THE 
 
 ABORIGINAL BRITONS, 
 
 O E M. 
 
 BY GEORGE RICHARDS, B. A. 
 
 FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE. OXFORD. 
 
 ——Genus humanum multo fuit illud in arvjs 
 Durius. Lucretius. 
 
 ■Quae 
 Defperat traftata nitefcere poiTe, relinquit. 
 
 Horace. 
 
 OXFORD: 
 SOLD BY D. PRINCE AND J. COOKE. 
 
 M,DCC,XCI.
 
 TO THE HONOURABLE 
 
 LEWIS THOMAS W A T S O IS', 
 LEES COURT, IN THE COUNTY OF KENT. 
 
 S I R, 
 
 ACCEPT this fmall teftimony of refpedl and efteem. 
 To every individual of our ifland the ftate of its firft 
 inhabitants forms a fubjed of curious and ufeful enquiry. 
 Such an inveftigation muft be more particularly interefting to 
 you, Sir, from your intimate conne6:ion with a County, which 
 through its unfubmitting fpirit of patriotifm ennobled the 
 early annals of Britain by enforcing conditions of peace on a 
 victorious Invader ; and in a remoter period, among our Ab- 
 original Forefathers, commenced the illuftrious career of national 
 intrepidity and prowefs by repelling Julius from our iliores. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Your faithful and moft obedient Servant, 
 
 GEORGE RICHARDS. 
 
 870189
 
 SUBJECT. 
 
 On ihj State of the Abo7igmal Britons previous to the Refinements 
 
 introduced by the Romans. 
 
 THEARGUMENT. 
 
 A D DRESS to the firft Navigators of the South-Seas — Wild ftate of 
 
 the countr)' — contrafted with Italy as improved by culture — 
 
 Aboriginal Britons confidered as individuals — the Man — the Woman — 
 
 Confidered as to their national character — Their domeftic flate — promif- 
 
 cuous concubinage — ignorance of other countries — defcription of a day in 
 
 time of peace, including the moil; ftriking circumftances of their domeftic 
 
 CEConomy — Their wars — fondnefs for war — internal diflentions and their 
 
 confequences — manner of fighting — behaviour after a defeat — treatment 
 
 of captives after a vi<flory — Religion — the objedls, which give rife to 
 
 natural religion — Druid Grove — Magic rites, and human facrifices — 
 
 Bards — Dodtrines — Tranfmigration and immortality of the foul and its 
 
 effedts — Charadteriftics of Liberty in the favage ftate of this ifland — its 
 
 extin(flion in the early ftages of our Monarchy-— -its revival and influence in 
 
 the prefent civilized ftate of manners, as producing public fecurity, giving 
 
 rife to public works, and calling forth the powers of the mind. 
 
 THE
 
 ■JMLmXllJ ^—M w 
 
 THE 
 
 ABORIGINAL BRITONS. 
 
 YE fons of Albion, who with venturous fails 
 In unknown oceans caught Antarctic gales ; 
 Dar'd with bold prow the boifterous main explore, 
 Where never keel had plow'd the wave before ; 
 Saw ftars unnam'd illumine other fkies, 
 Which ne'er had fhone on European eyes ; 
 View'd on the coaft the wondering Savage ftand. 
 Uncouth, and frefh from his Creator's hand; 
 While woods and tangling brakes, where wild he ran> 
 Bore a rough femblance of primeval man— 
 
 B A form
 
 [ 1° ] 
 
 A form like this, illuftrious fouls, of yore 
 Your own Britannia's fea-girt ifland wore : 
 Ere Danifh lances blufh'd with ^Ella's blood; 
 Or blue-ey'd Saxons fail'd on Medway's flood ; 
 Or Dover's towering cliff from high defcried 
 Cffifar's bold barks, which ftemm'd a deep untried. 
 
 Through fleecy clouds the balmy fpring-tide fmil'd , 
 But all it's fweets were wafted on a wild : 
 In vain mild autumn flione with mellowing gleam ; 
 No bending fruitage blufli'd beneath its beam. 
 Rudely o'erfpread with fhadowy forefts lay 
 Wide tracklefs waftes, that never faw the day : 
 Rich fruitful plains, now waving deep with corn, 
 Frown'd rough and fhaggy with the tangled thorn : 
 Through joylefs heaths, and valleys dark with woods, 
 Majeftic rivers roll'd their ufelefs floods : 
 Full oft the hunter check'd his ardent chace, 
 Dreading the latent bog and green morafs : 
 While, like a blafting mildew, wide were fpread 
 , Blue thickening mifts in flugnant marfhes bred. 
 
