. A county of New York Pop. 45,372. Goshen is the capital A county of the K. District of Virginia. Pop. 14,0. 7. Orange is the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop 23H75 Hillsborough is Uie capital. A county ol Indiana. Pop. 7,00'J. Paoli is the capital. Ora^^e, p.t^Or'ange Co. Vt. 15 m. S. E Mont- pelicr. Pop. 1,010; pt. Franklin Co. Mass. hO m iN W. Uoston. Pop. 830 ; p.v. Orange Co. N. Y ■ n t Esse.t Co. N. J.; towns in Cuyahoga, Rich- land,' Trumbull, Shelby, Meigs and Delaware Cos. Ohio. , „ ,^ 1- o Orangeburg, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. ^^'Chame Springs, p.v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N. W. of Richmond. ui „.i r-^ M V Oranrrcto,i:n,a. township of Rockland Co. N. Y. on the Fludson. Pop. 1,947. „ „ ^ on n, S OrangevUlc, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 20 ra. b. Batavia! Pop. 1,525; p.v Columbia Co Pa Orange River, a river of S. Africa in the Cape Colonv running into the Atlantic in lat. fi-^^-o- Oranienbaam, a town of Saxony, in the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, G m. S. E. of Dessau. Oranienlaum, a town of Russia, in Ingria It is seated in the gulf of Finland, 20 m. W. of Ptlcrsburc OraiiienOurg, a town of Prussia, in the Middle Mark of Brandenburg ; situate on the Havel, 1« in. N. of Berlin. , ,„ ., r.. ■ i if Oralara, a town on the W. side of the island of Teneriffe,and the chief place of trade. It is seat- ed at the bottom of an amphitheatre of mountoins, out of which rises the Peake of Teneriffe Its port is at 3 ra. distance. Long. IG. 24. W., lat. ^. 23 N brbassan, a town of Piedmont, with 1 ,700 in- habitants, G m. S. W. of Turin Orbc a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud,32m. W.S. W. of Bern. , , , . , Otbe, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mcntz, celebrated for its salt works, 20 in. E. of Frankfort. ^„ . ^, Orbitcllo, a sea-port of Tuscany, in the province of Sienna, with a good harbour, protected by sev- eral forts. It is seated on the Mediterranean, near the mouth of tne Albegna, G3 m. S. by W. of Si- enna. Long. a. G.E., lat. 42.28. N. Orbre, a river of France, which rises in the Ce- vennes, flows by Beziers, and enters the gulf of Lions at Seri^nan. Orcades. See Orkneys. Orchies, a town of France, department of Nord, l-» m.S.S. E. of Lisle. . Orchilla, a cluster of small islands in the Cam- bean Sea, N. of the coast of Terra Firma. Long. 05. 20. E., lat. 12. 0. N. Orchimont, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Luxemburg, situate on the Semoy, 18 m. N. of Sedan. Ordinsen, a town of Germany, in the late elec- torate of Cologne; seated near the Rhine, 36 m. N. N. E. of Cologne. Ordnna, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated in a valley surrounded by high mountains, 20 ni. S. W. ofUilbao. Orchro, a government of Sweden, comprising the old province of Nericia, part of Westmann- land, and a small part of Warmeland. It contains i 780 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. ' Orebro, the capital of the above mentioned gov crnment has a considerable trade with SU>ckholm, across the lakes Ilielmar and Maeler, by means of the river and canal of Arboga ; sending iron, vitrei, and red paint, in particular, to that capital. In the middle of the town, on a small island lorni cd by the Swart, stands the tastle, formerly a roval residence. It is seated near the W extrem- ity of the lake Ilielmar, 100 m. \V by b. of Stockholm. Long. 15. 12. E., lat. 50. 30. N. OreiTon, or Columbia, a river of the United Statcs'flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It rises in the Rocky Mountains about lat. o._>. N. and flows S. W. to the Sea in lat. 40. 15. N. Its Itn-nli is 1,.500 m., and it has several large tribu- taries as Clark's River, Lewis's River, and the Multnomah. Its head streams are near those of the Missouri, and its course is considerably ob- structed by falls, but it admits a navigation l.-^O m from its mouth. All \U waters abound in fine salmon, and towards the sea, they contain great numbers of seals. <.„,■. Oreiron Territory, the popular name of all that part of the United Slates territory west ot the Rocky Mountains, watered by the abovemention- ed river. It extends from 42. to 51. N. lat. alon« the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded N. by the Russian and British American possessions, E by the Rocky Mountains, S. by the Mexican territories, and W. by the Pacific. Between the Rocky Mountains and the sea is another chain throuirh which the Oregon river passes at the great falls, and still farther west another ridge runs parallel with the coast at about UO m. dis- Unce. These ridges are lofty, and their peaks are covered with perpetual snow. Among these mountains, there are sheltered and fertile valU-ys. The timber in the mountains is pine, spruce, fir, &c. The plains generally have a fine soil ; but are very deficient in timber. The prairies, like those on the eastern sides of these mountains, ore cov- ered with grass, and a profusion of most beautiful flowers. Among the prairie plants are two or tliree kinds of edible roots, which furnish vegeta- ble food to the savages, as an aid to the greiil proportion of salmon, which they devour. Wild san-e is also an abundant herb. It grows cf a helifht equal to that of small tree; aud on these extensive plains is one of the principal ar- ticles of fuel. The sea shore, for a considerable distance to the interior, is skirled with deep and thick forests of evergreens, such as pme aud hem- lock. Sheltered on the north by protecting ridges of mountains, and the breezes from the west be- in<' softened by coming over immense extents ot sea, the climate is as mild as it is in the country east of these mountains four of five degrees soutn of that point. When Lewis and Clark left the country in March, and in the latitude of Mon- treal, the prairies were in blossom, and the !or- wardness of the season seems to have correspond- ed with that of North Carolina at the same tune. The winters are rainy, and some parte of them severe. , , . The Spaniards first discovered tins country. The river was discovered by Captain Gray, in the ship Columbia of Boston ; and it wa.s explored in l.-iO.") by Lewis and Clark. A settlement ot lur traders was made at its mouth by the Americans, but it was afterwards abandoned. The Indians ORE 5CC ORK ni the territory are numbered at 140,000. On tlie northern part of the coast is Nootki Sound lying between a large island and the continent. The savages whicliin habit these parts are better knoun than any other of the Northwestern tril>es. These savages call themselves WnUnsli. Their lieight is above the middle stature, and they are of a muscular frame. Their features are charac- terized by a prominence of tho cheekbones. Their face is often very mucli compressed above the cheeks, and appears to sink aliruplly between the temples. Their nose, flat at the base, is mark- ed by wide nostrils, and a round point. Their forehead is low, their eyes small and black, and their lips, broad, thick and round. In general, they are entirely destitute of beard, or, at most have only a small thin tuft at tlie point of their chin. This deficiency, however, is perhaps owing to an artificial cause; for, some of them, and, especially their old men, have bushy beards, and even mustachios. Their eye-brows are scantily supplied with hair, and arc always straight ; but they have a considerable quantity of very harsh, and very strong hair on their head, whie,h, with- out a single exception, is black and straight, and floats on their shoulders. A coarse dress of linen, with a covering from the skin of the bear or sea- olter, red, black, and white pigments, with vyhich they besmear their body, tlio whole of tlieir or- dinary costume, in short, forms the image of wretchedness and ignorance. Their war-dress is extraordinary. They muffle up their head with pieces of wood, carved into the representation of eagles, wolves, and porpoises' heads. Several families live together in the same hut, the wooden half partitions "of which, give it the appearance of a stable. Some of their woolen stuffs, although manufactured without a loom, are very good, and are ornamented with figures of a brilliant colour. They carve clumsy statues of wood. Tiieir light canoes, which are flat and broad, bound over the waves in the steadiest manner, without the assistance of the outrigger, or lialiince l/Mird, an essenti,\l distinction between the canoes of the American tribes, and those of the south- ern parts of the East Indies, and the islands of Oceanica. Oievrund, a sea-port of Sweden, in Upland, on theguTfof Bothnia, opposite the small island of Gin- son.^ The chief article exjiorted is iron, from the long celebrated mine of Dannemora in its vicinity. It is 70 m. N. of Stockholm. Long. 18. 5. E.,lat. (JO. ai.N. Orel, a government of Russia, once a province of the government of Bielgorod. Its capilal of the same name, is seated on Occa and Orel, 'M7 m. S. S. W. of Moscow. Long. 30. 120. E., lat. 53. 0. N. Orrllana, a town of Spain, in Estrcmadura, OS m. E. of Marida. Orenburg, a government of Asiatic Russia, bounded by EurojjCan Russia and the government of Tobolsk. Orciiliitrg, a town and fortress of the above gov- ernment. It is a place of considerable commerce, and is seated on the Ural, 200 m. S. S. E. of Ufa. Long.r>3. 4. K.,lat.r,l. 40. N. Orcnsr, a city of Spain, in Oalicia, and abishop's see. Here are some celebrated tepid ami hot springs. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Minho, 47 m. S. E. of Composlella. Long. 7. r.O. W., lat. 4a. L".'. N. Orf, court of justice, mint, and theatre. The Irade consists in stockings, sheepskins, wine, brandy, corn, grocery, and particularly sugar, which is brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle. The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious length, and that of tlie Olivet, on the let! side ofthe Loire, has a communication with the city by a bridge of nine arches. Near the city is a forest, contain- ing 1)4,000 acres, planted with oak and other val- uable trees. Orleans is 30 m. N. E. of Blois and COS. S. W ofParis. Long. 1. 54. E.,lat. 47.r,4. N. Orleans, a county of Vermont. Pop. 13,080. Irasburgh is the capital. A parish of Louisiana. Pop. 3,793. Orleans, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. 84 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 1,700; p. v. Orange Co. Ind. Orleans, an island and town of Lower Canada, in the river St. Lawrence, a little to the £. of Que- bec. Long. GO. fiO. W., lat. 17. 0. N. OrUnva, a town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 235 m. N. of Irkutsk. Long. 105. 40. E., lat. 5G. 0. N. Onnea, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, seated on the river Tanaro, 12 m. S. of Mondovi. Ormskirli, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The chief branch of trade is cotton spinning; coarse thread is also made for sail-cloth. 3 m. N. by E. of Liverpool and 200 N. N. VV. of London. Ormus, a small island in a strait of the same name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, 9 m. S. of Gombron. In 1505 the Portuguese were permitted to form a settlement here, and it was afterwards frequented by a number of rich mer- chants. In 1C22 the Persians, by the assistance of the English, expelled the Portuguese and de- molished the buildings. Some tune after the Persians rebuilt the fort, and, though they could never brins it to be a place of trade as before, it is still the key of the gulf of Persia, on account ofthe commodiousness of the harbour. It is al- most deserted ; for it produces nothing but salt, which sometimes is two inches deep upon the surface of the earth. Long. 56. 25. E., lat. 27. 20. N. Ornans, a town of France, department of Doubs, seated on the Louvre, 10 ni. S. E. of Besancon. Ornc, a department of France, including the old province of Pcrclie and part of that of Nor- mandy. It takes its name from a river which rises in the department, and runs into the Eng- lish Channel 8 m. below Caen. The capital is Alencjon. Onmoco, or Orinoco, a river of S. America which issues from the small lake Ipava, in lat. 5. 5. N., flows E. and S. E. to the lake Parima, from which it runs toward the W.; but, after receiving the Guaviari, it bends N., then N. E. and E., till it enters the Atlantic by an extended delta of mouths opposite the isle of Trinidad ; but the principal one is considerably to the S. E. of that island, in lat. 8. 30. N. In this singular winding course, estimated at 1 ,400 m. it receives many large rivers ; and its chief estuary is so deep and impetuous as to stem the most powerful tides See Parima. Oronsa, a small fertile island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S. of Colonsa. Here are the ruins of an abbey, with many sepulchral statues, and some curious ancient sculpture. Orington, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Ormo, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ban- gor. Pop. 1,473. This township contains Indian Old Town. OSA r,G3 OSS Oropcsa, a town of Spain, in Valonria, on a ciipc of its name, in tho Mediterranean, 55 ni. E. N. E. of Valencia, Long. 0. 5. E., lat. 40. 8. N. Orr. a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudhriglitsliire, whicli issues from a small lake to the E. of New Calloway, and flows into the Solway Frith at Dalbeattie. Orrinalon, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 30 m. N. Casline! Pop. 1,2:». Orsrilh, a village of Pendleton Dis. S. C. Orsova, a town and fortress of Hungary, on the confines of Servia, seated on the N. side of the Danube, (U) m. S. E. of Temeswar, and 75 E. of Belgrade. Long. L«. -10. E., lat. 45. 10. N. Orsoy, a town of the Prussian states, seated on the Rhme, 20 in. S. E. of Clevcs. Orsz^i, a town of European Russia, in the gov- rrnmeut of Mohilef, with a castle, seated on the Dnieper, 38 m. N. of Mohilef. Orta, a town of Italy, in the ecclesiastical Btatcs, seated near the Tiber, 10 m. E. of Vilerbo. Orta, a town of the Sardinian states, in the province of Novara, seated on a lake of its name, 21 m. N. N. W. of Novara. Ortrf^al, a cape and castle of Spain, on the N. coast of Galicia, 30 m. N. N. E. of Ferrol. Long. 7. 50. VV., lat. 43. 4G. N. Ortcnbcrcr, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, with a castle ; situate on the Nidder, 17 m. S. E. of tiiescn. OrUnhurg, a town and citadel of Bavaria, in a county of the same name ; seated near the river Vills, 10 m. W. of Passan. OrUnhurs, a town of the Austrian states, in Carinthia, on the S. bank of the Drave, opposite the influx of the Liser, 32 m. W. of Clagenfurt. Tlhis, a town of France department of Lower Pyrenees, celebrated for a victory gained here by the allied army over the French in 1814. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river Pau, 20 ra. N. W. of Pau. Orion, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. 27G m. N. N. W. of London. Ortona a Mare, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, on the gulf of Venice, 13 m. E. of Civita di Cliieti. Orlrand, a town of Sa.xony, in the circle of Meissen, situate on the borders of Lusatia, 16 m. N. E. of Meissen. Oruro, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the audience of Charcas. The country abounds in cattle, and has many gold and silver mines. It is 1.50 m. N. W. of Plata. Long. 0.-^. 30. W., lat. 18. 10. S. Orviclo, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal states, capital of a territory of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a magnificent palace and a fine Gothic cathedral. It is seated on a craggy rock, near the conflu.t of tlie Paglia and Chiana, 50 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 42. 42. N. , Orvillc, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Orwell, a river in Suffolk, Eng. which runs S. E. by Ipswich, and, uniting with the Slour, forms the fine harbour of Harwich. Above Ipswich it is called the Gipping. Orwell, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Cliamplain, 35 m. N. W. Rutland. Pop. 1,.598 ; a township of Oswego Co. N. y. Pop. 501 ; p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. Orwigsburg, p.t. Schuylkill Co. Pa. 2C m. N. W. Reading. Osaca, a. city of Japan, in the island of Niphon, defended by a magnificent raslle. U has a har- bour, and is one of the most counnercial places of the empire. It stands on the Jedogawa, over which are several bridges of cedar, 30 m. S. by W. ofMiaco. Long. 136. 5. E., lat. 35. 5. N. Osagr, a river of the United States flowing easterly between the Kansas and Arkansas and joining the Missouri in the centre of the Slate of that name. It is 300 m. in length. Osngcs, a tribe of Indians in Missouri and Ar- kansas, comprising about G.OOO souls. They are divided into the great and little Osages, and have two or three villages, but live in a seattcriil, wandering state. They raise some corn but are lialf the year occupied in hunting. Osrkatz, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Meis.sen, with a cidlege and some manufai^tures of cloth; seated on the Chemnitz, 10 ni N. W. of Meissen. Oscro, an island in the gulf of Venice, havimr on the N. that of Chcrso, to which it is joined by a bridge. The capital is of the same name Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 44. 5G. N. Osiot. Sec Sfont. Osma, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a bishop's see, with a university. The catliedral and tiie episcopal palace are at Brogo d'Osma, a little to the E. It stands on the Douero, 48 m. S. E. of Burgos. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 41. 50. Osnahurg, or Osnnhruck, a province of Hano- ver, lying between the grand duchy of Oldenbi rg and Prussian Westphalia. It is 40 m. long and 20 broad; produces much corn and flax, and plenty of turf, coal, and marble. The most ben- eficial manufacture is a coarse kind of linc^n. which is exported to distant parts. Ostwliiirg, the capital of the above province, with a castle and a university. It is celebrated for the peace of Westphalia, concluded here in 1G43. The Catholics and Protestants have each two churches and a gymnasium. It is seated on the Hase, 2."> m. N. by E. of Munster. Long. 7. 54. E., lat. 52. 18. N. Osorno, n town of Chile, seated on Rio Bueno, in a territory where there are mines of gold. Ml m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 40. 58. S. Osrushna, a town of Western Tartary, in Tur- kestan, capital of a province of the same name. It is 80 m. N. N. E. of Samarcand, and 2G0 S. of Taras. Long. GG. 20. E., lat. 40. 40. N. Osselia, the country of the Ossi, or Osseti, one of the seven Caucasian nations, between the Black Sea and the Caspian ; bounded on the N. by Great Cabarda, E. by the Lesguis Tartars, and S. and W. by Imeritia. It is divided into I!) districts of very unequal size; some containing only five, and others 50 villages, each of which comprises from 20 to 100 families. Their l.in- gua^e has some analogy with that of the I'er.^iaus. Their history is entirely unknown. Tlie Circas- sians and Tartars call them Kuslia. Ossian, a township of Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 812. Ossipee, a lake in N. Hampshire, in Strafford county : it covers a space of 7,000 acres. On the western shore is an Indian mound from which have been taken skeletons, tomahawks, &c. Ossi- pec Movntain is on the N. W. Ossipcc, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. lying upon the above lake, 32 m. N. E. Concord, fop. I,;i:i5. Ossory, the western division of Queen's county, in Ireland. It gives iiaiiie to a bishopric, but the OST 569 OTA .athedransnowatIrUhU.wa.in the county of Kilkenny. „ . ; Andalusia. It Os^na, a town "^ ^'Pf'^'b it^ ramparU than was former y strong but le«' ^J ^ J. „,,i,h by a fountam in l^^""^ZA „ater, while the ballle of RamUl.es, .t was retaken by th^ a ^^^ U was ^Jgain taken by thFrench.m^^ ^, restored in 1/4.-!. I"^""; " „„,„rpss oueen, Maria '•in:; rsJ :KttV;s'^^; ""Xer^f a (own of Hanover, with a manufac- ture of woolen stuffs; also a "^-^-^fJ'^J^'^,: "•o!.Lf;^^^rPs^.wi^a^ca.J..tu. side of the lake Storsio, -b n>.„N- W- ot sun ''tur^^'-^t^ ^f'^r^stiln^ Saxony, in the Jel—'^f' Magdeburg w.h good woolen manufactures; situate on the Use, 17 m. y r :alive^1^-wX..; It ^standi near the eastern mouth of the Tiber, 12 m. b. ^"Ostl-rlia, a town of Austrian Italy,, in the pro- vince 5f Mantua, seated on the Po, lo m. S. b. ot ""^'Osl^n.hauscn, a town of Westphalia, situate on the ruins of a castle, formerly fortified. 14 m. W . "^ o'.~a village of Russian Lithuania, when tlie French defeated a body of Russians in 1312. '^0";<:::.;/-To''f Naples, in re^a d^O-nto seated on a mountain, near the gulf of Venice, 16 m. W. N. VV. of Brindisi, and 50 S. E. of ^"ostcM, St., a village i" Northumberland, Eng on the Pict's wall, 4 m. N. of Hexham. Here the St. tawrence ; also a township in St. Law '"TJ'o a^r"Se?'rNew York, forming the out- at the mouth of Oswego river ^opj'"'^.^ ,,,j ^ .:?r-^7c:srwSg£|,^- -^0;iLlftow;'o-;Rus\n Lithuania, .n the government of VVilna, 32 m^ S. E^oHVilna.^^^ ^ 0(a/.a, .7f;^°V''„<=f ^^ft^» and is divided from '^^^'-5s"^hit:a^Sr^^ r: tnel'harUUterUut has two good har- ''°X...,orT.Aj.,an_^i^dinJ.eSJaciJ^ sailed round the w We .3 nd " a bo^t,^^^^^^^ ^^ fharcXbtted navigator." It consists of two pen Sf"\:Ii'frurtTe;s, palms, cocoa nttree^^ ^pple and the dragontree Tl« b^'/^^^ ^^eautiful pleasing countenance T'.ey^ a e^abou^ ^^^^_^^ nary size of Luropean»,oi^F = nrovis ons Sucti:; :? Eu :f> an ifabits, the men' wore a piece of cbth round their middle, and .nother wrapped :^:'ut the head, like a turban ^^^^2 parsing over this in various eleg^an^t tu^^ ^,er^ThI=had.^^^^^^^^ OTT 570 OUU mullierry (roe, wliicli ia beaten willi a kind of mal- let , and a iflue, made of the hibiscus esculcnlus is cmployea lo make the hark cohere. Some of these pieces are two or three yards wide and 50 yards lon(;. Omai, a native of this island, was carried to Enorland by captain Cook, and carried back by him in his last voya<;e. In 17!>!t king Poninre ceded tlie district oi' Matavia, on the N. aide of this island, to some of the missionaries be- longing to the London Missionary Society, through whose labors all the inhabitants of Otaheite and rnanyof the neighbouring islands have been led lo renounce idolatry. The sovereign himself be- came a decided convert to Christianity. A gen- eral reformation of manners has been effected, a number of schools established, the useful arts in- troduced, and civilization is rapidly advancing. l>oint Venus is in long. 14:1. :iO. W., lat. 17.29. S. Otchahof. See Ocxalioir. Otego, p.t. Otsogo Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,148. Oiis, p.t. Berkshire Co. iVIass. 20 m. S. E. Lenox. Pup. 1,013; p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 350. O/Z.sjjcW, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. 40 m. N. of Portland. Olisco, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on a small lake of the same name. Pop. I ,n:!i. Olhii, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. seated on tha Wliarf, under a high cragjjy cliff, 25 m. W. of York and 203 N. N. VV. of London. OtoiniCj an island of S. America, in the bay of i'anama. Long. 80. 10. W., l.it. 8. 10. N. Otranio, or Ttrra d' (flranlii, a province of Na- ples, 70 m. long, antl 30 broad ; bounded on the N. by Terra di Bari, and on all other parts by the aea. It is a mountainous country, abounding in olives, figs, and wine. See Lcccc. Otranio, a strong city and sea-port of Naples, capital of Terra d'Otranto, and an archbisliop's see, with a harbour and a citadel. It has a con- siderable trade, anc' is se.iled fm the gulf of Venice, 140 m. S. E of Lari. Long. 18. 35. E., lat. 40. 20. N. Olnir, a town of W. Tartiiry, in Turkestan, near tlie river Sirr, 70 m. \V. S. W. of Taraz. Otrkoli, a town of Italy, in the papal states, seated on a hill, near the Tiber, f m. N. by E. of Magliano. Otsego, a small lake in New York giving rise to one of the head streams of the Susquehanna. Otsi'gofl county of New York lying on the above lake. Pop 51,372. Cooperstown is the capital. Otsego, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,368. Olsclic, p.t.. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,238. Oltinna, or Grand Ritcr rises in the mountains N of Lake Huron, and flows into the St, Law- rence nbovfl ftloiitreal. Its navigation is obstructed by rapids. ' Oltcndurf, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle ; situate near the mouth of the Meden, 27 m. N. W. of St.ade. (Jttcidicim, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the Danube, 5 m. \V. N. W. of Lintz. Otierbcrg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Khiiu" 5 m. N. of Kayserslautern. Uttcrbum, a village in" Northumberland, Eng. on the river Reed, noted for a liattle in 13.88 be- . twecn the English and Scotch, when Henry Percy, I I surnained Hotspur, was taken prisoner, and Doug- • j las, the Scotch general, killed. On this battle the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded. 21 m. N. of Hexham. Ottfr Creels, a stream of Vermont rising in the Green Mountains and flowing into Lake Cham- plain. Otter Bridge, p.v. Bedford Co. Va. 120 m. S. W. Richmond. Otiersherg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy orBremen,°with a fort, 17 m. N. E. of Bremen. Olterij, St. Mirrtj, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It has a laro-e church with two square towers, and manufactures of tlannels, serges, oth sides the Scheldt, 12 m. S. of Ghent, and 29 VV. of Brussels. Oudenbiirg, a town of tlie Netherlands, in W. Flanders, 8 m. S. E. of Ostend. Oiiitfriiralrr,a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the provinre of Utrecht, tlie hirlli-place of the celebrated James Arminius ; seated on the Little Ys.-iel, 10 m. W. S. W. of Utrecht. Oudipour, or Afei/war, a territory of Hindoostan, in liie province of Agimere, belon N. E. of Amedabad. Long. 74. 4. E , lat. 2.'). 28. N. Oani-tcheou, a city of China, of tlie first rank, in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a good :iarbnur,:ionm.S.S.E. of Nan-king. Long. 121. II). E., lat. 2S. 2. N. Oiiircin, a city of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, the residence of one of tlie Western Mihratta chiefs. It is six m. in circumference, surrounded by a strong wall, with round towers. Mere are four mosques, several Hindoo temples, and a modern palace. It is seated on the Sippara, which flows into the Chumbul, 150 m. N. by W. of Burhampour. Long. 75. 56. E., lat. 23. 2(5. N. Oulz, a town of the Sardinian states, in Peid- mont, seated in a valley, 12 m. S. W. of Susa. Oundlc, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. on the Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 m. N. E. of Northampton and 78 N. by W. of London. Oitralj or Ural Mountains. See Ural. Onrcm, a town of Portugal, in Estreraadura, seated on a mountain, 12 m. VV. of Tomar. Our/a. See Orfa. Oitriquc, a town of Portugal, inAlemtejo, cele- brated for a victory obtained by Alphonso, king of Portuf^al, over five Moorish kings, in 1139. The heads of these five kings are the arms of Portugal. It is26 m. S. W. of Beja. Ousc, n river in Yorkshire, Eng. formed of the Ure and Swale, which rises near each other in the romantic tract called Ricbmondshire, and unite at Aldborongh. It flows thence through York, where it is navigable for considerable ves- sels ; and after receiving the Wharf, Derwont, Aire, and Don, it meets the Trent on the bor- ders of Lincolnshire, where their united streams fjrni tlie II umber. Oiise, a river in Sussex, Eng. in St. Leonard Forest, the other in the forest of Worth. It flows by New Haven, and enters the English Channel. Onsr. or Grand River, a ri\-er of Upper Cana- da flowing southernly into Lake Erie, near its eastern e.Nttemity. Here begins the Welland Canal, whicfi .Vcr. Otissnri*. a lo\yn and f trt of Hindoostan, in Mv- sore, takiMi by the English in 1702. ID m. S. E. of Bangalore and (il) E. N. E. of Seringapalam. Outcirn, a town and iiirlress of Portugal, in Tras OS Montes, sealed on a mountain !) m. S. E. ofBraganza. Overflachee. an island of the Netjierlands, in S. Holland, between the mouths of the Meuse. Som- nierdyck is the principal town. Orcc/«H,a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 8, 946. Monroe is the capital. Also a p. v. Perfy Co. Ten Overysrhe, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra bant, seated on the Yaclie, 8 rn. N. E. of Brus- sels. UccTiissd, a province of the Netherlands, boun- ded on the N. by Friesland and Groningen, E. by Hanover and Westphalia, S. by GutlderlanJ, and VV. by the Zuyder Zee. It is nearly equal in cvtent to the whole of N. and S. Holland, and contains many morasses. Its greatest riches con- sist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the neighbouring provinces : the other exports are cattle, butter, cheese, hides, taliow, wool, and lin- en. ZwoUe is the capital. Onid, p.t. Seneca Co. NY. between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Pop. 2,7.56. Oulscon.ftn. a river of Michigan or N. W. Ter- ritory, rising between Lakes Michigan and Supe- rior and falling into the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It IS 350 in, in length. Otidopol , a town and fort of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Catherinenslaf. It had its name from a curious antique tomb, supposed to be that of the poet Ovid, discovered in 17!).'). It is seated at the mouth of the Dniester, 60 m. S. W. of Oczakow. Long. 30. 22. E., lat. 46. 10. N. Ocirilo, a town of Spain, capital of Asturias d'Oviedo, and a bishop's see, with a university. Near it are the hot springs of Rivera de A'>ajo, which bear some resemblance to those of Jiath. It is seated at the conflux of the Ove and Deva, which form the Asta, .55 m. N. N. W. of Leon. Long. 5. 53. W., lat. 43. 20. N. Owasco, a lake in Cayuga Co. N. Y. flowing into Seneca river. Owasco, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,350. Oimgo, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. E. Utica. Owen, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,792. Owenton is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 4,060. Spencer is the capital. Oicentov, p.t. Owen Co. Ken., 20 m. N. E. Frankfort. Pop. 143. OwcnvilU, p.v. Gibson Co. Ind., 190 m. S. VV. Indianapolis Oirinirsvilte, p.v. Bath Co. Ken., 70 m. E. Frankfort. Owyhee, or Hawaii, the largest and most east- ern of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. lis length from N. to S. is 84 m. and its breadtfi 70. It is divided into 6 districts, 2 of which, on the N. E. side, are separated by a moun- tain, which rises in three peaks, the summita of which are l.-*,l)00 ffet .Tbovc the level of the sea; they are perpetually covered with snow, and mav be seen at 40 leagues distance. To the N. of this mountain the coast consists of high and abrupt elifls, down which fill many beautiful cascades ; and the wiiole country is ci>vered with eocoa-nnt and bread-fruit trees. To the S. the ground is covered with cinders, and1n many places has black streaks, which a^om to mark the course of a lava that has flowed from the mountain to the shore. The southern promontory htoks like the mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting head- land is composed of broken and craggv rocks jiil- ed irregularl}' on one another, and lerininaling sharp points; yet amid these ruins. ,irc many patches of rich soil, carefully laid out in planta- tions. The fiehl,^ are enclosed by ,stono fences, and are interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut trees. Here Captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim to a sudden resentment of the natives, svilh whom he nnfortunatidy had a dispute. Tlie in- habitants, formerly devoted to the most degrad- ing superstition, have within a few years wholly OX7 578 OZVV renounced idolatry, and aome American miisiona- ries are settled amongst them. They arc said to be naturally mild, friendly, and hospitable to strangers. The king and chiefs ceded this island to Great Britain in 1794. Long. 15, in consequence of the plague then raging in London ; and in 1044 he summoned such ol the members of both houses as were devoted to his interests : these were se- ceders from the parliament then sitting at West- minster. This city was distinguished for its at- tachment to that unfortunate king, who here held his court during the whole civil war. With- out the town are many ruins of the fortifications erected in that war. Oxford is governed by a mayor, dependent on the chancellor and vice- chancellor of the university, and sends four mem- bers to parliament, two for the university and two for the city. 50 m. S. by E. of Coventry and 5.5 W. N. W. of London. Lon 10 F. , lat 50 in N ll PAD 573 PAII PACAJES, alown of Buenos Ayres, capital of a province of its name, with a great trade in cattle. 80 m. S. W. of La Paz. Pacem, a town in the N. part of Sumatra, capi- tal of a kingdom of the aame name, 120 m. S. E. of .Acheen. Lon?. 97. 15. E.,Iat. 4. 0. N. Pachamac, or Pacliacama, a town of Peru, in the province of Cercade, situate in a valley of its name, formerly beautified with a magnificent tem- ple, built by the incas, in which the Spaniards, wiicn they conquered Peru, found immense rich- es. It is'lS m. S. S. E. of Lima. Pachetc, a town and fort of Bengal, formerly the capital of a district of its name, which is now included in the government of Burduan. It stands near the Dummooda, 10 m. N. E. of Ro- gonatpour. I'achuta, a town of Mexico, noted for the rich silver mines in its vicinity, 56 m. N.by E. of Mex- ico. Lon?. 100. 41. W., lat. 20. 44. N. Pacific Ocean, otherwise called the South Sea, lying between Asia and America. It is the larg- est oliean in the world, extending over more than one-third of its whole surface, and being upwards of 10.000 m. in breadth. When Magellan entered this ocean, through the dangerous strait that bears his name, he sailed three months and 20 days in a uniform direction to the N. W. without discov- ering land. In the distress he suffered in this vovage, before he discovered the Ladrone IsKands he had the consolation of enjoying such calm and gentle weather, with fair winds, that he gave this ocean the name of Pacific. The Span- iards, on passing the isthmus of Darien from N. to S., at tlie first discovery of this ocean, named itth? South Sea; but with r>'spect to America, it is more properly the western ocean. On one side of the equator it is called the JVorth, and on the other the South Pacific. Paekcrsville, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. Pactolas, p V. Sullivan Co. Ten. Pacy, a town of France, departn)ent of Eiire, on the Eurc, 11 m. E. of Evreu.x. Piiiliinrr, a sea-port on the W. coast of Suma- tra, in the possession of the Dutch, it was taken bv tlie British in 17^1, and again in 17114 ; but finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1814. In 17:17 il was almost totally destroyed by an earth- quake, and upwards of :iOO lives were lost. Lon^. G- It is seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione. in a fine plain. 20 m. W . by S. of Venice. Lorifr. II. 5.3. E.. lat. 45. 14. N. /"rtrfM/u, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, 14 m. N. of Policaslro. Paifahm, a decayed city of Birmah, anciently capital of a province of the same name. It is said to have been abandoned in the 13tli century in consequence of a divine .admonition. The re- mains of its ancient splendor are numerous mouldering temples, and the vestiges of a fort. It is seated on the lrrawad74. Paishmeur. See Peishore. Paiilnj, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ren- frewshire. It has considerable manufactures of silk and linen, gauze, lawn, muslin, cambric, thread. Sec. ; also extensive soap, candle, and cotton works. The river White Cart divides it into the Old and New Town, which communicate bv three bridges. The latter stands on the E. side of the river, and consists of many handsome buildings ; it also contains the magnificent re- mains of an abbey church, the only one which Paisley formerly required. By means of the riv- er, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can come up and unload at the quay. 9 m. W. of Glasgow. Long. 4. Zi. W., lat. 55. 57. N. Paita, a sea-port of Peru, with an e.Tcellent harbour. It has frequently been plundered by the buccaneers; and in 1741 it was burnt by Commodore Anson, because the governor refused to ransom it. Long. 80. 49. W., lat. 5. 12. S. Palachij, a town of Hindoostan, in the district of Coimbetore, with a small fort. In its vicinity a pot was dug up, a few years since, containing Roman silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius. It stands in a well cultivated country, 14 m. S. of Coi!nbetore and 37 W. of Daraporam. Palacios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m. S. of Seville. Palacios, xi town of Spain, in Leon, 32 m. W. S. W. of Leon. Palais, a town of France, capital of the island of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel, which stood a long siege against the English in 17G1, and then surrendered on honorable terms. It stands on the N. E. side of the island, 30 m. S. S. R. of L'Orient. Long. 3. 7. W., lat. 47. 19. N. Palais, SL, a town and district in the depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, formed nearly the whole of the former province of Low- er Navarre. It is seated on the river Bidouse, IS m. S. E. of Bayonne. Lonnr. ]. 4. W., lat. 43. 21. N. „ , Palamhuan, or Balnmluan, a town on the E. end of the island of Japan, capital of a territory of its name, which al)ounds with cotton, rice, maize, fruit, horses, antelopes, butfalops, and oxen. It stands on a bay in the strait of Bali. Long. 114. 25. E., lat. 8! 10. S. paiamcotta, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 4r>. K . lat. 8. 42. N. Palumos, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Cata Ionia, seated on a bay ot the Mediterranean 5^ m. N. E. of Barcelona. Pulamow, a town of Bengal, capital of a well cultivated district of its name, seated on the Coyle,.J40 m. S. S. W. of Patna. Palaos. See Pelcw Istaiifls. Palatinate of the KJiine, and Bavaria. See JViine and Bavaria. Pulnlinr, a township of Montgomery Co. N Y Pop. 2,745. Palawan. See Paranoa. Palazuola, a town of Austrian Italy, in the province of Brescia, seated on the Oirlio. 20 m W. N. W. of Brescia. ° ' Palcmbang, a district or kingdom of Suinalra on the N. E. coast, conquered by the British in' 1812. The chief articles of e.xport are gold, tin pepper, silk, ivory, wa.t, rice, &c. Palemhang, the capital of the above district and the emporium of the inland commerce of Su- matra. The inhabitants consists of Malays, Chi- nese, and Arabs. This town is seated on a river of its name, about 60 m. from the sea. Lon? 104. 54. E., lat. 2. 59. S. Pahneia, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a district of its name, and a bishop's see, with five churches, 11 convents, and two hospitals. It is seated on the Carrion, 70 m. S. £. of Leon Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 41.59. N. Paltno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, 9 m. E. S. E. of Solmona. Palcnzucia, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Arlanza, a little above the influx of the Arlanzon, 30 m. S. W of Burgos. Palermo, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 80 m. N. E. Port- land. Pop. 1,258. Pidirmo, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, capital of the island, and an archbishop's see. It stands on a bay of the same name, on the N. coast, near the extremity of a kind of natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moun- tains. The country between the city and the mountains is one of the richest plains in the world; the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled with fruitful trees and watered by fountains and rivulets. The two principal streets intersect each other in the centre of the city, where they form a handsome square, called the Ottangolo, from the centre of which is seen the whole of these no- ble streets, and the four elegant gates which ter- minate them, each at the distance of half a mile. The Porto Felice opens to the Marino, a deliiTht- ful walk, which has on one side the w.all of the city, and on the other the sea ; and in the centre is an elegant kind of temple, froquentlv made use of as an orchestra. Tlie churches of Palermo are upwards of 300, and manv of them very rich and magnificent. The catliedral is a large Go- thic structure, supported within bv 80 columns of oriental granite, and divided into a great num- ber of chapels, some of which are e.vtremely rich, p,articularly that of St. Piosolia, the patroness of Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved in a large bo.t of silver, enriched with precious stones ; and they are considered aa the greatest treasures of the city. Here are also found the tombs of several of the ancient Norman kings.and of tlTe emperors Henry VI. and Frederic II. of the finest porphyry. This city has suff'ered greatly at dift'erent periods by earthquakes and inunda- tions. Tlie harbour, defended by two castles, is dangerously open to the sea from the N. E. ; and even at the anehonng place, ships are in evlon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates that island from the coast of Coromandel. It is celebrated for the extensive pearl fishery carried on in it, on both shores, formerly by the Dutch and now by the British. PaJliser Islands, a group of islands in the S. Pacific ; the largest is about 15 m. long and 10 broad. Long. 14(1. 30. VV., lat. 15. 38. S. Palma, one of the Canary islands, to the N. of Ferro, 50 m. in circumference, and very fertile. It Kas a town of the same name, much frequented for its excellent wines and safe harbour. Long. 17. .50. VV., lat. 28. 37. N. Palma, a strong city, capital of the island of Majorca, and a bishop's see. The public squares, the cathedral, and the royal palace, are magnifi- cent. It contains 4,000 houses, built after the antique manner; a university, more ancient than celebrated ; and 22 churches, besides the cathe- dral. The harbour is extremely good. It was taken by the English in 1760, and retaken in 1715. It is seated on the S. VV. side of the island. Long. 2. 30. E., lat. 39. 35. N. Palma, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Xenil, near its conflux with the Guadalquivir, 30 m. S. VV. of Cordova. Palma, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the river Cadoan, 20 m. E. of Setuval. Palma, a town of New Granada, 40 m. N. VV. of Bogota. Palma .Vuora, a strong frontier town of Italy, in the Venetian province of Udina, seated on a canal, which communicates with the Lizonzo, 10 m. S E. of Udina. Long. 13. 1.5. E., lat. 40.2. N. Palma di Solo, a sea-port of Sardinia, on the S. VV. coast, 33 m. S. VV. of Cagliari. Palmas,a, river of Mexico, formed by the junc- tion of the Nassas and Sauceda, in New Biscay, whence it flows E. about 200 m. between the provinces of Panuco and New Leon, into the gulf of Mexico. Pahnas, the capital of the island of Grand Ca- nara. Sec Caituries. Pahnas, one of the Philippine islands, 16 leagues S. E. of Mindanao. Long. 127. 0. E., lat. 5. 33. N. Pahnas, Cape, a promontory on the Ivory coast of Guinea. Long. 5. 34. VV., lat. i. 20. N. Palmeta, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, with a castle on a rock, 8 m. N. N. E. of Setuval. Palmer, p.t. Hamjiden Co. Mass. 82 m. S. VV. Boston. Pop. 1,237. Here are some manufactures. Palmerloicn, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 40 m. from Albany. Palmerston Isle, an island in the S. Pacific, discovered by Cook in 1774. It consists of about 10 islets, connected by a reef of coral rocks, and lying in a circular direction ; the principal one not exceeding a m. in circumference, nor mure than three feet above the level of the sea. It abounds with cocoa-nuts, scurvygrass, and the wharra-tree, but has no inhabitants. Long. 162. 57. VV., lat. 18. 0. S. Palmyra, or Tadmor, once a magnificent city of Syria, originally built by king Solomon, in the midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three sides by a chain of high mountains. On the decline of the Macedonian empire in the E., it became the capital of a principality, under tlie name of Pal- myra ; and it declared for the Romans, on .\drisn PAM 576 I'AN marching his arinv tlirougli Syria to Egypt. The cily flourisliod and increased to the time of Aure- lian, when it resisted the Roman power under queen Zonobia, who was at length taken captive, i.nd led in triumph tlirough the streets of Rome. Soon afterwards the inhabitants massacred the soldiers who liad been left in garrison; this oc- casioned the return of Anreliua, wlio, having mnde hirns.-lf master of the place, caused the in- htbilants to be destroyed, and gave up the city to ]>illage. Its sUipendous ruins were visited, in ]7.")1, by Mr. Wood, who published a splendid account of them in 17.',;?. The inhabitants consist of about 4d Arab families, living in mud cottages, erected within the spacious court of a once mag- nificent temple. 100 m. S. E. of Aleppo. Long. :i.-i. :,0. E., lat. 33. 20. N. Palmyra, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 28 m. E. Nor- rid;;ewock. Pop. 012; p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. '\,i'M ; p.t. Pike and Ijcbanon Co. Pa., Halifax Co. N. C, Warren Co. Missouri, Montgomery Co. Ten., Warren and Portaue Cos. Ohio, Edwards Co. llli. and Pike Co. Miss. Paltuiud, a district of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, ceded to the British in 1^01, and included in the collectorship of Guntoor. It is situate near the river Kistna. Tinierycotla is tlic principal place. Palos, a sea-port of Spain in Andalusia, with a tolerable harbour ; celebrated as the place whence Columbus sailed on his first adventurous voyage in M'Vi. It is seated at the mouth of theTlnto, no m. W. by S. of Seville. Lon.^. 0. 52. W., lat. 37, 10. N. Pulos Capt, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia, ];) in. E. of Carthagena. Long. 40. W., lat. 37 37. N. Palvta, a fortified town of Hungary, 40 m. S. by W. of Buda. Long. IS. 0. E., lat. 47. 0. Palotza, a town of Hungary, situ.ate on the Pop- rah, .54 m. N. of Cassovia. Long. 21. 20. E., lat. 47. 42. N. Pjlte, a famous lake of Thibet, lying to the S. W. of Lassa, about 12 m. S. of the river Samboo. It is represented as a wide trench, of about m. broad, surrounding an island 30 ni. long and 20 broad. On the W, shore of this island is a mon- astery, and the seat of the Lamissa Turcepamo, or the Great Regenerate, in wlioin the Thibetians think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is in tlie Great Lama. The word lamissa, is the feminine of lama, which signifies a priest. Pamc'.ia, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,203. Pamlcrs, a town of France, departnient of Ar- riege, and a bishop's see. In the vicinity is a mineral spring. It is seated on the Arriege, 3G ni. S. by E. of Toulouse. Long. 1. 35. E., lat. 43.6. N. Pamlico Sound, a kind of inland sea, on the coast of N. Carolina, 100 in. long and from 10 to 20 broad, separated in its whole length from the Atlantic, by a beach of sand, hardly a mile wide. It has several inlets, but that of Ocracoke, in lat. ;V>. 10. N., is the only one that will admit vessels of burden. Pampas, the name given in South Africa to the widf> prairies or plains South of the Rio de la Plata. The great plain on the cast of the Cor- dilleras, is about S'OO m. in breadth, and divided into regions of different climate and produce. On leaving Buenos Ayres, the first region is cover- ed, for ISO m. with clover and thistles ; the sec- ond region (480 m.) produces long grass, without a weed; and the third, reaching the base of the Cordilleras, is a grove of low trees and shrubs, in which such beautiful order is observed that one may gallop between them in every direction. The two last have nearly the same appearance throughout the year. The trees and shrubs are evergreens, and the grass only changes from green to brown. The first region varies with the four seasons. In winter the leaves of the thistle are luxuriant, and the whole surface has the ap- pearance of a turnip field. The clover is also rich and strong, and the wild cattle are grazing at full liberty. In spring the clover has vanish- ed, and the leaves of the thistle are extended. In a month the whole region becomes a wood of thistles, ten or eleven feet high, in full blumn. The stems of the thistles are so close and stronir, that, independent of the prickles, they form an impenetrable barrier, which has arisen so sudden- ly, that an invading army might be imprisoned by them. Before summer is over the thistles are dead, and the violence of the pampero or hurri- cane levels them with the ground, where they rapidly decompose, and the clover again quickly appears. If millions of inhabiUints could be sud- denly placed on these pampas they would have nothing to do but to drive out their cattle to graze, and without preparation plough what ground they pleased. But they can hardly be said to be peo- pled. Between the few settled inhabitants or gauchos, .and the roving Indians who inhabit the south part of the pampas, a cruel extermina- ting war is carried on. Tlie Indians always on horseback, are however, incapable of acting on foot, and are easily repulsed. The climate of the pampas is subject to great difference of tem- perature, though the gradual changes are very regular. The winter is as cold as an English No- vember. The summer is very oppressively hot. But the whole pampas enjoy an atmosphere as beautiful and salubrious as the most healthv parts of Greece and Italy, without the malaria" The south-west wind or pampero, generated by the Andes, rushes over the plains with a violence which it is almost impossible to withstand ; but they make the weather aflerwards particularly healthy and agreeable. Pampclonne. a town of France, department of Tarn, 15 m. N. by E. of Alby. Pamplicga, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 12 m. S. W. of Burgos. Pampola, or Pampeluna, a city of Spain, capi tal of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel, and a university. The squares are handsome, and adorned with shops full of rich merchandise. It was taken by the French, on their invasion of Sp.aiii ; but surrendered to the allied forces in 1831. It is seated on the Ar ga,47 m. S. of Bayonne and 197 N. E. of Madrid. Long. 1. 42. W., lat. 42. 49. N. Pamplona, a town of New Granada, famous for mines of gold, and numerous flocks of sheep in its vicinity. It is 1.50 m. N. by E. of Bo- gota. Long. 71. 30. W., lat. 6. 30. N. Panagia, a town of Romania, 14 m. N. of Gal- lipoli. Panama, a city and sea-port of Colombia. It stands on a fine bay of its name, on the S. coast of the isthmus of Darien, and contains a hand- some cathedral, and a number of churches, con- vents, and monasteries. Before the abolition of the trade by the galleons, it was the emporium for all the merchandise of Chile and Peru, intend- PAN PAR ed for Europe. See. Porta Bcllu. The trade and commerce are still considerable, and in the har- bour is a fine pearl fishery. The city is surround- ed by a wall and other fortifications, and is fiO in. S. by W. of Porto Bello. Long. 80. 21. W., lat. 8. 41). N. Panama, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Parwriiffa, a town of the island of Java, capi- tal of a kingdom of the same name, 60 m. E. by N. of Mataram. Panunican, a town on the N. coast of Java, formerly the capital of a principality, but now sul)ject to the Dutch. The chief export is lon^ pepper. Long. 113. ai. E., lat. 8. 0. S. Panaij, one of the Philippine islands, between tliose of Paragoa and Negros. It is of a triangu- lar form, 2.">0 m. in circumference, populous and fiTtile, and watered by a great number of rivers and brooks. The chief commodity for exporta- tion is rice. Iloila is the capital. Pancras, Si. an extensive parish in Middlesex, Eng. 2 ni. N. W. of London. The old church and churchyard have long been noted as a burial place for Roman Catholics. Panrsora, a town and fortress of Hungary, seated near the Danube, 10 m. E. N. E. of Bel- grade. Ptingasena, one of the Molucca islands, in the v.. Indies, 45 m. long and 10 broad, lying between Celebes and Bourton. Pango, a town of the kingdom of Congo, cap- ital of a province of the same name. It stands on the river Barbela, 95 m. N. N. E. of St. Sal- vador. Long. 14. 45. E., lat. 4. 20. S. Punjab, a country in the N. VV. part of Hin- cloostan, being that watered by the five eastern brunches of the Indus. It was the scene of Alex- ander's last campaign, and the termination of his nonquests. It forms a square of 250 miles, and includes the whole of Lahore and a great part of .Moultan Proper. To the lower part of Moultan it is flat and marshy, inundated by the rains which fall between May and October. Paniany, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince ofMalabar, containing above 40 mosques, .500 houses belonging to traders, and 1 ,000 huts inhab- ited by the lower orders of people. The port is frequented by small vessels from different places on the coast ; and ranch rice is exported hence ti) the northern parts of the province. It is seated in a sandy plain, near the mouth of a river, 32 iji. S. by E. of Calicut, Long. 75. 48. E., lat. 10. 47. N. Pamianiich, a. village of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, situate a little below the waterfall called the Lin of Dee. It is noted for its mineral wa- ters ; and has houses and baths for the accommo- dation of company. Pffnn!/ju(, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Dehli, celebrated for a battle, in 1761 , be- tween an army of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdal- lah, sultan of Candahar, at the head of 150,000 Maliomedans, in which the former were totally defeated. Panniput is situate in an extensive plain, 72 m. N. W. of Dehli. Long. 76. 55. E., lat. 21t. 13. N. Panomi, a town of Macedonia, 16 m. S. of Sa- lonichi. Pantalarm, an island in the Mediterranean, be- longing to Sicily, and situated between that isl- and and the coast of Tunis. It is 30 m. in cir- cumference, and abounds in cotton, fruits, and wine. Panton, p.t. Addison Co. Va. Pop. 605. 73 Paiiwn, or Guaslcca, a province of Mexico, bounded on the E. by the gulf of Mexico and W. by Mechoacan and New Efscay. The tropic of Cancer divides it into two parts ; the S. part abounds with provisions, and has some veins of gold and mines of salt ; but the other is poor and barren. Panuco, the capital of the above province, and a bishop's see, is situate near a river of the same name, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, 210 m. N. N. E. of Mexico. Long. '.)8. 50. W., lat. 22. .50. N. Pao-ldng, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Hou-quanir, 830 in. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 111. 0. E., lat. 27. 5. N. Puoli, p.t. Orange Co. Iiid. 106 m. S. W. In- dianapolis. Pao-ning, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen, on the river Kialin7 Spain exclianjed the colonics on the K. shore of the Uraguay for the Portuguese colony of St. Sacrament, which caused that river to be- come the boundary of the respective possessions of the two crowns. In 17G7 the court expelled the Jesuits, and the natives were put upon the same footing with the other Indians of the Span- ish part of S. America. Paraguay revolted from the government of Spain at the same time with the neighbouringprov- inces. Soon after the declaration ol' independence the direction of aflairs fell into the hands of Doctor Francia a native of tlie country, who procured him- self to be declared Dictator for life. This govern- ment has continued to the j>resent mouient the most arbitrary and despotic rule on the face of the earth ; yet his administration has been generally equitable. All intercourse with foreigners has been avoided, and those who have entered the country have experienced great diflicuUies in re- tnring. Asuncion is the capital. Parailjii, a province of Brazil, between those of Rio Grande and Tamarica. It abounds in sugar canes, bram-wood, tobacco, and cotton. The chief town, which is ot the same name, is seated on the river Paraiba. The Dutch obtained pos- session of it in Kiitri, and fortified it with a slight :ajnpart; but the Portuguese retook it soon af- .cr. Paramnribn, the capititl of Surinam, Guiana, and the chief place of the Dutch colonies in S. America. It has a strong but small citadel, and a noble road for shipping, where there are seldom fewer than 80 vessels, loading coffee, sucar, cot- ton, and indigo. The streets are strait, and lined with orange, shaddock, tamiirind, and lemon trees, in continual bloom. It surrendered to the Eng- lish in 1790 and in l.'^03. It is situate on the E. side of the river Surinam, 1(5 m. from its mouth. Long. 5.5. 2."). VV., lat 5. 48. N. Parana, a province of Paraguay, so named from a large river, which receives the Paraguay at Gorientes, and afterwards, joining the Uruguay, forms the river Plata. ParthieiU, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia, with a considerable manufacture of cloth ; seated on the Katzbach, 10 ni. N. E. of Leignitz. Partlutiitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudin, with a fortified castle and a manufacture of knives and sword blades. It is seated on the Elbe, 2:l m. E. by S. of Prague. Long. 15. 41 E.. lat. 40. 5«. N. Parcchia, Sec Paros. Parcn-a, a sea-port of Istria,on a peninsula in the gulf of^ Venice, with a harbour for large ves- sels. Itis28 in. S. by W.of Capod Istria. Long. 13. 50. E., lat. 45. 18. S. Parga, a sea-port on the coast of Albania, op- posite to the southern point of the island of Corfu. meniorai)le as the only place which bade defiaii' .■ to the arms of Ali Pasha, tyrant of Albania, lo whom it was eventually surrendered on condition of his paying an indemnity to those of the inhabi- tants who should refuse lo remain. The evacua- tion took place in 1819, most of the inhabitants removing to the Ionian islands. 30 m. S. W. of Joannina. Puria, a province of Colombia, lying to the S. E. of Cumana, on the banks of the Oronoco, and including the delta of that river. On the N. of this province, between Cumana and the island of Trinidad, is a large bay, called the Gulf of Paria. Paria, the capital of the above province. Here are some silver mines, and its cheeses, made from the milk both of sheep and cows, are in high es- teem. It is 140 m. W. N. W. of Plata. Long. C8. 32. W., lat. 18.30. S. Paridroni,^, a strong town of Thibet, on the bor- ders of Bootan, 45 iii. W. N. W. of Tassasudon. PuriUn,OT Santa, a town of Peru, in the pro- vince of Lima, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 80 m. S. E. of Truxillo, and 280 N. \V. of Lima. Long. 77. 50. W., lat. 8. 50. S. Parima, a lake of S. America, near the borders of Amazonia and Guiana, of a square form, 80 m. long and 4tl broad. It seems to be a kind of in- undation formed by the Orinoco ; for that river enters on the N. and issues on tiie \V. side of the lake, near its N. W. angle. From the S. E. of this lake issues the White River, called also the Parima, which flows S. to the Black River, and thence S. E. to the river Amazon. To the W. of this lake, before the main stream of the Orinoco turns to the N., there are two other branches that flow from it to the Black River. Hence there are three communications between those two iTeat rivers, the Orinoco and the Amazon. Paris, the capital of France, and of civilized Europe, lies on both banks and occupies two is- lets of the Seine. This city, which pretends to a rivalry in arts and elegancies with Athens, and in magnificence with Thebes, had the meanest commencement. Julius Csesar found the prinei. pal islet, no^v called " the city " (la cite), covered with huts, and serving as a retreat for fishermen of the tribe of Gauls called " Parisii." The sur rounding woods and marshes, and the waters of the Seine, which had hitherto protected these bar- barians, were but a weak obstacle to tlie Roman legionaries, upon whose approach they burned their huts and fled farther into the woods. CiE- sar, having completed the conquest of Gaul, held a conference with the chiefs of the Gallic hordes in this islet, and approving the site, laid in it the foundation of a city, called by the Romans " Lu- tetia Parisiorum," from the name of the tribe, and the word " Loutouhezi," by which the natives designated the cluster of huts which had disap- PAR 570 PAR peared. Tlie new city improved rapidly under the influence of Roman laws, arts, and adminis- tration. During the reijjn of Charlomatrne, who, amidst his conqiiests, never lost siglit of the arts of civilization, Paris advanced in arts and letters as well as wealth and extent. The adventurous and rovinij Normans, tempted hy tlie wealth of the city, and dcs|)isin(^ the feehlc successors of Cliarlemagne, who had abandoned the capital as a patrimony to hereditary counts, plundered it three times, after short intervals — in 84.'),K")7, and 872. Under the third or Capetian race, it improv- ed still more rapidly than before. It became the fi.\ed royal residence and seat of goveramenl ; the capital of the kingdom in fact as well as in name. Philip Augustus added to its strength and beauty hy many new edifices, by paving the streets, and by surrounding the whole city with deep fosse and thick wall defended hy five hu.n- dred towers. Paris at this time liad sixteen gates, and covered a surface of seven luindreil and thirty- nine sijuare acres. Loui." IX. (St. Louis) built hospitals and schools, reformed the more barba- rous and vexatious " customs" (laws), regulated the administration of justice, and created a po- lice. Paris was taken in Nau by the English, who were compelled to abandon it in I'lliii. Francis 1. had the glorv of introducing into Paris science, literature and the tine arts. The Grecian orders of architecture were now adopted for the first time, and the interior of the new edifices adorn- ed with sculpture and the paintings of the Italian masters. Henry IV. erected the Pont Neuf, and laid out several squares cr places in the old city on the islets in the Seine, hitherto the quarter of the court. Paris is indebted to Louis XIV. for a great portion of its magnificence : — for its noble and healthful Boulevards; — for the triumphal arches (of which two are splended monuments) by which it is entered at the gates of St. Den- is, St. Martin, St. Antoine, and St. Bernard; — for the Place Vendome and Place des Victoi- res ; — for the colonnade of the Louvre ; the Hospit- al of Invalids ; the garden of the Tuileries, design- ed by Lenotre, under the immediate inspection of Colbert ; — for the promenades and plantations of the Champs Elysees. The Revolution came, and with it the genius of devastation for a time. The works of art only are a permanent loss, and for- tunately they were neither many, nor irreparable chefs d'ccuvre ; — whilst the public health, conve- nience, and beauty of the town, have gained in- calculably by the removal or desecration of the churches and convents. Spacious and convenient markets, open and u-ell limit streets or other edi- fices of great public ornament and utility, now on cupy the sites of such rtdigious houses as were destroyed ; and those lell standing, liut desecra- ted, have been converted into [irisons, penitentia- ries, hospitals, colleges, schools or other public establishments for the purposes of society or char- ity. Paris is under eternal obligations to Bona- aparte : he did more fiir it than even Louis XIV. lie combined, in a greater degree, the useful with the magnificent. Despotic as he was, he saw that the mass of the people was now a power which must not be dazzled merely, as in the time of Lous XIV., but conciliated and served. Plis designs are said to have been essentially his own. It seems most probable that they could have been conceived only by the same mind whicli had the force, energy and resources to execute tlieni. He freed the bridges and banks of the Seine from the embarrassment and deformity of the old houses hy which they were slill crowded ; built magnificent quays and wharves ; and erected four bridges of remark.-ible beauty, as monuments of art. He not only conceived (for even the conception was a great merit), but had nearly executed, at his fall, the Canal del'Ourcq. He distributed the public supply of water by fifteen new and abundant fountains, of which some are beautiful specimens of architecture. The immense iirchitectural and sculptural mass called " the Fountain of the El- phant" was left by him, and still remains unfinish- ed. The people, not merely of Paris, but of the whole kingdom, are indebted to him for those spacious markets, so commodionsly arranged for the sale of every kind of produce ; for public stores, especially the wine stores, which surprise by their vastness, the happy ingenuity of their distribution, and their architectural grandeur. He erected, near the barriers, five abattoirs or slaugh- ter-houses ; and thus relieved the town from the inconvenient and dangerous jiresence of herds of cattle, the revolting sjiectacle of blood, and the noxious miasmata of butchery and tallow-melting. The vast granary of reserve, destined hy him to protect the people of Paris against famine and the change of seasons, now unfinished or aliandoned, remains a monument of the instability of all hu- man power and the uncertainity of all human projects. He cleared the Place du Carousel, be- tween the Louvre and the Tuileries, of its ob- structions and nuisances ; adorned it with a tri- umphal arch ; completed the Louvre ; filled its gallery with sculpture and paintings. Tile gar- den oi' the Tuileries owes much of its magnifi- cence to the noble vista which he opened by the rue Castiglione to the triumphal column in the Place Vendome ; — the opposite view of the Cham- ber of Deputies, with its noble portico, on the left bank of the Seine ; and the unfinished but grand triumphal arch of Neuilly. Many of the public buildings, canals, and other public works left un- finisheofby Bonaparte, have been carried en, and some have been completed, since the restoration of the house of Bourbon. A new quarter, ns it is called, was begun, in Is''2n, in the western sub- urb of Paris, toucliing the Champs Elysees, ex- tending to Chaillot, and spreading above the Chaussee d'Antin. The style of structure is elegant, and the scale within the reach of ordi- nary fortunes. A second quarter opens by its main street, which is spacious and planted witli rows of trees, a communication between two main points of the fauxbourgs Montmartrc and St. Martin. The progress of all these, however, has been slow, and in some parts suspended ; and some generations will probably have passed away before the " Ville de Frantjois'Premier" and Nou- velle Athencs," with their brilliant associations,or the" Petit Londres," with its national rivalry, are monuments of any thing but magnificent projects, and the want of capital or perseverance. Great undertakings are rarely, if ever, completed by private enterprise in Paris : they have been pro- jected and executed only by the government. The palace of the Exchange, considered the noblest edifice of the kind in Europe, was completed and opened for the transaction of commercial business, and for the sittings of the tribunal of commerce, since the accession of Charles X. It is difficult to give within short limits a coup d'oeil of so crowded, diversified, and even dis- orderly, a mass as the French capital, — its chur'^'j es, palaces, public buildings, and nionumei '',''7'; art. Of its churches, the most remarkable arJ^'^' PAR 580 PAR cathedral of Notre Dame, in the old city, — a large and lofty edifice, with two high and massive tow- ers, presenting a style of arcliiteclure imposing and curious, and well executed for its early date ; — the church of St. Eustache, a model of liffht and graceful classic architecture ; — the churches of St. Roch and St. Sulpice, modern edifices in a grand and noble style ; — that of St. Genevieve, built near the close of the last century, — dese- crated during the Revolution into a Pantheon for the remains of the great men of France, witli the simple and sublimely affecting inscription — '* Aux grands homnies la patrio reconnoissante," and re-desecrated in ISIJO ; — admired for its dome, — sustained by the ma.ss of the building in the form of a Greek cross at its inter.section — its principal faeade and peristyle of twenty fluted Corinthian columns imitated from the Pantheon at Rome. Paris boasts several palaces, of which tlie princi- I)al are the Tuileries, with its vast open court and imposing fatjade on the one side, and its public garden, adorned with alleys of forest tr»^es, terra- ces , plantations, basins, and copies in marble and bronze of the most celebrated pieces of sculp- ture ; — the Louvre, with its gallery of works of art, and its colonnade, regarded as a specimen of the nearest approach to perfection in architecture ; the Palace or Chamber of Deputies, with a grand Corinthian portico, and several statues of colossal size, — the beautiful Palais Bourbon — both conti- guous, immediately on the left bank oftlie Seine; — the old and majestic Luxembourg, or Chamber of Peers, with its two grand pavilion wings and central fpiadrangle surmounted by a cupola, and its splendid garden opening on the observatory ; the Palace of Justice, in tlit? old city, inhabited by kings of the present dynasty down to the twelfth in succession, now occupied by the courts of jus- tice ; the Palis Royal, inhabited and recently repaired by the duke of Orleans, with its adjoin- ing public garden, galleries and shops, — concen- trating as in a focus, wealth and idleness, litera- ture, mdustry and the arts, gaming and every other species of dissipation and depravity. The chief public edifices are the Hospital or Hotel of Invalids, with its gilded dome, its orna- mented faoade, with central Ionic pilasters, and a planted esplanade extending before it ; — the Hotf.t dcs MonnuUsj or mint, in which also all national medals are struck, with its colonnade, arcades, and statues, forming a noble facade to- wards the Seine, on its left bank ; — the Observa- tory, communicating by a grand avenue with the Luxembourg; — the Exchange, already mentioned, built in a simple and noble style, forming a paral- lelogram 212 feet long and 12() broad, with a peristyle of sixty-six Curinthian columns. Thrt-'C of the sixteen bridges over the Seine merit particular notice : — the bridge of the Gar- den of Plants, formerly called Pont d'Austerlitz, with five arches of iron, remarkable for its ele- gance and solidity ; the Pont d'Jena, changed to that of" the Invalids," at the instance of Blucher, who was actually laying a train to blow it up in ldl5; and between these, from the Louvre to the Institute, the Pont des Arts, incomparably light and graceful, and used only by foot passengers. Of the public monuments of art, the most per- fectly beautiful is the bronze column in the Place Vendome, modelled upon that of Trajan at Rome, •;t exceeding its proportions by a twelfth. The Y^~ remarkable merit in this column, perhaps '"'Jat, presenting in relief on its pedestal the ;lassic trophies of modern war, in every va- riety of arms and costume, it yet seems perfectly in the classic and antirjue style and taste. The triumphal arch of the Carousel, modelled upon that of Septimius Severus at Rome, is unexcep- tionably beautiful in itself, but small in proportion to the surrounding area, and rendered ibr a time still more disproportionate by the removal of the celebrated Venetian horses of Lysippus with their car from its summit, in If'lo. These, however, have been recently n'placeublic instruction, li- braries, and museums, can afford. The public schools and colleges forming component branch- es of one great system of public education in med- icine, jurisprudence, and the military art, abstract and experimental science, literature, the fine and useful arts, from the institute down to the two ad- mirable institutions for the instruction of the blind and the deaf and dumb, with appropriate and some noble edifices devoted to them, and lectures by eminent professors, either gratuitous or on mod- erate terms, are too numerous to be detailed. The chief public libraries are five in number: — the Roy- al Library, containing 500,000 vols., 100.000 MSS., 100,000 medals, and 1,500,000 engrav- ings ; the Mazarine Library, !I3,000 vols., and 41,000 MSS. ; the Library of the Arsenal, 170.000 vols., i;,000 MSS. : the Library of St. Genevieve, 110,000 vols., and 2,000 MSS. ; the City Library, 42,000 vols. The principal museums ate that, or rather those, of the Garden of Plants,^ — an incom- parable temple of natural science in every branch, raised chiefly by the illustrif Constantinople, 333 leagues N. VV of Na- ples, 200 leagues N. N. V^., of Rome, 230 leagues \V N VV of Venice, 107 leagues N. VV. Bern 14S leagues VV. N. VV. of Zurich, 100 leaau'es VV. N.'VV. of Basle, 230 leagues N. by E. of Sladrid, 3.50 leagues N. E. of Lisbon. Its area is 10 000 square acres, of 100 perches each ; its circumference, by the Boulevards, about six leai'ues ; its diameter about two leagues ; and its nop 000 000. It is divided into 12 municipal dis- tricts called arrondissements ; 'J on the right and :• lriC[S,caiieu aiiuuuiooi.. ..-■•--, - ....---- - -, • on the lea bank of the Seine,— with a mayor and iustice of peace in each ; and these arrondis.se- ments are again subdivided into forty-eight quar- ters, each with a commissary of police, llie municipal administration and police of I aris are wholly in the hands of the executive government. /W, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 46 m. N. of Portland. Pop. 2,307 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 'J m. S. VV. Utica. Pop. 2,765. Also towns and villages in Fauquier Co. Va., Jefferson Co. Ind., Bourbon Co. Ken. Pop. l,21'.t. Henry Co. Ten., and Union, Portace, Stark and Richland Cos. Ohio. Purishrilh, p t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,4711. Tarfce. a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,53-J. Rock ville is the capital ; also a village in the same county. »3 m. W. Indianapolis. Parker, a t jwnship of Butler Co. Pa. Parker River, a small stream ot Essex Co. Mass. flowingthrough Newbury into Plum Island Sound. Parkcrsburg, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. 12 m. below Marietta. Park-rate, a village in Cheshire, situate on the estuary'ofthe Dee, 12 m. N. VV. of-Cliester. Pack tt-boats frequently sail hence to Ireland. Parkman, a township of Somerset Co. Me. Pop. «03; p.t. (Jcauga Co. Ohio. lul> m. «. b. Columbus. Pop. 70!). , ^. „ „ Parks, p.v. Edgefield Dis. b. C. /'arm«, a duchy of lUly, under which name are included the duchies of Parma Proper, PlacenTa, and Gu.istalla. It is bounded on the W. and N. bv the Milanese, E. by the Modenese, and S. by f uscany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage ; and there are some inconsiderable mines of copper and silver. The celeSratcd Parmesan cheese is no longer mad.; in this country, but at Lodi, in the Milanese, and some other places. By the treatv of Pans, in 1814, this duchy was given to the ex-empress Maria Louisa. , Parma, an ancient, nch, populous, and hand- some town of Italy, capital of tlie foregoing duchy It has a university, a magnificent catlie- dral, and the largest opera-house m Europe which has seats for 8,000 people. The doine, and the church of St. John, are painU-d by he famous Correfgio, who was a native of this place. 1 he other most remarkable places are the ducal palace, with its aallerv and collection of artificial curi- osities; the large Benedictine convent in which 12,000 soldiers were quartered in 1/24; the a- lazzo Giardino, a ducal palace, connected with the town ; and the promenade between the to«n and citadel. Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, car- ried away a library from this place to Naples, which contained 1.8,000 volumes, and a very y.il- uable cabinet of curiosities, with a rich collection of medals. The inhabitants, about .«.,(100, trade in silk, and silk stockings. In 1/34 a bloody battle was foufht here between the Austrians and the French and Sardinians, in which the former were defeated. Parma is situated on a river ot the same name, which divides it into t^'o part=^. united by three bridges, 40 m. N^ VV of Modena and (iO S. E. of Milan. Long. 10. 30. L., lat. 44. ''^'plrma, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Roch- ester. Pop. 2.569. Parnnsstu':, or Parnasso, a celebrated mountain in Greece. It has two heads, one of which was famous for being consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the high- est in Greece, and has a fine fountain supposed to be the ancient Castalia. 8 m. N. of Livadia. Paro or Porroaons, a town of Hindoostan, ca|>- ital of k district "of its name in the province of Bootan, with a castle, the residence of a governor. It is famous for the manufacture of idols, and the fonring of swords, daggers, and arrows It stands onlhe Patchieu, in a fertile valley, 20 m. b. by E. of Tassasudoh. . . ,. , Paros, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Cycladcs, to the VV of Naxia. It is 10 m. lono- and eight broad, and the soil is wlII cultivated' The trade consists m wheat, barley, wine, and pulse, and in calicoes. It f;or.iierly produced a great deal of oil, but the Venetian PAS PAS army burnt all llic olive iveos. This islaml was ttiicitntly ilidicated to Bacchus, on account of its excellent wines ; and has been so famous for its marble that the best carvers would make use of no other. The statuaries Phidias and Praxiteles were natives of this island ; and the famous Arun- delian marbles at Oxford were brought from this place. Piirns, or Parrcliia, the capital of the Isle of Paros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the largest and most powerful town of the Cyclades ; but is greatly decayed. The \\'alls of the castle are built of ancient pieces of marble, and most of the columns are placed lonir-wise ; some of them, that stand upriirht, support cornices of anwzing size. The natives build tlieir houses of marble, whii'h they find ready cut to their hands; but they take no care to place the pieces in a ret^ular manner; their fields likewise arc inclosed with friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. The present inhribitants are so ijrnorant that instead of great sculptors, and skilful architects, they liave no- tliing but carvers of mortars and salt-cellars. Paros is situate ou tiie VV. coast of the island. Lon;;. 2:">. U. K., lat. 37. 8. N. Piirisliniile, p. v. St Lawrence Co. N. Y. 35 m. S. E. Ogdensburg. Pop. 1 ,4711. Parrcty a river which rises in the S. part of Son)ersetshire, I'^ng. receives i\\v Odered, Ivel and Throne, and enters the Kristol Channel at Bridgewater Bay. Parrnmntia, a town in New S. Wales, capital of the province of the same name, with a church, court-house, hospital, orphan-house, goal, &c. Pop. 1,'2110 the soil in most places is remarkably good. It is seated at the head of the harbour of Port Jackson, 15 m. W. by. N.of Sydney. Pnrsijjpany, p. v. Morris Co. N. J. 25 m. N. W. Newark. Parfnnsjjclil, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,465. Piirliiikircli, a town of Bavaria, 48 m. S. S. W. of Munich. Parlhrnnij, a town of France, department of Deu.t Sevres, with a considerable trade in cattle and corn, and manufactures of serge, hats, leatli- er, and earthenware. It is seated on the Thoue, 21 m. S. of Thours and 28 N. N. E. of Niort. Ptirtonrraifr, ii ferry-town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, near the mouth of the IVith of Tay, i> m. N. N. W. of St. Andrew. Paru, a town and fort of Brazil, in the jurisdic- tion of Para ; situate on the N. side of the head of the estuary of the Amazon, 200 m. from the ocean. I.ong. 54. 20. W., lat. 1. 50. S. Parijs, a mountain of Wales, on the N. W. roast of the Isle of Anglesey, famous for a cop- per mine, which is wrought similarly to a stone quarry open to day. This mine was not opened till 1708, and the quantity of ore is prodigious. Tlie [)urest part is exported raw to the smelting works at Swansea and other places : the most im- pure is calcined on the spot, and deprived of its sul[»hur, which is sublimed, and aflerwards form- et\ into rolls of brimstone. Quantities of nearly pure copper are obtained from the waters beneath the bed of ore, liy the intervention of iron. A lead ore, rich in silver, is also found in this moun- tain. The smelting and boiling houses are in the valley below, near the sea, and at Amlwich is a commodious haven for vessels employed in the copper and brimstone trade. Pus, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. W. of Arraa. Pascagoula, a river of Missis3ippi,flowing south into the gulf of Mexico. It is barred at llie mouth against vessels drawing more than 5 feet water. Pus lie Calais, a department of France, contain- ing the provinces of Artois and Bourbonnois. U has a superficial area of 2,500 sc]. m. with 570,000 inhabitants. The climate is humid and changea- ble, several districts are marshy, but the soil in general is fertile in corn, hemp, llax, Ac. Arras IS the capital. Pa.tnralk, a town of Prussian Pomerania, near which are some iron works. It stands on the IJcker, 28 m. VV. of Stettin. Pasijiia, a town of Mexico, in Xalisco, 100 m. S. S. VV. of Compostella. Piismiarp, a town of Mexico, in Mechoacan, 24 m. S. VV. of Mechoacan. VdSijuiitanh, a county of N. Carolina. Poj>. 8,0I«. Elizabeth is the capital. Passage, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, be- tween those of Fontarabia and St. Sebastian, 3 m. E. of the latter. /'rt.s".. N. Pntuthet, or Pawlnrhet Fnlls.nu the Merrimack, between Lowell and Dracut, are a violent rapid of 30 feet descent in a course of (iO rods. A bridge is thrown over them, and on the banks of the ri- ver are numerous manufactures. See Lttirell. Patuxcnl, a navigable river of Maryland, which flows into the VV. side of Chesapcak Bay, 30 m. S. of Annapolis. Patznir, a town of Bohemia, in Bechin, with a Carmelite convent, and manufactures of cloth. 17 m. E. of Tabor. Pan, a town of France, capital of Ihe depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle where Henry VI. was born. It was the ancient resi- dence of the kings of Navarre ; and, before the revolution, the capital of Beam. Here are man- ufactures of clotii, linen, &.C.. and the environs are productive in wine and fruit. It is seated on an eminence, by the river called the Gave de Pau.!)7m. S. of Bourdeaux. Long. 0. 23. W.,lat. 43. 7. N. ^ ,Paid, Si., an island in the Indian Ocean. See Amslrrilam. Pard, St., a town of Brazil, in a district of its name, founded by a colnnv' of Jesuits and Indians in 1.570. The inhabitants' are eslim.-ited at 20,000, the greater part of whom arc farmers. The town is pleasantly situated on an eminence, surrounded on three sides by low meadow-land, and washed at the base by rivulets which almost insulate it in rainy weather. It is 30 m. from the sea and 190 W. of Rio Janeiro. Long. 45. 56. W., lat. 23. 26. S. Piinl. Si,, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, IS m. VV. N. VV. of Arras. Paul, St., a. town in the department of Upper Vienne, 10 m. S. E. of Limoges. Paul, Si., a. town in the department of Var, 7 in. W. of Nice. Paul lie Fcnouilhet, St., a town in the depart- ment of Eastern Pyrenees, 18 ra. W. N. W. of Perpignan. Paul de Leon, St., a. town of France in the depart- ment of Finisterre. on a bay of the English Chan- nel, 30 m. N. E. of Brest. Loniereed through the mountain, near the middle of the grotto. On this mountain is the tomb of Vire-il ; and its N. and E. sides are covered with villas and gardens. Pauzli, a town of W. Prussia, in Poinerelia, near the VV. coast of the gulf of Dantzic, 25 m. N. W. of Dantzic. Patia, a. province of Austrian Italy, in the gov- ernment of Milan, called for its fertility the Gar- den of the Milanese. It is bounded by Parma, Milan, and Lodi, and comprises an area of 320 sq. in. with about 120,000 inhabitants. Pavia, the capital of the foregoing province, and a bishop's sec, with a celebrated university, and a citadel. Besides the cathedral, there are 18 churches, and numerous convents. The chief articles of commerce are corn, hemp, cheese, and wine. It was once the capital of Lombardy, and has undergone various changes. In 170t> it fell into the hands of Austria; in 1796 it was taken by the French, and retained till the peace of 1S14. It is seated in a beautiful plain, on the Tesino, near its conflux with the Po, 17 m. S. of Milan. Long. 9. 15. E., lat. 45. 13. N. Pavoasan, the capital of the Isle of St. Thomas, on the coast of Guinea, and the see of a bishop, with a fort and a good harbour. It lies under the equator, in long. H. 30. W. Pawlinns, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. T. Pop. 1 ,705. Pawlr.t^ p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Ben- nington. Pawnees, a tribe of Indians in the Missouri Ter They comprise 3 distinct bands independent in government, but connected by a general interest and carry on wars in concert. Their number is between G and 7,000. The Grand Pawnees re side in a village on the Loup Fork of the Missouri and have about 3,.500 souls. The village of the Republican Pawnees is 4 m. distant, and contains 1,000. The Loup Pawnees are established 3 m. farther up the river ; their numbers are about 2,000. They live chiefly by hunting, but practise a little agriculture, and keep horses and dogs. Pawlucket, a river rising in 'Bristol Co. Mass. and flowing S. into Seekonk river, 4 m. N. E. of Providence, R. I. Paictuekct, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above river. Pop. 1 ,4.">8. The river here divides Massa- chusetts from R. I. On the opposite side is the town of North Providence in Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 3,.503. The two towns are united by a bridge, and together form one of the largest man- ufacturing places in the country. The manufac- tures arc mostly of cotton ; they employ 45,000 spindles and 9,000 looms. There are three falls in the river which aff'ord a very great water power. Paictuzet, a river of R. I flowing easterly into Narraganset Bay, 5 m. below Providence. It has « FED 585 FfcG .any falU and a great number of couonfactones about 0,oUl) <-«reeK8. " v" , „„ oi N „, N byl:. of Ayatnon e and 73 N^W- ot &evu. saline is the capital. capital of a u , fji 1 citv of Buenos Ay res, i. Ui 9 58 S.-Also the name of a larp river of Mexico, which runs into the Rio def Norte, o„ Vhe boiders of Cohahuila ;-a "ver of Braz^- which falls into the Atlantic ;— and several in Considerable settlements in S. America consist- in^ only of a few scattered families "^ "d.ans Peebles, a borough of Scotland, capital ot ree blesS seated on the Tweed over which « an eleeaAt bridge. It is divided bv Eddltstonc Wate7L the did and New Town, Jias manufac- tures of carpets and serges, and '^""tt ^Twe/d, rellent ale. On a projecting rock near the 1 »««"> und" Nidpath cLtJe ; and on an eminence mi the E stands Horseburg Cast e. It is ^^ m. S, of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 7. W., ^f-^^\l„ Pechlesshire, a county of Scotland, 30 m. long and if broad bounded^N. by Edinburghshire, I. W Selkirkshire, S. by Dumfriesshire, and W. by iLl^kstoe It is divided into IG parishes, con- Ss 10 MO inhabiunts. Its hills, among which are hoseTTweedsmuir, abound with salubrious :;rings and feed numbers of sheep and caUle. The principal rivers are the Tweed and Lj ne , the former Vuns through the county, whence it is sometimes called Tw-eedale :^r.;:^i/^is^^^o/|ejm^= and height, on the summit of wKich {^ a castle, and the^dilapidated caUiedral of the isle, ded.cat- ed to St. GeLain, the first bishop, who lived in the fifilh century. The town is much decayed andtheinhabitiits are indolent and poor^ U) m. W. of Douglas. Long. 4. 40. W ., lat M. ^^^elin,', p.t. Graaon Co. N. H.. Pop. 291 P m"'a river of Germany, which rises out of some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows thro-if Hi- ther Pomerania to the western branch of the Oder wh chTthence called Peeiie, and runs by Wol- gast into the Baltic Sea, at ^f "<';^"f ^p^„,3i,„ Prrnfniunde a town and fort ol rrussian Pomeran a Tn the isle of Usedom, and the resi- deTce of he governor of the island. It commands fhe enUaiicelnd mouth o/the Peene near w^hic^h it stands^ Cm. N.by E. of Wolgast. Long. 13. o5. ^'P«r '^town^of the Netherlands in the prov- J «f a io«ii u N N W. of Maestncht. '"rl^tto^^n of Saxony^n the Elster. 10 m. ^■£r;^:^Stlie Austrian sutes, in Stiri^ „e« which are considerable lead mines. t^ seated near the Meur, 9 m. N- P<- w. ot " Peana de Frafuia,a. town of Spain, m l^on,-;< ra.sTs.E.CiudadRodrigo. ^, Pegnajiet, a town of Spain, •" ^°°'j .^ ,he palace, and a strong castle. It i« seaiea I'EI foot of a mounlain near ll,„ Duero, :t8 in. K ^ tj. of Valladohd. Lon^. 4. 0. W., l„i. 41 r/nM"hf """■ u'T." "fPoft'-gal. in Estromad... of'Lisbon™" '''^ Mongola,3C m. N. N. W, nZ^".T-^'*"'"'"°'"^P'''"'i" Astuiias, seat- nd or. Il.e I'ravia, 8 m. N. W. of Oviedo. ^f5-««/„r, a town of Spain.in Andalusia, 4,s„,. i>. tj. ol Seville. ^||g-m/ir«ra«,a town of Portugal, in Beira, -W in. K. of Caslol Braneo. " ' P«^'na,„acor,n fortified toun of Portugal, in Beira, With a castle, :!I „,. ]•;. N. r. of Caste" Branco. Long. (;. 52. W., lat. 40. G N P^l'n«r«n,/„ a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 30 W. of A>^ia ^"'■S"'— A-ioth", 33 m. N. N. ThCtint^ '""'""•" ''''^■•"•'■■•" Franconia, on a of n-iyreuth ""'"'"' """ ''' ^'""'"'' '" '"■ '^• oe/l'"'""! '!r '''■'"• =' ''^''-P"''' •■""1 ''"f 'r?ss of Mor- U e lowi^^^v"," ™%^ '" ""• Mediterranean, near I -,mT ,-,1, ;'"■■;> '^7'^'* ''•'"' '->■ l''« Spaniards Pc^'u, a province of Birmali, bounded N l,v K^'and" e'kv ^•' '^- T" ^- "V """ "-v of Ben'. r*oL, nuke ^ I'"?- ■.'' '.' '''■'■>■ '""'■l''"' i" <=""■- (7^' ',r. ' ""'.'^""s- Its other prodiicl, are lax '■"''"', f'7''»".l«. elepha.„s' 'teeth, hees r„ 'c ' ^."'P^'re. iron, lead, tin. petroleum ur^'and^it •^t'i fe" :r^fi;:"^''' °'" '"^^'•"v ^-r than ti.e Ji;^!;:,,, ^1^: :^^';::,p^-^ kiiig of Pegu had eontini.ed as chief at Moncha bou soon afterwards revolted, and in i;."? educ ed Pegu to a dependent j-rovince. ^ e sil^'of 7h^ f "'" ''^■"'''' P^"^""^^' "^'^^^'i on esitcol the tormer nixr ,.. .:^». .. r>gc PEK ltl%;'ci'e',;?g^;t"e:r'^;;tr.e:t'"7"'"'""^^'- about one n^urt,;ofth;^r.^r^l.'=''S,rXT £^/5^^:t^.:rvt:^d-^: .elfe"i;*;'.hiH"''"'^"'"^' » -■" " ' ^''-^na- i" Pe- of Ton'.tW r„d Tie"" ''^■''"' ^"<' ''>• "- ^' 'i- The ticTe flows nnlrr/^''''''. ^""""' ^'^''■ tl.e flat eountrVin 1' Cil"''"'''''' ^"'"""S- Hi^I^i^:^,^:^;--;,)^;;.eprinHpal,.,of vent. 20 m. E. of Hoover ^"P"'^'"" eon- riie iQhabiUnts are e.sliin.ited at inn nnn n jS.i:::f/^ii;fFl^;uSafC^ t^he^governnientof Oppeln, :«. ,„. g. l! of Qp Br^:^n^,^:'\°^f-:i:\;';^^-/^:;^-;>-kof tenl^^;--^^-c::!;;;^'ar3/s's.'!jr tf/ptinceV Ki;^.:';>'- -'"'- "': Cl.ina, in Nor^ern C^our, to'di'sTin.u sh "iTo.X'^'''"' tlie Southern Court wliere l,„ Nan-king, resided. This ei„ I-,! r <^™P'>'-or former y and is divided i nt vo eiUe,"" °'''"?" -'-J"""^ Chinese, the othoj b^ ' W,a r ' Th.'.se"""'"^-''- '^^ exclusive of the sub^urbrar^' ne^ri 4 ? >""''' eircumferencc. Tiie «ilk o' ,1 ■ ■* ""''"* 'n hi^I., 24 think at U,: ba'se at "o ,T.L"t'^ ^' '"'^ Uiere are spacious lovers it 70 fiT Tj- '°'" ' ""'' each otlier. The rrat^^/ 1 , distance from -d, -'"l-portiiiff buifdh, ',nf ■"^'''' ^"'^ "•^" ••'■■'=1'- Iowest";f wfiehis r"he sol;'°'"^'^"''' '''«• -^ome off guard ■ thevnrenlf"" "'*"■" ""-? in the S. tall and Uvnir. f '? """"b", three The middle "ilte on he V" ' ""'" ''"'''■ Tartar or iinper'ial ci v . v i'^'^' "P""' '"'" 'he tlie general ei icL ure 'ib'om ' ' '^ %'P'"^^ "'''''in and three-fourtilnf^'mWe from E t'^ W "^ '"i^' rivulet winding Ihroucrh W T i, r^' ""'"' « polished bricks' "or"? •". ^ "'="" of large red of tiles pa nted ;i low 'nf ' ""^■T'^ "'"' » 'oof tliis space,", U eh Ir^e ''"""'."'''' ^""ounds palaci and Ja den ' th' n,7l " « "'^ ''"P"i«' ings for the Tninis"';, ,?,/"''''" l^'^'' •''nd lodg- t-desmen bZlgi;"', ' i.^^'^^^,'',^' "I^'fccs, and other two g.„es iP, the S vail !nd h""'""" ""^ ones on the N. side of the e J- r^,n ,'" "PP"''"- ^treels, each .( m. in W^.ih lih ,2n'7 '"'''^^' One street of the same wfd 1, n?„= r '^^^ "'''«■ eastern to the corresnon,i;„ ^ '^'"" ""X" of the other is in.errup ed Z the i" "''^^"'.'•"e^te, but the "■alls of which" iVJiT^'if -^"y- round the •'ranch from t.'iCiie main streets J . ?"=" '""'''"^ "e very narrow. Thriiou ',''=''' ='"^'''^. ''"'' nor openings to thestreet eveeJ h'' "° "''"''''«•' most of them are poorH b^.^I, P"i'^S''''" ''^"Ps ! Cround floor. It hZLil'^^' """^ ''"'^ only a oourseof peon e in t^,„ '"^ '° ^^ f"^ con- Clnnese wLra'il'^an o " t^m ZTti ''' "?* "- occasioned by the number .^^V"" ''''"'^^^'°" mules, asses, Va^™nsc't,lJ'''''u'?' <'=""«''«. out reckoning th?" several ..lA '^''"= «•'"' about the ju^lrlers '.^IhH ■ ^ "'''"^^ gather f distinctlnCe^lwalTfr' *■=■ ^""^""^ fore them and clear the wav A n"'," ^° ^^- Btreets are guarded bv soTdie s^wl,;^" ."'? ^""^ and day with swords hv/h'-j'" P^^'role nin-i.t their hinds, to chasUse ,b "f"'' ^"'' "'hip^^in turbance „rf,I-e 1 ■ °^^"'''° make any dis streets^a;; "attic e^t^f^t^'ir"''-^- '^''^ -'"- the great streets, which a-eU,'" '"!'""" '"'» guarded by sold er who suff" 7 "" "'"'"' ="'<' the streets at that t n"e Thf ' '„° "-'^"•"bhes in and garden, which occupy to lh,r"d""°r 'J"^'^^ arcity, is surrounded by a br ek ' n n*"" ^"■ length, with pavilions at earl, / """"' ^ m. in by galleries, supported bvco,?"" ^"'^°">Passed ture of the stup^eLous p le of buifd'' ""' T''''- tiie palace consists i, en^irllftdtTff.^'^^ PEL 567 PEM „f the Europeans. Th^^^^^^'atu'" ' diAcairt: of Pekin are so n"™"""'.^,;, country is Bandy fount Ihem. The '"[^^.t o^s of all kinds are ^„d unproducfvc but prov ^^ ^ ,, ^3 exceedingly P.><^"X;n all ?arts by canals from the m"'=''^";^!l;„e always crowded with ves- U,e rivers, which are «'^^ Earthquake which Uap- "elsofdifferents,xe . An«Jt q^^ ^ pencd here, m I'^'/'.^T^'^ses. The inhabitants Ls in the ';^'"Xmo n i^ 00 ">■ «■ »< "'« „c estimated at -^-O'^' "I',, i; j^t. 39. 54. N. „eat wall. Lon<'. » '^'. ~' ' ,';,ccian Archipela- nearly 2 m. W of I f'',^ "".„ „f st. Rosolio, the cavern, in ^vh.ch is the ;»af J"^^;., ^„ have died pauoness of Falerm , who ' ^ .^ ,, ,^_ fiere : and ro"»<* J"'^ ,^"ch the precious rohcs, where priests attend to «.lci^^.^^ and receive the offerings" 11 1 . ^^ i.i.n.ls m /V<..P W'""''-. °' r„"; between l-.« and i;W., E- Oie Pacific Ocean ly.njjbetwe^^^ encircled on l,,no. and G. and S. '^■^fr ' ^, . and are 14 in he'W. side by ^, r;,^„'^^;al onJs arc Oroolong, number, o.;wh.chlhe P^ "^J^, Coronraa, and Pe- Kn.ungs Emdlegue Art^ ,^ with trees ofva- lelew. They are well cm ^^.^j^^^ ^^H rious kinds and ^'^^ ' ^^^k^of Induslry and ffood edCorooraa bears tK'"^^^^« . ^,^^- Anu-tope cultivation. ^,»P^'",hovL wrecked here in E India packet, .^^"".V^nie in their manners, ,7.3, found the "Xent^ and friendly in their delicate in ^he. senUmen^ „„ich they man- dispos.tion. T'le as ton, ._^,^ ^,^^^^,^j ifesled on seeing l'"= 5;"; ^e^n' a white man that they ''ad neve-: b f e s ^^^^^^^ ^ _^, They had no "'^'^^dinMv amazed on seeing Us shot and were '^•'"!<^';tn?a^rn? consist of bamboo effec'ts. The_.r pr.ncM>al anns ._^^^^ darts, from ^. \» f '^'^J^l,. .,-l^„'i there are short wood of the helcl-nutir*'-. ii,r„wn by Tnes for different "^"^^^j^^^ "-Ti.e chiefs wear a means o^\'''''^Ti\^rTrU'.^, i" >l'>- f"'"' "' '^ bone round one ol "'<^" , „,„rcat honour con- bracelet, winch, being a ■na'<\_? ^^.„, ,,„, ferred bv tli;^ ^'"S' ' "\\i „, th" same degree, as with lilVv They a'c '" ■^'; °„ „,e hone ihey wore appeared from a d.il.recc^"' ^j._ ,_j , j C%tai".^y■l-■' "-V ::^;pect i,. ,„operty u. order of the l-"""^;., ,\V J^. .^r canoe iseonsuler- tlu-se is ands, a ."an ^ ■" ^ „, „„„H,d to hnn ed ash.s<.wn,a.,isas^t cullivales it; but. as long as he o""P''%f,„i|,er place, the ground whenever ^e remove-- n,"f;^^ij.,, ^^^.^^^ ,,n.,e, rc-verts to the •"'?■„'';',. lar^e enough to car- nal of the bark °f "7^',,^°':, is>ing their ehiet ,y30men. Yan.sandco .0 .^^^ ^^,.„^ ^,,^. „t. /nicies of subs..tence^.r ^^^^^^ i^ their com- n.„st care ; =>"!^_ ^c ''ko ^^^^.^^^^^ i,,,y ,dd to mon drink. f'"P""^!,t.uu sweetmeat.', and a their ordinary f"= J. ^j ^v the aid of a syrup, sweet beverage, obueciuv ^^ ^,^^, _ extracted either iromt... pan, ^^^^^^^ ,.^^^ cane. Their houses a c raise ^__^ beams being from the ground, "'t oun . ^^^^ ^.^ laid on large ^^ones w he ce | ^„^^^j ^^ ,,. supports ol their sides, wmc. ,-„,iened by er'timbers g^°°rd,„'Sale space being closely wooden pins, he •ntermed^ale \^^^^ ^^ fille'l ."!' :!! 1 '^t insiri; vi.hont any diyis filled up with ^^"^';;;:;inwi;i;ontauydivis. platted together -ll'^ '■";,," -I'hev have little Ions, fornung one great room. twine. The best kuiv „ound narrow, the large n'"''*"-"'^-?!" "^,,01 Uhed. The combs and the outward side a l.ttk P""^" „^^^ „^ ^ are made °'"'«°""=^"."th;. handle and teeth are few of the Seville kind , th.. ha ,_^^^^ fastened to the solid -^J^^ J^^^^^ and-fishing- are of tortoise shell , and Iw me, . husks of nets, are well •--;;^-;-f^^,Taf' are formed the cocoa-nut. "','''' ?„",'« beds. They also mats, which serve the people as "eu j use a plantain leaf at "^<'f^^^"^Xs the place of and the shell of a cocoa-nut suppUs in P^^^^^^ a cup. There are vess 1 of a k md ^^.^__ ^^^^ ware, of a "ddish b ow n ^"^ ^^^ „f cocoa-nnt boil their hsh, y''™^L')=' . -^^.^ ^nd thick barn- husks serves them for » ^ °om - d,„„eter, boos, with bores C.™^"' "''The shell of the tor- are the buckets or ,=■ 'fj"«-^^jy^'^ '^d the naUves toise is here ^'^^'^^^fl^XmoMing it into little have discovered ^i"* "' °' "3°"' " "f the great la- '"y^°^ ''■'t;\^llTs o"f theTame manu'factnre. dies have =^'^0. ''['"','■„■,, "hdls The Pelewans,m and ear-rings '"1=;'^ "' X^^de rather above the general, are stout and «-" 'X' % er colour, fuiddle Blature, and "fj-f^'j^P formed into one TheTr hair is long, ^^"''.C; ...^a^ The men are large loose curl round He^rliads^^^^ two hltle entirely naked . ""'"-'^.L. behind Both sexes aprons one bef"^^^^h%°^,7h made black by art, a're tatto.ed, have their ^eU.ade^^^ ^^^^^^^ and the cart.la-e ^J^^^.f;", "p^,t a sprigorblos- throughwhichtheyfreq ently put P .^^^ ^,^^ som of some plant or ^hmb. ine m U ear bored and tl-e ^vom " bo^ > -J ,he lat- former wear beads in llu peri ^^^^.^ ^^_.. ter cither the leaf, "'*" ^^""'-rt swimmers; toise-shell. B-'tl'^'-^'^t ,^lk- dfyers. Such an and the men are =^''.n niMc d ^ ^^ ^,^^ opinion had .Abba 1 \';'> •' Xh that on their island, entertained ."[ .'^n ';"-,,nd ^on, Lee Boo departure, he penmttdh..s - to aeeompany Ih in to i.n ■ , hopeful ■„, ,-.1. In a lew "'""''''^^^hi E.India Con.- youlh died oftlie small-pox, and tnc .^^ ^^ pany erected a monument ONcr nis „ therhithcchnreh-yard. „, pj K,r^:■^"v.'r^.^,iS,5^;,'r~^..- York. Pop '■^^- f. p,,„ee. department of I'dissane, a town "I >• ="'f,5' f, \v. of Aix. Painbicuf. „ . inlal. 4-.l.d7. N long b.K •^«ji^;-oec.an,ncar the ''rK-X' ab'it 100 m. in circumfer- coast of Zangueiiar, , ^ 4 50. S. ^i! l^K;?o;fs's.rorSt. Salvador. Long. M. 40. E., lat. •'. ''•' v^- ,,,, A.nerca flowinR m- t„ lie Red River ol Lake Winmi ^ PEN 588 PEN PcnJuridge, a town in Herefordshire, Eiijj. with a manufiicture of woolen cloth; seated on the Arrow, 7 m. W. of Leominster and 145 VV. N. W. of London. Pembroke, pi. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merrimack, 40 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,312; p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Plymouth. Pop. 1,324 ; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 25 m. E.of Diitrilo Pop. 3,831. I'rmlirokc, n borough of Wales, capital of Pem- hrnkrsliire. It st.ands on the innermost creek of Milford-haven, over which are two bridjrcs, but the harbour is become injured by the rubbish of the ncijjhbourinff lime-stone quarries. It was an- ciently stirrounded by walls, and had a maj^nifi- cent castle, the rcmams of which still (jive it an appearance of uncommon grandeur. 2(i3 m. W. by N. of London. Long. 4. 48. W., lat. 51. 43. N. Prmbrokcshhf, a county of Wales, 37 m. long and 2'!' broad ; surrounded on all sides by the sea, except on the E., where it is bounded by Caer- iiKuthenshire, and Cardiganshire. It contains 335,000 acres, is divided into 7 hundreds and 145 parishes, has one city and 7 market towns, and sends three members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 7l,(IO:i. The rivers arc inconsiderable. A great part of the county is plain and tolerably fertile, consisting of rich meadows and arable land. The N. E. part alone is mountainous, which, however yield good pasturage for sheep and cattle. This county abounds with objects of antiquarian inter- est, such as druidical circles, cromlechs, single stone monuments, ca.stles, &.c. Ptvn'ircicassct., one of the head streams of the Merrimack in N. II. It joins the Winipisiogee, at Sanbornton. Pcimn^. See Prince of Wales Island. Peiuititier, a town of France, department of Aude, 4 m. N. of Carcassone. Pcndcnnis, a castle in Cornwall, Kng. on a hill of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It was b\iilt by Henry VIII. for the security of the coast, ami nil (lie oj>posite side of the bay is another cal- led St. Maws. It is a little to the S. E. of Fal- mouth, the harbour of which it defends. Pffnllfton, a large village in Lancashire, Eng. 2 m. W. N. W.of Mancliester. The inh.abitants are principally employed in the trade and manu- faclures of the various Manchester goods. Pendlr.ton, a county of the E. district of Vir- ginia. Pop. 0,271 . Franklin is the capital ; a coun- (). Falmouth is the cap- ital ; also a town in Pickens Dis. S. C. 100 m. JV. W. Columbia. Prnirhr, a siroug sea-port of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel ; seated on a peninsula, 48 m. N. W of Lisbon. Long. n. 20. VV., lat. 39. 22. N. /Vn;V, a town of Saxony, and the chief place ofone of the lordships forming the county of Schomburg, with a manufacture of woolen stuffs and a pottery; seated on the Mulda, 11m. N. W. of Chemnitz. I'eniscola, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated on a high point of land, surrounded on three sides by the sea, and of difiicult access by land. It is 30 m. S. by W. of Tortosaand 80 N. N. E. of Valencia. Long. 0. 24. E, lat. 40.24. N. Pcnfirld, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. G m. E. Roch- ester. Pop. 4,475; also a township of New Bruns- wiek in Charlotte Co. at the Bay of Fundy. Prtii.^hehr, a town of AJVhanistan, capital of a district in the province of Cabul,4()ni. N.ofCabul. Pcnistone, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with a small woolen manufacture. It has a handsome parish church, three meeting-houses, a grammar school, and three other schools free to the whole parish. The environs, especially to the W., have rather a dreary and barren appearance. The town is scaled on the rii'htbanU of the river Don, 13 m. S. S. E. of lluddersfield and 177 N. N. W. of Ijondon. Pcnhridtrc, a decayed town in Stafibrdshire, Eng. seated on the river Penk, C ni. S. of Staflord and I2it N. W. of London. Pen/aim, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Randow, between two small lakes, 15 m. S. W. of Stettin. Ptnmar.mnawr, a mountain of Wales, in Caer- narvonshire, overhanging the sea, and risiuo- to the height of 1,540 feet. It is 4 m. W. by sT of Aberconway, and the road to Holyhead crosses it on the side of a dreadful precipice, from which it is defended by a wall. Prnn, a township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. ad- joining the city, also townships in Chester, Nor- thampton and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. and Morgan Co. Ohio. Pcnnar, a river of Ilindoostan, which rises in Mysore, flows b3' Gooly, Gandicotta, Cnddapli, and Vellore, and enters the bay of Bengal at Gangapatnam. Pntninaton, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 9 m. N. W. Trenton. Pennsborough, 2 townships in Cumberland Co. Pa. and villages in Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wood Co. Va. ' ^ Pcnnsburg^ a lownsliip of Chester Co. Pa. Pennsylvania^ one of the United States, bounded N. by Lake Erie and New York, E. by New York and New Jersey, S. by Delaware, Maryhind and Viro^inia, and W. by Virginia and Oliio. It extends from 39. 42. to 42. N. lat. and from 74. to 60. 40. W. long, and contains 43,050 sq. m. The centre of the state is occn])ied by the great Apula- chian chain of mountains, which here sj)read out to their greatest width, and occupy two thirds cf the whoU territory. The Delaware bounds the state on the East. The Susquehanna witli its nu- merous branches intersect nearly the whole mountainous region. The Allegany, Mononga- helaand Ohio, water the western parts. A small portion of the northern limit is washed by Lake Erie. In the country E.of the mountains, the climatn does not differ greatly from that part of New Jer sey in the same parallel, and may be cliaracterls- ed in general terms as mild and temperate. TJie moimtainous country lies exposed to the ehillino- north-west winds, and the winter in this part i.s severe, with deep snows. W. of the moun- tains, the climate becomes milder ; here tlie easter- ly winds o{' the Atlantic coast are unknown, and the country is not exposed to the sudden chaji- ges which they occasion. The heat of the sum- mer is not so great as upon the coast, and the au- tumn is long, serene and temperate. East of the mountains tlie soil is excellent; in this part the land is level, and enriched from the washing of the hills and uplands. In the interior, the soil is rocky and barren, with fertile spots in the valleys, and along the borders of the streams. Some of these valleys contain land as rich as any in the state; but generally the soil being a black mould, two or three feet deep, and among the mountains, is not well adapted to cultivation. W. of the mountains, the country improves, and PEN 589 PEN _„aU>e.aasUea.son.eOU....ene.ny i„ which this state f« ^"'f^^^f the world, indeed "f the country. '""°P, found so abundantly as U this valuable n>^f "^^^J^^ds in the Wyommg „ Pennsylvania. If ;," tween the Blue Ridge Lod Lackawanna valley .^«'\^^,,„,ite j,3t,.ct .s and the Susquehanna. ^^ ■ ,„„ning paral- . .;_..n„ oi^cunved by mouiii.1 _ ...i. 4,,i>csuni- E'^<'rdfef'ef:eV:ir--i.500 1H.t above ^""Tl"?oal occurs in ^'-^ J-^-y^S^^ate". tuL parts of>l.-reg.o" -ot---^ ,,/l,hi.h Kxtensive veins and bed:. "■'= ^ waters of the Susquehanna, cro:« "S;'"' ^,,"n. VV. oflhe SehuylkUlVndSwataraa.-t>«>^^^^^^ Blue Ridge. It .s a''""fi';;'„^ rt is it so p en- i„ the valley f..rn,ed by the bus.1 Lackawanna one ° '^^ys of the Wyonnng i, distinguished as he J^ '■y^, ^..^thnut any nat- ,„d Lackawanna 1>«^ ;' ^, ^ 3ingle foru.at.on. ural division, and ^^^-I^q" " long, and 3 broad It is betwcer. CO and A) > | commonly, >n The coal lies in beds, and not ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ veins; these are of <=very th.ckne . ^^ ^^^ ,^^^ IT'il feet -, none a- --^^ -t^en;;^ ^^^^ „, „,, tban three or four , f^J"lf\^,^ beds is immense ; than 6. Thelateralextentoim ^^^^ ^ thev break out '"/^e Qehanna and Lack- upin the banks of the S,usq ^,^^ aivanna, and f°"^'" thev appear in the sides ,„..,.t of these ,^'^J"'3te4ry stream from the a„d channelsof alnos evey^^,^ ,_^ numerous mountain; I'^^^y .^''''^'"aen sunk in the coal, places; and wells ar.olten ^^^.^ ,,gion, the la many of t'^'^ """'^eein^ vast deposits oi naturalist is g^='^''^.l,\y„d Remains whicliaccom- vegelable l"iP^>^^^X tn tl e slate which torms pany the coal, "^"ally m tl e ^^. ^^^^ ^^^^ . Ke'roof, andoccasmnaly in tl^ ^^^^ ^„^^^. they exist also i. the =*^^^, „^ instances where even in the ooM^- ^l'^'^^ „(- ie„ feet in thick- they fill ll^e ^^^^^ ""1 'ie very perfect, indica- ness. The impress ons are veyi^^.^^^^^^ i-;;';j:::t'e:lS?ig.u";-.>lUty of transport '^^i.-rr;j;^esoffi.n.^neort^^^ it is said,, moder , a i -n .^^^,f l,„ , There are >"roy '^^ ^"I'^e', and chalybeate with the coal strata t '^^J^' ^^^ la„3. n.ineral springs °^^"'„^Vei nsylvania is as abun- The western part ol ' em J jl,e gagf dantly supplied with bituminous coa,^^ ^^^ e,n is will; anthracite. '\;;;„„„,„.la and Ohi", Conemaugh, Allegha"y,Mo"''"p Alleghany F boundary., U occurs upon the^--„--^^^ considerable elevation, and eisew ^ „ gand horfzonlal position, ,f .^^^ ^-^ferrd by'ar^illace- --^"fi^?S^in:K:^^— on i„^^Ka-^r^v^-'r^^«!'but they are generally "'^.f""" J are often strong, deep springs, disclosed by W 3,,, the One of these, which contains a j. ed by ordinarv waters ofS='''M'nlrose, bordering on ind 400 feet m height, that r'» of grey «and- dlvities, presenting .nuralp-pi-B^ ^^.^ y stone, in places jutting °y"^ ^ul is sometimes The sandstone is "rdman y fi"e, D ^^^ ^,„„ a coarse aggregate, P"";^^ {,o?i,onlal position, lamina, are generaU) m a „„,„,„. slat^, The lower strata often in a ^^^^ ^^^. contains vegetable ,mpressions^^^.^^_ argillaceous ally rests on dark and very j. ^^^„^ and :'e,!ist, tHatcontains miic -ipj^^^^^^ ..ds of b. S^:-^?t--;!-'w::^^r5;icK be?» are from a few '"f ^f .^'"^^r from 200 ^^^ and occur at various alUtudes ^^^^^ above the river to a great dep ^^ ^^^^^^ ^ quantities of salt a e made ^^ the extensive cal- ^re is found ''^"''""^^"the "id^es of the Apala- careous valley, between the rio ,nnties ot eh an mountains particularly 1 tl ^^.^^^ ,.^„,„ Centre and Huntingdon, 11^^^ ^^ ^^ limestcme. beds of argillaceous "rlh, resU . .^^ before The iron manufactured m me . j nientioned is ■^^J'^S^'^'^fcori f om the AUegl'a- malleability.. Bituimnous coal nv mountain '^ often useai ^^ ^,,ai ^The Bedford S/"-'"?^, "'•^ tl^ S. of the, slate, name among the mounUunsmUie were discovered 1 'p^'^" „f ^ mountain. The limestone rock, at tlief"J^ f ^j agreeable to the water is cold, "^""rl'^':"'/" „ ma foundcries, 8 rolling mills and 1) nail factories, whicli make 18 tons of nails daily. There are also 7 manufactories of steam engines, and lately the manufacture of su- gnr mills, and small steam machinery to drive them, has become an important branch of bu.siness. There are two establishments in Pittsburg for the numufacture of steel. There are great numbers of iron works in various parts of the stale. At York, is a foundery for cliurcli bells, manufactures of cutlery, surgical inslrumenls, &c. Elegant carpeting is also made at the same place. At Mayanunk, on the Schuylkill, are large colton and woolen manufactories. At Ciiambersburg, besides other establishments, are extensive man- ufactories* of edtrc tools, axes, carpenters" tools, hatchets, chisels, &c. of a quality anurg, from a fountain obtained by boring 270 feet ; the water is stron^^, and is raised by a steam enirine ; the salt is white, and of a good quality. This fountain is suffieient for the annu- al manufacture of 25,000 bushels. There are other salt springs on the Ohio, and also on the Chenango and Alaliony. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are chosen for four years, and the representatives an- nually. Suffrage is universal. The govern- or is chosen for three years by a popuhir vote. There is no lA. governor and no council. The governor can only be elected thrice in 12 years and on retiring from ofilce becomes a senator. The legislature meets annually at Ilarrisburg in December. The slate sends 24 representatives to Congress. The state expenses for 1^30, were 0,357,004 dollars, of which enormous sum 5,41)5, 550 dollars were for canals, railroads and other internal improvements. The Presbyterians are the most numerous re- ligious sect, and are divided into two classes ; one of which call themselves Associate Presbyterians. These two have 200 preachers. The Baptists have 144; the Methodists 140 ; the German Re- formed Church 73; the Episcopalians GO; there are also Lutherans, Unitarians, Catholics, Qua- kers, Dutch Reformed. Universalists and Jews. The navigation of the Schuykill has been im- proved by a series of canals from Philadelphia to Port Carbon in the coal region, a distance of 100 miles: 04 m. of which consist of canals, and the remainder of portions of the river, rendered navi- gablo by dams and slack water. The canals are 30 feet wide, and were finished in 1?25. The Un- ion ('an;il extends from Reading on the Schuylkill to Middletown on the Susijuehanna, 83 miles; it is 30 feet wide and four deep. There is a tunnel on this canal 721* feet long, 18 feet wide and 10 high, being the longest in the United States. This canal was conipk-ted in V^28. A brnm:h ex- lends up the Swatara to the Schuylkill coal mines. The Couestoga creek is rentlered naviiya- ble by canals. 18 m. from Lancaster to Ihe Sus- quehanna. The Lehigh canal exU^nds from Eas- ton to .Maueh Chunk 40 3-4 m. ; it is 4 feet wide and 4 deep, and is esleemed the most perfect ca- nal in Ameriea; it was executed in 2 years, and cost 25jH00 dollars a mile. The Lackawaxen ca- nal extends from the Delaware and Hudson canal 25 m. up the Lackawaxen creek lotlic coalmi'nes, and is navigable for boats of 25 tons. Tlie Pennsylvania canal is a work undertaken by the state, and designed to form a conununica- tion bt^tween Philadelphia and Pitlsburg. A lail- road is to he constructed from Philadelphia to Columbia 80 m. Here the canal begins and ex- tends to the Union canal at Middletown, thence W. to the Juniata, and up that river to the mimn- tains. which are lobe crossed by a raiUoad or tun- nel ; beyoud this the canal is to he continued to PEN 501 PEN PiU»bure- -V ti«nwlirbc3n4rn TI.C who:* length or Ibis communica- ,n°wi\rbc 304 m. ,ruciing by the stale The oAcr c»n=J' °;* ' M ddletnwn on ibe Un- governmcntarL. «"«^5^»7i,^, „„ ihc W. branch of fon canal to Mancey H'^^",^^^ f,,„„ Northum- Ihc Susquehanna, .«' '"■ " jj k, branch to berlandonthe Su-^quehanra up t j^, ^^ Nantiookc ••""'■-•'E'^^io^on the Lehigh, 60 m. ^■L'^rSt'.e of ware can^. An- e f.o. I,'eadvnie -/-„"^ V^R-r in "he K W. of the ftlu'2rm/T^--tle length of the canals m the 'Hr'^'^^rhl^k railroad extends from the The Mauch *-'"'"''".;., g.n.; it was corn- coal mine, to the nver Leh fb, J ^^^^^ ^^i,^.^y pleledfour years s.nce_ 1 he^ .,, ^^^^,. t„ Lu.„ds 3 m. from Port Carbon P ^^.^^^^^ ^^ • he coal mines. Jj-f^Xtaxen canal at liones- tcndb IC m., from the ^»<=y": »„\,,^,e, on the Lack- dale, to the coal mines ^^^^^""^ in the Moos- awanna, pa.,sin| t'"°"g^f„'^ ^Jcenl of 1,S12 feet icMounUm An accent and .„,hichonthe is passed by «;.nc.ned planes^ ai stationary en- western side of the '""""f ^^„^t 1.,.000 dollar., a „inP3 Th 3 railroad eost aoou Besides ^„:u:and went into operatonm ]^^^^^, these, there are "°«^ '"fP^^i.iladolphialhrough Pennsylvania Railroad ironirn Susquehanna, «4 Lancaster '"C"'";?"''*'^"^.', Railroad, from „,.; Schuylkill West Branch ^ Schuylkill Haven to «>« J-°„"; ^ i,„nch of 2 1-2 MounUin, 5 m. long- 'ncl mn ^^^^ j,^^. „.; Schuylkill ValW R^lro^'^f' ,^^ Schuylkill, bon, eastward "P \''„^JX7g,Vssin ^^ ^^^^ ;':rnd a school ^ P^haade Phja^ ^^.^^.^^ p^^_^_ Pennsylvania has .^ n^"'«^'^„i •,„ the sUte in "x,2rL%rm°ad;a^y;-'^h the Indians which wasobserved on both sides «.^.---- -''P^wn honour that not the least d'^J""* "°f^„^f "^h" llie settlers and the savages for '0 J'^"', *"; original charter of their state continued t.11 alter the" revolution. The present constituUon vias established in 1790. . _ „(• Fennn"^', one of the highest mountains of in ,n N W. Trenton. 10 in. i>. "• ■ f pjup Co. Missouri. Pcno, a town of Pike co. . ,^ ,„ />™«6«o(, a nver of Ma me a ^^^^^=^ ,, the state. U bas 1^° /",?^ ' head lake in the chief of wh ch runs W- ''f Moo^ehe ,^ highland which separate M=""« f^7f„„„s a wide LTto^rditt-gCrSstam":. It is navigable toBan^or, 50 m. ij,e above PenoWor, a county of Maine^ nver. P°P;pV r30n, below Bangor. Popl, 271. atownonthcrivcrJUni.o g ^_^^^^ Penofocof /«Ie, and consists cliiefly in pilcliards and other fish, and in shipping lead, tin, and cop- per, which abound in the vicinity. In conse- i|ucnce of the mildness and salubrity of the air, and the a^reeableness of its situation, Penzance i-* much frequented by invalids, for wliose acconi- !:iodation l!ierc arc cnld and hot sea-water baths, &c. It is seated on a creek of Mount Bay, 10 m. N. E. of the Land's End and 2dO W. by S. of London. Proria fjtlie, in Illinois, an expansion of the river Illinois, 20 m. in length and 2 in breadth. It is vtry deep and has no perceptible current. Hire is a settlement called Peoria, on its banks. Pepin Lake, an expansion of the Mississippi, 100 m. below the falls of St. Anthony. 24 m. loiior and from 2 to 4 broad, Pc/iprrell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. W. Huston. Pop. 1,440. Pei/uignij, a town of France, department of Soinme; memorable for an interview and treaty between Louis XI. of France and Edward IV. of England, in 147.">, on a bridge built for that pur- pose. It is seated on the river Somme, 15 m. S E. of Abbeville Perak, a sea-port of Malaya, capital of a king- dom on the VV. coast. It is seated on a river of the same name, 180 m. N. W. of Malacca. Long. 100. 0. E.,lat. 4. 23. N. Pirny, St., a town of France, department of Ardrrhe, noted for its wines. It is seated on the Rhone opposite Valence, 32 m. N. of Viviers. Pcrdhin, a river separating Florida from Ala- bama and flowing into the Gulf of'Me-xico. Prrifu Mi/tnit,a lofty mountain of the Pyrenees, with a double summit, of which the higlier is computed at 11 .000 feet above the sea. It is of Very difficult access, as the calcareous rock often assumes the form of perpendicular walls, from 100 to (>II0 feet in height ; and glaciers increase the dillicultv. About 2,000 feet from the summit is a lake, which throws its waters to the E., into the Spanish valley of Booussa. Prraa, a town of Albania, on the gulf of Ven- ice, 2?m. W. N, W, of Aria. Pcrgamar, a town of Romania, and a bishop's see, (iO m. S. W. of Adrianople, Long, 25, 55. E., lat. 41.10. N. Pcrsamo, a town of Natolia, and a bishop's sej, with a palace and a castle. It is not so con- sideratile as formerly, but has nine mosques, and occupies an oblong circumference of 3 ra. at the f )nt of a mountain. Here parchment was inven- ted. It is seated on the Germasti, 15 m. from its mouth and 37 N. of Smyrna. Long, 27, 27, E,, lat. 3fl. 5. N. PeTin,?L town of Persia, in the province of Irac, 00 m, W, of Ispahan. Long. 51. 25. E,, lat, 32, 20, N, Periac, a town of France, department of Aude, celebrated for its salt works. It is seated on a lake of its name, G m. S. W. of Narbonne. Pcriti-pntam, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore. The environs are rich and beautiful, and abound in sandal wood. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Serin- gapatam. Periers, a town of France, department of Man- che, 9 m. N. of Coutances. Perigord, a former province of France, now forming the department of Dordogne. PerigueuT, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Dordogne, and a bishop's see. Here are the ruins of a temple of Venus, an amphithea- tre, &c. It is sealed on the river Ille, 50 m. S, W, of Limoges, Long, 0, 43, E,, lat, 45, 11. N, Pcrinda, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Dowlalabad, 188 m, N, W, of Ilydrabad. Long, 75, 50. E., lat, 18, 33. N. Pnindura, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Coimbetorc, 12 m. S. S. W. of Bhawani- kudal. Perhhcrg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg with considerable cloth manufactures. It is seat ed on the Stepenitz, 42 ni. \V. N. W. of Ruppin. Long. 12. 3. E., lat. 53. 8. N. Perhinsonsrille, a village of Amelia Co, Va, Perkiumen, a township of Montgomery Co, Pa, on a river of the same name, 25 m, N, Philadel. Perm, a government of Russia, formerly a prov ince of Kasan. It is divided into two provinces, Perm and Catharinenburg, the capitals of which are of the same name. Perm, a town Russia, capital of a government and province of the same name. It is seated on the Kama, at the influx of the Zegochekha, (120 m. E, by N. of Moscow and 810 E, by S. of Pe- tersburg, Long. 55, 10. E., lat. 57. 55. N. /'frmacoi/, a town of ■Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, situate on a mountain, 20 m, N, N, W, of Pondicherry, PernuUa, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 38 m. S, of Sural. Pernambnco, or Femainhuco, a province of Bra- zil, bounded N. and E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Bahia, and E. by the desert territory. It is about 470 m. from N. to S. and 370 from"E. to W. and abounds in sugar-cane, cotton, and Brazil wood. Prrnamlmco, the capital of the above province, consists of three divisions, Recife, St. Antonio, and Boa Vista. The two former are situated on two flat sand banks, surrounded by the sea, and con- nected together by a bridge, partly of stone and partly of wood ; ihe other division is connected, with Boa Vista, situated on the continent, by a narrow wooden bridge. The greatest part of the extent of sand between Olinda, a toxvn about a league distant, on the same sand bank as Recife, and the latter, remains uncovered, is open to the sea, and tlie surf there is very violent. The tide enters between the bridges, and encircles the mid- dle compartment. The first division of the town is composed of brick houses, of three, four, and even five stories in height : most of the streets are nar- row and there are no public buildings that require notice. St. Antonio, the principal division of the town, is composed chiefly of large houses and broad streets. It contains the governor's palace (formerly the Jesuits' convent), the treasury, the town hall and prison, the barracks, and the Fran ciscan, Carmelite, and Penha convents. It com- prises several squares, and has to a certain degree a gay and lively appearance. The river Capibar ibe discharges its waters into the channel between St. Anlonia and Boa Vista. The harbour belong- ing to Recife, called the Mosqueiro, situated on the outward bank, is formed by a reef of rocks, which runs parallel with the town, at a very small distance. Pernambuco is daily increasing in opu- lence and importance, and European fashions pre- vail. Long. 35. 20. W., lat. 8. 13. S. Pemau, a fortified town of Russia, in Livonia, with a castle ; seated near the moutli of a river of PER SOS PER the same name, 95 m N. of Riga. Long. 84. 3. K., lat. 53. 30. N Perncs, a town of France, department of Vau- cluse, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated orator Flechier, bishop of Nismes. 12 m. E. by N. of Ax'ignon. Femes, a town in the department of Pas de Ca- lais, seated on the Clarence, 17 m. N. W. of Arras. Perno, a town of Sweden, in the province of Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic, 3G m. E. of Helsinixfors. Perunne, a strong town of France, department of Sonime. It was called Pucellc, because never taken, thoucih often besieged, till the y, when it was stormed by the British. Charles the Simple was imprisoned in the castle, where he miserably died ; and the duke of Bur- gundy detained Louis XI. here three days, till he consented to sign a disadvantageous treaty. It is seated on the Soinme, 27 m. S. W. of Cambray and 80 E. by N. of Paris. Long. 3. 2. E., lat. i'J. 55. N. = . Pcrousa, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmiint ; seated on the river Cluson, 6 m. N. \V. of Pignerol. Pcrpivnan, a fortified town of France, capital of the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a good citadel and a university. The inhabitants carry on a trade in corn, wool, iron, and wine, and have manufactures of silk, woolens, soap, liqueurs, &e. This town was the scene of two battles between the French and Spaniards, in 1793. It is seated partly on a gentle declivity and partly in a plain, on the Tet, near the Med- iterranean, 95 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Long. 2.54. E., lat. 42.42. N. Perquimans, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 6,*57. Hertford is the capital. Pcrrinton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,155. Perry, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 14,257. New Bloomfield is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,331. A county of Missouri. Pop. 3,377. Perry ville is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 14,018. Somerset is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 3,371. Rome is the capital. A county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 7,038. Shannonsville is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 11,.'JOO. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 2,285. Augusta is the capital. Perry, p.t. AVashington Co. Me. on Passama- quoddy Bay. Pop. 73). Here is a remnant of the Passamaquoddy Indians consisting of about 50 families, under the government of a chief named executed with considerable neatnesg. Their numbers sre diminishing. Perry, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,792; also towns and villages in Venango Co. Pa., Geauga, Stark, Wayne, Shelby, Tuscarawas, Muskingum, Gallia, Brown, Franklin, Lickinc, Fairfield and Richland Cos. Ohio. Perry Co. Ken. and Perry Co. Alabama. Prrryopolis, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. Pcrrt/shurg, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. Buffalo. Pop. 2,440 ; p.t. Wood Co. Ohio. Pcrrysrille, p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa. 7 m. N. Pittsburg. Perrysrille, villages in Madison Co. N. Y., Richland Co. Ohio, Mercer Co. Ken., Perry Co. Missouri, Perry Co. Ten. and Bond Co. Illinois. Persipolis, anciently the capital of the Persian empire. It was taken by Alexander the Great, who set it on fire. Its magnificent ruins are 50 ra. N. E. of Shiras. Pershore, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. Here are two churches, and that of Holy Cross contains several ancient monuments. It is seated on the Avon, 9 m. E. S. E. of Worcester and 102 W. N. W. of London. Persia, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting of several provinces, which, at different times, have had their particular kings. It is bounded on the N. by the Caspian Sea, and the mountains of Caucasus, W. by the Euphrates and Tigris, S. by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus and the Arabian Sea, and E. by Hindoostan. It is about 1 ,22.5 m. in length from E. to W. and 900 in breadth from N. to S., the chief rivers are the Tigris and Amuc. In the N. and E. parts it is mountainous and cold ; in the middle and S. E. parts sandy and desert ; and in the S. and W. level and fertile, though for several months very hot. The soil produces various sorts of pulse and corn, and cotton in great abundance. In several places naptha,aBort of bitumen, rises out of the ground, and here are numerous mines of gold, silver, iron, turquois stones, and salt; but the first two of these are not worked on account of the scared- ty of wood. This country produces all the i-a- rious sorts of fruits, excellent wine, and a great number of mulberry trees. The citron here grows to great perfection. Likewise dates, pista- Socbason. They are catholics and have a priest of that religion, and a protestant missionary among them during the summer. They live in rude wigwams, and subsist by fishing, hunting and the manufacture of chip bosketi, which aro 75 chio-nuts, and trees which produce manna. Sheep and goats are abundant ; as are also camels, buffaloes, and horses. The principal manufac- tures are silks, silks mixed with cotton or with camels' or goats' hair, brocades, gold tissues, "oIq velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. The Per- sians are subjected to a despotism similiar to that which presses upon all oriental nations ; yet their PER 594 PER ch«racleri« materially different. They are more pay, lively, and active. Tlioy are eaid to be ex- treinoly ostentatious, and to surpass all oilier na- tions in politeness — if tlie most profuse and hy- pocritical flattery may be sn called. Their dress is lighter than tliat ol the Turks, and they are lavish in the use of jewels and nrold oniatnents. The beard ia held in hiifh estimation, and every art employed to render it thick and tufted. Thev are, however, the most learned people of the t. ; poetry and the sciences may even be con- Ridered as their rulinir passion. In the former, their fame is decidedly superii^r to '.hat of any oth- er oriental nation. Tho naiiu's of Mafiz, Ferdusi, and Sadi, are classic even in Kiirope. The reli- jjion of the country is Mahomedism, of the sect of Ali. In the bei^inning of the last century, I'ersia wai overrun by tho Aft;han3, who carried fire and sword throu;;h its rornotest extromitics, and reduced its proudest capitals to ashes. The atrocities of the Afghans were aven^rcd, and the independence of Persia vindicated, by Nadir Shah ; but, though the victories of this darinir cliief threw a lustre on his country, aflcr his liew, the present sovereign, who ajsumed the title of Futteh Ali Shah. He is rep- resented aa an accoinplished prince ; and his eld- est aon is said to be highly promisinjr. Persian GuJf^ a sea or inland lake, between Persia and Arabia. The entrance ni'ar Orinus is not above 30 m. over ; but within it is from 120 to i^O in breadth, and the li'iigth from Ormus to liie mouth of the Euphralea is 500 m. The southern side is particularly celebrated for its pearl fishery. Person, a county of N. Carulina, Pop. 10,027. Kr>.vbc)rough is tlie Capital. Perth, a borough of Scotland, capital of Perth- shire. It has been the residence of the sovereigns of Scotland, and the seat of the parliament and of the supreme courts of justice. Near tlie town are some saline springs, called Pitcaithly Wells, deemed beneficial in scorlmtic cases. Perth is seated on the S. W. side of the Tay, which is navigable for small vessels, but the largest are obliged to unload at Newburg. Over the river is a modern bridge of 10 arches, the most beautiful in Scotland, to the town of Kinrtoul. Here are sev- eral incorporated trades, some of which have halls. The salmon fishery is a (jrcat article of trade ; and the manufactures of linen and cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, and gloves are considerable. a5 m. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 20. W., lat. 50. 24. N. Pertha, a town of France, department of Seine- ct-Marne, 6 m. S. W. of Melun. Pcrlhc.^, a town in the department of Upper Marne, G m. N. VV. of Si. Dizier. Pcrthshirf, a county of Scotland, 7G m. long and CS bro.id ; bounded VV. by Argyleshire, N. by the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen, E. by Angus-siiire, S. E. by the frilh of Tay and the counties of Fife and Kinross, and S. by the frith of Forth and the counties of Clackmannan, Stirl- ing, and Dumbarton. It contains 4, 0C8,f>40 Eng- lion acres, ia divided into 76 parishes, and the ■umboi of inhabitiinl» in 1S21 wa» 139,060 The country exhibit!) scenes of rugged and striking magniAcence, contrasted with the most beautiful ones of cultivation. Tho Grampian mountains cross it from S. VV. to N. E., the highest of which is Beniawers. The country N. VV. of this ridge is mountainous, and contains several lakes ; but the opposite side, though not free from hills, is more low and fertile. ITic principal rivers are the Forth and Tay. Perth is the capital. Pertig-i, a town of the island of Sardinia, 19 m. S. E. of Castel Aroironese. Pcrttii-i, a town of France, department of Vau- cluse, near the Durance, 11 m. N. of Ai.x. 38 S. K. of . Avignon. Peru, an independent state of S. America, the largest of theformer Spanish viceroyalties, bound- ed on the N. by the republic of Colombia, VV. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by Chile, and E. by Brazil. It is 750 m. in medium length, from N. to S.,and about 500 in breadth. Rain is unknown in the S. parts ; hut in the N., where the mountains are not so high, it often rains e.tcesRively. There are large forests on the sides of the mountains wliich advance near the sea ; hut none of the trees are like those in Europe. Peru has been long celebrated fur its mines of gold and silver, whicli are the chief or only source of its riches. Besides the produce of the mines, the commodi- ties exported are sugar, Vienna wood, cotton, Pe- ruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. The fiercest beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaguar, inaccurately called lions and tigers by the Euro- peans ; for they possess neither the undaunted courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty of the latter. The lama, or American camel, in- habits the cold districts, and the elk, bear, deer, ar madilloes, monkeys, &^., are numerous. Among the birds, the most remarkakle is the condor, which is entitled to pre-eminence over the flying tribe, in bulk, strength and courage. The river Guayaquil abounds with alligators, and the neigh- bouring country swarms almost as much with snakes and vipers as that round Porto Bello dn, ;i with toads. When the Spaniards landed in this country, in 1.530, they found it governed by sov- ereigns called Incas, who were revered by their subjects as divinities . and the inhabitants were found to be much more polished than the natives of other parts of America, those of Mexico ex- cepted. These were soon subdued by the Span- iards, under the command of Francic Pizarro. After the assassination of Pizarro, in 1541, the country continued a prey to civil contentions and insurrections, till about the year 1502, when Tupac Amaru the son of Manco Capac, who had taken refuge in the mountains, was attack- ed by the viceroy Toledo. The inca surrender- ed himself, and waa led to ths •caiTold amid the PES 695 PET tears of tha people. The royal authority, thus established, continued without interruption till 1781, when a descendant of Amaru began an in- surrection. After two years of varied success he was, however, surprised and taken prisoner to- frettier with his family, who were all executed. Peru now remained in subjection to Spain, and in a comparative state of tranquillity for some time ; and in ISO'.', when juntas were established in La Paz and Quito, Peru, sent out troops which sup- pressed their risinc; efforts. In 1817 the Peru- vian army was compelled to evacuate Chile; and Chile in return sent an army into Peru, under general San Martin, who in is2l, in conjunction with the fleet under Lord Cochrane succeeded in liberating it from the Spanish yoke. The country has since undergone so many changes that it cannot at present be considered as in a set- tled slate. Lima is the capital. See jlmcrica. Peru, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 30 m. N. E. Ben- nington. Pop. 4.55. This town produces the best iron in the United States; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 118 m. \V. Boston. Pop. /'JO; p.t. Clinton Co. N. V. on Lake Champlain opposite Burling- ton. Pop. 4,940; p. v. Huron and Delaware Cos. Ohio. Perugia, a province of Italy, in the pope's do- minions comprehending the ancient province of Perutrino. It is 2-"'> m. long and 2-1 broad ; and is bounded W. by Tuscany, S. by Orvieto, E. by Spoleto and Urbino, and N. by Citta di Castello. The soil is fertile in corn and good wine. Perugia, the capital of tlie above province, and a bishop's see, witli a strong citadel and univer- sity. The churches, and many other buildings, public and private, are very handsome. It is seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 6.") m. N. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 4^. fi. N. Ptrugia, a lake of Italy, 8 m. W. of the city of its name. It is almost round, 5 m. in diameter, and in it are three islands. Peruvian Mountains,^ range in the north-eastern part of New Vork running parallel with Lake Champlain. The highest summit is called White- face, and is :?,000 feet above the lake. Pcsaro, a sea-port of the ecclesiastical states, in the delegation of Urbino, and a bishop's see ; the cathedral is magnificent, and it has several handsome churches, with e.vquisite paintings. The environs are remarkaMeior producing olives and excellent figs. It is seated on an eminence, at the mouth of the Foglia, on the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. N. E. of Urbino. Long. 13. 8. E., lat. 45. 52. N. Pescara, a strong town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, at the mouth of a river of the same name, en the gulf of Venice, 9 m. N. N. E. of Chieti. Peschicra, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in the Veronea*. It wa< taken by tb* French in ITLHi; and the garrison surrendered to the Aus- trians in 1799. It is seated on the river Mincio, where it proceeds from the lake Garda, lU m. W. of Verona. Pcscia, a town of Tuscany, in the province of Florence, celebrated for its fine oil, 2S m. N. E ol Florence. Pescina, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, near the Lake Celano, 20 m. S. by E. of Aquila. Peseiuis, a town of France, department of Ile- rault, on the river Herault, 12 m. N. E. of Be- ziers. Pest, a. town of Hungary, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a fortress, a royal palace, and a university, the only one in tlie kingdom. Here arc many Greek merchants, who conduct the Levant trade to Germany and the northern nations. It is seated on the L. side of the Danube, opposite Buda, 9lj m. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 19. 8. E., lat. 47. 30. N. Pesti, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, seated near the magnificent ruins of the ancient Paestum, 20 m. S. E. of Salerno. Pclapa, a town of Mexico, 25 m. S. E. of Guatimala. Petaguel, a province on the N. coast of Brazil, between the provinces of Seara and Rio Grande. It contains mines of silver. Pe-tche-li, the principal province of China, bounded on the N. by the Great Wall and part of Tartary, E. by the Yellow Sea, S. by Chaiig-tong and Ilo-nan, and W. by the mountains of Chan- si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which have many others under their jurisdiction. Al- though Pe-tche-li extends no further than 42. N. lat. yet all its rivers are so much frozen during four mouths in the year that waggons with the heaviest loads may safely pass them. The soil is sandy, and produces very little rice ; but it abounds with all other kinds of grain, and with the greater part of the fruit trees common in Europe. But, what renders this province the most considerable, is that the riches of the whole empire are brnugbt hither, the southern provinces furnishing it wUli every tiling they produce that is most uncommon and delicious. The inhabitants, in general, are reckoned not so polite, nor so apt to learn flu* sciences, as those of the southern provinces ; I'tit they are stronger and more warlike. Their n»i ru- ber is estimated at 38,000,000. Pekin i«tlie capiinl. Peter and Paul, St., or PctroyauivsUoi. a sea-pni t of Russia, in Kamtschatka. The town consi^l.^ of some log-houses and a few conical huts. Cn;i- tain Gierke, who succeeded captain C"ok, snd died at sea, was interred here. It is seati'd on the E. side of Awatska Bav. Long. 158. 48. E., hit. 53. 1 . N. Peter Ic Port, St., a market town in the isl iii.l of Guernsey, with an excellent harbour, defeiidul by two castles. Peterborough. VicMy in Northamptrnshire, Eng. It is a bishop's see, and contains 8,558 inhab- itants ; the cathedral was formerly > monaste- ry. The market-place is spacious, the streets re- gular, and many of the buildings extremely ne.i". ■file manufacture of stockings is extensive, au-1 considerable trade is carried on in corn, coal, and timber. 81 ui. N. of London. Long. 0. 4. W , lat. 52. 30. N. Peterborough, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 40 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1,984. Here are man. ufactures of cotton, woolen, paper, oil, &c. ; p.t. M.adi8on Co. N. Y. 122 m. W. Albany. PET 596 P£T Peterhead, a sea-port of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, situate on a peninsula, about a m. S. of the mouth of Ugie. It has two harbours, ilefcnilod by piers ; a considerable trade in the fishery, and to the Ualtic ; and niannfactiircs of lliread, woolen clotli, and cotton. Here is a small fort and a bat- tery. A mineral sprinij, of a powerful diuretic quality, and the sea-bathing, bring a great resort of company, for whose accorntnodation there is a ball-room and manv elegant bouses. 'M m. N. E. of Aberdeen. Long. 1 . :i'>. W., lat. 57. 2*. N. Pliers, a township of Kranklin Co. Pa. PcUrshur^h, a government or province of Rus- BJa, at the E. extremity of the gulf of Finland. The greater part of this province, was formerly called Ingernianland or Ingria. It comprises an area of l,-,(lll() square miles, with 700,000 inhabit- ants. Timber forms the chief source of wealth. Pctcrshurgh, the metropolis of the Russian em- pire, in the government of the same name, is sit- uated on the river Neva, near the gulf of Finland, and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth of that river, and partly upon the continent. So late as the beginning of the last century, the ground on which Petersburgh now stands was only a vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's huts. Peter the Great first began this city in I70:5. He built a small liut for himself, and some wretched wooden hovels. In 1710 tlic Count Gnbivkin built the first house of brick, and the ne.xt year the emperor, with his own hand, laid the founda- tion of ahouse of the same material. From these small beginnings rose the imperial city of Peters- burgli ; and, in less than nine years after the wooden hovels were erected, the seat of empire was transferred from Moscow to this place. The streets, in general are broad and spacious; and three of the principal ones, which meet in a point at the admiralty, are at least two m. in length. The mansions of the nobles arc vast piles of build- ing, furnished with great cost, in the same ele- gant style as at Paris or London, and situated chiefly on the S. side of the Neva, either in the admiralty quarter, or in tlie suburbs of Livonia and Moscow, which are the finest parts of the city. The views upon the banks of the Neva ex- hibit the grandest and most lively scenes imagi- nable. That river is in many places as broad as the Thames at London : it is also deep, rapid, and as transparent as crystal; and its banks are lined on each side with a continued range of grand buildings. On the N. the fortress, the academy of sciences, and the academy of arts, are the most striking objects. On the opposite side are the imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of many Russian nobles, and the English line, so called because it is mostly occupied by English merchants. In the front of these buildings, on the P. side, is the quay, which extends three m. encept where it is interrupted by the admiralty ; and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has been embanked by a wall, parapet, and pavement of hewn granite. There are no fewer than H5 great churches (almost every sect of Christains being tolerated), and the number of inhabitants is supposed to be about300,000. It is said that 3,000 one-horse sledges are cmploved for passengers in the streets, in winter. From its low and marshy situation, it is subject to inundations, which have sometimes risen so high as to threaten the town with a total submersion. The opposite divisions of Petersburg, situated on each side of the Neva, are connected by two bridges on pontoons, which, on account of the largo masses office driven down the stream from lake Ladoga, are usually removed when these masses first make their appearance ; and for a few days, till the river is frozen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no communi- cation between the opposite parts of the town. Among the noblest ornaments of Petersburg is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great, in bronze, erected by Catherine H. in 17d2. It is of colossal size, and stands on a huge pedestal of rock, brought there at great expense. Within the walls of the fortress is the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, in which are deposited the remains of Peter the Great, and of the successive sovereigns, except Peter II., who was buried at Moscow. The lite- rary and scientific institutions are numerous but the most important is the university, founded in 1819. A Bible society is established on an ex- tensive scale, having upwards of 200 auxiliarieo in different parts of the empire. Of the charita- ble institutions the principal are the fmindliiiff hospital, the sailors' hospital, the lazaretto, tl'it asylum for the blind, the asylum for tlie deaf and dumb, the humane society, &c. The manufac- tures are various, and some of them of considera- ble extent ; and the commercial intercourse is important from its extensive communication with the interior, this being the only great maritime outlet in the gulf of Finland. The principal ex- ports are hemp, flax, skins, leather, iron, tallow, &c. : the imports sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, dyewood, spices, hardware, &c. The number of ships that enter the Neva annually, of which nearly half are British, varies from 1 ,000 to 1 ,700. In 1831 this city suffered severely by the pesti- lential cholera. Petersburg is 355 m. N. VV. of Moscow, 430 N.E. of Stockholm, and 1,400 E. N. E. of London. Long. 30. 20. E,, lat. 59. 5G. N. Petersburg, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E. Albany. Pop. 2,011 ; p.t. Adams. Lancaster and Perry Cos. Pa. ; p.t. Dinwiddle Co. V'a. on the Ap- pomattox, 25 ra. S. Richmond. This town is a port of entry, and has a considerable commerce in grain, flour, cotton and tobacco. Pop. 8,322; p.t. Elbert Co. Geo. on the Savannah, 35 m. above Augusta ; p. v. Woodland Co. and Boone Co. Ken. p.t. Columbiana Co. Ohio ; p. v. Pike Co. Ind. Pelersdorf, a town of Prussia, in the province of Samland, 24 m. S. of Konigsberg. Pctersficid, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 54 m. S. W. of London. Petershagen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a castle, seated on theWeser, 7 m. N. N. E. of Minden. Prtersliam, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 67 m . W. by N. Boston. Pop. 1,695. Pctersliaitsen, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a Benedictine abbey and a fort ; seated on the N. side of the Rhine, opposite Constance. Peterstoicn , p.t. Monroe Co. Va. Peterscille, p.t. Frederick Co. V'a. PcUrwaradin, a town of Sclavonia, one of the strongest frontier places the house of Austria has against the 'Turks, over whom, in ]71(), prince Eugene here gained a great victory. It is seated on the Danube, opposite the fortress of Neusatz, in Hungary. 40 m. N. W. of Belgrade Long. 20. 30. E., lat. 45. 23. N. Pclhcrtoji, South, a. town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a manufacture of dowlas ; 130 m. W. by S. of London. Petiffliano, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- nese, 8 m. W. of Castro and 45 S. E. of Sien- na. Petit Guave, a sea-port of St. Domingo, seated PFO 597 PHI on a bay at the W. end of the island. It is 200 ni. K. of Jamaica. Long. 72. 52. VV., lat. 18. 27. N. Fctoune, a city of Eastern TarUry, in the prov- ince of Kirin, inhabited principally by Tartar soldiers and Chinese condemned to e.\ilc. It is seated on the Songari, l.'iO m. N. by W. of Kirin. Long. 125. 5.5. E., lat. 4^. 10. N. Pctrdla, a town of Naples, in the Principato Citra, 11 in. E.of iVIolise. PrtrMa, a town of Albania, 20 m. S. E. of Durazzo. Pclrilioio, a town of Poland, and for some time the meeting-place of the Polish diets, 60 rn. S. VV. of Warsaw. Long. 19. 40. E.. lat. 51. 12. N. Pftrina, a strong town of the Austrian states, in Croatia, seated on the Kulpa, 37 m. E. of Carl- st.idt. Petrozacodsk, a town of Russia, capital of the government of Olonetz, with manufactures of stoneware, leather, lead, &c., and a foundery for cannon. It is seated on Lake Onega, C5 m N. E. of Olonetz. I'cUu]iollij,a town of Hindoostan, in the district of Guntoor, sealed on the bay of Bengal, 33 m. S. S. E. of Condavir and 48 N. E. of Ongule. Pctlaw, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, with considerable manufactures; seated on the Drave, 15 m. S. E. of Marchburg. Pvltycvr, a harbour of Scotland, in Fifesliire, one mile W. of Kinghorn, in the frith of Forth. It is the usual landing-place of passengers from Leith, on the opposite shore. Pcttaort/i, a town in Sussex, Eng. In the cen- tre of the town is a very handsome markei-house of stone ; and in the church are interred the re- mains nf many of the Pcrcies, earls of Norihum- herland ; sealed near the Arun, 12 m. N. E. of Chichester and 48 S. W. of London. Pcvensc.^, a village in Sussex, Eng. 14 m. W. S. W. ofllnslings, situate on a small river which runs into a bay of the English Channel, called Pevensey Harbour. Here is an ancient castle, which belonged to Robert, earl of Morton, and is said to be the largest and most entire remain of Roman buildings to be seen in Britain. Peven- sey was anciently a famous haven, tliough now it i.s nearly 2 m. from the sea. Here William the Contjucror landed, when he invaded England. Ptijlonsliur;;, a village of Pittsylvania Co. V'a. P/«j?V;nA«/<:7i, a town of Bavaria, with a Bene- dictine monastery at a small distance. It is seat- ed on the 11m, 15 m. S. of Ingolstadt. — Also a town of Wurtemberg, on the Za'ber, 18 m. N. of Stullgard ; — a town ofthe Austrian states, in Ty- rol, sealed on the Inn, 15 m. W. of Innspruck ; — and a village of Bavaria, 8 m. S. E. of Ulm. Pfiilzcl, a town of Prussia, in the province of Lower Rhine. It has a convent, which was form- erly a palace of the kings of the Franks, and is seated on the Moselle, 3 m. N. E. of Treves. Pfeddcrsheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt ; seated on the river Prim, 5 m. W. of Worms. PfcffiUon, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, 12 m. E. of Zurich. Pfcicr, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the same name, near its conflux with the Danube, 14 m. E. by S. of Ratisbon. PJhn-iind-Entz, one of the ten circles of the grand duchy of Baden, lying along the two rivers Pfmz and Entz, from the Rhine to the frontiers of Wurtemberg. Bruchsal is the chief town. Pfortm,a. townof Lusatia, 10 m. S. of Guhen. Pforzheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a castle, and a considerable trade in wood, and manufactures of cloth, stuffs, stockings, jewell- ry, and watches. It is seated on the Entz, 15 m. E. by S. of Durlach. PfTcimbt, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat- ed at the conflux of the Pfreimbt with the Nab, 10 m. £. of Amberg. PfuUendorf, a town of Baden, seated on the Andalspatch, 22 m. N. by E. of Constance. PfuUiiigc7t, a town of Wurtemberg, 6 m. S. K. of Tubingen. Plialshurir, a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Meurthe, near the Vosges mountains, 27 m. W. N. W. of Strasburg. Pkanagora, a town of Russia, in the island of Taman, with a strong fort. The ruins still show that it has formerly been large and magnificent. It is seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 70 m. E. by N. of Caffa. Long. 3G. 40. E.. lat. 45. 12. N. Pharos, a sman isia>.d :7. Viie iVieditcrranean Sea opposite Alexandria, in Egypt, the space between which and tlie continent forms an extensive har- bour. It has a communication with the continent by a stone causeway and bridge. It had ff)rmer- !y an exceedingly nigh tower upon it called the Pharos, on the top of which were lights for the di- rection of ships. Long. 31. 11. E., lut.30. 24. N. Pharsalia, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. W. Norwich. Pop. 087. Pharza, anciently Pharsalia, a town of Greece, in Thessaly, famous for the decisive victory gain- ed by Julius Cajsar over Pompey,in 48 B. C. It is an archiepiscopal see, and seated on the Eni- peus, 10 m. S. of Larissa. Phelps, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 200 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 4,798. Philadelphia. See .illa-Sheir. Philadelphia, a county of the E. district of Pennsylvania comprising 120 sq. m. besides the city of that name and its suburbs. Pop. 188,9(3] . Pliilndelphia, the chief city in Pennsylvania and formerly the seat of government, stands on the western bank of the Delaware, 120 miles from the sea by the course of the river and bay, and 5 miles above the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill. The site is a perfect level, and the city is built on the most uniform rectangular plan. The houses are of dark colored brick, and the streets from 50 to 100 feet wide; it is probably the most regular city in the world, a circumstance that secures it numberless advantages in the way of convenience, but which deprives it of all that is picturesque and diversified in aspect. It ha.s many buildings of striking elegance ; the finest is the United States Bank, which haw a front of white marble, on the model of the Parthenon, Another edifice formerly occupied for the same purpo.se has a handsome marble front of the Cor- inthian order ; some of the other banks, and many ofthe churches are fine specimens of architecture. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is a chartered company having for its object the en- couragement of the arts of painting, sculpture, architecture and engraving. It has a good col- lection of paintings, some fine pieces of statuary and a library. The academy of Natural Sciences have also a good museum and library, and conduct a scientific journal. There are about 40 periodicals in the city including 23 newspapers, 8 of which arc daily. Bookselling is an active branch of busi- ness, and consists chiefly in the republication of Eiiglish works. The manufactures of this city, and the ueigli pur G98 PHI bourhood are principally of cotton cloth, iron, glass, china, carpenter's work,rk on Ornithology. TiiLs nmsetim also con- tains tlir most pcificl sKilrlmi 't\' iIji' nianimoth which has yet been found in this country. The miiitof the United Slates is a neat niarlde edifice. The University of Pennsylvania, establislied at this place was founded in 17.'>.">; it has It instructers and J25 students. The Pennsylvania Hospital, is one of the oldest and best institutions of the kind in the country ; it comprises two buildings, one of 278 feet in length ; the number of patients is u.'iually about 200. West's painting of Christ healing the sick, presented by the artist to the hospital, is shown in a building attached to the establishment. The Philadelpliia hbrarv was es- tablislied by the e.tertions of l)r Franklin, and now contains 2"2,000 volumes : the building is or- namented with a marble statue of the founder. The American Philosophical Society have a libra- ry of 4,000 volumes. The Athencum 9,000. The Academy of Natural Sciences 2,000. The Society hia with water; the Schuylkill is dammed, and the water of the river raised into reservoirs hold- ing nearly 20,000,000 gallrjus. From these the water is conveyed in pipes, amounting in agjrregate length to 55 miles, throiigh Philadel- phia and the suburbs. These works cost nearly a million and a half of dollars. Tliere are two bri^dgesover the Schuylkill below the water works. The Delaware at the city is ihree quarters of a mile wide, and is navigable for ships of the line. The city extends nearly from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. The streets are kept uncommonly clean, the markets are well supplied, and living is cheaper than in any other large city in the United States. It is a very agreeable place of residence except in summer, when the heat is intense. It was founded by William Penn in KW2; and is governed by a Mayor, two councils and a board of aldermen. The expenses of the city in 1830 were 2.55,551 dollars. In commerce it is the fourth city in the union: in 1828 the shiiipiiif' owned here amounted to 104,080 tons. It is in IV. lat. :!!l. 57. W., Long. 75. 18. 138 m. N. E. Washington; 100 N. E. "Baltimore; 00 S. W.NewYork; 300 S. W. Boston. Pop. 107 ,811, P/iUaihlplUa, n.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 173 m N. W. Albany. Pop. 1 ,l(i7 ; p.v. Monroe Co. Ten P/iihnitliropy, p.v. Hath Co. Ohio. Pliilip, St., a town of Spain. See Xativa. I'li'ilip, St., a town of Brazil. See Lnis dc Mar- anfiam, St. Philip Ishinds, two i.slands in the S. Pacific, discovered by captain Hunter in 1701. They are 5 m. asunder, but almost joined by a sandv spit above water. They are covered with shrubs, have few tall trees onihein,and the land is low. Long, of the eastern island 140. 3. E., lat. 8. fi. S. PJiili/ipnille, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, 22 m. S. by W. of Namur. PhVippi, a town of Maccdon, and an arelibisli- op s see. Near this jilace commonly called the plains of Philippi, Cassius and Brutus were de- feated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 B. C. It is greatly decayed, but an amphitheatre and several other monuments of its ancient grandeur remain. (10 m. E. of Saloniea. Long. 24. 18. E., lat. 40. 40. N. Philippine, a strong town of the Netherlands, in Flanders. It was taken by the French in 1747, and again in 1704 ; but restored in 18)4. Jt is seated on an arm of the Scheldt, 15 m. N. by W. of Client. Philippine Islands, a large cluster of islands, said to be 1 ,100 in number, in the E. Indian Ocean. They were discovered by Magellan in 1510. The air is very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in rice, &c. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits all the year. There are many wild beasts and birds, quite unknown in Europe. The inhabitants are aftVible, hospitable, and honest. They cultivate the land with considerable skill, and rear pigs, fowls, goats, and buffaloes, under the same roof with themselves. The houses are bamboo, covered with palm leaves, rahsed on pil- lars to tlie height ol nine feet. The chief food con- sists of rice, cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. Further particulars are given under tlie names of the re- spective islands. " Philippines, JVew. See Pelew Islands. Pliilippopoli, a town of Macedon, founded by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1818. It is seated on a small island formed by the Ma- rizza, 95 m. W. N. W. of Adrianoplc. Philips JYorton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. and 104 m. W. of London. PhilipsbuTg, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y., Warren Co. N. J., Centre Co. Pa. and Jefferson Co. Ohio. PhilipsviUe, a village in New Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. /■/liV/j'/js, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,1.52. Ilel ena is the capital. Phillips, p.v. Somerset Co. Me. 109 m. N. Port- land. PUilipsburtr, a town of Germany, in the grand dueliy of Baden, formerly fortified and considered as one of the bulwarks of the empire. It was taken by the French in 1734, when the duke of Berwick was killed at the siege ; but it was re- stored the year following by the treaty of Vienna. In 1700 it was four times blockaded by the French republicans, and was at length completely dia. P.D 599 PIL mantled. It is seated «n the Rliinu, 17 m. N. of I Durlach. , . ,,, , , 1 I'ltilipstadt, a town cf Sweden, m Wermeland, ( srated in a mountainous country, abounding in inin mines, between two lakes, and watered by a i rivulet. 2!l in. N. E. ofCarlstadt and ICO W. by j N. of Stockholm. Philipstown, a town of Ireland, capital of King's county. 41) m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 13. VV., lat. 53. 18. N. Phillipstoimi, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. on the Hudaon, nearly opposite West Point. Pop. 4,.-' 10. I'liillipston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. U5 m. N. \V. lioslon. Pop. 932. t'hiloiie, p.v, Franklin Co. Ohio. 14 m. from Columbus. PlujisbuTg, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kenne- bee. 20 m. S. W. Wiscasset. Piaccnza. See Plareiiza. Piaiuxza, a town and castle of the Sardinian stales, in Piedmont, seated on the Dora, 6 m. W. of Turin. Piaunza,an island off the coast of Tuscany, G m. S. of that of Elba. It is level and low, as the name imports. Long. 10. 34. E., lat. 42. 40. N. Piin^e, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in the delegation of Feltre, flows through the Vene- tian territory, and falls into the gulf of Venice, IG Ml. N. E. of Venice. Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, situ- ate almost in the centre of the island, 3d m. W. N. VV. of Lentini. Piciirdif, a former province of France, on the Knglish Channel, now chiefly included in the de- jmrtjnent of Somnie. Pi I-!: away, a. county of Ohio. Pop. ]o,!)3o, Cir- cleville is the capital. Also a town in this Co. on the Scioto. Piikvring, a town in N. Yorksliire, Eng. It had a strong castle, in which Ricliard II. was confined, now in ruins. The parish church is an ancient and spacious building, with a fine lofty spire; and here are meeting-houses for Indepen- dents, Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and Friends. 20 m. N. E. of York and 222 i\. by W. of London. I'ico, one of the Azores or Wei.tern Islands. It has a volcanic mountain, called Pico, about 8,000 feet in perpendicular height, from the sur- face of the sea to the summit of the peak ; on its sides are numerous craters, several of which are now almost concealed by trees. The last erup- tion of the peak happened in 1713, and destroyed several vineyards. The island is about 80 m. in circumference, and produces a great deal of wine. Long. 28. 20. \V., lat. 38. 29. N. Pickincha, a volcano in South America, 15,993 feel above the sea. It is situated near Quito, n deg. S. of the equator. Pidiens, a county of Alabama. Pop. C,620. Pickens is the capital, Pickenseille, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. Pictou, a small island, between that of St. John and the continent of Nova Scotia, at the E. end of Northumberland Strait. Long. 62. 15. W., lat. 45. 50. N. Pcjfs' Walt, in England, a famous barrier against the Picts, of which some remains are left. It be- gan at the entrance of Solway Frith, in Cumber- land, and, passing E. by Carlisle, was continued across the island to Tynemouth. Pidaura, a town of the Morea, the ancient Epidaurus. It is situate on the W. coast of the gulf of Egina, 25 ni. E. of Napoli di Romania. Long. 23. 22. E., lat. 37. 40. N. Piiilmont, a principality of Italy, 150 m. long and 90 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Valais, E. by the Milanese, S. by the county of Nice and the territory of Genoa, and W. by France. It contains many high mountains, among which are rich and fruitful valleys, as populous as any part of Italy. In th(^ mountains are rich mines of several kinds, and the forests afford a great deal of game. The principal rivers are the Po, Tana- ro, Sturia, and Doria. This country has a great trade in raw silk ; and it produces corn, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs to the king of Sardinia, whose authority was re- stored in 1814. Turin is the capital. Picnza, a town of Tuscany, 25 m. S. E. of Siena. Picretj, a township of Coos Co. N. II. Pop. 230. Picrmont, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,042. Pierpont, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Pierrcpoint, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. T. Pop. 749. Pierre, St., a small island near Newfoundland, ceded to the French in 1703, for drying and curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it by the English in 1793. Long. 50. 0. W., lat. 40. 39. N. Pierre, St., a town of the island of Martinico, situate on a round bay, on the VV. coast, 15 ni. N. W. of Fortroyal. Long. 01. 21. W., lat. 14. 44. N. Pierre le Moutier, St., a town of France, depart- ment of Nievre, 15 m. N. W. of Moulins and 150 S. of Paris. Pietola, a village of Austrian Italy, near Man- tua, the birth-place of Virgil, to whose memory an obelisk was erected in 1797, by Bonaparte. Pielro, St., an island in the Mediterranean, 13 m. long and 3 broad, near the S. W. coasts of Sardinia, taken by the French in 1703, but reta- ken soon after. Pignerol, or Pigncrola, a town of Piedmont, and a bishop's see, with manufactures of woolen, silk, paper, and leather, and a trade in corn, wine, spirits, &c. It is seated on the Cluson, 20 m. S. VV. of Turin. Pike, a county of tlie E. District of Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 4,8-13. Milford js the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 0,024. Piketon is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,677. PikcviUe is the capital; a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,404. Petersburg is the capital ; a county of Missouri. Pop. 0,122. Bowling Green is the capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 5,402. liolmesville is the capital ; also towns and villages in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,016. Bradford Co. Pa., Knox, Perry, Madison, Wayne, Starke and Clark Cos. Ohio. Pikcland, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Pike Run, a township of Washington Co. Pa. PikesviUe, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. Pikmillc, p.v. Marion Co. Alabama. Pihsgrove, a township of Salem Co. N. J. Pilgram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, at the source of the Islau, 28 m. E. of Tabor. ^ ' Pillau, a sea-port of Prussia, on the Baltic. Tlie harbour is good, and it is well fortified, be- ing considered as the bulwai'k and key of the kingdom. Here is a magazine for military stores ; and below the gate of the castle is a stone equea- PIO coo MS Irian slatnc of Frederic William llie Groat. The streets are broad and straight, and the houses Luilt in the Dutc)i taste. In 1607 it was taken l)V the French, and re-taken by the Russians in l-i;l. It is 20 m. W. by S. of Konigsberg, of V. liich it is the port. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 54. 3rf. N. i*i7nt(i, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a royal palace, celebrated for a treaty entered into by tlie princes of Kurope against France, in 1792. The palace was burned down in 1818, but has since l)een rebuilt. 7 m. S. E. of Dresden. Pilsen, a town of nolieinia, capital of a circle of the same name, which is particularly rich in sheej), and noted for excellent cheese. The town is fortified and well built, and seated at the con- flux of the Radbuza and Walta, ,t5 m. S. W. of Pracrue. Long. 13. 3'.). E., lat. 49. 42. N. I'ilsno, or I'ihuw, a town of Austrian Poland, seated on the Wisloka, CO m. E. of Cracow. Piftni, a town of Russia,' in Courland, capital of a fertile district of its name ; seated on the riv- er Windau, 10 m. N. N. W. of Goldingen. PintUnrg^ p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 7d3; p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri. PineliHci/rillc, p.t. Union Dis. S. C Pinr., townships in Alleghany and Lycoming Cos. Pa. Pine OroTe, a township of Schuylkill Co. Pa.; p.v. Warren Co. Pa. Pine Hill, p.v. York Dis. S. C. PinrtilU, p.v. Charleston Dis. S. C. 50 m. N. Charleston. Pines, Isle of, an island in the S. Pacific, off the S. end of New Caledonia, 14 m. in length. It is a pointed hill, sloping toward the extremities, which are very low ; and on the low land are manv tall pine trees. Long. 107. 38. E., lat. 22. 38. g. See Pinos. Pineii, a town of France, department of Aube, 12 m. (•:. N. E. ofTroycs. Pin^-kin^, or Pivtr-t/uen, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koeitcheou, 930 m. S. S. W. of Pckin. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 26. as. N. Pina-liang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chcn-si ; seated on the river Kln-ho, 5.50 m. S. W. of Pekin, Long. 106. 2.5. E., lat. 35. 35. N. PinJul, a strong town of Portugal, in Beira, capital of a territory of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Coa, 28 m. N. by W. of Guarda. Long. C. 40. W., lat. 40. 4G. N. Pinncberg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Holstein, capital of a small province of its name, with a castle. It is seated on the Owe, 10 m. N. W. of Hamburgh. Pinos, an island of the W. Indies, on the S. side of Cuba, 25 m. long and 15 broad, mountain- ous, and covered with pines. Long. 82. 33. W., lat. 22. 2. N. PinsI;, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov- ernment of Minsk. There are many Jews among the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a bishop. The chief manufacture is dressing Russian leather. It is surrounded by morasses, and stands on a riv- er of the same name, 90 m. E. of Brzesc. Long. 26. 20, E., lat. 52. 16. N. Piomliino, a small principality of Italy, on the coast of Tuscany, to which was annexed tlie Island of Elba, separated by a channel 7 m. broad. Piomhino, a sea-port of Italy, capital of the above principality. It has a good harbour, de fended by a citadel, and is seated on a peninsula, 40 m. S. -S. E. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 23. E., lat. 42. 57. N. Pipcrno, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in Campagna di Roma, built out of the ruins of the ancient I'rivernum, and seated on a mountain, m. N. N. W. of Terracina. Pipley, town of Bengal, seated on the Suban reeka, not far from its mouth, 53 m. S. of Mid- napore. Piqua, p.t. Miami Co. Ohio. Piruno, a small sea-port of the Austrian states, in Istria, seated on a peninsula Cm. S. W. of Capo d'Istria. Piritz, a town of Pomerania, seated near the lake Maldui, 12 m. S. by W. of New Stargard. Pirniasens, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, the French were defeated by the Prussians. It is 13 m. E. of Deux Ponts. Pima, a town of Saxony, celebrated for a battle fought in its neighbourhood, between the allies and the French, in 1613. It has a castle on a mountain, called Sonnenstein, which was almost destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, and is now an asylum for invalids, &c. It is a place of considerable trade, situate on the Elbe, 12 m. S. E. of Dresden. Pisa, a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisano, and an archbishop's see, with a famous university and three forts. The river Arno runs through Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of whic^h is constructed of' marble ; and there is a canal hence to Leghorn. This city formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants, but there are not at present 20,000. The manufactures consist of steel, jew- cllry, embroidery, damasks, velvet, taffeta, and calico. The cathedral is a magnificent structure, and on the right side of the choir is a leaning tower, much noticed by travellers. There are upwards of 80 other churches: that of St. Stephen, belonging to an order of knights, is particularly deserving of notice. The other remarkable build- ings are the palaces of the grand duke and arch- bishop, the arsenal, the great hospital, and the magnificent exchange, which last is almost super- fluous, as the trade of Pisa is removed to Leghorn. It is seated in a fertile plain, at a small distance from the Mediterranean, 11 m. N. N. E. of Leg- horn and 42 W. by S. of Florence. Long. 10. sS. E., lat. 43. 43. N. Pisano, a territory of Tuscany, lying N. of the Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 m. long and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, and wine, and is well cultivated. Pisa is the capital. Piscadores. See Pong-hou. Piscataqua , a. river of New Hampshire, the mouth of which forms the only port in that state, and at its entrance is a lighthouse, in long. 70. 41 . W., lat. 43. 4. N. Piscataway, a township of Middlesex Co. N. J. ; p.t. Prince George Co. Maryland. 18 m. S. of Washington. Pisco, a town of Peru, in the province of lea, witli a good road for ships. It is seated in a coun- try fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, 130 m. S. S. E. of Lima. Long. 75. t)5. W., lat. 13. 36. S. Pisck, a town of Bohemia, capital of the circle of Prachin. Bohemian diamonds are found here. It is seated on the Wotawa, near its conflux with the Muldau, 58 m. S. S. W. of Prague. Long. 14 0. E., lat. 49. 21. N. PIT 601 PLA Pistoia, a city of Tuscany, and a bishop a see, with a citadel. There are several fine churches, magnificent palaces, and handsome streets ; but it is almost deserted, in comparison to what it was formerly. The Austrians defeated the Neapolitans here in 1815. It is seated near the river Stella, 20 miles N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 29. E., lat. 43. 55. N. Pitcairn's Is'aiiil, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean in lat, 2.5. 2. S. Lon^r. 130. 21. \V. It is surrounded by rocks and dilficult of access, yet is fertile and pleasant. Here the mutineers of the liounty formed a settlement v.'hich lias since been visited by British and American ships. The inhabitants are about 50 or (iO, a mi.vture of Eu- ropeans and Otaheitans ; their manners are civil- ized, and they speak English. PUcuilhhj, a villafje of Scotland, seated in a se- questered vale, 5 miles S. of Perth. Its mineral waters have been lon*^ famed in scorbutic com- plaints, and it has good accommodations for in- valids. Pitlta, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, seated on a small island, at the mouth of a river of its name, in the gulf of Botlinia. It is joined to the continent by a wooden bridge, and is 95 miles N. N. E. of Uma. Long. 20. 58. E. lat. 05. 15. N. Pitschtn, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- ernment of Bri'slau, on the frontiers of Poland, 50 miles E. of Breslau. Pin, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 12,174. Greenville is the Capital. PiUcnicrrm, a borou(,'b of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vi- cinity are coal mines and salt-works. 10 miles S. by 10. of St. Andrew and 24 N. E. of Edinburgh. Piltsborougk, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. 26 m. W. Raleigh. Pittsburt;, city, Alleghany Co. Pa. the chief town in the western part of the state. It stands upon a point of land at the junction of the Alle- ghany and Monongahela rivers, which here take the name of Ohio. It is built on a regular plan upon the slope of an eminence, and a level plain at its foot, it IS finely situated for trade, and en- joys a communication by steamboats with all the great towns on the Ohio and Mississippi ; l>ut it Ts most distinguished for its large and flourishing manufactures of glass, iron, woolen and cotton, for which see Pcnnsijlvania. The surrounding country is exceedingly rich in bituminous coal, which is delivered at the houses for three cents the bushel. The constant use of this fuel causes a perpetual cloud of black smoke to hang over the place. The suburbs, Birmingham and Alle- ghany, lie on tile opposite sides of the two rivers and communicate with the city by bridges. Pitts- burg is a very flourishing place ; it is not a hand- somely built town ; yet it contains some neat edi- fices. Pop. 12,.542. Pillsficld, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Boston. Pop. 3,570. It is a pleasant town and has manufactures of cloth, muskets and drums. Here are barracks and a hospital of the United Slates. p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 15 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,271; p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 505; p.t. Otsego Co. N. y. Pop. 1,005. PiUsforil, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 2,005 p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,R1 1 , Pittsgrorc, p.t. Salem Co. N. J. Plnstmi,p.l. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1 ,.«04 ; p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. ; p (. Luzerne Co. Pa. P(«s(o70H, p t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,702. 76 Pittsylvania, a county of tha E. DiBtrict of Vur ginia. Pop.2G,022. Piura, a town of Peru, capital of a province of the same name. This was the first Spanish set- tlement in Peru, being founded by Pizarro in 1.531. Itia25m. S. E ofPaita. Long. 80. 29. W., lat. .5. 15. S. Pizzighitonc, a town of Austrian Italy, with a strong castle, in which Francis I. of France was kept prisoner. It was taken by the French in 1733, again in 17%, and retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is situate on the Adda, 10 m N.W. of Cremona and 30 S. E. of Milan. Pizzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on the gulf of St. Euphemia 4 m. W.by N. of Monte Leone. Placcnlia, a town of Spain in Estremadura, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated in a plain, almost surrounded bv mountains, 50 m. N. E. of Alcantara and 110 W. S. W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 55. W., lat. 40. G. N. Plactntia, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated oa the Deva, 25 m. E. by S. of Bilbao. Placenlia, a sea-port of Newfondland, on the E. side of a large bay on the S. part of the island. The harbour is capacious, and defended by a fort, called St. Louis. It is GO m. W. S. W. of St. John. Long. 53. 43. W., lat. 47. 15. N. Placenza, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated universi- ty. The churches, squares, streets, and fountains are beautiful. The inhabitants, about 30,000, have scarcely any other employment than the manu- facture of silk stuffs. At this place the Austrians gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and 5'rencli in 1746. In 1796 it was taken by the French, who were forced to evacuate it in 1799. In 1800 it again fell into the hands of the French, and was retained till 1814. It is of greater ex- tent than Parma, and is seated in a well cultivated country, near the river Po, 33 m. W. N. W. of Parma. Long. 9. 33. E., lat. 45. 5. N. See Parma. Plain, townships in Stark, Wayne and Frank- lin Cos. Ohio. Plainfield, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 874 ; p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 1,581 ; p.t. Hamp- shire Co. Mass. 110 m. W. Boston. Pop. 933; p.t. Otsego Co. N. y. Pop. 1,626; p.t. Essex Co. N. J. Northampton Co. Fa. and Coshocton Co. Ohio. Plaistow, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 591. Plan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- sen. with a castle, 20 m. S. E. of Egra. Plaijuctaines, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4,489. Fort Jackson is the capital ; also the name of a bend in tlie Mississippi, 70 m. below New Orleans. Platte river, a branch of the Missouri, from the west ; it is 400 m. long and joins the Missouri in lat. 41. N. PIfi.isey, a town of Bengal, in the district of Nuddeah, memorable for a great victory obtain- ed by colonel Clive in 17,57 over the nabob Sura- jah Dowlah. It is 25 m. S. of Moorshedabad. Plafa or Cfiuijuiaaca, a rich and populous city of Peru, capital of the province of Las Charcia, and an archbishop's see, with a universitv. Tfio cathedra! is largo, and finely adorned with paint- inirs and L'ildinca. It is seated on the Chimao, 0(10 m. S. E. of Cu.sco Long. 66. 34. W , lat. 19 16. S. I'LE COS PLT Plain or Rio dr. la i'laln, a largp river of S. AiiKTica, formed by the union oftne great rivrrw Parana and Uratjiiay. It was disn,p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. Pludniz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, capital of a lordship of its name. It is seated on a plain, on the river 111, 12 m. S. S. E. of Felkirch. Plum Island, on the coast of Massachusetts, extends from Newburyport harbour to Ipswich. It is 9 m. long and a mile in breadth. It is com- posed of sand hills bearing a scanty vegetation of plum hushes. The whide surface of the island 13 furrowed into singular hollows and ridges like immense snow drifts. Itproducesalso wild grapes and cherries, and in the autumn affords a delight- ful resort for parties of pleasure who frequent the island in great numbers to enjoy the sea breezes On the north end stands two light houses. Plumb, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. Plumpstcad, a township of Berks Co. Pa. Plutiers, or Pithimere, a town of France, in the department ofLoiret,20 m. N. N. E. of Orleaiw. Plymouth, a borough and sea-port in Devon- shire, Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Plym, and next, to Portsmouth, is the most considerable harbour in England for men of war. It affords fine anchorage for ships, particularly since the constitution of the magnificent break-water across its entrance. The fishery for pilchards extend no further E. than this port, whence great quan- tities are exported to Italy and other catholic countries. It carries on a considerable foreign and domestic trade. The charitable institutions are numerous, and among those for literary pur- poses are the Athcnajum and a public library. It is 43 m. S. W. of Exeter and 21fi W.by S. of Lon- don. Long. 4. 7. W., lat. 50. 23. N. Plijmouth, a county of Massachusetts, border- ing on Mass. Bay. Pop. 42,993. Plymouth is the capital. Plymouth, p.t. the capital of the above county, 36m.S. E. Boston. Pop. 4,751. Itis memorable in American histori- as the place where the first settlers of New England landed in December 1C20. The Forefathers' Rock, on which they first set foot has been removed from the sea shore to the centre of the town. The fortifications, erected to defend them from the Indians may still be seen here,as also the first well dug in New England. The landing of the Pilgrims is annu- ally celebrated at this place, and a large stone ed- ific called Pilgrim Hall was erected here in 1820 by the New England society for use on such occa- sions. The harbour is shallow and insecure ; the town has some commerce and manufactures of cordage, iron and cotton. Pop. 4,751. Plymouth, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,175 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Va. Pop. 1,237 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 2,004 ; p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 591. also towns in Luzerne and Montgom- ery Cos. Pa. Washington Co. N. C. Richmond (^o. Ohio ,f POI 603 POL Plympton, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 33 m. S. E. Boston, with manufactures ofiron. Pop. 920. Plymplon, a borough in Devonshire, Enj. It had once a castle, now in ruins ; and is one of the stannary towns for tin. It is seated near the Plym, 7 m. E. of Plymouth and 218 W. by S. of Lon- don. Plijnlimmon, a vast and lofty mountain of Wales, partly in Mont£romerysliire, and partly in Cardiganshire. The Severn, the Wye, and other rivers, have their source in this mountain. Po, the principal river of Italy, which has its source at Alonte Viso, in Pit-diiiont, Hows N. E. to Turin, and thence proceeding in an easterly course it divides Austrian Italy from the states of Parma, Modena, and the pope's dominion, and enters the gulf of Venice by four principal mouths. In its course it receives several rivers, and often overflows its banks, as most of those rivers de- scend from the Alps,and are increased by the melt- ing of the snow. It is crossed like the Rhine by flying bridges. Po, a river of China, in the province of Kiang- si, which runs into the Po-yang-hou, a small dis- tance from Jao-tcheou. I'ocotuligo, p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C. Pocklmgton,a. town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on a stream that runs into the Derwent, 14 m. E. of York and 194 N. by W. of London. Podenstcin, a town of Bavari.in Franconia, near the source of the Putlach, 30 m. S. E. of Bamberg. Podgorzaj a free city of the Austrian empire, in Galicia, seated on the Vistula, opposite to Cracow. Podlachia, one of the eight palatinates of Po- land, bounded N. and E. by the river Bo», S. by the palatinate of Lublin, and W. by the Vistula. It has an area of 5,.520 sq. m. with 438,000 inhabi- tants. The capital is Siedlce. Podolia, a government of Russia, wrested -from Poland, in 1793. The Dniester separates it from Moldavia on the S. W., and the Bo^ crosses it from the N in a S. E. direction. It has an area of 20,400 sq. m. with 1,330,000 inhabitanis. Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow 2S m. S. of Moscow. Pod-or, a fortress of Africa^ on the river Senegal, built by the French. It was ceded to the English in I7G3, bui afterwards taken by the French, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1783. Long. 14. 20. W.. lat. 17. 1. N. In the woods and plains in the neighborhood, are found numerous herds of the harnessed antelope. An animal singularly marked with stripes crossing each other and re- sembling a harness. Poggio, a town of Tuscany, with a handsome palace, 8 m. S. E. of Florence. Poggiobonzi,a town of Tuscany, with the ruins of a citadel, seated near the Elsa, 20 m. S. of Florence. Poaay, an Island in the Indian Ocean, on the W. side of the island of Sumatra, and separated from the N. end of that of Nassau by a narrow channel, which contains a number of smaller isl- ands, the whole of which are sometimes called the Nassau or Poggy islands. It is triangular, and about 20 m. in length. Long. 99. 33. E., lat. 2. 20. S. Point, a township of Northumberland Co. Pa. Point Coupee, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,936. Point Coupee is the capital. Point iMhaddit, p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri, on the Missouri. PoinlopoUs, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio Fuinl Pleasant, villages in Windham Co. Vt., Mason Co. Va., Clermont Co. Ohio Martin Co. Indiana. Point Remote, p.v. Pulaski Co. Ark. Puirino. a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; seated on the Bonna, 14 m. S. E. of Turin. Poissy, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Oise, the birthplace of Louis XL; seated near the forest of St. Germain, 15 m. N. W. of Paris. Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Vienne, and a bishop's see. Its pop Is not in proportion to its extent; for it includes 1 number of gardens and fields within its circuit. It has several Roman antiquities, particularly an amphitheatre, partly demolished ; and a triumphal arch, which serves as a gate to the great street. Here, in 13.5ti, Edward the Black Prince gained a victory over the Frencli, taking prisoners king John and his son Philip, whom he brought to England. The principal manufactures are stock- ings, woolen caps, gloves, and combs. It is seated on a hill, on the river Clain,85 m. S. W. of Tours and 120 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 21. E., lat. 4i;. 35. N. Poitou, a province of France, which now forms the three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and Deu.i Sevres. Pola, a strong sea-port of Istria, and a bishop's see. Here are large remains of a Roman amphi- theatre and a triumj>hal arch. It is seated on a mountain, near a bay of the gulf of Venice, 39 m. S. of Capo d' Istria. Long. 14. 9. E., lat. 45. 13. N Poland, a large country of Europe, bounded on the N. by Prussia, Courland, Livonia, and Russi.i W. by the Baltic, Brandenburg, and Silesia, S. by Hungary and Moldavia, and E. by Russia and the territories wrested by that power from the Turks. It was formerly divided into four principal parLi, Great Poland,' Little Poland, Red Russia, and Lithuania. In 1772 a partition of this country, projected by the king of Prussia, was effected bv that monarch, in conjunction with the empress of Russia and the emperor of Germany. By this partition one-third of the country was wrested from the republic, the diet being compelled, by a foreign force, to make and to ratify this important cession. The three partitioning powers, more- over, forcibly effected a great change in the con- stitution. In 1791, however, the king and the nation, in concurrence, almost unanimously, and without any foreign intervention, established another constitution, and one so une.xceptionable every way that it was celebrated by Mr. Burke as a revolution whereby the conditions of a// were made better and the rights of none infringed. By it the broils of an elective monarchy, of which Poland, on almost every vacancy of the throne, had been involved in the calamities of war, were avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in the house ofSa.xony. A few of the nobility, how- ever, discontented at the generous sacrifice of some of their privileges, rejiaifed to the court of Russia ; and, their representations concurring with the ambitious views of the empress, she sent an army into Poland, under pretext of being guaran- tee of the constitution of 1772. Her interference was too powerful to be resisted ; and this new constitution waa overthrown. But the principal object for which the Russian army entered I'o land was not yet attained. The empress had planned, in coniunction with the kind of Prus sia, a seconfi partition of this country, which took place in 1793, Such multiplieil oppressions POL 604 POL at last roused the spirit of the nation. General Kosciusko appeared, in 1794, at the head of a Polish army, to assert the independence of his country, and to recover the provinces wrested from it. He was successful at first, against tlie king of Prussia; but was at length overpowered by numbers; tlie country was in diflerent parts desolated, the houses burnt, and the inhabitants massacred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko was taken prisoner, and sent with a number of other patriots into confinement at Pctcrsburgh, for hav- ing dared to defend his native country against foreign aggression. The king formerly resigned his crown at Grodno, in 1795, and was afterwards removed to Petersburgh, where he remained a state prisoner, till his death, in 1793. The whole of the country was divided among the three par- titioning powers. Austria had Little Poland, and the greatest part of Red Russia and Podolia, which is now called the kingdom of Galicia ; Prussia had Great Poland, Polish. Prussia, a small part of Lithuania, and Polachia ; and Rus sia had Samogitia, the remainder of Lithuania, Volhinia, and Podolia. In the war with Prussia, in 1806, the French penetrated into Poland, and proclaimed their desire to restore its ancient inde- pendence, when, treaties of peace having been adjusted with Russia and Prussia, the project was for the most part abandoned. By the peace of Tilsit, the king of Prussia renounced the pos- session of the greater part of his Polish provinces, when they were erected into the dukedom of Warsaw, in favor of the king of Sa.xony. In 1809 Austria was compelled to cede part of Gal- icia to Russia, and a further portion to the new states. But on the retreat of the French army out of Poland, in 1813, the Russians took posses- sion of the duchy of Warsaw, and the congress of Vienna not only confirmed to that power all the polish and Lithuanian provinces acquired before 1795, but added the sovereignty of tlie central provinces, which form the present kingdom of Poland. The towns of Poland are for the most part built with wood ; and the villages consist of mean cottages, or huts. The country is so fer- tile in corn, in many places, that it supplies Swe- den and Holland with large quantities, and it has extensive pastures. Peat, ochre, chalk, belemni tes, agate, chalcedony, cornelians, onyxes, jasper, rock crystals, amethysts, garnets, topazes, sapphi- res, and even rubies and diamonds are found in Poland ; also talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal, iron, lead, and quicksilver. Here ia much leath- er, fur, hemp, flax, saltpetre, alum, manna, hon ey, and wax ; and there are mines of salt, of a great depth, out of which is dug rocksalt. Hor- ses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beau- tiful ; and horned cattle are bred in immense numbers. Piilaud, the centra! portion of the preceding country, erected into a separate state in 1815. It comprises the chief part of that which, from 1807 to 181;!, formed the duchy of Warsaw, and is bounded by the respective acquisitions of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The form of the territory is a square of 200 m ; in the middle stands the capital, Warsaw ; but there is also a detached tract extending N. E. towards Lithuania, lis area is 47,000 square m. and its population ii/lT'J, 500. It is subject to the same sovereign as Rus- sia, but is governed in every respect as a separate monarchy, the czar being represented by a vice- roy. The prevailing religion is the Catholic, but Protestants are numerous, as are also the Jews. This remnant of the great republic of Poland has rendered itself noted for the desperate attempt which it made in 1830 and 1831 to throw off the Russian yoke. The Polish constitution granted in 1815 by the Emperor Alexander, had been re- peatedly violated, and many causes of animosity between the Poles and their oppressors tended to embitter their servitude. The Grand Duke Constantino, commander in chief of the army, out- raged the feelings of the nation by his insulting demeanor towards the soldiery. At length inspired by the recent example of the French and Belgians the Poles rose in insurrection at Warsaw on the 29th of November 1830 ; the revolt immediately spread throughout the kingdom and extended in- to Lithuania and other parts of ancient Poland. An obstinate and sanguinary war commenced, and the Poles animated by the greatness of the object for which they were contending, and hop- ing for aid from the powers of western Europe, ob- tained some advantages in the outset which seem- ed to promise a successful result to their heroic efforts. But none of the European powers stirred in their behalf; the Russians poured in fresh ar- mies, and Poland overpowered by numbers, was forced to submit in the autumn of 1831. This un- fortunate country now groans under a heavier ty- rany than before. To the Russian armies that crushed the revolution, Europe owes the further infliction ofthe pestilential cholera. This disor- der was introduced by them from Asia into Po- land during the campaign of 1831, and spread over a great part of Europe. Polcron. See Pooluroon. Poland, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop, 1,173. Polcsia, a name commonly given to tlic palatin- ate of Brzesc, in Lithuania. Pol, St., a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, noted for its mineral waters. IG m. N W. of Arras. Polkandro, an island in the Grecian Archipe- lago, one of the Cyclades,20m. in circumference. Here are a few villages, a castle, and a harbour ; but it consists, in general, of barren rocks and mountains. It lies between Milo and Pares Long. 2.5, 31. E., lat. 3G. 32. N. PoIicaslrOjSL town of Naples, in Principato Cit- ra, seated on a gulf of the same name; in the med- iterranean, 85 m. S. E. of Naples. Lon. 15 40 E., lat. 40. 15. N. Polignano,a. town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on a craggy rock, near the gulf of Venice, 16 m. E. of Bari. r POM C05 PON Pnligmj, a town of France, department of Jura, seated "on a rivulet, 'SJ m. S. S. VV. of Bosanoon. Polina, a town of Albania, 12m. S. of Durazzo. Politz, a town of Pomerania, in the government of Stettin, celebrated for ita hops. 8 m. N. of Stettin. Politzka, a walled town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Chrudim, on the frontiers of Moravia, 23 m. S. E. of Cruz dim. Polizz, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, at the foot of the mountain Madonia, 23 m. S. E. of Palermo. Pol/wicitz. a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glngau, 12 m. S. of Glogau. Pttfiockuhairs, a town of Scotland in Renfrew- shire, on the river White Cart, 3 m. W. S. \V. of Glasgow. PoIho, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the river Grabow, 38 m. E. S. E. of Colberg. Polore, a town of Hindoostan in the Carnatic, »; m. S. S. W. of Arcot, and 55 m. N. W. of Pon- dicherry. Polotsk, a strong town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Vitepsk, celebrated for a number of bat- tles having been fought in its vicinity, between the French and Russians, in 1812 It is seated on the Dwina, at the influx of the Polota, (iO m. S. W. of Vitepsk. Long. 27. 50. E., lat. 55. 43. N. Poltava, ii government of Russia, between those of Catharineslav and Charkov. It has an area of Ki.OOO square miles, with l,.">ljn,000 inhabit- ants ; is fertile in corn ; and atfords very rich pasturage. Poltava, the capital of the foregoing govern- ment, with a considerable trade in cattle, com, fla.x, hemp, wa.T, &c. It is famous for a battle, in 1709, between Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the latter was totally defeated. 737 m. S. E. of Petersburgh. Pollen, St., a town of Austria, the residence of a great number of the nobility. The adjacent coun- try yields excellent saffron. It is seated on the D"rasam,33m. W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 41. E., lat. 48. 13. N. Poltzin, a town of Prussia in Pomerania, near which are medicinal springs and baths. 50 m. N. E. of Stargard. Polijncsia, a terra applied by modern geogra- phers to numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, from the Ladrones to Easter Island. The prin- cipal groups are the Ladrones, Carolinas, Pelew, Sandwich, Society, Friendly Navigator's, Har- vev, Georgian, and the Marquesas Islands. Pombal, a town of Portugal in Estremadura, IG ra. N. E. of Leira and 21 S. of Coimbra. Pome^te, a small island in the Mediteranean, near tlie coast or France, at the entrance into the harbour of Marseilles defended by a tower. Pomerania, an extensive province of Prussia, lying along tlie S. coast of the Baltic, and com- prising an area of 12,000 square miles, with 070, 000 inhabitants. It is divided into the govern- ments of Stettin, Stralsund and Coslin, and js watered by several rivers, of which the Oder, Pecne, Ucker, Rcga, Persante Ihna, Stolpen,and Leho are the most considerable. The air is pret- ty cold, but compensated by the fertility ol^ the soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, of which a great deal is exported. The country is flat, contains many lakes, woods, and forests, and has several good harbours. It was formerly an independant duchy of the German empire, and was divided into Hither and Further Pomerania. Tlie latter, and part of Hither Pomerania, were seized by the king of Prussia, and confirmed to him in 1720 ; the remainder N. of the Scene was ceded by the king of Sweden, at the treaty of Kiel in 1814, to the king of Denmark, in ex- change for Norway, but soon after came to Prus- sia in e.tchange for Saxe Lunenburg. PomtTclia, a district of W. Prussia, extendino- W. from the river Vistula to the duchy of Ponie^ rania, of which it was formerly a part. It is now included in the government of Uantzic. Pomona, or Mainland, the largest of the Orkney Islands, being 24 miles long and from to 10 broad ; but intersected by numerous arms of the sea. The general appearance of the country is much the same as the Mainland of Shetland ; but tlic soil is more fertile, and in some parts bet- ter cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See Orkncijs. Pondiehernj, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic. It was first settled by the French in 1G74 ; and previously to the war, of 175C was a fine city. It extended along the sea coast above a mile, was three-quarters of a mile in breadth, and iiad a citadel then the best of its kind in India. The city has been repeatedly taken by the English, particularly in 17C1 (wlien it was immediately razed, in retaliation of M. Lally's conduct towards Fort St. David) and the last time in 1793. It was restored to the French at the general peace. 85 m. S. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 53. E., lat. 11.42. N. Pondico, a small uninhabited island of the Gre- cian Archipelago, near the coast of Negropont. Long. 23. 29. E., lat. 39. 9. N. Pondsrille, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. Ponfrnada, a. town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Sill, 40 m. S. VV. of Leon. Pon^-hou, or Piscadorcs, a cluster of islands in the China sea, which lie about six leagues from the W. coast of the island of Formosa. They are only sand-banks or rocks ; and not a shrub is to be seen upon them. The harbour of Pong-hou, the principal island, is good, and was fortified by the Dutch, while they were masters of Formosa. A Chinese garrison is kept here, with one of the mandarins called literati, whose chief employ is to watch the trading vessels between China and Formosa. Long. 121. 25. E., lat. 25, 30. N. Pons, a town of France, department of Lower Charente, with a mineral spring ; seated on a hill, near the river Sevigne, 10 m. S. of Saintcs. Pons, St., a town in the department of Herault, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a valley sur- rounded by mountains, in which are fine marble quarries, 24 ra. N. of Narbonne. Long. 2. 47. E^ lat. 43. 20. N. Po/U AudemcT, a town in tl>e department of Eure, with manufactures of woolen, linen, and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, cattle, and ci- der; seated on the Rille, 23 m. W.S. W. of Rouen. Pont a. Mousson, a torni in the department of Meurthe. It had once*a university, which was removed to Nancy in 1709. It is seated on tiic Moselle, which divides it into tw^o parts, 14 m. N. N. VV. of Nancy. Pont de Camare, a town in the department of Aveiron, celebrated for its minerai waters, 40 m. S. S. E. of Rodez. Pont de Ce, a town in the department of Maine- et-Loire, seated on the Loire, 3 m. S. of Angers. Pont de l\1rche, a town of France in the dc-r partment of Eure, seated on the Seine, 18 m. N. of Evreux. Pont I'Etcque, a town of France in the deport. PON 606 ment of Calvados. It is a trading place, seated on the rouque, 4 m. from the sea, and 40 W S \V. of Rouen. Long. 0. 10. E,, lat. 49 17 N PoHtdf. Vavx, a town of France in the depart- ment of Ain, seated on the Resouze, near its con- flux with the Saone, 8 m. S. of Macon. PoiU dc I'esle, a town of France in the depart- ment of Am, with manufactures of stuffs and tapestry; seated on the Vesle.I2 m. VV. ofBnmg. Font Gibaut, a town of France in the depart- ment of Puy de Dome, 10 m. W. N. W. of Cler- mont. Ponl St. Esprit, a town of France in the de- partment of Gard,on the river Rhone, over which is one of the finest bridires in Kurope, consistinir of 19 great and four small arches. To facilitate the passage of the water, in time of floods, aper- tures are made through each pier, si.x feet above the common level of Ihe river; and, to stem the rapidily of the river, the bridge is not built in a light line, but in a curve. Here are manufac- POO lures of silk, and a good trade in wine, nil, and fruits. 17 m. S. of Viviers and .W N. E. of Mont- prlier. Long. 4. 40. E., lat. 41. ].3. N. /'oHj .Sr .Ifnrfncc, a town of France in the de- pnrtment of Seine-et-Oi.se. r, m. N, of Senlis. Pont .fi/r Seine, a town of France in the depart- ment of Aube, with a castle, seated on the Seine 20 m. N. W. of Troyes and r,-y S. K. of Paris. ' Punt snr Vnnne, a town of France in the de- partment of Yonne, seated on the Yonne, 8 m. N W. of Sens. Pantn Delaada. a sea-port of St. Michael, one of the .Azores. It is defended by a citadel, and contains about 8,000 inhabitants. Lon. E., lat. 40. 55. N. Ponte, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, seated at the conflu.i of Uie Saono and Or- eo, 19 m. N. N. W. of Turin. Ponte dc Lima, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Lima, over which is a magnificent bridge, 13 m. N. W. of Brai-a. Ponte Slum, a town of the Sardinian states, in the duchy of Montferrat, seated at the conflux of the Stura and Po, 5 m. VV. S. W. of Casal. Ponta Vela, a town of Spain, in Galicia, near the mouth of the Leris, 29 m. N. of Tuy. Ponteharbrnin, a lake of Louisiana 'i'l m lonrr and 2) broad. It lies in the S. E. part of the slate and discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico llirough Lake Rorgne. It receives the w-aters of; Lake Maurepas and is connected with the Mississippi at New Orleans by a canal The lake IS navigable for small vessels Ponteha or Ponte /mprrialc, a town of the Aus- trian states, in Carinthia, seated on the Fella, over which it has a bridge to Pontrba Venela a ^naH tiiwn of the province of Friuli. It is 20 m. „ / "' ■■""'' ""fl -■'• S. W. of Villach Po,ileJr,ui, a borough in W. Yorkshire, En "^ tide harbour, Jii m. b. b. VV. of Avranches. Pontremoli, a town of Tuscany, with a stronn- castle ; seated at the foot of the Apennines, on f4rE:^t.=74:llN.'- ^- '"■'^™"- ^-=- r„^""'i"'"M ' ." '"^" "*■ '"'■'"'"-*' deP"tment of Cotes du Nord, on the river Trieux, 10 m N VV ot bt. Brieux. PontypooJ, a. town in Monmouthshire, Enp with extensive iron works, and a manufacture of^ japanned ware. It is seated between two hills a"nd"r48W.^rN"of'Lm,o^; ^^^ "^ ^^"-outh Ponza, one of the Pontian Islands, in the Medit erranean, containing a town, harbour, and con- siderable salt works. It was taken by the British in 1813. Long. 13.10. E., lat. 40., 53 N P-'n-one n. town of the Sardiaa states, in the duchy of Montferrat, 20 m. VV. N. VV. of Genoa io«/c, a borough and sea-port in Dorsetshire' Lng. It is a county of it.self, and situate on a peninsula projecting into a capacious bay The principal branch of business here is the New! foundhind fishery. It has also a lar<.e imnoHa ^:{^ *■""■, """"^y' ^ =— ^■"comCrce with America and various parts of Europe, and a fine coasting trade particularly in corn Li coal Near the mouth of the harbour is an oyster bank from which vast quantities are carried to he fat- tened in the creeks of Essex and the Thames Poole IS 40 m W S. VV. of Winchester .and 105 43 N. " '^""J""- Long. 1 59. VV., lat. 50. P"<'l"rnon, or Pohron, one of the Banda Isl l";i;t'. T.lio.l/^- -"-A-boyna. Long'^'aVo: Pon!o,ro,, one of the Banda Islands, on which 1!"."':';'' ""*^=' '"""'" '"^"'^S-' -I'ed Fort \ "vv" w"' ■{■• "■ """'S"'""}- Co. Maryland ,33 m ^. VV. Washington ; p.v. Spartanburo- Dis S C ijT^l' \7? "*' "'"''"^^l^n. tl-e mndeVn cnpi: Parvate Hill in the vicinity, is a large squarefieM enclosed with high brick walls, where thi Pefshwa used to assemble the Brahmins, to whom heVaTe alms at the great feast, when the rain" s^,sonTr nunaled. The view from this hill coin^and" th^ POP 6«7 POR regularly built. The more respecUble dwellings are raised with large blocks of granite to the height of about 14 feet, after which the super- structure is composed of timber frames, with slight brick walls ; those of the common people are only one story higii, with tiled roofs. The palace is surrounded by high and thick brick i walls, with round towers at the angles, and has ' only one entrance. The affairs of government are under the direction of the British resident. ]00 ra. S. E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 55. K., lat. 18. 30. N. Poorunder, a fortress of Hindoostan, in Beja- pore, where tiie archives of Poona are kept ; seat- ed on a mountain, 18 ra. E. S. E. of Poona. Poote, a town of France, department of May- onne, 6m. W.S W. ofAlengon. Popa Madre, a town of Terra Firma, with a convent and chapel of the virgin, to which the Spaniards in those parts go in pilgrimage, espe- cially tliose who have been at sea. It is seated on a high mountain, 50 m. E. of Carthagena. Long. 74. 32. VV., lat. 10. 15. N. PopiutoH, p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Popaijaiij a province in the W. part of New Granada. A chain of barren mountains runs through the country from N. to S., and tlie soil near the sea is flat, marshy, and often flooded by tlie rains. Popayan, the capital of the foregoing province, .ind the most ancient city erected by Europeans in this part of America. It contains a cathedral, several churchesand convents, and two nunneries. The trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are estimated at 25,000, chiefly mulattoes. It stands in a large plain. 200 in. W. S. W. of Santa Fe and 240 N. E. of Quito. Long. 75. 55. W., lat. 2 J5. N. Pope, a county of Illinois. Pop. 3,323. Gol- conda is the capital. Popedom, or Erclesiastical States, a country of Italy, bounded N. by the Po, which separates it from the Au.'*trian states, E. by the Adriatic, S. by Naples, and W. by Tuscany. It is 120 m long and from 80 to 100 broad, divided into the delegations of Bologna, Ferrara, Forii, Ravenna, Urbino and Pesaro, Ancona, Fermo, Pontecorvo, Macerata, Perugio, Spoleto, Viterbo, Ascoli, Ben- eveiito, Camerlno, Civila Vecchia, and Rieti. The papal government is a bar to industry, and ill calculated to promote the happiness of its sub- jects ; the country is consequently badly culti- vated and thinly inhabited. Trade and manufac- tures are but little encouraged ; and were it not fnT dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, which grow spontaneously, the indolence of the inhabitants is such that they would be absolutely starved. The pope, according to the ancient canon law, is the supreme, universal, and inde- pendent head of the church, and is invested with sovereignty over all Christian sovereigns, com- munities, and individuals. He has the titles of lioly father and holiness, and is elected at every vacancy from among the cardinals, each of whom is styled his eminence. Their number was fi.\ed by Sixlus V. at 70. in allusion to the number of the disciples sent out by Christ to teach the world —an allusion without any remarkable propriety ,as no two classes of people could be more unlike. The annual revenue of the pope, which formerly amounted to upwards of £2,000,000 sterling, is now reduced to about £000,000. including the exactions in foreign countries. His military force is incousiderable ; bis naval force consists of a few galleys, stationed at Civila Vecchia. In 1793 this state was taken possession ofby the French, who overturned its ancient government, and erect- ed it into a republic, styled the Roman republic, under the direction of five consuls. They obli- ged the pope, Pius VI., to remove from Rome, first into Tuscany, and afterwards into France, where he died at Valence, August I'Jth, 17!)'.). In December following, a conclave was held at Ve- nice, and on March 13th, IdOO, cardinal Chiaro- moiiti was elected to the papal chair, under the title of Pius VII, and assumed the sovereignty. A concordat was concluded for France in 1CJ02, and in 1804, Napoleon was crowned by the pope ; but in 1807 the emperor liecame imperious, whiV Uie pope maintained a strong feeling of indepen- dence. Measures of violence were resorted to; Rome was occupied by French troops ; the pope was removed into France, and his states trans- formed into a kingdom, under Napoleon's son. He continued a kind of prisoner till the allies had invaded France in 1314, when he was restored to most of his former prerogatives. He died in 182:}, and was succeeded by cardinal Annibal della Genga, under the title of Leo XII., on whose death, in 1826, cardinal Francesco Soverio Castig- lioni (the present pontiff") was elected to the papal chair and took the title of Pius VIII. Rome is the capital. Poperinghe, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, on a river of the same name, 6 m. W. of Ypres. Poplar Grove, p.v. Dinwiddle Co. Va. Newbury Dis. S. C. Poplar Plains, p.v. Fleming Co. Ken. Poplar Ridge, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Poplar Springs, p.v. Arundel Co. Md. Poplartovm, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. Popo, a kingdom of Africa, on the Slave coast The inhabitants have scarcely any houses, except the king's village, which is in an island in the midst of a river. Long. 2. 33. E., lat. 6. 18. N. Popocatepeli, on the Smoking mountain, a volca- no 45 m. S. E. in sight of the city of Mexico. 27,716 feet above the sea. Pora, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the VV. coast of Sumatra, 54 m. long, and from 9. to 12 broad. Long. 98. 30. E., lat. 1. 10. S. Porcah, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in Travan- core, taken by the English in 1795. It is popu- lous, and carries on a considerable trade. 8o m. N. W. of Travancore. Long. 76. 20. E., lat. 9. 15. N. Porct&sfcr, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 4 ra. N. of Portsmouth, at the upper end of tJie har- bour, between Farehain and Portsea Island. It has an ancient castle which served, during the last war, for the reception of prisoners of war, and ordnance stores. Porco, town of Buenos Ayres, capital of a province which commences on the W. side of Potosi, from which it extends 60 m. It has its name from a mountain, in which is a rich silver mine, the first worked by the Spaniards after their conquest of the country. 2.i m. VV. S. VV, of Potosi. Long. 67. 20. W., lat. 19. 40. S. Porcuna, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Salado, 22 m. N. VV. of Jaen. Porenlrui, a town of Switzerlani], canton of Bern, seated on the Hallan, near Mount Jura, 24 m. VV. 3. VV. of Basel. Long 7. 10. E. lat. 47. 27. N. Porlock, a town m Somersetshire Eng. with a trade in coal and lime. It is seated on a bay ot POR 608 POR the Bristol Channel, surrounded by hills, 7 m. W. of Minehcad and 170 W. of London. Porrogong. Seo Paro. Porselou, a rich and commercial town of tho kingdom of Siam. It is surrounded with 14 bas- tions, and situate on a large river, 300 m. N. of its mouth in the gulf of Siam. Long. 100. 2. E., lat. 17. 4S. N. Port au Prince, a sea-port of St. Domingo, seated on a bay on the VV. side of the island, with considerable trade. It was nearly burnt down in 1791, by the revolting negroes, and was taken by the Lncrlish and royalists in 1794. Long. 72. 10. W., lat. 18. 40. N. Port Baltic. See Rogcricick. Port Byron, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Port Coniaty, p.v. King George Co. Va. 'Port Dahymplc, a harbour on the N. coast of VanDiemens Land, where a British settlement, dependent on the colony of Port Jackson, was es- tablished in 1804. Launceston is the capital. Port Desire, a harbour on the E. coast of Pata- gonia, where ships sometimes touch in their pas- sage to the Pacific Ocean. Lornr. 67. 56. W., lat. 47. 50. S. Port Dcssicux, p.v. St. Charles Co. Missouri. Port Deposit, p.v. Cecil Co. Md. on the Susque- hanna ; a canal 10 m. in length, here passes along the river. Port Discovery, aliarbour on the \V. coast of N. America, in the gulf of Georgia. Long. 237. 20. E.,lat. 48. 7. N. Port Egmont, one of the finest harbours in the world, on the N. W. coxst of Folkland Island, discovered by commodore Byron in 1765. The whole navy of England might ride here in per- fect security from all winds ; and every thing for the refreshment of ships is to be obtained in abundance. Long. 55. 0. \V., lat. 51. 27. S. Port Elizabeth, p.v. Cumberland' Co. N. J. Port Francois, a harbour on the W. coast of N. America, discovered by Perouse in 1786. It is of a circular form, not to be fathomed in the middle, and bordered by peaked mountains, of au excessive height, covered with snow. The na- tives on this coast are described as the most complete thieves, possessed of an activity and obstinacy capable of executing the most difficult projects. Peltry is abundant, particularly that of the sea-otter. In this harbour is a small island. Long. 137. 30. W., lat. 58. 37. N. Port Gibson, p.v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi 45 m. N. E. Natchez. Port Genesee, Monroe Co. N. Y. at the mouth of the Genesee ; on Lake Ontario ; it is a port of entry with a custom house. Port Glasgow, p.v. Severn Co. N. Y. Port Gfasgoic, a town of Scotland, inRenfrew- shire, near tlie mouth of the Clyde, erected in 1710 to serve as the port of the city of Glasgow, whose magistrates appoint a bailiff for its govern- ment. The harbour is e.xcellent, and there are ex- tensive warehouses on the quay, belonging to the Glasgow merchants. Contiguous to the town, and near the shore, stands the castle of Newark, a strong fortified edifice. It is 4 m. E. of Green- ock and 20 W. by N. of Glasgow. Port Jackson, a bay and harbour on the coast of New S. Wales, 13 m. N. of Botany Bay. The capes that form its entrance are high, rugged, and perpendicular cliffs ; and the harbour is one of the noblest in the world, c.Ttending 14 m. in lenirth with numerous creeks or coves. The name of Port Jackson was given to it by captain Cook, who observed it in sailing along the coast. See Syi- ney. Port, Jervis, a village on the Delaware in Or- ange Co. N. Y. at a point where the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania join. A canal extends from this place to the Hudson in one direction and to the coal region in Pensylva- nia, on the other, it is 108 ra. in length. Port Kent, p.v. Essex Co. N. Y. Port Louis a strong town of France, depart- ment of Morbihan, with a citadel and a good harbour. It stands on the extremity of a penin- sula, at the mouth of the Biavet, 27 m. W. of Vannes. Long. 3 18. \V. , lat. 47. 40. N. Poplin, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. II. Pop, 82!l,;)l. Port Louis, the capital of the island of Mauri- tius, or Isle of France, situate on the W. side of the island in a low and flat valley, surrounded by mountains. In 1817 it was almost entirely burnt down, but has since been rebuilt. It was long the chief settlement of the French in this part of the world, but now belongs to the British. Loner. 57. 32. E., lat. 20. 10. N. Port Mahon, a sea-port and chief place of a dis- trict of the island of Minorca, with an excellent har- bour. It is built chiefly on lofty rocks. The houses are in general good, and are all provided with cisterns, and many with terraces. The Place D'Armes is large and handsome ; on one side are barracks capable of containing 1,200 men The only public walk is the Alameda, which is merely an alley of trees. On one side of the har- bour is a dock-yard, and on the other a natural mole. Long. 4. 5. E., lat. 36. 17. N. Port Paix, a town on the N. coast of St. Do- mingo, with a good harbour, opposite the island . of Tortue. Long. 73. 2. W., lat. 1!). 58. N. Port Patrick, a sea-port of Scotland, inWigton- shire, confined by the sea on one side, and on the other by overhanging rocks and hills. It is near- ly opposite Donaghadee, in Ireland, from which it is 20 m. distant ; and packet boats sail hence for that place every day. The harbour is good, and has one of the finest quays in Great Britain, with a reflecting light-house. It is 28 m. W. of Wigton and 107 S. W. of Edinburgh. Lon0. N. Porto Marin, a town of Spain, in Galicia, 43 in. E. of Conipost«'lIa. Porto Praya, a town and bay of St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verde islands. The town stands on an elevated plain, and is the residence of the Portuguese governor of the islands. Long. 23. 29. W', lat. 14. r>4. N. Porto del Principe, a sea-port on the N. coast of Cuba, with a good harbour. Near it are sev- eral springs of bitumen. Long. 78. 15. W., lat. 21. 52. N. Porto Real, a sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, on the E. side of the bay of Cadiz,? m. E. of Cadiz. Porto Rico, an island of the W. Indies, CO in. E. of St. Domingo, belonging to the Spaniards. It is 120 ra. long and 40 broad, diversified with woods, valleys, and plains, and watered b_v springs and rivers, but unhealthy in the rainy season. It ]>roduces sugar, rum, ginger, cotton, maize, and rice ; and there are so many cattle that they are oflen killed for the sake of the skins alone. St. Juan de Porto Rico is the capital. Porta Santo, an island in the .Mlanlic, the least of the Madeiras, 15 hi. in circumference. In 1518 a Portuguese ship, coasting along the African shore, was driven out to sea by a sudden squall, and, when tliey all expected to peiish, they dis- covered this island, which, on account of their escape, they named Porto Santo ; and hence they descried the island of Madeira. It produces little corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a vast number of rabbits. Its most valuable pro- ductions are dragons' blood, honey, and wax. It lias no harbour, but good anchorage in the road. Long. 16. 25. W., lat. 32. .5S. N. Porto Scffuro, a fertile province of Brazil, S. of that of Ilhoos and N. of Spiritu Santo. Tlie cap- ital, of the same name, is seated on the top of a rock, at the mouth of a river that flows into the Atlantic. Long. 40. 0. W., lat. 16. 20 S. Port Vcc.chio, a sea-port of Corsica, sealed on a bav on the E. coast of the island, 38 m. S. E. of Ajaccio. Long. 1). 10. E., lat. 41. 40. N. Porto Venero, a sea-port on the coast of Genoa, at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. It has a good harbour, and is seated on the side of a hill, at the top of which is a fort, 5 m. S. of Spezzia. Long. 9. as. E., lat. 44. 5. N. Portree, 3. town of Scotland, on the E. side of the Isle of Skyc, one of the Hebrides. The in- habitants trade chiefly in black cattle, sheep, and kelp. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered at Its mouth bv the Islo of Raaza. Long. G. IG. W., lat. 57. 33. N. Porlsra, an island between Chichester Bay and ine harbour of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, Eng. It is alow tract, about 14 in. in circumference.sop- arated from the mainland on the N. by a creek, over which are iwo bridges, one for the entrance and the other for the departure of passengers. At the S. VV. extremity of it, ia situate the tow of Portsiiioutli. Portsmcnitli . a borough and sea-port in Hamp- shire, Eng. It is the most considerable haven for men of war, and the most strongly fortified place in England. Its capacious harbour is made by a bay running up between the island of Portsea, on which the town is situate, and the opposite pen- insula, having a narrow etitrance commanded by the town and forts. Many of the largest ships are always laid up here : and in time of war, it is the principal rendezvous of the grand channel fleet. The docks, arsenals, storehouses, barracks, &c.,are all of capital magnitude, and kept in the most perfect order. To the S of the town is llie noted road of Spithead, where the men of war an- chor when prepared for actual service. Portsmouth has one spacious church, and contains 7,269 in- habitants. Portsea, built on what was formerly called Portsmouth Common, is now become much larger than the parent town, containing a population of 34,785. 72m. S.W. London Long. 1.6. \V., lat. 50. 47. N. Portsmouth, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. at the mouth of til" Piscataqua with an excellent har- bour. It is the only sea-port in the state, and has considerable commerce. Here is a navy yard of the United Stales. The town has 7 churches, a branch of the U. S. Branch bank,2 insurance ofii- ces, and an athenseum. Two bridges cross the riv- er to Kitlery in Maine. In December 1813 a fire destroyed 397 buildings here. It is 24 m. N. N. E. Newburyport, 56. m. N. by E. Boston and 54. 5. S. VV. Portland. Pop. 8,0'32. Lat. 43. 5. N. Lou. 70. 45. W. Portsmoutit, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the N. end of Rhode Island. Pop. 1,727; p.v. Norfolk Co. Va. on Elizabeth river opposite Norfolk ; p.v. Scioto Co. Ohio, on the Scioto near its junction with the Ohio. 90 m. S. Cumberland. Pop. 1,063. The Ohio canal, which see, leaves the river at this plare ; p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. near Ocra cokelnlet. Portsoij, a sea-port of Scotland, in Eanfl^shire, with manufactures of fine linen and sewing thread. The vicinity is celebrated for its miner- als, especially for a fine vein of serpentine, call- ed Portsoy marble ; a species of asbestos, of a greenish color, which has been wrought into in- Combustible cloth ; and a brilliant kind of granite of a flesh color. Portsoy stands on a point of land projecting into Murray Frith, 9 m. VV. Banff. Porlscille, p.v. Alleghany Co. N. Y. Portiitral, the most western country on the con- tinent of Europe, bounded on the VV. and S. bv the Atlantic, Ocean, and E. and N. by Spain. It extends from 36. 56. to 42. 20. N. lat.', and from 6. 25. to 9. 30. VV. long., and is divided into the provinces of Entre Douro-e-Minho, Tras os Mon- ies, Beira, Eslremadura, Alemlejo, and Alg'arve. It contains 36.510 sq. m. and a pop. of 3,762,5.50. Though Spain and Portugal are in the same climate, yc-'. the air of the latter is much more te::;perate than that of '.he former, on account of the neighbourhood of the sea. Agriculture is in a very backward state; the implements of indus- try are of the rudest construction, and verj' little corn is raised. Indian corn, imported from Af- rica, is used by the peasants instead of wheat. Lemons flourisli here in great abundance. This fruit was introduced into the country from the east by the Arabs. Olives, vineyards, oranges, nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins are plentiful, and in the low grounds rice and maize are cultivated wn I pOR (ill they !«<:«'" ^ y '' ,r I Ulands, some setlle- hides, ^"'' "re formerly .ngf/;,,,! horses are Portugal were ^ ^f „uie9 u ,^^,g they -'« ^:,:Jds tl.e ft<'"randsiW"^"'=''T scarce. /.°;''^i„ which ?old arid suv ^gnOy merlyfouna, is for '" S^ nuarncs of celebrated ^^ 'i„esof i'""' *'"'A The Portu- There ««*]'°oC precious «^°"??,,,,id church marble, and Jo™ v^ luxurious. Uayj g"«^T'bal IfigW^. "''"'' rare no «"•"?'"'' ^^^^hl^u^^^^^:^trd^ nrinc.pal r>ver. are ^ g»;'"7u" Cortes kondeg"' *"i,ehv Formerly >t had ' ^^^ ^^. absolute '"?^it;ebo'l>,^"^''^'''J^as^mbled. The VX::^^' t^eyUe --^^ thoUc •, aud "^^ , ,• u.A relieion IS I"'' ' , ,o bishops, ^r' ate to "Chbishops and 13„^^ ,t a„ there are "^3 to have oeei „ .^^mians. Portugal appears i^ia^, ^„d C^'""- d, early per.od » *e ^ h ^^^ fortune ot^P^J ' It subsequently fo^io ^f ^'"?"onrt ituted a R'>- after b«'"SAa„y f^'i"^^'^ ''"f , The Romans tions, was finally ^„ ustus. *"= barba- '"='" P^^'JldedbV the Goths -"^ °thj\he pen- -"« 'The Saraclns.orMoo.^, "^,;^f,: ^fXeres, rian6. /"^ .f-ica, and after tne" and were ■r"n TV^b"^ u^'several ^^-^^ti'th century. A- ° ! Cd from Portn?.*^ ^'fpitile and Leon, rS'oy^ Alphon=°''^'^"rJr^^^^^^^^ "f ^"Tfo. \n lOJ%'^'5„ -f Burgundy, g"" reward for W'"^" ?v"ILe count of Portugal.a^are ^^^ '''"-^^bCa'I-.nstthe Moors. A^Ph^^ „f ,^, assistmg >" " ^"jbe first k'"?' L" n'"«. 7' Ahe throne descendants by IS possession olt POo „,„ics under U-ecommam. "/^^J'; ^^'renl.ed'j^. ""on and "Iher g- raU, 'l^h^,_^ go j ,ar M ^- J-^';-^ ^,0 p'mce regent h-ame kmg; Jt ^^^SuLl^ll^o^^oAhegene^lf^^^ H-came discontented partly =^ of a de,«n- This only scrv j^^, ^ "?„' oreviouslv of the people ani ^ '^Tri^.r aulh..ri- ,evoluUon_^ t.y«y ^.,'^,1 and '"'iny^^ Oportn l,e», anc-. ^j j„ °1P ° ," letters issued A"S"='^vas formed at L'^b".., and l-t^e ^^ regency was ^^^^ John M- »? is^l. ap- to assemble U.e j !„, ^'=J"^"Y„^„ 1 eldest "<^« 'fo7the cottitution, and leaving -_e^ ^^ ^-D^^^roas^r^gent^of Br. ^ ren\\'o-nlt!tV.nal emp^^^^^^ ^^t^'fo make his nephew- re^en . Tti^ ^^, -''--t^'^rnCra^tngU^^^^ . tcCd^Is deteV'-'LTport^riTn ?avour of hi^ ''""f^Vn> on condition tl>at ^'^^ftee ^^^^^^. '"r°h he sent over from Brazil^ ^,l\^sJ'>^•^^^^-^ ^^^i^,^l!::jrt^'>n^^>; George IV^. ;; , ^ ^^.o kingdoms, sen treaties between i <=1'^'=,^^ „' ^turned to -,^irrg::el who resided - V.--, re^r ._^._ L-^^°" ■'! ronXn,'at 1>-^^1- Vt'oTe '^:^. ^^::t detr^-.ination t-'lhe- .^"^on ap- ^■";nd inhabitants of Oporto, bu _^^ ^^^^_ rison and mu jtii"uel now rei^ ^°??.5f ato^v„ of Sdav-J U-rsTakenfrom tha tinate o{ the same name. POT Turks, by the Austriai.s in lf>e7; and is soated near the Orlava, 18 ni. N. N. VV. of Bin.l Posrn, Grand duchy of, a province oftljc Vrm- sian states, comprisinfr that i)nrt of Poland whirl, was res ored to Prussia in IHir,. ()„ the lO ii i, boiimird by the new kingdom of Poland, and S and W l,y Silcsia and Krnndcnl,ur>.. llM.livid,.d into tlie two {Tovrrnuipnl^ of Pos,-n and Ilro,,,- berg contains about I^.O'IO s,,. ni, with l-IKI.OOO inhabitants, and is watered by ihe Noti, Ihr War- tha, tliet)bra, and the itinhe. Posen, the capital of Prussian Poland, and of the government of Ihe same name, is a bishr,p-8 see, and has a iinivorsitv, and a castle on an isl- and in the river VVartha. The cathedral is ina kiiKr of Prussia. In 1H0(; it was entered by the Frencfl army, under marshal Uavoiist, and added to the duchy of Warsaw, till ]81.-., when it was re. stored to Prussia. It is seated in a pleasant plain, 27 m. W. by S. of Gnesna. J.on'r 17 i) E., (at. 52. 21. N. " " Posaj, a county of Indiana. Pop. 6,833. Mount Vernon is the capital. Pos^urh, a town of Sa.-vony, in the principalitv ot Aldenburrr. It has manufactures of cloth and leather, and is seated on the Gams, near its con- flux with the Orla, 8 m. N. K. of Saalfeld Possession Island, an island in the S Pacific near the N. point of New Holland. Here captain (.ook hoisted the British colours, and took posses- sion of all the i, or N. E. coast of New Holland in the name of king George III., which he called Aew S. Wales. Long. 141. 3;». K., lat. 10. Possession Island, an uninhabited island in the t>. Pacific. Long. 141.40. E, lat. 40. 30 S in^""'% p' %'c"'" "*" ''"''"g^l. in Estremadura, iu m. I>. fj. ot Santarem. Post Oak, p.v. Roane Co. Ten Potcnza, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, sealed near the soursc of the Basiento, 11 m S bv W of .■\ceren2a. •' Potomac, a river of the United States which ^'7 '" 'he N, W. part of Virginia, and s pr'ato till It enters the W. side of Chcsapeak Bay It IS navigable nearly 300 m. for large ships' and jvherei enters the Chesapeak is 7 T-2 m.\vide Is whole length IS ...-,0 m. The pa.ssn.re of the I otoraac through the mountains of The Blue a ce of an immense rent, three quarters of a mile wide, through a stupendous wall of rocks. T| e ered^'allTr''"'!]'' "''i""" '""""'■^'" "■'■'<='' ''<■ ^'^» • ered all around, and Us craggy front, torn d ,wn to he base, attest the violence of the' disruptim and forcibly remind the spectator of the oeriod' s earn T","'"'" "'^"'' "PP"'''^ '^ ^'""" '" tho stream, and when Us collected waters swelled to such a mass as to tear aw.iy the mountain from Its foundation. Washington. Alexandria an^ Georgetown are situated upon this river Potomac and Ohio C„„nl, called also the CA^w peak and Ohio (anal, is designed to unite the Po' Georj'"'" ""■ ?''"■ " ^"^'"^ ">" P— c a WkTf ,h" "'' 'T""''^' "P the north-eastern n^mtr^ I "^", ""•""'^'' ""■ 'nountains, by a unnel 4 miles in length, and down the vallies of the Youghiogeny and Monongahela to the Ohio 612 POT Its lenirth will be 300 m. and its width 60 feet It was begun July 4th 1828 Potosi, a town of Bolivia. Here are the best silver mines in all America, in a mountain in the rm .., a sugar-lo.af Silver was as common ,! this pl.ice as iron is in Europe; but the mines are now much e.vhausted, or at least little U 1 taincd in comparison of what was formerly J,'- ;luced. The country around is naked and hi en W^S"W ''s't 7;''>'"e'"". ^o. Missouri, 70 m. >>•>. w. ht. l,oui3. It IS surrounded bv o.. u.erous lea.l mines. See Missouri ^ """ /o/«/«m, a province of the Prussian states i„ linndenbnrjj, comprehending the districts ilr inerly termed the Teker Mark, the Mark '„Tp., ' h f'l • '" S'-^'V'-'^t P"t of the Middle Ma^ It IB bouniled N. by Pomerania and VV Pr , and S. and W. by -feaxony. 1^; ' kv of Ii l"' with a small disti^ict lyin^g arouml it^fo L "d "' linct government. PotsJam contains an nrn, i- about H. .00 s,,. m., with 488,OOotrbi: ,1""" "' menf f"',"!" ''"P-'ol Of tl"' foregoing p„veni. ment, situated on an island formed bylhe , „' ' ^r,' "'"' "J""'- '^'"" P""'-^ huildinV di" d'lv great magnihcence and taste. The royal nalae IS an admirable structure, and the houses ne r it areali„o.st all built in the iLalian st/le |n tl e market pl.ace ,s a marhle obelisk, 7r, feet in hit I also marble statues of the first four kings of pfl'. s a. Pie garrison church is large, and has a mar ble pulp,,, under which is the t^nb of thrG^ea" wo H 'V"'''"''^ """'''"' •■'^^ enclosed i, a wooden coffin, covered with copper, without in^ ornanient or victorious trophies, to re'caT the n.iin ory of his actions. On a hill, near the city Z Z royal palace of Sans Souci, 'which is 2l'v o, , story high, yet remarkable for its grandeur and magnihcence. The inhabitants of Potsdam have manufactures of silk, velvet, cotton, nen ic It was entered without opposition on the "j,i r October, 180,-i, by the Fre^n^clf wTo"ea r'fed f i"! with exultation the sword and scarf worn by Ui'e immortal Fre,ler,ck during the seven veir.- ,. Lo.5o.'n;'- ^^•"'■«"'- i-nri'i'irE.:,:^- ,„^?,','"'''"!'' ''■'• ^'- Lawrence Co. N Y 00 „, W. Plattsbnrg. Pop. 3,050 "• ^^- "• -'0 m. Potter, a county of the VV. District of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 1 205. Cowdersport is the ca 1- tal; nIsoatown.shipofCentreCo Pa ^"1" Potter s Hollow, p.v. Albany Co N Y lottersio,rn. a village of frnnterdon Co. N J Pottersrtlle, p.v. Loui.sa Co Va "■ i*- ■>• /'«r(.r,r.,,rAf, a district in Staffiirdshire Eop ex ending about 10 m. in length and one 'an T^a hall in breadth. It comprises the towns and v I lages of Burslem, Ilanley, Lane End r',r„ Stoke upon Trent, Tunst^l, t^.-or^'fe^ e7t on' IJrownhills, A-c, situated in a part of he coun ' ty abounding in coal, and clays^fgrea varltJ m colour and texture, which,'togetlier „ h I,;' great canal intercourse kept up wifh all par s„r e km^doin, furnish a large porLn of in.lul'.^^a'nd of Bedford and 43 N. by W. of Lond™ '" on^he-lcXr;ikil7'"^'"' "*■ ^'-'^'"""y Co. Pa. alXTtrnshrp" '^'"""^"-"y Co. Pa. .n the Pollsrille, p.v. Schuylkill Co. Pa TRA CI3 PRK roughUccpsie, p. I. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 85 m. above New York. Pop. 7,222. It is about a mile from the bnnks of the river which \a here bold and rocky. The town is regularly laid out and makes an elegant appearance. It is a place of considerable trade. Poumtes, a villase of France, department of Nievre", noted for its ferruginous mineral spring. 5 in. N. W. of Nevers. Pijullim. a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is much frequrnled in the bathing season. 234. N. W. of Loiuion. Pounilr!(lgc, J). v. West Chester Co. N. Y. Pourcfiijn, St., a town of France, departmentof Allior, seated on the Sioule, If) in. S. by VV. of jMouliiis. Poirinn River, a small stream flowing info the Merrimack 4 ni. above Newburyport, between Ainesbury and Salisbury. On the bank of the river are several raanufictories and mills. Here is a steep eminence called Powaw Hill, on which the Indians were accustomed to celebrate their powaws, and which exhibits an enchanting pros- pect from tlie summit. Poiccllan, p.t. Hancock Co. Geo. Pnichalan, a. county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Fop. 8,517. Scotsville is the Capital. Poijan^-hou, a lake of China, in the N. part of the province of Kiang-si, formed by the conflu- ence of several rivers, which meet here from every point of the compass. It is 250 m. in cir- cumference, and surrounded by a most desolate region. Pozzuolo. See PuzxitoU. Praiut, a town of the kingdom of Siam, 100 ra. N. of Siam. Lon. 101.10. E., lat. 15. 40. N. Prarcls. See Paracefs. Prachatilz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Prachin, 23 m. S. by W. of Pisek. Prachin, a mountain of Bohemia, on which formerly stood a castle of the same name. It gives name to a circle on the W. side of the Mul- aau, of which Pisek is the capital. Prades, a town of France, department of Eastern Pyrenees, seated in a finp plain on the river Tet, 24 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan. Prailcs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near which is a magnificent abbey, where the ancient kings of Arragon were interred. It is 39 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Prasxn., a town of Poland, on the Vistula, op- posite Warsaw, of which it is considered as a su- burb. Pragihis, a town of the Sardinian states in Pied- mont, 7 111. W. of Turin. Praviic, the capital of Bohemia, and formerly an archiepiscopal sec. It comprehends four towns, the Old, New, and Little Town, and the Ilrads- chiu. It is 15 m. in circumference, is built up- on seven hills, and contains 85.(100 inhabitants. The Mulda'i runs through the city, separating the Old Town from the New, and over it is a bridge of IS arches, with a strong tower at each end. The Old Town is very popuToiis ; the hous- es are high and the streets narrow. In this part are the remains of a palace, where the ancient kings resided ; but the finest ornament is the uni- versity, frequented hy a great number of students ; here also is a magnificent college, formerly be- longing to the .lesnils, and the Jews have nine synagonrues. The New Town contains fine struc- tures, handsome garden.*;, and large streets ; al- so an arsenal, and a secular foundation, whose abbess was a princess of the empire. The Lit- tle Town, which ia the most ancient pari ni Prague, has broad streets, and is very populous The Hradschin once belonged to thcLitll* Town but in 17.5G it was made the fourtli town of Prague : its principal buildings are tlie royal p-J- ace, in which is a hall, 100 paces long and 40 broad, without any pillar to support tin? roof; the cathedral of St. Vcit, containing the burval- place of the kings and many relics ; th*: chapel of Our Lady of Loretto ; the. magnificent archi- episcopal palace; and the large palace ofTsdier- nin. Prague has suflTered frrquents devastation- by war. The White Mountain, without the gite of Strahow, is celebrated for the victory gained in 1620 by the Austrians over Frederic V., the elec- tor palatine, whom the Bohemians had chosen for their king. In 1()3I Prague was taken by the Saxons; and by the Swedes in lt)48. It was ta- ken by storm in 1741 by the French, who were obliged to leave it in 1742. In 17-57 it was besieg- ed by the king of Prussia, after a great victory, obtained near this city, over the Austrians; hiit the defeat at Kollin obliged him to raise the siege. 75m.S.E of Dresden. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 50. 6-. N. Prairie, townships in Wayne, Holmes, and Franklin Cos. Ohio. Prairie Creek, p. v. Vigo Co. Ind. Prairie du Chien, a settlement in Crawford Co. Michigan, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Wisconsin. It was founded many years since by the French traders. Prairie du Roelie p.t. Randolph Co. Illinois. Prairie Mound, p.t. Lillard Co. Missouri. PrallstiUe, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. Praslo, a small town of Greece, in the Morea, situate to the W. of the gulf of Napoli, 16 m. N by E. of Misitra. Prato, a town of Tuscany, with a citadel, 10 ni N. W. of Florence. PraUsriUc, p. v. Alleghany Co. Md. Prats de Molo, a fortified town of France, de- partment of Eastern Pyrenees, on the Tet, 2:) ni. S. W. of Perpignan. Prausnilz, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia. It has a fine church, containing the tombs of the counts of Hatzfeld, and is 18 m. N. of Breslau. Prci/c, a county of Ohio. Pop. 1(),255. E:iton is the capital ; p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,433. Praija. See Porto Praija. Precop, or Perccop, a town and fortress of Rus- sia, in the government of Catharinenslaf .md jiro- vince of Taurida, seated on the isthmus th.it j >in.< the Crimea to the continent. A deep trench, four m. in length, is cut across the isthmus, over which is a bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, called the Golden Gate of the Tartars. Lon^. 35. 34. E., lat. 46. 8. N. Preeopia, a town of Servia, on the river Mora re, 20 m. W. ofNissa. Per<.'e', a river ofE. Prussia, which issues from the lake Augerburg, and flowing by Insterburg, Welau, and Kongsber^, enters the eastern ex- tremity of the Frisch Haff. Previislau, a town of Poland, with a stronor cas- tle, and a Greek and L.atin bisliop's see ; seated on the Pana, 60 in W. by S. of Lcmbure. Lons. 21.0. E. lat. 40.0. N. 6 f Prenzio, a town of Brandenburg, capital of what was formerly called the Ucker Afark. It contains 6 churches, and has a brisk trade in corn, tobac- co, and cattle. Sealed on the lake and river Uc- ker, 58 m. N. N. E. of Rerlin. Lomr. 13. 55 E , lat. .53. 10. N. PRE 611 PRl Prerau, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle oflhesame name. It is seated on tlio Beczwa, ]:) m. S. E. of Olnuitz. Long. 17. ail. K , lat. 41). 23. N. Prrsbiirir, a city- of Iliinsrary. It is seated on tile Danube, wliicli is here very rapid, and about SoOyards in breadth. The inliabitantsnre estimat- ed at 30,000. Its naslle. a luible (iothic struc- ture, was burneil ilnwn in the commencement of the present century. This tovvti was declared by a royal decree of I.'>X(>, the ea[)ilal of Muno^ary, on account of its vicinity to Vienna, and the sov- ereigns are still crowned: in its cathedral ; but the principal officers of government reside at Buda, and the diets and supreme courts of judicature meet at Perth. In Pecember, l.-on|:'l7. 0. E,, lat 43. !). N. Prrsrnf. a town of fjancashire, Enff. It is a lonw strajrirlinor town, ami niav be said to he built almost over coal pits, several beinfj worked close to its extremities, it is estimated that ii,000 persons are employed in the collieries of Prescot; whence Liverpool is chiefly supplied with fuel. Here are manufactures oi" watcli movements, pin- ion wire, small files, and coarse earthen ware ; and also some manufactories of cotton, hats, &c. 8ni. E. of Liverpool and I!t7 N, N. W. of London. Prescot, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 70 m. \V. Bos- ton. Pop. 158; also a villaore of Upper Canada, on the St. Lawrence nearly opposite Og;densburg. PrcsenzaiWj a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo- ro. It appears by an inscription to be the ancient Rufa;, and its territory has the name of Costa Ru- fraria. It is 23. m N. of Naples. Presidii, Stato ddU, formerly the name of a small territory of Italy, on the coast of the Sien- nese. It includes 5 fortresses, which were re- tained by Spain wiien the territory of Sienna was ceded to the duke of Tuscany in 1.5.57. In 173.5 it was ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and now belongs to the grand duchy of Tuscany. Prcstcign, a \.o\vn of Wales, in Radnorshire. The site of its castle is now laid out in public walks. It is sealed near the source of the Lug, in a rich valley, "23 m. N. N. W. of Hereford and 151 N. N. AV. of London. Long. 2 58. W. lat. 52. 15. N. Prcstima, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 m. N. of Coimbra. Presto, a sea-port of Denmark, in Zealand, with a good harbour in a bay of the Baltic, 42 m. S. S. W of Copenhagen. Long. 12. G. E., lat. 55. !). N. Preston, a borough in Lancashire. Eng. The chief manufactures are the various branches of cotton and muslin, which are now carried on to a considerable extent. Preston exhibits a nearer ap- proach than any other town in the kingdom to universal sulTrage, the right of voting being in the male inhabitants at large. It is noted for the defeat of the pretender's adherents in 1715, when most of them were made prisoners ; also for a kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every 20 years, the last of which was in 1822. It is seated near the river Ribble and the Lancaster Canal, 22 in. S. S. E. of Lancaster and 217 N. N. W. of London. Long. 2. .53. VV., lat. 53. 40. N. Preston, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the Thames 15 m. above New London. Pop. 1,935; p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 100 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,213. Preston, a county of the W. District of Virgin- ia. Pop. 5,09'J. Kingwood is the capital. Prestonpans, a town t)f Scotland, in Hadding- tonshire, with a safe harbour, called Morrison a Haven, on the frith of Forth. It has manufac- tures ol" salt, stone and earthern ware, and bricks and tiles. At this place the royal army was de- feated by the Pretender's adherents in 1745, 8 111. E. by N. of Edinburgh. Prestiinshur^, p.v. Floyd Co. Ken. Prestmrsrill e , p v. Rhea Co. Tenn. Preston Hollo in, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y. Prestch, a town of Prussian Saxony with a fine castle, seated on the Elbe, 10 m. S. by E. of Brit- ten, a town of Saxony on the Elbe, 18 m. S. by E. of Wittenberg. Prevesa, a town of Greece, in .\lbania, and a bishop's see. It stands on the ruins of the an- cient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus, in memory of his victory over Anthony. It was ta- ken by the Venetians in 1084, was ceded to the Turks in 1718, taken by the French in 1713, and retaken the following year by the Turks in whose hands it remained till the recent liberation of Greece. It is seated on a mountain, on the gulf of Lnrta. 70 m. N. 'VV. of Lepanto. Long. 21.5. E., I.at. 3!». 14. N. Preuilh/, a town of France, department oflii- dre-et-Loirc. Near it are mines of iron ; and it stands on the Claise, 13 m. S. of Loches. Priaman, a town on the W. coast of the island of Sumatra, where the Dutch had formerly a fac- tory. The environs produce but little pepper ; but the air is healthy, and it stands on a small river in which gold fs found. The English E. India company formed a settlement here in 1G85. Long. 98. 0. "E., lat. 1. 0. S. Priest ford, p.v. Hartford Co. Maryland. Primkenau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Leiguitz, with an iron forge and a manufacture of paper, 10 m. S. W. of Glogau. Prince Edward, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14,107. Hampden and Syd- ney College in this Co. was founded in 1774. It has G instructors and 54 students. Prince Frederick, p.v. Calvert Co. Maryland 40 in. S. Annapolis. Prince George, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 8,308. City Point is the capital. Prince Georges, a county of Maryland. Pop 20,473. Upper Marlborough is the capital. Prince William, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 9,320. Brentsville is the capi- tal. Prince William, a township of York Co. N. B. Princess Jlvne, a county of the E. District of Virginia, Pop. 9,102. Prince of WalesCape, the north-western extrem- ity of America, discovered by captain Cook, in 1773. It is on the E. side of Bhoring's Strait, Prince of Wales Fort, the most northern settle- ment of the Hudson Bay Company, on the west side of Hudson's Bav, at the mouth of Church- hill River. Long, 94, 7, W,, lat, 58, 47, N, Printre of Wales Island, or Pcnang, an island 2 m. from the W. coast of Malacca, 18 ni, long and 3 broad, divided longitudinally by a ridge of mountains. The channel to the mainland is a safe road for ships. This island was purchased of the king of Quedaby the English E. India Com- pany, who formed a settlement here in 1780; and, in live years after, Georgetown, its capital, was established as a sea-port. The inhabitants were estimated in 1805 at 14,000, since which time they have considerably increased. Long. 98. 50. E., lat. 5. 36. N. PRl 615 PRO Prince William Henru's hlund, an island in the Eastern Ocean, lying W. i\. W. ofTencii Island. llis prettv high, wi-ll wooded, and about 7i) ni. in circuit. Tlie population is estimated at 5U,000. It was discovered by lieutenant Ball in 17'J0, and a liiirh mountain in' the centre was called Mount Fhil'p. Lonfj. l^l!). :iO. E, lat. 1. 32. S.— Also the name of an island in the Pacific Ocean, dis- covered by captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 141. 6. W., lat. 17. 0. S. Prince William Sound, a gulf on the N. W. coast of America, discovered by Cook in 1778, and visited and e.xplored by Vancouver in 1794. Tile dress of botii sexes is a sort of close robe, made of the skins of various animals, and commonly worn with the hairy side outward, sometimes reaching only to the knees, but generally to the ancles. The men often paint tneir faces of a black colour, and of a bright red, and sometime of a blueish or leaden hue ; but not in regular figure. The women puncture or stain the chin with black, that comes to a point on each of their cheeks. Their canoes are of two sorts ; the one large and open, the other small and covered ; the framing consists of slender pieces of wood, and the outside is composed of the skins of seals, or other sea animals stretched over the wood. Their Weapons, and implements for hunting and fishing, resemble those used by the Ksquimaux. The principal animals are bears, conimun and prne mar- lens, sea otters, seals, racoons, small ermines, fox- es, and tlie wliitish cat or lynx. The birds found here are the falcon, the great king-fisher, the white-lieaded eagle, and the humming bird. Long. 147. 21. W., lat. 59. 33. N. Prime's Island, an island near the W. coast of Guinea, 90 m. in circumference, discovered by the Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and fertile, and has a town on the N. part, with a good harbour. Long. 7. 40. E., lat. 1. 41). N. Prince's Inland, a small island in the Indian Ocean, near the W. entrance of the strait of Sun- da. It is visited by European ships for wood and water. Long. 104. 30. E., lat. (J. 15. S. Prince's Islands, four small islands, in the sea of Marmora, near the strait of Constantinople, called Prinkipo, Prote, Kaike, and Antigone. The first is the largest, and has a town contain- ing above 2,000 inhabitants. Long. 2S. 56. E., lat. 40.51. N. Princeton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,345. It was called Wachnsrtt by the Indians, and within its limits stands the mountain of that name, which See. Princeton, p.t. Somerset and JMiddlesex Cos. N. J. 40 m. N. E. Philadelpliia. The college of New Jersey, or Nassau Hall, is established at this jjl:ice. It was founded in 1746 : it has 10 instruct- ors and 105 students; the libraries have 12,000 volumes. It has two vacations in spring and autumn of 12 weeks. Commencement is in Vieptembrr. Here is also a Theological Seminary. Princeton, ]).v. Caldwell Co. Ken.; p. v. Butler Co. Ohio; p.t. Gibson Co. Indiana. Princctotcn, p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop. 819. Principato,.a. province of Naples, divided into Principato Citra and ITItra, that is, the Further and Ilillier Principality. The former is 60 m. long and Wf) broad ; the soil fertile in wine, corn, oil. and salTron ; ;Mid it lius a great deal of silk, and several mineral springs. Salerno is the cap- ital. Principato Ultra is 37 m. long and 30 broad; and the soil not fertile in corn or wine. but it produces chesnuls, and has excellent pas- tures. Avellinois the capital. Pristiaa, a town of Romania, and a bishop's see, which was pillaged by the Austrians in llj89. It is seated on the Rusca, 1.50 m. S. by E. of Belgrade. Long. 21. 36. E., lat. 42 43."N. Pritzwuik, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seated on the Domnitz, 13 m. E. N. E. of Perle- berg. Privas, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Ardeche. It is sealed on a hill, near the confluence of three small rivers, 68 ra. S. ol Lyons. Long. 4. 36. E., lat. 44. 45. Procida, a island in the gulf of Naples, near that of Ischia, 8 m. in circumference, and very fertile and populous. The capital, of the same name, is a small fortified place, on a li'gh craggy rock, by the sea side. Long. 14. 8. E., lat. 40 Vi.ti. Proctorsnille, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt. 83 m. S. Montpelier. Prodano, an island in the Mediterranean, near the W. coast of the Morea, formerly called Sphac- teria. It is 36 m. S. S. E. of Zanle. Long. 21. 24. E., lat. 37. 15. N. Prome, a city of Birmah, province of Ava. It was formerly more considerable than at present, having been greatly reduced by frequent wars. Much teak limber is sent hence to Rangoon. It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 120 m. N. W. of Pe- gu. Long. 95. 0. E., lat. 18. 50. N. Pros])ect, p.t. Waldo Co. Me., on the Penob- scot, 6 m. N. E. Belfast. Pop. 2,381 ; p.t. Prince Edward Co. Va. 105 m. S. W. Richmond. Prospect Hill, p.v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. ; p.v. Fairfax Co. Va. ; p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. Prosperous, a. village of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, 16 m. S. W. of Dublin. It has a con- siderable manufacture of cotton. Prosnitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 8 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz. Provence, a former province of France, which now forms the department of Var, Lower Alps, and Mouths of the Rhone. Prorictcnre, one of the Bahama Islands, and the best of those planted by the English. It was taken by the Spaniards, in 17f<2, but retaken the next year. A light-house was erected, in 1604, on an eminence overlooking Nassau, the chief town. Long. 77. 20. W., lat. 25. 3. N. Proxidence, an island in the Atlantic, which the Buccaniers fortified, but afterwards abandoned. It is 150 m. E. of the coast of Nicaragua. Long. 80. 44. W., lat. 13. 25. N. Providence rieer, a stream of Rhode Island formed by the union of two rivers just above the city of Providence. It tlows into Narraganset Bay, and is navigable from Providence to the sea for ships of 900 tons. Providence, cit\', chief of a county of the same name in Rhode Island, is the largest place in the state and the second city in New England for population, wealth, and business. It sUtiiUs at the head of Narraganset Bay, which at this ex- tremity becomes narrowed to the width of a riv- er. It is built on both sides of the river, the two parts being connected by a bridge. The new town on the W. of the river has all the bustle and liveliness, and displays the flourisliing ap- pearance of a commercial city. The hill on the opposite side, or East Providence, is chiefly oc- cupied by private mansions, beautifully situated, and adorned with gardens and court ynrds. On the summit of a steep eminence stands the col- I'RO 616 PRU jpge, overlooking the city. The slreetti arc ir- regular, but there are many beautiful uituations and fine edifices in the city. Here is a hand- Ronie arcade three stories high, with 28 rooms on each floor. Each front consists of an Ionic portico, with granite pillars. Providence has 12 churches, a theatre, a public library, many cot- ton and woolen manufactories, paper mills, dye- houses, &c. Its distance from the sea is ;!o miles, but merchant ships of the largest size can come up to the wharves. Steam-boats pass be- JaiJLik^ --:-. ' ^' ' JSn^M ..^^^I^Ei^j;^^ KmKm tween Providence and New York, through Lono- Island Sound, during all the open season, and nearly the whole of the summer travelling from Boston to the S. passes by this route. Providence was f()un(led by Roger VVilliams in 163ti. It re- tained the denomination and government of a town until 1831, when a city charter was adopted. Brown University at this place was founded in 17t»4, and was first established at Warren : it was removed to Providence in 1770. It has been supported solely by individual patronage, and its funds are not large. The college edifices are two brick buildings, containing lOi) rooms for stu- dents, and others for public purposes. The col- lege is delightfullj' situated on an eminence in the E. part of the town, which commands a beautiful prospect. The libraries contain 12,000 volumes, including those belonging to literary societies. The officers are a President and 8 Pro- fessors. The board of trustees is composed of 30 members, of whom 22 must be Baptists, 5 Qua- kers, .") Episcopalians and four Congregationalists. The Fellows, or Learned Faculty, are 12, of whom 8, including the President, must be Bap- tists. The number of students in 1S31, was On. There are 3 vacations in May, September and December, amounting to 13 weeks. Commence- ment is in September. Providence is a port of entry, and in 1828 owned 20,252 tons of shipping-. It is in lat. 41. 51. N.. long. 71. 10. W. , 30 m."N. by W. Newport, 40 S. S. W. Boston, 74 E. Hertford. Pop. 16,832. Providence, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,570; also townships in Essex Co. N. J. ; Luzerne, Bedford, Delaware and Montgomery Cos. Pa. ; p. v. Mecklenburg Co. N. C. ^ Proridence Inn, p. v. Chesterfield Co. Va. ProTidmcc, a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 47,014. Providence city is the capital. Prurincctoion , p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod. at the extremity of the peninsula. It is GO m. S. E. of Boston in a straight line and IIG by land. It has an excellent harbour but there are no wharves. The houses are of one story and built on piles driven into the sand with spaces between them for the sand to drift through, otherwise they would be completely buried. The inhabitants live by fishing, as the cape produces nothing but a scanty vegetation of coarse grass sufficient for the pastura^ of a few cows. Pop. 1,710. Piovins, a town of France, department of Suine- et-Marne, celebrated for its mineral waters. It has a considerable trade in corn, and some woolen manufactures, and is seated on the Vouzie, GO m. S. E. of Paris. Prurlc. See Bruek. Prusa, or Pntsia. See Bursa. Pnissia, a large country of Europe, occupying a great part of the N. of (iermany, and extending with little interruption from the confines of Ijithuania to those of the Netherlands. It is a very fertile country, producing a great deal of flax, hemp, and corn. There are a great number of domestic animals; and the sea, the rivers, and lakes, supply abundance of fish. Game abounds ; and elks, wild asses, and uri, are found in the forests ; these last are of a huge size, and have some resemblance to beeves ; their hides are ex- tremely thick and strong, and they are sold to foreigners at a great price. One of the most re- markable productions of this country is yellow amber, which is found along the sea-coast. There are two large lakes, besides the rivers Vis- tula and Pregcl. The inhabitants are generally of a good constitution, laborious, and robust. There are a great number of mechanics ; but the principal business is husbandry, with the feeding of cattle. The present monarchy of Prussia consists of two distinct parts separated by the German States, and contains 105,770 sq. ni. of ter- ritorv. and a pop. of 12,552,278. The army amounts to l(i5,000 men. The revenue is 4(1, 000,000 dollars; the public debt 120,000,000. The government is an absolute monarchy. The religion of the royal family is protestant, but all creeds are tolerated. In the 13th century Prussia belonged to the knights of the Teutonic order. In 1454, that part since denominated Polish, or W. Prussia, revolt- ed to Casimir IV king of Poland, and was incor- porated into the dominions of the republic. At the same time the knights were constrained to hold the remaining part, called Ducal or E. Prus- sia, as a fief of the crown of Poland. In 1525 Al- bert, the grand master, betrayed the interests of his fraternity, and concluded a treaty with Sigis- niund. king of Poland, by which E. Prussia was erected into an hereditary duchy, and given to hiin as a Polish fief. Having adopted the tenets of Luther, he married a princess of Denmark, and transmitted this rich inheritance to his de- scendants : one of whom, Frederic William, was the first duke that threw off" his dependence on Poland. The foundation of the Prussian mon- archy was established by him, between 1G40 and 1G88. His son and successor, Frederic, in 1701 assumed the title of King of Prussia, which was soon after acknowledged by all the Christian powers, except Poland, which did not acknow- ledge it till 17G4. In 1742 Frederic II. acquired the duchy of Silesia from the house of Austria; and by his wonderful victories, and the still more wonderful resources by which he repaired occa- Bi(.nal defeats, he became the admiration of the age. In 1772 he compelled the Poles to cede to him Western Prussia, excepting the cities of Dantzio and Thorn. He cultivated the arts of PRZ 617 PUL peace as well as war, distinguishing himself as a poet, philosopher, and legislator, and expending large sums in the improvement of the country. He was succeeded b_v his nephew, Fnderic Wil- liam II., in I78li, who forcibly anne.xed to his kingdom Dmtzic and Tliorn, with several con- biderable provinces, which lie styled Southern I'russia. He had also a share in the general con- test against France, in the early ))art of the revo- lution ; but made peace with tliat country in AjJril, 171*5; and died at Berlin in 17!>7. His son, Frederic William 111., continued on amicable terni.s with France, till the dissolution of the Germanic body in HOli, and the consequent fjnn.ition of the Confederation of the Rhine, when, thinkint? himself ag'^rieved, he declared war against France. This war was of short du- ration, but of most disastrous consequence to Prussia. By the peace of Tilsit, the whole of the Polish dominions belonging to Prussia, with a ft^w exceptions, were transferred to another prince ; and the king of Prussia had further to renounce his right to all the territories, without exception, situated between the Elbe and the Rhine ; to those belonging to Saxony and the House of Anhalt on the right bank of the Kibe ; and, lastly, to the circle of Rothus, in Lower Lu- satia, which was ceded to Saxony. Thus was Prussia reduced to the lowest rank among the powers of Europe. On tlie niemoruble retreat of the French armies from Russia, and the arrival of the Russians within the territories of Prussia, she, however, threw off her alliance with France, joined Russia in the war, and made such extraor- dinary efforts to retrieve her lost character, by the magnitude of her armies and the courage which she maintained in the field, that on the conclusion of the war all ihe countries which had been wrested from her by the treaty of Tilsit were restored. The kingdom is now divided into 10 provinces, namely, E. Prussia. W. Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Westphalia, Cleves and Berg, Silesia, Posen, Saxony, and Lower Rhine ; which are subdivided into 3S governments. For military purposes, the kingdom is divided into five great parts, viz. Prussia, Brandenburg and Pomerania, Silesia and Prussian Poland, Saxony, and finally Westphalia with the Lower Rhine. Berlin is the capital of all Prussia. Prussia, Pr&pcr, an extensive division of the Prussian states, between the northern frontier of Poland and the Baltic. It comprises the provin- ces of E. and W. Prussia, divided formerly by the Vistula, and now by a line a few m. to the E. of that river. E. Prussia lies between 19. 20. and 24. 1.5. of E. long, and 52. :!-2. and 5(5. 3. of N. lat., and has a superficial extent of l.'i.OOO sq. m. with 85t),fl00 inhabitants. It is divided into the gov- ernments of Konigsberg and Gumbinnen. W. Prussia is a less extensive country, its area being 10,000 sq. m. its population 500,000. It is divided into the governments of Dantzic and Marien- werder. Pruth, a river that rises i(i Marmarosch, in Hungary, cr<'sses part of the [lalatinate of Lem- biirg. flows through .Mohlavia, and enters the Danube above Leui, in liessarbia. Pniym, a town of the Prussian province iii' Lower Rhine, with a princely abbev ; seated on the river Prnym, 30 m. S S. E. of Ai.x-la-Chapelle. Przcsmislia^n town of .Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, with a castle; sealed on tlie river San, 54 m. W. bv S. of Lemberg. 78 Przibram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Beraun, with a silver mine and an iron foundery, seated near the river Muldau, 26 m. S. S. W. of Prague. Pshof, or Pleslwf, a government of Russia, ly- ing between those of Livonia and Smolensko. It comprises an area of 2-2,000 sq. m. with 700,000 inhabitants. Pslcof, the capital of the above government, and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. It is seated on the river Welika, at its entrance into the lake Tchudskoi, 80 m. S. of Narva and 170 S. by W. of Petersburgh. Lonw. 27. 52. E., .at. 57. Ae. N. Pucciiloc, a town of Bengal, 40 m. N. W. of Dacca. Purk/wfi. a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore, yO m. S. W. of Cashmere and 145 N. W. of Lahore. Long. 75. 5. E., lat. 113. 45. N. Pudda, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the S. W. part of Agimere, di\^ides the provinces of Cutch and Guzerat, and runs into the gulf of Cutch. Pruloga, a town of Russia, in the government of Olonetz. situate on the E. coast of the lake of Onezkoe, 103 m. E. of Olonctz. Long. 36. 30. E., lat. 01. 3t;. N. PueJ/la, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated near the Atlantic, 211 m. S. S. W. of Compostella. Putbla de los Jingelos, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of its name. The streets are broad and straight, and the buildings in gener.al of stone, lofty and elegant. In the centre of the city is a large square, adorned on three sides with uniform porticoes, where are shops filled with rich com- modities, .Tnd on the other witli the cathedral, which has a beautiful front, and two lofty towers. Besides the cathedral, there are several other churches and convents, well built and finely adorned. A small river runs through the town, and the adjacent valley produces vines and all sorts of European fruits. It is 60 ra. E. S. E. of Mexico. Long. 1)1). 22. W., lat. 10. 30. N. Piiehta Nuora, a town of Mexico, in Ihe prov- ince of Veragua, seated near the Pacific Ocean, 100 m. W. ot St. Jago. Loni' Helmont Cu. Ohio, on the Ohio. I'ltllousk, a towii ill the interior of Poland, whore in 1807 a battle was fought between tlio French and Russians, in which both sides claicn- ed the victory. It is seated on the Narew, ;iO ni. N. of Warsaw. Pultowa. See Pol%ir(i. I'una, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 35 ni. long and 12 broad, lying at the entrance of the bay of Guayaquil. It has an Indian town of the same name, on its S. side. 115 m. N. of Paita. I'unck llali,a. village of Caroline Co. Mary- land. I'unhctc, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, at the conflux of the Zezere with the Tujo, C m. N. W. of Abrantes. Punla del Gudu, the capital of St. Michael, one of the Azores, with a strong castle. It is situate on the S. side, and contains 10,000 inhabitants. The streets are regular and of convenient width, and the churches, religious houses, and public edifices may be deemed elegant. There is no harbour in the vicinity of the town, and vessels usually anchor at a distance from tlie shore in an open road. Long.ii5. 42. \V., lat. ii". 47. N. Punzctaicny, p. v. Jefferson Co. Pa. 70 m. N. E. Pittsburg. Purbrck, Isle of, a rough and heathy tract in Dorsetshire, to the S. of Pool Bay. It is insulated by the sea and rivers, and is famous for its stone quarries, the principal vt' which lie at its eastern extremity, near Swannage, whence the stone is exported : it is of the calcareous kind, hut dis- tinguished into numerous sorts, the finest of which deserves the name of marble, and is used for chimney-pieces, hearths, &.C.; while tiie coarser kinds are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pipe clay is dug up in several parts of this island, tlie finest near Corfe Castle, of which inuch is export- ed, particularly for the Statfordshire potteries. Purfhena, a town of Spain, in the province of Granada, 70 m. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 25. W., lat. 37. 19. N. Purfieet, a village in Essex, Eng. situate on the Thames, 4 m. VV. of Grays-Thurrock. It has ex- tensive lime- works, and a large magazine for gun- powder. Purijicacion, a town of Mexico, in the province of Xalisco, 90 m. S. by E. of Compostella. Long. 105. 30. W., lat. 19. 58. N. Purmerend, a strong town of the Netherlands, in N. Holland, 10 m. N. by E. of Amsterdam. Puntecili, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile and populous district of its name ; seated on the Scraw, 125 ra. N. N. W. of Moorshedabad. PuryshuTg, t. Beaufort Dis. S. C. on the Savan- nah, 20 m. above Savannah, 94 m. S. VV. Charleston. It was established by a colony of Swiss, to introduce the cultivation of silk. Puschiaro, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Grisons, 3 m. N. from a lake to which it gives name. It is 17 m. W. S. W. of Bormio, and 20 E. of Chiavenna. Piitula. vr /*«(c/i,a mountain of Thibet, near the banks of the Burrampooter, 7 m. E. of Lassa. On its summit is the palace of the grand lama, the high priest of Thibet. Put in Bay, a harbour in Ohio at the West end of Lake Erie, formed by the largest of the Bass Islands, 14 m. N. W. Sandusky. It has 2 entran- ces, and is deep enough for the largest vessels, and sheltered from every wind. Here the Ameri- can fleet under Commodore Perry rendezvoused in September 1S13 when he captured the British Squadron. Putlilz, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, with an old castle, 11 ni. N. N. E. of Perleberg. Putnam, a county of New York. Pop. 12,701. Carmel is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 230. Sugar Grove is the capital; a county of Georgia. Pop. 13,053. Eatonton is the capital. Pulnain, p.t. Washington Co. N. V. on Lake Champlain. Pop. 718 ; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. Putney, a village in Surrey, Eng. seated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge, 4 in. VV. S. W. of London. On Putney heath is an obelisk, erected in 176(j, in commiunoration of Mr. Hart- ley's invention of fire-plates, for securing build- ings from lire ; and on its borders are several ele- gant mansions. Putncij, ]i.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Connec- ticut. 33 m. S. Windsor. Pop. 1,510. Puttan Somnavtii, or Pultan, a town of Hindoos- tan, near the southern extremity of the Guzerat Peninsula. Somnauthis one of the twelve images of Seeb which are said to have descended from heaven to earth ; and the great fame of its tem- j)le attracted the cupidity, while it stimulated the bigotry, of Sultan Mahinood, of Ghizni. Accord- ing to Mahoinedan authors, the image was de- stroyed, but the Hindoos assert that the god re- tired into the ocean ! The symbol placed in the temple is deemed peculiarly propitious to those who desire offspring. It is visited by pilgrims from everv quarter, who pay a trifling duty to the Nabob for permission to perform their devotions at this favourite slirine. Tlie Bombay Presidency is stated to have used its influence with the Junag- liar State, in 181G, to secure greater freedom of pilgrimage to Puttan. It stands near the sea, 95 m. S. of Noanagur. Long. C9. 40. E., lat. 21. 2. N. Pay, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Upper Loire, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is famous for a prodigious quantity of relics; and Our Lady ofPuy is celebrated in the annals of superstition. Puy has manufactures of blankets, linen, lace, silk, stuffs, and stoneware. It is seated on the mountain Anis, near the river Loire, 45 m. N. E. ofMendoand 65 S. E. of Cler- mont. Long. 3. .58. E., lat. 45. 58. N. Puy de Z)omc,adepartment of France, contain- ing part of the former province of Auvergne. It has its name from a mountain, situate to the W. of Clermont, the capital of the department. Put/ en .jnjou, a town in the department of Maine-et-Loire, 10 m. S. S. W. of Saumur. Puy r Eceque, a town in the department of Lot, 16 m. W. by N. of Cahors. Puy iu Roquc, a town in the department of Tern-et-Garonne, IS in. S. S. E. of Cahors. Puy.^foisson, atown in the department of Low- er Alps, 15 m. S. of Digne. Pui/cer^/a, a town ofSpain, in Catalonia, cap- ital of the county of Cerdagna, seated at the foot of the Pyrenees, near the source of the Segra, 47 m. W.by S. ofPerpignan and 78 N. by VV. of Barcelona. It was taken by the French in 1794. Long. 1.50. E., lat. 42. 36. N. Puyzaurens, a town of France, department of Tarn, 28 m. S. by W. of Alby. Puzzuoli, or Pozzuolo, a celebrated, but now inconsiderable city of Italy, on the bay of Na- ples Here are the remains of the temple of Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of an- tiquity, being different from the Roman and (ireek temples, and bnilt in the manner of the QUA 619 QUA Asiatic i probably by the Egyptian and Asiatic merchants settled at Puzzuoli, which was the great emporium of Italy, till the Romans built Ostia and Antium. It has been converted into a Christian cathedral, and so much modern work added that at present only the front of the ancient edifice is visible. Many other remains nf temples, amphitheatres, and other public buildings in this city, aflord convincing proofs of its former mag- nificence. The ruins of Cicero's villa, near this place, are of such extent as to give a high idea of the wealth of that great orator; ',) m. W, of N:iples. Pyramids, a range of ancient and stupendous Kffvpl^'^n monuments, extending northwards from Cairo, but on the opposite or west side of the Nile. They are continued almost uninterrupted- ly for about 20 leagues, upon a plain occupying the lower slope of a ridge of hills, which runs parallel to the Nile. This plain is elevated about So feet above the ground inundated by the river and consists of bard rock, funning a proper sup- port for the immense weiglit of the structures erected upon it. The pyramids are distinguished by their form, which the name e-xpresses, and still more by their great dimensions. The three largest are in the neighbourhood of the town of Gizeh, and are named from their founders. The following are their names and dimensions. Feci kigh. Ft. sq. at base. Cheops 4U9 603 Cephrenes 398 0o5 Mycerinus 1G2 280 The pyramids, at first view, present the ap- pearance of solid masses ; and it seems to have been the intention of the founders, that the few openings which they contain, should remain per- petually closed. The ingenuity of successive ages has traced the openings of the great pyramid, which were so studiously concealed. The exte- rior opening is (JO feet above the base, and leads into a passage G6 paces long. Beyond are succes- sive galleries, one 120 feet, another 170, and an- other 180 feet long. The principal chamber, at the end of the longest gallery, is 36 feet long, iG broad, and 18 high. At the farthest extremity is the sarcophagus, for the reception of which this enormous structure is supposed to have been rear- ed. This pyramid is ascended on the outside by an uninterrupted flight of steps, from 2 1-2 to 4 feet, diminished in height, as they approach the top. The breadth is so proportioned to the height that a line stretched from the top to the bottom would touch the angle of every step. The ex- ternal part is built of square stones, cut in the rock found alonir the Nile. They are com- pacted together solely by their own weight, with- out lime, lead, or cramps of any metal. In the body of the pyramid, however, which is full of irregular stones, ]t has been necessary to employ a mortar composed of lime, earth, and clay. The pyramid of Cephrenes was first opened by M. Bel- zoni, in 1818. The sarcophagus was found to contain bonea, supposed to be human, which ap- peared to confirm the belief, that these stupend- ous monuments, as has been asserted by Slrab.) and Diodorus, were intended as sepulchres of the kings of Egypt. But a thigh bone, which was carried to London, and examined by the royal college of Physicians, was pronounced to belonir to a cow, whence it has been inferred that these structures were reared in honour of this favourite object of Egyptian worship. Pijriiaum, a town of Bavaria, capital of a lord- ship of its name, situate on the frontier of Fran- conia, 13 ni. S. E. of Nuremburg. Pi/rc/icrs, a range of mountains which divide France from Spain, and the most celebrated in Europe, except the Alps. They reach from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, about 212 m. in length, and have different names, according to their different situ.itions. The pa.ssages over them are not so ditBcult as those of the Alps: one of the most frequented is that from Pampelu- na to St. Jean de Pied de Port, by which the French under Soult marched to attack the Brit- ish belore Pampeluna, in July 1813. Tliesc mountains contain iron, copper, lead, silver, gold, cobalt, and zinc ; they also furnish great quanti- ties of timber for ship-building, and abundance of pitch and tar. See Perdu, Slount.. Pijreiices, Eastern, a department of France, con- taining the provinces of Rou.ssillon, Cerdagne, and part of Languedoc. Its area is estimated at 1,650 sq. m., and the pop. at 126,500. .\llhough great part of the country is mountainous, yet it is fertile in corn, excellent wine, olives, oranccs, &-C. Perpignan is the capital. Pyrenees, Lower, a department of France, com- prehending the province of Beam and Navarre. The principal products are corn, wine, flax, chest- nuts, and other fruits ; the manufactures woolen, linen, leather, and recently cotton. The prov- ince contains an area of about 3,000 sq. m., with 380,000 inhabitants. Pau is the capital. Pyrenees, Upper, a department of France, i.n- cluding the province of Bigorre, and comprising an area of 1,800 sq. m. with 200,000 inhabitants. Here arc excellent horses and good partridl in N. Albany. Qiiahertoini, p.t. Buck.s Co. I'a. V«an4'-;<(;n', a city of China, of the first ran i<. in the province of Petche-Ii, -Jia m. S. S. K of Pekin. I^oni;. ll-l. 30. K., lat. 3(;. -17. N. (liiniii/isi, an inland province in tlic S. of Chi- na. Itprodiic's plenty of rice, bcini; watered by several larc;e rivers. The southern ^lart is a lla't country, and well cultivated ; but the northern is full of mountains, covered with trees. It con- tains mines of all sorts, and particularly a o-old mine. Mere is a tree called quanrr-lano;, "the pith of which is made into bread ; and a small spe- cies of insect which produces while wa.\. Quei- linir is the capital. !eat- cd on the Irrawaddy, 150 in. N. N. E. of Um- inerapoora. Quantico Mills, p.v. Somerset Co. Maryland. Qiuiriiz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- ernment of Leignitz. 10 m. \V. S. W. of Glogau. ill. S. of Avallon. Qiiarlo, two towns of Naples, in Capitanata tlie one 6 ni. W. and the other 12 S. VV. of Salpes. liunrlni, a town of Switzerland, near Wallen- fladt Lake.f) m. E. of Claris. VV., lal. 46. .5.".. N. (iucirlo, a kingdom of Asia, in the peninsula of Malacca. The king is tributary to Siani. The principal town is of the same name, has a harbour and IS .-iOO ni. N. of the city of Malacca. Lonn-' 100. .->. E., lat. 7. n. N. (iucrllinhcrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in e principality of Anbalt, with a castle. 'The river Bode divides it into the Old and New Town. It has a trade in brandy and linen, and is 10 m. S. by E. of Halberstad't. Lono-. H TO F lii 51.. 'iO. N. =, 11. iu. £,., Ml. tl Qwccn .Inn, a county of Maryland, on the E of Cbesapeak Bay. Pop. ]4,3n(i. Centreville is the chief town. Quern Ann, a town of Maryland, in Prince Qu.nrr B™.,a,iamletoftheNetherlands,which fen^: h'^/ t W M' til^^oH^ailli'l^E' of was the scene of an obstinate conflict between the Washington. Annapolis and 22 L. ol (iufcn Charloltp, Island, an island in the S. Pa- cific, C m. long and 1 broad, discovered by captain Wallis in 17C7. Long. 138. 4. \V., lat. 10. Is S. (lurni ChnrlvtU Islands, a group of islands iii British and French, on the Kith of June, 1.S15. QueaiiT, a town of France, department of Vi- cnne,'JI m. S. E. of I'.iitiers. (iurbrc the capital of Canada, and of British fewr^ncer S r 'r''^"''?'r°^'''';"^"^ ""^ N' P^^'''^' ^-^P'o^^d ^ ^"Vt^i" Ca tee; aWnt ^OM n„ r ^'■,?''"'''= ("■• '^"i L'tlle R.ver), 1707. The mo'st considerable he named Egmmit" whie 1 r, , " 1 i™ ,?""■ 1 "• ".''"'l^ "," " ™''' ''"' Ihe Spaniards call it Santa Cruz. It is^OO ' s V ded ?r,/ ;■ ■""''"'=?",'' I>"'>.V of slate, and long and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and nmun- is divided mto Upper and Lower. Near it is a tainous, with many valleys in ermiyedThll WmtiTr-,^' "■;■ ''"'1 '\'T '■"'■"''"'."' '-''itan'ts are very^rimbli "!orou^^ ocl ■ t, ' ".r ^''^''T'^^ .t'-'- ,f"°'- of "»-■ "n-l their weapons are bov-s and arl-ows no med' far Ib'a^^ t""*"' 'V ^r"'"^ "','''■••7';' '!''' '""^ "" ^""' «'"'• O" the N. side is a harbmtr'nan e fa. that a large spot of ground is left dry, and on Swallow Bay. Long. 104 'H\ E lat 4"^ S "»ti ">n. QUE G21 QUI QuecH Cltarlotlr Sound, a sound at ihe IV. ex- tremity of tlie S. island of New Zealand, near Cooii Strait. Long. 174. 14. E., lat. 41. C. S. Qiier.iiliorough, a borough in Kent, Eng. in the Isle ofKliippiiev. It had onre a strong caste, re- mains of uliich aro still to he seen. The chief cioplovment of liie inliabitants is fishing, and oysters are here in great plenty. The town is seated near the mouth of the Mednay, 15 ni. N. W. of Canterbury and 4.") E. by S. of London. Lou?. 0. 4:). E., lat. 13. -23. N. Q'lei-nsbnroush, a town of S. Carolina, on the W. side of iho Great Pedee River, 32 u'l. N. N. W. of Georgetown. Q«cfn.s6wroMo'A,a villageinTuscarawasCo. Ohio. Qufrn's County, a county of Ireland, in the prov'inci" of Leinster, about 30 m. long and 29 broad ; bounded on the iN'. by King's county, E. by Kildare, S. E. by Carlow, S. by Kilkenny, and \V. by Tipporary and King's county. It is di- vided into nine baronies and .jQ parishes, contains about 134,0i)0 inhabitants, and sends three mem- bers to parliament. It was formerly full of woods and bogs, but is now much improved in cultiva- tion. .Maryborough is the capital. Queens Counlij. a county of New York, in the W. part of Long Island. Pop. 22,27(). N. Hemp- stead is the chief town. Quernsfcrry, a borough of Scotland, in Linlith- gowshire, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is not more than 'Z m. wide. It has a trade in soap, and a much frequented ferry. It is m. W. of Edinburgh. Qiicenstnih, a town of Prussian Saxony, 5 m. N. E. ofHalberstadt. Qucenslown, a town of Upper Canada, on the river .Niagara. 7 miles below the falls. Here all the merchandise and stores received from Kings- ton for the upper part of the province are sent in w'offgons to Chippewa, a distance of 10 m. the falls and broken course of the river rendering the navigation impracticable for that space. It is 7 m. above Fort Niagara and 20 N. by E. of Fort Erie. Qucenstoien, p. v. Queen Ann's Co. Maryland. 33 m. S. E. Baltimore. Queich, a river of Bavaria, which passes by AnweiUer and Landau, and enters the Rhine near Germersheim. Quci-ling, a city of China, capital of the pro- vince of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower railed quel, which grows on a tree resembling a laurel, and emits such a sweet odor that it per- fumes the whole country. It stands on a rivers that runs into the Ta, but with such rapidity as rHit to be navigable. It is 180 m. N. by W. of Canton and 587 S. of Pekin. Long. 109. 51. E., lat. 25. 12. N. Qunmahoming, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. QuctUin, St., a strong town of France, depart- ment of Aisne, with a considerable manufacture of lawns and cambrics; also gauze, linen, and thread. Near this place, in 15.57, Philip II. of Spain gained a signal victory over the French, and afterwards took the town by storm, but it was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Sommc, 21 m. S. of i;ambray and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Long. 3 20. E., lat. 49. 50. N. Quercy, a province of France, now forming the department of Lot. Qurrr.taro. a city of INIexico, capital of a pro- vince of the same name. Pop. 35,000. 95 m. .\. W. I'NIcxico. Querfort, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseberg, formerly the capital of a principality of its name, with a castle. 14 m. W. of Merseberg. Long. 11. 50. E , lat. 51. 23. K. Querimlm, a cluster of small islands on the coast of Mozambique, fertile in fruits and pastures The principal one, of the same name, is in long. 41.30. E., lat. 11.40. S. Qucsnotj, a fortified town of France, department of Nord, with an old castle. In 1793 it was taken by the .Austrians, but retaken the next year. It is sealed in an extensive plain, on the rivnlit Ronelle, 9 m. S. E. of Valenciennes and 122 N. E. of P.iris. Long. 3. 40. E., lat. 50. 15. N. Quilirrun, a town in the department of .Morbihan with a fort, situate at the extremity of a peninsula, to the N. of Bclleisle. In 1795 it was taken by some French royalists in the pay of Great Britain ; but, owin^ to the desertion and treachery of some of the soldiers, the rejiublicans soon took it by sur- prise. It was taken by the English in ISOO, but evacuated soon afterwards. 17 ni. S. S. E. of Port Louis. Quicaro. an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Veragua, about 20 m, long and o'broad Long. 62. 39. W., lit. 7. 50. N. Quiliinancy, a sea-port of Zanguebar, in the kiiiiidora of Melinda. It stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, 26 m. S. S. W. of Melinda. Long. 41. 40. E., lat. 3. 10. S. Quillaii, a town of France, department of Audo, 25 m. S. S. W. of Carcassone. Qiiilleicruf, a town of France in the department of Eure, seated on the Seine, 37 m. W. of Rouen, and 42 N. W. of Evrcux. Quiloa, a sea-port of Zanguebar, capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a small citadel. This country was for some time in the posses.'jion of the Portuguese, from whom it was wrested by the imam of Slascat. It produces abundance of rice, millet, fruits, cattle, and poultry. The inhabitants are Mahomedans partly black and partly tawnv. The capital is well built, and stands on an island, at the mouth of the river Coava. Lon". 40. 0. E.. lat. .•?. 38. S. quimner, a city of France, capital of Ihe depart- ment of Finisterre, and a bishop's see. It is seat- ed at the conflux of the Oder and Benaudet, 34. ni. S. S. E. of Brest and 112 VV. by S. ofRcnnes. Long. 4. (J. Vf., lat. 47. 58. N. Quimpcrle, a town of France in the department of Finisterre, seated on the Isolle, 30 m. E. S. E. of Quimper. Qiiincy, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 9 ro. S. E, Bos- ton. Pop. 2,192. Here is a quarry of excellent granite much used for building in Boston and the neighborhood. The Qumri/ Rai/roarf extends from this place to Neponset river. It is 3 m. in length with a single track. It was constructed in 1820, and was the first undertakingof the kind in Amer- ica. On an elevated rock at the commencement of the railroad, stands a square tower of stone with an inscription commemorating the foundation of the work. The view from the summit of the tower is exceedingly fine, embracing Boston Bay, its islands, and a wide extent of country. Qiiincy, p.v. Morgan Co. and Adams Co. Illiuois. (luiniTcy, a town of France, in the department of Doubs, seated on the Louve, 13 in. S. W. of Besancon. Qiiin-iwg, or Chiiiehi, a bay on Ihe coast of Cocliin-China, much frequented by the vessels of RAB the country, being an cicellent harbour. The entrance .s narro«., and ships „f burden can get in only at Ingh water. At the head of the hfr or i";r^; rs-ofn^ir;"' ''""""''"' "'^-^ Qui«(,n, a toun in the department of Coles du of F^z"Vfm' "^ "^'T "'■/""""'•■'in' in the kingdom sort of Pro, . ',? ''-"g"'. "''""dinK fron, tl^- de- Bcri oi tirct lo the rivir Nocor. Quirpon, an island in tiie Atlantic near th^ M coast^of^Neufoundland. Long, r^t^l^^^, Quistcl/o, a town of Austrian Italy, famous for an action between the French and ^Austr°-.ns in 1/34, when marsha Broglio was surprised in his bed^ t ,s seated on the Soccia, J 5 m. S. of Mantui )vi?^"l,"V^ presidency of the republic of Colombia,' lyng between two chains of the hi^l, mountains called the Andes. The eastern gov^l-rumems are clnefly immense tracts, thinly scattered with mis^ rtirSe'""^ r • 1^1 ^■""^'^'"'"^ productions "r^ with the elevation of the ground. The chamnai,rn country produces abundtnt crops of nuiz"?' and Uie deep ravmes,where the temperature is ho pro- duco sugar-cane. The elevated lands pSs a colder cTimate, and produce wheat, barley &c Immense flocks of si;;eepare reared in themoun-' ta.n plains, and U.eir wool furnishes materials for the manufactures of this province. The lands are generally well cultivated, and there are a treat number of tow-ns and villages inhabited afmos entirely by Indians. The streets are -reneraUv straight and in the direction of the four'card "al points ; and the roads are laid out in a line cros fs'lSaT'f °!''"' "" '!,"' "'" "^P"' "f the country IS that of a large garden. Although this country 622 RAD 18 situate on both sidcd the eoualor „») . i- has undergone considerable impr^ovement s nee it^ '.',.^1.) fe^t bortle"evel o7;h " "" '"?!' ^™""''' .nine, in its neigh, touted uire^hieflv^f^ "" for manufactures of colton.'wool and fla/ tI'" with the whole country the awfi^rS'""""'" iXw ted'U se"v"era;tnn '"l-J'-' P'P"'-'- -d Quizama a province of Africa in the S nnn „f 2«tS"R.S.:S'-' ■"'"■"• ■'-'" ""- Q«">, an inland country of Africa Ivin»- P H^'^^.^^linl^^od.^'^-'^-^^''-^ R RAAB, a town and fortress of Hungary, capi- lal ofacountyot its name, and a bishop's see It 18 a strong frontier.bulwark against the Turks' and IS seated at the conflu.x of the Raab and Rab' nilz, not far from the Danube, aS m. S. S E of I'resburg. Long. 17. 7. E., lat. 47. ;« N J'"'Jfg>'r, a town of Hindooslan, in the prov- ince of Malwa, 74 m. N. E. of Ougein and'^ 214 OS. VV. of Agra. Long. 7G. 5(;. E., lat. 24 2 N Kocia one of the Hebrides of Scotland, between he mainland of Ross-shire and the IsleofSkye It IS annexed to the parish of Portree in the W Mdetn .' '''^'"V''''t ^ ^''""^ ="'=^"' from thi „ side to a great height on the E. side which is nearly perpendicular." It is famous fo ts m I ! ?le Brotl,"'"'- r1 '' "'^ N. E. end stands Sis- e'^^^^tV ""'''''''■'""''■ Long. Rabastcm, a town of France, department of n"e: Z^^::C^^ ""'''' ™ ''^ "-'^""' IS - a ^Ue " f.^T'f^^^'"'' '" Tremecen, with a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome pa aces, and is seated at the mouth of the Bur 'arr Raienstein, a town of Bohemia on .K= .■ OtUva, 21 m. W. S. W. of Rakoni\z ^" """ liabim, a county of Georgia. Pon 2 17'^ Clayton is the capital P' ■•''^- Ra^Wf, a city of Hindoostan, in the nrovinee ofBejapore, capital of a district of i(<"n-,^u ject to the nizam of the Deccan Itl, L„ r'T'''" the S. bank of the Kistna 80 m S W of HvH "" bad. Long. 78. X E., lat'. 10. ^. N °^"-^''^^- Racheton, a village of St. Lawrence Co N V R^cm,,^, B. town of Piedmont, with a raaimifi' cent castre belonging to the prince of Car™„fno seated in a plain, 18 m S. of Cari^nano " ' I^odeber^ a town of Saxony, near which is a bah, called Au^.ustus bath, discovered in 1717 ins seated on the Roder, 8 m. E. N. E. of Dres- Radehirg a town of Sa.Tony, with a castle It Ro^dt.^5fm^^^^. ^ffceT ' ""^ --^ - ^^ Radicofam., a town of Tuscany in the fnrm«. IIAI 623 RAM Radimuour. or Radunpour, a town of Hinduos- tan, in the province of Agimere, situate on the Puddar, 175 ni. N. of Sural and 350 S. W. of Agimere. Long. 71. 48. E., lat. 2:5. 58. N. Radnor, Xeit, a borougli of Wales, in Radnor- shire. New Radnor is seated near tlie souice of the Somergil, at the foot of a hill, on which a cas- tle formerly stood, 24 ni. .\. W. of Hereford and 159 VV. N. W. of London. Radnorshire, a county of Wales, 'M in. long and 25 broad. The number ofinhabitants in 1821 was 22,4.50. Its principal rivers are the Wye and Tend, the former divided it from Brecknock- shire, and the latter from Shropshire. The E. and S. parts are tolerably level and productive of corn. The other parts are rude and mountainous devoted chiefly to the rearing of cattle and sheep. Radnor, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. Radum, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, GO m. N. N. W. of Sandomir. Rndomsk, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 50 m. S. E. of Siradia. Radstadt, a town of Bavaria, near the source of the Ens, 35 m. E. S. E. of Salzburg. Long. 13. 20. E., lat. 47. 18. N. Ragitolo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the prov- ince of Mantua, 19 m. S. of Mantua. Ragland, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. famous for its castle, where Charles 1. passed much of his time, and lived in a magnificent style. This castle was the last in Cromwell's time which surrendered to general Fairfax. 5 ni. N. E. of Usk and 8 E. of Monmouth. Raarnit, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a very ancient castle, in which is a large royal mag- azine for provisions, ■Sec. It is situate on the Nie- nienj5Um. E.N. E.of Konigsberg. Long. 21. 30. E., lat. 55. 30. N. TJao'ooyur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Malwa, 116 m. N. E. of Ougein and 256 S of Dehli. Long. 77. 30. E., lat. 24. 23. N. Ragusa, a district of Austrian Dalmatia, con- taining the territory of the ancient republic of Hagusa and several islands. It has an area of 700 square miles, with 55,000 inhabitants. The Boil is so barren that the inhabitants receive the greatest part of their necessaries from the neigh- bouring islands and Turkish provinces. The chief rivers are the Drino Gliuta, and Ombia Ragusa, the capital of the above district, and an archbishop's see. It is 2 miles in circumference, and strong by situation, having an inaccessible mountain on the land side, and a strong fort on the gulf of Venice. It has a considerable trade with the Levant and Italy, and is 60 m. W. of Scutari. Long. 17. 55. E.', lat. 42. 32. N. Ragusa, a populous town of Sicily, in Val di Nolo near the river Maulo, 18 m. .W. N. W. of Nolo. Rahwaij, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. 5 ni. S. W. Elizabeth town. Raiatca, or hretca, the Ulietea of captain Cook, the largest of the Society Isles, in the S. Pacific, about 40 m. in circumference. The mountains nre lofty, and picturesque. The lowland is ex- tensive, and the valleys, which are capable of Iho highest cultivation, are not only spacious, but conveniently situated for affording to the inhabit- :ints an intercourse with other parts of the island. It is well supplied with rivers and streams of ex- cellent water. On the N. W. is a small but very secure harbour, called Hamanino, which is shel- tered from the strong E and S. winds by the mountains of the interior. Long. 151. 38. W. lat. 10. 45. S. Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated on till* Acha, 12 rii. W. of Neuberg. Rain, or Old Ruin, a town of Scotland, in Ab- erdeenshire, near the river Ury, 23 m. N. W. of Aberdeen. Rain Ijike, a lake of N. America, lying E. of Lake of the Woods, and W. of Lake Superior. It is nearly 100 m. long, but in no part more than 20 wide. Raisin, a river of Michigan Territory flowing into Lake Erie. 20 m. S. \V. of Detroit river. Raisin Marlut, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. near the source of the Ancholm, 10 m. N. E. of Lincoln and 147 N. of London. Rajamundri/, a town of Hindoostan, capital of an extensive and fertile district of its name, in the province of the Circars. The principal riches consist in teak timber. It is the residence of the British civil establishment, and is seated on the Godavery, 35 ra. from its mouth and 170 S. W. of Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E., lat. 17. 0. .\'. Rajapour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Bejapore, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 6 m. N. of Geriah. Rajtmal, a district of Bengal, separated by a range of bills from Bahar. It is now annexed to the collectorship of Boglipore. Rajtmal, a decayed town of Bengal, seated on the W. bank of the Ganges, 68 ra. N. N. W.of Moorshedabad. Rakelsburg, a town of the Austrian states, in Sliria, with a considerable trade in wine and iron. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, and is situate on an island in the river Muer, 36 m. S. E. of Graiz. Long. 15. 58. E., lat. 46. 45. N. Rakonilz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. Very good beer is brewed here, and forms the principal article of trade. It is seated on the Miza, 30 m. W. of Prague. Long. 14. 0. E., lat. 50.5. N. Raleigh, the capital of N. Carolina, in Wake county. It was named after the celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh, under whose direction the first settlement in N. America was made at Roanoke Island. It stands on the Ne\ise, near the centre of the state. Here is a large and handsome slatehouse, with several other public buildings. The remoteness from navigation is its greatest disadvantage. It is 95 m. W. N. W.of Neubern, the former capital, and 145 VV. S. W. of Peters- burg, in Virginia. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 35. 40. N. Pop. 1 ,700. Raleigh, p. v. Union Co. Ken. on the Ohio. Ralp/isritlc, a township of Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Rama, or Ramuin, a decayed town of Palestine, with many fine ruins of Christian churches, and other buildings, which attest its former magnifi- cence. 20 m. W. by N. of Jerusalem. Ramada, a town of Colombia, in New Granada, 100 m. E. of St. Martha. Long. 72. 20. AV., lat. 11.10. N. Ramagiri,B. town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on the W. side of the Arkawati, with a strong fort on the opposite bank, on a large rocky hill, 50 m. N. E. of Seringapatam. Ramah, p. v. Wilkinson Co. Geo. 33 m. S. Mil- ledgeville. Ramapo, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. on a small stream of the same name, running into the Hud- son, 35 m. N. New York. Pop. 2^37. Hero are large manufactures of cotton and iron. RAM (m RAO Kiimliert, St., a town of France, dopartinent of Aiii, witii a linen ninniifitrture and considerable iron works ; seated near the river Albeline, 2'l in. S. S. E. of Bouri; en Bresse. Rambert, St., a town in the department of Loire, 12 in. S. E. of Monlbrisnn. Jiambf^rrilltr, a town in tlie department of Vos- ges, 30 m. S. E. of Nancy. Ramhouilh.t, a town in the department of Seine- Ot-Oise. Here was a royal palace, which was de- molished in 17!I3. 27 lii. S. W. of Paris. Jtamfry.^ town of France, department of Aube, seated on the river Anbe, l.S m. N. E. of Troves. IhiiniUles, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Ijra- hnnl, ineinnrable for a signal victory obtained by tile duke of Marlboroiij^h over the French in 17iMi. It is seated at the source of the Geete, 10 m. N. of Naniur and LM S. E. of Brussels. Unmiscrnm, an island in the »;ulf of Manara, at Ihi' W. end of Adam's Bridge, and separated frotn INlarawar, on the continent of Hindoostnn by a nar- row channel, [t is 30 in. in circuit; and contains some beautiful trees, a few villages, and a cela- brated temple, to which avast concourse of pil- grims resort. Long. 71). 22. E., lat. !). IS. N. littiiila, a town of Palestine the ancient Arima- theii, now in a ruinous stale. Here is a manufac- ture of soap, wliich is sent into all parts of Egypt. Iti ni. N. W. of Jerusalem. Hiimtiifkens, a sea-port of Zealand, in the isle of Walchercn. It was one of the towns put into the hands of the l-juglish as a security for a loan in the reign of queen Elizabeth. 4 ni. S. of Middle- burg. Long. 3. -10. E. lat. ."il. 2(1. N. Rainmetherg. a lofty and extensive mountain of Germany, in that part of the Harlz Forest which lies wilhin the principality of (Jrubenhagen. On this uiouutani are several silver mines ; and at the foot of it is the city of Guslar. Ramimd, a town of Hindonstan, capital of a dis- trict of its name, in the province of Marawar. Long. 7-*. 41). E., lat. 21. 2-1. N. Jtamoo, a town of Beng.al, in tlie district of Chitt.agong. Long. n2. 1."). E., lat. 0. 2(i. N. Rtimpuur, a town of Hindonstan in Dehli,32 m. S. of Cossipour and 111.") E, of Dehli. Ramsay, a town of tlie isleof Man, situate on a large bay, on the N. E. Coast. The bay affu-ds good ancjiorage, but the harbour will only admit small vessels. Near it is a lighthouse ; and the entrance of the town is defended by a fort. It is 15 m. N. by E. of Douglas. Lonir. 4. 26. VV. lat. 54. 18. N. Rtimsaijsburfs, p. v. Sussex Co, N. -T. Ramseij,!i town in Huntingdonshire, Eug. It had formerly an extensive abbey, of which only the ruins of a g.itew,ay remain. It is seated in the fens, near the meres of Ramsay and Wittlesey, 12 in. N. E. of lluntiugdnu and liO N. of London. Ramsfij, an islnml on the coast of Wales, sejiar- ated from Pembrukesliire by a narrow channel, called Ramsey Sound, Near it is a group of dan- gerous rocks kn:>wn by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks, frequented in the breeding season bv v.ast multitudes of sea-fowls. The island is 2 m. long and one and a quarter broad. 4 m. W, by S, of St, David, Lout, 5, 20. W., lat. 51. 55. N. ,, . Itamsuatc, a sea-port in Kent, Eng. in the isle of Tlianet, near the Downs. It was formerly an ob- scure fishing town, and in the reign of Queen Eliz- abelli contained only 25 inhabited houses. It has of late years greatly increased in size and popula- tion. The harbour is nearly circular, and has 2 fine stone piers, a dry dock, and a lighthouse. Ramsgate is a member of the port of Sindwich, and is much frequented as a bathing place. 17 in, W, by N, of Canterbury and 72 E. S. E, of London, Long. 1. 24. E , lat 51. 20. N. Rttmtfi4ih, a town of Hindooslan, in Berar, held sacriMl to Ram, by the Hindoos, who have a tem- ple here. 18 m. N. N. E. of Nagpour. Rtinai, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pa- cific Ocean, about three leagues W. of Mowee. The S. part is high and craggy ; but the other parts have a better aspect, and are well inhabited. It produces very few plantainsand bread fruit trees hut abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. lliniihtlhtoirn ^ \i.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. Httnild^hrtllc, p. v. Robeson Co. N. C. Kiiniliilslnimi, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, 4 ni, W, N. W, of Antrim, Ranilrradt, a town of Prussia, province of Lower Rhine, seated on the River Worm, 10 111. N, W, of Juliers, Ranilcrs, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near the mouth of the Gude, 25 m. E. of Wi- burg. Riinrlolph, a county of the W. District, of Vir- ginia, Pop, 5,000, Beverly is the capital ; a coun- ty of N, Carolinia, Pop. 12,400. Ashborough is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. :!,UI2. Winchester is the capital; a county of Illinois. Pop. 4,431). Kask.askia is the capital. Randolph, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Wind- sor. Pop. 2,743; p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 15 m. S. Boston. Pop. 2,200; and townships in Morris Co. N. J. Portage and Montgomery Cos. Ohio. Kaniramatlij , a town of Bengal, capita! of a dis- trict of its name, in the coUectorship of Rungpore. it has a celebrated pagoda, and stands near the Burrampootar, on the confines of Assam, and Boo- tan, 170 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. DO. 8. E., lat. 2(;. 10. N. Rangoon, a sea port of Pegu, and the principal mart for leak timber in the Birman Empire. It was founded by Alompro, king of Birmah, in 1755; and is the residence of a governor, who lives with- in the fort. Here is a custom-house, built of brick, but the wharfs and dwelling-houses are all constructed of wood. In its neighbourhood are numerous convents; and 2 m. N. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is a very grand temple, wliich is a splendid object at the distance of many ni. Rangoon surrendered to the British, February I, 1825. It is seated on the most eastern branch of the Irrawaddy (which hence to the sea is called the Rangoon, or Syriam River) 18 m. N. of its mouth and 00 S. of Pegu. Long, 96, 10, E., lat. 2(;, 48. N. Runnoch, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the N. part of Perthshire, 11 m, in length. It receives the waters of Loch Erieht from the N., and com- municates with Loch Tumel on the E. and Locii Lidoch on the W. On its S. side is a forest of birch and pine. Rantainponr, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Agimere. Oli. in, E, of .Agimere, Long, 76, 57. E., lat, 26, 35, N, Rant:oic, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Ilolstein, 24 m, N, by W, of Lubec, Raohonda, a town of Hindostan, in Visiapour, near which is a rich diamond mine, 20 in. N. N. W, of SoUapour, Raon I, Elnpe, a town of France, department of Meurthe, seated at the conflu.x of the Etape and Meurthe, 30 m, S, E. of Nancy, RAT C'ij RAV Rapnllo, a town of the Sariliiiiaii slaUis, in tlio province of Genoa, seated on a bay of its name, 16 m. E. S. E. of Genoa. Ranhor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, and a bisliop's see. The cathedral serves as a parish church. U m. S. W. of Londonderry and 21 N. E. of Donegal. /J«B;(/.'y«H, a river of Virginia flowing into the Rappahanoc 10 ni. above Fredericksburg. llii/iidrs, a Parish of Louisiana, i'op. 7,559. Alexandria is the capital Raphnc, t. Lancaster Co. I'a. Kii/iolla, a town of IViiples, in iiasilicata .> ni. W. of Venosi. Rappuhiinnoc, a river of Virginia, which rises in the mrnintains called the Blue Ridge, and Hows t)v Falinoulh. Freriencsliurg, Purtroyal, l,eeds, Tappahauii(»c, and Urbaiina, into C^hesapeak Bay. R/ippcrschiptilj a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, seated ou a neck ot' land that advances into tlie lake of Zurich, over which i8 a wooden bridge, I .M.^O feet lon^ It is 18 in. S. E. of Zurich and 2li N. W. of Glaris. Rapp.i, a town of Austria, ou the river Teya, 8 in. N. by W. of Worn. Raritini, a river of New Jersey, which runs by Brunswick and Amboy into Arthur Kull Sound, and helps to form the fine harbour of Aniboy. A canal is in {irngress from this river to the Del- aware at Lamberton. It will ije ^d m. long, 75 feel wide and 7 feet deep. li/iscia, the eastern division of Sclavonia, water- ed by the river Rasca, which runs into the Mo- iQve. Tlie inhabitants are called Rascians. Raschora, a seaport of Sweden, capital of a can- ton in Nyland. It is seated on the gulf of Fin- land. 87 m. S. E. of Abo. Long. 'JIJ. 18. E., lat. GO. 16. iV. R/isladl, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a noble castle. In 1714 a treaty was negociated here between the French and Austrians ; and in 1706 the former defeated the latter near this place. It is seated on the Merg. near the Rhine, 5 in. N. E. of Baden and 21 S. W. of Philipsburg. Rastenlmrir, a fortified town of E. Prussia, with a castle, seated on the small river Guber, 50 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Ratcnau, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, Beated on the Havel, 15 in. N. by W. of Branden- burg. Ralihor, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly the capital of a principality of thtf same name, with a castle. The cathedral and town-house are worthy of notice. It is sealed in the Oder, 15 m. N. E. of Troppan and 85 S. S. E. of Breslau. Ratishon, a strong cite ut' Bavaria, and the see >f an archbishop, transferred from Mentz to this place in 1708. The abbey of St. Emnieran con- tains the relics of St. Denys, a valuable library, and a fine collection of mathematical inslrumenls. The town-house is magnificent, and in its hall the general diets of tlie empire used to meet. Ratisbon has a great trade in salt, for which it is a depot, and sends large quantities of corn and wood to Vienna. In 1800 a battle was fought in the vicinity between the Austrians and French, in which the latter were victorious. It has an an- cient bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, and Blan'ls (m the S. side of that river, at the influx of the Regen, 6 m. N. by E. of Munich and ]95 W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 12. 6. E., lat. 43.58. iN. Riitoath, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meath, 13 m. E. of Trim and 12 N. W. of Dub- lin 79 U'Umaii.idotJ, a town of the Austrian states, iu Carniula with a castle, 20 n). S. by W. of Clag- cnfurt. RiUs/ia, or llalskn, a town and fortress of Scla- vonia on the N. side of the Save, opposite the in- flu.\ of the Drin, :«) in. S. W. of Peterwaradin. Raitnit, See Ruatan. R'lticnbcrg, a fortified town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicioity arc copper mines, which also yield some sih'er. It is situate on the luu, 21) m. E. N. E. of In- spriick and 41 S.W. of Salzburg. RiUzclmri^. a fortified town of Germany, capi- tal of a principality, subject to the duke of Meek- lenburg-Strelitz. Il is seated on an island, in tlie midst of a lake, 31) m. in circumference. The buildings are of brick, and almost every house is shaded with a tree. From the lake of llatzeburg issues the river W.aknit7,, which joins the Travc near Lubec. Ratzeburg is noted ibr its excellent beer, and is 14 in. S. by E of Luliec and 22 S. of Lauenburg. Lon. 10. .02. E. lat 53. 43. N. RaiibspiUc, p. v. Norliiampton Co. Pa. Raudntiz, n town and castle of Bohemia, seated oil the Elbe, 20 in. N. of Prague. Rau7ito, a town of Russia, in Finland, 20 in. S. of Biorneburg and .55 N. by VV. of Abo. Raitsckcnbcrtff &lowi\ of Germany, in Hesse- Cas.sel, 7 m. N. N. E, of Marburg and 32 S. S. W. of Cassel. ]tajt ree, or Jiapcy, a river of llindoostan, one of the five E. branches of the Indus. It rises in La- hore, on the borders of Thibet, flows by the city of Lahore to Toulomba, in the country of Moultan, and 28 in. below joins the Chunaub. The Rauvee is the Hydraotes of Alexander. Ravelh, a town of Naples, in rrincipato Citra, and a bishop's see, 10 in. W. of Salerno and 25 S. E. of Naples. RaraighisSf a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. It stands on an iulet of the Irish Sea, between the Mile and Esk, which, with the Irt, run into this lulet, and form a good harbour ; but, the adjacent country furnishing little tor exportation, its chief trade is in oysters. 2 ni. from the town, on the S. side of ihe Esk, are ruins of 3 m- in circumfer- ence, called tlie city of Burnscar, of which no historical documents appear to exist. Raven- irlass is 16 m. S. S. E. of Whitehaven, and 279 N. N. W. London. Lon. 3. 30. W., lat. C4. Raofttna, a c'lly of Italy, in the states of t.^ church, and an archbishop's sec, with several colleges, a great number of religious houses, and a ruinous citadel. It has a celebrated harbour, but. the sea has gradually withdrawn 4 m. from the town. Theodoric, king of the Goths, resid- ed here, and afterwards the e.xarchs of the Greek emperors. The mausoleum of Theodoric issliUto be seen, and is covered by a single stone, 21 feet in diameter and 1.5 thick. Ra- venna is seated on the river Mantone, 37 m. S. E. of Ferrara and 1G2 N. of Rome. Long. 12. 5. E.,lat. 44.2.5. N. Rarcnnn, p t. Portage Co. Ohio 135 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 806. Rnvcnshertr, a town of Prussian Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, now included in the government of Minden. 36 in. S. W. of Minden. Ravenshurg, a town of Germany, in Wirtein- burg, with a considerable trade, particularly in pa- per ; seated on the Cheus, IS m. .V. of Lindau. Ratenstein, a town of the Netherlands, in N. REC G-26 RKD Brabant, with a cxstle ; seated on the Maese, 8 m. W. S. W. of Nimeguen. liuriti, a town of Prussian Poland, near tile confines of Silesia, with a considerable manufac- ture of cloth, 55 m S. of Posen. Raira, a town of Polaml, with a strong castle, seated in a morass, and almost surrounded by the rive? Rawa, 55 m. S. W. of Warsaw. Long. 1!). 55. E., lat. 51. 51. N. Rawlinnsliurrr, p. v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 130 m. N'w. Raleigh. fini/moKi/, p. t. Cumberland Co. Me. 26 m. N. Portland ; p.t. Rockin?hara Co. N. H. 81 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,000. Raifnftajn, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton river :) m. E. Taunton 'M m. S. IJoston. Pop. 1,20L*. Iron ore abounds here, and in the town are manufactories of bar iron, hollow ware, nails, &c. The first fornje in .\merica was set up here in lt>52 by James and Henrv Leonard. Ratjpour, a town of Fliiiiloostan. in Orissa, 00 m. S. of Ruttunpovir and 80 \V. of Sumhulpour. Rf-, an island in France, Hi m. lonjx and 4 broad separated from the coast of Lower Charente by the strait of Breton, above 7 m. wide. The pro- ducts arc bitter wine, salt, brandy, and the liquor called aniseed. St. Martin is the capital. RcadfieM, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. ],SS4. Rratl Hoiue, p. v. Charlotte Co. Va. ReadinsTy a boroutjh and the capital of Berk- shire, Enff. The principal manufactures arc can- vas, blankets, jrauze, ribands, and pins ; it has a trade in malt. Hour, and timber. Here are the ruins of a rich abbey, in which Henry I was in- terred. It is seated on the Kennet, near its con- fluence with the Thames, 20 m. S. S. E. of Ox- ford and 37 W. of London. /fearffnw, p.v. Middlese.x Co. Mass. \i m. N. Boston. Pop. l,dOG ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,70:) ; p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1..5U8. Reading, p.t. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuylkill 54 m. li.'V/. Philad. It is a flourishinij and reg- ularly built town inhabited principally by Ger- mans. Here are large manufactures of hats. The Union canal commences in the neighbour- hood. Pop. 5.8-50. Also a township of Adams Co. Pa ; p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, and a town- ship of Perry Co. Ohio. Readingtun, a township of Hunterdon Co. N. J. Readifcilte, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten. RealejOf a sea-port of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, with three churches. The chief trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage. It is situate among swamps, near the moutli of a river of its name, 20 m. W. N. W. of Leon, to which it serves as & harbour. Long. 87. 46. W., lat. 12. 43. N. ^ Realvitlc, a town of France, department of Tarn-et-tJaronne, 8 m. N. E. of Montauban and 20 S. of Cahors. Rcamstown, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa. Reccaiwti, a town of Italy, in the papal states, and delegation of .\ncona. It has a great fair in September, which continues 15 days ; and is seat- ed on a mountain, near the river Munsone, 14 m. S. of Ancona. * Reckan, a town of the Netherlands, near the Meuse, 5 m. N. of .Vlaestricht. ReckUngha.nscn, a town of Prussian Westpha- lia, capital of a county belonging to the duke of Aremberg. It has a stron" citadel, and is seated on the Lippe, 20 m. S. S. W. of Mnnster. Lonf Suez, and communicates on the S. by the strait of Babelmandel with the In- dian Ocean. Redbridgp, a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the mouth of the Test, 3 m. W. of Southampton. It has a considerable trade in coal, timbej*, corn, «&c. Redfuld, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. Red Hill, p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. Red Hook, p t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 50 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,il83. Red House, p.v. Caswell l^o. N. C. Rcdon,a town of France, department of Ille-et- Vilaine. It serves a-s a mart for the commerce of Rennes, and is seated on the Vilaine, 20 m. E. of Vannes and 02 S. S. W. of Rennes. Long. 2. 10. W. lat. 47. 48. N. Redujidela, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a strong castle. It stands on Vigo Bay, 8 ni. N. E. of Vigo. Redomiu, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a caslle, seated on the Mondego, 17 m. W„ of Co- imbra. Redondo, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 23 m. S. W. of Elvas. Redrulli, a town in Cornwall, Eng. It is seated in the very heart of the mining country. 12 ni. N.by E.of Helstoneand 263 W. by S. of Lon- don. Red River, one of the western branches of the Mississippi, rising in New Mexico, and flowing Southeasterly into the Mississippi 240 m. above New Orleans. It is 1.800 m. long and has a very serpentine course with a narrow channel ; 100 in. above Natchitoches it spreads out into a great number of channels which intersect a swampy tract. A great mass of trees floated down the stream have collected here and formed what i»» called the Grent Raft which is 60 or 70 in. in ex tent and coven; the river so that it may be crossec on horseb.acU ; in many parts the rat\ is overgrowr with trees Above and below this place the river is navigable for steamboats except in th* rainy season. Red River, a stream of Lake Winnipeg, rising near the sources of the Mississippi, and flowing northerly and northeasterly 170 m. into the aoulii end of the lake. The Assiniboin is one of its branciies. At the junction of the two streams is a trading establishment found by Lord Selkirk. Red River is also the name of a branch of the I'tawas in Canada: a branch of the Cumberland REG 6-27 RF.W ill Tennessee, a branch of Ihe Kentucky iii Kcii and of White river in Arkansas. Rrd River, a town of Pulaski Co. Arkansas. Red Shoal, p. v. Stokes C<>. N. C. Rrd Stone, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. Rrcdsborough, t. Benninirton Co. \t. Pop. CC2. Reedy hland, in the Delaware 50 m. below l^hiladelphia, it is :! m. long; the principal chan- nel is on the E. side. e Reepham, a town in Norfolk, En^. with a trade in malt; situate on the Eyre, over which it has a ford, 11 m. N. E. of Dereham and 112 N. by E. of London. Rees, a town of Westphalin, in the duchy of Cleve, sealed on the Rhine, 10 ni. N. W. of Wesel. Rees, or Rens, a town of the Prussian states, in the province of Lower Rhine. Hard by it, on the Rhine, is the Konigstuhl, or Thronas Regalis, a remarkable piece of antiquity, consisting of a round vault, built of freestone, and resting on nine stone pillars, one of which stands in the middle. The vault is B(> feet in circumference, and has two stout doors, the ascent to wiiich is by 28 stone steps. It is furnished with seven seats, agreeably to the number of electors at that time ; and on this rega! chair the electors of Ger- many formerly held consultations relative to thi election of a king and emperor, and other weighty matters of the empire. Rees is seated near the Rhine, 5 m. S. by E. of Coblentz. Reestille, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. Reetz, a town of Brandenburg, 18 m. E. S. E. of New Stargard. Regen, a circle of Bavaria, adjacent to Bohemia, with the circle of Upper Maine on the N. W. and that of Lower Danube on the S. W. Ratisbon and Alenburg are the chief towns. Regen, a town of Bav.aria, on a river of the same name, 12 m. N. N. E. of Deckendorf and 49 E,of Ratisbon. Re^enybcrg, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Zurich, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on a rock called the Lagerberg, 9 m. N. W. of Zurich. Rcgensburg. See RatUbon. Regenstauf, a town of Bavaria, in the principal- ity of Neuburg, on the river Regen, H ni. N. by E. of Ratisbon. Regenstein, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 6 m. S. of Halberstadt. Regcnsicaldc, a town of Prussian Pomerania, with a castle, seated on the Rega, 24 m. E. S. E. of Camin. Rcggio, a sea-port of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. The churches, convents, and many houses, are built of stones from ancient edifices, and numerous inscriptions are to be met with on the walls. The environs produce the best silk in Calabria ; and on the coast is found a species of muscle, that yields a kind of wool, of which gloves and stockings are made. Regirio v/as nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. It is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 in. E. S. E. of Messina and 95 S. by \V. of Cosenza. Loner. 16. 50. E., lat. :». 4. N. Reggio, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same name, included in that of Modena, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel. In the cathedral are paintings, by the greatest masters ; and in the square is the statue of Brennus, chief of the Gauls. The principal trade is in silk. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1700, and by the king of Sardinia in 1742. In 1796 the inhabi- tants were tiic first Italians that renounced alle- giance to their sovereign, and solicited the pro- tection of the French. Reggio is the birthplace of the poet Ariosto. It is seated in a fertile coun- try, on the river Tessone, 13 in. N. W. of Modena and 80. S. E. of Milan. Long. 11.5. E.. lat. 44. 43. N. Rrgliebil, a town of Ncgroland, in Wanpara, situate on a lake at the influx of a branch of the Ni^er, 240 ni. E. by S. of Chanara. Long. 19. 10 E, lat. 13.20. N. Reginn, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 14 m. N. of Cosenza. Regis, St., a town of Lower Canada, situate on the boundary line that separates Canada from the United States, and on a river of its name, at its junction with the St. Lawrence, 50 m. S. W. of Montreal. ■ Long. 74. 10. \V., lat. 45. 0. N. Rriiiuino, a town of the papal states, seated near the Tiber, 17 m. N. of Rome. R'.hobotb, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,4()3, also a hundred of Sussex Co. Del. Reie/iena.ii,an island in the Zellcr Zee, or lower lake of Ctmstance, 3 in. long and 1 broad, aboun- ding with vines and other fruit-trees. 4 in. VV. of Constance. Reicliennu, a town of Bohemia, with a castle, 18 m. E. N. E. of Konigin^ratz. Rnchenbach, one of the four governments into which Prussian Silesia was divided in 1815. It comprises the county of Giatz. the principalities of Munsterberg, Brieg, and Schweidnitz. and a considerable part of that of Jauer ; and lias an area of 2,500 sq. m. with 470,flil0 inhabitants. Reichenhnch, the cajiital of the foregoing gov- ernment, has considerable manufactures of linen, canvas, and fustian, and is seated on the rivulet Peil, 10 m. S. E. of Schweidnitz. Reichenbach, a town of Saxony, in Voigtiand. The inhabitants are principally clothiers ; and their method of dyeing, particularly scarlet, is brought to great perfection. 10 ui. S. S. W. of Zurickau. Reichciihurg, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Buntzlau, with a considerable manufacture of cloth. 28 ni. N. of Jung Buntzlau. Reicherifch, a town of the .