DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 
 
 
 I — ♦OF--- 
 
 DOMESTICATED ANIKeS^J 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTUEE, 
 
 1883-1884. 
 
 WASnil^rGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 
 1 S 8 4 . 
 
 -^ 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 
 
 ■• j; 
 
 muUL 
 '-IBRARY 
 
 TURAi 
 
 
 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 BT 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTUEE, 
 
 1883-1884. 
 
 5751 D A 
 
 WASniNGTOX: 
 GOVERNMENT P HINTING OFFICE. 
 
 18 8 4. 
 
Main 14b. 
 
 -,f 
 
 V^ 
 
 
M9ln UIk 
 
270475 
 
3 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL- 
 
 Hon. Geo. B. Lorinci, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir: I have the honor to herewith transmit a report of the results of 
 the experiments and investigations of the Veterinary Division for the 
 year 1883-'84. The first Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal In- 
 dustry-, which will contain a detailed statement of the investigations 
 made and all the work accomplished since the organization of the 
 Bureau, in conformity with the act passed at the last session of Con- 
 gress, will be submitted for your approval at the close of the year. 
 
 My work at tlie Veterinary Exi)erimental Station has been greatly re- 
 tarded during the j)ast three or four months, made necessary in the in- 
 vestigation of an outbreak of ergotism among cattle in the West, and 
 later in the supervision of the work necessary for the organization 
 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. In addition to this I spent the 
 months of August and September in tracing the cattle infected with 
 contagious pleuropneumonia in some of the Western Stntes, a detailed 
 account of which will be furnished you in the First Annual Keport of 
 the Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 My report proper contains the results of experiments and investiga- 
 tions of Pleuropneumonia, Ergotism, Southern Cattle Fever, and Swine 
 Plague. 
 
 In addition to the above this volume will contain interesting and val- 
 uable papers on the following subjects : Ergotism among cattle in 
 Kansas, by M. K. Trumbower, V. S. ; >Syng(i)n us trachealis, or (lape Disease 
 of Fowls, translated from the French by Dr. Theobald Smith; Proceed- 
 ings of the International Veterinary Congress, as reported by Dr. James 
 Law; Hamburg International Exhibition, reported by Mr. J. H. San- 
 ders and Dr. Rush Shii)pen Huidekoper; a detailed report of the losses 
 sustained by an extensive outbreak of Southern cattle fever among cat- 
 tle in Kansas, by Dr. M. K. Trumbower; Investigations as to the Cause 
 of Southern Cattle Fever, by Dr. J. H. Detmers; Contagious Animal 
 Diseases, and their Relation to the Public Health, by Dr. Ezra M. Hunt; 
 results as to the prevalence of trichinte as shown by the reiK)rt of the 
 recent commission api)ointed by the President; salt used in packing; 
 extracts from letters of correspondents, and statistical returns as to 
 losses and general condition of farm animals as reported b^* the regular 
 correspondents of the Department. 
 V'eiy respect full \, &c., 
 
 D. E. SALMON, 
 Chivfof Bureau of A uiuud Industry. 
 
 Washington, D. C, Octvlter liS, 1884. 
 
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS MADE DURING THE 
 
 YEAR 1883-84. 
 
 Hon. Geo. B. Lortng, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir : In my last report brief mention was made of the Veterinary Ex- 
 perimental Station established b^' your direction near this city. Since 
 then many additions have been made to this Station, and it is now 
 thonght a more detailed description will i>rove of interest to those en- 
 gaged in investigations as to tiie canse, transmission, and i)revention of 
 infectious and contagious diseases incident to domestic animals both in 
 this and in other countries. 
 
 The Station is located on the Benning's Bridge road, about one-fourth 
 of a mile east of the northeastern boundary of the city. The plat of 
 ground on which it is lobated consists of 7 acres of rolling land, which 
 is subdivided by new fencing into three pasture fields. The largest 
 inclosure contains 4 acres, the second 2 acres, and the third 1 acre. 
 There are seven outbuildings for tlie accommodation of cattle and the 
 protection of the necessary implements for keeping the place in proper 
 condition. Two wooden and two brick structures are used for the ac- 
 commodation of cattle alone. The interior of the stables are fitted up 
 with box stalls located on each side of a 4-foot passage-way extending 
 the entire length of the buildings. The average measurement of each 
 stall is 8 by 10 feet. One stable contains eight stalls,^a second five, and 
 a third four. When necessary, two steers or cows can occupy each stall 
 with comfort. Ample feed-rooms are attached to eacli stable. 
 
 The fourth building is a wooden structure 25 feet wide by 31 feet in 
 length, with interior free of compartments. This building is used for 
 the protection from inclement weather of the cattle, which are allowed 
 to graze on the largest pasture field, and has been left open on the sojith 
 side. 
 
 Four rows of pigpens are located at different points on the premises. 
 One of these pens is GO feet in length by 10 feet in width, and is subdi- 
 vided into ten compartments. Two others are 30 feet in length, and 
 contain five pens each. The fourth is divided into four pens. Ten or 
 twelve pigs can be accommodated with comfort in eacli pen. They are 
 supplied with cast-iron water-troughs, and the floors of each, as well as 
 those of the stables, are laid in concrete, which prevents the absorption 
 of water and facilitates disinfection. 
 
6 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Iii addition to the pens and stables a large cliickeii-house, 25 feet in 
 length by 12 feet in width, has been provided for experiments with con- 
 tagions diseases incident to fowls. A small building, midway between 
 the pens and stables, has been fitted np for post-mortem examinations, 
 and is supplied with all the necessary instruments for making autopsies. 
 
 A brick dwelling house, about 40 feet square and two stories in height, 
 is located near the northern extremity of the grounds, and is occupied 
 by W. H. Eose, V. S., superintendent of the Station. The w^ater for the 
 Station is supplied by two excellent wells conveniently located. Plates 
 I, II, and III, accompanying this report, give accurate views of the 
 buildings and grounds from different points. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS OF PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Xo systematic inspection of cattle has yet been made in the District 
 of Columbia, but we have secured a number of sick cows which have 
 been slaughtered and examined in order to determine the nature of the 
 disease from which they were suffering. Other cases have been brought 
 to our attention by Dr. Townsheud, the able health officer of the District, 
 in regard to which we have made all the investigations that were pos- 
 sible. During the year we have in this way found the disease in ten 
 stables in which more than one cow was kept, and in three others in 
 which the diseased animal was the only one owned. In one stable two 
 have died ; in a second, one had died and two were sick ; in a third, 
 five had died and six were more or less affected ; in a fourth, two had 
 been lost; in a fifth, six had been lost ; in a sixth, five had died ; in a 
 seventh, three had died ; and in the remaining three stables the loss, so 
 far as we are aware, has been one animal each. 
 
 The total number of animals referred to above is twenty-seven which 
 have died, and eight which were sick at inspection. In these cases the 
 symptoms and post-mortem appearances of the animals examined were 
 those of contagious pleuropneumonia, and the history, when it could 
 be obtained, also pointed in this direction. The following instance is 
 an illustration of this : 
 
 A cow belonging to Mrs. Flanigan, of Benning's road, was discovered 
 sick, May 22, 1883. The symptoms were a severe, dry cough emacia- 
 tion, arched back, extended head, and turning out of the elbows. Per- 
 cussion and auscultation showed that there was dullness and loss of 
 respiratory murmur over the right lung. 
 
 This animal was preserved until August 27, and then slaughtered. 
 The anterior portion of the right lung was found to contain a large 
 encysted mass of hcpati/ed lung tissue, tally 5 inches in diameter, 
 which was beginning to disiutegrate aud break down into pus. The 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 7 
 
 left lung was affected with chrouic bronchitis, and many of the bronchi 
 were filled with a thick, white, tenacious pus. 
 
 The disease was brought to this stable in the latter part of December, 
 1882, by a cow dealer who lives near the navy-yard. She presented 
 symptoms of disease in about two weeks after purchase and lingered 
 for six weeks with symptoms of acute lung disease. Three weeks after 
 the death of this first cow a second became sick, with similar symptoms, 
 and died after four weeks' illness. 
 
 Two others were successively affected in a similar manner and died ; 
 and, finally, the fifth came down with the disease about the 1st of May, 
 1883. 
 
 On May 29, 1883, we received at the Veterinary Experiment Station a 
 €0W from the stable of Catharine Bresuahan, of Lincoln avenue. This 
 animal was somewhat tympanitic and stood with arched back, elbows 
 turned out, and extended head. With each expiration there was a loud 
 moan. Examination over the lungs revealed dullness, tenderness, and 
 loss of respiration on the right side. 
 
 This animal died during the night of June 3, and was examined the 
 following day. The right lung was found to be firmly attached to the 
 ribs and diaphragm over nearly the whole surface of contact. This lung 
 was almost completely hepatized; the posterior part was gangrenous; 
 the median portion showed old hepatization, in which there was little 
 difference in color between the lobular and the interlobular tissue, 
 while the anterior portion was freshly hepatized and presented the dis- 
 tinctly marbled appearance seen in acute pleuro-pueumonia, and thought 
 by some to be characteristic of tliat disease. The condition of this lung 
 showed bej'ond questionthattheintlammation was a progressive one, and, 
 beginning in the posterior portion of the organ, had successively in- 
 vaded the median and anterior portions. 
 
 The existence of intiammation of different ages, showing the i)ro- 
 gressive character of the disease, is now regarded by the leading author- 
 ities of Europe as the most satisfactory means of distinguishing between 
 contagious pleuropneumonia and the sporadic intlammations of the res- 
 piratory organs. The pleural cavity contained about a quart of effusion, 
 and the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes was of a deep red 
 color. 
 
 This animal presented, consequently, all the s^nnptoms and post-mortem 
 appearances described as peculiar to pleuropneumonia. The only his- 
 tory that could be obtained was that a number of cows had previously 
 been affected in this stable with similar sym])toms. 
 
 September 18, 1883, I examined a cow on Nineteenth street, which had 
 rapid and difficult breathing, with extended head and elbows turned out 
 as in cases of pleuro-pneuinonia. There was dullness over the lower half 
 of both lungs, with resonam',e above, but no res[)iratory murmur could 
 be detected over the left side from the shoulder backward. This ani- 
 mal died on the morning of September 21, and on examination the left 
 
8 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lunjr was found solidly attaclied to tbe ribs and diai)lirag'm. There wa» 
 an abundant effusion of liquid into the pleural cavity ; the pericardium 
 was greatly distended and attached to the costal pleura. On section 
 the lun<jf was found free from hepatization, bat the pericardium was 
 greatly thickened and transformed into a fibrous cyst inclosing the 
 heart. The surface of the heart showed that this organ had been in- 
 tensely inflamed; it was roughened and covered with granulations^ 
 mostly gray in color, but over parts of the surface mottled with deep 
 red. The heart tissue, to a depth of half an inch from the surface, liad 
 undergone fibrous degeneration, was colorless, and resisted the knife. 
 A painting was made of this organ and is reproduced in this report as 
 Plate IV; it shows very plainly the thickened pericardium, the mottled 
 appearance of the surface of the heart, which organ was cut across to 
 reveal the depth of the fibrous degeneration. 
 
 There may be a question as to the exact nature of this disease — 
 ■whether it was induced by the virus of lung plague or whether by other 
 causes. No diseased animals had been introduced on the place, but 
 there had been opportunity of exposure to animals running at large. 
 The absence of hepatization is not conclusive evidence tbat it was not 
 lung plague. This disease quite often confines itself to the serous mem- 
 branes without api)reciably affecting the lung tissue, and pericarditis 
 and epicarditis are manifestations which have been described as occur- 
 ring In the infected stables of Europe. lam inclined to think, therefore^ 
 that this affection was the result of ex])osure to the lung-plague virus. 
 
 January 12, 1884, three cows were slaughtered at the Veterinary Ex- 
 periment Station in presence of Hon. James Wilson, of Iowa, member 
 of the House Committee on Agriculture, antl of delegates from the 
 Chicago convention of stockmen and of distinguished veterinarians, iu 
 order to demonstrate the character of the disease from which the cattle 
 in this vicinity were suffering. The first one was a young cow that I 
 found January 1, 1884, at the stable of the owner near Washington- 
 At that time her breathing was rapid and labored, a distinct grunt or 
 moan being emitted at each expiration. On percussion over the region 
 occu])ied by the lungs the right side was found perfectly dull and with- 
 out resonance, while the left side was resonant over the upper half, but 
 very dull below. Auscultation showed complete loss of respirator^" 
 murmur over the whole of the right and over the lower part of the left 
 side. There was no cough. 
 
 This cow had been purchased about a month previously, from a dealer 
 who had brought her from the Shenandoah Valley, in Virginia, and had 
 kei)t her for a number of days (the exact time not known) at his stable 
 in Washington. She was noticed to isolate herself from the remainder 
 of the herd while at pasture, and to be disinclined to move, almost as 
 soon as she Avas ])laced with the herd. She commenced moaning at 
 each expiration more than two weeks before I saw her, and was then 
 separated from the other animals. January 2 she was removed to the 
 Experiment Station, her temperature at that time being about 103° F» 
 
Plate W. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 9 
 
 This cow died during' the night of January 11, and was examined 
 about 11 o'clock the following day. On opening the thorax about 2 
 gallons of amber-colored liquid escaped. The right lung was solidly 
 attached to the costal pleura and diaphragm by thick false membranes 
 of recent formation. On the left side the attachments were not so ex- 
 tensive, and the membranes were of still more recent growth. On each 
 side there were thick masses of coagulated lymph, weighing from 2 to 
 3 pounds, and of a whitish color and firm consistency, which indicated 
 their formation a number of days before the death of the animal. The 
 lung tissue presented no signs of hepatization. 
 
 The second cow examined was brought to the Station over two 
 mouths before, and at the time of this examination was somewhat 
 emaciated. She was coughing when tirst seen, had little appetite, and 
 an examination of the lungs showed dullness and loss of respiratory 
 murmur over the lower ])art of the right lung. 
 
 Three animals had j^reviously been lost in the stable from which she 
 came, and before death they presented symptoms of Inng disease. 
 
 This cow was slaughtered, and on opening the cavity of the thorax 
 the left lung was found adherent to the diai)hragm and the riglit lung" 
 to the costal pleura. The right lung contained four or five masses, 
 varying from two to four inches in diameter, surrounded by a thin cyst 
 wall and composed of hepatized lung tissne in a disintegrating condi- 
 tion. 
 
 The third animal, which was also somewhat emaciated, was obtained 
 January 10, from a stable where two cows had been lost in the preited- 
 ing summer. She had been purchased for $30 two or three months 
 before she sickened, and was at that time in good health. When 
 brought to the station her temperature was 101° F., and there was com- 
 plete dullness and loss of respiration over the left lung. Tier condition 
 was substantially the same on ths day of examination, January 12. 
 When, after slaughter, the ribs of the left side were removed, a consid- 
 erable quantity of amber-colored liquid escaped. This lung was com- 
 pletely hepatized and solidly attached to both the ribs and diaphragm. 
 A section of the lung disclosed the interlobular tissue distended with 
 lym])h, though not to the degree sometimes seen. There was, how- 
 ever, a very distinct marbled ap])earance, and a difference of coloration 
 between the upper and lower parts of the lung that probably resulted 
 from a difference in the age of the hei)ati/.ati()n in these two ])ortions. 
 The right lung of this animal was in a normal condition. 
 
 A fourth cow was obtained from a Washington stable the same day 
 that the above examinations were made. She died during the night of 
 January 12. Her a|>[)earance before death and the condition of her 
 lungs when examined were very similar to that of the third cow men- 
 tioned above. 
 
 May 1, 1884, a sick cow was reported at Miss Fannin's, on M stree^^ 
 
10 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 in this city. Slie was examiaed the same day and found to be moaning 
 with each expiration; her breathing was labored ; there wassaliv^ation, 
 extended head, and elbows turned out. Tlie bronchial breathing was 
 loudest on the riuht side; the left side was very dull on percussion up 
 to and somewhat above the median line. The right side had a dull 
 area at lower portion of thorax and another above the median line. 
 
 Mayo, this animal, now sinking rapidly and already tympanitic, was 
 slaughtered. The autopsy revealed the left lung completely solidified 
 with the exception of a very small part of the anterior lobe. Various 
 stages of inflammation were to be seen in the different pirts of the lung. 
 There were thick false membranes and solid adhesions to the dia- 
 phragm and costal pleura. The right lung was extremely emphysema- 
 tous, and parts of it adherent to the costal pleura, but there was no 
 hepatization of its tissues. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 In the latter part of August, 18S3, I investigated an outbreak of dis- 
 ease at Salem, Conn., which had affected cattle on the farms of H. B. 
 Williams and Captain Seaman, of that place. The history of this out- 
 break may be summarized as follows: Hon. E. H. Hyde, of the State 
 Commission on Diseases of Domestic Animals, first visited the farm of 
 Mr. Williams on August S, and at that time found a young bull in the 
 lot partially recovered from an attack of disease, and a cow and an ox 
 were both very sick with what he considered to be the typical symptoms 
 of pleuro pneumonia. At Captain Seaman's a cow was very sick and 
 presented the same symptoms as were seen with the affected cattle be- 
 longing to Williams. 
 
 Tlie next morning Dr. Rice, of Hartford, was called, and on arrival, 
 Williams' cow was found to have died daring the night. 
 
 A post- mortem examination was made and the lung found attached to 
 the walls of the chest; when cut across it was seen to be solidly hepatized, 
 of a marbled appearance, and presented all the characters of contagious 
 l)leuro-pneninonia. The Commission advised slaughter, which was ob- 
 jected to, but the same day after the departure of the State officers, the 
 sick ox belonging to Williams and the cow belonging to Seaman were 
 slaughtered. These animals were not examined jn'ofessionally, but the 
 <lescriptions which I received from those who were present were suffi- 
 cient to satisfy me that the lungs were solidified and attached to the 
 ribs. 
 
 August 2!), 1 visited Mr. Williams' farm and learned froin him the 
 parti(;ulars of the outbreak. The first symptoms of disease were seen 
 in one of the cows June 20, and a second cow was attacked on June 23 j 
 both of these died from the effects of the disease July 3. At the time 
 of my visit, August 29, there were six animals on the place : one ox, 
 <juite sick with left lung solidified ; one Jersey' cow, had been quite 
 «ick but was now better; one young Jersey bull, with left lung solidi- 
 
CONTAGIOUS disk\sp:s of domesticated animals. 11 
 
 :fie(l, and three Jersey cows, in which I found no evidence of disease. 
 Only one animal bad been brought on the place within a year jireceding 
 the outbreak, and that was a Jersey cow named Mollie Lathrop 3rd, 
 No. 7627. She was obtained by exchange with Charles Decline, of New 
 Durham, N. J,, on April 10, 1883. This cow aborted the last of May, 
 but lias shown no other signs of sickness. At the time of examination 
 she was in tine condition, fat, glos««y, with no cough and no signs of 
 lung disease, revealed by either auscultation or percussion. 
 
 I visited Charles Decline at New Durham, N. J., on August 30. He 
 stated to me that he exchanged cows with Williams about April 16. 
 His cow went to New London on the same boat that the other returned 
 by. According to the statement of Williams' farmer, the two cows were 
 together about a quarter of an hour at New London. The cow Decline 
 received from Williams sickened about the last of May. About a week 
 later, she and another Jersey cow which stood beside her, and which 
 was also sick, were killed and examined by his son, who is a veterinary 
 surgeon. Both were affected with lung disease which he pronounced 
 to be pleuropneumonia. The lungs were hepatized, marbled in color, 
 and attached to the walls of the chest. 
 
 Decline purchased Mollie 3d of Mr. Whitenack, of Duuellen, N. J., 
 December 13, 1881. He says that he never had any disease among his 
 cattle until after the cow arrived from Connecticut, and attributes the 
 infection to her. 
 
 It was evident that some of the facts connected with the history of 
 the disease in these two herds had been concealed, but it was very cer- 
 tain that the disease had existed in both herds, and it was very proba- 
 ble that one of the herds had been infected as the result of the exchange 
 referred to above. Considering that there had been no disease in Con- 
 necticut until nine weeks after the exchange, and that it was admitted 
 to have existed in Declines' herd four weeks earlier than it appeared 
 among Williams's cattle; and considering, further, that the vicinity of 
 New Durham has long been infected with i)leuro.-i)neumonia while none 
 had previously existed in the neighborhood of Salem, and the probabil- 
 ity is that the disease was carried from New Jersey to Connecticut. 
 There is one other possibility, however, viz., that both cows were in- 
 fected on the boat or between the boat landing and Decline's place. 
 
 This theory is not probable, for the reason that a second cow was sick 
 at Decline's by the last of May, and this would retpiire the assuin]>tion 
 that two full periods of incubation had elapsed between April 10 and 
 May 30 ; that is, within six weeks. Now, it is very seldom that the pe- 
 riod of in(!ubation of pleuropneumonia is less than four weeks, and it 
 is generally longer than this; consecpiently, it is very unlikely that in 
 two successive cases on the same farm it would be reduced to throe 
 weeks. The admitted fact that both sickened at about the; same time 
 -is an indication that both were infected at the same time, and from a 
 
12 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 coininoii source, rather than that one contracted the disea'^e from the 
 other. 
 
 A second visit was made to the farm September 7, in company with 
 Hon. E, II. Hyde and T. S. Gold, of the State Commission on Diseases 
 of Animals, and Doctors Thayer, Rice, and Parkinson. At this time the 
 bull and ox still presented symptoms of pleuropneumonia. The cow, 
 Mollie 3rd, was again carefully" examined and showed a rather large 
 area of dullness over the region of the heart and another low down 
 on the right side. My own opinion was that this dullness did not indi- 
 cate any disease of the lungs, though some of the others thought dif- 
 ferently. It was admitted by all, however, that there were no i)ositive 
 signs of diseased lungs in her case. 
 
 A third visit was made, in company with the same gentlemen, with 
 the exception of Dr. Thayer, September 12, when the ox mentioned 
 above was slaughtered and examined. This animal was now believed 
 by the owner to have recovered. The autopsy revealed the left lung-; 
 solidly attached over a large surface to the thoracic wall and dia- 
 phragm. One-third of the organ was encysted and beginning to disin- 
 tegrate, another third showed more recent hepatization and was not 
 yet encysted. A section showed the characteristic marbled appearance^ 
 and the difl'erence in the age of the inflammatory process in various 
 parts of the lung. 
 
 Members of the State Commission have since informed me that the 
 bull continued to fail and was destroyed by the owner on the 27th of 
 October. Before this, however, the Commission was called September 
 18 to see a new case of the disease, which had developed on the farm 
 of Amos Williams, the second neighbor south from the originally in- 
 fected premises. This was a cow, which presented the typical symp- 
 toms and ])ost mortem appearances of pleuro-pneumonia, having been 
 condemned and killed by the Commission. 
 
 To recapitulate : H. E. Williams had seven animals affected out of his 
 lierd of nine by the introduction of the cow from Kew Jersey, which 
 animal was so slightly diseased as never to attract attention. Of the 
 seven sick ones three died of the disease. Two of those slaughtered 
 probably could not have recovered ; one of the slaughtered oxen was^ 
 improving, while the remaining cow was ver^^ sick when I last saw her. 
 The adjoining farm on the north and the second one on the south each 
 lost one animal from the disease. There were, consequently, nine ani- 
 mals affected in this outbreak. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 October 3 and 4 I visited Chester County, Pennsylvania, in company 
 with Mr. T. J. Edge, special agent of the gov^ernor, and Dr. Bridge, State 
 Veterinarian. On the farm of W. P. Thomas I witnessed the slaughter 
 of 3 cows, and on the farm of J. H. Garret I saw 5 others killed, 
 these having been condemned by the State authorities as affected with 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 13 
 
 •contagious pleuropneumonia. The autopsies revealed the existence of 
 a very similar condition in each of the animals. In most cases a whole 
 lung was hepatized and firmly attached to the diaphragm and ribs. In 
 •several of the animals both lungs were affected. The pleural cavity 
 ■contained large quantities of straw-colored effusion, and the connective 
 tissue of the lungs was excessively distended with exudation of a simi- 
 lar liquid. The inflammation was very plainly of a progressive char- 
 acter, and the marbling of the lung was as distinct as in any cases I have 
 •ever seen. 
 
 The disease was introduced into this section by a car-load of 14 cows 
 brought by John Noble from Baltimore. Where these cows were or- 
 iginally infected is a contested point between the authorities of Penn- 
 sylvania and those of Maryland ; but there is no reason to doubt that 
 the outbreak near West Chester was caused by this lot of animals. 
 
 These cows were sold as follows : July 19, to W. H. Shepherd, 1 ; July 
 26, to W. P. Thomas, 3 ; July 26, to H. Euches, 4 ; July 27, to J. H. 
 •Garret, 2 ; August 1, to J. Kelly, 2 ; not traced at time of report, 2. 
 