 O'er
 
 C " 3 
 
 O'er fcenes thus wild adventurous Caefar flray'd, 
 And joylefs view'd the conquefts he had made j 
 And blefs'd Italia's happier plains and fkies, 
 Through pureft air where yellow olives rife ; 
 From elm to elm where ftretching tendrils twine, 
 Bending with clufters of the purple vine: 
 While, fpread o'er funny hill and verdant wood, 
 Stray the white flocks, which drink Clitumnus' flood. 
 
 Rude as the wilds around his fylvan home 
 In favage grandeur fee the Briton roam. 
 Bare were his limbs, and ftrung with toil and cold, 
 By untam'd nature cafl: in giant-mould. 
 O'er his broad brawny fhoulders loofely flung 
 Shaggy and long his yellow ringlets hung. 
 His waifl: an iron-belted falchion bore, 
 Mafly, and purpled deep with human gore : 
 His fcarr'd and rudely-painted limbs around 
 Fantaftic horror-ftriking figures frown'd, 
 Which, monfl:er-Hke, ev'a to the confines ran 
 Of nature's work, and left him hardly man. 
 
 B 2 His
 
 [ .2 ] 
 
 His knitted brows and rolling eyes impart 
 A direful image of his ruthlefs heart ; 
 AVhere war and human blood-fhed brooding lie, 
 Like thunders lowering in a gloomy fky. 
 
 But you, illuftrious Fair Ones, wont to brave 
 Helvellin's ftorms, and fport in Darwent's wave, 
 To your high worth fubmifs the favage flood. 
 As Gambia's lions reverence princely blood. 
 He made no rubied lip nor fparkling eye 
 The fhrine and god of his idolatry ; 
 But, proudly bending to a juft controul, 
 Bow'd in obeifance to the female foul ; 
 And deem'd, fome effluence of the Omnifcient mind 
 In woman's beauteous image lay enihrin'd ; 
 With infpiration on her bofom hung, 
 And flow'd in heavenly wifdom from her tongue. 
 Fam'd among warrior-chiefs the crown fhe wore 3 
 At freedom's call the gory falchion bore ; 
 Rul'd the triumphant car; and rank'd in fame 
 Bonduca's with Caradacus's name. 
 
 No
 
 [ >3 ] 
 
 No tender virgin heard the impafTion'd youth 
 Breathe his warm vows, and fwear eternal truth : 
 No fire, encircled by a blooming race, 
 
 View'd his own features in his infant's face: j 
 
 The favage knew not wedlock's charter rite ; 
 The torch of Hymen pour'd a common light ; 
 As paffion fir'd, the lawlefs pair were blefs'd ; , - - 
 
 And babes unfather'd hung upon the breaft. 
 
 Such was the race, who drank the light of day, 
 When loft in weftern waves Britannia lay. 
 Content they wander'd o'er their heaths and moors, 
 Nor thought, that ocean roU'd round other fhores. 
 Viewing the fires, that blaz'd around their fkies. 
 Mid the wide world of waters fet and rife: 
 They vainly deem'd, the twinkling orbs of light 
 For them alone illum'd the vault of night j 
 For them alone the golden lamp of day 
 Held its bright progrefs through the heav'n's high way. 
 
 When the chill breeze of morning overhead 
 Wav'd the dark boughs, that roof 'd his fy Ivan bed, 
 
 Up
 
 [ 14 ] 
 
 Up the light Briton fprung — to chace the deer 
 
 Through Humber's vales, or heathy Cheviot drear. 
 
 Languid at noon his fainting limbs he caft 
 
 On the warm bank, and fought his coarfe repaft. 
 
 With acorns, fliaken from the neighbouring oak, 
 
 Or faplefs bark, that from the trunk he broke, 
 
 His meal he made; and in the cavern'd dell 
 
 Drank the hoarfe w^ave, that down the rough rocks fell. 
 