\u8trian states in Carinthia, 24 in. N. E. of Clagenfurt. Reiclienholl, a town of Bavaria, with a rich salt spring. Some salt is made here ; but, for want of fuel, most of the brine is carried over the hilU to Traunstein, a distance of 14 m. by engines and pipes. Seated on the Sala, 9 m. S. W. of Salz- burg. Rcichshofen, a to\rn of France, department of of Lower Rhine, «ithacastle,9 in. N. of Haguenau. Reijfersrheid, a town of the Prussian states, fornierlv the capital of a county in the duchv of Juliers.' It is seated on the Effel, 30 ni. S. S'. W. of Cologne and 52 N. by W. of Treves. , Rein, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria, on the River Save, 25 ni. S. S. E of Cilly. Reiner, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- ernment of Reichenbach, with a mineral spring, and manufactures of cloth and paper, 11 m. W. of Glatz. Rcisenburg, a town of E. Prussia, 78. m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Reislerstoicn, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. 15 m. N. W. Baltimore. Rembcrlstoicn, p.v. Sumter Dis. S. C. Rr.m.ien, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 35 in. -N'. Rome Pop 1,400 niiN (!£• REIJ Rcmbtrrilter, a town of France, department of Renly, a town of Franco, doparlnienJ of Pas dr- Vosges, 17 m. N. N. E. of Epinal. Calais, seated on the Aa, 12 ni. S. \V. of Airi-, 5U Rcmirh, a town of the Netherlands on the Mo- N. \V. of Arras, telle. 20 m. S. K. of I/Uxemburg. I'cnir, a town in the department of Gironde Itrmiremont, a town of France, department of scaled nn the Garonne, 30m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Vo9i»es, 1 1 m. S. E. of rpjnnl. Iliiiiiilh, a town of the Sardinian stales, in Sa- Hrmo. St., a town of llie Sardinian slates, in llie territory of Genoa, siluale in a fruitful valley, with a ijood harbour, in the Medilcraneari, 7 m. E. by N. of \'inliinirrlia and llli S. I', of (lenoa. Hems anil Filf. cm- nf the 12 deparlinenis of the kingdom of \Vurle1nher5, siluale E. of that of Rothenburg. Goppiniren is the capital. Kcrnif, Si., a town of France, di'pnrlinenl of Mouths of the Rhone. .\ Iriuinphal arch, and a mausoleum, in the neijrhliourhood, display the tasle of the Augustan aje ; the former is not en- tire, but the latter is in llie liest state of preserva- tion. 10 m. N. E. of Aries. licntlfsliurir, a fortified lonri ofDenmnrU, in the duchy of Holstein, on the frontiers of Slesivick, and on Ihc river Kyder. It is composed of three parts, the Old Town, the Skleusskule, and the New Town ; the former of which stands on an island formed by llie river. The principal manu- factures are porcelain, earlhenware, and crold ami silver l.ice ; and the trade in timber, by means of the Evder Canal, is considerable !."> m. \V. (,f Kiel .and K". S. S. E. of Sleswiek E., lat. .'■vl.20. N. Kntfrrrr, a bnrounrh of Scotland, and thecounlv town of Renfrewshire. The principal branch mannfaclure is tb.il of Ihread, but manv looms are ''mployc.'.. .■>!. N RrnJ'rnr. r,:i of Cashin. Long. 411. .W. .••;., lat, 37. 28. N. Rf.folittion hlimd, an island in the N. Atlantic, "lO m. limg and 20 broad, on the N. side of the entrance into Hudson Strait. Long. 05. 0. VV., lat. G1.40. N. Renolulioti l.tlr. a small island in the S. Pacific, IliO leagues E. of Otaheite, so called from the ship in which Cook made his second voyage. Long. 141. 1,">. VV., lat. 17. 23. S. Rclfl, a town of France, di'partinent of Ar- dennes, seaterl on a hill, near the Aisne, 2(i 111 N. E. of Rheims. Long. 4. 24. E , lat. 49. 32. N. Krlfiiril. Ilnsl, a borough in Nottinghamshire, Eng It is in general well built, and consists of three principal streets, disposed nearly in the form of a Roman Y. The chief ti'ade is in malt, and it has nuinunietures of hats. It is seated on the Idle, 2:1 111. N. by E. of Nottingham and 144 Ji. by VV. of London. West Retford is situated on the opposite side of the river. Rftlirin, a town of Hanover, seated on the Aller, X, m. N. N. VV. of Hanover. Rrtiwn, a sea-port of Candia, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It was taken by the Turks in 104.^. The silk, wf>ol, honey, wax, laudanum, and oil, are preferred to all olliers. It is sealed on the N. co.ist of the island, 42 in. VV. of Candia. Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 3.-). 20. N. Relz, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwara, 23 m. E. S. E. of Ambcrg. Rnm, a lown of Sjiain, in Catalonia, with man- ufactures of silk, cotton, leather, and iials, and a considerable trade in wine, brandy, &c. ; seated in the middle of a most fruitful plain, 17 m. S. VV. of Tarragona. Retis.f, a principclity of Saxony, lying between the Prussian and Bavarian territories, comprising ail area of liOO sq, 111. with 8i).000 inhnbilants, of whom the greater part are Lutherans. Gera is the chief town. Reuss, a river of Switzerland, which rises in the lake of Loceudro, on the N. VV.of St. Gothard, flows through the lake of Lucern and the town of that name, and joins the Aar below Bruck. RcntliTigeii, a lown of Germany, in VVurtem- burg. In the town-house is preserved an ancient RHE 620 RHI batterinL'-ram ; and in the vicinity are many pa- per and powder mills. It is seated on the Echetz. near the Neckar, 17 m. S. of Stulgard. Herd, a town of France, department of Upper Garonne, near the canal of Langiiedoc, 27 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Bevel, a government of Russia. See Esthoma. lieccl. a sea-port of Russia, capital of the eov- ernnienl of Eslhonia, and a bisliop's see. ft is Burrotinded by high walls and deep ditches, and defended by a castle and good bastions. The houses are well built, and have fine gardens. It is become a place of groat trade, since the Rus- sians obtained possession of it in 1710; and there are two great fiiirs, in May and September, frequented by English and Dutch merchants. It is seated on tlie gulf of Finland, partly in a pleasant plain and partly on a mountain, KiO m. N. by E. of Ricra and ii20 W. by S. of Peters- bur»h. Long. 24. 17. E., lat. 50. 13. N. Recello, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, seated near the Po, on the top of a moun- tain, fortified by nature and art, 8 m. N. W. of Saluzzo. Rctcro, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Man- tuan, seal.'d on the Po, opposite Ostiglia, 20 m. S. E. of Mantua. Rcciii, a town of France, department of Ar- dennes, seated on the river Meuse, 6 m. E. of Rocroy. Rcrolution Isle, a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, to the N. W. of the Marquesas, of which Ihey may be deemed a continuation. They were discovered in 1791. The most considerable are Bau.K and Marchand. The latter is about 15 m. in circuit, and was taken possession of, in the name of the French nation, by captain Marchand. Long. 140. 5. W., lat. 0. 21. S. Rewah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Allahabad, the residence of a Hindoo chief, tributary to the British, 57 m. S. S. W. of Alla- habad. Retcari, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict in the province of Delili. It is the residence of a chief, tributary to the British, and is seated on the Sadi, 55 ni. S. W. ofDehli. Long. 70. 52. E., lat. 28. 13. N. Reynoldsburgh, p. v. Humphreys Co. Ten. on the Tennessee, S3 m. W. Nashville. Rhamanie, a town and fort of Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, where the canal of Ale.x- andria enters that river. It is 25 m. above Ro- setta and 58 E. S. E. of Alexandria. RJiayadcrgwij. a town of Wales, in Piadnor- shire. It is situate on the Wye, where there was formerly a cataract, which is now destroyed, and a neat bridge erected ; and an eminence near it IS the site of an ancient castle, of which no ruins remain. In the neighbourhood are lead and cop- per mines. 10 m. W. N. W. of New Radnor and 17:^ of London. Rhea, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 8,182. Washington is the capital. RJicaloicn, p. v. Green Co. Ten. RIttda a town of Prussian Westphalia, 10 m. N. of Lipstadt. Fhchns, a city of France, department of Marne, and an archbishop's see. The inhabitants are es- timated at 40,000. The principal church, built before the 3-ear40G, is a very beautiful structure; and that of St. Nicaise is remarkable for its fine architecture. Behind the high allar of the church of St. Remy, the corpse of that archbishop is pre- served in a magnificent shrine. The kings of France have been successively crowned at Rheims ; probably because Clovis, the founder of the French monarchy, when converted from paganism, was baptized in the cathedral here, in the year 490. The remains of an amphithealre, acastle,and a triumphal arch, are among Lie ancient monuments of the Romans. Rheims is long and narrow, and the houses arc low. Hc-e are manufactures of flannel, coverlets, and otk'f wo jlen stuffs. The city was taken and rclaksn several times, by the French and allied armi.^s, in 1814. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by hills that produce excellent wine, on the lier Vesse, U2 in. N. of Troves and 75 N. E. of Pi-is. Long. 4. 2. E., lat. 49. 1.5. N. Ruein, a town of Prussia, with a large fortited castle, seated on a lake, 75 m. S. E. of Koni^- berg. Long. 2\.iS. E., lat. 53. 48. N. RItcinau, a town of Switzerland, in the carton of Thurgau, with an abbey, on an island forced by the Rhine, 5 in. S. S. W. of SchafTliausen Rheinhach, or Rhtjnhach, a town of the Prusa'nn states, in the province of Cleves and Berg 20 m. S. of Cologne. Rheinberg, a town of the Prussian stales in (le government of Cleves, seated near the Rhiie, 13 m. E.of Gelders, and 4 N. by W of Cologne Rlieine. a town of Prussian Westphalia, seit- ed on the Ems, 18 m. AV. N. W. of Osnaburg. Rheinerii, a town of Germany, seated on tic Rhine, IG m. N. W. of Coblentz. Rhelneck, a town of Franconia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle on .he river Sinn, 25 m. N. by W. ot Wurtzburg. Rheincrk, a town of Switzerland, capital of die Rheinthal, in the canton of St. Gall, with a ws- tle, seated on the Rhine, 25 m. S. E. of Cm- stance. Rheinfclden, a town of Germany, in Baden, (ho best of the four Forest-towns ; seated f>n \he Rhine, over which is a bridge, 8 m. E. ofBa-sf], RJicitifch, a strong fortress of Germany, in !he Prussian states. It is one of the most importint places on the Rhine, and stands on a stupend>us craggy rock, at the foot of which is the forlined town of St. Goar. It was taken bv the French in 1794. 16 m. S. of Coblentz. Rlieinvifitreji, a town of the Prussian states, in the government of Coblentz, situate on the Rline 19 m. N. W. of Coblentz. Rhxinthal , a district of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Si. Gall, lying along the Rhine. It is a fertile valley, 30 in. long and from 3 to 8 tx-o.Td, and produces excellent wine. Rheineck is the capital. Wiehnahnrn, a town of France, department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Erlbach, 10 m. S. E. of Landau. Rlienn, a town of Germany, in the duchr of Mecklenburg, on the river Radegast, 14 m. E. S. E. of Lubcc. Rhcnen, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov- ince of I'trecht, seated on the Rhine, 20 m. S E. of Utrecht. RIthte, a great and remarkable river of Europe, which rises in Switzerland, in the canton of Gri- sons. It is formed of three streams, the Further Rhine from the head of the valley of Disentis ; the Middle Rhine from the valley iMedelo, and ap- pendage of St. Gothard ; and the Hither or Up- per Rhine from the mount .■Vvicula. The first two torrents united tike the name of Lower Rhine which recedes the Upper Rhine at Richenau ; ano the height is here about 6,180 feet above the sei RHO 63C FIoMiigby Cuire, at the diBtance of a inik- tlic Rhine here becomes navigable for rafts It ia sooi. after the boundary bctttecn the Kl'ieiiiihal and a territory of Austria, and passes through tl„. Loiie of Constance from E. to W. J^ravin'r this late, It flows W. by SchalTliausm, below which It forms a celebrated cataract. It continues in a wcBterly course to Bale, when it turns lo the N and enters the Netherlands, in which course it waters nitny considerable cities and t.iwns. and receives some lar^e rivers. Below Emnierick, in the dudiy ol Cleve, it divides into two slreanis, the HifW, which retains its name, passes on to tlipeht, when it divides once more into two slri/ams : the smaller one is called the V'cclil wlach runs N. into the Zuider Zee at ■\Iuvden ' ami the other, the remains of the noble Rhine' fl'Hvs W. by VVoerden to Leyden, where it di- victs into several cliannels, and afterwards is lost aminir hills of sand near the village of Catwyck. li'iinc,a. province of the .rrand d'urhy of He'sse to the i\. of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine' coiipnsing an area of 1,000 square m. with 155,000 iiilnbilants. likinr Circle of, a province of Bavaria, situate tothe W. of the Rhine, between \VeissemburJ in breadVh and containmg l,--,sq. m. Tncluding Nrra^anse Bay which int,.rs<.cts it from N. to S. a„dTn"bf sonis Rhode Connecticut, Pru.ience, and sever al other siiLjIl islands. Block Island which lies off the coast also belongs to Uiis state. The rivers are the Pawlucket, Pawtuxet .and Pawcaluck which now into Narraganset Bay. There "re no mountainsiii the state, nor any hilly tracts w-ti" general ,aee of the country isLmeiS",tu^, h'a"a' rocky. There are some level districts upon the Allan ic shores. The aspect of the country on the whole ,s picluresque, the highest eminences are Mount Hop., i,. Bristol ; Hopkins' HUl in' W. Greenwich ; and Woonsocket Hill, in Smith field bu they are not remarkable for e eva Xth"''',"''^- ■*';;."■ '^"'"^•^'^ salubrious en- mate , the winter in the maritime parts is sensibly mlder, ar.d the seasons there ari more uniform than ,n the rest of New England; the ","^^0? ^..mmer ,s much alleviated by refreshing sea b eezes. In other respects the climate res.mbles that of Connecticut and Massachusetts The so, IS pretty uniform ; on the continent it is gen- er.-lly a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile oTl is" r ', "' '^"'^'-'i""-. t^P^n the islLds fe soil IS light and productive. There are a few hnd P'"'"^ '" "'« ^'^t*-. hut very little alluvial land Considerable quantities ot anthracite coa e.Mst in the state but the mines are little worked a present. Iron ore occurs in the northern pa ts and there IS a mine wrought at Cranston. There are quarries of limestone at Smithfield, .and the same place affords e.vcellent marble. B^dsof ser pentine, are f^und at Newport. The mineral" treasures of this state as far as yet discove^^d are not on the whole either extensive or valuable: Rhode Island IS divided into 5 counties, Provi- Th";p'op '"i: 17'^^^'""/'°"' ""Zn' -^-^ Bristol, iiie rop. is.l/,J|2 Fourteen of which are slaves There is no seat of government ; the le.rislature meet alternately at Providence NewpoVt E,st Greenwich and South Kingston. The tiCr uZ towns are Bristol, Warwick and North Providenc''e The Blackstone canal, which See, lies partly in"hm -state, and a railroad is projected from Proyidence In Boston. Agricultural industry is chiefly confined to grazing and the dairy. "loiiu The isUnds and shores of Narraganset bay are celebrated fur their fine cattle, tLir numerous flnekso sheep, and the excellence and abundance of their butter and cheese. Of the difl'erent kinds of grain maize, barley, oats and rye, are the most generally cultivated. The commerce is chiefly confined to the ports of Newport and Providence. The foreign imports in l,-,28, amounted lo 1, 12^,220 dollars The ei ports of domestic produce to 541,675 dollars and the shipping lo4n,fi(;fi tons. '•"•s, and stale. The manufaclnres of this place are chieflv "I cotton The mills are seated upon three fills Ml Pawtueket river, and run 45.000 spindle" Thlv enijiloy nearly 000 looms ^ RHO C3l RHY P„v.dence h^.. aUo l^g^^^S"^^ Wafw^cl ton, woolen, cordage, sPf"»^^^''„^d at Nev.'pon has several cottoa """"'^'^'^Vsiatereville, m the is a manufactare o( '^"^^ ^^„,ive manufactures rcotfon'/^Rifode i^>^"<'^^= almost exclusively or for manufactones Upon Woon.ocK and in the neighbourhood, are aUoui ""^hese al- z'£ra^'fcn^&"-r^'— - ^ThorV:ir„r"L o...,. -- in tUe U„io;. "sS^^s of the^harter, granted to U-e colony b? Charles II in 16U3. The obligations of this char ^rtl con Utution of civil government, became annulled bv the declaration of independence, but ^.rthe'^comrnoncon.nt^^^^^^^^ ^rp^s^^hfwj^----- recr^Ury^'l^Td Attorney General are chosen an- ^'o s^tfn:slns"arua'lly,?nd ^?et corn frorS the state ; and there is an university at ^rov dence The most numerous religious sect are the Baptists who have 12 ministers; the Congre- JitionS'have 10, and the ^^P^lXZ^s^t Ihere is a remnant of the N""?^"^:' ^"^'Xul sjr-n^^s^3:s^=nLri^h:i :^h!:^:^fr^l^rrS^HlBs a l%w followers he journeyed beyond the limits This took of the state and founded a settlement in lti36 wh ch h called Providence. Two years after- ZTrk Uieir number had increased so far that a :;ilement' was made on the island "t•.«?«/^«^ " Rhode Island. A .rovernment was organized and fcode of laws established in 1647. Rehg.ous toleration with a trifling exception has always prtvailed in this state. It was the hst of the stales which acctded to IliC Union. '''k/U«! a^'island of the Grecian Archipelago. at the entrance of the gulf of Macri 40 m. Ion? and 15 broad. The '*">l'^P'^<'"y *"^'\\.,ld n cultivated. This island is much c^l^^"^^ '"^ ancient history, having been ff«=q"«»;'y "°^,^^ the dominion of different roasters The barace.^ became possessors of it in O0,o •. =;"'!,>" 309 t« as tiken from them by the knights of bt. Jolin oi Jeru"aler, who afterwardsSook the name o^ ^K^ghts of Rhodes. J'-y^ -X'ailVb'sUnaT^ tlie wori , t- J. jjg ancient city. It hi^h reckoned one of the seven wonders ot the wfrld it was thrown down by an earthquake ; Td when tlie Saracens became 'nasters of he island, thev knocked it to pieces, and sold the fragments "to a Jew of Edessa, near 900 ytars K's fa 1. Rhodes was deemed an ■mpregna- b fforlTess, being surrounded "y '"ple "alls and double ditches, which ha^^e long been in^ a state of dilapidation. Long. 2o. 20. h., lat. Jt>. .it- -^• modes. See Rodez. ■ ^ -, .i,„j Rhouc, a large river that rises in Switzerland, in Mount Furla, and soon joins a more cons de- rable stream from an extensive glacier caUed that of the Rhone. After passing through the vale of Valats, it runs through the Eake of Geneva, and senaratintr Savoy from Bresse. it flows \\ . to Lvons, then S. to Vienne, Tournon \ alence, vIvierL, Pont St. Esprit, Avignon Beauca.re, Tarascon, and Aries, and enters the Mediterrane- an bv several mouths. . <• _ RUone. a department of France, so named from thf river Rhone, which flows on its E border It includes the late provinces of Beaujolois and Lvono^s, and contains an areaotMOoO square miles, wiUi 330,000 inhabitants. Lyons is the "ittit^ ^fouths qf the. a department of France on trciast of the Meditcranean, at the 'nflux of The Rhone, containing the W. part of the late ■„o„ of Provence It comprises an area ol I'ooTsqule mric."with 300%0 inhabiUoU. ^'^ol^ir-ilC of Scotland, in Kirkcud- br-^htshire, 8 m. N. ?<•. W of Newton Douglass, noild for a ereal annual fair, and a weekly cat- tle market from October to Jamiary. Rhadcn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Monnc, 12 m. S. S. E. of Lipsladt. Rhunb^r.. or KhinsOers, a town of Branden- burg7with'a handsome palace built by Frederic II., when hereditary prince. It is seated on the Rhyn. 10 in. N. of Ruppin. KAimei/. See Rumney. ZTnoL, a town of Bj^n-lf "b"rg.at the confln, of the Rhyn with the Havel, 9 in S. E. of Have, burg. RIC 63-3 RID Haizan, a govermiieiit u( Ilusiiia, furmerly a province nf tlie govcriiiiicnt of Moscow. It com- prises an area ot i;t,000 square in. with 1,00(1,000 ofinliabitants, and had aiiciently its own i>rinces. The soil is t'crlUe in corn, hemp, and flax. liaizfiii^ the capital of tJie aliove govt-rnnient, an arclibishop's see, wiis formerly considerable for its extent and riches, but was almost ruined by tile Tartars in ir>(>?<. It is seated at the con- flux of the Trubesh with the Oeca, 100 m. S. \i. of Moscow. Long. 40. H7. K., lat. 51. :,.->. N. liiba lie ^fUtt^ a small sea-port of Spain, in As- turius, on the Bay of Biscay, SJ9 m. E. by S. uf Gijon. Tliimlariri, n town of Spain, in Oalicia, seuteil at the conflux ofllie Avia with the Miniio, in the terrilorv that produces the best wine in Spain, 15 ni. W.'S. W. ofOrcnse. liibatlco, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, with a good harbour, defended by two castles. !t is seated on a rock, at Uie mouth of the Kio de i\Ii- raiulo, 45 m. N. bv K. of Lugo. Long. 0. 47. W., lat. 43. 38. N. liiha^ a town of Spain, in New Castile, on the river Xaramn, 8 ni. E. of Madrid. Kiblilt, n river which rises in W. Yorkshire, Eng. runs across Lancashire, and enters tiic Irish Sea below Preston. Rihemoni, a town of France, department of Aisne, seated on au eminence near the Oise, 10 m. S. of St. Quentin. Ribcrar, a town in the department of Dor- dogne, 17 ni. E. of Perigneux. Kibnik, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Ralibor. 20 m. E. by N. of Ratibor. RlhntU, or Himnilt,'ii town of ICuropcan Turkey, in Wallachia. and a bishop's see. Ilere, in 17Gy, the .\uslrians and Russians gained a great victo- ry over tlie Turks. It is seated on a river of tlie same nanie,r^"i m. K. N. E. of Tergnvist. — ,-\notli- er of the Alth, 50 ni. VV. by S. of Tergovist. Ribniti, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Meckleni)urg-Schwerin, seated on a bavofthe Baltic, near the influx of the RecUen- itz, 13 m. N. E. of Rostock. liiccborouirli , p.v. Liberty Co. Geo. 34 m. S. W. Savannah, at the head of Newport River. Richitrdsnitlc, p.v. Edgefield 0is. S. C. 74 m. W. Columbia. Richelieu, a county of Lower Canada, or a river of the same name flowing into the St. Lawrence. Richelieu, a town of France, department of Indre- et-Loire, founded by cariliiial Richelieu in 1G37 ; seated on the Amable and Vide, 33 m. S. S. \V. of Tours. Richmonil. a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It was formerly surrounded by a wall, with three gates, and had a strong castle (now in a ruinous condition), on an inaccessible mount. It is the capital of a district called Richmondshire (now in- cluded in the duchy of Lancaster) wliicli abounds in lead mines, and was formerlv a county of itself. Richmond has a manufacture of woolen stockings, caps, &c. It is seated on the Swale, over which is a bridge, 40 m. N. W. of York and 230 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 35. VV., lat. 54. 28. N. Richmond, a village in Surrey, Eng. with an ele- gant stone bridge over tlie Thames. It was anci- ently called Sheen;, but Henry VII. called it Richmond, on iiccount of his having been earl of Richmond in Yorkshire. Here was a palace, in which Edward III.. Henry VII.. and queen Eli- zabeth expired. Richmond is still distinguished by its beautiful royal gardens, which in summer arc open tu the public ; anil in these is a noble observatory. Here is an extensive royal park, call- ed Richmond, or the New Park ; surrounded by a brick wall built by Charles I. fl m. W. S. W. of London. Richfield, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 75 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. I,7.")2, a township of Medina Co. Ohio. 125 111. N. E. Columbus. Poji. ()53. Richford, pi. Franklin Co. Vt. 44 m. N. E. Burlingt.in. Pop. 704 ; p v. Tioga Co. N. V. tiirh Hill, townships in Green Co. Pa. and Muskingum Co. Ohio. Richliind, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,007, Manslield is the capital. A district of S. Carolina Pop. 11,4(^1. (-'I'lumbia is the capital; p.t. Os wego Co. N. V. on l^akc Ontario. Po|). 2,7.33 p t. \'cnaiigo Co Pa ; p.v. Onslow Co. N. C aiiii townships in Belmont. Guernsey, Clinton, Jack- son and I'airfield ("os. Ohio. Richland Creik, p.v. Giles Co. Ten. 70 ni. S. W. .Murfrccsborough, on a stream of the same URiiie falling into Elk River. Itichlnnd Hill, |).v. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana ;>.-< m. N. \V. JVew Orleans. RichmamI, a county of N. Y. consisting of Sta- ten Island. Pop, 7,0^4. Richmond is the capital, a couiitv of 'he E. District of Virginia. Pop. i;,0.-i«>. a"county of N. Carolina Pop. 0,320. Rock- ingham is the capital, k county of Georgia. Pop. Il,(i44. .'Vugusia is the capital. Richmiind,p.l. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,313; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 13 m. S. E. Burlington. Pop. I.IO'J ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 47 in. S. W. Con- io/d. Pop. 1,301 ; p t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston, (i. W. Lenox. Pop. 844 ; p.t. Wasliingtoii Co. R. I. 30 m. S. W. Providence. Pop 1,:U!2; p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. W Canandaigua. Pop. 1,870; p.v. Richmond Co N Y. on Staten Island ; p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 10 111. from Easton : p.v. Ross. Jefferson Cos. Ohio; p.v. Wayne Co, Ind. ; p.v. Madison Co. Ken. Richmond Co. Va. Richmond Co. N. C. and Henry Co. Alab. Richmond city, the capital of Virginia, in Hen- rico Co. stands on tin- north side of James's river, at its lower falls, and at the head of tide water. The town rises gradu.illy from the water, and lias a fine, picturesque appearance. The western di- vision occupies an eminence called Shockoe Hill, overlooking the lower town. The capitol is built upon the highest summit, and has a delightful and commanding jirospcct. Two bridges cross the river to Manchester, on the opposite bank. Most of the houses arc of brick, and many are elegant The public buildings, beside the capitol, which is an elegant structure, are a court house, a state prison, 8 churches, an almshouse, a museum, an academy of fine arts, 3 banks, and the state ar- mory, in which are manufactured 4 or 5,000 muskets and rifles annually. One of the James river canals here empties into a basin containing a surface of two acres. There is a boat navigation for 220 m. on the river above the city. Richmond has a very flourishing trade, both inland and by sea, and enjoys extraordinary advantages bv com- munication with a rich and well cultivated back country, abounding in tobacco, grain, hemp, coal, &c. It is in lat. 37. 31. N. Ion. 77. 31. W. 123 m. S. Washington. 21 m. N. Petersburg. Pop. 16,0(50. Richnwndsville, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y Richicuuds, p.v. Morgan Co. Va. Rideau, a river of Upper Canada, falling into the Ottawas. The Rideau Canal passes along the I RIG 033 RIO Tdley of this river from the Ottawas to the east end of Lake Ontario. Ridse, a remarkable elevation in the western part oT N. y. extending parallel to the shore of Lake Ontario most of the distance from Rochester to Lewiston, 70 m. Jt is about 3l» feet in height and slopes away gently on each side. A road called the Ridge Haad passes along its summit. Ridge, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Md. 5 m. N. Point Lookout; p.v. Kdgefield Uis. S. C. 40 m. S. W, Columbia. Ridnbury, p.v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 3.5 m. W. New fiaven, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. and Bradford Co. Pa. RIAirefidd, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 35 m. W. New Haven. Pop. 2,322. Also a township of Huron Co. Ohio. Ridrevillc, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio ; p.v. Warren Co. Ohio. Rid^ewaij, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Ridley, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. R'ckmanswoTlh, a town in Hertfordshire, E"g. ; seated on the Coin, 8 m. S. W.of St. Albans, and 1.3 W. N. \V. of London. Ricla. a town of Spain, in Arragon,on the Xalon, 2S m. W. S. W. ofSaragossa. Ride, a town in Hampshire, Eng. on the N. E. coast of the Isle of Wight. It has a daily inter- course, bv packet-boats with Portsmouth, and sends to that place abundance of butler, egjs. and poul- try. 5 m. S. S. W. of Portmouth and 6 E. X. E. of Newport. Riedtingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- beror, seated on the Danube, 25 m. S. W. of Ulin. Rielberg, a town of tlie Prussian states, in the government of Minden, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle, situate on the Ems, 17 m. W. by N. of Paderborn. Rir,ti, a town of Italy, in the papal states, capi- tal of a delegation of its name, and a bishop's sec. Besides the cathedral, it contains three collegiate and six parish churches, and \'2 con- vents. It is seated on the river Velino, near the lake Rieti, 37 ra. N. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 5. E., lat. 42. 23. N. Rieux, a town of France, department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Reze, 25 m. S. S. W. of Toulouse. Riez, a town in the department of Lower Alps, seated in a plain abounding with wine and fruits, 20 m. S. S. W. of Digne. Riga, a government of Russia. See Livonia. Riga, a stronor town of Russia, capital of the government of Livonia, and next to Petersbuigli, the moat commercial place in the empire. It stands on the river Uwina, 5 in. from its mouth in agulf of the Baltic called the gulf of Riga or Livonia. The trade is chiefly carried on by the foreign merchants resident here ; those belonging to an English factory enjoy the greatest share of the commerce. The principal export are corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather, and tal- low. The pop. of Riga is estimated at 3 bread-corn ; so that the people here have no wheat-flour but wiiat is broufjlit from Portugal. As a succedaiieum for bread, there are yams unci cassada in plenty. The riches of the country consist in its minesof gold, and in precious stones. The latter are found in such plenty that a cer- tain quantilv only is allowed to be collected in a year, which is yometinies obtained in less than a month. St. Sebiuilian ia the capital. RiubainbUj a province of Quito, m. long aad 4 broad, adjoining that of L,atacunga, on the N. It produces abundance of sugarcane, wheat, maize, barley, and various fruits. Cattle are nu- merous, and from the wool of the lama the in- habitants manufacture stockinjjs, cloth. &,c. Riobamhu,, the capital of tlie foregoing province, is situate at the extremity of an e.xtensive valley. The productions and manufactures of its district are superior to any other in Quito ; and in some parts of it are verv rich mines of gold and silver. It is 93 m. S. by \V. of Quito. Long. 77. 20. \V., lat. 1.38. S. Riom, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome, seated on a hill, 8 m. N. E. of Clermont and 115 S. of I'aris. Rioni, or PItasis, a considerable river of Asia which rises in Georgia, forms the S, boundary of Mingrelia, and enters the Black Sea, Riotis, a town of France department of Gironde, seated on the Garonne, 1^ m. S. H. of Bourdeau.v. Ri/m Transonr, a town of Italy, in the papal sutes, 8 m. S. of Fermo. Ripen, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, capital of a diocese of the same name, with a cas- tle, two colleges, and a public library. The tombs of several kings of Denmark are in the cathedral, which is a very handsome structure. The harbour is at a small distance, at the nmnth of the Gram, in a country which supplies the best beeves in Denmark. It is (),5 m. N. \V, of Slesvvicli and 78 S. by W. of Wibur». Long. S. 40, Ji., lat. 55, Zi. N. Ripley, a town in W, Yorkshire, Eng. principally noted for its castle, the ancient seat of the Ingilby family ; seated on the river Nyd,a3 m, VV. N. W of York and 211 N, by W. of London, Riplnj, a county of Indiana. Pop, 3,957, Ver- sailles is the capital, Riplcii, p.t, Somerset Co. Me. Pop, G4 1 ; p.t. Chalauque Co, N. Y, Pop, 1,647; p.t. Brown Co. Ohio on the Ohio. 50 m. above Cincinnati ; p.t. Bond Co. Illinois, 20 m B. Edwardsvillc. Ripi}on,\ borough in W. Yorkshire, Knir. In its neighbourhood is the celebrated park of Studley, includmg the venerable remains of Fountain Ab- bey. Rippon was once famous for its religious houses ; it has a collegiate cliurch, a new church erected in 1.*^'27, four meeting-houses, a free school and several other e.\cel!cnt charitable institutions. Its noted manufacture of spurs has long since de- clined, and at present tlie principal manufactures aro linens snd saddle-trees, and a considerable var- nish manufacture. The market-place is one of the finest squares of the kind in Kngland. Itis seated near the Ure, over which is a handsome briduiii, Kn arcade, an nlhoiieum, and ui*vcral literary inHtitu- lions. 2 daily and Revcral urekly newapapcrs. Williin the liniita nr the Tilliige. lor auch is the ti- tle of thin floiiriahin^cilr.nre i:! Inrire floiirniills, built of stone, wliich (jnnd :t-ia,IJ(lil harreli of flonr annually. Some of tfieae niillH are on a arale of magnitude not e()nal!ed elsewhere in the world. Ono of them covers more than 4 neres.aml all are considered unrivalled in the pertertion of ther nia- chinerv. Hen- are also cotton and woolen rfianu- factorie.-i. and saw-mills which turn oiilil.dOli.OUO, I'cet of luinlier in ft year. The Genesee falls are in the northern part of the town, and the water power wliieh the river allords here, is iminens<>. There are three hridires arross the Genesee at this jdaee ; the canal aqueduct des^-rves particu- lar notice. The canal strikes the- river in the 9. part of Rochester, and after i'ollowin^ the ea.storn bank for half n mile, crosse.i the river in the cen- tre of the town in an arpieduct built upon 11 arch- es of hewn atone ^^0.| feet in leneth ; the structure is no less worthy of admiration lor its strength than its architectural beauty. From the observatory at the summit of the arcade may be seen in a clear d.iy the waters of Lake Ontario like a strip of blue clond on the verge of the horizon. Roches- ter is a-Tti m. W. Albany. :i!lfi N. Washington. Pop. IO,H<.. Hoelifnrd, a town in Kssex, Kng. IC.m. S. E. of Chelmsford and 40 K. by i\. of London. Hoctititz, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a rock, and a handsome brid<;e over the Mulda, S24 ni. S. E. of Leipzig. Roeli, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio 120 N. E. Columbia. I'op. 7lH. Roc/iawai/, p. v. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- land ; p.v. Morris Co. N. J. HO ni. N. VV. Newark. Rockuwaij falleij, p.v. Harris Co. N. J. 75 m. N.Trenton. Uockbri dge , a. county of the W. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 14,244. I..exinnton is the capital. This county takes its name Irom the celebrated n.ilural bridge which is situated within its limits. This remarkable work of nature has been formed by the bursting of the waters of a stream called Ce- dar creek through a wall of rock more than 200 feet in height. The bridge is GO feet in width and the sides for the great part of their height are nearly perpendicular. A road passes over the top. The scenery it affords is exceedingly grand and romantic. rtoeh Castle, a connty of Kentucky. Pop. 2,875 Mount Wrnon is the capital. Rochdale, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa. Rocliford, p.v. Surry Co. N. C. ; p.v. Tuscara- was Co. Ohio. Rock Hall, p.v. Kent Co. Maryland on the E. side of the Chesapeak opposite the Patapsco. Rockhill, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Rock Hill Mills, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. Rockingham, a county of N. Hampshire in the S. E. Pop. 44,452. Portsmouth is the capital; a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. 20,003. Harrisonburg is the capital ; a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,!I20. VVentworth is the capital. Rockin^hnm, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- necticut. 23 in. -V. Brattleborough. Pop. 2,272; p.v. Richmond Co. N. C. Rockland, a county of New York, in the S. Pop. '.),;i-i.^. Clarkelown is the capital; a town- .■•hip in Sullivan Cn. N. Y. Pr.p .M7 : atown.ship cf Berks Co. Pa. Rock Landing, p.v. Halifax Co N. C. on the Roanoke. 12 m. above Halifax. Rork Mill.-, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. Riirl.pnrl, p.v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake Erie. I'op. 'M\ ; p.v. Sfienccr Co. Ind. on the Ohio. Rock HjiTinn. p.v. Nelson Co. Va. 118 m. W. Richmond ; p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. Rork Rirtr, a branch of the Mississippi in Illi nois. it is 200 rii. in length. Rork Strritm, p.v. Steuben C'o. N. Y. Rockrillr, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. and Parke Co. Ind. Rorky Hill, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn.; p.v. Bor- ren Co. Ken. Rorkij Mmmt. p V. Franklin Co. Va. 210 m. S. W. Richmond ; p.v. Nosh Co. N. C. and Fairfield Dis. S. C. Rockij Mountains, an immense chain in the western part of North America which may be re- garded as a continuation of the Cordilleras of nlcvico. They extend Northwesterly nearly to the Frozen Ocean, and form the ridge which se- parates the waters of the great basin of the Mis- sissippi from those whicTi fall into the Pacific Ocean. In e.\lenl, in elevation, and in breadth, the Rocky mountains far exceed the Alleghanies of the cistern slates. Their mean breadth is 2tJ0 miles, and where broadest, 300. Their height must be very great, since, when first seen by cap- tain Lewis, they were at least 150 miles distant On a nearer approach, the sublimity of the pros- pect is increased, by the appearance of range rising behind range, each yielding in height to its suc- cessor, till the most distant is mingled with the clouds. In this lofty region the ranges are cov- ered witli snow in the middle of June. From tliis last circumstance, these mountains have been some- times denominated the Shining mouniains — an appellation much more appropriate than that of the Rocky or Stony vionntain.s, a property possessed by all mountains, but peculiar to none. The longi- tudinal extent of this great chain is immense, running as far N. W. as liO N. lat., and perhaps to the i rozen Ocean itself. The snows and foun- tains of this enormous range, from the 38th to the 48th degree of northern latitude, feed, with never- failing supplies, the Mi.'isouri and its power- ful au.xiliary streams. A great number of lateral ranges project to the £. E.. E., and N. E. of tlie main range. Where the Missouri enters the plains, is the most east- ern projection ; and from where the Yellow Stone leaves the snowy range, there is a range, run- ning more than 2liO miles south-east, which is inter- sected by the Bighorn river. As these mountains have not yet been explored by the eye of gerdo- gical science, it is impossible to say any thing respecting their component parts ; but, from any thing that we can learn from Pike and Clarke, they seem to be chiefly granitic. No volcanoes have yet been discovered amongst them ; but strange unusual noises were heard from the moun- tains, by the American party, when stationed above the falls of the Missouri. These sounds seemed to come from the northwest. " Since our arrival at the falls," says the narrative, " we have repeatedly heard a strange noise coming from the mouniains, a little to the north of west. It is heard at different periods of the day and night : sometimes when the air is perfectly still .ind un- clouded, and consists of one stroke only, or of five or six discharges in quick succession, ll is load, ^ ROC nnd rcsrmbles precisely the sound of a six pounder al tin distance of three miles. The Indians had before mentioned this noise like thunder, but we had paid no attention to it. The watermen also of tlie i)arty say, that the Pawnees and Rieareea give the same account of a similar noise made in the Blick Mountains, to the westward of them." Ai'Hiu, near the same place, it is afterwards said : •• They heard, about sunset, two discharges of the tremendoiis mountain-artillery." Tlie base of these mountains is between three and four tliousand feet above the sea. The high- est point in suposed to lie a peak called the Great White mountain, between the Arkansas and I'latte rivers, which according to the measure- ment of I'ike is I8,ri8l feet above the sea and iOSi^il above the level of the meadow at its base. The lofty regions of these mountains are inhabited by an animal called the Rocky moun- tain goat. Their manners are said to resemble greatly those of the domestic goat. The exact limits of the range of this animal have not been ascertained, but it probably extends from the 4Uth to the ejth or (joth degree of latitude. It is com- C37 ROD retire with their Kambs to the moat inaccessible heights. Mr. Drummond informs ns that in the retired parts of the mountains, where the hunters men on the elevated part of the range that gives origin to the Mackenzie, Oregon, Nelson, and Missouri rivers. The fine wool which the ani- mal produces, grows principally on the back and hips, and is intermixed, with long coarse hair. From the circumstance of its bearing wool, it has occasionally been termed a sheep by the voyagers and even by naturalists ; some lit- tle confusion has therefore crept into the accounts of its habits, which have been published from the reports of traders. Its flesh is hard and dry, and little esteemed. The Indians make caps and saddles of its skin. The Hudson's Bay company liave lately presented a perfect specimen of the goat to the Zoological Society. This animal is of the size of the domestic sheep, and is totally white, e.xcept the horns, hoofs, lips, and margins of the nostrils : the horns are black and shining. Another remarkable race of animals are the Rocv Mountain Sheep, which are found in this elevated region from its northern termination in latitude G3 to about latitude 40, and most likely still further south. They also frequent the ele- vated and craggy ridges with which the country between the great mountain rnnjie and the Pa- cific is intersected ; but thcyjuo not appear to have advanced further to the eastward than to the de- clivity of the Rocky Mountains, nor axe they f lujid in any of tire liillv tracts nearer to Hud- son's Bay. They collect in flocks consisting of from three to thirty, the yoving rams and fe- males herding together during the winter and spring, while the old rams form separate flocks. The ewes bring forth in June or July, and then had seldom penetrated, he found no dllficulty in approaching the Korky Mountain Sheep, whie h there exhibited the simplicity of character so re- markable ill tiie domestic species ; but that where the^- had been often fired at, they were exceed- ingly wild, alar. lied their companions on tlie ap- proach of danger by a hissing noise, and scaled the rocks with a speed and agility that baffli-d pursuit. He lost several that he had mortally wounded, by their retiring to die amongst the se- cluded precipices. Their favourite feeding pla- ces are grassy knolls, skirted by craggy rc/cks to which they can retreat, when pursued by dogs or wolves. They are accustomed to pay daily visits to certain caves in the mountains that are encrust- ed with a saline eiflorescence. of which they aru fond. These caves are situated in slaty rocks. I\Ir Drummond says that the horns of the old rams attain a size so enormous, and curve so much forwards and downwards that they effectually prevent the animal from feeding on level ground. Its flesh is said by those who have fed on it, to be quite delicious when it is in season, far superior to that of any of tije deer species which frequent the same quarter, and even exceeding in flavour the finest English mutton. Kockij Ki(lge,p.v. Trigg Co. Ken. 217 ra. S. W. Frankfort. Rocky Springs, p. v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 14.5 m. N. VV. Raleigh ; p. v. George Co. Ten ; p. v. Claiborne Co. Nlississippi. Hocroy, a town of France, department of Arden- nes, celebrated for the victory gained by the French over the Spaniards in 1643. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by forests, 20 m. N. of Rethel. liodach, a town of Germany, in the principal- ity of Saxe-Coburg, on a river of its name, m. N. W. Coburg. Rodhy, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Laland. The passage hence to Heiligenhaven, in Holstein and to the island of Femern, is much frequented. It is 10 m. N. E. of Naxkow. Lono-. 11.45. E, lat. 54. 4.5. N. Rodevhurg, a town and castle of Germany, in the district of Schauenburg, near which is a min- eral spring. 11 in. AV. by S. of Hanover. / Rndez, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Aveiron, and a bisliop's see. Here are four great annual fairs, and some manufactures of gray cloths and serges. The lofty steeple of its cathedral is admired for its architecture. It is seated in the midst of mountains, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Aveiron 'M m. W. by S. of Mende. Rollings, a district of Essex, Eng. eonipriBing ROM 606 ROM ^' eight parishes, '*ach of which is called Roding, but Ihcy are distinguished by the additional ap- trllntion nf Beauchanip, Eythorp, High, Leaden, pVhite, Abbot's, Berner's, and Mnrgarot's. Rodman, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 100 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,901. Rodoli^ a town of Ilindoostan, in the province of Dehli, 50 m. E. of Miasar and (30 W. N W. of Dchli. /iorfo.^fo, a sea-port of Romania, and a bisliop's BCC, sealed on the side of a hill, on tlie sea of Mnrmorn, r>2 m. VV. of Constantinople. Loni;. 27. :J7. E.Jat. 41. 1. N. RotlriiTueZy an island in the Indian Ocean, 30 m. jnnjj and I'J broad, lying 100 leaffues E. of Mauritius. The country is mountainous, and in many parts rocky, tlinuirh in some places the soil is excellent ; but the best production of the island is the land turtle, which are in great abundance. On the N. side is a bay that affords secure shelter for ships, and ample supplies of wood and water Long. t;3. 0. E.. lat. 19. ^0. S. Hotr^ a river of the Prussian slates, which rises in Westphalia, flows by Arensberg, Schwerte, Werden, and Duysburg, and enters the Rhine at Hoerort. Rocrort. a town of the Prussian slates, in the duchy of Clevc, at the conflux of the Roer with the Rhine, 17 m. S. by E. of \Vc;»eI. Roeufx, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, 8 ni. N. E. of Mons. Rogcrstown^ p. v. Franklin Co. Missouri. Rosftrsviffr, p. v. Person Co. N. C. Pendleton Uis. S. C. and Hawkins Co. Ten. on tlie Holstun, 70 m. above Knoxville. Roi^crwiclz, or Port Baltic^ a sea-port of Russia, in the province of Revel, seated on a fine bay at Ihe entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 m. W. N. W. of Revel. Long. 2:V 20. E.. lat. ^f). 10. N. Hogonntpniir^ a town of Bengal, capital of tiio district of Purhete. 120 m. N. W. of Calcutta. Long. dO.47. E., lat. 23. 32. i\. Roha, or Rmtaft. See Or/a. Rohan, a town of France, department of Mor- biham, on the Aoust, 20 m. N. of Vannes. Rohilcund, or Rohllla, a territory of Hindoostan, inhabited by the Rohillas. and formerly belong- ing to the province of Dehli, but now included in the district of Uareilly. It was conquered by the nabob of Oude, with the assistance of the British, in 1774. But in 1801 it was ceded to the British, and is now governed by a civil establish- juent. Rohitzan,a. town of Bohemia, witli good cloth manufactures and a trade in iron, 7 m. E. by N. of Pilsen. Rvldac, a town of the Netherlands, in the late duchy of Limburg, 10 m. S. W. of Juliers. Rom, an island of Denmark, on the coast of S. Jutland. It is 7 m. long and nearly 3 broad, and contains a few villages. Romagnuy the former name of a province of Italy, in the papal states, bounded on the N. by the Ferrare6e,E. by the ffulf of Venice, S. by Tuscany and Urbino, and \V. by Bolocna and Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits ; and lias also mines, mineral waters, and salt-works, which makes its principal revenue. Ravenna is the capital. Romainmotier^ a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic. with a castle ; seated in a narrow valley, through whi^h flows the river Diaz, 11 m. S. W. of Yverdun. Rovumij a town of European Turkey, in Mol- davia, and a bishop's see; seated on the Siret, 50 m. \V. S. W. of Jasey. Romania, a province or division of Turkey, about 200 ni. long and 130 broad; bounded on the N. by Bulgaria, E. by the black Sea, S. bv the sea of Marmora and tFie Archipelago, and W. by Macedonia. The whole of this fine country', comprising Thrace, Macedon,and ancient Greece, is at present in a very backward state, owing to tiie op[»rcssion and arbitrary exactions of the Turks. The inhabitants Imx'O, however, at length been liberated from the galling yoke which they long maintained an arduous struggle to throw oil. See Cirrrrc. Romano, a town of Austrian Italy, on a river that runs between the Oglio and Serio, 26 m. E. of Milan. Romans, a town of France, department of Drome, on tlie Iserc, 22 m. S. W. of Grenoble and 30 S. of Vienne. Rome, a celebrated ci^ of Italy, tlie capital of tlie pr.pe's dominions. It is situate on the Tiber, over wiiicli it has four bridges. Tlie walls are of brick, in wliich are 15 gates ; and its whole cir- cumfcrenre. including that part beyond the Ti- ber and all belonging to the Vatican, is upwards of 10 in. It iias 144,541 inhabitants, which, though greatly inferior to what it could boast in the days of its ancient power, is considerably more than it could number at some former periods .since the fall of the empire. Some of the prin- cipal streets are of considerable length, and per- fectly straight. That called the Corso is the most frequented. The shops on each side are three or fuur feet higher than the street, and there is a path for foot passengers on a level with the shops. The palaces, of which there arc several, in this street, range in a line with the houses, hav- ing no courts before tliem. The Strada Felice and the Strada di Porta Pia, are also very long and noble streets. Rome exhibits a strange mix- ture of magnificent and interesting, and of com- mon and beggarl}' objects ; the former consist of palaces, churches, fountains, and the remains of antiquity ; the latter comprehend all the rest of the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opin- ion of many, surpasses, in size and magnificence, the finest monuments of ancient architecture. It was begun in 1500, finished in 1021, and is en- tirely covered both within and without with mar- ble. Its length is 730 feet, the breadth 520, and the height, from the pavement to the top of the cross which crowns the cupola, 450. The high altar under the cupola is 00 feet in height, and of extraordinary magnificence. A complete descrip- tion of llijs churcli, and of its statues, basso-re- lievos, colums. and various other ornaments, would fill volumes. The cathedral of St. John Lateran, the Romans say, is tlie most ancient of all the churches of Rome, and the mother of all the churches in Cliristendom. It contains the Scala Santa, of 2S white marble steps, brought from Jerusalem, by which Christ is said to have ascended to tiic palace of Caiaphas. To this church every new pope constantly goes first, in a magnificent processicu, to take possession of the holy .see. The Pantheon, which from its cir- cular form has obtained the name of the Rotunda, is Uie most perfect of tlie Roman temples which now remain, and notwithstanding the depreda- tions it has sustained from Goths, Vandals, and popes, is still a beautiful monument of Roman taste. The pavilion of the great altar of St. Peter, and Ihe four wreathed pillars of Corinthian hra^B 1 ROM 630 RON .1" as pa- id lU wh>ch support .1 -- ^^^S'v-^' '- the Panll.eon, which, "ff/ "^^j^/ ,, u„d and capa slilU probabihly "I."" Ip'-f "^^jl^ ,„d H, widll cious rival. Its hejght - '^"^J .^j^^^ ^^ ^,,j,p I nearly the same I'^^/.'^^^^t^d i,| the ,>.an,.« ol .i the root, which .» <-"»»" „i„d„vvs,asuffiuiei.cy cupola ■''■''''" '"i^^juioucrh a central openi,,,^ of l,ght be.ng ad", ttef = .^ ^,^^ ,^,„^^ ,„l ,, rt;::;xr^je.pa^...^-^no...- contau. H5,onO sp.ctu ors f^ ."'j^.er.bed ; Rome are too uumeroo. to ^^ " "'^'y„„.„,„i,et, aoe is the '•''^"''^"f "VThv X conservators of rary societies. Ine cabiie oi t^^ & more to keep the city i.. awe than to repel any '""Zrwas formerly the metropolis of one of the ■wn upnrs Duma the next 4ea years, inej wcii Cd.; 0..1., Mi.toidau, .t ■■7«.,f'7;;~ »nH Jews were the most noted, lie J^-oman empire was afterwards much distracted by various commotions, and in 410 Home was ^ke. and 1 . i„ Mnv I.V^y Rome was invested by int- '"my ot-lenpe'ro; Charles V. ; and the general, n:l'^^ ifiutiny, promised to -ricOi h-. with the spoils of this opulent city. The^ener.il, :tver, was lumself killed, as - «- pl-ui S a scaling ladder against the walls ; but his sol diers nSt discouralred by his death, moan ed to Ue assault with the "t""^S"'°V. ""''';''" "I the ritv exercised all those brutalities hat may be expected from ferocity aggravated by resist- ance In the wars which attended the French evlthm, Rome was again a considerable sut ferer Lar W contributions, and severe military exactions, were drawn from the i-l-bUants ; and a .rreal number of the most vauable statues and paintings were sent oft' to I'ans^ The pope was finally rest-red in ISU. See Popedom. Rome is no m. N. W. of Naples, 410 S. S W^"' ^ 'J""- „a, and (iOO S. E. of Paris. Long. 12. 2J. li., lat. lilme., a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 22 m. i< \n.ru.'. vv . 01 1^ 71 S. E. of London southern r? K^f En- L ween Dungeness and Rye- Cel^^f'^ded from the s^a by a stron. embanU^ ment, called Dymchurch WalK U j^ ^^ „^ and eight broad, containing abou-.tKu ,^ of Friburg, seated on a mounUin, 10 m. .>■ vv. o Friburg. . „ „f Vnure iii the depart- Test 8 m N. W. of Southampton and /3 VV. by ^•irrp'-t. Seneca Co. N.V. 204 m. W.Al- "'ZToToC the Hebrides situate between ::£SK=d:='';.t:Sd^| Tereia,' near a lake of the same na„^ 28 n N. N W ..fRome. Long. 12. J2. J-, lai.-J* Zulu a strong town of Spain, ... Granada ..ifh"'a castle -, si^.ate on a -aggy ™ck -„ .he river Guadiaro, 43 m. N by E. of Gibraltar. ^ Ro,u,js Point, p.v. Ohio Co_ Va^ Roimr, a seaport oi »Y"""l'v?he. governor. Bornholm, and the residence of the E""" 1 The harbour is fortified, but not deep. Long .->.-,, E., lat, 55. 10. N. ROB 610 ROS iioii;ufc«r;7, a town and castle of Germany, in the principaiity of Alleiiburg, bcloning to sSaxe- Gotiia, 14 m. S. W. of Altenburg. Ron/jat, an island in tlie straits of Malacca, separated from Sumatra by a narrow channel. Long. 101. U. E., lat. 3. 0. N. Root, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. -16 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,7ri0. Roulsloicn, p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. K!-l ni. N. E, Columbia. Pop. ().vn, a singular mountain of the Pennine Alps, at the N. E. boundary of Piedmont, littk" inferior in height to Mont Blanc. It forms as it were, a a circus of gigantic peaks, round the village of .Macugnaga; audits appearance is supposed to impart the nams from some resemblance to an expanded rose. Rosiinarino, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, at the mouth of a river of its name, *-£i m. W. by S. of Patti. Rasiina, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the goverrmient of Grodno, seated near the 2olva, 5G m. S. W. of Novogrodec. Roslmrh, a village of Prussian Sa.xony, famous ior a victory obtained by Prussia over the French and Austrians in 1757. 10 m. S. E. of Merseburg. Roscliad, a town of Switzerland, with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the lake of Constance, 7ni. E. N. E. of St. Gall. Roschild, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zea- land, and a bishop's see. It is now a poor place, but was the residence of the kings of Denmark for several centuries before ('openhagen was founded ; and the cathedral has long been the place of their sepulture. A treaty of peace was concluded here in lt35S. It is seated at the end of a deep gulf, IG m. W. of Copenhagen. Roscoe, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio, 08 m. N. E. Ccdiunbia. Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Connaught, GO ni. long and '.17 broad ; bounded on the N. by Sligo and Leitrim, E. by Longford and W, Meath, S. by Gahvay , and W. by Galway and iMayo. It contains about ^00,000 in- habitants, is divided into ,")(! parishes, and sends three members to parliament, it is a tolerably level country, producing excellent corn and pasturage, yet there are some extensive bogs. Roscommon, a town of Ireland, capital of the above country, 80 m. W. by i\. of Dublin. Long, b. 43. W., lat. ,55. 34 N. Roscommon, p v. Steuben Co. N. Y. Roscren, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary. 2 m. to the S. E. are the singular ruins of an abbey, on an island of about three acres, in the centre of a bog. It is aO m. W. S. W. of .Maryborough and 32 N.of Cashel. Rose, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop. 978 Roseau. See Charlotte-town Roscbtirtf, p.v. Armstrong Co. Pa. RosrfirlJ, p.v. Prince William Co. Va. Rosrhilt, p.v. Lee Co. Va. Rosflantl, p.v. Cambria Co. Pa. Rusrmitis, p.v. Amherst Co. Va. 118 ra. W. Richmond. Rirsmmr/iie. See Fortrosc. Rosetibn-i^, a town of the Prussian states, in the principality of Oppeln, with a small castle, 25 m. N. E. of Oppeln. Rasciilieiiii, a town of Havaria, seated at the con- flu); of the Mangnald with tlie Inn, 34 ni. S. E. of Mtiuirh. Riisc!.-, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, with a citadel. It was taken by the French in 1603, and again in 1703. It is sealed on a bay of the same name, in tlie Mediterranean, 27 m. i\. E. of Gerona. Long. 3. 7. E , hit. 42. 17. N. Roses flluff, p.v. Dallas Co. Alab. Ros/.lta, a town of Egypt, one of the ))Ieasantest in the country. It has a gre.at manufacture of striped and other coarse linens ; but its chief husi ness is the carriage of goods to Cairo ; for all Eu- ropean merchandize is brought hither from Alex- andria by sea. The rice grown in its vicinity, cal- led sultani, is chiefly sent to Constantinople, and its exportation to any other place is prohibited. Rnsetta was taken by the French in 1708, and here the English were defeated by the Turks in 1807. It stands on an island, formed by the W. branch ofUie Nile, 25 m. E. N. E. of Alexandria and 100 i\. N. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 23. E., lat. 31.23. N. Roscmllc, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. 35 ra. N. W. Washington ; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. G2 m. E. Columbia ; p.v. Park Co. Indiana; p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Rosicniic, town of Russia, in the government of Wilna, formerly the capital of Sainogitia. It is seated on the Dubisse,70m. S. ofMittau. Long. 23. 45. E., lat. .55. 30. .\. Rosters nnz Sidincs, a town of France depart- ment of Meurthc, formerly celebrated for its salt- works ; seated on the Meurlhe 10 m. S. of Nancv. Rosoij, a town in the department of Sein.e-e't- Marne, with a magnificent castle, IC m. E. N. E. of Mclun and 30 S. E. of Paris. Ross, a town in Herefordshire, Eng. It owes most of its improvements and charitable institu- tions to John Kyrle, commonly called the Man of Ross, whose benevolent character is so inter- estingly delineated by Pope. 4 miles to the S. W. are the massive remains of Goodrich Castle ; and near it are the ruins of Flanesford Priory, the chapel of which is converted into a barn! Ross is seated on an elevated rock, on the Wye 12 miles S. E. of Hereford and 120 W. by N. of London. Ross, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and united to Cork as an episcopal see The harbour was formerly famous, but has been gradually filled up with sand, so that the town is sunk from its former splendour. It is seated on a bay of the .Vtlanlic. 20 m. S. W. of Kinsale Long. 8. 58. W., lat. 51. 32. N. Ross, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,053. Chilico- the is the Capital. A'oss, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. on Al- leghany and Ohio rivers opposite Pittsburg, also townships in Jefferson, Green and Butler Cos. Ohio. Rvssic, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop C50 Ross,JVcw, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, situate on th« Barrow, which is navi- ROT 641 ROT jable for large vessels up to the quay. The town Ks a consiSerable tra./e, and exporU a great quantity of wool, butter and beef. UisUm.!^. k. of Waterford and 19 W. of Wexford. R„«»no, a .tron^ town of Naples .n Calabrm Cilra and an arcFibishop's see. The adjaeen valleys yield oil, capers, saffron, and excellent pepper It is seated on an eminence, surrounded by rocks, 3 m. from the gulf of Tarento and 13fi S. E. of .Naples. Long. IC. 3.S. b.,lat. 39.48. N. Rosslau, a town of Germany, in the principali- ty of Anhall, with a castle ; seated at the conflux of the Rosslau with the Elbe, 10 m. S. S. E. of Zerbst. Ross-sliiri; VL county of Scotland, 80 m. long and 70 broad ; bounded on the N. by sutherland- sliire. The island of Lewis is alUched to this . (uity. Tain is the capital. nnssrHh, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. Butler Co. < 11,10, York Co. Pa New Madrid Co. Missouri -in i a town in the Cherokee Country in Georgia on the oTcat bend of Tennessee river. I!.>stra„il, a township of Westmoreland Co. la. Rosswcin, a town of Saxony, with a good trade M wool, flannel, and cloth ; seated on the Wul- diii,a3m. W. of Dresden. . Rostnk, a town of Arabia, in the province oi O.uan, and the seat of a sovereign pnnce It is liO m. W. of Maskat. Long. 57. 30. L. lat. M. ^Rostock, a fortified town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a univer- eitv, a jTood harbour, a strong citadel, an arsenal, •ind three churches. It is divided into three parts, llie Old the New, and the Middle Town, and car- ries on a large trade. It is seated on the river \V;irne, 10 m. from its entrance into the Baltic and 32 E. N. E. of Wismar. Lon. 12. 20. t,., l:.t .54.10. N. , ^ . Roslof, a town of Russia, in the government ot X.iroslaf, and an episcopal see. It is seated on the Lake Nero, or Rostof, which communicates uith the Volga by the river Kotorost, 95 m. N. K of Moscow. Lon. 40. 25. E., lat. 57. 5. N. Roslrennn, a town of France, department of Cotes du Nord, near the Blavet, 35 m. S. W. of Si Brieux. ... Rostrevor, a sea-port of Ireland, m the county nl' Down, with a considerable saltwork and a pottery. It is much frequented for sea-bathing, and the peculiar beauty of its situation renders it one of the most delightful summer retreats in the province. Adjoining the town is Rostrevor Hill, a romantic mountain of extraordinary elevation and beauty. The town is seated on Carlmgford Bay, 9 m. S. E. of Newry. . Rota, a town and castle of Spain, in Andalusia, at the entrance of the bay of Cadiz, 9 m. N. N. W. of Cadiz. , . , Rotus, a town of HindoosUn, in the province ot Lai ore, 85 m. N. W. of Lahore. Lon. 71. 52. E., lat 32. 4. N. ^ . Rotas, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Bahar, 108 m. S. W. of Palna. Rotenberg, a town, and fortress of Bavaria, capi- tal of a lordship of the same name ; situate on a mountain, 18 ni. N. E. of Nurenburg and 27 S. S. W.of Bayreuth. Rotenburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucern, 4 m. N. of Lucern. Rotenburg, a town of Wurtember^, in the county of Hohenbcrg, with a castle. Near it is a famous mineral spring. It stands on the Neckar, 6 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen. 81 Rotenburg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Verden, on the river Wumme, 15 m. N. by E. of Verden. Rotenburg, a town of Germany, in the elector- ate of Hesse, with a palace ; seated on the Fulda, 34 m. S. S. E. of Cassel. Rotenfels, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Maine ; seated on the Maine, 13 m. N. W. of Wurtzburg. Roth, a town and castle of Bavaria, in the dis- trict of Anspach, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated Gessner. It stands at the conflux of the Roth with the Rednilz, 18 m. S. of Nuren berg. Roihhury, a town in Northumberland, fcng. situate on the Coquet, in a sequestered and ro- mantic glen, sheltered from the northern blasU by towering hills : on the S. an abrupt bank rises in a pyramidal form, the summit of which is crowned by a stately tower. The duke of Nor- thumberland is lord of the manor, though he pos- sesses very little freehold property in the town 12 m. S. W. of Alnwick and 303 N. by W. of London. Rotlunherg, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the river Neissa, 15 m. N. of Gorlitz. Rothenburg, a town of Bavarian Franconia, surrounded by moats and ramparts. It stands on a mountain, by the river Tauber, from which it is supplied with water by means of a machine. 15 m. W. N. W. of Anspach. Long. 10. 18. E., lat. 49. 22. N. Rolherliam, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is famous for the extensive iron-works in its vicin- ity at Masbrough. It is seated at the conflux of the Rother with the Don, 32 m. S. of Leeds and 159 N. by W. of London. Rotherhithe, a village in Surrey, Eng. noted for its dock yards. The church contains an mterest- iniT monument to Lee Boo, prince of the Pelew Isfands, who came over to England with captain Wilson, and died of small pox in 1784. Rother- hithe is situate on the S. bank of the Thames, 2 m. E of London. Rothsay, a borough of Scotland, the capital ot the isle of Bute. Here is an ancient castle, once a royal palace. The inhabitants are actively en- gaged in the herring fishery, and several cotton works are also established. Rothsay joins with Ayr, Irvine, Campbeltown, and Inverary,in send ino- one member to parliament. It is situate on the E. side of the island, and has an excellent harbour and pier. 60 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh. Long. 4. 53. W., lat. 55. 48. N. Rothioeil, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg ; seated on the Neckar, near its source, 27 m. S. S. W. of Tubingen. Long. 8. 37. E., lat. 48. 8. N. Rottcmnann, a town of the Austrian states, m Stiria, with a college of regular canons, 20 m. N. N. W. of Judenburg. Ro«er(;le ends embattled in front ; hut there is a great num- ber of modern brick houses, whirli are lofty and spacious, particularly on that magnificent quay callad the Boom Ties. On thiii <|uav is a hanj- somo Jewish synagogue. In an o|k.ii place at the head of one of the canals is a bronze stiitue of Lrasmus, who was born here in IKi". This city was in a very flourishinj slali- previously to the admission ofthe French lro and the war with Kngland, wlien the coninierce of hlolland was suspended. It had l.e.run to re- cover in I'^O'I, wh..n it was asain raiiidl'v depress- ed by the renewal of war. After the i^ill of Na- poleon Us pro.sperity greatly increased, and it is t.iought that the separation of Belgium from Uol. land will o|)erate favourably on the commerce „f this town. It is seated at the influ.x of the Rnltc with the Merwe (the uMst northern branch ofthe .Meuse), :«) iii. S. S. \V. of Amsterdam. Lon.r 4. 2!*. E.lat. .^1. 5G. N. RoUerdam, one of the Kriendiv Islands, iu the Pacific Dcean, discovered bv I'asnian, in It;);! Long. 174. 3(). W.,lal. 20. 1(5. S. Rottrrilam, a village of Oneida Co. N. Y. Rottinaen, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Maine, situate on tlie Tauber, 17 m. S of VVurtzberg. Rouah, or Roihn. See Or/,i, Rouen, a city of France, capiUl of the depart- ment of Lower Seine, and an archbishops see it is 7 in. in circuit, and stands on the iV. side of the Seine, over which is an elegant stone bridire of recent erection. The streets arc narrow and crooked, and inanv of the houses are of wood • notwithstanding which it is one of the most opu- lent and commercial places in France. Anion.' the public buildin.'s, the most distinv. Clinton Co. N. Y. on the "6m"N"AT' ^''« T^I-^^^'-Lake Champla?n /ith 3^ier1 f"^- , ^ '"g^'•'^lleof hewn stone /ith J tiers of embrasures has been erected at v'lhrBr fislL''"\'f'' ^1^^.'' ''"•' -- '^-™H W;2rf ,.""''""/''." ''"""''"y of Canada. housscUrt, a town of the Netherlands in VV Glanders, seaud on Uie Mai.del, 10 n" N. E. of lUnusiUoj, a former province of Franc- now Se'e"Vr.r,'^i.tC"'-^ "'• '^--" f > '-- mountain, on the river Len.,' over wWd. ', I bridge, defended by a strong ciUdcl, It has a very considerable trade in silk, and a great quan- tity of tobacco is raised here. In 1700 the Aus- Irians were defeated near tliis place by the French who took possession of the town ; but they were' obliged to abandon it soon afterwards. 13 m S of Trent. Long. JO. 55 K.,lat. 45. 50. N. ««ri-'n», a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, on the coast ol Iblria, with two good harbours. The in- habitanU are estimated at 10,000, who are chiefly employed in the pilchard fishery, ship-buildin/ and the sale of wood. Near it are quarries of fine stone. It ,s seaU-d on a peninsula in the gulf oc. h, , lat. 4a. II. N. RoTif;o, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of a province or delegation of ila name, and the re- sidence ofthe bishop of Adria, to the decline of which town it owes iU present prosperity Jl IS seated on the Adige, 37 m. S. VV. of Venice Long. 12. 4. K., laL 45. 8. N. /.W«„, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,79C Balisbnry is the capital. Roitc, p.t Franklin Co. Mase. 130 m. N VV Boston. Pop. 71(5. Roiclandtillc. p. v. Cecil Co. Maryl Ruwtcll, p V. Potu-r Co. Pa ft«jr/ry pi, Kssex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. Boston S. Newburvport. Pop. 2 044 eilt'.fT'-'VVi" '^r"'^."*'^'^'*"*"''' sometimes called Teviotdae ; bounded N. by Berwickshire, »Jxt f !;^ ^orthumberland and Cumberland and VV. by the shires ol Dumfries and Selkirk J 13 of an irregular figure, and the greatest exU-nl ... every direction is about 30 m.^ It is divided nto .Jl parishes, and the number of inhabitants in '--' »;=".;^0,TO. The principal rivers are il " Tweed, Teviot, and Liddel. The face of the country e.Khibits a rough appearance of mosses hills, and iiiQuntains, inti-rspersed with a narrow valley, well watered, and fertile in corn. The hills leed great number of sh.ep and cattle Some remains are still visible of the Catrail, or Picls- work ditch a stupendous British work, probably constructed in the fifth century, as a linL of de- fence again.st the Saxons, h' appears to have ^or".orf /'T' -*' ^'r' ''™="',\Iilh a rampart H or 10 feel high on either side. In many parts wh el, rr •" "r" "." ^-P^lehral tumuh, in which coflins and urns have been found Ther,- are also Druidical circles and other antiquities 1 he country had its name from the once ma^nili- cent city and castle of Ro.tburg, situaU. betwee,. the Tiviot and the Tweed, nearly opposite Kelso : ofthe city of few traces are now evident; and he castle, near the mouth of the Teviot, is en- tirely a rum. At this castle, in MOO, James II of Scotland lost his life, by the bursting rrac„n. "?", ^'"'."^ ~ '" '■■•""1 tl.o castle, on the banks ol the Teviot, ,s a village called Roxburg The |>re.senl capiUl ofthe county is Jedburg y^orioroe/^,/,, p.v. Person Co. N.C.SOfm \ \V Raleigh. Rx>il.ur,j, p.t Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining Bos- ton. Ills properly a suburb of the city, and is connected with it by the neck and tlie'wesUrn causeway. The compact part of the town bor- ders on the neck. The whole surface is exced- ■ngly picturesque and abounds with lofty hills covered with gardens, cultivated fields and ele- gant villas, delightfully situated .Many of the hills are crowned with the remains of the fortifi- Pop°"ro5^'''"" "''''"* ^"""S ""^ revolution. RLTD M3 lUIN Rozbury, a township of Orange Co. Vt. 45 m. N.Windsor, a township of Cheshire Co. N. H. 37 in. S. W Concord. Pop. 322; p.t. LitclilieM Co. Conn. 35 in. N. W. New Haven. Pop. l,l'>i ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,21'1, and townships in Morris Co. N. J. Philadelphia Co. Pa. and Washington Co. Ohio. Royal, & village of Sampson Co. N. C. Royal, hie, the largest island in Lake Superior 40 in. long and 13 wide. It belongs to the Unit- ed Slates. Royal Oak, p.v. Oakland Co. Mich. Royalslon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,401. Koyatlim, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt. "S-S m. N. Wind- sor. Pop. 1,893; p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,13? ; townships in Cuyauoga and Fairfield Cos. Ohio. Royan, a town of France, department of Lower Charente. It was fortified by the Huguenots, and vigorously defended against Louis XHI. in llJ2"2. It is scaled .it the moutii of the Garonne, 13 m. S. W. ofSaintcs. Roye, a town in the department of Soinme, 2G m. S. E. of Amiens. Royslon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. Part of llie town extends into Cambridgeshire. Un- der the market-place is a kind of subterranean crypt, dug out of the solid chalk, supposed to be of Saxon construction. 14 .t.. S. of Cambridge and 37 N. of London. Rualan, an island in the bay of Honduras, 30 m. long and 9 broad, with a fine harbour. Lone 8C. 45. W., lat. 16. 23. N. Rubicon, the ancient name of a small river of Italy, which runs into the gulf of Venice, to the northward of Rimini, celebrated in history as the limit prescribed to Ctesar by the Roman senate, when the ambitious views of that commander be- came suspected. Rucherscilh, p.v. Elbert Co. Geo. Ruckiiigen, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- sel, which w.as the scene of an obstinate engage- ment between the Frencli and Bavarians in 16J3. It is seated on the Kinzig, 5 m. E. of Ranau. Rudaw, a town of E. Prussia, formerly fortified with a castle, now in ruins. It is remarkable for the victory obtained by the Teutonic knights over Kinstud, great duke of Lithniinia, in 1370; in memory of which a stone pillar was erected which is still remaining. 12 in. N. N. W. of Konigs- berg. Rudclstadt, or Rudolsladt, a town of (iermanv, capital ofthe county of Schwarlzbnrg-Rudolslaiil, with a fine ca.stle on a mountain. It has manu- factures of flannel and sfuft's, and is seated on the Saale, over which is a stmie bridi'o, *J m. S. E. of Erfurt. Long. 1 1 . 50. E., lat. 5()T 11. .\. Rudclstadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnilz, with a inine-oftire, and copper-works ; seated on the Boher, !•"* m. W. of Schweidnifz. Hudcslieim, a town of Germany, in the dncliy of Nassau, celebrated f'lr its wine. 3 m. N. of Biiigen. Rudisto. See Rudo.ilti. Rudhioping, a seaport of Denmark, in the isl- and of Langeland. It has a considerable trade in corn and provisions. Long. 11.0. E , lat. 55. l.N. ^ R»(/o(/>ircr<;, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- nolia, with a large collegLate olinrnh ; seated on the (iurck, in a country fertile in wine, 45 m. S. E ofliaubach Rue, a town of France, department of Somme. 17 m. N. W. of Abbeville. Ruffuch, a town in the department of Upper Rhine, 7 m. S. of Colmar. Ruffec, a town in the department of Ch.-uente, 24 m. N. of Angoulenie. Rnfia. a river of Greece, in the Morea, which falls into the gulf of Arcadia, opposite the island of Xante. RiiL'hy, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. cele- hr.ited for its well endowed grammar school. It has a commodious cliiircli - and two meeting- hoiises, and is seated on the .Vvon, 13 in. S. E. of Coventry and'-'S N. N. W. of London. Rnirehj, or Rndglcy, a town in StiitTordshire, Eng. with manufactures of felts and hats, sheet iron, and of verdigris. It is seated on the Trent, 9 m. E. S. E. of Staffbrd and 12(1 N. W. of Loudon. Riigcii, an island in liie Baltic, on the coast of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel be- tween which town and the island is not above a mile in breadth. Including the indentations of tiia sea, which are considerable, the island is 23 in. long and IS broad. It abounds in corn and cattle, and contains numerous gardens and plantations. This island became subject to Prussia, with the rest of Pomerania, in 1^14. The chief town is Bergen . Rugcnttald, a town of Prussian Pomerania, in the government of Coslin, with a castle. Here is a good salmon fishery and a trade in linen. It is seated on the Wipper, 3 m. from the Baltic and 35. N. E. to Colberg. Long. 16. 17. E., Int. 54. 25. N. Riigirtcs, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. Rutdund, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, with a trade in fish and beer ; seated on the El- ster 25 m. E. by N. of Dresden. Rum, one of the Hebrides, 7 m. W. ofthe S. extremity ofSkye. It is 9 m. long and broad, the surface hilly and rocky ; but it feeds a con- siderable number of small sheep, whose flesh and wool are valuable. The only harbour is Loch Scresort. on the E. coast. Long. G. 20. W., lat. 57. 10. N. Rainfmd, p.t. Oxford Co. Mc. Pop. 1,127; p.v. King \Yilltam Co. Va. I!iimii;ny. a town of France, department of Ardennes, 12 m. S. W nf Kocroy. RamiHii, a town ofthe Sardinian states in Sa- voy, situate on an elevated plain, at the conflux f.f the Serum and Nepha, 7 in. W. S. W. of An- necv. liutiimrlxliiira. a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, witli manufictures of fl()lh, sealeil on the Wip- per, 14 m. N of New Stetlin. Ramnt'i/, or Rlnfiirif. a river rif Wales, which rises in Breckniiikshire, and. separating the coun- ties of Glamoriraii and Mtinmouth, enters the Bristol Channel, to the S. E. of Cardiff. Rumnry. p.t Cr.all.m Co. N. H. Pop. 993. Runirpoar.n hiwn of' Bengal, capital of a fertile district governed by a judge, collector. iVc, and subservient to the roiirl of circuit and appeal of Dacca. The chief pmiluce of tlie district is rice, hut there is aUo inncli tobacco and some indigo. The inhabitants carry cm consider.alile tr.ado with Assam, Boolan, and Calcutta. 124 m. N. N. E. of Moorshcdabad. Long. 89. 4. E., lat. 25. 44. N. Riiuhet. a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a citadel on a high hill, formerly the residence ofthe count of Wied-Ruukel It is seated or. the Lalm 14 m. E N. E. of N.assau. KUS 644 litis Rupelnwnde, a town of the NcthcrlandB, in E. Flanders, 8 ni. S. W. of Antwerp. Rupert, a river of New Brilian, which issues from the lake Mistassin, and flows W. into the S. E. part of James Bay. In its course it forms sev- eral small lakes ', and at its mouth is the remains of Fort Rupert, formerly a settlement of the Hud- son Bay Company. Long. 76. 58. W., lat. 51. 3.N. fluyjcr/, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,318. Ruppin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg. Il stands on the W. side of a lake, formed by the river Rhin ; and on the opposite side of the lake is Old Ru|)pin, with an ancient castle, the resi- dence of its former counts, whose burial place is at New Ruppin. This town was entirely con- sumed by fire in 17c*7, but is rebuilt in a hand- some manner, and greatly augmented. It has a considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, and noted breweries. '.V^ m. N. N. W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 0. 1".., I.-U. 5.'<. e. N. Rurcmvnde, or Rocrjnonde, a strong town of the Netherlands, in the provinceof Limbur« or pope, and of these there were formerly 4,000 in Moscow alone. They have images in their churches ; and the priests give a passport to those that are dying, addressed to St Nicholas, who is desired to entreat St. Peter Ui open the gates of heaven, as they have certifieil that the bearer is a good Christian. A consider- able number of the Russians profess the Mahom- etan religion, and many are still pagans. The inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Luther- ans ; and Protestants, as well as Papists, enjoy full liberty of conscience. There are many con- vents for both sexes, but it has been wisely or- dained that no male can enter into a monastic life before he is 30 years of age ; and that no fe- male can take the veil til! she is 50, and even then not without the licence of the holy sj'nod. The inhabitants in general are robust, well shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They use bathing, but smoke no tobacco, lest the smoke should dishonour the images of the saints, which they keep in great veneration ; however, they take a great deal of siuifF, made of the tobacco brought from the Ukraine. The Russians were formerly wholly employed in agriculture, feeding of cattle, hunting and fishing; and he was thouglit a learned man who could read and write. Peter the Great undertook to introduce arts and sciences, and in 1724, the first universitv was founded that ever was in Russia : there ly also an academy of sciences at Petersburg, sup- plied with ftminent professors. With resj)ect Ui dress, a long beard is in high estimation with the people of Russia, notwithstanding the efforts of their monarchs to root it out ; and it is only those depending upon government, in the army and navy, who have yet complied with the custom and wish of the court. Those who retain their beards, retain likewise the ancient dress ; the loner swaddling coat, either of skins, or of coarse cloth lined with skins, in winter, and in summer of cloth only. About their middle they have a sash of any colour ; but what they most affect is green or yellow. Their shirts are fashioned as women's ; and their necks, being exposed to the cold, become very hard and impenetrable from this practice. Government continue to exert every nerve to compel the subjects to adopt the RUT 645 RYE can procure any place, or favour, from court, up- on other conditions than banishing the Asiatic sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires with a pension, upon the express terms of never again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so jealously attached are the multitude to former manners, and so honorable do they esteem them, that a Russian, dressed in his beard and gown, acquires the greatest respect. The dress of the women is the reverse of that of the men, both in fashion and colour, every part of it being as short and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy. It resembles that of the Highland women in Scot- land. The Russian women are, jiowever, far more rich in their attire ; nor is gold lace want- ing, any more than the art of painting, to com- plete ttie Russian belle. The rising generation are modernizing their antic vestments : the stitF embroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flow- ing silk; the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or otfier fine stuffs ; and the plaid is e.\changed for a silk or satin cloak, in tiie cold season lined with fur. The richer class of females wear vel- vet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is af- ter the French and English fashion ; and all must have a covering of fur si.x months of the year. Thus equipped, the prince and the peasant are drawn in their chaises and sledges through the dreary Scythian winter. The principal rivers are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna or Dwina, and Oby. The sovereigns of Russia are absolute. They were formerly called Grand Dukes, which is still the title of the heir apparent. They after- wards assumed the title of czar, and, in the se- quel, that of emperor. The first who bore the ti- tle of czar was Ba^il, son of John Basilides, who freed his country from its subjection to tlie Tar- tars, about the year 1470. The title of emperor was first assumed by Peter I., who, by his illus- trious actions, justly acquired the surname of Great. He died in 17*2.>, and perhaps no country' ever e,\hibited, in so short a time, the wonders that may be effected by the genius and e.xertions of one man. Peter the Great, at his accession to the throne, found his subjects of all ranks involv- ed in the grossest ignorance and barbarism ; his numerous armies ferocious and undisciplined ; and he had neither merchant ships nor men of wur; which, added to the remoteness of the situ- ation, rendered the influence of Russia in the politics of Europe of little consideration. Peter civilized his barbarous subjects, disciplined his armies, built cities and fortresses, and created a navy. Tiiese national improvements have been still further prosecuted since his time, and Rus- sia now holds a rank among the nations of the world of which human foresight, at the com- mencement of the 18th century, could have form- ed no conception. The population of European Russia is 45,033, 203, and of the whole empire .59,2(i3.700. The revenue is 5'2,000,000 d jllars and the n.ational debt 200,000,000. The military force in tune of peace is 600,000 men and in war above 1,000,000. Petersburg is the capital of the whole empire. Russia, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. !I5 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,45?. Also atownship of Lorraine Co. Ohio. Rustgaden, a town of Sweden, in the govern- ment of Fahlun, 23 m. S. S. W. of Fahlun. Riiicheslcr.;i village in Northumberland, Eng. the Vindobala of the Romans, containing some re- markable ruins of its once considerable fort. Se- vcrus's wall runs on the middle of the E. rampart and .Adrian's vallum pagses about the distance of a chain to the S. of it. Rutherford, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 17,557. Rutberfordton is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2G,133. Murfreesborough is the capital. Kutlierfordton, p.t. Rutherford Co. N. C.^lGm. S. W. Raleigh. Rutkergleii, a borough of Scotland, in Lanark shire, once a place of considerable note, but now reduced to one principal street and a few lanes. It is seated near the Clyde. 3 m. S. E. of Glasgow. Rullun,3. town of Wales, in Denbighshire. It had a strong castle, now in ruins , and is seated on an eminence, by the river Clwyd, 15 m. S. W. of Holywell, 205 N. W. of London. Rutigliano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 12 m. S. E. of Bari. Riitlam, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 48 m. W. of Ougein, 136 E. of Ameda- bad. RutUind. a county of Vermont on L. Champlain. Pop. 31,205. Rutland is the capital. Rutland, the capital of the above Co. stands on Otter creek, 57 ni. N. Bennington. Pop. 2,753 ; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. .56 m. W. Boston. Pop. ),27G; p t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Black river. Pop. 2,33:J ; p.t. Meigs Co. Ohio 90 m. S. E. Co- lumbus. Pop. 971. Rulla.ndsJiirc, the smallest county in England, 18 ill. long and 14 broad. The number of inhabi- tants in 1.521 was l.'i,487. The soil varies much ; but, in general, is fertile, particularly the rich vale of Calmose, which runs from the W. side to the centre of the county. The principal rivers are the Welland and the Guash or Wash. Oakham is the county town. Rultunpuitr, a city of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and the capital of a small district of its name. 210. m. S. by W. of Benares and 360 W. of Calcutta. Long. 82. 36. E., lat. 22. 16. N. Rutzcn, a town of Prussian Silesia, principality of Wolau, 20 in. N. of Wolau. Riiro. a town of Naples, in Terra di Barri, 16 m. W. of Barri. Roza, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 48 m. W. N. W. of. Moscow. Rijacolta.a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It was taken in 1791 by the British, to whom it was aflerwaids ceded by Tippoo Sultan. 85 m. E. of Seringapatam and 9.8 W. S. W. of Arcot. Long. 78. 6. E., lat. 12. 26. N. Rijan, Lorli, a bay of Scotland, in the N. W. an- gle of Wigtonsbire. The sea flows into it through a narrow pass ; and it aflbrds excellent anchorage. Rijdal, a fertile valley to N. Yorkshire, Eng. so called from the river Rye, which p.asses through it .and falls into the Swale, near Richmond. RijiUil-water, a lake in Westmoreland, Eng. a little to the W. of Ambleside. It is one mile in length, spotted with little, islands and communi- cates by a narrow channel with Grasniere-watcr to the \V., and by the river Rothay with Winder- mere-water, to tlie S. Rijdroos, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, ir> Mysore, on the river Hindenny, 60 m. N. N. E. of Chitleldroog. Long. 76. 52. E., lat. 14. 40. N. Rije, a borough and sea-port in Susse.x, Eng. It is an appendage to the cinque ports. On the edge of the cliff is a small battery, and behind it Ipres tower, a square building, now a jail. The old port is so choked up with sand that it can admit only small vessels. In 172(i a new harbour SAB t>it; SAB was opoiied, in which vessels of 3(i0 tons burilen may ^fely ride, d S. K. of London. Hye, a townshi|i of Rockingham Co. N. H. on the coast, 4 m. S. I'ortsmouth. Pop. 1.172; p t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on I,onf Bursa. (i2 1^. S. E. of Constantinople. Long. >'.y 40. E . lat. 40. 30. N. Sahatz^oT Saboaz.n town and fortress of Servia, taken by the Austri.ins in 1710. It is situate on the Drave, 22 m. S. of Peterwardein nnd 2S W. of Belgrade. Salit. See Xanier. fialiia, a kingf'om on the K. coast ef .Africa bounded on tlie N. by Sofala, E. by the Mosam- bique Channel, S. by unknov.'n regions, nnd W. hy Maniea. The country is fertile and populous, is crossed, by a river of the same name, has minis of gold, and many elephants. Manbona is the capital. Sahif, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast of N. Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 23 m. N. N. E. of .Mburf. Long. 10 H E , lat. .57. 20. N. Saliinii, a province of Italy, in the Pope's do- minions, 2S m. long and 20 broad ; bounded bv the Tiber, the Teverone, the duchy of Spoleto, and the Neapolitan frontier. It is waliTed by several small rivers, and abounds in oil and wine. Satiina, p. v. Richland (^n. Ohio. S Sabine, a river of N. .America rising in the pro- vince of Texas in lat. 32. 40. N. andllowingS. ?,. into the (iulf of Mexico. It forms the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. It is 320 m. in length ; near its mkhiIIi it expands into a lake, 3C ni. long and 8 in breath. Snhinncclhi, a town of Austrian Dalmatin, situ- ated on the extremity ofa peninsula, to which it gives name. Tliis peninsula runs a considerable way into the Atlantic, having the island of Lesia on the N. and those of Curzola and Melidaonthe S., all separated by a narrow channel. Tlic town is 45 m. .N. W. of'Rairusa. Lon-'. 17. 40. E lat 43. 20. N. Salilonetta, a town of Austrian Italy, formerly capital ofa principality of its name, withastrong citadel. 20 m. V. of Cremona. Sable, a town of I'rance, department of Sarte, near which are some quarries of black jn.irble. It is sealed on the Sarte, 25 m. N. E. of Angers. Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova Scoli.T, near which is a fine cod fishery. Lonir 05. 39. \V., lat. 43. 23. N. Saljlr, a river of N. Y. falling into I,. Cham- plain. There is a fall of .80 fret upon this river at C'liesterficld. ■Alible, an island in the Atlantic 00 m. S. E. ("ape Breton. Lat. 44. 5. N. Long. 00 W It is SAF 30 m. in length and is little more than a heap of Tay 40'i W of Fontenay le Coa,pe. Long. 1. '*'sij'/im«'a mounUinous province of Persia, littte knowk to Europeans. Bost is the cap.t^. '■ &™a, p.V. Cumberland Co. Me. 4 m. N. ^ teata city and sea-port of Japan in the isl_ and of Niphon, with several castles, temples, and palaces, and a mountain on one s.de which serves Ta rampart. 43 m. S. by W. of Meaco. Long. 136 r,. E., lat. 34. 58. N. S,irhsenberg, a town of Germany, county of Waldeck, 10 m. S. W. of Waldeck. . S^chse,iha,ren, a town of Germany, m the prin- cipality of Schauenburg, 13 m. W. of Hanover. &Jscnhausen, a town of Germany, makmj part of Frankfort on the Maine. It .s situate en the S side of the river, and communicates wiin the rest of the city by a stone bridge. Sachscnhauscn,i town of Germany, county of W^ldeck 6 m. N. W. of Waldeck. icZSn"n, a town in the kingdom of Wurtem- berg, 12 m. N. N. W. of Stutgard. Socket's Harbour, a town of New York in Jef- ferson county, with one of the best harbours in the slate It has a dock-yard, with large store- ou s and is strongly defended by forts and hat- er cs It is seated at the mouth of Hack River, en Hungry Bay, at the E. end of Lake Ontario 1?0 m. N.V. of Albany. It was the chief naval .t.ation on the lake during the war ""*^12. Saco, a river rising in tlie Notch of the While Mountains in New Hampshire and flowing S. E. tl'rough Maine into the sea. It lias falls near its ""&' called Ascras, noted as Uie birth-place of llesiod From its summit may be heen great part ot ^l"f Harbour, a sea-port of New York in Suf- fulk county, at the E. end of Long Island The ^°%tLVi,":Tivrof Maine falling into the Androscoggin at Rumford. This n?™^ was an- ciently applied to the eastern part of Ma ne Salhlc Bay, an arm of Lake Huron in Mich iffan°Territory ; it receives the waters of a river ^Z^^> "to^n of Michigan Territory on the ""^VaJialien, or .Imour, a river of Chinese Tarlary which rises near the Yablouoi mountains, where it is first known by the names of Kerlon and Ar- gun, and forms part of the boundary between Siberia and Eastern Tartary, where it receives the Schilka, and takes its present name. It then takes a circuitous eastern course of l,8oU m dur- inlain, on the river Cea, 32 in. S. E. of Leon. Sahar. See Sliahar. Sahara. See Zahara. Stihtbgung, or Jtasore, a town of Eenga!, capi- tal of tlie district of Jessore, seated on llie Boirah, nearly 80 m. E. N. E. of CalcutU. Said, or Sahiil, a province of Upper E^ypt, bordering on Nubia and tlie Red Sea, anciently called Thebaid, celebrated for having been the retreat of a great number of Christians, who lived here in a solitary manner. It is the least fertile and populous part of Egypt, being lull of deserts. Saida, a town of Syria, on the coast of the Mediterranean, the remains of the ancient Sidon, with a fort and castle. The name of Sidim still subsists in a small village, about 2 m, from Saida. To the W. of the castle is a shoal 200 paces long, and the space between them is a road for vessels, but not safe in bad weather. The shoal, which extends along the town, has a basin, enclosed by a decayed pier ; this was the ancient port, but it is now 80 choked up bv sands that boats only can enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida is a tra- ding town, and the chief emporium of Damascus, and the interior country. The manutacture of cotton is the principal employment of its inhabi- tants. 45 m. W. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35. 20. E., lat. 33. 30. N. St. .mans, p t. Somerset C... Me. 30. in. N. W. Bangor. Pop. 911 : a village of Licking Co. Ohio. St. ■firrvnrd, a Parish of Louisiana. Vop. 3,35G. St. (iinrlc., acount^of Mis.souri. Pop. 2,385. Farmington is the capital. St. Francisvilh, p.v. West Feliciana Parish Lou. on the Mississippi. 170 m above New Orleans. St. GenertcM, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,182, St. Genevieve the capital of this county, stands on the Mississippi. >^2m. below St. Louis. It con- tains a catholic church and the inhabitants are principally French. St. George, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,652. St. George's p t. Newcastle Co. Del. 12 m. S. W. Wilmington. St. Helena, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4,027. St. Helena the capital is 35 m. N. E. Baton Rouge. ■St. Helena, an island on the Coa.it of S. Caro- lina, in Beaufort District. St. Helena. See Helena. St. Inigocs, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Md. 93 in. S. E. Washington. St. James, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,672. Bringier's is the capital. St. John's, a river of Florida falling into the Atlantic in lat. 30. St. John Baptist, a Parish of Lonisiana. Pop. 5,700. Bonnet Carr6 is the capital. St. Johnshura, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 31 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,.592. St.Johnsrillc, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. C4 m. N. W. Albany. St. Landry, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 12, 552. Opelousas is the capital. ■St. Lawrence,^ great river of North America, being the outlet to the chain of lakes Bei)arating the United States from Canada. It hears this name only from the sea to Lake Ontario. It is navigable for ships of the line to Quebec and for ships of 000 tons to Montreal. At its mouth it expands into a broad gulf called the gulf of St. Lawrence. St. iMwrence, a county of New York, on the above river. Pop. 30,351. Potsdam is the capilnl. ■St. Leonard's, p.t. Calvert Co. Maryl. on ihe W. side of the Chesapeak, 58 m. from Wauhing- ton. St. Louis. See Louis St. ,St. Martin's, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. 117 m. S. E. Annapolis. St. Martin's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,204 . St. Martinsville, the capital is situated on the Teche. St Mary's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. C,.542 Franklin is the capital. St. Mary's, a county of Md. Pop. 13,455. Leon ardtown is the capital. A river of the V. States between Georgia and Florida falling into the Atlantic. A river of Ohio and Indiana Tailing Into the Miami. St. Mary's, ji.v. Camden Co. Geo. on St. Mary's river, 24) m. above its mouth. It was formerly a place of some importance from its frontier position, but since the acquisition of Florida by the United Stales it has declined. Lat. 30. 43. N. Long. 81. 43. W. St Marif's River, or Strait, forms the connection between Lakes Superior and Huron. It has a fall or violent rapid called the Sault, three quarters of .1 mile in e.\lent : it is passable for boats. St. Michael's p.t. Talbot Co. Md. 2.5 m. S. E Annapolis ; p.v. Madison Co. Missouri. 35 m. S- W. St. Genevieve. St. Simon's, an island of Georgia, at the moutli of the Alatamaha. St. Stephen's, p.t. Washington Co. Alab. on the Tombigbee, at the head of schooner navigation The houses are mostly built of stone. The neigh- bouring country is highly fertile. .S'(. Tammany, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 2,864. Covington is the capital ; p.t. Mecklen- burg Co. Va. St. Thomas, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. '/ Other names beginning with St. will be found under the second initial. Saintes, tliree of the Leeward Carribee Island.< in the W. Indies, between Guadaloupe and Do- minica. The middle one seems nothing more than a large barren rock, but contributes to form a good harbour. Long. 61. 45. W., lat. 15. 52. N. Saintes, a town of France, capital of the depart ment of Lower Charente. Here are several monuments ofantiquity,of which the most famous SAL 64^ BAL are the amphitheatre, the- aqueducts, and Lie triumphal arch on the bridge over the Charente The castle, built on a rock, is deemed impregna- ble ; and the ancient catliedral has one of the largest steeples in France. It is seated on the (Jhirente, 40 m. S. S. E. of Rochelle, 76 S. W. of Poitiers. Long. 0. 38. W., lat. 45. 45. N. Saintonge, a former province of France, which now form^ the greater part of the department of Lower Charente, and part of that of Charente. Silicone of the Cape Verde Islands, 4'2 in. in cir- cumference, lying to the E. of St. Nicholas. It has its name from the number of salt ponds that from time to time are filled by the sea, where the water crystallizes into a beautiful salt, the chief production of the island. Long. 22. 56. W., lat. 16. 3.-!. .f>J. Nala, or Salbrrsr, a town of Sweden, in the ijovernment of Westeras, near which is a silver mine ; seated on a river, 30 in. W. of Upsal, 50 N. W. of Stockholm. Salailo, a river of S. America, which rises in Tucuman, about 60 ni. W. of Salta, and flows S. S. E. to the Parana at Santa Fe. Salamanca, a city of Spain, in Leon, and a bishop's see, with a famous university, consisting of 24 colleges. The structure called the Schools, where the sciences are taught, is very large and curious. There were formerly 7,000 students, when the Spanish monarchy was in a flourishing condition ; but at present the number does not e.vceed 400, who are all clothed like priests. Here are magnificent churches, a large public square, fine fountains, and every thing that can contri- bute to the beauty and conimodiousness of the city. The cathedral is one of the handsomest in Spain ; and there are several fine convents, with churches belonging to them, adorned with images, and some v/ith curious pictures. The town is seated partly in a plain and partly on hills, and is surrounded by a wall. The river Thormes, which washes its walls, has a bridge over it 300 paces long, built by the Romans. I'iO m. N. W. of Mad- rid. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 41. 24. N. Salamanca de Balcalur, a, town of Mexico, in Yucatan, 140 m. S. E. of Campeachy. Long. 89. 58. W., lat. 17. 55. N. Sa/flTic/te, a town of Sardinia, in Savoy with a considerable trade in horses, cattle, cheese, wool- en stufl*s, iron tools, &c. It is situate in a moun- tainous district, on the river Aive, 30 m. S. E. of Geneva. Salankemen, a town of Sclavonia, where a vic- tory was obtained by the prince of Baden over the Turks, in 1691. It is seated on the Danube, opposite the influx of the Teisse, 20 in. N. W. of Belgrade, 25 S. E. of Peterwaradin. Salberg. See Sail. Salhoe, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, with a copper mine. 45 m. S. E. of Drontheim. Saldana, a town of Spain, in flic province of Leon, 37 m. N. W. of Palencia. Salceto, a town of the kingdom of Tunis near which are the remains of a large castle. It is seat- ed near the Mediterranean, 22 m. S. S. E. of Monaster. Long. 11.3. E., lat. 35. 13. N. Salem, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, capital of a district of its name, included in that of Barramaul. It is the residence of the judge, collector, &c., and is seated on a river that flows into th" Cavery, 120 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. Long. 78. 15. E., lat. 11. 37. N. Saltnn, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 14, 155. Salem is the capital. 82 Salem, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. This in the second town in the state for population, wealth and trade. It is irregularly built on a peninsula, and has a secure harbour, but without a suflicient depth of water near the shores to allow large ships to approach the wharves, without being lightened. The commerce of the place is very flourishing, and it was one of the first towns of the United S^tes, that entered into the East In- dia trade. In 1828 the shipping owned here amounted to 48,210 tons. The streets oPthe town are narrow, and the houses generally of wood, yet there are many elegant private mansions, and in the centre of the town is an enclosed com- mon planted with trees. Salem has an atiiciie- um with a library of 5,000 volumes ; a valuable Museum belonging to the Eust India Marine So- ciety, 3 banks and 11 churches. It is connected on the north with Beverly by a bridge, and on the south it is sejiarated by the harbour from Mar- blehead. It is 14 m. N. E. Boston. 24 S. New- burvporl. Lat. 42. 34. N. Long. 70,54 VV. Fop 13,836. Salem,p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 30 m S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,310; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 230 ; p.t. New London Co. Conn. 30 m. S. K. Hartford. Pop. 974; p.v. N. Haven Co. Con. 16 m. N. W. N. Haven ; p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,972 ; p.t. Salem Co. N. J. 34 m. S. E. Philad. Towns in Wayne, Luz- erne, Westmoreland, Mercer, Cos. Pa. Botetourt Co. Va. Fauquier Co. Va. Stokes Co. N. C. Sum- ter Dis. S. C. Baldwin and Clark Cos. Geo. Liv- ingston Co. Ken. Ashtabula, Jefierson, Tuscara- was, Muskingum, Monroe, Washington, Meigs, Champaign, Columbiana, Warren and Randolph Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ind. Marion Co. III. and Franklin Co. Ten. Salem Centre, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. Salem Cros:> Uoads, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. Salerno, a fortified sea-port of Naples, capital of Principato Citra, and an archbishop's see, with a castle and a university, principally for medicine. It is seated on a bay of the same name, 27 m. S. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 40. 35. N. Salers, a town of France, department of Can- lal, seated among mountains, 9 miles N. of Au- riUac. Salford Lower and Upper, two townships in Montgomery Co. Pa. Sillies, a town in the department of Lower Py- renees, where are springs from which fine salt is made. 7 m. W. of Orthes. Saligmic,a. lovin in the department of Upper Vienne, 10 m. S. of Limoges. Salina, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on Ononda- ga Lake, 153 m. W. Albany. Pop. 0,929. Here are large establishments for manufacturing salt. The salt water is obtained by sinking wells and boring ; it is raised by large metallic pumps, moved by the surplus water of the Erie canal, or by steam conveyed into reservoirs, and passed through pipes to the manufactories. The works principally used in the manufactory of the salt are denominated Blocks, Solar works and Steam works. The Blocks are constructed with boilers containing from 80 to 120 gallons each, and plac- ed in masonry in two parallel lines, having 8 to 20 in each line. The Salina salt is beautifully white, and fine grained ; the whole quantity made in 1830 was 1,430,000 bushels ; the average price at the works exclusive of the state duty, was 12 1-2 cent* SAL 000 SAL per bushel of 5(3 pounds. It is coinnionly packed for sale in barrels of 5 bushels, and is inspected and branded before removal. Salinr, a township of ('olunibiana C<>. Ohio. Pop. fili.1, and villages in Randolph and Gallatin Cos, 111. ^ ' Saline /f/rcr, a branch of the Ouacliilta in Ar- kansas, of the Little river nC the North in Arkan- B.is, and of Black Lake river in Louisiana. Sulinr, u branch of the Ohio in Illinois. On tlie banks of this stream , about 20 n). from the Ohio are extensive salt works owned by the Unit- ed States Government. SalijinSj a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the I")eva,atthe foot of a mountain, 10 in. N.N. E. of Viltoria, 28 S. S. V.. of Bilbao. i Siilines,ti viUaire of St. Genevieve ('o. Missouri. Sitlins, a town of France, department of Jura, with a stronjr fort and fimons salt works. In the neiijhbonrhood are (piarrics of jasper, alabas- ter, and black marble. It is seated in a fertile vallev, 2'.) ni.S. of Basancun. Sulinlitinf, or A'cid Sartim, a city and tlie capital of Wiltshire, Kn! a strong castle on a mountain and two noble pal aces. The inhabitants are estimated at 13,000 The cathedral of SL Rupert is very fine, and contains five organs. The university founded in 1(J23 was converted in 1810 into a lyceum, with a theological and surgical school. Near Salz- burg are some very productive salt-works. The French became masters of this city in 1800 and ag.iin in 1.805. In 1818 upwards of 100 houses were destroyed by fire. It is situate between three mountains, on both sides the river Salza. 4G m. S. by W. of Passau, 155 W. by S. of Vienna. Long. 13. 4. E., lat. 47. 46. .\. Siilzhoten,3. town of Prussian Westphalia, with a good salt-mine, 7 m. S. W of Paderborn. Siihiistcn, a town of Germany, in the countv of Lippe-Detniold, with a salt mine, 12 m. ^l. W. of Detmold. Suhiimren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Meiningen, with a castle called Sclinepfenburir, on an eminence, and several salt-works. It is seated on the Werra, 10 ni. S. of Eisenach. Salzwedct, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg, with manufactures of woolen, linen, and cotton ; and a considerable trade in corn, cattle, and hops. It is seated on the Jeetze, 72 m. E. of Hamburgh. Samana, an island of the \V. indies, on the N. E. side of that of St. Domingo, from which it is separated on the W, by a narrow channel. It is 33 miles long and 8 broad, and has a town and bay of the same name on the coast. It was taken by tlie British in 1806. Lonrr. GO. 20. E.. lat. 19. 10. N. ° • Samandrahi, or Samondrachi^ an island of the Grecian Archipelago, betwpon Stalimonl and the coast of Romania, and to the N. of the isle of Im- bro. It is 17 in. in circumference, and has a town of the same name, witli a spacious harbour. Long. 2.5. 17. E.. lat. 40. 34. N. Sumar, or Tfurlaij. one of the Philippine islands, S. E. of that of Luconia, from which it is separat- ed by a strait. It is 220 miles in circumference, and is full of craggy mountains, among which are fertile valle^-s. Siimf/ra,ti town of Russia, in the government of Simbirsk, seated on the Volga, 95 m. S. S. E. of Simbirsk. Snmaranrr, a fortified town in the N. E. part of the island of Java, and next to Batavia, tlu* most •r>nsiderable settlfment in the island. It stands at the mouth ofa river of the same name, 290 m. E. by S. ofBatavia. Long. 110. 38. E.. lat. G. Sl.S. Samtjrtand , an ancient city of Asia, forn>prly the capital of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia, wi!ii a castle and a university. It was the birthplace and seat of Tamerlane the Great, and afterwards the residence of a Tartar prince. The city folia SAM fisa SAM ehnrt of its ancient eplcndor, yd in still very large, and fortified with Btronjr bulwarks nf earth. Tlie houses are mostly of hardened elay, hut pome are of stone, from quarries in the neighbour- hood. The silk-paper made here is in great re- quest, and it lias a considerable trade in e.tcelient fruits. It is seated on the Sogd, lli.-^ ni. E. by N. of Bokhara. Long. (;''>. Ifi. K,, lat. :W. 40. N. Samarof, a town of Siberia, in the government of Tol)olsk, seated on the Irtysli i;i> m. N. of Tobolsk. Samatan, a town of France, department of Gers, with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the Save, ni. .\. by E. of Lonihez. Saviba, a sea-port of Tcrra-Firma, in the prov- ince Carthaorena, 33 rn. N. E. of Carthagena. Long. 7r>. Ki." W., lat. 10. 4r>. N. Siimballas, a multitude of small uninhabited is- liiucU, on the N. shore of the i,sthmu3 of Darien. Most of them are low, flat, and sandy, covered with a variety of trees, and abound with several kinds of shell fish ; some few ntford springs of fresh water. Long. 78. 2r>. W., lat. '.). 2(1. N. Samlias,a. town of Romeo, near the W. coast, inhabited by pirates, against whom a British force was sent out in 1812 and 1813, which proved completly successful. In its vicinity diamond mines are found. Long. 100. 0. E , lat. 2. 20. N. Samhor, a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, sealed on a large plain, on the Dniester, 4G m. S. VV. of Lemberg. Samhre, a river which rises in Picardy, flows by Landrecy, Maubeu^e, Thun, and Charleroy, and joins the Meuse at Namur. Samiri, a town of Asiatic, Turkey, in Irac .4ra- hi, on the Tigris, 70 m. N. N. VV. of Bagdad. Snmisal, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the san- giacate of Marasch, on the Euphrates, 30 m. E. of Marasch. Samogitia, a county in the N. W. of Prussian Lithuania, bounded on the N. by Courland,S. by Russia proper, and W. by the Baltic. It is full of forests and high mountains, which feed a great number, of cattle, and produce abundance of hon- ey. Here are also very active horses, in high es- teem. The inhabitants are clownish, but honest ; and they will not allow a young woman to go out in the night without a candle in her hand and two bells at her girdle. SiimoSy an island of the Grecian Ai'chipelago, on the coast of Natolia, about 32 in. long and 22 broad, and e.xtreuiely fertile. It contains two r.'inires of lofty mountains, bet^veen which are ricli and well cultivated plains, producing abun- dance of grain, melons, lentils, kidney beans, and excellent muscadine grapes ; also white figs, four times as big as the common sort, but not so well tasted. The silk is very fine, and the honey and wax admirable. The island abounds with par- tridges, woodcocks, snipes, thrvishes, wood pi- geons, turtle doves, wheatears, and excellent poultry. It has emery, stone, and iron mines, and most of the soil is of a rusty colour. All the mountains are of white- marble. Their bishop resides at Corea. The principal harbour is that ofVati. Samoiieihs, once a numerous and powerful na- tion of Tartary . They are now dispersed: some of them are found in small detached bodies among the mountains to the \V. of Lake Baikal ; others »re supposed to be within the Chinese frontiers : others are scattered among the deserts which ex- tend along the Frozen Ocean ; and some nearly as far to tlie W. as Archangel The Samoyedes have a large head, a flat face, high cheek bones small eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow complexion, straight black hair, and a little or no beard : they still preserve the manners of a pastoral people, and retain the use of moveable habitations, with which they wander from place to place. They neither have, nor appear ever to have had, any kind of a regular government. Their traditional songs mention only certain heroes, who in better times, led their ancestors to battle. These songs form their principal amusements ; but the exploits they celebrate, are never likely to be renewed. Samptowjit a villgage of Middlesex Co. N. J. 13 m. S. W. Elizabethtown. Sampson^ a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 11,768. Clinton is the capital. Sam's Creek, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland. Samsoe, an island of Denmark, on the E. coast of N. Jutland, 12 m. long and 3 broad, and very fertile. It has a town of the same name, and the inhabitants carrv on some commerce in small ves- sels. Long. 10." 33. E., lat. .56. 2. N. Samson, St., a town of France, department of Eure, on the Rille, 5 m. N. of Pont Audemer. Samson, St., a town in the department of Maine- et-Loire, 4 m. N. E. of Angers. San, a river of Austrian Poland, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, in Hungary, and falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. It forms part of the boundary between Austrian Galicia and Rus- sian Poland. •S'rtnfl, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen, with a castle on a hill, in which are two palaces. The city, properly so called, is not very populous ; for gardens occupy a part of the space within the walls, which are 4 m. in circuit, and contain seven gates. Plere are a number of^ mosques, some of them built by Turkish pachas ; also several pala- ces, 12 public baths, and some large caravanseras. Fruits arc very plenteous, particularly grapes ; and the exportation of raisins is considerable, one kind of which is without stones. The city stands near the sonrce of a river, which flows S. into the Arabian Sea, and at the foot of Mount Nikkum on which are to be seen the ruins of a castle, said to have been built by Sheni. It is 250 m. N. N. E. of Mocha, 4510 S. E. of Mecca. Long. 45. 10. E., lat. 1.->. 24, N. Sana, or Zona, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its name. It is situate in a valley, fertile in fruit and corn, and adorned with the most beautiful flowers, whence it has been some- times, tailed Mirofloris. HO m. N. of Truxillo. Long; 78. 30. W.. lat. 40. 35. N. Sanashygotta, a flourishing town of Bengal ; seated on the Mahannddy, 165 m. N. of Moorshed- abad. San Bias, a city and sea-port of Mexico, on the, Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the river Santiago. Lat. 21. 33. N. Sanhornlown, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 85 m. N W.Portsmouth. Pop. 2,866. Sanrerra, a town of France, department of Cher, seated on a mountain, near the Loire, 22 ra. N W. o<' Nevers, 110 N. of Paris. Sancian,Tm island of China, on the coast of Quang-tong, 40 m. in circu.Tiferente, famous for being the burying place of Francis Xavier, whose tomb is to be seen on a small liill. Sajtrojns, a town of France, departmentof Cher seated on the Argent, 15 m. S. W. of Nevers. Sanda, or Sanaay, one of the Orkney islands, about 12 m. in length, hut of an irregular form, and seldom above a m in breadth. It lies N. of SAN 653 SAN th»t of Stronsay, from which it is separaled by a narrow channel. Much kelp is made here in summer, and it feeds many sheep and beeves. On the Start Point is a light-house. I.ong. 2. lo. W., lat. 59. 21. N. Sanda, a small island on the W. coast of Scot- land, near the Mull of Cantyre, famed for having been the rendezvous of the Danish fleets during their expeditions to the western coastfl. On it are the remains of a chapel, dedicated to St. Co- lumba. Smidbach, a town in Cheshire, with a manufac- ture of silk. IGaN. N. W. of London. Sandec, JVcJo, a town of Austrian Galicia, capi- tal of a circle of its name which is covered with extensive forests. 44 m. S. W. of Cracow. — 0. m. farther N. is Old Sandec, which is now a small place. Sanders, p.v. Grant Co. Ken. 50 m. N. E. Frankfort ; p.v. Limestone Co. Alab. Sandersvillc, p.v. Washington Co. Geo. 30 m. S. E. Milledgeville. Pop. 2,.327. Sandford, p.v. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. !)31. Sandtrate, a township of Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 933. Sandisfie'd, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 112 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,655. Sandhem, a sea-port of Sweden, in the prov- ince of Upland, where all vessels to and from Stockholm are examined. 10. m. E. of Stock- holm. Sandislon, a township of Sussex Co. N. Y. Sando, an island of Japan, H7 ra. in circum- ference, on the N. coast of Niphon ; with a town of the same name. Long. 139. 30. E., lat. 38. 35. N. Sandomir, a strong town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a castle on a sleep rock, and several colleges. It is seated on a hill, on the Vistula, 75 m. L. by N. of Cracow and 112 S. by E. of Warsaw. Long. 22. 0. E., lat. 50.21. N. Sandomir, a palatinate of Poland, bounded on one part by the Vistula, on another by the Pilica and tlie palatinate of Cracow. It contains, ac- cording to the territorial division of H1.5, 4,70') square in. with 448,000 inhabitants. Sandomir, the capital of the above palatinate, is seated on the Vistula, 108 m. S. by E. of War- saw. Sundown, a village in the Isle of Wight, 2 m, S. of Brading. It stands on a bay of its name, and has a fort erected by Henry VIII., which maintains a small garrison. Sandoval, a town of Portugal, in Beira, sealed on the Coa 12 m. S. S. E. of Guarda. Sandorcr, p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C. 90 m. W. Columbia. .S'aHv/orcr, a township of Rockingham Co. N. It. 23 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. .553. Sandtowti, p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. Sandusky, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2,831 . Low- er Sandusky is the capital. Sandusky river, a stream of Ohio flowing into the west end of Lake Erie. At its mouth it ex- ands into a bay 20 m. in length and 3 to 4 broad, t has a rapid current and is navigable. Sandusky citij, p.t. Huron Co, Ohio, on Sandus- ky Bay. Pop. 591. This is one of the chici points of communication between the state of New York and the towns on the Ohio and Mississippi by the way of Lake Erie. It has the best har- bour on the American side of the lake, and main- tains a constant interconnie with Bnflalo and ?; Detroit, by steam-boals. Ship building is carried on to a considerable extant, and the town has already become a place of active trade. A turn- pike is in progress to Columbus. Sandusky, a township of Richland Co. Ohio Pop. 588. Sandvliet, a town of Belgium in the province of Antwerp, seated on the Scheldt, 12 m. N. W. of Antwerp. Sandicich, a town in Kent, Eng. It is one of the cinque-ports, and walled round; but the walla are greatly decayed, and only one of the gales is standing. its trade is much diminished, the river Stour, on which it is sealed, being so choked up with sand as to admit only small vessels. US m. E. by S. of London, Snndirirh, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. near Lake Winipisiogee. Pop. 2,743 ; p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod. 54 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 3,307. Sandwirh Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the W. coast of New Ireland. Long. 149. 17. E., lal. 2. 53. S. Sandwirh Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 33. E., lal. 17. 41. S. Sandwtili Islands, a wroup of islands in the N. Pacific, discovered by Cook in 1778. They are 11 in number, extending from 18. 54. to 22. 15. N. lat., and from 150. 54. to UiO. 24. W. long. They are called by the natives, Owhyec, Mowee, Ranai, Morotoi, Tahoorowa, Woahoo. Atooi, Neeheehnu, Oneehoua, Morotinnee, and Takoora; all inhab- ited except the last two. The climate differs lit- tle from that of the W. Indies in the same lati- tude ; but there are no traces of those violent winds which render the stormy months in the W. Indies so d.'eadfiil. There is also more rain at the Sandwich isles. The vegetable produc- tions are nearly the same as those of the other islands in this ocean ; but the taro root is here of a superior quality. The breadfruit trees are not in such abiintiance as in the plains of Otaheite, but produce double the quantity of fruit. The sugar canes are of a very unusual size, some of Ihem measuring eleven inciies in circumference, and having fourteen feet eatable. There is also a root of a brown colour, shaped like a yam, and from to 10 pounds in weight, the juice of which is an excellent substitute for sugar. The ([uad- rupeds are hogs, dogs, and rats. The fowls are of the common sort ; the birds beautiful and nu- merous, though not various. Goats, pigs, and European seeds were left by captain Cook, but the po.ssession of the goats soon gave rise to a cfuilesl lietween two districts, in which the breed was destroyed. The inhabitants arc of the same race with those of the islands S. of the equator ; and in their persons, language, and manners, ap- proach nearer lo the New Zoalanders than to their less distant neighbours, either of the Societ}' or Friendly Islands. They are in general above the middle size, and well made ; Ihey walk grace- fully, run nimbly, and arc capable of bearing great fatigue. Many of both sexes have fine open countenances ; and the women, in particu- lar, have good eyes and teeth, with an engaging sweetness and sensibility of look. There is one peculiarity characteristic of every part of the na- tion, that even in the handsomest faces there is a fulness of the nostril, without any flatness or spreading of the nose. Tiie dress of both men and women nearly resembles those oi' New Zea- land, and both sexes wear necklaces of small va- SAi> tm SAN r legated uliells. Tattooing llic body wan furnier- rv pmcliscd by every solony of this nation. The fiands and arms of the women were very neatly marked, and they had the singular custom of ta- tuoing the tip of tlie toiirrue. Tliey lived in vil- lages, containing from 100 to 201) houses, built closely together, without any order, and having a winding path between them. Towards the sea they were generally flanked with detached walla intended both for shelter and defence. Some of the houses vrere from 40 to ."lO feet long, and from do to .'!0 broad ; others wore mere hovels. Th"; food of the lower class still consists principally of fish and vegetables, to which the peojile of high- er rank add the flesh Of hogs and dogs. The making of canoes, mats, «Se.c., formed the occupa- tions of the men; the women were employed in manufacturing cloth, and tlm servants principal- ly engaged in the plantations and fishing. They liad various amusements, such as dancing, boxing wrestling, ifec, all of which have now entirely ceased. The bottoms of their canoes are of a sin- gle piece of wood, hollowed out to the thickness of an inch, and brought to a point at each end ; the sides consist of three boards, each about an inch thick, neatly fitted and lashed to the bot- tom part. Some of their double canoes measure 70 feet in length, three and a half in depth, and 12 in breadth. The governmeut is monarchical and hereditary. The same .system of suljordina- tion prevails here as at the other islands : abso- lute authority on the part of the chiefs, and unre- sisting submission on the part of the people. So long as idolatry prevailed here, human sacrij^ces were frequent ; not only the commencement of a war, or sPgiial enterprise, but the death of any considerable chief called for a repetition of these horrid rites. From their intercourse with Chris- tians '.hey had renounced idolatry before any mis- sionaries were settled among tliem ; and of late years they have made great advances in civiliza- tion. They live in the utmost harmony with each other; and in hospitality to strangers they are not exceeded even by the inhabitants of the Friendly Islands. Their natural capacity seems in no respect below the common st.andard of man- kind. SandicichLatuI, a desolate country in the south- ern ocean, to the S. E. of the. island of Georgia. I lie mountains are of a vast height, their sum- mils wrapped in clouds, and their banes covered with snow to the water's edge. Thule the southern extremity of Sandwich Land, seen by Cook in 17-7.'), lies in 27. 4.">. W. long, and 59. 54. S. jat. Tills was the greatest S. latTof land then known, on which account it received the name ot' Southern Thule. Sunihj, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop 000. A township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio Pol. 7C5. P- Sandij Bay, p v. Essex Co. Mass. adjoinine Gloucester on Cape Ann. ^ Sandy CrceA, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. Snmly Fork, p. v. Mecklenburg Co. Va. Say.dij IIM, p.v. Washington Co. N. Y. near the junction of the Champlain Canal with the Hudson. Sandy Grove, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. Sandy Jloiik, a peninsula, on the coast of New Jersey, in Monmouth Co. On the N. point is a lighthouse, JOO feet high. 7 m. S. of the W. end of Long Island. Long. 74. 2. W. lat. 40. 3o! Sandy Hook, p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. Sandy Lake, a lake of N. America, about 25 m in circuit, not far from the source of the Missis sippi. Lat. 4G. 9. N. SV/Hrfy Ijilif, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. Sandy Mount, p.v. Baltimore Co. Md. ; p.v. Cireenville Co. Va. Sandy Point, a seaport of St. Christopher, on the .\. \V. side of the island, in Figtrce Bay, de- fended by two forts. Lon. 63. 28. VV., iat. 17 20 N. Sandy River, a river in the state of Maine, which runs into the Kcnnebeck, 6 m. above Norridgewock. Sandy Riccr, Dig, a river which rises in the Laurel Mountains, and forms part of the bounda- ry between Virginia and Kentucky. It falls into the Ohio, 40 m. above the Scioto. Sandy Spring, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md p.v. Adams Co. Ohio. 110 m. S. Columbus. Sandytoicn, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. Sandyvillc, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. Sanen, or Gcssenay, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a castle, situate on a river of the same n^me, 20 m. S. W. of Thun Sanfnrd, p.t. York Co, Me. Pop. 2,327. Sangamon, a river of Illinois, risins in the cen- tre of the state and flowing into the Illinois. Sangamon, a county of Illinois, on the above river. Pop. 12,000. Springfield is the capital Sangcrfidd, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 15 m S Utica. Pop. 2,272. Sangcrrillc, p.t. Penobscot Co. iMe. Pop. 77(1 Sangcrhausen, a town of Pru.ssian Saxony, in Thuringia, with a castle, sealed near the Hartz mountains, 14 m. E. S. E. of Stolberc Sangucsa, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 32 m. S. E. of Pamplona. Sanliy, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 2 m. W of Warrington. It is a place of traffic, being seal- ed near the Mersey, from which it has a canal to the various works in the vicinity of St. Helens San M'lrino, a small republic of Italy. It is en- closed in the states of the Church, amontr the Ap- ennines, and contains 22 sq. m. and 7,000 inhab- itants. The soil produces wine and corn. The capital is San Marino, a small town on the sum- mit, of a mountain. This republic is under the protection of the Pope. It has existed for 1,300 years. The government is a mixture of aristoc- racy and democracy. Sanorc, a district of Hindoo.-.tan, lyinir to the S of Visiapour and N. of iMysore. It wal ceded to tlie Mahrattas in 1702. Sanorc, a town and fortressofHindoostan, capi- tal of the above district, seated on the left bank of SAN G55 ffouden to form the Tungebadra. U.i ^1 1 !•; of Visiapour geoUand, in Oumfrios- »U;lr'wtu:k''ruS"casUe, once tl e residence of ,A • ,„„ familv It has a trade iii coal and "■" ^fictnres of carpets and cottons. It is seated rX "27 ,n S. W. of Da„.fries and 53. S. W of Edinburgh. . . , , • 01™ Santadla, a town of Spain, m Andalusia, aim. ^■sl?a Frthe chief town of New M<^''lf=».;;f;f/ on the Rio del Norte. It was founded in the be- .inninublic walk. The Holy Street is the largest, and so broad that it may be taken lor a square. The cathedral is a s))ioious Gothic build- ing ; but the finest church is that of Nuestra Sen- ora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion in Spain. They tell us that tlie Virgin, while yet living, appeared to St. James, who was preaclung the gospel, and left him her image, with a hand- Ronie pillar (if jasper. Tliis image stands on a marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms, or- namented with a profusion oi gold and jewels, and illuminated by a multitude m' lamps and wax lights. The town-house is a sumptuous struc- ture ; and in the hall are the pictures of all the kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no manufactures, and but little trade. It ie seated in a lurge plain (where the Ebro receives two other rivers), which produces all kinds of fruit in great abundance. A victory was obtained here over the F'rench and Spaniards in 1710, but it was abandoned by the allies soon after. Saragossa is also celebrated for the brave defence it mude under general Palafo.x, when besieged by the French in 1808-9. 180 ra. N. E. of Madrid. Pop. 41,000. SaranaCf a small river of N. Y. flowing into Lake Chaniplain at Plattsburg. Saratof, a government of Russia, lying along both sides of the Wolga, and having on one side the crmntry of Astracan and on the other that of the Don Cossacks. Tlie e.Ttent is estimated at ill ,0011 sq. m with a pop. not exceeding 1,000,000. It is divided into 12 districts, of which that of the same name is the principL*. iianitnf, the capital of the above government, is surrounded by a wall and is neatly built, chiefly of wood. Tlie inhabitants (about 5,000) have a brisk trade in fish, caviar, salt, *.Vc. It is seated on t!ie side of a mountain near the Wolga, 374 in. iN'. by W. of Astracan. Long. 40. 1. £., lat. 51. :!•-'. N. Siiriitoua, a county of N. Y. Pop. 3l5,01G. Balls- loii is the capital. Also a p.t. in the same Co. 35 III. N. Albany. Pop. 2,401. Here General Bur- goyne surrendered his army to Gen. Gates. Oct. 17, 1777. SauUoira Springs, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 3!) m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,'204. In tliis town and the neighbourhood are situated those mineral springs whicli draw to this quarter in summer, crowds of visitors from all quarters of the country. The village is located on an elevated spot of ground, surrounded by a productive plain country, and enjoys the advantage of a salubrious air and cli- mate, contributing much to the health and benefit of its numerous visitants. The springs, so justly celebrated for tiieir medicinal virtues, are situated on the margin of a vale, bordering the village on the east, and are a continuation of a chain of springs discovering tlicmselves about 12 m. to the south, in the town of Ballston, and extending easterly, in the form of a crescent, to the Quaker village. In the immediate vicinity are 10 or 12 springs, the principal of which are the Congress, (ne Hamilton, the High Rock, the Columbian, the Flat Rock, the Washington and the President. About a mile east, are found a cluster of mineral springs which go by the name of the Ten Springs. The Congress Spring is owned by Doct. John Clarke ; to whose liberality the public are much indebted for the recent improv«'iiK*nts that have been made in the grounds adjoining the fountain, and the purity in which its waters are preserved. This spring was first discovered about '^0 years since, issuing from a crevice in the rock, a few feet from its present location. Here it flowed for a number of years, until an attempt to improve the surface around it prodnoed an accidental ob- struction of its waters, which afterwards made their appearance at the place where they now flow. It is enclosed by a tube sunk into the earth to the distance of 12 or 14 feet, which secures it from the water of the stream, adjoining to which it is situated. Besides a handsome en- closure and platform for promenading, the pro- prietor has thrown an awning over the spring (or the convenience of visitants. The High Rock is situated on the west side of the valley, skirting the east side of the village, about half a mile north of the Congress. Tlie rock enclosing this spring is in the shape of a cone, 9 feet in diameter at its base, and 5 feet in height. It seems to have been formed by a con- cretion of particles thrown up by the water, which formerly flowed over its summit through an aper- ture of about 12 inches in diameter, regularly di- verging from the top of the cone to its base. This spring was visited in tlie year 17C7 by Sir Wil- liam Johnson, but was known long before by the Indians, who were first led to it, either by acci- dent or by the frt?(tuent haunts of beasts, attracted thither by the saline properties of the water. A building was erected near Hie spot previous to the revolutionary war; afterwards abandoned, and again resumed ; since which the usefulness of the water has, from time to time, occasioned frequent settlements within its vicinity. Between the Red Spring in the upper village, and the Washington in the south part of the lower village, are situated most of the other mineral springs in which this place abounds. At three of the principal springs, the Hamilton, Monroe and Washinaton, laige and convenient bathing houses have been erected, which are the constant resort for pleasure as well as health, during the warm season. The mineral waters both at Ballston and Sara- toga are supposed to be the product of the same great laboratory, and they all possess nearly the same properties, varying only as to the quantity of the different articles held in solution. They are denominated acidulous saline and acidulous chalybeate. Of the former are the Congress, (which holds the first rank), the Hamilton, High Rock and President, at Saratoga; and of the latter arc the Columbian, Flat Rock and Wash- ington, at Saratoga, and the Old Spring and United States, at Ballston. The waters contain muriate of soda, liydriodate of soda, carbonate of soda, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, oxide of iron, and some of them a minute quan- tity of silica and alumina. Large quantities of carbonic acid gas are also contained in the waters, giving to them a sparkling and lively appearance. The Congress, in particular, the moment it is dipped, contains nearly one half more than its bulk of gas ; a quantity unprecedented in any na- tural waters elsewhere discovered. The Congress Hall is situated within a few rods of the Congress spring, to which a handsome walk, shaded with trees, has been constructed for the convenience of guests. The space in front of the building is occupied by three apartments, each of which is enclosed by a railing, termina- ting at the front entrances of the piazza, and each SAR used M a flower garden. The edifice is 200 feet "n len°^th, 2 1-2 stories high, with two w.ngs ex- tendrng back, one 60, and the other about 100 feet ^he bil iard rooms belongmg to the estab- Uhment are contained in a building adjoining the north wne. In front of Uie Hall ■s/8pac.ou8 prazza, ex&nding the whole length of the bu.ld- in/ a) feet in width, with a canopy from the roof, supported by 17 massy colunins, each ot whiih is gracefully entwined with woodbine. There is also a back piazza, which opens upon a beautiful garden annexed to the establishment, and a small grove of pines, aflFording both Ira- grance and shade to their loitering guests 1 he ConTress Hall can accomodate nearly 200 visi- tanta" and is justly ranked among the most elo gant establishments in the union. The United States Hotel, with its gardens and out buildings, occupies a space in the centre of the villaw of about five acres. The main build- ing is composed of brick, 125 feet long and 34 "Vhe hotel is situated equally distant between the Congress and Flat Rock springs, and com- mands a view of the whole village and from lU fourth story a distinct view is had of the sur- rounding country for a number of miles, this establishment can accomodate nearly 200 visitants, and is one of the largest and most splendid edih- ees in the United States. The Pavilion is situated in a pleasant part ot the village, immediately in front of the Flat Rock sprinir The building is constructed of wood, 133 f?et in length, with a wing extending back from the centre of the main building, 80 feet. It is 2 1-2 stories high, with the addition of an at- tick story, which, with the handsome portico in front, sustained by delicate colonnades, renders it, in beauty and proportion, one of the finest models of architecture. There are many other fine hotels at this place. The town of Ballston Spa in the neighbourhood has also several springs which are much visited. Saratoga Lake, a lake in the neighbourhood ol the above springs, 9 m. long and 3 broad. It af- fords excellent fish and game. Sarbruck, a town of Germany, capital of a county of its name, with a handsome palace, and a matrnificent Lutheran church. It is seated on the W. side of the Sarre, 14 m. W. of Deux Fonts. UnI) E. S. E. of Na- j>Ie.-^. S'aroj, a strong castle ofllunsary, in a county of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the foot of Mount Krapach, 5 m. N. N. VV. of E|>e- ries. Sarpj or Sarpcn, a town of Norway, in tlie province of Christia^sand. Near it is a great cataract, the noise of wliich may be heard at the distance of 20 m. 10 m. W. S. W. of Frederick- stadt. Surreal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent that it is used for windows. It is seated on the Fjancoli, II m. N. Tarragona. Sarsttnn, a town of the Sardinian states, in Ge- noa, with a fortress; near it is a fort in the mountains called Sarsanelln. It stands on the riv- er Magra, 5 m. from its mouth, and 4-5. E. S. E. of Genoa. L(mg. '.). r.8. E., lat. 44. 9. N. Sarsinn, a town, of Italy, in Romagna, on the river Savio, 21 in \V. S. W. of Rimini. Siirt , a town of .\sia Minor. It was the an- cient Sardis, capital of Lydia ; and under tlio Ro- mans was a large city, but wa.s almost destroyed by an cartlniuake in the reign of Tiberius. Here are many remains of massive buildings, a mosque (which was formerly a Christian church), and a large carvanscra. Tlie inhabitants are chiefly slieperds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent plains. 35 ni. K. N E. of Smyrna. Siirte, a deparlnienl of France, including pari of the ancient province of Maine, and containing an arcaof 2,4(10 square miles, wilh 410,1100 inhab- itants. The climate is mild and saliiliritjus, and the soil in general fertile. Tlw niaiiui'actures are hardware, woolens, paper. leather, iVf. It takes ' 'ts n.ime from a river which flows by Mans to Angers, where it joins the Mayeiine. The capi- tal Is Alans. Sarpar, a town and fortress of Hungary, at tile confliixof the Guntz with the Raad,40 m. S. S. E. of I're.sburg. fianim, Old, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. which is now reduced to a single liou.se. and scarcely any thing remains to indicate its former importance, e.i:ccpt tb.at it still sends two mem- lers to parliament. 2 in. N. of .New Sarum, or (Salisbury. Sarum, an extensive district of Hindoostan, in 'he province of Rahar, and one of the most pros- Jjerous in the British territories. It is situate on he \. side of the Ganges, in lat. 2t). N. Sarioerden, a town of France, department of Moselle, seated on the Sarre. .SS m W. N. W of Hagnenau and 45 E N, E. of Nancy. Sits t'un Ghi'nt,'^ town and fortress of Belgium, in Flanders, situate on the (^anal from Ghent to the river Sclieltlt, and fortified with sluices, by means of which the country can be laid under water. It was built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as a bulwark to that city, but was taken in 16()4, by the Dutch, from whom the French took it in 1747 and again in 17II4. 10 in. N. of Ghent. Siu^cntm, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, seated at the foot of a mountain, near a lake, C4 in. S. E. of Benares and 88 S. W. of Patna. Sushatc/iairan, a river of N. America, rising in two large head streams on the E. side of the Rocky mountains and flowing easterly into Lake Winnipeg. It is 800 m. long. Sassafras, a village of Kent Co. Maryland on a stream of the same name, falling into tlie Chesa- peak. Sassari,ii city of the island of Sardinia, and an archbishoji's see, with a castle and a university. Here is a fountain called Rossel, said to be more magnificent than the best at Rome ; and in the neighbourhood are mines of gold and silver. It is seated on the river Torres, 7 m. from the sea, and CA i\. ofOristagni. Long. 8. 45. E., lat. 40. 48, N. Sassiwto, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mode- na, with a castle, seated on the Secchia, 10 m. S. W. of Modena. Sdtalia, or .Natalia, a strong sea-port of Atia Mi- nor, in Caraniania. It is divided into three towns, and is so situate that from the harbour the streets appear to rise behind each other like an amphithe- atre. The country around is very fertile ; and the citrons and oranges are extremely fine. The chief trade is in wool, cotton, goats* hair, agaric, tragacanth, opium, and bees' wax. It is seated on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives name, 150 in. S. W. of Cogui. Long. 31. 21. E., lat. 37. 1. N. Sataulict, p. v. Suff'ulk Co. N. Y. Satfroji^, or Siiingontr, a village of Bengal, forin- eriy an important city, in which the Europe- an traders in Bengal had their factories. It is seated on a creek of Hoogly River, 4 m. N. W. of Iloogly. Sathuangalaai, a town f)f Hindoostan, in the province of Coimbctore, with a large stone fort, and a considerable temple. It has manufactures of cotton ckiths, and a great trade to Seringapa- tani. In its vicinity the troops of Tippoo Sultan maintained a severe conflict with the British. It is 30 m. W. of Bhawanikiidal and 75 S. S. E. of Seringapataui. Sairiaiw, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8 m. S. of Sqnillacc. S(Utar(th,ii town and fort of Hindoostan, in the province of Visiapour, the residence of the Mali- ratta prince, who was restored by the British in 1818. It is situate near the source of the Kist nail. 50 in. S. of Poonah and 77 W. of Visiapour. SalUairala, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Coiuibetore, with a fort of considerable size. It stands near the Cavery, which 3 m. he- low forms and island M m. in length, with noble cataracts on each side, .'ili iii. S. E. ofSeringapa- tain. Sauceda, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, on a river of the same name, which joins the Nassas to form the Palmas. 100 m. N. N. W. of Duran go. Long. 105. 36. W., lat. 2.5. 18. N. Saueo7i, Upper, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa. Saucon, Loicer. a township in Northampton Co Pa. SAV GSO SAV Sau.atuck, a river of Connecticut.flowing Sin- - I-n. Island sound near Fa.rfield. ^^^^ , ''"''T^aBafpo-p «i.na»c.. The temple of 'k"Z: Mun on tt's,-coa.t of Gunga Sangur .tumler the Lheraatc- charge of a Byra<;ee an.l Suny ee, who levy a tax of4 anna, on each per- son visiting the ten.ple, the a.nonnt of wh.oh ,s di- vided among 5 diflerent establishnientsoi Raman- andi Byragles in the vicm.ty of Calcutta. In 180-2 during the administration of the inarquis Weliesley, the horrid practice of infanticide was aWished^on this island' It is seated at the month of the Hoogly River, 100 in. Irom (-alcutta Saugus, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 7 m. N. 5. Boston, adioinmff Lynn. Pop. V'IjO. Sau^n,, or Saulgau, a town ol Germany, in Wnrtemberg, 5 m. S. VV. of Ki.chau. fiauUeu, a town of France, deparlnient Cole d Or, noted as the birth-place of the '^'^ ? '.^^t^''^ \ au- ban. Here was anciently a college ol Ihe »/" ^V and in a wood, where they pertorined f'^ J*' " " tlces, the ruins of a druidical temple are stiU visi- ble. It is sealed on an eminence, ,1S m. W. ol Dijonand 4GS. E. of Auxerre. ,„„,,,„,^„, Saumur, a town, of France in the department of Maine^et-Loire, with an ''"^"'■'t ^^-^'f- ^^^ manufactures of w""''^,"- ''"!,"' ""V";,; fa some trade in wine and brandy. Here is a la mous bridge over the Loire, consisting of U e- liptical arches, each GO f«5^ "\^'^?"t! Vs S E of Ancers and 30 W. S. W. of Toms. Lndcrs°Island, one of the Society Islands, m the S. Pacifie, called by the natives Tapooamanoo is about G'm. Ion/ and has in the centre a mountain of consicTerable height. Long. loU. 40. W., lat. 17. 30. S s:Xf.;o^; a"i;wn''of''HLoostan, in the province"rMaiwa, 42 m. N. N. E. of Indore and 43 N. E. of Ougein. ,<•/-. i „. Lve, a town of Frane, department of Gard.ou the Vidoure, I2m. S.AV. of .Mais. SauvZre, a town in the d^P«t.-nl of Lower Pyrenees, with an «ld ruined castle, sea ed on the Gave d'Oleron 20 m. W. N. W. of Pau. Sau'Lrr., a town in the department of Aveuon 15 m. S. W. Rodez. _ .„. . Samctcrre, a town in the department of Gironde, 2G m. S. E. of Bordeaux. , j i „ &iva, a town of Persia, in Irak, surrounded by walls of earth. The environs produce "quisitc Lit, particularly pomegi-anates -d almond^ and a cor^siderable quantity of rice and cotton. GO ,1. S of Casbin and 1 lU E. of Amadan. Long. o>. ''sLlf/'/e,TnUiandinlhc S. Pacific, about 35 m. in circumference, discovered by Cook in 1774. It received this name from t lo rude and inhospitable behaviour of "« /"l>al"tan s, who were stout well made men, naked except lound the waists; some of them had their face, breast, and thighs painted. It is of a round form and cov- ered with trees, shrubs, &c. Long. Ib'J. 30. W., '"wiLa, a river of the United States, which separates Georgia from S. Carolinia. It is navi- gable for boats oflOO feet keel from Augusta to Savannah, and thence for large vesse s to its en- trance into the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybee Island. Savannah, city, in Chatham Co. Georgia, the largest city in the state, is situated on the west- ern bank of the river of that name, 17 m. from the sea, with a good ship navigation for that distance. The site of Savannah is elevated and pleasant. 'Pile streets are wide and regular, with spacious sriiiarcs and many handsome edifices. It con- tains 10 churches, a theatre, 'an exchange, a hos- pital and a public library. It is an unhealthy place in summer, yet enjoys considerable com- merce, and is the great mart for the cotton plan- ters of the whole ^state. It is 118 in S W. C:harlcston: 12:5 S. E. Augu.sta : IGII L. b L. MiUedwville and God S. \V. Washington. Lat. 30 8 S.,lonrr.81.10. W. Pop. 7,30H. Samnna la Mar, a town of Jamaica, in Corn- wallis county, with a good anchorage fSr large vessels In 1780 irreat part of the town was des- troyed by a dreadful hurricane and inundation ot the sea ;"but it has since been rebuilt. It is seat- ed on the S. side of the island. Long. 78. b. W., lat. 18. 12. N. Saratopnii. See Selastopohs. S'lur a river of the Austrian empire, which lias its source on the N. W. confines of Carnio a, runs K through that country, separates bcla- vonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia and joins tlie Danube near Belgrade. S.jvnm:j, a town of France, department ot Low- er Loire, 18 m. N. W. of Nantes SirrndrooT, a strong fortress of Hindoostan, in Mv we, sitSate on the top of a vast rock, rising half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base of above 8 m in circumference, and divided at the summit by a chasm that forms it into two hills- these havini each its particular defences serve as two citadels, capable of being maintained independently of the lower works, whieh are also wonderfully strons- NotwithsUnding this, it was taken by a the English, in 1791, after a siege of seven days. 8.5 m. N. E. of Seringapatarg. Saccnlun, a town of France, department of Ar- riege, with a castle, seated on the Arriege, -io ni. S. S. E. of Toulouse. S,wcrne, a town in the department of Lower Rhine, seated at the foot of Mount Vosgesm a country which produces plenty of wme, 20 m. W N W. of Slrasburg. Sarinllann, a town of the Sardinian states in Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey Here the French were repulsed in 17!)n by the Aus- trians. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Maira, 30 m. S. of Turin. - • ,1 Sarohix, a district of the Russian empire, in the province of Finland, 200 m. long and 100 broad consisting mostly of woods, lakes, rivers and inorassestand abounding in elks and remdeers The inhabitants are thinly dispersed, and subsist by cultivating buck-wheat, breeding cattle hunt- ing, fishing, and in.iking wooden ware. Kuopia is the capital. ^ ,• . . . Savona' a strong town of the Sardinian stales, in the territory of Genoa, with a citadel on a rock, and several fine churches. 1 he Genoese fearing that it would hurt their trade, ruined the harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vessels. It was taken bv the king of Sardinia ml /4G restored to the" republic ol Genoa in 1 ,48, and taken in I7;i.-. by the French, who surreudere to the Austrians in IHOO, through fain.ne. In 1800 and 1M)1 It was the residence of the pope, during his dispute with Bonaparte. % l'f/°"- o•ress of Vienna it was ceded, with the whole Ge- noese territorv. to the king of Sardinia, I- is. seated on the Mediterranean, 24 m \V b \> Genoa, Long, 8. 20, E, lat. 41. H, N. SAX 1)60 SAX Sttvoniers, a town of France departmeiil of Indre-et-Loire, near which are caverns famous for their petrifactions. 6 m. S. W. of Tours. Sacoij, a duchy of Europe, belonging to tbe kingdom of Sardinia, 85 m. lon^ and (it brond ; bounded on the N. by the lake ol Geneva, whieli Beparates it from Switzerland ; E. by tlie Alps, which divide it from Vallais and Piedmont; S. by the latter and France ; and W. by P" ranee. Yhe air is cold on account of high mountains, which are almost always covered with snow ; but the valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and many of the mountains abound with pastures that feed a great number of cattle. The princi- pal rivers are the Isere, Arc, and Arve. The Savoyards, from the nature of their country, are generally very poor; and great numbers of them seek a livelihood in France, England, and other countries, in quality of showmen, &c. The French subdued this country in 1792, and made it a department of France, by the name of Mont Blanc, which was confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris in ltj|4 ; but in ldl.5 it was restored to Sardinia, with the exception of a small district (the commune of St. Julian) ceded to tile Swiss canton of Geneva. Chamberry is the capital. Saroij, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 N. W. Boston. Pop. 928. Sfflpu, an island in the Indian Ocean, to which the Dutch have a bind of exclusive trade, having entered into an agreement with the rajahs that their subjects shall trade with no other ships. It is 26 m. in length, and very fertile. Long. 122. 30. E., lat. 10. 35. S. SawpU, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. Saz, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which is an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. It is seated on the Elda, on the borders of Valencia, 25 m. W. N. W. of Alicant and 42 N. N. E. of Murcia. So.T,atown and district of Switzerland, in the canton of St (jail, with a castle, H ni. S. of Rhei- neck. SaxcnhuTfr, a town of the Austrian states, in Carinthia, near which are three forts and a strong pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38 m. W. of Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. E., lat. 4G. 44. N. Sannuiidham, a town of Suffolk, Eng. .seated on a hill, 20 m. N. E. of Ipswich and 89 of London. Saxonijf in its comprehensive sense, denotes a vast tract of country in the N. of Germany, ex- tending from the VVeser on the W. to the frontier of Poland on the E. ; but in consequence of the territorial changes to which it has been sub- ject, the name has been used with great latitude of signijication. The division of Germany into circles took place towards the close of the 15lh century, and the large tract of country known vaguely by the name of Saxony was formed in- to three circles, Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony. Upper Saxony comprised tbe electorates of Sa,xony and Brandenburg, the duchy of Pomerania, and a number of small prin- cipalities, forming an extent of about 43,000 sq. m. with nearly 4,000,000 of inhabitants. It was bounded E. by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and S. by Bohemia and Franconia. Lower Saxony was bounded N. by the duchy of Sleswick and the Baltic, and W. by Westphalia and the Rhine. It comprised the electorate of Hanover, the duch- ies of Brunswick MecklenburL'', and Holstein, the free towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, and Lu- beck, with a number of small states, forming an extent of 20,000 sq. m. In 1800 the diBtinctjon of circles was finally abolished, and the nuinea of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use only for the elucidation of history. Saxony, a modern kingdom of Europe, situated 1 towards the N. E. of Germany, and bounded S. ( by Bohemia and N. by the Prussian states. It ' comprises an area of", 188 square m. with 1,237,000 I inhabitants; but, previously to 1814, it was of ' much greater extent, having been greatly reduced by the congress of Vienna. No part of Europe, in the same latitude, enjoys a milder climate. The mountainous districts in the S. contain ex- tensive forests, which are kept up with care, as the chief supply of fuel for the mines. In the southern and mountainous parts of Saxony the valleys only are well cultivated ; but in the level districts in the N., particularly the circles of Meissen and Leipzig, tillage is general : the pro- ducts are wheat, barley, oats, and other grain ; also some tobacco and hops. Hogs and sheep are very numerous, and the greatest care has been bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported about 1703. Few countries equal Saxony in mineral riches, and in none has this department of natural history been more fully described. The principal are silver, iron, copper, lead, limestone, coal, ar- senic, cobalt, antimony, zinc, alum, &c. The principal rivers are the Elbe, the two Elsters, the two Muldas, and the Quiess. The manufactures are of considerable extent, and consist principally of linen, cotton, silk, and leather. The machinery used, though inferior to the English, has of late years been much improved. The position of Sax- ony is not favorable for commercial intercourse. The exports consist of wool (which has long been considered the best in Germany), minerals, linen yarn, woolens, and lace. The impwts are silk, flax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and, in certain seasons, corn. A great majority of the inhabi tants are Lutherans, but the reigning family have been Catholics since 1G97. The institutions for education are numerous and well conducted, and the lower classes are generally taught to read and write. In no country of equal extent is the num- ber of printing and book establishments so great. Of the universities, Halle now belongs to Prussia, but Leipzig remains to Saxony, and retains all its former reputation. Saxony was for many centuries an electorate, but in consequence of the occupancy of Prussia by Bonaparte, in 180(5, it was formed into a king- dom. This change of title was not, however accompanied by any extension of prerogative, the sovereign continuing to share the legislative func tions with the states, and imposing no tax with- out their concurrence. The states are divided into two houses, viz. the prelates and noble in one, and the country gentry and deputies of the towns in the other. The higher offices of ad- ministration are entrusted to a cabinet council, a ■ board of finance, a military board, a high court ■ of appeal for judicial questions, and an upper con- ■ sistory for ecclesiastical. The country is divided into the circles of Meissen, Leipzig, Erzgebirg, and Vogtland, with part of Merseburg, and Upper Lusatia. Each circle has a court of justice, and offices for the transaction of provincial business ; and the peasantry are here in the enjoyment of complete personal freedom. The king, as a mem- ber of the Germanic confederation, has the fourth rank in the smaller, and four votes at the larger assembly. The army amounts to 12,000 men ; the revenue exceeds £l,000,OOOBterling; and the national debt is £3,700,000. SAX 661 SCA The Saxons are first mentioned in history by Ptolemy, who describes them about the year 160 as a rude tribe, inhabiting Holslein and part of Jutland. Soon after they appear to have advanced to the S. and W., acquiring an extension of ter- ritory. In the .')th century, on the migration of a part of the Franks into Gaul, the Saxons ac- quired a farther extension of territory, viz. the country now forming the grand duchy of Olden- burc, with part of Hanover and Prussian West- phalia. When the Britons were forsaken by their Roman defenders, they applied and obtained as- sistance from the Saxons, against the Scots and Plots. After maintaining, during many years a firm resistance to the arms of Charlemagne, the Saxons were at last obliged to submit to his con- ditions, which involved the payment of an annua! tribute and their conversion to Christianity. The title of duke of Saxony was conferred on Willi- kiud, their chief, whose family, after ruling some lime, was succeeded by that of Billung, and af- terwards by a branch of that of Guelf, which ruled in Bavaria. The electoral dignity was sub- sequently conferred on the Witleniburg line of the house of Ascania, and, on its extinction, on the margraves of Meissen, with the title of elector. The first elector, surnamed Frederick the War- like, began his reign in 1422 ; he was the founder of the university of Leipzig. The next memorable event in the history of Saxony was the reformation, in the beginning of the Kiili century. The prince did not openly es- pouse the cause of Luther, but, by protecting him from persecution, he contributed much to the establishment of his doctrines. His successor Jolin Frederick, styled ' the magnanimous,' being defeated by Charles V., was stripped of his states eiiid dignity, which the emperor conferred on Maurice, margrave of Meissen, the cousin of the elector, and the ancestor of the present house of t^axony. Maurice, putting himself at the head of the Protestant interest, i)roved a full match for the artful Charles, who in 15.'>2 had almost fallen into his hands, and was compelled to sign the con- vention of Passau, since considered the bulwark of the religious freedom of Oermany . The Saxons took an active part in the thirty years' war, which terminated in the peace of Westphalia in 164H. In 1()97 the temptation of the crown of Poland, vacant by the death of Sobieski, induced the reiijning elector, Augustus I., to profess himself a Catholic, a change which, however, did not prosper. The Swedes under Charles .XII. not ortly conquered Poland, but invaded Saxony, bringing great distress upon the country until 1708, when relief was obtained by the march of Charles into Russia, and its disastrous issue ; after which the crown of Poland was resumed hy Augustus. In the war of 1740, between Prussia and Aus- tria, Saxony remained neutral. In that of I7.jli the elector was tempted to take a part by the flattering promises of Austria ; but, instead of an accession ofterritory, his dominions were ravaged, and many of his subjects ruined in this dreadful contest. In the war against France no decided part was taken by Saxony until 180(), when the elector sent all his troops to the Held, in support of the king of Prussia, whose subsequent over- throw enabled Bonaparte to attach the Saxons to his cause. The title of elector was changed to that of king. Prussian Poland was afterwards added to the Saxon dominions, and in If^OO was nearly doubled by cessions obtained from Austria. But these acquisitions, disproportioned to the in- herent strength of Saxony, led, as formerly, to disastrous results. The Russians re-occupied Poland in the beginning of 1813, and, joined by the Prussians, made Saxony the scene of the great continental struggle against Bonaparte. The battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, the attacks on Dresden, and the decisive engagements at Leipzig, were followed by the retreat of Bonaparte to the Rhine; and his too faithful ally, the king of Saxony, was deprived of the government of his territories. By the decision of the congress of Vi- enna the northern and eastern part, containing no fewer than .S50,000 inhabitants, was separated from the kingdom.and transferred to Prussia. The king of Saxony protested against this dismemberment, but, dreading insurrection and bloodshed, he at length acquiesced. Dresden is the capital. Saxomj. a provine of the Prussian states, com- prising almost the whole of the cessions made by the kingof Saxony at the congress of Vienna, and the principalities lying to the N. of the duchy of Anhalt, and to the W. of the rivers Elbe and Ha- vel. It contains an area of 9,830 square miles, with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants, and is divided into the governments of Magde- burg, Mcrseburg, and Erfurt. The surface is in general level, but the soil varies greatly, being in some places dry and sandy, and in others a heavy loam. The principal productions are corn, hemp, flax, and chicory. The inhabitants, except in the small district called Eichsfeld, are almost all Protestants, and are in general active and industrious. Magdeburg is the chief town. Hazton's Riper, a river in the state of Vermont, which joins the Connecticut at Westminster. Snijbrooh, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, at the mouth of Connecticut River. It is one of the oldest towns in the state and was settled in 163!) by Lord Brooks. It is 34 m. E. New Haven. ir, S. E. Hartford. Pop. 4,980. Satjcocf:, one of the islands of Japan, divided from Niphon by a narrow channel. The Dutch factors are premiltod to reside in the little island of Disnia. which is on the VV. side of this. Long. 132.28. E ,lat. -.