 Mr. Shepherd's cow was found sick with symptoms of pleuro pneu- 
 monia September 8, and slaughtered by the State authorities. The 
 autopsy revealed the characteristic lesions of lung plague. September 
 13 a cow was found affected with the same disease and slaughtered on 
 Mr. Garret's farm. September 29 it was necessary to slaughter one of 
 Mr. Thomas' cows. October 1 it was found that two cows had alread^-^ 
 died on Mr. Euches' farm, and that six others were sick. 
 
 According to information received from Dr. Bridge, October 23, 1884, 
 the number of cattle exposed and slaughtered on account of sickness 
 was as follows : 
 
 Owner. 
 
 Number 
 exposed. 
 
 Number 
 killed. 
 
 W. P. Thomas 
 
 42 
 29 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 
 12 
 
 J. H. Garret 
 
 14 
 
 W. H. Shepherd 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 105 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 Eight adjoining herds were infected by the above, as follows: 
 
 Owner. 
 
 Number 
 exposed. 
 
 "W.n. Pratt 17 
 
 M. S. Garrett 11 
 
 K. J. Lewis ! 15 
 
 C. Sniedle V 'J2 
 
 Geo. P. lli'iglics ! 20 
 
 W. F. Dutton I 16 
 
 W. Evans t f) 
 
 L.V.and W.E.Smedley 21 
 
 Total 1 127 
 
 Number 
 killed. 
 
14 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The affected cows which I saw were native animals in good condition^ 
 They had excellent pastures to run on, and there was no local cause 
 whatever which could be suspected of producing this or any other 
 disease. Besides, the time of year was not oue in which acute lung* 
 diseases are seen among cattle. Nearly every one of the affected lungs- 
 which I saw when in this State showed the typical lesions of pleuro- 
 pneumonia so plainly that, according to the best authorities in the 
 veterinary profession the world over, any one of them would have been 
 sufficient to afford a safe basis for diagnosing the disease. 
 
 Besides the herds infected by the contagion introduced with the lot 
 of cattle from Baltimore, six herds have been infected from other sources 
 since September, 1883. The following table shows the number exposed 
 in each of these and the number destroyed after showing symptoms of 
 the disease: 
 
 Owner. 
 
 Number 
 exposed. 
 
 Number 
 killed. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 ,5 ' 
 
 2 
 
 20 , 
 
 14 
 
 9 . 
 
 5 
 
 1^ 1 
 
 2 
 
 10 ! 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 24 
 
 232 
 
 119 
 
 F. CaiT 
 
 W . Williamson 
 
 F. Galloy 
 
 Heisey 
 
 Myers •. 
 
 J. Noble 
 
 Total 
 
 Total iu preceding tables 
 
 Total for State of Pennsylvania 296 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Dr. Rowland, an Inspector of this Department, stationed at Jersey City,^ 
 N. J., discovered during the summer of 1883 that animals affected with 
 pleuropneumonia were being shipped to New York from Hunterdon 
 County, New Jersey. An investigation was ordered by Dr. E. M. Hunt, 
 secretary of the New Jersey State board of health, and a number of 
 herds were found in Hunterdon County which had been for some time 
 affected with this disease. Owing to the fact that the owner of the 
 affected herds was a large cattle dealer who gathered up cheap animals 
 from various parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and to the ad- 
 ditional fact thar the disease had been ui)on his [)reinises for an indeti- 
 iiiie time, the origin of the trouble could not be satisfactorily traced. 
 
 The owners of the infected herds had resorted to inoculation to arrest 
 the progress of the disease, and it was said that all fresh animals which 
 arrived were speedily inoculated. In spite of this, however, the losses 
 were very heavy, though their full extent could not be ascertained. Dr. 
 Miller, who investigated the condition of these animals, November 1, 
 informed me that out of one herd, containing (K) head, L*L* had been lost ; 
 from another containing 05 head, 8 were known to have died, and 1 was 
 killed to obtain virus for inoculation ; from another, containing 46 head, 
 8 had died ; from a fourth, containing 70 head, 10 had died ; and from 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 15 
 
 a fifth, 6 had died. There had, consequently, been at least 55 deaths f 
 in addition, a certain number had partially recovered, and some diseased 
 animals had been sold. 
 
 According to the l)est information we could obtain the total number 
 of cases of pleuropneumonia which had occurred in this county was 
 not less than 100. These herds were quarantined and the State authori- 
 ties are doing everything possible with their limited ai)propriatiou to 
 stamp out the disease ; but where so many animals have been e^xposed, 
 and where the contagion has been sown broadcast over the pastures of 
 half a dozen farms, experience shows that it is next to impossible to 
 remove all danger except by killing all animals exposed and quaran- 
 tining the farms for a long time. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Owing to the variety of reports in regard to the existence of pleuro- 
 X)neumonia in Maryland, Dr. Kose was directed to proceed to Balti- 
 more during the last week of October, 1883, and examine a sufficient 
 number of stables to form a basis for conclusions in regard to the dis- 
 tribution of the disease in that section. The cases of sickness men- 
 tioned are only those in which the symptoms indicated pleuro pneu- 
 monia. The following is a list of stables in the order in which they 
 were examined, with a condensed sumnmry of tbe information ob- 
 tained : 
 
 Stable No. 1: Contains thirty-five cows. One chronic case, two recent deaths. 
 Stable No. 2: Thirteen cows. No disease. 
 
 Sixteen cows. One chronic case, two recent deaths. 
 
 Seven cows. No information. 
 
 Nineteen cows. Admit that cows arc exchanged as soon as they 
 
 show sifjns of disease. 
 Nine cows. Three recent deaths. 
 Two cows. Admits recent deaths from lung disease. 
 Thirteen cows. Two recent deaths from acute linig disease. 
 9 : Seveiiteeu cows. Have lost many in the past. All are now well. 
 Stable No. 10: Eighteen cows. Have lost two during the summer. 
 Stable No. 11 : Nineteen cows. Would neither allow an examination nor give in- 
 formation. 
 Stable No. 12 : Seven co^s. None sick. No information. 
 Stable No. I'.i: Eleven cows. None sick. 
 Stable No. 14: Fifty-six cows. One acure and four chronic cases of pleuro-pnen- 
 
 monia. Have lost lieavilj' in past years. 
 Stable No. 15: Eighteen cows. Five sick with acute lung disease within two 
 
 months, of which three died. 
 Stable No. 16: Forty-two cows. Acknowledge a loss of over 200 cows from lung 
 
 disease within three years. Several now coughing. 
 Stable No. 17: Fifty animals. No disease. 
 Stable No. Ifi: Thirty-six aniujals. No disease. 
 
 Stable No. lU: Original herd 12aniuials. Three di.'d during September aud October. 
 Calf died in October which State Veterinarian examiiu-d aud pro- 
 nouuced affected with pleuro pneumonia. Three still sick with 
 same disease. First cow to sicken eauie from another stable in 
 Baltimore within a fesv weeks. 
 
 Stable No. 
 Stable No. 
 Stable No. 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 Stable No. 
 Stable No. 
 Stable No. 
 Stable No. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 H 
 9 
 
16 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The lienis in the nineteen stables referred to above contained 398 ani- 
 mals, of which 12 were found to be sick or only partially recovered at 
 the time of inspection; 3 cows had recently been exchanged while sick, 
 a,ud 18 recent deaths had occurred. The total number of animals which 
 had recently sickened with symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia in the above 
 stables was, consequently, 33, or 8.3 j)er cent. 
 
 This inspection, while it cannot be taken as a very accurate indica- 
 tion of the proportion of the Baltimore dairy cattle which are con- 
 stantly affected with pleuropneumonia, is nevertheless suflScient to 
 show that a very large proportion of the stables are infected, and that 
 many cases of the disease occur. 
 
 A considerable number of inoculation and cohabitation experiments 
 have been made and are still in progress, and will be given in detail in 
 the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 The following statement was prepared for the use of the House Com- 
 mittee on Agriculture in January, 1884 : 
 
 EXTENT OF PLEURO-PNEUMONIA AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL 
 ACTION IN REGARD TO THE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 
 
 The extent of territory infeeterl with contagions plcuro-pueamonia of cattle and 
 the number of ani'nals actnally sntt'eriug from this disease, are insignificant in com- 
 parison with the annual direct aud indirect losses traceable to it, and the danger to 
 which our immense live-stock industry is continually subjected. 
 
 In Connecticut two herds were infected during the past summer, in which 12 ani- 
 mals were exposed and 7 contracted the disease. In one of these herds the affected 
 animal was destroyed, and at last accounts no others had contracted the disease; in 
 the other herd 4 animals had died, or had been killed, and 2 with very extensively dis- 
 eased lungs remained in quarantine. Both of these were Jerseys, and the owner re- 
 fused to have them destroyed. What has been done with them, or what will be, I am 
 unable to say, as the State authorities seem powerless to proceed beyond quarantine, 
 and this seems to have been bj' no means secure. 
 
 In the State of New York, although the disease is almost entirely confined to the 
 western eiul of Long Island, to Staten Island, and New York City, these localities are 
 quite extensively infected, and as there are more than two thousand stables, some of 
 which contain several hundred cows, and many of which contain from .'jO to 100, it is 
 the most dangerous district in the country at this time. Recent reports are to the 
 effect that the disease is extending through the river counties, and exists in herds 
 located from 50 to 60 miles north of New York City. How many cattle are affected 
 in these counties I am unable to say, but the existeuce of the disease here is really of 
 much greater importance to the country at large than the number of diseased ani- 
 mals would lead one to suppose, because it is a district where many thoroughbred cattle 
 are raised and from which they are shipped to all parts of the United States. 
 
 New .Jersey was recently supposed to be nearly free from pleuro-pneumonia, but the 
 iact that a number of cases occuried without the knowledge of the State authorities, 
 that a still larger number of herds were lately known to be infected in Union aud 
 Essex Counties, and that a very extensive outbreak in Hunterdon County was re- 
 •cently traced by means of sick cattle shipped to the New York market, and discovered 
 by the insp<M;tor employed by the United States Department of Agriculture who is 
 stationed at Jersey City, leads to the suspicion that a thorough inspection of the 
 State might bring to light still other cases. The Hunterdon County outbreak was 
 one of the most extensive that has recently occurred. It was supposed to have origi- 
 nated from a car-load of cows brought from Pennsylvania ; but where these were in- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 1 7 
 
 fected is not known. Seven herds, at last accounts, were in quarantine; and as all 
 were large herds, containing from 40 to 70 cattle, a large number of animals were 
 exposed. 
 
 Inoculation was extensively practiced to check the fatality; but, in spite of this, 
 reliable authority places the loss at over 50 head. 
 
 In Pennsylvania there has recently been another very extensive outbreak, which 
 was the result of taking a car-load of 14 cows from the Calvert stock-yards in Balti- 
 more to Chester County. Most of these cows were taken into large dairy herds, 
 which they thoroughly infet^ted. In each of these cases the Baltimore cows were the 
 first to sicken, and a large proiiortiou of the native cattle were soon affected with the 
 same disease. These herds were visited the 3d of October by the Veterinarian of the 
 Department of Agriculture, in compauy with the State authorities, who killed 8 
 of the animals in his presence in order to satisfy him as to the nature of the disease. 
 The cases were typical cases of pleurorpneamouia, and all those appearances were 
 present which were recently accepted by the International Veterinary Congress held 
 at Brussels as characteristic of contagious pleuro-pueumonia. In most cases a whole 
 lung was hepatized; the inflammation was of different ages, showing the jirogressive 
 character of the disease; the interlobular tissue was greatly distended with the exu- 
 dation, and the pleurisy was intense. According to an official report, dated October 30, 
 the number of animals known to have been exposed was 104, and the number of sick 
 ones that had been killed or had died was 46. A semi-official report of the present 
 hionth ])laces the number destroyed at 70. It is now believed that the disease has 
 been entirely overcome, and that the State of Penasylvania is free from it. 
 
 In Maryland and the District of Columbia there are many infected herds in which 
 a comparatively large number t>f auinuils annually coutract the disease. Uy direction 
 of the Commissioner of Agriculture a reliable Inspector was sent to Baltimore late, 
 in October, to learn the condition of the stables there as regards this disease. 
 
 Nineteen stables, containing 39'S animals, were examined. In twelve of these the 
 infection was admitted; one had lost more than 200 animals within three years; 
 others had lost heavily for years; 12 sick animals were found, 18 recent deaths were 
 admitted, and 3 sick cows had just been sold or exchanged. This number of sta- 
 bles comprises but a small part of those in the vicinity of Baltimore, but it is believed 
 that the number is sufficient to demonstrate the presence and dangerous character of 
 the disease. We have no information of pleuro-pueumonia in the country districts of 
 Maryland at any great distance from the cities. 
 
 One or more herds uear the District of Columbia have recently lost a number of 
 cows, audat latest accounts had some sick. Within the District, without making any 
 regular inspection, three infected herds have been found where from 3 to 6 animals 
 are admitted to have been lost within the year. lu Virginia there are stables from 
 which auiuialshave recently been lost with sj^mptoms of this disease; but none of these 
 could be secured for examination, and therefore we can not be positive in regard to 
 the nature of the disease. 
 
 RK.\SONS FOR BELIEVING IT CONTAGIOUS. 
 
 The first great reason for believing this to be contagious pleuropneumonia is the 
 fact that nowhere in the country outside of the comparatively small strip of territory 
 stretching from Connecticut to Virginia, and east of the Alleghany Mountains, have 
 any cases been found which bear any close resemblance to the disease under consid- 
 eration. If this disease were the result of climatic causes, or if it were produced by 
 imi)r(>per food and care, then we should certainly find it distributed over the whole 
 country, or at least in all of those paits of it where similar conditions exist. It can- 
 not be originated l»y the manner of stabling and feeding cows near our Eastern cities, 
 for substantially the same conditions exist at Rochester, Buflaio, Cleveland, Detroit, 
 Chicago, Saint Louis, Cincinnati, and other Western cities, and no veterinarian has 
 
 5751 D A 2 
 
18 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 been able to find any similar cases of disease there, althoujjli special inspection has 
 been made bj^ competent persons. 
 
 The disease is not confined to stable cows, however, nor to those seasons of the year 
 when acute lung diseases can be accounted for by the inclemency of the weather. 
 The outbreak referred to in Connecticut occurred in the summer, in a country district, 
 and where the cattle were running upon nice pasture fields. The extensive outbreaks 
 in New Jersey and Pennsylvania also happened in summer, and were in the best farm- 
 ing districts of these States. 
 
 In this connection attention is called to the ff^ct that in the State of Pennsylvania 
 about ninety hei'ds have been infected since March, 1879, and that notwithstanding 
 the appointment of special agents in every part of the State, and the investigation of 
 all cattle diseases wherever found, there was no disease resembling pleuro-pneumonia 
 discovered except in eight of the sixty-seven counties of that State. The remaining 
 fifty-nine counties liave been free from any suspicion of this plague. What is even 
 more significant is the fact that these counties are not distributed over various parts 
 of the State, but that they join each other, and are all in the southeastern corner of 
 the State, where there is the greatest danger of infection by cattle brought from Phil- 
 adelphia and Baltimore. With seventeen of these herds the infection was traced to 
 cattle from Baltimore or other points in Maryland; with twenty-one it was traced to 
 Philadelphia ; with ten it was traced to cattle from herds in Pennsylvania known to 
 be diseased. 
 
 The most favorable conditions of life were not sufficient to protect the cattle where 
 this disease was introduced. I have already mentioned that a number of the out- 
 breaks referred to occurred during the summer, and that the animals were running 
 upon irreproachable pasture fields. Many of the affected cows were young and in fine 
 condition. In Connecticut a Jersey bull, less than two years old, and two steers fit 
 for beef, were among the victims. Again, the disease as we see it here does not occur 
 in isolated herds a single case at a time, as does non-infectious lung disease, but when 
 it enters a herd a majority of the cattle are affected sooner or later. Some of the 
 herds in Brooklyn and Baltimore have been losing cows from this jilague for years, 
 and one near the latter city, where but about fifty cows were kept at a time, has lost 
 between 200 and 300 cows within three years. 
 
 These instances, all recent, are referred to, not as all the evidence bearing on this 
 point, but simply as examples of what has been occurring for years past; and it is 
 believed that they cannot be explained on any other hypothesis than the contagious- 
 ness of the disease. 
 
 DANGER GREATER THAN EXTENT OF INFECTED TERRITORY AND NUMBER OF DISEASED 
 
 ANIMALS WOULD INDICATE. 
 
 Glancing over the territory which I have stated to be infected, it must be con- 
 fessed that it is not extensive — a single farm with perhaps five animals in Connecti- 
 cut, about four counties in Now York, as many in New Jersey, two or three counties 
 in Maryland, and possihly a few stables in Delaware and Virginia. 
 
 In most of tlie infected herds there are but one or two sick animals at a time, and 
 frequently there are none; for whei'e the disease has existed for a certain time tiie 
 suscejjtible aniTiials die off and only those which possess a certain immunity from it 
 remain. 
 
 As about 20 per cent, of all the animals exposed are able to resist the contagion in- 
 definitely, a herd of comparatively insusceptible cattle is in time acquired, and the 
 time necessary for this is shortened both in Baltimore and Brooklyn by the practice 
 of inoculation. 
 
 But these stables and grounds remain infected, and a large portion of the new cows 
 brought into them contract the disease unless they are previously protected by inoc- 
 ulation. The practice of inoculation does not destroy the infection; on the other 
 hand it keeps it up, but it eriahles dairymen to keep their cows in infected stables 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19 
 
 without great loss, wbeu without it more than half of the uew cows brought into then 
 would surely die. 
 
 Another fact of great importance brought out by the experiments of the French 
 pleuro-pneumonia commission is that about 30 per cent, of the animals exposed to this 
 disease show no symptoms of it beyond a slight cough. Snch animals are probably as 
 dangerous toothers as those which have it in a more severe form, and yet they can be 
 transported to various parts of the country without exciting the least suspicion. 
 
 Tlie auinuil which is supposed to have caused the outbreak in C(mnecticnt was prob- 
 ably in this «on(litiou, as a careful examination of her luugs did not enable the veter- 
 inarians to detect any evidences of the disease ; and yet pleuro-jineumonia existed 
 in thestal)le from which she came, and her admission iuto the new herd was followed 
 by the seven cases that have been mentioned. Similar instances are referred to again 
 and again by the veteriuarians of every country where the disease exists. 
 
 These infected districts, though small, are then a real danger to the whole country, 
 because all the way from Connecticut to Virginia there is a large and increasing num- 
 ber of herds of thoroughbred cattle, which are frequently ship])ed to the West and 
 sonie of which have from time to time been infected with this disease. Fortunately, 
 the owners of thoroughbred cattle have generally had too much regard for their repu- 
 tation to ship cattle when there was any disease in their herds, and the common cat- 
 tle have not been sent to a sufficient distance to do much harm. 
 
 But with the increased price of cattle a large number are being shipped from the 
 East toward the West, and the danger of carrying the disease is consequently increas- 
 ing. If the car-load of cattle shipjjed from Baltimore to Chester County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, had gone to the ranges of the West, they might have done irreparable harm. 
 Again, the thoroughbred Jersey cow which went from an infected stable in New Jer- 
 say might as readily have been shipped to the W^est; and I have been informed that 
 if the Connecticut outbreak had occurred a few months later one or more of theherds 
 would have been sent, according to contract, to a Western State. Now, while it is 
 true that i)leuro-pneimionia has existed in the East for forty years without having 
 been carried to the West, it mnst be admitted, from what has occurred so many times 
 in Pennsylvania and Connecticut, that there has been danger of this, and that this 
 danger is increasing with the larger number of cattle now being shipped in that direc- 
 tion. No doubt this danger has been exaggerated, but the fact that there is danger, 
 and that the disease once carried to the AVestern herding grounds would probably be 
 beyond our control, if we can judge from the experience of Australia and South Af- 
 rica, issufticient to show the importance of grappling with it while it can be so easily 
 handled. The rapidity with which a disease spreads on these ranges, when once in- 
 troduced, is illustrated by an occurrence of last summer in Southwestern Texas. A 
 drove of cattle brought a commuiiical)le dist ase to that section, which the army sur- 
 geons believed to b(> contagious ])leuro-i>uenmonia ; but before any careful examination 
 could be made several hundred cattlehad died, and a large territory was infected. For- 
 tunately, investigation showed that this was not pleuro-pneumonia, buta disease which 
 does not outlast a single season of the year. If it had proved to be pleuro-pneumonia, 
 would it not have been a national calamity ? With a large territory already infected, 
 with no numey and no power to control the disea.se, and occurring in summer months, 
 before the State and national legislative bodies would convene, it is difficult to see 
 how any etfcctive measure coulil have been adopted. 
 
 TIIK INKl'FICIENCY OK STATE ACTION. 
 
 Though a number of attempts have been made by the States now infected to rid 
 themselves of pleuro-pneumonia these have generally or always tailed, because for 
 various reasons the work was not thoroughly done. We saw the State authorities 
 of Connecticut unable to exterminate the disease a few months <ago, when but a sin- 
 gle herd contained sick animals. The stables of Brooklyn were never under com- 
 plete supervision, and some could not be entered by the inspectors even when the 
 
20 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 State of New York was most active in tlio endeavors at extirpation ; and tliougli the 
 autliorities of New Jersey have been engaged at the same task for five years, the State 
 has probably never during that time been entirely free from pleuro-pnenraonia. 
 In Maryland the assertion has been made again and again that there were no cases 
 of this disease in tlie State, and yet during any jjart of this time a thorough inspec- 
 tion could not have failed to reveal a considerable number. At best the attempts of 
 the States have been spasmodic; and while one State was earnestly striving to accom- 
 plish something a neighboring one would allow the shipment of diseased cattle, and 
 counteract the influence of the foruu»r. As a rule, therefore, State action has never 
 been thorough, and the lack of unity of action between the States has prevented any 
 lasting benefit even when much has been accomplished. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF THE WOKK BEING DIRECTED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVEKN- 
 
 MENT. 
 
 A national direction of the work for the extermination of •pleuro-pneumonia 
 would overcome at once the discouraging features which have done so much to pre- 
 vent the eftbrts of the individual States from being effective. With inspections in 
 every infected State the shipment of diseased cattle would soon cease; new out- 
 breaks would thus be prevented, and the danger which has so long menaced the 
 great cattle interests of the country would be removed. The work would be more 
 thorough and energetic, because those engaged in it would not be directly or indi- 
 rectly dependent upou the good-will of the interested cattle owners for their posi- 
 tions, and the plea of inability to pay for the diseased cattle which ought to be 
 slaughtered would also be overcome. These have been the principal obstacles to the 
 success of State action, and practically they are so great as to make it next to im- 
 possible for the States alone to free themselves from this i)lague. 
 
 THE PRESENCE OF PLEURO-PNEUMONIA COSTS ANNUALLY MORE THAN WOULD BE 
 NECESSARY FOR ITS DESTRUCTION. 
 
 Owing to the presence of pleuro-pueumonia in the United States, every steer shipped 
 to Great Britain nmst be slaughtered withiu a certain time on the wharf where he is 
 landed. This restriction upon the export cattle trade is said by competent authori- 
 ties to make the price of our steers average $10 less than similar animals shipped from 
 Canada. With over 100,000 beeves going abroad every year, this makes a loss of 
 $1,000,000 annually, or enough to clear our country of the disease. Besides this, there 
 are the continual losses which are going on in the infected districts, and the disturbed 
 condition of trade from the many false alarms in regard to the spread of this disease, 
 the entire annual losses being estimated by good authorities as high as $3,000,000. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF INVESTIGATING OTHER DISEASES. 
 
 The proposition of establishing a permanent bureau for investigating the communi- 
 cable diseases of anin'ials is a matter of the greatest importance. While we have no 
 more disease than other countries in proportion to the number of our animals, the 
 enornu)us development of our live-stock industry has luade the question of contagious 
 diseases one of peculiar interest to us. The cause of these plagues, which has been 
 an impenetrable mystery during all the past ages of the w^orld, is being revealed by 
 the science of to-day, and the infiuitely small organisms which are able to produce 
 such terrible havoc in our flocks and herds are at last being brought under subjection 
 themselves, and their study has revealed much of the greatest value to us in our 
 •warfare against them. A country with so much at stake, with millions of dollaivs an- 
 nually swept away by this class of maladies, cannot affoi-d to be idle. Other nations 
 which have nuich less cai)ital invested in animals than we have, see the necessity for 
 this work and are making ])rovisions for it; and it is to the credit of our country 
 that wo we're one of the first to enter this field, and that results have been accom- 
 plished which will bear comparison with the investigations of any other country. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 21 
 
 But while much has been done, while niillious of dollars have already been saved to 
 our fanners by the facts thus far discovertid, we have only made a begiuuinj; iu the 
 great work that is before us. Some of the most importaut diseases affecting our ani- 
 mals are still mysteries to us, and though they are distributed over large territories 
 and decimate the live stock, we are ignorant of their cause; we do not know how 
 thej^ are kept up from year to year ; we have uo means of combating them, and the idea 
 of freeing ourselves from their ravages has scarcely dawned upon us. A striking ex- 
 ample of the necessity of such work is seen in the recent investigations of Texas cattle 
 fever. This disease has been advancing and infecting new territory for a century, 
 and uutil the last year or two we knew nothing about it, and our best informed vet- 
 erinarians and stockmen did not suppose that it was found in one-fifth of the terri- 
 tory which it has actually overrun. These were points which it was necessary to un- 
 derstand before either legislative bodies or individuals could adopt intelligent meas- 
 ures for preventing the annual losses which have been most discouraging to the cattle 
 Industry in large sections of the coiintry. And with every disease there are equally 
 iiui)ortant points still to be investigated. 
 