 At eve retracing flow his morning road 
 
 With wearied feet he gain'd his wild abode. 
 
 No city rofe with fpires and turrets crown'd; 
 
 No iron war from rocky ramparts frown' d: 
 
 But plain and fimple, in the fhadowy wood. 
 
 The Ihapelefs rude-conftrudled hamlets flood : 
 
 O'er the deep trench an earthy mound arofe, 
 
 To guard the fylvan town from beafts and foes. 
 
 The crackling fire, beneath the hawthorn fhade, 
 
 With chearful blaze illum'd the darkfome glade. 
 
 Oftimes beneath the flieltering oak was fpread 
 
 With leaves and fpoils of beafts the ruftic bed : 
 
 In open Iky he refts his head, and fees 
 
 The ftars, that twinkle through the waving trees. 
 
 On
 
 [ 'S ] 
 
 On his bare bread the chilling dews defcend ; 
 His yellow locks the midnight tempefts rend ; 
 Around — the empty wolf in hunger prowls, 
 And fhakes the lonely foreft with his howls : 
 Yet health and toil weigh down the fenfe, and fleep 
 His wearied aching limbs in balmy fleep ; 
 Till the pale twilight opes the glimmering glades, 
 And flowly gains upon the mid- wood fhades. 
 
 But ah ! unwelcome rofe the peaceful mom 
 On Albion's fons, for war and glory born. 
 
 Lo! how Britannia's woods and hills refound 
 With martial yells, and blaze with arms around! 
 War is their fport : at day-fpring forth they go 
 With fpear and fhield, and find or make a foe : 
 Join the wild fight; and with the fetting fun 
 Bear home their plunder, and the war is done. 
 Twixt bordering tribes eternal difcgrds reign' d ; 
 Not foreign foes thefe native feuds reflrain'd : 
 Elfe nurs'd in arms, and prodigal of breath. 
 And, reft of freedom, nobly wooing death. 
 
 Had
 
 [ i6 ] 
 
 Had Albion's warlike ftates united pour'd 
 The god-like vengeance of the patriot fvvord ; 
 Julius had fteer'd with daring helm in vain 
 To iHes embofom'd in the Atlantic main ; 
 Nor Rome's imperial eagle, borne on high, 
 Had fpread her pinions in our Northern fky. 
 
 Furious, as mountain beafts, the tribes engage. 
 With yells, and clanging arms, and frantic rage. 
 Rapid the Briton hurls the bolts of war. 
 Mounted, like Fate, upon his fcythed car! 
 Refifllefs fcours the plain, and burfts the files. 
 As mad Tornadoes fweep the Indian ifles ; 
 The fcythes and hooks with mangled limbs hung round, 
 Yet quick, and writhing ghaflly with the wound : 
 Adown the madding wheels in torrents pour 
 The empurpled fmoaking ftreams of human gore : 
 While high in air the fighs and flirieks and groans 
 Afcend, one direful peal of mortal moans. 
 Pale, panic-ftruck, and fix'd as in a trance. 
 The Romans flood, and drop'd the ufelefs lance : 
 
 And
 
 [ '7 ] 
 
 And fear'd, their venturous banners were unfurl'd 
 Beyond the confines of the mortal world ; 
 And more than men, horrific in their might, 
 Dar'd them fi-om Albion's cliffs to fatal fight. 
 
 Thus fought Britannia's fons : — but when o'erthrown, 
 More keen and fierce the flame of freedom fhone. 
 Ye woods, whofe cold and lengthen'd tradls of fiiade 
 Rofe on the day, when fun and ftars were made ; 
 Waves of Lodore, that from the mountain's brow 
 Tumble your flood, and fliake the vale below ; 
 Majeftic Skiddaw, round whofe tracklefs fl:eep 
 Mid the bright fun-fliine darkfome tempefts fweep : 
 To you the patriot fled : his native land 
 He fpurn'd, when proffer' d by a conqueror's hand : 
 In you to roam at large : to lay his head 
 On the bleak rock, unclad, unhous'd, unfed : 
 Hid in the aguifli fen whole days to refl:, 
 The numbing waters gather' d round his breafl: : 
 To fee Defpondence cloud each rifing morn, 
 And dark Defpair hang o'er the years unborn : 
 