^4. 0. N. Siiyn, a town anil castle of the Prussian states, in the duchy <.f Nass^au, which gives name to a small countv. (i ni. N. of Coblentz and 50 N. W. of Frankfort. Saijptiii, the pleasantest and most fertile of the Ladrone islands, 40 miles in circuit, with a safe port called Canlanhitda on tlie W. side. Long. 141). 10. E., lat. 15. 23. N. Snitrrii, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, on a promontorv of the same name, at the en- trance of the passage from the ocean into the Categat. Long. 111. 0. E., lat. 57. 38. N. ScaJanorn, a sea-port of Asia Minor, near the site of the ancient Ephesus, with a castle. The trade consists chiefly in wine, raisins, corn, and leather. 40 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 31. E. lat. 37. fvl. N. Scalfti, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed. It is seated on the W. coast, 25 ni. S. E. of roU castro. Long. 15. 54. E.,lal. 40.0. N. SraniU-rooju See AJcrnndrcUa. Srania. Sec Sxhoncn. Scarhoroug!i , a sea-port and borough in York- shire, Eng. It is seated on the declivity o( a high rock, which has such scraggy sides that it is almost inaccessiUe. On the top of this rock in a large green plain, with a little well of fresh wal- sen 6G-i SCH er, and tliu remains of a c.isllc, built \iy Henry 11. This town is greatly frequented on account of its mineral waters, and also for sea-l)atliin!f. Here is an ele^rant iron bridire over the widt? chasm tliron^'h whicli the stream called llie Mill- beck (lows, and citnnectinir two lolly dissevered clitfs. The harbour is one of the best in the kinir- dom, with a conimodious quay, several ?:liip-yards, and a stronir battery. 4(J m. N. E. of York and Um N. of London. Long. 0. 10. VV., lat. M. 18. ScnrhiiToush, a town and fort on the S. V.. side of the island of Tobago. It was taken by the English in 1793. Long. CO. 30. \V., lat.ll.l!. Scarhnrovtrh, p. v. Cumberland Co. Me. 1 1 m. W. Portland. iicardomi, ti town of Austrian Dalniatia, and a bishop's see; seated on the Cherca, 8 ni. N. of Sebenico. Long. 17. 1. K., lat. 44. 2!t. i\. Srarlino, a town of Tuscany , with a castle, seal- cii on the sea coast, 7 m. S. of Massa. Scarpanto, an isl.ind in the Mediterranean, 18 ni. long and U broad, lying S. W. oi' Rhodes. It is mountainous and rockv, ul)auiids in cattle and gan\e, and has quarries of marble. The princi- pal town on the W. coast has a good harbour. Long. 27. JOi V.., lat. 3.',. .15. N. Srarpr, a river of Krance, which rises near Aubigny, in the department of I'as de Calais, passes by Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, and en- ters the Scheldt at Mortagne. Sriirpcria, a town of Tuscany, celebrated for its steel manufactures, seated at the foot of the Ap- ennines, 13 m. N. of Florence. ■'iriiuro, the capital of the Island of Santorin, and the see of a Latin bishop. It stands on a lofty volcanic rock, which projects into the roadstead, on the W. coast of. tlie island. Lon"^. '25. 20. E., lat. 10.3.^. N. Siliiiff'/iiijisni, a canton of Switzerland, 15 m- long and 10 broad with 32,000 inhabitants. The re- formation was introduced here in 1521) and the re- ligion is Calvinism. The principal article of trade is wine, and the manufactures are inconsider- able. Sclinffhauscn,a. town of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is seated on the Rhine, and owes its origin to the interruption of the naviga- tion of that river by the cataract atLaulien ; huts being at first constructed for the conveniency of unloading the merchandise from the boats, which l)y degrees increased lo a large town. Though a frontier town, it has no garrison, and the forlifi. cations are weak. The Rhine, which is here near- ly 400 feet wide, is crossed by a kind of hanging bridge ; the road not passing over the arch, hut being suspended from it, and almost level. It was burnt by the French, when they evacuated the town, alter being defeated by the Austrians, in 1790; but Ijas since been rebuilt, nearly in the same state as before. 22 ni. N. by E. of Zurich and 39 E. of Basel. Long. 3. 41. E., lat. 47. .39. N. Srnlliolt, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, wiU' a college. Long. 22. 20. W., lat. (14. 40. N. ^riiatrhticolir^ p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 11 m. above Troy. Pop. 3,002. .Sth/nnacftir,A town of Persia, capital of Schir- van. It was formerly very large, but is now de- cayed, above (),tl00 hrmses having been thrown down by an earthquake. It has manufactures of silks and cottons, and is aupplied with most Russian commodities. It stands in a valley, be- tween two mountains, 24 in. VV. of the Caspian Sea, and 2.50 i\. E. of Tauris. Long. 51.5. E lat. 40 50. N. ■' ' ScliaTilhiSi a town of Bavaria, with a fcutified castle, seated on the Inn, 7 in. S, ol'Passau. SrhtirnUz, a fortified town of (lermanv, in Ty- rol, which defends a pass over the inouulainsnf considerable importance. It surrendered to the French and Huvarians in 1805. It stands on the confines oi' Bavaria, 12 m. N. of Insiiruc. Sclmuenburi;, a principality of d'ermany, in Westphalia. It is mountainous and woody, but contains much ferlilt* land, quarries of litjieslone and freestone, and mines of alum, coal, copper and iron. The line of its ancient counts was ex- tinct in 1(^10, and in 1(117 it became the property of the landgrave ol' llesse-Cassei, of whom the count of Lippe holds a part as a fief. Rintel ig the capital. fichaiicimlrin, a town of Bavaria, in the princi- pality of Bayrcuth, 18 in. N. E. of Culmbach Schfiiinhfrfr^ a town and castle of Germany which gives name lo a lindship in the duchy of Nassau, 25 in. W. S. W. of Wetzlar. Sclieir, a town and castle of VVurleniberg, cap- ital of a lordship of its name ; seated on the Danube. :!(i m. S. W. of Ulm. Lonir. 9 24 E lat. 4S. t>. i\. ° ■' Srkcihruhers, a town of Saxony, near which arc mines of silver and iron. 22 in. S. of Chemnitz. Nclirldt, a river which rises in Franco, in the department of Aisiie, passes by Cambray, JJon- cliain, Valenciennes, (;onde,Tournay, Oudenard Ghent, Denderinond, Antwerp, and Fort Lillo below which it divides into two branches. One of these called the Eastern Scheldt, flows by Ber- gen op-Zoom ; the other, the Western Scheldt, proceeds to Flushing, and both forming several islands enter the German Ocean. Srhelcslut, or ■'irhlclstal, a fortified town of France, department of Lower Rhine, on the river Ille,20 m. S. W. of Strasburg. Sckclla, a town of Hungary, seated on the Waag, 25 in. N. E. of Presburg. Schdiiinlnrtr, a town of Saxony, frequently call- ed Augustusburg, from a castle of that name standing on the mountain of Schellenberg, close by the town. It is seated on the Zscliopa, 8 ni. E. of Chemnitz. Sc/iclle7ibiirg, a town of Bavaria, where a victo- ry was obtained by the allies, over the French and Bavarians, in 1704. 12 in. W. of Neuburg. Scliclliiii', an island of the Netherlands, 12 m. long and 3 broad, lying at the entrance of the ZuyderZee. It was taken by the British in 17SI9 Long. 5. 0. E., lat. .53. 20. N. SrhdhhurtTj p.y. Bedford Co. Pa. Schcmiiilz, a town of Hungary, one of the seven mountain-towns, with three castles. It is fa- mous for niinrs of silver and other metals ; as also for its hot baths. Near it is a high rock of shining blue stone, mi.ved with green and some spots of yellow. 80 m. E. N. E. of Presburn- Long. 18. .50. E., lat. 48. 30. N. .SV/irac/i, a fortress of the Netherlands, in Gueld- erland, seated In the angle where the Rhine di- vides into two branches, the Rhine and Wahal. It is now in ruins. 13 m. E. of Nimo-iien. Srlienecln.dij, a county of New York bordering on the Mohawk. Pop. 12,334. Schenectady ig the capital. Hrhcnrrtiiilij, eilii, capital of the above county, stands on the Mohawk, 15 m. N. W. Albany, and was formerly a llourlshing place, but the opening sen CU3 SCil if the gro.it Kric Canal had divt-rled Uh; trade in [nother direction. Hers is a bridge across the j/Iohawk. Union College at this place was found- Id in 1795. It has 10 instructors and ao.") stu- llents. The libraries have 13,G0O volumes, it lias 3 vacations in April, July and Decem- ler of 13 weeks. Commencement is in July. The spot where this town stands was on the lead quarters of the Mohawk tribe of Indians. 5chenectady was settled at an early period, and In l&Kt a body of French and Indians from Cana- |la captured and burnt the town, and slaughtered most of the inhabitants. The Mohawk and Hud- son Railroad is designed to extend from this place to Albany, it was begun in 1830. Pop. of Schenectady, 4.258 Schening , a lov/n of Sweden, in E. Gothland, seated in a fertile country, 10 m. S. E. of Was- tena. SV/iCTiino^ni, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, near which is a Lutheran convent, und a suit-mine. 18 ni. K. of Wolfenbuttel. Si'hrppenstadl, a town in the duchy of Bruns- n'ick, lU m. E. of Wolfenbuttel. Scherpecheii. See Montaigne. Schcsburg, a fortified town of Transylvania, with i castle, (JO in. N. E. of Weissenhurnr. Scliiedam, a town and harbour, in S. Holland, noted for its numerous distilleries of gin (Hol- lands). It is seated on a canal, called the Schie, whicli communicates with the Meuse, (i m. W. by S. of Rotterdam. firhUrlivg, a village of Bavaria, noted as the scene of an obstinate conflict, in 1809, between Bonaparte and the archduke Charles, generally called the battle of Abensberg. 11 in. S. of Ralis- bon. SrMcvellicin, a town of Prussian I'omerania, with a castle; seated on the Rega, 17 m. N. of Dramburg. Scliilliirh.^i town of Germany in thekinirdom af Wurtemberg, on the river Schiltach, 14 m. N. N. W. of Rothweil. Siliinta, a town of Hungary, on the river Waag, 28 m. E. of Presburg. Schinlznach, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Aargau. Here are some tepid mineral wa- ters ; and near it, on a lofty eminence, are the ruins of the Hinious castle of Hapsburg. It is seated on the Aar, 10 m. W. of Baden and 20. S. E. of Basel. Schiras. See Sliiras. Schirvan, a province of Persia, 150 m. long and 90 broad , bounded on the N. by Dairhestan, E. and, S. E. by the Caspian Sea, S. W.°by Ert- van and W. by Georgia. The soil is very fertile, producing abundance of rice, wheat, and barley; and the pastures feed numerous cattle. Vines are planted along the hedges, and fastened to the tree.s. Here arc vast r|Uantities of wild fowls, particularly jdieasaiils ; also hares in abundance. Schamachie is the capital. ■Srhlac/cenirM. a town of Bohemia, with a good tin mine, 5 m. S. of Carlsbad. SchUuheniteitli, a town of Bohemia, with a fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz, 7 ni. N. N. E. of Carlsbad. Si/tlai/t n, a town of Hanover in the province of llildesheim, 2/3 m. E. H. E. of Hildesheiin. Sr/tliw, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by walls ami vineyards, and ic 16 m. N. E. of Ra- konitz. Sflilmcn, a town of the Prussian fitates in the principality of Glogau. 18 m. N. of Glogau. Scltlaicc, a town of Prussian Pomerania, on the river Wipper, lOin. VV. S. W. of Stolpe. Srlilinsiiigrn, a town and castle of Saxony, in the county of Henneburg ; seated on the Schleus, 18 in. S. E. of Snialkald and 19 N. N. E. of Sebweinfurt. Sc/ililz, a town of Germany, in the principality of Fulda, on a small river that runs into the Ful- da, 7 m. N. N. VV. of Fulda. Schlilz, a town of Germany, in Voigtland, with a castle, 13 m. N. VV.of Plauen. Si-ldussdburg, a town and fortress of Russia, situate on the Neva, near Lake Ladoga. The fortress stands on an island in the river, and has frequently been used as a state prison. 34 m. E. of Petersburgh. Long. 39. 55. E., lat. 5'J. 55. N. SchtnalktUdeji. See Smalkaldcn. SchmnJcnbcrg, a town of Westphalia, on the river Lenne, 14 m. E. of Altendorn. Schmifdcherg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Jauer. The vicinity abounds in iron ore, and almost all the inhabitants are smiths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the source of the Bauber, 25 m. W. S. W. of Schweidnilz. Schmicdcbiira, a town of Prussian Saxony, 14 m. S. of Dresden. SeltmoUen, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Altenburg, on the river Sprotta, 7 ni. S. VV. of Altenburg. rote8Unt church, good cloth man u- fectures, and fertile gardens and vineyards U m. N. of ZulUchau. Long, 1.5.47.E.lat^52^ 21. N. SckwinhuTg, a town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen, with the best harbour in the island, and manufactures of woolen and linen ». m. S. S. E. of Odensee. Long. 10. 3U. t., lat. dilO. N. . u- 1 i< Sciati, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 14 m N N E. of Negropont, and almost at the en- trance of the gulf of Salonichi. 1 1 is 10 m. long and 4 broad. ^Long. 23. 40. E., lat. 39. 24. N. ScufUevUU, p.v. Greene Co. N. Y. 59 m. W. S^i7tio, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on the side of a rocky promontory, called Scylla, or Cape Sciglio. In the terrible earthquake of 1783 the sea was thrown furiously 3 ra. inland, and on its return swept off about 2,500 of the inhabitants with the prince of Sciglio, who hoping to find security, were then on the Scylla Strand or in boats near the shore. It is 10 m. N. by E. of Reg- ^^Ulu, a cluster of numerous isles and rocks, at the entrance of the English and Bristol channels, lyino- almost 10 leagues W. of the Lands-end in Cornwall. Of these only five or six are inhabited. They are a resort for sea-fowl, and feed many sheep and rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and actina as pilots. The chiefisle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 m 'on? and 2 broad, which has a good port, is well forti- fied and contains more inhabitants than all the rest put together. In this isle, and in two or three others, are various antiquities, particularly the re- mains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sep- ulchres. On that of St. Agnes is a light-house, which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high, and is a very fine column. At the outermost extremity ol the isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rock- stone, and as conspicuous by day as the light- house on St. Agnes, but not so high and large The S.illy rocks have been fatal to numbers of ships eniering the English channel. One ot the most disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when three men of war perished, with ad- miral sir Cloudesley Shovel and all their crew. St Aornes light-house is in Long. 6. 19. W., lat. 49,54. N. d4 Scillu, a group of isles or shoals, in the S. Pa- cific, discovered by captain Wallis in 1767, anC described as extremely dangerous. Long. 155 30. W., lat. 16. 30. S. . Scia, anciently called Chios, an island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, 36 ro. long and 13 broad. It is a mountainous country ; but fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such as oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegra- nates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines. The wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancienU, is still in great esteem; but the island is now principally distinguished by the profitable culture of mastich: it has also some trade in silk, cotton, and fill's Besides the town of the same name, it conUins 6S villages, all inhabited by Greeks; and those which furnish mastich are the most nch and populous. In 1822 this island became the scene of unparalleled barbarity, in consequence ot the Greek population having joined their coun- trymen in their struggle for liberty. The lurks landed several thousand men, and massacred all the men, and the male children above 12 years ol age ; the women and young children were sent into captivity, and the male children were cir- cumcised in token of conversion to Mabomedism. From the llth of April to the 10th of May the number of slain amounted to 25,000, and Uiat of captives to 30,000. Scio is still held by the Scio, the capital of the above island, and a bish- op's see. It is the best built town in the Archi- pelago ; the houses being commodious, some ot them terraced, and others covered with tiles. The castle, an old citadel built by the Genoese is now in ruins. The harbour is a rendezvous for ships that go to, or come from Constantinople : it will contain 80 vessels, is protected by a low mole, and has two light-houses. It stands on the b. side of the island, 67 m. W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 2. E., lat. as. 2S. N. , , . Srioto, a river of Ohio rising in the central part of the State and flowing southerly into the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Ohio canal passes along lU *&i'. E Chillicothe. Considerable salt is made here. Seipio, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake 174 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,691. a township of Meigs Co. Ohio. . . ^ ■ t Sciro, or Sciros, an island of the Grecian Ar- chipelago, to the W. of iMetelin, 15 m. long and 8 broad. The country is mountainous, but has no mines. The vines make the beauty of the isl- and, and the wine is excellent ; nor do the natives want corn or wood. It conUins only the village and convent of St. George, both built on a com- cal rock. 10 m. from the harbour of St. George. Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 38. r>4. N. „ „ „ Scituate, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos- ton on Massachusetts Bav. Pop. 3,740 ; a town- ship of Providence Co. R. I. 12 m. S. W. Provi- dence. Pop. 0,8.53. Sc/aTOiua, a province of Austrii,situate between the rivers Drave and Danube on the N. and the Save on the S. ; bounded on the W. by Croatia, from which to the conflux of the Save with ine Danube it is 1.50 m. in length, and from 4^ to .» in breadth. A chain of lofty mountains, covered SCO 666 SCO with fore:«U, cxloiitls IVoui E. to W. nearly through its whole Iciigtli ; but the reinainder is a fertile level country, producins the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,01)7. INew Lexinu-ton is the capital. Scot! pt. Cortland Co. N. Y. on Skeneateles I,ake no m. W. Albany. Pop. l,4^>--i; pv. .\dams Co. Ohio. . „ ,, Scottsburg, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. ScottsMle, p.v. Genesee Co NY. ^'~"}.y- Albany ; p.v. Powhatan Co. V.. 30 m. W. Rich- mond dv Allen Co. Ken. 160 S.W.Frankfort '"w'a.pt Oswego Co. N. Y. on L.Ontano at tl,c mouth of Oswego river Po.P- ^'"'■';^ .-.(■ ScrUcn, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,7/0. Innksonborouc^h is the capital. ^ " aH?er of New "vork flowing through a lake of the same name into the Hudson. Scull Camp, p.v. Surry Co. .ML. Irull Shoals, p.v. Greene Co. Ueo. , S ultw! a Bt'rong town of Albania.and a bishop s -;c!,:^^m.'i^b;^^.•-out:^-''tS '^.J^o^; ^^o^^o^Wie Turkey, in Na^na, r tv and presents itself in the form of auamphi- Ihe^aire, affording a very picturesque V'^w from the mixture of trees, houses, mosques, and mina- rets This town serves as an emporrum ana a rendezvous to the caravans ol Asia, and has some manufactures of silk and cotton sturt.- Here arc extensive burying grounds, shaded with lofly cy- presses. The rich Turks of Constantmople pre- frr bein- interred here ; for they consider Asia as a land beloni Searsrillc, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 103 m. 8. W Albany Scatim, a town cf Scotland, in Haddingtonshire. Here is a ruinous palace, in which Mary queen of Scots occasionally kept her court, after her re- turn from France. It has a considerable trade m salt ar.i coal, and is situate on the frith of Forth, ',) m. E. of Edinburg. , ^ ,, ,o Scba-o Pond, in t;umberland Co. Me. IS m N W "Portland. It is 12 m. long and is connect- ed with the sea at Portland by a canal. Sebastia, a town of Palestine, the remains of the ancient city of Samaria, 34 m. N. ->!. t. oi ^'&/,Sn, St., a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the top ot which is a strong citad.l. The harbour is secured bv two moles, and a narrow- entrance for the ships. The town is surrounded by a double wall, and fortified towards the sea. It carries on a great trade, particularly in iron steel, and."""'; ^'; Seba lian was taken by the F«>'eh m 1/19 in 171I4, and again in 1S0^^. On the 31st of August, ^13 it was taken by storm, by the allied lorcei., unde'r general Graham, after a short si.ge, during which it sustained a most heavy bombardment which laid nearly the "hole town in rums. 1 has since been rebuilt. 50 m. E. of Bilbao and 50 N. W. of Pamplona. Long. L 56. W., lat. 4J. ~*'sfbastlan, St., the capital of the provnice of Rio Janeire, and of all Brazil with a c'tadel on a hill, and numerous forts. The city stands 4 m. W of the harbour, and behind it are high hills crowned with woods, convents, houses, and ehurches. It is ?> m. in circumference ; the streets are strai-rlit and most of them narrow, intersecting each other at right angles ; and the houses m wner.al, are of stone, and two stories high The churches are very fine, and there is more religious parade in this city than in almost any other town n Kurope. The" harbour is very commodious, with a narrow entrance defended by tw'O forts. Here are manufactures of sugar, rum, and cochi- neal The different merhanics carry on their business in distinct parts of the town ; parfctiUr streets being set apart for particular trades. On lieS side of a spacious sqn.are is a palace; and t ere. are several other squares in which are founUins, supplied with water by an aqueduct of considerable length, brought over a valley by ^ double tier of arches. The mint is ""e of the finest buildings e.xisting, and furnished w h all t"^ conveniences necessary for coining with the J ealest expedition. A Bened ictme convent and S fort are on the extreme point, jutting into the harbour, opposite which is Serpent Island where he e are a dock- yard, magazines and naval store- ouses In another part of the harbour, at a place ca led Val LonL-, ate warehouses, formerly ap- propriated for the recepUon, ""'1 .P"^P"f "^ta/ sale of slaves imported from Africa. St. bebas "tfan is a bishops see, and seated near the mouth of the Rio Janeiro, in the Atlantic. Long. 42. 44. W., lat. 22. 54. S. , ■■ „ M W ei- 6V(,„..(,V,n. Cape St., a cape at the N. W^ ex tremity of Madaga,scar. Long. 40. 2.^. L., lat. 1-4. ''^\fbaslicooU, a river of Maine, flo;ying into the KennelK?c from the east. . .„j ,s„ fire. Sebaslopol, a sea-port "^ R"5^]^, "'"i„V „f the niaritime'town of the Crimea. 1' '" °"<';^;,''/, finest and mont secure hnrbmirs m the ""'"j capable of containing all the Russian fleets , and SEE «6d SEG It IS the chief .at&tion of the Bl&ck Sea fleet. The city i0 built on the side of a hill, which divides two of its fine basins. The old Tartar houses are small and ill-built ; but along the quay are some new buildings in a good tastP. It stands on part of the site of the ancient Greek city of Cherson, where was the famous temple of Diana Taurica ; and considerable ruins of them are yet discover- erable. 40 m. S. S. W. of Sympheropol and 350 N. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. ^2. E., lat. 44. i^). N. Sebec, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 3on. Sebmito, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalinatia, and a bishop's see, with four citadels. The cathe- dral is a magnificent fabric, and its roof is com- posed of large fiat pieces of marble. The Turks iiave often attempted in vain to take this town. It is seated near the mouth of the Cherca, in the gulf of Venice, 30 m. S. E. of Zara. Long. 10. Sg. E., lat. 44. 17. N. Scbourg, a town of France, department ofNord, 5 m. E. of Valenciennes. Stbn. See 'Zehu. Serhura^ a town of Peru, inhabited by Indians, who are chiefly employed in fishing or driving of mules. Her* commences a sandy desert, which extends southward about 80 m. The town stands on a river of the same name, 3 m. from the ocean and 180 N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 81. 10. E., lal. 5. 55. S. Seekau, a town of the Austrian states, in Sty- ria, seated on the Gayle, 9 m. N. of Judenburg. Seckingen, a town of Baden, the smallest of the Four Forest Towns. Here is a convent of Noble nuns, whose abbess was a princes of the empire. It is seated on an isle, formed by the Rhine, over which is a bridge, 11 m. W. of Basel. Scckington, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. fa- mous for a battle, in 7r>7, between Cuthred, king of the \V. Saxons, and Ethelbald, king of the Mercians. On the N. side of its church are the ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 feet high. 3 m. N. E. of Tamworth. Second Moon, a townsiiip of Beaver Co. Pa. Sedan, a strong town of France, capital of the department of Ardennes, and formerly the seat of a Protestant university. It is deemed one of the keys of the country and has a strong castle, an arsenal, a canal foundry, and a manufacture of fine cloth. The famous inarshall Turcnne was born in the castle. Sedan is seated on the Meuse, 30 m. S. E. of Charlemont. Long, 4. 58. E., lat. 49. 42. N. Sedttsiragur, a town of Hindoostan, the most nothern on the coast of Canara. It is seated on theN. side of the estuary of a river, which enters into a deep bay, sheltered by three islands, one of them fortified, and the entrance defended by a fort on a lofty hill. 3 m. up the river, on the op- posite bank, are the remains of Carwar, formerly a noted place of European commerce, but totally ruined during the reign of Tippo Sultan. 50 m. F. of Goa and 95 N. N. W. of Kundapu- ra. Long. 74. 15. E. lat. 14, 51, N. Sedbergh, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with » manufacture of cotton. 10 m. E. of kendal, 269 N. W. of London. Sedgwick, p.t Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,606 Seeftauseti, a town of Prussia, in the Old Mark of Brandenburg, nearly surrounded by the river Aaland, 12 m. vV. of Havelberg. Seekonk, p.t Bristol Co. Mass. 38 m S. W. Boston, on Providence River. Pop. 2,134. ScetbuTg, a town of Russia, in the gOTuninent of Courland, on the river Owina, 58 m. S, E. of Riga. Scelow, a town of Brandenburg, 10 m. S. W. of Custrin. Seelusbugh. p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 310. m. W. Albany. Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a principali- ty in the province of Oman. It has a good har- bour, and the navy of the prince is one of the most considerable in the gulf of Persia. 108 m. W. S. W. of Julfar. Long. 54. 58. E., lat. 25. 10. N. Scescn, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, 14 m. S. \V. of Goslar. Seez, a town of Franco, department of Oriie. and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fine couiitrv, near the source of the Orne, 14 m. N. of Alencon and 120 W. by S. of Paris. Long. 0. 11. E., lal. 48. :«;. N. ^ Segeberg, a town of Denmark, in the dutchy of Ilolstein, with a castle on a high mountain, con- sisting of Lime-stone, large quantities of which are carried to Hamburgh and Lubcc. It is seat- ed on the Trave, 15 m. W. N. W. of Lubcc. Srgf.din, a strong town of Hungary, with a cas- tle, taken from the Turks in ir>S(>. It is seated near the Teisse, opposite the influx of the Maros, 105 m. S. S. E. of Pest. Long. 20. 35. E., lat. 46. 18. N. Segesjoar, a town of Transylvania, capital of a county of the same name. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the river Kodel, 47 m. N. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24. .55. E., lat. 47. 4. N. Segna, a seaport of Morlachia, capital of Hun- garian Dalmatia, with a fort. It was declared a free port, and erected into a bishopric. In 1785. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 100 m. N. W. of Spoleto. Long. 15, 21. E., lat. 45. 22 N. Segni, a town of the papal states, in Campagna di Roma, and a bishop's see. Organs are said to have been invented here. It is sealed on a moun- tain, 30 m. S. E. of Rome. Sego,Q. city of Negroland, the capital of Bam- barra. It consists of four walled towns, two on each side the river Niger, which contain about 30,000 inhabitants ; and, as the Moors form a con- siderable proportion, their mosques appear in ev- ery quarter. The houses are built of clay, of a square form, with flat roofs ; some of them have two stories, and many of them are while-washed The current money consists of cowries. 290 m W. S. W. of Toinbuctoo. Long. 2. 46. W., lat 14. 15. N. Segorbe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river Morvedro, 35 m. N. by W. of Valencia. Segovia, a city ot Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a province of^its name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It stands on two hills, and the valley by which they are separated, on the S. W. side of the Erasma ; and is surrounded by a strong wall, flanked with towers and ramparts. It is supplied with water by a Roman aqueduct, 3,000 paces in length, supported by 177 arches of a pro- digious heignl, in two rows, one above the other. Here the best cloth in Spain is made. The oUier branches of industry are dyeing, and the manu facture of paper, pottery, and lead. The cathe- dral stands on one side of the great square, and is one of the handsomest Gothic structures in Spain ; besides which there are 27 other churches. The castle is seated in the highest part of the town SEl 669 SEL and has 16 rooms richly adorned with tapestry, and ornaments of marble and porphyry. The royal chapel is magnificently gilded, and embel- lished with very fine paintings. The mint, for gome years the only one in Spain, is surrounded by the river, on which are mills, employed in coining. Segovia waa occupied by the French in 1808, bat was evacuated in 1813. 43 m. N. N. W. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 12. W., lat 41. 3. N. Segovia, JVrw, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, seated near the source of a river of its name, which (lows into the Carribean Sea, 90 m. N. by K. of Leon. Long. 87. 5. W., lat. 13. 4.".. N. Scgoc'ii, A"sw,a town in the isle of Luconia and a bishop's see, with a fort. It is seated at the N. end of the island, near the mouth of the Cagayan, •245 m. N. of Manilla. Long. 120. 56. E., lat. 18. 39. N. Scgra, a river of Spain, which rises in the Pyrenees, and runs S. W. through Catalonia, passing by Puicerda, Urgel, Belaguer, and Leri- da, to Mequinenza, where it joins the Ebro. Segre, a town of France, department of Maine- et-Loire, 20 m. N. VV. of Angers. Segiira, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Segura, in Murcia, crosses that province and the S. part of Valencia, and enters the Mediterranean at Guardaman. Segura, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated among mountains, 34 m. N. E. of Ubeda and 96 W. N. W. of Murcia. Segura, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 35 m. S. E. of Calatajud and 38 N. of TerueT. Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a fort on a mountain. It stands on the frontiers of Spain, 15 m. W. N. W. of Alcantara and 35 E.S. E. of Castel Branco. Sehauranpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Dehli, capital of a district of the same name, between the Jumna and the Ganges. 66 m. N. by W. of Dehli. Long. 77. 15. E., lat. 30. 4. N. Seidenberg, a town of the Prussian States, in Upper Lusatia, with manufactures of cloth and stockings 8 m. S.S. E. of Gorlitz. Seiks, a powerful nation in the N. W. part of Hindoostan, consisting of several small independ- ent states, that have formed a kind of (federal union. The founder of their sect was Nanock, who lived in the beginning of the KJth century ; and thev are the descendants of his disciples ; the word seiks, in the Sanscrit language, signify- ing disciples. They are in general strong and well made, accustomed from their infancy to the most laborious life, and hardest fare. A pair of long blue drawers, and a kind of chequered plad, a part of which is fastened round the waist, and the other thrown over the shoulder, form their clothing and equipage. The chiefs are distin- guished by wearing some heavy gold bracelets on their wrists, and sometimes a ciiain of the same metal round their turbans ; and by being mounted on better horses ; otherwise no distinc- tion appears among them. The government of the Seiks is a military aristocracy. Their army consists almost entirely of horse, of which a Seik will boast they can bring 300,000 into the field ; and it is supposed they might bring 200, 000. They have commonly two, some of them three horses each. They indeed consider this animal as necessary to theiT existence ; and while it is customary with them to make merry on the demise of one of the brethren, they mourn for the death of a horse. The Seiks are tolerant in matters of faith, and require only a conformity in certain signs and ceremonies; but, unlike the Hindoos, they admit proselytes, although those from among the Mahometans are not much es- teemed. Their capital is Lahore. Sell, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 3 m. loniT and 2 broad, separated from the main- land by a narrow strait, over which is a bridge. Seine, a river of France, which rises in the department of Cote d'Or, flows by Troyes, Melun Paris, and Rouen , and enters the English Chan- nel at Havre de Grace. Seine, a department of France, the smallest, but by no means the least important, in the kingdom. It has an area of about 260 sq. m. with 780,000 inhabitants. The surface is level, and the soil fertile in corn and wine ; also fruits and vege- tables for the supply of Paris, which is the capi- ta' - ■ J- Seir^ tj>wer, a department of France, including the N. E. part of Normandy. It has an area of 2,500 sq. ni. with 600,000 inhabitants. Rouen is tlie capital. Seine-el-Marne, a department of France, incliid- the western part of Champagne. It has an area of 2,300 sq m., with 310,000 inhabitants. Melun is the capital. Seine-et-Oise, a department of France, compris- ing the district of Paris, under the name of de- partment of the Seine. E.tclnsive of that distrct it contains 2,200 sq. m., with 440,000 inhabitants. Versailles is the capital. Seirtsheim, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in a lordship of the same name, with a castle, 18 in. S. E.of Wurtzburg. Scissen, a town of France, department of Gers, 9 m. S. of Auch. Seistan, an extensive and independent prov- ince of Persia, bounded on the N. by Korasan, and Balck, E. by Candahar, and Sablestan, S. by Mackeran, S. W. by Kerman, and W. by Covhes- tan and Farsistan. The country is in general moun- tainous. The valleys are the only habitable parts ; for the plains are barren, and covered \yilh fine sand, which is sometimes raised by whirlwinds to such a degree as to overwhelm whole caravans. Dooshak is the capital. Selam, a town of Me.\ico. in Yucatan, near the sea-coast, 45 m. N. W. of Merida. Selbosoe, a town of Norway, in the province of Drontheim, 18 m. S. E. of Drnntheim. Sethij, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is the birth-place of Henry I , whose father, William the Conqueror built an abbey here : a canal pa.s.ijes from this place to Leeds, and large ships are built here. It is seated on the Ouse, over which is one of the coinpletest timber bridges in the kingdom. 14 m. S. of York and 177 N. by W. of London. SelniginsJc, a fortified town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, with a fort and 3,000 in- habitants. The adjacent country is mountainous, but yields a great quantity of rhubaib. It stands on the Selenca, at the influx of the Chilok, li-O m. S. E of frkulsk. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. bl. IG. N. Selenti, a town of Asia Minor, in Caramania, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 50 m. W. S. W. ofSelesk Selesk, anciently Seleucia, a town of Carama- nia, seated on a river, 5 m. from the sea and SO S. S. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 36. E., lat. 36. 40. N. Seligenslnill. a town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, with a Benedictine abbey, seated at se:»i 870 SEN llic coiiHux of llie (Jernfipentz willi llif JMaiiie, 1-1 m. E. of Kr/iiikfort. 3dibria,& town of Romania, and an arclibiHiiop'a SCO, formerly a large place, bul now mucli decay- ed. It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 m. W. of Constantinople. SclinsuTone, p. v. Nortliiimberlaiid Co. Va. Selkirli, a borouijli of Scotland, the capital of Selkirkshire. It is seated on the Eltrick, 3U m. S. S. K of Edinburgh. Sclkirhfhirr, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. v.. by Kdinburirhshire. Cop. C,G37. Sellrrspille, p. v. Hucka Co. Va. Sclles, a town of Krance, in the department of Loire-et-Cher, on the river Cher, 10 ni. S. W. of Romorenlin. Sclma, p.v. Dallas Co. Alah. Seltz, a town in the department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Rhine, SJ5 m. N. N. K. of Strasburg. Srltzrr, or Ijoirer Srltzer, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, celebrated fur a .spring of mineral water, which is exported in great quantities. It is situate on the Kmsbacli, 3U m. L. of Coblentz. ficminial, a town of Asiatic Turky, Irac Arabi, seated on the Euphrates, where a toll is collect- ed, la) m. N. W. of Bassora. Lon.r. 4U. !.'>. E., lat. ;W. 3. N. 'Sembctc-tfhewn, a town of ilirmah, from whicli is the principal road through the western hills in- to Arracan. To this place all Bengal articles of merchandise imported by way ot"^ Arracan are brought, and here embarked on the Irrawaddy It stands 3 m. W. ol that river, and 30 S. by \V. of Pagalim. Semrfrotula , a town of Negroland, in the coun- try of Wangara, seated on a lake formed by a branch of the Nile, 330 m. S. S. \V. o( Bornou. Long. 21. 30. E., lat. 14. 58. N. Semendria, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, with a citadel, seated on the Danube, 20 m. S. E. of Belgrade. Sr.mcnnud, a town of Egypt, on the E. branch of the Nile, 8 m. S. S. W. of Mansoura and 53 N. of Cairo. ScmigttJia, a duchy of European Russia, about 100 m. long and 20 broad, forming the E. part of the government of Courland. Miltau is the capital. Srmiiiari , a town of Naples, in (^'alabria Ultra, with an abbey belonging to the united Greek church. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 17.S3, but now contains 2,000 inhabitants. 22 m. N. E. of Ileggio. Seiniiiolrs. a tribe of Indians in Florida about 5,000 in number. They were formerly much more niiincrous, but having committed hostilities upon the American settlements in their neigh- bourhood in ISIS, they wcreattafckcd by the Unit- ed Slates troops, and completely subdued: since which they have never been formidable. Sr.mlen, a town of Sclavonia, on the S. side of the Danube, the principal place for carrying on the transit trade betv.een Turkey and Sclavonia. 4 m. W. of Belgrade. Semparh, a town of Switzerland, in the canton tif Lucertie, celeliarled for the battle in i:!86 which establiseed the liberty of the Swiss, and in which X-eopold, duke of Austria, was defeated and slain. It is seated on a small hike of the same name. 7 m. N. VV. Lucerne. Srmprunius, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 159 m. W. Albany. Pop. 5,705 Snntir en .'htjtns, a town oi'Krance, department of Cole d'Or, with a castle on a rock. It has a manufacture of cloth and is seated on the Ar- niancon, 34 m. VV. by N. of Uijon and 135 S. £ of Paris, Santir eii flriennois, a town in the department of Saone-et-Loire 33 m. \V. by S. of Macon and 45 S. of Autun. iciin, or MarzuU, a town of Mocaranga, on the river Zambeze, where the Portuguese have a fac-" lory. Lonoj. 35. 3. E., lat. 7. 40. S. ^cnffa, a lake and river of N. Y., in Onondaga county. The lake is 30 m. long and 2 broad, and lies N. and S. between those of Canandaigua and Cayuga. At the N. end is the town of Gen- eva , and on the 1-. side, between it and Cayuga Lake, are the military townships of Romulus, Ovid, Hector, and Ulysses. The river rises to the VV. of Geneva, passes by that town, and receives the waters ol the lake. It afterwards re- ceives the waters of Cayuga Lake, Canandaigua Creek, and Salt Lake, and then flows into Onondago River. Snicra, a county of N. Y. boimded by Lakes On- tario, Seneca and Cayuga. Pop. 21,031. Ovid is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,148 Tiflin is the capital. Snircii, a township of Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop (i,l(ll ; townships in Morgan and Monroe Cos Ohio. Snir.cntiUf:^ p.v. Guernsey Co. Ohio. <>enrjf,a town of the Nellierlands, in the prov- ince of Ilainault, noted for a battle gained by the French over the prince of Orange in 1G74. 4.m. S. Nivelle. Senrgal, a large river which rises in the moun- tains of Kong, in Negroland, and Hows \V. on the Southern confines of Zahara, into the Atlantic Ocean, 120 m. N. E. of Cape Verd. Its course is fle.xuous, till it arrives within G m. of the sea, when it takes a sudden turn to the S., and for 75 m. is separated from the sea only by a ridge ol sand. Its mouth, not more than half a league over, is incommoded by a shifting bar, which ren- ders the passage difficult and dangerous. Wild animals are numerous along its banks, particular- ly leopards who lie in wail near the river to sur- prise the smaller animals resorting to the banks to drink. Srririrfil, a country on the VV. coast of Africa, lying f>n a river of the same name. See Fouli. The French have a fort and a factory in an is- land at the mouth of fchc river, and are masters of the gum trade. It is called f^ort Louis, was taken by the English in 175S, confirmed to them by the peace of 17(13, but restored in I(J83. Long, lli. 31. VV.,lat. 15.53. N. SER cri SER Senez, a town of France, department i.f Low- er Alp3, sealed in a rough barren country, 15 ni. S. S. E. of Digne. . Senftenljeri', a town of Prussia, in Lower Lu- satia, with a°castle, 3o m. N. N. E. of Meissen. Senlis, a town of France, department. of Oise, seated on the river Donette, and almost surroun- ed by a forest, 20 m. N. W. of Meaux and 27 N. E. of Paris. Sennaar, a Itingdom of Eastern Africa, hound- ed E. and S. by Abyssinia, W. by Darfur, and N. by Dongola and the independent districts of Nu- bia. Tlie Nile flows through this immense plain above a mile broad, full to tlie very brim, but nev- er overflowing. For several miles from llie banks of this river, the soil is of very remarkable fertili- ty ; and at the time of the rains, about the end of August and beginning of September, the country assumes a most delightful appearance, resembling the pleasantest parts of Holland. Soon after the rains cease, the dhourra ripens, the leaves turn yellow and rot, the lakes putrefy, smell, and are full of vermin ; all the beauty disappears, and bare scorched Nubia returns, with all its terrors of poi- sonous winds and moving sands, glowing and ventilated with sultry blasts. Tiie trade consists chiefly in exchanging the various productions of interior Africa with those of Egypt and Arabia. The kingdom of Sennaar was founded by a body of Shilluk negroes in 1504. The government is despotic, but the king may lawfully be put to death whenever the chief officers decide that his reign is no longer a public benefit. ftmnanr, a city of Nubia, and capital of the above kingdom, is 5 ni. in circumference, and very populous. The houses are chiefly of one story, with flat roofs ; but the suburbs contain only cottages covm'ed with reeds. Tlie palace is surrounded by higli walls, and is a confused heap of buildings. The heats are almost insup- portable in the day-time, except in the rainy season, at which time the air is unwholesome. The commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds, civet, tobacco, and gold dust. Thereis a market near the palace, where slaves are sold ; the fe- males sit on one side, and the males on .another ; the Egyptians buy great numbers of them every year. The merciiandiso required here consists of spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass beads, and a black drug which is used to colour the eye- brows. The wo.Tien of quality have slight gar- ments of silk , and wear rings of various metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Women of a low rank, and girls, have cloths wrapped round them from the waist to the knees. The men go almost naked. Sennaar is seated on an eminence, near the river Nile. Long. 33. 0. E., lat. 13. 4. N. Sciis, a town of France, department of Yonne, and an archbishop's see, with a handsome Gothic cathedral. Several ecclesiastical councils have been held here; in that of 1140 the well known Abelard was condemned. Sens was ta- ken by the allies in 1814, but soon after evacua- ted. It is seated in a fertile country, at the con- flux of the Vanne with the Yonne, 25 m. N. of Auxerre and 80 S. E. of Pais. Long. 3. 17. E., lat. 48. 12 N. Sepuleeda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 30 m. N. E. of Segovia. Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, with a stone fort of a good size. It is the principal place in the central division of the rajah's dominions N. of the Cavery, and carries on a cunsidcrable inland commerce. The whole of the cloth made liere is used in the neighbour- hood. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1799, the fort has been garrisoned by British troops. 48 m. S. E. of Chittcldroog, 48 N. of Serringapa- tain. Long. 70. 53. K., lat. 13. 3fi. N. Serai, a town of European Turkey, capital of Bosnia, and llie see of a Catholic bishop, appoint- ed by the king of Hungary. It is a large com- mercial place, and is seated on the river Bosna 130 m. W. S. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 15. E., lat. 44. 14. N. Scramjiorr, a town of Bengal, belonging to the Danes. The houses are of brick, plastered with mortar, and have flat roofs, with balconies and Venetian windows. The inhabitants carry on some trade with Europe, China, &c. But the town is principally distinguished as the early seat of the Baptist mission in India, and as the resi- dence of British subjects who take refuge here from their creditors, it is seated on the \V. bank of the Ilooglily. 12 m. N. of Calcutta. Srrdobol, a town of Russia, in the government of Wiburg, on the lake Ladoga, GOm. N. N. E. of Wiburg. Scred, or Szscrcd, a town of Hungary, on the river Waag, 30 m. E. N. E. of Presburg. Serfo, or ScrfaMe, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 8 m. long and 5 broad, and full of mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron and loadstone. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and have but one town, called St. Nicholo, which is a poor place. 50 m. N. W. of Naxaia. Long. 25. 10. E., lat. 37. 19. N. Scrgatr, a town of Russia, in the government of Niznci Novogorod, 48 m. S. E. of Niznei No- vogorod. Sergippe, a province on the coast of Brazil to the S. of Pernambuco. It produces sugar and tobacco in considerable quantities and has some silver mines. Scrgippe, a sea-port of Brazil, capital of the above province, seated at the mouth of the Ser- gippe, 120 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 37. 44. W, lat. 12. 10. S. Serignan, a town of France, department of Hc- rault, at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of Lions, 8 m. S. E. of Beziers. Scriruigur, 01 Optical, a province of Hindoostan, situated chiefly between 30. and 32. of N. lat. and between 77. and 79. of E. long. It is estimated at 140 m. in length by 60 in breadth ; aijd is Govern- ed by a rajah, under the protection of the British. Serinagur, the capital of the above province, is about three quarters of a mile long, the houses built of rough stone and mud, and covered with slate, but seldom more than two stories high. The streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some good shops. It is situate in a valley on the river Alcanauda, which is crossed by a bridge of ropes. On the opposite side of the river, at the village of Ranihut, is a temple sacred to Raja Ishwara, principally inhabited by dancing women, whose lives are devoted to prostitution as a religious service ! Serinatrur is 38 m. from Hardwar. Long. 79. 18. E, lat. 30. 11. N. SeringapaXam, a city of Hindoostan, the modern capital of Mysore, is situate in an island, 3 m. long, and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery, which is here a large and rapid river, with a wide and rocky channel. The streets are narrow and confused, and the generality of the houses mean. The ' ■ . ., . . . .1 ._^ J whii iiiuseu, anu iiie generality oi inc iiuub^th mcaii. lie city is strongly fortified; notwithstanding hich, lord Cornwallis, in 1792, here compelled SEIl 078 Slit Tippoo to sign a treaty, by which he ceedcii half of his dominions, and agreed to pay a vast sum of money to the English and their allies ', and, a new war taking place in 1799, the British troops car- ried tlie fort by an assault, in which Tippoo was killed. The city and the island have since boon retained by the English, towards the support of the late sultan's family. The palace is very large, and surrounded b}' a massy wall of stone and mud : it is now the residence of a surgeon. The seraglio of Hyder has been converted into an European hospital, that of Tippoo into a barrack fur artillery ; the private apartments of the latter are occupied by tne resident, and the public ones by European troops. Without the walls of the city are two gardens and palaces ; and near to one of them is the mausoleum of Hyder, where rests all that was mortal of this Mahometan dynasty, consisting of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo, who lie under tombs covered with rich cloths, at the expense of the British government ; and the es- tablishment of priests to offer up prayers, and of musicians to perform the nobut, is retained as formerly. In the space between the city and the two gardens is the suburb called Shahar Ganjam, wliicli is rapidly increasing on a regular plan. Serino-apatam is 10 m. N. of Mysore, and 290 W. by S.'Madras. Long. 7t;. .50. "E, lat. 12. 24. N. Serin^bam. an island in the S. of India, in the district of Trichinopoly, celebrated for its Hindoo temple, to which pilgrims from all parts of Ilin- doostan, resort for absolution ; and here, as in all great pagodas, the Brahmans live in a subordina- lion that knows no resistance, and slumber in voluptuousness that feels no want. At present the allowance made by the British government for the supjiort of the temple and its establish- ment, amounts to about JCO, 240 sterling. S'fitntr, a town of llindoostan, in Molwa, cele- brited fir its manufacture of painted cottons and chintzes. It is situate in the river Cavery, half a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly and 140 m. K. N. E. of Ougcin. Long. 78. 4. E., lat. 24. 5. N. Serpn, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a castle ; seated on a rugged eminence, near the r.uadiana, :t.S ni. S. by E. of Evora. Srrrarnile, a town of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice with a castle. It has cloth, woolen, and silk manufactures, and a trade in corn, wine and honey. Tlie cathedral contains some fine paintings, and the church of St. Au- gusta is a noble edifice. It is situate between two mountains, and at the source of the Maschio 22 m. N. of Treviso. Sfrrcs, a town of France, department of Upper Alp3,2:im. S. W.of Gap. Servan, St., a town of France, department of Ille-et-V'ilaine, with considerable manufactures of linen, sail-cloth, soap, and tobacco, and 0,000 in- habitants. It is seated at the mouth of the river Ranee, about a mile S. of St. Malo, from which it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at low water. Servia, a province of European Turkey, 190 m. • long and 95 broad; bounded N. by the Danube and Save, which separate it from Hungary, E. by Bulgaria, S. by Macedonia and Albania, and W. by Bosnia. The climate is less mild than might be excepted in 43. and 44. of N. lat., the winter being of considerable length, and spring not be- ginning till April. This is owing partly to the heightof the great ridge of the Argentaro or Glu- bntin Mountains, extending along its southern boundary ; partly to the number of forests, and the general neglect of cultivation in ita interior. The soil is in general fertile, but a small propor- tion of the country is as yet under tillage. The products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax, and tobacco ; also vines, and fruit of various kinds; and in the valleys and other warm spots Cotton is raised. Mines of iron have been discovered in several parts ; but they are almost entirely neg- lected. The only manufactures are of woolen, cotton, and hardware, for home consumption. Servia was formerly an independent kingdom, but yielded to the Turks in 130.'). In IWIl an insurrection took place against their authority, under the standard ofCzerni Georges, previously known as the head of a band of robbers, but now honored with the name of avenger of h;s country. In lt^l4 he judged proper to withdraw into Rus- sia ; and by a convention concluded between hia country and the Porte, in 1815, the Servians ac- knowledged the sovereignty of the sultan, but preserved the free exercise of their religion, as well as their civil rights. Belgrade is the capital. Sesslach, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- conia, IG m. N. of Bamberg. Sesto, a town of Austrian Italy , in the Milanese, seoted on the Ticino, where it issues from the lake Maggiore, 25 m. W. N. W. of Milan. Seslrc, Grand, or Great Paris, a town of Guin- ea, on the Grain Coast; near which is Petit Ses- tre. It is one of the largest and most commer- cial towns in the country. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 4. 50. N. Scstri di LerarUe, a town of the Sardinian slates, in the territory of Genoa, 30 m. £. S. E. of Ge- noa. Sc-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koei-tcheou. It is situate amonj; mountains, which yield cinnabar and quicksilver, O.-'O m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 25. E., lat. 27. 10. N. Sc-lchuen, a province of China, bounded on the N. by Chen-si, E. by Houquang, S. by Koei- tcheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered by the Kian-ku ; and is rich, not only on account of the great quantity of silk it produces, but also in iron, tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, Inpis lazuli, musk, rhubarb, .-,a maritime town in Kent, Eng. on llie point of the Isle of Sheppey, at tlie mouth of the Medway, 3 m. N. of Queenborough. .X fort v.-as built here by diaries 11., after the insult of the Dutch, who burnt the men of war at Chatham in I0t)7; and it has since been considerably aug- mented and strengthened. There are also an ord- nance office, a dock-yard, and a chapel. Shrffiitd, a tfiwn in \V. Yorkshire, Kng., situ- ate on an eminence surrounded by a beautiful val- ley, with a range of romantic hills in the perspec- tive. The houses are well built, and many of them elegant ; and few places can boast of more handsome or regular streets. This town has long been celebrated for its various hardware manufac- tures which consist particularly of cutlery ware, [dated goods, buttons, &c., immense quantities of which are now e.\i)orledto all parts of the habita- ble globe. In the town and neighbourhood are founderies n>r iron, brass, and white metal; and numerous works .-ire established on the banks of the rivers for the purpose of preparing the iron and steel for the manufactures. Here are also lead works, a considerable carpet manufacture and a cotton mill; and the neighbourhood abounds in eoal. Shi'ltifld is seated at the contlu.x nf the Sheaf with the Don, which is now rendered nav- igable up to the town. 53 m. S. S. W. of York and Ui3 N. i\. W. of London. Long. 1. 29. W., lat. 53. 20. N. Sheffield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2.392 ; p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. :W ni. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 720 ; p.v. Lorain Co. Ohio. 155 111. .N. E. Columbus. Pop. 215. Shrfford, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seated on the Ivel, !) m. S. E, of Bedford and 41 N. by W. of London. Shelhunic, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 312; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Champlain, 7 m. S. Burlington. Pop. 1,123; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. IllOm. N. W. Boston. Pop. 985. SheJbwiir, a town of Nova Scotia, at the head of a bay called Port Koseway. It extends two miles on the water side, and one mile backward, with wiile streets crossing each other at right angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, and se- cure. About a mile from Shelburne, and sepa- rated from it by a small river, is the Black Towiii peopled bv about 1 ,200 free blacks, who served ou the royal side during the AmeriAn war. Shel- burne'is 100 m. S. W. of Halifax. Long. G5. 0. W.. lat. 43. 46. N. Shelby, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 19,039. Shelby ville is the capital ; a county of W. Ten- nessee. Pop. 5,652. Memphis is the capital ; a county of .\labama. Pop. 5,521 . Shclbyville is the capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 3,671, Sidney is the capital ; a county of Indiana Pop 6,294 Shclbyville is the capital. Il SHE C7.-. sm SkMy, p.l. Genesee Co. S. Y. 2i6 in. \V. Al- bany. S'helbifvUle, p.v. Shelby Co. Ind. 2.5 m. S. E. Indianaoolis ; p.v. Shelby Co. Ken. 3!1 m. E. Lou- isville ; 'pv. Shelby Co. Alab. 93 ni. N. Caliawba ; p.l. Bedford Co. Ten. Sheila, a decayed town of Morocco, which none but Mahometans are allowed to enter. 4 in. E. of Salle. Shtllif, the largest river of Algiers, which takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the lake Titeri, then turns to the W.^ and enters the Mediterranean to the N. of Miistagain. In its course it receives the Midroc, Ilarbecno, Toddah or Silver River, the Archew, Mina, Warissa, and Fagia. Sheldon, p.t, Franklin Co. Vt. .■',■2 in. N. Dui- lington. Pop. 1,427; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,731. Shelter Island,:in island and township in Suffolk Co. N. Y. at the E. end of long Island. Pop. 330. SAe/,-<. S. Sheppey, an island in Kent. Eng. at the mouth ol the Thames, separated from the main- land by a branch of the Medway, called the E. Swale. It yields plenty of corn, and feeds nu- merous flocks of sheep. It contains the borough of Queenborough, and the fort of Sheerness. Shepton Mallet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of woolen cloth. The town is seated under the Mendip Hills, 17 in. S. yV. of Bath and 110 'VV. of London. Sherbom, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with manufactures of linen and silk. It was formerly a bishop's see, and the parish church, which was the cathedral, and in which are interred the Sax- on kings Ethelbald and Ethelbert, is a magnifi- cent pile of building. Formerly here were tv.'o ether churches, a castle, and an abbey, of which scarcely a vestige remains. 110 m. W. by. S. of London. Sherhro, a fort of Guinea, seated at the mouth of Sherbro River, which separates the country of Sierra Leone from the Grain Coast. It belongs to the English, and is 100 m. S. E. of the mouth of the river Sierra Leone. Long. 11.0. W., lat. 7. 0. N. Sherhurn, a small town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. sealed in a well cultivated and fertile district, famous for its fine orchards. 184 m. N. by VV. of London. Sherburne, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 21 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 900 ; p.t. Chenaiigo Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,.')74. a township of Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 4.52; p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C. Sherenzur, a town of European Turke)' in Kur- distan, the residence o*" a nasha. 160 m. N. bv E. ofB.igdad. S.'ieriff-muir, a heath of Scotlanc, in Perthshire near Dunihlane ; famous for a bloody, out indeci- sive battle in 171.5, between the royal army u- der the duke of .\rgy Ic, and the rebel forces under the duke of Mar. Sheruiun, a township of Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. !M7. SherstI, a town of Algier.', in the province of Mascara, formerly of great importance. It has said to have been anciently destroyed by an earthquake, wl^en the ar.senal and many other buildings were precipitated into the harbour, the ruins being still visibl • at low water. It is built after the Moorish manner ; and is famous for its pottrrv, and sletl and iron manufactures. 60 in. VVl bv. S. of .\lgier-s. I,ong. 2. 43. E., lat. 32. 42. .S-. - Shrghii/uin, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. Shetland, the several names of about 40 islands besides a number of small holms or rocky islets used only for pasturage, lying 100 m. N. N'. E. of Caithness-shire, in Scotland, between fjll. oO. and 01. II. N. lat. The names of the principal are Mainland, Yell, I'nst, Bressay, and Fula. The description given of the largest, or Muinlaml will give an idea of the others ; and the particu- lars of the climate, inhabitants, &c., are much the same as in the Orhneijs. Shetland unites with Orkney in forming one of the counties of Scotland. Sltnnnmiaa, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 2-5 m. N. W. of Bra.Tgalore. Shihani, a city of Arabia, capital of the prov- ince of Hadrainaut, and the residence of a pow- erful sheik. 300 m. E. of Sana. Long. 4'J. 40. E., lat. 15. 25. N. Shields, Xorth, a sea-port of Northumberland, Eng. with considerable trade in coal and salt. The town extends to Tynemouth on the E.. and many elegant detached mansions are erected in the neighbourhood. It has wide and airy streets in every direction, well paved, and lighted with gas. This town, together with S. Shields, may be deemed the port of Newcastle ; for the larg- est vessels are stationed here to take in their la- ding, v.'hicli is brought down in barges and light- ers. It is seated on the N. bank of the Tyne, near its mouth. G m. E. by N. of Newcastle'aiid 270 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 4. W., lat. Shirhh',So?ith, n. town in the county of Durham, sealed on the river Tyne, opposite N. Shields, with which place it enjoys all the advantages of trade and commerce in cuinmon with Newcastle, It consists principally of one^ narrow street, two m. in leng'th, with an open square in the middle. Many trading vessels are built here, and it has several sBlt-works and g^lass-works. 22 m. N. N. W. of Durham and 2S\ i\. by W. of I.ondon. S/iirlilsf'Orougli, p.v. Hancock Co. Mississippi. Shiioah. p.v. Camden Co. N. C. Sh/fiinll, a town in -Shropshire. Eng. It has a handsome cliurch, two meeting-houses, a gram- mar school, a national school, and a subscription library. 130 N. W. of London. Shin. Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the S. part of Sutherlandshire, l.j m. long and 2 broad. At it.s S. E. extremity issues the rapid river Shin, whicli flows into the head of the frith of Dornoch. ShinrUown, p.v. Harrison Co. Va. Ship Island, an island in the (3ulf of Mexico on llie roast, of Mississppi opposite Biloxi Bay, SHR nrr. SIA Skippeni>f>ur'3. 40. E., lat. -29. 37. !^. ShirUij, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. aS m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 991. SltirruTiy a province of P(?rsia, forming the lar- gest and most important division of the southern Caucasus, bounded N. and K. by Georgia and Daghestan, and S. by the Kur, which separates it from Ghilan and Aderbijan. The soil in gen- eral is fertile, producing corn, saffron, cotton, &c. Schamachi and Baku are the chief towns. ShoalSf Isles of. See Isles of Shoals. Shoglc, a town of Syria, with an excellent cara- Tonsera, seated on the Asi, 18 m. S. by E. of An- tioch and 45 S. W. of Aleppo. Shoomska, one of the Kurile islands, three leagues S. of Cape Lopatka, in Kanilschatka. Its inhabitants consist of a mixture of natives and Kamtschadales. Shooter's Hill, a village in Kent, Eng. situate on a hill so called, which affords a very extensive and delightful prospect. On the W. part of the hill is a triangular tower, erected to commemorate the reduction, in 1756. of Severndroog, a strong fort in Hindoostan : it is called St-verndroog Castle, and contains some of the arms, ornaments, *.^:c., taken from the enemy. 8 m. E. S. E. of London. Shoreham, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is commonly called New Shoreham, to distinguish it from the Old, whicii lies near it, and is now of little account. It stands on an arm of the sea, into which vessels can enter with the tide; and many small vessels are built here. 10 m. W. N. W. of Ncwhavcn ajid 5fJ S. by \V. of Lon- don. Shorr.kam, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 2,317. Short Crc€f{, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,185. ShrcicsbuTtj, a borough and the capital of Shrop- phire, Eng. It is seated on a peninsula formed by the Severn, over which are two bridges; and is surrounded by a wall, in which are three gates. Here were formerly a castle and abbey, both now in ruins. Shrewsbury is the chief mart for a coarse kind of woolen cloth, made in Montgom- eryshire, called Welsh Webs ; and for all sorts of Welsh commodities, which are generally bought in a rourh state at Welsiipool. and finish- ed here. 154 N. W. of London. Shrnrsbunj. p.t. Rutland Co. V(. 10. S. E. Hut- land. Pop. 1,2H9; p,t. Worcester Co. Mass. t>. m. N. E. w'orcesler. Pop. 1,380; p.t. Monmouth Co. N. J. 47 m. N. E. Trenton ; p.t. York Co. Pa, a township of Lycoming Co. Pa ; p. v. Keniuiwa Co Va. 'M'j m. N". ^V. Richmond, Shropsliirr. a county of Engl.ind. 4-i m. long and forty broad ; lnumded N, by Cheshire and a det.achi (I part of Kliiitshire, E. by StatV'Tdshire.S. E. by Worcestershire. S. by Herefordshire, S. W. by K.idnnrshire, and W. by the countries of Mont- gomery and Dctibigh. It contains Hr,0,ri(lO acres, is divid'-d into 15 hundreds and 23() parishes, haa 17 marki't towns, and sends Ii2 members to pnrli.i, ment. The nuEnber of inhabitants in ItSI was ynC). !.'>:*.. The s"il is generiilly fruitful, especially in t!ie A', and E. parts, which produce plenty of wheat and barley; the S. and W., being mr>un- tainous, are les.n fertile, but yield sufficient pns- lure for sheep and cattle. This county abounds with lead, copper, iron, limestone, free-stone, pipe-clay, bitumen, and cnal ; it has also some salt-springs, numerous irtm-works, and manufac- tures of porcelain and flannel. The principal rivers are the Severn and the Teme The capi- tal is Siirewsbury. Shumfa, a strong town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria. It commands the pass over the m. W., Iat. 3. 30. S. Siaskoi, a town of Russia, in the government of Petersburg, near the lake liadoga, ^ m. iN. K. of New Ladoga. Long. 30. 47. E., Iat. CO. Iti. N. Siberia, a large countrj', comprehending the northern part of the Russian empire in Asia. It is bounded on the K. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by Great Tarlary, W. by European Russia, and N. by the Frozen Ocean. It extends 3,500 ni. in length from E. to W. and 1,200 in breadth from iV. to S. The S. part, produces all the necessa- ries of life, hut the N. is e.xtreinely ooUl, almost furnishing one of the most valuable furs in the world. Tliere are also rlcli mines of iron and copper, and several kinds of precious stones, par- ticularly topazes of a beautiful lustre, magnets Qi' an e.xtraordinary size, and even whole mountains of loadstone. The inhabitants are of three serts Pagans, or the natives of the countrj-, Mahome- tans, ami Russians. The former dwell in forests in the winter, and in the summer on the banks, of rivers. Their garments are the skins of wild beasts. All their riches are comprised in their bows, arrows, a kni.'e, and a kcttie. They make use of reindeer and dogs, instead of horses, to draw their sledges ; and live in huts, which they remove from place to place. Those in the south- ern parts are somewhat more civilized. They have horses with which they go a hunting, and their houses, though poor, are nofshifted from place to place. The Russians settled here are much the same as in their native country. It is through this vast tract of land that the Russian caravans travel every year, when they carry their merchandize to China. The principal rivers are the Oby, Lena, Irtish, Yenisei, and Okota. The western part of Siberia is comprised in the Rus- sian government of Tobolsk, and is divided into the circles of Tobolsk Proper, Tomsk, Yenicevsk, and Koly van ; all the eastern part is contained in the government of Irkutsk, and divided into the circles of Irkutsk Proper, Xertschink, Vakoutsk, and Okhotsk, which last includes Kamtschatka and the islands. Siberia i-j the place to which criminals, as well as persons under the displeasure of the court, are commonly banished I>oni Russia. Christianity has at present made little progress in this country, though considerable efibrts have of late years been made by the Russian govern- ment as well as by the British Missionary Socie- ties. Tobolsk is the capital and the residence of the viceroy. Sical, a town of Mexico, on the N. coast of Yu catan, 70 m N. W. of Merida. Long. !)0. 30. W., Iat. 3e only nianutneturin;^ ostaMisIi- menls of extent arc ralermo, Messina, and Cata- nia ; they consist of silk, coltnn, and linen, and some woolens, llioufrli ih,. wool of llio island is of indifferent quality : to which we may add a fvw articles, such as hats, cutlery, harness, earriajres, and household furniture, made at the principal towns. The commerce of Sicily is comparatively trifling, thougli from the variety of its products, the excellence of sevi-ral of its harbours, and the general safety of its coast for navigation, it niifjht, under an enlightened (government, beconie very extensive. In the darkness of their coniplexion, and the indolence of tlicir habits, the Sicilians resemble the Italians and Spaniards; and educa- tion is in a very backward state, but the now plan of teaching (oi Bell and Lancaster) is beginning to be employed with some success. The religion is the Catholic ; and the number of ecclesiastics is said to amount to TO.OOU. exclusive of the monks and nuns. The assembly lunir dignified with the name of parliament was, until 1810, merely a feu^Ial institution, possessing hardly any marks of the elective franchise. Sicily was siifcessively occupied by the Pheni- cians, the Carthaginians, and Romans- In the 8th and Olh centuries it was conquered by the Sa- racens, who retained possession of the island about 'JDO years. Tliey gave way to the Nor- mans who, attracted to Sicily on their progress to the crusades, made the conquest of the island in the 11th century. It passed successively into the possession of France, (Jermany, and Spain. By the peace of Utrecht, in I7i:!, it was given to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king; but in 1720 the Austrians prevailed on the new possessor of Sicily to exchaiiire it lor Sardinia, and added" the former to the kingtlom of Naples. The war carried on by France and Spain agaiu'st Austria, in 17IM, transfered otlier crowns of Naples to a branch of the royal family of Spain, in whose hands it remained until the progress of the French revolutionists, in 1700, led to the expulsion of the royal family from Naples. They took refuge in Sicily, where they remained till 18)5, when the overthrow of Murat, by the Aus- trians, led to the restoration of the former family to the throne of Naples, which they continue to possess. In 1820 the Sicilians made an attempt to establish a free government, but the country was invaded by the .\ustrians, and the king re- established in all his former absolute authority. Palermo is the capital. Sic/o:f, a town of Hungary, with a castle on a mountain, in w hich the emperor Sigismund was imprisoned. 12 m. S. of Funfkirchen. .SiV/nj/f, a strong town on the N. coast of the is- land of Java with a harbour. Long. 113.15. E. lat. 0. 40. S. SiddonshuTg p.v. York Co. Pa. 32. m. from Ilar- risburg. Sidaing Hills, a range of eminences in Bedford Co. Pa. extending from N. \V. to S. E. SidcTorapso, a town of Macedonia, famous for a gold mine in its neighbourhood. .'> in. from the gulf of Contcssa, and 40. F,. S. E. of Salonichi. Sidmoulh, a town in Devonshire. Eng. It is much frequented in the bathing season, and was formerly a sea-port, but itsharbour is now choked up. It is seated on the English Channel, 158 W. by S. of London. .t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken- neliec, H ni above .Augusta. Pop. 2,191 ; p.t. Del- aware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,410 ; p.t. Shelby Co. Ohio, 80 ni. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 248. Sidra, a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, on llie coast of Tripoli, anciently called Syrtis. Sirdfjibergj a town of Hanover, in the county of Hoya,0 III. S. \V. of Hoya. •iiegberg, a town of Prussian AV'estphalia, in the duchy of Berg, on the river Seig. 15 in. S. E of Cologne. Siegcu, a town and castle of Prussian Weslpna- lia, fornierl}' tlie capital (tf a principality belong- ing to the house oi^ Nassau. In the neighbimr- liood are iron mines, forgi's and founderies It is seated on the Sieg, 24 in. N. VV. of Welzlar. Long. 8. 12. E., lat. .".0. 47. N. Sinrna, or Sinwesr, a province of the grand duchy of Tuscany, bounded by the Florentine and the territory of Visa. The soil is pretty fertile, especially in mulberry trees, which feed a great ^ number of silk worms, and there are several min- eral springs. It is (12 in. long'and nearly the same broad, and has an area of 3,000 square m. with 100,000 inhabitants. Sifnim,n city of Tuscany, capital of the forego- ing province, and an archbishop's see, with a university and a citadel. It is surrounded by a wall, above 4 in. in circumference. The (lothic metropolitan church is built with black and white marble, and the pavement is of .Mosaic work. Sienna is not very jiopulous ; but is adorned with a great number of palaces, fountains, and superb churches. The great area is round, and the houses about it are of the same height, supported by piazzas, under which people may walk in all weathers. The Italian language is spoken in Si- enna in its greatest purity. It is seated on three cminenees,26 m. S. of Florence and 120 N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. II. E., lat. 43. 24. N. Sierh, a town of France, department of Moselle, near the river Moselle, 10 m .\. N. E. of Thion- ville. Sierra Leone, a country of Africa, in tlie W. part of Guinea, so named from being mountainous, and the mountains abounding in lions. It is situated on the Atlantic, and is distingnished for the colo- ny formed there by the British nation, from mo- tives of generosity and pliilanthropy. This coun- try is traversed by a considerable river, derivid from an unknonn source in the interior, called the Mitomba or Slerta Leone. Its limits are from the Grain coast on the S. E., to Cape Verga on the N. VV. ; lli.af is. between 7. and 10. N. lat. In the open and plain districts, on the banks of the river, the heal of the sun, before any breeze arises, is al- most in tolerable; but a refreshing gale constantly sprini's up about noon, which renders the country supportable. The wet season, from May to Oc- tober, is ushered in and terminated by stormy weather. The whole tract, on each side the river, is rich in rice and millet, which is the chief sus- tenance of the inhabitants ; and, upon the whole, it is one of the best countries on the coast. The natives are in general of mild external manners, and noted for their hospitality; but they possess a great share of pride, and are easily affected by an insult. Of all the tribes, those who have em- braced Mahomedism are the most civilized and respectable ; and those on the coast, from their intercourse with the European slave-factors, are much inferior in eve-y thing, except the art of SIL c-n SI). making a bargain, lo those wlio reside lii^jlier up the country. In 1701 an act of parliament was obtained, incorporating a conpany, called the Sierra Leone Connpanv, for the purpose of culti- vating \V. India and oilier tropical productions on the banks of the river. The first settlers amounted to 200 white persons, besides a number of free blacks from Nova Scotia. In 1703 the colonists were all put into possession of small lots of land, and a new town, on a regular and extended scale, was begun to be built. The ne.\t year a French squadron destroyed the settlement, and captured several of the company's ships ; from this disaster tliey recovered ; and a factory was established in the Rio Pongos, in 1705. The colony, how- ever, still continued to languish, and, in 18U8, it was transferred from the company to his majesty. It was soon after placed under the management of the African Institution, and, notwithstanding all its disadvantages, the colony has been rapidly advancing in prosperity, and the population is continually augmenting by the capture opnegroes, on their way to the W. Indies, by vessels em- ployed to put a stop to the slave trade. The num- ber landed in 1824 was 1 ,530, in 1825, 2,337, in 1S2G 2.727, and in 1827, 2,8ij7. The whole population of the liberated Africans in the villages in 1828 (exclusive of 2,562 persons resident in Freetown, or employed at the timber factories) was 15,004. Independently of Freetown but including the Isles de Los and Freetown, the number of settlements now amounts to 14, of which Regent and Welling- ton are the richest and most populous. The in- habitants are bv no means wanting in industry. TLe markets of Freetown are supplied with fruits and vegetables, almost exclusively by the moun- tain villages, and from 80 to 100 persons are to be seen daily on the hill leading to Gloucester Town with the produce of their own farms and gardens. The Church and Wesleyan Missionary Societies are aiding by their efforts in promoting the happiness and prosperity of the colonv; educa- tion is rapidly extending, and numbers of iecrradcd negroes are rising into .respectability and even wealth. Freetown is the capital. Siena Murena, mountains of Spain, diving An- dalusia from Estremadura and New Castile^ ren- dered famous by the wars of the Christians and Mahometans, and for being the scene where Cer- vantes has placed the most entertaining adven- tures of his hero. SigUmessa. See Sugubnessa. Slgmariiiffen,a. town of fJermany, with a easlle, which gives name to a branch of the house of Ho- henzollern. It is seated on the Danube, 18 m. E. S.K. of Hohenzollern. Si'rnnit, a town of Swilxerlanil, in the canton of Bern, Id m. S. E. of Bern. Sipluim. a town of Sweden, in Upland, 10 m. N. of Stockholm, SiV«en:a,a town of Spain, in Ouadalaxara,and a bishop's see, with a castle, in which is an ar- senal. It had formerly a university, consisting of several colleges. The most considerable slrucUire is the cathedral. It is seated on a hill, at the foot of Mount Atienca, 65 in. N. E. of Madrid. Lon th«= Jled- ilerranean, between the island of Rhode, and e continent, in a bay of its name. U has town, canlaining about 2>0 houses, bn.lt '-" thesu-n- milof ahi,.h rocky "nounUm, U .... N. W. of Khudes. L mg. 27. 23. E., lat. 3u. .!■>. N. Tnunen, a town of I'russia, in the province of I ower Rhine ; seated on a river of the same namn, ''^;:;.t:L^Jt';- Coshocton Co. Ohio. loom. '•'.Lf.t.'f t^w,. of llindoostan, in Mysore, district'of Bednore, with a manulacture of coarse eotlon cloth Tippo Sultan was defeated near this place bv the'^Mahrattas, aided by a detach- ment of Brit^h, in 171)0. It is seaad on the Tun- tra 34 E. by N. of Nagara. rv, with a strong castle, taken from the Turks in Ui^fi It is seated on the barvita, .Ujn. h. to. n . of B.ida. Long. IS. r.2. E., lat. 4... 4... N. Shnphn, a nTountain of the Alps between Sw.t- .or3 and Italy, through which .^ -^^^ «:¥.^:;', bv Napoleon. This stupendous and ."=ig "f "■"' '•orks'is 3G m. in length, and ^^^ ^""^^^ ^"^ ISO.'S- it consists in many places ol galleries or unnds cut though the solid rock of the inoun- ain There are 22 bridges thrown over rivers ^ndtorrents. The ascent of the road is so easy U?.?t cirriaffes may pass its whole extent without ticking "He v^e'ls' The highest part of the road is about 0,000 feet. .or iiw Simpson, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 0,099. Franklin is the capiUl. SimpsonvUlc, p.v. Shelby Co. Ken., p.v. Montgomery Co. Maryl. , „ Slmsbury, v^- Hartford Co. Conn. 14 •».>. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,221. Sim^onriWf, pv. Laurens Uis. b.<. . Sinai, a mountain of Arabia I'etrca, ,,i penin- sula formed bv the two arms of llie Red bea. The Mahometans h.Jd it in areat veneration and here the Greek Christians have a monastery, surrounded by a high wall, and tl,o...e who go n and out are drawn up and Wt down in baskets. Lone. 34.15. E. lat. 29. 2. N. Sbuapour, a,i island at the southern extremity of the peninsula of Malaya, from which it is sepa- raU'd bv a narrow channel, and to the S. it gives name to the narrow sea, called the strait of Sin- capour It has a town of the same name. Long. 103 l.VE. lat.l.lO.N. S;«rf<:. arivcrof Asia. See /n• 1 "S""- N- by ll.« l"r.. tories of the king of Kandahar, N. E. by those of the Seiks, E. by a sandy desert, and S. L. by C;ntch. It extends along the course of the Iji- du9, from its mouth to the frontiers of Moultan, 300 m.; and its breadth, in the widest part, i. 160. In soil, and climate, and the oeneral ap- pearance of the surface, it resembles EgyP'-th* country being an extended valley, confined on one side by a ridge of mountains, and on the other bv a desert; and the Indus, equal at east to the Nile, winding through the midst of this level valley, and enriching it by its annual inun- dations. During great part of the S. W. mon- soon, or at least in July, August, and part of September (the rainy season i« most other par s of India) the atmosphere is here generally cloud- ed ; but no rain falls, except near the sea. Ow- iiiJto this, and the neighbourhood of he sandy deleru on the E. and on the N. W, the heats are so violent, and the winds from those quarters so perniGious, Uiat the houses are oontriyed so as o be occasionally ventilated by apertures on the top,resembling the funnels of small chimneys. When the hot winds prevail, the windows are closely shut, excluding the hottest current of air, and a cooler part descends into the house through I he funnels By this means are also excluded vlstcSs of dus^t, the entrance of which won d alone be sufficient to render the houses .'"."''^h- it.ible The roofs are composed of Uiick layirs of earth instead of terraces. Few countries are more unwholesome to European constitutions particularly the lower P'^'*''' '<^V*'^ h i^n Jlf Hindoos, who were the original inhabitants of Sindy, have been treated with great rigor by the Mahometan governors, and vast numbers have ill consequence retired into other countries. The inland parts of Sindy produce saltpetre, sal- an moniac, borax, be.oar, lapis-lazuli, and raw sk Here are manufactures of cotton and silk of various kinds; and also of fine cabinets, inlaid with ivory, and finely lacquered. .Grea q"anli. ties of butler are exported, which is clarified and wrapt up in duppas, made of the hides of ca t e. Here are large beeves, fine sheep, and small har- dy horses. The wild game are deer, hares, an- telopes, and foxes, which are hunted with dogs ^ oTeopards, and a small fierce creature called also leoparub, .mw a. qu.—- --- — j i .. asiahgosh. This province is now governed by three Shiefs, called ameers, tributary to the sul- tan of Kandahar. The Bombay government sent an embassy to Uie chiefs in 1608 ; and the L. In- d a Compa^iy have now a -live agent, or charg d ntlaires, residing at the fort of Hydrabad. ,? „;;,a town ff Portugaj in M^'nte^o on a cape to which it gives name, 71 m. S. Vf. of Evora. '^'St^«\^.^oftla.Dalmatial^U bvtlie Turks in opposition to Clissa and taken hi tjK- Venetians in lC6ti. 8 m. N. of Chssa, and '•'l^r,l''L"cily of China, in the province of Che -sf and one the largest and most beautiful nth" empire The walls are 12 m. in circuit, nearly a square, and surrounded by a deep ditch ; they are well fortified with <"«'".» ='"^/»'"'^°[ the .rates are very lofty and magnificent. It has a great Uade, esp'eciali; in ■"" -^ -h'ch are red up in great numbers and sent lo 1 ekiii. Here i» astron-T garrison of Tartars in a separate quarter ^f the clt^, from winch it is parted by a strong wall 540 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108, 4. L., lat 35. 16. N. SIO 031 SIS of SmS ' il^aU. on th. Volga, -J. .... S. of S..,.- .e.Ued at'lhe ...ooO. of a sm.l ..vor ..^.l.eb..> o. Pata.ii Long. 101. -ij. 1-, lal- '' ■'"■, ^V ,, ^l^SV^ p.v. \V«.stcl.e.st<.r Co. N. Y. o.. tl.r Hudson : 3 ,,' above New York. Il-re .s tl.o ...nv S;«,>«"-/m, a »tf"»!! ^eaporl ..f luly, . i 11." duchy ofUrbmo, will, a casllc a.. K ,lat. ■«. i:!. N. , t Si-nin<'. acitv of China, of tl.e second rank, ,n the western extreiiiily oftl.e province ot CI.e.i-si. has a co..s.derable trade will, ll»3 T.betians, .arttcularly in lea. ^oD .... W^N. W. of b.n.fja... Lon.r. 101.3--.. E , rat. :!ii. 1.. >■ SuJcins firing, p.v. Ih.hb.ml Co. O'".''- , AhoA, or *«»/«, a sea-port ol .Vs.al.c I "rU), in Natolia, surrounded by walls a..d double ran.- parls ; but the castle is „....l. ..eglected. U.oge- ncsthe cynic philosopher was boru ''"'^ ' 'j; scaled on the isO.n.us of a peniiisula ... U.e 1 lack Sea. 280 in. E. of Constaiiti..opie. Long. .i.(. .)•>. P If J 1 'l' N !S,V.UT, 'liuHnns, Vl.e ..i"sl powerful tribe in N. America' Tliev consist of seven independent hands, each under its own chief; but they are united in a confederacy for the prote.-tion ol their territories, and send deputies to a general council of chiefs and warriors, whenever the concerns ol the nation require it. They inhabil with tr.fl.n- exceptions all tl.e country betwee.i the M.ssissip. andAIissouri rivers, south of N. lat. 40 Their -ountry includes also larjre tracts south of the .Mis- souri and east of the Mississippi. They are brave, spirited, and generous, with pr..ud notions ol their oricrin as a tribe, and their superiority as hun- ters and warriore, and with a predonimaiit nassioi. for war. Their number is staled by I ihe at -1 , 675, of whom '^fiW were warriors. Hinlzhdm, a town of Baden, seaU-d in a mo- rass, 12 m. S. S. K. of lliedelberg. „ ., f Sion, a mountain of Palestine, on the S. side of Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred history. Sion, or SitUn, a town of Sw.t7.erla.id, capital of Valais. and an episcopal sl-o. It is situ.Ue on the river Sitten, near the Rhone, at the loot of three insulated rocks, which rise iinniedialely irom the plain. On the highest, called Tourbil on, is the old deserted episcopal palace ; on the sec- ond, denominated Valeria, are the remains ol the cathedral, and a few houses belonging to the can- ons ; on Majoria, the third rock, stands the pres- ent episcopal palace. Sion was formerly the cap- ital of the Seduni, and some Roman mscriptioiis BtiU remain. 50 in. K. of Geneva. Long. 7. ■,.. E., lat. 40 9. N. Sioul or Os/of, a town of Lgynt, which has seve eral mosques, and is the see of a Coptic bishop. It is surrounded by fine g.Trdens, and palm-treeB thilbear the best dates in Egypt. Here are the ruins of an amphitheatre and some sepulchres ol the Ronians. This place is the rendezvous of those who go in the caravan to Sennaar, in Nubia. It sUnds on an artificial mount, 2 ni. from the Nile, and one 85 S. of Cairo. Long. 3L 24 E, lat. 27. ao N 8C .s.i;/,,iH(,i.lhe ancient Sipliiios, one the best <;ul- tivaU-d islands of the (ire.uan Archipelajjo, situ- ate \V. of I'ar.JS. It \t '.i.l m. in iircumterence, and Ihoii'h covered with iiiarlile and granite, produces con. eullicieiit lor its inhabilanls ; also olives, vines, figs, collmi, and excellent silk, but not ill any coiisiderahle quantity. The chief ar- ticles of comiiiiTce are calics, straw hats, fiTO, onions, honey. wa.v, oil, and capers. Long. 'i). ''^ir (hiirlrs ilmily's IsliniJ, an island in the I'a- ,illc OceiHi, discovered by Captain Carteret in 17(i7 It is low, level, and covered witU wood. Long. 154. 20. E, lat. 4 41. S. Sir Charles Stmndu/s hlnnd, an island in the S. Pacific, about m in extent froni^ L. to W., discovered l.v captain Wallis in 1/0-. The na- tives then appeared to live in a wretched manner, hut the introduction of Christianity has since- produced the ...ost surprising in.provemenU. See Sarin,, hUs. Lon^' 151. 4. Wlat. 1/. 28 S. .S-,™.//«. a town of Prussian Poland, with .a stroll^ castle. It ia surrounded bv a wall, and seaU'Sina plain, on the river Walla, 02 m. ^. E of Breslali. and 105 N. VV. of Cracow. Long. Irt. 55. E.lat. 51. :?2. N. . Suuf. a town of Persia, i.. the Pfov.nce of La- rislanisiluale .,11 the Persian gull, 30 m. fc>. W. ofLar. Long. 4.t. 2;i. E., lat. :i.>. 20. N. .S(;«;v/n,atown of Persia, in Kusistan, 4^ m N. N. E. ofSusU-r. . „, r r SUr, a town of Abvssii.ia, in Tigre, f^-nous for a inanufacliire of coarse cotton cloths. 40 m. W. of Axuin and 100 W. N. W. of Auzen Sirhiml, a cily of II indoostan, capital of a coun- trv of the same name, in the province of Dehli. Procopius takes notice that in tl.e time of J"?^^"- ian (the si.Mli century) silk v^a_s brought from .•>ei»«;«, a country in India. I/oin. I\. \> • ot Uehli. Long. 75. 35. E., lal. 30. lo. N. .Vir/««,a J:.a.port of Pegu, requenled by the French, English, and Dutch. It is seated on Pe- .ru River, 30 111 iVom its mouth, and bO b. ol Pe- rn,. Long. ;>(.. 12. E , lat. 10- 32. N. " Suius, Sn island in the S. Pachc, about 18 m. in circuit, discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790. Lon». 102. 30. E., lat. 10. o2 S- . sFrmUh, or Sirmium, a town of bclavon.a, and a bishops see; seateil on the Boswotth liear Uje Save, 42 m. S. E. of Essek. Long. 20. 19. fc., lat. 45. 13. N. . J- , • . ,r Struwy, a town of Iliiuloostan, in a district of the saufe name, in Agiiuere ; sealed near the Puddar, 70 in. S. W. of Agimere. Long. /4. J7. ^' hia-y!'^ town' iu,d fort of ni..'ioosU,ii , in My- sore, 14 in. N. of Sera and 37 S. L. of Chittel- "^'V^r, or .S,/»,«, a river of Independent Tartary (the ancient JaxarU's), which issues from the nouutains of liiiaus, or Belur on the confines of Cashgur, and, t.aking a N. W course of about .5.50 in. enters the N. E. part of the lake Aral. It formerlv flowed to the Caspian Sea, but the Tar- tars, to' free themselves from pirates, turned it» ""I's^'zan, a sea-port on the E. coast of Luconia, one of the Philippine islands. It is situate almost opposite Manilla and in the vicinity of very high mountains, which render the air extremely moist. Long. 123. 45. E., lat. 14. 20. N. .„„ „, S&sac, a town of Switzerland, ,n the canton ot Basel, 17 m. S. E. of Basel. i ustriau Sissck, or Siszeg, a strong town of the Austr,au riu: Ci-l SLA .tales" in Cmalb, ailuuU' ..u Hie ««ve, at tlic m- flnx of Ihc Kulpa, -10 .". K- "f CarUtadt. Long. 10. nCi. K., lat. 4'5. :!;» N. AV«o/,"/<, a town of Ron.anm, an. an archlM»h- op-H see; sedated on a p.-ninsula of tl.. ^'-k ^^»- ■£ m. S. of Mesembria Long. tl-i. 'J. L., lat. 4- ■^"s)l'(erf Er^-um and 2K) in E N. E. of Cogni l-onff. JS. JO- K.. lat. M 55. N Long. 3S "^-^'ray, or Ci.ray, a town of France, .lepartment of Viennc, seated on the Charenle, 2> in. b. ol Scl a town of Belgium, in 1 ainault, with 2 MO inhabitants, 18 in. §. W. of C larleroi. Si.ca!., a territory of Africa, on the confines oi E,';pt ami Barca, mentioned by the ancMils un- de7 the name of the Oasis of Animon. The Icr- tUe part is about 20 m. in ..ircumference contain- in«?<": <;*■ ravan route, 2-20 m E. of Augi a an ^^ \\ . by S. of Cairo. Long. 27. 10. E , l^'l/V fi t.^ ^ SUra, a town of Sweden, m W. Got .land a bishop's see. and formerly the capital ol the king- dom of Gothland. It was totally destroyed by lire in 1710 The ruins of several churches ami con- vents are still to be seen, and it has a college, a botanical narden, a medical school, and a large ca^ Ihcdral. It is seated on the Lida on a m"^'^''. ' ' m. N. E of Gotheburg. Long. M. 0. h., lat. of*. ^'^Skcen, a town of Norway, in the government of Aireerh .vs. noted for its mines of i.m- and copper , feafed nelr a lake, 20 m. S. W. of Rongsburp ilnnmUhs. a lake of Ncwyork in OnonJiga, (^avu.'a and Cortland Cob. It is 15 in. hmg :.»d 1 L*' wi.lL It discharges its waters into I^Ontario. .sZr;«^c;..-. p.v. Onondara Co. N. Y. on tlio above lake, ir.2 ni. W .Mbany Skidda,., a niouiitain in Cumberland, K- ?■ ;" Keswick, above :i,000 feet in perpend.cular leig lit from the surface of the ^.k-' Uerwenwate to the N of which it IS situate. It is not dillicull of ac- cess, and isalmost covered with grass which grad- ually grows coarser in ll.e ascent. 1 he whole top is covered with a loose brown slaty stone. akilskuerii town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, situate on a bay of the Great Belt ..~nj. S \V. of Copenhagen. Long. 11. 27 b., lat. j.>. 10. N. „ „ Skinpack, p.t. Montmnnery Co. 1 a. Sk'pton, a town in ^V. Yorkshire, Eng. The river Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass throucrh the town, and near it are some cotton work.?. It is seated in the midst ofa rough moun- tainous district, called Craven, well adabted to Me grazing and feeding of cattle. 211 m. W. A. w. of London. - ., i „„, akyc. an islsnd of Scotland, one of the largest of the Hebrides, being 54 m. long and from .1 to 30 broad. The S. E. end is separated from Inver- ness-shire (to which it belongs) by a channel call- cd the Inner Sound; in the narrowest part ol which, named the Kyle, cattle are made to /«;"> across. This side of the island swells gradually from the shore, in a verdant slope, over which are seen the naked hills of Strath ; and above these rises the rugged lop of Cullin or Cuchu llin. To- wards the S. W. are rude mountains, black and red as if discolored by fire; and on the E. a long e.\tinl of lofty hills. There is, notwithstanding, a great portion of level ground, with excellent pas- turage ; and it has numbers of deer and diflerent kinds of game. It abounds with limestone, mar- ble &c., but the basaltic columns, resembling the Giantss' Causeway in Ireland, are its greatest cu- riosity. A cave in this island afforded an asylum, in n'll'i, to the disappointed Pretender and his faithful .ruide, for two nights. Many thousands of beeves and sheep are annually exported hence. Some small horses are bred, and a great quanily of kelp is manufactured here. Portree is the princi- pal town. The S. extremity is a peninsula, ter- minating in a rugged promontory called the Point of Slater Long. ti. 12. W., lat. 57. 13. N Stwrclsc, a town of Denmark, m the island ol Ze.alalid, 45. m. W. S. VV. of Copenhagen. .Slairurii, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Wipper, 10 m. E. by S. of Rugenwald. Sl.illliiruile a village in VV. Yorkskire, Eng. on the Huddeislicld canal, with mannfactures of tl various Manchester goods. 5 ni. S. W. of llu.l SliitfnriUe, p.v. Provitlence Co. R. I. 12 m. N. \V. Providence. Here me large manufactures of cotton. /-, XT V .'ilate.nUk, p.v. Tompkins Co. IN. X. Slulimi. a town of European Turkey, in VVal- achia, on the river Alaut, 50 m. W. of Bucharest. aliiKC coast, a name given to a maritime tract ol Guinea, between the Gold coast and Benin, com- prehending the kingdoms of Ardra, Popo, and Whidah. " ,„..„-„ .S'ii« lake, a lake of N. America, 2d0, m. In leii'Tth from E. to W., and GO to 100 in width. 11 is full of wooded islands, and its outlet at the W extremity, in long. 110. 30. W., lat. CI. 30. N., flows N "W. into the .\rctic Ocean. SLl) cea Sluaord,.\eWfl town ,.. 1^'"=° ■' u' i." 1" fll.r a market on Monday. It is a well bu.lt ancT Bour- ia^no- town and contains a handaonie Gotl^ o churc'h, U3.n N. of London. Tl.c han.letofOld ^'^sf ''A'''t°d'ud.y''of tt'Danisl. do,niniona, bourdN'.byffld:S.by lloUtein,and K. and W by the sea. It is about 72 m. long and from 30 to 50 broad. Having no mountains, and lew elevations entitled to the name of hilU, most parU. of it are fit for tillage. The products are wheat, barley, oats, rye, Tiemp, flax, etc. It has good pasture, on which are bred horses and horned cat- tle Woolen and linen are the chief inanulac- tures, which are carried on, not m collective es- Ublishments, but in the cottages of the manulac- turers Fishin" forms a considerable occupation on the coast ,a8''well as in the arms of the sea. iYMioicA, the capital of the foregoing duchy, is a lona irregular town. The houses are chiefly of wood, and few are more than one sto- ry h.|u, but very neat._The J-habitants^ d.ss SMO i N. of Brujes. Long. 3. 23. E., rv men, out very Ilea... 1..- like tlie Dutch ; and many ot them speak their tongue, though the usual languages are the Ger- man and Danish. The buildings most worthy of notice are the cathedal, with its altar and the monuments of the princes, the five c lurches, the town-house, the orphan-house, and tbe nunnery of St. John. Near the city IS the old ducal pal- ace of Gotlorp. Sleswick has manufactures of re- fined 8U«r, earthenware, leather, and sail-cloth, and is situate on the N. side of an arnj of the Baltic, called the Sley, UO m. N. W. of Lubec, and 125 S. W. of Copenhagen. Long.U. 4U. i.., lal. 54. 35. N. . , „„ Sli^o, a county of Ireland, in the province of Conn^aught, 39 miles long and nearly as broad ; bounded on the E. by Leitnm, S. E. by Roscommon.S. W. and Wrby Mayo,andN. by the Atlantic. It is divided into 3D parishes, con- tains about 2G9 s(iuare miles with 140,21) inbabi- tant8,and sends three members to parliament. The soil is in general fertile, but rather boggy towards the coa-rt. Sli^o, a borough of Ireland, capital of the pre- ceding county, and a place of considerable trade, seated near the mouth of a river which flows from Lough Gill into the bay ot bU™, -12 miles N by W of Roscommon and 100 N. W. of Dub- lin. Long. 9. 18. W., lat 54. 15^ N ^ „ . .S/,>pcr»RocA-, a township ol Butler Co. Pa. A township of Mercer Co. Pa. both on a creek of the same name. ,„ SloanvUle, p.v. Schoharie Co. N, \. 48 m. W. Shlim, a town of Rusian Lithuania, in the governmentof Grodno, with a castle, scaled on theSezraa, 40 miles S. VV. of iNovogrodeck and GOS. E. of Grodno. Long. 24. 57. L., lat. oJ. ■ Sloten, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, seated on the rivulet Ee, which flows into the Zuider Zee, 8 miles E. of Staveren, and flOS.S. W. of Lewarden. Stuck, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov- ernment of Minsk, with three Greek churches ; seated on the river Sluck, .52 miles S. of Minsk. Long. 27. 54. E., lat. 52. 30. N. Sluys, a town of Belgium in Flanders, oppo- site the island of Cadsand, with a good harbour It has its name from iu fine sluices, by which the whole country may be laid under water. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1587, retaken by the Dutch in \(M, and taken by the French m 1791. 10 uiites : lat. 51. 19. N. , .,.,,, J Sitmlaml, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, lying between the Baltic and the province ot llalland. Its area, is 7,750 square miles : its pop- ulation 315,000. It is well watered, both by riv- ers and lakes, but great part of it consists of marshes, heaths, and barren rocks. In some parts are immense forests ot pine and fir ; and Ih.' approach to the villages is announced by groves of oak, beech, and birch, and numerous plots of arable. Calniar is the capital. SmalUaldr.ii, a town of Germany, in a district of its name, belonging to Hssse-Cassel. It is famous for the league entered into by the Luther- ans, a-ainst the emperor, in 1.531, to defend their reliitioli and liberties. It has a hue castle on a mountain, and in the vicinity are salt-pits and mines of iron. It stands on a river of the same name, which flows into the Werra 2.. miles S. W of Erfurt and 50 of llcsse-Cassel. Long. 10. 4/. Sm'/Vor^ p.v. McKeau Co. Pa. 204 m. N. W. Harrisburg. r. oi tn-i Smith, a'county of W, Tennessee. Pop 2l,49J. Cartha-reis the capital. A township of Washing- ton Co° Pa. and Belmont Co. Ohio. SmIMeld, p t. Providence Co. R. I. J m. I\. W. Providence. Pop. 3,994. Here are manu- factures of cotton, paper, muskets, sithes, .tc. Within the limits of the town are quarries ot limestone and whetstone; p.t. Madison Co. IS. X. Pop. 2,G3G. Towns and villages in Bradford Somerset, Favette, Northampton and Pike Cos. Pa Isle of "Wight Co. Va. Johnson Co. H. C. Jefferson Co. Ohio and Hopkins and Leving- ston Co. Ken. Smith Grove, p. v. Warren Co Ken. Smilhborough, p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. Smkhlown'v\ Suffork Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Pop. 1 ,080. . SmithrUle, a township of Chenango Co. iN. i . Pop. 1,829; p.v. Jefferson Co. ^. V 10. m. from Sacketts Harbour ; p.v. Brunswick Co. «. C^jear the mouth of Cape Fear River. Whorkritle, p.v. Jefferson Co. Indiana. Smolensh. a government of Russia, on the fron- tiers of Lithuania. AOer having been an object of contention, and reciprocally possessed by fo- land and Russia, it was conquered bv Alc^ay MichiElovitch in 1054, and ceded to Russia by the peace of Moscow in ItiOG. It contains an area of 21,400 square miles with l,OoO,000 luliab- iunts ; and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. Horses, black cattle, and sheep, are numerous. The principal rivers are the Duna, Dnieper, Desna, Sosha, Kasplia, and Viasma. S,7u>lensk, a city of Russia, capital of the forgoing .rovernment, is situate on the Dnieper, and e.xtcnds over two mounUiins and the va ley between them. It is surrounded by w'alls 30 ieet hi»h and 15 thick ; the lower part of stone, the up'per of brick, and their circumf. rence 4 m. and three quarters. The houses are inosUyofwood and only one story high, except a tew scattered here and there, which are dignified with the tit e of palaces. The city is divided, through its whole length, by one straight paved street; the oUiers are circular, and floored with planks. The cath- edral stands on an eminence, where there is a view of the whole city. Notwithstandmg its ex- tent, it conuins only about 13,000 inhabiUnts, and has lio considerable manufactures, but carries on with Dantzir, Riga, and the Ukraine, a traffic in SNO fi?4 soc linen liemp, honey, wax, leather, furs, Arc. [n lr\2 several severe enKaireinonts were foii^hl in the neii^hhniirliood of this oily liclweeii the Kreneh ami Kussiau armien, in one of wliich it siislained a horiiliarrlinont, which ileslroyeil most of tlie buildings, I!I7 m. N. K. n( Novn-irorodeek and 'J:!.")VV. S W. of Moseow. I.onn- :■,•}. N. K . !at.r,.|..-,U. > Siniinliiisfn, n town of Denmark, in the ilnrliy of llolstein, I(i ni W. of Jlendshnrj; Siiii/riiii, a sea-|inrl of Asia Minor, and one of the larj^est and rirhest eities of the Levant. The Sjoodness of the harhonr ha.s eaused it to 1)C rehnilt several times alter havinj; lieen deslroyeil hy earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of merehants from almost all parts of llie world, and the mnf- azino of their nierehandize. Tin* population is eompuled at I'.'O.DOO persons The streets are more op'Mi, hotter paved, and Ihe houses hi'tter huilt tlian in any otlier towns on the eontinent. The street of the I'^ranks is (he finest in Smyrna, and lies all ahmcr the" harhonr. The imporls'froiu Kui;land enusist of woolen elolli.^, camlets, leail, tin, and hardware ; these are e.vehanijefl for cot- ton, eolVee, mohair, ilruirs, f;all, raisins, lijjs, Ac, The Knirlish and Dutch lactors have protestant chapels, and laverrn are as open here as in Rn- rope. The fortiliciitiuns consist of a fort, a castle, a n\ounlain, and an nhl citadel. Smvrna is eiglu days' journey from (.'(uistanlinople hy laud, 2'} days friun Aleppo hy the caravans, si.v from C'oir- ni, seven from ralaya. and si.v from S.atalia; and is seated at the heacl (d' a larrre hay, I!t0 ni. S. S. W. of Cunslanlinople I.onn-. 27. 7. !■;., lat. :R as. N. Smi/rn/;. p.t. (^heuanmi Co. N. V. 10.5 m. VV. Albany. l'..|>. I .xil? ; p.v. K.-nt. Co. Del. 12 in. S. Dover. SinytliJirJtt. p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. .ShkiV/i, a town in W. Yorkshire, Kni'. ITo m N.hy W. of I,„ndon, Snii/i.iriUr, p.v. ChesliTfield Co. Va. SiuaIc or finitz, a fortified town of Holland, in Friesland, seated on a lake tif the same name, in marshy land, 12 nr S. S. W. ofi.ewarden. Sncr.dslinrniiir/i, p.t, Anson Co. N. C. 100 m. S. VV. Raleigh. Siifirnr, a town ot* Prussia in the province cd" Irac, 57 m.W. N. W of Amadan. Sniiithi, a town of Austrian d'alicia, on the river Prulh, 2-< in. W. ofCzeniowitz. f>onir. 22. 50. K ,l:it. \-^. :i:f. N, Snotrilcu, a monntaiu fif Wales, in the centre of Caernarvonsliire. and the most noted in the whole rcirion of the VVidsIi hills. It has several crapfry summits, deep dells, moors, and chasms ; also two lakes that abound with fish, (lartieularlv the char and the ijuiniard. The heiglil of this mountain, from the quav of Caernarvon, to its highest peak, is ;i,lMM feet. It was held sacred by the ancient liritons as Parnassus w.is by the Greeks. I'iccesof lava, and groups of columnar stones of vast sizi-, have been found Iving in all directions on tin. snminit of this mountain, which commands a delijrhtful and extensive view. In a clear day, and when the mountain is free from clouds, a part of Irclnnd, and of S.-othmd, the Isle of Man, the mountains of Westmoreland and Cum- berland, parts of Lancashire and Cheshire, and all N. Wales, the Irish and British seas, and a vast number of lakes, may be seen from its sum- mits. Snow Hill, p t Worcester Co. Maryland, on Pocomoke River. 120 m. S. Philad. It it a port of entry and has considerable comnieice ; p.v- C.reen ("o. N. C. '.Hi m. S. K. Raleigh ; p.v. Clin- ton Co. Ohio. •Sofltfr, a river f>f Ilindoostan, which issnea from a lake, on tin* S. confines of Allahabad, the same that is the sruirce of the Nerbudda, and, llowing ill an opposite direr-tion to that river, enters the (iaiiges, above Patna. Snhrrnlirhn. a town of Prussia, in the jirovince tif Lower Rhine; seated on the Nahc, M iii. W. by S. of Cn'iijznach. Sihif.tliin, a trtwn of liohcniia, in the circle of Hecliin. wiiti gornl cloth manufacture, 12 m. K. S. K of Keihin. Suhotl.ii, a town of Bohemia, in llie circle of Biintzlau. S m. l',. by !N. of Jung Buntzlau. Sne'ntij hhs, islands in the S. Pacific Ocean, discovered liy Cook in 17ril>, situate between 150. :>7. and 1.52, 0. W. long., and Ki. 10. and 10. 55, S. lat. They are seven in number ; namely Iln- airf<', Raiali'a, Tahaa, Borabora, Maiirua, 'fubai, and Sir C-. Saunder's Island. The soil, produc- tions, iVc, are nearly the same as at Otalieite. Nature has been eipi.-illy bouiiliful in uncultivated plenty, and Ihe inlialdtants are as lu.vurions and ns indolent. They are generally above the mid- dle stature ; but their liiiihs are less muscular and I'lrin than those id'tlie Sandwich islanders, whom in many respects tln-y n seinlde. Though more robust than llie Manpiesans, they are inti'rior in size and pliysie.il pftwi-r to the Ni'W /^ealanders. In person they resemble the Friendly islanders as much as any others in the Pacific, Their limbs are well formed, and they are generally active in their inovemeuts, graceful and stalely in their gait, and perfectly nnembaras.'-ed in their address. They are reinarkaidy curiouK and inquisitive, and compared with other Polynesian nations, may be said to possess considerable" iiigenuity and mechanical skill. Totally unacquainted, lill recently, with till' use of letlers. their minds could not be improv- ed by any regular or contiuiied culture ; yet the distiuguishing features of their civil polity — the imposing nature, numerous observances, and di- versified raiiiiiieatious of their mythology — the legenifj of Iheir gods — the historical songs oftheir bards — the heautiful, figurative, and impassioned eloquence sometimes dispbayed in their national assemblies — and, above all, the copiousness, va- rii'ty, preeisirni, and purity oftheir language, to- irether with Iheir extensive use of numbers — war- ranted the conclusion that they possessed no con- tcmptilde menial cuinpacities. This conclusion has been ahunrlantly confirmed since the estab- lishtiient of schools and the introduction of letters. Multitudes, who were upwards of :il) or 40 years of age when they coninienceil with Ihe alphabet, havi' in 12 mouths learned to read distinctly in Ihe New 'I'eslanieiil, large portions of which, some of them have in a short period committed to memory. The missionaries, who for a long time laboured in these islands amidst discouragement and disappointment, have at length witnessed the complete abandonnienl of idolatry. Christiani- ty is now universally professed, and the moral character of the people has been rai.sed by it to a high degree of excellence. It it stated that in lS2!r not fewer than 10,000 persons had learned to read the Scriptures. Sorietii Land, a township of Hillsborough Co, N II. 2.T ni. S. W. Concord. Pop. 164. Soconcij, p.v. Pendleton Dis, S. C, Soronusco, a province of Guatemala, 88 m. long and nearly as many broad ; bounded on the N. by 68b SOL Chiapi, E.by Gualcnial.i.S. by the Pacific Ocean, and W. by Guaxaca. The soil is not very fer- tile, and, being sheltered from the N. wiiida by hin-h mountains, the air is exceedingly hot and unliealthy. fioinnusco, or Gucrr.llan, the capital of the fore- going province, is seated on a small river, near the Pacific Ocean, 4(iO m. S. K. of Mexico. Socotora, or ftocotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, lying about 45 leagues from capo Gardefan on the coast of Africa. It is 80 ni. long and a2 broad, abounds in fruit and cattle, and is particu- larly not^d for its fine aloes, known by the name of Socotrinc aloes. The natives are chiefly Ma- hometans, and are governed by a king who de- pends on Arabia. Tamara is the capital Snithiinj, or Chipphii; Hoflln/rij, a town in Glou- cestershire, Kng. lllJm.W. ofI>ondnn. Smlur, a village in tiie celebrated island of Icolni- kill, one of the Hebrides of Scotland. Ft was formerly a bishop's see, which comprehended all the islands, together with the Isle of Man : the bishop of Man is still called bishop of Sodor and Man. Hoibis, p.t. in Ontario Co. N. Y. situate on the S. side of Lake Ontario, on a bay 7 m. long and 3 broad, which forms an excellent harbour when the rest of the lake is agitated by a storm. It is 80 m. E. of Niagara. Long. 77. fi. W., lat. 4:!. 10. N. Soeborg, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, situ.ate on an island in a fresh-water lake, 15 m. W. N. W. of Klsiuore. Socst, a large town of Prussian Westphalia, in the government of Arensbcrg, with a good trade in corn, 12 m. W. S. W. ol Lipstadt, and 30 S. E. of Munster. Sofiita, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africa, bounded on the VV. and N. by the stales of Mo- caranga, E. by the Mozambique Channel, and S. by Sabia. It is about 150 m. along the coast, and 2o0 up the country. The country is wild and thinly inhabited, but contains rich mines of fine gold. fiofala, the capital of the above kingdom, with a fort built by the Portuguese, which is of great importance tor their trade to the E. Indies. It is seated on a small island, near the mouth of the Cuama. Long. 35. 40. E., hit. 20. 22. S. Sojia, or Sophia^ a city of European Turkey, capital of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. The trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are com- puted at 70,000, but the houses are meanly built. It is seated ut the foot of the mountains of Argen- taro, on the river Bogana, KiO m. W. N. W. of Adrianople.' Long. 23. 52. E., lat. 43. 0. N. Sofroij, a town of the kingdom of Fez, noted for a very handsome mosque. It is seated on a hill, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, part of Mount Atlas, and between two rivers, 12 m. E. of Fez. Sttrrno, a town of Africa, capital of a province of the same name, in the kingdom ot Congo. The inliabitants are said to be Christians, con- verted by the Portuguese, and the Capuchins have a church here. It is seated on the Zaire, near its mouth, ItiO m. W. S. W.of St. Salvador. Long. 11.55. E., lat. 0. 0, S. Sobiigepourj a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district in the province of .Mlahabad. 130 m. S. of Allahabad. Long. 81. 52. E., lat. 23. 30. N. .S'oAnm, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated on a ten of the same name, near Soham-raere, which takes up 1,000 acres of land. 5 m. S. E. of Ely and 70 N. by E. of London. Solio, a village in Staft'ordsluie, Eng. 2 ni. N W. of Birmingham. It was founded by Mr. Boul- ton, for the manufacture of every article common to the Birmingliam trade, the plated ware usually made at Sheffield, and of elegant pieces of silver both light and massive. Here also are made the improved steam engines now adopted in nume- rous concerns throughout the kingdom. In 17tt7 an apparatus for the coinage of copper was em- ployed here by government; and the Bank tjf England dollars were also stamped at this mint. Soignies, a town of Belgium in Hainanlt, near a forest of its name, on the river Senne, 8 m. N. N. E. of Mons. ^Sijissomwts, a territory of France, in the Isle of France, which, with that of Vermandois, nov/ forms the department of Aisne. It abounds in corn, wood, and pastures. Siiisions, a city of France, in the department of Aisne, anciently the capital of a kingdom of its name. It is a bishop's see ; and the calhedrul has one of the most considerable chapters in the kingdom. Here St. Louis, Philip the bold, aiul Louis XIV., were crowned. The castle, though ancient, is not that in which the kings of the first race resided. The inhabitants carry on manufac- tures of coarse linen, stockings, thread, heather, ropes, &c., and some trade in corn. Suisson.s was repeatedly taken and retaken by the allied and French armies in 1814, when the town sus- tained considereble injury. It is seated in a t'er- tilo valley, on the river Aisne, 30 m. W. by N. of Rheims and GO N. E. of Paris. Long. 3, 19. E, lat. 41). 23. N. Sohinto, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, which gives name to a cape and bay on the N. coast, 10 m. E. of Palermo. Sulilin, a town of Prussia, in the New Mark of Brandenburg, of which it was formerly the capi- tal. It has cloth and woolen manufactures, and a trade in hops ; and stands on a lake of the same name, 2G m. N. by E. of Custrin. Long. 15. 7. E.,lat. 53. 2. N. Solcnof, a salt-water lake of Independent Tar- tary, 80 m. long and 20 broad, lying midway be- tween the Caspian Sea and Lake Aral. Solcsbunj, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. Solcure, or Sulot/mrn, a canton of Switzerland, which stretches partly through the plain and partly along the chainsof the Jura, Slim, in leno-lli and 25 in breadth, and is very populous. The soil, for the most part, is fertile in corn ; and the districts within the Jura abound in excellent pas- tures. In the mountainous parts are iron, lead, alabaster, marble, and coal. The inhabitants arc nearly all Roman Catholics. Soteiirc, the capital of the above canton, is sur- rounded by regular fortifications. The church of St. Urs is a noble edifice of a whitisli-gray stone, drawn from the neighbouring quarries, which is a species of rude marble. The arsenal, and the town house (which has two towers) make a gortd appearance. Soleure stands in a delightful plain, on the river Aar, 18 in. N. of Bern and 30 S. S W. of Basel. Long. 7. 30. E., lat. 47. 9. N. Solfutura, or higo di Baffiu, a lake of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly calieii Lacus Albulus. In this lake are several floaluig islands, formed of matted sedge and herbage, with a soil of dust and sand blown from the adjacent ground, and glued together by the bitumen and sulphur with which its waters are impregnated. Some of these islands are 15 yards long, and will hear five or six people, who, by means of a pole SOL (iBi: SOM may move to different parts of the lake. From this lake issues a whitish stream, which emits vapor of a sulphureous smell, till it reai:he« the Teveroiie. The water of this rivulet has a pctri- fy'ini; quality, which increases in strength the further it has flowed from the lake. Kish are i'ciuiid in the Tcverone, both above and below Tivoli, till it receives this lake ; after which, dur- ing the rest of its course to the Tiber, there are none. Solfatara, a mountain of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, surrounded by other mountains, in the form of an amphitheatre. It has a kind of cavity, above a m. in diameter, which was no doubt the crater of a volcano now extinct. The earth liere is warm and white ; and if opened to some depth is insupportable from the heat and exhalations. The ground is almost every where hollow, and is supposeii to have a subterraneous communication with Mount Vesuvius. Here are manufactures, of sul|>hur, vitriol, and alum. Solinian, a sea-port of Africa, in Tunis, yO m. E. S. E. of Tunis. Soliugrn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Berg, with manufactures of cutlery and all kinds of iron work ; seated near the Wipper, 15 m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf Solfifimsfi, a town of Ru.ssia, in the government of Perin, famous for its salt-pita and good horses; seated on the Ussolka, which flows into the Kama, -130. m. N. E. of Kasan. Long. 57. 2t). E., lat. 5!). k;. N. Sollupnurj a town of Ilindoostan, in Visiaponr, capital of a district celebrated for jnines of dia- monds. It is seated near the Kistna, 130 m. S. K. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 10. E., lat. 10. 23. N. SolmSj or ^Ims, a county of Germany, in Wet- teravia, formerly a principality, but deprived of that rank in 1815. It is subject in pnrt to Hesse- Darmsta m. long, and 12 broad, and contains about (iO,000 inhabitants, who are Mahometans. It is governed by a sultan, but the legislative power resides in an assembly com- posed of tlie sultan and 15 nobles, the former having two votes. The situation of Sooloo ren- ders it a great mart, particularly for pearls, sago, and edible birds'-nests. The chief town is Be- war. on the N. W. part of the island, wliere the Kn'fiish E. Intiia Company have a resident. Long. 121. 15. E , lat. 5. 57. N. Soondit, or Sudfw, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, capital of a district of its name. It was formerly an extensive and populous place. The space within the inner wall was 3 m. «{[. and fully occupied by houses. Wlieii Hyder took possession, there still remained lO.OlMi houses; but the subsequent wars have reduced them un- der U)0. It is seated above I he Ghauts, on the (Jangawali, fiO in. N. by W. of Nagara and 75 N. by S. of Kundapura. ■S'l/iAin, See. Snjiii. SiipUiimia, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, seated in a valley, 25 m. N. W. of Tauris. 6'opAi>nft«r^, a town of Denmark, in Zealand with a royal palace, near llic coast of the Sound, 13 ni. N. of Copenhagen. Sora, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a castle, sealed on the Garigliano, 4G in. E. by S. of Rome. Long. 14. 4. K., lat. 41. 54. N. Soriin, a town of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. E. of Ratibor. Sarau, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with man- ufactures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and linen, 8 m. W. of Sagan. Sorbon, or Sorhonne,a village of France, in the department of Ardennes, li m. N. of Rethel ; fa- mous for being the birth-place of Robert Sorbon, confessor to St. Louis, who founded the celebrat- ed college at Paris, called after his name. Sorely a river of Lower Canada, which issues from Lake Champlain, and flows N. to the St. Lawrence, which it enters at the town of Wil- liam Henry. Sorento, a sea-port of Naples, in Principato Citra, and an archbishop's see. It is the birth- place of Torquato Tasso, and stands on a penin- sula, in the bay of Naples, at the foot of a moun- tain of its name, 17 m. S. by E. of Naples, Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 40. 30. N. Soria, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, bounded on the E. by Navarre and Arragon. Its extent is about 4,300 sq. m. ; its population 200,- 000. The breeding of sheep forms the principal object of attention, and there are a few manufac- tures of linen, woolen, paper, and leather. Soria, the capital of the foregoing province, stands on the site of the ancient Wumantia, near the source of the Duero, 74 m. E. S. E. of Bur- gos. Long. 2. 18. W. lat. 41. 50. N. Soriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria, Ultra, 17 m. E. N. E. of Nicotera. Siiroe, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a royal college, endowed with the revenues of a once rich convent. 37 ra. VV. S. W. of Copenhagen. Sosila, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a large fort, 2.5 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. Sospetlo, a town of the Sardinian states, in the county of Nice, with a trade in dried fruits, par- ticularly figs ; seated at the foot of three high mountains, on the river Bevera, 13 m. N. E. of Nice. Similise,, a town of France, department of Low- er Charente, 23 m. W. N. W. of Saintes. Soudak, a town of the Crimea, with the re- mains of an old fort on a monutain close by the shore. It was formerly a considerable sea-port, and stands at the end of a valley, which produ- ces the best grapes an m. S. W. of Carta. Soudan. See jXeo-rohntd, Souillac, a town of Fraiu^e. department of Lot, se.ited on llie Borese, 32 m. N. of Cahors. Sound, a strait between Sweden and Denmark, through which ships usually sail from the Categat into the Baltic. It is about 4 ni. broad, and the Danes take a toll of all merchant ships th:it pass through the channel. See Elsinorc. Sniir, a river of the Netherlands, which flows from N. to S., through Lu.xemburg, and enters the Moselle a little above Treves. Suurnhaija, a town of Java, capital of a district of the same name, on the N. E. coast. It is sit- uate within the narrow strait formed by the islands of Java and Madura, and is defended by batteries The houses are good, and some are elegant, par- ticularly the country seals of private individuals. There is a fine arsenal, with other extensive sou 6SS SOU wuiksj ralculatcti for rquipincnls on a vi-ry l.ir;re scale. Vessels also, willi their various ajipoiiit- inents, are built and e(]nippf(l at Sounibiiya. A mini is likewise at work here, on a new silver and eojiper coinatre. ']'he Krcneli, when in pos- session of the island of Java, intended t'» have ereeted Sourabaya into a port of eonseiiuenee ; large sums were expended in the construction of works for the defence of the harbour, and (ieneral Daendols was proceedin«j in his plans when tlie island was taken by the Itrilisli It is sealed on a river wliich separates the I^nropean j)art of the town from the Chinese and the native (piarter. Lonj. iiy. :>r,. v.., lat. 7. 14. S. Souify a town ftf I'ersia, in Lnristan, situate on the Persian it^ulf, lir> m. S. \V. of Ormus. lionjj. 55. 311. r,., lat. a;. if<. n. Sim-lrUcou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is so intersected by canals of fresh water that Kuropeans compare it to Venice. The country round it is almost un- equalled in point of fertility, in consequence of which the Chinese call this city the paradise of the world. The brocades and embroideries made here are esteemed throughout the whole empire. The population is prodigous, and the commercial intercourse with strangers so great that the trade of all the provinces might be supposed to centre here. U is seated on the grand canal, ami (ui a river which communicates with the lake Tai, 5(10 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 0. E,, lat. 31. 22. N. Soutcrrainr, a town of France, department of Creuse, 24 m. N. of Limoges. Soulh Sea. See Pacific Ocean. Sovt/iam, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. S2 m N. W. of London. Southampton^ a boronwh and county of itsi^lt". and the county-town ol Hampshire, Eng. Ii stands between the Itcljen and Test, which here flow into an inlet of the sea, called Trissanton Bav, or Southampton Water. The inlet is navi- gable almost to the head for vessels of considera- ble burden, and the two rivers admit small (^raft some way up the country. It was formerly a port of great commerce, and still possesses con- siderable trade, ])articnlarly with Guernsey and Jersey. 74 m. W. S. W. of London. Southend, a village in Essex, lOng. at the mouth of the 'j'hames, nearly opposite Sheerness, much resorted to for sea-bathing, and containing hand- some accomodation for the company. 44 m. K. of London. Soulhjlcet, a village in Kent, Eng. It ni. S. W. of Gravesend. Some stone cottins, urns, Ac, have been dug up here, since the commencement of the present century, which evince it to have been a Roman station; probably the Vagniacca of Antoninus. Soutliirarli, a boiongli in Surrey, Eng. which may be considered as part of the metropolis, being seated on the opposite side of tlie Thames, and under the jurisdiction of the corporation of Lon- don. It is called the iiorough, by way of dis- tinction. Southwell, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. It is an ancient place, enjoying several privileges dif- ferent from the county, and has a collegiate church. Here are the ruins of a grand palace, demolished in the civil wars of the 17th century. The principal trade is in malt and hops. 132 rn. N. N. W. of London. SoiUhwold, a sea-port in Suffolk, Eng. Here a much esteemed salt is made, and it has also a traile in corn, bet r, ami herrings. It is sometiniea called Sowle or Side, and its hay is named Sole hay. In this bay was the great sea-fight, in 1672, between the Dnich admiral , De Kuyter, and James, duke of York, in which the victory was undecided. 305 m. S. E. ofl^ondon. Snath Amboti a township of Middlese.t Co. .N.J. Smith .Inirniii, jit. OulcliefiS Co. N. Y. 85 m. H. Albany. Sotithamiiliia. p.t. Hampshire ('o. Mass. 110 m. W. Boston, I'op. I,2,'i3; p.t. Sullolk N. Y. on Long Islaiul. ro|«. 4,H50; townships in Itucks, Franklin, Cumberland and Hradforii Cos. I'a. Soulham/iliHi. a county in the E. District of \*ir- ginia Pi>p. lli,07;t. Jerusalem is the capital. South liuiiiliridirr, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y.on the KusipieliaJinah 142 m. W. Albany. South lliririch, \i.l. York Co. Me. I'op. 1,.')77. SoHthlwrnuirh, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 30 m. W lioston. I'op. 1,0«0. South Ilranrh, p. v. Hardy C'o. Va. Southhriil/^'r, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. G5 m. S. W. Boston. I'op. 1,444. Here are laVge manufac- tures of woolen. Soutliburti \i\. New Haven Co. Conn, on the llousatoniJ 40 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,557 Smith Carolina, one of the Ihiited States, boundc-d N. by N. Carolina, K. by the Atlantic S. :ind W. by Georgia, extending from 32. to 58. N. lit, and from 7.!<.'24. to r.!. 30, W. long. 200 111- in length and 125 in breadth and containintr 3(1.0^0 sq in. It has no mountains except in the norlluvKslcrn e.xtremity. It is traversed by the great I'edee, Santee and Edisto rivers with their numerous branches ; the Savannah washes the Sontlnvestern limit of the State. The coast for 100 m. from the ocean, is covered with forests of pitch pine, with swampy tracts here and there- lieyond this, is a parallel bell of territory, called the Middle Country, consisting of low sand hills, resembling the waves tif an agitated sea. Tiiis tract occasionally pre.sents an oasis of verdure, or a few straggling pine trees, and sometimes a field of maize or potatoes. The middle country is bounded by another belt of land called tiie Ridge, where the country rises by a steep and sudden el- evation, and afterwards continues gradually to as- cend. Beyond, the surface e.xiiibits a beautiful al- ternation of hill and dale interspersed with exten- sive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. The whole seacoast is low and level, and affords hardly any good harbours. Towards the south it is skirted by a range of islands, separated from the main land by narrow channels, which aflibrd a steamboat navigation. These islands, like the neighbouring continent are low and flat, but are covered with forests of live oak, pine and palmet- sou G?;) toes. Before the cultivaliuii of cotton, many of them were the haunts of alligators, and Iheir tliicU woods and rank woods rendered them i.npenrtra- ble to man. At present, thev are under eulliva tion, and well inhabited and as the voyarrer glides by their shores in a steainlioat, he is enchanted with the prospect of their lividy verdure inter- spersed with thick clumps ofpahnettoes, and flow- ering irrove.'i of orange trees. The live oak which is s.rcallcd on account of its bein^ an evergreen, is a noble tree with a trunk sometimes I'i feet girth; its long branches are spread horizontally, and fes- toons of moss hang from them almost sweepinjj the ground. The laurel is here .seen covered with large white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a foo't in circumference. The long sandy beaches, which border these islands toward the sea, are coy- ered wilh thousands of water fowl. Among the various tribes of birds which abound in Ihia state !u-iy be mentioned the turtle dove, or Carolina SPA pigeol which in the siimuner is also found in all |iii-i; of the Oiiited States. lis notes are re- nrirkably plaintive. Tlie clim-He is Int. moist and unheallhy. In suiniiier the heat of the day continues with lillle abatement throngii the niglit. and a comfortable sleep is a blessing not always to be enjoyed. Fe- vers, generated by the influence of a hot air upon a moist soil, are common. The summer con- tinues from 7 to 8 months, or from March to No- vember. In winter there are often frosts which kill the tender plants, and even the orange trees; but they seldom continue longer than tiiree or f >nr days, nor penetrate the earth deeper than two inches. In the lower parts of the state tliere is seldom any snow. In the northwestern part, the land is mountainous, and tile climate generally salubrious, with a drier air. and a colder winter. Tile soil along the banks of the rivers is fertile, and in the northwestern parts the land is gene- rally productive. In the neighbourhood ot" the sea are extensive swamps. The only mineral which the state aftords is gold, which exists prob- abiv in large quantities, but there are not many mines. This state is divided into 29 Districts. The pop- ulation is 5.Sl,4o.S. of whom 3I.5,iJt).'> are slaves. Columbia is the seat of government, and Charles- ton is the only large town in the state. There is one large canal called the Santee canal, con- necting the Santee and Cooper rivers, ^2 m. in length 35 feel wide, and 4 feet deej), completed in 18t)2; and several smaller canals upon the Wateree Ilroad and Saluda rivers. A railroad has been commenced to extend from Charleston to Hamburg, on tha Savimnah, opposite Augiisla. (.'ollon and rice occupy the chief atlenlioii of the jdauters. Some tobacco is raised, and indigo was once an important article of cultivation. Wheat, iiiai/.e and other grains thrive well, but are so mucli neglected that supplies arc sought in the neighbouring states. The exports of cotton from this state form an irnpcrtant item in the national commerce, and amount to 200,000 or2'>0, UOO bales yearly. The export of rice is also great. The commerce is carried on to a great extent by northern vessels. The shipping of South Carolina amounted in IS28 to ;!;{,(W« ions, The imports for l.r2'J were 1,13'.1,G18 dollars; the cxjiorts of domestic produce were 8,1!M,01G dol- lars, total exports 8,17.5,586. The legislature is called the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Represent- atives, 'l^he senators are chosen for four years, according to the population and wealth of the dis- tricts. The representatives are chosen for I wo years, according to p.'piilation. The Governor is riioaeii by the legislature for two years. The qtialifications for v('tin'^ amount nearly to universal suflVagc. The clergy are ineligible (o anv civil ofRce. The expenses of the slate for 182!'. were :?I5.370 dollars. The public debt was I,li70.0(l0 dollars. The Baptists have 131 ministers ; the Metho- dists "i.) ; the Presbyterians 46; the Episcopa- lians 31. There are colleges at Charleston and C.'Iumbia. South Carolina was first settled at Port Royal in 1(170, and was originally connected with North Carolina. The two states were separated in 17'J9. The colonial form of government was preser\'ed after the revolution. The present constitution was formed in 17yi) but has been twice amended since that period, Soullieiist, j).t. Putnam Co. N. Y. 18 m. E. of West Point. Pop. 2,042. Sontk Farms, p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn. Soiiihfelil, a township of Richmond Co. N. Y. on Staten Island. Pop. 97.5. South Gate, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken. 81 m. N. E. Frankfort. Sinilh Undleij, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,1.^.5. Smith Hero, p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vt. 12 m. S VV. Burlington. Pop. 717. South Hill, p.v. .Muhlenberg Co. Va. Sotttfiington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. S W.Hartford. Pop. 1,844. A township of Trum bull Co. Ohio. South Kinirston, p t. Washinirton Co. R. I. on NarragansetBav,2() m. S. Providence. Pop. 3,663. The legislature of Rhode Island meet every second vear at this place. Soulh'olrl, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Pop. 2,900. South Quay, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. South Rcadins, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 1,310. Southvilir, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Soulhwich. p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 110 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,855. Souto Major, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 14 m.N. W. of Pinhel. Souritrnu,a town of France, department of .Al- lier seated on the Quesne,10 m. W.by S. Moulins. Sovaua, a town of Italy, in the grand duch}' of Tuscany, 45 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Spa, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, famous for its mineral waters. That called the Old Spa consists of miserable cottages sr\ GOT SPA and is properly nothing Inil tlic eulmrb to tlip otli- pr. 'I'lie lumses uf tile .New Spa are nmstly of wo xl an J plaster ; but llir more iniulcrn ones are of brick and stone. Tlie cluiroh of the CapucliinK, and the parish cliurch, are both sealed npon emi- nences. The names of the r> principal wells are Pouhon, Geronllerd, Saviniere, Wutpotz, and Tunelet. The inhabitants are employed in mak- ing toys for strangers. Kpa was taken by the French in 171>-). and alterwards anne.\ed to France ; but in 1814 they delivered it up to the al- lies. It is seated in a valley, surrounded by moun- tains, 17 m. S. E. of J^ieffe. Spnin, a kingdom of Kurnpu, Hill m. lung and 500 liroad ; bounded on the N. by the Hay of Bis- cay, N. E. by the Pyrenees, whicdi separate it from France, E. and S. bv the Mediterranean. S. W. bv the Atlantic, and W.liy Portugal and the Atlantic. It contains the provinces of Old and New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Kstreniadura, Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valeneia, Bis- cay, ."Vsturias, Murcia, and Navarre, some of which have been separate kingdoni-s and still retain the title. The air is dry and serene, except during the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the Bouthcrn provinces in .hine, July, and August, The vast mountains, however, that run through Spain are beneficial to the inhabitants by the rc- fresliing breezes that come from them in the S. parts; though those in the N. and N. E. are in the winter veiv cold. The snil is very f.Ttili' ; but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground : •and the superior attention paid to the large flocks of sheep greatly impedes the progress of agricul- ture. The produce of the country consisis in wheat, barley, sailVon, honey, silk, silt, salt petre, hemp, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the richest ami most delieicnis I'ruils that are to be found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in high esteem. Wolves .ire the (diief beasts of prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so much ferocity that bull fights were the most inag- iiiBcent spectacle, the court id' Spain could e.xhib- it. The genet, an animal producing a perfume similar to""that of the civet, is found in this coun- try. The domestic animals are liorses (which are remarkably swift), mules, jsses, beeves, and sheep. Spain abounds in minerals and metals. Cornelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, turqiiois stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, gypsum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several kinds, porphyry, the finest jasper, and even dia- monds, emeralds, and amethysts are found here. Anciently it was celebrated for gold and silver mines; but since the discovery of Americano at- tention has been paid to them. The princijial rivers are the Duero, Tagus, Guadiana Guadal- quivir, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most pop- ulous kingdom in Europe, is now very thinly in- habited ; to which various causes have contribu- ted, as the expulsicm of the Moots, the emigrattoii to the colonies, the vast numbers and celibacy of the clergy, the indolence of the natives, and the late desolating war. Here are some considerable manufactures, especiallv of silk and woolen, but these are far short of that flourishing condition which they might attain, being checked by the royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth china, glass, pottery, paper, salt-petre, salt, sul phur, tobacco, and some others. The Spaniards in general are tall, their com- plexions swarthv, their countenances expressive. The beauty of the ladies reigns chiefly in their novels anJ romances in their persons they are small and slender. Jealousy i? no longer lie characle'ristic of a Spanish husband : the married ladies have here their cortejo, or male attendant, in the same manner as the lUlians have their cicisbeo. The established religion is popiry. There are eiuht archbishoprics, 40 episcopal sees, and 24 universities, or rather academies. The Spanish language springs from the Roman, but many of the words are derived from the Arabic used by the Moors, who for seven centuries held dominion in the country :, the speech is grave, sonorous, and very melodious. The government of Spain, once the most free, is now one of the most despotic monarchies in Europe. It had for- merly its cortes or parliaments, which had great privileges; but now, though not absolutely abol- ished, they have no part in the government. They are assembled, indeed, occasionally, as at the accession of the monarch, but merely as an i appendage to the royal state, without power, or I any oilier consequence llian what results from i their individual rank. The present population of Spain is estimated at l:t,r>o0,17'2, and its lerrittoral extent at 18:!,(lll() sq. 111. The revenue of the kingdom is yii,Ci20.000 dollars ; the debt a;!n,44;i,()(;'2 dollars. The army consists of 4. and 'JO. E. lung., and Tlj -111. and SO. :iO. N. lat , liaving (ireenland to liie W. and Nova Zembia (o the E. The Mainland, or principal island, is 300 m. in len^'th. It was discovered in 1.533 by Sir Hugh Willoiighby, who called it Greenland, suppositig it lo be a part of the west- ern continent. In 1505 it was visited by Uarentz and Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be the original discoverers, and ealb'd it Spitz- ■ bergen, or sharp mountains, from tlie many sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with wliien it abounds. The glaciers on the N. E. pres- ent a singular api>earance, being high elifl's of an emerald color, impendent over tlie sea, wilii cataracts of melted snow, and a black-groun(i of black conic hills, streaked with white. In the winter it is continual night f tr iiuir montlis. Tlie .iniinals are deer, bears, and foxes. The Russians from -Archangel maintain a kind of colony here. To the N. E. of this group are small isles called the Seven Sisters, tlie most arctic land yet dis- covered. Spit RocIc,\>.v. Essex Co. N. Y. 80 m. N. Albany. Splusen, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, sealed near the source of the Rhine, Hi m. N. W. of Chiavenna. Spulcto, a duchy of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical states, 55 m. long and 10 broad ; bounded on the N. by Ancona and Urbino. E. by Naples, S by Sabina, and W. by. Orvirlo ami Pemirino. It comprises Uie greatest ]iart of the ancient Uinbria, and contains 105,000 inhabitants. Spolcto, the capital of the foregoing duchy, and a bishop's see. The houses are in general well built, but the only edifices that have any claim to distinction are the castle, which stands on a hill and is connected with the tf)wn by a bridge, and the cathedral, which is certainlv a fine structure. Spoleto suffered gre.itly I'rom earllupiakes in 1703 and 1767. Here arc tiie ruins of an amphithea- tre, a triumphal arcli, and an aqueduct. It is seated in a country noted for good wine, near the river Tessino, 40 m. E. of Orvieto and GO N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. G. E., lat. 42.45. N. SponffAvt, a town of Germany, and the capital of a county of its name. It is seated among hills covered with vinevards, 27 m. W. by S. of Mentz. Long. 7. 3S. E.lat. 4!). 54. N. Sporadcs, the ancient name of those islands of the Grecian Archipelago which are scattered ir- regularly along the shores of Europe and Asia, in contradistinction to the Cyclades, which were grouped circularlv around Delos. Spolsiriiod, p.v.' Middlesex Co. N. J. 3. m. S. New Rrnnswick. S/iotsi/frnnia, a county of the E. district of Vir- ginia. Pop. 11,920. Frederickburg is the capi- tal. Sprer, a river which rises in the mountains of Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into Rranden- burg. Hows by lierlin, and joins the Havel o]ipo- site Spandau. Sprrinl>frfr, a town of the Prussian states, in Lusatia, .situate on an island formed by the river Spree, 14 m. S. by E. of Cotbus. Sprina Bank. \t'.v. Wayne Co. N. C. Sprint', p.t. Adams Co. Ohio. Pup. 1,739. Spring, a township of Centre Co. Pa. SpriunlioruU!,'lf. p.v. Warren Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. W. Cohinibus. Pop. 370. Sprina Crrcli, a township of .Miami Co. Ohio; p.v. -Madison Co. Ten. Sprinfiftdd. p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 07 m. S. W. B'.>slun. Pop. G,78.1. It stands on the E. bank of the Connecticut. and occupies a level site at the foot fif a hill. The town is handsomely built, princiiially upon a single street two miles in length. There is a United States Armory comprising an arsenal, barracks, forges, and work- shops for the manufacturing of muskets, of which above Ki.OOO are made vearly. On Chiekapee river within the limits ot the town is Spriitifjittd Factonf t'iUtiirr, where the cotton niunulacture is (larried on tii a large account. Here are also consiilerable manufactures of paper. Spriiii'ficid, pi. Sullivan Co. N. II. 30. in. i\. W. Concord. Pop. 1.202; p.t. Windsor Co. Vl Pop. a.740 ; p.t. Otsego Co. N. V. CO ni. W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,!^1U. Also towns and vill.iges in liurlington and Essex Cos. N. J., Bucks, Dela- ware. Hunlingd;m, Mercer, and Bradford (^os. Pa., Hampshire, and Loudon Cos. \'a.. Etllnghaiii Co. Geo.. St. Helena Parish Lou. Washington (Jo. Ken.. Rochester Co. Ten,. Portage, Columbi- ana. Kiehland, Jetferson, Gallia, Ross, Clark, .Montgomery, Muskingum and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Spring Garden, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Pa. Spring iiruTP, ]).v. Iredell Co. N. C. Spring Hill, villajes in Eauquiir and Louisa Cos. Va. and Lenoir Co. N. C. Spring I'lace. p.v. a Moravian settlement on the Cherokee Lands in Georgia. SprinL'tnini, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. Spriiigrillr, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. Susque- hanna Co. Pa., and Darlington Dis. S. C. Sprinir IVitttr, p.t. LiviuL'ston Co. N. Y. Pop 2,253. Sprottau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin cipality of Glogau, on a river of the sarnie name, at its coiinuence with the Bober, 21 m. W. S. VV. of<;iogau. Spurn //ran, a promontory on IheS. i;. coast of Yorkshire. Eng. at the mouth of the Humber, on which is a lighthouse. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 53 '.'>S. N. St/uam. a village in Gloucester, Essex Co Mass, on the N. side of Cape Ann, with a goo.1 har- bour. Sqnnm Lake, a beautiful lake of .\. Ilimpshire near L. Winipissiogee. It is 10 m. long ai.d G broad ; surrounded by mountains and sprinkled ■with islands. Smumkum. p.v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 55. m. N. E Philadelphia. I STA 003 STA s,.anun,. rocky p'^'^^/ ^i^^::;^!:^:, Bo»{o:. Bay, on iKe «»f J '^jVfZ an I..di.u r, m.fromUoaton ltwM„=' ^.borigine:* that di,-.„ c.slon.s and '■■"S;"'";;'^ ; cdal.ria Ultra, H'!^v-^n-h ^i-''^^^'' earth,oake of "'i'.. ( ^ sealc-d on the I'avelone, near a gulf Irt name.%5 m. S W. of St. Sevcrmo. Long. ^•'s^,JiJ^:-i'vi>'.^ofDute,.essCo.N.Y.on ''s',^rto;noftNe,her1ands,^theprov. • .„ nf i •,>•"(■ with a cdfl-rated Benedictine ab- W H-o' s a Innlacture of leather, and a I^r^de in cloths and slufFs. It is eeated on the Rect, 12 m S. of Limbniirg. - no.np- rarain S. America, and the capital of the prov ["ce It is seated on the rjv" D-""»'»' ""'' "="' Und ont.e^S.vin.ol, near its confluence wjth the Elbe, -Wm.N.E. of Bremen. Long.0.2^. E.. '""w/tt W.atown of Bavaria, on the N^ side of'TlfnTnab:-!' connected by a bridge with the ^■'%:,/,f,n':aTownof Prussia, in the province of Wes Phalia on the frontiers of the county of Wal- Lk Par of it, called Marsber^, stands on the site of the famous Saxon fort of ETmesburg, which sitcotineia 1 bmlt a church ' nilace bolon.rin? fiH" ' by th.^ sea', reaching to the «•'<.','•':";">'; '""'tM- sin- cilm weather a boat may sail into it. This sin- gular island is every where supported by basalt c rocks and pillars, and so much hollowed by ^arl- ous caves that iU whole surface i. shaken in .stormy weather. I Smffd^lcin, n town of Bavaria, aiiua.s oa tnc I, inter 10 m. iN. N. E. of Bambtrg. Slakr.l. a borough and the county town of Stafffrdshire. Eng. The principal trade consisU. h, the manufacture of boots and shoes which j.1 one tLe was verv considerable, but has greatly declined. Hat. and cutlery are also manul.c- ture 1 here, and a considerable tanning business Is carried on. It is seated on the river r,ow, 14.1 ,n \ W of London. , , , S^;/?br,M<>e, a county of England, y^ m. ong dreds and L^l parishes, has one city and III mar- ^ t"nt, and^ends U) meinbers to parhamen.. rir'!r^i^rrc^:ia^/:l:r^:^ Hi'^"^.e':;;;rnun^.^'^ii^f^^ ^^' r^d-nrr^iisrTiht^:,^: "iu'"n the rich Uind^ bordering the Trent the A 1,^, become a source of considerable prohl. Tluade'nd manufactures have been great y extended by the inland navigation, winch c. ..- . . 1. Staints, a town in Middlesex, Eng sealed on the Thames, over which is an iron bridge. Jhi "le distance above the bridge, at Coin D.uh, m .STA Ci)l STE the Loiidnn Mirk Stmic, wliicli is the aiicimt bouiulnrv lo llif jurisdiction of llie city of Loiuioii on the "fhanu-s, and lieara Ihc date lil" lii-'ll. )li in. VV. by S. of London. Suttlirrdirf, a town in Dorsetshire, Knjr. with a consideraBic iTianufuctiiri' of stockini;s. Here is an ancient cross nf ow stone, '21 ffct hiivh, on a base of eight feet. 1 1-.' ni. W. Ipy S. of London. S^//**//, a viliafTC in Lancasliirc, [) ni. K. of Man- chester, Enff. It is noted for weavers, dyers, and pressers of woolen elotli, and has some share in the cotton trade. Stamford, a boroui^h in Ijineolnsliire, Hn^. One of its parishes, St. iMartin's, is situate in Norllianiptonshire. bnt the trreater part is built on the side of a liill in /..incolnshirc, and, when approached from the S., presents an inlerestinfj and picturesque appearance. The notable ciistoni of Borough Kntrlisli prevails here, iiy wliicii the yonnjer sons inherit the hinds and tenements of the fatlier dying intestate. 89 ni. N. by W. of Jjondon. Staviford, a township of Bennuigton Co. Vt. 10 m. S. K. BenniniTt(ni. Pop. 'M\'.\; ji.t. Kairfiehl V.Q. Conn. 20 m S. VV. Fairfield. Pop. 3.705 ; p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Stajnjialia, an island of the Grecian Archipela- go, Vi m. long and 5 broad. It is destitute of fresh water, and almost without inhabitants, DO in. W. of Stanchio. Stanrliio, a fertile island of the Grecian Archip- elago, near the coast of Natolia. It is the ancient Cos, the birth place ot' llippf>crates and .^pelles, and is 2.') m. long and 10 broad. It aboimds with cypress and turpentine trees, and a great variety of medicinal plants. The capital, of the same name, is a bishop's see ; seated at the foot of a mountain, at the bottom of a bav, and has a good harbour defended by a castle. -40 m. N. VV. of Rhodes. J.ong. 2(i"^ril. L., lat. ;«i 4r>. N. Sttin-ilnn. a town 'in Hertfordshire, Kng. 27 ni. N. by E. of London. t. Stanteij, a town in ^E'ucestershire, Eng. 105 W. of London. ^P StannardsriHc, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 70 in. W. Fredericksburg. Slaiidish, p.t. Cund)erland Co. Me. on the Saco. a.5 m. N. W. Portland. Slnndford, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 18 m. N. E. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 2,511. Stanford, p. v. Lincoln Co. Ken. Stanhope, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 50 m. N. Tren- ton. Slantonshnrs, pv. Edgecumbe Co. N. C. 70 m. E. Raleigh. Stanz, a town of Swily.erland, in the canton of Underwalden. Near this place, in 17118, the troops of the canton were totally defeated by the French, who afterwards burnt the town and put the inhabitants to the sword. It is seated in a plain, at the foot of the Stanzberg, IS in. S. E. of Lucern and :W F,. of Bern. Stara Kiixii, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Novogorod, on the river Polista, near the lake llinen,40 m. S. of Novogorod. Long. 33. 2. E., lat. .57. 40. N. Stnrnnhrrir, a town and castle of Bavaria, near the N. end of the lake Wnrmsee, 14 m. S. W. of Munich. Startrnrd, a town of (Jermany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with a castle be- longing to tile prince, 10 m. N. by E. of Strelilz. .S(«r^arrf, .Vcic, a town of Prussian Pomerania, witli a college, fine manufactures of wool, and a considerable trade. In 1758 it was taken by Ino Russians. It stands on the river Ihna, 20 m. E of Stettin. Long. 15. 13. E., lat. 53. 2C. N. .S(«r/i, a county of Ohio. Pop. 26,784. Canton is the capital. Slarlirnhurir, one of the three great divisions of Hesse-Darmstadt, situate between the Rhine and the Maine, and forming the southern part of the grand duchy, lis extent is 1,000 sipiare m ; its population 200,1)00. Darmstadt is the capital. Slarhs, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kenne- bec. 7 in. W Norridgewock. Pop. 1,471. SInrhahorouuli p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 1 ,342. ' Sturr, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. Start Point, a promontory on the coast of Devon- shire, 14 m S. by W, of Dartmouth. Long. 3. 4.-3. W,, lut. .50. 13. N. S/asfiirt, a town of Prussian Sa.xony, in the duchy of Alagdeburg, with some good salt-works, 21 m'. S. S. W. of Magdeburg. Stalin Island, an island of New York, 18 m. long and ti broad, which forms the county of Richmond. On the S. side is a tract of level land ; but tlie island in general is rough and the liills are high. Richmond is the chief town. Stalrn Land. See Zealand, Sfew. Slatcsborounh, p.t. Bullock Co. Geo. 45 ni. N. W. Savannah. Siatcsliurg, p.t. Sumter Dis. S. C. 30 m. S. Camden. Stalesmllr, p.t. Iredell Co. N. C. 130 m. W. Raleigh. Sluuffrn, a town of Germany, in Baden, situate on the .Mehlbach, 8 m. S. of Friburg. SlaiiJJ'ailiurir, a town and castle of Germany, in Ilesse-Darinstadt, situate on the Lohn, 5 iii N. N. E. of Giessen. Staunton, p. v. Newcastle Co. Del. 6 m. S. VV. Wilmington ; p. v. Augusta Co. Va., 120 m. N. VV. Richmond ; a township of Miami Co. Ohio. Starnniifr, a sea-port of Norway, in the gov- ernment of Beraren. Near it is a fortress, called Deswick. It is seated on a peninsula, 05 m. S. of Bergen. Long. 5. 5,5. E., lat. 58. 58. N. Slarcrrn, a town of the Holland in P'riesland, formerly a rich city and sea-port, but now much decayed, and the harbour choked up. The an- cient kings of Friesland made it their ordinary residence, and there remains enough of its for- mer splendour to make it a considerable town. It has still some trade, especially in fishing, and in passage-boats over the pools and lakes of the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 8 ni. VV. of Sloten and 17 N. E. of Enchuyscn. Long. 5. 13. E., lat. .52. .54. N. ■S^ctnitrcrcH, a town of Holland in N. Brabant, formerly a strong place, with a convenient har- bour ; but the sea has retired from it about 3 m, which, with the calamities it has suffered by war, has reduced it to a poor town. It has a commu- nication with the Meuse, and is 7 m. N. of Ber- gen op Zoom. Stemkecr, a town of Norway, in the province of Drontheim, 30 miles N. E. of Drontheim. Stccnkirh, a village of Belgium, in Ilainault, fa- mous for the victory obtained by the French over William III. of England in 1()!)2. It is 15 m. N. of Mons. Strvc, a sea-port of Denmark, on the N. coast of the isle of Mona, almost surrounded by a lake, 42 m. S. by W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15. E.,lat. .55." 4. N. Slrgehvrg, a seaport of Sweden, in E. Goth- STE ,and, seated on the Ballio, 'J m. N. of Calnmt :im! 82 S. W. of Stockholiii. Long. IG. 40. h., lat. 58. Stiin, a small independent town of Switzerland, ill the canton of Zurich, seated on the N. side of the Rhine, where it issues from the lalie of Constance. Near it is the ancient castle of Ho- henlilinren, now converted into a watch-tower. The church is on the opposite side of the Rhino, in a place called Burs, which is connected to the town by a bridge. 1.5 m. W. by N. of Constance and 25 N. E. of Zurich. Slein, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the Danube, over which is a loni^ wooden bridge to Mautern. Between Stein and Krems is a mili- tary manufacture, in whicii metal articles, sabres, cloth, and clothes are made and kept. 2 m. W. of Krems and 12 N. by W. of St. I'oltcn. Slein, a town and castle of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola, on the Freistritz, 11 m. N. of Laubach. Slein, a town and castle of tlie Austrian states, in Carinthia, on tlie Drave, 12 m. S. of Clagen- furt. Sleinau, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly the capital of a circle, in the principality of Wo- lau. It has manufactures of cloth, and is seated near the Oder, Ili m. N. N. K. of Lianitz. Sleinfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province of Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, with a Calvinist academy ; seated on ihe Aa, 10 m. S. fc«. E. of Bentheim and 33 N. W. of Munster. Sleinheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, with a castle, near the river Maine, 4 m. S. E. of Hanau. Sl.einhude, a town of Germany, in the county of Schauenbur^-Lippe, on the S. side of Stein- hiider-niere, in which is the strong fortress of Wilhemslein. 15 m. i\. W. of Hanover. Sleinhursl, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, witii a castle, 14 m. S. S. W. of Lubec. Stclhnliosck find Drakcnlscin, a district of the Cape of Good Hope, 380 m. long and 150 broad, bounded S. by Cape Agulhas and N. by the river Koussie. It is mountainous, but contains some ol the finest land in the colony. The extent is estimated at 55,000 b(|. m. ; the pop. at 23,000. Slfniii/, a town of France, department of Meuse, on the river Meuse, 22 m. N. N. W. of Verdun. Stendal, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, I'nrinerly capital of the Old Mark. Here is a lulony of French Calvinists, wiio carry on man- ufactures of wool, leatiier, Jirc. It stands oil tile rivulet Ucht, 5 m. \V. of the Elbe, and 3i: M. by E. of Mai'dcburg. Long. IL 58. E., lat. 52. 35. N. SleplirMown, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 20 in. S. E. Albany. Pop 2,716. Stepney, p. v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 50 m. S. E. Hartford. Slerlinf^, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 4() m. W. Boston Pop. 1,780; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,430; p.t. Windliam Co. Conn. 44 m. E. Hart- ford with manufactures of cotton. Pop, 1,240; p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. Slcrlin^rille, a village of Granville Co. N. C. Slernlje?-cf, a town in the Prussian states, in the New Mavk of Brandenburg, with a great trade in cattle, 20 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort. Sternberg, a town of (lennany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenbnrg-Scliwerin, situate on a lake, U; m. S. E. of Wjsniar. Slcinherg, a town and castle of tlie Austrian states, in Moravia, 10 m. N. E. of Olmutz. Sttr-Jngcn, a town of the .Austrian slates, inTy- C95 STE rol, celebrated for its iiianufuelure of sword-blades, and for the silv(-r mines in its vicinity. It is seat- ed at tlie foot of a mountain, on the Eysoch, 12 in. N. W, of Bri.\cn. Sleuin,a. government of Prussia, comprising the middle of Poineraiiia, and containing an erea of 0,025 aquare miles, with 300,000 inhabitants. Slcttin, a fortified sea-port of Prussia, capital of Pomerania. It is a handsome town ; ccmtains about 21,000 Inhabitants, e.vclusive of the garri- son ; has numerous manufactures, particularly of cloths, stuffs, hats, stockings, yarn, cotton, rib- ands, paper, and canvas ; and carries on a con- siderable trade to all parts of Europe. Timber and corn are the principal articles of exporta- tion ; and ship-building, is a very profitable branch of employment. In 1795 afire consumed a great number of houses. In ISOti this place, furnished with IGO pieces of cannon and a garrison of 0,000 men, surrendered to the French. It was garri- soned by them after the disastrous retreat from Russia in 1812, but in 1813 was obliged to capitu- late, when the Dutch troops belonging to the gar- rison hoisted the Orange cockade. It is seated on the Oder, 80 in. N. N. E. of Berlin. Long. 14. 44. E., lat. .53. 