 The laboratory and experiment station which have been fitted up during the past 
 summer under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for investigating con- 
 tagious diseases, make it possible to attempt the solution of questions which were 
 formerly beyond our reach. The laboratory contains the most improved apparatus 
 for such investigations, much of which was constructed according to new designs, es- 
 pecially for this work, and it is safe to saj^ that the facilities here are now equal to 
 those possessed by investigators of similar diseases in any country, and in some re- 
 spects they greatly surpass them. 
 
 In conclusion, I would say there is not a department of original research or of agri- 
 cultural investigation in regard to which there is more pressing need for development 
 than this, and none which promises to effect a greater saving. Our losses are now 
 heavy, but they must increase as our animal population increases, as new diseases are 
 introduced, and fresh areas are infected. But it is not alone a question of dollars; the 
 investigation of animal contagia must throw new light on those human plagues which 
 'u our country alone sweep a <|uarter of a million of human lives out of existence each 
 year. Some of these animal diseases are communicable to man, and have a greater 
 influence over our health and lives thau is generally supposed, and any means of con- 
 trolling them cannot fail to have an important influence on humau health as well. 
 
 ENZOOTICS OF ERGOTISM. 
 
 Early in March, 1SS4, a diseas(3 aniouj;- the cattle of Coffey County, 
 Kansas, which was supposed by certain veterinarians to be foot-and- 
 mouth disease in a most virulent form, was brought to the attention of 
 the officers of that State ; and such exag-gerated accounts were sent to 
 the press from day to day as to cause a feeling- of insecurity and alarm 
 among all engaged in the live-stock industry of the West. The 3d of 
 March, Dr. Wilhite visited the farm of Mr. Daniel Keith, located in Cof- 
 fey County, 4 miles northwest of Neosho Falls, and pronounced the 
 trouble among his catthi to be foot andniouth disease. The sanui day 
 Governor Click telegraphed as follows : 
 
 ToPEKA, Kans., March :?, 18f^4. 
 Hon. (iKO. B. Louixo, 
 
 Coinmisniouer of AgricuUurc. 
 
 A very malignant disease has broken out among the cattle in Neosho County, this 
 State. It is supposed to be the foot-and-mouth disease. The feet become sore and 
 
22 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 soon rot off. The disease sometimes extends to the knees. Over a liundred animals 
 have been attacked in a few days. Great consternation among the cattle owners. 
 Can your De[)artuient send here a competent veterinary snrgeon ? No one here can 
 advise what to do. 
 
 G. W. GLICK, Governor of Kansas. 
 
 Two days later the following dispatch was received : 
 
 ToPEKA, Kans., March 5, 1884. 
 Hon. Geo. B. Loring, 
 
 Comviissioner of Agriculture : 
 Veterinary surgeon reports disease of which I advised yon tobefoot-aud-month dis. 
 ease. 
 
 G. W. GLICK, Gorerrior of Kansas. 
 
 Ou the receipt of this dispatch, and similar representations by the 
 Senators from Kansas, Dr. M. R. Trambower, a veterinarian whose pre- 
 vious reports of various diseases had leil us to put great confidence, in 
 bis knowledge and judgment, was directed to proceed at once to Neosho 
 Falls, and make an early report in regard to the nature of the disease 
 among cattle which was said to exist at that i)lace. He started on the 
 6th, but could not reach the aftected farms until the 9th of March. 
 
 In the mean time, at tht- request of the governor. General Augur de- 
 tailed Dr. Holcombe, of the arjiy veterinary service, to make an im- 
 mediate investig tion. In company with the governor, the secretary 
 of tilt' State Board of Agriculture, and a delegation of citizens from 
 Emporia, Dr. Holcombe reached Neosho Falls March 6, and after a hur- 
 ried examination of the Keith, G-oodrich, and Bearl herds he rei)orted 
 that the disease was the genuine epizootic aphtha of Europe. The fol- 
 lowing dispatch was received at the Department of Agriculture the 
 same day : 
 
 Neosho Falls, Kans, March 6. 
 Hon. Geo. B. Lohixg, 
 
 Commissioner of AgricuJture : 
 Veterinary surgeons A. A. Holcomb and A. H. Wilhite have to-day made an exami- 
 nation of the infected cattle, and pronounce it foot-and-mouth disease. Over 100 
 Lead are affected, but the disease is contined to stock cattle on a half dozen farms. 
 
 G. W. GLICK, Governor of Kansas. 
 
 When Dr. Trumbower reach d Neosho Falls, he found an excited 
 throng of people who urged upon him the necessity of making an im- 
 mediate diagnosis, and relying rather upon the represent itions of others, 
 which in many important respects i)roved to be incorrect, than upon 
 what he was actually able to see, and a careful judgment bas -d upon 
 this alone, he was led to concur in tlu' opinion of the professional gen- 
 tlemen who had been upon the ground for the i)reciHling three or four 
 days. 
 
 On Mar(;h 10, Dr. Holcombe made his formal report to the governor, 
 in which occurred the following sentence: 
 
 That it is (oot-and-niouth disease cannot l)e di)ul)ti(Ml whtMi the symptoms are cou- 
 sider«Ml ; for to recai)itulat(», the various cases sliow vesicles and ulcers of the mouth ; 
 A'esidesand ulcersiii thecleft ofthe hoof; suppuration and sloughing atthefoot ; ulcers 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF UOMESTICATKD ANIMALS 23 
 
 of the rectuui ; vesicles aud ulcers of the udder; diarrhea; a temperature varyiug 
 from 101 to 104.4 degrees Fahr., and the most remarkable emaciation even in cases 
 where the appetite is good. 
 
 TLe excitement now became so great that by your direction I left 
 Washington, March 13, to investigate the nature of the disease and to 
 see what action, if any, was necessary to hold it in check. At Chicago 
 I learned of what was supposed to be a similar outbreak at EflQugham, 
 111., and was requested by Dr. Kauch, secretary of the State Board of 
 Health, and by others largely interested in the cattle industries of the 
 State, to make an immediate investigation. The condition of affairs iu 
 Kansas, however, was so urgent that I concluded to press on as rapidly 
 as possible. 
 
 I reached Topeka March 15, and immediately had an interview with 
 the governor and \\ ith the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. 
 1 was informed by both that the malady was undoubtedly foot-and- 
 mouth disease, but that it was so quarantined that there was little 
 danger of its immediate extension ; and at the request of the governor 
 I proceeded the following day to Pawnee County, to iuvestigate a sup- 
 posed outbreak of pleuropneumonia. I found the cattle there to be suf- 
 fering from chronic indigestion, the result of feeding too exclusively for 
 a long time on dried sorghum with a probably insufficient water supply. 
 
 I at once returned, reaching N^eosho Falls March 19, and after a care- 
 ful investigation was able to telegraph you on the2l8t that the afltection 
 was not foot-and-mouth disease, but that it had been produced by local 
 causes and that there was no danger of its spreading. 
 
 Returning through Topeka, I reported my conclusion to the governor 
 and was informed that experiments would be made with susceptible an- 
 imals to decide the nature of the disease. I was invited to assist iu 
 these experiments, and at first decided to do so, but 1 soon learned that 
 the investigation necessary to satisfy Dr. Holcombe, who had just been 
 ai)i)ointed State veterinarian, Avas such as to require much more time 
 than 1 could give to it. I accordingly visited Kirksville, Mo., by your 
 direction, where I found an outbreak of the same disease as existed at 
 Neosho Falls, and from there returned to Washington. 
 
 In Kansas I met Professor Stalker, of Iowa, Professor Faville, of Col- 
 orado, Colonel Groom, of Texas, and Dr. Hopkins, of Wyoming, who 
 had been commissioned by their, respective States to report on the nat- 
 ure of the disease and the necessity of quarantining all cattle, sheep, 
 and ])igs from Kansas. 1 was also requested by the secretary of the 
 Illinois State board of health to inform him if there was any necessity 
 for his State to adopt similar measures. Fortunately, each of these 
 States received a report that foot-and-mouth disease did not exist in 
 Kansas, and what threatened to be an almost complete suspension of 
 the live-stock business of the West was averted. There is no doubt, 
 however, that the cattle industry suffered a considerable loss from the 
 
24 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 excitement. The market became mistoad.y, the price of cattle declined, 
 and buyers became exceedingly cautions. 
 
 Ai)ril 9 I received information that Dr. McEachran, principal of the 
 Montreal veterinary school aiul live-stock inspector for Canada, had vis- 
 ited Neosho Falls, Kans., and BflQiigham, 111., as the representative of 
 the Canadian Government, and positively asserted that the malady at 
 both places was the real foot-and-mouth disease of Europe. April 10, 
 a telegram from the State agent for Kansas of the United States De- 
 partment of Agriculture conveyed the information, that the State vet- 
 erinarian had just reprted to the governor that six healthy cattle co- 
 habited with the sick animals had all contracted the disease, and that 
 further experiments by inoculation would at once be made. A letter 
 from the governor of the same date, received two days later, contained 
 similar statements. A few days later still an item appeared in the press 
 dispatches from Washington, stating that "a private dispatch was re- 
 ceived here to day from the governor of Kansas, saying that cases of 
 sickness among cattle which had been most carefully examined had 
 turned out to be true foot-and-mouth disease. He was afraid that 
 some cases had got in the herds. There was an attempt made at first 
 to keep the matter quiet, but the information was deemed such as should 
 go to the public." 
 
 It now seemed that a repetition of the former excitement and panic 
 Was about to occur, and by your direction I visited Kansas a second time 
 with instructions to make such experiments as might be necessary to 
 demonstrate the non-contagious nature of the disease beyond question. 
 I reached Emi)oria April 20, and was there met by a telegram from Ne- 
 osho Falls asking me to join the State veterinarian and Professor Law 
 at the governor's office on the morning of the 22d. Not intending to 
 turn backward until the difference of opinion was conclusively settled, 
 I telegraphed in reply requesting these gentlemen to meet me at Em- 
 poria on their way to Topeka. This they did on March 21, and I had a 
 conference with them, at which the State veterinarian admitted that all 
 attempts to convey the distase by inoculation upon cattle, rabbits, and 
 sheep had failed ; that the second experimental lot of cattle which 
 had cohabited with the first lot when they were supposed to be suffer- 
 ing with foot-and-mouth disease had not been in the least affected ; 
 that the foot symptoms of the first lot had only been noticed with two 
 animals, were very slight and of exceedingly short duration ; and that, 
 finally, whatever the disease might be, it was not the continental foot- 
 and-mouth disease. 
 
 After receiving this infurmation I returned to Topeka, attended the 
 meeting of the livestock commission in the governor's office, when the 
 State verterinarian rei)orted that the malady at Neosho Falls was not 
 the foot-and-mouth disease, and the governor sent out a (lisiiatch to 
 the same effect. 
 
 On my way to Washington I visited the herds in the vicinity of Effing- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 25 
 
 ham. 111., examined the cattle and the food and assnred myself that the 
 disease there was identical with that in Kansas and Missouri, and that 
 it was in every case traceable to the ergot which existed in great abund- 
 ance in the hay. 
 
 SITUATION OF THE AFFECTED HERDS AND BRIEF HISTORY OF THE 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 The cattle disease in Kansas which recently attracted so much atten- 
 tion from its supposed identity with the contagious foot-and-mouth dis- 
 ease of Europe, was first noticed in the herd of Daniel Keith about the 
 23d or 24th of December, 1883. Mr, Keith's farm is located 4 miles 
 northwest of Neosho Falls. The first to sicken were some yearlings, 
 which were noticed in the morning standing " humped up," with droop- 
 ing heads and jerking the hind feet in a peculiar manner. These would 
 walk but little and would soon lie down. Within two or three days 
 they were inclined to lie continually. The feet were examined and found 
 free from mud ; the interdigilal space was described as red, swollen, 
 and sensitive, the toes spread apart. The feet began to swell at the 
 coronet, or as high as the fetlock; a line of separation was established, 
 and pus appeared within two or three days from the first symptoms. 
 The mouths were not examined, but the animals were supposed to be 
 eating all right. 
 
 On or about December 10, Mr. Keith had purchased 63 head of year- 
 lings of Mr. Davis, all of which had been gathered within a radius of 10 
 miles. Two cows and 6 yearlings were bought of Alexander Linn, 1 
 niile down the river from Neosho F'alls. This lot of yearlings were said 
 to have sickened within a few days after their arrival on the Keith farm ; 
 it is believed that some were sick within three days and that all were 
 suffering within a week, and during this time they had been fed on 
 shelled corn and mowed oats. There appears to be some doubt as to 
 how severely they were affected, whether they were all attacked on the 
 same day, and the exact number of days they were on the farm before 
 showing any symptoms. While it was asserted that they ate no hay it 
 was admitted that there was probably some hay in the racks. Eight 
 other animals were purcliased about the same time of neighbors living 
 within 2 or 3 miles. 
 
 By January 1 he had between 20 and 30 head sick, a number of 
 new cases being observed each day. JNIarch Dr. Trumbower tbuii<l a 
 red yeailing steer with a very hot mouth, mucus membranes much 
 reddened, a vesicle the size of a dime on the soft pahite, and two smaller 
 ones on the tongue. There was also a small ulcer on the mucous mem- 
 brane of the rectum ; the temperature was 104.4° F. ; the animal was 
 lying down, and when for(;ed to rise it moved very stifHy, but there was 
 no swelling of the feet. The following day the vesicles were found 
 ruptured, in their place was a deep, red cavity which bled when touched. 
 Temperature still 104.4o. March 20 this animal appeared well. 
 
26 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The cattle on this farm were divided into two lots, which were in ad- 
 joining inclosnres, and were separated only by rail fences. The second 
 lot contained 40 two-year-old steers, purchased about November 1, and 
 was free from disease until February 28, though some of these had 
 broken through the fence at times and mingled with the diseased part 
 of the herd. March 10 about 10 or 12 animals in the second lot were 
 sick. Three days later Dr. Trumbower found 2 that would lose all four 
 feet. At this time there were 118 head of cattle on the farm, of which 
 74 were more or less affected. Nine animals had one foot off, 4 had two 
 feet oft', 1 four-j'ear-old cow lost both hind feet and a toe from one fore 
 foot, 3 others were affected in but one foot, 6 in two feet, and 1 in three 
 feet. In nearly all that showed lameness there were more or less mouth 
 symptoms. 
 
 Across the road, and nearly opposite to Mr. Keith, lives Edward Hind- 
 man. It was here that the cattle belonging to A. C. Goodrich were lo- 
 cated. The 10th of March this herd numbered 96 head. The first 
 animal affected was a milch cow, noticed to be lame January 10. No 
 other cases occurred until February 14 or 15, when one v^as seen to be 
 lame in the morning after a heavy ice storm. The following morning 
 16 were lame. After that he disco veered new cases almost daily, aud on 
 March 14, when they were separated from the well ones, 65 head were 
 affected. March 19 the most sev^ere cases were as follows : 18 animals 
 had lost both hind feet, 5 had lost one hind foot, 1 had lost both hind 
 feet aud one fore foot, and 1 had lost all of its feet. Seven of the others 
 were lame in the hind feet, and the remainder of the 65 head affected 
 were more or less lame. 
 
 In each of the above-mentioned herds the sick animals at the time of 
 my visits, March 19 and 22, had small erosions of the mucous membrane 
 of the mouth, and 2 or 3 had hard yellowish crusts in the same situa 
 tion an inch or more in extent. In no case were these sufficient to in- 
 terfere with mastication. This lesion was more noticeable in the old 
 chronic cases than in the recent ones. 
 
 The third herd which contained diseased animals was located about 
 2^ miles from those already mentioned. It belonged to J. W. Beard. 
 This herd containt^d 70 head of animals, and 3 cows and 2 steers are 
 all that have been affected. All had been running together until the 
 disease was noticed, when the sick were separated from the well The 
 first syini>toms were observed on the 17th of February, when a cow was 
 seen to he lame. The second one to go lame was a cow bought of Mr. 
 Keith and brought to the farm February 18 — she became lame about 
 the 22d or 29th, accounts diftering between these dates. The third one, 
 a steer, became affected March 1. The fourth was a cow observed to 
 be sick March 1 or 2. It is reported that she slavered very profusely. Mr. 
 Beard states that he examined her mouth and found it very red and the 
 tongue covered with little })imples. At ten o'clock next morning she 
 died. This animal had not been lame. The fifth one was taken about 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF 'DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 27 
 
 the same time. It was lame in one foot, became better, was affected iu 
 a second foot, and was entirely recovered trom lameness by March 11. 
 At this time Dr. Trnmbower found several small sores and discolored 
 spots in the mouth, and the temperature was 102.5 degrees, or very 
 nearly the average of cattle in health. The highest temperature found 
 by Dr. Trnmbower was that of the cow purchased of Mr. Keith, which 
 reached 102.8 degrees — a point too low to indicate fever with any cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 The fourth and only remaining herd in the neighborhood of Neosho 
 Falls was that of Christian Pribberuow, whose farm is located on Owl 
 Creek, 30 miles southeast of the town. There were on tiiis farm 183 
 head of cattle, and but 16 have shown any signs of the disease. This 
 herd was made up as follows : 54 j'earlings, 24 two year-old steers, 13 
 two year-old heifers with calf, 15 three-year-old steers, and 77 cows and 
 heifers. The yearlings had been put in a separate pen and fed on oats 
 and corn-fodder — none of these were affected. Three api)arently well 
 animals were lassoed and examined ; their mouths contained small 
 erosions and discolorations of the mucous membranes. The tempera- 
 ture of one, thought to be slightly lame, was 101 degrees; that of another, 
 apparently in perfect health, was 103 degrees. Six of the affected ones 
 have either lost their feet or have them in such condition that they will 
 surely separate from the legs, and 2 others have lost digital bones. 
 None of these animals have shown salivation or loss of appetite; but 
 the mouths contained erosions and discolorations similar to those seen 
 in other herds. 
 
 At Hall's Summit, a distance of 20 or 25 miles north from Neosho 
 Falls, George K. Smith owned 2 cows. About February 1 one became 
 lame; there was noticeable slavering and loss of appetite for several 
 days. This cow calved February 2 ), and Dr. Trnmbower saw her March 
 17, when the calf appeared well but small. The cow was reduced to a 
 skeleton. Her right hind leg had broken off half way between the fet- 
 lock and hock joints, carrying with it the lower half of the metatarsal 
 bone. The left hind leg was separating at about the same point. One 
 toe of the left fore foot was coming off at the first joint. 
 
 Near Hartford, some 20 miles northwest of Neosho Falls and 15 miles 
 west of HalTs Summit, was the farm of Mr. O'Toole, where aiu)ther out- 
 break of disease occurred, showing precisely the same symptoms. The 
 animals at this place were reported to have been killed before my visit, 
 and consequently 1 did not see the herd. Dr. Wilhite, as I was in- 
 formed, thought the first cases appeared about January U). The tirst 
 animals attacked were yearlings. Soon after all the calves becanu^, af- 
 fected in the same way. Then the large steers in the feedijig pen were 
 attacked. 
 
 About the middle of March the governor of Kansas sent a veteri- 
 narian to investigate a disease which was reported to exist in Osborne 
 Conntv. Accordinu' to verbal information which I received from the 
 
28 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 State officers while at Topeka, this disease was substantially the same 
 as that which existed at Neosho Falls. The distance between these two 
 points must be at least 175 miles in a direct line. 
 
 After investigating- the disease in the neighborhood of Neosho Falls, 
 1 proceeded as directed to Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri, to visit 
 herds at that pla(;e rei)orted to be affected with foot-and-mouth disease. 
 On March 27 1 was at the farm of William Bragg, who lived 5 miles 
 south of Kirksville. The disease in this section was first noticed here, 
 but later (3 other herds, within a radius of 4 miles, have had affected 
 animals. The only new animal introduced on the Bragg farm was a 
 steer bought- in the neighborhood about December 20. This was one 
 of the first to sicken, but there was no disease on the farm from which 
 it came. A cow that had been purchased a month earlier sickened 
 about the same time. This was in the latter part of January. The 
 weather had been extremely cold early in January, and reached 10° or 
 12° below zero at other times during the month. 
 
 At the time of my first visit there were 4 animals lying in the stable. 
 One cow had lost a hind leg from about half way between the hock and 
 fetlock joints; the bones had separated at the latter joint and the meta- 
 tarsal bone protruded half its length beyond the flesh. The other hind 
 leg was dividing at the fetlock joint. Six inches at the end of the tail 
 was gangrenous, and was being separated from the remainder of the 
 organ. There were a number of abrasions and small discolored spots in 
 the mouth. A second cow had a healthy mouth; both hind feet were 
 lost at the coronet, and the tip of the tail was gangrenous. A steer, 
 probably two years old, had lost both hind feet at the fetlock, about an 
 inch of the tail was lifeless, and the mouth contained a number of sores 
 and discolorations. A second steer was in almost precisely the same 
 condition. A third steer was walking around the yard, very lame, and 
 had a large slough of the tissues on the ijosterior surface of the fetlock 
 joint. A fourth steer in the pasture had both limbs as high as and in- 
 cluding the fetlock joint stiff and cold. Still another aninml was lame 
 in the hind limb. Seven herds within a radius of 4 miles had suffered. 
 Six abortions were reported. 
 
 April 24 and 25 I visited a number of the diseased herds in Effingham 
 and adjoining counties in Illinois. The farm of Lemuel Faunce is situ- 
 ated 10 mUes northeast of Effingham and one and one-half miles Irom 
 Montrose. The first cases api)eared in the latter part of December, and 
 began with diarrhea and other signs of digestive disturbance. There 
 were 21 head of cattle on the farm and no new ones had been purchased 
 at the time of or immediately preceding the outbreak. Two cows, each 
 of which li^d both liiud legs affintted, had been killed before my visit; 
 1 steer has a hind limb off at the fetlock; another has a clear line of 
 demarcation formed at the fetlock, the i)art below being gangrenous; a 
 bull has lost both toes from one foot and one toe from the other; 2 other 
 animals were very stiff. One steer had two at^.acks and another had 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 29 
 
 three attacks of lameness, and the hitter entirely recovered. The ani- 
 mal that was first to suffer still had sores, i. e., erosions of the mucous 
 membrane on the upper lip and gums exactly like those which I saw 
 when examining the affected cattle at Neosho Falls and at Kirksville, 
 though four months had elapsed since the appearance of the disease. 
 Some of the sick ones had slavered and smacked the lips, showing that 
 the mouth was quite severely affected. 
 
 The horses on this farm had also been troubled with an eruption in 
 the mouths which had caused salivation and loud smacking of the 
 tongue and lips. These were now entirely recovered, though slight 
 evidences of the sores on the lips were still visible. The horses were 
 seen to have lost appetite in January or early in February. The last 
 of February sores were observed in the mouths, and it was six weeks 
 before these healed. Only one hog was kept, though many of the 
 neighbors' hogs had been continually running around the pastures. 
 None of these had been affected. 
 
 Three miles north and 1 mile west of Mr. Faunce's farm, Mr. Dubroc 
 had yearlings in a high, dry lot, in which was an out-house for shelter, 
 parly filled with hay. All of these we're affected and all recovered. 
 There were here 160 head of cattle, only 8 or 10 of which, all told, were 
 lame. Ten or 12 goats were running with the cattle, but remained well ; 
 the two places mentioned above were so situated on different roads that 
 there was little if any passing from one to the other, and the outbreaks 
 were therefore indejiendent of each other. 
 
 Other cases of the disease occurred on the farm of Mr, John Mason, 
 who lives near Wheeler in Jasper County. This gentleman owned 120 
 head of cattle, of which 17 had been affected. Six animals were so bad 
 that they had been killed; 2 others remained, one of which had lost a 
 foot, and the second one would lose both of the jiosterior feet at or 
 above the fetlock; a part of the tail of this one was also gangrenous. 
 Nine others had been more or less lame but had lost no limbs. On this 
 farm and in close proximity to the cattle were 25 horses and mules, 100 
 hogs and 40 shee]), all of which had been free from disease. 
 
 In the town of Wheeler, a single family cow was found with the lower 
 parts of the posterior limbs separating as a result of dry gangrene. 
 This seemed to be the only sick animal in the town. 
 