 C Yet
 
 [ .8 ] 
 
 Yet here, ev'n here, he greatly dar'd to He, 
 And drain the lufcious dregs of liberty ; 
 Outcaft of nature, fainting, wafted, wan, 
 To breathe an air his own, and live a Man, 
 
 But when with conqueft crown'd, he taught his foes, 
 What free-born man on free-born man beftows. 
 He, in the pride and infolence of war, 
 Ne'er bound the indignant captive to his car; 
 Nor with ignoble toils or fervile chains 
 Debas'd the blood, that fwells the hero's veins ;. 
 Nor meanly barter'd for unworthy gold 
 The foul, that animates the human mould : 
 But reverenc'd kindred valour, though overthrown ; 
 Difdain'd to hear a warrior meanly moan ; 
 Gave him to die ; and by the generous blow 
 Reftor'd that freedom he had loft below. 
 
 For {imple nature taught his foul to rife 
 To nobler powers, and realms beyond the fkies. 
 
 Though to his view the Almighty Voice had ne'er 
 Stay'd the proud fun amid his bright career ; 
 
 Pour'd
 
 [ '9 ] 
 
 Pour'd from the flinty rock the cryfl:al ftream ; 
 
 Or flied on {ightlefs eyes the gladfome beam ; 
 
 Bad the deep waters of the main divide, 
 
 And ope an highway through the pathlefs tide ; 
 
 Or ftiffen'd corfes, cold and pale in death, 
 
 Blufli with new life, and heave again with breath I 
 
 Yet gazing round him he beheld the God 
 
 Hold in all nature's works his dread abode : 
 
 He faw him beaming in the filver moon, 
 
 Effulgent burning in the blaze of noon. 
 
 On the dark bofom of the ftorm reclin'd, 
 
 Speaking in thunder, riding on the wind, 
 
 And, 'mid the earthquake's awful riot hurl'd, 
 
 Shaking the deep foundations of the world. 
 
 Hence Superllition fprung in elder time, 
 Wild as the foil, and gloomy as the clime. 
 
 Midft rocks and waftes the Grove tremendous rofe : 
 O'er the rude altars hung in dread repofe 
 A twilight pale; like the dim fickly noon, 
 When the mid-fun retires behind the moon. 
 
 C 2 Prom
 
 [ 20 ] 
 
 From founding caverns rufli'd the darkfome flood ; 
 
 Each antique trunk was ftain'd with human bloods 
 
 'Twas fung, that birds in terror fled the fhade ; 
 
 That lightnings harmlefs round the branches play'd ; 
 
 And, in the hour of fate, the Central Oak 
 
 Shook with the fpirit of the god, and fpoke. 
 
 The Roman check'd awhile his conquering band, 
 
 And dropt the imperial Eagle from his hand; 
 
 And feem'd, while fhuddering borne through Mona's wood> 
 
 To tread the confines of the Stygian flood ». 
 
 What direful rites thefe gloomy haimts difgrace, 
 Bane of the mind, and fhame of man's high race I 
 'Twas deem'd, the circles of the waving wand. 
 The myftic figures, and the muttering band. 
 Held o'er all nature's works as powerful fway, 
 As the great Lord and Maker of the day. 
 Rocks, by infernal fpells and magic prayer. 
 Shook from thejr bafe, and trembled high in air.. 
 The blafled ftars their fading light withdrew ; 
 The labouring moon fhed down a baleful dew ; 
 
 Spirits
 
 [ 21 ] 
 
 Spirits of hell aerial dances led ; 
 
 And rifted graves gave up the pale cold dead. 
 
 Imperial Man, creation's Lord and Pride, 
 
 To crown the facrificial horrors, died : 
 
 That Hefus, direly pleas'd, in joyous mood, 
 
 Might flefli their fwords, and glut their fcythes with blood ; 
 
 And Taranis, amidft his tempefts, fmile, 
 
 And roll innocuous thunders o'er their ifle^ 
 
 By rites thus dread the Druid Priefts imprefs'd 
 A facred horror on the favage breaft.. 
 