30. N. Stettin, .VciB, a town of Pomerania, in the gov- ernment of Coslin, with a castle, situate on the Willem, 41 miles E. of Coslin; and 02 E. N. E. of New Stargard. S^ewdtK, a county of New York. Pop. 33,!)75. Bath is the capital ; p.t. Washington Co. Me. Pop 095 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 20 m. N. Utica . the township was granted to Baron Steuben for his military services, and here lie his remains. Pop. 2,094. SteubenriLU, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ohio, on tho Ohio. 147 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop 3,152. It is regularly built, and is a very flourishing place ; it has many manufactures, 2 banks and 2 news- papers ; the neighbouring country is fertile and populous. Slcvcnsburg, a village of Frederick Co. Va. ; p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. Stcvcnston, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, fa- mous for the coal strata in its vicinity. It is sit- uate on a hill, 5 ni. N. W. of Irvine. Steinttsrille, ji.v. King and Queen Cos. Va. Slcwiirt, a. comiiy of E. Tennessee. Pop 0,898. Dover is the capital. Steicart Miinfls, five islands in the S. Pacific, discovered by captain Hunter in 179!, and named by him in honor of admiral Keith Stewart. Loiitr, 103. 18. E., lat. 8. 20. S. Stewarlon, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a noted manufacture of boiinet.4, in. N. of Ir- vine. Slewarton, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 5 m. N. N. E. of Dungannon. Slewartstoion, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. 140 m. N Concord. Pop. 529. Sleieartxfille, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J., and West morelaiid Co. Pa. Stei/ninif, a borough in Sussex, Eng. 50 in. S. W. of London. Slrijr, a town of .\ustria, which lias a great trade in articles of iron and steel. The French entered it in 1800, and concluded an armistice for a peace with the Austrians. It is seated at the conflux of the Steyr with the Ens, 20 m. S. E. of Liiitz. Steyreg, a town and castle of Austria, situate on a mountain, on the N. side of the Danube, 8 m. E.of Linlz. STO 6% STO Siir/ihausen, n town and ca»ll» of llnnovpr, in till- principality of K. Friesl^nd, ^2 ni. K. S. K. of Kinden. SlisHnnn, a town of Napli'S, in Bnsilicnta. fa- mnuD f(ir its batli8 ; gpalpd near the Salandrclla, 2G rn. S. S. E. of Arpronza. Utilhratr.r, p.t. Saraloja Co. N. Y. on tliD W. bank of llie Hudson. 24 in. i\. Albany. I'op. 2/)0l. This spot is colpbarted for the battlrg fouffht t)et\vppn thp arinips of tJates and Ilur«;oyno in Spptpmbpr and Ootobpr 1777. Stilhttiti^r^ j».v. SuHsex (-o. N. J. and Miami Co. Ohio. SfilltrcUitvUUy p.t. Montffompry Co. N. Y. Stiffon, a town in Miintinvdonshire, En<^. cele- bratpd for a rich kind of cheese, somotinies called EtiirlUk Parmfijfnn. 7'* in. N. by K. of London. Stincliar^ a river of Scotland, in the S. jjart of Ayrshire, which has a r.ipid course of y<> in. and enters the ocean below Ballantrae. Slirlhig, a borough of Scotland, capital of Stir- lingshire, seated on the river Forth, on a hill, which terminates abruptly in a steep basaltic rock. On this rock i.s an ancient castle, once a place of great strenjrth, and often the scene of bloody con- tention. The palace, erected by James V., is a stately buibiinff ; the outside curiously ornamen- ted with Grotesque figures. Here are two church- es anil a famous grammar school. In the town and its neighbonrhood arc mannfaclnres of car- pebi, shalloons, and other woollen stuffs ; and the cotton trade is flourishing. A salmon fishery, belonging to the town, is let to a company, who dend the fish chiefly to the London and Edin- burgh markets. Stirling has underijone consid- erable iinprf brick whitened with stucco. There is a royal academy of science, in- stituded by the celebrated LinnfBus,and a few oth- er learned men, in 17-11 ; and also a royal academy ot' arts. The arsenal contains an immense num- ber of trophies and standards taken from differ- ent nations. Stockholm, with a small territory surrounding it, forms a separate government, has its own magistrates, and contains nearly 100,000 inhabitants, who manufacture glass, china, silk, woolen, i&c. It is 320 m. N. E. of Copenhagen, 1,000 N. E. of Paris, and 900 N. E. of London. Long. in. (I E., lat. 59. 20. N. SloclJiolm, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 30 m. E. Ogdenburg. Pop. 1,9-14; p. v. Morris Co. Stockport 3. town in Cheshire, Eng. with a mar- ket, and considerable manufactures of cot- ■ ton, printed goods, and hats. From its contigui- ty to Manchester, and the facilties of its canal navigation, Stockport partakes of the prosperity of that town. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 21 ,726. It is seated on the Mersey, 7 m. S. S. E. of Manchester and 179 N. iN. W. of London. Stockjiort, p. v. Wayne Co. Pa. on the Delaware. 150 Ml. N. Philadelpliia. Sloeklon, a borough in the county of Durham, Eng. Here are two docks for ship building, manufactures of canvass and ropes to a consider- able extent, also of diapers, huckabacks, checks, &c. It is seated on the river Tees not far from its month. 243 m. N. by W. of London. StorUtnn, p.t. Chalauquc Co. N. Y. 60 m. S. W. Buffalo. Pop. 1,004. Stoildard, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop. 1,159. Sloddardsritlc, p.v Luzerne Co. Pa. Stakes, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 16,196 Salem is the capital. A township of Madison Co Ohio. StokeshuTtj, p.v. Stokes Co. N. C. Stokesley, a small but neat town in N. York- I shire, Eng. 238 m. N. by W. of London. Stolberg, a tov/n of Prussian Saxonv, capital of STO (:07 STR a county of tli« sanio iiaiiir, with a castle. It is ecatcil in a valley between two inonntaiiis, iii which are mini's of copper and iron, I'2 ni. N. I'. "f Norilhansen and r^?> W. N. W. of Leipzig, l-ong. II. Ti. K.. lat. r.l. 3(1. N. Slolbertr, a town of Sa.vony, whfre jreat ipian- lilies of cloth are made. '» in S. VV. of Chemnitz Stolliofcn, a town of (iernianv, in the jfrand dncliy of Jladen, t< ui. S. VV. of Baden. Sfolp'', a town of Pmssian Poinerania, with a oastle, three chnrclies, and a I,tit)ierfin nunnery. The inhabitants, estin\ated at 5,0011, carry on a considerable trade in linen and wood, and here is also a fine salmon fishery. It is seated on the Stolpa, U) m. from its mouth, in the Baltic, and 51) E. N. K. of Colherjr. Long. Ki. H. E., lat. 51 27. N. atolpcmumlc, a town of Ponicrania, on the Bal- tic Sea, with a harbour, at the moiilh of the Stol- pa, 10 ni. N. W. of Stolpe. Slol/im, a town of Saxony, with a cistle on a mountain, 15 m. E. of Dresden. Slohenau, a town of Hanover, in the county of Hoya; seated on the VVeser, M m. S. S. W. of Nienburg". Stolztnburg, a town of VV. Prussia, formerly a suburb of the city of Dantzic, but with the adja- cent suburbs of Old .Scotland, St. Albert, and Schidlitz, was formed into a separate town, havino; its own magistrates and municipal rights in 177'^. .%oni;,a town in StalTordshire, Enj. a consider- able manufacture of shoes ; 140 N. VV. of London. Stone Arabia, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. T-O m. N. W. Albany. Stone, Creek, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. Sloneham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. Boston. Pop. 732. Stonehaven, or Stonchive,a. sea-port of Scotland, and the country town of Kincardineshire. The harbour is secured by a high rock and stone pier. Near it are the ruins of the castle of Donnotyre, on a lofty perpendicular rock, almost surrounded by the sea. The town has a manufacture of brown linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. 20 m. N. N. E. of Montrose. f>ong. 2. 6. W., lat. 56. 55. N. Slonehenge, a remarkable monument of antiquity in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain, consisting of several very large stones, some placed upright and others horizontally across them. Most anti- quaries suppose this work to have been a temple of the Druids, because it is in a circular form, ami seems to have been much more regular than it appears to be at present. It has puzzled many diliirent enquirers to account for the bringing and placing of those enormous stones ; for it is thought no method now knoivn is sufficient to have raised those that lie across to that height, li m. .\. of Salisbury. Stonehoitse, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It contains a national school, very extensive bar- racks, a rovAl naval hospital, *tc. ; and is situate about half way between Pl^'uioutli and Devon- port. Stoncleigh, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. ,5 m. S. W. of Coventry. StoncsboroHgli, a village of Greene Co. Ken. Siimesvillc, p. v. Crcrnville Dis. S. C Stoney Point, p v. -Mbemarle Co. Va. Iredell Co. N. C. Abbeville Dis. S. C. Stonington, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on Long Island Sound 15 m. E. N. London. It has manufactures of cotton and woolen and is enga- ged in the whale fishery. This town was bom- 88 bardi-d by the British squadron in ISH hnl with out cfl'ect. Pop ;!,.(0I. Sioni/ Piilnt,\\ fortrcs.^ of New York,taken oy the British irj I77l», hut rccnvercd soon after by the' Amerlcuns, and the British garrison made prison ers of war. It is sealed on the Hudson, opposite V^erplrink'.*^ Point. Slorlma, a town of Priis.sia, in the Ucker Mark of Brandeniinrg, '17 ui. S. K. of Berlin. Stonuinnii/, a sea-port of Scitland, fui the E side of the isle of Lewis, at the head of Loch Storn.'iway, which is a good harbour for ships ot any burden. It is a port of the custoni-lioose, and has a posl.nlfice and a regular packet weekly. Long. f.. a■^. W., lat. 5"?. H. N. StoHTtllr, p. v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. start foiil,oT litjhop^s Stortford, a town in Hert- fordshire, Eng. with a market on Tliursday On thn K. side are (he ruins of a castle, on an artificial mount. It is seated on the side r)f a hill, on the river Stort, which is navigable hence to the Lea, 10 m. K. N. E. of llcrlford and 30 N. N. E. of Lond(jn. Stussen, a town of Saxony, t> m. S. of Weis- senfels. Stou^liltin,\>.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos- ton with manufacturer of cotton and woolen. Pop. I, .'.!)!. Stoiir, a river which rises on the most northerly point of Dorsetshire, passes by Stourminster, Blaudford, and Winborn then enters Hampshire, and llows into the Avon, opposite Christchurch. Stoiir. a river in Kent, Eng. which flows by Sandwich into Hope Bay. Stony, a river of Eng. which forms the entire boundary between Sussex and SutFolk. Sta»r,;\. river whtch rises in the S. part of Stai- fordshire, Eng. enters Worcestershire at Sour- bridge, and flows by Kidderminster into the Se- vern, opposite Stourport. Slonrbriilgr, a corporate town in Worcester- shire, Eng. with manufactures of glass, iron, and earthenware. I*J(> ni. N. W. of London. Stourminster. a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with a nianulUcture of while baize. Near it are the ru- ins of a castle, which was the scat of the W. Sa.xon kings. 10") m. W. by S. of London. Stourport. a handsome town in Worcestershire, Eng. -1 in. S. o( Kidderminster. Siotr .Mnrhct, :\. thriving town in SufTolk, Entr. with a mannfaclure id" sacking, ropes, &c., and a considerable malting business. 70 m. N. N. E. of London. Stow on the U'oltf. a biwii in Gloucestershire, Eng. .SO 111. VV. l)v N. of London. Stoir, p.t. iVIuldlesex Co. Mass. 30 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. \:Hl; p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 24 m. N. VV. Montpelier. Pop. 1 .570 ; p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 12f< m. N. E. (.Columbus. Pop. 7unded by the ilaltic and the lake Francen, and has a harbour separated from the isle of Rugen by a narrow channel. The manu- factures are various, but most of them on a small scale, and the trade is considerable, particularly in corn. 40 m. K. N. E. of Rostock, and 85 N. W. of Stettin. Long. IM. 10. !•',., lat. 54. 20. N. Sirammel, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, on the river Rega, 21 iii. N. K. of New Stargard. Sliarta^lord, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Down, seated on a bay of its name, at the narrow part which connects Strangford Lough ■with the Irish Sea, 7 m. K. of Down. Long. 5. 30. W, lat. 54.31. N. Stranafurd LoHi(h, a large bay, or inlet of the sea. in the cou/itv of Down, on the E. coast of Ireland, about 17 ni. long and 5 broad, abounding with e.xcellent fish, particularly smelts fnnd oft" the bar, about August, is a periodical herring fishery. It contains a great many small islands ; and the burning of kelp profitably employs a great number of hands in them. The bar or entrance into it from the Irish Sea is 3 in. below Strang- ford and not a ni. in breadth. StninrawpT, a borougli and sea-port of Scotland, in Wigtonshire. with considerable manulactures of cotton and linen. Vessels emploj'ed in the coasting trade and herring fishery frequent this jilace ; and some ships saiT hence to the IJaltin and Ireland with corn. It is situate at tlie head of Loch llvan, 2(! m. W. by N. of VVigtoii. Lone. 4.57. \V.,'Iat. 55. 0. N. Slrasburar, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and a bishop's see. It is situate near the Rliine ; and the River III runs through it, and Ibnns niiiny canals, over which there are several bridges to connect the different quarters of the city. It is a place of considerable commerce, and li.aa manufactures of tobacco, por- celain, steel, lace, carpels, cloth, leather, »S:c. The inhabitants are computed at 00,000. The principal structures are built of a red stone, dug from the quarries which are along the Rhine. This town, fr)rmerly imperial, was taken by Louis Xiy. in Itjsl. The citadel and fortifications, which he constructed, have been so much aug mented that Slrasbiirg may be considered one ol the strongest places in Europe. It was confirm id to France by the peace of Ryswick in IC07. 'f he universily, which had been curtailed of its classes during the French revolution, was re- ploced on its former footing in 181(3. The town is entered by six gates. I:i llie cathedral is :i clock, which shows the motions of the conslelln- tions, the revolutions of the sun and nmnn, tlir days of the week, the hours, &c. Another re- niarkuble circumstance in this cathedral is ils pyramidiral tower, which is 5-10 feet high. In the church of St. Tliom.13 is the magnificent tomb of the famous marshal Saxe. G5 m. N. of Basil and 75 E. of Nancy. Loner. 7. 45. E., lat. 48. 35. N. Strnsburi;, a town of W. Prussia, in the circle of Culm, with tt castle ; seated on the Drigcntz, 30 m. E. N. E. of Thorn. StrasliuTi;, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 15 111. N. by \V. of Prenzlo. StraslniTf;, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin- thia, seated on the river Gurk, 13 m N. of Cla- genfurt. StrashuTs, p. I. Lancaster Co. ; p.t. Franklin Co Pa. ; p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va. Strasnitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo ravia, with a castle and a college, on the rivei Marsch, 12 rn. S. S. W. of HradTsch. Strntfurd, a village in SulTblk, Eng. 12 m. S. W, of Ipswich. Stratford, a village in Essex, Eng., separated from liow in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over which is a bridge, said to be the most ancient stone urch in England. 3 in. E. N. E. of Lon- don. Stratford, Fentiij, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng., with a manufacture of thread lace ; seated on the Lyssel, and the Roman highway called Watling-street, 45 m. N. W. of London. Stratford Stouij, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. The inhabitants are principally lace-ma- kers. It is seated on the Ousc, 52. in. N. W. of London. Strattford-oii-jlron, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. It is memorable as the birth-place o*^ Shakspi are, who was buried here in KJlti. Here is a manufacture of silk buttons, and some trado in corn and mall. The town is situate on the Avon,.over which is a long bridge, 8 m. S. VV of Warwick and !)5 N. W. of London. Stratford, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 443; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn., 14 m S. W. New Haven. Pop. 1 ,807. A township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 5.52. Sirat/iam, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 8 m. S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 838. Stra.t/iarcfi. a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, with a inaniifacture of cotfon, seated on the .^von, 8 III. S. of Ilamiiton and 12 W. of' Lanark. Slrathmure, a river of Scotland, in Sutlierland- shire, which Hows into a bay of the North Sea, called Loch Hope. Sfrntlni, a river of Scotland, in Sutlierlaiidshire which issues from a small lake, and flows into a bay of the N. Sea, sheltered to the W. by a large jiromontory, to which it gives name. Strallon, a liiwn in Cornwall, Eng., 222 m. VV. by S. of London. Strauhini;, a town of Bavaria, copital of a terri- tory of the same name, with a castle. 1( has broad streets, handsome churches, a flourishing academy, and a convent of Ursuline nuns. In 1743 it was taken by the .\ustrians, who demol- ished the fortifications, but it was restored in 1745. It is seated on the Danube, 22 m S. "fl of Ratisbon and 08 N. E. of Munich. Lonff. 18 28. E., lat. 48. .50. N STR 699 STR Strausberg, a town of Prussia, in the Middle Mark of Brandenburg, with an old castle on a mountain. It has manufactures of baize and cloth, and stands on the lake Strauss, 21 in. E. N. E. of Berlin. fitraientoicn, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. airchla, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near which the Prussians were defeated by the Aus- trians in 17fi0. It is seated on tile Elbe, 14 m. N. W. of Meissen. Strelden, a town of Prussian Silesia, with man- ufactures of woolens, stockings, and leather ; seat- ed on the Ohla, 22 m. S. of Brcslau. StrtlitZj J^^eWj a town of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of Mecklenburj^-Strelitz. ft owes its origin to the destruction of the ducal palace, in Oltl Strelitz : in conseciuence of which,in 1713, the duke began to erect a magnificent palace, 2 m. from the site of the old one, at a place called Glienke,. which was before his hunting seat ; and in 1733 lie founded a town adjoining to the palace, and ordered it to be called New Strelitz. The centre is a spacious market-place, and thence a number of streets branch out in straight lines; the chief street leads to the palace, and the next to a pleasant lake. It is seated among lakes 5.5 m. S. E. of Gustrow and 50 N. by W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 18. E., lat. 53. 21. N. Strelitz Old, a small town of the duchy of Meck- lenburg, the residence of the younger branch of that house, till the castle was burnt down in 1712. See the preceding article. Strenvnes, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, and a bishop's see, seated on the lake Maerler, 30 n». W. by S. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 4. E., lat. 59. 20. N. StrickersviUe, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. Striegau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnitz, seated on a river, at the foot of a mountain, 11 m. N. of S.-hweid- nitz. Stroemsholm, a town of Sweden , in Westmania situate on the lake Mealer,45 m. S. W. of Upsal. Long. 16. 24. E., lat. 59. 30. N. Stroma, a small island of Scotland, on the coast of Caithness-shire, in Pcntland Frith. Its ca- verns were once used by the inhabitants of the neighbouring island as places of interment. Near its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool. Stroynberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the government of Munster, 20 m. E. N. E. of Munster and 20 N. W. of Paderborn. StramboU, the most northern of the Lipari Isl- ands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical form to the height of 3,000 feel; and on the E. side are three or four little craters ranged near each other, nearly at two-thirds of its height. Not- withstanding its fires, it is inhabited, and pro- duces a great deal of cotton. Of all the volca- noes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be the only one that burns without ceasing ; and it has long been looked upon as the great lighthouse of the Mediterranean, the flames being seen by night at a great distance. Long. 15. 40. E., lat. 36. 40. N. Stromness , a. town of Scotland, on the S. W. «ide of the island of Pomona, with a good harbour, 9 m. W. of Kirkwall. Slromoc, the principal of the Feroe Islands, in the Northern Ocean, 30 in. in length and 10 in breadth. It has a town called Thorshaven, which is the capital of all the islands and llie common market. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. (i2. 10. N. Stromsoe, a town of Norway, in the proyinre ■)f Aggerhuys, 18 m S. W. of ChriBtiania See DrammcTt. Stromstndt, a town of Sweden, in \V. Gothland celebrated for its shell fish. It stands on the coast of tlie N. Sea. 43 m. N. N. W. of Uddevalle. Long. 11.4. E., lat. 59. 4. N. Strong, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 985. Strongsvillc, p.t. C'uyahoga Co. Ohio. 125 m. N. E.Columbus. Pop (1311. Strongoli, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, seated on a high rock, 3 m. from the sea, and 7 N. of St. Severino. Stronsu, one of the Orkney Islands, situate N. E. of that called Pomona. It is 7 m. from N. !o S. and nearly the same in breadth, Ij^t so indent- ed bv bays that no part of it is above a mile and a half from the sea. It produces much kelp, and feeds many sheep and cattle. Strontjan, a village of Solland, in Arglyeshirc and in the district of Ardnaniurchan, noted for its lead mines, in which a new kind of mineral wa** discovered in 171)0, and named Strontil^s. Stroud, mown in Gloucestershire, Eng. It is seated on a brook, the waters of which are peco- liarly adapted to the dyeing of scurlet, and ita banks are consequently crowded with liie huuses of clothiers ; a navigable canal accompanies its progress to the Severn, and fs now extended In join the Thames atLechlade. Stroud is 11 in. S. by E. of Gloucester and 100 W. by N. of London Slroud, a considerable village in Kent, Eng Stroudshvrg, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. Stuartshurg, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. Studland, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. in the neighbourhood of which are several curious bor- rows. &wA/m^en, a town ofBaden,ina lordship, of the same name, with a castle on a mountain, 9 in. S. of Furstenburg. Stulilicctsscnburff, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of its name, and the see of a bishop, sit- uate in marshy ground, occasioned by the river Sarwitz. It was formerly the place for the cor- onation of the kings, and generally also of their interment ; but it is much decayed, since its works were dismantled in 1702. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 13.000. 30 m. S. W. of Buda, and ,10 S. E. of Presburg. Long. 16. 2-i. E. lat. 47. 18. N. Sturbridgc, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of woolen and col- ton. Pop. l,(KiS. * Stutgard, a city of G'-rmany, capital of the kingdom of Wurteiiberg. It is surounded by walls and ditches, and has an ancient castle, with a rich cabinet of curiosities, a magnificent palace, an orphan house, a college, a ducal academy, and observatory, a military academy one of the largest libraries in Germany. Il has man- ufactures of silks, stockings, ribands, &e. and around it are innumerable vineyards and gardens. The streets are narrow in the city, and the houses generally of wood ; but there are fine houses, and straight streets, in one of the suburbs. Stutgard was repeatedly entered by the armies on both side* between 179t>, and 1S15. It is scaled in a plain among mountains, near the river Neckar, 30 m. E. ofBaden and .52 N. E. of Slrasburg. Long. 9, 21. E., lat. 48. 44. N. Styria, a province of Austria, 12-5 m. long and 17 broad ; bounded on the E. by Hunirary, S. by Carniola, and W. by Carinlhia and Salzburg. It is divided into Upper and Lower Styria ; the for- mer ronlaining the circles of .Tiidcnbnrj and sut> 700 SUI Brtick, and iho latter lliosc of Grtilz, Marcliburl«'asant. U contains mines of excellent iron, whence ihearniM made here are in great esteem ; also mines of lead and coal. The principal rivers are tlir Knns, Muhr. Drave, and Save. The inhabitants aie for the most part Catholics, but Proieslantn are tol- erated, and Jewj* in a limited degrep. (iralz and Judenlmrf^ are the cliief towns. Sutihia, the former name of one of the ten rir- cles of Germany, bounded on the i\. by Franconia and the circle of Lower Rhine, W. bv that circle and Alsace, S. by Switzerland, and K. by Hava- ria. It comprised the greater part of the kinin a river of tlie same name, 71) m. N. W. of Jassy. Lou.r. 25. 52. K., !:it. -17. 57. N. ... SiLihL, a stronj^ Tori i»fl.lu'' Isif nfCatiflia.sihiatt' mi an islot, in a iriiirol* its !i;uiie. wliicili is oiu' of llie fe»esl and safest li:irl>niirs in tlif Kt-vanl. TItis tort was constriictfii l»v tlu' V'onetians. wiio prr- served it .t great while .Tpler Canilia was iici Innn- er in their pwsessii.n. It is H ni. K. of Tanea. Sudburij. a boroiiirh in'Siill'nlk. V'.ng. ">l m. N. 1'^. of London. Sudhurij, |> V. UnlliMil C,<. Vt. -ID ni. VV. Win.l- nor. Pop. firi, p.t. Middlesex. Co. Mass. 'ill mi. W.Boston, fop 1,421. Suderkamii , a t'^vvn of Sweden, in the govern- ment of Gcfleborir. willi u innsidMahle trade in linen, butler, timber, and flax; situate at the inoiitii ofa river, near tlie irnlf nf Bothnia. 'iO m. N. of Geiic. Long. 17. .'i. 1'.., lat. (i:!. 20. .N Sudcrhnpin'T, a town of Sweden, in K. Gi>th- land, sealed on a navi^.ible river, 10 ni. S. S. E. of Nordkoping Sudcrmania, a province of Swenen Proper, (i2 ni. lonff and 42 broad; bounded by llplaml. West- mania, Nericia, and Ibe Baltic. It is the most populous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn, and niines of divers metals. Nvkoping is the cap- ital. Siiderlelge, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, with a manufacture of worsted and silk stockinirs. 16 m. W. S, W of Stockholm. Siulorit, o.ie ofthe Feroi' Islands, in the Nnrtli ern Ocean, remarkable for a dangerous whirlpou! near it, wiiicli is occasioned by a crater, fil fathoniii deep in the centre. The danger, especially i" storms, is very great ; but at the reflux, and in very still weallii-r, the inhabitants venture in boats, for the sake of fishinjj. Snni-hmi, a city ol China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-tche-li, seated amid mountains, near the great wall, 77 in. N. N. W. of I'ekiii. Long. 114. :!'.!. K, , lat. 40. :!S. N. .S'««, a sea-port of Kgvpl, with a castle, seated at the N. end ofthe W.'arin ofthe Red Sea, cal- led the gulf of Suez. This gulf is separated from the Mediterranean by an isthmus, 125 m. over, which joins Asia to Africa. The town is sur- rounded bv a sandy country, and is without water. Several vessels are employed in the navigation between this port and .Tidda, where the commo- dities are bartered for Indian goods and the coffee of Arabia. The commerce of Cairo with Suez is carried on by caravans, which wait the arrival, and set out on tiie departure of the vessels, that is, about the end of April, and in the course of July and Augufst. Tiie merchandise consists in corn, wood, iron. lead. wool, cloth, cordage, &c. 05 m i:. of Cairo. Long. :!2. .M . K , lat. .10. 2. N. SiiffUld, pi Hartford Co. Conn. 18 in. N. Hart- *iird. Pop. y.lJIN). A township of P«irtaffe Co. Onio. Pop. 3:>7. Siiff'iifk. a county of Kngland. .'».*^ in. Iring and 28 broad ; bnundeil oij the S. by Ks.sex, W. by Cam- bridgeshire, iN. by Norfolk, ami K. by the German Ocean. The number ot' inhabitants in 1*^21 was 270,r)42. The soil is ul' various rpialilies. but the eoiMitr\', in treneral, is level. Near the shore it is saiidv and full f»f healhs, bul abound in rye. peas, turnips, carrot.^ anjtttft/!!:. a counlv of Massachusetts, c^miprising Boston and ("belsia. I'op. t>2.l(i2. Boston is the Capit.il. A countvof.New Vork, consisting of llie Iv part of Loi'iif Island. Pop. 2t>,!)S0 ; p. v. Nansemond Co. Va. 2' m. S. W. Norfolk. Siiirnr tVrc/.-. townships in Stark. Tuscarawas *irecn and Wavne Cos. filiio. Snnrfir fj-iiff'. township of Lu7.erne Co. Pa. SHtrtir xirorr, -t.v. Warren ('o. Pa. Smrirxrille, p.v. Clark Co. Alab. Suirtihncs.'ia^rir .SVg/7mc.s-.s7/,a town ofthe kingdom ol Tafilet, the capital ofa district, which abounds in corn, dates, and olher fruits, and has mines ••if iron . lead, and antimony. It is seated on the Zig, 140 m. N. N. E. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 5. W., lat. 2:1. 40. N. Siihla. a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of Henneburg, with manufactures of fustian, linen, leather, and steel. It is seated on the Hazel, 7 m. N. of Schleusingen. Sidilinscn, a town of Hanover, in the county of Hoya,''on a river of its name, 22 m. W. by N. of Nieburg. Suirr, a river of Ireland, which rises in Tippe- rary flows by Clonmel and Carrick to Wuterford, and meets the Barrow at the head of W.aterford Haven. SUM 701 SUM Suthvun. a couulv of New I amp^luro Top. lOf-.-.? No-.VDort is the capital. A couuty o N'York I'op'. 12,3-2; Monticello is the capi al. AcLnty of Indiana. Top. 4,C1H;. M^o^ -. '^e capita:. A county ufE. Tennessee. Pop. 10,0/3 , Blountsville is llie capital. -,. „ p p., SM.an, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. 3om.E.Ca|- tine. Pup. 538. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H.a^m.b. W. Concord. Pop. 55o. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y Vop -I'l-?; p.v. Tioga Co. Pa. a township of Lorain Co Ohio. Pop. 200. -:,ltirrms Island, a low island nl the entrance ■liarleston harbour, S. C. ri • . ■iHii a town of France, department of Loiret, ;.d on the Loire, 20 m. S. E. of Orleans. ^.(/m«Ha, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra anj a bishop's see. It contains 11 churches and 12 convente, nnd was the birthplace of the poet Ovid It is seated on the Sora. 20 m. b. W. ot Civita di Shieti. Long. 14. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. SiJtanta, a decayed town of Persia, in Irak, with a magnificent mosqvie, which contains the tomb of sulUii Chodabcnd, or Hodabunda. 50 miles N. W. of Casbin. Long. .'il. 53. b., lat. .«). 10. N. . , SuUnnvore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Lahore, G2 m. S. E. of Lahore. Sullanuore, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Oude. the station of a British deUch- ment, 32 miles S. of Fyzabad aad 50 N. of Alla- habad. . ,, , , , sif(:, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg, ■vtii a salt mine, seated on the Rekenitz, IH in. 1 S. E. of Rostock. S'H/tr, a town of France, department ot Upper IVilne. with a medicinal spring, 13 m. S. S. W. ' 'olmar. . . , . j r -uh, a town of Germany, in the kingdom ot \\ urtemberg. with some salt-works; seated near ih ■ Neckar, 12 m. N. of Rothweil. Salza. a town in the grand duchy of Saxc- We:- iTi ir, with a salt mine, seated on the lime, 13 m. \: S.E. of Weimar. Sul-.barli,a town and castlo of Bavaria, in a .lurhy n!" its name, the regency of which is unil- , ! to ■\mbero-. It stands in a mountainous coun- I fertile in'hops,*". miles N. W. of Amberg. >u!zljurrcdjndice, it is with difficulty they are prev.ailed upon' to use metliods for destroying them, till they have sustained some particular in- jury in thcir'own family or kindred. Alligators likewise occasion the loss of many inhabiunt-s ; and yet a superstitious idea of their sanctity ulbo preserves them from molestation. The other an- imals of Sumatra are buffaloes, a small kind of horses, goals, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer This last is an animal somewhat larger than a rab bit, the head resembling that of a hog. and its shanks and feet those of a deer ; the beioar stone found on this animal has been valued at ten timet SUM 702 ,U weigUl in ^tjld. Of birds there is a greater va- riety than of Leasts. The coo-ow, or Suinatran pheasant, is a bird of uncommon beauty. Here are storks of a prodigious size, parrots, dung-hill fowls, ducks, the largest cocks in the world, wood pigeons, doves, and a great variety of small birds, remarkable for the beauty of their colours. The reptiles are lizards flying lizards, and camelions. The islands swarms witli insects, and their varie- ties are no less extraordinary 'ban their numbers. Rice is the only grain that grows in the country. Here are sugar-canes, beans, peas, radishes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, and several kinds nf potherbs unknown to Europe ; and also most of the fruits to be met with in other parts of the E. Indies, in the greatest perfection. Indigo, saltpetre, sulphur, ar8enic,brazil-wood, two species of the bread-fruit tree, pepper, cassia, camphire, benjamin, coffee, and cotton, are likewise the produceof this island. Here also are the cabbage-tree and silk cotton tree ; and the forests contain a great variety of valuable species of wood, as ebony pine, sandal, eagle or aloes, teak, niacliineel, and iron wood, ana also the banyan tree. Bees' wax is a com- modity of great importance here ; and there are likewise the edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, iron, copper, and lead, are found in the country ; and the first is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia. Sumatra is divided intti many petty kingdoms, the chief of which are Acheen, Indra)>ore, Palim- ban, and Jambi. The English and IKitch have factories on this island ; the jirincipal one of the former being fort Marlborough, at Bencoolen, where, as also at the Dutch settlement of Pedang, Christian missionaries have been for some time established. Sumboina, an island in the Eastern seas, about 200 m. long and 40 broad. It is divided into the districts of Beema, Dompoo, Tambora. Sangur. Pekat, and Sumbawa, all governed by tlicir re- spective chiefs. The island furnishes sappan wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, svilphvir, wa,\, birds' nests, tobacco, &c., though hut little trade is at present carried on. In the W., part of the island is a town of the same name, with a good harbour. Sumbhoonanl, a town of Hindoostan, in the province ofNepaul, with a celebrated temple, which is annually visited by an immense num- ber of pilgrims from Bootan and Thibet. Long. 8.5. as. E., lat. 27. 33. N. Sumhul, a town of Hindoostan, in a territory of its name, lying E. of Debli, subject to the nabob of Oude. r.a m. W.N. W. of Bereillv and 75 E. ofDehli. Sumhidpour or Samelpoiir, a town of Hindoos- tan, in a district of its name, in the province of Orrissa, 144 miles W. N. W. of CatUck and 2^^0 VV. of Calcutu. Long. 83. 40. E., lat. 21 . 2,";. N. Sumcli, atown of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 14. m. E. of Pergamo. Sumcrcin, a town of Hungary, in the island of Schut, IG miles S. S. E. of Presburg. Summaniitown, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 35 m. N. VV. Philad. Sutnmci-kioitm, a town of Birmah, the inhabi- tants of which are chiefly employed in the man- ufactures of saltpetre and gunpowder. It is seated on the Irrawaddy, GS miles S. by W. ot Ummerapoora. Sumerfield, p v Guilford Co. N. C. Summit, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. If. :« m. S. Vf . Albany. Pop. 1,733. SUN bummitsinllc, p. v. Sullivan Co. N. \ . Humncr, ii county of W. TenneBsee. Pi>p 20,000. Gallatin is the capital ; p. v. Oxford Co. Me. Pop l,(l!ll). Hiimter. a district of S. Carolina. Pop. 28,278 Sumterville the capital is 100 m. N. W. Charles- ton. Sunaptc, a lake of New Hampshire 11 miles in length, in liillisborough and Cheshire Cos. lu waters pass through Sugar River into the Con- necticut. Sunbtirij, p.t. Northuml)erlandCo Pa ; p.t. Liber ty Co. Geo. 45 m. S. E. Savannah, on. Newport river which here forms a tolerable harbour. It is a port of entry ; p.t. Gates Co. N. C ; p.t. Del- aware and Berkshire Cos. Ohio. Sunart, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which extends 20 miles E. into the county of Argyle, from the N. end of th» island of Mull. Siinilii lilunds, islands in the S. E. part of the Indian Ocean. The chief of them arc Borneo, Sumatra, and Java ; the two latter separated by a channel called the Strait of Sunda. Sunderbunds, a tract of country in Bengal consisting of that part of the delta of the Ganges which borders on the sea. In extent it is equal to the principality of Wales. It is completely enveloped in wood, infested with tigers, and composed of labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of which are of salt, except those that immedi- ately communicate with the principal arm of the Ganges. Here salt, in quantities equal to the whole consumption of Bengal and its dependan cies, is made and transported with equal facility ; and here also is found an inexhaustible store of timber for boat-building. SundcrUurs, a town of Denmark, in the island of Alsen, with a castle. It is sealed on a strait called Sunderliurg Sound, 12 miles E. of Flans- burg. Lonff. II). 0. E., lat. 54. 51. N. Siindrrdon, a fortified island and sea-port of Hindoostan, in Connan. reduced bv commodore James in 1750. It is 3(i miles N. N. W. of Goa. Long. 73.20. V.., lat. 10. 3. N. Sundcrlmul , a sea-port in the county of Dur- ham, Eng. For the exportation of coal, it is next in consequence to Newcastle. Its port, at the moulliof the Wear, will admit vessels of 400 tons; the cn'rance is defended by a battery, and a pier, on which is a lighthouse. Here are sever- al small dockyards, manufactures of salt, glass, copperas, and earthenware, and a trade in lime, grindstone, and other articles. Sunderland is much frequented during the bathing seasons, and the neighbourhood for several miles round is enrich- ed by many elegant seats and mansions. The pestilential" cholera first appeared in England at this place at the latter part of 1S31. It is situate on the river Wear, over which is a magnificent iron bridge of one immense arch, which will ad- mit ships of 200 tons burden to sail under it, 13 miles N. E. of Durham and 2G9 m. N. by W. of London. Sunderland, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 90 m. W. Boston, with mauufactures of cotton. Pop. GOG ; p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 15 m. N. E. Bennington. Pop. 403. Saudi, a province of Congo, which lies along the river Zaire. Its rivers renders it extremely fertile, and in the mountains arc mines of sever- al metals. The capital is of the same name. Long. 17.55. E., lat. 4. .50. N. Siindsirnld, a sea-pnrl of Sweden, and the rap- SUR 703 iUl of Meilelpadia. Tl-e chief trade is in tar, hirclibark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It 13 eeat- I near the gulf of Bothnia, 210 miles N. Iiy W. : Stockholm. Long. 17. 50. E., lat. G2. 'i3. Sunergong, or Sunnerf^aum, a town of Ilin- t joBtanfin Bengal, once a large city, and famous r a manufacture of fine cotton cloth. It is ^led between the Burrampooter and a branch 1 the Ganges, 15 m. S. E. of Dacca. Siinfish, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio; a towneliip of I'lke Co. Ohio. Superior, Lake, a lake of N. America between the United States and Canada. 4',)0 miles in length 1,700 miles in circumference, and the largest body of fresh water on the globe. It contains many islands ; two of them very large, especially 1-ile Royale, which is 100 miles long, and in ma- nv places, 40 broad. The Indians suppose these I'^lunds to be the residence of the Great Spirits (pwards of 30 rivers enter this lake, some of which are of considerable size, and its water is re- inmkable for purity and transparency. It abounds with fishes, particularly trout and sturgeon. Storms are even more dreadful on this lake than "11 the ocean. It discharges its water from the S. E. corner, through the strait of St. Mary, in- to lake Huron ; but the quantity does not appear to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed into it by the rivers. Supino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, with a rastle, seated at the source of the Tamara, 17 Ml. N. by. W. of Benevento. Sur or Sour, a town of Syria, in Palestine, on I lie coast of the Mediterranean, where stood the I uiious city of Tyre, destroyed by Alexander the (Jreat. It is now no more than a village, situ- ilf on a peninsula which projects from the shore iiilo the sea, in the form of a mallet with an oval li.ad. The village consists of about CO families, who live obscurely on the produce of their little grounds and a trifling fishery, 18 miles S. S. W. of Saida and 60 m. S. W. of Damascus. Sura, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland, 15 ]ii N. of Stroernsholm . Sural, a city of Hindoostan, in Guze.-at, with n strong citadel. The squares are large, and the streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust IS troublesome. Each street lias gates of its own, \vlth which it is shut up in times of turbulence. The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts be- liire them ; and those of the common people are liiirh roofed. Itis said to have 320,000 inhabitants ; 1(1 its trade is considerable, notwithstanding the ridb.inks that obstruct the entrance of the Tap- . which causes large vessels to load and unload .">wally, 15 miles to the W. of Surat. In this ' .' are Mahometans of several sects, manv : rts of Gentoos, and Jews and Christians of \ irious denominations. It is one of tlip stations «!' the London Missionary Society. The Ma- hometans at Surat are not, by far. so strict as tliey are in .Arabia. or in other Turkish countries; nor are tiic distinctions of tribes amonfJ. The soil is very d-.fTerent in the ex- treme parts from that in the middle, whence it has been compared to a coarse cloth with a hne bor- der- for the edge of the country on all sides has a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn, and .'rass, p:,i-ticularly on the N. and W towards he Thi.nes ; but it is farotherwis" m the heart "fthe county .where are wide tracts of sandy gn.mid a,i( barren heath, and in some places lonj; ridges ..1 hills It produces corn, boxwood, walnuts, Hops, and fullers'-earth. Medicinal herbs are raised to a considerable extent, and about i,M) acres of land consist of gardens for the supply ot the Lon- .i..n market. The principal rivers besides he Thames (which is the boundary of this coun r> on the N.), are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle. The spring assizes are held at Kmffston, and the summer at Guilford and Crovdon alterna ely. Surry, a connty of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 7,103. A county of N. Carolina^ Pop. 14,M1. Rockford is the capital ; p^t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 561 ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. II. 10 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 53!>. Sursee, a town of Switzerland, in the canton ot Lucerne, seated on the river Sur, near the lake of Sempach, 12 m. N. W. of Lucerne. Sus a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount Atlas,' flows through the kingdom of Sus and en- ters the Atlantic at Messa. Its annual inunda- tions enrich the country. . f.i,„»,„ Sus, or Suse, a kingdom or Pfovince of l.e em- pire of Morocco, bounded on the W. by >« At- lantic, N. bv Morocco Proper, E. H Tafilet, an S. by Darah. It is a flat counlrv, abonnding n corn sa.rar-canes, and dates. The inhabitants. Who are "chiefly Berebers, or ancient natives are distinguished by their industry, and inanv of then , who live in towns, become opulent, and are much more polite than the natives of Fez and Morocco. In the mountainous part they ^^''"'■rl lit' and are governed by their own chiefs. 1 he pnn cipal towr, is Tarudant. . , '.S»-.«, or Sousa, a sea-port of Turns, the cl.iel mart of the kingdom for oil and linen, and lor- n.erlv a place of some repute ; near it J>-<;^ ™"- siderable remains of ancient buildings. It blaniN on the E. coast, 7.". m. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 11. 15. E., lat. 35. 40. N. . . ;„ Susa, a province of ,lie Sardinian slates, in Piedmont, consisting ofa broad valley interspersed w\th stee^ rocks. !t has an area of 700 square m with 05,000 inhabitants. '.S.«fl a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort, called Brunette. Here are four churches and sev- eral relKTious houses, and near it is a triumphal arch to t"lie honor of Augustus CiBsar. It is seat- ed'on the Doria, among pleasant mountains and is the principal passage out of France into Italv It was^aken by the French in 170',., but rest^^red inlBU. 23 m W.N.W.ofTurm. Long. ..lb. E., lat. 45. 10 N. .SKj,/Hmi/.. a Milage ofClermont Co. Clliio. S„.«M, a town of Russia, in the government of Volodimir, and a bishop's see. It is built of wood and is sealed on the Nerl, !)0 ... . N . L. of Moscow. I nn.r 10 25 Iv, lat. 511. 2fl. N. S,,%«r/,«,,»«, a r.ver of the Unit^.d Slates, which issues from the lake Otsep.. It crosses three lin.es the line tha, divides t le stat« of New \o k fro... Pennsylvania, after w uch it flow, S. L to WilVesbnire, and then S. W to Sunbury, where it meets the W. branch of the Sus()uehanna. II ll,.-„ flows bv llarrisburfj to Havre de (.rac- where it e.ilers the head ot Chesapeak Uav. - ward its mouth its course is .nuch i.i.peded by lall^, and several canals have been formed to assists lU navigation. Vast quantilics of salm..n and shuu are taken in its waters. n; .,,;p, „f Su.-:nurl„„„m, a cm.nlv ol the W. District >.l Pe«nsvlva,.ia. Pop. 107^ ^'T,""'?' I." 'T'f ' ital ; p.v. Broonie Co. N. Y ; I. Dauphin Co 1 Sasscr, a town of France, department ol Up;.- Vie.inc, 15 m. S. E t. Merrimack C- V H.JO m. .^^^^^ 4''6mtwZson:^viti. manufactures of colto^ ThrB^^ckstone canal passes Uiroughlhis ^o,vn. P^n o Irit;- D v. Caledonia Co. VI. .» m. i>. c.- MTnt-peltlV. 'pop. 1,005. A township of Meigs %Uanne St.. a town of France in the depart- me^t of Mayenne, with a considerable pepper manufacture 24 m.W. of Mans. SWE 706 SWB Sreaborg, a itrong fortress of Sweden, built on several rocky islets in the gulf of Finland. In I -"08 it surrendered to the Russians. 3 m. S. of ilelsingfors. Sernborg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Funen, with the best harbour in the island. Here are manufactures of woolen and linen. 22 m. S. of Odens e. Lone. 10. 37. E., lat. 55. 9. N. Sicaffham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. noted for butter. 93 ni. N. E. of London. Suminfsborough, p. v. Emanuel Co. Geo. 80 ra S. E. Milledgeville. SwaJe, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. This river was held sacred by the Saxons from the circura- Btance of upwards of 10,000 persons having been baptized in it by Paulincss, archbishop of York, upon their conversion to Christianity. Swalty, a town of Hindooetan, in Guzerat, with a harbour, where ships receive and deliver their cargoes for the merchants of Surat. It is seated near the gulf of Cambay, 15 m. W. of Surat. Long. 7-2. Xi. E., lat. 21. 10. N. Swalwell, a village in the county of Durham, Eng. Swamp Churches, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. Sican, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. Swiin Ricer, a river of N. America, which rises in lake Etowwemahmeh, passes through Pwan Lake, and falls into the Mississippi about 40 m. from its source. All the country in the neigh- bourhood of this and Red Deer River abounds in beavers, moose deer, sallow deer, elks, bears, buf- faloes, &c. The soil is good, and promises to re- ward the industrious cultivator. A great number of persons have recently emigrated to this coun- try from Great Britain and Ireland. Swanrille, a township of Waldo Co. Me. 15 m. S. W. Castine. Pop. 633. Swatiage, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. seated on a bay of the same name, in the English Chan- nel, 4 m. E. S. E. of Corfe Castle. Swannanoe, p. v. Buncombe Co. N. C. Swaasborough, p. v. Onslow Co. N. C. 40 m. S. W. Newbern. Swanscomb, a village in Kent, Eng. 2 ni. W. by S. of Gravesend. Swansea, a sea-port and borough of Wales, in Glamoriranshire. Coal, iron, and limestone abound in its neighbourhood, and great quantities are exported It has a considerable trade to Bris- tol, and extensive works for the smelting of cop- per and lead ore. 206 m. W. of London. Sioanslutis, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 25 m. W. S. W. of Lindkoping. Sicanlon, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. on L. Champlain 30 m. N. Burlington. Pop. 2,158. Swaniotcn, a town in Kent Co. Md. Stcanzeij, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 44 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1,816;. p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 47 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,677. Here are manufac- tures of paper and other articles. Swartebcrg, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 18 m. N. W. of Uddevalla. Sicarlsluys, a town and fortress of the Nether- lands, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 4 m. from its mouth and 8 N. of ZwoU. Stcatara, a river of Pennsylvania flowing into the Susquehanna at Middletown. Also a town- ship of Dauphin Co. Pa. Siceasysvike, a township of Adams Co Mis- souri. Sictden, a kingdom of Europe, extending 1,000 m. from N. to S. and 300 from E. to W., bounded on the N. by Norwegian Lapland, E by Russia, 89 ■- ' ■ S. by the gulf of Finland and the Baltic, and W. by the Sound, the Categat, and Norway. It was formerly divided into five gem-ral parts ; Sweden Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Fin- land ;' and each of these subdivided into provin- ces. The greater part of Finland, however, was ceded to Russia in 1808, but in l'^14, on ceding the small province of Swedish Pornerania, it ac- quired Norway, including which, and Norwegian Lapland, the total extent of surface may be com- puted at 343,000 sq. m. with a pop. scarcely ex- ceeding 3,500,000. The Pop. of Sweden alone is 2,790,000. The whole country is now divided into 23 gov- ernments, Umea, Hernosand, Geflcborg. Upsal, Stockholm, Westeras, Nykoping, Orebro, Stora Kopparberg or Fahlun, 'Carlstadt, Lindkoping, Jonkoping, Kronoborg or Wexio, Calmar Carlscrona, Scaraborg, Elfsborg, Gottenburg Hahnstadt, Christianstadt, Malmohus, and Wis- by. Though enclosed by mountains on the W. and N., it is in general a very flat country ; and it is remarkable that along the whole road, from Gottenburg in the W. to Stockholm in- the E., there is not a single acclivity of consequence, till within a few miles of the latter. It is well watered by rivers (though not a single navigable one worth mentioning), numerous lakes, and inland pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces and villas are usually buill At Stockholm, spring and autumn are scarcely to be perceived ; for winter continues nine months, and summer during tlie remaining three. In winter the cold is excessive, and the heat in summer is consider- able, the air being serene all that time. During this season all the rocks are quite covered with flowers, and the gardens have plenty of fruits. The trees are early in blossoming, the soil being fat and sulphureous ; but the fruits have not so good a taste as in more southern countries. Tho animals are horses, cows, hogs, goafs, sheep, elks, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. The horses are so little and leible that seven are put to a travelling carriage, four a breast in the first line, and three in the second ; but a lame or foundered horse is seldom to bo seen, which is attributed, in a great degree, to the manner of stabling them on perforated boards without litter. In some parts are rich silver, cop per, and iron mines, and vast forests of timber trees. The articles of export, are boards, gun- powder, leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, and masts; and the imports salt, brandy, wine, linen cloth, stuffs, tobacco, sugar, spice; SWK 70C 8WK and papef. The iiiliabitaiils arc of a nibusl cjn- etitution, anil able lo sustain the liardeBt labour. They arc however, more polisheil than foruierly, and have several public schools and colleges, where llie arts and sciences are tauijlit. Their houses are generally ol'wood, with very little art in their construction. The roofs in many places are covered with turf, on which their goals often feed. . The form of the Swedish governineiit has tre- quenlly varied. Before the accession of Uusta- vus 1 it was an elective monarchy. I5y the union of Calinar, in l;i97, it was stipulated that the same monarch should rule over Denmark, Sweden, and Norway ; and hence Sweden be- came a merely tributary kingdom to Denmark. From this stale of subjection to a tyrannical for- eicn yoke, it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on whom the Swedes, in loi:), conferred the soye- reio-nly, and made the crown hereditary iii his maTe issue. He was entrusted with great pre- roiratives ; and these were augmented by Gusta- vu" Adol|^lln9, tlic riirlit of .succession being ex- tended, at t!ie same time, to the female line. In the minority of his daughter (Christina, the regal powers were greatly circumscribed, and the no- bles acquired such an exorbitant autliority as gave great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and peasants. This proved a favourable opporl unity for Charles XI. to obtain from the states a formal cession of absolute sovereignty, whicli quietly devolved upon his son, Cliarles XI 1. Upon the death of the latter, tlie Swedes conferred llie crown upon Ulrica F.leonora, his youngest .sister, stipulatinir, at the same time, great limits to the prero.'alive. Ulrica resigned the crown to her consoTt Fredej-ic I. From this period the Swe- dish monarch was the most limited one m Europe, till 177'i, when Gustavus III. effected a revolu- tion, by whicli he rei;ained the most essential royal prerogatives, without, however, being an absolute monarch. He was assassinated in 179a, leaving his son Gustavus Adolphus, a minor, who attain- ed his luaiority in 17:1(1. This prince was de- posed on the 1st of May, 1300. and his uncle, the duke of Sudcrmania, was called to the throne. But soon after his accession, in consequence of the sudden death of his son, the crown prince, he assembled the diet of the kingdom, in order to choose a successor to the throne. The Swe- dish diet met for tliis purpose at Orebio, on the 8th of August 1.^1(1, and. after a short speech from the kinir, they elected the French marshal, prince of PoiVto Corvo, to the dignity of crown prince ofSweden. This person, though a French- man and raised to rank and eminence under Bon- aparte greatlv distinguished himself in the ser- vice of the allies in IdKi, at the head of the Swedish army, and in 1814 secured Norway to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel. The eslablished religion is' tlie Lutheran, and they have one arch- bishop and 13 bishops. Stockhofm is tlie capital. The annual revenue is ■l,.500,<'ir)0 dollars: the pub lie debt 17,2(;4,.8ia dollars. The army amounts to 4.J,0()0 men. Sircdeji, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. r<'> m. N. W. Portland fop. 4.S7 ; p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y., 15 in. W. Rochester. I'op. 2,1138. Siceiksboroiigli. p. v. Gloucester Co. N, J., 10 ni. S. W. Philadelphia Swcinij, a town of the kingdom of Darfoor, and a place of general resort for merchants trading to Egypt. 4o m. N. of Cobbc. Siceer's Island, an island on the coast of New Holland, about 8 m. in length, situated at the bot- tom of the gulf of Carpentaria. Long. 13U. 45. li., lal. 11. H, S. Siccct Springs, p.v. Monroe Co. Va. ; 93 m. S W. Staunton Here are some mineral springs. Siceclsrille, p.v. Marion Dis. S. C. Sweet ll'uter Valley, p.v. Maria Co. Ten 148 m S. E. Murfreesboroueh. Stcindon, a town in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of London. Sicinnnunde, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom ; situate at the mouth of the river Swine, 13 m. E. by N. of Use- dom. Long. 14. 12. E., l.at. 53. 5G. N. Sirhieshedd, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., m. E. of Boston and 110 N. of London. Swinna, a small island of Scotland, one of the Orkneys, situate near the middle of the Pentland frith. Here are two whirl. pools, that are dan- gerous to mariners, particularly in a calm. Sirilzriliaid, a country of Europe, bounded on the N. and E. by (lermany, S. by Italy, and W. by France. It is i20 m. long and 140 broad, and is separated from the adjacent countries by high mountains, called the .'^Ips. Switzerland has been divided, tincc IH15, into 22 cantons, name- Iv, Lucerne, Uri, Seliweitz, Underwaldcn, Zug, Fribiirir, Soleure. Tesino. Viibiis, liefn, Basel, Scliafi'haufcn, Zurich. \'ajid, Neufchatel, Gene- va, .Appenzel, Glaris, Grisons, St. Gall,Thurgau^ and .\argau. The first nine are Catholics, the next seven are Calvinists. and the others contain both reli'^ions. Each canton has its distinct in- ternal government. The general government of the country is by a diet, composed of a mem- ber iVoni each canton, which assembles annually in June at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, or Lucerne, in rotation ; and the president is styled Landaioman of Swilzerland. The diet de- clares war. concludes peace, makes alliances with foreign states, and also decides on all treaties on commerce. There are four passages over the Alps into Italy from Switzerland ; the first is be- yond the lake of Geneva, over Mount Cenis, which leads to Savoy ; llie second begins in the country of the (Irisous, crosses Mount St. Ber- nard, and leads to the valley of Aosta in Pied- mont ; the third begins in the country ol" the Grisons, crosses Mount Simplon, and leads to the duchy of Milan ; the fourth crosses Mount St.. Gothard, and the balliwics of Italy, and termi- nates in the Milanese. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Geneva, Lucerne, Zurich, and Neufchatel. The most considerable rivers are the Rhine, Rhone, Anr, .Arve, llenss, and l.immat. Swilzerland exceeds every country in the world in diversity of appearance : the vast chain of .'\lps, wilh enormous precipices exten- sive regions of perpetual snow, and glaciers that resemble seas of ice, are contrasted by the vine- yard and cultivated field, the richly wooded brow, and the verdant valley with its crystal slreaui. Agriculture, cannot, o"f course, be carried to great extent, but the grain produced is Fufficient for domestic consumption. The chief riches consist of excellent pastures, in which many cattle are bred and fattened, and llie goats and chamois feed on the mountains and in the woods. The men are strong and robust. The women are tolerably handsome, and are in general very industrious. The peasants retain their old manner of dress, and are content to live upon milk, butter, and cheese ; and there are some of the mountaineers who never have any bread. In 1797, the parti- 3YE 707 SYR I lans of France Imving exciled disturbanceir in Switzerlmid, tlie French entered the country ; mill, after defeatincr the Ironps and the peasants, will) opposed them in several battles, tlicy aliol- ishod the constitutions ot' the [irincipa! cantons, erected what was termed the Ifelvetic Republic, and vested the government in two councils and a directory. This constitution was abolished, in 1802, by the first consul of France, and another was presented fur their acceptance, but rejected ; he offered them a new one in 1H03, which they consented to accept. In December, ]^\'\, the al- lied armies traversed the country, for tiie pur- pose of invading France, when some partial rii.inffes a^ain took place in the ndinlnislration nf Switzerland, which was the cause of violent i-oinmotions amongst several of the cantons ; but, 111 1SI4, on the meeting of the diet, these disturb- ances were appeased, and on the 8th of Septem- ber a federal compact was sijrned at Kuricli. The population of Switzerland in lS'i7 was 2,037,030. The revenue is about. 2,.500,IIOO dollars. The army amounts to lo,000 men. SwUzerland,a. county of Indiana. Pop. 7,1)1. Vevay is the capital. Sinolicstoicn, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. Si/a, a town of Sweden, in W, Gothland, 13 m. S. \V. of Lindkoping. Sijcnmore, a township of Hamilton Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,779. A township of Crawford Co. Ohio. Sydney Buy, a bay on the S. side of Norfolk Isl- and, in the S. Pacific, formed by Point Hunter and Point Ross, which are nearly 2 m. asunder. Long. 108. 12. E., lat. 2i). 4. S. ' Sydney, a town of New S. Wales, founded by governor Phillips, on a cove of Port Jackson, in 1788, as a British settlement for the colony of con- victs originally intended f t Bot;inv Bay. It is now the principal seat of the n;overnment, and has a l.andsome church, an orphan school, a coniniodi- cis gaol, a military hospital, a naval yard, a good market, *Vc. The governor's house is buill of etone,and has a very good appearance ; the lieu- tenant-governor's is of brick as are also those be- longinir to the judge and the comniissarv. The generality of the houses are built of logs and plas- tered, and all the roofs are covered either with shingles or thatch. It is situate on the S. side of the harbour of Port Jackson, Long, lol.23., E, lat. 33.48. S. Syene, ot .istian, a town of Egypt, with a small fort, on the right bank of the Nile. It was an- ciently a city, and celebrated fur the first attempt to aacertain th» circumference of the earth by I'.ratostlicnes, a native of Cy rone, about the year 275 B. C. The remains of Uie ancient town are on an eminence to the S. w here columns and pil- lars of granite scattered here and there denote its situation. Near it on a small island in the Nile anciently called Elephanlina, are the ruins of a temple ofCnuphis. 400 in. S. of Cairo. Lonf. 33. 20. E ,lat. 24. 0. N. Syli, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of ifa Jutland, of an irregular form, about 40 m. in cir- cumference, but in no part above 2 m. from the sea. Great quantities of oysters are found here. The chief town is Morsuni. Long. 8. 2tJ. E., lat. 54. 57. N. Syhania, p. v. Bradford Co. Pa. Sijires, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, situate on a river of the same name, 15 in. E. N. E. of Lagos and 42 VV. of Tavira. Stjmmcs, townships in Lawrence and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Symplicropo!, the capital of the Crimea, or Rus- sian province of Taurida. The houses are built of stone, and roofed in the ancient Greek style, with tiles. There arc likewise numerous modern handsome buildings, for the residence of the gov- ernor, judges, and other civil officers. The old Tartar part of the town, called Achmetshet, is dirty and ill built. The environs are beautiful ; and 2 m. to the E. of the city is the mountain Tch.atirdagh, the highest in the Crimea, and the Mdiis, Berosus of the ancients. Sympherop'^l is situate on the Salgir, the principal river of the province, 05 m. Vi' . by S. of Caffa, and SIO S. by E. of Precob. Long.' 34.0. E . lat. 44. 52. N. Syracuse, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, defended by a castle. It was once the metropolis of all Sicily ; war, tyranny, and earthquakes have reduc- ed it to less than one-fourth of its former size, when it was deemed one of the most famous cities in the world, and 2*2 m. in compass. Near this place in 1718, there was a sea-fight between the Span- iards and English, in which the latter were victo- rious. It is sealed near the sea, 72. ni. S. by \V. of Messina and 110 S. E. of Palermo. Long. 15. 10. E., lat. 37.5. N. Sifrnnise, p v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. l.')5 m. W. .Albany, on the Erie Canal , at the point where a branch strikes off to Lake Ontario along Oswego river. Great quantities of salt are manufactured here from the water of a spring, a mile and a half from the town. The water is brought from the spring by a(iuoducts and is evaporated in the sun. The vats cover li;0 acres. Syriti, or Surishtn, a province of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the N. by Natolia and Diarbeck, E. by the latter and the deserts of .-Vrabi.!, S. by .Arabia Petripa, and \V. by the Mediterranean. Under the general name fjf Syria was included the an- cient Phcnicia. lying S. of Syria Proper. This province abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts of fruits, as well .as peas, beans, and all kinds )f pulse ond garden stutT; but it would produia much more than it does, if it were well cultivate ; ; for there arc the finest valleys in the world, 1 1- Iween mountains whose sides are proper for the cultivation of tobacco, olives, and vines. The Jerboa, a pretty little animal somewhat like a mou.se is common here. The inhabitants have a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Syria was pos sessed bv a succession of foreign nations, before the tinie'of Plolemy, when it became a province of the Roman empire. Five f entnries after, when the sons of Theodosius div ded their immense TAB T08 TAU patrhnony, this country was annexed to the em- pire of Constantinople. In this situation it con- tinued till the year 622, when the Arabian tribes, under the banners of Mahomet, seized or rather laid it waste. Since that period it has been torn to pieces by the civil wars of the Fateinites and Onimiades — wrested from the califfs by their re- bellious governors — taken from them by the Turk- men soldiers — invaded by tlie European crusades — retaken by the Mamelukes of Ht'ypt — '"«' r*" vaged by Tamerlane and his Tartars ; it fell, at length, into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, who have been its masters nearly three centuries. It is divided into five pachalics, or governments ; Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, Acre, and Palestine. Aleppo is the capital. Syriam, a sea-port of Birmah,in Pegu,seated at the iiead of a river of the same name, opposite the mouth of Pegu River, 2 m. to the S. is '.he great pagoda of Syriam. 6 m. E. by N. of Rangoon and CO S. of Pegu. Long. 9tj. 17. E., lat. IC. 50. N. ^ . Syrh, a town of France, department of Moselle, 14 m. S. E. of Luxemburg. Szthely, a town of Hungary, 18 ni. E. S. E. of Debreezen. Szluin, a district of Austria, in Croatia, com- prising an area of 320 sq. m., with 40,000 inhabit- ants. It has a smnll town of the same name, on the Crona, 24 m. S. by E. of Carbtadt. SztKca, a town of ^W. Prussia, seated on the Vistula, 12 ra. S. by W. of Culm. T T.\A1F, a town of Arabia, in the province of Hedjas, with a considerable trade in raisins and almonds, and other fruits. It is situate on a lof- ty mountain, (iO m. S. E. of Mecca. Long. 41. 35. E, lat. 21.5. N. Taos, a strong city of Arabia, in the province of Yemen, with a fortress. Here is the tomb of a saint, who, according to tradition, was kinw of the country. The city is seated at the foot o? a fertile hill, 48 m. E. N. E. of Mocha. Long. 44. 10. E, lat. 1,3. 4.5. S: Tansinge, an island of Denmark, between those of Langeland and Funen, 8 m. long and 4 broad. Long. 10. 37. E., lat. ,54. 48. N. Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, 1. m. from the Nile. It is the residence of a governor, has ma- ny curious remains of antiquity, and is 200 m. S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 25. E., lat. 2G. 56. N. Tabaga, an island in the bay of Panama, 4 m. lonor and 3 bro.ad. It is mountainous, but abounds with fruit-trees. Long. 80. IG. W., lat. 7. 50. S. Tabarea, an island on the coast of Barbary, at the moulh of the Zaine. It was fortified, and had a populous city of the same name, when under, the dominion of the Genoese, who had a coral fishery here. But in 17.57, on the Genoese at- temping to transfer the island to France, the- Ta- bareans surrendered their city to Tunis ; and they were cruelly deceived by the bey, for he razed the fortifications, and took away most of the inhabi- tants as slaves. .50 m. W. .\. W. of Tunis. Lortir. 9. 16. E., lat. 30. .50. N. Tabariu, the ancient Tiberias, a town of Pales- tine, situate on the W. side of a lake, formerly called the sea of Tiberias, 50 m. N N. E. of Je- rusalem and 70 S. S. W. of Damascus. Lom^. 35. 43. E., lat. 32. 40. .\. Tahasro, a province of Mexico, bounded on the N. by the bay of Campeachy, E. by Jucalan, S. by Chiapa, and W. by Guaxaca. It is 100 m. long and 50 broad, and its chief riches consist in cocoa-nuts. There are showers every day for nine months in the year. Tabasco, the capital of the above province, call- ed by the Spaniards Nuestra Seiiora de la Vit- toria, from a great victory obtained here by Cortes on his first arrival. It is situate on an island of the same name, 30 m. long and 10 broad, form- ed by the river Tabasco and that of St. Peter and Paul, and on the bay of Campeachv, 270 m. N. E. of Chiana. Long. 93. 20. W., lat. 18 20. N. Tiibcrg, a town of Sweden, noted for its rich mines of iron, 10 m. S. of Jonkoping. Taherg, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 118 m. N. W. of Albany. Tahlr, Hay, See Capt of Good Hope. Tabic Island, one of the New Hebridgcs, in the S. Pacific. Long. 1C7. 7. E., lat 15. 38. S. Taboo, a town of Cassina, the capital of a coun- try lying to J.heE. ofZahara. It is 280 m. N. by W. of Agades. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 24. 0. N. Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of tta name. The Hussites, under their celebrated gen eral Zisca, fortified it, and made it their princi- pal retreat. It is seated on a mountain of the same name, by the river Luschnitz, 11m. N. N. E. of Bechin. Tabor, a mountain of Palestine, which com- mands a view of the Jordan, the lake Gennesa- reth, and the Mediterranean. G m. S. of Naza- reth. Tilbris. See Tauris. Tttbrislun, a province of Persia, on the S. shore of the Caspian Sea, bounded by Astrabad on the E. and Chilan on the W. Tacamrs. See Atacnma. Tacazze, a river which rises in Abyssinia, fiow3 N. W. into Nubia, and joins the Nile at Ilak. Tachaii, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, on the river Mies, 28 m. W. of Pilsen. Tacuta, a town of the republic of Mexico, in a district of its name. 6 m. W. N. W. of Mex- ico. Tadrastcr, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. a market on Wednesday, on the river Wharf, over which is one of the finest bridges in the county built with the materials which once formed the castle that stood on the S. bank of the river. 10 m. S. W. of York and 186 N. by W. of London TAl 70'J TAL ShirM. radmor. See Po'^r/^, Canada, which i. of S=f; o'n the' riveVst. Lawrence 18 n. N. K. of ftuebec Long. 69. 35. W., lat^ 43. o. N. Ta/«//a, a town of Spain, in Navarre, w.O. a universit;. Charles II., kin^ of Navarre, bu.lt a palace ^here, which he maJe h.s ordinary res - Sence ; and Philip IV. honoured the town w, h The title of citv. *^It is seated «« tl.e C.dazzo m a country producing good "ine 18 mS. of Farn plona. Long. 1. 3G. W.lat. 42. X). N. ^ Tafitet, a kingdom of Barbary, on the L. s.de of Mount Atlas, tributary, to Morocco. It is bound- Ton the N.'by Algiers, E. by "« B"'^''%,^^ bv Zahara, and W. by Uarah and Morocco. The cLntry,' sandy and' mountainous, but produces wheat and oarley by the sides of the r vers. 1 lie i;h:bL\u nveu'po'n camels' 1-" -^ ^^,'-(-,1 they breed horses to sell to foreigners. Jho Arabs Uve in tents and the 3eriberes,t1.e ancient inhab- ''^^^/ttt 'c"apiuT/ the above kingdom with a cakle.' It is a trading place,. and seated on a river of it3 name, 275 m. S. E. or Morocco. Long. 4 20 W lat. 30.40. N. „ . ■. . ^,Zrog\ sea-port and fort of Russia, situa^ on the N. W. extremity of the seaof Asoph. It Ts the largest and best port on this sea ; carries on a ouside^rable trade with ConsUntinople and the Archipelago, particularly m corn and but- ter ; and is employed m Bl'>P-t'"'ld'ng. 33 m. W N. \V. of Asoph. Long. 18.40. b., lat. u. ' ' Dl.hannuc MounUins, a branch of the Green- MouSuin chain, extending '■"■".y^."';'''";;'^^^?! he western part of Massachusetts into Connecti- cut. The highest summit is Saddle Mountain, '''^l^o^.a, a town of Naples, in Abruzxo Ul- tra, 18 m. S. W. of Aqu.lla and 33 E. N. b. ot "^Wwrnen^o, a river of Austrian It^'ly. j;;hi<=h sin the Alps, on the frontiers of Germany, ,1 runs S. throigh Friuli and Trevisano, into crulf of Venice. at- - rZoast. or Ta^ar. W ofPekin. Long. 113. 0. E, lat. 40 5. N. Tai-yucn, acitv orChina,capiUlofthc province of Chan-si. It' is 8 m. in circumference but much decayed since it was the residence of tlie princes of the last imperial family of Tai-ming- tchao 220. S. W of Pekin. Long. 111. oO. t., lat. 37. 54. N. . „ ... Ta/ucf/fl, atownof Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a celebrated temple. It is 24 m. E. S. L. ot Mysore. „ _, ... ... Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a fort. It has manufactures of silk, and a potte- ry A very obstinate battle was fought in its vi- cinity between the British and French armies in ISOO. It is seated on the Tagus, in a valley abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, u-^ m. S. W of Madrid. Long. 4. 1. W., lat. 30 41. N. Ttiihat, a county of Maryland. Pop. 12,'J47. Easton is the capital. TalcaiTuana, a sea-port of Chile, on the S>. t,. shore of the bay of Concepcion ,and near the ruins of the old city of Concepcion. It is now the only Spanish settlement in the bay. 9 m. from ihe new city of Concepcion. Long. 73. 0. W., lat. JO. 40 s "Ta-ll a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. Here are made curious ta- bles a:*id ornaments of fine marble, which is nat- urally beautiful with different colors, represcntinir mountains, flowers, trees and rivers 160 m. W N. W. of Yunnan. Long. 100. 6. E., lat. J4.o4. N. . , Tiiilalmssee, p.t. the seat of government 'or the territory of Florida, in Leon Co. stands on Wa- kulla river, 25 ni. from the gulf of Mexico. It has a healthy situation and the country around it is fertile, but the place is yet in its infanc>' ; '' has been incorporated as a city. Lat. 30. 27. N. (;. N. Taiimrini, or Itmnariti, a province of lirazil, be- tween I'araiba on the N., ami Pem.imbuco on the S. On the coast is an island ot the same name, 24 m. in length, which has a harbour, and good fresh water. Long. 35. 5. W., lal. 7. 50. N. Tainhov, a government of I'iUropran Russia, to the W. of tliose of Penna, and Sar.itov. It is di- vided into 12 circles, and contains an area of 21,000 sq. m. with 1,140,000 inhabitant.-^. The soil in the S. part is very fertile ; in tlio N. it is sandy, and in many parts woody and fertile. It 13 watered by a number of lakes and rivers. Tiiml/or, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, and a bishop's see, with manufac- tures of woolen, linen, canvas and alum. It is seated on the Tzna, which flows into the Moks- cha, 22-^ m. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 41.45. E., lat. 52. 44. N. Tamieli, a town of Egypt, on a canal which com- municates with the Nile, 12 m. N. E. of Fayoum. Tampico, a sea-port of Mexico, on the gulf of Mexico, with a tolerable harbour, which however only admits small vessels. It has a considerable commerce with the United States and Europe. Lat. 22. 40. N. Long. 98. 36. W. 30 m. S. E. Panuco. Tamworlh,a borough in Staffordshire, Eng. with manufactures of carpets and narrow cloths. In the neifflibourhood arc many streams of water, \ipon which are corn and cotton mills, and near it are several coal mines. Ill m. N. W. of Lon- don. Tumworlli, p. t. Strafford Co. N. II. on Os- sipee River. Pop. 1,.554. 'ftniiiro, a river of the Sardinian states, which rises in Piedmont, flows by Cherasco, An>a,»Asti, and Alexandria, and joins the Po below \*alenza. T»j«co.<, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 12 ra. S. S. E. ofTomar. Ttinrroical. a town of Africa, seated on the Gam- bia, where the Entrlish have a fort. Long. 14. 27. W. lat. 13. 10. N. Tiindit, or Tanriih, a town in Bengal, of which it was the capital in the 17th century. It is seat- ed on the Ganges, 120 m. N. W. of Dacca. Long. 67. 5G. E., lat. 53. 25. N. Tandcrtitrcf ^ a. town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, with .an extensive linen manufacture and a considerable trade. It stands near the Newry ca- nal, 11 m. E. N. E. of Arm.igh and 13 m N. N. VV. of Newry. Ttt'ieijtoicn, p.v. Frederick Co. Md. 40 m. N. W. Baltimore. Tangermunde, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, with a castle, 24 m. W. N. VV of Branden- burg. TanirUr, a sea-port of Ihe kingdom of Fez, with acastle, and surrounded by a wall. The trade con- sists in supplying the opposite coasts with provi- sion. It was taKen by the Portuguese in 1471 ; and ceded to Charles 11. of England, on his mar- riage with the princess Catherine : but he did not think it worth the expense of keeping, and, in 1083, caused the work to be blown up. It is seat- ed on the strait of Gibraltar, !t40 in. N. \V of Fez Long. 5. 48. W., lat. 3.5. 40 i\. Tanjarc,jL province of Ilindoostnn, on the const of Coromandel, 95 m. long and 00 broad. It is an appendaM of the Carnatic, but subject to his own rajah, wlio pays an annual subsidv to the Emr- lish E. India Company. The Mahomtlans never having actually occupied this territory, or affect- ed any permanent establishment in it. Tlie Hindoo religion has been preserved in considerable splen- dor, and the ancient temples, with their vast en- «K, p.v Rockland Co. on Me m. above New York. . , , u .j,.- Twan Sea, a wide e=tpans.on of ll.e Hudson, n litll" above the preceding village. It .3 10 m. Ion" and 4 wide. .i „ W qMp of the fappanoobj, a sea-port on U.e W '"^« "?' '"f islanS of Sumatra, situate on a small island call- ed Punchongkecheel. The bay is very deep and capable of containing the united navies of Eu- X The En^lish^E. India Company have a factorv here. It was taken by the French, but restored at the peace in 17C3. Long. 9S. M. L., '"rlpf'i'' a' river of Hindoostan, which rises at Maltoy.in the country of Berat, and runs into the2ulfofCambay,20 m. below Surat, Vfr.or PamlUoJk river of N. P"''l'"^j'",f ! flows bv Louisburg.Tarborough Greenville, and enters Pamlico Sound, 40 m. S. E-.of Wash.n|ion. Taransa, one of the Western islands of Scot- land 4m. in length and 2 where broadest. Long. «t.:!:Ml::;aprovi^ceofSardim.in^Savoybe \unU. The urface is rugged and mountainous. Tararc. a town of France, d^Pf .■"""' °[ Rhone, situate at the foot of a mountain, -JO m. W N. W. of Lyons. , , Tarascon, a town in the d^P"''"'^"' "^'^^"^"l^ of the Rhone, with a castle, seated on the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, with which it communicates by a bridge of boats. It has a Uade m oil, brandy surch, aSd silk stuffs. 10 m. N. of Aries and 14 E bv. S. ofNismes. . , Tarascon, a town in the department of Arriege, 7m S. S. E. of Foix. , , Tarab, a city of Western TarUry, and the cap- ital of Turkestan. It is seated on a river, which flows into the Sirr,350 ra. N. by E.of bamarcand. Loner 66. 30. E., lat. 44. 20. ^f. T^rrahona, a stron. town of Spain, in Arragon and a bishops see. It is seated partly on a rock ^d partly \n a fertile plain, 60 ra. W. N^ W. of Sara^ossa, and 180 N. E. of Madrid. Long. 1. *■ W lat 42. 2. N. c Tarbal, a town of Scotland, in the county of Cromarty, 6 m. E. of Tain. , . . ■ Ta"J,East, a town of Scotland, in the county ofArgvle,25m. S.ofCampbelton. Tar4«, a town of France, capita^ of the depar - ment of Upper Pyrenees, and a bishop s see, witU L„ ancient castle, and a college and -manufactures of linen, paper, and leather. It is seated on the Adour?42 ,n. S. W. of Auch and 112 S^by E. of Bordeaux. Long. 4. L., lat. 43. 14. N. TarboTOugh, p.v. Edgecombe Co. N. C on Fa- milico River. 83 m. S. W. Newbern. It has a considerable inland trade. j.r>.„„ Tarcnlo, a sea-port of Naples, m Terra d Otran- lo, and aA archbishop's see. It is seated on a peninsula, and defended by a strong cast'e - but fte harbour is become shallow, and 't? l-'^'^e is consequently diminished^ Ih m. N. W' °1'^,T29' and 150. m E. by S. of Naples. Long. 17. Zi. E., lat. 40. 35. N. , r p „ .!,» Targa, a tewn of the kingdom of Fez, on the Mediterranean, with a castle on a rock, 90 m. &. E. of Tangier. , _ . _ Tarifa (the Julia Traducta of the Romans), a fortified sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle It is seated on an eminence, and on ine strait cf Gibralta. , 52 m. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 5 36. W., lat. 30. 5. N. „ „ TariffrU'c, p.v Hartford Co. Conn. Here are lary mountains, 280 m. S. S. W. of Lassa. Long. 81). 40. E., lat. 27. 49. N. Tassing, an island of Denmark, between Fuen and Lanireland, separated from the former by a strait. It is 18 m. in circuit, and has a town of the same name. Long. 10. 47. E., lat. 55. 7. N. Tate, a township of Clermont Co. Ohio. TalnaU, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,039. Talta, a city of Hindoostan, capital of an ex- tensive district of its name, in the province of Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river Sinde or Indus, called the Richtel River. In the 17th century it was very extensive and populous, possessing manufactures of silk, wool, and cot- ton ; and it was celebrated for iis cabinet ware. Little of these now remain, and the limits of the city are very circumscribed. The Indus, and its branches, admit of an uninterrupted navigation from Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere, for vessels of nearly 200 tons ; and a very exten- sive trade was carried on between those places, in the time of Aurungzebo ; but this trade is now much diminished, owing to a bad government in Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks. 280 m. W. N. W. of Amedabad and 390 S. S. W. ofMoultan. Long. 07. 37. E , lat. 24. 50. N. Tallah, a town on the common frontiers o! Morocco, Darah, and Tafilet, and in the route from Morocco to Timbuctoo. 170 m. S. by E. of Morocco. Long. (i. 15. W., lat. 28. 25. N. Tattershall, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., 128 m. N. E. of London. Tuuchel, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, seat- ed on the Verd, 30 m. N. W. of Culm. Taumaco, a ^own of European Turkey, in the province of Janna, 18 m. N. W. of Zeiton. Taumago, a fertile island in the Pacific Ocean, 24 m. in circuit, discovered by Quiros in lOOC. Long. 170. 45. W., lat. 13. 0. S. Taunton, a river of Massachusetts flowing S. W. into Narraganset Bay. It is navigal>le 20 m. to Taunton for vessels of 50 tons. Taunton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above river, 32 m. S. Boston. Pop. G,045. Here are large and thriving manufactures of cotton, iron, copper, lead, and Britannia ware. 7,500,000 yards of calico are made here yearly. Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. The silk trade furnishes the principal employ- ment of the inhabitants, the manufacture of coarse woolen goods, which was formerly carried on here to considerable extent, having been trans- ferred to Wellington and other neighbouring towns. 141 m. W. by S. of London. Taureau, an isle of'^Francc, department of Fin- isterre, at the mouth of the river Morlaix, with a fort to defend the port of Morlaix. Taurida. See Crimea. Tauris, or Tabris, a city of Persia, capital of Aderbeitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia. It is of an irregular figure, and has neither walls nor fortifications. The river Spingtcha flows through it, and the Agi passes on the N. sids of the city. The bazaars, from their largeness, the beautiful domes with which they are covered and the merchandise with which they are filled, make as fine an appearance as any in Asia. Here were formerly 3O0 caravanseras so spacious that 300 persons might lodge in each ; and the mosques and baths were grand and magnificent structures. In 1724 it was terribly shaken by an eartliquake, and nearly 100,000 persons perished. Soon after this calamity the Turks laid siege to it, and they were driven away with great loss; but they took it the next year after a bloody con- teat, in which the Persians lost 30,000 men anil the Turks 20,000. Of 350 mosques, mentioned by Chardin, the ruins of three only are visible. The inhabitants carry on a good trade in cotton, cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine turbans, and shagreen leather. It is seated in a fertili' plain, at the foot of a mountain, 95 m. S. E. of Naksivan and 320 N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48. 0. E. lat. 38. 28. N Taurus, or Karon, a chain of mountains in Asia, which begins near the shores of the Archl- pelacro and extend.s iiOO m. to the river Euphrates, The Taurian chain was formerly considered at extending to the sources of the Ganges, and the extremities of Asia, so far as discovered by the ancients ; but various parts of it were known by different names. Taus, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pi!- sen, 31 m. S. S. W. of Pilsen. Tavastland, a district of European Russia, in the middle of Finland, 150 m long and 100 broad. The N. part is mountainous and woody, but the greater part consists of fertile plains, watered by numerous rivers and lakes. Notwithstanding the goodness of the soli, in whichit is scarcely surpas TCH 713 TCH sed by any province in Sweden, it is far from be ntr well cultivated; and the peasants are gener- "v poor The chief traffic is in corn, flax,Tienip, ii'd fish, cattle, leather, tallow, and lime. Tacastus, or Tavastborg, a town of Finland, t rinerly capital of the district of Tavastland. 1 1 liad a strong castle, and is seated on a river uliich flows into the lake Wana, 110 m. E. N. i; of Abo. I'avema, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, j'l m. E. N. E. of Nicastro. Tarini, or Tavilii, a sea-port of Portugal, in Al- L' irva, with a castle, and one of the best harbours II the kingdom, defended by two forts. It is lied at the mouth of the Gilaon, in the gulf of idiz, 'Mm. N. W. of Cadiz and 136 S. E. of Lis- l.ijii. Lonir. 7. 36. W., lat. 37. 8. N. Tanlstock, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. with manufacture of serges. In its vicinity was born ■ famous sir Francis Drake. It is seated on i river Tavy, 32 m. W. by S. of Exeter and 207 '1 London. Tavoij, a sea-port on the VV. coast of Siam, in a (iislrict of its name, which was wrested from the Siamese by the Birmans, and subsequently ceded to the British in 18ifc!4-.'). The town is 150 m.'W. N. W. of Siam. Long. 98. 20. E., lat. 14. 45. N. TaxnUato, p. v. Lancaster Dis. S. C. Taij, a river of Scotland, which rises on the \V. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch Tay to Dunkeld, Perth, and Newburg, below which to the sea (above 20 miles) it may be deem- ■ ■■\ a continued harbour, and is called the Frith of i";iv, having Flfeshire on one side and the coun- L '-s of Perth and Angus on the other. Tfty, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, 15 111. long and in most parts above one broad, form- id liy several streams and the river Tay, which flows through its whole length. TaijIorsuUle, p. v. Hanover Co. Va. 30 m from Richmond; p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 18 m. from Co- lumbia; p.t. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. Louis- ville. Tazcioell, a county of the W. District of Virgin- ia. Pop. 4,104 ; p.v. the capital of this Co. 302 111. W, Richmond ; p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 50 III. N. E. Knoxville. Tazowmkaia,^ bay of Siberia, in Obskaia Gulf, nbuut 140 miles long and 3 broad. Tchad, a lake of Central Africa, in the king- dnmof Bornou,iu lat. 13. N. long. 13. W. It was liiatseen by Doctor Oudeney and his companions, and afterwards visited by Clapperton and Denham. It is 200 m. long and 150 broad. It receives the rivers Yeou from the W. and Shary from the S. It abounds in fish, and its borders exhibit all the splendour of tropical vegetation. Its water is fresh. Major Denham travelled along the great- er part of the shore, but was obliged to leave 144 m. of it unexplored. He was informed that it had no outlet. Tchinatcha, a city of China, capital of the S. part of Hou-quang. It is seated on the river Heng, whicii has a communication with an ex- tensive lake, called Tong-ting-hou, 740 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25. E., lat. 28. 11. N. Tckan^-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank , in Fokien. It has a considerable trade with Emony, Pong-hou, and Formosa ; and is 950 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 35. E., lat. 24. 32. N. Tchang-te, a city of China, of the first rank, in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish, like a crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular nature that when once innited it cannot be ex- 90 tinguished. Near it is a mountain so steep ana inaccessible that in the time of war it affords a safe asylum to the inhabitants. It is 2;>5 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. Ill . 5. E., lat. 2!). 2. N. Tchao-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-tong, seated on the river Si, 70 m. W. of Canton. Tchao-lchcou, sl city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-tong, seated on the Peikiang, 86 m. E. of Canton. Tchc-kiang, a province of China, one of the most considerable in extent, riches, and pop. It is bounded on the N. and W. by Kiang-nan, S. VV. by Kiang-si, S. by Fokien, and E. by the ocean. In this province, whole plains are cover- ed with dwarf mulberry trees, purjiosely checked in their growth ; and prodigious quantities of silk-worms are bred. The princijial branch of^ trade consists in silk stuffs; and tliose in which^ gold and silver are intermixed are the most beau- tiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and a species of mushrooms, whicli are transported to all the provinces of the empire ; and here also are found the small gold fish with which ponds are commonly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the third, and 18 fortres.ses, which in Europe would be deemed large cities. Hang-tcheou is the capital. TcheAi-chan, an island near the VV. coast of China, belonging to the province of Tche kiang. It is about 24 m. long nnd from 5 to 10 broad. Tchernigof, a government of Russia, formerly apart of the Ukraine. Its capital, of the sam^ name, is seated on the Desne, 345 miles S. S. W. of Moscow. Long. 66. 45. E., lat. 51. 24. N. Tchesne, a town on the W. coast of Natolia, with a citadel. It stands almost opposite Scio, at the head of a spacious road, which is famous for the destruction of the Turkish fleet, by the Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles VV. of Smyr- na. Long. 26. 26. E., lat. 38. 26. N. Tching-lctang,a. city of China, of the first rank, in Se-tchuen, 910 miles S. W. of Pekin. Long. 104. 20. E., lat. 27. 18. N. Tching' kiang, a strong city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-naii, and the key of the em- pire towards the sea. Its situation and trade, and the beauty of its walls, give it a pre-emi- nence over the other cities of the province. It is seated on the S. side of the Kian-ku, 470 miles S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 18. 55. E. lat. 32. 14. N. Tching-kiang , B. city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 36 miles S. by E. of Yun-nan. Long. 102. 40. E., lat. 24. 44. N. Tching-tchcou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, seated on an aqgle formed by two rivers. Under it are five cities of tho third class, in which a kind of plain earthenware is prepared, which the Chinese prefer to the most elegant porcelain. It is 765 miles S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 109 40. E., lat. 28. 23. N. Tehing-ting, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Petche-li, 136 miles S. S. VV. of Pekin. Long. 114. 21. E., lat. 38. 9. N. Tching-tou, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen. It was formerly the residence of the emperors, and one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the empire ; but in 1646, during the civil wars that preceded the last invasioii of the Tartars, it was almost entire, ly destroyed. Its temples, and the ruins of an- cient palaces are objects of admiration to eirsu- TKD 714 TET gers. 1810 m. S. W. of I'ekin. Long. 103. l4.E.,lat. 30. 40. N. TVAm-n^'flrtja city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-ei, 1,250 ni. S. S. W. of I'ekin. LoMcr lOti. 0. E.,lat.23. dl. i\ Tihi-lchrou, acity of Ckina, of tlic HrHl rank, in Kian^-nan ; seated nn the river Kiang, 570 m.S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 0. V. , lat. 30. .15. N. Tclii-ijucH, a city of China, of llic first rank, in Koei-tcheou, IWO in. tt. S. W. of I'ekin. Long. 107. 51. E., lat. 27. l.N. TchoUa. See SatrhaUnt. Tchons-hing, a city of China, of tlie tirstrank, in Se.tcliuen. It is sealed on a mountain, ris- ing in tlie form of an anipiiitheatre, at tlie con- flu.v of the Kincha with the Kian-ku, 750 ni. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 100. 20. E., lat. 2!». "12. N. ^ TrlioU'hlougj a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 75 tn. W. of Yun- nan. Lon». 101. 20. E., hit. 25. (i. N. Tchukotski , the most eastern part of Siheria, in tlie province of Okotsk. Tlie attention of the natives is confined chiefly to their deer, with which the country ahounds. They are a well- made, couratreoufl, warlike race, and are for- mid.ible neighbours to the Koriacs, who often e.^perience their depredations. Trhukotskiti^ a cape of Siberia, on the eastern extremity of Asia, and the S. W. limit of Beer- ing strait. Long. 172. 30. W., lat. 04. 15. N. Ti-ku-tchfiou^ a cit3' of China, of the first rank, in Tchekiang, 730 in. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. rSO. 33. E.jlat. 2.:^. 30. N. Tciuicar^ the largest of tlie three provinces of Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N. by Siberia, N. E. by the sea of Okotsk, S. E. by the prov- ince of Kirin, and W. by Western Tartarv and Siberia. It is a mountainous country, watered by the river Saghalien, which receives many others in its course. Tcilcicar, a city of Chinese Tartary, capital of the foregoing province, and the residence of a Mandshur general. This city was built by the Emperor of China, to secure jiis frontiers against the incursions of the Russians. It is seated on the Nonni, a')5 m. N. N. E. of Pekin. Long. 123. 30. E.,lat. 47. 25. N. Tcbesla or Tinsa, a town of Tunis in Africa, on the borders of Algiers, with a castle, and several remains of anti(|uitv. It is sealed at the foot of a mountain, 130 m. S. E. of Tunis. Tecuttf a town of Morocco, in tiie province of Sus, seated in a country abounding in grain, dates, and sugar-canes, 4 m. E. of Messa. Tccklenhurg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, capital of a fertile county of the same name. It has manufactures of linen cloth, and is 22 m. N. by E. of Munstcr. Long. 7. 47. E., lat. 52. 14. N. Trco(Lntcppi\ a sea-port of Mexico, in Gua.\aca, with a fortified abbey and several handsome churches. It is seated on a large bay of the same name, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon". 95. 55 W.,lat. 10. 2S. N. Tccrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the gov- ernment of Mosul, seated on a rock, near the W. side of the Tigre, 130 m. S. of Mosul. Teculcl, a town of Morocco, with an old cas- tle, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 90 m. W. of Morocco. Long. 9. 45. W., lat. 31. 5. N. Tecumseh, a village in Lenawee Co. Michi- gan. 64 m. S. W. Detroit. Teddington, a village of Middlesex, Eng. seat- ed on the Thames, 12 m. W. S. W. of London. TrdeUi,n town of Algiers, on the coast of the Mediterranean, with a castle, 45 in. E. of Al- giers. 'Vainest^ a town of Morocco, in the province of Ilea, almost surrounded by a river. It was ta- ken by the Portuguese in 1517, hut they were driven away soon after. 40 m. N. E. of Mogador. Ttdsiy a town of Morocco, in the province of Sus, seated in a plain abounding in corn, 20 m. S. E. of Tarudant. Tcemho,a. city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. The inhabitants esti- mated at 8,000, carrying on manufactuii's of doth, iron, silver, wood, leather, &.c. 100 in. K. of Sierra Leone. Tecs^ a river which rises on the confines of Cumberland, Eng. separates the counties of Dur- ham and York, and enters the German Ocean be- low Stockton. Trfessad, a town of Algiers, with mines of iron in its neighbourhood, 32 m. S. W of Algiers. Trjli^f a city of Asia, the capital of Georgia, called by the inhabitants Thilis-Caba (Warm Town), from the warm baths in its neighbour- Iiood. It contans 20,000 inhabitants, of whom moro than one-half are Armenians. The streets seldom exceed seven feet in breadth, and the houses are of stone with flat roofs, which serve as walks for the women. Here is a foundry for cannon, mortars, and balls; also a public school founded by emperor Alexander. The most flourishing manufactures are those of silks and printed linens ; but the chief trade is in fnra sent to Turkey and the S. of Persia. In 1723 it was taken by the Turks, and in 1734 retaken by Kouli Khan. It is seated on the Kur, at the foot of a hill, 300 m. S. S. W. of Astracan. Long 45. 3. E., lat. 42. 20. N. Tcfii, a strong town of Morocco, capital of a district of the same name, seated on the side of a mountain, 70 ni. N. N. E. of Morocco. Long. 5 55. W., lat. 32. 0. N. Tifzra, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, 55 m. S. S. W. ofOran. Tfirtiza, a town of Zahara, capital of a territory of that name, remarkable for mountains of salt. Long. 0. 30. W., lat 21. 40. N. Tftger/iij, a town of the kingdom of Eezzan, 80 m. S. W. of Mourzook. Trgerii^ a town of Bavaria, with a celebrated ab- bey, seated on a lake called the Tegern Sec. 30 m. S. S. E. of Munich. Teff/io, a town Austrian Italy, in the Valte- line. m. S. W. of Tirano. Tfkerari, a city of Persia, and lately the residence of the Shah. It stands on the site of the ancient city of Rai, and is 4 m. in circuit, surrounded by a strong wall flanked with towers. The houses are built of unburnt brick. During the summer it is unhealthy. Lat. 35. 40. N. long. 50. 52. E. 300 m. N. Ispahan. Pop. 15,000. Trignmnuth, a. sea-port in Devonshire, Eng. seated at the mouth of the Teign, Id7 m. W. by S. of London. Tcinitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- sen, with a castle and a convent ; seated on the Radbuza, 30 m. W. S. W. of Pilsen. Tcisendnrf, a town of Austria, in the province ofSalsburg, 12 m. N. W. of Salsburg. Tejuco, a district of Brazil about 50 m. long and 24 broad, particularly noted for its produc- tion of diamonds. TejucOj the capital of the above district, is sit uate on the side of a hill, and is very irregularly lEN 713 TEN built. The circulation of property created by the diamond works rendered it a flourishing town. Tele.se, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 18 m. E. N. E. of Capua. Telfair, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,13(). Jacli- sonville is tlie capital. Tctgen, or Tetaa, a town of Sweden, in Sudcr- mania, on the laKe Maeler, 12 ra. S. W. of Stock- holm. Telget, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 5 m. E. N. E. of Munster. Te'!, a township of Huntingdon Co. Pa. • TtJIes, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a email harbour, on the Mediterranean, 100 m. E. S. E.ofTetuan. Tclllckerry, a town of Hindoostan , in Malabar. It has a considerable trade, and is seated at the mouth of a river, 4"2 m. N. N. W. of Calicut. Long. 75. 38. E., lat. 11. 48. N. Tclllro, p.v. Monroe Co. Ten. TeitoiD, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on a lake of the same name, 7 m. S. S. \V. of Berlin. Tellsck, a town of Austria, in Moravia, IG m. S. of Iglau. Temendcfust , a town of the kingdom of Algiers, 10 ni. E. of Algiers. TtijiPswar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a territory called the Bannat of Tcmeswar. It stands on the river Bega, which forms a morass round it, and tne fortress requires a garrison of 14,000 men. This place formerly passed for im- pregnable ; but it was taken by prince Eugene, in a dry season, in 171fi. 80. m. N. N. E. ofBel- grade and 160. S. W.of Bada. Temlssa, a town ofFezzan. where the caravans from Tombuctoo, Bornou, &c., which travel by the way of Cairo to Mecca, usually provide the stores of corn, dates, dried meal, and other requi- sites for their dreary journey. 120 m. E. N. E. of Mourznok. Tcmpelborg, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, on the S. side of a lake and on the fron- tiers of Poland, 43 m. E. by N. of New Stargard. Temple, a townshi() of Kennebec Co. Me. Pop, 793; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 30 m. S. Con- cord. Pop. U47. Templetun, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,551. Tcffi/J^j'n. a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, with a great trade in timber. It was totally con- sumed by fire in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a beautiful manner. It stands between the Boden- see and Doli^ensee. 18 m. S. W. of Prenzlo and 4-2 N. by E. of Berlin. Tennsserim, a town of Birmah, capital of a dis- trict of its name, situate on a large river, 47 m. S. E. of Mergui. r.,onopulalion. It lies W. of the Grand Canary, is 70 m. long and 2*2 broad, and abounds in wine, different sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. One part of this island is surrounded by inaccessible mountains, of which one in particular, called the Peak ofTeneriflx', is 12,072 feet above the level of the sea, and the distance to the Peak from the port ofOratavia, at the base of the mountain, is above 11 m. This island is subject to volcanic eruptions, and in 1704 one destroyed several towns and many thousand people. The laborious works in this is- land are chiefly performed by oxen and mules, horses being scarce and reserved for the use of the oflirers. Hawks and parrots are natives of the island, as are swallows, sea-gulls, partridg- es, canary birds, and blackbirds. There are al- so lizards, locusts, and dragon-flies. St. Christophe de Lacuna is the capital, but the governor resides at St. Cru7,. Teneriffe, a town of the republic of Colombia, in the former vice-rovalty of New Granada, seat- ed on the Madaleni, 100 m. S. S. W. of St Martha. Tenez, or Tenis, a town of Algiers, in the prov- ince of Mascara, capital of a district of its name, with a fjrt. It has a considerable trade in corn and is seated on a river, 4 m. from the sea and So W. S. W. of Algiers. Tc-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, 5.50 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 113 21. E.,lat. 31.20. N. Tennessee, a river of the LTnited States, the larg- est of all those which flow into the Ohio, its commencement is formed in the state to which it gives name, by the junction of the Clinch with the Holston, 35 in. below Knoxville. It flows S. W., on the E. side of Cumberland Mountains, in- to Ge.Trgia. where it makes a circuit to the W. of called the Great Bend : it then re-enters the stale of Tennes.se, which it passes quite tlirougli into that of Kentucky, where it enters the Ohio. 50 m. above the cnnrtu.v of that river with the Mis- sissippi. The Tennessee is GOO yards broad at its moutii. and is thence navigable by vessels of great burden f.>r 2i)0 m., to the Mitscle Shoals, in the Great Bend : here the river widens to be- tween 2 and 3 m. for nearly 3(3 m. ; and these shoals can only be passed in small boats ; hence it may be navigated, by boats of 40 tons burden, 400 m. further lo its commencement. Tennessee, one of the United States, bounded N. by Kentucky ; P.. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia, .\labarna, and Mississippi ; and W. by the river Mississippi, separating itfrom Missouri and .\rkansas. lis length is about 430 m. ; its breadth 104 m. It lies between 35. and 3G. 3G. N. lat.. and betwe<>n f^l . :W. and 00. 10. W. long., and contains 4',).000 sq. m. The western pait o{ the State is comparatively level. The eastern portion is mountainous. The Cumberland Mountains extend through the state from N. E. to S. W, dividing it into two sec- tions. In East Tennessee are many parallel ridges, the most lot\v of which, are the Lanrel, Stone, Yellow. Iron. Bald. and Unaka Mountains. All these are peaks of a continued cliain. Wcl- lings' and Copper Ridge, and Church, Powell's, TEN »16 TAR and Bay's Mountains, art in the N E. The sum- mits of some of these mountains exhibit plateaus of considerable extent, which admit of good roads, and are inhabited and cultivated. The heights subside as they approach the Mississippi and Otiio. The mountains contain a grea* number of caverns, which are arnonff the most reimirkable features of the country. Tliey are of so frequent occurrence that very few have been e:tp!ored ; and little more ia known of them, than that they abound in nitrous earth. One of them has been descended 400 feet below the surface, and found to consist of a smooth limestone rock, with a stream of pure water at the bottom, sufficient to turn a mill. A cave en a high peakof the Cumberland Mountain has a per- pendicular depth that has never been fathomed. The enchanted Mountains, which are portions of the Cumberland ridge, exhibit some very singular footprints of men, horses, and other animals dis- tinctly marked in a solid rock of limestone. In many cases they appear as if the feet which nwrked them had sliddun while the stone was in a soft state. One of the tracks is IG inches long and 13 inches wide. The whole state is well watered. The largest rivers are the Cumberland and Tennessee, which fall into the Ohio The Obian, Forked Deer, Big Hatchee and Wolf rivers intersect the western part of the State, and fall into the Mississippi. The valleys of the small rivers are extremely beautiful, and rich Deyond any of tiie same de- scription in the western states. The valleys of the great streams of the Tennessee and Cumber- land, differ little from the alluvions of the oth- er great rivers of the West. On the small val- leys are many fine plantations, and yet so lone- ly that they seem lost among the mountains. The climate is delightful, being milder than in Kentucky, and free from the intense heat which prevails in the southern portion of the Mississippi valley. Snows of some depth are frequent in the winter, but the summers, espe- cially in the liigher regions, are mild. In these parts, the salubrity of the climate is thought to equal that of any part of the United States; but the low valleys where stagnant waters abound, and the alluvions of the great rivers are unhealthy. Maize is planted in the central parts of the state early in April. The soil in East Tennessee is remarkably fer- tile, containing great proportions of lime. In West Tennessee the soil is various, and the stra- ta decend from the mountains in the following order ; first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and sand ; next, yellow clay ; thirdly, a mixture of red sand and red clay ; lastly, white sand. In the southern parts, are immense beds of oyster shells, on high table land, at a distance from the Missis- sippi, or any other stream ; some of these shells are of an enormous size. Tlie soil of the valleys and alluvions is extremely fertile. Nearly all the frircst trees of the western coun- try are found in this state, but the laurel tribes are not common Juniper, red cedar, and savi;i cover the mountains. Apples, pears, and plums, which are properly northern fruits, are raised in great perfection. The sugar maple is very abun- dant. Inexhaustible quarries of gypsum of the finest quality abound in East Tennessee. Marble in many beautiful varieties is abundant. Iron ore is found in plenty, and some lead mines have been worked. Salt springs are numerous, but the wa- ter if not eufficiently strong to admit of their be- ing made profitable. Nitrous earth abounds in the saltpetre caves The gold region elsewhere described in the south- ern states, extends into the southeastern part of Tenneseee. The spot affording the metal, is situ- ated about 12 miles south of the Tcllico plains, near the Unika mountain, which separates this state from North Carolina, The gold occurs in small grains, and appears to have been produced by the disintegration of the rocks which compose the mountain. The gold is found in the small rivulets and brooks, and also on the declivities of the mountains, and very near their suniniils. It is contained in a stratum of the soil of 10 or li inches in depth, and is separated from the eartli by washing. Tennessee also contains an ore of zinc of an excellent quality. The Cumberland mountains are rich in coal. Manganese, roofing slale, and magnetic iron ore may be also numbered among the mineral productions. This state is politically divided into 2 Districts, East and West. The former has 22 counties and the latter 40. The population is 084,823 of whom 142,382 are slaves. Nashville is the capital. The other considerable towns are Knoxville and Murfreesborough. Agriculture is in a great measure confined to the raising of cotton : but the soil is well adapted to maize, wheat, rye, barley and oats, which are all more or less cultivated. There are some manufactures of iron,hemp,cotton and cordage. The legislature is called the General Assembly and consists of a Senate and House of Represent- atives. The members of both and the Governor are chosen for 2 years. Suffrage is universal ; and the clergy are excluded from office. The Baptists - are the most numerous religious sect ; they have 141 ministers; the Methodists 125, the Presbyteri- ans 80 and the Lutherans 10. There are colleges at Greenville, Knoxville, and Nashville. Tennes- see was settled by emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina : the first settlements were made between 1765 and 1770. In 1791) a constitution was formed, and the territory was admitted into the union as a state. Tennis J a town of Egypt, situate on an island in a lake of the same name, sometimes called Lake Menzaleh, 28 m. S. E. of Oamietta. Tr.nsaw^ a river of Alabama, flowing into Mo bile Bay, and formed by the union of the .Mabama and Tornbigbee rivers. A river of Louisiana joining with the Washitau to form Black River. Tf-nsnw. p. v. Baldwin Co. Alabama. Tnistaiit, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. N. E. of Langensalza. Tf.n-tckcoUj a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong, with a good port and a strong gar- rison. It is seated on the N. side of a peninsu- la of the Yellow Sea, 250 m. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 50. E., lat. 37. 20. N. Tenderden, a town of Kent. 57 m. E. by S. of Lrnidon. Tcntugal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 in. W. N. W. of Coimbra. Teramo, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 23 ra. N. E. of Aquila. Titrasso, a sea-port of Asia Minor, on the coast of Caramania, and an archbishop's see. It was formerly called Tarsus, and was the capital of Cilicia, the literary rival of Athens and Alexan- dria, and the birthplace of the apostle Paul. It is sealed on the Mediterranean, 100 in. W. by N. of Alexandretta. Long. 35. 15. E., lat. 37. 4. N. TER 717 TES Tequrrulama, a cataract near Bogota in Colom- 11, caused by a branch of the Magdalena falling 1 a narrow chasm among the rocks. The iiract consists of 3 pitches and the whole fall is 7 feet. Tercrira, one o( the Azores, of a circular form ■ut 5.5 m. in circumference, and very fertile. containd several towns and villages, with a iinber efforts. Angra is the capitiH. Terchiz, or Tershiz, a town of Persia in the prov- •? of Chorasan, situate on the borders of the .reat Salt Desert, 160 rn. W. N. W. of Herat. 1, mg. .57. 25. E., lat. 35. 5. N. Tcrga, a town of Morocco, seated on the Omir- 1. 90 m. N. of Morocco. Tergorist, or Tervis, a town of European Tur- y, in Walachia. Here is a fine palace, bclong- _' to the bosbodar, or reigning prince ; but he .(■flv resides at Huchorest. It stands on the I ilonftz, 35 m. N. N. W. ofBuchorcst. Long. 25. - E., lat. 45. 23. N. Tcrki, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the govern- rit of Caucasus, formerly a frt)nlirr place ^ linst Persia. It is seated on a river of the rue name, near the Caspian Sea, 180 m. S. of \-tracan. Long. 47. 30. E., lat. 43. 2-2. N. Termed, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a •rict in Bokharia; seated in an angle formed the union of two rivers, 1.50 m. S. of Samar- nd. Long. a5. a5 E., lat. 37. 15. N. Termini, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, in \ il di Mazara, with a strong castle. Its miner- I waters are much celebrated, and it has a con- lerable trade. It is situate on a rocky eminence, ir the mouth of a river of the same name, 20 .S. E. of Palermo. Tcrmoli, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, ited near the sea, 32 m. S. E. of Lanciano. Tcrnate, one of the Molucca islands, lying to tlio W. of JSilolo, formerly the seat of sovereignty. h abounds in cocoa-nuts, bananas, citrons, oran- -. almonds, and other fruits proper to the cli- Lte. There are also a great number of birds of "idise. It is a mountainous country, and con- ns a great numlter of woods, which furnish ■indance of game. It is in the possession of ■ Dutch, from whom it was taken by the Brit- 1 in 1810, but restored, with their other Indian HMSscssions, in 1S14. The inhabitants .ire Ma- liometans and very indolent. 100 m. E. of Celebes. I.nng. 127.4. E.,'lat, 0. 50. N. Terneuse, a town and fort of the Netherlands, . Klanders. on the W. branch of the Scheldt, !Ied the ilondt. It is 8 m. N. ofSas van Ghent 1 25 W. N.W. of Antwerp. 'Ar/f/, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in the r'mhv of Spolcto, seated on the Nera, near the i:illiu: of the Velino, which has a famous cataract a mile from the town. Terni was the birth-place of Tacitus the historian. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of Sp-^leto and 46 N. of Rome. 7'£rn/zra,a town of Bulgaria,and an archbishop's see. It was formerly the .seat of the princes of Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the fortifications are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the Jenera, 88 m. N. W. of Adrianople and 07 N. E. of Sofia. Long. 2('.. 2. E, lat. 43. I. N. 7VroK«nne,a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, seated on Uie Lis, (> m. S. of St. Omer. Terra del Espirilu Santo, the largest and most western island of tlic New Hebriilos, in the S. Pacific, being 40 leagues in circuit. The land is exceedingly high and mountainous, and in ma- ny places the hills rite directly from the sea. Ex cept the clifla and branches, everv part is covered with wood, or laid out in plantations. Besides the bay of St. Philip and St. Jago, on the H side of it, the isles which lie along the S. and E. coast from several good bays and harbours. Long. 167 E.,lat. 15. S. Terra Firma, a country cf S. America, bounded on the N. by the Carribbean Sea. It is now in- cluded in the Republic of Colombia. Terra del Fuego, a large island, separated from the southern extremity of America by the strait of Maerellan, and so called from the volcanoes cb- serveaon it. The sea intersects it into several islands, all of them barren and mountainous; but on the lower grounds are found several sorts of trees and plants, and a variety of birds. Tlic na- tives are short in stature, not exceeding five feel six inches; their heads large, their faces broad, their cheek-bones prominent, and their noses flat. They have little brown eyes, without life ; their hair is black and lank, hanging about their neads in disorder, and besmeared with train oil. They wear no other clothing than a small piece of seal- skin, hanging from their shoulders to the middle of the bicT(, being fastened round the neck with a string. They live chiefly on seals' flesh, of which they prefer the oily part. There is no appear- ance of any subordination among them, and their whole character is a strange compound of stupid- ity, indiff'erence, and inactivity. Terraeina, a decayed town of the ecclesiastical states, in Campagna di Roma, with a castle on a rock. Formerly it was called Anxur, and was the capital of the Volsci, and its cathedral was originally a temple of Jupiter. It is seated near the sea. on the frontiers of Naples, 54 m. S. S. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 41. 24. N. Terranota, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto, seated near the month of a river of the same name, 20 m. E. S. E. of Alicata. Long. 14. 10 E., lat. 37. 9. N. Terranora, a sea-port of Sardinia, seated at the bottom of a bay on the N. E. coast. 02 m. E. N. E. of Snssari. Long. 9. ^5. E., lat. 41. 3. N. Tcrriissnn, a town of France, department of Dordogne, seated on the Vesere, 38 m. E. of Perigueux. Terre Haute, p. v. Vigo Co. Ind. on the Wabash 91 m. S. W. Indianapolis. Terridon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, in Ross-shire, between Gair- loch and .\pplecross. It has many creeks and bays- Terrinrr, a strong town and fortress of Hindoos- tan, in the Carnatic, 2.5 m. N. of Trichinopoly. Terryrilte, p. v. Mecklenburgh Co. V^a. Ttruel, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a liishop's see, with a citadel. It is 80 m. S. W. of Sarragossa and 112 E. of Madrid. Long. 1.0. \V.. lat. 40. 2.-.. N. Terrere, or Veere, a fortified sea-port of the Netherlands, in Zealand on the N. E. coast of the isle of Walcheren. It has a good harbour, and a fine arsenal. 4 m. N. by E. ot Middleburg, wifl) which it commuincates by a canal. Long. 3.42. E., lat. 51. 36. N. Tesehen, a town of Austrian Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is surrounded by a wall, and at a little distance, on an eminence, is the old castle where the ancient dukes resided. The inhabitants carry on a trade in leather, woolen stufls, and wine ; and make excellent fire-arms. This town was taken by the Prussians in l'^ . TEW 718 TEX but restored in 1 703. In 1779 a treaty of peace was concluded here between the emperor of Ger- many and the kinjj of Prussia. It is seated in a morass, near the river Elsa, 3G m. E. S. E. of Troppau and GO E. by N. of Olniutz. Long. 18. 39. E., lat in. 43. N. Te>eailrJt, a town of Morocco, seated on a crag- gy' rock, said to lie impregnabh', at the mouth of the Techubit, MO m. W. i\. \V. of Morocco. Tcskoo Lnfunhvo, the capital of Tiiibet, or of that part which is immediately subject to the Teshoo Lania, who is sovereign of the country during the minority of the grand lama. Its tem- ples and mausoleums, with their numerous gilded canopies and turrets, and the palace of the lama, render it a magnificent place. It stands at the N. end of a plain, upon a rocky eminence, ii'JO m. S. W. of Lassa and 470 N. by E. of Calcutta. Long. 89. 7. E., lat. 2'.). i. N. Tcslno, a town of the Austrian stales, in Tyrol, 2.5 m. E. N. E. of Trent. Tessct, a town of Zahara, capital of a district of the same name. It is 3.50 m. S. S. W. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 45. W., lat. 2.'). 54. N. Tctbury, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 99 m. W. (if London. Tftsclirn, or Tclzen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leulnieritz, with a castle on a rock, on the river Elbe, 29 m. S. E. of Dresden. Tcttnang, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of \Vurteniberg, 8 m. N. of Lindan. Tctuan, a city of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle. The liouses have only small holes to- wards the streets, which are very narrow, and the windows are on the other side, facing a court- yard, which is surrounded by galleries, and in the middle is generally a fountain. The houses are two stories high, flat at the t"]) ; and the wo. men visit each other from the lops of them. The shops are very small, and without any door ; the master silts cross-legged on a counler, with the goods disposed in drawers round Iiim, and all the customers stand in the street. Several European consuls formerly resided in this city ; iJie Eno-lish are still allowed to touch here, and considerable communication is kept up with Gibraltar. It is se.ited on the river Cuz, near the Mediterranean, 1 10 m. N. N. W. of Fez. Long. 5. 23. W., lat. 35. 37. N. Tt'Vcronc,a river of Italy, llie ancient Anio, which rises in the Apjiennines, -"lO miles, above Tivoli, glides through a plain till it comes near that town, when it is confined for a short space between two hills, covered with groves. These were supposed to be the residence of the sibyl Al- bunea, to whom an elegant temple was here dedi- cated. The river moving with augmented rapid- ity, as its channel is confined, at last rushes over a lofty precipice, and the noise of its falls re- sounds through the hills and groves of Tivoli. Having gained the plain, it soon afterwards re- ceives tlie waters of the lake Solfatara, and then joins the Tibet, near Rome. 7c(-iO(, a river of Scotland, which rises in the mountains in the S. W. of Ro.xburgshire, and, passing N. VV. through the county, unites with the Tweed a little above Kelso. Tr.upUz, a town of Prussia, in ISrandenburg, with a castle on a lake, 25 ni. S. by E. of Berlin. Teusc/tnitz, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- conia, 17 m. N. ofCulmbacli. Tcwsbig, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of FiLsen, 30 m. N. VV. of Pilsen. Tctckesbury, a borough in Glouceslersliirc, Eng. Here is one of the noblest parish churches in the kingdom, which is almost the only remains of the celebrated monasterv to wliicli it formerly be- longed. 103 m. W. N. 'W. of London. Tcirkrsburij, pi. Middlese.x Co. Mass. on the Merrimack, adjoinlni; Lowell, 2-1 in. N. W. Bos- ton. Pop.-l,.527. Uitbin the limits of the town- ship is llie village of Belleville, with manufac- ture of cotton and woolen. Tciclicsbunj, a township of Hunterdon Co. N.J. Texas, a province of Mexico, and the frontier district toward the United States ; bounded N. by Missouri Territory and E. by Louisiana, from which it is separated by the Sabine, and (he (Julf of Mexico on the S. Our knowledge of this e.T- tensive province— contoining, according to Hum- boll's table, a surface of 84,000 square miles, and according to others 100,000 — is still very iinper- feci, and almosl solely derived from Pike's jour- nal of his hasty return from Chihuahua, guarded all the way by Sjianish dragoons to prevent him from taking notes. But its rising political and eoni- mercial relations with the United Stales will soon disperse this ignorance. By an act of the Mexi- can congress it has been united lo the jirovinci' of Coahuila, under the name o^ Cudhnita-tj-Tcriis. This province is exceedingly well watered, mid is the most fertile of all the Mexican stales. The large and beautiful savannahs, waving with grass, feed vastnumbers of wild horses and mules, which are exported in great numbers to other parts of Mexico, and to the United States, and form at present a chief article of commerce. Immediate- ly to the W. of the Sabine, the soil is rich with- ont being low, and for a space of 12 successive miles, is covered with magnificent pines. W. of this again is one of Uie richest and most fer- tile tracks in nature, diversified by hills and dales, and divided, as it were, into natural meadows and shrubberies, in such admirable order, as to sefin the work not of nature, but of art ; this soil is rich, friable, and contains much iron. It is as fertile on the hills as on the plains, and the climate is deliglitl'ul, being neither loo warm nor excessive- ly cold. The tract between the Sabine and Bras- sos rivers is occu])ied by 2,500 American families, emigrants from the United States, who raise cot- ton, maize, tobacco, rice, and sugar-canes. Be- sides these emigrant families, about (iOO Spanish families are congregated in the vicinity of I\'a cogdoches, and inhabit the Ranches, where they rear catllc. The principal American establishment to llie W. of the band of pines above mentioned, is the ^lir Baijou, entirely inhabited by Americans, who have already erected 7 or 8 cotton mills, and the products are exported to Nachiloclies free of duly, as the consuniplion comes entirely from that place. The second American establislinient is on the Brasses a Dios river, 150 miles frnin Nacogdoches. As this stream frequently over- flows its banks, its vicinity is somewhat un- healthy. These emigrants have built a town named San Felipe de Austin, from that of the founder. General Austin, an American, who promised to the federal government to locate from .500 lo COO families on the banks of the Bras- sos river. At Nacogdoches another grant has been made lo an American of the name of Ed- wards, who resided at Mexico. This grant bor- ders on that of Austin, and contains more than 2,000 square miles. N. of '.his, another grant has been made to a Mr. Thorn, son-in-law of Ed- THA 719 THA ...U -, an,; on the other cide a ^".lar^-. J.a, >, , ,1 made to general Wesvil. * "* , . ,:3f,.d i„ .1 Irclonia, in this province, "'as estab ,sl>ed m M by Mr. Aoslin, who has "f^""; ' '" X',^ ' ' 'will a hi e The consti tnlion of tins gov - w til 1 1""*^- ,. , 1 republic, anil has "■;: J:, u" ol5 ft-onrthat'of the United .: J'lut ife C tholic religion was alone to be „i„r:aecl Xiut such an absurd intoleran clause ,h,3 in any of the new independent states ot ,, CO cannot long bo in force in the v.c.n.tv I sunh a free .rovernuu-nt as that of ' f /^"'^''^J ■■ ,..., as such an act would exclude all but Ro- ,M„ (-athnlic emigrants.-whereas all are made , , ,llv welcome to the United States In I. -> :„,:„;, Sed.rewick, of Russclville m Kentucky, I , ,„,ed a .rrant from llie Mexican government - ir,,m (i to a millions of acres, in this province, r tl,e borders of Louisiana. One principal ..hlion was inserted in this grant that a cer- „n number of the colonists should be free irom ,!l i.xes for five years. The capital of Te.xas ,,„|,.r the old .rovernment was San Antonio de S,i:.r, .m a small stream of the same name, and .„ Ha ned, according to Pike, about 2,001) souls ,„tlhe present capital, Saltillo, on the confines ,r Ooahuila and New Leon, is said to contain ■ nnO souls. Its site is bad, being smnmnde.l ,:„h arid plains, where the traveller sutlers much , n,„ want of water. The western part of Texas s uihabited entirely by Spaniards. The soil is x.ellent andalltlie habitations are watered hy irtificial canals, which taase the waters of the Kio de Nueces and neighbouring springs to irri- nle the wardens and fields. ^ r.iH an island of the Netherlands, separated Tnm N ' Holland by a narrow channe of the same iname, defen.led by a strong fort on the nviinland called the Helder. This cT.anne is the be=t and most southern entrance into the Z"yd" Z^^. and throucrh it most of the ships pass that are bound to Amsterdam. In 17'J0 the tort vvas lake^ "the English, and the whole oft''^ »f ^'j ."f,^'' vin. within the channel, surrendered to them l.Ulhe English abandoned 'l>o fo^t ^"o" ''^"- -irds Long. 4. 59. E., lat. f..!. 10. N. 7V„;<, or Thcja, a river of the Austrian states, ^^lnc I rises near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows E., bv Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters the Moraw, on the confines of Hungary. Tnm a town- of Bohemia, in the circle of Il.'chin; seated on the Muldau, 10 m. S. L. ot ' "re-ar, a town of Fez, capital of the province of Cuzi, containing a mosque half a mile '" cir- cumference. It isseated on a small river, 4a m. E. of Fez. Long. 4. 15. W., lat. 33. 40. N. Te-cuco a town of Mexico, once the capital ot a rich kingdom. Here Cortez caused a canal to oe duo-, and built 18 brigantines, to carry on the siege of Mexico. It is seated near the lake ot Mexico, 20 m. E. of Mexico. rezcla, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara with a castle, 15 m S. W_of Oran^ Tezo^U, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the point of a rock, 15 m. S. of MeliUa. Tezzoute, an ancient town of Algiers in the province of Constantia. Its rums extend 10 m. in circumference, among which are magnihcent remains of city gates, an amphitheatre, a temple - .. , . rf 1. . I ^tUnx nla/rnnf OlrltC- dedicated to Esculapius, and other elegant struc- tures 90 m. S. S. W. of Constantia. Thnince a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near the uii'Uth of a river of the same name, 120 m. S of Tunis. Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 34. 50. N. Thame, or Tuinc, a tiver which rises near 1 ring ill Heitfordshire, crosses Buckinghamshire to the N of Aylesbury, enters Oxfordsliire at the town of Thame, whence it is navigable for bargt^ to Dorcheater, where it joins the Thames. This river lias been erroneously supposed to give name to the Thames. Thame, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. seated on the river Thame, 12 m. E. of Oxford and 44 W. bv N. of London. . i> •. • " Thames, the finest river in Great Britain, which takes its rise from a copious spring, called Thames Head, 2 m. S. W. of Cirencester ... Gloucestershire. About a m. below the source of the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a torrent as to overflow the meadows for many miles. The stream proceeds to Lechladc ; ami beint' there joined by the Coin and Le^h, at the distalice of l3.S m. from London, it becomes nav- isable for vessels of 90 tons. At Oxford it is joined by the Charwell, and, pro««^dmg by Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives the Thame. I'assino- by Wallingford to Reading, and forming a boundary to Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Sur- rey and Middlesex, it waters Henley, Marlow, Maidenhead, Windsor, Staines, Cliertsey, Kings- ton, and Brentford, in its course to London. From London the river proceeds to Gieenwicn, Woolwich, Grav-s-Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leiirh, into the German Ocean. The tide flow. up the Thames as high as Kingston, which fol- lowing the winding of the river, is 70 mi es frmn the ocean— a .rrcater distance than the tide is car- ried bv any other river in Europe. Though the Thames is said to be navigable 138 miles above London Bridge, there are so many "»''* '"aj. in summer the navigation westward would be stop- ped, were it not for a number of locks; but the first lock is 52 miles above that bridge. 1 He plan of new cuts has been adopted, in some places, •.o shorten the navigation ; there is one near Lech- laJe, and another a mile from Abingdon. .A ^till mor« important undertaking was eftected in 1/«J —the junction of this river with the Severn. A canal IimI been made from the Severn to Stroud, which canal was afterwards continued to Lech- ladc, where it joins the Thames, a distance of above 30 miles. A communication between this river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been eflfected, by a canal from Oxford to Coventry; and another canal "xtends from this, at Brauns- ton,to the Thames al Brentford, called the Grand Junction Canal. Thames, a river of Connecticut, formed ot two principal branches, the Shetucket and the Nor- wich, or Little River, which have their junction at Norwich. From this place the Thames is nav- igable 15 m. to Long Island Sound, which it en- ters below New London, Thames, a river of Upper Canada, flowing into Lake St. Clair above Detroit. Thanet, an island comprising the E. angle of Kent, being separated from the msinland by the two branches of the Stour. It produces much corn, and the S. part is a rich tract of marsh land It contains the towns of Margate, Ramsgate, and Broadstairs, and several villages. Thanhausen, a town of Bavaria, on the river Mindel, 14 m. N. of Mindelheim. Thasos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, on the coRst of Macedonia, at the entrance ot the E^^tW Tin 7?J0 THI gulf tit Contessii. It is \'2 iii. long and 8 broad, and abounds in al! tiie necessaries of life. Tlie fruits and wine arf very delicate ; and there are some quarries of tine marble. Tlie chief town of the same name, has a harbour, frequented by merchants. Long. 24. 33. E , lai. 10. 51). N. Thiiilcd, a town in Essex, Eng. 4J ni. N. iN. E. of London. Thcaki, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 24 m. long and 7 broad, separated from the N. E. part of that of Cefalonia, by a narrow channel. It is the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birthplace and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Vel- thi, which has a spacious harbour. Long. 20. 40. E., lat. 38. 25. N. Thtbaid, a country of Upper Egypt, now called Said, which see. Thebes, the ancient name of a city of Upper Egypt. It was celebrated for having 100 gates ; and there are many tombs and magnificent re- mains of antiquity. One of the tombs has been broughtoverto this country by M. Uelzoni. Three villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gournou, are seated among its ruins, which Jire hence called the antiquities of Carnack and Luxor. Tkebes, in Greece. See T/iivtt. Theisse, a river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows above 100 m. in a western direction to Tokay, when it turns to the S., passes by Tsongrand and Segeden, and, after receiving a ereat number of rivers, falls into the Danube below Titul. Themar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg, near the river VVerra, 10 m. S. E. of Meinungen. Theresa, p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 25 in. N. E. Sacketts Harbour. Thcrmia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, S. of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engia, 12 m. long and 5 broad. The soil is good and well cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The principal town, of the same name, is the residence ofa(;reek bishop. Long. 24.50. E., lat. 37.31. N. Thrrniopylte, a narrow passage in the N. E. of Greece, with high cliffs on one side and an i-;n- passable niarsii on the other. It is noted ir his- tory for the brave stand made by Leonida." with 300 Spartans, against the army of Xerxes. Thessaly. See Janna. T/iet/urd, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. with a manuiacture of woolen cloth and paper. 80. m. N. E. of London. Thelfnrd, p t. Orange Co. Vt on the Connec- ticut. Pop. 1,183. Thibet, a county of Asia, bounded on the N. W. and N. by the Desert of Kobi, in Tartary, E. by China, S. by Assam and Birniah, and S. VV. and \V. by Hindoostan and Bootan. This coun- try is one of the highest in Asia, being a part of that elevated tract which gives rise not only to the rivers of India and China, but also to those of Siberia and Tartar/. Its length from E. to W. cannot be less than 1,400 m; its breadth about 500, but very urequal. It is divided into three parts, Upper, Middle, and Lower Thibet The Upper, lies towards the sources of the Ganges and Burrampooter ; the Middle is that in which Lassa, the capital, is seated ; and the Lower that which borders on China. Little Thibet is situ- ate between Upper Thibet and Casheur. Not- withstanding the very rough and sterile state of Thibet, and the severity of its climate, from its wonderful elevation, its inhabitants are in a high state of civilization ; their liouses are lofty and built of stone ; and useful manufactures in some degree of improvement. The principal exports are gold-dust, diamonds, pearls, lamb skins, shawls, woolen cloths, rock-salt, musk, and tincal or crude borax. The nature of the soil prohibits the progress of agriculture ; but wheat, peas, and barley are cultivated. Here are many beasts of prey, and great abundance and variety of wild fowl and game ; with numerous flocks of sheep and goats, and herds of cattle of a diminutive size, as well as small horses. I'he ibex, or wild goat is a native of this country. The Thibetians are governed by the grand lama, who is not only submitted to and adored by them, but is also the great object of adoration for the various tribes of pagan Tartars, who walk through the vast tract of continent which stretches from the river Volga to Corea. He is not only the sovereign pontiff^ the vicegerent of the deitv "" earth, but by the more remote Tartars i.i absolutely regarded as the dei- ty himself. JKven the cmporor of China, who is of a Tsiiar race, does not fail to acknowledge the latna. in his religious capacity, although, as a temporal sovereign, the lama himself is tributa- ry to (hat emperor. The opinion of the most orthodox Thibetians is, that when the grand la- ma seems to die, either of old age or infirmity, big soul, in reality only quits a crazy habitation to animate another younger or better : and it is discovered again in the body of some child, by certain tokens known only to the lamas or priests, in which order he always appears. The lamas, who form the greatest and most powerful body in the state, have the priesthood entirely in their hands. At the head of their hierarchy are tljree lamas, the Dalai lama, who reside at Lassa ; the Teshoo lama, who lives at Teshoo Loomboo ; and the Taranat lama, whose seat is Kharca, in the N. The priests constitute many monastic orders, which are held in great veneration among them. The most numerous sect are called Gylongs, who are exempt from labor, enjoined temperance, and interdiction all intercourse with the female sex ; they abound over all Thibet and Bootan, not- withstanding the severity of discipline ; since every family consisting of more than four boys is obliged to contribute one of them to this order; and it is also encouraged by ambition, as the offi- cers of slate are usually selected from this sect Besides the religious influence and authority of the grand lama, he is possessed of unlimited power throughout his dominions. His residence is at a vast palace on the mountain Putala, 7 miles from Lassa. The religion of Thibet, though in many respects it differs from that of the fndian brahmins, yet, in others, has a great affinity to it. The practice of polyandry is universally prevalent in Thibet , and one female associate! with all the brothers of a family, without any re- THO 721 ■triction of age or number ; the choice of a wife IS the privilege of the elder brother. This extra- ordinary custom, and the celibacy of priests, may have been intended to gard aijainst too numerous a population in an unfertile country. The Thi- bctians preserve entire the mortal remains of tluir sovereign lamas only : every other corpse is either consumed by fire or exposed to be the pro- miscuous food of beasts and birds of prey. They THU best colored stuffs in India. 3 m. S. ofMa- drad. Tliomaslown, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, on the river Noire, 10 m. S. S. E. of Kilkenny. Thomaslown, p.t, Lincoln Co. Me. on Penob- scot Bay. 37 m. E. VViscasset. Pop. 4,221. Great quantities of lime are burnt here and exported to all parts of the country. The quarries of limestone a holv place; and the grand lama always maintains a body of nearly 300 of them in his pay. See Palte. Thiel, or Tiel, a strong town of the Nether- lands, in Guelderland, seated on the Waal, 18 m. W. of Nimeguen. Thidet, a town of the Netherlande, in W. Flan- ders, 10 m. N. of Courtray. Thiengen, a town of Baden, on the river « ut- tach, 13 m. W. of Schaffhausen. Thiers, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome, with manufactures of paper, thread, leather, and cutlery. It is seated on the side of a hill, -il m. E. by N. of Clermont. TkionviUe, a strong town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle. The Austrians bombarded It in I7!J2, but were obliged to raise the seige. it is seated on the Moselle, over which is a bridge defended by a hornwork, 14 m. N. of Mentz and 33 S. W. of Treves. . Tliirsk, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. w^tli manufactures of coarse linens, sacking, &c. 214 in. N. by W. of London. T/iira, or TAei&,a celebrated city of Greece, and a bishop's see 1 he ancient city was 4 m. in circumference, but only that part of it is now in- habited which was originally the castle, called Cadmsa, from Cadmus the founder. In the vi- cinity is a fine sort of white clay, of which bowls for pipes are made, that dry naturally and become as hard as stone. It is seated between two riv- ers, 28 ra. N. W. of Athens. Tluviers,a town of France, department ol Uor- dogne, 18 ra. N. N. E. of Perigueux. Tholen, a town of the Netherlands, in an island of its name belonging to the province of Zealand, 4 m N W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Thomas, St. an island in the Atlantic, lying under the equator, near the W. coast of Guinea, discovered in 1640 by the Portuguese. It is al- most round, is about 30 m. in diameter, and con- sists chieBy of hills, intermixed with valleys which are oOen filled with a thick fog. The soil is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar-canes, nee and millet. On the same vine are bloss.jms and green and ripe grapes, all the year round. The cli- mate is unwholesome to the Portuguese, but it agrees well with the original natives, and also with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than on the coast of Guinea. In lb41 this island was ta- ken by the Dutch ; but they soon relinquished it in consequence of the inclemency of the climate. Pavoasan is the capital. . ■ .u Thomas, St., one of the Virgin islands, in the W Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort. It is 15 m. in circumference, and the trade is con- 8iderable,particularly in times of peace. It surren- dered to the English in 1807, but was restored to the Danes in 1814. Long. &5.26. W., lat. 11.22. N. Thomas, St., a town of Hindoostan,m the Car- n&tic, formerly a powerful city. It is inhabited by weavers and dyers, and noted for making the ' 91 2,459; townships in Sandusky, Delaware, and Geauga Cos. Ohio. Thompsontoicn, p. v. Mifflin Co. Pa. ThompsonvUlc, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. and Chesterfield Dis. S. C. Thonon, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa- voy, with a palace and several convents ; seated on the lake of Geneva at the influx of the river Drama, 10 m. N. E. of Geneva. Thorn, a city of W. Prussia, formerly a Han- seatic town. In the Church of St. John is the epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Copernicus, who was born here. It is divided into the Old and New town, and has a celebrated protestant academy. In 1703 it was taken by the Swedes, who demolished the fortifications; and in 1793 it was seized by the king of Prussia and annex- ed to his dominions.' It was taken by the French in 1806, and remained in their hands till 1812. It is seated on the Vistula, over which is a long wood en bridge, 67 ra. S. of Dantzic and 105. N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 42. E., lat. 53. U. N. Thura, a small but thriving town in W. York- shire, Eng. 165 ra. N.by W. London. Thornbury, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng. 122 m. W. of London. Tliornrillc, p.t. Perry Co. Ohio. TJionibury, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. ThoriJiUl, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, with manufactures of coarse linen and woolen cloth, seated near the river Nith, 15 tn. N. N. W. of Dumfries. Thortisburg, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. 18 m. E. Fredericksburg. Thornton, p.l. Grafton Co. N. H. 48m.N. Con- cord. Pop. 1,049. Thouars, a town of France department of Deux Sevres. The castle of its ancient dukes is on a rock, surrounded by walls, 120 feet high, built of white stone. It is seated on a hill, by the river Thone, 32 m. S. E. of Angers and 162 m. S. W. of Paris. Thunder Bay, a bay in the N. W. part of Lake Huron, so named from the frequent thunder heard there. Thrapston, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 73 in. N. N. W. of London. Three Hills Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, 12 ni. in circumference, lying to the S. of Masicollo. Three Rirers,oT Trots Rivieres, a town of Low- er Canada, situate on a river of the same name, which before its conjunction with the St. Law rence, is divided by two islands into thres branch es. It has two churches, a convent, and, an hospital. 9 m. upthe river is a considerable iron foundry. 70 m. W. S. W. of Quebec. Thtiin, a town of the Netherlands, in the teri- tory of Liege : seated on the Sambre, 8 m. S. W. Charleroy and 15 S. E. of Mons. Tkun, a town of Switzerland, capital of a baili- TID 7a2 TIL wic, {n the canton of Birn, with a castle. It is seated on a lake of llie same name, M in. long and three broad, where the river Aar issnes from it, 15 m. S. by E. of Rom. Thousand Islamls, a group of small islands in the river St. Lawrence just below lake Ontario. AUoa group of Islands in the Straits of Sunda. TAi/r", a river of Swilzerlaml, which rises in the S. part of the county of Togwnburg, and flows into the Rhine, 7 ni S. S. W. of Scliatf- hausen. Thuriraiiy a canton of Switzerland, which lies along the river Thur ; bounded on llx- S. by the canton of St. Gall, W. by that of Zurich, and N. and E. by the lake and territory of Constance. It is extremely populous, and the most pleasant and fertile part of Switzerland, thuugh some- what mountainous towards the S. Its area is computed at S")!) square miles, with 77,000 inhab- itants, one-third of wlioiu are Catholics, and the other two-thirds Calvinists. Frauenfeld is the capit:il. r/i«r(n^w, the former name of a province of Germauv, in Saxony ; bounded on the E. by Meissenj S. bv Franeonia W. by Hesse and Eich- feld, and N. tiy the duchy of Brunswick and the principalitv of Anhalt. It is 71! in. in length, and nearlv as rn\ich in breadth, abounding in corn, fruits, and wood. Thurso, a town of Scotland, in Ciithness-shire, at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the S. W. side of a spacious bay. It has a considerable trade in corn and fish, and nninufactures of wool- en and linen cloth. '^8 m. M. W. of Wick and 56 m. N. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 3. 18. W., lat. .58. 30. N. Tiagiir, a town of Hindoostan, in the Camatic, fiO m. VV. S. W. of I'ondicherry and 7.")S. of Arcot. Tiarw, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a famous nunnery and a mineral spring, 15 ni. N. W. of Capua. Tiber, a river of Italv, which rises in the Ap- ennines, flows tiirougli tite Pope's Dominions by Borgo, St. Sepulchre), Citta di Castella, Orto, and Rome, 10 m. below which it enters the Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia and Porto. Til'uron, a cape at the most western extremi- ty of the island of St. Domingo, with a town and fort, on an open road, opposite Port Antonio in Jamaica. Lon?. 74. :VJ. W., lat. 18. 25. N. Tironderona, a fort a{ the state of New York, built by the French in 17.50, on the narrow pas- sage between the lakes George and Champlain. It was taken in 17.50 by general .Nmherst, and in 1777 by general Burgoyne, but evacuated soon after the surrender at Saratoga, It had all llie advantages that art or nature could give it ; but is now « heap of ruins, and forms an appendage to a farm. The township of Ticonderogn in in Essex Co. 92 m. N. Albany, and 110 S. Mon- treal. Pop. 1,006. T^rmo, a canton of Switzerland, to the \V. of the canton of Orisons, and almost encircled by Italy It is rich in pastures and cattle, and has an area of 1,130 s . n •7^'n ho- hatha between two cold springs; and near Boston, lop. 7i4. ,,.„.,. the" town is aVolcano. It is seated^n the Pati, Tolmc:o,^ town of Austrian Italy, in Friul,, n«r^l, entrance into the Madalena , 34 m. VV. of with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen man- near its entrance into • , . , r v St Fe de Bogota. Long. 74. .58. W., lat. 4. o. N Tockoa, or Taccoa Falls, a cascade on a small iteeam in Franklin Co. Geo. running into the Juealoo. The descent is 187 feet, and the water lashed into a fine rain before it reaches the °ToTruT, a kingdom of Negroland, lying to the E. of Tombuctoo, on both sides the Niger The capital is of the same name, seated on the S. side of the Niger, 320 m. S. of Tombuctoo. Long. 0. 13 W., lat. 10. 38. N. Todd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,801. Elkton is the capital. . ,_ . , Todi, a town of the papal states, in the duchy ofSpoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 22 m. E. ofSpoleto. Tdissey, a town of France, department ol Am, with a college; seated near the conflu.t of the Saone and Chalarone, 15 m. N. of Trevoux. Tokay, a town of Hungary, with a castle. It is celebrated for its wine, which is preferred to all others in Hungary ; and near it are larfie salt- works It stands at the conflu.v of the Bodrog with tha Theisse, 103 m. E. N. E. of Buda. I.mig. 21. 15. E., lat. 48. 8. N. Tulaga Bay, a bay on the N. E. coast of the northern island of New Zealand. Long. 178. 34. K ,lat. :W. 21. S. Toledo, a city of Spain, in New Castile, of which ,' was formerly the capital. It is seated on a r oiiical hill on the river Tagus, which nearly sur- rounds il,and on the land aide is an ancient wall. ufacture. It stands on the Tagliamento, 16 m. N. VV. of Udina. Tolmino, a town of the .\ustrian states, in Car- niola, 12 m. N. of Goritz. Totna, a town of Hungary, formerly the capi- tal of a county of the same name, producing^ ex- cellent wine. It is seated on the Danube, 05 m. S. of Buda. Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 46. 30. N. Tolnani, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Bao-lana, 70 m. W. of Burhampour and 124 E of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E., lat. 91. 15. N. Tolomela, a sea-port of Barbary, in Barca, an- ciently called Ptolemais. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 100 m. W. of Derna. Long. 20. 30. E.,lat. 32 44. N. Tolosa, a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of the district of Guipuscoa ; celebrated for its steel manufactures, particularly of sword-blades. It was taken by the French in 1794, and again in 1808. It is sealed in a valley, between the Araxis and Oria, 30 ni. E. of Bilboa. Long. 2. 5. W lat. 43. 12. N. Tolu,:\ sea-port of Terra Firma, in Carthagena ; famous for its balsam, produced from a tree like a pine. It is seated on a bay, 70 m. S. of Cartha- gena. Long. 75. 16. W, lat. 9.30 N. Tom, Mount, an eminence of Massachusetts, on the W. bank of the Connecticut, near Northamp- ton. It is about 1 ,200 feet above the level of the river. Tomar, a town of Portugal, in Estreinadura, on the river Naboan, at the fjot of tlie mountains, TOM 726 TOM where there is a caatlc belonging lo the knights of Christ. 40 m. S. by E. ofCoimbra and oS N. £. of Lisbon. Tumhurtoo, a city of Central Africa, and the great emporium of the interior trade of that con- tinent. It 13 situated in an immense phiin of wliite sand, having no vegetation but stunted trees and shrubs, such as tlie mimosa ft-rrugiuea, which grows no higher tlian tliree or four feet. Tlie city is not closed by any barrier, and may be entered on any side. It forms a sort of triangle, about liiree miles in circuit. Tlie houses are large but not higli, consisting entirely of a ground floor; they are built of bricks of a round form, rolled in the hands and baked in the sun. The streets are clean and sufHcicntly wide for three horsemen to pass abreast, iiolh within and with- out the town there are many straw huts, which serve as dwellings for the poor and for the slaves who sell merchandise for tliuir masters. The ci- ty contains seven mo«ques, two of wiiich are large. The number of inh:ihitiints is stated not to exceed lii,(H)0, who are all engaged in trade : but the population is sometimes augmentfd by the Arabs, who arrive with the caravans and re- main a while in the city. In the plain several species of grass and thistle afford food for the camels. Fire-wood is very scarce, being all brought from the neighbourhood of Cabra, and camel dung forms the only fuel of the pofirer classes. The soil being totally unfit for cultiva- tion, the inhabitants are obliged to procure from Jenne every thing requisite for llie suppl}' of their wants, such as millet, rice, vegetable butter, honey, cotton, Soudan cloth, preserved provisions, candles, soap, allspice, onions, dried fish, pistachi- os, t&c. ; and to prevent immediate famine, in case the vessels from Cabra should chance to be stop- ped by the Tooariks, the inliabitant.s take care to have their wareliouscs amply stored with every kind of provision. Water is also scarce, and is sold in the market place, where a measure con- taining about lialf a pint is procured for a cowrie. To the W. S. W. of the town there are large ex- cavations, from 'ill to -10 feet deep, for preserving the rain-water. Tliese reservoirs have no cover- ing ; and the water, being consetiuently exposed to the sun and the Iml wind, though tolerably clear, has a disagreeable taste, and is \ery hot. Near the reservoirs are some small plantations of tobacco, the only plant which is here cultivated, and which grows no higher than five or six in- clies, and tliat only by dint of watering. All tlie native inhabitants of Tombuctoo are zealous Ma- hometans. Their dress is similar to that of the Moors. They are represented as gentle and com- plaisant to strangers, industrious in their habits, and not wanting in intelligence. The men are of the ordinary size, generally well made, up- right, and walk with a graceful step. Their col- or is a fine de; 'p black. Their noses are a little more aquiline .ban those of the Mandingnes, and like theiu they have thin lips and large eyes. The women attend to domestic occupations. Tliey are not veiled, like those, of Morocco, and are al- lowed to walk out when tliey please. Those of the riclier class have always a great number of glass beads about their necks and in tiieir ears. Like the women of Jenne liiey wear nose-rings ; and the female wlio is not rich enough to procure a ring substitutes a piece of red silk for it ; they wear silver bracelets, and ancle rings of plated ateel, the latter of which are made in the coun- try. The tcmale slaves of rich masters have gold ornaments about their necks, and instead of wearing ear-rings, as in tiie environs of the Sen egal, they have little plates in the form of a neck lace. The interior of the dwellings in Tombuc- too, as well as llie dress of the inhabitants, is ex- ceedingly neat. Their domestic articles consist of calabashes and wooden platters ; knives and forks are unknown here, and the natives imagine that like them, all people in the world eat with their fingers. Their furniture consists merely of mats for sitting on ; and their beds are made bv fixing four stakes in the ground at one end of thr room, and stretching over them some mats nr a cow hide. The rich have cotton muttrasses am] coverlets, which the neighbouring Moors maiiM facture from camel's hair and sheep's wool, Ti, people are well fed. Their meals, of which tli' , lake two in a day, consist of rice, and couschli:. made of small millet, dressed with meat or dried fish. Those negroes who are in easy circumstan- ces breakfast on wln-alen bread, tea, and butter made from cows' milk : th(pse of inferior circum- stances use vegetable butter. Generally speak- ing, the negroes are not so well lodged as the Moors ; the latier iiave great influence over them, and indeed consider themselves far their superi- ors Cloth and other Kuropean merchandise, and salt, are brought to Tombuctoo by caravans from Barbary ; these are exchanged for ivory ; slaves, senna, gold-dust, dates, ostriches' feathers, (fee, brought from the interior and more mari- time parts of Africa. This city is subject to ;i well-regulated police, and many of the inhabitants are very rich. Cabra its port, 'A m. N., is a nar- row town of mud huts, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, who are all employed either in land- ing the merchandise brought from Jenne, or In conveying it to Tombuctoo ; it has a small mosque with a minaret, but is a dirty and miser* able-looking plaw^. Long. 3. 40. W. lat. 17. 50- N. Such is tile discription of tlie celebrated city of Tombuctoo, according to the relation of M. Caillie a Frenchman, who visited this city in I^>27, and is the only European who ever returned from it. The veracity of his relation liowcver, is doubted by many. Tomhiifhie^ river, a brunch of the Alabama, rising in the northern part of Mississippi and flowing S. Easterly till it unites with the Black Warrior in Alabama. It is navigable by schoon- ers to St. Stephen's. Tomhannock, p. v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Tompkins, acounty of New York. Pop. 3G,515 Ithaca is the capital j p.t. Delaware Co. N, Y Pop. 1,774. Tompkinrille, p. v. Monroe Co. Ken. Tbminn, a province of Buenos Ayres, 72 m. long and lilO in circuit. The surface lis moun- tainous, but tiie valleys are fertile. Tomhti, a town on the E. coast of the island of Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. I,.nng. no. 0. E., lat. 0. 4.'.. S. Tomsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital nf a province of its name, in the government of To- bolsk. On the higiiest part stands a wooden castle, defended by~I4 pieces of cannon; and in it are a cathedral built of wood, tiie chancery, Hnd an arsenal. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, this town lying on the groat road through all the E. and N. parts of Siberia. Here are all kinds of artificers and tradesmen, but they are extremely indolent and slothful. It contains above 2J000 houses, with I'J.OOO inhabitants, and is seated on llie river T'>m, TiCO m, E- by TON 7:27 -; of Tobolsk. Long. 84. 19. E., Ut. 57.' 4. V. Tondern, a well-built town of Denmark, capital afa district of its name, in the duchy of Sleswick, -with a considerable trade in corn, cattle, silk, and [fine lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and Ion a bay of the German Ocean, 28 m. S. by E. of Ripon and 40 N. W. of S'.eswick. Long. !). 40. |E., l;it. T)-!. 58. N. Tonirtitahoti, one of tlie Friendly Islands, 20 IrTiirut'siii circuit. It was discovered by Tasman, ,\ ho called it New Amsterdam, and was visited in I77:i and 1777 by Cfx.k, u ho lay at anciior on iliL' W. part. It has the best liarbnur, or anchnr- i Mir. plant', lo be fmind amoujr these islands. The i nid is low, with many gentle risings, and very ri-rtih', being wholly laid out in plantations, with i'i;ids or lanes for travelling. It is the seat of uovernmeiit for all the other islan'Is, and the or- ■ iinary residence ofall the principal chiefs. Long. ri. 40. VV.,lat.2l. i). S. Tongeron^ or Tongrcs, a town of llie Nether- linds, in llie territory of Liege, formerly one of the must nourishing cities inlhe Roman province MtGallia Uflffica. It is seated on the Jeckar, 13 i!i N. VV. of Liege. TonsT-ffin, a city of China, of the first >ank, in K'i.ci-tcht'ou, 850 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. IDS. 37 E., lat. 27. 40. N. Tongho, a city of Birmah, capital of a province I of llie same name, noted for producing the best betel-nut. It has a fort, deemed the strongest in the Birman empire, and is seated near the Se- tang, 00 m. N. of Pegu. Long. 96. 45. E., lat. I 18. 45 N. Tong-trhang, a city of China, of the first rank. , in Chang-tong, seated near the N. end of the grand canal, 210 m. S. of Pekin. Long. IIG. 12. I E., lat. -Mi 30. N. Tong-tchou, a small city of China, in Petche-li, I seated on the Pei-ho, 170 m. from its mouth and . 12 E. by S. of Pekin. Torig-tchuen, a fortified city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen. The inhabitants are all soldiers, who have followed I the profession of arms from father to son. 1 ,000 m. S.W. of Pekin. Long. 102. 30. E., lat. 95. 56. N. Ton^u:>iaiis, or Tonguses, a people who inhab- I it the E. part of Siberia, and are subject to the Russians. They are all pagans, and subsist I chiefly by grazing and hunting of sables. They , live in huts, which they take down and remove with them from place to place. These huts are I composed of wooden poles, covered all over with J hair and rubbish, except a hole left at the top to let out the smoke. Their fire is made in the mid- Idle, and they all sit round it upon turfs. Both ! sexes are very strong, and broad faced, and they all ride on horseback, not excepting the girls. Both men and woman dress alike in a sort of frock, with boots of skins on their legs, and their common drink is water. Tonnn, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha, 6 m. N. of Gotha. Tonnay Boutonne, a town of France, depart- ment of Lower Charente, on the river Boutonne, 17 m. N. of Saintes. Totijuiu Charente, a town in the department of Lower Charente, with a castle ; seated on the Charente, 3 m. E. of Rochefort and 15 N. W. of Saintes. TonnelnSy a town in the department of Lot-et- Garonne seated on the Garonne, 7 m E. of Marmande. TON Tonncrrc, a town in the department of Yonnc, famous for its good wines. It is seated on the Armancon, 27 m. S. of Troyes and 102 E, of Paris. TojtncioaniOjii smaW river of New York flowing into Niagara river opposite Grand Isle. Tanningen, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick. The harbour is commodious and defended by three batteries. It is seated on a peninsula formed by the river Eyder, 25 m, \V. S. VV. of Sleswick and 70 N. N. W. of Ham- burff. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 51. 