 Mr. Keating, who lives G or 8 miles from Effingliam, had also suffered 
 from the same disease. His herd consisted of 4.5 young cattle and 
 cows. None of the cows were affected, and it is worthy of remark here 
 that they had been fed upon hay harvested in 1882. The young cattle 
 were fed ui)on the crop of 1883, and of these 8, which were in a very bad 
 condition from the loss of their limbs, had been killed ; two others were 
 still alive with the feet off' at the fetlock. About half of the 45 young 
 cattle were more or less affected. There were 60 sheep and a number 
 of hogs on this farm, none of which had shown any signs of disease. 
 The cattle here were atticked about the 8th of Januarv. 
 
30 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 These farms are nieutionecl as examples of what had occurred at sev- 
 enteen or ei^liteen different places that I learned of within a radius of 
 15 miles from Eftingham. As a matter of great interest connected with 
 this subject, I was informed by a number of people that there had been 
 a greater number of al)ortions among mares, and more cases of difficult 
 parturition during the past winter and spring than was ever known 
 before. 
 
 Other herds were reported on good authority to be affected in the 
 same manner at different points in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and Col- 
 orado. 
 
 CLASS, CONDITION, SURROUNDINGS, AND CARE OF THE ANIMALS. 
 
 All the diseased animals on the farms visited by me were stock cattle 
 in medium to thin condition. Those worst affected, in which one or 
 more limbs were separating as a consequence of dry gangrene, had 
 evidently lost much flesh during the progress of the disease. There 
 were no fat cattle on any of these farms. At Mr. O'Toole's it was said 
 by those who visited the place the fattening cattle were attacked as well 
 as the stock cattle and calves. 
 
 On most of the farms there were cattle of all ages — calves, yearlings, 
 two-year-olds, three-year olds, and cows. The calves and yearlings 
 seemed to escape in a greater degree than the older cattle. In the 
 Goodrich herd were 20 calves which occupied a lot through which the 
 other animals were frequently driven to water and into which some of 
 the lame ones were jdaced. This lot was separated by an open fence 
 from that in which were kept the worst diseased animals of the herd, 
 and yet not one of the calves suffered in the least. At Pribbernow's 
 were 54 yearlings running with the other cattle, and from which the 
 worst affected ones were only separated by a rail fence, and all of these 
 escaped. At Keith's were 2 young calves sucking diseased mothers, 
 but themselves in good health. Here also were hogs and a litter of 
 young i)igs running in the same lot with the sick cattle, but tree from 
 any signs of disease. At Kirksville sheep had been running with the 
 cattle and were also healthy. In Illinois, sheep, swine, and goats 
 mingled with the affected herds with perfect safety. 
 
 The winter has undoubtedly been a severe one upon the stock of the 
 Western States, and the cattle were consequently somewhat below the 
 average ccmdition at this season of the year. The appearance of the 
 disease cannot be explained by this fact, however, since thousands of 
 healthy herds were in worse condition than those on the farms in ques- 
 tion. Some of these herds, and noticeably that of Goodrich, were in 
 much better than average condition; they had evidently been well fed 
 and cared for. 
 
 There was nothing in the surroundings of the affected animals which 
 would explain the development of the disease. The feeding lots in 
 most cases were unusually dry and the disease had appeared at a time 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 31 
 
 when all mud was frozen solid. The soil did not continin enough alkali, 
 even at Neosho Falls, to make it at all probable that this could have 
 been the exciting cause of the disease. As is usual in the management 
 of cattle at the West, the herds were without shelter. At Keith's the 
 cattle lots were in a ravine protected by timber; on some of the farms 
 there was little protection of any kind. Such a condition, however, is 
 so common that it could not be regarded as having much influence in 
 the production of this trouble. All of the affected herds seem to have 
 received ordinarily good care. Keith had fed some of his cattle shelled 
 corn and mowed oats in addition to hay. Pribbernow had fed his year- 
 lings on millet, oats, and corn- fodder, and consequently they had eaten 
 less hay. Beard had fed shocked corn. In Illinois, Keating had fed 
 liberally on corn. On most of the farms the water was very good, but 
 probably deficient during the cold weather. Keith had pumped water 
 from his well; Goodrich's cattle drank from a pond ; Beard's from the 
 river, and Pribbernow's from a creek. It was necessary to cut holes 
 through the ice and these would soon freeze over; consequently, it may 
 be admitted that in most cases there might have been a deficiency of 
 water. 
 
 When the animals first became lame it was supposed that mud had 
 collected between the toes, and. becoming hard, was producing irrita- 
 tion. The animals were caught and their feet cleaned, but this had no 
 effect on the development of the disease. It is evident that the atii- 
 mals w^ere cared for as well as is ordinarily the case in this section of 
 the country, and tliat the slight deficiency of water and the exposure 
 to cold were accessory rather than the exciting cause of the disease. 
 
 SYMPTOMS AND CHARACTERS OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 The first symptoms of disease in the Illinois epizootic were diarrhea, 
 lameness, stiffness of the lower joints of the aifected limb, and coldness 
 and insensibility of the same parts. In Kansas this derangement of 
 the digestive a])paratus was not noticed. At all the places visited, how- 
 ever, the lesions of the feet were of a common character and were i)ro- 
 duced by a common jirocess. In the more severe cases a constricted 
 band formed around the limb at the point separating the gangrenous 
 from the living flesh. So marked was this constriction that some of the 
 owners looked upon it as the initial lesion of the tlisease and cut across 
 it with a knife in the hopes of re estal>lishing the circulation. It is 
 needless to say that this hope was delusive, since the i)art below the 
 constriction was entirely lifeless before this was fornu'd. The constric- 
 tion was the first step in the eftbrt of nature to rid the body of i>arts 
 that were of no further use to it. 
 
 The next step in the process of separation was a crack in the skin at 
 the upper edge of the band of constriction, which gradually extended 
 toward the center of the bmb, the softer parts dividing first and the 
 tendons and ligaments resisting much longer. Generally this separa- 
 
32 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DJMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tiou was ill the vicinity of a Joint, and in this case, as the lower mem- 
 bers of the limb were lost a comparatively even surface was left which 
 healed readily. Some animals lost only a toe, the dividing line passing 
 through the joint between the os pedis and oscoronce ; others lost both 
 the OS pedis and os eororice ; still others lost the three lower bones, and 
 the line of se])aration passed through the fetlock joint, while in the 
 most severe cases the line of constriction formed at the upper third of 
 the metatarsal bone and the fleshy parts sloughed oif, leaving the un- 
 covered bone protruding for more than half its length. Plates Y and 
 VI are drawings made from limbs which I secured in Kansas. 
 
 It was reported by some of the veterinarians that small vesicles were 
 formed in the interdigital space and about the coronet, and this was 
 doubtless true, as such vesicles are not uncommon in gangrene ; but 
 their appearance was far from being the rule, as I did not succeed in 
 finding a single one in all the animals that I examined. In nearly all 
 of the cases, whether the foot was affected with dry gangrene or whether 
 there had been simply lameness without death of the part, the skin of 
 the interdigital space and about the coronet was perfectly preserved- 
 There was loss of neither epidermis nor hair, as there certainly would 
 have been had the disease commenced by a superficial inflammation in 
 this region and extended to deeper parts of the foot or to higher parts 
 of the limb. Indeed there were no abscesses, no burrowing of pus, no 
 ulceration about the feet, which could lead one for a moment to sup- 
 pose that the cause of the disease had commenced its action externally 
 and extended gradually to the interior of the limb. On the other hand, 
 the fact that the skin was intact in the great majority of cases, that the 
 part was cold and insensible almost from the first, and that the line of 
 separation passed entirely through the limb, removing one or more 
 phalanges as completely as it could have been done with a knife, was 
 sufficient evidence that the disease had an internal origin. 
 
 The gangrene was not confined to the feet, however, for in Kansas, 
 Missouri, and Illinois there were individual animals which were losing 
 from 2 to 6 inches of the lower part of the tail by exactly the same 
 process. The portion below the dividing line was very dry and hard, 
 while the line itself was sharply defined, as though it had been a knife- 
 cut. With the greater part of the animals afl'ected in the feet a careful 
 examination of the end of the tail revealed a slough of greater or less 
 extent; sometimes it was simply the skin at the tip that was affected, 
 but oftener one-half inch, 1 inch or 2 inches would be found discolored, 
 lifeless, and dry. In a very few cases a part of the ear was found in 
 the same condition. 
 
 One of the most interesting features of the enzootic, because it had 
 not been heretofore described, was the implication of the mucous mem- 
 brane of the mouth. With some animals this was limited to a more or 
 less diffuse red discoloration, without loss of substance. More fre- 
 quently there were circumscribed dark red spots or patches, from a 
 
Plate V. 
 
 Marx from Nature 
 
 A.Hotmt Ca.tiTtiscair^^'::. daltimore. 
 
 ERGOTISM f KANSAS ) 
 
Plate MI. 
 
 Marx from Nature 
 
 A Kosnl Co.liThQCAiii^tic Bdltin 
 
 ERGOTISM ( KANSAS) 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 33 
 
 fourtU of an inch to an inch in diameter. Very often there was loss of 
 substance — erosions from a third to a half inch iu diameter. Some of 
 the veterinarians reported that they had discovered blisters iu the 
 mouths, and it is not unlikely that these erosions in their first stages 
 were more or less vesicuhirin character, butl was not fortunate enough 
 to see them in this stage at auy of the places visited. In some animals 
 the part of the membrane that was being lost was still attached by 
 shreds, in others it was entirely removed, but iu no case did I see any- 
 thing of the nature of a vesicle. None of the erosions jireseuted the 
 appearance of ulcers, or showed any considerable inflammation. They 
 ■were dark colored, the borders were not elevated, and the surrounding 
 blood-vessels were neither prominent nor injected. It appeared to be 
 only the superficial layer of the membrane that was interested. 
 
 In a very few animals a lesion of a different character was observed 
 in the month. In these cases an irregular patch of mucous membrane 
 from 1 to 2 inches iu diameter was elevated, corrugated upon its surface, 
 hard, iuseusible, and of alight color, tinged with pink and yellow. It 
 seemed to be a circumscribed gangrene of the nuicous membrane, the 
 dead parts being partially decolorized by soaking in the fluids of the 
 mouth. 
 
 There was also an evident irritation of the mucous membrane of the 
 posterior parts of the alimentary canal and organs of geueration. 
 That covering the rectum and vagina was generally red, covered with 
 mucus, and ])resented spots denuded of the epithelium. In Missouri 
 «ix cases of abortion iu cows were reported, and in Illinois there were 
 many cases of abortion and difficult parturition with mares. 
 
 The constitutional symptoms were not very marked. The temperature 
 of the animals which I examined was about normal, with the exception 
 of a few from which one or more limbs were sloughing and with which 
 there was suspicion of septic poisoning. Drs. Holcombe and Trnm- 
 bower observed high temi)eratures (104 to 104.8 degrees) iu some cases 
 in the early stages of the aft'ection. 
 
 In those animals which recovered after showing lameness there was 
 no loss of substance or inflammation of the skin as would have resulted 
 from freezing to a sufficient depth to cause lameness. In these animals 
 the lameness and stiffness of the lower joints were the only symptoms 
 of the disease in the feet, though the same animals frequently showed 
 erosions in the mouths. 
 
 EVIDENCE POINTINCr TO ERGOT AS THE CAUSE. 
 
 In each of the herds which I visited, with the single exception of 
 Beard's, there were fyi)ical cases of dry gangrene of the extremities, 
 •with an evident i)reference for the posterior limbs. In the most severe 
 ■cases there was complete death of the leg as high as the middle por- 
 tion of the metatarsal bone. This dead part was sharply defined, 
 first by a constriction ami later by a cra(;k from the living flesh above. 
 5751 D A 3 
 
34 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 It was not a death of the superficial structures alone, but the skiu^ 
 teudous, and bone were all involved, aud every part of the leg be- 
 low the line of separation just referred to was completely lifeless. A 
 study of these legs showed very clearly that the disease had not begun 
 at the hoof or in the iuterdigital space and progressed upward, for these 
 parts had not been changed by disease of any kind [)revious to the death 
 of the whole affected part, which had evidentlj^ occurred very suddenly. 
 To iny mind this condition made it very plain that the trouble was not 
 the result of any disease which had begun in the interdigital space, or 
 in the skin around the coronet. There could be no mistaking the fact 
 that the worst affected animals presented tyjncal cases of dry gangrene^ 
 and the problem to be solved was to determine which of the conditions 
 that these animals were subjected to would satisfactorily account for the 
 enzootic. When we turn to veterinary literature for information in re- 
 gard to the accepted causes of dry gangrene, we learn that there are 
 verj' few agencies which are liable to affect a number of animals at a 
 time and are capable of producing this effect. Compression, burning^ 
 caustics, plugging of blood-vessels, and ergot about completes the list 
 of those that would be at all likely to produce dry gangrene in young 
 animals, and of tiiese the last is the only one that could have possibly 
 been instrumental in develo])ing the outbreaks in the West. 
 
 The peculiarities of the disease led me to examine the feed to learn if 
 any nnusual quantity of ergot could be found. The result of this ex- 
 amination was to show that at every one of the farms where the dis- 
 eased cattle were located, hay had been fed which contained one or 
 more grasses ergotized to an extreme degree. At Keith's, Beard's, and 
 Pribbernow's, in Kansas, there was a large proportion of wild rye {Eli/- 
 miis virglnicuH^ variety suhmutieus) which contained an extraordinary 
 quantity of ergot. In many heads half the grains and in other heads 
 every grain had been replaced by the fungus. Careful weighings of 
 heads brought to Washington, and from which some of the ergot had 
 been lost in transit, gave in one case 12 per cent., and in another 
 case 10 per cent., as the proportion of ergot. Now, if the head repre- 
 sented one-half the weight of the entire plant, from 5 to 6 i)er cent, of 
 the weight of the rye must have been ergot; and if one-tifth of the 
 weight of the hay was made up of wild rye, then a 20-i)ound ration o 
 hay would contain about 4 ounces of ergot. 
 
 As is always the case w^here an attempt is made to account for resulti 
 when the conditions affecting these have not been intelligently observe^ 
 aud carefully recorded at the time, we found some apparent discrepan 
 cies in the ergot theory. The greater part of these have been explaiuei 
 in a remarkably satisfactory manner, and if we could know every cir 
 cumstance connected with the feeding and care of the animals for thirty' 
 or forty days preceding their illness, doubtless the most critical could 
 be satisfied as to the cajase of the disease in every subject. As we are 
 compelled, however, to rely upon the more or less defective memoriea 
 
 I 
 
;/ 
 
34 
 
 ;)o»u' were nil 
 
 Of Hi ii. 
 
 .,.,f l.'.vi 
 
Plate TH. 
 
 Marx from Nature 
 
 A.HoeniCo.liitiocaustic, Baltimore. 
 
 ERGOT IN HAY. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AXIMALS. 35 
 
 of the owners of the cattle, who, of course, did not make their observa- 
 tions in tlie light of subsequent developments, we must accept the 
 situation as we find it and consider ourselves fortunate if a connection 
 can be traced between cause and effect in the greater part of the cases. 
 An exact estimate could not be made of the quantity of ergot in a given 
 quantity of the hay in Kansas, but the weight of ergot in the heads of 
 ■wild rye indicated this very closely. The head shown in Plate Vll, Fig- 
 ure 3, is a good representation of this plant as it existed in the hay.. 
 
 In jMissouri the hay was made up mostly of red top {Agrostis inihjaris)\ 
 but also contained some blue grass and timothy. The red top and 
 blue grass contained a very large proportion of ergoted grains, and an 
 occasional head of timothy was also affected. Figures 1, 2, and 4, Plate 
 VIE, are drawings from specimens of these grasses taken from the hay- 
 racks at which the diseased cattle were eating. 
 
 In Illinois the hay was almost entirely composed of red top, and this 
 contained a relatively large amount of ergot. Careful weighings o£ 
 specimens of this hay and the ergot which it contained, from two of ther 
 worst affected farms, demonstrate that every 75 pounds of hay contains- 
 1 pound of ergot ; or, in other words, an animal eating 20 pounds daily 
 of this hay consumed 4.2 ounces of ergot. Doubtless this quantity 
 might be taken daily for a considerable time without i)roduciug ap]jre~ 
 ciable effects under some conditions, but when the circulation in the 
 extremities is diminished bj" extremely cold weather, and when in ad- 
 dition to this the water supply is limited then ergot iu this dose, coa- 
 tinned day after day, becomes very dangerous. 
 
 In Kansas I examined the hay on adjoining farms where no disease had 
 appeared, and 1 found a very much smaller proportion of ergot. At the 
 Dibble farm, which joins Keith's, one might examine a dozen heads of 
 rye without finding a grain of ergot, and the same was ti ue of hay found 
 in the town of Xeosho Falls. Iu Illinois, at two farms, I saw hay of the 
 cro]) of 1882 aiul also that of 1883, and while the former contained some 
 ergot the latter contained a greatly increased proportion. It had beeni 
 noticed by the i)eoj)le here that the red-top hay of the crop of 1883, for 
 some unexplained reason, was greatly inferior ; that animals neither 
 relished it nor thrived when led upon it, and it sold for $3 a ton when 
 other hay would bring 810. At Keating's the animals fed on the hay 
 of 1882 escaped the disease entirely, while those fed upon the hay har- 
 vested in 1883 alone suffered. 
 
 Evidently the year 1883 was a favorable one for the production of 
 ergot over a very large area of the Western States, but the local condi- 
 tions of soil and situation and the time of cutting the hay' had a very 
 great inflncice on its «1ovelopinent. All of the ergoted hay of the 
 affected farms in Kansas was cut from bottom lands, and in Missouri 
 and Illinois il was grown on very level prairies the drainage of which 
 was very inii)erfe(;t. Again, the early cut hay was comparatively free^ 
 when that allowed to ripen was badly affected. 
 
36 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 In brief, then, our reasons for considering tlie disease to be ergotism 
 were, first, tlie character of tbe lesions, which were such as have always 
 been ascribed to ergotism in the past, and as could scarcely be produced 
 in so many an i nulls from any other known cause; and, secondly, the 
 extraordinary proportion of ergot found in the food of the animals on 
 every affected farm. 
 
 It is very probable that the cold weather had a considerable influence 
 in developing the effects of the ergot, and the greater part of the cases 
 were first noticed during or soon after such weather. Many cases oc- 
 .curred soon after a severe ice storm or sleet. Again, with the appear- 
 ance of milder weather new cases ceased to appear, although the same 
 bay was still being fed. The two or three new cases in Missouri were 
 the only excei)tions to this statement. 
 
 I have no doubt, therefore, that the cases which I investigated, and 
 the similar cases which occurred about the same time in other localities, 
 were cases of ergotism. Professor Law, of Cornell University, Profes- 
 sor Stalker, of the Iowa Agricultural College, and Professor Faville, of 
 the Colorado Agricultural College, have seen similar cases in their re- 
 spective States, and concur in the opinion that they are due to poison- 
 ing from ergot. 
 
 CHARACTERS WHICH DISTINGUISH THIS DISEASE FROM EPIZOOTIC 
 APHTHA, OB FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 
 
 History. — The foot-and-mouth disease of Europe is a specific fever which 
 only arises by contagion from other affected animals. In the whole his- 
 torv of America there have been no spontaneous outbreaks of this disease, 
 and in Euro|>e the conviction is growing stronger every year that it has 
 no other cause than contagion. We may accept it, therefore, as a fact 
 that foot-and-mouth disease cannot occur in the United States except 
 by the introduction of virus from abroad. 
 
 When a disease having some resemblance in its symptoms to foot-and- 
 mouth disease is found in the interior of our country, more than a thou- 
 sand miles from the ports .where the contagion must necessarily be in- 
 troduced, it becomes a matter worthy of the most careful consideration 
 to determine if there was any means by which this contagion could 
 have been transported to the affected herd. When a contagious dis- 
 ease is spread broadcast over a country it may be difticult or impossi- 
 ble to trace many outbreaks ; not so, however, with a single outbreak 
 produced by so virulent a contagion as that of the disease under con- 
 sideration. In such a case it would be remarkable if it could not be 
 traced. 
 
 In the present instance the animals of the affected herds had been 
 purchased or raised in the neighborhood ; no foieign animals or i)eople 
 had been upon the farm where the first attacks occurred. Foreign cat- 
 tle had for a long time been quarantined at the sea-board a sufficient 
 time to make it impossible that this disease could have been carried by 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 37 
 
 tliem to the West. It was absolutely iiupossible to fiud auy satisfac- 
 tory manner b}' wbicli a foreign coutagiou could bave been introduced. 
 
 This important indication seems to bave been greatly neglected iu 
 deciding ni)()n the nature of the disease in Kansas. It was said if this 
 is foot-and-mouth disease we must acknowledge that we have it, whether 
 we can trace its introduction or not. Plausible as this reasoning may 
 seeni we must admit that it is not always an easy matter to diagnose a 
 disease ott'-hand from its superficial characters. And in the diagnosis' 
 of contagious diseases we must remember that the symptoms are but 
 the expression of the effects of the virus, and that these symptoms 
 may be simulated more or less closely by other agencies acting upon 
 the animal economy. 
 
 The history of the origin of any disease believed to be contagious is, 
 then, a most important part of the evidence to be taken into considera- 
 tion before a diagnosis is reached. We may take contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia for example. Many cases of this disease resemble so closely 
 spontaneous inflamnuitions of the resi)iratory organs iu cattle that it is 
 absolutely necessarj' before a diagnosis can be reached to inquire if the 
 contagious pleuropneumonia has been introduced or if the malady occur- 
 red spontaneously. The same principle holds good to a greater or less 
 extent with other diseases, and it may be safelj' asserted that when the 
 history does not receive proper consideration many mistakes will be 
 made that otherwise might be avoided. 
 
 Confaf/iovsness. — Thevirus of foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most 
 active contagions know^n. The period which elapses between exposure 
 and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease is, as a rule, 
 but two or three days; a very large proportion of exposed animals be- 
 come diseased, and the plague spreads rapidly from farm to farm. As 
 a result of these characters, within a week after the introduction of 
 foot and-mouth disease into a herd nearly every animal in that herd 
 shows unmistakable evidences of having contracted it. A very snuiU 
 proportion of the animals may resist the contagion, but this proportion 
 is much less than with most other contagious diseases, and is so small 
 that it does not affect the rule just mentioned. 
 
 The disease at Neosho Falls showed very different characters from 
 this. Goodrich's herd suffered in the largest proportion. Go out of 90, 
 or 68 per cent., being more or less affected. The first case here 
 occurred January 10, and no others until February- 15, or more than 
 a month later. After this new case.s continued to develop for two or 
 three weeks. But in a lot adjoining that in which the sick cattle 
 Mere placed there were 20 calves, which remained entirely free from 
 disease. The isolation of these calves was not sutlicient to iiold foot- 
 and-mouth disease in check for a single day; it was even said that the 
 sick cattle had been driven through the calf lot to water, and that some 
 of the smaller ones, when attacked, were placed with the calves. 
 
 At Keith's 74 out of a total of 118, or 03 per cent., were affected. 
 
38 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 At the end of the first week but 20 or 30 liead had been attacked, and 
 from this time new cases continued to appear until March, or during 
 a period of two months. Here also it is to be remembered that in a 
 lot of animals sei)arated from the sick ones by a simple rail fence 
 there was no appearance of disease until two months after it had at- 
 tacked the first lot. Hogs were running in the lot with the worst cattle; 
 they even ate the blood of the slaughtered ones and nibbled at the 
 affected feet, but they did not suffer in the least. A sow had brought 
 forth a li:ter of pigs in a shed which forms a part of the inclosure, and j 
 these were doing well. Two calves were sucking mothers under the 
 iutiuence of the disease but were themselves in good health. 
 
 At Pribbernow's only 8 per cent, of the animals had been attacked, j 
 and among a lot of 54 yearlings running with the other cattle there was 
 not one case of disease. 
 
 At Beard's, in a herd of 75, the first animal was lame a week before j 
 the second was affected ; and then another week passed before the 
 others showed any symptoms. Here only 6 per cent, of the cattle on 
 the farm were attacked, and one died within twenty hours from the ap- 
 pearance of the first symptoms. 
 
 At Kirksville the proportion of animals that suffered was not defi- 
 nitely ascertained, but there was no evidence of contagion, and sheep 
 running with the affected cattle remained healthy. 
 
 In Illinois, on the Fauuce farm, the horses suffered from an eruption 
 in the mouth. The exact nature of this disease it was impossible to 
 ascertain at the time of my visit. It may be remarked, however, that 
 horses seldom suffer from footand mouth disease; and that this is the 
 only case which came under my notice on any of the affected farms 
 where any other animals than cattle showed symptoms that were even 
 suspected to be in any way connected with the disease among the cattle. 
 In this instance the eruption in the horses' mouths could not have re- 
 sembled foot-and-mouth disease very closely, for it lemained at least 
 six weeks, or three times the period of the latter disease. Here the 
 neighbors' hogs which were running around the farm failed to contract 
 any disease or to carry it to other farms. 
 