 Hail heav'n-born Seers, whofe magic fingers ftrung 
 The Cambrian lyre ; who Locrine's triumphs fung 
 To the dark haunts of Snowdon's icy caves, 
 Plinlimmon's cliffs, and Deva's haunted waves ; 
 Or where, as Vaga roU'd her winding flood. 
 High on the grey rocks wav'd the hanging wood. 
 Ye, wandering frequent by romantic ftreams. 
 With harps, that glitter'd to the moon's pale beams, 
 Sooth'd by your midnight hymns the warrior's ghoft, 
 Whofe cold bones whiten'd Arvon's dreary coaft. 
 
 Ye
 
 [ " ] 
 
 Ye fung the courfes of the wandering moon ; 
 
 The fun-beam darken'd in the blaze of noon ; 
 
 The ftars unerring in their glittering fpheres ; 
 
 The fure proceflion of the circling years; 
 
 And the dread Powers, that rule the world on high, 
 
 And hold celeftial fynods in the (ky. 
 
 When hoftile nations met with barbarous clang, 
 
 And the wild heath with yelling fquadrons rang ; 
 
 When beams of light from ferried lances ftream'd, 
 
 And vivid flafhes o'er the high heavens gleam'd : 
 
 Fir'd by your magic fongs, the Briton pour'd 
 
 A tenfold fury ; dar'd the uplifted fword ; 
 
 Envy'd the fhades of chiefs in battle flain ; 
 
 And burn'd to join them on the etherial plain. 
 
 For warrior Soids, ye fung, would deathlefs bloom, 
 When the cold limbs lay mouldering in the tomb : 
 From the pale ftiffning corfes wing their flight, 
 And rife in kindred mould to life and light ; 
 Again in arms fill the dire yell of war ; 
 Again to havoc drive the fcythed car, 
 Till earth and air and feas fliould fink in flame, 
 The fiery deluge melting nature's frame : 
 
 When,
 
 [ 23 ] 
 
 When, amidll blazing orbs, the warrior-foul, 
 
 Borne through the milky way and ftarry pole, 
 
 Would painlefs tenant through eternal years 
 
 Mansions of pureft blifs in brighter fpheres :. 
 
 In martial fports engige its kindred fhades, 
 
 Tame the wild fteeds, and brandifh gleaming blades.: 
 
 Or on the clouds reclin'd, with breaft on fire. 
 
 Lift the heroic ftrains of Cadwall's lyre; 
 
 In Mador's verfe renew its mortal toils ; 
 
 And fhine through Heel's fongs in hoftile fpoiis. 
 
 In Albion's ancient days, midft northern fnows, 
 Hardy and bold,, immortal' freedom rofe.. 
 She roam'd the founding margin of the deep, 
 Conway's wild bank, and Cader's craggy fteep ;. 
 A bloody wolf-fkin o'er her back was fpread ; 
 An axe fhe bore ; and wild weeds grac'd her head. 
 On Snowdon's cliffs reclin'd fhe watch'd on high 
 The tempeft-driven clouds, thatcrofs'd the iky ; 
 Or caught with liftening ear the founding gale. 
 When the dread war-fong fhook the diftant dale.. 
 
 At;
 
 [ 2+ ] 
 
 At battle's clofe fKe roam'd the enfanguin'd plain, 
 
 And gaz'd the threatening afpedts of the flain. 
 
 Now from ignoble floth fhe rarely rofe, 
 
 For favage freedom iinks to mute repofe ; 
 
 Now to wild joys, and the bowl's maddening powers 
 
 Gave up the torpid fenfe and liftlefs hours ; 
 
 Now joyful faw the naked fword difplay'd, 
 
 Though brother's blood flow'd reeking from the blade. 
 
 By tyrants funk fhe rofe more proudly great, 
 
 As ocean fwells indignant in the ftrait ; 
 
 And, borne in chains from Cambria's mountains bleak, 
 
 Rais'd virtue's generous blufh on Caefar's cheek. 
 
 But ah ! full many a dark and ftormy year 
 She dropt o'er Albion's ifle the patriot tear. 
 Retir'd to mountains from the craggy dell 
 She caught the Norman curfeu's tyrant knell: 
 Sad to her view the baron's caftle frown'd 
 Bold from the fteep, and aw'd the plains around : 
 She forrowing heard the papal thunders roll, 
 And mourn' d the ignoble bondage of the foul ; 
 
 She
 
 [ =5 ] 
 
 She blufh'd, O Cromwell, blufh'd at Charles's doom ; 
 And wept, mifguided Sidney, o'er thy tomb. 
 