30. N. fouquin^tL country of Asia, bounded on the N. by China, E. by China and the gulf of Tonqiiin S. bv Cochin-China, and W. by Laos. It is 1200 mile's in length and 500 in breadth, and one of the finest countries of the E. for population, riches, and trade. It contains about 1^,000,000 of inhabitants. The commodities are gold, mu&k, silks, calicoes, drugs of many sorts, woods for dyeing, lackered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed, and worm seed. The lackered ware is not infe- rior to that of Japan, which is accounted the best in the world. The natives in general are of a middling stature, and clean limbed, witli a tawny complexion ; their faces oval and flattish ; and their hair black, long, and coarse, hanging down their shoniders. They dye their teeth black. They are dexterous, active, and ingenious in me- chanic arts. Tlieir garments are made either of silk or cotton ; but the poor people and soldiers wear only cotton of a dark tawny colour. Their houses are small and low, and the walls either of mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They have only a ground-floor, with two or three par- titions, and each room has a stpiare hole to let in the light. They have stools, benches, and cliairs ; and on the side of a table in every house is a lit- tle altar, on which are two incense pots. The country abounds with villages, which consist of 30 or 40 houses, surrounded by trees; and in some places are banks to keep the water from overflowing their gardens, where* tliey have oranges, betels, pumpkins, melons, and salad herbs. In the rainy season they cannot pass from one house to another without wading through tlie water, but sometimes Ihey Iiave boats. The Ton- quinese in general are courteous to strangers ; but tiie great men are haughty and ambitious, the soldiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They buy all their wives, of which the great men have several. The men are so addicted to gaming, that, when every thing else is lost, they will stake their wives and children ; and in hard times they will sell them to buy rice for themselves. When a man dies, he is buried in his own ground, and, if he was a master of a family, they make a great feast. The first new moon that happens after the middle of January is a great festival, when they rejoice for 10 days together ; and they have another great feast in May or June, when their first harvest is got in. Their religion is paganism, but they own a Supreme Being. Their principal idols have human shapes ; but they have likewise some resembling elephants and horses,, placed in small low temples built of tim- ber. The language is very guttural, and some of the words are pronounced through the teeth : it has a great resemblance to the Chinese. Ton- quin became an independent kingdom in 1308, but it has been entirely subdued by Cochin-China, so that, with Cambodia, and all the countries be- tween Siam and China, it is now united under one empire. Cachao is the capital. Tonsherg, a sea-port of Norway, in the province TOR of Aggerhuys. It has some commerce in timber ; and near it is VValloe, the most considerable salt- work in the kingdom. 4G m. S. of Christiania. Long. 10. 14. E., lat. 58. 50. N. Tonuru, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, for- merly a city of great extent, as appears by some ruins of the walls. Here are three temples, in good preservation ; and near it is an immense tank, or resevoir of water, between two rocky hills. It is 10 m. N. ofSeringapatam. Toolioonaij an island in the S. i'acific Ocean, discovered by Cook. It is not, in any direction, above 6 m. over, but there are hills in it of a con- siderable elevation, covered with herbage, except a fvw rocky cliffs, with patches of trees inter- spersed to their summits. It is plentifully stock- ed with hogs and fowls, and produces several kinds of fruits and roots. See Society Islands Long. -JIG. 2:}. W., lat. 23. 25. S. Topel, or Topi, a townof Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen at the source of a rivulet of the same name, 25 m. N. W. of Pilsen. Topetin, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, at the mouth of a river, near the Pa- cific Ocean, 55 m. N. \V. of Zacatula. Toplilz, a town in Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmerilz, celebrated for its warin baths. Near this place the Austrians defeated the Prussians in 17C2 ; and here the allied sovereigns had their head quarters a considerable time, in 1813 . It is 16 m. N. W. of Leulmeritz. Topolizan, a town of Hungary, 60 m. N. E. of Presimrg. Topsham, a sea-port of Devonshire, Eng. 5 m. S. E. ot Exeter, and 170 S. \V. of London. TopsficUl, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. £. Boston. Pop. 1,011. Tnpsliam, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,564 p.t. Orange Co. \'t. Pop. 1,384. Tur, a sea-port of Arabia, with a good harbour, defended by a castle. Here is a Greek convent, in the garden of which are fountains of bitter water, pretended to be those which Moses ren- dered sweet bv throwing in a piece of wood. It stands on the W. side of the peninsula formed bvthe two arms of the Red Sea, 150 m. S. S. E. of Suez. Long. 33. 40. E., lat. 28. 10. N. Torbai/, a bay of the English Channel, on the coast of Devonshire, to the E. of Dartmouth, formed by two canals, called Berry Head and Bob's iSose. The S. point. Berry head, is in Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 50. 24. N. Torhla, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, 7 m. E. of Nice. Turio/c, a town of Austrian Italy, in the circle of Treut, 14 m. S. E. of Trent. Torccllo, a town of Austrian Italy, in a small is- land of the same name, in the gulfof Venice. It isa bishop's see, and has several churches and an elegant nunnery. 7 m. N. of Venice. Tarda, or Torrenburs, a town of Transylvania, famous for its salt-works. The Hungarian lan- guage is said to be spoken with the greatest puri- ty in this town. 15 m.W. N. W. of Clausenburg and 48 N. W. of Hermanstadt. Tordcsillas, a fortified town of Spain, in Leon, with a palace, where queen Joan, motlier of Charles V., ended her melancholy days. It is seated on the Duero, 15 m. S. W. of Vallado- lid and 75 S. E. of Leon. Toree, a town of Bengal, 235 m. W. N. W. of Calcutta. Long. 84. 55. E., lat. 23. 38. N. Turello, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, famous for a battle gained by the French over the Span- 788 TOR iardain 1604. It is Boated near the moutii of the Ter, 19 m. E. by S.of Gironna and 60 N. E. of Barcelona. Torgau, a strong town of Prussian Saxony in the government of Merseburg, with a castle. The inhabitants brew excellent beer, and have manufactures of woolens, leather, and soap. Here the king of Prussia obtained a great victory over the Austrians in 1760. The town was taken by the allies in 1814. It is seated among grove? and lakes on the river Elbe, 26 m. N. N. W. of Meissen and 46. N. W. of Dresden. Lonir. 13. 3. E., lat. 51. 32. N-. Torigny, a town of France, department of Manche, with a castle, 7 m. S. E. of St. Lo. Tormes, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Avilla, in Castile, passes by Alva, Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins the Duero. below Mirande de Duero. The battle of Salmi- naca, July 1812, was fought on its banks. Torna, a town of Hungary, capital of a district of the same name, with a castle ; seated on an eminence, on the river Say o 22 m. \V. of Cassovia. Long. 80. 43. E., lat. 48.59. N. TorncUj a river of Sweden, which rises on the bordersof Norway, forms a lake of the same name, and flows S. E. into the gulf of Bothnia, below Tornea. Tor/tea, a. sea-port of European Russia, in the government of Finland, with a good harbour. It 18 a place of some trade ; for the Laplanders in those parts come and exchange their skins and other articles for what they want. The houses are low, and the cold so severe that sometimes people lose their fingers and toes. In its vicini- ty is an entire mountain of iron ore. It is seat- ed on the river Tornea, at the N. extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 165 m. N. E. of Umea. Long. 24. 12. E., lat. 65. 51. N. Toro, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a dis- trict of its name, and a bishop's see. It is seated on a hill, on the river Daero, over which isa bridge 20 m. E. N. E. of Zamora and 30 N. N. E of Salamanca. Toron, a town of Macedonia, situate on a neck of land between the gulfs of Monte Santo and Cas- sandra, 90 m. S. E. of Salonica. Long. 24. 10. £., lat. 39. 58. N. Torquay, a village in Devonshire, Eng. near the N. side of Torbay. Torre de las Salinas, a town of Spain, in Va- lencia, with a great trade in salt, procured from a small lake formed by saline springs. This is the most considerable salt-work in all Spain. The town is situate near the coast of the Mediterranean, 20m.S. E.ofOrihuelaand37 N. N. E.of Cartha- gena. Torre del Greco, a town of Naples, in Terra del Lavoro, destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in , 1631, and by another in 1794. The present town is built on the lava that covers the former ' habitations, and stands on the bay of Naples, 5 ni. S. E. of that city. Torre de Moncorvo, a town of Portugal, in Tras OS Montes, surrounded by a wall, and defended by a bastion, and a castle. It is 27 m. S. E. ol Mirandela and 42 S. S. W. of Braganza. Torrcjo, a town of Spain, in New Castle, 15 m. S. of Madrid. Torres, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on the Mediterranean, 45 m. S. W. of Granada. Torres J^ovas, a town of Portugal, in' Estrema- dura, with a castle ; seated in afertite plain, 58 ro N. by E. of Santarem TOS 729 TOU Torres Vtdras, a town of Portugal, in Estrcma- ciura, noted for the lines erected in its vicinity by Lord Wellington in 1810. It has a castle, four ihurches, &c., and is seaUd near the Atlantic, 27 ni. N. of Lisbon. Torrialia, a town of the territory of Genoa, 14 r,i. N. K. of Genoa. Torrington, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 23 m. N. Hartford. Pop. 1,G54. Here is a manufactory of ■V oolen. Tarringlon, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 194 m. \V by S. of London. Torsilla, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 43 , \V. ofStockholm. Tortola, the principal of the Virgin Islands, in iL' W. Indies, IS m. long and 7 broad. It for- 1 -rly belonged to the Dutch, who built a strnog rt, from wnich they were expelled by the Eng- ~\i in 1GG6. The town and harbour are at the K end of the island. In 1802 it was made a free rt, since which period the island has undergone L'leat improvements : it produces excellent cotton, »iif;.1r, and rum. Long. 03. 0. W., lat. 18. 33. N. Tortona, a town of the Sardinian states, in a jirovince of its name, with a good citadel on an ' ininence. It was formerly deemed a considerable • ntier place ; was taken by the allies in 1744, by ■ Spaniards in 1745, by the French in 1790, by I'' Russians and Austrians in 171>!), regained by the French the same year, and by them delivered up to the Austrians in 1814. It is seated on the ^ rlvia, 27 m. S. VV. of Milan. Long. 8. 58. E. I 44. 54. N. Tortorella, a town of Naples, in Principato Ci- ira, 5 m. N. E. of Policastro. TortosUj a town of Spain, in Catalonia and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It is divided into the Old and New Town, both surrounded by fortifica- tions. The entrance is over a large bridge of boats, on the river Ebro. The cathedral, the roy- al college of Dominicans, and the convent of the Carmelites are the most remarkable edifices. Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine poltersware, which resembles porcelain. Tortosa was taken by the French in 1810, after a short siewe ; but restored in 1814. It is seated partly on [ilain and partly on a hill, in a country fertile in rn and fruits, and abounding with quarries and mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers colors, and stones with veins of gold, 48 m. S. ^V. of Tarragona and 90 S. E. of Saragossa. Long. " 35. E., lat. 40. 48. N. Tortosa, the ancient Orthosia a town of Syria, .vith a castle. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and elands near the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N. E. of Tripoli. Tortue, or Torluga, an island of the W. Indies, ' ar the N. coast of St. Domingo, so named from ihe great number of tortoises found on and near it. Here the French buccaniers used to fortify them- selves. It is about 20 m. long and 4 broad, and has a safe harbour, but difficult of access. Long. 73. 10. W, lat. 20. 10. N. Tortuga, or Sal Tortu^a, an uninhabited island ar the coast of Terra Firma, GO ni. W. of the isl- and of Margaretta, and about 30 in circninterence. Tliere are a few goats on it, and the tortoises ' ome upon the sandy banks to lay their eggs At ii"^ E. end is a large salt-pond, where the salt be- ^ins to kern in April ; and for some months after fillips come here to lade salt. At the W. end is a small harbour with fresh water. Long. 64. 46. W, lat. 11. 16. N. Tosa, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, on a bay i»2 which forms a good harbour. It is built partly on a plain and partly on a steep hill, which pro- jects into the sea. On the top of the hill is a strong citadel, with other fortifications. It is 57 m. N. E. of Barcelona. Long. 2. 54. E.,lat. 41 . 42. N. Toscantlla, a town of Austrian Italy, 5 m. E. N. E. pf Salo. ToseTia, a. town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 20 m. W. x\. W. of Uddevalla. Tosso, a town of Sweden, in VV. Gothland. 42 m. i\.N. E. of Uddevalla. Tost, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the princi- pality of Oppeln, with a caatle, 25 m. £. S. E of Gppeln. Toslar, or Suster, a town of Persia, capital of Kusistan, on the river Sable. It was once a cel- ebrated city, where the kings of Persia had a magnificent palace, in which they deposited their archives and part of their treasure. In Scrip- ture it is called Shushan, and the river is nam- ed Ulai. At present here are manufactures of silks, stuffs, and rich cloth. It is 170 m. W. S. W. of Ispahan. Lonff^ 49. 2. E., lat. 31. 30. N. Totness, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. 196 m. W. by S. of London. Tottenham, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 5 ra. N. of London. Toul, a fortified town of France, department of Meurthe. The cathedral and episcopal palace are handsome strnctures. It is seated on the Mo- selle, in a plain, almost surrounded by moun-. tains, 13 m. W. by S. of Nancy, and 34 W. S W. of Metz. Toufon, a fortified city and sea-port of France, capital of the department of Var. It is divided into the old and new quarter ; the former, which is ill built, has nothing remarkable in it but the town-house, and a long street, shaded with trees, called the Rue aux Arbres ; the other con- tains the magnificent works constructed by Louis XIV. many fine houses, and a grand oblong square lined with trees, and serving as a parade. The old and new harbour communicate with each other by means of a canal. The old haven has a noble quay, and is protected by two moles, begun by Henry IV. The new haven was constructed by Louis XIV., as were the fortifications ; it con- tains an arsenal, a rope-walk, a park of artillery, dock-yards, basins, and every thing to be expect- ed in the second port fi>r men of war in this coun- try. The galleys, transferred from Marseilles some years ago, occupy a basin in the new port. Many of the g.alley-slaves are artisans, and some merchants ; tney no longer sleep on board the galleys, but are provided with accommodations on shore, in a vast building, erected for that purpose. Both the old and new port have an outlet into the outer road or harbour, which is 10 m. in cir- cuit, surrounded by hills, and the entrance de- fended, on both sidi's, by a fort and batteries. Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for the re-exportation of the products of the E. In- dies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the allies, both by land and sea, by which almost the whole town was reduced to a heap of ruins, and several ships burned ; but they were at last obliged to raise the siege. In 1721 it experienced the dread- ful ravages of a pestilence. In 1793 it capitulat- ed, in the name of Louis XVII., to the British, who not finding the place tenable, evacuated it the same year, after having destroyed the arsenal, &o. Toulon is seated on a bay of the Mediterra- nean, 37 m. S. E. of Marseilles and 517 S. 8. E. of Paris Long. 5. 55 E., lat. 43.7. N. TOTI 730 TRA Toulousr, n city of Frimrr, ra])ilul of llic dr. partiiieiil oi'UpiMT (Caroline, and an urrldiinliopK H<>('. it coiilniiiH liO,U(H) inliabitaritH, and in tlti> iinmt. cniiHidcraldc rily in Krance, next li> I'aris and LyoMH, altlinu^h iU )H>|inlati(iM hvnrx i\n pro- jtortion to its cxtenl. J I waH the (-a|dLa] of tlm iVcloflagcfl, who made no many eriiM]m'Kls in Asia and Greeco. It waH next a llnjiian c'lony, and w.'iH BiK-cfHsivcIy the capilul of the Vi:*ij|nlIiM (who destroyi'd Inc Hnpc-rl) lunphithcatrv, (d'wiiicli tliiTc an.' Htill Home remains, the capital, and other lloman monmnentH), and llial of Aipiitaini', The walls of llie city, as well an the iIo^l.s^■■^. art* Iniilt with IjrieUs. St. Klcplirn'H, the nirtropoliUm church, would be iiieomparable irilhr nave were e(pial to the choir, and tlie arehbishop't< jjaiace is majriiificent. Tlie lown-hnuse forruH a perlecl Bi|nare, tW-l feel loiiij and (Id liit;h : the principal front occnpicH an entire siile of the yrand Htpiare called the I'lace Ilnyale. In the trreathall called till' Hall of llluHtrious IMi-ii, in the sLitue of the ('lievaliiT Isaiiri', with tin; busts of all the g-rcat men tu whom Toulouse lias {^iven birth. Coiu- niunicatinrr with tlie Allanli..: on one side by the river Garonne, and will) the Mediterranean on tbi! other by the canal of Liini^ui'di>e, 'I'oulouse ini^rht iiave been a very e.oinincreiiil eity ; but the taste* of the intiabitants haH been principally for tiie HcienceH and belJes-leltrert. Tho little commerce they have ctmsistH in leatiier, wool, drapery, iilankels, miirnionetn, oil, iron, mere.ury, hard- ware, and books. The brid;^e over the Garonne, equal to that rif Tourn, forms a communication with the Huhurbof 8t. ('yprian. The allied army entered this eity on the I'Jth of April, IHM afYer u severe action with tiie I''renr-)i army the |)re- rcedinjT day. Toulouse in 1-15 m. S. E. of IJor- deaux and -lOO S. by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 2(j. H.,lat. AA.'M'k N. 'lour, a town of I-'rance, department of Puy do Dome, 2y m. S. of Clermont. Tour th: HoussiHun , a town in the department of Kasterii I*v"'nees W m. V.. of l*crpit;nan. Tour /In /VH.atovvn in the departnicnl of Isere, Heated on the Hourlire, "^J m. S. ofVienne. Tour la lihinchr, a town in the department of Dordojrne, \7t m. N. W. of Peri«;ueux. Tour la i'illr, a town in the department of La Manche, celebrated fr)r its manulacturc of glass. It is separated froiu ('herburff l)y a river. Toir.-tii/ir^ a iale province oj' I* ranee, which now foriii.i the di-partnii'iit of Indre-et-Loire. Tournnrounlni, a town of II indoostan, in the Climatic, 'Xi III. S, S. W. of Tritcliinopf)ly. Touriian, a town of France, department «>f Seine-et-Miime, 20 m K. S. K. of I'aris. Tonrnmj, a city of JJrlj^ium, in Flanders, and a bishop's see. It has several fine manufactures, and is partieularly f'lmous for (jodd stockings. The cathedriil, and the abbey of St. Martin, are very magnificent It was taken by the allies in 1711'.*, and ceded to llie house of Austria by the treaty of Utrecht; but the Dutch were allowed to place a (jarrison in if. as one of tlie barrier towns. In I7;iti it was taken by the French, who were obliged to aliandon it in 17!>3, but re-entered again on the confiuest of Flanders in 17:t'l ; and retained it till 1H| J. It is seated on both sides the Scheldt, over which is a bridge, 11 m. H. S. K. of Lisle and ;J0. S. S. W. of Ghent. Long. ;j. 24. E.,iat. r.o. :J.t. N. Tournr.lirm, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 9 m. N. W. of St. Omer. Tounton^ a town in the department of Ardeciie, with n fine college, and a caHtle ; Heated on llie Hide of u mountain, on the river Rhone, WH ni. N. of Viviers and -IH S of Lyons. Toiirnuu, a town in the dvpartment of Saonc- et-Lfiiie, l.'i ni. S. r.f ('halons. Tuurs, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Indre-et-Loire, and an archiepiHcopnl sec. It is seated r>n the Loire, and near the ('tier. Over the former is one id' the finest bridges in Kurope, eonHiHling of I.') elliptic arches, each 75 feet in diameter. The |>rincipal cliurch is re- markalde for the delicacy of its structure, curioui clock, mosaic pavement, and ricli library of man- nscripls. Under the ministry of cardinal Kiehe- lieu, 27,000 persons were liere employed in ihe silk nianufacture ; and now the whole number of inhabitants is about 2lt,000. The red wines of Tours are much esteemed, hi one of the Huburbj is the abbey of Marmoutier, reputed tlie most an- cient in the W. Near the city ia Plessis-lcH- Tours, n palace built by the profligate and super- RtilioiiH Louis XL, who died here in MHIl. Tours is 52 m. N. N. E. of Poitiers and 127 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. K., hit. 47. 24. N. Tvumtuntsiuif, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 'Jowuiiiln, p.t. Hradford Co. Pa. Toircf/ftrr, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with nianuiactures of lace and silk. It was once Htrongly fortified, and the lloman Watling-street passes through the town. tiO m. N. W. of Lon- don. Townsmd^ p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 45 m. N. W. Ilostrm. Py the Ent^lisfi. (t is seated at the mouth of lie Cavery, 1()5 m. S. of Madras. Long. 7'J. 53. 3., lat. II. 1. N. Transijhania, a country of Europe, formerly innexed to Hungary ; bounded on the S. by Hun- 5ary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Walachia, and \V. ty Hungary. It is IGO m. \onir and I,j0 broad, ind surrounded by high mountains, which, hou- Ter, are not barren. It produces as much corn ind wine as is wanted, and there arc rich mines if ^old, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. The manufactures, which are in an extremely lackward state, consists of woolen, cotton, glass, fce. It has undergone varioi>j revolutions, and low belongs to the house of Austria. The in- labitants are of various religions, as Roman Tfttholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians Ar- lenians, Greeks, and Mahometans. The gov- irnraent is aristocratical ; and, since the year 722, rendered hereditary to the princes and prin- :eB8esof the house of Austria. Transylvania^ a village of Jefferson Co. Ken. in the Ohio. 8 m. above Louisville. Trap, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. a village of lomerset Co. Md. p.v. Talbot Co. Md. Trapani, a sea-port on the N. W. coast of Sicily, a Val di Mazara, with a fort, and an excellent larbour in the form of a sic^kle, whence its an- lient name, Drepanum. It is a trading place, innous for its salt-works, and fisheries of tunnies, ind coral. It stands on a sinall peninsula, :)0 iii. 1. ofMazara and 4.5. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. ». E., lat. if. 10. N. 7V,500 S'luare miles, with 350,000 inhabitants. The valleys are fer- ile in corn, wine, and oil, and are numerous. The Duero divides it into two parts, and Miran- la is the capital. Trasmaur, a town and castle of Austria, seated •n the Trasen, Id m. \V. of Tuln. Trau, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, [md a bishop's see. it is seated on the gulf of IVenice, in a small island, joined to the mainland n long bridge of wood, to the isle of Bua by lier of stone, ISJ m. S. E. ofSebenico. J^ong. :.■>. E., lat. 44. 0. N. I'raunsUin, a town and castle of Bavaria. < i'-'-at quantities of salt arc made here, from water ii;ht above 14 m. over mountains, by means rigines and pipe;:, from Reiclienhall. It is ■' d on the river Traun, 10 m. W. N. W. of .^ ;l/burg. irauntmau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ril Konigingratz, 21 m. N. of Konigingratz. 'J'raTanrorr,a province of the peninsula ofHin- Uoostan, e.xtending along the coast of Malabar from Cape Coiiiorin to the province of Cochin, 140 in. in length by 70 in breadth at the N. ex- tremity, and contracting gradually to the S. point. It is subject to a rajah, who is under British protec tion. Trarancure, the ancient capital of the above province, is surrounded by strong and extensive lines, but is much decayed. 110 m. S. S. W. of Madura and 2:)0. S. S. E. of Calicut. Lone. 77. 15.E , lat. 8. 25. N. Trace, a river of Denmark, in the duchy of llol- stein, which flows by Segeber^, Ordelso, and Lu- beck, and enters tlie Baltic at Travemunde. Traremundc, a strong town of Germany, seat- ed on the Baltic, at the mouth uf the Trave. It is the port of Lubec, to which it belongs, and is Vi m. N. E. of that city. Traeerat, a town of Switzerland, in the district of its name, in the canton of Neufchatcl, 11 m. W. ofNeufchalel. Triii/inicrii, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30 III. S. W. of Tortosa. Trrbbiii,^ town of Prussia, in Braddenburf, 52 m. S. S. \V. of Berlin. TrtbUt, a river in Italy which rises in the ter- ritory of Genoa, flows by Bobio, in the Milanese and joins Ijie Po above Placentia. Trrbigna, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and a bishop's see ; seated tm the gulf of Venice, at the moiilii of the Trebenska, 14 m. N. of Ragusa. Trci/isaccia, a town of ?(aples, in Calabria Citra, on the gulf of Tarento, 10 m. E.N. E. of Cassano. Trtbisund, a sea-port of Asia Minor, in Natolia, and a Greek archbishop's see. The walls are square and high, with battlements; and are built with the ruins of ancient structures, on which are inscriptions not legible. The town is not popu- lous ; for there are many gardens in it, and the houses are but one stf»ry high. The castle is sealed on a flat rock, with ditches cut in it. The harbour is at the E. end of the town, and the mole built by till? Genoese is slinost destroyed, it st'inds at the foot of a very steep hill, on the Black Sea, 104. m. N.N. W. of Erzenim and 440 E. Constantinople. Long. 40. 25. E.,lat. :W. 45. N. Treliilz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- ravia, with manufactures of cloth, iron, and glass ; sealed on the Igla, 21 m. S. E. of Iglau. Trehnilz, a t->wn of Prus.sian Silesia, in the principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery, 12 m. N. of Breslau. Trrlisiti, a town of Saxony, on the Mulda, II m. E. by S. of Leipzig. Trrffurl, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle, seated on an eminence, 30 m. S. E. of Got- tingen. Treirtmij, a borough in CernwaH, Eng. 253 m. W. by S. of t.,ondon. Treguur, a sea-port of France, department of Cotes du Nord ; seated on a peninsula, near the English Channel, 22 in. N. W. of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 48. 47. N. Trellcliorff, a town of Sweden, in Scbonen, seated on t.'ie Bailie, 20 m. S. of Lund. Tremesan, nr TUimau, a city of Algiers, capital of a district of its name, in the province of jilis- cara. It is surrounded by strong walLs, and in- habited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews, in the time of the Arabs, it was Uic residence of power- ful princes ; but is now dwindled to scarcely a liflh part of the ancient city. Its once flourishing nianufaclure of carpets and woolen coverlets are in a state of decay, and the former masterpieces of architecture have disappeared ; for there is not TRE TJSi a single building of excellence now to be seen. It is oO m. S. S. W. of Oran. Long. 1. 12. W., lilt. :VI. 50. K. Trrmili, three islands of Naples, in the gulf of Venice, l.'» ni. froiii the N. coast of Capitanata. They are called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, St. Domino, and Capraria. The first, which is the principal of them, has a Benedictine convent and a.castle. Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 42. 10. N. Tremouille, a town of France, department of Vendee, seated on the Bennaile, 35 ni. E. by S. of Poitiers. Tremp, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 20 m. N. of Balaguer. Trcnschin, a town of Hungary, capita! of a coun- ty of its name, with an ancient castic on a rock. It has celebrated hot baths, and is seated near the Waag, 70 m. N. N. K. of Presburg. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 48. 58. N. Trent, a circle of the Austrian empire, in the S. part of Tyrol, among the Alps, bounded by Tyrol Proper and the territories of Venice. It produces excellent wine. Trent, a fortilied city, capital of the above circle, and formerly of a principality, famous in church history for a celebrated council which was held fVom 1545 to 15G3. It has a handsome castle, a cathedral, three parish churches, a college, and some convents In 179G it was taken by the French, under Massena, with 0,000 prisoners and 20 cannon. It is situate between two mountains, on theriver Adige,07 ni. N. W. of Venice. Long. 10. 55. E., lat. 40 8. N. Trent, a river which rises in Staffordshire, Eng. meets the Ouse on the borders of Yorkshire, where there united stream forms the Humber. This river is of itself navigable from Burton, in Staffordshire ; and, by canals, it has a communi- cation with the Mersey, the Severn, and the Thames. Trent, a river of N. Carolina, joining the Neuse at Newbern. It is navigable 12 ni. Trenton, p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela- ware 30m. N. E. Philad. It is the capital of New Jersey, and stands at tlje limit of sloop and steam- boat navigation ujxjn the river, which is here crossed by a bridge 1,100 feet long. Tlie town has considerable trade, cotton manufactures, a statehouse, 2 banks and churches. It has been incorporated with city privileges. Pop. 3,H25. At this place Washington crossed the Delaware on the night of the 25 December 1770, and falling TRE p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 108 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,221. Trenton Falls, are on West Canada Creek, a feeder of the Mohawk, 14 m. N. of Utica ; they consist of several grand and beautiful cas- cades, some of them 40 feet in descent. The river here passes through a rocky chasm 4 m. in length, presenting the grt-uti'st variety of cascadt's and rapids, boiling pools and eddies. The rock is a dark limestone, and contains abundance ol" petrified marine shells. Treport, a town of France, department of Lower Seine, si-ated on the English Channel, at tlie mouth of the Bresle. It is the port for the town of Eu, nearly two ni. distant, and is 17 ni. N. E. of Dieppe. Trepto, a town and castle of Prussia, in Pome- rania, seated on the river Tollcnsee, and frontiers of Mecklenburg, 25 m. N. of New Streliti. Trcpto-Xtw, a town of Pomerania, with man- ufactures of stockings and woolen stuffs, seated on the Rega, near its mouth in the Baltic, 10 ni. E. N E. of Camin. Trcslianisk Isles, four I'ertile islands on the W. coast of Scotland, between the island of Coll and that of Mull. Treves, a government of Prussia, comprising the old electorate of Treves, a small portion of the duchy of Luxemburg, with some other pretty districts, and containing an area of about 2,500 square miles, with 300,000 inhabitants. There ■ are many mountains and forests ; but nearer the Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful, abounding in corn and wine. Treves, a city of Germany, formerly the capi tal of an electorate and archbishopric of the same name, and now of the preceding govern ment. It hasacastle, a university, (now termed a gymnasium) numerous remains of antiquities, and many fine churches and palaces ; but has greatly suffered by war, and is now neither large nor populous. It was taken by the French under Jourdan in 1794, and retained till 1814. It is seated on the Moselle, over which is a handsome bridge, between two motmtains, covered with vineyards. 20 m. N. E. Luxemburg and 55 S by E. of Cologne. Long. 6. 43. E., lat. 4'J. 47. upon the enemy's posts captured a body of 900 Hegsiane. This bold and successful achievement had a wonderful effect in retrieving the desperate condition of the Americans. Trenlon,p.\.. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 795; p.v. Jones Co, N. C. Todd Co., Ken., Butler Co. Ohio ; T"-- Treri, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, 12 m. N.byW. of Spoleto. TrcTico,a. town of Naples, in Principato Ultra, 25 m. E. of Benevento. Trevier de Courtes, St.^a. town of France, de- partment of Ain, 20 m. N. N. W. of Bourg en Bresse. Trccicren Dombes, St., n town in the depart- ment of Ain, 18 m. S. W. of Bourg en Bresse. Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a cit adel, 10 m. S. of V'ittoria. Trevisuno, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice ; bounded on the W. by Vicentino, N by Feltrino and the Bolognese, E. by Friuli, and S. by the gulf of Venice, Dogado, and Padua. The soil is fertile, and produces corn, wine and wood, and the exports are cattle, silk, and woolen cloth. Treviso is the capital. Treriso, or Trevigio, a fortified city of Italy, capital of Trevisano, ajid a bishop's see. It is the residence of many noble families, and is seat- ed on tlie Sile, at the influx of the Piavesella, 18 m. N. N. W. of Venice. Long. 12 18. E., lat 45. 44. N. TreToiiz,B. town of France department of Ain and formerly the capital of the principality of Dombes. The mos' remarkable buildings ar« TRI 733 TRI • mcient mint, the parliament house, the gov- I ir's house, and the printing office. The last .-.•leWrati^d for the Literary Journals composed llie Jesuits of the college of Louis le Grand. I .-vou.t is seated on the side of a hill, on the ■r Saone, 12 m. N. of Lyons and l*^ S. by E. I'aris. Long. 4. 51. E, lat. 54. N. Trezlerstoicn, p.v. Lehigh Co. Pa. Treijaa, a town of Germany, in Hease-Cassel, 16m. E.N. E.of Marburg. Triana, p.v. Madison Co. Alab. 18 m. S. W. iluntsville. Triaddphia, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. Here are manufactures af cotton. Tribuu, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- ravia, 31) m. N. W.ofOlmutz. Tribsus, a town of Prussia, in Poraerania with a cistle ; seated on the Trebel, 22 m. S. S. W. of Stralsund and a^ m. E. S. E. of Rostock. Trihstadt, a town of Bavaria, in the province of ~" " ' ^ ^" '" ~ of Deux Fonts French the same year, restored to the Dutch by the peace of 1783, and again taken by the Eng- lish in 17!)5. It stands on a spacious bay of the same name, 100 m. N. N. E. of Candy. Long. 81.2.5. E., lat. 8. 32. N. Trincomalr., a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, near which the troops of Hyder All were defeated by the British in 1768. It is 45 m. S. S. W. of Arcot and 52 W. N. W. of I'ondicliprry. Trinidad, an island on the 51. E. co.ast of Terra Firma, separated from Paria on the S. by a chan- nel about 10 m. over, and from Cumana on the W. by the gulf of Paria, the N. entrance into which is called Boca del Drago (Dragon's Mouth), on account of the adverse currents and tempes- tuous waves encountered here, when this island, with the neighbouring continent, was discovered by Columbus, in MO". It is 90 m. long and 50 broad ; produces aujar, cotton, maize, fine tobac- co, indigo, and fruit; but the air is unhealthy. It was taken in 1.595 by Sir Waller R.-ilei^h -"'" in Basilicata, 13 S. W. of Ma- Trirarico, a town of Naples m. S. E. of Acerenza and 21 m tera. Triccto, a town of Naples, in 14 m.S. E. of Scalea. Tricolore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, Calabria Citra, the Rhine, IG in. E. N. E. of Deux Fonts. It was taken in 1.595 by Sir Waller K.ilei.rn, and Tricala, a town of Macedonia, on the Strimon, in lOTC by the French, who plundered .and lefl it. .50 m. E. N. E. of Salonica. In 1707 it was c^iplurcd by the Kngli.sh, and af- terwards ceded to them by the treaty of .^miens. The capit-al is Port dEspagne, on the gulf of P.i- ria, near the Boca. Long. tij. 30. \V., lat. 10. 0. N. Trinidad, a sea-port of Guatemala, on a bay of ,_ , the Pacific Ocean. It is a place of great trad.', where Tipnoo Sultan was defeated by the Brit- the harbour being the nearest landing to Guate ish in 1700'. It is 44 m. W. of Pondicherry. mala for all merchandise that comes from Mexic< Trieste, a government of the Austrian empire, bounded by the government of Lambach, the Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the southern part of Illyria, is divided into four circles, and contains an area of about 5,000 square miles, with 550,000 inhabitants. Trieste, a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, capital of aciicle of its name, in the foregoing govern- ment, and a bishop's see. The harbour is spa- cious, screened by a wall, fortified with a bastion. In the old town the houses stand on the side of a mountain, extending themselves quite to the sea ; and on the top of the mountain is a castle. On the N. W. side of the old town, where formerly were salt-pits, a beautiful suburb, or new town, Da$ been built. The fixed inhabitants, estimated It 40,000, have a good trade in salt, oil, almonds, iron, copper, S:a^., brought from Lubach ; and they make good white wines. Trieste was taken by the French in 1707, but evacuted in the same year. In 1809 it again fell into the hands of the French, who retained it till ISU. It stands on a gulf of its name, which is the N. E. part of the gulf of Venice, 12 m. N. of Capo d'Istria and 70 N. E. of Venice. Long. 14. 3. E., lat. 45. 51. N. Trigir, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,889. Ca- diz i-i the capital. Trim, a town of Ireland, capital of the county of Meath ; seated on the Boyne, 23, m. N. W. of Dublin. Long. G. 48. W., lat. 53. 32. N. Trinrnmah, a sea-port on the E. coast of Cey- lon, with a harbour reckoned the finest in the £. Indies, but situate in the most barren part of the island. The nearest farm villages, from which the inhabitants are supplied with provis- ions, are upwards of 12 m, distant. The harbour is defended by two forts, Trincomale and Osten I I and Peru. The town is nine m. from the har- bour, and 1 10 E. S. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 40. W.,lal. 14. 0. N. Trinidad, a sea-port of Cuba, in a bay on the S. part of the island, 40 m. S. W. of Spirilu San- to. Long. 80. 3. W . lat. 21.58. N. Trinidad, a town of Colombia, sealed on the Madalena, 58 m. N. W. of St. Fe de Bogota. Trinidada. three rocky islets in the Atlantic Ocean, 200 leairups E. of Spirilu Santo, in Brazil. Long. 20. 3-5. W., lat. 20. 30. S. Trinity, a sea-port on tlie N. side of Martinique, with a spacious and safe harbour and a considera- ble trade. Long. 61. 8. VV., lat. 14. .53. N. Trino, a town" of the Sardinian staU-s, in Pied- mont, 8 m. N. W.of Casal and 35 N. E. of Turin. Tripatore, a town of Hindoostan, in Marawar, 30 m. E. N. E. of Madura and .58 S. W. of Tan- jore. Tripoli, a coimtry of Barbary, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. by Fez- zan.and W. by Biledulgerid and Tunis. It is not very fertile, and the E. part is quite a desert. It is 925 m. along the coast, but the breadth is various. It is governed by a dey, under the pro- tection of the Turks. Tripoli, a cily and sca-porl of Barbary, capital of the foregoing country, with a castle and a fort. The inhabitants are noted pirates. It was taken by emperor Charles V., who settled the knights of Rhodes here ; but they were e.xpelled by the Turks in 1551. The Americans made an atlempt upon the town in 1804, but without success. It was formerly very flourishing, and has now some trade in ashes, ostriches' feathers, and skins; but they gain more by tlie Christians taken at sea; for they either set high ransoms on them, or sell burg, the latter built upon a clifl', projecting 1,500 them for slaves. Tripoli is seated on the Medi- p.icos into the sea. Its circumference within the terranean, surrounded by a wall, 275 ra. S. E. of walls is about 3 m. but in this space is included a Tunis and 570 E. S. E. of Algiers. Long. 13. 5. rising point, immediately over the sea, covered E., lat. 32. 54. N. with thick jungle. Trincomale was taken from Tri/)o/(, a town of Syria, on the Mediterranean the Dutch by the English, inl782, retaken by the defended by a citadel. There is one handsom* TRO 731 TRO mosque, and alt the Iiouses liave foutiLaiiis belon^- fn^ to tiieni. Before it is a sand-bank, whicli in- creases so much tliat it is expected lu clioke up the harbour, which is 2 in. W. of the town, anulwarl( to def'Mid the entrance, it is the residence of a bashaw, who also governs the territory al)out it, where tliere are great nvunbers of mulberry-trees and other fruits. The commerce of Tripoli con- sists almost wholly in coarse silk, which is made use of for laces. It is UO m. N. W. of Damascus and 120 S. of Scanderoon. Long. 3(i. iil). E., lat. a.|. 50. N. Tripura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a fort at a little distance, called Palar. It is seated on the Noyelar, 27 m. N. N. W. of Daraporam. Trtsf, an island of IVIe.xico, on the coast of Ta- basco, in the bay of Campeachy, separated by a narrow channel, on the E., from the isle of I'ort Royal. It is Id m. in circuit. Long. !i2. 4.5. \V., lat. 18. 1,5. .N. Tristan Da Cunha, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, !■"> m. in circuit. The land is extremely high, and rises gradually towards the centre of the island (where there is a lofty conicil moun- tain) in ridges, covered with trees of a moderate size and height. The coast is frequented by sea- lions, seals, peniTuins, and albatrosses. Long. 15. 30. W., lat. 37. ;>. S. Tritckhiopoiij^ a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked with towers, and encompassed by a ditcli. It was taken by the British in 1751. 30 m. VV. of Tan- jore and 208 S. S. \V. of Madras. Long. 78. 40. "E., l.at. 10. 49. N. Tr/rflf//, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, with a large pagoda, which forms a citadel. It is 2G m. S. W. of Pondicherry. T'/v'rcn^o, a town of Naples, in the Molise, the see of a bishop, 18 m. N. Molise. Triuinpkn tic la Cniz, cape, on the coast of Honduras. Long. 88. 2.5. W. lat. 15. 5(). N. TrocadiCj a small island in the gulf of St. Lawrence, near the N. coast of St. John's Island. Trorhfrljlirrn^ a town of Hohpuzullern-Signia ringen, Ki m. N. W. Bneliau, 2'.) S. Stulgard. Long. 'J. IH. K. Lit. 48. Ki. N. Troctoii, a small island in the K. Indian sea, near the coast of Queda. Long. 9'.). 33. E,, lat. (i. 30. N. Trorren, a town of Switzerland chief place of the Protestant part of the canton of Appeiizell, noted for its nrinufaeture of cloth. 7m,S. E. St. Gall, 7 N. Appenzell. Long. 0. .33. E., lat. 47. 14. i\. Pop. 2,2.50. Troia, a town of Naples, in Capitauata, on the Chilare, the see of a hi.shop. It contains (! church- es, and ti convents, 33 ni. S. VV. M.mfredonia, 00 m. N. E. Naples. Long. 1.5. IS. E., lat. 41. 21. N. Troja, a small island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Italy. Long. 11. 5. E., lat. 42. 43. Trois Maries, 1,rs, a town of France, in Mouths- of-the-Rhone, 15 m. S. Aries. Trois Riciires. See Three Riners. Trois Rivieres, a bay on the E. coast of the isl- and of St. John, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. Trois Rivieres, a river of St. Domingo, runs into the sea, on the N. coast of the island, near Port I'aix. Troitz, or Troitslcoe Mvnnsl.r, that is, '• the con- vent of the Holy Trinity," a convent of Russia, strongly fortified, 40 in. from Moscow. Troitzli, a town of Russia, in Penza, 75 ni. W. N.W. Penza. Long. 43. ,34, E., lat. 54. N. Truitztioc, a. low n of Russia, in Upha, 200 m. E. Upha. Long. 01. 44 E., lat. 54. N. Truitzkoi. a town of Russia, in Tobolsk, on the OI)y, 304 m. N. Tobolsk. Long. 42. 50. E , lat. 01. 2-1. N. Truld, or Trochi, a town of Russia, in VVilna, formerly the residence of the great dukes of l.,i- Ihuania, 10 m. W. Wilna, 150 E. Konii'sber". Long. 21. 44. E., lat. .54. 33. N. Pop. 5,000. " Tromlia, a small island near the coast of Istria Long. 13. .52. E., lat. 4.5. 3. N. Tromncs, a small island in the North sea, neui the coast of Lapland. Long. 15. 20. E., lat. 08. 5. N. Tromoe, an island near the coast of Norw.ay. Long. O.-IO. E., lal. .58. 27. N. Troiiiperrriek, (iiijfiif, bay of the Baltic, on the N E. coast of the island of Usedom. Lonir. i;;. .Ji). E., lat. .54. 40. N. 7Vo«(o, a river of Italv, which runs into tlie Adriatic, in long. 13. 51P.'E. lat. 43. 52. N. Tnirz'in, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. N. W. Tu- rin. Pop. 2,540. Triton Poi?it.cape on the W, coast of Scotland, Long. 4. 30. VV., lat. .55. 30. N. Tropea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultr;i, on a rock near the sea coast, 37 m. N.N. E. Reggio. Long. 10. 13. E., lat. 38. 40. N. Pop.3,0;i2. Tropic Keys, small islands or rocks amofig the Virgin Islands, in the West indies, between Great Passao-e island and Porto Rico, Troppau-OT Oppaa, city, in Austrian Silesia, and capital of' a circle so called, is in a fruitful coun- try, on the river Opapa, walled, and containing an ancient palace of llie princes, with 3 paroclii- al churches, a college, 3 convents of monks, and a nunnery. 45 m. S. Oppeln, 80 S. S. E. iiris- lau. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 40. .50. N. Pop. 11, .540. Tropploicitz, a town of Silesia, 70 m. .\. N. VV. Tropp.au. Long. 17. 31. E. lat. GO. I. N. Trosa, a sea-port of Sweden, in Sunderman- land,on file Baltic, 18 m. S. VV. Stockholm. Trosi/clis, mountains of Scotland, in Perthshire, 10 m. VV. Callander. Trotliij, a river of England, runs into the Wye, at Monmouth. Tra^Z", ariver of Russia, which runs into the Kama, 10 m. N. Kosa, in V'iatka. Troup Uiail, a cajje of Sef»tland, on the N coast of Banff, 10 in. VV, Kinnard's Point. Long. 2. II. W. lat. 57. 39. N. Troupsbiirg, a town of Steuben Co. N.Y. 20 m. S. W. Bath. Pop. 000. Troiithei-k, a river of England in Westmoreland, which runs into the Eden. 3 m. below .Appleby. Trout nicer, a river in the N. VV. Territory which runs into the Mississippi, above the outlet of Sandy lake. Tnnrhridgc, a town of Wiltshire, En*. 7V»v, p. tr Cheshire Co. N. H. 09 m. S. VV. Conct)i'd. Pop. 070; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. .50 m. N, .Montpelier. Pop. 008 ; p,v. Bradford Co. Pa. ; p.t. Miamia Co. Ohio and townships in Cuyohoga, (leauga, Delaware, Alliens, Richland (Jos. Ohio, p.v. i''erry Co. ind. Lincoln Co. Missouri and Obian Co. Ten. Troij, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 48 in. S. Boston, i'op. 4,1.59. Within the limits of this town is fall River Village,with a po]». of 31, 438. and very l.irge manufactures ofcf.tton ; whieli run 3,431 .Spindles. TRU 735 TST Here nrc also inanufMtures of satinet, bltMcliinij ana priiitiiiK works, and manufactures of iron. The town contains 7 cliurches, and a banl«. It stands on Taunton River wliicli is navigable to this place for small vessels. ^ ., „ , , Trmj. city in Rensselaer Co. N. 1 . stands on the K. bank of the Hudson 5 ra. above Albany at the head of sloop navigation. It has a very flour- ishinc trade, and manufactures of cotton, woolen, paper' iron &c. in the neicrhbonrliooii. Pop. 1 1 ,'105. In point of location and beautiful natural sce- nery, Troy is exceeded by few, if any, of the towns and villaws on the Iludsson. The streets, running north Imd soutli, converge toirelher at the norlli end of the city, and are crossed at right angles by those running east and west. The buddinirs are principally built of brick, and are shaded by rows of trees on each side of streets, which are preserved remarkably clean, by addi- tions of slate and gravel, instead of pavements. The city contains llirec banks, seven churches, a court house, jail and market. The Episcopal church is a superb specimen of Gothic architec- ture, probably not exceeded in the United States. A lari'e three story brick building has also been erected at the expense of the corporation, for the accommodation of the female seminary incorpo- rateil at this place. Mount lilii, in the rear of Troy, is a romantic spot, affordirvg a very extensive prospect of the Hudson river and the adjacent country. About a mile above the city, a dam has been thrown across the river, and a lock constructed, affordinir a sloop navigation to the village of Wa- terford. One mile and a half from Troy is the Rensse- laer school, which was established, and is under the patronage of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer It is a valuable and flourishing institution. Troifcs, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Aube, and a bishop's see, with a castle in which the ancient counts of Champagne resided. it is surrounded by good walls ; but almost all the houses are of w'ood, and good water is wanting Its commerce, once very flourishing, now consist only iH some linen, dimities, fustians, wax-chan- dlery, candles, and wine. Troyes was captured and recaptured several times by the allied and French armies, in 1814. It is seated on the Seine, 2.S m. E. by N. of Sens and 105 S. £. of Paris. Long. 4. 5. E., lal. 48. 18 N. Trurlisnllr, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio. Trumansliurif, a township of Tompkins Co. N. y. on Cayuga Lake. Trumbull, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2fi,I54. Warren is the capital, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Co m S W. Hartford. Pop. l,23.-<. Tritns, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, sealed on the Rhine, 7 m. W. of Ilantz. Truro, a borough in Cornwall, Eng., it is a ■lannary town, and the chief business is in ship- ping tin' and copper ore, found in abundance in the ■neighbourhood. 2o7m. W. by S. of London. Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax coun- ty, at the head of a narrow gulf in the bay of Fun- dy, 40 m. N. by W. of Halifa.x. Truro, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod, adjoining Providence. Pop. 1 ,r)49, a township of Franklin Co. Ohio, on Big Walnut and Black Lick Creeks. Pop. G83. TruriUo, a town of Spain, in Kstremadura with a citadel on the top of a hill. It was the birth- place of the noted Erancis Pizarro, and is situate on the side of a hill, near the river Magasca 70 m. N. !•:. of Badajoz and IK) S. W. of Toledo. Long. .'.. 4:J. \V., lat. 'M. 2li. N. TruriUo, a city and sea-port of Peru, capital of a province of its name, and the aee of a bishop. It was built by Francis Pizarro in 1.553. In its ter- ritory are above 5U,U00 native Americans. It is- surrounded by a wall, and seatfd in a fertile coun- try, on a sjnall river, near the Pacific Ocean, 3U0 m. N W. of Lima. Long. 70. 5. W., lat. 8. I. S. Truxillo. a sea-port of S. America, in Honduras, on the gulf of that name. It stands 3 m. from the sea, between two rivers, the mouths of wliieli, and some islands before them, form the harbour. It is 1.50 m. N. E. of Valladolid. Long. 8(i. 30. W., lal. 15. 4G. N. TruT.iUo, or jVucstra Scnora de la Paz, a town of Venezuela. 1.50 m. S. E. of Maracaybo. Long. 70. 15. W., lat. 8. 15. N. Truzton, p.t. Cortland C^o. N. Y. Pop. 3,888. Trijilriffen, a township ofChesU-r Co. Pa. Tri/one, a township of Adams Co. Pa. Ts'uniid, a town of Hungary, on the river Meros 23 m. E. by S. of Segedin. Tscherlcask, a city of European Russia, capital of the country of the Don Cossacs, founded in 1814, the old capital of the same name, about 5 m. dist.tnt, being considered unhealthy. The streets arc wide and straight, but the houses are all built of wood. It is situate at the confluence of the .\ksai and Turloo, 40 m. N. E. of Azoph. Long. 40. 2. E., lat. 47. 14. N. Tichernahora, a town of the Au.ilrian stales, in Moravia, with a castle on a mountain, 13 m. IS'. N. VV. of Brin. Tschernemt, a town of Ausiria, in Carni7. 3. N. •/■,„,iaV/;., p.t. Orange Co., Vt. Pop^ 1 020. Tunbriilgc, a town in Kent, hng. 30. m. fc. S. t^- of l.,oudon. , Tiinbridi'C IVdls, a town in Kent, Lng. mucli ri'sorted to on account of its chalybeate waters, discovered in lOOli, by Du.lley lord Norlli, who recovered from a deep CDiisuiiiption by drinking Iheiii It is seated at llie bottom of three hiUa, called Mount Sinai, Mount Ephraim, and Mount I'lcasant, on which are seated some good houses, orchards, and gardens ; and, as tlie country is naturally wild, the effect of the whole is romantic and picturesque. Tlie wells are 5 m. S. of Tun- id.'H and 3.") S. S. E. of London. TuH"iiislcoi, a town of Russia, situate on the Ir- it, 8(1 m. S. W. of Irkutsk. Long. 103. lo. E., knt lat. f)!. Id. N. , J , ., N Tunis, a county of B.arbary, bounded on the JN. nnd E. by the Mediterranean, S. by Tripoli and Biledulir/rid, and W. by .-Vlgiers. It extends 200 m. from N. to S. and 120 m. irom E. to W. This country was formerly a monarchy, but in 1574 it became a republic, under the protection of the Turks and pays a certain tribute to the royal palace, and ., • r ,i , . 01 the 1 urKS, anu p y_ ^^^^ ^^.^ ,^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^/^^^ ^l^^^p^^ ^^ ^^^ various others of the best Long. 10. l-us \\i)ikiu:ina!ii|). M m S. of Sera and 50 >. ol" Seringapatam. Turlirslan, a country ot Wrstcrn T arlary, Uoun- nt:iin3 the countries of hac-Arabi, Diarbek, ('urdistan, Armenia, Caramania, Natolia, and Sy- ria, with Palestine. In Africa the Turks liave K^rvpt, part of Nubia, and Barca ; and the states of Tripoli and Tunis are under their protection. Of these countries (whicli see respectively) the cliinati?. productions, manners, &c., must be vari ous. Tlie Turks are generally robust, well-shap ed, and of a good mien. They shave their heads t)ut wear long beards, except those in the seraglio, or palace, and military men. who wear only whiskers. Tlje turban worn by the men is white, and consists of long pieces of thin linen made up t.tgetber in several folds. No one but a Turk must presume to wear a white turban. Their clothes are long and full. They sit, eat, and sleep on the floor, on cushions, matrasses, and carpets. l\\ general they are very moderate in eating, and their meals are despatched with ^rcat haste. Tlieir principal food is rice ; and the fruc-al repast is followed by fruit and cold wa- ter, which are succeeded by hot cf^fTei', and pipes with tobacco. With opium they procure what they call a Ar/V/, or placid intoxication. Chess and draughts are favorite iraines ; and the cottec- houses and baths furnis!! other sources of amuse- ment. Polygamy is allowed among them ; but tlieir wives, properly so called, are no more than four in number. The fair sex here are kept un- der a rigorous confinement ; the Arabic word Haram, which signifies a sacred or prohibited thing, is in its fullest sense used both of the hab- itation of the women and of the women them- Belves. Tlie 'I nrks believe in one (Jod, and that his great propliet is Mahomet ; they appropriate to themselves the name of Moslemtm, which has been corrupted into Mussulman, signifying per- sons professing the doctrine of Maluunet, which he calls Islam. Drinking wine is prohibited by this prophet in the Koran, yet the Turks make use of it occasionally, williout any scruple; though instead of it they generally use sherbet, a liquor made of honey, spices and tlie juice of fruits. They expend great sums on fountains, not only in the towns, but in the country, and other solitary placi-s, for the refreshment ot' trav- ellers and labourers. The grand signior is abs< - lute master id' the goods and lives ol his sulijecl^, insomucli that ihey are little better than slaves. The grand vizier is the chief ofiicer under tin- grand signior; besides discharging the funclicins of prime minister, he is commander of all the for- ces of the empire. The divan or cabinet council, consists of tlie vizier, the mutXi, and the kioiru bey. The othrr niini.slers are, the icis efi'etidi (whose ollice corresponds in part to that of chan- cellor, and in part to that of secretary for foreign affairs in Jlritain) ; the teflerdar, or minister of finance ; the tschelebi, or master of the ordnance ; the terro^eiia emini, or minister of marine ; and the tschiaus baccha, or secretary of state. The pachas or governors of provinces act also as farm- ers general of the revenue for their respective provinces. The sangiac beys are the governors of districts under the pachas, and invested, like them, with both civil and military functions. The ulema are a numerous body, whose functions con- sist in explaining the koran am! in applying its injunctions to the circumstances of the times They thus condiine the character of clergy and lawyers, havini; at their head the grand mufti The imans. or priests, are a body altogether dis- tinct from the ulema, tlieir duly being merely to perform puldic worship in the mosques. The public revenue of Turkey is derived partly from a capitation tax on Christians and Jews, partly from duties on tobacco and olh- crarticlesof consumptinn. The amount of the whole is said to be less than :iO,OUO,000 dollars. The army, which is composed of a variety of troops, seldom amounts to 100,000 men, and the navy is inconsiderable. The foreign commerce of Turkey is inconsiderable. The chief Turkish sea-ports in the Levant are Constantinople and Smyrna. There is little trade with the former. Smyrna has commerce with Kurope and America in the exportation offiuit, particularly figs, which grow to great perfection in this part of the country. TutLoj, a township of Essex Co. N. J. 14 ni N. W. Elizabethtown. Turiiin, a town of Russia, in the government of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian Sea, 140 m. S. of Astracan. Long. 47. 15. K.,Iat. 44. ];"». N. Turn-u train, Citfic^ a cage on the K. side of the northern island ofiNew Zealand. Long. 170. r>(> E.Jat. 40. as S. Tiiniint,a. town of Boheniia, in tJie circle of Buntzlau, on the river Iser, 12 m. N. N. E. of Jung Buntzlau. Turner, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. IS ni. K. Paris. • Pop. 2,218. TtirncrsviUe, p. v. Robertson Co. Ten. Turnhout, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, near which, in jr>9G, prince Maurice of Nas- sau, with only 800 horse, totally defeated the Spaniards, consisting of 6,000 24 m. N. E of Antwerp. Tuy 73a TYC Tiirnn, a sea-port of Cocliin-Cliiim, situate on a bay of tlie aaiue name, which affords a safe retreat for the largest ships in the most tempestuous sea- son. In the vicinity are plantations of sugar-canes and tobacco. Turon is 40 in. S. K. of Hue. Long 107. 40. E , lat. lU. £». N. Tursi a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the river Sino, 8 m. W. of the gulf of Tarcnto and 30 S. of Matera. Turtle Creek, townships in Shelby and Warren Co. Ohio. Tuscaloosa, a county of Alabama. Pop. 13,045, Tuscaloosa is the capital. Tuscaloosa, ihe capital of Alabama and of the above county, on the Black Warrior River, near the centre of the state 200 m N. Mobile. OflO m. S.W.Washington. Pop. 1,IJU0. The university of .\labama at this place was founded in \&iO. It has C instructors and G.') students, the library has 1,000 vols. It lias one vacation of tv/o mnnllis in August and September. Commencement is in December. Tuscanij, a sovereign state of Italy, witli the ti- tle of a grand duchy, belongin^j fi the house of Austria. It is bounded on the N. by iModena, on tlio K. andS. by the pope's territories, on the W. hv the Mediterranean. It is about l.jO m. in leniTth, and 100 in breadth; and is watered by sev- eral rivers of which the Arno i.s the chief There are several mountains, in which are found mines ol iron, alum, and vitrol. There are also quarries ol marble, alabaster, and porphyry, besides hot bath? and mineral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and produce plenty of citrons, oranges, pomegranates, and other fruits. The in- habitants apply themselves to trade; they chiefly manuficture silks, stuffs, fine earthenware, and gilt leather. They are much visited by foreign- ers, on account of their politeness, and because the Tuscan language is accounted the purest in all Italy. This duchy is divided into three prov- inces, Klorence, Pisano, and Sienna, to which some add the Islands. Upon the flight of the grand duke, in 1799, it was erected by the French into the kingdom of Etruria ; but was soon after- wards transformed into an apend.age to the crown ofltaly. In 1814 however, the duchy was restored to the Austrians, when Ferdinand, tlie grand duke, returned to his dominions. Florence is the capital. Tuscarawas, a county of Ohio, on a stream of the same name, flowing into the Muskingum. Pop. 14,298. New Philadelphia is the capital ; also a village in the same Co. and a toivnship in Stark Co. 6hio. Tuscarora, p.t. Mifflin Co. Pa. Tuscumhia, p.v. Franklin Co. Alab. Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, seated near the torrent NoUa, 16 m. S. by W of Coire. Tutucorin, a town of Ilindoostan, in the Car- natic, seated on the gulf of Manara, 29 m. E. by N. of Palamcotta, and G7 S. of Madura. Tutlinifcn, a town of Germany, with a castle on a mountain, belonging to the kingdom of Wurtem- berg. Near it is the celebrated foundry of Lud- wigslhal. It is seated on the Danube, over whicli is a bridge, 58 m. S. S. W. of Stuttgard. Long. 8. 48. E., lat. 48. 2. N. Tutura, a town of Rus.sia, in the government ol Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, IliO m. N. of Irkutsk. Long. 105.40. E., lat .'■.4. 40. N. Tuiford, a town in Nottinghamshire, Kng. 137 m. N. by W. of London. Tuij, a town of Spain, in Galicia. and a bishoji's Bee. It is surrounded by walls and ramparts, and well furnished with artillery, being a frontier town towards Portugal. It stands on a mountain near the river Minlio, GO m. S. of Coinpostella and 960 W N. W. of Madrid. Long 8. 32. W , lat. 42. 4 N. Tuzla a town of .\siatic Turkey, in Caraniania, situate at the western extremity of a lake to which it gives name, !i8 ni. N. of Cogni. Teer, a governmetit of Russia, formerly a pro vincp in the government of Novogorod. It was the first province modelled according to the code of laws of Catharine II , and comprises an area of 21,000 sq. m. with 1 ,000,000 of inliabitanU. The country produces abundantly all kinds of corn and veiretables. lis forests yield the most valuable timber. The. quadrupeds and the featliered race are tlie s line as in all the N. of Europe. Besides the fishes common to most lakes and rivers, there is one peculiar to the waters of these northern re gions, called the sterlet ; it is the acipenscr ruth enus of Linne, and is a species of sturgeon, high- ly esteemed for the flavor of its flesh, and for its roe, of which the finest caviar is made. Trer. tlie capital of the foregoing government, and an archbishop's see, with a fiutress. It is a place of considerable commerce, being seated at the conflux of the Tyerza, and Volga, abmg which is conveyed all the merchandise sent by water from Siberia and the S. provinces towarns Peters- burg. It is divided into the Old and New Town ; the former, situate on the opposite side of the \ id- g], c-insi^its almost entirely of wooden (^ottagi-s ; the latter has risen with lustre from the ashes of the conflagration of I7G3. Catharine II., at her own expense, raised the governor's house, tic episcopal palace, the courts ofjustice, the ex- change, tlie prison, and some other public edifices ; and, to every person who engaged to build a house of brick, she offered a loan of £.!90 for 13 years without interest. The streets are broad and lone-, extending \n straight lines, from an octairfpii in tile centre ; tjie houses of this octagon, and of the principal streets, are of brick stuccoed white, and make a magnificent appearance. Here is an ecclesiastical seminary, which admits GOO stu- dents. In I77G the empress founded a school t'or t!ie instruction of 200 burgher's c'lildreii ; and in 1779 an academv for the education of 12') of the young nobility of the province. Tver is 99 ni. N. N. W. of .Mo.':cow. Long. 3G. 5. E., lat. 5(i. 7. .N'. Tircrd, a river of Scotland, which rises from numerous spriiifra in the S. part of PeeMes-sliire, called Twecdsmuir. It divides that country al- most into two equal parts, crosses the N. part of S'^lkirkshire and Koxburgsliire, tlien forms the boundary between llerwick.^hire and England, and enters the German Ocean at Berwick. TtctfLeiifuiin. a village in Middlcse.T, Eng. adorned with inaiiy handsome villas, of v.Iin h two are particularlv celebrated: that which w:n the favorite residence of Pope .and Strawberry II ill, the elegant Gothic retreat of the celebrated Hor- ace Walpole, earl of Orford. It is seated on the Thames. 3 in. S. S. W. of Brentford. Ttri^!/.-t, a county of (leorgia. Pop. 8,r.29 Marion is the capital. Ttcin, towBships in Darke, Ross and Preble Cos. Ohio. Ttrtjtsbnrff, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. Ttjhce, an island of Georgia at the mouth office river S.avannah, on which is a lighthouse. Tijho'uie, a township of Perry Co. Pa. Tyrnhzin, a town of Poland, on the Nrcw m N, \V. nf RielsU UCE 740 UCE Tydore, one or the Molucca Islands throe leacrues S. of Ternate. Tijler, a county of the W, Uis, of Virginia. Pop. 5,750. Middlebourne is the capital. Tijite, a river in Ntirlhumberlind, Kiifr, formed of a branch fmiii thi' E. part of Cuinlicrland, and another from the liills on the l>.ird<'rs of Scotland. Thpsi-, unitinjr httle above Hc-.\hain, form a largo river, wliich flows by Newcastle, and enters the German Ocean at Tynemouth. '/"i/nc, a river of Scotland, in IIaddin<;tonshire, which rises on the bordersofKdinburtrsiiire, flows l]y lladdinijlon, and enters the German Ocean to the W. of Dunbar. 'J'l/nemiitttli, a village in Northumberland, Knir. near the moutli ollhc Tyne, 9 m. E. N. E. of New- castle. Tijngshiiroii^h. p.t. Middlesex Uo. Mass. on the Merrimack. :il) ni. N. W. Boston. Pop. S-22. Tijre. See Snr. Ti/rinirlumi, p.t. IJerltshire (Jo. Mass. lllim. S. \V. Boston. Pop. 1,:V5I. TifrnI, a princely county of the Austrian empire, hounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Salzbiirjj and Carinthia, S. by Austria Italy, and W. by Switzerland. Though a mountainous country, its valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and it has an e.xcellent breed of cattle. It likewise yields salt, all kinds of ores, and varrious sorts of precious stones. Its copper contains not only silver but also some i^old. The principal rivers are the Inn, Adige, ana Eysach. The country is divided into seven districts or circles. It was overrun by the French and Bavarians in 1805 ; and by the treaty of Presburg was ceded to Bavaria. In ItiO'J it was ceded to Italy, but was restored to Austria in HI4. Inspruck is the capital. Tijrone, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 41) ni. long and ;i7 broad ; bounded on the N. by Londonderry, E. by Armagh and Loch Naeh, S. \V. by I'Vrnianagh, and ^V. by Donegal. It is divided into '.J.'* parishes, contains about ^8, 700 inhabitants, anil sends three members toparlia- ament. It is a rough country, but tolerably fer- tile. The capital is Unngannon. TijrntK', p.t. Steuben Uo. N. Y. -MO m. W. Al- bany. Pop. I,.H-<||; townships in Perry, I'ayette and Huntingdon t'os. Pa. Tijrnll, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4,732. Columbia is the capital. Tijslcil, a town ol Denmark, in N. Jutland, with a citadel, seated on the gulf of Lymford, 40 m. W. of Alburg. Long. 8. 25. E., lat. 50. 54. N. 7';/^■;/,o^ Tcifc, a river of Wales in Cardiganshire, which issues from a lake on the E. side of tlie county, and Hows by Tregannon, Llanbeder, New- castle ajid Cargan, into Cadigan Bay. Tzaritzi/n, a town of Russia in the government of Saratof*, seated on the Volga, 120 m. N. W. of Astracan. Long. 45. 25. E., lat 48. 0. N. Tzernilz, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- mania near the river Tzerna, 32 m. N. N. E. of Adrianople. Tzivilsli, a town of Russia in the government of Kasan, 50 m. W. of Kasan. Long. 47 25. E lat. 55. 40. N. Tzuruclmtu, Staroi,a. town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, seated on the Argunia, on the borders of China, 100 ni. S. E of Ner- tchinsk. Long. ll'J. 32. E., lat. 40. 18. S. V UBEDA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a strong castle; seated in a fertile country, near the river Guadalquivir, 22 m. N. tl. of Jaen. Uberltnirim, a town of Baden, in the district of Furstenburg. The principal trade is in corn to Switzerland ; and pear it are famous baths. It is seated on a high rock, 7 m. N. of Constance. Ubers/io, a town of Boliomia, in the circle of Chrudin, 10 m. E. N. E. of Chrudin. Uhes, -St., or ^cfurul, a fortified sea-port of i*orl- ugal, in Estremadnra, with a strong citadel, and a good harbour, defended by three forts. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Setebriga, at the head of a bay, near the infln.^ of the Cadaon, and has a good trade, particularly in salt, of which a great quantity is sent to the colonies in America. It stands at the end of a plain, 5 m. in length, e.\- Iremely fertile in corn, wine, and fruits; the N. end bounded by mountains, covered with pines and other trees, and containing quarries of jasper of several ccdours. 20 m. S. E. ofLi-sbon. Lonfr. 8. 54. W., lat. 3-1. 22. N. Uhigau, a town of Sa.tony, seated on the El- ster, 2S m, S. E. of Wittenburg. Vby, an island on the E. side of the entrance of the gulf of Siam, 20 m. in circumference. It yields good water and plenty of wood. Long. 104. 46. E., lat. 8. 55. N. Vcayal. See Ajntrimdc. UcedOj or Uzcda, a town of Spain, in New- Castile, with a castle ; seated on the Xarama, 32 m. N. N. E. of Madrid. Ucher, a river which issues from a lake of the same name, near Prenzlo, in Brandenburg, flows N. into Pomerania, and being joined by the Ran- do, enters the Frisch Ilaff at llckermunde. Ccher .Hark, the former name of that part of Branrresponds with that of Lewes. S, Uist is .'^ in, long and 7 broad, and the trees are here equally unTinown, Many cows are annually ex- ported ; but the staple commodity is kelp, of which about 1,100 tons are annually manufac- tured in each. The island of Benbecula lies be- tween them, and they are each about IG m. to the W. of the most western point in the Isle of Skye. Ukciislioi, a town of Russia, in the government «f Tobolsk, at the conflux of the Irlisch and Oby, 19G m, N, of Tobolsk, Long, GO. 15, E,, lat, 61, Vkraine, a country of Europe, lying on the borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary, Its name signifies afrontifrr. By a treaty between Russia and Pol.uid, in IGfS, the latter remained in possession of the Ukraine, on the W. side of the Dnieper, which constituted a palatinate called Kiov ; while the E, side was allotted to Russia, and called the government of Kiov, but Russia having obtained the polish part, by the treaty of partition, in 17'.I3, the whole belongs now to that power. That part of the Ukraine on the W, side of the Dnieper is but inditferently cultivated ; bill that on the E, side, inhabited by the Cossacs, IS in much better condition. The principal town i< Kiov, See Cossacs. Ulala, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, 3 m. S. VV. of Magalore, W«»oo;,atown of Scotland in Ross-shire, on the E. side of the entrance of Loch Broom, at the mouth of a river of its name, with a stood har- bour and commodiou.'! road. It is a great fishing station and situate in the midst of a wool country, 48 ni. W. by N. of Tain. Lonir. 5. 5. W., lat. 57. 50. N. ... Ulea, or VlaJioTn, an extensive province to the N. of Finland, and extending along the S. coast of the gulf of Bothnia, It was long subject tn Sweden, but, since I.SO!), it forms a circle of the Russian government of Abo, Tiie population is thinly scattered, the chief part of the surface being covered with forests, marshes, and rocks Ulcahor^, the capital of the preceding prov ince, and the largest town in E. Bothnia, with a castle on an island, and a commodious harbour. In 1714 this town was demolished by the Rus- sians, to whom the Swedes surrendered it in 180S, It is situate at the mouth of a river of the same name 340 ni. N. by E. of Abo. Long, 24, 40, E., lat, 0.'.. 30. N, Ulictta, one of the Society isles, in the S.Pacific. See Haiiiica. Ullswatr.r, a lake of England, on the borders of Westmoreland and Cumberland, 10 m. N. of Am- bleside. It is 8 m. long, and abounds with Char and other fish. The report of guns, discharged in certain stations on the lake, is reverberated from rock to rock, ])roinontory, cavern, ar;d liiil, with every variety of sound. The river ICanioiit flows through this lake, and by Penrith to the Eden, forming that part of the boundary line between the two counties. Ulm, a city of Germany, in Wurtembern-. It is a fortified, targe, and handsome place ; in wliich the archives of the late imperial towns of Suabia were preserved, and where the diet of the circle was generally held. The cathedral is a large magnificent structure. Here is an excellent col- lege, with a theological seminary annexed ; and a convent for the daughters of the nobility and cit- izens, who are here educated, and afterwards at liberty to marry. Its other most remarkable build- ings are tlie abbey of St. Nichael, commonly called W^ngen, the town-house, the arsenal, the maga- zines, and the valuable town library. The inbaiii'- ants are protcstants, and estimated at 1(1,000 ; they have a good trade in linens, fustians, pnper wine, and wool. The duke of Bavaria took it in 1702, by stratagem ; but surrendered it after the battle of Blenheim, in 1704, In 179y the province of Connau»lit, and S. by that of Leinslcr. It contains the counties of Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Fer- managh, Monaglian, Armafrh, Down, and Cavan. The priniMpal place is Londonderry. r:strr, a county of New York. Pop. 30,551. Kinffslon is the capital ; p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. Ullzrn, or I'eltzen, a town of the Netherlands, in N. Holland, with a trade in flour and wool. 50 m. l\. of Haarlem. UlrcrsluitF, a town in Lancaster, Eng. 261 m. N. N. VV. of London. Ulyssr.3, a township of Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop :!,130. I'mhufrniT, a lake lying hetween N. Hamp- shire and Maine, 18 m. long and 10 broad. Us waters flow into the Androscoi;gin. Umo, or Uineu, a province ot' Sweden, compri- sing VV. Bothnia, Uinoa Lapmark, and nearly all Swedish Lapland. It has an area of Go,000 sq. m. witli about 80,000 inhabitants. Cmii, or UmFtty a soa-port of Sweden, in W. ^llolhtMa, capital of tlie above province, at the mouth oi the river Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. The houses arc built of wood ; and it was twice burnt by the Russians. 310 m. N. by E. of Stockholm. Long. 10. 18. E , hit. G3 58. N. Umago^ a amall sea-port of Austrian lllyria, in Istria, seated near the gulf Largona, 12 ni. S. VV. of Capo d' Istria. UinJiria, a province of Italy, now called the duchy of Spoleto, VtiihriiUiru, a town of Naples, in Catabria, seat- ed on the Lipuda, 15 m. N. by VV. of St. Seve- rlna. Ummerapoara, one of the most flourishing and well-built cities of Asia, once the metropolis of Birmul), with a spacious and regular fort, com- pletely fortified after the eastern manner. It was founded in 1783 by the emperor Alinderagree, 4 m. to the N. E.of Ava, the ancient capital. The houses are raised on posts from the grouml ; the smaller supported by bamboos, the larger by strong timber The streets are all straight, many of them wide, paved with brick, and frequently crossed by others at right angles. The royal palace is a splendid edifice, within the fort, and no nobleman of the court was permitted to enter it with his feet covered. The temples and monasteries are numerous, and though in general composed of wood are very magnificent : the unbounded ex- penditure of gilding, which is bestowed on the outside of the roofs, particularly on the lofly spires, renders them objects of extraordinary splendor. Uminoraponra is situate on a peninsula, formed by the Irrawaddy on the VV. and a narrow chan- nel branching E. from the river, which soon takes a N. direction and expands to a lake on the E. side of the city, 7 m. long and one and a half broad. ii'>0 m. E. of Calcutta and <>-20 N. N. VV. of Siam. Long. 7G. 7. E., lat. 21. 57. N. Vnaililta, p,t. Otsego Co. N. V. on the Susque- hanna. Pop. 2,313. Uiirasrillc, p. v. N. I,ondon Co. Conn. 45 m. 8. F.. Hartford. Vndtrwaldcn,a. canton of Switzerland, bounded on the N. by the canton of Lucern and the Lake of the Four Cantons, E. by high mountains which separate it from the canton of Uri, S. by Mount Brunich which parts it from the canton of Bern, and VV. by that of Lucern. It is 24 m. long and 20 broad, contains an area of 300 sq. m. witli 23,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the Upper ond Lower Valley, by a forest called Kcsterwald, which crosses the canton from K to S. The country abounds in fruit and cattle, but produces little corn and no wine. The inhabitants are Roman Catholics. Stanz is the capital of the J>ower Valley, and Ssrnen of the Upper and of the whole canton. t/n^rar, a town and fort of Hungary, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It stands in an island formed by the Ung, 57 m. E. of Cassovia. Long. 22. 23. E.. lat. 48. 42. N. Vnirnin, a small island in the N. Pacific Ocean near the VV. coast of America, so named by the Russians. Long. 106. 44. E., lat. 55. N. Unhaca, a small island in the Indian sea, at the entrance of the bay of Leron20 Marques. Lat. 2G. 5. N. UiJiosl, or Jln/iosl, a town in Bohemia, in Scha- lan ; 8 m. S. Schalan, 9 m. W. Prague. Fop. 992. Unlego, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lenczicz, with a fine castle belonging to the arch- bishop of Gnesen, seated on the Warta, 20 ra. S. S. VV. of Lencricz. Union, a count}' of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 20,749. New Berlin is the capital. A coun- ty of Ohio. Pop. 3,192. Marysville is the capi- tal. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 4,435. Mor- ganfield is tlie capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 3,239. Jonesborough is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 7,957. Liberty is the capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 640 Corea Fabre is the capital. A District of S. Carolina. Fop 17,908. Unionville is the capital. I'nion, p.i. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,612; p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 711 ; p.t. Brown Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,112; p.t. Essex Co. N. J ; town- ships in Erie, Huntingdon, Luzerne, Fayette, Mifflin and Schuylkill Cos. Pa; and towns and villages in Loudon and Monroe Cos. Va., Union Dis. S. C. Union, Belmont, Washington, J.,aw- rence,Knox, Ross, Highland, Champaign, Logan, I Madison, Favetle, Clinton, Scioto, Warren. But- j ler, Muskingum, Clermont, Miami, Morgan, Lick- ing, Harrison and Brown Cos. Ohio. Union Society, p. v. Green Co. N. Y. Union Springs, p. v. Cayuga Co. N. Y; p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. Uniontoicn, p v. Frederick Co. Maryl ; p. v. Fay- ette Co. Pa: p. v. Belmont Co. Ohio; p. v. Mus- kingum Co. Ohio ; a town in Pike Co. Ohio. Unionrilte, p. v. Orange Co N. Y. Chester Co. Pa. and Georgia Co. Ohio. United Provinces of South Jltncncci, called also Hucnos ,'ltfrcs, from the name of the chief city, and sometimes the Aruentine Jiepulilic, from the etymology of the river La Plata; a republic of South America lying upon the La Plata and its tributary streams. The present political boundaries are Boli- via on the N. Paraguay, Banda Oriental and the Atlantic Ocean on the E. Pat.igonia on the S. and Chile on the VV. It contains 600,000 sq. m. and is divided into 13 provinces. This country resembles an extensive amphilheatre, bounded laterally by the Andes and the Brazilian mountains, and on the N. by a tract of mountains, denominated those of Chiifui- tos, which running N. VV. from the Andes of La Paz and Potosi, and crossing the Parana, are con- nected with the Brazilian chain,— leaving to- wards the S. E. the immense opening of the Rio de hi Plata, like a wide and magnificent portal proportioned to the grandeur, importance, and ex tent of the region to which it gives access. With UNI 743 UNI lo these liraiU— some scaltered and inlerniediatc ridges excepted— the country is extremely level, Ihe hills generally not exceeding 540 feet of eie- lion above their bases ; and the whole being a vast extended plain, covered with lakes and in- numerable rivers, many of which, thougli equal to some of the largest in Europe, flow unregard- ed and nameless, and are viewed merely as tribu- tary streams. Few of them, however, reach the ■ea, being either lost in the lakes, or slopped in the leverplains, where tlicy are soon absorbed or insensibly evaporated. The uniform levelness of this tract is so great, that it has been calculated by barometrical observation, that the great river Paraguay, in its progress lo the south, does not fall alove one foot in perpendicular height, be- tween the parallels of Irf. and 22. S. lat. or 2S0 miles direct distance, but much more by the course of tlie stream. Even when the winds from the S. E. occasion the rivers of Buenos Ayres to rise seven feet above their usual level, this rise is observed in the Parana, at the distance of CO Icao-iies. In consequence of this flatness of the goif, the rains which fall on the Andes are stop- ped where tliey descend into the plains, and are insensibly evaporated ; so that a number of rivu- lets which, if collected on a different configura- tion of surface, would form a large stream, are thus stopped and annihilated. This physical de- fect cannot be supplied by any artificial means ; for the same cause which prevents the superflu- ous moisture from finding its way to the sea, would equally prevent its conveyance by canals. In Buenos Ayres, and other towns situated on the banks of rivers, it is always found necessary to use a pump, in order to raise the water to the level of the town. This very circumsUnce, which prjduces the eflects above described, is ern parts of this territory, equally favourable lo the formation of lakes. As a chain of salt lakes extends the superfluous waters caused by the periodical " rains, have no outlet, from the defect of descent, and cannot be absorbed by the soil, they are necessarily collected in llie flat parU of the coun- try, where they spread lo a great extent, cover- ing an immense space, but of no depth any Most of the lakes are of this description ; and amonir these is the celebrated lake of Xarayes, whicli is nothing else than the superfluous waters of the Paraguay, when swelled by the tropical rains, spread over an immense flat, and partly evaporated, and partly carried off by the river when it begins to retire within ite banks. This marsh was formerly supposed to be lU source ; and many fables were circulated concerning it, as having a beautiful island in jls centre : which, from The salubrity of its atmosphere, its perennial verdure, and exuberant fertility, was called 'the island of Paradise,' and was said to be inhabited bv the Orejones, a Peruvian tribe, which had taken refuge here at the time of the conquest. The number of crocodiles in this marsh is im- mense ; and in the vicinity are found pumas, jaguars, stags, and monkeys of various kinds; the country also swarms with ants, moschetoes, and innumerable noxious insects. During the inundation, the Portuguese (from their settle- ments on the Cuyaba) cross it in canoes and small barks. When the inundation has ceased, the whole plain is completely dry, and covered with weeds and other plants. Of the same kind are the lakes of Asitisacaty in S. lat. 25., and Aumbucu, in 27. S, lat., and in general all those to the E of the Paraguay The lake of Iberi, or Caracares, lies betweia the Uraguay and the Parana. For 30 leagues, the northern boundary of this lake runs parallel with the former river, and extends as far lo the south. From its S. extremity the river Mirinay runs into the Uraguay ; and from its W. and S W. sides, three other large streams issue, nanielv the Sartta Lucia^ Corientcs, and Batilf^^ and fall into the Parana. None of these streams are for- dable. Its greatest breadth is 40 miles. This lake neither receives rivers, brooks, nor springa, but is entirely nourished by the simple filtration of the waters of the Parana, — a phenomenon of which there is not another known instance in the world. This filtration alone supplies not only the four great rivers issuing from it, but also the vast quantity carried off by evaporation from a surface of 8,00fl square miles; which, according to Halley's calculation, must be equal to 70,000 tons daily, allowing the mean temperature lo be the same as that of England. This watery e.\ panse, however, is generally very shallow, and filled « ilh aquatic plants, so that its interior is completely inaccessible. The islands with which it is studded are well-stocked with deer and other game: flocks of wild fowl are always skimming on its surface ; its fish are numerous, and very sweet and fresh, and many flourishini; settle- ments are made on its shores. This lake over- flows twicea-year. During the inlervajs be- tween the inundations, it has the appearance of an immense swamp, with 12 lakes dispersed at different distances. There are other lakes, which stagnate in ex- tensive flats, and being shallow, cover a great surface of ground ; and which, consequently -di- minish the quantity of arable land. In the south- and E. of the Plata, E. from the Andes to this river. One of these lakes, in particular, 3<)0 miles S. W. of Buenos Ayres, is remarkably salt. It is about 18 miles in circuit; and the salt found at the bottom is so hard and thick, that it is diflicult to break it with iron tools. About 300 carts are annually loaded with it, and carried to Buenos Ayres; and what is very re- markable in this chain is, that a few of the lakes are fresh, though during the rains they are so swelled as to communicate frequently with those that are salt. All the springs throughout the greater part of the flat country W. of the Parana and Paraguay, are more or less salt, and few of the rivers can be drunk till they enter the Parana. The soil of this region, extending about 700 m. in length, and 190 m. in breadth, is saturated with fossil salt. The western parts of this country, are generally mountainous, comprehending within their limits some of the loftiest ridges of the Andes. From the great chain of Andes, brandies diverge in dif- ferent places, extending far into the interior. Of these, the mountains of Cordota Achala, in the province of Tucuman, and those of the still more western province of Cuyo, form secondary ridges ; and anotner ridge of the same kind branches off in the latitude of the great river Colorado, or Desaguadero, which, under the Indian appellation of Casiihati, runs nearly across to the Atlantic. The southern mountains are covered with thick impenetrable woods, and are little known. The Brazilian range on the E. is also of secondary elevation, generally covered with thick forests, interspersed with extensive tracts wholly desti- tute of vegetation. This extensive chain is con- UNI 744 UNI nected with the Andes on the W. and N. VV., by nn iiitrrmodiiite range, called the mountains of ChiquUos. This country is noted for the vast plains, call- ed pampas. From the banks of the Paraguay inuiiense plains extend westward to tlie frontiers of Los Charcas, and northward to the mountains of Cliii]uitos. These plains are generally elevated and dry, though traversed by numerous rivers. They are skirled by extensive and ancient forests, which atiord shelter to the wild animal^f of the country, and arc inhabited by Gauchos and other scattered tribes of Indians, who roam over their deserts in a state of savage independence. See Favipas. A country so extensive as Buenos Ayres, must possess a great variety both of climate and soil. While, on the frozen summits of the Andes, the Cold is intolerable even in summer, in the plains tlie heats of summer are e.xtremely oppressive. The S. W. wind prevails only about one month during the year. In the northern parts of the country, and in the interior, the W. wind is scarcely known, and seldom lasts three hours to- gether. At Buenos Ayres, and on the coast, the winds are more violent ; the westerly wind is most common, and, sweeping down the immense plains of the interior, rushes over upon the coast with inconceivable violence. The S. E. wind is generally followed by rains in winter, and by dry weather in Bummcr. In the spring and summer these winds are often very violent, raising clouds of dust which obscure the sun, and which cause great inconvenience to the inhabitants, by des- troving their clothes, and penetrating into their houses and apartments. The atmosphere is very humid, and the apartments which have a southern exposure have always wet floors. But, notwithstanding the exuberant fertility and benign temperature wnicli pervades the greater part of this extensive country, its cultivation has been greatly neglected ; and a colony which have been the granary of Kurope, has hitherto produced little more than what merely supplies its own wants. The native pride and indolence of the Spaniards, and the extreme sluggishness of the Indians, effectually stop all agricultural improve- ments in this part of the New World ; and exten- sive plains, watered by innumerable streams, are only employed to rear and fatten cattle. The inhabitants of this extensive country are composed of the same classes as those of the other Spanish colonies, viz. : European Spaniards, Creoles, people of Colour, Negroes, and Indians. Of these, the Europeans held (till the late revo- lution) the first rank: and filled, with few excep- tions, every oflice of trust, power, and influence, in the country. The Creoles who have at pres- ent gained the ascendency, held an inferior opli tical rank to the Europeans. The people of colour, the negroes, and Indians, still hold tlie same rel- ative situations in society, — the Indians, as usual, being lowest in the scale. It is dithcult to fix the number of inhabitants, and the relative pro- portions of the classes to each other. The internal commerce of Buenos Ayres, or that carried on with its own provinces, is consid- erable. Of this traffic, the herb of Paraguay forms the most important branch : 2,r)00,n()0 lbs. of it pass liimually into Peru, and 1,00(),000 lbs. into Chile. It is.conveyed in covered waggons drawn by oxen, from Santa Fe to Jujuy and Mendoza , and from thence is carrried on the backs of mules to Potosi, La Paz, Peru, and Chile. In Paraguay, ' the price of this article is 4 dollars, or If.«. per I arroba of 2.5 lbs. At Potosi, Jiowever, the price is W more than double, and increases as it proceeds north. Immense droves of cattle pass annually into Peru ; and G0,000 mules of two years old, are annually purchased in the territory, fiir . that country. The greatestpart of European com modities consumed in Chile, are drawn Irom Buenos Ayres A considerable commerce is also carried on with the independent tribes that sur- round the country, particularly with the Pap pas and Puelches. Some gold of a very superioi quality, which is supposed to be collected among the mountains and upland springs on the banks of the Uraguay, has been lately brought to Bnenos Ayres by the Indians, who contrive to barter il with the Americans or other foreign mcrchanls. The foreign commerce of this country is trans- acted chiefly at Buenos Ayres, from wiiich place are exported hides, tallow, corn, beef, furs and peltry, gold and silver. The government is re- publican, but has been for some time in an unset- tled state. Buenos Ayres is the capital. This country was formerly a viceroyaltj' under tlio Spanish goverment but revolted and declared its independence immediately after the invasion of Spain by the French in 1808. The population is above 2,000,00(1. Vnitfd States of ^merira^ a federative republic, ocupying the middle division of North America, and consisting of the States of Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva- nia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illiw- ois,and Missouri, all whichare independent states with regard to their internal gcvernment, and the Territories of Florida, Michigan, Arkansas, Mis- souri, Oregonand the district of Columbia, which are under the dominion of the general government. This republic is bounded N. by British and Rus- sian America, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mexican ter- ritories, and W. by the Mexican territories, and the Pacific Ocean. It extends from 25. to 55. N. lal. and from 43. 5. to about 130. W. long, and con- tains upwards of 2,300,000 square miles. This country is traversed by two great chains of mountains ; the Rocky mountains which are a continuation ofthe great Mexican chain and pass through the western territories of the United States in a northwesterly direction toward the Frozen Ocean ; and the Apalachian chain, which has its whole extent in this country and stretches from the southeastern side of the Mississippi valley, in a northeast direction parallel to the const of the United States nearly to the Gulf of St Lawrence. The different ridges of this chain, UNI T45 UPP are known by a variety of names from the Cum- berland MounUms of Tennessee, to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and the highlands of Maine, but tliey may be considered as all con- stituting one system. An inferior range of moun- tains compared with these two are the Ozark and Masserne mountains, which may be regarded as detached branches of the Mexican chain stretch- ing northwcstly into Missouri and Arkansas. The rivers which water the different parts of the United Stales are among the largest in the world, and the Missouri from its source in the Rocky Mountains to its outlet in the Gulf ef Mexico, is the largest river on the globe. The rivers which rise on the southeastern slope of the Apalachian tuountuin.s, and flow into the Atlantic arc not comparable to the streams of the west for length, yet are highly useful in navigation. The Atlantic cciast is indented by innumerable bays and har- bours, alTurdin" vast advantages for commerce, and the internal navigation of the couirtry is as- sisted by a great number of canals, the ctiicf of which are those uniting the great lakes of Canada with the rivers of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The vari.-lirs of climate, soil, natural productions and agricultural industry, will be found minutely specified under the heads of the several states. For ex.fct statistical details the reader is referred to the tables in the Appendix. The population of the United States at the census of lS:iO was liji^-jli.lC"), excluding the Indians. Since 1790 it has increased on an average one third every ten years. The number of In- dians is estimated at 31:5,000. The commercial imports for 18:50 were 70,a76,t120 dollars; the exports of dojnestic produce 59,462,1)2!) dollars ; total exports 7;i,K49,ri08. The enrolled and licen- sed shipping at the cud of the year 1*M amount- ed to l,74I,".5;il tons. The navy consists of 7 ships of the line, 12 frigates and 13 sloops of war and several small vessels. There are S ships of the line and 6 frigates in building. The army is restricted by law to 1>,I8<> men. Since 1810 there appears to have lieen no at- tempt at an exact estimation of the annual value of manufactures At that period thcv were com- puted at above 170,1100,000 dollars ; tlieir value at present is doubtless quadrupled. The money coin- ed at the mint of the United States in 1831 was 3,923,473 dollars. The public debt is expected to be paid off in the course of the present year, 1)^32. The total expenditure of the U S. government for 1330 was 12,729, 5:;:5 dollars. The nett revenue for the same year was 22,G07.f>79 dollars There are in the U. S. -IS colleges, 21 Theological semi- n.aries, 7 medical schools, 9 law schools, and above 12.000 churches ; of which Ihe Baptist and Meth- odists have together 4,484, the Presbyterians 1,472, the Congregationalists 1, 3:! I, the Episcopalians 932, the Catholics 784, the Dutch Reformed 602. the Quakers .")<)2, the Universalists2'.)S, the Luthe- rans 240, the Unitarians 127, the Calvinistic Bap- tists S4, the SwedenborgiansT3, the M^iravians ."(;, and the Jews 06 synagogues. The United States form together a federal republic. Each state is independent, and ling a separate legislature, executive, and judiciary ; but the defence of the country, the regulation of commerce, and the general interests of the confed- eracy, are entrusted to the general government. The legislative power is vested in a congress, composed of a senate, consisting of 2 members from each state, chosen by the state legislatures for S years ; and of a house of representatives, elcct- 94 ed by the people for 2 years. The exeouilve power is vested in a president, who, together with a vice president, is chosen for 4 years by electors from all the states. The principal subordinate officers in tlie executive de[iartment, are the sec- retaries of state, of the treasury, of war, and of the navy. The judiciary is independent of the legisla- ture. The supreme court is composed of 7 judges. All power originates with the people. The con- stitution secures to the citizens the grand princi- ples of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. Washington is tlie capital. These States were most of them originally col- onies of Great Britain. The first settlement made by the English was in Virginia in 1007 ; although Florida afterwards acquired by the United States from the Spaniards, was settled earlier. The oldest American town is St. Augustine which was foun- ded about the year l.'>64. The dates of the settle- ment of the several states and their local histories will be found under the head of each. In 1775 the attempt of the British government to lax the colonics without their consentcaused a rcvolt,and the Independence of the American states was de- cLared on the 4th of July 177(i, a desperate war with the mother country followed, but it was found impossible by the British to bring the Americans to submission, and in I7.'^3 peace was concluded, and the independence of the states ac- knowledged by the king of Great Britain. The States enjoyed their separate independent gov- ernments till 178--? wlien the present constitution and federal government were established. I'nilia, p V. Blount Co. Ten Vnilij, p.t. Waldo ('o. Me. on the Kennebec, 30 m. above Augusta. Pop. l,2'.)!l; p.v. Sullivan Co. N. H. 32 in. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,2.58. A township of Westmoreland Co.' Pa ; p.v. Mont- troinerv Co. Maryl a township of Columbiana Co. bhin. Unna, a river of European Turkey, which rises in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, passes by Wihiisch, and joins the Save, 16 m. above Gra- il i sea Vnnari/, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smoland", 43 m. W. of Mexio. VnsI, the most northern of the Shetland Isl- ands, 10 m. long and 4 broad, and fnore level than the other isles. It feeds many sheep, horned cattle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons of cured fish are annually exported Long. 1. 10. W., lat. 61. 10. N. f'liUrscev, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, near which is the famous cavern, of St. Pat. It is seated on the river .\ar, between the Lakes Brieniz and Thun. 2.t m. S. S. E. of Bern. Unza, a town of Russia, in the province of the same name, in the government of Kostroma. It is situate on the river Unza, 92 m. E. N. E. of Kostroma. ('plant!, n province of Sweden, between Suder- mania, Westinania, Gestricia, and the Baltic. It is 70 m. long and 45 broad, contains an area of .500 sq. m., with 2.50,000 inliabiUnts, and is ex- tensively covered with shapeless stones and im- penetrable woods, but enriched with inexhaustible mines of copper, iron , and silver. Stockholm is the capital. Upper, a township of St. Lawrence Co. Ohio. Upper Dublin, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa UKA 746 URl Upfcr Freehold, a townslilp of Monmouth Co. N. J. I'pprr Lisle, p. v. Broome Co. N. Y. L'ppcr Marlborough, p v. Prince George Co. Maryl. L'pprr Sanditsky, p v. Crawford Co. Ohio, on Sandusky River. L'pperrilU, p v. Ijoudon Co. Va. I'ppinglmm, a town in Rutlandsliire, Eng. 89 m. \. bv W. n{ London. I'pinl. a city of Swi'dcn. in Upland, and an arcliliisli.>p's see, willi a univernity. It is divid- ed into two almost equal parts by tile river Sala and the slri'tts are drawn ut riglit nngli'9 from n cenlnl kind of sijuarc. A few of llie houses are buill of brick, but the jrenerjhty are con.itructed of wood, painted red, and the roofs are covered in with turf Upsal was formerly the metropolig of Sweden, and near it is the morasten, or stone on which the kinif used to be crowned. The cathe- dral, a l.irj:i- structure of brick, contains the re- mains of the celebrated Gi^Uivus Vasa, and of Ch.irles Linne. The university is the most an- cient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the north for acadeuiiral education. The royal socie- ty here is likewise the oldest literary academy in the north. Here is an observatorv, plajined by the cilebratcd Celsius, from which the Swedish geographers conii>ute the longitude ; also a bo- tanical garden, of which Linne was superinten- dent. Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile in corn, :io ni. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 39. K,, lat. 5'J. .'>'2. N. Upaon, a county of Georgia. Pop. 7,013. Vplon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 88 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. I,l.')7. Vpioa. a town in Wcrcestershire, Eng. Ill m. \V. N. W. of London. Urach, a town of Germany, ir, the kingdom of VVurtemberi'. It has a great trade in paper, da- ma.*0 m., and sometimes called by the Russians "the back of Ciie world." The central part of this chain abounds in metals ; and they contain fine white marble. Pauda, one of the highest mountains, is said to be 4,.%I2 feet above the level of the sea. This chain forms a considerable part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. Uralian Cassars, a Tartar tribe that inhabit the Russian province of Orenburg, on the S. side of the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended from those of the Don ; and are a valiant race They profess the Greek religion, but they are dissenters from the established religion, whom the Russians called Roskolniki, or Separatist.s, and who style themselves Staroverski, or Old Believers. They consider the service of the es- tablished church as profane, and have their own priests and ceremonies. The Uralian Cossacs are all enthusiasts for the ancient ritual, and prize their beards almost equal to their lives. A Rus- sian officer having ordered a number of Coseac recruits to be publicly shaied in the town of Ysitsk, in 1771, this wanton insult e-icited an in- surrection, which was suppressed for a time ; but in 1773 an impostor, Pugatchef, who assumed the name of Peter Hi., appeared among them ; and taking advantage of this circumstance, roused them once more into open rebellion. This was suppressed by the defeat and execution of the imposter; and in order, to eitinguish all remem- brance of this rebellion, the river Yaik was called the Ural ; the Yaik Cossacs were denominated Uralian Cossacs ; and the town of Yaitsk was named Ural.sk. These Cossacs are very ricn, in conse<|uence of their fisheries in the Caspian Sea. Their principal fishery is for sturgeons and beln- gii. whose roes supply large quantities of caviare ; and the fish, chiefly salted anddried, aflbrda con- siderable article of consumption in the Russian empire. Cralsli, a town of Russia, capital of the country i>f the Uralian Cossacs, was formerly called Yaitsk and is seated on the river llral,375 m. N. N. E. of Astracan. Long. 50. 10. E., lat. 52. 0. N. Uraniburg, a oin^e magnificent castle, of Den- mark, in the island of Huen, now in ruins, it was built by Tyclio Brahe, a celebrated astrono- mer, who called it Uraniburg, or Castle of the Heavens, and here made his observations. Urbannii, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. 252. m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,28 m. S. of Lindau. I'uena, a town of Sp;iin, in Andalusia, seated on the Castro, 2:! ni. S. E. of (>irdova Vnihend, a town of Per.sia, in Sewestan, on a river of the same name 40 m. E. S. E. of Arok- hage. P'tiighin^ftij a town of Germany, in Wurtem- berg, seated on the Enz, 13 m. N. N. W. of Stutt gard. Vaison, a town of Erance department of Vau- cluse, noted as the birth-place of Trogus Pompe- us, the Roman Historian. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Oreze, and the ruins of ancient Vaison, which was one of the largest cities of the Gauls. 22 m N. E. of Avitrnon and 23 S. S. E. of .Montelimar. Val, a village of the Netherlands, 3 m. VV. of Maestricht, where in 1744 marshal Saxe obtained a victory over the duke of Cumberland. Val di Dejnon/t, a province in the N. E. angle of Sicily. It means the valley of demons, and is so called because Mount jEtna is situate in this province, which occasioned ignorant and super- stitious people, at the time of its fierv eruptions, to beheye it was a chimney of hell. "The capital is Messina. r'«; rfi ^/ff:ara, a province in the W. angle of Sicily, so called frojn the town of Mazara. It contains Palermo, the capital of the whole isl- and. Val di Nolo, a province in the S. E. angle of Sicily, 80 called from the town of Noto, its capi- tal. Valais, a canton of Switzerland, which consists of a valley 100 m. long and 20 broad, between ridges of very high mountains, among which are the Great St.' Bernard, Grimsel, Furca, and others whose summits are never free from snow. The S. chain separates it from the Milanese, Piedmont, and Savo)' ; the N. divides it from the canton of Bern. The country is divided into Uppei and Lower V'ubis. The former reaches from Mount Eurca, its E. boundary, to the river Morge, below Sion, and the latter from that river to St. Gingou, cm the lake of Geneva. A country consisting of jilains, elevated valleys, and lolly mountains, must neeossarily exhibit a great variety of cli- mates and prospects. The productions must vary also according to its singular diversity of climates ; for strawberries, cherries, plums, pears, and grajies, in their natural growth, may be tasted in the same day. It has more tlian sufficient wine and corn for interior consumption, the soil in the niidlanil and lower districts being e.xceedingly rich and fertile ; but, in the more elevated parts, barlev is the only grain that can be cultivated with success. The inhnbitants profess the Roman vogorod, situate on the Volga, GO ra. E. of No- vogorod. Long. 45. 44. E., lat. 5G. 10. N. yassalborougli, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me, on the K.-nnebec, 83 ni. .N. E. Portland. Pop. 2,7(11. I'assj, a town of France, department of Upper Marne, where, in 15C2, a bloody persecution of the protestants began, by order of the duke of Guise. It is seated on the Blalse,10 m. N. W. of Joinville. I'atan, a town in the department of Indre, 8 ra. N. W. of Issoudun. V'lUUa, a itea-port of the Morea, situate on a larire bay to which it gives name, 44 m. S. E. of Misitra. Long. 23. 2. E., lat 36. 38. N. Vaucluse, a depirtment of France, including the county of Venaissin and territory of Avignon. The superficial e-Xtent is estimated at 1,400 sq. m. with 210,000 inhabitants. It takes its name from the fountain of Vaucluse, 12 m. E. of Avignon, cel- ebrated by Petrarch. The chief town is Avignon. VaucouUurs, a town of France, department of Meuse, seated on the side of a hill, on the river Meuse, 23 m. S. E. of Bar le Due. Vaud, Pays de. See Pays. . Vaudemontj a town of France, department of Meurthe, 19 m. S. by W. of Nancy. Vaumile, a town in the department of Manche, on a bay to which itgives name, 9m. W. of Cher- burg. Vauzhale, a village in Surrey, Eng., seated on the Thames, over which is an elegant iron bridge, of nine arches, 2 m. S. W. of London. It is cel- ebrated for its gardens, which, as a place of public entertainment, are the finest in Europe. Vaypura, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, seated at the mouth of a fine river, down which much teak timber is floated. 7 m. S. of Calicut. Vecht, a river that rises in Westphalia, near Munster, crosses the counties of Stenfort and Ben- theim, and, entering Overyssel, passes by Ommen, Hasselt, and Swartsluys, below which it enters the Zuyder Zee. Veckt, a river of Holland, which branches off from the old channel of the Rhine at Utrecht, and enters the Zuyder Zee at Muyden. Vechta, a town and fortress of Germany, in the principality of Oldenburg, seated on a river of the ■ame name, 27 m. S. of Oldenburg and 35 N. N. E. of Osnaburg. Vedenskoi, a town of Russia, in the government of Archangel, situate on the Vokscha, 200 m. E. 8. E. of Archangel. Long 46. 44. E., lat. 58. 45. N. Vega, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the coast, 34 m. N, W. of Oviedo. Vega, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 32 IP. N. N.E.ofLeon. Vegayman, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 26 m. N. N. E. of Leon. Veglia, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia. It is 90 m. in circuit, rocky and badly cultivated, but produces wine and silk, and has small horses in high esteem. The town of the same name has a gooa harbour, a strong citadel, and is the see of a bishop. Lono-. 14. 56. E., lat. 43. 22. N. Vegliana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, seated on an eminence, near the river Doria, 12 m. N. W. of Turin. Veh, a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan, seated at the junction of the Setled00 bridges in Venice ; but most of them are only paltry single arches thrown over the canals. The kialto consists also of a single arch, but a very noble one, and of marble, built across the grand ca- nal, near the middle, where it is the narrowest ; this celebrated arch is 90 feet wide on the level of the canal, and 24 feet high. The beauty of it is impaired by two rows of booths or shops, which liivide its upper surface into three narrow streets. The view from the Rialto is equally lively and magnificent, the canal being covered by boats and !;ondola3, and flanked on each side by magnifi- '•ent palaces, churches, and spires. The patri- archal church of St. Mark, one of the richest and most expensive in the world, is crowned by five domes : and the treasury is very rich in jewels and relics. In the numerous churches and con- vents are the m.ist admirable paintings ; and in- deed Venice, highly renowned for valuable pain tintrj, far surpasses, in this respect, even Rome itself. The ducal palace, before the subversion of the republic, contained the apartments of the doge, halls and chambers for the senate and the different councils and tribunals, and an armory, in which a great number of muskets were kept, ready charged, that the nobles might arm them- selves on any sudden insurrection. The arsenal is a fortification of three ra. in compass ; before it was possessed by the French, it contained arms for ('iO,000 foot and 20,000 horse, arranged in an ornamental manner ; and 2,800 men were daily employed in building ships, casting cannons, making cables, sails, anchors, tfcc. The hand- some structure called II Fronlica di Tedeschi, con- taining 22 shops and 100 rooms, is that where the German merchants store tlieir commodities The bank of Venice is supposed to be the first of the kind in Europe, after the modi'l of which those of Amsterdam and Hamburg were estab- lished. In this city a famous carnival is held from Christmas till Ash Wednesday, in all which time libertinism reigns through tlie city, and thousands of foreigners frequent it from all parts of Europe- riie chief divisions are ridottos and masquerades ; and St. Mark's Place is the general rendezvous Venice is included in the provinces called the Uo- gado, and is 125 ni. N. N. E. of Florence and 140 E. of Milan. Long. 12. 23. E., lat. 45 27 N. Venice, Gulf o/.sl sea orgulf of the Mediterra- nean, between Italy and Turkey in Europe. It is the ancient Mrinlicum Mare, and is still some- times called the Adriatic Sea. There are many islands in it, and many bays or small gulfs on each coast. The grana ceremony of the doge of Venice marrying the Adriatic annually on Ascen- sion Day, by dropping into it a ring from his bu- centaur, or state barge, attended by all the nobili- ty and ambassadors in gondolas, was intermitted in I7i)7, for the first lime for several centuries. Venice, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 174 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 2.445 ; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on San- dusky Bay, 110 m. N. E. Columbus. Venlo, a strong town of the Netherlands, in Guelderland, and a place of trade for merchan- dize coming from the adjacent countries. In 1702 it surrendered to the allies, and was confirm- ed to the Dutch by the barrier treaty in 1715. It was taken by the French in 1794, but ceded to the allies in 1814. It is seated on the E. side of the Meuse, opposite Fort St. Michael, 12 m. N. of Ruremonde. Long. 6. 6. E., lat. 51. 22. N. Venosa, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, noted 95 as the birth-place of Horace , seated on the river Ofanto, 13 m. N. VV. of Acerenza. Venta dc Cruz, a town of Terra Firma, in the isthmus of Darien, seated on the river Chagre. Here the Spaniards used to bring the merchan- dize of Peru and Chile on mulea from Panama, and embark it on the river for Porto Belle, 20 m. N. of Panama. Venzone, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, situate on the Tagliamento, 18 m. K. N. W. of Friuli. Vera, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 24 m. N. N. E. of Almeriaand 80 E. of Grenada. Vera Cruz, a province of Mexico, comprising a considerable part of the eastern coast. It has an area of about 32,000 square miles, with 160.000 inhabitants. The soil of the lower grounds is abundantly productive, but the climate is so vari- ous that in the space of one day the traveller may pass from the regions of perpetual snow through all the intermediate temperatures to the suffocating heat of the plain near the sea, and within t/ie compass of a few miles the naturalist raav range through the scale of vegetation. Vera Cruz, a city and sea-port of Mexico, cap- ital of the above. The harbour is defended by a fort, situate on a rock of tlie island of St. Juar de Ulhua, nearly adjoining. This port is the natural centre of the treasure and merchandise of Mexico, and it receives much E. India produce by way of Acapulco from the Philippine Islands. The city is regularly built; its streets broad and strait, and its edifices constructed of Materials drawn from the bottom of the ocean — for no rock is to be procured in the neighbourhood. It is situated in an arid plain, without running wa- ter, and on which the N. winds blow with dreadful impetuosity from Ocluber to April, form ing vast hills of moving sand. People in easy circumstances drink rain water collected in cis- terns, and it is in contemplation to erect public cisterns wiUiin the precincts of the city ; but at pr'dsent the common people arc obliged to use wa- ter whioh preceeds from the filtration of the marshes, and which having been in contact with the roots of vegetables, is of very bad quality The Old Town, 16 m. to the N. VV., is famous on account of the landing of Cortez, with 500 Span- iards, when he undertook the conquest of Mexico. Vera Cruz is 200 m. E. S. E. of Mexico. Long •Jt;. 50. W., lat. 19. 5. N. Vera Paz. a province of S. America, in Guatema- la, bounded on the N. by Yucatan, E. by the bay and province of Honduras, S by Guatemala Pro- per, and W. by Chiapa. It is full of mountains and forests ; but there are many fertile valleys which feed a great number of horses and mules. There are also many towns and villages of the native Americans The capital, of the same name, is a bishop's see, but is inconsiderable. I' is 120 m. N. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 55. W lat 15. 30 N. Veragua, a province of Terra Firma, bounded on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by the prov- ince and bay of Panama, S. by the Pacific Ocean, and W. by Costa Rica. It is 125 m long and 4(1 broad, and is a mountainous and barren country, but abounds in gold and silver. St. .'ago is the capital. J'crberie, a town of France, department of Oise, on the river Oise, 10 m. N. E. of Senlis. VcrccUi, a city of the Sardinian States, in Pied- mont, capital of a lordship of the same name, and a bishop's see The townhouse. th» goveraot'« ■1 VI:; II 704 VEll palai-.e, and the liotpital, are handsome stiuclures. Thi; inhabitants, estimated at 20,000, an; chiotly I'liijiloyLiI in tlic manufacture of silk. It is seal- i-il at thi- conllux (if the CViva with the Cesia, 40 m N. K of Turin. Long. (?. 21. E, hit. 45. 31. N. Verrhotcnsk, a town of Russia, in the govern- nioiit of Irltutsk, seated on the Lena, 1211 m. N. of Irliutsk. Long. It).'). 35. K., lat. 54. 0. N. yircUiiliira, a town of Russia, in tin- govern- ment of I'erni, and a liishop's see. This was tlie first towrr the Russians built in Siberia. It is sit- uate near lire river Tura, 120 m. N. of Catharinen- burg. Long. 60. 15. K., lat. 5ti. 45. N. K(7-//f, Citpc, a protoontory on the W. C()ast of Africa, 145 m. N. W. of the mouth of the Gambia. Long. 17. 31. \V ,lat 14.44. N. ri:rdc hlumts, Ciipc, islands in the Atlantic, above 300 m. W. of the coast of Africa, between 13. and I'.l. N. lat. They were discovered in 144i>, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese in the service of I'ortugal, and received their general name from their situation opposile Cape Verde ■, but they are said to have been known to tlie ancients, under tile name of Gorgades. They are ten itr number, lying in a semicircle. The names arc St. Anto- nio, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicholas, Sal, IJon- avista. Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Urava. St. Jago is the principal. I'l-rttcii, a duchy of Hanover, 28 m. long and nearly as much broad ; bounded on the \V. and N. by the duchy of Bremen, and E. and S. by the ducliy of Lunenburg. Itconsists chiefly of hcatlis and iiigh dry lands ; but there are good marshes on the rivers VVeser and Aller. It was formerly a bishopric, which, at the peace of Westphalia, was secularised, and ceded to Sweden ; in 1712 it was taken by the Danes, who, in 1715, ceded it to the electoral liouse oi' Brunswick, which session was confirmed in 1718 by tire Swedes. The in- haliitants are Luliierans. I'crdiH, the capital of the foregoing duchy, con- tains four churclres, and is seated on a branch of the .Mler, 18 m. E. S. E. of Bremen. Long. 1). 20. E., lat. 52. 58. N. I'r.riluii, a strong town of France, department of Meuse, and a bishop's see. The citadel, which i.s a regular fortification, was constructed by Vau- ban, wlro was a native of this place. Besides the cathedral there are a collegiate church and nine parish churclies, and it is divided into the Upper, Lower, and New Town. Verdun surrendered to the l^russians in 17U2, but was retaken soon after. Here Bonaparte confined those Englishmen whom he detained aOer the rupture of 1803. It is seat- ed on the Meuse, 28 m. N. by E. of Bar le Due and 140 E. by N. of Paris. Long. 5. 23. E., lat. 49. 9. N. ^ Verdun, a town in the department of Saone-et Loire, seated on the Saone, at the influ.x of the Doubs, 30 111. E by. S. of Autun. Verdun, a town in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 20 m. N. N. VV. of Toulouse. Vcrca, a town of Macedonia, 48 m. W. of Sa- lonica. Vereria, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 5G m. W. S. W. of Moscow. Vergt.nnes, p.t. Addison Co. Vl. on L. Cham- plain at the mouth of Otter Creek. 21. m. S. Burlington. Pop. 999. This place has been in- corporated with city privileges. It has many iron foundries and mills, and manufactures of woolen. feriiiu, a town of Terra Firmn, in Cumana, celebMted for its tobacco. It is aituate on a gulf of the Atlantic, 45 ni. E. of Cumana. Long. G3. 44. W., lat. 10. 8. N. Vermanduis, a territory of France, in Picardy, I'iriniinton, a town of France, department of Yoniie, 14 m. S. S. E of An.\erre. l'ennejo,a. river which rises in Tucuman, on the borders of Peru, flows S. E. to the Paraguay, ami enters that river a little above its junction with the Parana. VrriDtlinn. a county of Illinois. Pop. 5,836. Danville is the capital. A county of Indiana.' Pop. 5,700. Newport is the capital. VermUiim.^yy. Huron Co. Ohio. 133. m. N. E. Cfdunibus. Pop. 505 ; p.t. Richland Co Ohio. 80 ni. N. E. Columbus. Pop, 1,451, Vivmunt, one of the New England Slates, bounded N. by Canada, E, by N. Ilampshire, S. liy Massachusetts and W. by N. Y. from which it is separated from the west part by Lake Cliam- plain. It extends from 42. 44. to 45. S. lat, and from 71. 33. to 73. 20. W. long, and contains- 111,212 sq miles. The eastern limit is wasludTiy the Connecticut, and the whole State is traversed from N. to S. by the Green Mountains, from which numerous small streams How East and West into Lake Champlain and the Connecticut. The chief of these streams are Onion River, Otter Creek, the Missisque, the Pasumsic, White Riv- er and West River. Lake Memphremagog lies on the northern limits of the State. A remarkable erii[)tion of oiu- fd' the small lakes of this state look place in 1810. Luns: Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, a mile and a half in length, and three fourths of a mile in width, was situated in the town of Glover in the N. part of the slate, and communicated l>v a small stream with lake Cham- plain. About 2'JO rods from Long Lake, was a smaller lake on much lower level, the outlet of which was Barton River, flowing in an opposite direction into Lake Meniplireniagocr. The land sejtnr.iting these lakes was a steep declivity. The water being low at the mills on Barton River, durinff the summer of 1^10, it was thought ad- visable to obtain a new sn|iply by letting out a. portion of the water of Long Lake into the lake beneath, by means of a trench down tlie interven- ing declivity. Accordingly, on the Gth of June, the people of the neighbourhood assenilded with tlieir tools, and began the work of cutting the trench, when on a sudden the lake burst its bor- ders, and poured with its whole mass down the descent, rushing with inconceivable velocity in an immense column, three quarters of a mile wide, and 80 feet in deptli, across the country 15 nvles into Lake Memphremagog. This furious torrent tore up in its course, rocks, hills and for- ests, sweeping away houses, mills, cattle, &c \ VER 753 roaring like thunder, and shaking the earth like a mighty earthquake. The inhabitants of Barton hearing the roar, looked up toward the lake, and beheld the torrent coining down upon them, bearing a whole forest upon its top. The cattle for many miles round, ran bellowing to their homos, and all tlie neighbouriiood were thrown into the greatest terror. No lives were lostj but a vast amount of damage was occasioned. — The winter begins here about the first of December, although the frosts appear as early as the first of September. From the first setting in, to the breaking up of the winter, there is scarce- ly any thaw. The winter continues till April. Snow storms are irt-fiueitt, yet little snow falls at a time : they come from all points of the compass except the East, and are generally over in a few hours. The cold is here more steady and uniform than in the other New England states. On the mountains, the snow is commonly three or four VER feet deep, and lies till the end of April. On the low grounds, it is from 1 to 2 1-2 feet in depth, and continues till about the 20th of March. The seven :it cold never kills the young trees, and the chilling easterly winds of spring seldom reach so far inland as to be felt here ; west of the Green Mountains they are totally unknown. Droughts are uncommon ; the crops more frequently suf- fer from tr.i much moisture. Durin? April and May the weather is mild with frrqnent showers. Throiia-]! the summer it is fair and serene. The wind at this season Is mostly from the S. \V. be- ing regulated by the direction of the mountains, and the shores of lake Champlain, The heat of the day is excessive, but the nights ar* ever cool and acrrceable. The soil is generally rich and loamy. On the borders of the rivers are fine tracts of interval land, which consists of a deep, black, alluvial deposit ; the.t!e are sometimes a mile in width, and are very productive in maize, grain, grass, and garden veo'etables. Tlie uplands are in many places scarcely infi'rinr to the intervals, and are in general suffieienlly free from stones to ad- mitofeasy cultivation. The hills and mountains which are nut arable on account of their steep- ness, or the rocks, afford the best of pasturage for sheep and cattle. There is hardly any part of the country Itetter adaijti-d to the rearing of hnrs- C.«», horned cattle and sheep, than the mountainous parts of this state. Wlicat is raised more abund- antly on the western side of the mountains, than on the eastern. Tho soil and climate of all parts are very favourable to the gmwlli nf the apple and other fruits. The greater part of the state is bet- ter fitted for grazinir. tlmn tillafrc. Iron is. abundant in (his state, and lead, zinc, copper and manganese are found in many places. Sulphateof iron.nrcoppprasis very pl^'ntiful. The best iron is fnnndal Peru in Ihe snuihern pnrt of the state, and has the highest reputation fur it« ductility and toughness. It is worked into chains, bolts, &.c. but the bed of ore having been much reduced of late, and the manufacture of iron increased, an inferior sort is now mixed with the Peru iron, by which its quantity has much de- teriorated, it is still, however, of high excel- lence. A quarry of fine marble exists in Middle- bury. Jt rests upon a bed of argiUite, and rises in many places above the surface of the ground. The marble is of various colors, and has been wrought ever since 180G. It is now in the pos- session of an incorporated company, and the ma- chinery fi>r sawing it is driven by water. At Swanton on lake Champlain in the N. is an inex- haustible quarr}', which covers an area of more than liOO acres. The marble is of a beautiful black, and sometimes of a bright blue clouded color. 100 saws are occupied at the mills in this town, in working it into various forms. On a small island in lake Memphrumagog, is a quarry of norarulitc, known by the name of Male sugar IB made in nearly every town and family in the state ; the averajjc quantity made by each fanninir family is estimated at 150 pounds, a- mounting to C million pounds a year. Pot and jjearl ashes, and iron are also manufactured in va- rious parts. There ore manufactories of copper- as from native sulphuret of iron at Strafford and Slirewsbury. The legislature of Vermont is comprised in a house of representitivos called the General As- seiulily. riiere is no senate; each town has one representative. The executive officers are a Governor, Lt. Governttr, and a council of 12, chosen annually liy general ballot: all resi- dents in the state of one year's standing are vo- ters. There is also a council of ccn.tor,'!, chosen every 7 years ; they are 1:5 in number, and hold their office for a year; their duty is to inquire whether the constitution has been preserved in- violate during the period preceding their appoint- iiieiit, and whether the leijislative and e.\ecutive brunches have done their duty, and to suggest al- terations in the ccmstitulion. The legislature meet at Montpelier in October. The Congrega- tionalists have 203 churches, and 110 ministers. Tlie Baptists 105 churches, and 5 S. of Moulins. I'ernon, a town of France, in the department of Euro, with a fortress at the end of the bridn-e over the Seine, 97 m. S. R. of Rouen and 42 "N. VV. of Paris. Vernon, a township of Windham Co. V't. on the Connecticut. .Pi>p. (ii^l. p t. Tolland Co. Conn. 12 in. N. E Hartford Pop 1, 1(14. p t. Oneida Co. N. Y. IS m. \V. I'tiea with manufac- lureg of glass. Pop. 15,045. also townships and villaoes in Sussex Co N J , Kent Co. Del ; Mont ^^f. gomery Co. Geo ; Clinton and TruiifbuU and Scioto Cos. Ohio ; Jenniogs Co. ind. ; Hickman Co. Ten. ; Anlaugo Co. Alab. Vcroli, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, seated on the Cosa, '.] m S. of Alatri. Vrrmia, a province of Austrian Italy, in the fovernnieiit of Venice, 35 m. long, and 27 broad. t is a very fertile country, abounding in corn, wine, fruit, and cattle. Verona, a city of Italy, capital of the foregoing province, and a bislmp's see. It has three forts, and is surrounded by thick walls, deep ditches, and good ramparts. The river Adige divides it into two parts, which communicate by four bridges. Most ()f the buildings are of marble, above 30 kinds of which are found in the neigli- bourhnod ; but the streets are neither clean nor straight ; the best is ihat called the Corso, which is firetty long, and there is a handsome square called the Piazza d' Armi. This city is famous for antiquities, the most remarkable of which is tho Roman aniphitlieatre, of which seven rows of benches of white marble are still entire ; but va- rious repairs have been made from time to lime. In the town house are the statues of five illustrious natives of \'erona ; namely, Catullus, j^milius Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny, and Vetruvius. Besides the cathedral there are a great number of churches and convents, and sev- eral hospitals. The palaces of Bevilacqua and Scipio Maffei contain many valuable paintings, antiques, and other curiosities. The principal trade arises from the manufactures of silk and woolen, and next to them are those of gloves and leather. Near the city is a delightful place, call- ed Campo Marzo, where two annual fairs are held in May and November. Verona has been often taken, and when Italy was invaded by the French, it was added to the kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it was ceded to Austria, and in 1822 the members of the Holy Alliance met here to deliberate on the affairs of Europe. It is 20 m. N. N. E. of Mantua and 54 VV. of Venice. Long. II. 18. E., lat. 45. 20. N. Pop. 00,000. Verona, p t. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Erie Canal. 120 m. \V. Albany. Pop. 3,730. Verorilza, a strong town of Sclavonia, seated near the Drave, G5 m. N. W. of Essek. Verrez, a t*wn of the Sardinian states, in Pied moiit, Willi a fortress so strong by nature as to be deemed impregnable. It is 15 m. S. S. E. of Aosta and 35 N. of Turin. Verriercs, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Neufchatel, The environs are celebrated for excellent cheese. It is G in. E. N. E. of Pontar- lier and 20 W. S. VV. of Neufchatel. Virsailles, p.v. Ripley Co. Ind. 45 m. \V. Cin- cinnati ; p.v. Woodford Co. Ken. 12 in. W. Lexington. Versailles, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Seine-et-Oise, and a bishop's see. In the reign of Louis X'lll. it was only a small village, in a forest 30 in. in circuit ; and here this prince built a hunting seal in I(j'30, which Louis XIV. enlarged into a magnificent palace, and it was the usual ri'sidence of the kings of France till 1789, when Louis XVI. and his family were removed from it to Paris. The buildings and gar- dens were adorned with a vast number of statues, by the greatest masters, and the water-works were magnificent. The gardens, with the park, are 5 m. in eircumfrrenee. and surrounded by walls. Versailles is 10 in. W. H. VV. of Paris. Long. 3. 7. E.. lat. 4.^. 4S, N. .VES 757 VIC Versetz, a town of Hungary, in Temeswar, and a Wshop's'see. It conUins some "'«nf"^^ ba'. racks, and near it are the ruins of a castle. 18 m. N.' of Vipalanca and 40 S. of Temeswar. Vershire, a township of Orange Co. Vt. fop. ^'Tersoix, a town of France, depa.tmenl of Aisne. Here, in 17C8, an attempt vvas made to form a harbour, in opposition to Geneva, and great sums were expended for that purpose ; but ft was soon after relinquished. It '^/f^^^d "' the lake of Geneva, at the '"fl% "^ ^l^^^ '7/ Versoix, C m. S. E. of Gex and 7 N. of Gen- '"^Knfus.a town of France, department of Marne, seated at the foot of a mountain on which are good vineyards, 17 m. S. W. of Chalons and 78 S. E, of Paris. >, , , J • ,1 Vcrma-s, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, which has a considerable traffic in cloth. It is seated on the We7,e, 4 m S W. of Limburg and 17 E. S. E. of Liege. t-ertins, a town of France, department of Aisne, famous for a treaty, in 1598, between Henry IV of France and Phillip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Serre, 40 m. N. E. of Soissons. Ver-uolo, a town of the Sardinian slates, in Piedmont, with a castle. It is surrounded by an ancient wall, flanked with towers, and seated in a very fruitful soil, near the Vratia, 3 m. b. ol Saluzzo. , . c A • redeti a town of France, department of Aisne, on the river Aisne, 10 m. E. N.E. of Soissons. Vesoul, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Upper Saone. In its vicmity is a medi- cinal spring. It is seated at the foot of a moun- tain, near tie river Durgeon, 24 m N. of Besan- con and lOG E. S. E. of Troyes. Long. 0. 3. E., lat. 47. 36. N. ^„ ... Vcsprin, an episcopal town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, with acastle. It is sealed on the Sed, 19 m. W^by S. of Stulilwe.s- seiiburg and 70 S. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 1 , . 57. E., lat. 47. 16. N. ■ r i. , 7 , Vesuvius, a volcanic mountain of Italy, 7 in. E. of Naples. It is nearly 30 m in circuit at the base, and about 3,700 feet high. Towards the sea it is covered with fruit-trees and vineyards ; but on the S. and W. sides, and on the top, nolhin" is to be seen but black ashes, cinders, and stones. The top of Vesuvius is divided into two points, the southernmost of which is calW Montde Somma. The eruption in the year /9, mder Titus, %va3 accompanied by an earthquake, which overturned several cities, particularly Pom- peii and Herculaneum ; and this eruption proved fatal to Pliny the naturalist. Great quantities of ashes and sulphureous smoke were earned not uiily to Rome, but also beyond the Mediterra- nean, into Africa; birds were suffocated in the Pir and fell down upon the ground; and fishes nfrlshed in the neighbouring waters, winch were made hot, and infected by it. Another very vio- lent eruption, in 1631. totally destroyed the town of Torre del Greco. The eruption in 1767 was the 27lh from the time of Titus, since which there have been 11 others, the last of which was in 1819. Next to those in 79 and 1631, that of 1794 was the most violent and destructive. In this eruption the lava flowed over 5,000 acres of rich vineyards and cultivated lands, and the town of Torre del Greco was again destroyed ; the lop of the mountain likewise fell in, and the crater is now little short nd m. in circumference. Vr.iidre,ii town ofFrance, department of Allier, on the river AUier, 17 m M. \V. of Moulins. yevay, a town of Switzerland, capiUl of a bail- iwic in the Pays de Vaud. The principal inanii- facturc is hats ; it ho,') a large trade in cheese, and its wine is in great estimation. It stands near the lake of Geneva, 10 m. E. by S. of Lausanne. Lonte,nlown in the department of 1 ny lie Dome, with a palace, where formerly the counts of Auvergne resided. About a mile Irom it are mineral springs. It is sealed near Ihe AI- lier, 15 m. S. E. of Clermont. Viccgrad, a town of Hungary, with a easlle on the lop of a rock, in which the crown of Hungary was formerly kept. It is seated on ihe h side of the VIE 756 VIE Danube, 8 ra. S. E. of Gran and 10 N. W. of Buda. V'uenia, or f'icentino, a delegation of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice, Ho m. lonj; and *27 broad, and so pleasant and fertile that it is called the garden and flesh-market of Venice. Here are also mines of silver and iron, and quar- ries of stone, almost as fine as marble. tVctnra, a city of Italy, liie capital of ilie fore- going province, and a bishop's see. It is witliout walls, but is a large place, adorned with about 20 palaces from the designs of Palladio, who was a native of this place. Tfte cathedral is embellish- ed with marble, and has some good paintings ; be- sides which there are above GO other churches, and in that of St. Corona, the high altar, and the . painting by Paul Wronese of tlie Magni, paying adoration to Christ, attract particular notice. In the fine square before the town-hou.'^e are two lofty colums, with St. Mark's winged lion on one of them, and on the other a statue of our Saviour. The other remarkable places are the Monte della Picta with its fine library, the Palazzo Vecchio \vith its admirable i)aintings, tlie Tlientrum Olvm- pieum after the model of the amphitheatre of Pal- ladio, and the triumphal arches in the public promenade of Campo Marzo. The principal manufactures are silk, damask, and taffeta, about 4 m. from the city on a mountain, is the churcli Delia Madonna di Monte Berrico, which is much frequented by pilgrims, and has a fine frontis- piece, with a convent close by Vicenza is seated in a fertile plain, between two hills, at the union of the rivulets Bachi^lione and Rerone,22m. E. of Veronea and !.''>. W. of Venice. Long. 11. 4fl. K.,lat. 45. 2a. N. I'icliy, a town of France, departmiiil of Allier, near which are some mineral springs. It is seat- ed on the Allier, 40 m. S. of Moulins I'ichsburg, p.t. Warren Co. Mississippi, nn the Mississippi, CO m. N. E. Natcliez. It lias a brisk trade in the exportation of cotton to New Orleans by steamijoats. The town is very picturesquely built on the slopes of several high liills. Vieo, a town of iNaples, in Priufipato Citra, near the bay of Naples. •') m. i\. E. of Sorento. Vico, a toWn of C'orsica, in wiiirh is the cathe- dral of the bishop'of Sagoua. a town now in ruins. It is 15 m. S. W. of CortoandSOS. ofCalvi. J'icovaro, a town in the Ecclesiastical stales, in the district of Sabina, seated near the Teverone. 10 m. N. E. of Tivoli. Victor, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 218 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,2G5 i'ictory,a township of Essex Co. Vt. 45 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 53 ; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,810. ViiluUa, p.v. Concordia Parish, I.ou. on the Mississinjii opposite Natchez. Viellehurough, p.v. Caroline Co. Va. I'iehhf a tow.n of Russia, in the government of Vologda, situated on the Vogado, I^tlm. N. N. E. ofVolog<:.\. Long. 41. 45. E., lat. (11. 40. N. Vifjinn. a city of Lower Austria, the capital of lite empire, and nn archbishop's see. It stands in a fertile plain, on the right bank of the Danube at the infiux of the Utile river \'ien. Tlie cilv itself is not of great extent, nor can it be enlarged being limited by fortifications ; but it is very pop- ulous. The streets in general are narrow, and the houses high ; but there are several fine squares. and in that called Joseph Square is a colossal equestrian statue in bronze of Joseph II. Some of the public buildings are magnificent ; the chief of lliem arc the imperial palace, the palaces of the princes Litclilenstein, Engene, &.C., the imperial chancery, the extensive imperial arsenal, the cil- arsenal, the mint, the general hospital, the town house, the custom-house, the bank, the library and the museum. No houses without the walls are allowed to be built nearer to the glacis than 000 yards ; so that there is a circular field of that breadth all round the city, which has a beautiful and salutary effect. The eight suburbs are not populous in proportion to their size, for many nouses have extensive gardens. The circumfer- ence of the city and suburbs is upwards of 18 m. Many families, who live during the winter within the fortifications, spend the summer in the su- burbs. The cathedral is built of freestone, and the steeple contains a bell of uncommon magnitude, cast out of the cannon taken from the Turks. Ad- joining to this church is the archbishop's palace, the front of which is very fine. Vienna was in- effectually besieged by the Turks in 1580 and Hi8li. At the latter period the seige was raised by John Sobieski, king of Poland, who totally de- feated tile Turkish army. The university h.nd several thousand students, who, during the seige mounted guard, as they did also in 1741. The archducal library is much frequented by foreign- ers, as it contains above 1,000,000 printed books, and 12,000 MSS. The archducal treasury, and a cabinet of curiosities of the house of Austria, are great rarities. The Danube is here very wide, and contains several woody isles, one of which is the prater, or imperial park ; it also forms a sort of harbour, where are magazines of naval stores, and ships have been fited out to serve on that ri- ver against the Turks. The trade of Vienna is in a flourishing state, and it has manufactures of silk stuffs, gold and silver, lace, tarestry , looking- glasses, Ac. In l.?05 this city surrendered to the French, but was given up by the peace of Pres- burg. In 180ft it again surrendered to the French, but they again restored it on the conclusion of Peace. In 1830 it experienced a .severe calamitv ; allrr a frost of 118 days a thaw set in on the 2(Ith of February, and about midnight on the ai-'lh the ice broke and inundated the dwellings of TjO, 000 inhabitants, many of v.hoin were drowned, together with a great number of horses, rows, pigs, &c. In 18.31 it was united by the pestilen- tial cholera, and suffered severely. It is 50 m. W of Presburg, 330 N. N. E. of 'Rome, and 570 E. of Paris Long IC. 16. E . lat 48. 13. N. Pop. 2.00,000. f'ienva, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 722; p.t. Oneida Co. NY. Pop. l,76ti; p.t, Dorchester Co, Md. and a port of entrv, on Nanticoke Riv- er ; p.v Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop. 010; p.v. Johnson Co 111. and Davies Co. Ken. ; p.v. Abbe- ville Dis. S. C. and Clarke Co. Ind. I'ininr, a town of France, department of Isere, and an archbishop's see. In the 5lh centurv the Burgundians mjde it the capital of their kingdom. The cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure. In 13II a general council was held here, at which I>ope Clement V. presided, and among other mat- ters, the suppression of the Knight Templars was determined. The commerce of Vieiine consists in wines, silk, and sword-blades. It is seated on the Rhone, 15 in. S. S. E. of Lyons and 38 N. W. ' of Grenoble. Long. 4. .50. E., lat. 4,5. .32. N. J'inmr, a department of France, formed of part of the province of Poitou, and bounded N. by the department of Indre-et- Loire, and S. by that of Charente It takes it*? name from a rive^ VIL 759 VII, vluch riKS in the deparlmenl of Curt«e and flo'v-s inti, the Lo.re 5 nl. above Sau.nur. Po.Uer. " \tnne'! Upper, a department of France com- 'sing the greatler part of the provmce of L.mo- II Liinojies is the capiUl. . . „ , , „, , i'lcrradel, a town of Prussia, m Brandenburg .itedonthe Vesle, near its conflux with the .MPr,22m. E.S. E.of Prenzlo. I'ierzon, a town of France, department of t-her, \inou3 for its forges. It is sealed on the Cher, :.oar the influx of the Yevre, 17 m. N. W. of Jiourges. . , I'icsti, a town of Naples, in CapiUnaU. seated on tlie .rulf of Venice, in the place called the Spur of the Boot, and at the foot of Mount Gargano, '-.-, m. N. K. of Manfredonia. Long. IG. 40. fc.,- •^'- '♦'■Jl- N. , , », u 1 J yiet, St., or St. VUk, a town of the Netherlands, m Luxcmburir, near the source of the Uren, 24 111 S. S. E. of Limburg and 43 N. of Luxem- l"irg- - « , Viiran, a town of France, department of Uard, ■>2 m' W. S. W. of Alais and 38 W. N. W. of Nisines. Vigevano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the prov- ince of Milan, with a strong castle on a rock ; seated near the Tesino, 16 m. S. W. of Milan. Fio-no(,a town of France, departmentof Meuse, on the river Meuse, 16 m. E. of Bar le Due and aiS. S. E. of Verdun. I'iao, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, situate on 5. bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on an eminence and an old castle. It has a good har- bour, into which, in 1702, the English and Dutch fleet forced their passage, and made themselves masters of the Spanish plate-fleet, when just ar- rived from America. In 1719 the English obtain- ed possession of Vigo, but relinquished it after raising contributions. It stands in a fruitful coun- try 14 m. W. N. W. of Tuv and 47 S of Com- postella. Long. 8. 40. \V., lat. 42. 14._N. Vigo, a county of Indiana. Pop. 5,737. Terre Haute is the capital Viliiers. a town of France, department of Maineet Loire, 20 m. S. of Angers, and 2l) W. by S. of Saumur. Vilaine, a river of France, which rises in the department of Mayenne, passes by Vitre and Ren- nes, divides the department of Morbihan from that of Lower Loire, and enters the Bay of Bis- cav below Roche Bernard. 'Villa dr. Conde, a town of Portugal, in Enlre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the Ava,20 m. N. of Oporto. Villa de fjorta, the capital of the island of Fay- al, one of the .Azores. It is seated on the W. coast, and has a harbour, landlocked on every jide except the E. and N. E.. and defended by several forU. Long. 28. 41. W., lat 38. 32. N. Villa d'Iglesias, a town of the island of Sardin- ia, and a bishops see, 35 m. W. S. W. of Cag- liari. Villa Flor, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes, 28 ra. S. by \V. of Braganza. Villa Franca, a sea-port of Sardinia, in the county of Nice, wiUi a castle and fort. The har- bour is capacious, and the mountains which en- close it extend into the sea like promontories. It was taken by the French in 1705. by the French and Spaniards in 1744, and by the French in 1792. Of late years it has become the resort of con- sumptive invalids in preference to Nice It is 3 m. E. of Nice. Villa FraiiM, a town of Portugal, in Estrcma- dura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Villa Franca, a town on the S. coast of bt. Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a fort and other works. Opposite this place, half a mile from the shore, is a small island, which has a basin with a narrow entrance, where 50 ves- sels may anchor in security. It is 10 m. E. by N. of Punla del Guda. Long. 25. 30. W, lat. 37. 50. N. ^ c • Villa Frarua de Panades, a town of hpain, in CaUlonia, 18 ni. W. by S.of Barcelona. Village Green, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa. Villaae Springs, p v. Blount Co. Alab. Villa llcrmosa, a town of Spain, in Valencia, near the river Millas, 58 m. N. of Valencia. l^tlla Ucrmosa, a town of Me.iico, in the prov- ince of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, (K) m. S. W. of Tabasco, and 70 N.E. of Chiapa. Long. 94. 5. W., lat. 17. 45. N. . Villa Joiosa, or Joysa, a town of Spain, m Va- lencia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 18 m E N. E. of Alicant and 24 S. of Gandia. Villa Nora d.isli, a fortified town of the Sar dinian states, in Piedmont, 14 ra. W. of Asli. ViUa .Vova de Cerrera, a town of Portu^l, in Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the Minho, near its mouth, 27 m. N. W. of Braga and 45 N. of Oporto. ... J . ,. Villa .Yota ds Portimao, a fortified sea-port 01 Portugal, in Algarva, on a river which forms a spacious and secure harbour, defended by two forts. It is 9 m. E. N. E. of Lagos and 42 VV by S. of Tavari. Long. 8. 27. W.,lat. 37. 12. N. Villa yora de Porto, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Douro, op- posite Oporto (on which it depends) and defended by several forts. . Villa .Vara de Principe, a town of Brazil, in Rio Janeiro, situate near the diamond mines, 130 ni. W. of Porto Seguro. Villa Real, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes, seated at the conflux of the Corjo and Ribera, 12 m. N. by E. of Lamegoand3SS. E.of Braganza. Villa Real, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, near the Manjares,40 m. N. N. E. of Valencia. Villa Real, a town of Brazil, in the province of Spiritu Santo, 150 in. W. by S. of Spiritu Santo. Villa Rira, a town of Chile, on the lake Mala- bangen, 60 m. N. E. of Valdivia. Villa Viciosa, a town of Spain, in Asturias, seated on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. E. of Oviedo. V'dla Vicosa, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with an old castle, and a palace where the dukes of Braganza formerly resided. In the suburb is an ancient temple, originally built to the honour of Proserpine ; and in the neighbour- hood are quarries of fine green marble. It is 12 m. S. W. of Elvas and 33 N. E. of Evora. Villach, a town of Austrian lUyria, in Carinthia, with a castle. Near it are medicinal baths. It is seated at tbe'conflux of the Geil with the Drave, 16 m. W. by S. of Clagenfurt Villaine, a town of France, department of May- enne, 16 m. E. by N. of Mayenne. Villamiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, 48 m. a. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Villarino, a town of Spain, in Leon.on the river Douero and confines of Portugal, io ra. W. N. W. of Salamanca. vm 760 VIR Villcdicu, a town of F'rance, depiirtinenl of Loir- ct-Cher, 20 m. W. S. W. of Vendoinc. Villedieu, a town in the department of Manche, 8 m. N. N. E. of Avranches. yillffort, a town in tlie department of Lozere, Iri m. K. of Mcnde and 19 N. of Alnis yUlrfranrlic, a town in the department of Rhone, Burroiinded by walls, and seated on the Saone, 18 m. N. by ^V. of Lyons. VUhfranclic^ a town in the department of East- ern Pyrenees, with a f'»rt ; seated on the river Tel, 25 m. W. S. W. of Ferpiffnan. Vilhfrancke, a town in the department of Avei- rnn, wi(h a jrreat trade in linen cloth; seated on liie Aveiron, 20 m. W. of Rodez. ViHefraiic/ie, a town in the department of Upper Oarnnne, on the canal royale, 22 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Villtjuirr, a town in the department of Paris, 4 m. S. of Paris. Vit/t'movt, p.v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. ViHemiir, a town in the department of Upper (larnnne, seated on the Tarn, 12 m. N. N. E. of Toulouse. VlUcna, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a castle, formerly of great strength. In the neigh- bourhood is a morass, from which salt is made. It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Almanza and 50 N. by E. of Murcia. ViUenenve,ti town of France, department of Lot- ct-Garonne, on the river Lot, 17 m. N. of Agen. Villeneut>c,tL town in the department of Gard, on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with which it comnmnicates by a bridge, 21 m. E. N. E. of Nisnies. Villencutr, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Pays de Vaud, situate at the E. extremity of the lake of Geneva, 3 m. from the influx ol the Rhone and 14 E. S. E. of Lausanne. rUlencuve de Berg, a town of France, depart- ment of Ardcche, 13 m. S. of Privas. Villcrs Cotcrets, a town in the department of Aisne, 12 m. S. W. of Soissons and 44 N. E. of Paris. yillingen,& town of Germany, in Baden, strong by nature on account of the surrounding moun- tains and narrow passes. Here is a Benedictine abbey, and in the vicinity is a good bath. It is 20 ni. E. by N. of Friburg. J'llsccli, a town of Bavaria Franconia, near which are several foundries. It is seated on the Vils, 20 ni. N. of Amberg. rUshofcn, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 1745 tlio .'Vustriajis took it by storm. It is situate on the Danube, at the influx of the Vils, 11 m. W. by N. of Passau. I'il oordrii , a town of the Netherlands, in S. Brabant, with an ancient castle; seated at the confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne, 7 ni. N. N. E. of Brussels. l-'imir.iro,a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 12 m. W. by N. of Estremos. Viiniera, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 30 m. N. of Lisbon. Vimiosa, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- ies, 15 m. W. N. W. of Miranda ftid 17 S. E. of Braganza. Vincennes, a town of France, in the department of Paris, remarkable for its castle, which for three centuries was the country residence of the royal family. 3 m. E. of Paris. Vincenncs, p.v. Knox Co. Ind. on the Wabash, 136 m. N. W. Louisville and 150 m. above the mouih of the Wabash. It was settled by the French from Canada in the early part of (lie last century, and was formerly the seat of the territe rial government. The river is navigable to this place for steam-boats the greater part of the year. Pop. 1,800. iinccnt, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. Vincentuwn, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 20 ni. E. Philad. Vincent, Cape, St., the S. W. promontory of Portugal, 25 m. W. by S. of Lagos. Long. 9. 0. W., lat. 37. 3. N. Vincent, St., one of the Windward Caribbee Islands, in the W. Indies, 24 m. long and 18 broad, and about 70 m. W. of Barbadoes. It is extreme- ly fertile, and well adapted for the raising of sugar and indigo ; and here the bread-fruit trees brought from thrive Otaheite remarkably well. The origi- nal inhabitants were Caribs, a warlike race, m.in- ifestly distinguished from the aborigines of the larger islands. They are conjectured to have been originally a colony from N. America, their fierce manners approaching nearer to those of the original natives of that continent than they do to that of S. America, and their language also having some affinity to that spoken in Florida. In their wars they preserved their ancient practice of de- stroying all the males, and preserving the women either for servitude or for breeding. St. Vincent was long a neutral island ; but, at the peace of 1763, the French agreed that the right to it should be vested in the English. The latter, soon after, engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the wind- ward side of the island, who were obliged to con- sent to a peace, by which they ceded a large tract of land to the crown. The consequence of this was, that, in 1779, they greatly contributed to the reduction of this island by the French, who, how- ever, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French landed some troops, and again instigated llie Caribs loan insurrection, which wa; not subdued for several months. It was almost desolated in 1812 by an eruption of Ihe Soufirier mountain, which had continued quiet for nearly a -century before. Kingston is the capital. Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verde Islands, 12 m. long and three broad and uninhabited. On the N. vV. side of it is a good bay, where ships may wood and water, and wild goats may be shot Long. 25. 30. W., lat. 17. 30. N. Vincent, St., a town of Spain, in Asturias, seat- ed on the Bay of Biscay, 9 m. W. by S. of Saii- tillana. Vineyard, a township of Grand Isle Co. \'f. Pop. 459. Vingorla, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour, belonging to the British. About 10 m. to the W. N. W. are some rocks in the sea, called Vincrorla Rocks. The town is situate near the mouth of a river, 25 m. N. N. W. of Goa. Long. 73. 27. E,, lat. 15. 51. N. Vintimiglia, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, with a small harbour, and a strong castle on a high rock. It is seated on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta. 20 m. N.E. ofNice and24S. W. of Oneglia. Long. 7. 37. E., lat. 43. 53. N. Vipalatica, or Vj Palanka, a town of Hungary, in Temeswar, with a fortress. It stands on the Karass, near its entrance into the Danube, 42 m. E. of Belgrade and 58 S. of Temeswar. Vire, a town of France, department of Calvados with several manufactures of coarse woolen cloths. It is seated on the the Vire, 30 m, S. E of Coutances and 150 W. of Paris VIR t6\ Virgd, p.t. Cortlaad Co, N. J^IO™. S. Homer and 154 W. Albany. Pop. .5,U14. Vir^m U?e,a cape of Patagonia at the en- tranelorthe ^tr'a.t of Magellan ; so - 'ed hy Ma- gellan, because he discovered '""the feast of St. Ursula. Long. 67. 54. W., lat. 52. 23. b Virgin Gorda, or Spams > town one of the Vir- gin Islands in the W. Indies. I has two good Karbours, and is defended by a fort. Long. 64. 0. W., lat. 18. 18. N. Virain Islands, about 30 islands and keys in the W Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico, and the Leeward Carribee Islands. They are possessed by the English and Danes. In the first division, belonging to the English, is Tortola to „hich b;ion5 %st Van Dike, Little Van Dike Guana, Buel^and Thatch Islands. In the second divison is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Anega- da Nicker PFickly Pear, the Muskitos, the Com- inanoes, &c. Of the Danish Islands, tlie princi- pal are St. .Thomas and St. John. Virnnia, one of the United States ; bounded N bvOhio, Pennsylvania and Maryland : L. by Maryland and the Atlantic; S. by S__ Carolina and Tennessee and W. by Ohio and Kentucky. It lies between 30. 40. and 40- 43. N . lat. and 7o.2o. and 83. 40. W. long. It is the largest state m tlie union being 370 m. in length, and'200 in breadth. It comprises 64,000 sq. m The Apa achain chain from Pennsylvania, passes through the slate, southwesterly into N. Carolina and Tcnnessee^_ The most easterly ridge is known by the name ol the Blue Ridge. On the west, the Laurel Moun- tains and Chesnut Ridge extend fr..in Pennsylva- nia and terminate in this stale. The Cumberland Mountains lie between Virginia and Kentucky. The Alleghany ridge is continued from Pennsyl- vania ; there are other ridges as Greenbnar, North Mountain, Broad Mountain, Back bone Jackson River Mountain, Iron Mountain, and Great Flat Top. The loftiest summits are the Peaks of Otter, in the Allegliany ridge, which are 3 103 feet above the level of the sea. llus state is watered by a great number of rivers, among which may be mentioned the Potomac, Rappa,. hannoc, York, James, and Staunton, east of t he Mountains ; and the Ohio and Kanawha to tlie W The outer half of Chesapeak Bay lies in this state, and by its depth and extent, and the numerous fine rivers which it receives, is of the hifhest use for navigation. Most of the large towns are situated at a considerable distance up the rivers. Norfolk has a good harbour, in I he southern part of the bay, near the mouth of the James The embouchure of this river forms a spa- cious haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads were formerly open, but strong fbrtifications have rendered their entrance impracticable to an ene- my The shores are low and flat. A peninsula VIR about CO m. long, and from 10 to 15 wide, lies on the eastern side of the Chesapeak, and is bordered toward the sea by a string of low, sandy isleU. The waters of the Chesapeak enter the sea, be- tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry, forming a strait 15 m. in width. From the vast extent of this state, and the va- rieties of its surface, we should of course be led to expect a great diversity of climate. In the Atlan- tic country, east of the Mountains, the heats of summer are long and oppressive, the spring short and variable, and the winters extremely mild, tlie snow seldom lying more than a day after it has fallen. Droughts in summer and autumn are Ire quent The people have sallow complexions, from the heats of summer, and bilious diseases in au tumn. On the mountains, the air is cool and sa lubrious,and the inhabitants are tall and muscu lar, with robust forms and healthy countenance! Fires are here used during five months ot the year The heat of summer during the day is con- siderable, but tlie nights are always cool. On the western side of the mountains, the climate is cold- er by some degrees than in the same parallel ol latitude on the coast. The valley ol the Ohio is exceedingly hot in summer, while m winter, the river is frozen so as sometimes to be passable for two months together. The autumn is dry temperate, and healthy, with the most beautllul weather. From tlie Atlantic coast to the head of tide water on the rivers, the country is low, flat and marshy, or sandy ; this meagre soil is cover- ed with pines and cedars; but the banks of the rivers are loamy and rich, and the vegetation in those parts, luxuriant. This territory is alluvial, and exhibits marine shells and bones every wht re beneath the surface. From the head of tide wa- ter to the Blue Ridge, the land begins to rise, and becomes stony and broken; the soil lies on a stratum of stiff, reddish clay, and is much superior to the Lowland country. In the valley between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany, we come to a limestone country ; here the soil lies upon a bed of that rock, and is very fertile, particularly in grain and clover. In some parts the soil is chalky. The western piirt of the state, or that part which lies between the mountains and the Ohio, has a broken surface, with occasional fertile tracts, but the soil is generally lean. .. .... The most remarkable natural curiosities in this state are Weier's Cave, the Rock Bridge, or Nat- ural Brido-e over Cedar Creek, and the passaged the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Harper s Ferry —all of which see. In the mountainous and western parts, there is abundance of iron ore, with lead and coal. Gypsum ot the best quaJity is also found in the same region. In the eastern part between the Potomac and James rivers, gold has lately been discovered near the surface and considerable quantities have been obt^ned by washiiLT the earth. Since the year 18^, the gcdd niTnes of Virginia have attracted attention. The belt of country in which they are found ex- tends through Spotsylvania, and some neighbour- inT counties. In 1830, about 24,000 dollars val- ue" of gold from Virginia, was coined at the mint of the United States. Almost every part of the state, west of the mountains, abounds in salt sprin.'s. Among the mounUins, are also a great number of minertl springs. The Warren Springs, near Green Valley, in §ath county, .h-ve a tern- perature of 96. The Hot Springs, '» 'he same neighbourhood, have a temperature of 11^. 