 At Mr. Mason's there was still more striking evidence to show that 
 tlie disease was very different from epizootic aphtha. One hundred hogs 
 aud 40 sheep had been exposed, and not one suffered. Only 17 bovine 
 aainials out of 120, or about 15 i)er cent., showed any signs of the dis- 
 ease. At Keating's, 00 sheep and a number of hogs were exj)osed but 
 all remained well. At Dubroc's, goats were exposed without suffering. 
 
 The disease, therefore, did not resemble foot-and-mouth disease either 
 in the proportion of the animals attacked or its rate of extension, or in 
 attacking other species of animals than cattle. | 
 
 Occurrence at the same lime on icideli/ separated farms. — If foot-and- 
 month disease had been introduced into the heart of the country in any 
 of the extraordiiuiry ways which were offered to explain its appearance, 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED IXIMALS. 39 
 
 we surely cauiiot couceive of its being brought to so mauy widely sep- 
 arated i)oiuts at about the same time, especially where there had beeu 
 no communication between these places. In Kansas there were the 
 Keith, Goodrich, and Beard herds which might be grouped together; 
 14 miles from these was the Pribbernow herd; 20 miles from any of 
 these was the cow at Hall's Summit; across another space of 15 
 miles was the O'Toole herd ; then it was necessary to travel nearly 200 
 miles to reach the Osborne Countj" cases. Again, the same disease un- 
 doubtedly existed at several points in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. 
 There had been no communication between these places, and if we 
 assumed that they were the result of a foreign contagion it was neces- 
 sary to conclude that a considerable number of independent introduc- 
 tions of this had occurred at very nearly the same time. This assump- 
 tion, in view of the difficulties in the way of introducing a contagion to 
 the interior of the country, and the impossibility of tracing such intro- 
 duction at this time, was so improbable that it could scarcely be ad- 
 mitted even if all other evidence had pointed to foot-and-mouth disease. 
 
 Comparison of symptoms. — The symptoms of foot and-mouth disease 
 are constitutional and local. The constitutional symptoms are loss of 
 ai)petite, elevation of temi^erature, and other signs common to fevers. 
 The local symptoms consist in an eruption of blisters in the mouth, be- 
 tween the toes, about the coronet, and on the udder and teats. In order 
 to understand the difference in symptoms between the recejit disease in 
 the Western States and foot-and mouth disease, it is necessary to ex- 
 amine each of those points separately. 
 
 The constitntional symptoms. — In foot and-mouth disease there is usu- 
 ally a very marked increase of temperature, reaching from 104^ to 107°. 
 At iS'eosho Falls the temperature, as a rule, did not exceed what might 
 reasonably be expected in health. Some of the perfectly healthy year- 
 lings had a temperature of 103°, while that of most of the sick ones was 
 below this point. One of the steers in the early stages of disease at 
 Keith's showed 104.4° on March 0, which was about the highest point 
 reached by any. In foot-and mouth disease there is loss of appetite and 
 difficulty of swallowing, but here the universal testimony was that the 
 appetite had remained good throughout and there was no trouble iu 
 mastication or swallowing. In Illinois there were marked symi)toms of 
 digestive disturbance, and the disease was ushered in by diarrhea. 
 
 The mouth syinptoms. — In foot-and-mouth disease there is an eruption 
 of blisters on the mucous nuMubraues of the lips, gums, tongue, and 
 palate, which are numerous and i)ainful. Often they unite with each 
 other and form large patches, from which the covering becomes detached, 
 leaving ulcerous patches of a bright red color and of great sensitiveness. 
 It is almost impossible for animals in this condition to oat hay or other 
 dry food, and it is necessary to support them with gruel. Such animals 
 stand, making a peculiar and rather loud smacking noise with the lips 
 and tongue, griiuling the teeth and slavering i)rofuse]y. In Jvansas the 
 
40 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 mouth symptoms were iiinch less severe tbau this, but two or tbree- 
 animals were reported to Lave bad any salivation or auy difSculty in 
 eating bay. Some of tbe moutbs presented erosions, wbicb were mostly 
 small, very superficial, and without auy appearance of ulceration. I did 
 not see a single blister, but a few of these were reported by those who 
 visited the herds at an earlier date. Tbe lesions which I saw in the 
 moutbs seemed to be due rather to a softening of the mucous membrane 
 tbau to vesicatiou ; and I was assured that tbe appearances did not 
 differ materiall^^ at the time of my visit from what they Mere when the 
 veterinarians first saw them. In one or two animals there were large 
 patches of thickened mucous membrane of a yellowish color, bard and 
 diflicult to detach. Healthy herds in the vicinity were visited, and in 
 the mouths of these cattle were found discolorations and erosions very 
 similar to, though less extensive than, those seen iu the sick ones. In 
 Missouri some of the cattle had the mouths involved to a greater degree 
 than any I saw iu Kansas, but others with equally bad feet had per- 
 fectly sound mouths. Here I saw pieces of mucous membrane becom- 
 ing detached, but no blisters. Figures 1 and 2, Plate X, show tbe 
 highly inflamed condition of the ulcers in the real foot-and-mouth dis- 
 ease. 
 
 The cattle in Illinois still had erosions in their mouths as late as April 
 24, which were identical in appearance with those 1 saw in Kansas. The 
 steer which first came down with the disease ou the Faunce farm, and 
 which had consequently been affected about four months, showed these 
 about as plainly as any animals I saw in Kansas. In foot-and-mouth dis- 
 ease the eruption disappears iu from two to three weeks, and the animal 
 is convalescent. Before proceeding to Kansas and Illinois the second 
 time, I visited the herds at Portland, Me., which had been affected with 
 foot-and-mouth disease. Tbe contrast was very striking. Although the 
 cattle in Mame had not showed the disease until the second week iu 
 February', they were on the IGth of April in apparently good health. 
 There were no longer any, sores in tbe mouths or on the feet. A week 
 later than this I found cattle in Illinois tliat sickened iu December and 
 still had as marked mouth symptoms as could be found in any of the 
 Western herds. 
 
 The feet symptoms. — Tbe interdigital si)aces and tbe coronet are the 
 seat of tbe eruption in foot-and-mouth disease. ^STot only is there red- 
 ness, heat, and swelling in these parts, but there is formation of blisters, 
 loss of ei)itbelium, and a secretion from tbe whole affected surface of" 
 the skin. Tbe appearance of tbe feet with sheep and cattle baviug this 
 disease is shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Plate IX. Sometimes abscesses 
 form beneath the boru, from which the pus may burrow and cause the-] 
 loss of tbe hoofs, or even affect tbe liga-ments and joints. But severe-" 
 complications in the region of the foot do not occur except from this 
 cause. With tbe cattle which I visited, the feet presented a very dif- 
 ferent appearance. Some of tbe limbs were separating, as a couse- 
 
 J 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 41 
 
 quence of dry gaugrene, lialf way between the fetlock aud hock joiuts, 
 with the skiu of tlie foot still in perfect condition, though dead. In 
 otbeis the separation occurred at the fetlock, aud in niauj' others at the 
 joints below, but not as a consequence of the burrowing of pus. In- 
 deed, very little pus was to be. seen in any of the feet. It is not rare to 
 see the horn of one or both toes lost in foot-and-mouth disease, but it 
 would be remarkable for the whole toe, inchiding the bone, to slough 
 oft", as occurred so frequently here. I did not see a case where the hoof 
 was lost without a loss of the bone at the same time. The complete 
 death of the foot to the fetlock, or even higher, as occurred in all the 
 worst cases in the West, is altogether unheard of in foot-and-mouth dis- 
 ease. While there was redness, heat, and swelling above the line of 
 separation, I saw no appearance of blisters between the toes or around 
 the coronet. A large proportion of the affected animals were simplj^ 
 lame, and had neither blisters nor sores about the feet. Finally, the 
 disease was generally confined to the hind feet, or, if it attacked a 
 forefoot, it was only after both hind ones were affected. Foot-and- 
 mouth disease has no such decided preference for the posterior extrem- 
 ities. 
 
 The eruption on the udder. — In only one case that I have heard of in 
 the West was there any appearance of an eruption on the udder of the 
 affected cow. This was a cow belonging to Mr. Keith, the young calf of 
 which died, as was supposed from the effects of the disease contracted 
 from its mother. I am unable to account for the sores which evidently 
 existed on the udder of this cow, not having seen her until they were 
 nearly healed. There is also considerable doubt as to the cause of the 
 calf's death. Certain it is that an eruption of blisters ou the udder is 
 an extremely common occurrence in foot-aud mouth disease (Fig. 3, 
 Plate X). In the West, however, a considerable number of cows were 
 affected, and but one had any symptoms of this kind. 
 
 Iveviewing these symptoms, we can see that tlie disease which I in- 
 vestigated had few if any characters in common with foot-and-mouth 
 disease. Among the whole number there was not a single animal which 
 presented the typical characters of this plague. There did not appear 
 to be a single animal which presented even the typical mouth symptoms, 
 or the typical feet symptoms of that disease. The history, the charac- 
 ters, the symptoms, everything connected with the disease, led us to 
 conclude, therefore, that it could not be the contagious foot-and-mouth 
 disease. 
 
 CHARACTERS WHICH DISTINGUISH THIS DISEASE EROM FOX'L-IN-THE.- 
 
 FOOT. 
 
 The disease known as foul -in- the foot, and often called foot-rot, has 
 its origin in the skin of the interdigital space. It begins as a superfi- 
 cial inflammation, which is followed by sloughing, ulceration, supi)ura- 
 tion, the burrowing of pus, and the formation of sinuses. By this pro- 
 
42 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 cess the diisease may gradually exteud beneath the born of tlie toes and 
 toward the deeper parts of the foot, until the tendons, bones, ligaments, 
 -and articulations are involved. In extreme cases it may even extend 
 to or above the fetlock joint. Steel, in his new work on the " Diseases 
 of the Ox," sums up this characteristic of the disease as follows: 
 
 Thus the pathological coiulitious of this disease are. at first, the existeuce of iiiflaui- 
 ination in the interiligital siibstuuce, which may be partially removed by sloughing, 
 then the presence of pus beneath the hoof-horn, boring and forming simple sinuses, 
 which extend outwards and burst on the surface. The patient is very lame, and the 
 digits are separated from one another in a remarkable manner. 
 
 That is, foul begins between the toes, forms sores there, and these 
 slowl^^ extend by ulceration and the burrowing of pus. Neither in 
 Kansas, Missouri, nor Illinois were any such pathological characters as 
 these seen. There was sudden and complete death of a toe or of a foot, 
 or in some cases of a leg as high as the hock joint ; the disease showed 
 no tendency to extend, but was limited by a groove around the limb, 
 which soon became a crack, and the affected portion was sloughed off. 
 There was no burrowing of i)us, no ulceration, and when the lifeless 
 portion of the limb had sei)arated, the stump healed as readily as could 
 be expected. The disease was dry gangrene beyond question, and dry 
 gangrene is not produced by foul-in-the-foot. 
 
 Again, those who so confidently pronounced the disease to be foul, 
 overlooked the gangrene of the tails, which was present in a large num- 
 . ber of cases, and was most marked in those animals in w'hich the feet 
 were most severely affected. 
 
 Finally, the digestive disturbance and the lesions iu the mouths were 
 too evidently connected with the disease iu the feet to be left entirely 
 out of consideration. 
 
 It is surprising that two diseases having such different symptoms 
 could be confounded, and the mistake of such a number of competent 
 veterinarians cau only be explained on the supposition that the ex- 
 iimination was hurried and superficial, and that ergotism among ani- 
 mals has received but little attention ni English-speaking countries. 
 
 OB.JECTIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN URGrED AGAINST THE THEORY OF 
 ERGOTISM IN KANSAS. 
 
 When we first diagnosed the disease at ISTeosho Falls to be ergotism, 
 we were met by the objection that ergotism could not occur without 
 ergot in the food, and that this condition did not exist on the affected 
 farms. It lequired but a few miuutes inspection of the hay racks, how- 
 ever, to satisfy the most skeptical that the hay at Keith's, Beard's, and 
 Pribbenu)w's contained a large quantity of ergot in the wild rye which 
 made up a considerable proi)ortion of tlie forage. And subseciuent ex- 
 amination has proved its existeuce nearly ever}' where that this disease 
 occurred. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 43 
 
 The second objection was that erg'ot did not produce dry gangrene in 
 animals; and tliis statement lias been repeated again and again by 
 professional men who certainly ought to have known better. The quo- 
 tations from standard authorities as to the effects of ergot and the 
 historical compilation contained in other sections of this report will be 
 sufficient, I believe, to satisfactorily dispose of these assertions. 
 
 Again, it was said that it required enormous quantities of ergot to 
 produce appreciable effects on cattle, and even if it could in that case 
 cause dry gangrene, the quantity found in the Kansas hay was totally 
 insufficient to account for these results. To this I reply that ergot in 
 different seasons is known to differ widely in its poisonous qualities ; 
 that certain conditions, such as extremely (;old weather and deficiency 
 of drinking water, undoubtedly increase its effects in a verj^ important 
 degree, and that, finally, we do not know how much is actually neces- 
 sary to cause dry gangrene. Careful estinuites of tlie quantity of ergot 
 In the hay in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas show that these cattle must 
 have taken with their food from 3 to 4 ounces of this poison each day. 
 The dose of ergot recommended by standard veterinarj" authorities as 
 safe for medical purposes is about one ounce for grown animals, but it 
 is not expected that this would be used for more than one or two days 
 together. The diseased cattle, therefore, had taken from three to four 
 full doses of ergot a day, and continued this for days and weeks. Con- 
 sidering that the action of ergot is to diminish the caliber of the blood- 
 vessels, that the gangrene of the extremities is directly traceable to 
 deficient blood supply, and that atmospheric cold also has a marked 
 tendency in this direction; that, in addition to all this, the drinking 
 X)laces were frozen over, and the holes that were cut through the ice 
 were only kept open a short time each day, it would appear that the 
 conditions were very favorable for the development of ergot poisoning. 
 
 Then it was reported that the outbreak in Osborne County was cer- 
 tainly the same disease, and that the cattle had been pasturing on green 
 rye and consequently could not get ergot. A few impiiries brought out 
 the fact, however, that the rye pasture had only been in use for three 
 weeks, while the disease had appeared at least six weeks previously. 
 There was no reliable information as to what these cattle had been 
 eating before the appearance of the disease, and the forage was not 
 examined by any competent person. 
 
 "If this disease is due to ergot i^oison," says one gentleman, "why 
 then is this the first outbreak, since the Kansas farmers have fed this 
 same kind of hay to their cattle from the first settlement of the State?" 
 But who knows that they have ever before fed hay containing as much 
 ergot? In Europe the enzootics of ergotism have t\t times been a cen- 
 tury apart, ami it is a well kiu)wn fact that it is only in occasional years 
 that these enormous quantities of ergot are produced. Tiien how can 
 it be known that this is the first outbreak of the disease in Kansas ? 
 Cattle have frequently suffered with the same symptoms in Xew York, 
 
44 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Pemisylvania, Iowa, and Missouri, and why uot also in Kansas? Wlio 
 outside of the immediate vicinity of the suftering herds would have 
 heard of the outbreak under consideration had it not been for the mis- 
 taken diagnosis that led the country to fear the presence of a dangerous 
 contagious disease ? 
 
 Again, would not this reasoning apply to any supposed cause of the 
 disease as well as to ergot ? No matter what produced the disease, if 
 such an outbreak lias never occurred before it might be said with just 
 as much force, "Why, then, is this the tirst outbreak?" 
 
 "Again," the same gentleman goes on to say, "on Mr. Goodrich's 
 farm, where the disease prevails, the lands are improved by cultivation, 
 and there is no ergotized rye in his hay. Yet out of 90 cattle, 40 headi 
 of young stock are reported affected with the disease." This fact was; 
 the most troublesome of all I had to contend with in making my diag- 
 nosis, and I appreciated its importance perhaps as much as ray critic* 
 could have appreciated it. The gentleman's statement is not absolutely 
 correct, however, as there was a small quantity of ergoted rye in the- 
 hay; but still there was so much less than was seen at the other farms 
 as to make it impossible to explain why the cattle here should be affected 
 even to a greater degree than elsewhere. In ray preliminary report I 
 explained this by saying that wild rye was known to grow in i:>atches,. 
 and that, consequently, hay that was being fed at one time could uot 
 be considered as exactly the same as that fed three mouths before.. 
 The apparent discrepancy in this case has since been explained, how- 
 ever, in a much more satisfactory manner. Some time last fall Mr.. 
 Goodrich bought two stacks of hay of Mr. Keith, and it was this hay 
 that he had been feeding to his cattle up to the time of the outbreak of 
 the disease. When this fact was learned the whole matter became per- 
 fectly clear, and what at first appeared the greatest objection to the- 
 ergot theory turned out to be one of its strongest supports. 
 
 Then Mr. Beard is mentioned as having fed 75 head of cattle all win- 
 ter on hay full of ergot, and escaped with but 5 diseased animals. Mr, 
 Beard, however, had fed his cattle twice a day on corn-fodder, that is^ 
 on corn which had been shocked but not husked, and as a natural con- 
 sequence his cattle ate very much less of the hay. 
 
 " Stranger still for the ergot theory, Mr. Pribbernow fed 195 cattle 
 on millet hay and corn-fodder, and he has 14 of liisyoung stock affected." 
 Here, again, the zeal of the gentleman to make out a case against the 
 ergot theory- has led him to make statements which are not correct. 
 Mr. Pribbernow had some very badly ergoted hay, which he showed to 
 me, and told me that he had been feeding it to his cattle ; and, indeed,, 
 there was plenty of evidence that this was the case from the conditions 
 of the feeding yards and racks. It is a fact, however, that 54 yearlings 
 were fed on millet hay, oats, and corn-fodder in addition to the hay, and 
 that not one of these was affected. The older cattle had been fed more 
 
 J 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 45 
 
 exclusively on the hay, aud it was among them alone that the effect ot 
 the ergot was seen. These facts I noted down as they were related to 
 lue on the spot by Mr. Pribbernow. 
 
 "Another puzzle is presented by Mr. Keith buying G3 head of young 
 stock from Mr. Davis on the 15th of December, and on the 23d nearly 
 all were down with the disease. Keith's hay contains ergotized rye. 
 Davis has had no sickness in his herd." This statement is also very 
 incorrect, and yet it contains a reference to the one unsolved difKculty 
 connected with the Kansas outbreaks. The G3 head of cattle were pur- 
 chased December 10, and as the tirst cases of sickness on this fiirm did 
 not occur until the 23d or24:th, and as at the 1st of January there were 
 still less than thirty cases all told on tlie farm, it is plain that these ani- 
 mals had sufficient time to contract the disease after their i)urchase. 
 
 The ditiiculty in regard to the ergot theory at Iveith's was in connec- 
 tion with another lot of cattle bought about the 15th or 20th of Decem- 
 ber. This lot consisted of 6 yearlings and 2 cows, some of which Mr. 
 Keith asserts were sick within three days and all within eight daj^s, 
 and that they were not fed upon hay during that time, but upon mowed 
 oats and corn-fodder. He admitted, however, that there was probably 
 hay in the racks to which tliey had access. There was much doubt as 
 to the days on which these cattle were first seen to be lame, and as to 
 how severely they were affected. It is also impossible to say, at this 
 time, on what they had been fed previous to their purchase. This diffi- 
 culty, however, does not (compare with that felt at first in regard to the 
 Goodrich herd, and as the latter was satisfactorily explained at the last 
 minute, it is not at all improbable that there are some unknown facts 
 in regard to the 8 cattle in question that would explain this case just 
 as satisfactorily. 
 
 I have reviewed above the chief objections that have been advanced 
 to show that the disease in Kansas could not be ergotism. It is unnec- 
 essary to add that they are mostly of the nature of captious criticism. 
 The malady had been pronounced foot-and-mouth disease by some and 
 foot-rot or foul by others, and these gentlemen found it desirable to 
 make out at least an api)arent case against ergotism. In other sections 
 of this report I have given abundant evidence to show that it could be 
 nothing but ergotism, and the plates herewith presented, which were 
 carefully i)rei)ared by a competent artist, are sufficient to prove this 
 beyond doubt to any one who understands the pathology of these differ- 
 ent diseases. 
 
 THE NATURE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, AND ACTION OF ERGOT. 
 
 The substance known as ergot is one of the stages in the life history 
 of a fungiis which has been named Claviceps purpurea. The term ergot 
 was a])pli(Ml to it by the French from its fancied resemblance to the spur 
 of a cock. The place which this fungus occupies in the i)lan of nature 
 
46 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 may be understood from the following table, whi<3b is taken principally 
 from the classification ijroposed by Sachs : 
 
 1 Group. Clasi'. Order. Family. Geni» 
 
 ^ I'Protoph.vta. ("G.vmnoascu.s. 
 
 ■H ^ I Z.VB<i.«|)<)rp:n. ■ | Discoinycetes. fClaviceps. 
 
 t ^l'llXT'''^ r""''""t^: „ 5 Containing rhIoropl..vl!. ( A.sconiycete.-. J Ersiphe.^. I Cordycep.. 
 
 I .nasi men . i c a.pu.poreic. J vvulmut flilorophvll. \ Ae.-idioniycetes. j Juberacex. Byssothecmm. 
 
 "l Vascular Cryptoeanis. f Basidiomycete" I Pyrenomycetes. ^ FuuiHeo. 
 
 ^ ^ Phanerogam.^. ' I Lichens. I Pleospora. 
 
 I Sphaerella. 
 iLaboiilbenia. 
 
 The growth of the claviceps begins by the germination of conidia or 
 spores of this fungus, which have been carried by currents of air or other 
 means to the tlowersof the grasses favorable for its development. These 
 conidia or spores, as the case maj' be, germinate in contact with the ex- 
 ternal surface of the ovary while this is still in an early stage of its 
 growth, and form a mycelium which penetrates the walls of the ovary, 
 and, as a rule, respects only the summit. It thus by degrees substitutes 
 itself in place of the tissue of the ovary, and, consequently, preserves to 
 a considerable extent the form of this organ. It bears on its summit 
 the stigma, while its external coat is traversed by deep grooves and 
 irregular cavities. (In Plate VIIF, Fig. 1, is seen the normal ovary of 
 the rye plant; Fig. 2 shows the same invaded by the claviceps.) 
 
 In this stage of its existence it has been called the sphacelia. As it 
 develops it takes entire possession of the ovary, obliterating its cavity, 
 and preventing the development of the ovule. Tlie ovule may be either 
 entirely absent or it may be present in an imi)erfect form, but does not 
 develop into a seed. The mycelium ])roduces at the surface of the ovary 
 a large number of oval corpuscles, which are called conidia, and which 
 falling upon otlier flowers may germinate and again produce the my- 
 celium or sphacelia form of the fungus. (PI. VIII, Fig. 3, which is a 
 cross-section of the ovary, now called sphacelia, shows these conidia- 
 at its borders.) 
 
 Thesphacelia, however, isnot theergotform of the fungus. At the base 
 of this is produced a hard substance with a black or darlv violet surface, 
 and white or grayish within, which is the true ergot or sclerotium stage 
 of the claviceps fungus. In the earliest period of the development of 
 the sclerotium this is entirely covered l\y the sphacelia, but it gradually 
 increases in size and pushes the sphacelia before it until the latter is 
 raised entirely beyond the floral glumes, and is supported on its summit 
 (PI. VIII, Figs. 4, 5, 6). The sclerotium, or ergot, continues to increase in 
 size and length, and the deformed ovary or sphacelia adheres to it for a 
 long time, and may even be found in a considerable i)roportion of tlie 
 specimens as seen in hay or mature grain after curing. In these the 
 form (;f the stigma can be readily made out in most cases by the use of 
 a low power lens. 
 
 Ergot is not therefore a diseased seed ; on the contrary, it develops 
 entirely below the ovary and prevents the formation of the seed. It i& 
 entirely a fungus growth, and is the resting stage of the organism. It 
 
iifei 
 
 vT£].OF-M 
 
'.idorsto ^llowincf tal» icipally 
 
 r conidia or 
 
 !»rothei 
 
 These 
 
 tfie ex- 
 
 substiti 
 
Plate \T1I. 
 
 
 i^ym-s^n^^s 
 
 . o o X Op o 
 
 Oo >^' ■ O O O ^ 
 
 Marx from Nature. 
 
 A.HosniCo.lirhijciustic, Baltimo 
 
 DEXTCLOPMENH^ OF ERGOT. 
 
Plate IX. 
 
 Marx from Nature. 
 
 A.HDcnlCo.liiHociusIic. Sjltirr 
 
 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ( WALLEY ) 
 
Plate X. 
 