 But now reviv'd fhe boafts a purer caufe, 
 Refin'd by fcience, form'd by generous laws : 
 High hangs her helmet in the banner'd hall, 
 Nor founds her clarion but at honor's call. 
 Now walks the land with olive chaplets crown'd. 
 Exalting worth, and beaming fafety round : - 
 With fecret joy and confcious pride admires 
 The patriot fpirit, which herfelf infpires : 
 Sees barren waftes with unknown fruitage bloom ; 
 Sees Labour bending patient o'er the loom; 
 Sees Science rove through academic bowers ; 
 And peopled Cities lift their fpiry towers : 
 Trade fwells her fails, wherever ocean rolls, 
 Glows at the line, and freezes at the poles : 
 While through unwater'd plains and wondering meads 
 Waves not its own the obedient River leads. 
 
 But chief the god-like Mind, which bears imprefs'd 
 Its Maker's glorious image full confeft ; 
 
 D Nobleft
 
 [ »6 ] 
 
 Nobleft of works created ; more divine, 
 
 Than all the ftarry worlds, that nightly fhine j 
 
 Form'd to live on, unconfcious of decay, 
 
 When the wide univerfe fhall melt away : 
 
 The Mind, which, hid in favage breafts of yore, 
 
 Lay, like Golconda's gems, an ufelefs ore; 
 
 Now greatly dares fublimeft aims to fcan ; 
 
 Enriches fcience, and ennobles man ; 
 
 Unveils the femblance, which it's God beftow'd; 
 
 And draws more near the fount, from whence it flow'd.
 
 N O T E S. 
 
 But you, illuftrious Fair Ones, p. 12. 1. 5.] InefTe enim fanftum quid 
 et providum fcEininis putant. Tac. de nioi-ibus Geim. 'Ax-ciiref yj.,- rn? nt- 
 (rii^a.t'xmct,'; ctoX'^y^? otovrcq rxi yvvMKcu. Strabo, 1. 7. — What IS laid 01 the 
 ancient German women is applied by Mr. Mafon, and our early hiftorians, 
 to our countrywomen of earlier ages. The important offices, which they 
 filled in the Government, founufual in the Savage State, fully juflify this 
 application. 
 
 Wedlocks ch after rite, p. 13. !• 5-] Uxores habent deni duodenique 
 Inter fe communes. 
 
 Si qui funt ex his nati, eorum babentur liberi, a quibus primum virgines 
 quaeque dudias funt. Caefar de bello Gallico. 
 
 Or faplefs bark, p. 14. 1. 6.] Dio Nicaeus fays, that the Britons in the 
 woods would live upon roots or bark of trees. 
 
 Julius had Jieerdy p. 16. I. 3.] Vide Tacitus. 
 
 Clanging arms, ibid. 1. 8.] Their arms are a fliield and iliort fpear, in 
 the lower end whereof is a piece of brafs, like an apple, that by fhaking it 
 they may terrify the enemy. — Camden's Britannia, taken from Dio 
 Nica;us, out of Xiphilin's Epitome. 
 
 Hid in the aguijlo fen, p. 17. 1. 17.] Many ancient writers aflert, that 
 the Britons in their retreat would hide themfelves in the bogs up to their 
 chins in water. — Dio Nicaeus, &;. &c. 
 
 But when with conquejl crown d, p. 18. 1. 5.] For the train of thought 
 through this paragraph, the author is indebted to a fpeech of Caradlacus ia 
 Mr. Mafon 's Tragedy. 
 
 'Twas fung, that birds, p. 20. 1. 3.] Vide Lucan's Defcription of a 
 Druid's Grove. B. 3. 
 
 With
 
 28 NOTES. 
 
 With harps, that glitter' dy p. 21. 1. i8.] For the image in this line 
 the author is indebted to Mr. Mafon's Caradacus. 
 
 Wild weeds grac'd her head, p. 23, 1. 16.] Vide Chatterton's Ode to 
 p'reedom. 
 
 And, borne in chains from, p. 24. 1. n.] Vide Tacitus's account of 
 Caradacus at the tlirone of Claudius.
 
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