1 beie and several others are visited by invalids. via 7fSi Via This sUte is ilivi.li'il into 10:1 omintirs, rompris- f a wilhin tu-i) (iistricls, Uie KasU-rn and Wcsteni. Tlie peculation is 1,^11,^72, of wliom 'Ifi!»,7-^.) arc slaves. Richmond is the capital. Tlip other large towns are Norfolk, IVtershurrr, Fredericks- hnrg. Lynchbura-, VViUianishur!; and York, all which are on the eastern side of the mountains. WheelinjT, onlhe Ohio, is the largest of the ■.vest- em towns in the stile. Viririnia lias been chiefly distinguished for the culture of tobacco, altlKHigh wheat and maize receive a good share of attention ; these three articles constitute the chief exports of the stale. The cullivalion of tobacco has considerably fallin off within a few years, and the land in many cyses, has been neglected in consequence of the e.\haustion of the soil. Ma- ny tracts in the eastern parts, formerly devoted to tillage, are now abandoned and overgrown wilh pines. AgriculUiie in general, may hv pro- nounced in a b.ickward state in Virginia. Kast of the mountains, the labour is almost°wliolly per- formed by the slaves, and this portion of the slate appears to be declining in wealth. West of the mountains, slave labour is less relieil upon, and the country is improving in its condition. 'The imports into this state for J.-'2!1, omounled to 31(5,- 352 dollars; !lie domestic produce e.\ported, to J,7b3,4'J3 dollars ; total exports, 3,787,431 dollars. Ihe etrolled and licensed shippinir in Jt28 amounted to U7,302 tons. Tile manufactures con- sist chiefly of iron and salt. The salt works, on the Kanahwa, produce about 2,000,0011 bushels of salt yearly. .\t Harper's Ferry, is a manufac tory ot muskets, employed principally for the United Stales. The legislature consists of a Senate and House ol Kepresenlatives. Tlie senators are ?,'> ■ they are elected by districts, and hold their office four years, one quarter of their number beinT renewed every year. The representatives are chosen year- ly, these elections are made rira voce, and not as 111 other slates, by ballot. The governor is elected for three years, by the two branches of the legislature, and is eligible but once in C years 1 here is a council of ihree, chosen like the'Gov- ernor , the senior counsellor is Lt. Governor. Tlic right of voting conies very near to universal suf- ftage. Clergymen are ineligible as legislators. No legislative provision can be made for?eli'S vUlages. It was a third time bur,ie7and ruined by the troops of tlie emperor ^ fJ(™ I' Francois, ^io^-n of France, depart- „en f Marue, built by Francis I. af.er the de- Sruction of ^itry 1<= "rule by tlie emperor Charles V'" I has a gre^at trade in corn, and issea ed on the Marne, 15 m. S. E. of Chalons and 100 E. of ^"nucanr a town of France, in the department of Cote Tor, seated on the river Brame, among the mountains, where tliere --1-"'- "f^-"" ble 12 in S. E. of Semur and 2/ W. of Dijon. iiuod,, a town of Spain, capital of the prov- ince of A aba, in Biscay. It is surrounded bv double walls, Lnd the large streets are borcle^ed with trees. In the P""7P^''/1"r,n !in t has liouse, two convents, and a fine foun aim It has a great trade in hardware, particularly in s vord- blfdes, which are made here ,u large quantities, nt seated on an eminence at llie end ol a^.lam lertilc in corn and grapes, 32 m. b. L. of Bilbao and 155 N. of Madrid . Long. 2.38. W. lat. 42 45. N. Vkarez, a territory of France, in the N. -... part of Languedoc, on the banks of the Rhone, now forming the department of Ardeche. Vivero, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Vi- vero or Landrova. which flows into the Bay of Biscay. 22 m. N. W. of Mondonedo. Viriers,^ town of France, department of Ar- deche, seated among rocks (on one of whi«h the cathedral is built) on tlie river Rhone, 16 m. S. by E. of Privas. Vladimir. See Volodimir. I'liihnd, an island of the Netherlands, about H m. lonn-and 3 broad, situate at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee, 5 in. N. of Texel. Vialirra. a province of the Sardinian states, ad- jacent to Austrian Italv, comprising an area of 100 square miles, with 110,000 inhabitants. The soil is fertile in corn and wine, and much Bilk 19 produced. , ,. , . Voahcra, a town of Italy, capital of the above province, and a biidiop's sec. The chief manu- facture is that of silk. It is seated on the Siafio- ra, rt m. N. E. of Tortnnc. . rwrlabrurh.a town of Austria, on the river Vo- gel, 2^ m. N. E. of Salzburg and 38 S. W. of "r'w, a town of France, department of Meusc, 16 m. E.S. E. of Aar leEuc. Vovrdand, a circle of the kingdom of Saxony, adioiningthat of Erzgcbirge, comprising an area of 700 smiare miles, with 100,000 inliabitants It is very hillv, and abounds in wood ; but tue valleys afford plenty of corn, and pastures that feed "great numbers of excellent cattle. Plauen is tlie capital. , , ,. r. Vol"tsbfrrr, a town and citadel of Saxony, in Voigtfand. 5 m. S. by. E. of Plauen. foiTtsbcr>r. a town of the Austrian Sates in SliriaT seated on tl,c Kainach, 18 m. E. by S. of 'valiclnwric, or VolkcnmarU, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 17 m E. by S. ofCbgenfurt. Volrr.nn. one of the most considerable of the Li- nari Islands in the Mediterancan, lying S. of the sland of Lipari, from "■hi<^''/t i^^^^Pf^^f ■''7,5 deep cl.Huuel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and is a volcano in the form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke on y. VolcanrJln a small volcanic island in the Mediterranean, between that "f I/ip^n and \ olum. Voh'ii. a river of Russia, whicli lorms part ot tbe bmiudarv between Europe and Asia. It has its source in" two smalllake... in tlie government of Pleskof, about HO ,n. W. of Tver, begins to be navicr.ihle a -ew in. above that town, and is there au.rimnled by ihc influx of Ihe Tverza. It wa- lefs seme of the finest provinces in the Russian empire passes by Yaroslaf. Kosfro.na, Nishnei, Novo.;on,d, Knsa],, Simbirsk. Saratof Tzaritzm and A^stracan, and enters the C.-aspian S>ea,by sev- eral mouth,. This i^supposed to be th. lar^es river in Europe ; and by means of it, the river Tverzi" and a' canal thence to the Neva, Ore, e is a navi-able communication between the Caspian and 130 broad! bounded on 'l'^/". '>' ,,f tn^-' E. by Kiof, S. bv Podolia, and W. bv the Kin plains, watered by a great numbe. ..1 i.ver.. VOL 761 VUL follenhovcn, a town of the Netherlands, in Overysscl, with a castle ; seated on the Zuyder Zee,8 ra. S. W. of Steenwich and 12 N. \V. of Zwoll. Vohnar, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga, on the river Aa, (Kl in N K. nf Aiga. Vulnctj, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. 180 m. N VV. Alhany. Pop. 3,G2;). Volo, an ancient town of Greece, in Thessaly, with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, and al- most ruined, in la^iS, by the Venetians. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, where there is a good harbour, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa. Long. 28. 55. K.,lat. 39.21. N. Vohdimir, or Vladimir, a government of Rus- sia, firmerly a province of the government of iVIoscow. it contains an area of 19,500 sq. m. with about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. The soil is extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumer- able swarms of bees. I'olodimir, Ihe capital of the foregoing govern- ment, seated on the Kliasma, no m. K. by N. of Moscow. Vologda, a government of Russia, divided into the two provinces of Vologda and Ustiug, and comprising an area of 140,000 sq. m. with about (560,000 inhabitants. It is a marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted fur its fine wool. Vologda, the capital of the above province and an archbishop,8 see, has a magnificent cathedral, several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The principal trade is in hemp malting, leather and, tal- low. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Volog- da, whicli flows into the Sukhona, 257 m. N. hy E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 40. E , lat. 59. 20. N. Volsk, a town of Russia, in the government of S.iralof, situate on the Volga, 76 m. N. E. of Sa- ratof Vulta, a river of Guinea, which separates the Gold Coast from the Slave Coast, and enters the Atlantic Ocean. Vollaaio, a town of the Sardinian Slates, in the territory of Genoa, 15 ni. N. by W. of Genoa. Voltrrra. a walled town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Tuscany, containing several anticpiities. It is the see of a bishop, and is seated on a moun- tain, 30 m. S. S. W. of Florence and 38 S. E. of Pisa. Vollri, a town of the Sardinian States, in the territory of Genoa, near which the Austrians were defeated by the French in I'iHi. It is m. \V of Genoa. Vullurara, a town of Naples, in Capitana- ta, 20 m. W. of Lncera, and 2.5 N. E. of Na- ples. Vulturno, a river of Naples, which rises in the Appennines, passes by Isernia and Capua, and enters the gulf of Gaieta. Voluntown, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. 1,304. ' Vulmc, a town of France department of Puy de Dome, near which are immense quarries, which furnish materials for the building of the adjacent towns, and for the statues in the churches. It is 6 m. N. of Clermont. Voorheusvillr , p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Voorn,a.n island of tlie Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, between two mouths of the Meuse, 20 ra. long and 5 broad. This island, with Goree and Overslackee, form the territory called Voornland which anciently belonged to Zealand. Briel is the capital. Vorden, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Osnaburg, 20 rn. N. N. E. of Osna- burg. Vordon, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, where a toll is collected from ships going up and down the river. It is 15 ra. S. S. W. of Culm. Voringrv, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Hohcnzollern, 10 m. S. E. of Hohenzol- lern. Voronez, a government of Russia, bordering on the Ukraine, which it resembles in climate, soil, and productions. It comprises an area of 31,000 sq. m. with about 800,000 inhabitants. Voroncz, the capital of the above government and an archbi.shop's see, is seated on the river Voronez, near its junction with the Don, 230 m. S. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 14. E., lat. 51. 36 N. Vosges, a department of France, including the S. E. part of the former province of Lorrain, so called from a chain of mountains, formerly cover- ed with wood, that separates this department from those of Upper Saone and Upper Rhine. It has an extent of 2,400 sq. m. with 340,000 inhab- tants. Epinal is the capital. Vuughine, p v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. Vouille, a village of France, department of Vienne, where Caovis gained a battle in 507 against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, which ex- tended the French empire from the Loire, to the Pyrenees, 10 m. W. of Poitiers. t'ouria, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, 30 m. W. by S. of Smyrna. I'nu-lckang, a city of China, capital of the province of Hou-quang, and the rendezvous, as it were, of all the commercial people in the empire. As every branch of trade is carried on here, its port, on the Kian-ku. is always crowded with vessels, the river being sometimes covered with them to the distance of two leagues. The beau- tiful crystal found in its mountains, the plentiful crops of fine tea, and the prodigious sale of the bamboo paper made here, contribute no less to make it famous than the continual influx of stran- gers. ItisG55m. S of Pekin. Long. 112. 25. E, lat. 30. 30. N. VouzierSjO. town of France, department of .Ar- dennes, seated on the river Aisne, 32 m. E. N. E. of Kheims. Vriezen-Veni, a town of the Netherlands in Overyssel, 20 m. E. by S. of Zwolle. Vokovar, a town of the Austrian states,in Scla- vonia, with a manufacture of silk, seated on the Danube, at the influx of the small river Yuko, which divides it into two parts. 21 m. S. E. of Eszek. Vullurara, a town of Naples, in principato Ul tra, 65 m. N. E. of Naples. WAl 768 WA. w WAAG, a river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian mountains, flows by Leopoldstadt, and joins tlie Danube below Comorn. IVaal, a river of the Netherlands, being the S. branch from the Rhine below Emmerick. It flows W. through Gelderland, passes by Nimegu- en, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcum, and joins the Meuse at Briel. IVtthask, a river of the United States, in Indiana, which rises near some lakes to the W. of Lake Erie, and taking a S. S. W. course of 400 m. enters the Ohio 100 m. above the confluence of that river with the Mississippi. It is navigable for 340 m. and approaches within 9 m. of the navigable waters of Lake Erie. iVabiisk^ a county of Indiana. Elk Heart Plain is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,109. Mount Carmel is the capital. Wachenheim, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine,.17 m. S. S. W. of Worms. Warhtcrshack, a town of Germany, in Wattera- via, with a castle, in which the count of Isen- burg-Wachtersbach resides. 20 ra. E. N. E. of Hanau. Wachusett, a mountain of Massachusetts in Princeton, Worcester Co. It is a detached emi- nence at a distance from any range of mountains and is 3,000 feet in height. fViuldinaton, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 250 m. N. W. Albany. I^ailesborougk, p.\ . Anson Co. N. C. 20 m. W. Fayetleville. IFillIng K(Ber, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. Jfadstena, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, with a castle built by Gustavus Vasa in 1544, and inhabited by his son Magnus, who was insane. It is sealed on the lake Wetter, 46 m. W. of iXordknping. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 58. 98: N. ' iradsworth,fX. Madison Co. Ohio, 110 m. N. E. C.>lumbus. Pop. 965. jyageningen, a town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, with a good trade in cattle and tobac- co. It is seated on the Rhine, 12 m. W. of Aren- heim. JVnaram, a town of Austria, 14 m. N. N. E. Vienna. Here Napoleon gained a splendid victo- ry over the Austrians July, 6, 1809. Wahren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Macklenburg, seated near the lake Calpin, 12 m. S of Malchin and 27 W. N. W. of New Stre- filz. /rrti'ih'ngen, a town of Germany, in the king- dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Rems, 7 m. E. N. E. of Stuttgard. IVaiilkovcn, Bairisch, a town of Austria, on the river Ips, 23 m. S. W. of St. Polten. tVuidhorfv, Bohmiscli^ a town and castle of Aus- tria, on the river Teya, 10 m N. N. W. of Horn. Wiiuhliorounh, p. v. Callaway Co. Ken, 203 m. S. W. Frankfort. IVairatz, or Vaigatch, an island and strait be- tween Nova Zembla and Russia. Long. 93. 30. K . hit. r.O. 30. N. /(Viin/7f<«,atown in Lincolnshire, Eng. 131 m. N. by E. of London, W'aitsfiehl, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop, 958, IVaitzen, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see. A large annual fair is kept here. It has fre- quently been taken by the Turks, and was burnt by them in 1085. It is situate on the Danube, 98 m. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 19, 15, E.. lat. 47. 45. N. WakitomilM, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 60 m. N E, Columbus. (Faie, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,417 Raleigh is the capital. Waktfield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here are considerable manufactures of woolen cloth and stuSs, and a hall for the sale of the goods ; al- so a free grammar-school, which has several ex- hibitions to both the universities. It is situate in the heart of a rich and fertile district, 29 m, S W, of York and 178 N. N W. of London. rroAe^cW, a township of Straflbrd Co, N. H 50 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,470. Wake Forest, p. v. Wake Co. N. C. Wakulla, a small river of W. Florida, running into the Gulf of Mexico. The Wakulla Foun- tain which is the source of this river, is a larje basin of water like a small lake, and so deep that it has been sounded with a line of 250 fathoms without reaching the bottom. The water is of a light blue color and almost as transparent as air. It has almost the coldness of ice water, even in the hotest of summer, and bubbles up from the bottom like a cauldron of boiling water. This spring is 12 m. from Tallahassee and 20 from the Guff of Mexico. IValaclua, province of Turkey, 175 m. long and 125 broad ; bounded on the N. by Transylvania, E. by Moldavia, S. by the river Danube which separates it from Bulgaria, and W. by Hunuarv. It is watered by numerous rivers, abounds in good horses and cattle, has mines of several kinds and produces wine, oil, and all manner of Euro- pean fruit. One of the most remarkable able animals of this country is the Strepsiceros or Walachian sheep. Its area is estimated at 38,000 square miles ; its population at 800,000, It was ceded to the Turks by the treaty of Belgrade in 1739, It is governed by a hospodar or prince who is a vassal of the empire, and holds his sovereignty by a flrman of the grand signior. Bucharest is the capital. Walchcrcn, an island of the Netherlands, tlie principal one of Zealand, and the most westerly, at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 9 m. long and WAL 7CC 8 broad, and being low is subject to iuundations, but has good arable and pasture lands. Tliis isl- and was taken by the Britisli in July IS(1!I, vvith a view to the destruction of the ships and arsenal at Antwerp ; but a number of untoward eironn- otances first rendered the principal object of the expedition abortive, and then the pestilential na- ture of the island, at that particular season of the year, obliged tlie British to relinquish every ad- . vanlaire they liad gained. The capital of this island, and "of the whole province, is Middle- burc;. Walcour, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Namur, which was entirely destroyed by fire in 1615; seated on the Heura, 27 m. S. VV. of Namur. Walilbnrg, a castle of Germany, which givos name to a county, between tlie Danube and the Her. It stands on a mountain, 7 m. N. of Wan- gen and 38 S. by W. of Ulm. IValdfck, a prmcipality of (Jermany, ".iO miles lonj and 24 broad ; bounded on the E. and S. by Hesse-Cassel, W. by the Prussian province of Westphalia, and N. by the principality of Pader- born. It consists of two counties, Pyrniont and Waldeck, the latter containing 4'31 sq. ni. with 40,000 inhabitants, the former 31 sq. m. with 10,000 inhabitants. The country is mountainous and covered with woods : and has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver, and alum. It'aldeck, a town of Germany, in the county of the same name, with a c:istle, sealed on the Steinbach, C m. S. E. of Corbach. Walden, or Saffron Waldcn, a town in Essex, Eng. 42 m. N. by E. of London. IValdcn, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 74 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 827. p. v. Orange Co. N. Y. 85 m. S. Albany. Here are large manufactures of broad-cloth, flannel and cotton. Waldniliurs, a town and castle of Saxony, sit- uate on the Muldau. The old town, on the op- posite side of the river, is famous for its brown and white earthern ware. It is 12 m. N. N. E. of Zwickau. Waldcnburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the principality of Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle on a mountain, m. E. by N. of Ohringen. IValdenlicim, a town of Sa.>cony, with an ancient monastery, now converted into an orphan house and house of correction, in which various manu- factures are carried on. It is situate on the Kschopa, 30 m. S. E. of Leipzig. ll'uJdmunclicn, a town of Bavaria, on th« river Schwarza, 32 m. E. S. E. of Aniberg. (CuWo, a county of Maine. Pop. 29,700. Bel- fast is the capital. A town in Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 534. Waldoliorough, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 22 m. E. Wiscasset. It has a good harbour and is a port of entry with a considerable coasting trade in lumber and lime. Pop. 3,113. Waldassm, a town of Bavaria, near which is a rich Cistertian abbey, the abbot of which was formerly a prince of the empire. It is 44 m. N. N. E. of Amberg. Wttldshut, a strong town of Baden, in the circle of Wiesen, one of the four Forest Towns; seated on the Rhine, at the entrance of the Black Forest, 19 m. W. S. W. of Schaffhausen. Waldstadt^ a name given to the Swiss cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. It signifies Forest Towns ; these cantons containing a great number of forests. For the Waldstadt of Baden, see Forest Towns. WAL m ll'iildstadler 6'cc, or Lake of the Four Cantons, one of thr finest lakes in Switzerland. It con^ sists of tliroe principal branches, called the l^akes of Ijucein, Schweilz, and Uri. The npper hrancli, or lake of Lucern, is in tlie form of a cross, the Bidi'S of which stretch from Kussnatchl to Dul- h-nwal, a village near Stiinlx. It is bounded to- wards the town by cultivated iiiIls,sIopin;^ jjradii- nlly to the water, contrasted on the opposite side by an enormous mass of barren and crai^^y rocks ; Mount Pilate, one of the higiiest mountains in Switzerland, rieinj^ boldly from the lake. To- wards the E. of this branch, the lake contrni *; into a narrow creek, scarcely a mile across. Su-n aAer it ag-ain widens, and forms tlie second branch, or lake of Schweitz ; on the W. side the c;in(rtM of Underwalden, on the E. thdt of Schweitz. Here the mountains are more lofty, and infinitn- ly varied ; some covered to the very summits with verdure, others perpendicular and craorgy. Near Brnmen commences the third branch, or lake of Uri, which takes a S. E. direction. U is deep and narrow, about miles long, and bor- dered on both sides by rocks uncommonly wild and rojuantic, with forests of beeeh and pine growing down their sides to the very edge of llie water. The river Reuss flows through this lake. Wales, a principality in the W. of England, 150 m. long and 80 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Irish Sea, W. by that sea, and St. George's Channel, S. by the Bristol Channel, and E. by the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It has an area of 5,'"-^00,000 acres, contained in 1821, 717,438 inhabitants, and sends 24 members to parliament. It is divided into N. and S. Wales, each containing six counties, namely, Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery, in N. Wales ; Brecknock, Cardigan. Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Radnor, in S. Wales. It is the country to which the ancient Britons fled, when Great Briton was invaded by the Saxons. Tliey are now called Welsh, and continue to preserve their own language. They were long governed ll^^' independent kings, till in the reign of Edward I.^ their last prince, LlevvelHn, being vanrjuishid and slain in the year 1983, the country was uni- ted to England. The natives submitted to Ilie English dominion with extreme reluctance ; and Edward, as a conciliatory means, promised to give them for their prince a Welshman by birth, and one who could speak no other language. This notice being received with joy, he inveslrd in the principality his second son, Edward, then an infant, who had been born at Carnarvon. The death of his eldest son, Alphonso, happening soon afler, young Edward became heir also of the English monarchy, and united both nations under one government; but some ages el.ipscd before the animosity which had long subsisted between them was totally extinguished. Friiin the time of Edward II. the eldest son of the king of England has always been created prince of Wales. The general aspect of the counlry is bold, romantic, and mountainous, consisting of almost continued ranges of lofty mountains and impending craggs, intersected by numerous deep ravines, with extensive valleys, and affording endless views of wild mountain scenery. Agri- culture is in a backward state, but the soil is by no means barren, producing all the necessaries of life ; the cattle and sheep are numerous, but small, and it is particularly famous for goats. It is watered by many rivers, the principal of whicJi WAL 767 WAL and other particulars, are noted in the different counties. Wales, J^ew South, a name given to tlie E. coast of New Holland. It was first explored by captain Cook, in 1770 ; and a design was formed, in consequence of his recommendation, to settle a colony of convicts at Botany Hay. Captain I'liilip, being appointed govenor of the intended settlement, sailed from Portsmouth, in M.ay, 17fi7, with a detachment of marines, and 778 convicts, of whom 220 were women. He arrived at Bota- ny Bay in January, 1788; but, subsequently, finding this bay very ineligible for a colony, he fixed upon Port Jackson, about V^ m. further to the N., and here a settlement was begun, to which he crave the name of Sydney cove. With respect to the country, a vast chain of lofty mountains, al)nut (iO miles inland, runs nearly in a N. and S. direction further than the eye can reach. Tho general face of it is diversified with gentle risings and small winding valleys, covered, for the most part, with large spreading trees, which afl'ord a succession of leaves in all seasons ; and a variety of flowering shrubs, almost all new to a European, hut of little fragrance, abound in those places which are free from trees. The climate appears not to bedisanrccable ; the heat is never excessive in summer, nor the cold intolerable in winter : storms of thunder and lightning are frequent. During the summer months, December, January, and February, the mean heat is about SO degrees at noon, but it is greatlj' mitigated by a regular Seabreeze. In the inland districts, to the E. of the mountains, the climate is about 5 degrees colder. The soil possesses every variety, from the sandy heath and the cold hungry clay to the fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. In the interior a rich loam, resting on a substratum of fat clay, several feet in depth, is found even on the tops of some of the highest hills, which in general are not less fertile than the valleys. The alluvial lands on the banks of the Nepean and Hawkesbury arc of the greatest fertility, being a rich vegetable mould many feet in depth, formed by depositions from these rivers during their inun- dations. Wheat and maize are extensively culti- vated by the colony, and barley, oats, rye, &c., are also raised. Every species of culinary vege- table known in Britain is produced in New South Wales, and many of them attain a superior de- gree of perfection, though a few also degenerate. The fruits are excellent and of great variety : or- anges, peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, pears, plums, pomegranates, raspberries,strawber- ries, melons, &,c., attain the highest degree of maturity in the open air ; while the pine apple may be produced by the aid of the common fore- ins glass. The price of provisions is however liable to great extremes, in consequence of the inundations of the Nepean and Hawkesbury, which sometimes destroy, in a moment, the brightest hopes of the farmers. The native quad- rupeds arc principally of the opossum kind, of which the most remarkable is the kangaroo. The native dogs are extremely fierce, and can- notbe brought to the same degree of familiarity as those with which we are acquainted. There are also weasels and ant-eaters, with that singu- lar animal the duck-billed platypus, in which Uie jaws of a quadruped are elongated into the com- plete bill of a bird. Horses and cattle have been introduced, and their increase throughout the col- ony has been very rapid. There are many beau- tiful birds of various kinds; among which the principal is a black swan, its wings edged with white, its bill tinged with red ; and the ostrich or cassowary, which frequently reaches the In-igh'. of seven feet or more. Several kinds of serpeiils. large spiders, and scolopendras, have also been met with ; and three or four species of ants, par- ticularly green ants, which build their nests up- on trees in a very singular manner. There are likewise in"ny curious fishes; though the finny tribe seem not to be so plentiful here a.s they gen- erally are :n higher latitudes. Some sharks have been seen in Port Jackson ; and in the rivers and salt creeks there are alligators. The Aborigines of New S. Wales are repr,'> sented as, perhaps, the most miserable and savage race of men existing. They go entirely naked ; and, though pleased at first with some ornaments that were given them, they soon threw them away as useless. It does not appear, however, that they are insensible of the benefits of clothing, nr of some of the conveniences of which their new neighbours are possessed. Some of them, wlinm the colonists partly clothed, seemed to be ph'ased with the comfortable warmth they derived from it ; and they all expressed a desire for iron tofds. The color of the natives is rather a deep cli'ico- late than a full black ; but the filth with wliich tiieir skin is covered prevents its true color from appearing. Their hair is generally clotted with a red gum, and they paint themselves with va- rious colors ; they will also sometimes ornament themselves with beads and shells, but make no use of the beautiful feathers of their birds. Most of the men want one of the fore teeth in the up- per jaw, which appears to be a badge of honour among them, and it is common for the women to cut off two joints of the little finger. Of the cultivation of the ground they have no notion, nor can they be prevailed upon to eat our bread or dressed meat. Hence they depend entirely for subsistence on the fruits and roots they can father, and the animals and fish they catch, 'hey frequently set fire to the grass, in order to drive out the opossums, and other animals, from their retreats, and they have been observed to set decoys for quails. As all these resources must be precarious, it is no wonder that they are frequently distressed for provisions. Thus, in the summer, they would eat neither the shark nor the stingray, but, in winter, any thing was acceptable. They sometimes bake tiieir provi sions, by the help of hot stones, like the inhabi- tants of the islands in the Southern Ocean, but more frequently eat them raw. Among the fruits used by them is a kind of wild fig ; and they eat also the kernels of a fruit resembling the pine- apple. The principal part of their subsistence, however, is fish. They sometimes strike the fish from the canoes with spears, sometimes catch them with hooks, and also make use of nets, which are generally made ofthp fibres of the flax plant, with very little preparation, and are strong and heavy : the lines of which they are composed being twisted like whipcord. Some of them, however, appear to be made of the fur of an ani- mal, and others of cotton. Their hooks are made of the inside of a shell very much resembling the mother-of-pearl. Their canoes are nothing more than large pieces of bark tied up at both ends with vines ; and, considering the slight texture of these vessels, the dexterity with which they are managed, and the boldness with which they ven- ture out to sea in them, are wonderful. Their huts consist of pieces of bark laid together in the WAL, 768 WAL form oPan oven, open at one end, very low, but long; enough for a man to lie at full length ; but they seem to depend more for shelter on the caverns with which the rocks abound. They possess a great power of imitation ; they can imi- tate the songs and language of the Europeans almost instantaneously, much better than the latter can imitate theirs by Ion;r practice ; and this talent is discernible in tlieir sculptures, every where to be met with on the rocks : these repre- sent men and other animals, and, thcugh rude, are very surprising for peoi)le who have not the knowledge of constructing a comfortable habita- tion, or of making clothes. In person, they are active, vigorous, and stout, though generally lean. The women have sometimes been kept back with the most jealous sensibility, sometimes offered with the greatest familiarity. They have soft and pleasing voices ; and seem not to be destitute of modesty. Tiie men display great personal bravery on the appearance of any danger; but, with all their courage, tliey are much afraid of a musket. They certainly burn their dead ; which perhaps, has given rise to the story of their being, cannibals. They seem very little given to thiev- ing, in comparison with the inhabitants of most of the islands in the Southern Ocean ; and they are very honest among themselves, leaving theirspears and other implements on the beach, in perfect security of their remaining untouched. They are very export at throwing their javelins, and will hit a mark at a considerable distance. Their number seems to be small, in comparison to the e.\'lent of the country. The settlements of the British in New S. Wales at first extended only along Port Jackson and the Hawkesbury River; but they have since pene- trated into the interior of the country. For a long period the Blue Mountains formed an impassable boundary to the E., but a carriage road has now been constructed across these mountains, to the distance of upwards of 100 m. ; and the popula- tion is spreading in the valleys beyond them. In 1817 and 1818 two e.tpeditions were fitted out to explore the course of the Lachlan and the Mac- quarrie to their termination, which was found to be in extensive swamps. The principal settle- ments ill this quarter, besides the town of Sydney, which is the capital of the colony, are Paramatta, Windsor, Bathurst, and Liverpool. There is also a small settlement in the district of Coal River, about 60 m. northward of Port Jackson, where the town of Newcastle is situated. This is the place of transportation for criminals from Botany Bay, and contains about 500 of these incorrigible offenders, besides free settlers and troops. The population of the whole colony is supposed, at present, to amount to nearly 50,000. /(Wc5, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. G12; p.t. Erie Co. N Y. 20 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,500. Walet, the capital of Bergoo, in Negroland. It is 100 m. N. by W. of Sego and 270 W. by S. of Tonibuctoo. Long. 3. 0. W., lat. 15. 45. N. Waldkeim, p. v. Caldwell Co. Ken. Wnlhof, a town of Russia, in the government of Courland, near which the Poles were defeat- ed by Gustavusking of Sweden, in 1626. It is 34 m. E. of Mittau. Walker, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. Wallcertown, p. v. King and Queen Co. Va. IVallabout, a bay on Long Island opposite New York, with a Navy Yard of the United States. Wallajapetta, a populous and well-built town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, which is the em- porium of the trade between th« country above the Ghauts and the sea-coast. It is seated on the N. bank of the Paliar, nearly opposite Arcot, 63 m. W. by S. of Madras. WallenbuTg, a town of Switzerland, in the can ton of Basel, with a castle on a high rock ; seated on the ErgetJ, 12 m. S, by E. of Basel. Walletistadt^a. town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of St. Gall. It is a great thoroughfare for merchandise passing from Germany, through the country of the Grisons, to Italy, and stands at the E. end of a lake of the same name, 'J m. W. of Sargans and 15 N. W. of Coire. WalUnstattt, a lake of Switzerland, 10 m. lonT and 2 broad, bounded by high mountains, except to the E. and W. Through this lake flows the Mat, which soon after joins the Lintli, and forms the river Limmat. WaUerstein, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, 6 m. S. W. of Oettinwen. Wallersvlllc, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind. IVallingford, a borough in Berkshire, Eng. 46 m. W. London. WaUingford, t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,740 ; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 13 m. N. N. Haven. Pop. 2,419. WaUkill, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 65 m. N. N. W. New York. Pop. 4,056. IVahiey, an island of England, on the coast of Lancashire. It is 9 m. long and 1 broad, and serves as a bulwark to the hundred of Furness, against the waves of the Irish Sea. IValnut,towns in Fairfield, Pickaway and Gallia Cos. Ohio. Walnut Grove, p.t. Kenhawa Co. Va. ; Cabarraa Co. N. C ; Spartanburg Dis. S. C. ; Mercer Co Ken.; Montgomery Co. Ten. lyalnut Hill. pv. Jefferson Co. Illinois. Walpack, t. Sussex Co. N.J. Walpo, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a coun- ty of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the river Walpo, 20 m. W. of Essek and 110 S.of Buda. Waljiole, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the Con- necticut 14 m. N. W. Keene. Pop. 1,979; p.t. Norfolk Co. Maes. 18 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,442. Walterboro, p. v. Colleton Dis. S. C Walsall, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. with manufactures of hardware. In the neighbourhood are valuable lime works. 115 m.N. W. of London Walsham, JVorth, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 123 m. N. N. E. of London. Walsinaliam, a tovin in Norfolk, Eng. 113 m. N. N. E. of London. Walsrode, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Lunenburg, with a convent of nuns of noble ex- traction ; seated on the Bohme, 15 m. E. by S. of Verden. Wallenhuch, a town of Germany, in the king- dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Aich, 10 m. S. by W. of Stuttgard. Waltershausen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, with manufactures of cloth , seated on the Horsel, 6 m. S. W. of Gotha. WaUham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles river, 11 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,859. Here are some of the largest cotton manufactures in the United States, they are chiefly of shirting and sheeting ; between 2 and 3 millions of yards are made yearly. There are also at this place man- ufactures of machinery and bleacheries. WaUham,e. township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 330. WAR 769 WAR WuUham Abbey, a town ii> Essex, Eng. with a market on Tuesday. It derives its name from a magnificent abbey, founded by king Harold, some fragments of which remain. 12 m. N. by E. of London. Waltkdm, Bishop, a town of Hampshire, Eng. Co m. W. by S. of London. Wahhamsloio, a village in Essex, Eng. 5 m. N. E. of London. IValur, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a castle, and manufactures of cotton clotli and coarse blankets. It stands in a fertile country, 20 m. E. by 1\. of Bangalore. Wanditoash, a town of Hindoostau in the Car natic, noted for a victory obtained by the British over the French in 1700. 27 m. S. of S. E. Arcot and 38 N. N. W. Tonderchcrry. Wandsworth, a, village in Surrey, Eng. with manufactures for bolting cloth, the printing of calicoes, and kerseymeres, and the whitenning and pressing of stuffs ; also oil, iron, and white lead mills, vinegar works, and distilleries. In Garret Lane, near this place, a mock election was formerly held, afler every general election of par- liament, of a Mayor of Garret ; to which Foot's dramatic piece of tiiat name gave no small celeb- rity. It is seated on the Wandle, near its conflu- ence with the Thames, 5 m. W. S. W. of Lon- don. iVandfrled,B. town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- sel, situate on the Werra 15 m. W. of Mulhausen and 3tiS. E. of Cassel. Wangara, a fertile country of Negroland, lying to the S. of Bornou. It is watered by the Niger, which here divides into several branches. Gha- nara is the capital. Il'angen, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg, with a great trade in wine, fine paper, linen, and hart^vvare. It is seated on the Overarg, 18 m. N. E. ofLindau and 21 W. of Kempton. Wangen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, capital of a Bailiwic. It is seated on the Aar, lOm. E. of Soleure and 23 N. N. E. of Bern. Wangen, a town of France, department of Low- er Rhine, seated on the side of a hill, and sur- rounded by a wall, 12 m. W. of Strasburg. Il'anlockhead, a village of Scotland, in Dum- frieshire, to the northward of Sanquhar, and near the load mines. It has a considerable number of smelting-houses. Wanstead, a village in Essex, Eng. 6 m. N. E. of London. Wantage, a. town in Berkshire, Eng. 60 m. W. of London. Wantage, a township of Warren Co. N. J. Wwdzencau, a town of France, department of Lower Rhine, 6 m. N. of Strasburg. Wantzlcben, a town of Saxony, in the govern- ment of Megdeburg, 12 m. W. S. W. of Magde- burg. Wara, a town of Negroland, capital of the coun- try of Bergoo. 320 m. S. S. E. of Bornou. Long. 25. 25, E., lat. 15. 30. N. Waranglc, a ruinous town of Hindoostau, the Arinkill of Ferishta, once the capital of Golcon- da. The »ite of it is still evident from the old ramparts, which are amazingly extensive. A modern fortress is constructed within it, and is in the possession of the nizam of the Deccan. C2 m. N. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long. 79. 30. E., lat. 13. 6. N. Warbtrg, a sea-port of Sweden, in Holland, with a castle at the mouth of the harbour, on a rock turrounded by water. It is seated near tlw Cate- 97 gat, 34 m. S. S. E. of Golhburg. Long. U. 56. E.,lat. 57. 12. N. Warburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Dy- mel, 17 m. S. S. E. of Paderborn. Ward, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 50 ra. S. W. Boston Pop. too. Warde, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 15 ra. N. of Ripen. Wardien, Great, a strong town of Hungary, cap- ital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. The town itself is not large, but has three suburbs of very considerable extent It was taken by the Turks in lOUO, but the A us trians retook it in lti92. It is seated on the Keres. 1 17 m. N. E. of Peterwardein and 150 E. S. E. of Buda. Long. 21.50. E., lat. 47. 5. N. Wardehi, Little, a strong town of Croatia, cap- ital of a county ofthe same name, seated on the Drave, 34 m. N. by E. of .\graiu and 50 S. E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 55. E., lat. 40.40. N. Wardhuijs, a sea-port of Norway, capital of a district of its name. It stands on a small island of the same name, near the continent, and has an old fort, where the governor resides. 120 m. E. S. E. ofthe N. Cape. Long. 31. 7. E., lat. 70. 23. N. /rarrfiAoro«wA,p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1,148. Wardsbridge, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. Ware, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 70 ra. W. Boston, with large manuf^ictures of cotton and woolen. Pop. 2,045. Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, 21 m. N. by E. of London. Warte, a town of Guinea, capital of a country of its name, in the kingdom of Benin, 70 m. S. S. W. of Benin. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 5. 38.N. Warcham, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 112 m. W. by S. of London. Wareham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 39 m. S. E Boston. Pop. 1,885. Here are manufactures of cotton. Warcndorf, a fortified town of Prussian. West- phalia, in the government of Munster, with good linen manufactures; seated on the Ems, 12 m. E. by S.of Munster. Wnrha, a town of Pol.and, iu the palatinate, of Masovia, on the river Pisa, 45 m. S. by E. of Warsaw. War/iworth, a town in Northumberland, Eng. 5 m. S. E. of Alnwick. Warminster, a town of Whiltshirc, Eng. 96 m. W. by S. of London. Warminsier, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.; p. v. Kel- son Co. Va. Warm Spring, Buncombe Co. N. C. ; p. v. Warm Spring Co. Arkansas, on a small creek flowing into the Washitaw. Here are some tepid eprings ofa medicinal quality. Warm Spring, a county of Arkansas, Pop. 458. Warm spring is the capital. Warncmvnde, a town of Germany, iu the grano! duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 9 m. N. N. W. of Rortock. Warner, p.y. Merrimack Co.N. H. Pop. 2,221. Warnersrille, p. v. Hardeman Co. Ten. Warnelon, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, 8 m. N. W. of Lisle. Warren , a county of New York. Pop. 11,795. Caldwell is the capital. A county of the W. Di». of Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,800. Washington is the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. 10,916. Warrenton is the capital. A county of Georgia. Pop 10,846 Warrenton is the «api- vv;.ii 770 WAS Ul A couiily of Ohio. Pop. 21,493. Lebanon is tlie capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. lU, 947. Bowling Green is the capital. .A county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 15,:i5l. Mc.Miniivilie is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,8(il. Vicksburg is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 2,r!.")4. Willianisjioi t is llie capi- tal. A county of Illinois. Pop. :JI17. Warren is the capital. ly'arren, p.t. Lincoln ('.i. Mc. :M) ni K. ca«set. Pop. 2,0;)(l. p.t Grulton Co. N. II. 702; p.t. Bristol Co. R.I. 12 m. S. K. dence. Pop. I,-iO(); p.t. Litchfield Co. Pop. !I8J; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. Wis- Pop. Provi- Conn. 2.nf;.|. Towns in Somerset Co. N. J ; Warren, Bradford and Franklin Cos. Pa. ; Trumbull, JeH(?rson, Bel- inontj Tuscarawas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Warrr.nxbura^ p t. Warren Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Caldwell. Pop. 1, nil. Warrenslnirrr, p.v. Green Co. Ten. tt'/irrimifville, a township of Cuyaho^ra Co. Ohio. Il'iirretilon, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va ; Warren Co. Geo ; Warren Co. Mississippi. H'arrfustoitn, a township of Somerset C8. Me. p.v. Ji-fferson Co. Ohio. Il'iirrirli, a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,073 Boonville is the capital. JViimngton, a tovTnship of Bucks Co. Pa. A township of Y'ork Co. Pa. Warriiujton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with manufacturef of muslins, velveteens, canvas, col- ton, checks, hardware, pins, and glass, and a con- siderable traffic in malt. 18 m. E. of Liverpool and 182 N. N.W. of London. IVurriore, a town of Hindooslan, in the Car- mtic, 32 m. N. N. E. of Tanjore and 55 S. S. W. of Pondicherry. Il'iirsatr, the metropolis of the present kingdom of Poland, and formerly of tlie whole county of that name. It is built partly in a plain, and part- ly on a gentle rise from the Vistula; extending with the suburbs of Kralia and Praga, over a vast extent of ground, and containing above 1(10,000 inhabitants. The streets are spocious, but ill pav- ed ; the churches and public buildings large and magnificent ; the palaces of the nobility nunier- ous and splendid ; but the greatest part of the houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufac- tures comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and silver wire, soap, t'-bacco, &.C. Here are several wholesale mercantile houses, employed in the im- port of articles for tlie supply of the interior, and thee.'iport of Polish produce. Two great annual fairs have, since 1817, been established here, on the plan of those of Frankfort, Leipzig, &c. They are held in May and November, each continuing three weeks. In '.he beginning of 1784, the em- press of Uus=ia put a garrison into this cit}', in Older to compel the Poles to aetiuiesce in the usurpation she had in view; but this garrison was soon expelled by the citizens. The king of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was com- pelled to raise the siege in September. It was undertaken by the Russians, who, in November, took by storm the suburb of Praga, massacred the inhabitants, and nearly reduced it to ashes. The immediate consequence was the surrender of the city to the Russians, who in 1790, delivered it up to the king of Prussia. Towards the end of 180(), the French occupied this plane; and, by the treaty of Tilsit, the city, with this part of Poland, was given to Saxony, to be held under the title of the duchy of Warsaw. The Russians, how- ever overran this duahy in 1813, and took pos- nession of the city of Warsaw. The Polish revolution of 1830 broke out at this place, and the Russian Grand Duke Constantino was driv- en from the city : but in 1831 Warsaw was again captured by the Russians which put an end to the insurrection. The city sulVered severely by the pestilential cholera the panic year, which was introduced from Asia by the Russian armies. Warsaw is 170 m. S. of Konigsberg and 180 E. N. E. of Breslau. Long. 21 . 0. E., lat. 52. 14. N. It'arsinr, p t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 20 in. S. Ba- tavi.'i. Pop. 2,474. ll'arUt, a river f>f Poland, which rises in the palatinate of Cracow, flows by Siradia and Pos- nan, passes by Driessen and Landsberg in Bran- denburg, and enters the Oder at Custrin. jymtcnbcrifj a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a castle. In 1742 it was entirely reduced to ashes, except the old castle, which is now used as a brewhouse. It is 28 ni. N. E. of Breslau. Il'arlcniicrg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau. Warwick, a borcuigh and the capital of War- wickshire, Eng. It was fortified with a wall, now in ruins ; but has still a noble castle of the ancient earls of Warwick, inhabited by the pres- ent possessor of that tith;. The town was near- ly destroyed by fire in 1694, but was subsequent- ly rebuilt with greater regularity. The streets are spacious, and meet nearly in the centre of the town, 92 in. N. W. of London. IVuncick, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80 m. N. W. Boston, with manufactures of glass. Pop. 1,150; p t. Orange Co. N. Y. 70 m. N. W. New York. Pop. 5,013. Towns in Bucks and Lancaster Cos. Pa.; Cecil Co. Maryland, Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. Jf'unric/i, p.t. Kent. Co. R. I. on Narraganset Bay, 10 m. S. Providence. Pop. 5,529. It has a harbour for small vessels, with some coasting trade, and large manufactures of cotton. H'aricick, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 1 ,.'>70. Wanekkshirr, a county of England, bounded on the N. by Derbyshire. The climate of this county is healthy, and the air mild and pleasant ■ its salubrity is increased by the great consump- tion of wood for the iron works, many parts be- ing entirely cleared and converted to tillage and pasture. The N. part, called the Woodlands is divided from the S., called the Feldon by the riv- er Avon ; and the soil of both is in general rich and fertile. It produces corn, flax, wood, wool, cheese, coal, iron, and limestone ; and its breeds of cattle and sheep are of a superior kind. The manufactures are various and important, comjtri- sing ribands, gauzes, and other silk fibries. last ings and thread, and all descriptions of hardware. The capital is Warwick, but Birmingham is tlie largest town. Wasa, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, on the gulf of Bothnia, 40 m. N. by E. of Christine stadt. /('«5/i(n^(on, a county of Maine. Pop. 21,29:". Machias is the capital ; a county of Vermont. Pop. 21,394. Montpelier is the capital ; a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 15,414. South Kingston is the capital ; a county of N. York. Pop. 43,01.5. Salem is the capital ;'a county of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 9,128. Franklin is the capital; a county of Maryland. Pop. 25,2(15. Hagerstown is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis of Virginia. Pop. 16.614. Abington is the WAS 771 WAS capital; a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4 5(,2 I'lymouth is the capital ; a District of S^ <-arol,na. Pop. 13,728. A county of Georgia. P/'P- ^.-^-O- Sandersville is the capital ; a county ot Alabaina. Pop. 3,478. A county of Mississippi. lop. 1,976. Princeton is the capital; a county ol tj. Tennessee. Pop. 10,91)5. Jnncsborough is the capital; a Parish of Louisiana. lop. xi,xtoO. Franklinton is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. Sprin-rfield is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. ri,731. Marietta is the capital; a county of Indiana. Pop. 13,072. Salem is the capital : a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,(574. Nashville is the capital; a county of Missouri. Pop. b,7'J7. I'otosi is the capital ; a county of Arkansas. Pop. 2 181. Fayettsville is the capital; a county of the Uis. of Columbia. Pop. 30,2.'i0. Washing- ton citv is the capital. ttashinglon City, the seat of government ol the Unite'd States, stands in the centre of the District of Columbia upon the north bank of the Potomac, 295 m, from the sea by the course ot the river and bay. It occupies a spot between the riv- er and one of its tributaries, called the East IJranch. The city is about a mile and a hal above the junction of the two streams, although the orio-ina'l plan embraces the whole extent be- low. The plan of the city combines regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the surface, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings, occupy commanding positions, and the monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is avoided, while all its advantages are secured. The minor streets run at right angles, but the larger avenues diverge from several centres, in- tersecting the streets with various degrees of ob- liquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares. The smaller streets run N. and S. or E. and W and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The grand avenues are from 130 to ICO feet in width, and are planted witli trees. Several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capitol is situated. These bear the names of the several states o the Union. The general appearance of Washington IS that of the mere outline, or beginning ot a great city , its tardy growth has uisappointed the expectations of the original founders. The buildin-rs ol the city occupy three distinct groups like so many separate villages, divided from each other by vacant spaces. The chief edihces are situated in the neighbourhood of the Capitol, or at llie Navy Yard, or in the Pennsylvania Ave- nue Tiie Cii/iilil is a large and magnificent ^"'^mk "'ISi building of white freestone, :!.'2 feet long, in the shape of a cross, with the Representatives Ilnll and the Senate Chamber in the two wings, and a spacious rotunda in the centre. The Rcpresenta- liri-s Hall is Remicircnlar, 95 feet in length, and 00 in height, lighted from the top, and adorned with a colonnade of pillars of breccia, beautifully polished ; it is one of the most elegant halls in the world. The Scruite Chamber is of the same shape, and 74 feet long. The 7;o(u7k/u is 90 feet in diameter, and 90 feet high, to the top of the dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is beautifully paved ; the whole has a most grand and imposing effect. Several pieces of sculpture are placed in niches in the walls, representing events in American history. The sound of a sin- gle voice uttered in this apartment, is echoed from the dome above, with a rumbling like dis- tant thunder. The JVatimml Library is contained in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of na- tional paintings by rrunibull. The FrcsuUnts House is an elegant structure of freestone, 1/U feet in front, and two stories in height, ornament- ed with an Ionic portico. Il stands about a mile west of the capitol. It is surrounded with the offi- ces of the heads of departments. At the patent office. Is kept a collection of all the models of pa- tent inventions in the country. The Navy \ttrd, on the East Branch, exhibits a monument to the American olHcers who fell in the wcr with Tri- poli. There are few other buildings worthy of no tice for their architecture. The otlice of the De partment of State, is a large edifice of brick, with a iiortico in front, and there are two fir three oth- ers of the same size and construction. There are two public free schools in the city. Two bridges cross the eastern branch, and one, the mam stream of the Potomac, at Washington. Columbian College, at this place was founded in 1-21 It has 4 instructers and 50 students, the library has 4,000 volumes. The national library contains 10,000 volumes. , . Durinir tlie session of Congress the city is much crowdcd'hy visiters and public officers ; but apart from its political consequence, the place has few attractions: the cduntry in the nei. J ; and towns and villages in Columbia, favelle, Franklin, Union, • Eycomirg, Lancaster, York Westmoreland, and Indiana Cos Pa., Culpeper. Co Va.. lieanfort t:o. N.C.,W,lkes Co. Geo C„lumbiana,Kavetle,Krankl,n Darke Clermont, Guernsey, Licking, Richland, Mian,,. Montgomo rv, Piekawav. Preble. Seo.to and Warn-,, Cos. Ohio. Davis Co Ind . Mason Co. Ken Rhea Co. Ten., Autauga Co. Alab., Adams Co. JIississippi. H^aslUamon, p.t. Washington Co. P^- fC ">• ?„ W. Pittsburg. Washington College, at tins place was founded in 1 «)(!. U has 4 instructers .-ind 47 students; p.t. Adams Co. ^^'^"^^'P^'J''"-^^ Natchez, .lefl-ersou foU^?*' ."', ""' ^ ,L l(Io founded in 1802. U has 10 instructers and 100 students. WAT T72 WKA Pop. 5,140. Wasliitaio, or Ouachitla, a river of Arkansas and Louisiana, flowing into Red River. ti'ashita, a Panali of Louisiana. Monroe is the capital. IVassenherg, a town of Prussia, in the duchy of Juliers; sealed on the Roer, 17 in. N. W. of Juliets. ll'nsserburg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle and four churches. The principal trade is in salt. In 1800 the French took it bv storm. It is seated on the Inn, 28 m. E. of Muiiich and 38 N. W. of Salzburg. ll'iisstTirudingen, alown of liavarian Franconia, in the principality of Anspach,C m. N. of Oettin- gen. Wastwaler, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. 7 m. N. N. E. of Ravenglass. It is '.I ni. long and above half a in. broad, lying in Wastdale, among the western mountains. The Screes, a very Iiigh ridge of mountains, run alon^* the S. E. side of the lake. Its outlet, at the S. end, joins the river Irl, which enters the sea at Ravenglass. IVfisiinaen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of S;ixe-Meinungen, seated on the Werra, 5 m. N. of Meinungen. Watchet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of a harbour, frequented by coal ships, which are freighted hence with limestone, alabaster, and kelp. I.5G m. W. by S. of London. IVateltoo, an island in the S. Pacific, discovered by captain Cook. It is six leagues in circuit, diversified by hills and plains, and covered with verdure. Long. 158. 15. W., lat. 21. 1. S. tVaterborough, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,81G. WatcTburij, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. N. W. Montpe'lier. Pop. 1,0.50; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 25 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 3,070. IVaterford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,123: p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,358; p.t. N. Lon- don Co. Conn, adjoining New London. Pop. 2,475 ; p.t. Saratoga Co. "N. Y. on the Hudson. 11 m. above Albany. Pop. 1,473; a township of Gloucester Co. N. J. ; p.t. Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v Mif- flin Co. Pa. ; p.v. London Co. Va.,2 townships in Washington Co. Ohio. H'atcrforil, a county of Ireland, 50 m. long and 29 broad ; bounded on the S. by St. George's Channel. Waterford, a city and sea-port of Ireland, capi- tal of a county of the same name. It has an ex- cellent harbour, where ships of the greatest bur- den may ride at the quay. The bishop's palace and the Roman Catholic chapel are elegant. The commerce with England and other countries is considerable ; and packet-boats sail regularly hence for Milford haven. The principal exports are beef, pork, corn, live stock, butter, and linen. 75 m. S. by W. of Dublin. Waterloo, a village of the Nelherlands, celebrated as the scene of the signal victory of the 18th of June, 1815, which completed the downfall of Napoleon. 10 m. S. of Brussels. WdUrlon, p.t. Scnc>ca Co. N. Y. 5 ni. N. E. Geneva. Pop. 1,837; p.v. Miftlin Co. Pa; Ann? Arundel Co. Md ; Laurens l)is. S. C. ; Fayette. Co. Ind ; Lauderdale Co. Alab. WattTlown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 7 m. N. W. Boston on Charles River. Here are manu- factures of woolen, cotton, paper Ac, and an arsenal of llie United States. Pop. 1,G41. Watcrtown, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 m. S. j;. L'V'ifield. Pop. 1,.500; p t. Jefferson Co. N. b m. S. E. Sackeits Harbour. Pop. 4,768. Waitrville, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken nebec. 20 m. above Hallowell. Pop. 2,2111. Here arc some manufactures, and a Theolnoica. Institution ; p.v. Oneida and Delaware ('o. N. Y. Water Hid, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 'J m. N Albany. It contains the Shaker village of Nis kayuna. Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 15 m. N. W. London. WatkinstiUe, p.v. Goochland Co. Va , Clark Co. Geo. Watlinirton, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. W. of London. 46 m. N. N Wattoii, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 91 m. E. of London. Watlsborough, p.y. Lunenburg Co. Va. Wnv.rrcH,a. town of tho Netherlands, in S. Bra. bant, situate on the Dylc, 12 m. S. of Louvain. Ifavcrlci/,p.v. Lincoln Co Missouri. Il'arhitlni. a fortress on tlie coast of Sweden, in the Baltic, situate on a small island at the en- trance f)f the Lake Maeler. Here ail homeward- bound ships are searched. It is IG m. E. of Stock- holm. ((■«;/, or Pulo Way, an island near the IM. point of that of Sumatra. It is the largest of the is- lands that form the entrance of the channel of Acheen ; and is peopled by men banished Iron' Acheen. Long. 94. 50. E,, lat. 5. 35. N. Wayne, a county of New York. Pop. 33,555. Lyons is the capital ; a county of the E. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 7,663. Bethany is the capital; a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 1I),9U2, Waynes- borough is the capital ; a county of Georgia. Pop. !Kj2. Waynesville is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 23,344. Wooster is the capital ; a county of Indiana Pop. 18,.5H7. Centreville is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,.")(i2 Fairfield is the capital; a county of Missouii- Pop. 3,254. Greenville is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,731. Monticello is the capilal; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.G,ll!3. Wayncsborough is the capital ; a county of Mis- sissippi. Pop. 2,778. Winchester is tlie capilal, a county of Michigan Fop. 4,50.5. Detroit is the cai>ital. Wayna, p.t. Kennhec Co. Me. Pop. 1,153; p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,172; and 17 townships in Ohio. Wayneshorongh, p.v. Augusta Co. Va., Wayne Co , N. C. Burke Co. Geo., Wayne Co. Ten. Wiiynrsbarg, p.v. Franklin, Green and Chester Cos. Pa., Stark Co Ohio. Wiiynr.sriUc, p.v Wayne Co. Geo., Haywood Co. N. C. and Warren Co. Ohio. iVculilcif, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 4,7iK>. Dresden is the capital. Wcurc, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. 11. 55 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,430. Wmlhcrsficld, p,t. Wind.'ior Co. Vt. Pop. 2,213, p t. Triiniliull Co. Ohio. Wihsle-r, p-t. Worcester Co. Ma.ss. Pop 1 ,200. Wcirrs Care, a remarkable Cavern in Augusta Co. Virginia, near tho Shenandoah. It has ma n}' apartments and galleries, abounding in sparry concretions, which by torch lightoxhibil the most magnificent scenes. Wcarmovth Bishop, a town in the county of Durliam, Eng. on the S. side of tlie Wear, adjoin- ing Sunderland. It has an iron bridge over the river, of one arch, 236 feet span, erected in 1790, and the first ever constructed of parts so form cd as to unite in the manner of keystones. It has WEI 773 manufactures ofcanvas, and partakes in the com- and mines of excellent coal. 118 ni. is. »• oi ^Trt,"; a town of the Netherlands in the tern- torv of Liege ; seated on the river Brey, 10 m. W" N. W. of Ruremonde. • „» „r ,reil„la,lt, a town of Prussia m the province of (1,P Rhine 14 in. S. E. of lleidelburg. %'^l"i,:r., a town of Austrian l^^y-^'^'^g^- nolia, with a castle on a >""""'»4"t"''f i^Xach faoture of fine stockings, 10 m. S. h. ot l.auoacn iZhUach, a town of Germany, ." the county of IsenLevg, with a castle ; ^^e a ted on *!>= ^^'^^'S' oOm S E ofGiessenand23N. E. ot F"'?""''; ^ciclJsheim, a town of Wurtembere, me district of Hohenlohe, with a fine castle, on the river Tauber, 3 m. E- of Mergenlhe.in. IVcida, a town of Germany, in Saxe-VVeimar, ''r„-,'„:aS:f Bavaria, with n^anufactures of linen, woolen stuffs, and salt-petre ; seated on theNablSm. N.E. ofAinberg. • Weil, or IFeilerstadt, a lONvn of 0""^="}?' '"^ Wurtemberg, seated on the Worm, 12 m. W. ot ^'"rlfror rr,(,atown of Switzerland, in the can- ton of St. Gall, seated on the river Thur, IJ m. S S W of Constance. . , , i r ivjburl, a town of Germany, m the duchy of Nassau, seated on the Lahn over which is a bridcre, 1-2 m. S. W. of Wetzlar and 2.. N. IN. W. °S5r.!:I°s:a.portorpenmark,inN.J.Uland,s^- ^^;.-^^ti:^of^varia,«.U.^ca^eon ^^;;S:;JfS:;.^a^r^.^:::^rof«erma,,yco,ii. nHHH^v:'S;/^-5=; llins an area of l,4.-.0 square miles, with upwards of ''On.OOn inhabitants. . i u r., irrhnar, the capital of the foregoing duchy, [n the d Ike's palace is one of the most considcrabl. brariVs in Germany, with a cah.nel ol coins and medals ; and it had a aallery ot paintings, whirl.. wUh some o.her parts of the cast e, was d.^troye;! bv fire in 1774 It is seated on tlie 11m, Urn. W. of Erfurt and S.j W. S. W. of iNaumburg. l,ong. ^ ' (r«-Xim,VunvM, of Germany, in Baden seated on the river Welchintz, 10 m. N.ot le.ldborg fVeinsbrrs, a town of Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle on a hill. In 1707 the gre.a est part of the town was destroyed by fire It stands partly on tlie liiil, and partly in a valley, famous for wine, 5 m. N. E. of Heilbron WEL IVeUsdmundc, a fortress of VV. Prussia seated at the W. mouth of the Vistula, to defend the harbour of Uantzic. • ., j „, IVchscmbur^r, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine. Between this p ace and Lauterburg are the famous lines trom w Inch I he French drove the Austrians in 1744 ; and in l/.M the Prussians drove the French from the saine siliiation It is seated on the Laiiler, 10 m. ^. AV of Landau and 2-2 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. '•^k^^IlS'a'^ownship of Lehigh Co. ''V««eniur;,/»». p.v. Ilalilux to. N. C. n-cUawl CowA, ill Upper Canada unites Lake Erie with L. Ontario, it was completed in --. veTrs.and first opened in 1820. It admits the ■passage of vessels of 12-) tons IVellhrl pt. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod, 07 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 2,044. It has manufactures of cotton and woolen l\elllr-'boro„i,'l,,^ town in Northamptonshire, Ell.' I fere are uiijn.itactures of shoes and lace an.f near it is a fine ehalybeale spring called Red, well (i7 in. N. by W. of London lVell!n'rtn„.:i town in Shropshire, Lng. Ir^ the nei.Mrbouihood are foundries, iron mines, and coal w.rrks. l.'O m. N. W. "f l>ondon. MM/,"-'"", a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with man u lactones of serges, druggets, and eartlien- vare The duke of Wellington takes his title ■rom Ibis place. 148 m. W. by S^ "f I.ondon. n'.lllnsl-'. P I. «rislol Co Mass. 3 m S. Taunton, with mnuufactures of cotton, woolen, and paper; p.v. Medina Co. Ohio. IVclls, a city ill Somer.sctshire, Eng. It lia.s its name from ll.e wells '^"'> ^l'^i"f "^ cX- is a bishops see, ointly with Bath. .Tl'e "the dral is a stately pile ; and the bishop s palace is like a castle, being surroiindo.l by wa Is and a l^at. The city is" well built and neatly paved 120 m.W.of Lonilon. VVER 774 WES ffeWs, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 118 m. N. N. B. of London. IVclh, p t. York Co. Me. 2G m. N. E. Porta- inouth. Pop. 2,977. IVdlshorough, p. v. Tiojja Co. Pa. ll'Msburg, p.t. Brooke Co. Va. on Ibe Ohio. ].") in. above Wheeling. This is a very thriving town and has large manufactures of glass. U'etlsriile, p. v. Columbiana Co. Ohio. IVtls, a town of Upper Austria, with a castle, and a great trade in timber ; seated on the Traun, near a large forest, 1.5 ni. S. S. W. of Lintz. Ifrhfifittd, a township of (ieauga Co. Ohio. Il'elskpool, a corporate town of Wales, in Mont- gomeryshire, with a market on Monday. It is the great mart for Welsh cottons, flannels, &c., which are sent hence to Shrewsbury. Near the town are the remains of Powis Castle, a lar^e structure, built on an eminence. 170 ni. N. W. of London. Ji^dwarn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, 13 m. N. of Prague. IVdzUpAin^ a town of Wurtemberg; seated on the Li'in, 19 m. E. of Stuttgard. Wendell, a township of Sullivan Co. N. II. Pop. G37. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 85 in. W. Boston. Pop. 875. Wtm, a town in Shropshire, Eng.,9. m. N. of Shrewsbury. IVcndlingen a town of Wurtemberg, situate on the Neckar, 12 m. S. S. E. of Stuttgard. Wcndoter, a borough in Buckingliamsnire, Eng. 35 m. W. by N. of London. Wenltam,' fX. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E Doston. Pop. 612. IVenner, the largest lake of Sweden, lying in W. Gothland, to the i\. W. of the lake Wetter. It is 100 m. in length, and in some pLaces 40 in breadth, and contains several islands. It receives 24 rivers, and its only outlet is the river Ootha. H'cnnersboTg, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- land, with a castle. It is the staple for all the iron sent from the province of Weniu-land to Gothcburg, and is seated on the Gotlia, near the S. W. e.tlrcmity of the lake Wenner, 50 ni. i\. by E. of Gotheburg. ■ IVenticorlh, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. ;t24 ; p. v. Rockingham Co. N. C. U'eiibleij. a borough in Herefordshire, Eng. 147 m. W. N. W. of London. Il'erchteren, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, 9 m. E. S. E. of Mechlin. Il'erdcn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, si'^l- ed on the Roer, 13 m. N. E. of Dussiloorf H'r.rderberg, a fortified town of SwilzerLind, capital of a Bailiwic in the canton of Glarus with a castle on an eminence. It is sealed near the Rhine, 10 m. S. S. E. of Appenzel and 2(j m. E. N. E. of Glarus. Il'eritenfels, a town and castle of Bavaria, giv- ing name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol. 17 m. S. of Weilheim and 22 N. W. of Inspruek. IVerfcn, a town and fortress of Austria, in the province of Salzburg, siliiatc on the Salza, 22 ni S. by K. of Sal/burg. Il'irl, a town of Prussian Wcstpfiali.n, with a rastle, seated on the Sisek, 8 m. S. of Ham. It'crmdandf a former province of Sweden, the K. part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia and the lake Wenner, 100 in long and 50 broad. The eoiiatry is fertile; diversified by inonnlains, rocks, liills, and dales, clothed with forests of birch, pop- lar, mountain ash, pine and fir. It also abounds with lakes, which succeed each other almost with- out intermission ; and numerous rivulets flov7 from these lakes. The chief river is the Clara, or Stor Elbe in which is a good salmon-fishery. It has mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with forges, foundries, &c., belonging to them. /Fern, a town of Prussian Westphalia seated near the Lippe, C m. W. of Ham. Wcrniaerudc, a town of the Prussian stales, cap- ital of a county of the same name, abounding in mountains, the principal of which is the Great Brocken, or Blocksberg. The principal business of the town consists in brewing, distilling, and man- ufacutures of cloth and stuffs. It is 12 m. W. by S. of Halberstadt and 23 S. S. E. of Wolfenbut- tel. Long. 10. 58. E., lat. 51. 53. N. WeTTu, a river of Germany, which rises in the principality of Coburg,3 m. above Eissfield, flows by Hilburghausen, Meiningen, Solzunijen, Vac- ha, Trcfurt, Waniried, .\liendorf, ancf VVitzcii- liausen ; it then enters the duchy of Brunswick, passes by Munden, and a little below that town joins the Fulda, where the united stream forms the Weser. IFcrlhcim, a town of Germany, in Baden, capital of a county of the same name, wliich yields excel- lent wine. It is seated at the conflux of the Tau- ber with the Maine, IG m. W. of Wurtzburg. WcTickk, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders seated on the Lis 8 m. S. £. of Ypaz. Wcsd, a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadel. Here are two Calvinist churches, one for the Lutherans, and another for the Papists. It is seated on the Rhine St the influx of the Lippe, 25 m. S. E. of Cleve and .jO W. S. W. ofMunster. Long. C. £7. £., lat, 51.33. N. H'rsenburg, a fortified town of Rrussia, in the government of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss, 54 m E. of Revel. /resrr, a river of Germany, formed by the un- ion of the Werra and Fulda, in the duchy of Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along the con- fines of Westphalia and Saxony by Corvev,IInm- rlin, Minden, and Hoye ; receives the Allcr from Wrden, and, passing by Bremen, enters the Ger- man Ocean at Carlsburg. IVrsleij, a township of Washington Co. Ohio. lyest, a township of Huntington Co. Pa.; a township of Columbiana Co. Ohio. ll'eslbury, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. with a manufacture of broad cloth. On a hill to the E. of the town is Bralton Ca.stle, the remains of a fortification, where the Danes held out 24 days against the English. It is 2G m. N. W. of Salis- bury and 98 W. of London. li'eslfrns, a town of Sweden, capital of a gov- ernment of its name, and a bishop's see, witli a citadel and a famous collCL'e. It carries on a con- siderable commerce with Stockholm, p.irlicularly in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines. Here are the ruins of an ancient palace, fornjerly inhabited by the kings of Sweden. The cathedral, huill of brick, is celebrated for its tower, esteem- ed the highest in the kingdom. In this callie. dral i.s the touib of the unfortunate Eric XIV. Westeras is seated on the lake Maelar, 40 m. .\'. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. .'.O. :t8. N IVntlerlntrg, a town of (iermany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a castle. 22 m. S. W. of Eillen burg. U'estfrliam, a town in Kent,Eng. 21 m. S. S. E. of London. WesUrlo, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,320. contains an area of 8,300 sq. m. with about 1,000. wty 775 WES IPesUrly, p.t. Washington Co. R. I- 20 m. V.. New London. Pop. I,!t03. 92 m S W tVcstcrn, p.t. Worcester Co. M»==.- f p""' S' y' Worcester.' %op. \,IS'J; P^'iZ^'^Z-hJ.' on the Mohawk, 5 ni. above Rome_ ^T' :;'''■ mslrrn hh,,ds. Sec .Izorr. and "^»'-"'"- (r«(mm./.-, a sea-port of i'«'^''f "' " ^7Xth Long. Ki. n. K., lat- ''"; ^O- '"?• _^ „ V, o,- /f^sf Fair/rc, a township of Orange Co. Vt. Jt. m S E. MoMlpelier. Pop. ?-41. ■"■(Ly.W. a township of Pickaway Co. uo^ ;|>./>W, a townsh.p of Orleans Co^ vl^ Pop. Z:yi; M. Hampden Co. Mass. lOo m. S. V/. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,W, a townsh.p of R'chmond Co. N. Y Pop. 1,734; pv. Chalauque Co. i>- « • . P- Essex Co. N ; Y. p. v. Delaware Co. and a town- ship in Medina Co. Ohio. oa „, 1«J W n-estfor<1, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. N W Boston Pop. I.-.i2;> ; pi. Chittenden Co. Vt. .S->. m N W. Montpelier Pop. 1,900 ; a townsh.p of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,045 IV.strrienMip, p.v. Anne Arundel Co Md West Gremwicli. p.t. Kent Co. B. I. 16 m. b. W. Providence. Pop. 1,817. )r..r//flmp(on.pt. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 m W. Boston. Pop. 907. »-..« Haven, pi Rutland Co. Vt. 50 m. W. '^;W-'°-'townofGermany,in the palatinate of the Rhine. It has three churches, and is / m. N W. of Worms. , ^ . „, r/esthofen, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, 12 m. \V. of Strasburg. fPestland, a township of Guernsey Co^Oh.o WcstLiberly, p.v. Ohio Co. \'a. Logan Co. Ohio. Henry Co. Ind. and Morgan Co. Ken. West Loirtitle, p.v. Lewis Co. ^ \ , Westmania, a former province of f7<^'l«"' ^^- tween Upland, Sadermania, iNerica, Wermeland l"d Dale'carlia. It is 75 .n. long and ^ib;-^-"^''^ abounds in copper and iron mmes. The lace the country is diversified like Wermeland. Westmeath- See Mealh. n^L,ustcr, a city in Middlesex, the residence of the monarch, the seat of the parliament and ot iLhi'h courts' of justice, and consUtut.n|, wih Londo^n and Southwark, the metropolis of the Bri- tish empire. On the dissolution of its abbey, in 1541 Henry VIII. erected it into a bishopric, ap- ■ pointing the whole of Middlese.x (Fulham e.xcept- ed) forihe diocese. It had, however, only one pre- late; for Edward VI, soon after dissolved it and the .\bbey is now only a collegiate church West- minister, through courtesy, still bears the tit e of a citv and sends two members to parli.ament, who are chosen by its house-holders, there being no freemen nor incorporated companies. Besides the churches of the establishment, Westminister con- tains places of worship for dissenters of almost ev- ery denomination, and a Jews synagogue Among the modern improvements in this part ot the me- tropolis is the erection of a wide street, or rather succession of streets, from Carlton palace on the S. to Portland Place on the N. The buildings are most magnificent, and it is probably without ex- ception the finest street in Europe. In the city are two parish churches, St. Marjaret and St. John ; and seven in the liberties, namely, St. Clement, bt. Marv, St. Paul, St. Martin, St. Ann. Sl_ James, "and "St Geor.re. The precinct of St. Mart*n-le Grand, though within the city of London is un- der the jurisdiction of Weatminister. Sec />',7''"- IVestminktrr, p.t. Worcester Co Mass. o4 m. N W.Boston. Pop. 1,095; p.t. Windham Co. Vt. H m. N. Bratlleboro. Pop. 1,737 ; p. V. Fred- erick Co. Maryland. _ tVcMmoreland, p.t. Chesler Co. N. H 4-' "> S. W Concord. Pop. 1 ,047 ; p.t. Oneida Co. -N. Y . 1-Jm.W.Utica. Pop. 2,303. Wcstmorrlund, a county of the W. D.s. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 3S,400. Greensburg is the cap- ita" A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. ^'^Westmoreland, an inland county «/ Jj"?!-';;;!' bounded on the N. and N. W by ^"n.beMand E and S. E. by Yorkshire, and b. and S. W b> Lancashire. The number of inhabitants m I; il wassTsJ') It is a region of Jofly mountains, Tled'h h,, dreary forests, and barren moors ; Tut Ts wateled by' numerous rivers -'^ -ver I lakes. The soil of course is various, that on he mountains being very barren, while that in the valleys is fertile, producing good corn and grass esnecially in the meadows near the rivers. In the h!Ry pariL on the NV. borders are Bome mines of coooer, but the ore lies very deep. 1 liis e"""^'^^ ySs Abundance of limestone and the fincf hi"'-- late and many excellent hams -e cured 1 ere !:r:^"Keinr^r^?^;n:^irfi^ me"', the largest in England. Appleby is the "T-LV-S-r,, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 34 m. N. "^Ir.rp.t.'^idJi^sex Co. Mas. ,4^m.W. Bos- ton Pop^. 091 ; p.l. Fairfield Co. Conn. , m. N Fairfield. Pop. 2,997 ; p.v. Lewis Co. \ a. Westown, a tow'nship of Chester Co. l'a„ Westyhaha, one of the former circles of Germa- ny, bounded 'on the E bj- Lower Saxony S. by Hesse Wetteravia. and Treves, W. by the Neth- erlands and N. bv the German Ocean. The cli- mitet'cold, and there are a great ">-)• marshes but the soil produces pastures and some corn 1 h.. ho ses are large, and the hogs in high esteem, esprctally the hams, known by t'- ■-"-«, X^: East Friesrand MeuL, M.nden and Ve^ en^; the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, Julicrs, Lle^e, SlderbuTg, and P^-y^'^-ritory of the princes ^Sl^^.:Zrg lJng»thnein,^iep- hol'lloy'a, Schouenburg, Sp'gelh-g- WP ', .V,^] berg, aij other smaller^nes nd se -n--;^ ^t^^tn- o-he ."a hlnk^if the fhine, being full onoliurd of the whole territory, became uni- .1 to France • and in 1808 the French emper. r ^^cTeo'^U.ne'.n^inder into a kingdom in fav.. of his brother Jerome, and added to it the e^ec rthf ^""^r t cSrd haSrof Lepzig in?8I3, this new kingdom was overrun wSe^'allies, and the government ovenhr^.n. The whole territory now belongs to 1 russia, nan over, and Oldenburg. p^us^ian states, Westphalia, 3. province of the r.us 1 > Wti 776 WHE 1 tlislticts of ^reiisberj', Miiidcn, and Muiistcr, and ct.nUins an area of o,:iOO sq. in. with abont 1,(100, (11)0 of inhabitants. Tlie soil in general is not fertile, but large quantities oi'fla.\ are raised, and the rearing ol cattle is carried to great extent. There are mines of lead, iron, and coal in the mountainous districts, and extensive salt works in difl'erent parts of the province. Wr.stphulia, a duchy 0, and in choos- ing among the applicants, the sons of revolution- ary officers arc allowed the first claim, and the children of the deceased officers of the last war, the second. The age of the pupils on admission must be between 14 and 22. The professors and instructors are 30 in number; each of the cadets costs the government 33(5 dollars annually. They are required to encamp G or 8 weeks during the year. The course of study is completed in four years, and includes French, drawing, natural and experimental philosophy, chemistry, mineralogy, geography, history, ethics, national law, mathe- matics and the whole science of strategy, tactics, artillery and engineering. The annual expense of the institution is 11.5,(J00 dollars. T'iiere are 5 large stone buildings, and G of brick The site they occupy is very beautiful and commandi-ng, being a level 188 feet above the river. Close to the shore stands a white marble monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko. In another part is an obelisk to the memory of Col. Wood, one of the pupils who fell at fort Erie. Westpoint, p. v. Hardin Co. Ken. U'est/iort, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. CO m. S. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,773 ; p.t. Oldham Co. Ken. on the Ohio ; p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Westport, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, 8 m. W. of Castlebar. IVeslra, one of the Orkney Islands, 9 m. long and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade in kelp, and a good harbour for small vessels on the N. W. side, 9 m. N. N. E. of Pomona. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 69. 8. N. fVcst Springfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 100 m. S. W. Boston, with considerable manufactures. Pop. 3,272. tVcst Stockbridsp, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m.'W. Boston. Pop. 1,208. Westrille, p. v. Simpson Co. Mississippi. Welherby, a town in W. Yorkshire. 191 m. N. by W. of London. Wcthersficld, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 3 m. S. Hartford. Pop. 3,862. This town is famous for the cultivation of onions. IVetter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, S. E. of the lake Wenner. It is 100 m. in length, and in some places 20 in breadth Above 40 small streams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the river Motala, which flows E. by Nordkoping into the Baltic. Wetteravlit , or IVattraw, a name originally ap jdied to a district of Germany, lying on the banks of the river Wetter, but now so extended as to denote all the country between the Lahn, the Ilhine, and the Maine. Il'cttin, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a moun- tain ; seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry 9 m. N. N. W.of Ilalle. Il'ettin(;en, a town of Switzerland, in the coun- ty of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridire 240 feet l.ing, of a single arch over the river Lim- mat. It is 1 m. S. of Baden. Wctzlar, a town of Germany, in^ Wetleravia. capital of a county of the same name. It is sur- rounded by ditches and walls flanked with towers and is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen, 30 m. N. of Frankfort. Long. 8. 37 E., lat. 50. 33. N. JVcvchlntr^, a town and citadel of Westphalia, in the principality of Padcrbiu'n, 9 m. S. of Pader- born. Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 47 m. long and 30 broad; l)ounded on the N. by Wioklow, E. by St. George's Chan- nel, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, W fay Waterford and Kilkeimy, and N. W. by Catherlough. It contains 142 parishes, has twoboroughs, and sends four members to parlianient. The surface is mountainous, but the soil in general is fertile in corn and grass. The principal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. Wexford, a borough of Ireland, and capital of the foregoing county. It has a spaoious harbour at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St. George's Channel, but the water is not deep enough for large vessels. Much woolen cloth is manufactured here and in the neighbourhood-. The inhabitants are estimated at 9,000. It is 33 m. E. N. E. of Waterford and GO S. of Dublin Long. G. 30. W., lat. 52. 22. N. Wezio, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, seated on the lake HeWa, which contains a group of woody islands. It is a bishop's see, though small, and is 50 m. W. of Calmar. Wei/bridge, a village in Surrey, Eng. seated on the Wey, near its entrance into the Thames, 2 ni. E. of Chertsey. Here is Woburn Farm, the plantations of which were the first specimen in England of the ornamented farm. Weybridge, a to'vnship of Addison Co. Vt Pop. 850. iVeyliill, a village in Hampshire, Eng. fa- mous for an annual fair for all kinds of cattle, leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. It is one of the largest fairs in England, lasting 10 days. 3 m. W. of Andover. Weymes, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshlre, with a harbour, whence much coal and salt are export- ed. It stands on the Frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E. of Kilkaldy and 12 S. by W. of Cupar. /ff (/mo!i(/i, a sea-port and borough in Dorset. shire, Eng. 12 m. S. W. London. Weymouth, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E. Boston, noted for the manufacture of excellent cheese. Pop. 2,839. A townshipofGlocester Co. N. J.; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio, 117 m. N. E. Columbus. JVliarton, a township of Fayette Co. Pa Wliartonville, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va. Whately, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 ra. W. Boston Pop. 1,111. Whealfield, a township of Indiana Co. Pa WHI 777 WHI „ teW P Usburg. U stands at the mouth of a ^reek oTa high balk and con-sts prmc-pally o one lavge street, P^'j'l^Vj't, e Ohio at This place ^.^^a^:;^i:Xjg^e3con.de.ah.e "■Tri^/;^:townThrprof Belmont and Guernsey ^"jV/Sa, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. I'op^834. Wlurnside, the highest mountain in Lnglantl, ■ .; 1 ,n N \V part of Yorkshire, amid that called"l'ngieboroU|h. Us summit is 4,050 feet above the level of the teet ar,ove me lev., sea Near the top are four or five tarns or small lake., /tf ^^^ ^^^°: tains several spacious caverns, of wh ch the prin- cipal are Yordas, Gatekirk, and Grcens.de ""Mlidah, a country of Guinea, on the Slave Coast ex endin7. Sparta is the capital ; a county of Illinois, rop 0,091. Carmi is the capital. imte Chimnrys, p.v Caroline Co. Va While Clay Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co ^^imte Creek, P-t- Washington Co. N. Y. 36 m. N. E. Albany. Pop. 2,448. IVhile Day, p.v. Monongahela Co. V a Wldie Deer, p.v Lycoming Co. Fa., a town ship of Union Co. Pa. ivhUe Eyes, p.t Coshocton Co. Oh.o^ mil.fel'1, !• t- Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. d,*)M. A township of Coos Co. N. H. P?P- C^„,^„, mairlJl, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y-forme'ly Skeneshorovgh. It stands at the rnouth of a creek flowin.. into the S. end of Lake Champlain, I he Nonhern Canal from the Hudson "ere pa^^OB m" to the lake. Sloops, Bteamboas and other lake craft come up to the town, an '".V Theleights of the oth- the three highest peaks. 1 he neig will 77d WMl ei peaks abuvi^ liit- Conmclirut til Liiurasler, are Rs follows ; Mount Adams. '- - - • 5,3815 feel. " Jefferson, .... 5,*iSl " Madison, .... 5.0:j;» " Monroe, \,9:\2 " Franklin,- - - - 4,470 '• Pleasant, .... 4,:W.» Mount yy^rtm* is known by ils sliarp termina- ting peak, and heinrr tlu* si'c.nd N. uf Washinor- ton . Jefferson is situated lielwren these two. Madison is tlie eastern peak of tlie ranije. Won- Toc'xs the first to the S. of Washington, franh- lin is the second S. and is known hy its level sur- face. P/cns/iiit is known hy its conical shape, and beiniT- the third S. of Washington. In pas. sing from the Notcii to tile highest sunitnit, tlie traveller crosses the summits of Mounts Pleasant, Franklin and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he must pass through a forest, and cross several ra- vines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are they discovered at a great distance ; for the trees fi'll them up exactiv even with the mountain on each side, and their branches interlock with each other in such a manner, that it is very difUcult lo paas through tiiem, and they are ao stiff' and tliick fts almost to support a man's weight. Mount Pleasant is easily ascended. Its top, to the e.\- tent of 5 or G acres, is smooth, and gradually elopes away in every direction from its centre. It even has a verdant appearance, as it is every where covered with short grass, which grows in little tuf\s to the height of four or five inches. Among these tufts, mountain flowers are thinly scattered, which add life and beauty to the scene. The prospect from this summit is beautiful : to the N. the eye is dazzled with the splendour of Mount VVa«hington ; N. W. are seen the settle- ments in Jefferson ; W. the courses of the Amononsuck, as thouffh delineated on a map; S. W. the Mooshelock and Haystack are discovered ; S. Chocorua peak.; S. K. the settlement und mountains in BarLlett ; E. only dark mountains and forests. On descending this mountain, a small patch of water is found at its base : from which the as- cent is gradual to the summit of Mount Franklin. Af\er ero.ssing this mountain, you pass over the E. pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of Mount Washington. Here is a fine resting-place, on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water, of an oval form, covering about 3-4 of an acre. Tlie waters are pleasant to tiie taste, and deep. Not a living creature is to be seen in the waters, at this height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of any kind grow in or around them, to obscure the clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they rest. A small spring discharges itself into tin's pond at its south-east angle. Another pond, of about 2-3 its size, liesN. W. of this. Directly before you, tlie pinnacle of Mount Washington rises with majestic grandeur, like an immense pyr- amid, or some vast Kremlin in this magnificent city of mountains. The pinnacle is "elevated about 1,500 feet above the plain, and is composed principally of huge rocks of granite and gneiss piled together, presenting a variety of colors and forms. In ascending, you must pass enormous masses of loose stones; but a walk of half an hour will generally carry you to the summit. The view from this point is wonderfully grand and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns and villages meet the delight- ed eye, and the dim Atlantic stretcheB its waters along theeuhtern horizon. To the N. is seen the lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson ; and to the east a little detached from the range stands Mount Madison. Mount Washington is support- ed on the N. by a iiigh ridge, which extends to Mount Jefferson ; on the N.' E. by a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur extending far away in that direction ; E. by a promontory, which breaks off abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose ; S. and S. K. by a grassy plain, in BUmmer, of more than 4(1 acres. At the southeastern extremity of this plain, a ridge commences, which slopes gracefully away towards the vale of the Saco ; upon which at short distances from each other, arise rocks, rcsemblin,'^'-, in some places, towers ; in others representing the various orders of architecture. It would be vain in us to attempt a description of the varied wonders which here astonish and delight the be- holder. To tlutse wlio have visited these moun- tains, our descriptions would be tame and unin- teresting ; and he who has never ascended tlieir hoary summits, cannot realize the extent and mag- nificence of the scene. These mountains are decidedly of primitive formation. Nothing of volcanic origin has ever yet been discovered on the most diligent research. They have for ages, probably, exhibited the same unvarying aspect. No minerals are here found of much rarity or value. The rock which most abounds, is schistus, intermixed with greenstone, mica, granite and gneiss, The three highest peaks are composed entirely of fragments of rooks heaped together in confusion, but pretty firmly fixed in their situa- tions. During nine or ten months of the year, the summits of the mountains are covered witli snow and ice, giving them a bright and dazzling ap- pearance. On every side are long and winding gullies, deepening in their descent to the plains below. Here some of the finest rivers of New- England originate. The Saco flows from the E. side of the mountains ; the branches of tlie Aine- riscoggin from the N. ; the Amonoosuck and other tributaries of the ("onnccticut from the W. ; and the Pemigewasset from the S., its fountain being near that of the Saco. The sides of the hills are in many parts covered with soil ; but this is very superficial in all cases, and every spot, that can be reached by running water, is left destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles, of which likewise the river-bottoms are excUi- sivel}' composed. In these cold and elevated re- gions, the period for the growth of vegetables is extremely brief; the mountains must be forever sterile. Moss and lichens may be found near the summits, but of meagre and scanty growth — look- ing as if they had wandered from their proper zone below, into these realms of barren desola- tion. The J^'otck of the While Mountains, is a name appropriated to a very narrow defile extending two miles in length between two huge cliffs ap- parently rent asunder by some vast convulsion of nature, probably that of the deluge. The en- trance of the chasm is formed by two rocks stand- ing perpendicular at the distance of 2'3 feet from each other ; one about 20 feet in Iieight, the oth- er about 12. The road from Lancaster to Port- land passes through this notch, following the course of the head stream of the Saco. The scenery at this place is exceedingly beautiful and grand. The mountain otherwise a continued WHl 779 Will range, is here cloven quite down to its base, open- ing a passage for the waters of Ihe Saco. Tlie gap is so narrow, thut space has with difficulty been found for the mad. About hnlf a mile frnin the entrance of ihe chasm, is seen a must btan- tiful cascade, issuing from a mountain on the right, about 800 feet above the sulijacent valley, and about 2 miles distant. The stream passes over a series of rocks almost perpendicular, with a course so little broken as to preserve the appearance of a uniform current, and yet so far disturbed as to be perfectly white. Tliis beauti- ful stream, which passes down a stupendous preri- fice, is called by Dwiglit the Silrer Cascade. t is one of the most beautiful in the world. At the distance of three fourths of a mile from the entrance of the chasm is a brook, called the Flume, which falls from a height of '240 or 2.^0 feet over three precipices — down the two first in a single current, and over the last in three, which unite affain at the bottom in a small basin formed by the hand of nature in the rocks. The water is pure and transparent, and it would be impossible for a brook of its size to be moddled into more diversified or delightful forms. The more elevated parts of these mountains are occasionally subject to avalanches, or slides of earth, which sweep suddenly down their sides and occasion great damage. A serious calamity of this sort occurred at the Notch in August 182(3, to a family of the name of WiUey, who occupied a dwelling in the narrowest part of the defile many miles from any other human habitation. At midnight during a furious storm of rain, the mountain broke loose above them, and poured down in a torrent of earth, rocks, and trees. The family, aroused by the noise, immediately fled from the house, but were overtaken by the aval- anche and swept to destruction. The roads and bridges along the valley were destroyed, the streams choked up, and heaps of earth, rocks and trees exhibited a frightful picture of desolation. Till within a few years these mountains were seldom visited except by a few hunters and an occasional traveller, and the beauties of these wild and s'^questered spots were as little known to the world as those of the Vale of Chamouni, before the iliscorery of that unrivalled spot in the last century. Iiatlerly, the fame of the White Mountain scenery has drawn the attention of all the lovers of the picturesque in our country, and the mountains are now visited every summer by travellers from all parts of the United States. Tolerable accommodations may be found at Craw- ford's. Visitors who wish to view the sunrise from Mount Washington, pass the night at the Camp, 7 miles above, where the steepest ascent of the mountain begins. The only places susceptible of cultivation in the heart of the mountains, ore the little meadowa inhabited by the Crawfords, the Notch, and Wil ley Meadows; and there the interval of warm weather is so short in the year, that few vegeta- bles can arrive at inaluriiy, with all the rapidity of growth whicli distinguishes such cold regions. To those who are fond of field sports, the loresti and rivers afford every advantage, during the brief summer which visits the valleys. Various kinds ot' wild birds and game are to be found in the woods, besides bears, wild cats, and deer. The moose and bufl^ilo were formerly abundant among the mountains ; and it is scarcely thirty years since they were killed in great numbers, merely fi)r their hides and tallow ; as the latter still are in the deserts beyond the Mississippi. Deer are common in the woods, and frequently are killed by the hunters. Sometimes they come boldly down into the little meadow before Craw- ford s house, and quietly graze with the cattle. The black bears are occasionally seen in the more unfrequented places ; but they will always en- deavour to avf)id a man. A large species of elk, here known by the name of the Cariboo, has made its appearance in the White Mountains within a few years ; but they are still very scarce in this part of the countrv. WUiu Oak, p.v. Ruthe'rford Co. N. C. U kite Plains, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. 30 m. N. New York. Pop. 759; p. r. Jackson Co. Ten. Wlnte Post, p.v. Frederick Co, Va. White Rirer, a stream falling into ihe Wabash from the S. E. A river of Arkansas falling into the Mississippi a little above the mouth of the Ar- kansas. IVhitp Sand, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. W/ilte.ihorougli, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. IVhitesloirn, t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,410. IVhitesritle, jj.v. Ctdumtms Co. N. C. IVIiitc JVater. a branch of the Cireat Miami in Indiana and Ohio ; a township in Hamilton Co. Ohio; p.v. Oearbnn (,'ci. Ind. IVItilcing. p.t. .Addison Co. Vl. Pop. 053. fVhiteiii'rhain, p.v Windham Co. Vl. Pop. 1,477. Jt'fiitpln/, ^ township of Green Co. Pa. fVliitepaine, a township of Montgomerj' Co. Pa. IVItlttednille, p.t. Buncombe Co. N. C. IVhite Sea, a larje biy of the' Frozen Ocean on the N. part of Russia, on the K. side of which stands the town of .Arrhanifcl. IVhiiehiircn, :i sea-pnrt iti Cumberland, Eng. ft is seated rm a creek nf the Irish Sea, on the N. end of a great hill, washfd by the tide on the W. side, where there is a large whitish rock, and a strong stone w:iil that secures the harbour. Near it are e.veellenl coal mines, some of which run a considerabli' wav under the sea, and are the chief source nf its wealth. It is 41 m. S. W. of Carlisle and H'JO N N \V, of London. Long 3. .15. VV.. lat 5.|.v;.-,. \. Wliitcltoni, a boron>rh ofScolland, In Wiglon- shire, near the bay of Wiirton. It is a place of great antiquitv, iiaving been a Roman station, and the first bishopric in Scotland. S m. W of Wigton. Whiltsable, a village on the coast of Kent, Eng. 7 m. N. N. W. of Canterbury. Wliitsunlide Isliitid. one of the New Hebrides in the S. Pacific. 30 m long and S broad, discov- ered by captain Wallis, on Ihe Whitsunday, 1767. Long. 10(3.20. E.,lat. I.'.. 44. S. WIE 780 WIH Whitilcbunj Forcstj a forest in the S. part of Nnrthamptonsliire, Eng. !► in. long and ^ broad. IVihurtr^ or Fihorg, an extensive district of Russia, in tlie government of Finland. It was coded by the Swedes to the Russians, partly by the peace of Nystadt in J721, and partly by tlie treaty of Abo in 174:1 Besides pastures, the country produces rye, oats, and barley, but not suJficicnt for the inhabitants. iViburg, a. ioriiHi'd sea-port of Russia, capital of the foregoing district, and a bishop's sec, with a strong citadel. The houses are almost entirely built of stone. The chief exports are planks, tal- low, pitch, and tar. The surrounding country is pleasant; and near it, at Iniatra, is the famous cataract cf the Woxa, which makes a noise more stunning than that of tlie Rhine al LaulTon. Wi- burg stands on the N. K. point of the gulf of Finland, 100 m. N. N. W. of Petersburg. Long. 2'.). 10. K., lat.GO. 50. N. fV(bur>r, a city of Denmark, in N. Jutland, capital of a diocese of the same name, and the seat of the chief court of justice in the province. In I7'20 the cathedral, a church, tiie town-house, and the bishop's i)alace, were destroyed by fire ; bulthev have all been magnificently rebuilt. It is seated on a lake, in a peninsula, 1*20 m. N. of Sleswiek. Long. 0. 50. K., lat. 5ti. 20. N. IVicli, a borough of Scotland, antl the capital of Caithness-shire, with a harbour on an inlet of the German Ocean, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Much kelp is made here, but the fisheries are the chief object of importance. It is 55 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 2. 51. \V., lat. 58. 21. N. Wick, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Mouse, op- posite Maestricht, with which it communicates by a bridge. IV^ick Ducrstrtic, a town of Prussian Westpha- lia, with two castles, 12 m. N. of Juliers. IVichfurd, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 24 m. S. Providence. fi'ic/itow, a county of Ireland, in the province of I.einster, 3H Ml. long and 25 broad ; bounded on the N. by Dublin, K. by the Irish Sea, S. by Wexford, W. by Catherlongli and Kildare, and N. W. l»y Kildare. It is divided luto 58 pajish- es, has about 1 1 1 .000 inliabitants, and sends two members tn parliann-nt. It is very mountainous i^nd woody, interspersed with rocks and bon-s ; but the valleys are fertile and well cultivated, and watered by numerous small rivers. Wirkloxc, the capital of the foregoing county, is seated on tlie Irisli Sea, with a narrow harbour, at the mouth of the river I-eitrim 26 m. S. S. E. , of Dublin. Long. 0. 12. W.. lat. 52. 58. N. Wicomico^ p. v. Northumberland Co. Va. Wick war, a decayed town in Gloucestershire, Eng. lU W. of London. Widdin, a fortified town of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. It has often been taken and retaken by the Auslrians and Turks; and is seat- ed on the Danube, 100 m. N. by W. r.f Sossa and 140 E. S. E. of Belgrade. Long. 24. 27. E., lat. 44. 12. N. ^ ' Wied, a county of Germany, at the conflux of the rivers Wied and Rhine. It is composed of two parts, the Upper County, or Wied-Runkel, and the Lower County, or Wied-Nieuwied. Wied, a town of Germany, in the lower county of Wied, 9 m. N. N. W, ofCoblentz. Wielun^ a town of Prussian Poland, with a good castle, 16 m. S. of Siradia. Wiclitsha, a village of Austrian Poland, in Gali- cia, celebrated for its salt mines, which extend under the whole town, and to a considerable di^i- lance on earli side. In these mines are several small chapels, excavated in the salt; and many of the inhabitants reside chiefly in the mines. 8 m. S. E. of Cracow. JV/escnsteiff, n town of Wurtemherg, with a castle ; seated on the Fils, Kim. W. N. VV.of Ulm and 25 E. S. E. of Stuttgard. Wlcsenthaly a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with manufactures of iron, steel, and fire-arms, and ii considerable trade in leather. It stands on a rivu- let of the same name, on the frontiers of Boliemia, 15 m. N. by E. of Carlsbad. Wigan. a borough in Lancashire, Eng. TiO m. S. of Lancaster and 190 N. N. W. of Lon- don. Wight, an island in the English Channel, on the S. coast of Hampshire, from which it is se- parated by a narrow strait It is about 21 m. in length and 33 in breadth, and is nearly divided into two equal parts by the river Mede, or Cowes, which, rising in the southern angle, enters at the northern into the channel, opposite the mouth of Southanjpton bay. The S. coast is bordered with very sleep cliffs of chalk and free-stone, hollowed into caverns in various parts. The W. side is fenced with ridges of rocks, of which the most remarkable are those called the Needles. Be- tween the island and the main are various sand banks, especially off" the E. part, where is the safe road of St. Helens. Across the island from E to W. runs a ridge of hills, forming a tract of fine downs, with a chalky or marly soil, whicdi feeds a great number of ral)bits and fine fleeced sheep. To the N. of this ridge the land is chiefly pasture ; to the S. of it is a rich arable country, producing great crops of corn. The variety of prospects which this island aft'ords, its mild air, and the neat manner in which the fields are laid out, render it a very delightful spot. It is devo- ted almost entirely to husbandry, and has no manufactures of any consequence. Among its products are to be reckoned a pure white pipe- clav, and a fine white crv-stalliue sand, of the latter of which great quantities are exported for the use of the glass-works in various parts. The other articles of export are wheat, flour, barley, malt, and salt. Its principal town is Newport; it likewise contains the boroughs of Newton and Yarmouth. Wigton^^ town in Cumberland, Kng. with man- ufactures of linen and cotton ; also an extensive calico-printing establishment, and a silk hat man- ufactory. 304 N. N, W. of London. JVtPton. a borough and sea-port of Scotland, capital of Wigtonsliire. Here are manufactures of woolen and cotton, the former chiefly of plaids and flannel. It is situate on a hill, wliich over- looks the bay of Wiglon, 100 m. S. W. of Edin- burg. Witrtonshire, or JVvst. Galloicay, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, N. E. by Kirkcudbrightshire, and on all other sides by the Irish Sea. Its greatest extent, in any direc- tion, does not exceed 30 m. It is divided into 17 parishes, and contains about 34,000 inhabitants. Williraham, p.i. Hampden Co. Mass. 89 m. S W- Boston. Pop. 203. Wifiacs, a frontier town of European Turkey in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the river Unna, 40 m. S. E. of Carlstadt and 220 W. of Belgrade. Long. 16. 10. E., lat. 45. 34, N. WIL 781 WIC Witroz, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9,459. Can- Ion is the capital. Wildbad, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg with a celebrated warm bath, seated on the Enz 2-1 ni. W. of Stuttgard. WildbcTir, a town of Wurtemberg, situate on the Nagold, 10 m. S. W. of Stuttgard. IVildbcrg, mown of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 'iS m. N. of Brandenburg. Wilderness, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. ffildcsltausen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Oldenburg, seated on the Hunte, 20 m. S. W. of Bremen. Long. 8. 27. E., lat. 52. 53. N. Witdimgrn, a town of Germany, m the county of Waldek, with a castle. Near it are mineral springs, and mines of copper, iron, and lead. I'l u\. S. S. R. of Corbach. Ifilhfrmsleiit, a fortress of Germany, in the rounty of SachauenburiT, on an island formed of stones sunk for the purpose, in Steinhuder-niere. it. was erected in 17{JS by William, count of ^^chauenburg-Lippe, for the improvement of hid new inventions in the art of war. It stands near the town of Steinhude, 18 m. W. N. W. of Han- over. mtkes, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 11,042. Wilkesborough is the capital ; a county of Geor- gia. Pop. 14,237. Washington is the capital. Wiikesbarrr, p t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus- quehannah, 120 m, N. W. Philad. mikesborou^h, p.t. Wilkes Co. N. C. 204 m. N..W. Raleigh. IVilkesmlle, p.v. Gallia Co. Ohio. 104 m. S. E. Columbus. Wilkinson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 6,.558. Irwinton is the capital; a county of Mississippi. Pop, 11,693. Woodville is the capital. WilUinsonrillc, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. ; v. Johnson Co. Illinois. ff^illcomiers, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Wilna, seated on the Sweita, 4.5 m. N. N. W. of Wilna. William Fort, a fort of Scotland, in the county of Inverness, at the extremity of Loch Linne, where thai arm of the sea bends to the W. anrl forms Loch Eil, It is of a triangular figure, and is (14 m. S. W of Inverness. William llrnry, a town of Flower Canada, sit- uate at the confiu.K of the Sorel with the St. Law- rence. It has a Protestant and a Rnuian Catho- lic church. The principal channel of iiitercourse with this country and the United States is through this town. It is 40 ni. N. K. of Montreal and 120 S. W. of Quebec. Long, 73. 22. W., lat. 45. 55 N. Willelt, p.t. Cortland Co, N. Y. Pop, 894. Williams, a county of Ohio. Pop. 377. Defi- ance is tlie capital ; t. Northampton and Mont- gomery Cos. Pa. Williamsborousli, p.v. Greenville Co. N. C. 37 m. N. W. Halifax. Willianishnrg, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 227; p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 m. W Boston with manufactures of cotton, linen, and woolen. Pop. 1,225; p v. Huntingdon and Northumber- land Cos. Pa. Iredell Co. N. C, Mason Co. Ken. and Jackson and Maury Cos. Ten., Clermont Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,009. WilliamsbuTg, a District of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,015. Kingstree is the capital. Wllliamshurg, p.v. James City Co. Va. 32 m. E. by S. Richmond. This town was once the capital of the State, but is now much decayed from its former importance. It still contains William and Mary College which was founded herein UV.n. It has 7 instructers and (iO students. The libraries have 4,200 volumes. It has one va- cation of nearly 4 months from July to October. Commencement is in July. Williamsficld, p.v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 242 m. N. E. Columbus. WiUiamspoTt, p.v. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wash- ington Co. Pa., Washington Co. Md., Pickaway Co, Ohio., Morgan Co. Ind. VViUiamson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2G,(in8. Franklin is the capital. Wiiliamst'idt, a sea-port of Holland in N.Bra- bant. 13 m. N. W. Breda. Wi.lliamsloicn, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 4G m. N Windsor. Pop. 1,487. WilliamstoJon, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. N.W.Boston. Pop. 2,127. Williams College, at this place was founded in 1793. It has 7 in- structers and 115 students. The libraries have 4,550 volumes. There are 3 vacations in JMay, September and December, of 18 weeks, ('uin- mencement is in December. WiUiamslown, p.v. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. G8(; ; p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa., Martin Co. N. C. Grant Co. Ken. WiUiiimsrillc, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y., Chesterfield Co. Va., Person Co. N. C. WiUimrlon. p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 20 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,305 ; p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C. Willinl;, p.v, Erie Co. N. Y. Willlslon, p.t, Chittenden Co. Vt. 10 m. S. E. Burlington. Pop. 1,<;03. Willistown, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Willow Grove, p.v. Montgomerv Co. Pa. and Sumter Dis. S. C. Wilisboroiigli, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. on L. Cham- plain, Pop, 1 ,31G. Wilhliire, p.t. Van Wert Co. Ohio. 130 m. N. VV. Colnuibus. Willisloiri), an Indian village in the Cherokee country of Alabama. 50 m. E. Huntsville. Wilnuinstrand, a town of Prussia in Finland 100 m N. W. St. Petersburg, famous for a battle between the Swedes and Russians in 1741. irHmlitglon, \i.v. Windham Co. Vt. .17 m. W. Brattleboi-ougli. Pop. 1,3(i7; p,t. Essex Co. N. V. li;0 m. N. Albany, Pop. (i95. Wilmington, p.t. Newcastle Co. Del. on Chris- tiana C'reek, near its entrance into the Delaware. It is the largest town in the state, a port of entry, and incorporated with city privileges. It is regu- larly and handsomely built, mostly of brick. In the neiuhboiirhood are many nourishing manufactures of'cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder, and a great number of mills. The town has 10 churches, 3 banks, an ars. tf'ihia, a government of Russia, comprising the N. part of Lithuania, and containing an area of 2,'l00 square miles, with about 1,000,000 of inhnhitunts. H'ifnu, a town of Russia, capital of the forego- iiiif government, and a bishop's see, with a uni- versity, an ancient castle, and a royal palace. It stands on several little eminences, and has two considerable suburbs, called Antokollo and Rud- aiska. Here are upwards of -40 cliurclus ; and the ni.ignificent one belonging to the castlr lias a very rich tre.isury. In 1748 a dreadful conflagration dt'strnved 13 churches, and in 17-11) another fire linppened by lightning, which consumed si.x churches ; besides these, the Jews synagogue, the council-house, 33 palaces, numerous stone edifi- ces, and other buildings were destroyed. The churches have been rebuilt, and snme of them in a more elegant manner than before; but the city has not recovered its former gandcur. Wii- na was taken bv the Russians in 17'.l-l. and, with its territnrv, annexed to that empire. The Frencli look possession of it in 1812, but evacuated it the same year. It is seated on the Vilia, 180 m. K. ofKoniffsberg and 240 N.E. of Warsaw. Long. 2.5. 2.S. E.,lat. 54. 41. N. WUsdnrf, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near which tiie Saxons were defeated by the Prussians in 174.5. It is 9 m. W. of Dresden. WiJsnach^ a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 14 m N. W. of Havelberg. If'/lson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2.5,477. Lebanon is the capital. ; p.t. Niagara Co. N Y. Pop. 013. Wilson, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1 ,G50 ; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. l.OGl; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,005-, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 15 m. N. W. Ballston Spa. Pop. 1,303. lyUsonriUe, p. v. Bath Co. Va. IVilson Hill, p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. Wilsowitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, 15 m. K. N. K. of Hradisch. iVilton, a borough in Wiltshire 85 m. W. by S. of London. IViUshirr, a county of England, 53 miles long and 38 broad ; bounded on tfie E. by Berkshire and Hampshire. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 222,157. The air is sharp nn the hills in winter, but is mild during lliat season in the vales. The I.ind in tlie N. part is generally hill}' and woody, but affords excellent pasture for cattle, and here is made the Wiltshire cheese so much esteemed. In the S. the soil is rich and fertile. In the middle it chiefly consists of downs, lliat afford the Ix'st pasture for slieep ; and in the valleys, wliich divide the downs, are corn-fields and rich meadows. Its principal com- modities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of this last there are excellent quarries on the bank of the Nadder, where some of the stones are 23 yards in length, and four in thickness, without a flaw. The chief manufactures are the diffVrent branches nf the clothing-trade. Salisbury is t)ie capital. Wimhlahm. a village in Surrey, Eng. on nn ele- vated heath. 7 m S. W. of London. On the S. W. angle of the common is a circular encamp- ment, including seven acres ; the Irencli very deep and perfect. In the village are copper nulls, a manufacture for printing calicoes, and another of jnpan ware. il'irnhorHy or Wimhorn Minster, a town in Dor- setshire, Kng. It had a monastery, in which were interred the W.Saxon kings KllieUlred and Sigeforth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble churcii, called the Minster, was formerly collegi- ate, 100 m. S. of London. It'immis, a town of Switzerland, in the cnntnn of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 ra. S. of Bern. Wiiitfifcn,^ town of Germany, in IIcssc-Darm- sladt, consisting properly of two towns, cjilh'd Wijifen on tlie Hill, and \Vimpfen in the Vale. A salt work was established here in 17(11. It is seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. of Pleilbon and 22 E. of Heidelberg. Wincaunton, a town in Somersetshire, Enr. with manufactures of ticking, dowlas, series, &c. 24 m. S. of Bath and 108 W. by S. of London. Winchenmh, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 90 N. N. W. of Lnnd.m. Wiiichrlsca ,n.\.o\\x\ \n Sussex, Eng. an appendage to the cinque ports, G4 m. S. E. of London. IVtnchrndon, [i.t. Worcester Co. Mass. G m. N. W. Boston. Pop. I,4ti3. JViticlicstcr, p.v. Cheshire Co, N. II. 73 m. S. W. Concord on the Connecticut, with manufac- tures of woolen, cotton, nails, and oil. Pop. 2,052. Winchester, p.t. Frederick Co. Va. .30. rn. S. W. Harper's Ferry. it is regularly ana Iiand- snmely built in a pleasant situation and has con- siderable trade and manufactures, a medical school and an academy. There are some mineral springs in the neighbourhood, and the town is much frequented in summer by people from the lower country. Winchester, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,7G5. Guernsey and Ohio Co. Randolph Co. Ind. Clarke Co. Ken., Franklin Co. Ten., and Wayne Co. Mississippi. Winchester, a city in Hampshire, Eng. It is one mile and a half in circumference, and has 8 churches, besides the cathedral, in which were interred several Saxon kings and queens, whose bones were collected by bishop Fox, put into small gilded coffins, and placed on a wall in the S. side of the choir. In this catliedral is tlie mar- ble cofl'in of William RufuH. In the vicinity is St Mary's College, founded by William oi' VVyke- ham ; and contio-uous to it is a spacious quadrar- gular edifice for commoners or gentlemen not on the foundation. At the S. end of the city is the hospital of St. Cross, founded by a bishop o^ this see, for a ma.ster. nine poor brethren, r.nd fnur out-pensioners. All travellers who call at this Iiospital have 'a right to demand some bread and beer, wliich is always brought to them. 62 m. W. by N. of London. Windav, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern- ment of Courland, with a castle. The exports aro pilch, tar, wax, &c,, and some ships are built here. It stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, in the Baltic, 8C m. N. W. of Mittau and lOON. by E. ofMemel. Long. 21. 50. E., lat. .57. 15. N. IVindtrmere, or IVinandermere, the mostexlen. sive lake in England, lying between Westmor. land and Lancashire. It extends 15 m. from N to'S., but is not more than a mile broad. It is fa- WIN 783 WIN mou8 for its fine char, and abundance of Iruul, perch, pike, and eel. Its principal feeders are the rivers Rothay and Brathay, and its outlet the ri- ver Leven. This lake is intersected by several promontories, and spotted with islands. Among these, the Holme, or Great Island, an oblong tract of ;J0 acres, crosses the lake in an oblong line, surrounded by a number of inferior isles, firn>!y wooded. Il'inil Giip, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. IVintlham, a county of Vermont. Pop. 2.S,7od Newfane is the capital ; a county of Connecticut. Pop, '.*(), 077. Brooklyn is the capitnl. W'intthmn, p v. Cnmiterland Co. Mt*.; p.t. Uock- ingli.iin ("o. N. II. Pop. I,00(j: p.v. Windham Co'. Vt. Pop. 84; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. 2,812; p.t. Green Co. N. Y. Pop. n,47-2; p.v. Portage Co Ohio. 148 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 688. If'inilliiigen, a town of the kingdom of Wur- temberg, seated on the Lauter, 12 m. S. E. of Siultgard It'inil.ilifirh, a town and castle of Germany, in the district of Anspach, on the Rednitz, lU m. S. E. of Anspacii. ly'lndshciin, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, surrounded with ramparts which serve for a prom- enade. It is seated on the Aisch, ilO m. S. E. of Wurtzburg and 32 S. S. W. of Bam- berg^. Wirnisor, a borough in Berkshire, Eng. seated on an eminence, on the Thames, with a market on Saturday. It has been a royal demesne ever since the time of William the Conqueror, who received it from the hands of the abbot of West- minster, in exchange for lands in Essex. The picturesque beauty of its scenery, its noble forest, and the interesting historical associations connect- ed with the vicinity, all combine to confer upon it peciiliar attractions ; but it owes its chief cele- brity to its magnificent castle, the favorite resi- dence of a long line of kings. This castle stands upon a high hill, which rises from the town by a gentle ascent ; and its fine terrace, faced with a rampart of free- stone, 1,870 feet in length, is one of the noblest walks in Europe, with respect to strength, grandeur, and prospects. It was built originally by William the Conqueror, ami enlarg- ed by Henry 1. Edward III. (who was born in it) caused the greater part of the edifice to be ta- ken down and rebuilt in its present form. Great additions were made to it by Edward IV., Henry VII., Henry VIII.. and Elizabeth. Charles II. enlarged the windows and made them regular, furnislied the royal apartments with paintings, enlarged the terrace walk on the N. side, and carried it round the E. and S. sides. After the jccession of the present house of Brunswick, and in particular during the reign of George III. splendid improvements were made ; and under his late majesty George IV., it assumed its pres- ent grand and magnificent appearance. The cas- tle is divided into two large courts, separated from each other by the round tower .allotted for the residence of the governor. On the N. side of the upper courts are the state apartments, on the E. the private apartments of his late majestv, and on the S. the suite of rooms set apart for the oflicers of state. In the centre of the court is an equestrian statue of Charles II. The royal apart- ments are adorned with a splendid collection of paintings, chiefly formed by the late king, and the royal chapel is embelleshed with a variety of superb carvings, by the celebrated Gibbons In the lower ward<^f the castle is St, George's chap- el, an elegant and highly finished structure, of pointed architecture, beg,an by Edward HI, in 1737, in honer of the order of the greater On the S. side of the town is the great park, which is 14 m. in circumference. From that partof th» castle called the round trjwer, the eye embraces one of the most noble and e.\tensive pro.spt>cts in in England ; for not fewer than 12 counties may be discerned with the naked eye ; while the land- scape presents every combination of picturesque beauty. Windsor is 22 m. W. London. Windsor, a county of Vermont. Pop. 40,fJ32. Windsor is the capital. ll'uulsoT, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connec- ti.cut. (Jl ni. S. Montpelier, and 1 12 N. W. Bos- ton. It has a handsome thriving town with con- siderable trade. Pop. 3,134; p t. Kennebec Co Me. Pop. 1,845 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 m W.Boston. Pop. 1,042; p.t. Hartford Co. Conn 7 m. N. Hartford. Pop 3,220 ; p.t. Browne Co N. Y. Pop. 2,17.'); p.t. York Co. Pa. Bertie Co. N. E. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio. iVimhoT FvrrM, a forest in the E. part of Berk- shire, 50 miles in circumference. Thougji the soil is generally barren and uncultivated, it is finely Jiversified by hills and dales, woods and lawns, and delightful villas. It contains several towns and villages, of which Oakingham is the principal. Windward Islands, such of the Caribbee islands in the W. Indies as commence at Martinico and extend to Tobago. IVindward Passaic, the strait between Point Maizi, the E. end of the island of Cuba, and Cape St. Nicholas, the N. W. extremity of St. Domin- go. Ifinftetd, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 91 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,778. IViadhall, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 571. ir/«7ir«//. a town and Castle of Wurlemberg, 12 m. E. N. E. Stultgard. jrJHni'cjn, a town of Austrian Poland, with a castle ; seated on the river Bog, 3o ra. N. of Bracklau. Winnipeg, a lake of Upper Canada, N. W. lake Superior. It is 240 m. long and from 50 to 100 broad, and exhibits a body of water next in size to Lake Superior. It receives the waters of several small lakes in every direction, and contains a number of small islands. The lands on its banks produce vast quantities of wild rice, and the su- gar-tree i:i great plenty. Winipiseogcr,, r. N. H., which runs from lake Winnipiseogee into the Merrimack, S. of the San- bornton. Winii>isu)irre, a lake of N. Hampshire in Straf- ford Co., surrounded by the townships of Centre harbour, Moultonborough,Tuflonborou"h, Wolfs- boriiuffh, Alton, Guilford, and Mereditli. Long. 71. 5. to 71. 25. W., lat. 43. 2il. to 43. 44. N. It is .about 23 m. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about 10, where widest broad. It receives the waters of several small streams, but is supplied chiefly bv subjacent springs, and its waters are conveyed oft" by the river Winipiseogee, which joins the western branch of the Merrimack, at the S. W. corner of Sanbornlon, opposite Salisbury, near Webster's falls. It is 472 feet above the level of the ocean, and 232 above the Merrimack, at the junction of their waters ; and in some places it is unfathomable by any means in the possession of the inhabitants. It abounds in fish, and its wa- ters are remarkably pure, but little, if at all infe- WIN 784 WIB rior to those of lake George, N. Y. It is of a vi-ry irregular form : in tlio N. \V. it divides into ?. branches, or large liaj's, and in the S. 1'^ is a lonff arm. called Merrt^mcetinff llaij. Several large pronjontories intrude into the lake ; the principal of wliirh are Meredith neck, Monltonhoroiitjli neck, and Tuftoidiorough neck. It is bordered in \-iirions parts by hills and mountains ; on the N. W. is Red Mountain, on the N Ossipee, on tlie S. Mount Major, and Gnnstock mountain. The lake contains a great multitude of islands said to amount to ;i05 ; some of them larjre enoncrh for farms of considerable extent, and are of bi'autiful appearance. The prospect of the lake and its en- virons is enchanting. The following description of the appearance of the lake as seen from the summit of Red moun- tain is triven by Dr. Dwight. — " Inunediately at the foot of the height, on which we stood, and in the bottom of the immense valley below, spread south-eastward the waters of the Winipiseogee in complete view ; e.xcept liiat one or two of its arms were partially concealed by intervening peninsulas. A finer object of tlie same nature was perhaps never seen. Tiic lakes, which I had visited in my northern and western excursions, were all of them undivided masses bordered by shorescomparitively straight. This was, centrally, a vast column, if I may be allowed the term, 23 m. in length and from (i to 8 in breadth, shooting out with inimitable beantv, a succession of arms, pome of them not inferior in length to the whole breadth of the lake. These were fashioned with every elegance of figure, bordered with the most beautiful winding shores, and studded with a mul- titude of islands. Their relative positions, also, could scarcely be more happy. *• Many of the islands are large, exquisitely fashioned, and arranged in a manner not less sin- gular than pleasing. As they met the eye, when surveyed from this summit, they were set in groups on both sides of the great cliannel,and left this vast field of water unoccupied between them. Their length was universally at right angles to that of the lake, and they appeared as if several chain of hills orignally crossing tlie country in that direction, had by some convulsion been merg- ed in the water so low, that no part of them was lell visible, except the oblong segments of their summits. Of those, which, by their size and sit- uation, were most conspicuous, I counted 45, witlu)Ut attempting to enumerate the smaller ones, or such as were obscured. The points, which in- trude into this lake are widely different from those of lake George ; bold, masculine hlufls, im- pinging directly upon the water. These, in sev- eral instances, were spacious peninsulas, fitting to become rich and delightful residences of man, often elevated into handsome hills, and sloping gracefully into the lake." trinnishorough, p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 30 m. N. Columbus. H'inscliole.n, a fortified town of the Netherlands in Groningen. Here, in 1568, was fought the first battle between the revolted Dutch and the Spaniards, who were defeated by Lewis, brother to the prince of Orange. It is 6 m. S. of Dolbart Bay and 19 E. S. E. of Groningen. Winsen.^ a town of Hanover, with a castle, seat- ed on the Luhe, near its confiuence with the II- inenau, 15 m. N. W. of Lunenburg. — Another, seated on the Alter, 6 ni. below Zell and 47 S. S. VV. of Lunenburg. Winsford, a Tillage in Cheshire, V.ng 4 m. W by N. of Middlewieh. Here is a considerable maimfacture of salt, and abundance of salt rock, of which great ijuantities are sent to Liverpool for exportation. Winslnir, a town in Buckinghamshire, £ng. 49 m. \V. N. VV.of ],ondon. WhisloWj p.t. Kennebec (.'o. Me. 45 m. N. Wiscasset. I'oj). 1,259. Winstir, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. situate among rich lead-mines, 2G m. N.N. \V. of Derby. WiiUciticrg, a town of Bohemia, with a celebra- ted glass manufactory, 77 m. S. by W. of Pryne. iVmlrrinfrhtnn, a town in Lincolnshire, Knfr. ;!3 m. N. of Lincoln. yiV/z/fr/Az/r, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Zurich, where there are mineral batl}s. The articles made here by the smiths and turners are in great estimation ; and it has manufactures of earthenware, strijx'd camlets, and cotton. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Alach, 12 m. E. N. E. of Zurich. Wiittcrton, a village on the E. coast of Norfolk, Eng. near a promontory called Wintertonness, on which is a light-house, 8 m. N. by W. of Yar- mouth. U'iiilkrop, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 10 m. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,H87. Winlon, p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. 153 m. N. E. Raleigh. WintonbuTu, p. v. Hartford Co. Conn. PVinifaiD Bdij, in S. Carolina receives the Pe- dee, Waccamaw and Winee Rivers, and joins the sea, 12 m. below Georgetown. Winiccster, a town of Germany, capital of the county of Falkenstein. 24 m. W. S. W. of Worms and 27 N. E. of Deux Points. If'inipick, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m. N. of Warrington. It is deemed the richest rec- tory in the kingdom ; and on the S. side of the church is a Latin inscription, intimating that the place was once a favourite seat of Oswald, king of Northumberland. JVippcrfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province of Cleves and Berg, seated on the Whipper, 30 rn. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. H'ijij/ra, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. W. N. W. of Eisleben. Il'irhsitorth, a town of Prussian Saxony 10 m. W. N. W. of Eisleben. Wirhsicorth, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. 140 m. N. N. W. of London. Il'isbadcn, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau. It has some warm haths, formerly of great repute ; (i m. N. of Mentz and 22 W. of Frankfort. ll'isbeack, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. 34 m. N. N. W. of Cambridge and 89 N. of Lon- don. Il'lsby. a sea-port of Sweden, capital of the isle of Gotliland, with a castle. It is seated on the side of a rock, on the Baltic, 129 m. S. by E. of Stockholm. Long. 18. 41. E., lat. 57. 36. N. IViscasset, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me, on Sheepscut River, 55 m. N. E. Portland. It is a port of en- try and has a considerable trade in lumber and wood. Pop. 2,443. Wismar, a strong sea-port of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg with a citadel. It has suflTered frequently by war; and in 1710 it was taken by the northern confederates, who blew up and razed its former fortifications. The three principal churches, the townhouse,and the palace of Mecklenburg, are its most remarkable build- ings. It is seated on a bay of the Baltic, 30 m WOA 785 WOL E. bv N. of Lubec and 33 W. S. W. of Rostock. Lon^. 11. 34. E., lat. 53. 50. N. IViston, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, 21.^ ni. VV. N. W. of London. Witepsk, a strong town of European Russia, with a castle. The French entered it in 1812, but evacuated it the same year. It is seated in a ruorasis, at the confluence of the Dwina and Wids- ba (;.-) ni. E. of Polotsk and 80 \V. N. W. of Smolensk. Long. 29. 40. E., lat. 55. 43. N. IVil^eiuiu, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of I'l'cliin, on the river Launsnitz, 14 m. E. of Bud- weis. lyU^etisUiii, a castle of Germany, which gives n:iine to a small county belonging to Hesse-Darm- si^idt It stands on a high rock, 13 m. N. W. of M.irburg. inthuin, a town in Essex, Eng. 38 ni. E. N. E. of London. IVillich, a town of Prussia, in the province of l.-i'.\'er Rhine. It has a castle called Ottenstein, Ki'l in its neighbourhood are many copper-mines. It is seated on the Leser, 19 m. N. N. E. of Treves. IVitucy, a town in O.xfordshire, Eng. Here vif manufactures of the finest blankets, and other llimk woolens, called bear-skins and kerseys. i;'> Ml. \V. N. W. of London. ll'ustock^ a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, witi» celebrated cloth manufactures : seated on the river Dosse, 17 m. M. N. W. of Ruppin. IVittcnhcrit^ a strong town of Prussian Saxony, with a famous university and a castle. The cele- brated Martin Luther began the Reformation here, i'l l.'>17, and is buried in a chapel belonging to l!ur castle. In 1321 a colossal statue was erected here tn his memory. Wittenberg has suffer- ed greatly by wars, particularly in the seige by the Austrians in 17G0; and in 1S13 it was taken by the allies after a short siege. It is seated on the Elbe, over which is a bridge, Co m. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 12. 43. E., lat. 51. 54. N. IViltenbcrg-, a town of Prussia, in Braiidenburg, soatcd on the Elbe, 7 m. S. S. W. of Perleberg. Wittniberg , a town of Germany, in Mecklen- burg, 15 !n. W. S. W. of Schwerin. tVitttren^Uin, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Livonia, 40 m. S. E. of Revel. IViulcseij-ynere, a lake in the N. E. part of Huntingdonshire, Eng. G m. long and 3 broad. It is 4 m. S. of Peterborough. H'ittsljur^, p.v. Erie Co. Pa. iyilzenlmusen,ai town of Germany , in Hesse-Cas- sel, seated on the Werra, J8 m. E. by N. of Cassel. IVivcUscornb, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of blanketing, kerseys, and other coarse cloths. 153 m. W. by S. of London IVivenhoe, a village in Essex. Eng. on the Coin 3 m. 3. E. of Colchester, of which it is the port. The Colchester oysters are chiefly barrelled at this place. IVIadislatD, a town of Poland, capital of a pala- tinate of its name and of the province of CujaviA, with a fort. It stands on the Vistula, 98 m. W N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 50. E., lat. 52. .54. i\. IVoahoo, one of the Sandwich islands, 7 leagues N. W. of Morotoi. From the appearance of the N. E. and N. W. parts, it is the finest island of the group. A bay is formed by the N. and W. ex- tremities, into which a fine river flosvs. through 'J9 a deep valley ; but the water is blackish for 900 yards from the entrance. It is supposed to con- tain 00,000 inhabitants. Lieut. Hergist, who had been sent from England, in 1791 , with a supply of provisions for captain Vancover, then on a voyage of discovery, waa here surprised and murdered by the natives, together with Mr. Gooch, the as- tronomer. Long. 157. 51. W. lat. 21. 43. N. IVohum^ a town in Bedtordsliire, Eng. It had an ancient abbey, on the site of which stands the magnificent building called Woburn Abbey, the seat of the duke of Bedford. 42 m. N. N. W. of London. Woburn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Boston, on the Middlesex Canal. Pop. 1,977. Here is a beautiful sheet of water called Horn Pond, environed by sleep woody hills and afford- ing the most delightful scenery. IVadniaii, a. town of Bohemia, seated on the Biaiiitz, 12 m. S. of Piseck. li'oerden, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, seated on the Rhine, 10 m. W. of Utrecht. tyokci/, or Okey, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. on the N. side of the Mendip Hills, 2in. W. of Wells. Here is a famous cavern, called Wokey Hole. Wolilno A village in Surrey, Eng. on the river Wey, 5 in. N. N. E. of Guilford. ll'orkinghajn or Orkintrham,^ corporate town in Berkshire, Eng. 31 m. W. by S. of London. PVulaUf a strong town of Prussia, Silesia, capi- tal of a principality of the same name, with a fine castle, many handsome buildings, and a great woolen manufacture. It is seated near the Oder, surrounded by a mornss. 20 m. N. W. of Breslau. Long. IG. 45."E., lat. 51! 18. N. JVulbck, a town of the Prussian states, in the gov- ernment of Munster, 7 m. S. S. W. of Munster. Wokott, p t. 1- rleans Co. V't. 03 m. N. Mont- pclier. Pop. 4.92. ; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 25 in. N, Xew Haven. Fop. 844. ; p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,085. )Fokotsville, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. tf'oldcck, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 21 ra. E. N. E. of Strelitz. Wotfach, a town of Baden, on a river of the same name, at its confluence with the Kinzig 19, in. N. E. of Friburg. U'olfboroush, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H.45m. N E.Concord. Pop. 1,928. JVulfcnviMel, a principality of Germany, which constitutes part of the duchy of Brunswick. It isdi vided into two parts the principalities of Helderheil, Halberstadt : the northern borders on the duchies of Lunenburir and Magdeburg ; the southern lies between the principality of llildesheim, the ab- bey of Corvey, and the county of Wernigerode. The N. part produces abundance of grass, grain, flax, hemp, silk, and various kinds of pulse and fruit. The S. part is hilly and has little arable land, but ^'ields plenty of limber and iron, and has manufactures of glass and fine porcelain, with a very rich mine and salt works in the Hartz Forest. The principal rivers are the Weser, Leine, and Ocker. The established religion is the Lutheran. Wolfenrutlcl, a strong city of Germany, capi- tal of the foregoing principality. It has a castle, formerly the residence of the dukes, in which is an excellent library, with a cabinet of curiosities relating to natural history. In the principa. church is the burial-place of the princes, which is an admirable piece of architecture. Wolfen- buttel is seated in a marshy soil, on the Ocker, 7 woo ?=6 won m. !•■ bv W. of Brunswick and iif) W of Hallier- Bladt. Long. 10. 45. K , lit. r,2 ID N. Wolfcrsdilic, a small island of llit* Netlu'rlands in Zealand, between N. and S. Kcveland. Wuifsberg, a town of Austrian lilyria, in Carin- thia, with a castle ; seated on the Lavant, at the foot of a mountain, 'Si m. E. N. K. of ('lawenfiirt. IVol^ast. a sea-port of Prussia, in romeraiiia, with one of the best harbours on the Haltic. On- ly the tower of its ancient castle is now standinsf. It is sealed on the Peene, or \V. channel of the Oder, 54 m. N. \V. of Stettin. Long. 13. 52. E., lat .">4. 4. N. Wolhenstein, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Krztjeber^, with a c:istle on a rock ; seated near tlie Zschopa, 15 m. S. S. K. of Chemnitz. JValkomi/sk, a town of Prussia, in the crovern- ment of (irodno, seated on the Ros, 23 m. S. E. of Grodno. WoUin, a fortified town of Poreerania, capital of a fertile island of the same name, between the two Eastern branches of the Oder. It is seated on the Diwenow, I'2 in. S. W. of Camin and 30 N. of Stettin. Lonff. 14. 40. E., lat. 5:i. 50. N. Wolmirsttuit, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Magdeburg, on the river Ohra, 10 m. N. of Mag- deburg;. IVuloctoL, a town of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, 100 m. S. E. of Novogorod. Lonor. 34. «0. £., lat. 57. 30. N. Wohingham, a town in the county of Durham, Eng. amid mines of lead and coal, l(j in. \V. of Durham and 2-57 N. N. W. of London. Wulrerhampton, a town in Staffordshire. Eng. Here are manufactures of various kinds of iron, brass, steel, and tin goods, japanned and paper wares, &c. It is seated on a hill, nearly encom- passed by canals, llj in. S. of Stafford and 122 N. W. of London. H-'olrey.a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 5 m. S. E. of Nuneaton. ^foineldorf. p. v. Herks Co. Pa. 'fVo(/, a county of the W. Dis. of V'irginia. Pop. 6,409. Parkersburg is the capital. A c nin- ty of Ohio. Pop. 1,0!)5. Perrvsburg is the cap- ital. H'oodhriilac, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 77 m. N. E. of London. Ifoodbrid^e, a township of N. Haven Co. Conn. 7 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 2,040. ; p. v. Mid- dlesex Co. N. J. 10 in. N. E. New Brunswick. Il'aodbunj. p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn, lit m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 2,045 ; t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. t<24. ; p v. Gloucester Co. N. J ; t. Bedford and Huntingdon Cos. Pa. Woodehrsii-r,a. village in Gloucestersliire, Eng. 2 m S. of Stroud. It lias a br-^ad. cloth and ~a silk manufacture. A great tessellated pavement and other splendid Roman antiquities have been discovered iiere. If'oodford, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 12,204 ; t. Bennington Co. \'t. Pop. 3;>5. Versailles is the capital. Il'ood Ltimi, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. Il'nods, LaI.e of the, ^Uke of N. AmericT. 90 m. long, and 30 where broadest, but very irregu- lar in its shape. It lies between Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior, chiefly in Upper Canada", but the S. part is in the territory of the United States. The lands on its banks are covered with oaks, pines, firs, &,c. Woodsboro, p.v. Frederick Co. Md. Woodsfield, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio. 120 m. E. Columbus n'ooilslocl. . p. I. O.vford Co. Me. .M', m N. I'ort- land. Pop. 573; pi. Windsor Co. Vt. 7!) m. S- Montpelicr. Pop. 3.044 ; p.t. Windham Co- Conn. 48 m. N. E. Hartford, with manufactures of cotton and woolen. Pop. 2,!I28; p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. with manufactures of iron and glass. Pop. 1,37G; p.t. Shenandoah Co. Va. 100 ra. W. Washington p.t. H\'de Ci> N. C-. Jf'ood.-itoc/;, a borou<:li in O.xfirdsliire, Eng. It is chiefly noted for Blenheiin-house. built al the expense of the nation for the duke of .Marlborough, in memory of liis signal victory over the rrencli and Bavarians in 1704. Woodstock has a nriiiii- facture of gloves, and of steel watch ch.ains. Tlie poet Chaucer was born, lived and died here. It is 8 ni. N. W. of Oxford and (J2 W. N. W. of London. U'aodstoini, p.v. Salem Co. N. J. 2G in. S. Phrlad. Woodsrllle, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 15S in. N. \V. Albany ; p.v. Culpeper Co. Va., Hanover Co. Va., Perquimans Co. N. C, Warren Co. Ten., Decatur Co. Alab. and Wilkinson Co. Mississip)ii. IVoolcr, a town in Norllioinberland, Eng. 11 m. S. of Berwick and 317 .\. by W. of London. Woolirich, a town in Kent, Eng. It is the most ancient military and naval arsenal in Eng- land, and has a royal dock-yard, where men of war were built as early as the reign of Henry VIII. At the eastern part of the town is the royal arsenal, in which arc vast magazines of great guns, mortars, bombs, balls, powder, and other warlike stores; a foundry, with three fur- naces, for casting ordnance ; and a laboratorv, where fireworks and cartridges are made, and bombs, carcases, grenades, A-c, charged fi»r the public service. A little to the S. of the ar.';enal are extensive artillery barracks, for the accom- modation of the oflicers and privates: and a little further S. a royal military academy, where the mathematics are taujjlit and cadets instructed in the military art. Woolwich is seated on the Thames, which is here so deep that large ships may at all times ride with safety It is 8 in. E of t..ondon. Wooltrich. p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 40 in. N. 1'. Portland. Pop. 1,484. IVoosler, p.t. Wayne Co. Ohio. 8!) in. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,053. JVorcestcr, a central county of Massachusetts. Pop. 84,365. Worcester is the capital. A county of Maryland. Pop. 18,271. Snowhill is the cnp- ital. H'omster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 40 in \\'. Boston. It is one of tiie largest inland town.^ in the state and has a coinmiinicati(»ii with the waters of Narraganset Bay by the Blaclistiuie Canal. The town is handsomely built, and Ilic neighbouring country is very pleasant and v.-e'I cultivated. Here is l!ie library of the .American Antiquarian Society, consisting of tj,()00 voluni'-.^. A State Insane Asylum has recently been estMli- lished here. A cattle show is held jiere annually- and the trade of the town is very flourisliimf Pop. 4,172. WorrcslcT, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 74 m. V/ Albany. Pop. 2,093. A township of Montgomery Co. Pa. JJ'orccster, one of the most ancient and respec- table cities of England, the capital of Worcester- shire, and a bishop's see. It contains 1 1 churches, besides the cathedral, also a number of meeting- houses for various sectaries as well as Roman Catholics. Edgar's Tower, a strong portal, is wort. 7f;- WUK part of its ancient castle ; liere are also three iiraniniar-scliools, seven hospitals, a puliiic in- tirmary, and a well contrived quay. Worn^sler is •governed li)- a mayor, carries on a considcraMe trade in hops, carpets, and glores, has a large maiuifacture uf elegant china-ware, niaiinfactures of tiriH lace, an e.'Stensive iron-limndry, distillery, \i:., and contains about 1!I,0(.'0 inhabitants. Here l-."roni\vell, in Ki.")!, obtained a vi<:tory over the Scotch army, which had niaroiied into Kn^'land to reinstate Charles U., who, after this defeat, ejicaped with fireat diftlculty into France. Wor- cester is seated on the Severn, :i(! m. N. N. E. of Itristol and 111 \V. N. W. of London. Lorn'. ■i. II. W., lat. -y2. 9. iN. IVnrcestfrsliirc^ a county of England, '14 ni. 1 mij and 'H broad ; bounded on the N. by Shrop- shire and Staffordshire, E. by Warwickshire, S. I'l. and S. by Gloucestersliire, and W. bv Here- fordshire. It contains (il:!,24l) acres, is divided into five hundreds and 152 parishes, has one city and 1 1 market-towns, and sends nine members to parliament. Initial tlie number of inhabitants was 18^1,424. The soil in the vales and meadows is very rich, particularly the vale of Evesham, which is styled the granary of these parts. The hills have Generally an easy ascent, except the .M ilvern ITiIls in the S. W, part of the county, which feed large flocks of sheep. The other hills are the Licky, near Hrornsgrove, towanls the N. ; and tile Bredon Hills, towards the S. E. Here are plenty of fruits of most sorts, especially pears, which are in many places found growing in the hedges. The commerce and manufactures are considerable. The chief exports are coal, corn, hops, cloth, cheese, cider, ])erry, and salt. The principal rivers are the Severn, Teine, and Avon. U'urcum, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, seated on the S. side of the .Meuse, just be- low the influx of the Waal, H in. N. N. E. of Heusden. iVorcum. a town of the Netherlands, in Fries- land, 18 m. S. W. of Lewarden. H'ordini^horir^ a sea-port of Denmark on the S. coast of the island of Zealand, from which there is a much frequented passage to the island Falster and I-aland. It is 4() m. S. S. W. of Copenha- gen. Long. 11. 58. E., lat. 55. 3, N. \l'orkini;lon, a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng, seated at the mouth of the Derwent, on the coa:^t of the Irish Sea. The river admits vessels of 400 tons burden, and the harbour is commodious. In the neigNliourh'>od are a large iron foundry, some salt-works, and numerous collieries. The principal manufactures arc canvas anil cordage, but the coal trade is its chief support. It is 7 m. W. by S. of Cockermoiilh aud WVi X. N. W. of London. Long. 3. a". AV., lat. 54. :U. N. IVurkaiip ^i\ town in .VottingJsamshire, Eng. The canal from Chesterliehl tri (lie Trent passes near this town. It is a-2 ni. N. W of Newark and 14G N. by W. '.fL,;i.vlon. Worms, a city v-.l'ric of t.he same name. It is iamoiis tor a diet held in 1.521, at which Luther assist:'il in persin. The cathe- dral is magnificent, and tfie [iriiieipal Littheraii church has a beautiful altar aiid fiii" paintings. In the war of lfi80 it was taken by the French, v;ho almost reduced it to ashes. In 174:! a treaty- was concluded here between (ireat Britain, Hun- gary, and Sardinia. In 1792 Worms surrender- ed to the French, who were obliged to evacuate it the next year, after the loss of Mentz ; but it was again taken bv them in 1704. It is seated on the Uhiiie, 27 m.S. S. W. of Mentz. Long. S.2!i E.. lat. 4!i. :!ii. N. Wurslnj, a town in Lancashire, Eng. celebrated for the immense quantity of coal in its vicinity and for being the place where the duke of Bridge- water first commenced his canal navigation, "it is li in. N. N. W. of Manchester. K'orsttdil, a town of .Norfolk, Eng. This plac4> is noted for the introduction of that sort of twist ed yarn called itorslead ; and was formerly a place of considerable trade, though now reduced to a mere village. It is 12 m. N. of Norwich aiul 121 N. E. of London. fVorlhinglon, p t Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 in W.Boston. I'op. 1,178; p. v. Franklin Co. Ohio y m. N. Columbus. IVolton Iliijset, a borough in Whillsliire, Enjr. S.'j in. W. of London. VViiltvn'Undtr- Eil^e, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. with extensive manuf'actures of cloth. It is seated under a I'ertile eminence, 2U ni. N. E. of Bristol and 10!) W. N. W. of London. IV'rii^lnj^n town in Lincolnshire, Eiig. 14.3 m. N of London. il'ntl/t, Cape, a promontory of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, which is the N. W. point of Cireat Britain. Against its rugged and lof^v clifl'j the rapid tides bursts witli incredible fury. Luii/ 4. 47. W., lat. 58. 34. N. lyrekin, a noted hill or mountain in Shropshire, Eiig.8 m. E. S. E. of Shrewsbury. It was a fi mous station of the Romans, and its height U reckoned 1,200 feet lyrrnt/inin, p I Norfolk Co. .Mass. 24 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen, and straw bonnets. Poj». 2.7(J.5. li'rej-Jtfiiit, a town of Wales, in Ueiibighsliire. It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of con siilerable tralKc. 180 m. N. W. of London. fyriczin,'>T lirUlzf.n,alown of Prussia, in Bran denburw, situate on a lake formed by the inuiida tions ol the Oder. 37 m. E. N. E. of Berlin. Wriirhlshoro. p. v. Union Uis. S. (' ; p. v. Co lumbia Co. Geo. 104 m. N. E Milledae ville. Il'riifhtsfojrn, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. 21 ni. S. E. Trenton, t. Belmont Co. Ohio. irr/g/i/sriV/f, p.v. York Co. Pa. and Uuplin Co N. C. IVrin^lon, a town in Somersetshire, Eug. !l was the birth-place of the celebrated Locke, and is seated near the source of the Yeo. 10 m. S. W. of Bristol and 125 W. of London. Wrolhiim, a decayed tov.u in Kent, Eng. 24 m. 5. E of London. Wroielrr, a village in Shropshire, Eng. saiil lo have been formerly a city built by the Britons. It appears to have been surrouniled by a thick wall and a dei p Ireneh whi<'h may be traced in several places. 5 m. S. E. of Shrewsbury li'ioiiiiulirri;, a town of Prussian Westphalia, which received its name from a victory gained by Cliarleiuasrncover the Saxons in 974 it is 14 in. S. ctf Paderb >Mi. Wiirisirdil, a town of Bavarian Franc. uiia, mar which are mines of copper and iron, and quarries of marble. It is seated on the Rc.sslau, 12 in. W of Egra anil 'M E. of Banreulh. Wurti-mlicri;, a kingdom of (lermany, bounded E. by Bavaria and W^ bv liaden, and comprising an area of 8,000 sq. m.,' with 1,53G,000 inhabit ants. It is one of the most populous and fertile countries in CJerniany, though there are man/ XAL 788 XAU mountains and woods. It produces plenty of pas- ture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of Neckar wine — so called from the river Neckar, which runs through the kingdom. There are also mines and salt springs, and much game. This country was erected mto a kingdom by Napoleon in 1805 ; and he made considerable additions to it by the territories taken from Austria. In 1813 the allies, having engaged to serve the king in his various acquisitions, received his support in the invasion of france. Stuttcrard is tlie capital. /rHr/://Hr(r, a district of Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Maine, comprehending a great part of Franconia. It is 05 m. long and 50 broad, and is bounded on the N. by Henneberg, E. by Bam- berg, S. by Ansparh, Hohenlohe, and Mergen- theim, and VV. by Wertheim, Mentz, and Fulda. The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn and wine than the inhabitants consume. This territory was formerly a bishopric, and its sove- reign was one of the greatest ecclesiastic princes oftiie empire; but it was given as a principalty to the elector of Bavaria in 1803; and by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was ceded to the archduke Ferdinand, whose electoral title was transferred from Salzburg to this place. In 1814, however, it was aoain transferred to Bavaria, in exchange for the Tyrol, when the archduke Fer- dinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions. IVurtzliurg, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital of the circle of Lower Maine, witlt a magnificent palace, a university, an arsenal, and a handsome hospital. The fortress stands on an eminence, and communicates with the city by a stone bridge. Besides the cathedral, there are several collegiate and parish churches, colleges, abbeys, and con- vents. Here is a cannon and bell foundry ; also cloth and stuff manufactures, established in the house of correction. VVurtzburg was taken by the French in 1706 and again in 1800. It is seated on the Maine, 40 m. W. S. W. of Bam- berg and 65 E. S. E. of Frankfort. Long. 10. 14. E., lat. 49. 46. N. tfurzach, a. town of the kingdom of Wurtem- berg, in the county of Waldburg, with a castle ; situate on the Aitrach, 17 m. N. of Wangen and 28 S. by W. of tJlm. IVursen or Ifurtzcn, a town of Saxony, with a castle, a catliedral, and two churches. Here are fine bleaching grounds for linen ; but the princi- pal trade is in beer, of which great quantities are exported. It is situate on the Muldau, 15 m. E. of Leipzifj. /rusff/-/(rtW5f 71, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, seated on the Spree, 15 m. S. S. E. of Ber- lin. — Another, seated on the Dosse, 17 m. E. N, E. of Havelburg and 44 N. W. of Berlin. JVustratt, a town of Hanover, in the ducliy of Lunenberg, seated on the Dumme, at ils conflu- ence with the Jutzo, 14 m. S. of Dannebertr. IVijalusing, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 30 m. S. \V Montrose. Wycomb or Wgk Wiiromh a borough in Buck- inghamshire Eng. A Roman tesselated pavenient was discovered in an adjacent meadow in I7-J4. 31 m. W. N. W. of London. IVyc, a town in Kent, Eng. 55 m. S. E. of London. Wyc^ a river of Wales, which issues from Plyniimmon hill, in the S. part of Montgomery- shire, very near the source of the Severn. It crosses the N. E. corner of Radnorshire, giving name to the town of Rhyadergowy (fall of the Wye) where it is precipitated in a calarn.ct Then, flowing between this county and Breck- nockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing Ijy Hav to Hereford, a few ni. below wliich it rc-- ceives the Lug ; it then flows by Ross and Mon- mouth, and, separating the counties of Montnoulli and Gloucester, it enters the Severn belov.' Chep- stow. This river is navigable almost to Hay, and a canal forms a communication between it and the Severn from Hereford to Gloucester. IVytlicshurg, p. v. Charlotte Co. Va. 132 rn. ■■'. W. Richmond. Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with manufactures of bombazines, Norwich crapes, &c. 101) m. N. N. E. of London. IVyoming, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa. situated in a valley among the Apalachian Mountains 1 m. from Wilkesbarre. JVysox, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. Wi/the, a countv of the W. Dis. of Virginia. Pop."l2,IG3. Wyihe is the capital. 351 in. from Washington X XABEA, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, near the coast of tlie Mediterranean, 44 ni. N. K. of Alicant. Lonj,-. 0. 3. K. lat. 38. 48. N. Xacca, or Aacftf,a sea-port of Sicily, in Val dl Mazara, with an old castle. Hero are largo granaries for the reception of corn intended to be exported, and niannfactures of heantiful vases. It is seated on tlie S. coast at the foot of a monn- tain, 20 ni. S. E. of Ma?.ara and 41 S. S. W. of Palermo. Long. 13. 2. E., lat 37. 41. N. Xacrua, a sea-port on the S. coast of the island of Cuba, seated on a bay, which is five leagues in circumference and surrounded by mountains. It is one of the finest ports in the W. Indies, and is '^4 m. S. E. of Havana Long. 80. i^j. W lat 22. 10. N. Xalapa, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, and a hishopg see. This town is said to give name to the purgative root called jalap, or xalap. CO m. E. of Angelos and 80 E. of Mexico. Lon.r. 08. 20. W.. lat, I'.l. 33. N. Xalisco^ a town oi Mexico in a province of its name, 14 ni. N. W. of Conipostclla. Xalira. or St. Philip, a town of Spain, in Valcn cia. Having taken the part of Charles HI., in 1707, Philip V. ordered it to be demolished, and a new town to he.built called St. Philip. It is seat- ed on the side of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Xucar, 32 m. S. W. of Valencia and 50 N. W.of Alicant. Long. 0. 14. W., lat. 30. 