 Marx from Nature 
 
 A.Haeii»CQ.[ithoMuiJic.Saltimort. 
 
 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ( WALLEY ) 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 47 
 
 contains little or no starch, and its microscoi>ical strnctnre is that of the 
 sclerotic niycelia. The sclerotinni is Uioked upon as a hard compact 
 mass of imperfectly developed mycelia. It api)ears to be about a month 
 from the time the fungus invades the ovary until the ergot is fully 
 formed. 
 
 The ergot is the dormant form of the fungus, and remains in this con- 
 dition until autumn, or usually until the next spring. If at this time it 
 is in contact with the damp ground it germinates and stromata grow 
 from its surface (PI. VIII, Fig. 7). Tliese consist of a long stalk and a 
 globular head, and become perfect fruiting fungi. In the head a large 
 number of flask-shaped perithecia are formed (see PI. VIII, Fig. 8)^ 
 which are filled from the bottom with a number of asci (PI. VIII, Fig. 9), 
 each of which contains several slender filiform spores (PI. VIII, Fig. 10). 
 
 When the spores reach the young flowers of rye, led top or other 
 nearly allied grasses, they germinate and form a mycelium which 
 invades the wall of the ovary and again produces a sphacelia. With 
 this the cycle of development of the fungus is completed and we 
 probably have its entire life history. The meteorological conditions 
 most favorable for the production of ergot are not well known. It has 
 been asserted that it only appears in large quantities in rainy seasons^ 
 but others believe that moisture has little or no influence on its devel- 
 opment. It is also uncertain whether more than one S)>ecies of clavi- 
 ceps is concerned in the production of ergot in the different varieties of 
 grasses. The ergot of the red-top hay in Missouri and Illinois produced 
 identical effects with that in the wild rye of Kansas, and it would 
 therefore appear that the phj'siological effects are substantially the 
 same even though the species growing upon these two plants may be 
 different. 
 
 The grains of ergot of rye are from half an inch to over an inch in 
 length, and from one-fifteenth to one-sixth of an inch in diameter ; they 
 are nearly cylindrical, sometimes slightly ribbed and farrowed, and often 
 have irregular fissures; they are curved, and taper toward the ends. 
 The color of the surface varies from dark violet to blue black or black ; 
 the interior is white, often tinted with violet. The ergot of wild rye, 
 blite grass, and red top has the same general appearance, but the 
 grains are sujaller. In red top many of the grains are so small that 
 they are only recognized with dilficulty by the unaided eye. Some- 
 times the taste is pronounced and disagreeable; but the ergot in the 
 wild rye of Kansas, where the outbreaks ot disease occurred, was'al- 
 most or entirely without taste, and certainly was in no sense disagreea- 
 ble when masticated. 
 
 Chemical vomposiUon. — Ergot is a very com))lt'x material when con- 
 sidered chemically, and although it has been studied by many com[)e- 
 tent chemists, there is yet much doubt as to the nature of a number of 
 the substances which have been found in it. About 35 per cent, of its 
 weight consists of a thick, fluid, (IxcmI oil, which is now believed to be 
 
48 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ithout medical i)roi)erties. Two noii-crystallizable alkaloids Lave been 
 described and called, respectively, ecfoo^ivm and erf/otina ; and one crys- 
 tallizable which lias been designated as ergoilnine. 
 
 Sclerotic, ergotic, audfuscosclerotinic acids have been isolated. There 
 is also a qnestion of a peculiar amjnoniacal base variously stated to be 
 methi/Iamine, frhiiethyJamine, and propylamia. A mucilaginous sub- 
 stance called Hcleromucln and several other products of doubtful nature 
 have been recognized. It has not yet been demonstrated which of these 
 bodies constitutes the active principle of the drug, or whether the phj'- 
 siological effect may not be due to a number acting together. 
 
 The one ]ioint on which most of those who have studied ergot have 
 agreed is that water extracts the medical properties, and this seems to 
 be about the extent of our reliable information in regard to this depart- 
 ment of the subject. 
 
 The action of ergot on the animal hody. — The action of this poison in 
 large doses is very clearly given in the following extract from Dr. H. 
 C. Wood's Treatise on Therapeutics, Materia Medica and Toxicology : 
 
 According to Diez [quoted hy Stillc], the principal ett'ects of poisonous doses of ergot 
 are in the lower aniuials profuse salivation, vomiting, dihitatiou of the pupils, hur- 
 ried breutiiing, frequent pulse, cries, trembling, staggering, paraplegia, sometimes 
 diarrhea, sometimes constipation, piostratiou, urgent thirst, convulsions,* and death. 
 Mr. Samuel A. Wright, in a series of experiments {Edinhurijh Med. and Surg. Joiirn., 
 Oct., 1839, vol. lii), noted, when the medicine was given by the mouth, symptoms 
 similar to those just spoken of ; the paralysis was much more marked than the spasms. 
 Late iu the poisoning, the heart's action became irregular and intermittent, and the 
 pulsations, which had been rapid, grew slow and feeble. In some cases the special 
 senses seemed to be destroyed, and coldness of the surface was a very prominent 
 symptom. Mr. Wright also injected a strong infusion of the drug directly into the 
 torrent of the circulation. Death was in some cases produced in nine minutes, the 
 symptoms being immediate dilatation of the pupils, great increase in the rate of the 
 cardiac pulsations, paralysis, and convulsions. AVhen the fatal result was not brought 
 about in so short a space, great anaesthesia of the surface was noted a considerable 
 time before death ; coldness of the surface and paralysis of the special seuses were 
 also present in some cases. In Dr. Kersch's experiments {Betz's Memor., vol. xviii), 
 the concentrated infusion was injected into the jugular veiu ; the coldness of the sur- 
 face was especially noted, and also great muscular rigidity. Upon rabits, according 
 to the researclies of Wright, ergot acts very feebly. In birds, as represented by 
 chickens, turkeys, and ])igeous, it causes symptoms analogous to those produced in 
 mannnals, as is t^stitied l»y Tessier and by Clross, both quoted by Stille, and by Bon- 
 jean {Trail e de VErfiot de Seir/le, Paris, 181.').) 
 
 The above summary of the general symjjtoms caused by poisonous doses of ergot 
 shows that the ])henomena are nuiinly paralytic in their nature; but, although an 
 enormous amount has l)e('n written al)out the drug, -we have very little knowledge as 
 to tbe immediate causes of the i)aralysis. Since both Wright (?oc. ci<., pp. 3'iO, 3'il) 
 and Kohler have found that the voluntary muscles are not atfected by ergot, it w'ould 
 seem that the nervous system must bear the brunt of the poison. Eugene Haudelin is 
 said to have shown that the peripheral nerves are not aft'ected, and the experiments 
 of Kohler have confirmed this so far as concerns the motor nerves and the watery ex- 
 tract of ergot. He found, however, that those portions of the drug not soluble in 
 
 "Pereira states that convulsions were not present in the experiments of Diez. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 49 
 
 water appeared to increase the excitability of the peripheral efferent nerves, and 
 that upon the peripheral sensory nerves both portions of the ergot acted as a feeble 
 depressant. On the whole, it is probable that the chief action of the drug is upon 
 the nerve centers. 
 
 The following- experiments of Tessier also iadicate the active nature 
 of the ergot poison {Memoire sur les effets du seigle ergote. Hist. Soc. 
 Roy. lie Med., 1777, 1778, Paris 1780, vol. il, pp. 587-615): 
 
 These experiments were instituted with hygienic precautions upon a 
 number of animals. Of two ducks fed upon ergot, one, the female, died 
 in nine or ten days. It had consumed one ounce and three drachms of 
 €rgot. There was a large violet spot on the beak, the covering epider- 
 mis was raised up by a collection of dark, fetid blood. The male died 
 in fourteen days with the beak similarly affected ; there was also 
 drooping of one wing which showed two regions of inflammation, one 
 in the fold and the other on the tirst phalanx. It had consumed 2 
 ounces and 6 drachms of ergot. A turkey was fed 8 ounces 4i 
 drachms of ergot within twenty-two days. The autopsy revealed 
 inflammation about the beak, but none of the feet and wings. A pig 
 six weeks old died at the end of twenty-three days after receiving 1 
 pound and 12 ounces of ergot. The autopsy revealed swelling of the 
 four feet especially at articulations, which were a reddish violet color. 
 The ears were livid, there was gangrene of one side of the head and 
 various internal inflammatory lesions. The articulations of the feet 
 with the legs being uncovered there was seen, particularly with the pos- 
 terior limbs, a thick, black, and fetid li<piid. The animal previous to 
 death had been able to support itself better on its fore than on its hind 
 limbs. A six-months' old pig died after being fed during sixty-nine 
 days upon a total of 22 pounds and G ounces of ergot. The autopsy re- 
 vealed various internal inflammatory lesions, several violet spots on 
 front and hind legs, the end of the tail dark violet, and ears livid. The 
 two first phalanges of the right anterior foot were gangrenous and dry, 
 especially near the articulations. The bones themselves were tinted 
 brown. The same parts of the left foot were gangrenous but not so far 
 advanced, as the bones were not altered. Upon each calcaneum there 
 was a livid spot, larger on one than on the other. During life there 
 was on the twentieth day a purulent discharge from two cavities in the 
 articulation of the right foot ; these were soon covered with a crust. 
 The limb remained cold. On the forty second day the corrcsjxjiiding 
 joint of the left anterior leg developed a tumor which by the fifty-eighth 
 day became an open sore. Both legs were cold and swollen, dry, in- 
 sensible, and jtortions of the muscles became detached. The animal 
 was no longer able to walk. 
 
 Salerue, cited by Read, gave to a small male pig barley mixed witli 
 
 half its weight of ergot. At the end of fifteen days the legs became re 1, 
 
 secreted a yellowish and fetid liuinor, tiie skin of the back and beneath 
 
 the abdomen became black in color. This food was continued for fifteen 
 
 5751 D A 4 
 
50 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 dajs and then replaced by some free from ergot. The animal died four 
 days later ; there was no gangrene of the feet. Read fed a pig three 
 months old for fifteen days with ergoted wheat mixed with bran. 
 Gangrene seized the left ear on the seventeenth day and it dropped oft". 
 The pig died two days later with convulsions. A gangrenous spot was 
 found on the liver. (A. Tardy. De V Ergotism, Paris, 1858.) 
 
 Fleming, in his Manual of Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police, 
 (Vol. T, p. 65), says: "The ergot on rye, wheat, &c., has also given rise 
 to extensive disease in man and animals, including birds, marked by 
 convulsions, paralysis, dry gangrene of the limbs, loss of hair and horn, 
 and other strange phenomena." 
 
 M. Tabourin, in his Noueeau Traite de Matiere Medicale de Therapeut- 
 ique et de Pharmcwie Veterinaires, Paris, 1866, gives the following de- 
 scription of the action of ergot (pp. 448 to 450) : 
 
 The effects of ergot of rye slioukl be divided into mediciual and toxic. 
 
 Medicinal effects. — The action that ergot of rj'e exercises on the natural surfaces and 
 on the denuded tissues has been very little studied with animals, but appears to be 
 slio'htly irritating ; with man it has been noticed that the aqueous extract arrests 
 capillary hemorrhages with considerable rapidity, and that it has a manifestly as- 
 triuo-ent action on denuded tissues. In the digestive tube the effects are but little 
 marked when the medicine is given in small doses; it is only when the quantifies in- 
 gested are considerable that vomiting occurs Avith carnivora and a serious irritation 
 of the intestines with ail animals. In regard to the dynamic or gcTieral effects pro- 
 duced by the ergot of rye in medicinal doses, when its active principles have been 
 absorbed, they are almost unnoticeable with healthy animals and have been only very 
 imperfectly studied up to this time. It follows, however, from the trials undertaken 
 by various authors on the greater part of the domestic animals, that this medicine 
 produces with them as with man two effects somewhat opposed to each other: a 
 very pronounced sedative action on the circulatory center, and an energetic stimula- 
 tion of the nervous centers .and particularly of the posterior portion of the spinal 
 cord. We will return to these two culminating effects of ergot of rye in connection 
 with the toxic action that it has on the organism which we are now about to study. 
 
 Toxic effects — The poisoning of animals by ergot of rye is called ergotism. It may 
 occur at the end of a longer or shorter time, according to Aarious circumstances and 
 particularly according as the ergot is given alone or mixed with the food. In the 
 former case, it occurs after a few days with birds, and after weeks or even months 
 with mammals, according to the size of the doses and the time between them. In the 
 second case it is much slower still, and when its existence is manifested by apparent 
 phenomena the destruction of the organism is already consummated and there is no 
 meaus of providing a remedy for it. This is a remarkable example of chronic or slow 
 poisoning. 
 
 The characteristic signs of ergotism are of two varieties. One of these is due to the 
 uarcotico-acxid and exciting action that the ergot exercises on the nerve centers ; the 
 other is due to the sedative action that it produces on the heart. When the former 
 predominates, as has been observed with certain epidemics with the human species, 
 the ergotism is called convulsive; when, on tlie contrary, the second is more pro- 
 nounced the ergotism is called gangrenous. It is difficult to establish this distinction 
 with animals where tlie sigus of the two varieties are mixed in nearly ecjual propor- 
 tion as we shall demonstrate. 
 
 1. Soli^ndH. — Of all the domestic animals, the solipeds are the least exposed to poison- 
 ing by ergot of rye, because oats, tht^ grain they receive most often, is rarely affected 
 with this alteration. Only two authors, MM.'Ilertwig and Parola, have made experi- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 51 
 
 meuts on solipeds with ergot of rye. The former adiuiuistered three ami (nic-half kil- 
 ograms (7.7 pounds) of ^this substance to a horse in the space of 24 days; ho ob- 
 served some nervous phenomena and a great depression Of the circulation, liut no ap- 
 pearance of gangrene. The latter gave ergot of rye to a mule, aifected with chronic 
 coryza, for six days in the dose of one to two ounces a day. There was slowing of the 
 circulation, decreased temperature of the body, difficulty of respiration, loss of appe- 
 tite and strength, general depression, muscular trembling, slight swelling of the knees 
 toward the end, &c. The sultject was destroyed. The dischage from the nose had 
 disappeared. 
 
 2. Large ruminants. — Poisoning of large ruminants by ergot is more comumn than 
 that of solipeds because these animals receive quite often, as a supplementary ra- 
 tion, the rejected grains coming from the thrasher or from screeuiug, which always 
 contain more or less ergot of rye and of other grains. With the large ruminuuts the 
 convulsive phenomena are not seen or are not very apparent; but the depressive ef- 
 fects on the circulatory system are, on the con trary, very marked. Besides, the 
 health is maintained without serious disturbance during weeks and even months if 
 the ergot is taken with the food. Only the extremities lose little by little their nat- 
 ural warmth, as is noticed with the ears, the tail, the lower part of the limbs, «&c. 
 The digital region, and sometimes even the metacarpal and metdltarsal regions, as M. 
 Decoste has observed, are smitten with dry gangrene. In this case, the parts lose 
 their warmth, their sensibility, become hardeued and mummified, and soon separate 
 without pain from the parts which have still remained living. 
 
 3. Small ruminants. — It is known that the sheep may , like other animals, feel the noxi- 
 ous influence of ergot; but science is wanting in precise documents concernino- this 
 ruminant and the goat. 
 
 4. rigs. — It follows from some experiments made on these animals by Tessier, that 
 ergot of rye poisons them after a greater or less time according to their force of resist- 
 ance. There is seen in the first place vertigo, unsteadiness in standing, a totteri no- 
 walk, moaning, swelling of the eyes, &c. ; then the ears, the tail, the lower part of 
 the limbs, lose their warmth and vitality ; soou appear livid spots, which afterward 
 become black and gangrenous, and are the beginning point for the seiJaration of the 
 mortified from the living parts. 
 
 5. Dogs.—M.. Dieu has given ergot of rye to dogs in the dose of 15 grams (half an 
 ounce) a day. The animals were soou taken with nausea, bloody diarrhea, a nasal 
 discharge also colored with blood, depression, weakness, and soou drop into a fri'>^ht- 
 fiil marasmus. The experiments not having been pressed to the end, the phenomena 
 «f dry gangrene could not be observed. 
 
 6. Folds. — These little animals are most exposed to the poisoning under cousidera- 
 tion, because they often receive for nourishment the residue from cleaning i>-rain 
 which always contains more or less ergot. The first signs of thi.s poisoniu"- are loss 
 of liveliness, indifference to surroundings, ami great dullness; then there is verfii'o 
 drooping of the wings, &c. ; finally appear more characteristic signs — a bloodv dis- 
 charge from the nostrils is seeu ; the Crest becomes black, shrunken, and luummilied ; 
 the beak dries and is detached ; the same course is soon followed by the tongue; the 
 feathers lose their luster and fall out. Death results soon after these symptoms are 
 seen. 
 
 To recapitulate, the most ordinary sigus of ergotism with the various animals are 
 as follows: Dulness, fixed expression, vertigo, dilated pupils, intoxication, coma ; 
 in tlie begiuuinguiuscular tremblings, then convulsive shocks, tetanic attacks, par- 
 ticularly in the posterior members whicli afterward become weak and j)araly:':ed, un- 
 steady position while standing, slow and ditticult walk, »fec. ; general weakness, pro- 
 gressive emaciation ; pulse slow and weak, skin cold ; hair dull, limbs, ears, horns 
 and tail lose their natural warmth ; sero-mucous and sometimes bloody discli;ir"'e 
 from the nostrils, cold swelling of the limits; black spots, livid patches, gangrenous 
 sores; dry gangrene of the crest, of the beak and of tli(* tongiu' of birds, and of the 
 
52 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ears, the tail, the phaUinges. the limbs, which become detached little by little aud 
 piece by piece from tlie trunk without iuflammatiou or pain, &c. 
 
 Lesions. — The digestive tube is more or loss iutensoly irritated, the viscei'a are flabby 
 and softened, the muscles semi-gelatinous, the blood fluid, violet colored, the interior 
 of the vessels red as iu putrid diseases &c. 
 
 M. Verheyen, in his article ou ergotism in the Nouveau DicUonnaire 
 pratique de Medicine, de Chirurgie et d'Hyf/iene Veterinaires, gives the 
 following account of the effects of this poison: 
 
 Symptomatolo!/!/. — In spite of the numerous experimental studies of which the 
 ergot of rye has been the object, its effects ou the organism are far from being suffi- 
 ciently understood to enable us to write iu a complete and connected manner the 
 part of the medical history of ergotism relating to the symptomatology and patholog- 
 ical anatomy. The mode of action of ergot on the economy is only presented so far 
 in a fragmentary state; the acquired knowledge does not permit the tracing of a 
 physiological chart of all the phenomena produced by this agent. A large nuinber of 
 experimenters, particularly among the modern ones, have only produced an acute 
 intoxication, of rapid pr3gress, which leaves in obscurity the evolution, the gradua- 
 tion, and the succession of the morbid phenomena; in a word the progress of natural 
 ergotism resulting from the introduction into the economy of small but long continued 
 doses of the toxic substance. History mentions destructive epidemics, and others 
 which have been relatively mild; this difference can only be due to predisposition 
 and to the abundance of ergot. Rye is rich in it in the calami tons years ; the high price 
 of cereals, aud of all kinds of provisions, iirevents the poorer classes from procuring 
 sufficiently nutritious food. There, consequently, follows a constitutional debility 
 and anemia, which singularly favors gangrenous and convulsive disorders. The obser- 
 vation, so precise, of M. Decoste, as regards the hygienic diet to which the cow, Avhich 
 was the subject of it, had been submitted, the conditions under which the epizootic 
 of the State of New York appeared, proves that misery constitutes a predisposing 
 cause not less energetic for animals than for man. The experimenters have not taken 
 into account these constitutional modifications which increase the susceptibility to 
 the poisonous agent, aud give to ergotism a new symptomatic expressiou. Here, it 
 appears to us, is found the key to the numerous contradictious that are noticed when 
 the experiments are compared with each other. To cite only a single example con- 
 cerning the bovine species, we see that Riemanu did not succeed at the end of eight 
 days iu provoking the least abnormal phenomenon, and that Wahlin produced no 
 other noticeable symptom than constipatiou The authors who have observed cases 
 of ergotism with auimals during the course of an epidemic may be correct when they 
 mention the fact very summarily, and limit themselves to a statement that the 
 phenomena were absolutely similar to those presented by man. This identity justi- 
 fies, to a certain extent, their laconisra, aud the epidemic conditions explain the 
 differences ol)tained by experimenting during the epidemic periods and out of these 
 periods. During the epidemics the rule relative to the gangrenous form iu the south 
 and the convulsive in the north is applicable to artificial ergotism. A final remark, 
 perfectly justified, and which has been little if at all considered by the experimenters: 
 Tessier, who brought a high order of intelligence to the elucidation of the history of 
 ergotism, asserts that all animals show a very great repugnance to take ergot volun- 
 tarily ; this is so insurmountable for some individuals that they will die of hunger 
 rather thau touch it. Conse<|ueutly all were far from beiug assured that the ergot 
 offered was really consuuu'd. 
 
 Having made these obscu'vations, let us take up (he symptomatology of ergotism — 
 they will excuse the incomplete sketch that we trace. 
 
 These morbid i)heiu)mena are very inconstant during the period of invasiou. Some- 
 times they indicate a lesion of the cerebro-spinal apparatus, at other times the diges- 
 tive tube is invaded, at still other times the symptoms proceed from the circulatory 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 53 
 
 system. This variability is common with fowls, with lUgs, .tiid with carnivora. The 
 predomiuance of the cerebro-spiiial aft'ectiou mauifests itselt iu various dei'rees of 
 iutensity ; it may be arrested after development when the exciting cause, the aliment- 
 ary use of ergot of rye, has ceased. In the first place, there is vertigo; the animals 
 stumble as if they were intoxicated; they lose their ecjuilibrium, fall on the side and 
 remain in a slate of drowsiness, which is not dissipated even when they arise. The 
 hair and feathers lose their luster; the temperature of the skin is lowered • there is 
 antesthesia, the insensibility following a condition of hypcriesthesia ; this alterna- 
 tion afiects also the sight and the hearing (Wright). It is unmistakable in the canine 
 species ; the pupils are constantly dilated. The symptoms of narcotism that we have 
 just enumerated persist or are interrupted by convulsive i)henomena, sometimes of 
 the limbs only, and sometimes of the whole body. The general convulsions are char- 
 acterized by tetanic epileptic attacks usually followed by temporary paralysis of the 
 posterior parts. The suffering is sometimes so intense that it is manifested by plaintive 
 cries and contortions. The nervous attack over, the animal falls again into a condition 
 of apathy or drowsiness. If the spasm is limited to the limbs, there remains after the 
 attack a contraction which persists for a certain length of time. 
 
 These phenomena which characterize spasmodic ergotism have an indefinite dura- 
 tion. Death may occur after a few hours or a few days as a result of a paroxysm, 
 or the disease may be more prolonged and take a chronic form. The nutrition suf- 
 fers; the animals become thin in spite of the appetite, which, however, is irregular, 
 and finally a convulsion at last destroys them in an advanced condition of marasuius- 
 The circulation is abnormal, the pulse is slow, accelerated but afterwards retarded; 
 the arterial and cardiac contractions are spasmodic. 
 
 The i)articipation of the digestive tube, which may be either the principal or the 
 accessory cause of the cerebro-spinal affection, is announced by nausea, pharyngial 
 spasms, vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes followed by an insatiable hunger. If this is 
 satisfied the food does not alleviate the hunger, for it causes convulsions. In the 
 south all these symptoms may be preceded by gangrenous accidents ; the latter may 
 also precede when the circulatory lesion is the first to occur. With the galliuaceans 
 the crest becomes cold, takes a violet or black color, shrivels, and dries; these phe- 
 nomena are also quite constant in the north, but the dessication of the beak, some- 
 times of the feet, constitutes an alteration exclusive to the south ; gangrenous i»atches 
 also cover the abdominal walls (Millet). In gangrenous ergotism of the palmipeds, 
 besides the beak, there is sometimes seen mortification of the point of the tongue 
 (Tessier), and of the iuterdigital membrane which is discolored and becomes dry and 
 brittle; then the digits are lost (Decoste). With mammals the gangrene attacks the 
 lower part of one or several limbs, the ears or the tail; these parts become red as if 
 they were the seat of an erysipelatous infiammation ; the color changes to violet, to 
 blue, or to black ; they become mummified and detached when the convulsive pjir- 
 oxysm has not destroyed life before the completion i)f the work of elimination. While 
 this is occurring the loss of flesh progresses and marasmus comes on, then, finally, a 
 convulsive movement which destroys the patient. The munnniflcatiou also attacks 
 isolated muscles and iu very exceptional cases the dry form of gangrene is associated 
 with the humid form (Tessier). The pulse remains small, feeble, slow, or indeed it 
 becomes accelerated, fel)rile, and precipitates marasnnis. 
 
 Sheep which are subject to convulsive ergotism, are probably also subject to the 
 gangrenous form. We have abstained from considering it iu the symptomatology be- 
 cause we have not met with documents which authorize us to generalize the symp- 
 toms and to extend them to the ovine species. 
 
 The gangrenous form is the only one which has been observed with the bovine 
 
 species; it remains local and is not complicated with the greater part of the general 
 
 symptoms which may precede it with the other species of the domestic animals that 
 
 have just been referred to. The appetite is preserved, the muzzle remains moist, 
 
 nd the expression of the eye is not changed. These signs of health often remain 
 
64 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 until the fatal terinination of tbe disease. The circnlatory lesion seems then to be 
 alone in play ; it is localized in the digital region of the posterior limbs (Randill), 
 or extends to the metacarpal and metatarsal regions of the limbs of one side (De- 
 coste). A slight swelling of these parts announces the beginning. The hair becomes 
 dull, the skiu is dried, hardened, and mummified as well as the parts immediately 
 beneath it. The appetite is pi'eserved, but the animals become thin; a few individ- 
 uals take flesh after the loss of the gangrenous limbs and may be prepared for the 
 butcher. Death in a condition of marasmus is the most common result. When the 
 aflectiou takes a relatively benign form the gangrene does not destroy the part; the 
 digital region loses its elasticity, the points of the toes are elevated, grow to an un- 
 usual length, and the weight is supported on the back of the fetlock. In this situa- 
 tion the animals pass a miserable existence until the owner, from pity, sends them to 
 the butcher (Randall). The more benign form seems to ns to have a resemblance to 
 convulsive ergotism; the position of the posterior limbs has perhaps for its orign a 
 contraction of the extensors. 
 
 In the records of epidemics of ergotism there are found but few references to 
 the disease in the horse, and these are of no use in tracing the symptomatology. 
 We are then reduced to a recapitulation of experiments to the number of two, one 
 made by Hertwig and the other by Parola. 
 
 Hertwig administered to a horse within twenty-four days 3,552 grams [about 7 
 pounds] of ergot of rye. The phenomena observed were slight colics, loss of appetite, 
 which disappeared within a few hours, drowsiness, which also soon passed away, di- 
 lation of the pupils, slight spasmodic contractions of the nuiscles of the skin and 
 diminished temperature of the surface of the body The pulsations of the arteries 
 were retarded from 40 to 28 to the minute. The day following the administration of 
 the last dose all abnoriual i)henomena had disappeared. 
 
 Parola experimented on a vigorous and lively mule afiected with a nasal discharge. 
 During six days he gave it, in addition to its ordinary ration, ergot of rye in progres- 
 sive doses of from 20 to 64 grams [J to 2 ounces] a day. The first day, the pulse w^as 
 from 56 to 58, with lowering of the external temperature. The second day, pulse 58, 
 respiration difficult, tearful eyes, loss of appetite, dullness, beating of heart insensi- 
 ble. The third day, coldness of the skin, general tremors, difficult respiration, spas- 
 modic trouble of the cardiac and arterial pulsations, absence of appetite, apathy, 
 dullness, suppression of the nasal discharge, which returned after the use of irritating 
 injections. From the fourth to the seventh day, development of these symptoms, un- 
 steady and difficult walk, trembling, inclined to lie, painfnl swelling of the knees, 
 the nasal discharge definitely arrested. After having taken iu all 284 grams [0.6 
 pounds] of ergot, the mule, which had continually lost in flesh and liveliness, became 
 insensible and was destroyed. 
 
 It maybe concluded from these facts that the horse escapes the pern icious effects of 
 ergot no more than other animals, and that, placed under favorable conditions, one of 
 the two forms of the disease may be clearly manifested, as the result of long and con- 
 tinued use. Ergot is also a poison for insects ; in Poland they kill flies by giving as 
 a bait powder of ergot mixed with honey. Leeches, plunged into an infnsion of ergot, 
 perish instantly (Loriuser). 
 
 Anatomical characiers. — Studied for centuries, ergotism presents, in regard to its patho- 
 logical anatomy, lamentable deficiencies as well with juankind as with animals. Con- 
 sidering the variation of symptoms it is useless to insist that the anatomical lesions 
 cannot in all cases be the same. Those which we are about to enumerate all belong 
 to either artificial or experimental ergotism. 
 
 The rigor mortis is never excessive ; the flabby muscles are softened, the bones en- 
 gorged with blood, particularly near the articulations. The venous system is dis- 
 tended by a black, pitchy, semi-fluid blood; the arteries, sometimes empty, contain 
 in other circumstances a red fluid Idood. In the thoracic cavity the lungs are found 
 hepatized in the posterior portion; the heart flabby, small or voluminous, contains 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 55 
 
 fibrous coagula ami a black, viscid, semi-fluid blood ; in the left side of the heart, 
 which is often empty, there is nothing found but fibrinous concretions. The mucous 
 membrane of the small intestine is pale, yellowish, infiltrated, and softened^ some- 
 times covered with red stri;e or black points. These black points are compounds of 
 fat and pigment (T. O. Heusinger). The mucous membrane of the large intestine 
 shows hypera'mia, which is far from being constant. The proventriculus of the gal- 
 linaceans has a gray or a wine-red appearance ; its mucous membrane is ulcerated or 
 covered with granulations; the gizzard is black, (Millet). Do not the granulations 
 depend upon the ulceratiou of the pepsine glands? The cerebral envelopes, princi- 
 pally at the base, are congested, engorged with a black blood resembling that found 
 in the veins; a section of the brain shows sometimes a very apparent ])unctation ; iu 
 other cases, much more common, it is ana-mic. Analagous changes are met with in 
 the spinal cord. 
 
 The local disorders of gangrenous ergotism are those of dry gangrene (see (?aH- 
 greue). 
 
 Physiological action. — The symptoms of gangrenous or convulsive ergotism, as a 
 whole, indicate incontestably that the nervous system fills the principal role. The 
 phenomena observed by Hoppe when he placed ergotiue in contact with the isolated 
 organs of the frog or the rabbit would remove all doubt if any could exist. Ergotine 
 causes a marked stimulation of the heart, followed by a weakening and a retardation 
 of its movements; the intestine contracts, but the contraction is not renewed after a 
 second application; the blood vessels dilate; soon follows a contraction with conges- 
 tion of the rasa vasorum which swell and cause the walls of the veins and arteries to 
 become rigid ; the sensitive nerves are partially paralyzed ; later their sensibility is 
 increased; a general intoxication congests the brain and spinal cord. This last eflfect 
 is not constant ; the autopsies show that though the envelojies of the cerebro-spinal 
 axis are always congested, wholly or iu part, the nervous centers themselves are quite 
 ©ften auii-mic. , . 
 
 It follows from these results which are conformable to what is observed in ergotism 
 that the primitive phenomena depend upon a sedation of the sensory nervous system, 
 and this ana'sthesia issucceeded by a hypera>sthesia and a retardation of the circula- 
 tion. The exaltation of the sensibility has not always the same seat ; this circum- 
 stance explains the variations of the symptoms and the predominant lesions of a func- 
 tional apparatus. In all cases the hypenesthesia excites reflex action, sometimes in 
 the intestinal tube (colic, vomiting, and diarrhea); at other times in the voluntary 
 muscles (contractions and convul,>-ions) ; at still other times in the involuntary mus- 
 cles of the vessels (gangrene). These reflex actions may be successive, simultaneous, 
 ■or they are developed separately and remain separated during the whoh^ course of the 
 disease. With man, who can give an account of his subjective sensations, intense 
 pain precedes the contraction ; then follows, according to the intensity of the disease, 
 convulsions varying from trembling to epileptic attacks. The overstimulation leads 
 to exhaustion, which brings a calm in the sensitive system. Intolerable pains, which 
 are more localized, also precede thci dry gangrene ; the patient feels in the pait which 
 becomes the seat of it a cold sensation ; later, this is recognized by the thermometer 
 and to the patient it seems glacial ; the sensation islosi when the gangrenous eftect is 
 accomplished. The dilatation of the vessels, followed by a narrowing of their channels 
 are phenomena which are connected with primitive ana'sthesia, a secondary hyper- 
 icthesia, and with reflex action, which aifect the vaao-motor nerves. The rigidity and 
 congestion of the vascular tubes, the weakening of the contraction of the heart, re- 
 lard the circulation in the extremities, favor the stagnation of the blood, and conse- 
 quently necrosis, even if the reflex phenomena are not sufliciently intense to obliter- 
 ate the channel of the art'erent vessel and pioduce mortification by ana-mia. What 
 is produced iu an intense manner at one or several extremities is rei)eat('(l at all the 
 perii)hery in gangrenous and convulsive ergotism; the lowering of the temperature 
 lias no other cause than the retardation of the circulation and the reflex musctilar 
 
56 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 spasm. The cerebral plienomena are probably only secoiidarj- and are due to the con- 
 geatiou of tlae brain and its envelopes ; the aua-niia of this organ wonld also account 
 for them. It is a law that local congestions go side b}^ side with local autemia ; when 
 ergotism becomes chronic, the anaMiua is generalized, a common result in all diseases 
 which are of long duration. The absence of exudations removes all idea of inflam- 
 mation, and if hepatization of the posterior lobes of the lungs has been fonnd, par- 
 ticularly with the gallinaceaus, this lesion is neither constant nor general. 
 
 The uKMliiim dose of this agent for medicinal purposes is given by 
 Tabourin {Nouveau Traite de Nat. Med., etc., II, j). 447) as follows: Cat- 
 tle and horses, one-half to one ounce (16 to 32 grams); goats, sheep^ 
 and pigs, one to two drachms (4 to 8 grams) • dogs and cats, one-half 
 to one drachm (2 to 4 grams). Finley Dan says: A.s a parturient or 
 styptic, for the mare or cow, one-half to one ounce; for sheep, swine^ 
 and bitches, about one drachm (Yet. Medicine, f). 212). 
 
 HISTORY OF ERGOTISM. 
 
 Wood states that epidemics of ergotism or chronic ergotic poisoning have been 
 recorded from time to time since the days of Galen [130 to 200, A. D.] and of Ca'sar 
 [B. C, 100 to 44]. (Therap. Mat. Med. and Tox., 4th ed., p. 5(i.5.) There is much 
 reason for doubt, however, in regard to the diagnosis of cases occnrring before the 
 tenth century. 
 
 Yerheyen says that, "From the ninth to the thirteenth centuries several grave epi- 
 demics appeared in France. The first chroniclers who made mention of them, faithful 
 to their traditional habit, confounded them under the generic denomination of plague 
 {pcste). In the tenth century these epidemics received a special name ; they were called 
 ignis saver, arsura, claudes sen pestis igiiiaria. In the twelfth century the nomenclature 
 was increased with the terms ignis sancti Antonii, aaneti Martialis, Beaia' Virginis, ignis 
 inrisibilis, sen infernaUs. All these expressions were used to designate one and the 
 same affection, which was no other than ergotism. 
 
 The learned historian of the epidemics oi feu sacre of the Middle Ages, Professor 
 Fuchs (Das heilige Feuer im Mittelalter, Berlin, 1834), fixes the first invasion in the year 
 857. This explicit passage of the chronicle leaves no doubt in this regard. Plaga 
 magna vesicarum iurgentium grassatur in popnlo et detesfahili eos putredine consumsif, iia 
 ut membra dissohda ante mortem dedderunt. (Pertz, 11, 230.) The epidemic of 590 
 (Greg. Tur., X, 30) that some authors refer to the feu sacre, does not appear to us to 
 have presented the characters of this. Its course was extraordinarily rapid; it began 
 with a slight headache, a forerunner of death (ita ut modico quisquis a'grotus capitis 
 dotore, pulsatus, animam funderet). These morbid chai-acters can no more he consid- 
 ered ergotism than the very vague statement that near Limoges several were con- 
 sumed by the feu celeste with which some were burned in Tourraine {nonnulli ab hoc 
 igne sunt adusti). At the same time a very fatal epizootic occurred which did not spare 
 the deer. A great drought had destroyed the herbage ; it followed rains and inunda- 
 tions, conditions favorable to the evolution of charbonnons diseases. A fact support- 
 ing this view, as well as the opinion of Fuchs, is that rye, which is an Asiatic plant, 
 was only introduced into cultivation during the Middle Ages (Link). Admitting, 
 what is supposed, that Europe is indebted for it to the invasion of the Huns, it is still 
 A'ery necessary to take into iiccouut the condition of this part of the world before 
 concluding that at the end of the sixth century the new cereal had become generalized 
 and had entered into the regular agricultural rotation of Gaul. 
 
 All the epidemics of feu sacre correspond to years which were characterized by a 
 rigorous winter followed by a very rainy summer, causing a deficiency in the harvests, 
 and bringing scarcity and fanune. The »q)idcmics beg.au about the month of Septem- 
 ber or Octolier and terminated in the spring, unless the atmospheric condition of the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 57 
 
 followiiif^year continued to be fatal to the products of the earth. No mention is made 
 of great epidemics oi feu sacre' during years which were characterized by productive- 
 ness, but local epidemics are met with which were circumscribed within the limits 
 where the center of ergotism still exists in our days, and which comprises /? Sologne, 
 le Daiiphine, le Lyonnaise, la Lorraine, and VArtois. 
 
 If we take into account the conditions which concur in the evolution of fvu sacre, it 
 may be established, rt^no?/, that the sanitary state of the domestic animals was not 
 more favorable than that of the huiuan species, and that epizootics should have been 
 more fre<[uent thau they are mentioned by tlie chroniclers. Are indications found in 
 their annals which authorize us to attribute these epizootics to the same source, that 
 is, to the feu sacre? This question cannot be solved; more than that, the accounts 
 them.selves forbid an hypothesis relative to the form and nature of simultaneous dis- 
 eases. It is sufficient to cite this passage from the chronicle of St. Bavon, referring 
 to the year 1127 : I'laga diriua Franckini effliqit, ignis scilicet corpora crucians. Ptslilen- 
 tia maxima facta est (tnimalium. What was this jilague of animals? Formulated in 
 this manner it is impossible to conjecture. If in the presence of such profound ob- 
 scurities we are permitted to hazard an opinion, we would say that in all probability 
 the food of the animals did uot consist of rye in these calamitous years wheu scarcity 
 and famine were general, and when the cause of feu sacre was unknown. Eemoved 
 from the toxic factor, they did not escape its powerful accessories, and the diseases 
 which decimated the herds must have been other than ergotism.* Perhaps- the first 
 epidemic of feu swcrt' which ravaged Portugal in 1189 was an exce])tion, and it may be 
 necessary to attribute the concomitant epizootic to ergotism. It is thus described: 
 Hujus etiom tempore morln nunquam, ante, visi ingruebant, ferventissimis intra riscera ar- 
 doribus, qnibus homines quasi quadain rabie exagitabantur. Exoria etiam fames, fnigibus 
 1am ri tempestatis, quam rer7ninibun corruptis, et lues non minus noeens pecori quamhomini- 
 hus et multorum relictw racua- possessionibus (C. F. Heusinger, Fuchs). 
 
 Tlie uncertainty relative to the form and nature of the epizootics is one of the most 
 common facts in the records of the Middle Age. Thus the beginning of the famous 
 black plague in 1347 was preceded in several countries by epizootics no less fatal. 
 In primis luvc acerba pestis in brutis animaUbus incohavit ; scabies et lepra: totaliter ap- 
 priviebant equos, botes, pecudes, et cajyras ; ita ut pili de dorsiipsorumdepilabantur et eade- 
 bant et effieiebaniur macri et debiles, et post paucos dies moriebantur. Deinde incipit hwc 
 rabiosa jjcs^is 2)er nniversum munduni discurrendo in iniserabiles homines letiialiter sa'rire 
 (Cutteis). This passage evidently refers to a gangrenous affection, which has noth- 
 ing in common with feu sacre, for with the exception of the epidemic of Brittany, 
 which occurred at the beginning of the black plague, no tiaccs of ergotism are found 
 until V^7'^, when it appeared anew in France (Tessier). 
 
 During the whole period of the Middle Age l)ut rare epidemics of feu sac ir uro men- 
 tioned in tile north of Europe. Heusinger believes that those of the tifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries, designated l)y the name of scorbutus, belonged to ergotism. This 
 opinion appears to us to have foundation; in fact the celebrated botanist, DodonaMis, 
 described the epidemic of scorbutus, which occurred in Belgium in 1556, and was 
 characterized by gangrene of various parts of the body. Ho attributed it to the 
 spoiled grain which was imported from Prussia, and says in another work (Historia 
 frnmentorum, Anto., 1569), that bread made from spoiled rye (seigle altere) causes the 
 disease called by the Germans scorbutus. The giingrenous form of this allection, 
 which did not conform exactly to that observed in France and Spain, was replaced 
 in the course of the sixteenth century by the convulsive form. When the epidemics 
 of ergotism of the South and those of the North of Europe are compared a very re- 
 markable, fact j)r(!sents itself; in the South tlu^ gangrenous form is the rule ; a few of 
 theepidemics were complicated l)y muscular contractions (co/i^fY/c^MVN); in the North, 
 
 * The author appears to have overlooked the fact that such a disease might have 
 been produced by ergotized grasses. — D. E. S. 
 
58 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 oil the contrary, dry gaugreue wa.s a raitlior rare affection. Tliis pbenomeuon is ap- 
 plicable to animals with which ergotism has been observed during the continuance 
 of an epidemic as well as with those experimented upon. Fowls are the only excep- 
 tion, and with these gangrene of the comb is an almost constant result. Do the prop- 
 erties of ergot of rye differ in the north and in the south? Chemical analyses may, 
 perhaps, inform us; in waiting for these we may admit that the phenomena are not 
 dependent upon the dose. In 1840, after threshing, ergot made up half the harvest 
 of Finland. The epidemic showed itself as acute febrile, convulsive ergotism. Death 
 very often occurred within forty-eight hours (Haartman). 
 
 Datiug from the seventeenth century observers were more attentive to the phenom- 
 ena presented by animals during the epidemics of ergotism, but they notice the fact 
 with a briefness which cannot satisfy the science of pathology, because the proper ele- 
 ments are not furnished for letracing the medical history. Bruuner, the recorder of the 
 epidemic of 1694, in le Harz, limits himself to this phrase : Novi pecorn, armenta, sues, 
 equos, aiinercs qiioque )ion fui-sse a contagione immunia. In spite of the contagion which 
 lie admits, Bruuner leaves nothing eiiuivocal in regard to the cause, for he says : De- 
 generavit quoqiie secaJe et loco (jranonim alimentariorum prolrmit conmtda nigra. The 
 quoqne relates to oats which had equally undergone degeneration, the characters of 
 ■which are not indicated; its meal produced vertigo in the persons who consumed it. 
 It would have been interesting to indicate the effect produced in horses, but the au- 
 thor maintains au absolute silence in regard to this. Though distinguished botanists 
 affirm that the oat is subject to ergot, we must admit that our researches to discover a 
 fact where the injurious properties of ergoted oats have been noticed with auiiaals 
 have remained without success. 
 
 In the description of the epidemic in Silesia in 1722, we read that the King of Prus- 
 sia ordered an exchange for sound rye of that affected with ergot, which, as usual, 
 caused sickness of the horses and hogs (Hecker). Convulsive ergotism reappeared in 
 Silesia and Bohemia in 1736. Antoiue Soring, the historian, makes the remark that 
 it is known and demonstrated by experiment that ergoted rye produces disease with 
 fowls and mammals, and that when animals suffer during the epidemics of ergotism 
 it is conclusive of the quantity and violent action of the ergot in the rye. 
 
 From 176,0 to 1769 ergot was very abundant in Sweden in the rye and barley. The 
 epidemics which followed were attributed by Liunieus to the grain of the Raphanus 
 raphanistrum, from which is derived the name Raphania, which in Scandauavia is still 
 given to convulsive ergotism. Wahlin, after having experimentally demonstrated the 
 ^nocuousness of the seeds of Raphanus, observes that there is no reason for not ac- 
 cusing ergot when, in the course of an epidemic, domestic animals such as fowls and 
 hogs present similar symptoms to what are seen in man. This passage tends to prove 
 not only that the domestic animals contract convulsive ergotism, but also that the 
 ■ergot of barley is as dangerous as that of rye. This is, besides, confirmed by Retzius 
 when ho asserts that beer brewed with ergoted barley becomes a cause of convulsive 
 ergotism for those who consume it. In Hesse, it has been often observed, notably in 
 1770, that the heads of barley contained as many, if not more, long, black grains as 
 the rye. In our times (1856) this same remark has been made by T. O. Heusinger. 
 
 Traube, who left, a much esteemed description of the epidemic of 1770, which was 
 very extensive in Hanover, says that so far as he was able to observe the facts for 
 himself, he saw in the circle which he traversed a single pig attacked with convul- 
 sive ergotism. Horses eating the ergoted bread were not incommoded; boviue ani- 
 mals consumed the Hour with repuguance, but also without inconvenience. Dogs 
 and sheep were not affected, with the exception of the little village of Lohe, where 
 7 sheep succumbed after presenting the phenomena of the convulsive disease. These 
 animals had ])astured on the rye fields after the harvest, which was made in a very 
 dry time, when an abundance was lost by shelling. Traube did not discover a single 
 case of abortion which Soring and others thought they observed with hogs. One 
 fact impressed hi:n: traveling through the villages which still contained the suffer- 
 
 1 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 59 
 
 «r8, the following spring, he heard general complaints in regard to thi; small number 
 of the young fowls. But few eggs were produced, and the hens did not sit. Nothing 
 of the kind occurred in the villages which had been exempt from ergotism. Two 
 fowls were sent him which presented the spasmodic symptoms; these birds, placed 
 upon their feet, fell to oue side, allowed the head to hang, and agitated the limb?. 
 When they arose of themselves the phalanges were contracted spasmodically; they 
 lived four weeks; no autopsy was made (Geschichte der Eriebelkrankheit, 1782, pp. 
 13 and 15). 
 
 It is seen that in these epidemics the couvnlsive form predominates, while in France 
 the gangrenous form is almost exclusive. The last exteusive epidemic from which 
 this country suti'ered occurred in 1750, and the ravages at this time recalled those of 
 the Middle Ag^. It commenced in Sologne, Us traditional center, and extended 
 through Landes, Flanders, and Artois. The ergot formed a third of the threshed rye ; 
 animals which were fed upon it contracted the same gangrenous accidents as man 
 (Salerne). 
 
 Toward the last third of the eighteenth century the epidemics of ergotism were 
 no longer so frequent; the perfection of agriculture may claim a part in this happy 
 result, but the greater part is iucontestably due to the generalization of the culture 
 of the potato in the North and of maize in the South. In spite of these alimentary 
 guarantees ergotism was not extinguished. In the present century it was mentioned 
 by Ccnrhaut and Bordot, in 1855; Barrier observed the gangrenous form in the de- 
 partments of Isere, Loire, Haute-Loire, Ardeche, and Rhone. Ergotism has reap- 
 peared in Russia, Finland, Sweden, and some cantons of Germany. In the epidemic 
 described by Wagner (1831) the hogs which ate ergoted rye presented the same symp- 
 toms of the disease as the human species, and Helm saw in Pomerania 12 hogs whicli, 
 a few hours after having consu:ned a ration of rye mixed with ergot, were taken with 
 vertigo and convulsions. They moaned and uttered anxious cries ; the posterior parts 
 ■were paralyzed, and the animals manifested their sutferings by singular contortions 
 The last epidemic occni-red in 18.55; it appeared in Hesse, and concurred with that 
 mentioned in France by Barrier. 
 
 A peculiarity worthy of remark was connected with the Hessian epidemic ; the 
 younger Heusioger, who recorded it, says that his father, professor at the University of 
 Narbourg, who was charged by the Government to examine the harvests of the year, 
 accomplished his mission before the threshing. In the sheaves of the cereal he found 
 a large quantity of Broniiis secaliniis [common chess or cheat] rich in ergot, though 
 the heads of the rye were exempt from it ; and as this ergot presents all the physical 
 characters belonging to that of rj^e, it be-;omes certain that this cereal is not always 
 to be blamed as much as has been generally believed. Rye harvested on lands badly 
 cultivated was infested with Bromus ; wlien properly cultivated but little was pro- 
 duced. This fact demonstrates the great induence of agricultural progress on the 
 extension of ergotism and its cause. In countries where agriculture is in an ailvanced 
 condition, as in Belgium, ergotism, either in the gangrenous or convulsive form, is 
 unknown. The oljservation of Heusinger is not the only one; in two communes of 
 the principality of Waldeck the ergot of chess also caused an epidemic (R(erig). 
 