4. N. Xmiia, or Jauxa.a province of Peru, 30 miles long and 45 broad, bounded by the mountains of the Indians, and the provinces of Tarma, Huan- ta, Angaraes, A'auyos, and Guarochiri. The cli- mate is highly salubrious, and the soil fertile in corn and fruits. Xavra, a town of Pern, cajiital of the forego- VAO 789 TAR i- r proviDce, noted for iU silver mmes ; seated L^a river of the same name, 100 ra. E. of L>ma. Xavier, or Sabi,^e capital of the k-ngdom of Whidah,in Guinea. I' <- Pr"'""^.'^"!^!'" market is held every Wednesday and Saturday at the distance of a mile from the town. The mar- ket place is surrounded by sutlers booths ^Wuch are only permitted to sell certa.n sorts of meat, "beef pork, and the flesh of goats and dogs. Here slaves of both sexes arc sold, as well as ox- en, sheep, dogs, hogs, fish, and birds; also the various commodities of Whidah manufacture, and every thincr of European. Asiatic, or African production. Xavier is seated neat the river Eu- phrates, about 7 m. from the sea. Long. ^. oH. E., lal. G. 40. N. „ . Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Romish s.aint and missionary of that name. It is 3-5 m. S. E. of Pamplona. Xatier, St., a town of Paraguay, m the province of La Plata. 200 m. W. of Rio Janeiro. Xenia, pX. Greene Co. Ohio near the Little Miami, 5G m. S. W. Columbia. Pop. 4,17.> Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises m the L. part of Granada, and flows by Granada, Loxa, and Eciia, in the Guadalquivir. Xeres, a town of Guatemala, in Nicaragua,seat- ed on a river that flows into Fonseca Bay, 70 m. N. W. of Leon. Xeres ilc hi fronttra, a large and well built town of Spain, in Andalusia, famous for that ex- cellent wine corruptly called Sherry, 'j- '»«■*': ed on the small river Guadalete, 15 m. N. E. ol Cadiz' and -.W S. S. W. of Seville. XcrM dr. la FronUra, a town of Mexico in llie S part of the province of Zacatccas, iSO ni. N. by E. of Guadalajara. Long. 103. 35. W., lal. 2'->. "Xercs lie Guadiana, a town of Spain, in Anda- lus'ia, seated on the Guadiana, 26 m. N. by E. ot Ayamonte. ,. , Xkoro, an island of Japan, between Nip.ion and Ximo, S-iO m. in circumference. Xilotopcc, a town of Mexico, capital of a dis- trict of iU name, GO m. N. of Mexico. Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in bizc and eminence, situate to the S. W. of Niphon, from which it is divided by a narrow channel. 11 is 450 m. in circumference. Xiiona, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a castle, seated among mountains, in a country that produces exceUent wine and the valua- ble dru» called Kermes. It is 15 m. N. of Alicaij!. Xiuar. a river of Spain, which rises in the i> E part of New Castile, passes by Cuenza, and, enterinir the province of Valencia, runs into the gulf of Valencia, at the town of CuUera. Xiidnosrod, a town of Croatia, 17 m. N. ol be- benico and 37 E. of Kzara. TACHTA, a fort of Russia, in the govern- ment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tar- tiry 48 m. S. S. W. of Sclenginsk. YaMin, a river rising in North Carolina and flowing into South Carolina, where it lakes the name of Great Pedee. , „ . YukutsI; or Jakulskoi, a town of Russsia, capi- tal i>f a province of the same name, in the gov- ernment of Irkutsk, with a wooden fort. It is seated on the Lena, OliO m. N. E. of Irkutsk. Lontr 1-2'J. 48. E.. lat. 02 2. N Yule, the capital of a province of the same name, in the island of Ceylon, 5G in. S. E. of Candy. Yamliurs, town of Russia, in the government .of Petershurg, situate on the Luga, 20 m. E. of Narva. Yamina, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, near the river Niger, GG m. S. W. of Scgo. Yaiueyvilte, p. v. Louisa Co. Va. GO ni. N. W. Richmond. Yan^-lcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, i:i the province of Kiang-nan. Its district is in- t: inter- mixed with mountains, fine forests, and fruitful valleys, and produces abundance of musk. Near the city is a salt spring, which produces very while salt. It is 100 m. W. by N. of Yunnan. Long. 100. 45. E., lat. 25. 12. N. Yaa-tcheu, a citv of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si, on the \V . side of the lake Poyaiig, 700 m.S. of Pekin. Long. IIG. 40. E., lat. 29. 8 N Ynre, a river in Norfolk, Eng. formed by the confluence of several streams that rise in llic heart of the county. It passes through Norwich, whence it is navigable to yarmoulh, v.licre it enters the German Ocean. Yarkiin. or Irkin, a town of Tartary, in the country of Cashffur. with a large palace, wlirf the khan of the Klulh Tartars generally resid. i. It has a considerable trade, and sUnds in a fiTlii-- country, on a river of the same name, 100 m. S. !•; of Cashwn of China, in Chang-tong, where a kind of glass is made, so delicate that it will not endure the inclemencies of the air. 45 m. S. E. of Tsi-nan. I'curtV, a corporate town of Somersetshire, Eng. 122 in. W. by S. of London. Yestl, a to\yii of Persia, in the province of Irac, on the road from Keriiian, to Ispahan. It has a silk manuracfure , and here are made the finest porcelain and car]>et3. 200 m. E. S. E. of Ispahan. Long, 5G. 50. E., lat. 32. 0. N. Ylo, a sea-port of Peru, in Los Charcos, 70 m. N.N. VV.of.^rica. Long. 71. 13. W., lat. 17. 3(1. S. Yomiuesrille, p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 42 m. N. Columbus. Yonkcrs, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. U in. N. New York. Pop. l,'''(;i. Yonnc, a department of France, containinjr part of the former provinces of Burgundy and Champagne, and comprising an nn a of 2,0(10 square miles, with 350,000 inhabi- tants. The climate is temperate, and the soil fertile in corn, hemp, flax, wine, and fruits. It receives its name from a riyer which rises in the department of Nievre, flows by Chateau-Cliinr-n, Clameci, Au,xerre, Joigny, and Sens, and jnius the Seine at Montereau. Auxerre is the ca|)it:il. York, a city, the capital of Yorkshire, Eng. and an archbishop's see. It is the Eboracum of the Romans, and many of their coliiiis, urns, coins, *Stc., have been found here. It has always been considered as the capital of the North, and, in point of rank, as the second city in the kingdom ; but is now surpassed in wealth and pnpulousncss by many of the more modern trading towns. York contains about 20,000 inhabitants. The cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the .Min- ster, is reckoned the largest and most inngnili- cent Gothic structure in the universe. Tiie II. window, which is said hardly to have its equal for tracery, painting, and preservation, was tlio work of John Thornton, a glazier, of Conyentry, in 1405. This beautiful edifice sustained consid- erable injury from fire, occasioned by a frantic in- cendiary, in 1829, but it is expected that the munificence of the county will soon restore it to its original splendor. Besides the cathedral, York contains but 20 churches in use, thtiugh in the reign of Henry V. it had 44 [larisli churches, 17 chapels, and nine religious houses. Here are also a number of meeting houses for dissenters and Catholics. The city is divided by the Ou.-^e into two parts, united by a stone bridue of five arches, the centre one 31 feet wide. IMie river is navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tons bur- den, although it is GO miles from the sea. The casHe is a noble structure, and was formerly a place of great strencpth, but is now used as a coun- ty prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Clif- ford's Tower, a round shell said by some to have been raised by William the Conqueror, but oth- ers deem it aRoman work. It was used as a garrison in the civil wars, and till the year IC83, when the magazine blowing up reduced it to its present form. York is a county of itself, gov- erned by a lord mayor ; the prefix o( lord being given by Richard II. ; and its county includes Ainsty Liberty, in which are 35 villages and YOR hamleU. The guUdhaU, built in 14G6, is a grand struclure, supported by two rows of oak pillars, each pillar a single tree. The corporation built a mansion-house in ITiS, f..r the lord mayor ; and amonir the other public buildings are a noble assemllv house, designed by the eUrl ot Burling- ton, an elegant court-house on the right of the castle, a theatre royal, a county hospital, and an asvluin for lunatics. York is 70 m. S. by E. of Durham, 190 S. S. E. of Edinburgh, and 1P5 N. by \V. of London. Long. 1. 7. VV., lat. 53. oil. N. York, a city of Upper Canada, and the seat of government for that province. . It is situate on the N. W. side of Lake Ontario, and has an excellent h.irbour, formed by a long peninsula, which em- braces a basin of water sutficicntly large to con- tain a considerable tleet. On the extremity of the peninsula called Gibraltar Point are stores and blockhouses, which command the entrance of the harbour ; and on the mainland, opposite this point, is the narrison. The front of the city is a mile and a h:ilf in lenjlh, and it contains several handsome squares, particularly one open to the h.irb.iur. It is 45 m. N. N. V*. of Fort Niagara and 140 W. by S. of Kingston. Long. 79. 15U. W., lat. 4;i, 3-5. N. I'ort, a county of Maine. Pop. 51,710. Al 791 TPR Yurkville, p.v. York Dis. S. C. 80 m. N. Co- lumbia. York Fort, a settlement of the Hudson Bay Company, on the \V. side of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of Nelson or York River. Long. Sd. 44 W., lat. 57. J5. N. Yorkshire, the largest county of England, bounded on the N. by Westmoreland and Durham, E. by the German Ocean, S. by Lincolnshire, Nottin»hanishire, and Derbyshire, S. W. by Che- shire, VV. by Lancashire, and N. W by West- moreland. It extends CO m. from N. to S., and 115 from E. to W., and contains 3,847,420 acres From its great extent it has been divided inl" three parts, called the North, East, and West riding's ; and subdivided into 2ij wapentakes : it has one city, GO market-towns, and upwards ef 500 parishes, and sends 30 members to parliament. The air and soil of this extensive county vary ex- •remely. The E. riding is less healthy than the others ; but this inconvenience decreases in pro- portion as the county recedes from the sea. On the hilly parts of this riding, especially in what is called the York Wolds, the soil is generally barren, dry, and sandy ; but great numbers of lean sheep are sold here, and sent into other parts to be fattened. The W. riding, which is fred is the capital. A county of the E. Dis. of much the largest, enjoys a sharp but healthy air Pennsylvania! Pop. 42,().">8.' York is the capi tal. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 5,354. Yorktown is the capital. A District of S. Carolina. Pop. 17,7.S5. York, p.t. York Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ports- mouth. It is one of the oldest towns in the state and has some coasting and fishery business. Pop. 3,4*5. ; p.t. Livingston Co. N. 'Y. Pop. 2.(i3(;. ; p.t. York Co. Pa. 21 m. S. W. Lancaster. Towns in Tuscarawas, Sandusky, Belmont, Athens, .Morgan and Butler Cos. Ohio. York Haren, p.v. York. Co. Pa. on the Susque- hanna 15 m. below Harrisburg. York Riccr, in Virginia, formed by the junction of the Pamunkey and Mattapony. York Sjirings, p.v. Adams Co'. Pa. 22 m. S. W. Il.iriisburi', 30 miles above Yorktown, below which it flows into the Chesapeak. Y'orktoion, p.t. York Co. Va. on York River ai m. N. W. Norfolk. It has an excellent har- bour, and some commerce. It is memorable in American history as the spot where the British army under Lord Conwallis surrendered to the :\mi I'i French under Washington on the I'.Hh of October 1781. This event totally crush- ed the power of the British on the continent, and led the way to the peace which established the independence of the United States. Yorktown, ■aX. Westchester Co. N. Y. 113 m. S. Albany. Pop. 3,141. and tlie land on the western side is hilly, stony, and not very fruitful ; But the intermediate val- leys consist of much good arable ground, and pasture for the largest cattle. It also produces iron, coal, lime, j!t, alum, horses, and goats. Here the clothing manufactures principally flour- ish. The N. riding, in general, exceeds the other two in the salubrity of the air. The worst parts breed lean cattle ; but, on the sides of the hills, in the valleys, and in the plains, it produces good corn and rich pastures. Richraondshire, on the N. W. of this riding, was formerly a county of itself; here many lead mines are worked to great advantage. In Yorkshire, likewise, are the dis- tricts of Holderness, on the borders of tlie Hum- ber, Cleveland on the confines of Durham, and Craven on the borders of Westmoreland and Lan- cashire. In this last district are three of the highest hills in England, named Whernside, In- gleborough, and Pennygant, which form a sort of triangle from their tops, at tlie distance of 5, (i, and 8 m. while their monstrous bases nearly unite. Yo-tchemi, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, and one of the richest cities in the empire ; seated on the river Kian-ku, and on the lake Tong-ting, which is more than 70 leagues in circuit. 700 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 35. E , lat. 29. 23. N. Yttughalt, a borough and sea-port of Ireland, in the county of Cork, with a commodious har- bour and a well defended quay. It has a manu- facture of earthen ware, and is seated on the side of a hill, on a bay of its name, 28 m. E. by N. of Cork. Long. 8. 10. W., lat. 51. 40. N. VouoUiogeny, a river of Pennsylvania, flowing into the Monongahela 18 m. above Pittsburg. Yougft Glades, p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland Youngstown, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. 20 m. N W. Locliport, on Niagara River ; p.v. Westn ore land Co. Pa. 11 m. E. Greensburg ; p.t. Trum- bull Co. Ohio. 165 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop 4,383. YoungsrilU p.T. Warren Co. Pa. 323 m. N. W Harrisburg. Ypres, a fortified city of Belgium in Flanders, and a bishop's see. It hoa considerable inanu- ZAA 71)2 ZAA factures of silk, linen, lace, cottnn, thread, &c., and the canal of Bosingcn, and the New Cut, greatly expedite the conveyance of goods to Nein- port, Ostend, and Bruges. Ypres was taken by the French in 17'M, and retained till the downfall of Napoleon. It is seated on the Yperlee, 15 m. W. of Courtray. Long. 2. 4ri. E., lat. 00. 51. N. IVi'er, St., a town of France, department of Upptr Vienne, 20 ni. S. by W. ofLimoges. Vsendijk, a strong town of the Netherlands, in the isle of Calsand, 8 m. E. of Sluys and 18 N. W. of Ghent. YssrI, or Issfl, a river of the Netherlands, which branches off from the Rhine below liuessen, and flowing by Doesburg, Zutphcn, Dcventer, and CiLinpen, enters the Zuyder Zee by two channels. Ysstl, or LittU Issel, a river of the Netherlands, which flows by Ysselstein, Montford, Oudewater, and Gouda, and enters the Merwe above Rotter- dam. Yssct, or Old Isscl, a river which rises in West- plialia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows by Ysselburg into the county of Zutphen, and enters the Yssel at Doesburg. YsKetmofid, an island of the Netherlands, in S^ Holland, situate between the Merwe on the N. and another branch of the Meuse on the S. It has a town of the same name, nearly 3 m. W. of Rotterdam. Yitselstein, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, with a castle on the river Yssel, 5 m. S. S. VV. of Utrecht. Y.ilttdi, or Ydst'd, a town of Sweden, in the province of Schonen on a bay of the Baltic, op- posite Stralsund,26 m. S. E. of Lund. Long. 13. 44. E., lat. 55. 22. N. Ythun, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, which crosses the county in a S. E. direction, ajid enters the German Ocean at the village of New- burg, 15 m. N. N. E. of Aberdeen. Yucatnn, a peninsula of Me,xico, in the province of Merida, bounded N. W. by the waters of the Mexican gulf. S. E. by the bay of Honduras, S. \V- by Vera Cruz, and S. by Vera Paz. Yui7i-hiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, on the river Ho ti, 145 m. S. S. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 101. 44. £., lat. 47. 50. Yui-n-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si, 750 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. 5H. E., lat. 27. 50. N. Yuen-yang, a city of China, of tlie first rank, in Hou-quano-, on the river Han, 515 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 100. 30. E., lat. 32. 50. N. Yuma, Long Island, one of the Bahama islands, in the W. Indies, lying to the N. of the E. end of Cuba, and its VV part under the tropic of Can- cer. It is 70 m. in length and 10 in breadth. Yumetoi', a cluster of small islands, among the Bahamas, lying to the S. W. of Yuma. Yun^-ning, a city of China, of the first rank, at the N. e.\treniity of the province of Yun-nan, on the borders of Thibct,230 m. N. N. W. of Yun. nan. Long. 100. 24. E., lat. 27. 50 N. Yungpc, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-naii, 170 m. N. W. of Yun- nan. Long. 100. 34. E., lat. 2(i. 44. N. Yung-ping,a. city of China, of the first rank, in Pe-tche-li, on a river that enters the gulf of Leao- tong. Near it stands the fort Cl)un-hai, which is the key of the province of Leao-tong. 115 m. E. of Pekin. Long. 108. 34. E., lat. ?,'.). 55. N. Yimg-tcliang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. The neighbouring country produces gold, honey, wax, amber, and a vast quantity of tine silk. 210 m. W. of Yun-nan. Long. iW. 2. E., lat. 25. 5. N. Yang-tchcou, a city of China, of the first rank. in Hou quang, 885 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Lonirl HI. 15. E., lat. 26. 10. N. Yun-iiing, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Ho. nan, 43C ni. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. .52. E., lat. 33. 0. N. Yun-nan, a province of China, at the S. W. ex- tremity, 300 m. long and 250 broad ; bounded on the N. by Thibet and Se-tcheuen, E. by ICoii- tcheou and Quangsi, S. by Tonquin and Lacs, and W. by Pegu and Birmah. Itis niountaiiioiis, but the soil in general is fertile, and it is recknu- ed the richest province in China, from its pruduf- live mines of gold, copper, and tin, — its ainbt-r, rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, and marble, — its musk, silk, elephants, horses, gums, medicin;i] plants, and linen. 21 cities of the first rank, iin*l 55 of the second and third are included in tiii.s province, and the number of inhabitants is esti- mated at upwards of 8,000,000. Yun-nan a city of China, capital of the fore- going province, formerly celebrated tor its e.\teii'., its magnificent buildings, vast gardens, tombs, triumphal arches, and elegant squares; but it has suffered greatly from the Tartars, in their dif- ferent invasions, and the city at present contains nothing remarkable. It stands at the N. extrem- ity of a lake, 1,260 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 102. 30. E., lat. 25. 6 N. Yurcup, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara- mania, on the Kizil-ermuk, 125 m. N. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 30. E., lat 39. 40. N. Yterdun, a strong town of Switzerland^ in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of its name, with a castle, a college, and an hospital. Near the town is a sulphurous spring, with a commo- dious bathing-house. The principal trade is in wine, and merchandise passing between Germany, Italy, and France. It has some remains of Ro- man antiquities, and stands on the lake of Neuf- chatel, at the influx of the Orbe and Tliielc, 3.S m. W. S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 59. E., lat. 46. 44. N. Yvrtot, a. town of France, department of Lower Seine, 7 m. N N. W. of Caudebec. Ytry, a town of France, department of Eure, on the river Eure, 16 m. S. of Evreux. ZA.\B, a district of Algiers, in th« desert be- hind Mount Atlas, belonging to the province of Constantina. The people ot Zaab are free, and pay no tribute ; but they are poor and indigent, as mav be expected of the inhabitants of so barren a soil. Dates are the principal article of food , and they have extensive plantations of palm-trees. They carry on some commerce in ostriches' feathers. The chief place of the district is Bi« cara. ZAH 793 ZAN Zaiola, a town of Transylvania, on the con- fines of Moldavia, 5 m. S. W. of Denmark. Zatalecas, a province of Mexico, bounded on the N. by New Biscay, E. by Panuc S. by Mach- aachan and Guadalaxara, and W. by Chiametlan. It abounds with large villages, and its mines are deemed the richest in America. Zacutecas, a city of Mexico, capital of the above province, surrounded by rich silver mines, 200 m. N. E.of Mexico. Zacatula, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, on a river of the same name, near the Pacific Lcean, 180 m. S. W. of Mexico, hong. 102. 55. W., lat. 18. 30. N. ZacUan, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 13 ni. E. of New Stargard. Zafra, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, with a castle, 20 m. S W. of Medina. Zagara, a mountain of Greece, in Livadia, one of the tops of Mount Parnassus. It was the an- cient Helicon, from which issued the fountain Hippocrene, and was sacred to the Muses, who had here a temple. Zaghara, a town of Negroland, in Bornou, on the river Fittree, 170 m. 9. E. of lornou. Zahnra or the Great Desert, a vast country of Africa, 1,900 miles in length by 840 in breadth ; bounded on the N. by Barbary, E. by Fezzan and Cassina, S. by Negroland and Fouli, and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The air is very hot but not unwholesome to the natives. The soil is gener- ally sandy and barren ; but there are verdant val- leys ir\ which water either springs or stagnates, and it is here and there interspersed with spots of astonishing fertility, which are crowded with in- habitant). Here grows the acacia, a species of mi- mosa which produces the gum arable. These fertile spots in the desert are called oases, or islands, bearing some resemblance to islands in the sea ; and tuey abound most in the northern and eastern parts ; but the smaller ones are not always permanent ; for a furious wind from the desert, bringing along with it an immense quan- tity of sand, sometimes overwhelms an oasis, and reduces it to barrenness. These oases aro formed into a number of states, governed by pot- ty princes ; and those of which some intelligence has been obtained are noticed in this work in their proper places. The inhabitants consisting of various tribes, are wild and ignorant ; and the Mahometan religion is professed throughout the country, unless where they approach the country of the Negroes. They maintain towards each other the maxims of apparent hostility, but a Christian is every where odious. Their lan- guage is chiefly a dialect of the Arabic ; and their only intercourse with other nations is carried on with the caravans which periodically Ira- 100 verse these immense deserts. The Zah&ra abounds in antelopes, wild boars, leopards, apes, ostriches, and serpents. There are few horses and beeves ; but many sheep, goats, and camels. Zahara, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a citadel; seated on a craggy rock, 42 m. S. E.of Seville. Zaima, a town of Prussian Saxony, 6 m. N. £ of Wittenberg. Zaina, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, supposed, from some considerable ruins, to have been the ancient city of Zama. It is 28 m. S. E. of Seteef and 46 S. W. of Con- stantina. Zainc, a river of Barbary, which separates the kingdoms of Algiers and Tunis, and enters the Mediterranean at the island of Tabarca. Zaire, a river of Congo, which rises in the kingdom of Matamba, flows N. to the extreme borders of Congo, where it turns to the W., then separates the kingdoms of Loango and Congo Proper, and enters the Atlantic Ocean below Sogno, Zalamea, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m. N. of Niebia and 38 W.N. W. of Seville. Zalamea, a town of Spain in Estremadura, anciently called Ilapa. It contains many ves- tiges of its former splendor, and is 38 m. S. E. of Merida. Zamora, a strong town of Spain, in Leon, and a bishop's see. In its environs fine tur- quoise stones are found. It is seated on a hill, on the river Duero, over which is a bridce, 32 m. N. by W. of Salamanca and 146 N. 'W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 50. W., lat. 41. 50. N. Zamora, a town of Quito, in the neighbour- hood of which are rich mines of gold. It is seated near the Andes, 230 m. S. of Quito. Long. 78. 20. W., lat. 4. 6. 8. Zamora, a town of Mexico, in Guadalaxara, 40 m. S. E. of Guadalaxara. Long. 103. 30. W., lat. 20. 52. N. Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, 230 m. W. of Hamamet. Long. 6. 25. E., lat. 36. 20. N. Zamoski, a town of Poland, with a citadel, a cathedral, and several other churches. It is 37 ni. S. S. W. of Chelm and 44. W. N. W. of Betz. Zampago,^ town of Mexico, seated on a small lake, 30 m. N. of Mexico. Zanc, a township of Logan Co. Ohio. Pop. 608. Zanesfield, p.t. Logan Co. Ohio. 47 ra. N. W. Columbus, ZancsvUle, p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio, on the Muskingum. Pop. 3,056. It is a very flourish- ing town with manufactures of glass, paper, woolen, iron, oil, and several mills. The great Cumberland road passes directly through the town. Zanfarn, a kingdom of Negroland, to the S. of Zegzeg, between Cassina and Bornou. The inhabitants are tall in stature, of very black com- plexion, with broad faces, and savage disposi- tions. The capital, of the same name, stands on a river that forms a lake N. of Ghana and then flows through that city into the Niger. It is 230 m. N. E. of Ghana and 450 W. S. W. of Bornou. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 18. 30. N. Zanguebar, a country on the E. coast of \(- rica, between 3. N. and 9. 3. lat. It includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portu- guese have settlements. The inhabitanU are all blacks, with curly wooly hair ; and, sxeept those ZAT 7M £\£.\ converted by thr Portugiiesr,are either MaJioiiie- daiis or psirjaim, tlie latter much the more mi- ineroiis. 'I lie principal territories are Jubo, Me- linda, Moniba-ia, and QiiiUia. The PortUfjnesc trade fur slaves, ivll,(llll). Zarife., the capital ot* the foregoing island, is pleasantly situated on an eminence on the E. side of the island, at the bottom of a small bay. The houses are built partly ofbriek,and partly of wood, and seldom more than one or two stories in height, on account of the frequency of earthquakes ; the last visitation of tliis kind was in 1820, when sever- al hundreds of houses were overthrown. The har- bour is capacious and is protected by a mole. 12 ni. VV.ofCapeTornese.in the IVlorea. Pop. 20,000. Zunz/bar, an island in the Indian Sea, on the coast of Zanguebar, between the islands of Pern- ba and iVIonsia. It abounds in sugar canes and citrons. The inhabitants are Mahometan Arabs, and are governed by a sheik appointed by the iman of Mascat. Long. 41. 0. E., lat. fi. 0. S. /ara, a city of the Austrian states, capital of a circle of the same name, and of the whole of Aus- trian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It is situated in a plain, upon a small peninsula, joined to tiie continent by an isthmus of about 25 paces broad. On the side of the citadel it is very well for- tified. Near the church, \vhich the Greeks call- ed St. Helia, are two handsome fluted columns of the Corinthian order, said to have been part of the temple of Juno. This place was formerly more considerable than at present, the number of the inhabitants being now not above 8,000. The circle contains an area of 2,150 .square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. There are very fine paint- ings in the churches, done by the best mas- ters ; and they pretend to have the body of Sime- on, brought (fom Judea, and kept in a shrine with a cryst 1 before it. Zara is seated on the gulf of Venice 80 m. S. W. of Jaicza and 1.50 S. E. of Venice. Long. 10. 6. E., lat 44. 30. N. Zarerigf a town of Persia, in the province of Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful porce- lain, and is seated on the-Hirmund, 3.50 m. E. of Ispahan. Long. 01. 10. E.,lat. 32. 28. N. Zaril. a town of Greece, in tiie Morea, 22 ni. E. ofMisi a. Zarnaie, a. town in the Morea, sealed on an em- inence 20Tn. S. W. of Misitra. Zarnowitz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia. on abay of the Baltic, 38 m. N, N. W. of Dantzic. Zaslaw, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, seated on theHorin, 30 m. N. N. W. ofConstantinow. Zatmar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a small lake, formed by the river Samo3,50 m. E. by S. of Tockay and 130 E. of Buna. Long. 22. 34 E., lat. 47. 50. N. Zator, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, with n castle ; seated on an eminence near the river, Vistula, 20 m. S. W. of Cracow and 50 S. E. of Ratibon. Zaicckt a town of Persia, in the province of Khorasan, cituate on the Tedjcn, 20 in. frciin the Caspian Sea, and 80 N. of Mesched. Zhartis, a town of Austrian Poland, 28 m. E. of Zborow and t58 N.by W of Kaminieck. Zborow, a town of Austrian Poland, in llie circle cd' Lemburg. Here, in IG41), John Casimin, king of Poland, with 20,000 men, was attacked by 110,000 Cossacks and Tartars, for three days successively, but defended himself so bravely that the latter consented to terms of acconuiio- dution. Zborow is 52 m. E. by S. of Ijcmburg.* Long. 25. 4(i. E., lat. 4'.). 40 N. Zealand, or Zedanii, an island of Denmark, of a triangular form, 230 in. in circumference, and the largest of the isles belonging to the king of Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, having the Categat on the N., the Sound on the E., and the Great Belt on the W. The coast is much intersected by large bays; and within the country are several lakes, which as well as the riv- ers, abound in fish. It is e-\ceedingly fertile, pro ducing grain of all sorts with excellent pasture and in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly famous ibr its breed of horses. Copenhagen is the capital of this island and of the whole king- dom. Zealand, a province of Holland comprising the ancient county of Zealand and Dutch Flanders bounded on the N. by the isles of Holland, E by Brabant, S. by Flanders, and W. by the German Ocean. It is composed of several islands, the principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, N. and S. Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, and Wolf- ersdike. The surface is generally level and lies so low that the inhabitants are obliged to defend themselves from encroachments of the sea by vast dykes, which are kept up at great expense. The river Scheldt forms the most ot these islands, and the soil of them is fruitful. The province carries on considerable trade in corn, madder, fla.x salt meat, linen yarn, rapeseed, oil, Slc. The greater part of the inhabitants are Calvinists, but there are also many Catholics and Lutherans, and some Mennonile Baptists. The principal towns are Middleburg and Flushing. Zealand, JVcio, in the Pacific Ocean, was discov- ered by Tasman in 1042. He traversed the east- ern coast from lat. 34. to 43. S. and entered a strait ; but, being attacked by the natives soon af- ter he came to an anchor, he did not go ashore. From the time of Tasman the whole country ex- cept that part of the coast which was seen by him, remained altogether unknown, and was oy many supposed to make part of a southern conti- nent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated bv captain Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by the strait above men- tioned, which is four leagues broad, and to which he gave his own name. Along the coast there are many small islands ; and it is indented by deep bays, afibrding e.xcellent shelter for shipping and abundant supplies of wood and water. There are also, several rivers capable of receiving large ves- sels, and in which the spring-tide rises nearly ten feet perpendicularly. Of the two islands, the southernmost, called by the natives Tavai, or Tovy Poenaramoo, is for the most part mountain- ous and barren. As far inland as the eye can reach, nothing appears but mountains of stupen- dous height, coneist'ng of rocks that are totallv ZEA 795 ZEL In the year 1814 several missionary BUlions were estabuihed in Nevr Zealand, for ti.e PU'P°»f "^ civilizing the ignorant naliveB, and '-^^"f^^S them in the Christian religion. In ISIJ 'he ^i tlements were visited by Tvlr. Marsden, when a t act of land, consisting of 13 000 acres, was nnrchased from one of the chiefs, and the m s- ^r'hiiis'and'mountains ar. covered wiin woou P^^^"^^^ settled on it. According to the •ul every valley has a rivulet of e..cellent water J^°"Y^^^^„„t they still continue to struggle Thes^ilof'^hese valleys, and the plains, of '^^)-\-?°"„bsUclei opposed to their progress „,Ucht,iere are maiy overgrown wi^ - ■ ■ - -"--natives. naked, except where they are cove ed with now but the land bordering on the sea-eoas .s Ui.ckly clothed with wood, almost down t° *';<=,, XJf„V edge. The northernmost island, ealled »'^h«ino maawe, has a much better appearance It is, in deed, not only hilly, but mountainous , 5^1 tlie hills and mountains ar.^ covered a J _ . even ilh wood ; hci there are many uvii{;iu-> .. ...— . ,„ general light, but'fertile -, and it >» ^"PP"-^ that every kind of European grain, plants and f nits would flourish here with the utmost luxu- rwe The whole extent of the two islands is Xnatedby Mr. Nicholas, who visited ;he™'" 1.-14 and Il5l5, at 62,160 sq. m. or ■W-T^^^.-'OO sq. acres The winters are milder than in England, and the summers not hotter, though more equally warm. There are forests of vast extent fu 1 ot Ihe straightest and largest timber, ht ^r l.u,ld.ng of any kind. The only native quadruped, are docrg and rats : the former are domestic, and or foo'd; the latter, though not numerous, "« ^Iso eate,;. The birds, like the vegetable3 are al incest entirely peculiar to the country. Ihe cre< ks s "a m^vi'h fish, whichare equally delicious w th those of Europe. The rocks are furnished with acrainsi ine oDsiauica >,p,,„„.- -• "..•j' from the ferocity and superstition of the natives, iron^ other enterprises they have succeeded in deducing the language of New Zea and to writing :^irr^r::^ar^=y^ IrS? Cerw'l;L^^:^tSrtto^s;T^rd,t.^l 'hTd'there an oppotunity. of witnessing he ar U and improvements of civilized hfe, have since rendered great service to the missions. Z /.»/, a%ity of Arabia, in l''«. P^" V,"" ,"„Vh II w-iR once very considerable, but us : !, i. r,.oiXi, "J !i.. f-"' '■""■"=• those of Europe. The rocks are f^^n'^^J^ with , ^^^^^^^ ^^ Ley ta and Negros. It is 14J m^ jrreat quantities of excellent "^"fles. one sort o e ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ /^'io^'' ut /o Which measures above a foot in length and w ith ^^_„ ^^ ^^^^ j. ^^^^^ ^ong. 122. 30. E., lat. „cat variety of other shell-fish. The men are , ^ „,_.,: ....„^ „. ft^u andfle^shy but not corpulent and are ex ceedincly vi^rous and active. The women in genera! are smaller than the men, and are chiefly Cinguished by the 'oftuess of their voic^^.TM^e bodies of both sexes are marked W'thbacK stains called amnco, which is the saine as t^t"" "2 »J nt Lite Their dress is also the same with that ?fe natives of that island. Their houses are „ i erable bdVings ; and their only furniture con- ?-n?n a few small baskets in which they put (heir fishin'"<«, Gulf '',' ."• ,3,p„ extremity of llie SS"o;S:^;:;^rir|l. boundary between Independent Greece and J-k^^^^^^^, ^,,,,^,,, .,rt^rT^.^:v?.uU;in^m.a,a.,d good cloth and sun ^^ of Leipzig.. ""z.Wa'towlf.'f Hanover, formerly the ca. ital 7.11 a town of Hanover, iorii.t..;r ^-^ r"',. of Lunenburg. H s sur ^ "'chesnut and r'"" .''es "t:; I ighco-'Is^f appeal for all the lime trees, i le ",'5;' , ,,.,,,„ of Brunswick, territories "^ ^'-e eleetoral house o^ ^.^^ ^^^^ l.unenber.were held ^^e , jnd al ^^ the principality. The castle ^^^ „f ^.g George H. "^ England for the r^^^^^ ^^^ unforuinate sister, the queen o'_ ^ ^_^ ,|,^ ^„„ died here in !":< '^ell I seated on the AMer, ZIO 796 ZOU 88 m. E. N. E of Hanover. Long. 10. 14. E. lat. 58. 42. N. Zell, a town of Baden, seated on the river Kinlzig, 18 m. S. E. ofStrasburg. Zell in the Pinzjrau, a town of Austria, in the piovince of Salsburg, seated on a lake, 30 m. W. of Radstadtand 34 S. S. W. of Salzburg. Zell in ZelUrlhal, a town of Austria, in the 'Tj.o\, seated on the Ziller, 24 m. E. of In- spruck. Zdlcrfidd, a town of Hanover, in the Upper Hariz, with a mine-office and a mint. 9 m. S. S. W.ofGoslar. Zduia, a town of Russia, government of Grod- no, ,'■.0 m. W.S. W. of Novogorodek. Zeinplin, a town of Hungary, in a palatinate of tlie same name, seated on the Bodrog, 25 m. S. E. of Cassovia, and 27 N. E. of Tockay Zeiigan, a town of Persia, in the province of Ir.ic, ail m. N. N. E. of Amandan. Zengui, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pa- chalic°of Aleppo, situate on the Euphrates, 55 ni. N. E. of Aleppo. Zenia, a town of Hungary, memorable for a sig- n.il victory gained by prince Eugene over the Turks in 1097. It is seated on the Theisse, 52 m. N. of Belgrade. Zcrlisty a town of Germany in the duchy of An- halt-Dessau, with a fine castle. It is famous for good beer, and has manufactures of gold and sil- ver. 10 m. N. N. W. of Dessau. Zrrca, a town and fortress of Persia, in Farsis- tan, 18 m. N. N. E. ofShiras. Zcu/fn, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the river Rosach, 21 m. N. E. of Bamberg. Zrulenrode, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Reuss, with manufactures of stuffs and stockings, 14 m. N. W. of Plauen. Zin, an island of the Grecian Archipelago to the S. of Negropont, )5 m. long and 8 broad. It abounds in barley, wine, and silk; also a fine snrtofoak, whose fruit, called riltam, used by dyers and tanners, is the best trading commodity ill the island. The principal town, of the same name, seated on an eminence, is a bishop's see, and has a o-ood harbour, with about 2,500 houses, all flat at the top. Long. 34. 24. E., lat. 37. 48. N. Z'eifenenhals, a town of Prussia Silesia, with several foundries, and a manufacture of excellent glass. It is seated on the Biela, 10 m. S. of Neisse. Ztegrnhayn, a fortified town of Germany, cap- ital of a province of its name in the electorate of Hesse, with a fine castle and an arsenal. The suburb called VVeinhausen is a handsome place, and more extensive than the town. In 1757 it wag taken by the French and in 1701 it was in- effectuallv besieged by tlie allies, who reduced two thirds of the town to ashes by their cannon- ade. It stands on a morass, surrounded by the river Schwalm, 28 m. S. S. E. of Cassel. Zfegrnruck, a town of Saxony, on the river Saal, 10 m. S. of Neustadt. Zietreser^ or Zicsnr, a town and castle of Prus- sia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. S. W. of Bran- denburg. Ziettnzig, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, with manufactures of cloth, 20 m. E. S. E. of Gastrin. Ziercnbear, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- 8el,8m. W.N. W. of Cassel. Zigct, a town of Hungary on the Theisse, near Its source, 42 m. E. by N. of Nagybanja. Ziqtth, a strong town of Hungary, which has been several times besieged and taken by the Turks and Austrians. It stands on the Alma, by which it is surrounded, 48 m. S. E. of Canischa. Long. 18. 10. E.,lat. 46. 8. N. Ziricxec, a strcmg town of the Netherland s, in Zealand, and capital of the isle of Schowen. It was the ancient residence of the counts of Zea- land, and is 12 m. N. E. of Middleburg and 18 S. W. ofBriel._ Ziltau, a fortified town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia, surrounded by a wall, with 4 large and f) small gates. It has a very extensive trade in linen, white damasks, woolen cloth, and blue pa- per. The cathedral has three organs ; and near it is a college, where the languages, drawing, and other arts, are taught gratis. Adjoining to the cloisters is an excellent library, and at a small distance from it is an ophan house. It is seated on the Neisse, 17 m. S. W of Gorlitz and 47 S. E. of Dresden. Long. 15. 1. E., lat. 50. 54 N. Zitza, a village of European Turkey in Albania 14 m. N. W. of Joannina. The beauties of its scenery have been celebrated in the verse of By- ron. Znaira , a strong town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, with a castle, in which are a great many pagan antiquities. The vicinity yields excellent wine. It is seated on the Teya, 35 m. S. W. of Brinn and 42 N. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 48. 40. N. Zoar, p. t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 110 m. N. E Columbus : also a village in Delaware Co. Ohio 21 m. N. E. Columbus; p. v. Erie Co. N. Y., 3K m. W. Albany. Zoara, a fortified town of Tripoli, with a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 60 m. W of Tripoli. Long. 11 . 53. E., lat. 32. 45. N. Zoblitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen. The inhabitants subsist princially by working the ser- pent-stone, which is found in the neighbourhood, into pitchers, bowls, tea and coffee-cups, &c. The red species of this stone, which is considered as the finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. It 15 17 m. S. of Freyberg. Zobten, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- ernment of Rei(^enbach, 'J m. E, N. E. of Sch- weidnitz. Zqffingcn, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a pub- lic library, containing several curious manuscripts. It is seated on the Wigger, 19 m. N. N. W. of Lucern. Zolnoch, a town of Hungary, capital of a coun- ty of the same name. In 1554 it was taken by the Turks, but retaken in 1C85. It is seated on the Theisse, at the influx of the Sagelia, 02 ni. N. E. of Colocza and 02 E. of Buda. Long. 20. 50. E., lat. 47. 10. N. Zombor, a town of Hungary, near the river Moszlonga, 50 m. N. W. of Ncusatz. Zorbitr, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a cita- del, 24 m. N. N. W. ofLeipzig. Zorndvrf, a village of Prussia, in Brandenburg, where the king of Prussia, after a dreadful con- flict, totally defeated the Russians in 1758 ; 5 m N. ofCustrin. Zossen, a town and castle of Brandenburg, situ- ate on the Nottc, 19 m. S. of Berlin. Zout-Pan, a curious salt lake, in the country of the Hottentots, lying a few m. N. cf Point Pa- dron, in a plain much above the level of the sea and between 3 and 4 m. in circumference. Ai ZUR 7'J7 some seasons of the year it is formed into an entire mass of fine while salt, with a hard crust resembling ice. , . ■ c rr ■ r Zowan,\lovin of the kingdom of Tunis, fa- mous for the dyeing scarlet caps and the bleach- ing of linen, 36 m. §• W. of Turns ZuekmaJitd, a town of Austrian Silesia, and a bishop's see. It has mines of gold, silver, cop- per, and iron, and is 15 m. S. of Neisse. Zuecla a town of the kingdom ofFezzan, situ- ate in a d'istrict of remarkable fertility. The rem- nants of ancient buildings, the number and size of tlie cisterns, and the construction of the vaulted caves, intended perhaps as repositories for corn, exhibit wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendnr. 11 is 60 m E. N. E. of Mourzook. Long. 10. ;!4. E., lat. 27. 59. N. , ^ . , , Zuc' a small canton of Switzerland, contain- ing an 'area of 120 sq. m., bounded on the E. and N by Zurich, W. by Lucern, and S. by Schweitz. It is rich in pasturage, has plenty of various kinds of stone fruit, as well as walnuts and chest- nuts, and wine of a very acid flavor^ The inhab- itants estimated at 15,500, are Roman Cath- olics. . „ ■ . Zw the capital of the foregoing canton, coii- tains'several handsome churches, a good town- hou^e &.C., and is seated on a lake of its name, 12 m.'N. W.ofSohweitz. Long. 8. 24. E.,lat. 4,. 4 N Zuider Zee, a great bay of the German Ocean, which extends from N. to S. in Holland, between the provinces of Friesland, Overyssel, Geldcrland and North Holland. . _ Zulatif, or SuUuj, a town of Prussian Silesia, o ra. S. W. of Militsch. Zullichau, a town of Prussia in the province of IJrandenburg, with a castle which stands without the walls of the town, and has a rampart and ditches The suburbs contain more houses than the town itself, and among them is a large orphan hou«e to which is annexed a school, an acade- my &c Here are good manufactures, and the vicinity produces much corn and wine. In 17.39 a battle was fought near this town between tlie Prussians and Russians in which the former were defeated It is situate in a plain, near the Oder, 24 m. E. by N. of Crossen. Long. 15. 52. E., lat. 5*^ 9 N ~Ziilpha, or Jufa, a town of Persia, almost close to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of suburb, and se- parated from it by the river Sanderon. It was peopled by a colony of Armenians, brought hith- er by Shah Ahbas, and contains several church- es and monasteries. .... Ziil- a town of Austrian Silesia, m the prin- cipality ofOppeln, 14 m E. by S. of Neisse and 2liS. S.W.ofOppeln. , , . , . ^ Ziifz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton ol Grisons, on the river Inn, 26 m. S, E. ofCoire. Ziimampa, a town of Tucuman, on the river Doico, 110 m. S. S. K. of St. Jago del Estero. Zumniia. a town of Biscay, near the coast, ol m. W. by S. of St. Sebastian. Zicmpanijo. a town of Mexico, 100 m. N. by L. of Acapulco and 105 S of Mexico. Zurich, n. canton of Switzerlnnd, bounded on the N. by Schaffliaiisen, E. by Thurgaw and the counlv o'f Tockenburg, S. by Gliiris, Schweitz, and Z'utr, and \V. by Lucern and the county ol Baden. ^Zurich was admitted a member of the Helvetic confederacy in 1:551, and obtained the privilege of being the first canton in rank ; it is also the most considerable in extent billi ir!" t.T- ZVVI ritory and power, next to that of Bern, having »n area of 9,50 stj. m., with upwards of 180,000 in habitants. It abounds in wine and excellent pas tore ; but the supply of corn is not sufficient for interior consumption. The inhabitants are all Calvinists ; and two-thirds of them derive their livelihood by spinning thread and silk, and mak- intr linen for the manufacture of the town. "Zurirli, a city of Switzerland, capital of the foretroing canton, stands at the northern extrem- itv of the lake of Zurich, and occupies both sides of the rapid and transparent Liinat, which issues from that lake and divides tlie town into two un- equal parts., communicating by three bridges. It was formerly an imperial city, and is one of the best built in this country, but the streets are nar- row and the houses high. Zurich was the first town in Switzerland that separated from the church of Rome. Among its charitable founda- tions are an orphan-house, an hospital for incura- bles that for the sick of all nations, which usual- ly eo'ntains between COO and 700 patients, and the Aliiiosen-.\mt, or foundation for the poor, which puts out children as apprentices, and dis- tributes monev, clothes, and books, to poor per- sons, not of the town only, but of the canton, to the amount of upwards of i>'),000 a year. The inbabitaiils e.arry on manufactures of muslins_, cottons, linens. a"nd silk handkerchiefs. It is 35 m S W. of Constance, 40 S. E. of Basil, and 55 N. E. of Bern. Lous. 8. 32. E., lat. 47. 20. N. Zurich, a lake of Switzerland, 24 m. long and 4 broad. The .adjacent country is finely cultiva- ted and well peopled ; and the S. part of Die lake appears bounded bv the stupendous mountains of Schweitz and Glarus. The scenery is pic- turesque, lively and diversified. The river Lim- inai runs through the whole length of this lake to Zurich. ^ ., Z«r/i!«, a town of Spain, in ^ew Castile, with a castle, seated on the Tagus, 3S m. E. of Mad- rid. Zurz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, seated on the Inn, 20 m. N. N. W. of Bormio. Ziirziich, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, seated on the Rhine, just above the in- flux of the Aar, 9 m. N. of Baden. Zurzonza, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, situ.ite on an island in a lake, ?6 m. VV. S. W. of .Mechoacan. Z«i. a strong town of the Netherlands, in Geldcrland, capitafof a county of its name. It is seated at the conflux of the Berkelwith the Yssel, 9 m. S. by E. of Deventer and -55 E. by S. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 13. E., lat. 52. 10. N. Zutj^t, a village of the Netherlands which abounds in plantations and shady walks, and is inhabited by Moravian manufacturers. It is much frequented in the summer months, by mer- chants who have no country seats of their own. 5 in. from Utrecht. ZrcH!V"ru(<, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Moscow, situate on the Moskva, H m. W. of Moscow. ZircnUav, a town and castle of Saxony, seated on the Elbter, 6 m. S. of Leipzig. Zirrtl, a town of Austria, at the conflux of the Zwetl with the Kemp, 2(i m. W. N. W. of Kreins. . j i .i Zwich. a town of Saxonv. willi a cil.idel. Uiree churches, an.l a Lalin school, in which is a good librarv The inliabitanl.s have miniifl-lures nt cloth nnrll.Mlher, and a trade in corn and Ix-ei ZV/O 798 ZYT It IS seated on tlip Miild.i, 20 m. N. N. E. of Plaiicn and 21 S. of Allenlmrir. Zwiiii;r.nl>cri!, a town of Grrniany, in Hcssc- Darnistadt, 8 in. S. of Darmstadt. Zw(«au, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 40 m. W. i\. VV. of Olmutz. Zwoll, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, with three handsome suburbs. A canal begins near this place, and r.xteuds to the river Yssel, which is defended liy several forts. Zwoll is the most opulent town in the province, and stands on an eminence, on the river Aa, 1. in. N. of Deventer nnd 'M S. W. of Coevorden ].,ong. (i. :?. E., lat. Wi. 31. N. Xioonitz, a town of Saxony, 14 ni. S. S. W. of Chemnitz. ZiTOrn/f/(, a town of Bosnia, CO m. E. of Se- raio and 08 S. W. of Belgrade. Zijtomicrz, a town and fortress of Russia, capi- tal of the government of Volhinia, and a bishop's see, seated on the Ciecirief, 120 m. E. of Lucko Long. 29. 22. £., lat. 5(1. 35. N. ADDENDA. Mdison, a township of Gallia Co. Ohio. Pop. 662. .Ilforil, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 512. Alachua, a county of Florida. Pop. 2,201. Dell's is the capital. Aliiqwi, t. Walton Co. Florida. .Inn Arbor, t. Washtenaw Co. Michigan. Andes, p.l. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,8.50. Belief onlahif , p.t. Logan Co. Oliio. Pop. 2d2. lienton, t. Yazoo Co. Mississippi. Berrien, a county of Michigan. Pop. 333. Niles is the capital. Blount, a county of Alabama. Pop. 4,233. Blountsville is the capital. Bolivar, t. Hardiman Co. Tennessee. Brandon, t. Rankin Co. Mississippi. Buq/r««, pt. Crawford Co. Ohio. CO m. N. Columbus. Pop. 724. Calhoun, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1 ,000 Gilead is the capital. Carlinville, I. Macaupin Co. Illinois. Carlijlc, t. Clinton Co. Illinois. Cas.?, a county of Michigan. Pop. 928. Ed- wardsburg is the capital. Chardon, p.t, Geauga Co. Ohio, 168 in. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 6.--0. Chippewa, a county of Michigan. Pop. 625. Sault de St. Marie is the capital. C/inri/on, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,776. Chariton is the capital. Chicot, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,165. Villemont is the capital. Conecuh, a county of Alabama. Poj). 7,'114. Sparta is the capital. Conway, a county of Arkansas. Pop. *M2. Harrisburg is the capital. Copiah, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,0'2I. Gallatin is the capit.il. Corea Fahre, I. Union Co. Arkansas. Cri((cndc«, a i:ounty of Arkansas. Pop. 1,272. Greenock is the capital. Cole, a counlv of Missouri. Pop. 3,001!. Ji'f- ferson City is the ( jpital. Claij, a county of Missouri. Pop, 5,342. Lib- erty is the capital. CreetshuT!;, t. Russell Co. Ken. Dicatur, t. Macon Co. Illinois. nrfuiure, p.t. Williams Co Ohio. 130 m. N. W. Columbus. It occupies the spot of old Fort Defiance. Delphi, t. Carroll Co. Indiana. Duralt, a county of E. Florida Pop. 1,970 Jacksonville is the capital. Elli^rille, t. Jones Co. Mississippi. Equtitilij, t. Gallatin Co. Illinois. Fatjette, t Howard Co. Missouri. Fentretts, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2,766. Jamestown is tiie capital. Feliciana, East, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 8,247. Jackson is the capital. Feliciaiut, IfV'.v/, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 8,629. St. Francisville is the capital. Fi.rnnnilina, t. Nassau Co. Floritla. Findlaij. p t. Hancock Co. Ohio. Fountain, a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,644. Covington is the capital. Fulton, a county of Illinois ; p.t. Schoharie Co N. Y. Pop. I,.5;i2 ; t, Callaway Co. Missouri. Gadsden, a county of Florida. Pop. 4,894. Qiiincy is the capital. tlalrezton, a small island in the bay of St. Ber- nard, on the coast of Texas, formerly a great re- sort of pirates. Also a village in Louisiana. 25 ni.S. !''.. of Baton Rouge. (iasronnde, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,548. Gasconade is the capital. (itlcail.t. Calhoun Co. Illinois. Gre.enoeh, t. Critlende]i Co. Arkansas. //////, a county of Georgia. Pop. 11,75.5. tiainesviUe is the capital. Urunepin, t. Putnam Co. Illinois. IHi'liland. a county of Ohio. Pop. 1C,347. Hillslinrongh is tlie capital. Ilindf, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 8,619. Jackson is the capital. Ilereulancum, p.t. Jefferson Co. Missouri. 30 m. below St. Louis- NAS 7!l!t WIL Huleiui^ t. Jowa Co. Michigan. Hempstetid, a county of Arkansas. Pop.2,r)07. Hickstoim, (. Madison Co. Florida. Jntlr-prndtncr, a county of Arkansas. Pop. U, 32. Batesvillc is the capital /nica, a county of Michigan. Pop. I,5S'.I. Hel- ena is the capital. Izard, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1.260. Jac/csonapolls, t. Jackson Co. Michiiran. Jo Z)«ncs«, a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,111. Galena is the capital. Jacob's Staff, t. Monroe Co. Arkansas. L/ifayctlc, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,021. Lexington is the capital. A county of Arkansas. I'op. 7^8. La Grange, t. Oldham Co Ken. Leakiville, t. Greene Co. Mississippi. Leon, a county of Florida. Pop. 0,493. Talla- liassee is the capital. L exingtmi, t. Lafayette Co Missouri. Little I'incy, t- Crawford Co. Missouri. LoganspoTt, t. Cass Co. Indiana. Lmmiles, a county of Geogia Pop. 2,453. FranklinviUe is the capital. A county of Missis- sippi. Pop. 3,342. Columbus is the capital. Macauiiiii, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,989. Carlinville is the capital. Macliiuaw, t. Tazewell Co. Illinois. MiicUrille, t. Washington Co. Ken. Mariunna, t. Jackson Co. Florida. Mattmwan, v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on Fishkill Creek, with large manufactures of cotton, woolen and iron See .Vnc York, Slate. Menomcnie, t. Brown Co. Michigan. Merom, \. Sullivan Co. Ind. .^ferifoeiAer, a county. of Georgia. Pop. 4,424. '"•'Cenville is the capital. Miecotoim, I. Hamilton Co. Florida. Monticello, t. Jefferson Co. Florida. MoTlansville, t. Woodford Co. Ken. Mosqvito, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 7.33* I'imoka is the capital. Miuneyton, t. Delaware Co. Indiana. Muscogee, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,508. Columbus is the capital. AashvUle, t. Washington Co. Illinoia. .Vaisn;;, a county of E. Florida Pop 1,511. Fernaiidina is tlic capital. A'itex, t. Berrien Co. Michigan. Oliion, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 3,099. Troy is the capital. I'uducah, t. McCracken Co. Kentucky. Parncliftn, t. Sevier Co. Arkansas. Paris, t. Edgar Co. Illinois. I'orUUic, t. Oakland Co. Michigan. Pitcher, t Chenango Co. N.Y. Pop. 1,214 Pirukncyville, t. Perry Co. Illinois. Purdij, t. Mc. Nairy Co. Ten. Quincij, t. Gadsden Co. Florida. i^a/iA'/w, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 2,084. Brandon is the capital. Salvisfj, t. Mercer Co. Ken. Sugar GroBe, t. Putnam Co. Ohio. Sydney, t, Shelby Co. Ohio. Scotia, t. Pop. Co. Arkansas. Ttditifcrro, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,924 Crawfordsville is the capital. Tarecoopy, t. St. Joseph Co. Indiana. TazciccU, a county of Illinois. Pop. 4,710. Mackinaw is the capital. Torre Bonne, a parish of the E. District of Louisiana. Pop. 2,121. Williamsburg is the capital. Timjyli/i, t. Mosquito Co. Florida. I'fl7( Burcn, a county of Michigan. Pop. 5; t Onondaga Co. IN. Y. Pop. 2,890. Vancelmrg, I. Lewis Co. Ken. Venus, t. Hancock Co. Illinois. Verjnilioni'ille, t. Lafayette Co. Louisiana. Vlnathaven, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. on Fox Islands in Penobscot Bay. Pop. 1,794. Walton, a county of W. Florida. Alaqua is the capital. IVapaghkoneUa, p.t. Allen Co. Ohio. Ware, a county of Georgia. Pop. 1,194. Wanesborongh is the capital. "" Waterloo, t. Monroe Co. Illinois. IVashtenau}, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,042. Ann Arbor is the capital. Wilcoz, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9,469. Canton is the capital. BANKING ANDMONIED INSTITUTIONS. The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1C09, and is a bank merely of deposit and transfer: it neither makes, loans, nor circulates bills. The Bank of Hamburg was established in 1G19. The amount of its deposit, varies fron 10 to 15 millions of dollars. The Bank of England is one of deposit, discount and circulation. It was established in 1G04, and its original capital was £1,200,000, wbicli in 1781 had been increased to 1I,W2,400. The amoimt of loans to the government has increased witli the capital of the bank. It appears by some recent discussions in Parliament, tliat the gross returns to the bank, from its transactions with the-govern- ment, are £1,390,898 per annum, the National debt being 860 millions. The Bank of France was established in 1803, by the union of three private banking institutions of Paris, with a capital of 4"), 000, 000 francs. This like the Bank of England, is a bank of deposit, discount and circulation. The bank has coined, from 1820 to 1838 about 118,400.000 francs. The amount of bullion and coin in the coffers of the bank at the same time was 240,000,000 francs. The number of shares was 69,000. Of the other banks of Europe, that of Genoa was once the most considerable. Some of the other principal banks of Europe are those of Altona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Madrid, Naples, Christi- ania, Rome, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Stiiltgard, Vienna, and the Imperial banlts of Russia. The Bank of the United States, at Philadelphia, has 25 branches at the following places. Portland, Utica, Norfolk, New Orleans Portsmouth, Buffalo, Faj-etteville, Nashville, Burlington, Pittsburg, ' Charleston, Lexington, Boston, Baltimore, Savannah, Louisville, Providence, Washington, Mobile, Cincinnati, Hartford, Richmond, Natchez, St. Louis. New York, The situation of the Bank on the 1st of August, 1831, was as follows : Public debt fund, ......... 3,-500,000 Discount on personal security, ........ 41,000,000 " on funded security, . ...... 800,000 ", on domestic exchange, . . . . . • t • 14,400,000 Circulation, .......... 22,300,000 Deposits, . ......... 16,300,000 Specie, . . ........ 11,500,000 Notes of State Banks, equal to Specie, ....... 2,100,000 Surplus profits, ........ 1,750,,')00 Surplus provision for bad debts, ........ 309,000 Bonus for Bank and 5 per cent, from Gov't, paid and liquidated, . . 1,705,000 Increase of investments since 1822, . . " . . . . 32,250,000 NetProfit for one year, ending July 1, 1822, . . . . ' . . 1,469,445 foroneyear, ending July 1st, 1831, 2,925,000 Amount of Bills bought and sold, and Treasury Transfers, .... 98,000,000 In August, 1822, amount of discounts of Bank and Branches for domestic purposes, 15,700.000 Same in 1831, 53,000,000 The present charter of the bank extends to March 3d, 1836. There were besides in 1831 in the different States, 354 banks with capitals, from $2,050,000 downwards, amounting to iibout 101,154,535 dollars, including the United States Bank. The paper currency in 1830 was estinlatcd to amount to 77,000,000 dollars. APPENDIX. STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. Table shotcmr the whole Quantity of Land in those Slates and Territories in uthich jmblicland is sifuated; the Quantity of Public Land to which the Indian title had been erjini^uishrd June 30, 1828; and the Quantity to which it had not been extinguished June 30, l""^ State or Territory. Whole qoan-' Quantity of Quantity ol jtity or land in land beloDgiog land belongixif «h Slate or to the U.Statea, to the U. States, rerrilory. to which the In- to which tbeln- -idian title is ex-dian title ia not linguished. extinguicbed. ACBES. Tennessee ! '. '. Mississippi Indiana Oliio Louisiana [Itinois Micliigan Territory, (peninsular) Arkansas do. Missouri Florida Territory Alabama Territory of Huron lying west of lake Michigan and east of the Mississippi river .... Great Western Territory, extending from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean ... Add quantity to which the Indian title is extinguished [Total acres belonging to the United States . 86,432,000 31,074,2:}4| 22,45y,CG;i 24,810,246 31,463,040 35,941,9021 24,939,370 28,899,520 39,119,019 35,286,700 34,001,226 .3."i4 ,627,486 56,804,854 750.000,000 1,140,432,330 3,000,000 11,514,5171 12,.308,455! 4,984 ,.348! 25,.3G4,197| 23.575,3001 16,393,420 26,770,941 35,263,.541 29.728,300 19,769,679 205,672,698 16,885,760 5,3»>,632 409,501 none. 6,424,640 7,378,400 none. none. 4,032,640 9,519,066 49,985,639 56,804.834 750,000,000 856,790,473 205,672,698 1.062,463,1711 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. Com, «ii Vols. 1 Name. ■Place. Denomination. opera- in in 1 tion. 1830 Lib, Bangor Theol. Seminary, Bangor, Me. Cong. 1816 14 ifm Tlieoloo-ical Seminary, .\ndover, Mass. Cong. 1808 138 6,00(1 Theological School, Cambridge, do. Cong. Unit. 1824 36 1,500 Theological Institution, Newton, do Baptist, 1825 16 Theological Dep. Yale College, .\ew Haven, Con. Cong. 1822 49 8,000 Theological Ins. Epis. Ch. New York. N.Y. Prot. Epis. 1819 20 3,65C Theological Sem. of Auburn, .Auburn, do. Presbyt 1821 58 .S,550 Hamilton Lit and Theol. In. Hamilton, do. Baptist, 1820 76 1,300 Hartwick Seminary, Hartwick. do. Lutheran, 1816 9 900 Theological Sem. Du. Ref. Ch. N. Brunswick, N.J. Dutch Ref 84 Theological Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S. Princeton, do. Presbyt. 1818 124 6,000 Seminary Luth. Ch. U. S. Gettysburg, Pa. Evang. L. 1826 6,000 German Reformed, York, do. G. Ref Ch 1825 8 3^0 West. Theological Seminarv, Alleghany Terri. Fairfax County, do. Presbyt. 1828 Epis. Theological School Va Va. Prot. Epis. 14 Union Theological Seminary, Prince Ed, County, do. Presbyt. 1824 35 South. Theological Seminary, Columbia, S, 0. do. 1829 South. West. Theol Seminarv, Maryville, Ten. do 1821 23 S50 Lane Seminarv, Cincinnati, Ohio. do. 1829 Rock Spring, Rock Spring, II. Biptist, 1827 1,800 Hanover, ^ew Madison, Ind. Presbyt. 1829 643 43,350 DISBIRSEMKNTS OK COVEHlNMIiNT. A stalement of the Difburscmenls of Gotrrnment viiidc in each Stale since 1780, /ur Furlificutions, Light- houses. Public Dclit, RccoUitinimnj Pensions, and Intcrnnl. Im/iruvtmcnls, hij a return viadt by the Secretary of the Treasury, tyunsi'nittcd to Congress 21 s( Oecimbcr, ISSO. States and Territories. For Fortllic.i- tiuus. t;,!0."> 1)7 For Liglit llnu- aea. For public Uebt. Revolu'y and otlier Peli»'r\l. 1 ,490,099T5 Intirr.nl Ira- provemeius. Maine 124.(i87 34 47,176 27 New Hampslihe n5,9i:i 311 (15,277 12 1.181,399 22 1,229,771 92 35, .529 76 MassichuselU .-,42.779 m 777,994 30 41,199,602 99 2,459,714 (i(i 207,341 90 Rliode Island 003,54.5 4(i 113,039 05 1,933,704 .54 346,943 22 200 00 Connecticut 72,100 2'J 138,071 43 2,592,505 88 1,403,376 60 25,859 14 \'ermont 4,729 22 1,3.52,891 67 New York 3,2f.G,I3G l.-> 404 .040 21 48,032,756 47 4,590,337 08 174,181 90 New Jersey 2U,?r,o on 3,251 17 1,131,841 90 550,857 20 100 00 Pennsylvania 191,871 U4 27,458 t'8 60,888,181 07 1,897,211 19 43,641 68 Delaware 477,c,(;2 3r, 2,54,814 77 218,190 41 81,169 73 34,513 00 Maryland 1 07^1,309 03 103,715 3'J 7,753,030 7(i ,574,614 57 \^irffinia 2,488,4G5 04 291,318 88 1,907,500 ■75 1,194,920 88 80 00 North Carolina ,'107,772 7.1 304,307 1? 272,713 22 366,529 34 29,840 00 South Carolina 707,017 91 157,531 7t 8,630,215 11 153,149 94 Georgia 175,777 58 242,807 73 158,54(; 53 117,758 78 7,514 08 Kentucky 764,530 83 Tennessee 15,111 18 557,044 30 200 00 Ohio 15,7UJ ,3( 853,013 16 402,965 3-J Louisiana 1,806,398 no 157,152 73 27,705 25 6,435 0(1 Indiana 525 00 188,118 82 115,067 49 Mississippi 1,400 00 4,560 44 19,481 55 r.3,291 38 Illinois 494 3i; 37,841 i: 8,5o0 00 Alabama 1,174,302 98 14,628 98 31,416 21 92,725 73 Missouri 5,288 69 49,498 92 24,575 09 Michigan 34,534 12 20,809 89 29,884 99 84,523 56 Arkansas 47,477 20 t'lorida 104,000 00 121,534 63 102,955 15 Columbia 4-.<,78l 74 4,403,304 46 118,180 82 Cumberland road 2,443,420 80 Subscription to Chesapeake and Delaware canal '150,000 00 Subscription to Dis'al Swamp canal 200,000,00 Subscription to Louisville and Portland canal 233,500 00 Subscription to Chesapeake and Ohio canal 200,000,00 Improving the navigation oi the Mississippi and Ohio rivers Total 180,315 65 13,420 639 24 3,348,716 35 .'80,303,679 31 20,492,647 27 5,310,940 U Table shoaing the Quantity of Land sold in each of the sereral Slates and Territories from the Isl of July, 1820, to the Zist of Decanber, 1829, a period of 9 1-2 years ; and also the Quantity sold in each. Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Ohio Indiana Illinois Missouri Florida Territory Michigan Territory Arkansas Territory Total I Acrex. tids. 1^459,0.54 78 544,523 82 I50,S39 a5 1,405.267 73j 2,1()9,149 701 067,200 44 923,506 32 336,567 50] 443,209 23| 59,899 361 8,167,218 23: Of whicti lliere were aold Acrea. bda. In half the year of 1821 . 1S22 1823 1824 . 1825 182(» . 1827 1828 . 1829 1820 303,404 09 781,213 32 801,220 18 653,319 52 749,323 04 893,461 69 848,032 26 926,727 76 965,600 36 1,244,860 01 8,167.218 23 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. Nune. Bnwdoin, Waterville, Dartmouth, Univ. of Vermont, Middiebury, Harvard University, Williams, Amherst, . Bronn University, Yale, Washington, . .Columbia, Union, 'Hamilton, 'Geneva, 'College of N. J. . 'Rulgers, Univ. of Pennsylvania Dickinson, Jefferson, Western University Washington, Alleghany, .Madison, . St. John's, St. iSIary's, Georgetown, . Columbian, William and Mary, Hampden -Sydney, Wa.shinglon, . University of Virginia University of N. C, Chnrleston, College of S.C, University of Georgia Al.ibama University, Jefferson, . Loui:;iann, Greenville, University of Nashvill- Fj. Tennessee, Transylvania, Centre, Augusta, C^ii-nberland, St. Joseph's, . Georgetown, University of Ohio, .Miami University, Western Reserve, Kenyon, Bloomington, Illinois, Brunswick, Waterville, Hanover, Burlington, Middlehury, Cambridge, Williamslown, Amherst, Providence, New Haven, Hartford, New York, Schenectady, Clinton, Geneva, Princeton, N. Brunswick, Philadelphia, Carlisle, Canonsburg, Pittsburg, VVashiniiton, Meadville, Union Town, Annapolis, iBaltimore, ^Georgetown, Washington, Williamsburg, Prince Ed. Co. Lexintrton, Charlottesville, Chapel Hill, Charleston, Columbia, .\thens, Tuscaloosa, Washington, Jackson, Greenville, Nashville, Knoxville, Lexington, Danville, Augusta, Princeton, Bardstown, Georgetown, Athens, Oxford, Hudson, Gambler, Bloomington, Jacksonville, Me. do. N. H. Vt. do. Mass. do. do. R. I. Conn. do. N. Y. do. do. do. N.J. do. Penn. do. do. do. do. do. do. Md. do. D. C. do. Va. do. do. do. N. C. S. C. do. Ga. Ala. Mis. La. Tenn. do. do. Ken. do. do. do. do. do. Ohio. do. do. do. Ind. II. Found- ed. "17!I4 1820 1770 1791 18,>0 1G38 1793 1821 1764 1700 1820 1754 l';*5 1812 1826 1746 1770 1755 1783 1802 1820 1806 1815 1820 1784 179!) 1799 J 821 1693 1774 1812 1819 1791 1785 1801 1785 1820 1802 1794 1806 1708 1822 1823 1825 1802 1824 1826 1828 1828 1829 •^•tll- dents. 132 31 137 39 86 247 90 207 105 359 74 140 227 78 2<) 73 CO 97 20 116 50 31 6 70 G3 120 140 50 100 90 23 131 69 69 97 117 98 71 21 143 06 35 120 150 35 45 56 60 80 51 20 Vols, in College Library. VolH. In Studenu' Libraries. 8,000 1,700 3,500 1 ,000 1,840 35,000 2,250 2,200 6,100 8,500 5,000 4,000 5,100 520 6,000 2,000 700 400 8,000 10,000 7,roo 4.000 3,G00 700 8,000 1,800 3,000 7,000 2,500 3,500 2,000 340 2,:i.">0 1,2.- 8 1 ,500 1,000 i.ono 1,000 4,624 1 163,764 • Undergraduates, not including medical, llieological, and law students. COMMERCE. Ecports and Imports during the Ymr ending Srpt. 30, 1830. Imports . ■ . . . • Exports of Domestic Produce. . . . . • '■ Foreign Produce ... 4,:ioo 300 8,000 2,322 4,005 1,769 .3,780 5,502 9,000 1,200 560 8,250 630 5,000 1,800 50 625 COO 1,500 3,000 1,000 2,250 500 200 1,600 108 550 COO 1,200 70,681 Domestic Produce exported in American ve.ssels (t *( , " Foreign vessels Foreign Produce exported in American vessels '•"' " " p'oreiifn vessels Total EzporU $70,876,920 .59,462.029 14,387,479 «!73,S41>..-.08 51,100,189 S 3.-.5.740 12,386,529 1,610,950 NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE U. 8 100 YEARS OLD Table shoteing the number of Persons of the several classes, icho vere One Hundred Years old and upxcr^rdSy according to the Census of 1830. Wdite Whlce Blavea. Free Blacks. i" ~ Blsta and TeiTiioriet. Males Femala Males. Ffmalcs Males. Females Total, j Maine 1 3 1 5 New Hampshire 6 1 5 15 Vermont 3 5 2 4 14 Massachusetts 1 2 5 4 12 Rhode Island 3 3 6 Connecticut 4 3 2 11 20 New York 35 18 2 2 22 51 130 New Jersey 1 2 2 4 5 14 Pennsylvania 37 20 1 9 30 33 130 Delaware 1 3 3 13 18 38 Maryland 7 17 50 53 49 86 262 Virginia 23 26 122 143 143 22 479 North Carolina 23 20 •J2 114 22 27 304 South Carolina 14 19 98 84 19 240 Georgia 13 22 106 78 11 6 236 Alabama 15 10 30 25 1 6 87 Mississippi 2 23 21 1 47 Louisiana ■J 1 37 39 11 28 125 Tennessee 39 27 59 34 7 6 172 Kentucky 27 11 45 49 17 17 ]6G Ohio 21 8 8 5 42 Indiana 10 2 2 5 19 Illinois 4 1 2 3 1 1 12 Missouri 2 2 41 2 2 2 51 Columbia, Dist. 2 3 2 3 8 18 Florida, Territory 1 1 2 Michigan do. 1 ; 1 Arkansas do. 1 1 3 1 1 1 7 To lot 297 1 234 1 717 662 382 359 2,654 By this Table it will be seen that the proportion of Blacks of 100 years old and upwards greatly exceeds that of the Whites ; but it may be remarked that the ages of the Blacks are not generally so well known as that of the Whites ; and that, therefore, the accuracy of the Census, as it respeclB the ages of this class, is Itss to be relied on. MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Name. Place. Prof Studenta. Maine Medical School, .... Brunswick, 4 99 New Hampshire Medical School, Hanover, 3 103 Medical Society University Vermont, Burlington, 3 40 Vermont Academy of Med, Castletoii, 4 Massachusetts Med. Col. Harv. Univ. Boston, 5 91 Berkshire Med. Ins. Wil. Col. . Pittsfield, 7 100 Med. Dep. Yale College, .... New Haven, 5 61 Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. New York, . 7 113 Rutgers Med. Fac. Gen. Col. New York, 6 Col. Phys. and Surg W. Dist. . Fairfield, N. T. 5 ICO Medical Dep. Univ. Penn. .... Philadelphia, 9 420 Medical Dep. Jeiferson College, C'anonsburg, 5 121 Medical Dep. Univ. Md. .... Baltimore, . 6 Medical Col. Charleston, S. C. Charleston, . 130 Medical Dep Transylvania Univ. Lexington, 6 200 Medical College ofOhio, Cincinnati, 6 113 Law Schools.— At Cambridge, Ms., New Havei 1, Litchfield, Ct., Philadelphia, Willi amsburg, Va , Charleston. S. C . and Lexington, Ken POPULATION OK THE UNITED STATES, According to Fire Official Enumerations. Stales and TerritoriM. 1st Census. 2d Censiu 3d Census. 4thCeuaus 6ih Census. Pfr cent. Pop. nso Pop 180U 151,719 Pop. 1810. Pop. 1620. 298,335 Pop. 1830 U yeais 'Maine 90,540 228,705 399,402 N. Hampshire .... 141,885 183,858 214,460 244,161 2ti9,5:!:i 10,4 Vermont 85,539 154,465 217,895 235,764 28G,07'J 19,0 Massachusetts 378,787 422,845 472,040 523,287 610,014 16,6 Rhode Island 68,825 69,122 76,931 83,059 97,210 17,0 Connecticut 237,94(i 251,002 261,942 275,248 297,711 8,2 .\ew York 340,120 586,050 959,049 1,372.812 1,913,508 39,4 New JerHey 164,139 211,149 245,562 277,575 320,779 15,0 Pennsylvania 434,373 602,545 810,091 1,049,313 1,347,672 28,4 Delaware 59,096 64,273 72,074 72,749 70,739 5,5 .Maryland 319,728 345,824 380 ,,540 407,350 44(;,913 oV Virginia 747,610 880,200 979,622 1,065,366 1,211^2 13,7 N. Carolina 393,951 478,103 555,500 038,829 7:18,470 15,0 S. Carolina 249,073 345,591 415,115 502,741 581 ,458 15,7 Georgia 82,548 102,686 252,433 340,989 516,507 51,5 .\labania ^ Mississippi 3 8,850 40,352 5 127,901 i 75,448 308,997 130,806 141,0 80,1 Louisiana 76,556 153,407 215,575 40,7 Tennessee • 105,602 261,727 420,813 684,822 62,7 Kentucky 73,677 220,959 406,511 564,317 088,844 22.1 Oliio 45,365 230,700 581,434 937,670 61.2 Indian ;l 4,651 24 ,.520 147 173 341.582 132,1 Illinois 215 12,282 55-211 157,575U8o,4| Missouri 19,783 66,586 140,074 110,4 District of Columbia 15,093 24,023 33,039 39,858 20,1 Michigan Ter. 551 4,762 8,896 31^260 250,1 Arkansas Ter. 1,062 14,273 30,383 113,3 Florida Ter 34,723 To tal 3,929,:!28 5,309,758 7^9,903'9,638,166 12^6,165 33,4 SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES, According to Five Official Enumerations. States. Slaves. Slaves. slaves. Slaves. Slaves. 1790. 1300. 1810. 1820." ' 1830. Maine ..... 6 New Hampshire < 1.58 8 Vermont 16 ( i; Massachusetts f Rhode Island 948 380 108 48 14 Connecticut 2,764 951 310 97 23 New York 21,324 20,613 15,017 10,088 41 New Jersey 11,423 12,422 10,851 7,557 2,24(: Pennsylvania 3,737 1,706 795 211 :?8G Delaware 8,887 6,153 4,177 4,509 3,3fli Maryland 103,030 108,5.54 111,502 107,398 102,878 Virginia 292,627 346,968 392,518 425,153 409,724 North Carolina 100,572133,290 108,824 205.017 240,<62 South Carolina 107,094 140,151 iy(i,3tB 258.475 315,60.-. Georgia 29,264 59,699 105,218 149,656 2I7,47( .Alabama Mississippi 3,489 17,088 I 41.879 ( 32,814 11734 05,65f' Louisiana 4,000 09,064 109,631 Tennessee 13,584 44 ,.535 80,107 142,3v'i Kentucky 12,430 40,343 80,561 126.732 105,35(1 Ohio 3,417 Indiana 135 237 190 Illinois 168 917 740 Missouri 3,011 10.222 84,9i»0 District Columbia . 5,395 6,377' 6,0511 Michijan Territory , 24 27 .Arkansas Territory' • 1,617 4,57F Florida Territory . 15,510 ■ 697,697 896,849 1,191,364 1,538,064 2,OlO,J3 Buenos Ayres 80,000 Rosas, do. 2,000,000 Monte Video 10,000 Rivera, do. Paraguay j Assumption 12,000 Francia, Dictator. Brazil 4,000,000 Rio Janeiro 150,000 Pedro 11. Emperor. Hayti 935,000 Port Republican 30,000 Boyer, President. I RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Denominationa. TRiniB'rs. Chur, or Cong. Communi- cants. Population. iCalvinistic Baptists, .... 8,:il4 4,;i--4 :iil4,027 2,743,000 Methodist Episcopal Church, 1,777 •170,000 2,fi00,000 Presbyterians, General Assembly, 1,700 2,1->S iT;i,3y2,000,000 55,000,000 251.000.000 3.000.000 120.000.000 550.000,1100 '.124,000,010 J. SxATEMtsT showing the Namks and Numbers of the difkekknt Tribks ul' Indians now re- iiiainiiiir within the limits of the sevebai. States and Tebritohies, and the qiantitv of land claimed by them RESPEcrivtLV — — - — — — ■ dumber Number of Number Number of TRIBES. of each Acres claimed TRIUEa. of each Acres claimed Tribe. by each Tribe Tribe. by each Tribe. Maine. St. John's Indians 300 Indiana and Illinois. t*as..(ain:iquoddies 37!) 100 Pottawatamies and Chip I'enobscots 277 92,160 pewas 3,900 950 92,260 MASSAnlUSETTS. Georgia and Alabama. ' Marshpeo 320 Creeks 20,000 9,537,920 (lerring I*ond 40 Martiia s Vineyard 340 I'loy 50 Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Clierokces Alabama 7,272,576 7."<0 9,000 Rhode Island. .N'arragansett 420 3,000 Tennessee 1 ,055,60 Connecticot. Mississippi and Alabama VIohegan 300 4,000 Clioctawa 21,000 Stonington 50 300 Groton 50 MISSISSIPPI. Chickasaws 3,625 15,705,000 400 4,300 New York. Florida Territory. Senecas 2,325 Seminoles and Others. 5,000 4,032,640 Tuscaroras 253 Oneidas 1,096 LOCISIANA. Onondagas 446 Billoxie 55 Cayugas 90 240,675 Apolashe 45 Stoclibridge 273 Pascagoula 111 Brotherton 360 Addees 27 St. Regis Indians 300 Yaltasse Coshattees Caddow 36 5,143 246,675 180 450 Virginia. Delawares 51 iVottaways 47 27,000 Choc taws Shawanees 178 110 South Carolina Natchitoches 25 Catawbas 450 144,000 Quapaws Piankcshaws 8 27 Ohio. Wyandotts 542 163,840 1,313 Shawanees 800 117,615 Missouri. Senecas 551 55,505 Delawares 1,800 21,120 9,600 Uelawares 80 5,760 Kickapoos 2,200 Otto was 377 50,581 Shawanees Weas Ihoways 1,383 .14,086 2,350 393,301 327 1,100 MicHir.AN Territory. Wyandscotts PoUawatamies 7 1 G 1 Missouri & Arkansas 5,810 44,806 iChippewas and Ottawas 18,473 ■7,057,920 Territory. Menomeenees Winnebagoes Indiana. 3,900 5,800 . Osages Piankeshaws 5,200 207 3,491,840 28,316 7,057,920 5,407 3,491,840 Arkansas Territory. Miami and Kel River Indians 1 ,073 10,104,000 Cherokeea Quapaws Clioctawa 6,000 700 4,000,000 8,858,560 Illinois. Menomeenees Kaskaskias 270 36 S 5,3I4..'>60 6,700 12,858,560 Sauks and Foxes 6.400 > Total. -- ■ ■ ■ r 6,706 h,314,560 129,266 77,402,318 1 MISSIONARY TABLE,' Slioiciv" the urmctiml ProUslanl Missionary Slaiions in the. World, mid the Societies bi/ tehieh theyatt ° ewploijed. 1 B. M. S. Afjiiiiere Agra Albany Alexandria Alijoa Bay Allahabad Allepie Amboyna Anguilla Antigua Astrachan Baddagainme Bahamas Balasore Bambey Banda Bangalore Barbadoe9 Barbuda Bareilly Barrackpore Bartholomew, St. Batavia Bathurst Batticaloe Batticotta Beerbhoom Belgaum Bellary Benares Bencoolen Bcrbice Berhampore Bermudas Bethany Bethelsdorp Bethesda Beyrout Boglipore Bogue Town Bombay Borabora Bosjesveld Buddalore Burdeis Point Burdwan. Buzar, Calcutta, Caledon, E. Indies, tt S. Africa, Egypt. S. Africa, E. Indies, (( Moluccas, W. Indies, (( A. Russia, Ceylon, W. Indies, E. Indies, Surinam, Moluccas, E. Indies, W. Indies, ({ E. Indies, ti W. Indies, E. Indies, VV. Africa, Ceylon, Indies, Indies, E. Indies, Sumatra, Surinam, Hindoostan, W. Indies, S. Africa, Syria, Hindoostan, Georgian Islands, E. Indies, Society Islands, S. Africa, Hindoostan, Taheite, E. Indies, S. Africa, 1 C. M. S I W. M. S. 1 do. I L. M. S. 2B. M.S. 1 C. M. S. 2 L M. S. 1 W. M. S. 9 U. B., 4 VV. M. S., 1 C M. S 1 L. M. S.,5 S. M. S 1 C. M. S. .-. W. M. S. 3 L. M. S. I U. B. 1 N. M. S. •2 W. M. S., 2 L. M. S 1 U. B. 1 W. M. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 C. M. S. I B. M. S. I W. M. S. 3B. M. S, 2L. M.S. 1 W. M. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 A. B. C. F. M. 1 B. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 3 L. M. S. 1 li. M. S.,IL. M. S., 1 CM. 1 B. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 L. M. S. II \V. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 3 do. I d. I A. B. C. F. M. 1 L. M. S. 2 W. M. S , IL. MS do. IC.M. S. 2A. B. C. F. M 3C. M. S 1 C. M.S. 6 L. M. S., 2 S. M. S., 2 C. M. S 1 L. M. S. "ABBREVIATIONS. / M. S. or L. S., London Missionary Society. C. M. S., Church " W. M. S., or H'. S., Wcsleyan " B. M. S., Baptist " S. M. S., Scottish '• JV. M. S., Netherlands " V. F. ^f. S, United Foreign United Stalei. A. B. C. F. .v., American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Miisioof. A. B. B. F. M., American Baptist Board for Foreign Missions. M. .9., Missionary Association. M. S., Missionary Society. A. M. S., Auxiliary Missionary Society. U. B., United Brethren. C. K. S., Christian Knowledge Society. B. 4- F. B. S., British and Foreign Bible Society. B. S., Bible Society. MISSIONARY TABLK. , St. Calpentyn Caltura Campbell Canada Canofcc Canton Cape Coast Castle Cape Town Cawnpore Ceylon. Charlotte Cherokecs Cherokees Chinsurah Chitpore Chittagong Chittoor Clioclaws Christopher; Chumie Chunar Cochin Colombo Combaconum Congo Town Constantinople Corfu Cotta Cotym Crimea Cudapah Culna Cuttack Culwa Dacca Delagoa Bay Dehli Demarara Digah Dinapore Dindegal Dominica Doorgapore Eiraeo Elim Enon Eustatius, St Freetown Futlyghur Galle Gammap Gaujam Gaya Gloucester Gnadenthal Goamalty Goree Gornickpore Greenland Grenada Griqua Town Groenekloof Hankey Hawaii Haweis Town Henreepore High Tower Huahine Jaffna Jamaica Java Ceylon, I C. W. S. 1 W. M. S S. Africa, I L M. S. N. America, !1 W M. S. W. Africa, I C. M. S. China, 1 L. M. S. \V. Africa, 1 S. P. G. F. P. S. Africa, 1 W. M. S., 1 I.. M. S. E. Indies, 1 C. IVI. S. (( 14 W. M. S., 3 B M. S, 2 L. M. S., 4C. M. S. ,7A.B.C.F M W. Africa 1 C. M. S. Ten. and Geo. 2U. B, 4 A. B C F Al Arkansas a A. B. C. F M E. Indies 1 L. M. S. IC. K.S. 1 B. M. S. " 1 L. M. S. 3 A. B. C. F. M Ten. and Geo. W. Indies SUB, 3 W. M.S. S. Africa E. Indies 9C.M. S. {( IC. M.S. Ceylon 1 L. M. S., 1 B. M. S. 1 W. S E. Indies 1 C. K. S. W. Africa I W. M. S. Turkey 1 C. M. S. Corfu 1 L M. S. Ceylon 1 C. M.S. E. Indies 3 C. M. S. Russia aL. M. S. E. Indies 1 L. M. S. 1 C. M. S. n 1 B. M. S. (( do <( do S. A&ica 1 W. M. S. E. Indies 1 B. M. S. Guyana E. Indies 1 L. M. S. 2B. M. S. (1 1 B. M. S. (t I C. K. S. W. Indies 2 W. M. S E. Indies 1 B. M. S. Pacific Ocean 2 L. M. S. S. Africa 1 U. B. S. 4 U.B.S. W. Indies 1 W. M. S. W. Africa 2 W. M. S. E. Indies 1 B. M. S. Ceylon 1 W. M. S. S. Africa I W. M. S. E. Indies IL.M. S. (( 1 B. M. S. W. Africa IC. M.S. S. Africa lU. B. E. Indies 1 B. M. S. W. Africa Island 1 C. M. S. E. Indies 1 C. M. S. N. America 11 U. B. W. Indies 3 W. M. S. S. Africa 3 L. M. S. 1 U. B. :l 1 L. M. S. N. PacificOceanlsl. 2 A. B. C.F. M Georgian Islands 1 L. M. S. E. In'dies I C. M. S. Cherokees 1 A. B. C. M. Society Isles 1 L. M.S. Ceylon 1 A. B. C. F. M., and W & C. M S. W. Indies 4U. B.,8W. M, 2. B. M. E. Indies 3B. M. S.,1 L. M. S. MISSIONARY TABJjE Jessore u i B M. S Kandy Ceylou 1 C M. S Karass Russian Tartary 3 S. M. S Kent W. Africa 1 C. M. S. Khamiesberg S. Africa 1 L. M. S. Kissey W. Africa 1 C. M. S. Kornegalle Ceylon 1 W. M. S. Labrador N. America 16 U. B. I.attakoo S. Africa I L. M. S. Leicester W. Africa 1 C. M. S. Leopold (( do l^iberia (1 I A. B. C. F. M. Lily Mountain S. Africa 1 W. M.S. -Madagascar E. Africa 2 L. M. S. Madras E. Indies 2W. M.,3L.M.,3U. M.S Madura <( 1 C. K. S. Malacca " 4 L. M. S. Malapeetzee S. Africa 1 L. M. S. .Malda E. Indies 1 B. M. S. Malta Mediterranean I L. M. S., 1 C M. S Manepy Ceylon 1 A. B. C. F. M. Martin, St W. Indies 1 W. M. S. Maui Sandwich Islands I A. B. C. F. M. Mauritius E. Indian Ocean 1 L. M. S. Meerut E. Indies I C. M. S. Monghyr u 2 B. M. S. Montserrat W. Indies 1 W.M. S. Moorshedabad G. Indies 1 B. M. S. Mothelloor fc 1 C. K. S. Muttra (( 1 B. M.S. Nagercoil (t 2 L. M. S. Nagapatam (( 1 0. K. S. Ne^onibo Ceylon IW. M.S. Nellore (I 1 C. M. S. iVevis W. Indies 2W.M. S. N. Brun. &.\.Scot. N. America 17 W. M. 8. Newfoundland ' pails of F,fit;l;itiil, i"i|ir'rially in Uerlt) shire and Noltiiifjliani-iblie. .-^/cflH/io.a dme n-jcd in dyeins, which comes from Eyypl and other parts ».f the Levant. dUuhol, IS a name applied to bi»hly rectified spirit of wine. When pure, it Is perfectly the same whether obtained from brandy, wine, or any other fluid which has undergone the spirituous fer- mentation. It is a light, transparent, colorless liquid, of a sharp, penetratmg, agreeable smell, and of a warjn, stimu- lating taste. It is extremely inflamma- ble, and burns with a pale blue flame, scarcely visible in bright daylight. .M- cohul is used in medicine and the arts for a variety of purposes. Alder, a tree according to the classi- fication of botanists of the birch kind. It is common in Europe and Asia, and the United Stales of America. The wood of the alder is in great demand for machinery, and is peculiarly adapted for all kinds of work which are to be kept constantly in water. With the ad- dition of copperas, the bark yields a black dye, used to a considerable ex- tent in coloring cotton. Ale, a fermented liquor, obtained from an infusion of malt ; differing from strong beer chiefly in having a less pro- portion of hops. The duties on beer and ale make a principal branch of the revenues m England. Alkalies, a class of saline substances, possessing in general the following pro- perties : they have an acrid laste ; they change the blue juices of vegetables to a green, and the yellow to a brown color ; and render nil miscible with wa- ter. They are mainly characterized, however, by a power of combining with acids so as to impair the activity of the latter and form neutral salts. Alkatut, a dyeing drug, which grows naturally in the Levant. The root im- parts an elegant red color to oily sub- stances, and improves the color of ma- hogany. Allspice. Pee Pimento. JUnuiirrn, a fine deep red ochre, with some admixture of purple, very heavy, of a dense, yet friable structure, and rough dusty surface. It is used In paint- ing, and in medicine as an astringent. Almonds, a kinil of medicinal fruit, contained in a hard shell, which is en- closed in a tough cottony skin. Al- monds are of two kinds, sweet and bit- ter : the Jordan almond is of the first quality ; next the Valencia {a smaller sort of about half the price,) and the inferior almonds arc from Barbary, whence principally come the bitter ones. From the port of Malaga in Spain come the finest almond.^, both in the shell and kernel. In medicinal cases^ the oil from almonds is found useful ; and that extracted from the bitter one, if dropped into the ear, proves eflectual against deafness. Almonds are im- ported in casks, boxes, and serons. Jiloes, the inspis.-^aleu juice of the plant aloe, produced in many of the hot cli- males. It is brought from Jamaica and Barbadoes, in both of which i-^lands large quantities are prepared, and gen- erally conveyed in the shells or skins of large gourds. The medicinal proper- ties of aloes have been long known. Jiloes H'ooil, the product of a tree growing in China, and some of the In- dian island!^. Jihpiifim, or .^n/n'ifini, n sort ofleaden ore, which, v- lien broken, looks tikf an- timony. It is used by pollers to give a green varnish fo ilieir works. .Hum, a minernl substiinee nunposed of a peculiar eaith termed oliiniinr, ni\t\ Mulptinric acid ; that sold under the name of cumiiinii alum, cntains a por lion o( piilash and ammonia. Most of the ulum to be met with is artificially pitpaicd. .\ati\a aluui, whitli contains a greater quantity of aluminous eartli and a portion of iron, is found at GdtU wig in Austria, in Carinlliia, in the clefts and caverns on Stromboll, the Solfatara near Naples, the grotto of San Germano, Iliseno, and other places in Italy. It is found in the United States in mica-slate rocks. Alum is extremely useful for dyeing and other purposei^ its importance, in the arts, is very great and its annual consumption ia im mense. Amber, a pellucid and very hard in flammable substance, of a fragran smell, and possessed of a resinous lus- tre. Its natural color is a fine pale yel- low, but it is often made white and sometimes black : by friction it becomes strongly electric. It is found in masses from the size of a coarse sand to that of a man's head, and occurs in beds of bituminous wood situated upon the shores of the Adriatic seas ; also in Po- land, France, Italy and Denmark. More recently it has been found in the United States, at Cape Sable in Maryland. Amber frequently contains flies and other insects, curiously preserved : it is manufactured into beads, crosses, and other ornaments. Ambergris, a substance found floating in the sea near the roasts of various tropical countries, and also taken from the intestines of the spermaceti whale, where it is supposed to originate. Its color is a yellowish or blackish white, its odor is very agreeable, and hence arises its only use. In the state of an alcoholic solution, it is added to laven- der-water, tooth-powder, &.c. to which it communicates its fragrance. Amber- gris is chiefly found in the Atlantic Ocean, on the seacoast of Brazil, of the E. Indies, China, Japan and the Moluc- ca islands ; but much of it comes from the Baliama islands. Amber Seed, a small odoriferous seed used as a perfume. It is sometimes brought from Egypt, but is likewise im- ported from Martinico. Amethyst, a gem of a purjtle color which, in its purest state, is of tlie same hardness and at lea.st of equal value with the ruby or sapphire. It is found in the E. and W. Indies, and in several parts of Europe. Ammonia J an alkaline substance, which, in a state of purity, is in form of a gas, of a very pungent smell, ex- tremely volatile. It may be obtained from all animal bodies in a Ptate of pu- trefaction, and is found native in com- bination with muriatic acid, in crystal- lized masses, called sal ammoniac, in the neighborhood of volcanoes, in some of the mountains of Tarlary and Thibet, and in the waters of some of the lakes in Tuscany. This salt is applied to many useful purposes: a considerable portion of it is consumed by dyers, cop- persmiths, tinners, Atc. Aiiata, or Auoito, a kind of buff color ed dye, which has acquired the name of A'ankeen, from J\ra)iifkiue in China, whence the calico so colored first raine. It is brought from Brazil. Anchor, in mriritime afthirs, is n very large anil heavy iron instrmiirnt. with a double hook at one end, and a ring at the other, by w Iiich it is fastened to a cal)le. ll i.s'cast into the bottom of the sea, or rivers, u here tnkin? its hold, il keeps 'hip^: from being draw n away by (lie wind, tide, or rurrenl. There are ye\'eial kind-' of am Itor^ : 1. The sheet author, \\ hi" b is the kiruesi, und i^ never used but in violent Klorms, lu hinder the ship from being driven ashore. 0. The two bovvcis, which at« BAR used for ships to ride in a harbor. 3. The fltreara anchor. 4. The grap- nel. jSmAoi'im, ihe name of a slnall fish common in the Mediterranean. It is much used in sauces from the excellence fifits flavor. Jinily the plant from which indigo Is made. Aninga^ a root which grows tn the Antilles islands, and is used for refining sugar. jJnise, a small seed of an oblong shape. It IS cultivated in Germany, but the best comes from Spain. Antimony, a bluish-white, brittle me- tal, of a scaly or foliated texture. It is used as an ingredient in the manufac- ture of pewter, and type-metal. There are minea of antimony in Germany and many parts of France. Aqaqforti-iy nitric acid in a diluted stale. It is much used by dyers, calico- printers, &c. Aranecy a silver ore found only in Po- tosi, and in the single mine there of Caiamito. Areb^ a nominal money used in ac- counts in India, equal to five shillings sterling. Argol, tartar or the lees of wine used Ity dyers. ArquifuiLz, a. sort of lead ore, used by potters to give their works a green var- nish. Arrack^ a spirituous liquor imported from the E. Indies, used as a dram and in punch. Arrowroot, a kind of starch manufac- tured from the roots of a plant which is cultivated in the E. and W. Indies. Arsenic, a metal of very common oc- currence, being found in combination witli nearly all of the metals in their native ores. It is usually seen in while, glassy, translucent masses, to which form it is reduced by fusion from a pow dery state. It is one of the most viru lent poisons known, not only when taken into the stomach, but when ap- plied to a wound, or even when its va- por is inspired. Asbestu-t^ a kind of mineral .substance, of a woolly texture, endued with the propertv of resisting fire. Ash, a well-known tree, the timber of which is useful in making imple- ments of husbandry ftnd for other piir^ poses. AsparasTu.i, an esculent plant, tlie heads of which are u^cUiX for ihe table and the roots in medicine. As.'tfi.fa'ti'la, a resinous cum of an ex- tremely powerful odor, procured from the root of a large umbelliferous plant, which grows in the mountains of sonn^ parts of Persia. Aulom, a sort of bark which resem- bles cinnamon, but is paler and thicker. It comes from the Levant, and is an in aredient in the carmine dye. BAIZE, a sort of coarse, open, wool- len stuff, having a long nap, sometime.-; frizzed and sometimes not. It is man- ufactured to a great extent in difterent parts of England. Bamboo, a plant which multiplies very much by its root, whence springs a ra- mous or branchy tufi, after the man- ner of the European reeds. The Indian bamboo is the largest kinrl of rane that is known. Bandantuuiy silk handkerchiefs, gen erallyred spotted with while, mannfar- lured in the E. Indies. Barisra., a species of raw silk brought from the E. Indies. San7/n, the name of a sea plant which crows very plentifully on the roast of Spain. It abounds with soda ; and the impure ashes of the plant, containing thai salt in great abundance, t'orin an inipoilaiit article of cnn»nierce. TIip n ihes themsslves are commonly rnlled ban 1 1 ft. Bark^ PeTurian^ the produce of a tree. wbich U thd spontaneous growth of BUG many parts of S. America, but more particularly of Peru. This valuable medicine was tirst introduced into Eu^ rope by the Jesuits, whence it was for- merly called Jesuit's bark. Barlei/y a sort of grain very well known, principally used for making been Barnacles, a kind of shell-fish in the W. Indies, which penetrate into the bottoms of vessels, and sometimes in- jure ibem so materially as lo give the sheathing tho appearance of a honey- comb. Barometer, a machine for measuring the weight of the atmosphere. Bazaar, a place for trade among the eastern nations. Beaver, an ampliibious animal, for- merly common in England, but now extirpated. It abounds in N. Ameri- ca, where the skins make a consider- able article of exportation. Beech, one of our handsomest forest trees, common In almost all the N. Eng- land and middle states. Beer, a generic term for drink extract- ed from malt. It may be extracted from most kinds of grain after having under- gone the process of malting. Bcrgamot, the name of a fragrant es- sence extracted from a species of citron. Beryl, & pellucid gem of a bluish-green color, found in the E. Indies and about the gold mines of Peru, and especially in Siberia and Tartary. Its value is trifling compared with the ruby, topaz, &c. Birch, a forest tree, easily known by the smooth appearance and silvery color of its bark. Bis7}i'UJi, a considerable heavj' metal, of a much harder and firmer texture than antimony. It causes the metals thai are difiicull of fusion to melt with a much smaller degree of fire than they otherwise would do. Black Lead, a mineral found in great abundance in Cumberland, England, as also in many parts of Spain, particular- ly in the neighborhood of Malaga. It is used in the manulacture of pencils, also for blackening the front of stoves, grates, &c. Bombaiive, a kind of silk stuff origin- ally ntanufactured at Milan, but now extensively in G. Britain. Boras, a substance of n greenish color, brought from the E. Indies in great masses : it is used as a flux for metals. Bosphoni.-!, in geography, a narrow Ktrait or arm of the sea. Bpz irooii, is a yellowish, hard, and solid wood, and takes a good polish. It i:s used in works of sculpture, and in instrument-! of nnisic, such as flute'*, flagelets, &,c. Brandtj, a spirituous and inflammable liquor, extracted from wine and other Iiquor-5, and likewise from the husks of crapes by distillatimi. Brandy is pre- pared in many of the wine countries of Europe, and with peculiar excellence in Eanguedoc, in Anjou, and other parts of the south of France, whence is the Cognac brandy. Brass, a factitious metal, made of copper and zinc in proper proportions. B^fl:i^H''(lorf, so called because it came first from Brazil, a province in S. Ame- rica. It i3 of a red color, and very heavy. 1( is much used in turned work, and takes a good polish ; but is chiefly used in dying. Brazilrtfn, ihe worst species of Brazil wood: it comes from the Antilles is- lands. Bri.-'tir.t, the fitrong hair standing on ilip back of a hog or wilil boar. They are imported principally fiom Russia. Bvrhram, a sort of coar."e cloth, made of heiupKuiunied, ralcndf-rerl and dyed si'vrnl colors. Rurl.irhr^f, n pr;tiii which is iirai\eof Africa, but so hardy that it wilt flourish in almost any country. It is extensive- ly cultivated in different parts of the CHE U. States, and from (he fiuur an excel lent article of food is produced. Buffalo, or Bison, a wild bull, found in large herds in ditferent parts of Ameri- ca. The hides are exported in large quantities. Bulbs, the roots of several sorts of flowers, as tulips, hyacinths, &c., of which large quantities are imported from Holland. £u//ion, uncoined gold or silver in the mass CACHALOT, n large fish of the whale species, from the brain of which sperm- aceti ij extracted. Cajrput Oil, the volatile oil obtained from the leaves of the cajeput iree, which is common on the mountains ot^ Amboyna, and the other Molucca is- lands. It is of a green color, ver> lim- pid, lighter than water, of a strong smell resembling camphor, and of u pun- gent taste. Calabar Skin, the Siberian squirrel skin used in making muffs, tippets, &:c. Calamanco, a woollen slutT principally manufactured in the Netherlands but also in England. Calico, a. cotton cloth, wJiich derives its name from Calicut, a city of India, from which it was first brought. The art of calico-prinlinc is supposed to have been practised in India more than 9,000 years, thouiih it was not introduced into England till the year 167(1. Cambric, a siiecies of very fine white linen, first made at Cambray, in French Flanders, whence it derives its appella tion. Camd, a large beast of burden, used throughout all the eastern countries. Camlet, a plain stuff, composed of & warp and woof, which is manufactured on a loom, with two treadles, as linens are. Camlets are of different kinds, as goats' hair, wool, silk camlets. Camphor, a white, resinous produc tion, of peculiar and powerful smell, extracted from trees which grofr in the islands of the E. Indies and in China. Canal, a kind of artificial river, made for the convenience of water carriage. CanOiarides, flies of a shining green color, found adhering to certain kinds of trees in Spain, Italy and the southern part of France. They are commonly called SpajiiViA^icfi, and are of extensive use in medicine. Canvas, a ver>' clean unbleached cloth of hemp or flax, woven verj- regu- larly in little squares. Cape, a promontory or headland, run- ning out \\ ith a point into the sea. Capers, the full grown buds of a low shrub generally growing out of the joints of old walls or fissures of rocks ill the warm climates of Europe. Crtrfton, a Bubstonce which has been found to exist in a state of absolute pu- rity in the diamond. It is ttie base of rninmon charcoal, which is nn oxide of (jirbon. Carbuncle, a precious stone of the ruby kind, of n very rich, glowing blood red color. Cascarillii, the bark of a tree growing plentifully in the Bahama islands, of a fragrant smell, and moderately bitter taste. Cassada, a mealy subst.Tncc, derived from riie root of a plant called Magnoc ; a native of the \V. Indies. From Ihe pure flour of cassada is formed the sub- stance called tapioca. Cassia, the bark of a tree, which grows in the E. and W. Indies and in China. It is thicker and coarser than cinnamon, but of a similar taste. It is mostly imported from China. Castor Oil, an oil extracted from the seeds of a plant which prows in the E. and W. fndips.nnd in the TT. States. Ila uses ill mediritu' urf wrll hiiow u C*-'//!'', n tree roiiinion in .America, Ihe wood of which is of a reddish color, and incorruptible. Chcstnvi, a handsome forest tree COR producing a Bweet and soft-shelled fruit. Cfiint.*, a fine priniert calico first man- ufactured in the £. Indies, but imitated in other countries. Chocolate, a kind of paste, or cake, prepared chiefly from the cacao-nut, a production of the VV. Indies and S. America. Chronometer^ a cimepiece of a peculiar construction, at present mtich u^ed by navigators in determining the longitude at sea. Cider^ a liquor extracted from the juice of apples, and forming a consider- able portion of agricultural produce in this country. Cimutiaj the name of the earth of which tobacco pipes are made. It is found in different pari^ of England. Cinnamon, the under bark of the branches of a tree of the bay tribe, which is chiefly founri in tlie island of Ceylon, but which grows in Malabar and other parts of the E. Indies. Citron, an agreeable fruit resembling a lemon in color, taste and smell. It comes to us preserved or candied from Madeira. Civet, a perfume taken from the civet- cat. Clove, the unexpanded flower-bud of an East Indian tree, somewhat resem- bling the laurel in its height, and in the shape of its leaves. Coaly a combustible substance com- posed chiefly of carbon and bitumen. That which contains much bitumen is highly inflammable, and bums with a bright flame: the anthracite^ in which the carbon predominates bums less vividly. Numerous varieties of coal exist : it abounds in almost ever>' coun- try, and inexhaustible mines are found in different parts of the U. States. Cobalt, a metal found in the fomi of an ore, in Saxony, Sweden, and some parts of England. Cochineal, a drug, in many respects approaching to the nature of termf.?. It 3 brought to us from Mexico, where it is collected in immense quantities, be- ing a species of insect which aflutds a deep crimson dye. Cochineal is also raised in Peru and several other parts of Spanish America, and becomes every year an article of greater importance to the commerce of that l coffee i? im- ported from Mocha in the Red Pea. That next in esteem is raised in Java and the E. Indies ; and that of lowest price is raised in the W. Indies and Brazil. Copal, a substance of great import- ance as a varnish, obtained from the rAu-? eopalinum, a tree in N. America. Copper, a metal, next tn iron in spe- cific graviiy, but lighter than cold, sil- ver or lead. It i^ found In N. and P, America, in mn?t European countries, and in Africa and Japan. Coppera-f, a name given to the sul- phate of green vitriol, used in dying black. Coral, a marine zoophyte that be- comt^a after removal from the water as hard as a stone, and of a fine red color. It is found in the Mediterranean and in the Ethlopic Oceaji, about Cape Ne- gro. Citrdaof, a term used In eeneral for nil sons of cord, made use of in rigging ships. C<»-k, the bark of a Ppociei of oak wbicb groivi In Spain, Portugal and on DRA the French side of the Pyrencan mnun- taius. Conteiian, a precious stone of which there are three kinds, red, yellow and white. The finest cornelians aro thwe of the E. Indres; but very beautiful ones are found in many parts of Eu- rope. Cotton, a soft downy substance found on the gossj'pium or cotton-tree. It is separated from ihc seeds of the plant by a mill, and then spun and prepared for all sorts of fine work, as stockings, quilts, &.C. Cotton was found indigen- ous in America. North and S. Ameri- ca, Eg>'pl and India produce most of the cotton consumed, and the greater part is manufactured in England and the U. States. The cotton gin is a ma- chine invented by Mr. Whitney, an American, for the purpose of cleansing cotton. Crape, a light, transparent stuff, like gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and twisted on the mill, and woven with- out crossing. It is manufactured in Prance and various parts of G. Britain. Cream of Tartar, a combination of tartaric acid with potash. It comes to us from Leghorn, and other parts of Italy. Crystal, the name of a very large class of fossils, hard, pellucid, and naturally colorless. Currants, a smaller kind of grapes. brougiit principally from Zante and Cephalonia. Curcuma, a plant which is native of India. The root communicates a beau- tiful but perishable yellow dye, with alum. Cypress, the cypress tree is a dark colored evergreen, which grows abun- dantly in the western parts of the U. States. The name of this tree is de- rived from the island of Cyprus, in the Medrterranean, where it still grows in great luxuriance. DAMJiSK, an ingeniously manufac- tured stuff, the ground of which is bright and glossy, with vines, flowers, and figures interwoven. It is made in France and other countries of Europe ; and is also brought from India and Chi- na. Dates, the fniit of the date palm, a tree inhabiting the north of Africa, and which is also cultivated in Italy and Spain. This fruit is an oval, soft, fleshy drupe, having a very hard stone, with a lon^tudinal furrow on one side, and when fresh, possesses a delicious per- fume and taste. Diamond, a precious stone which has been known from the remotest ages. It is the hardest of all bodies ; the best tempered steel makes no impression on it. Tha first water m diamonds means the greatest purity and perfection of their complexion, which ought to be that of the purest water. Diamond mines are f(»und chiefly in the E.Indies ; and in Brazil, in S. America. Diaper, a sort of fine flowered linen commonly used in table-cloths, nap- kins. &r.' Dimity, a species of cross barred «ttiff entirely composed of cotton, similar in fabric to fustian. Dfirk, in maritime affairs, is an artifi cial basin, by the side of a harbor, made convenient either for the buil'line or repairing of "'.(ips. It is of two sorts; 1. Dry d-yrk, where the water i« kept out by ereat flood gates, til? the ship is built or repaired, when the gates are opened, and the water let in to float and launch her. 9. Wet dnrks, a place into which the ship may be hauled, out of the tide's wav, and so dork herself, or sink for herself a place to lie in. Do*tH, the fine feathers from the breasts of several birds, particularlv that of the duck kind. That of the eider duck is the most valuable. Drab, a sort of thick woollen cloth, woven purposeLir for great eoOM. FUR Dra^on''s Bl/>od, a gummy resinous substance, whith is brought from the E. Indies. / fo ution of dragon's IiIcxkI in spirit ol wine is u^t^ f-tr staining marble, to which it gives k i^d tiniK. Drawback, in curiuiierce, an allow- ance made to merchants on llie reex- portation of certain gof>ds, wbicb in some cases consists of the whole, in others of a part, of the duties wbicb bad been paid upon the importation. Drug, in a commercial sense, is ap- plied to every article of a medicinal na- ture, such as gums, jalap, senna, ate. Duck, a sort of strong brown cloth, used chiefly by sail-makers. The best comes from Russia. EBOA'Y WOOD, is brought from the Indies, exceedingly hard, and bea\-y, susceptible of a very fine polish. The best is a jet black, free uf veins and rind, very massive, astringent, and of an acrid, pungent taste. Embargo, an arrest on ships or mer- chandise, by public authority. Emerald, one of the most beautiful of all the class of colored gems ; when perfect its color i^* a pure green. Em- eralds are found in the E. Indies and in many parts of .Vmerica ; they are also met with in Silesia, Bohemia and other parts of Europe. Emery, in natural history-, a rich iron- ore found in large masses, extremely hard and ver>' heavy. It is imported from the island of Naxos, where it ex- ists in great abundance, and is also found in many parts of Europe. Ermine, a valuable fur which Is ob- tained from a species of weasel, abound- ing in all the cold countries, especially Russia, Norway and Lapland. The fur is short, soil, and silky, and is in great request. The common weasel of the I'nited States is white in winter, and is the proper ermine of Europe. Ether, a ver>' volatile fluid produced by the distillation of alcohol with an acid. FEATHERS, make a considerable article of commerre, being principally used for plumes, ornaments, filling of beds, writing-pens, &c. Eiderdown is imported from Denmark ; the ducks that supply it being inhabitants of Hud- son's Bay, Greenland, Iceland, Nor- way and N. America. Felucca, a little vessel with oarfl, fre- quent in the Mediterranean. Fi>.*, the best are those which come from Turkey, packed in cases. Many are brought from Faro of a small and inferior kind, also from the south of France. Vast quantities are exported from Spain and Portugal. Flannel, a kind of slight, loose, wool- len stuff, comiK>s«i! of a woof and warp, and woven on a hwm with two treadles, after the manner of baize. The flan- nels of England and of Wales are moel esteemed. FloT, a plant which is cultivated prio- ripally for the fibres yielded by the hnrk, of which linen cloth is made. The seeds yield an oil well known in commerce, under tlie name of linseed oil. Flax 1^ now extensively cultivated in the I'. States, and its various pro- ducts have become with us important articles of commerce. Flntir, the meal of wheat-corn, finely ground and sifted. Fossil, in chemrstry, denotes, in gen- eral, all ihingn dug out of the earth, ei- ther native or extraneous. FoZ'Skina, an article of considerable export- from N. America, employed in the making of muffs, tippets. &c. FulUr^j Farth, a species of clay, of a grayish ash colored brown, in all de- grees from very pale to almost black, and it has generally something of a greeniih cast. It is used by ftillere lo take Kreane out of Uieir ctoch before Ibey apply the soap. Fur, the ikins of quadntpeda, whieb are dreseed with alum without depriv CON ingthemof thPir hnir; the skins rliiefly u.-Pii Hre tlioscMrtlie sililc, ermi.n;, 1»Mr, lit-Hver, h;ire, &r. 'i'liuy ;ire piiir ii):illy expurled fium X. Ameriru asuJ Itiissia. K(t*(m/», It kiiiil ol'ciitltui sttiiV. \vImlIi Boems as if it wiw w.il.-tl ur rilil'i\l dii one side ; ilie nrinci|Ml mamitaclnry of tltiH iirticle ix carried I'n ;ii Muiirlicwl<;r, ill Etiylnnd, mul its ru'itihtiorliooil. FitstiCf a yelluw womi, used in dyitij:, nrincii»:illy broiiglit from tlu* iHlamiN uf Hrirhadops, Tulmgo. Ate. 'i'lic rol.ir it yieIdH is a due golden yelluw. (?^/^.Y(i^/., (I root vvliirli in hn.iiyitt from China It i3 an eMulU-nt stom- achic. Oalbimnm, a gum ii^sninji from lli« mum of an iimltelliferoiis |)l;uit, [jrtiwing In Peraiii and mriny iiari-* of Afii_ra. Giileon, a flort of rihi|) fniidiiiit^d in Spain, ia tliu conimuue of ihi- W. In- dieiH. fliilhon, ft narrow, titick kind of fi-r ret or lace, used to t-.A^e or Iiortlt-r ftolhng, suinelime4 made of woo! or thread, and at others of [jol.l or ailvfi, but commonly of uiohair or ?4ilk. GiiiU, are tumors, prudmed liy tlio punctures of insects on scveial ujn-cied of the oak tree. Otlier Uef^ uw IlaldH to the BAUia accidents, and jirodmo uullo of various forms and wi/.eB, Imt tliosc of the oak only are nued in ni'-dii-inc, and htr the (jiirposes of dying and inakinj; ink. Tlio ftall* wliicli come fiom Alep- j)D arti tliu most valuable. Qamboge, a gum resin, of a dft^n yel- low or orange color, hronght cliicliy froni Cambodia in the K. Imtn's. OainiH, a very beautiful ^t-m of a red color, with an admixture of bine. Gas, among chemista, a term inado ■96 of to denote all the aerial and per- manently elastic tlnidn, exrepi lli# at- mospheric air. Oanif,^ vei-y Hlight, thin, open kind of HtiilT, made of silk, sometimes of thr»ad . there are also flgJircd Ran/.i's, and some wltli gold or silvfir llowers on o silk ground \ the latier come to us principally from China. Oenena, or Qhu an ordinary malt spirit, distilled a second time, with tho addi- Ipun of JuMiper berries. Uollaml is noted for distilling the finest (Jeneva. Qtmlian, a plant of the mo:.niainoii:i parts of Gormp.tiy, the roots of which are used in mcdicino. Ginger, a knotty, flattisli root, of a fibrous substance and of a pale or yel- lowish color. It grows in moist places in various parts of tropical .\sia and tho K. Indies, and lias been cultivated to some extant in the VV. Indies, particu- larly in Jamaica. GinsetiiT, a plant, tlie root of wlii* h has long been celebrated among iIim Chinese, entering into the compositiim of almost every medicine u.'^ed by the higher classes.' It was formerly suiv posed to grow exclusively in Chine.'e 'I'artary ; hut It has now been long known that this |»l;int Is also a native of N America, in the vicinity of tho Alto- gliany mounialns. GloMgy a transparent, brililo, factitious Itody, product'd by the action of tire upon Q fixed salt and sand, or stom*, that readily melts. It is mantifartured in almost every country. Go'At a metal of a yellow color, in speciilc gravity next to pl.itiiin, possee-i ing great lustre, malleability, and due tility. Europe is mostly supplied with gold from Chdi and Tern in S. America ; though a small quantity is likewise ini- pfirled from China and the coa^tof .Af- rica. In the U. States, gold mini-:-! abound in Virginia, N. Care it i-oinpiclienils t-vciy spe<:ies of coin, ws ^ heal, rye, barley, oats, die. (irainjiu.iy a lisli of the whale kind. (h-iifti.i, a well kno»u iVuit produced from the vine. It i?' it( various colors v/hen rijift, but the piincipal an: the green and purple. V\'e inipori va.st ipiau- tities of greirii gni|>es from Malaga and oihei- parts of Spain. (Jiiiiuiiii'ii^ a iiifdicinal wood, extreme- ly hard and noltd, of a drrrse, compart texlnrr mid a yi'llov\'ish color. 'J'Jm b.irk I.' alxo UMod in niedirine ; and there is It siib-itancc sidit niider the ii;uiie of gum t,'u:iiar-iim, whit li is u::od for a siui- ilar piirposif. Wn obtain giiaiai urn prin- eijjally from tho VV. Indies and rf. Anio- rica. (^uin .8rnhh\ a subttance which ov ud<:s from the r.g\pti:i>i at aria, and is hioughl rbielly from the Levant. (him Ehii'ir, or Cmiud/i.wr. This substance, iHii:Ily termed India ruldicr, is prepared fioio ihe jiiiec of a iree (.'row- in[< iu t'avenne, arol oilier jiaits trt" ^. Aineriia. fliiiipi'irilrr, a compitsiitiou of nitre, sulphur, and rharcual, mixed to{;Hther and granulated. (iiri'.'iiiiii, ov PUist/T Sti'iie, u-.il'wi) snl- pli;.ie of iiMie. It is found in dilfeir-nt pjirls of Kiirope and America. /UIH/\->//UJi.V, the entire horns of titu male deer an separated from thu head. The rhemical (iiial\ sis of liarts- horn yields a water liiL'hIy Impregnated with ' a volatile salt, wjiich is called spirit of hartiihorii. JMlehorf, a genus of plants allied to and resembling the rnnnnriiluH. There are ten species, liy diHiillation-fi pol- aoiioiis oil may bctur,a. It ih cultivated in N. and S .America and botli the Indies. A bas- tard sort of indigo may be ob'ained from the isatis tinctoria or woad. y«;.'(7, a mass W gold or siher from the niiues, nielliMl and cast into a sort of mould, but neither coined nor wrought. /..f/.;i«, a substance which may be (d)- laiiied from a variety of sea-weeds and fungi, and in great abunc.ance from kelp It is a deadly poison. Ijin-.aciianlm, a drug brought fioni H America, and much used in medicine, indium, a metal discovered in llie ore of plntina, liy Ai. Tennant. It is of a «hite color, brittle, ar.d Uiflicult of fu sion. Inm, the most valuaf)le of all metals. It is common to ail parts of the L'nited States and most of the countries of tlio globe. VVf import much iron from Eng- land and Su i-iU-.n. Iron H'ooJ, a species of wood of a led- disti ca»-t, Ko called on account of its aaroding us that metal does, and its being remarkably hard and ponderous. 'J'he Iree which produces it grows prin- cipally In the \V. Indies, S. America and some parts of Asia. 7.*iHg-/rt.s-.f, a gelatinous substance made fnaii cerlain tisli found in the Danube, and the rivers of Muscovy. It is brought cliieil\ from Russia. Jrv'ni, tlie substance of the tusk of the elephant. It is nsuallv brought from the coasts of Africa, 'i'he ivory of In- dia Is apt to lose its color, and turn yel- low ; that of Achem and Ceylon ia the most esteemed. J.iDF., a species of Jasper. Jalaf), a root BO called from being principally brimght from the environs of Xalapa. It is much employed m me- dicine. Jniitnininff, the art of varnisliing and painting ornaments on wood, inetals, &.C., ill the same manner as iu done by the natives of Japan. Joyn-, a stone found in the E. Indies and L'hina, and an iiigiedient in llio composition of many mountains. Iloc curs usually in large amorphous masses, and its colors are various. U is uaed in the formation of seals, and when pol- ished is very beatitiful. Jiiirl, a precious stone of a fine blue color, found in the E. Indies. ./rt, a black, inflammable, bituminous substance, susceptible of a good polish, and becoming electrical by rubbing. It occurs in difTerent parts of Europe, and is found at South Hadley, Mass., in the coal formation. Jiijuhcs, the fruit of a tree which prows in Languedoc, Provence, the is- lands of Hieres, in several parts of Ita- ly, and in India and Persia. It ischief- ly used in rriedicine, nearly for the same purposes as the common fig: a paste is prepared from it, whicli is of elTicacy in pulmonary complaints, KJil.I, "a genus of marine jilants, which are burnt to procure alkali. Keel, the lowest piece of timber in a ship, running her whide length, from the lower pari of her stem to the lower part of her stern-post. Kelp, the calcined ashes of a plant called bv the same name. The [.repa- ratiim of kelp is carried on to a great extent in Scotland and Ireland, A>r;«r.,-, an insect of the genus called, in natural history, coccus. It is prin- cipally used in dying, on account of its imparting a fine scarlet or crimson color. It is found in abundance in France and Spain, and large quantities are brought from the Levant, Kn-sm, a species of coarse woollen Btufl", usually woven in ribs. «■»«.» In nar.il nrrhilectuie, a vewel piiij-plnccii of lfinoii» ; Mm nhi|i|iing of Willi IW.. ni:i8ts, "snallv iiitplif.l to ocio InhUrniii tlirsp |,l3ro5i...'.i.iiMK.-a .il.r.ul oarrviiis liuriilis, iir nilhur mort;.r«. Hie '""I'i .•= ul t>i.ler..bcr, uii.l ■uiilnMiu. A-./ftfa/, a mineral dug uiMi'^ar K"iiiti UHlilH.c le.Mm.ry on.,wiMK,allcr vvlucli mNati.lia,andemployeilinr..riniligtho lime 111.: am. le liecu.iics atar.-c and i>owl3 .if Turkish t.ibar-c.i-pipcs. Kiip/rrnkkd, a sulphate .il' nickel, and lenerally compounded of nickel, ar senic, and siilnhate of iron. , L.iBRJlDOn STOXK, a hcantilol stone brought from the coast of Labra- dor. Us color is commonly ol a liglit, or of a deep gray, frequently blackish ; but when held in certain positions to the light, it exhibits varieties of beauti- ful Internal colors, chiefly green and bliip dear. 'J'hc Icnlonn of Hie Dcrinuilii Is lands are large ami of ft delirious (lav.ir. The i.-.land of '/ante abounds in lijiion* of a great si/.c. Lemons arp invariably MAS rt4 chief use U for ilyin?. This ivd if hilei^i.'e lalltd lu.lin, J:iiiiii:ra and Cuiiipearhy woo.l, from the places whor< it grows nioftl plenlifiilly. l.onifituiJet in nuvigati.in, the dislunca of a ship or place, east or wei^t, from an.itber, reckoned in degrees from the c.pintor. It lias become a cmvciitional u.f lycopo. diuin or club moss, is soiiietimes called on account of its great inllanimability, vegetable sulphur. II i« common in inoiintaiiioiis plat.'s and in forests of iiiiiiii.>iiu... fir trees; and when strewed in the oir /.i.miim ('•Lp,a.«pnrie3of wood of great takes fire from a candle and burns like utility both for liu ncly and in pharina- a (lash of liglitniug. ll is u.«ed in lhei»- ry. The tree which pro.luces it grows Ires. . in most of the VV. India islan.ls, but es- MJiCr., one of Hie exterior coverings pecially in Ilavti and Saint (^r.iix. of the nntuieg. It is a warm aromatic, /,.,„• one of those eanliv substances, and usually comes fr the L. Jndics, which csiat in every purt iif the worlil. in glass or pori:clain vessels. It is found purest in lime.stono, marble Mackerel, a hsli, native of the Liiro- aud chalk. None of these substances pean and American seas, generally sp- are lime, but arc capable of becoming so |)earing 111 stated seasons, and swarm- by burning in a white heat. Liiiie m.ay ing in vast shoals round parHcular also be obtained by birning calcareous coasts. .... spars, or by dissolving .rt ster shells in Madder, the root of the ruliia tlncto- muriatic acid """' " substance extensively employed Lime,, a Aperies of lemon, which in dying. II grows most abundantly In grows plentifully in Hie VV. Indies, an.l Holland. Ts also to be met with in Hie S. of En- Madera a well known while w ne deriving its nainclr.nn the island where hand side of the ship, when you t with your face towards the Iieail. Lalitmh, Hie distance of any place rope. . ■ . from the equator, measured upon tho Liimi, a cloth of very extensive iiso meridian in degrees, minutes, and sec- mado of flax. The chief countries in onds: all places lying under the equator which it is mannfaclured are Kussia, are said to have' no latitude ; and all c.ermany, ti»'it«rland Hni'ders, Hol- oHicrsto have north or south latitude, land, S.;otland and Ireland. The flax- J^riqSr-^^hi^clJSe^nellt'^S: "'tZ::^:^.^^^^^^:^;^^ is ^rnatlVe of the warmest I^^-'f Aine- ^HB^T^±-:^vt. ^^^i^^s^^^'^. £;SSSt5S-£^ 1^c^^^^^:,^'S::^t^i^ ''"t^:^^ resmou, jmce, flow- Sirso^lJf SSrin an kinds of cabf: ewiuToTthe equator 'above the hori- ing from a large tree, which grows in "etwa'e. it i3 made. Mar with a inelaHic lustre, and possessed of the property of attract- ing iron. This singular substance has likewise the wonderful property of turn- ing to the pole when suspended, and half of the horizon, to which the wind left at liberty to move freely. ''P"nH;;» „„,,.,„,,:.. is directed from the other part whence remarkable circumstance he iia ner s ""''America parts . countries of Europe. Marie, an earthy substance of eeve- ral varieties, useful as a manure. Marmala, likewise called Alpine mice, are ralh.r bigger than the rabbit, and are valuable on account of their skins, rhey abound in Europe, Knratechalki it arises, which latter is called to wind ward. Lrmiiian Kartk, a clay of a pale red color, which has its name from the is- land of Leninos, where it Is .lug. VVli.-n compass depends, an instrument u liicli gives us such advantages over til." an- cients. The natural lo.adslone lias Ihe quality of c.iniinnnicating its properties to iron and steel. It is found in rou- 'gemiineVit is a good medicinn in some siderable masses in the N. of Europe, •■■ -' China, Sinm, and Ihe riullippine isles. disease?* ^...1....,-^--- — .,--.-- /.cmoii.-, the fruit of the lemon tree, La^teaoil, n lianl and coinpact wood growing In great abundance in Sicilv, of a flne grain and so heavy as to sniR Spain and Portugal. The port, of Lis in water, Its predoniina.it Co or is re.l, ;■■■-■" •.;;,,--,reo and the Icnliscus. bin and Malaga are the principal ship- linseJ wilh orange, yi-l!..w, and blai k. scr lurjr ■•.....; Afarten, an animal of a dark tawny color, with a white tlirout and a bushy lail. Its general length is about a fiHil and a half, and ll is prized for lis skin. The finest marten skins are obtained in N". Aiii.rica, Russia, Norway, and the Levanl. . ... M«':iei'l, n bite lead rtilclned over a moderrle lire. Ma-tic, a resin oblolned froin the les- MON It comM from Turkey and tho Isle of CJiio. Jitea/ly an asirceablf beverage made chiefly of honey and water. jMeckoac^n, a root of a plant of the convolvulus kind, brought from the pro- vince of Mechoacan in H. America. Jilcrcunj, a metallic substance, tluid at the common temperature, havinf; the appearance and brilliancy of melted sil- ver. It 13 found in Spain, Germany, China and S. America. McizotintOy a kind of graving eo nam- ed, as nearly re^jembling paint, the word importing half painted. Mica, a stone which forms the essen- tial part of many mountains, and con- sists of a great number of thin laminie adhering to each other, sometimes of a very large size. It has long been em- ployed as a substitute for glass. JTmiumj in the arL«, red lead or oxide of lead. Mirobolansy a small purgative fruit of considerable utility in pharmacy, and brought from India. Jlokair, the sott and silvery hairs of the Mohair goal, which is a native of Angora. It is woven into camlets and other manufactures. Molasse.^, the gross fluid matter that remains of sugar after crystallizing. Monfy^ the following table embraces an account of the principal foriegn mo- nies, with their values in British ster- ling. N. B. That c stands for Copper ; s for Silver ; o for Gold ; and those marked *, are imaginary, as the Pound sterling of England. GREAT BRITAIN. £. s. d. A Farthing c 1-4 2 qrs. make a Halfpen- ny c 1-2 2 Halfpence, a Penny c 1 6d., a Half-Shilling s 6 12d., a Shilling s 10 2s. 6d., a Half Crown 9 2 6 5s., a Crown s 5 7a. Piece, 1-3 of a Gui- nea Q 7 10s., a Half-Sovereign o 10 10s. 6d., a Half-Gui- nea o 10 6 203., a Sovereign o 10 208., a Pound sterling * I 21s., a Guinea o 110 FRANCE. Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux^ S^c. OLD MONIES. A Denier c 1-24 3DeniersmakeaLiard c 1-8 2 Liards, a Dardene c 1-4 12 Deniers, a Sous c 1-2 20 Sous, a Livre of Ex- change * 10 60 Sous, an Ecu of Ex- change s 2 6 6 Livres, an Ecu b 5 10 Livres, a Pistole • 8 4 24 Livres, a Louis d'Oro 1 NEW MOTES. A Centime * l-IO 5 Centime Piece c 1-2 A Decime Piece c 1 A Franc s 10 2 Franc Piece 9 18 15 Sol Piece g 7 1-2 30 Sol Piece s 13 5 Franc Piece s 4 2 10 Franc Piece o 8 4 20 Franc Piece a 16 8 A Louis d'Or o 10 SPAIN. At Malaga, Oibraltar, Denia, ^-c. BIALS VELO.t. A Maravedi ♦ 23-272 2 Maravedies make an Octavo c 23-136 4 Maravedies, a Quartil c 23 08 34 Maravedies, a Rial Velon * 2 7-8 512 Maravedies^ a Pias tre 3 3 7 15 Rials, a Piastre of E.t- change * 3 7 MON GO Rials, a Pistole of Ex- change o 14 4 78 Rials, a Pistole n ft 16 2048 Maravedies, a Pis- tole of Exchange * 16 PORTUGAL. A Ree or Rea * 27-400 10 Rezmakea Half Vin- tem c 27-40 20 Rez, a Vintem c 1 7 20 5 Vinteins, a Tesloon 3 6 3-4 4 Testoons, a Crusade of Exchange 9 2 3 24 Vinteme, a New Cru- sade 3 2 8 2-5 10 Testoons, or 1000 llez, a Milre* 5 7 1-2 48 Teetoons, a Moidore o 1 7 64 Testoons, a Joannes o 1 16 DENMARK AND NORWAY. Copenhagen^ Sound, Bergen, Drvnthcim, S(c. A Skillingc 9-16 6 Skillings make a Drug- gen 3 3 3 8 16 Skillings, a Slet Marc * 9 20 Skillings, a Rix Marc 9 11 1-4 24 Skillings, a Rix Ort s 1 11-2 4 Marcs, a Crown s 3 6 Marcs, a Rix Dollar 3 4 6 11 Marcs, a Ducat o 8 3 SWEDE.V AND FINLAND. Stockholm, Upsaly ^c. A Runstic * 7-30 3 Runstics make a Sti- ver c 7 7-18 8 Runstics, a Copper Marc c 15-9 3 Copper Marcs, a Silver Marc 9 4 2-3 4 Ditto, a Copper Dol- lar c 6 2-9 9 Ditto, a Caroline 9 12 3 Copper Dollars, a Sil- ver Dollar 9 16 2-3 3 Silver Dollars, a Rix Dollar 3 4 8 2 Rix Dollars, a Ducat g 9 4 RUSSIA. Petersburg, Arc.kangd-, Moscow^ fyc. A Polusca * 22-208 2 Poluscas make a De- nusca c 27-100 2 Denuscas, a Copec * 27-50 3 Copecs, an Altin c 1 31-50 10 Copecs, a Grivener g 5 2-5 25 Copecs, a Polpotin 9 1 11-2 50 Copecs, a Poltiii 9 2 3 lOOCopecs, a Ruble s 4 6 2 1-4 Rubles, a Czarvo- nitch o 10 1 1-2 5 Rubles, an Imperial c 1 2 6 10 Rubles, a Double Im- perial G 2 5 HOLLAND. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, ^c. A Pening * 21-320 SPenings makeaGrotec 21-40 2 Grotes, a Stiver s 1 1-20 6 Slivers, a Schelling s 6 3-10 20 Stivers, a Guilder, or Florin 9 19 29 Stivers, a Golden Florin 2 5 1-10 50 Stivers, a Rix Dol- lar 3 4 4 1-10 60 Stivers, a Drj' Guil- der 9 5 3 3 Florins and 3 Slivers, a Ducatoon n 7 6 105 Stivers, a Ducat o 9 3 6 Guilders, a Pound Flemish * 10 6 7 Florins, a Half-Reyer c 12 3 14 Florins, a Rever o 14 6 ITALY. Leghorn, Fhrenee, ^-c. A Denari c 5-144 4 Denari make a Qua trini c e S-.'ifi 19 Denari, n Soldi c .^12 5 Unatrini, a Craca c 25-36 8 Cracas, a (luilo 9 5 5-9 20 Soldi, a Lira * 8 1-3 6 Liras, a Piastre of Ex- change a 4 9 MUS 7 1 2 Liras, a Ducnl G 5 2 1i 22 Lira*", a Tisiulc a 15 6 SWITZERLAND. Geneva, 4'c. A Denier* .000 1-32 2 Dcuiers make a De- niere Current c 116 12 Deniers, a Small Sol c 3-8 12 Deniers Current, a Sol Current c 0|3-4 12 Small Sols, a Florin * 4 1-2 12 Sols Current, a Livre Current * ft 1 3 10 1-2 Florins, a Pata- con 9 3 11 1-4 15 3-4 Florins, a Croi- sade s 5 10 7-8 24 Florins, a Ducat s 9 GERMANY. Hamburg, Bremen, AUuna, Lubeck, ^'c A Tryling * 9-12t 2 Trj'lings make a Sex- ling * 3 64 2 Sexlings, a Fening c 3-32 12 Fenings, a Sheling Lubs 9 11-8 16 Shelings, a Marc * 16 2 Marcs, a Slet Dollars 3 3 Marcs, a Rix Dollar s 4 6 6 M Marcs, a Dutat o 9 4 12 120 Shelings, a Pound Flemish * 11 6 TURKEY. Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, ^c. A Mangar c 3-20 4 Mangars make an As- per * 3^ 3 Aspers, a Para 9 14-5 5 Aspers, a Bestic 3 3 10 Aspers, an Ostic a 6 20 Aspers, a Solota 9 10 80 Aspers, a Piastre * 4 100 Aspers, a Cara- grouch 9 5 10 Solotas, aXeriff o 10 INDIA. Calcutta, Calicut, ^c. A Pice c 5-32 4 Pices make a Fanam c 5-8 6 Pices, a Viz c 15-16 12 Pices, an Ana 3 1 7-ft 10 Anas, a Fiano s 16 3-4 16 Anas, a Rupee s 2 6 2 Rupees, an English Crown 9 5 2 Rupees, a French Crown 9 5 56 Anas, a Pagoda a 8 9 CHINA. Pekin, JVankin, Canton, J^c. A Caxa, Cachea, or Cava * 2-25 10 Caxa make a Canda- reen c 4-5 10 Candareens, a Mace s 8 35 Candareens, a Ru- pee 3 2 3 2 Rupees, a Dollar s 4 6 70 Candareens, a Rix . Dollar 3 4 4 1-2 7 Blaces, a French Crown 9 4 8 2 Rupees, an English Crown 9 5 10 Maces, a Tale * 6 8 Moresco, a kind of car\'inp, painting. &c., done in the manner of the Moors. Morocco, a fine kind of leather pre- pared of the skin of an animal of the goat kind, and imported from the Le- vant, Barbary, Sec. Morphine, an alkali salt obtained from opirim. Mosaic, an assemblage of little pieces of glass, marble, precious stones, &c., of various colors, cut square, and ce- mented on a ground of stucco. Mffher of Pearl, the shell of a muscle, dwelling in the ocean of either Indies. Muscadive, a rich wine of the growth of Provence, Languedoc and other parla of France. Musk, a substance found in a baff, sit- uated in the umbilical recion of the moschus moclferous, and used as a OKA [icrfume. It la aUo obtained from the civet or musk cat. Miisk-Hecd, the seed of a plant which grows in the W. Indies, and yicld^i an odor precisely like real musk. Muslin, a tine, thin sort of cotton cloth, which bears a downy nap on its surface. The best comes from India. Jfiut, the juice of the grape previous to ftrmenlaiion. Myrrh, a gum resin, brought from the n. Indies and from Smyrna and Alep- po. Jt'.IJV/CEF^V, or JVanAinff^, a species of cotton cloth closely woven. It takes its name from a city in China, where the reddish thread of which the stuff is niude is spun. A'aptha, an oil, which issues out of while, yellow, or black clays, in Tersia and ^tedia. .Yeap TideJ*, those tides which hap- pen when the moon is in the first and last quarters, being low, when compared :o spring tides. Nephritic IVood, a wood of a very dense and compact texture, brought from New Spain. It is a diuretic. J^'^icara^ua ffbyrf, a dye-wood of a very bright red color, brought from Nicara- gua. JVickdj a semi-metal, found common- ly in mines of cobalt. JV7«:u(, a root of a pale brown color, and of an acrid, astringent taste. It is collected on the mountains of Corea. .Vutme-r, the kernel of a large fruit not unlike the peach. The best nutmegs are brought from the E. Indies in stone jars. The round nutmeg is preferred to that which is oblong. A'ux Vomica, the seed of the officinal strychnos, a native of the E. Indies. It is anions the most powerful poisons of the narcotic kind. OAKUM^ old ropes untwisted, and pulled out into loose hemp, in order to be used in caulking the seams of ships. Ochres, combination of earths with the oxide of iron ; they are of various colors, and are principally employed as piginer>t3. 0^n:posure to the air. Opium, is obtained from the white poppy, a plant which is extensively cul- tivated in Turkey and India. It is a wwerful narcotic. 0//o6aJrfom:if«, the juice nf a tree called Celpasi. It resembles myrrh, and Is poison taken internally. OpiMlelihr, a solution of snap in alco- hol, xviih the addition of camphor and volatile oils. OpoponuT, a resin obtained from a plant growing in the Levant. Oranifet, the fiuil of the orange-tree, which flourishes in the S. of Europe and the t'. Slates, and in both the Indies. Great quantities of ornnsies are imported from Seville. The island of Malta fur- liisnci oranges of a fine llavor ; and they pno also come to great perfection in the W. Indies and the Azores. jOrchUla IVced, a whitish moss, yield- ing a rich purple tincture, used fur dy- ing. It is found in the islands of the Archipelago, and also in those near the African coast. Ordnance, a general name for all sorts of great guns used in war. Origanum, oil obtained from the leaves of the wild marjoram. It is a cure for the chilblains. Orptmcnt, a semi metal, usually found in copper mines. Orris, a sweet scented powder, pro- duced by pulverizing a root nf the same name. The root is while, and is brought from Florence, in the neighborhood of which city it grows spontaneously. Orleon Iron, a particular sort of bars of iron, made for the manufacture of wire. Ormium, a metal of a dark blue color, which exists in platina. Ositabur^h, a coarse linen cloth man- ufactured in the cily of that name. Ostrich Feathers, the line feathers of the ostrich. They are brought from Af- rica, particularly the coast of Barbary. Otia, or Ottar vf Roses, the essential oil of roses. It comes to us under this name from Bengal. Oxygen, a simple substance, which can only be obtained in combination with other bodies or in a stale of gas. PjiLE~yDAR,a kind of coasting ves- sel. Palladium, a metal of a white color, which exists in the ores of platina. Palm Od, an oil obtained from the nuts of a tree, which grows in most parts of Asia, Africa and America, more especially on the coast of Guinea, in ihe Cape de Verd islands, and in Jamaica and Barbadoes. Panjonia, a species of crj'stal. Paranthine, a Stone of a variety of colors, found in Norway. Parchment, the skin of sheep or goats prepared so as to render it proper for writing upon, Atc. The best parchment is made in France. Pareira Brara, a root of a dark color, which comes from Brazil, and is used in medicine. Pargasite, a mineral of a green color and transparent, lately found near Abo. Parian Marble, the white marble from the island of Paros, used to this da|r for carving statues, ice. Paut, the Indian flax. Pearl A.^hes, a kind of fixed alkaline salt, prepared by mixing the ashes of burnt wood with water, evaporating the clear ley, and calcining ihein in an oven motieralely hot. Pearl ashes are chief- ly prepared in -N. America, Russia and Hungary. Pearls, hard, white, shining bodies, usually round, found in various kinds of testaceous fishes. The fish, in which the largest and finest pearls are pro- duced, is the E.India pearl-oyster. The most remaikable pearl fisheries of Ame- rica are in the Gulf of Mexico and along the coast of Gr:iuada. Peiof, a species of Buhea tea. Penguin, a frnil very cohmion in the W. Lrdies, of a sharp,' acid flavor. Prnnantt, or Pendants, those stream- ers of a ship, which are split or divided into two parts, ending in points. Pepper, all aromalic berry, of a hot, dry qualitv, chiefly used in seasoning articles of fin-d. The pepper plant flour- ishes in the Inlands of Java, Sumatra nnd Ceylon, and more particulariy on the Malabar cna.st. Pernj, a beverage made from pears. Petrol, a. mineral oil, or species of bit- umen, supposed to issue from the clefts of rocks, and found floatine on the wa- ters of certain springs. It is obtained in hot countries, and is used externally in paralytic ca-:es, Sec. Peieter^ n factitious metal, the basis of which is tin. Phosphorus, a simple substance, much resembling wax in cuiisisilencc, of a faint straw color, and highly combusti- ble. It was diBcovered by a German chemist, named Brandt, about 100 yean since, and the preparation wad lun( kept a secret. Ptculy the Chinese quin&BJ of 100 pounds. Pilchards, a species of fish, similar to the herring. Pimento, the berries of a tree, which grows spontaneously and m great abun- dance in the island of Jamaica. It in usually imported in bags and casks, and is similar in smell and taste to cloves, juniper-berries, cinnamon, and pepper, or rather a peculiar mixture somewhat akin to them, whence its name of all- spice. Pinchbeck, a name given to one of tlio many imitations of gold. It is made by melting yellow copper in various pro- portions with red copjjer. Pine Jipple, the fruit of a plant which grows spontaneously in S. America, Af- rica and the Indies. Pink, a vessel used at sea, masted and rigged like other ships, only thai it is built with a round stern. Pinnace, a small vessel used at sea, with a square stern, chiefiy employed as a scout for intelligence, and for landing of men, &c. Pistachio, the fruit of Ihe pistacbia terebinlhus, a kind of turpentine tree. It grows naturally in Arabia, Persia and Syria; also in Sicily, whence the nuts are usually brought. Pitch, a tenacious oily substance drawn chiefly from pines and firs ; or it is more properly tar, inspissated by boil- ing it over a slow fire. Plaid, a striped or variegated stiift", manufactured principally in Scotland. Planks, thick strong boards, cut from various kinds of wood, especially pine, oak and fir. Plaster of Parif^, the sulphate of lime, after being calcined. Platina, the heaviest of all metals ; it is met with in some abundance in S. America and in Kussia, where it has been coined into money. Its color is that of the purest silver. Plumbago, black lead. Plush, a kind ufstutT composed chief- ly of wool and goals' or camels' hair. Pomegranate, a medicinal fruit, like an apple or quince, full of seeds, enclos- ed within a reddish pulp. It grows in Spain,Iialy and France, and S.America. Poppy, a well known plant of several species'. That which produces opium is the white officinal i»oppy. Porcelain, a fine kind of earthenware, chiefiy manufactured in China, ami thence caltefl China ware. Porphyry, includes those stones which contain 'either feltspar, schoeri, qunrtK, mica, or crvsials of aity kind. It is found of dilterent colors, and occurs In nearlv ever>' country. Part, the name of a red wine, so call- ed from 0[K>rto, wheacf immense quan- titii-s of the article are exported. Potn.m the ashes of burnt wood, and other vegetable sub- stances. Pvunte, giim-sanderach, pounded and rifled ver^■ fine. Proa^m navigation, is a name given to a vessel used in the South Seas. In its convtruction, the head and stern iro alike, but the sides are diflerenl ; the side intended to be always the Icr side being flat, and the windward-side made rounding. Prunrs, plums dried in the sunshine or in an oven. The l*sl rome from France Pumice^tone,:\. light, inugji .nnd [**'- rons stone, which is found in the W^'at- esi abundance in the island r-l l'|>nri. Pvriies, a genus of inflammable sub- stances, composed of sulphur, which RUM has dissolved, or saturated Hseir with met:il9. Pyrop3^ a mineral found In Bohfinin, of a deep red color, vvhirh p.issrs in orange, when exposed to ilie sun. Pyropkorus, an artificial prodnci, pre- pared from alum by calcination, with the addition of various intlatninable snb- stanct-9. Pyrotechnics^ the art of making fire- Works. ^UJiDRji.XTy a malhemaliral in- strument, of great use in navi^tation, ht taking the altitudes of the nun, stars, &c. Q^uarantine, a detention which ships undergo, when suspected of having on hoard persons or goods infected with contagion. The usual quarantine is 40 days. Quartz, a mineral of the Hint penu^, which is divided into five sub-*;i)pcie3. ^uassia^ a tree growing in P. Apueri- ca and the W, Indies, the root, hark and wood of which are used in medi- cine, and by brewers to give a hitter taste to their beer. It received ila name from (iuassi, a negro of Surinam, who discovered its virtues. Qiifrcifrfln Bwrfc, the hark of a species of oak growing in Mass, and other parts uf N. America. It is used for dying yellow. A^G ^0/27; a native perennial plant growing by roadsides, and flowering from July to August. It imparts a fine green color to wool. Raisins^ grapes prepared by suffering them to remain on the vine till they are perfectly ripe, and then drying them in the sun or by the heat of an oven. The names by wliich raisins are distinguish- ed among traders, are the following, am! the onicr in which they are placed denotes their relative value, the Iirst being the most esteemed j vi/,. MiiSra- lels, sun or solis, bloom or jar, Helve- dere, Denia or Malaga, Sultana, l.ipari, and Smyrna, black and red. The best of these kinds are imported in boxes and jars, and the inferior in mats. ?p;iin supplies great quantities of this article ; and Malaga is the port whence they are chiefly exported. Calabria furnishes the finest of any part of Italy. Rape-Sccfi, the seed of the napus sla- liva, from which a useful oil is extract ed. Rata/ia^ a fine spirituous liquor, pre- pared in France from the kernels of clierries, apricots, &c. Ratcen^ a thick woollen stulT, manu- factured cbicllv in France, Holland and Italy, RattanSy the small shoots or branches of the sugar-cane, brought from llie E. and W. Indies. RcdtUf. an ore of iron in the state of red oxide, commonly used as a pig- ment. Resirij a viscid juice oozing from sev- eral vegetable productions, as the pine, the fir, &c. That of fir is known by the name of rosin. RAapoiitic,a. medicinal root resembling rhubarb. It comes from Smyrna. Rhodium, or Ro.-ie H'ood, a wood or root brouglit from the Canary islands. Rhubarb, a plant of which there are seven species. The yellowish root which is used 'n medicine comes prin- cipilly from China. RicCy a plant verj- much resembling wheat in shape, color and leaves. It is cultivated to great extent in Asia as well as in the southern parts of the V. States. Rine-Tfemp, the best sort of hemp, cleaned from all impurities, Rouy, an extract from a sort of bean grovviug in (*hina. It is used as a stim- ulant sauce. Spermaceti, a fat substance obtained from the brains of a species of whale. Spnn^r, a plant (if a porous texture, common in the Mediterranean and other seas, where it adheres in large masses to rocks, stones, shells, &.c. It conies chiefly from Aleppo and Smyrna. Squill, a plant with a large bulbous root, growing spontaneously on the sandy shores of Spain and the Levant. It is used in medicine. Sterl, iron refined in the fire with cer- tain ingredients, that render it white and impart to it a harder and finer grain than that of the original metal. Storar, the most fragrant of the solid resins. It is tibtained from a tree, which grows most plentifully in Cilicia, Syria, and Paniphilia ; and is also met with in America. Stucco, a generic term, comprehend- ing all the dillerent kinds of coverings, drawings, or coatings for walls. Su^ar, a solid, sweet substance, ob- tained from the sugar-cane. It is ex- tensively manufactured in the E. and W. IndieS; Louisiana and S. America. Sulphur, or BrimMonc, a hard, brittle, inflammable substance, of an opaque yellow color. Sumach, a shrub which grows natural- ly in the I', S., Syria, Spain and Portu- gal ; in the two last it is ciJlivaled « ith great care ; and great quantities are also exported from Sicily. Its shoots are re- duced to powder, and prepared for the purposes of dying, tanning, *tc. Sicircl, a small cannon, much used on board merchant-ships as a weapon of defence. TJiBBY, a kind of rich wilk. Tacamahnea, a solid resinous sub- stance, used in pharmacy, brought fn)m New Spain and the island of Madagas- car. Titffcty, a fine, smooth, silken stulT, remarkable for its gloss. Talf, a species of mineral, of which there are three varieties. It abounds in the mountains of Tyrol and Salslturg. Tamcrindi, the fruit of the tamarin- dus indica. It is a pod resembling a btancod, iii'-luding several hard seeds, with a dark colored viscid pulp, of a pleasant arid Ia.-;Ie: the E. India tama- rinds are longer than the \V. India ; the former containing six or seven seeds each, the latter rarely above three or fi'iir. Tammy, a specie? of woollen stuff manufactured in England. Taonbae, or Ttnnboijua, a mixture of gold and copper. Tapioctty a name given to while sago TEA WCl T-M, the JrieU leaves of llie tea plant B comm..Jity in central use '■• t-"/"''*' /America and Asia. The '"aP"?"' '■'.=' „al,v» ol- Japan, Ch.na and Tonqmn It attains the greatest pfrfect.on in tne regions of Nankin. 1" """''""• '/.^ principal sorts of tea are disl|nsui=he.i, fhree Lf green and five of bohea 1 he three sorts ofgreen tea are, 1. „ . i-.tiam, a »..ii "■ ■■-"-. , . perial or Bloon, '?»•*•,,'"' "^ of an stiiri^ip.! «ill> gn.nand P'"^^- .„^ , . or Ilv3on,«o called f^""" '''^ ,"?,'"" n i u T,.,, a metal of a fine "lute color a i rnJlin merchant, who first ^'""fe '' " j,,,'|,'aiHagreeal.l.- taste, ami eimttiuga •to Europe. 3. The Singlo, or ^oi.glo *'j ^J; ;,^,.„ „.„„„ n.l.bed. There are The five sorts of Bohea tea are, I. The peculiar sui. ii_ _._^__ _^^ i,^. Malabar Souchong. -2. The Suntlo ".^^-nho or 3. The Congou. 1. 1 he feKo. vihich can be advanlageously employed Tn theconst.u.li.u, ofthelar^e Ilenga ese vessels ; Inr it has beenascerlained, fhat fhe Indi-enous wood of Benga « scarcely serviceable at all in the Indian '"r;.., a strung »«-«<«^„r'';;j^7„'" wine, made in the province of ■■Vndalu '%iir<,n«, a s<.rt of transpareiit gauze, I uinpoi- :,. The Bohea. , The first gathering '^"niinences at tl e end of February, or beginning "f »'»'/": The leaves arc then small, tender, and , fold", and not above three or four J s old ; these are called MkiUiaa or .ea"n powder," because it is pu ver- ,Jd ; t U also called somel lines blo.un tea It is sold in China at in-/, or i.. per' pound. The laborers employed in ?ollectin" it, do not pull the leaves by h°mm.l"Tbut pick them up one by one, and take every precaution that they may ^ot break thein. However long and tedious this labor may appear, "'ey gatir er from four, to ten, or dfleen, pounds •^The-'jecond crop Is gathered about the end of Marcli, or l^^sinmng of Apr . At this seasiui part of their leaves have at ained their full growth, ="»! "'O '« ' are not above half their size. This d fference does not, however, prevent U em from being all gathered ;""■'"■",;- Inalely. They are afterwards picked, and sorted into different P^'«''' "b^ cording to their age and size. The youngest, which are carefully separated from the rest, are often sold for leaves of tlie first crops. Tea gathered at this ^aion ia called U,<,-L„aa or ' Chine^ Tea," because the people of Japan in- fuse it, and drink it after the Chinese "The'Shird crop is Sa'^";"' »' '"^ ,^",'1 of May, or in the month of June, the ?eaves are then very numerous and thick and have acquired their full now h. This kind of tea, wH'^h f f^Vihtn-uiaa, is the coarsest of all, S^d is reserved for the common people, lorae of the Japanese collect Hieir tea ^^h'at two seas'Tns of the year, which enrfesDond to the second, and third, al- Sv r^entioned ; others confine them- ,e?«sToone genml galherhig of their crop! towards the month «/ June; how- ever they always form afterwards dif- ferent assortments of their leaves. The finest and most celebrated ea of Iinan is that which grows near Ld-sl, i'sTail viUage situated close to the sea and not far distant from Meaco. In the district of thU village is a nioun am, Mtremely well adapted for the culture of fln^^a. It is enclosed by hed?es and ditches, to prevent all a««!ss to it. The tea-shrubs that grow on this moun- tain, are planted in regular order, and are divided by different avenues and Xvs The care of this place is in- ?msted to people, who are ordered to ^Jiard the leaves from dust, and to de^ tend them from the inclemency of the weather. Before collecting the t«i, it is said, thev abstain from every kind of Sosi food for some weeks, that their breath and perspiration may not injure ?he leaves, which they do not touch but with ven- fine gloves. j „ „f ■ Tt«k, ox Tcdc- IfMd, the produce of a tree griwine in Ava and Pfe" an'l on the coast of Malabar, is employed in the construction of the vessels fitted out at l" ubay, Madras, and Calcutta. The im- .., tance of the tramc to which Ibis wood „„.. ri««, mav readily b« conceived, Cvhen it is asserted, th.it the total bur- den of the vessels belonging to Calcutta, ^;?i°h'sreformedofi.,amountst„40.00« i:^;;;;;i;^a;;;r;in:;nineson.heNia.abar coast, in the island of Bam a. n Spam and in the Pl'a"'*'' ","',., -are the lin-miiiea of Cornwall, Lug., are tne ""^iCrira'^Unt, the leaves of wl^i form an eitei.slve branch of commerce. 1 is cultivated in the E. Indies and Af- rica though little IS e.xiiorted Ihence "t'he Levant, Halonica is the grand market for this romnioilit). 1 He to- bacco of Dalmatia ami «;rcatia is of a Si;^.:";i-t^;isrt.r^;^S Ki^e'an^';^U^Jf»;:: 7Wruwc-S/«-",the sbill of the testa eeoiis animal called a tortoise. Tr„."" >ri« ;i.„ low It cones from the E. Indies. V'"''. been taken from some part of the '""Vuri.lt, a valuable dying drug, pre- a'^'^^/f^^e, as noticed above. Hence •>-C';,"-,ra"r?ln''o'us juice extracted .he/.»-, ...e *.""^,L»L?r^,l''l."or"ir. ^T„;;:r,a';:S'ofT;alesky-b,ue "rarJMJMfiW-E, a very fine blue powderTntade from the blue parts of 'ts^^ui^astrongcompound liquor ''^^".-b??,ra-;aMg...^^ ly and the Levant, and used as a ds ing '"^S! a plan, whose aromatic pods fi-it'co^'^rm-rA'mr/iorai:^ ""rlJ'rta rich kind of silk stuff cover- '^'r"J/frl;,anace.atofc„pperusedas ""re"™"';;., an Italian preparation of «";^i:^:'^S'^^;^p"'-"« ^^il"-^)i^^-?>fIv'J5":"iL..sa«E5are used to^ucertain the q-'a""''" "f «"y article or commodity, according to lU ""vveleht in a commercial sense, de- bod'esrwhose momentum is requir- "'•The word mr^sure, taken m a similar sense! Tan require no definition 1 he ^n^;Lw;tl.e;^,i^;Sor-; the fathom, the pace, &c- The 'n^'". " tflmb. The /!«?"•, too, U reckoned as iwtvthirdis of an inch. .. «■ . The foot is the most general unit for meaiSreVas the pound isfor we ghts; Tod Mil are "}o^"y ,"" 'J^^" '"a thefr same number of 'I""' P"'"',', *d bv the divisions were anciently called bj the same name, -.cio, which ' ?"";"» twelfth part of the whole. IK^nce tne ImllwaT called the unci-. pci.>, and the ounce the uncia 'i»r^- , ^.^.„ As measures derived in the inanner d-Vrribed roust van- with the diBerenl SlSe"^bS^«:^qS m»-rf or Birth, the modem yard, is sai" f ^in^ ■" u''js sup1,c^*ed',''^aT7rol r"sfn!irarTe',s„'n','the''!:id French foot '''-^h*r?oirolS^'nr';fst''embra«s«me^of the principal foreign weights and mea kZhu ».-d in scrcral fnrts of A,ic, <». tb:"bS:;^;^i=^'^rS Etribn^-'^-'in^E-'S ?;r^,St"isSTdra"chn,,,.«.ng.bo« ^"^';^i;;;;,r;h;^--l;7--:S . 11 . first :2ti drachms, making tos ; the nrsi, •-'. ,^ — ,.^,. onil used 1 Breformedol it.amounisiow,"— !■«:...»-, This Is the only .i*cles of wood and Itie J/i.", on the first Vift* oral iiui"! ■•■ — "j WEI arge coinmoditic:^ ; the second is 02-1 drachms, usfd for :ill silks hut white ones, wliirh are weighed by the ihird rotlo ot'7UU drachms. At Sfytla the rollo is 600 drachms. The other ports of the Levanl, not here named, use some of these weights, particularly the orco or occ^ua, the rot- toli, and lotto. 'I he Chinese weights are the piece^ for jarge commodities ; it is divided into 100 catis, or cattis, though some say l'2^> ; Uie call into 16 laels, or tales, each tale equivalent to 1 I 3 of un ounce Lln^lish, or the weight of one rial and one twelfth, and containing 12 mas, or mas- ses ; and each mas 10 condrins. So that the (.'hinese piece atnounls to 137 poundii English avoirdupois, and the *a(li to one pound, eight ounces. The uicul for silk contains CO catis and three yarlhs; the hahar, bakaire, or barr, contains 336 catis. Tvnquin has also the same weights, measure^), &c., as China. Japan has only one weight, viz., the rati, which, however, is difTerent from that of China, as containing "JO taels. At Surat, A(rra^ and throughout the slates whicli composed the kingdom of the (ireat Mogul, they use the man, or maund, whereof they have two kinds ; the king's man, or king's weiglit, and the man simply ; the first used for the weigtiing of common provisions, con- taining 40 seers or seres, and each seer just a Paris pound. The common man, used in the weigh- ing of merchandise, consists likewise of -lu seers ; but each seer is only esti- mated at 12 Paris ounces, or three- fourths of the other seer. The man may be looked on as tho common weight of the East Indies, though under some dilTerence of name, or rather of pronunciation, it being call- ed mas at Camhaya ; and in other places, niein and mann. The seer is properly the Indian pound, and of universal use ; the like may be said of the bahar, tael, and catti above-mentioned. At aiam the weights are the piece con- taining two shans, or catiis ; but the Siamese catti is only half tho Japanese, the latter containing 90 taels, and the former only 10 ; though some make the Chinese calli only 16 taels, and the Si- amese 8. -The tael contains four beats, rticals, each about a Paris ounce ; the ©aat four selings, or mayons ; the maynn wo fouangs ; the fouang four payes : .be paye two clams ; the sompaye half a fouang. It is to be observed, that these are the names of their coins as well as weights ; silver and gold being commodities there sold, as other things, by their weights. In the isJe of Java and particularly at Bantam, they use the ganlan, equal to nearly three Dutch pounds. In Golconda, at Visapour^ and Ooa^ they have the furatelle, containing one pound, 14 ounces, English ; the man- galis, or mangelin, for weighing dia- monds and precious stones, weighing at Goa five grains, at Golconda, &.C., five and a half grains. They have also the rotolo, containing fourteen and a quar- ter ounces English; the metricol, con- taining the sixth part of an ounce ; the wall for piastres and ducats, containing the 73d part of a rial. In Persia they use two kinds of bat- mans, or mans ; the one called cahi, or cheray, which is the king's weight ; and the other batman ofTauris. The first weighs thirteen pounds, ten ounces, English ; the second six and a half pounds ; its divisions are the ratel, or a sixteenth ; the derhem, or drachm, which is the fitlieth ; the meschal, which is half the derhem ; the diinsi, which is the sixth part of the meerhal, bciuL' equivalent to six carat gmiiiii ; and lastly, the grain, which is the une fourth part of the dung. They have ;VEI also the vakic, which exceeds a little our iMince ; the sahrheray, equal ti> the 1 ITUth part of the derham ; and the to- man, used to weigh out large payments of money without telling; its weight is that of fifty abassis. Jifnain ll'dghts. As to the weights of Africa, there are few places that have any. except Egypt, and the counlra's bordering on the Mediterranean, whose weights have been already enumerated among those of the poits of the Levant. The island of Madagascar, indeed, has weights, hut none that exceed the drachm, nor are they used for any thing but gold and silver. Foreign Measures. The standard in Holland^ Flanders, Sweden, a good part of Oermany, many of the Jlaii^e Toicns^ as Dantiic, and Hamburgh, and at Geneva, F^anfififrt, 4-c., is trie ell ; but the ell in all these places dififers from the Paris ell. In Holland it contains one Paris foot, eleven lines, or four-sevenths of the Paris ell. 'I'he Flanders ell contains two feet, one inch, five and a half lines, or seven twelfths of the Paris ell. The ell of Germany, Brabant, &c., is equal to that of Flanders. The Italian measure is the hracchio, brace, or fathom. This obtains in the states of Modena, Venice, Florence, Lucca, Milan, Mantua, Bologna, &c., but is of different lengths. At Venice it contains one Paris foot, eleven inches, three lines, or eight-fifteenths of the Paris ell. At Bologna, Modena, and Mantua, the brace is the same as at Venice. At Lucca it contains one Paris foot, nine inches, ten lines, or half a Paris ell. At Florence it contains one foot, nine inches, four lines, or 49-hun- dre(lths of a Paris ell. At Milan, the brace for measuring silks is one Paris foot, seven inches, four lines, or four ninths of a Paris ell ; that for woollen cloths is the same with tho ell of Hol- land. At Bergama, the brace is one foot, seven inches, six lines, or five- ninths of a Paris ell. The usual mea- sure at Naples, however, is the canna, containing six feet, ten inches, and two lines, or one Paris el! and fifteen-seven- teenths. The Spanish vieasure is the vara, or yard, in some places called thebarra: containing seventeen-twenty-fourths of the Paris ell. But the measure in Cas- tile and Valencia is the pan, span, or palm ; which is used, together with the canna, at Genoa. In Arragon, the vara is equal to a Paris ell and a half, or five feet, five inches, six lines. The Porluipiese vieasure is the cave- dos, containing two feet, eleven lines, or four-sevenths of a Paris ell ; and the vara, 106 whereof make 100 Paris ells. The Piedmonfrse measure is the ras, containing one Paris foot, nine inclies, ten lines, or half a Paris ell. In Sicily, their measure is the canna, the same with that of Naples. The JiliLscovite measures are the cubit, equal to one Paris foot, four inches, two lines; and the arcin, two whereof are equal to three cubits. 77ie Turkish and Levant measures are the picq, containing two feet, two inch- es, and two lines, or three-fifths of the Paris ell. The Chinese measure is the cobre, ten whereof are equal to three Paris ells. In Persia, and some parts of the In- dies, the pueze, of which there are two kinds ; the royal gueze, called also the gueze mankelser, containing two Paris feet, ten inches, eleven lines, or four-fifths of the Paris ell ; and the shorter gueze, called simply gueze, only two-thirds of the former. At Goa and Ormuz, the measure is the vara, the same with that of the Portuguese. In Pegu, and some other parts of the Indies, the cando or candi, equal to the ZIK ell o( Venice. At Goa and other parts they use a large cando, equal to seven- teen Dutch ells, exceeding that of Ba- bel and Bnlsora by seven-eighths per centum, and the vara by six and a half. In Siam they use the ken, short of | t!iree Paris feet by one inch. The ken I contains two soks, the sok two keubs, 1 the keuh, twelve iiious, or inches, the 1 hious to be equal t4i eight grains of rice, i. f. to about nine lines. At Cambodia they use the haster ; in Japan the tatam ; and the span on suiji« | of the Coasts of Guinea. IV'eldy a plant used in dying yellow. lilusUy, a spirit obtained by distil- lation from corn, sugar, or molasses, I though generally from the former. i Windward, in sea language denotes I any thing towards that point from which | the wind blows in respect of a ship. I Woody a plant, whose leaves are used I for dying blue. | Wool, a long, soft and curly hair, I which covers the skins of several of the I ruminating animals, but is especially J sliorn from that of the sheep. I Worm Seed, a hot, hitter seed, brought | from Aleppo, | Worsted, a thread spun of wool that I lias been combed, and which, in the | spinning, is twisted harder than ordi- narily. XYLO B^ILS^MUM, the wood of the tree which bears the balm of Gile- ad. y^MS, the edible roots of a creeping ' plant common in Africa, the Indies, and the southern states. Yarn, wool or flax spun into thread, of which they weave cloth. ZEJJ, Indian Corn. 'I'he only species, the mays, or mai/e. 'I'he Indians in New England, and many other parts of America, had no other vegetable but mai'/e or Indian corn for making their bread ; they call it veaehin ; and in the ' L'nited States of America there is mm h of the bread of the country- made of this grain, not of European com. In Italy Germany, Spain, and Portugal, maize constitutes a great part of the fooil of the poor inhabitants. Tlie ear of the ' maize yields a much greater quantity uf grain than any English corn-ears. There i are commonly about eight rows of grain in the ear, often more if the ground is good. Each of these rows contains at least 30 grains, and each of these gives much more flour than a grain of any Eng- lish corn. The grains are usually either white or yellow ; but sometimes they j are red, bluish, greenish, or olivf -color- ed, and sometimes striped and varie- gated. This sort of grain, though so j essentially necessary to the natives of the place, is yet liable to many acci- dents. It does not ripen till the end of I September; so that the rains often fall] heavily upon it while on the stal!(, and I the birds in general peck it when soft j and unripe. Nature has, to defend it I from these accidents, covered it with a I thick husk, which keeps off slight rains I ver>' well ; but the birds, if not_ fright- I ene'd away, often eat through it, and I devour a great quantity of corn. I Zrdoarii, a medicinal root brought to I us from "China. It should be chosen I fresh, sound, and hard, in large pieces, I it matters not whether long or round I in its form; of a smooth surface, and I of the briskest smell possible ; such aal is friable, dustv, and worm-eaten, is lol he rejected. 'Zedoary, distilled with I common water, aflords a thick and I dense essential oil, on which its virtues I principally depend, which soon con- [ creles into a kind of camphire. It is a I sudorific, and is used as a cordial medi'l cine. I Zinfi, a metal of a brilliant white co-l lor, with a shade of blue, and composedJ of a number of thin plates adhering to-l gether. f Zvrcon, a stone brought from Ceylon ^ 1 ^or iJeading Room Only BlHTSESr"?' OF CAUFOmSiM LOS M^'GELES XJBEAEY /!'!■:» ^ i liilllli L 005 847 384 4 1 I A