 This fact is not without interest for the veterinarian, since straw makes up part of 
 the food of the domesticated herbivora, and the plants mixed ill the sheaves, with the 
 nature of their productions, merits more attention than is generally bestowed upon 
 it. During the continuance of the epidemic in Hesse, T. O. Heusinger collected in- 
 fonnation in regard to the diseases which affected domestic animals. He learned that 
 in the commune of Roda, where the most peoiile suti'ered, and where convulsive 
 ergotism was most violent, the sheep presented sym])toms which conld be referred 
 to poisoning by ergot with the mort; reason as these animals were fed with rye straw 
 and received the screenings of the grain. The inhabitants complained of the great 
 mortality among the sheeji ; the shei)herds reiiorted that several had jumjted the in- 
 closures of the pastures, that they were then taken witii convulsions and turning in 
 
60 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 a circle liad dropped dead as if tbunderstriclien. Abortions were frequent, as also 
 early ])artiiritions; the greater part of the lambs died. 
 
 Doctor Randall reports tbat in the State of New York a disease appears each win- 
 ter among the cattle, which begins by a slight swelling of the lower parts of the pos- 
 terior limbs, with stiffness of the joints. This affection, which has the appearance 
 of being very mild, invariably terminates by dry gangrene of the parts first involved, 
 which freeze after the mortification. In the severe climate of New York the animals 
 winter in the fields, and the farmers attribute the disease to freezing. Randall ob- 
 serves that if this were the real cause a circular line of demarkation would not divide 
 the dead and living parts as regularly as happens in this disease, and, finally, that 
 the external appendages, less protected against the cold than the limbs when lying, 
 should freeze sooner. He adds, and it is the opinion of several other physicians, that 
 the att'ectiou is no other than gangrenous ergotism. Indeed the Poa pratensis is rich 
 in ergot, and as it does not produce each year an equal quantity, Randall thinks that 
 the cases more or less frequent correspond to the abundance of ergot. (Veterinarian, 
 184*.) 
 
 If, in presence of the facts enumerated, we cannot fail to recognize the existence of 
 gangrenous and convulsive ergotism with animals, we must also admit that these 
 facts are neither so precise nor have the rigorous correlation of cause and effect which 
 is desirable in i)athology ; they do not even give the elements for asymptomatic table. 
 Randall furnishes in this connection some important information; it agrees with 
 that contained in the interesting observation of Decoste. (Rec, 1848.) These mate- 
 rials joined to the phenomena studied with animals in experiments permit us to 
 trace the symptoms of gangrenous and convulsive ergotism. 
 
 Mr. Fleming-, in liis work entitled Animal Plagues, has compiled a 
 considerable number of references to epidemics and epizootics of ergot- 
 ism, wiiicli, while they contain a large part of the early records relat- 
 ing to this interesting subject, also dlustrate the difficulty in deciding 
 at the present time in regard to the real nature of some of the diseases 
 to which allui^ions are made. 
 
 In A. D. 992 there was a long and severe winter and an extremely 
 dry summer, followed by famine. The wheat crops were affected with 
 blight or ergot, and the forage was generally of a bad quality. Soon 
 after there was a widespread and deadly ei)idemic of ergotism {feu 
 sacre) in France. 
 
 Ergotism was again prevalent in France in 994. (An. PI., I, p. 58.) 
 
 In 1041 there was most unproi)itious weather, accompanied by earth- 
 quakes, tempests, and inundations. It snowed heavily during harvest 
 time. In many parts of Europe there were heavy rains throughout the 
 year. Flanders was inundated by the sea, and there were great storms. 
 The consequences of these disturbances were famine and disease in 
 England, Germany, and France. Cattle and men appear to have suf- 
 fered equally. " The plague of Divine Fire [igni^ dirina, ergotism, or 
 erysipelas) afflicted many, who were saved only through the merits of 
 the Blessed Virgin. And in all that year it was very sad in many and 
 various things, both in tempests and in earth's fruits. And so much 
 cattle perished in this year as no man before remembered, both through 
 various diseases and through bad weather." (An. PI., I, pp. CO, (31.) 
 
 For 1085 Mr. Fleming makes the following record: Epidemic erysip- 
 elas (ergotism ?) in France, with inundations and famine. "In the year 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 61 
 
 10S5 there was disease in plants, and also in animals, throughout the 
 world." (An. PI., I, p. 03.) 
 
 In 10S9-'91, on the Continent, " in these years many men were killed 
 by the ir/nis ,sace?- (ergotism or gangrenous erysipelas), wliicli destroyed 
 their vitals, putrified their flesh, and blackened their limbs like to 
 charcoal. Even if their lives were jjreserved their extremities were so 
 affected that they were only reserved for a most pitiable existence." 
 This epidemy is mentioned by several ancient chroniclers. Animals 
 suffered as well as the human species. (An. PL, I, p. 64.) 
 
 In 1099 gangrenous erysipelas (ergotism?) in Fi-ance in the human 
 species. From the severity of the epidemy, we maj' infer that animals 
 also suffered. There were great inundations in England by the sea and 
 by the rivers, whereby people, cattle, and whole towns were drowned. 
 (An. PI., I, p. 65.) 
 
 In 1127 the "divine plague" (ergotism?) appeared in mankind in 
 France. Prayers to the Virgin Mary healed the afflicted, it is recorded. 
 Great pestilence among animals. 
 
 In 1213 gangrenous erysipelas {feu sacre) in mankind in France and 
 Spain. 
 
 Neitlier was the scarcity limited to the fruits of the earth, nor disease to the huinau 
 species, for birds, cattle, and sheep became sterile, aud bronght forth no young, and 
 many riding and other horses perished for hxck of straw aud barley. (An. PL, 1, 
 p. 71.) 
 
 In 1598, after inundations and heavy fogs, there was a general epi- 
 zo'uty among cattle in Germany. In the same year there appeared er- 
 gotism in the human si)ecies. (An. PI., I, p. 138.) 
 
 lu 1094 an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. A supposed epidemy and 
 epizoiity of ergotism. Brunner writes : 
 
 Bv what unfortunate combination of circumstances, for so many years, the whole 
 of nature seemed to labor under an unhealthy atmosphere remains a secret. Many 
 men, and those most learned, have written on the state of the air, and I have been a 
 spectator of most grievous calamities; for not only did unwonted fevers attack and 
 kill the human race, and would submit to no remedies, but also the beasts were har- 
 rassed by deadly dise-ases. I know that sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, and geese were 
 not free from the contagion. There was also a lack of corn, not only on account of 
 the inordinate consumption of it by the soldiers, but also from the character of the 
 ground. Some of the corn was so plainly diseased that it was dangerous for man to 
 eat of it. I know also that pease, which formed a great part of the food of the army, 
 were infested and diseased by a small insect, which made a minute hole in then). I 
 never renu'mber seeing such an abundant crop of darnel (tares) mixed with theoat.^, 
 and which prevented the making of good oat meal, our chief food, for it was needless 
 to attempt to labor on it, it was so bad. All grain disappeared, and in its place small, 
 black, lunn-shaped masses became apparent, which were highly injurious toman- 
 kind. These were named "St. Martin's corn." A woman was shown to me by a sur- 
 gecm who suffered from convulsions every eleventh day, solely from eating this corrupt 
 grain, and the same surgeon told me he had amputated a leg mortified from the same 
 cau.se. (An, PI., I, pp. lG(i-l«J7.) 
 
 In 1721 the winter was mild, but the sjuiug tiuiecold ami daiiii), and 
 the remainder of the year wet. Locusts in France and the whole of 
 
62 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Italy. Epidemic ergotism in Silesia during this and the next year, and 
 scarlatina in man at St. Petersburg, Courlaud, and Lithuania. So 
 notorious was it that diseased grain produced formidable diseases in 
 tlie lower animals, that while the epidemic continued in Silesia the King 
 of Prussia issued an edict forbidding the use of rye tainted by the ergot, 
 because it seriously affected horses and pigs. (xVu. PL, I, p. 234.) 
 
 Another strange phenomenon was the generallj^ laborious parturi- 
 tions of the domestic animals at this period : 
 
 The slieep iu niauy places lambed with great difficulty, so that the shepherds were 
 obliged to use force to deliver tbem. Among the cattle one hears of nothing particu- 
 lar beyond the fact that the breeding cows and ewes brought forth their young with 
 great difficulty so that force was obliged to be used to assist them. At Strelitz three 
 fine young cows died from this laborious parturition. They trained so violently that 
 all their internal organs were protruded. (An. PI. I, p. 235.) 
 
 In this connection Mr. Fleming gives the following quotation from 
 Hecker : 
 
 The uncertaintj' pertaining to the nature of epizootics of the Middle Ages, leaves u» 
 in doubt as to whether some of them might not belong to that class which have a 
 common origin with numy of the epidemics of mankind. The ignis sacer, arsitra, claude» 
 sen pesfis itimaria, ignis SancU Antonii, Sancti Martialis, Btatw Firginis, ignis invisibiUs, 
 seu infernaJis, &c., would all seem to be employed to denote the same affection, and 
 which we have reason to believe was ergotism. It is only by chance, as it were, that 
 wide-spread and fatal diseases among the lower animals are mentioned as occurring 
 coinicidently with these obscurely named epidemies, and when we read that the 
 causes of their outbreak were unfavorable weather, which brought about a diseased 
 condition of the crops and pastures we are only partially enlightened as to the nature 
 of the affection. 
 
 The scorbutus of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries has beeu supposed, with much 
 reason, I think, to have been ergotism, .and up to this period it appears to have devel- 
 oped in a gangrenous form. At this time, however, it changed to the convulsive 
 type, which it has chiefly maintained to the present. A curious feature in this disease 
 is shown as it appears iu the South and North of Europe. In the South, the gangren- 
 ous forui is the rule; in the North the convulsive form is particularly mai'ked, and 
 very rarely the <lry gangrene; while a few of the epidemies present both characters. 
 The same peculiarity is observable in the phenomena of ergotism iu the lower ani- 
 mals during the existence of an epidemy, and it has also been shown to exist by ex- 
 perimentation; the only exception would appear to be in the case of galliuaceoua 
 birds, in which gangrene of the crest or comb is the most constant phenomenou. 
 It is not until the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries that we can with certainty 
 find authors describing ergotism in the epizootic form iu animals and from that time 
 till now observers have been numerous. (Page 2'.H.) 
 
 Convulsive ergotism appeared in mankind in Silesia and Bohemia 
 (1730), and Antoine Soring, the historian of the epidemy, notices that 
 it had been remarked, and the subject had been demonstrated by ex- 
 periment, that spurred rye produces disease in fowls and mammiferous 
 animals, and that when we know i)ositively that animals are affected 
 in this way during epidemics of ergotism, we may conclude that the rye 
 is very rich in ergot, and its action very violent. (An. P. I, p. 2{)2.) 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 63^ 
 
 In 1754 a very extensive epidemy of ergotism prevailed iu France, 
 nearly approaching in its ravages those of the Middle Ages. It began 
 at Sologne, its traditional birthplace, and spread through the Llandes, 
 Flanders, and Artois. The ergot was so abundant that it formed one- 
 third of the rye. The animals fed on it contracted the same gangrenous 
 diseases as afflicted the human species. (An. PL I, p. 384.) 
 
 The next outbreak referred to is described as follows : 
 
 Au epidemy of ergotism was also reported as occurring in niauy northern countries 
 caused by the wheat, rye, and corn having been diseased. It lasted during this and 
 the next year, and amnials seem to have sutiered. Wagner described it as it appeared 
 iu the marshy districts of Saxony, the circle of Schlieben, and on the banks of the 
 Elster: "A light frost destroyed the blossom on the vine and the rye iu 18131. Each 
 partially withered blossom of the rye crop, instead of a healthy seed, brought forth 
 a spur of ergot about three-fonrths of au inch long. . * * * In some houses, where 
 the disease raged most violently, grain was found consisting of two parts of diseased 
 and one of bitter rye, vetch and a variety of other seeds. * » * Pigs ate ergo- 
 tized rye (Mutterkorn), and suffered from its effects. Dogs, however, instinctively, 
 avoided it; but when compelled by hunger to eat it, they exhibited 8ymi>toms of 
 madness ( ToJlwiith). I believe that such food was partaken of here and there by dogs, 
 and that it assisted iu producing uuidness, as dogs and cats were so affected that no 
 man ever remembers seeing so many mad as during the existence of the ergotism 
 {Kriebelkraitkheit) among the people. This unhealthy grain may have had something 
 to do with the sickness among the lower animals which prevailed at this time, and 
 which was ascribed to the choleraic influence, though its share must have been small." 
 (An. PI. II, p. 172.) 
 
 Raphania iu pigs was witnessed by Dr. Helm : 
 
 Twelve pigs of various ages were fed with rye which contained mucli ergot. A 
 few hours afterwards convulsions set in, with foaming at the mouth ; the aniuuils 
 grunted and groaned most piteousljs became paralyzed iu the hinder extremities, 
 and expressed their agony iu the strangest contortions. At first I pi"esumed the dis- 
 ease arose from the bite of a mad dog, but on opening the first animal that died I 
 discoveied the nature of the malady by finding in the stomach much ergoted rye. 
 The jaws were so tightly closed that with great difficulty a purge of white liellebore 
 was introduced, and that w.as followed by a dose of viuegar and buttermilk and re- 
 peated douches of very cold water. By these means seveu of the animals were saved. 
 The other five died iu the course of a few days. (An. PI. II, p. 197.) 
 
 In our own country we have no compilation of the references to animal 
 <liseases which may liave been made from time to time, and hence it is 
 impossible for me to give a history of ergotism in this countrj-. My at- 
 tention, however, has been called to the following article in the Farmers* 
 Cabinet, Vol. Ill (1838-';«>), p. IGl, which shows not only that the dis- 
 ease has occarred heretofore, but that its cause was recognized : 
 
 I have just seen a number of the "Farmer and (iardener'" of l?;iltimore, dated lUtli 
 June hist, which contains an artich; on the "Hoof-ail" of cattle, andcDpiod from tin- 
 Genesee Farmer, upon which I will iii.-ikc a few rciiiai l<s. 
 
 The writer of tlie article, John 15. Howcrs, dates from Lcdynrd, and ascriht's th(» 
 loss of the hoofs iu three cows to their having been fed fur cightor nine d.-iys on 
 spear grass (I suppose our green grass, poa riridiM) ■.iiU-rtvil willi ergot. Tlic con- 
 jecture is well founded, as you may be assured by referring to the lil'th vohmic of (lie 
 
64 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Memoirs of the "Philadelphia Society for Promotiug Agriculture," p. 19G, where you 
 will see a pai)er of mine on the subject, which I think will leave no room to doubt as 
 to the cause of the disease. It is a curious fact that the ergot of rye, if grouud into 
 meal with sound rye, wheu made into bread and eateu produces mortilication of the 
 lower extremities in France. (See Memoirs of the same society, volume 3, appendix, 
 p. 5.) 
 
 JAMES MEASE. 
 Chestnut Strket, October 6^ 1838. 
 
 Dr. James Mease, tlie writer of the above, gives the following ad - 
 ditioual information on the same subject: 
 
 In the year 1803, the late Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, informed me that he had 
 observed the hay made of the natural green grass, or spear-grass {poa viridis), growing 
 <jn his fine meadows, on Petty's Island, made by banking out the Delaware, to be 
 occasionally affected with a black spear, about one-fourth or half an inch in length, 
 somewhat resembling the ergot in rye, and that cattle eating such hay became affected 
 with a disease in their hoofs, causing them sometimes to drop off. He ascribed the 
 morbid production in the grass to neglect in supplying it with water from the river, 
 by means of sluices, during the dry season. Upon my mentioning the facts soon after 
 to the late William Rush, of Philadelphia, an extensive grazier, he confinned them 
 from his own observations at Blooming Grove, near Gray's Court, in the State of New 
 York, in the winter succeeding the very dry summer of the year 1793. The hay was 
 the produce of a bog meadow ; it is presumed, therefore, that it was made from the 
 same natural grass that grew in the meadows of Joseph Cooper. 
 
 Some years after, Mr. W. T. Woodman, of Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, 
 Pennsylvania, communicated to me an account, in the following letter, of a similar 
 disease, and from a like cause, among his father's cattle: 
 
 " Having observed the remark in the Port Folio for May, 1815, in the review of the 
 third volume of the Memoirs of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, that, ' as yet, 
 in America we have never heard of any human person falling a victim to the ergot, 
 nor indeed is it satisfactorily ascertained that it has ever been injurious to our ani- 
 mals, I think proper to communicate to you an account of a disease which in 1802 
 or 1803 prevailed in this neighborhood among milk cows particularly, but which 
 also affected other cattle and horses. You will perceive that it was analogous to the 
 one supposed to be occasioned by ergot. 
 
 " For my part I am entirely ignorant of the cause, but still I am unwilling to as- 
 cribe it to ergot (with wliich rye in this neigliborhood is more or less affected every 
 year), for this reason, that milk cows, which are never fed with rye by our farmers 
 or butter-makers, exhibited more violent symptoms than oxen or horses. 
 
 "The farmers attributed the disease to a peculiar mildew, which sometimes affects 
 the grass on the bottom meadows of a small stream, the basin of which is very exten- 
 sive, and very luxuriant, and entirely appropriated to meadow land, and suffered to 
 lie under natural grass. No timothy or other grass seeds have ever been sown on it, 
 to my knowledge. 
 
 " The cattle jifiected did not appear to lose their appetite, and while they ate heart- 
 ily of hay and other food became daily more and more lean, manifesting great un- 
 easiness, occasioned most probably by violent itching. Their hair in many places fell 
 off, or was rubbed off by the animal in striving to scratch itself. After these symp- 
 toms had continued for some tune, one or both hind feet became sore and the hoofs 
 loose, at which period the animals began to grow better. Others lost their h()(»fsand 
 part of their legs. Three of my father's cows lost both of their hind feet, and some 
 others in the neighborhood were equally as bad. Tiie legs began by drying and grow- 
 in" smaller fi-om tbe hoof to lialf way between the fetlock and tlie hock, at which 
 
I 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 65 
 
 poiut it appeared as if a strinj:: of twine were tieil very tight ronud the leg. Above 
 this part the tlesh was to all appearance in perfect health ; the lower part was hard, 
 Mack, and offensive. When the lower part became quite dry, and little else thaa 
 lione, it separated and fell off, after which the aninaals lived and ate heartily, hob- 
 bling along on the remaining stumps. They even began to grow fat. Their health 
 seemed perfect. They would, no doubt, have live<l long in this state, and were killed 
 only from motives of compassion. 
 
 "One cow belonging to my father, which had lost only one of her hind feet, and that 
 at the first joint above the foot, bore a very strong, vigorous calf, which lived and 
 did well. The cow also afforded as much milk after as before her misfortune, and was 
 paHtured on the same grass to which her disease was attributed when in a state of 
 hay. 
 
 "I think ihe disease was never known but one season. The first symptom of it was 
 observable in February, and it reached its crLsis about the middle of May. Should 
 Ihis conmiunication lead to any further observations on the nature and cause of the 
 disease I shall be much pleased, and they may be of great service to the agriculturist. 
 Should the disease ever again make its appearance I shall be more particular in my 
 observations. 
 
 "I remain, very respectfully, 
 
 "WM. T. WOODMAN. 
 
 " P. S. — It should be observed, that though we have every year more or less of the 
 ergot, the quantity of it is never considerable. I think there is seldom more than one 
 jiint to a hundred bushels of rye. 
 
 " Different remedies were tried, but none of them afforded any relief." 
 
 '• Being desirious to acertain whether the disease of the grass to which Mr. W. re- 
 ferred had grown in meadows that had been deprived of their usual supply of water, 
 I addressed a letter to him in reference to this jjoint, and received the following an- 
 swer, under date of June 10, 1815 : 
 
 "Your favor of the 30th ultimo came to hand the 4th instant. Since the receipt of it I 
 have made numerous inquiries, for the purpose of obtaining additional information 
 re8])ecting the disease (of which I communicated an account), and on the season 
 preceding its prevalence, «fec ; but I regret to inform you that farmers in general are 
 so deficient in observation, and so entirely out of practice of recording facts, that I 
 have nf't been able satisfactorily to ascertain whether the season in which the " in- 
 jurious hay was made" was a dry one or not. 
 
 "However, my father informs me that, as nearly as he can recollect, about that period 
 the ditch which conveyed water to his meadow became so filled Avith mud and ac- 
 cumulations of mud and other matter as to render the supply very imperfect. As a 
 deficiency of water appears to be the cause of the unwholesome qualities of the hay, 
 it is highly probable that the injurious hay was made during the season that water 
 was wanting. But shortly after this time the death of my grandfather in a great 
 I measure excluded my father from the benefit of the water. The original plantation 
 I being divided into two farms, and that of my father lying farther down the stream, 
 j the water of the artificial course is exhausted before it reaches his laud. It should, 
 however, be remarked that since that period he mows his grass while it is very young, 
 1 and before the seeds are touched by the "smutty affection." Indeed, the farmers 
 generally in this neighborhood, since their cattle were affected with the disease, are 
 careful to mow much earlier than they did formerly. 
 
 "I am strongly induced to believe that Mr. Cooper ascribes the disease to the proper 
 cause, for I have been correctly informed that a loail of the injurious hay was sold to 
 
 Rogers, who at that time kept the Buck Tavern, in second street, whose cow, in 
 
 cousequence of feeding on ir, was affected with a disease of a similar nature. 
 Your friend, &c., 
 
 W. T. WOODMAN " 
 57.")! D A o 
 
66 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The disease prevailed to a great extent in Orange County, New York 
 in the year 1820, and is very well and minutely described by Dr. Arnell, 
 corres])onding- secretary of the agricultural society of that county- 
 The facts detailed by him leave no doubt of the deaths of numerous 
 cattle in his vicinity being caused by their eating hay made from some 
 grass that was affected with the species of ergot observed in the pro- 
 duce of the meadows before mentioned, for he expressly mentions that 
 the spear grass g^^ew in the meadows in the towns of Wallkill and Bloom- 
 ing Grove, where the disease prevailed, and in a bog meadow soil. 
 Dr. A. remarks that, '' the hay w^as cut in June or beginning of July, 
 immediately before harvest; that only cattle in good condition suffered 
 from eating the diseased hay, the poor and meager escaping.'' The 
 means of prevention pointed out by Dr. Arnell are similar to that ju- 
 dically recommended by Mr. Woodman, viz., to cut the grass early, be- 
 fore the ergot forms ; or, if it be found in the grass, to defer cutting it 
 until late, when ex])erience proves that it may be safely used; for 
 Dr. A. remarks that " the ergot then becomes dry and shriveled, with- 
 out any of the flour or vegeto-animal matter which it usuallj' contains.'? 
 But the hay made from such late-made grass must be of little value, 
 because Dr. A. says truly that " this spear grass is so early that 
 if left to stand till the usual time of mowing meadows it loses all its 
 succulent and nutritious properties." This agrees with our experience 
 with respect to the spear grass of Pennsylvania, where it ripens next 
 in order to the early Anthroxanthum odoratiim, or sweet-scented meadow 
 grass. Still, however, it may be useful by answering one purpose of 
 food in all animals : to stimulate by distention, and to add to the stock 
 of barn-yard manure. The various remedies tried to cure the disease 
 in Xew York are enumerated by Dr. Arnell. Those that succeeded 
 were: 
 
 1. Poultices of soa]), rye-meal, and salt, to the legs and feet. 
 
 2, A wash of beef-brine, composed of saltpetre, and common salt, 
 applied several times a day, and after washing and rubbing the feet 
 with the bitter-sweet ointment. Of the animals thus treated, one only 
 lost its hoof. 
 
 In the treatment of the disease, the first object to be attended to is to 
 remove, the cause producing it. This is to be effected by drenches of 
 castor-oil, or sweet-oil and molasses and water warmed, to which may be 
 added, if found necessary, after the failure to operate of the first dose,] 
 half a pound of glauber salts, dissolved in warm water. During the op-J 
 eration of tlie drench corn meal, rye, or oatmeal, mixed with a large ])ro-' 
 portion of warm water, and a handful of common salt to every bucket 
 of it, should be freely given. The use of hay free from ergot is as ob- 
 viously in(lisi)ensable. A handful of salt should be given every day to 
 promote digestion and give tone to the system. Tlie local apiilications 
 must be of a stimulating nature to rouse the activity of the circulation 
 and of the absorbents, and to enable the i)art laboring under a deti- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 67 
 
 ciency of vital energy to resume its healthy functions, or to throw off 
 the disease. Fish, or beef-brine will answer as well as any, but they 
 should be well rubbed on the feet and legs, for friction greatly tends to 
 assist in restoring the health of the parts. To prevent the appearance 
 of ergot in the grass, care should be taken, when practicable, to supi)ly 
 the meadows with water in dry seasons. 
 
 In theGene.see Farmer, 1837, p. .50, was published the following letter, 
 clearly referring to this disease : 
 
 Perhaps you are aware there is a complaint among cattle occasionally, in this part 
 of the world, and it may be in many others. I have lieanl of it in Canada. I do not 
 know the correct name. It is not the hoof-ail, although it attacks the hind feet of 
 cattle, and, if not arrested, the limb will rot olf, up to the second joint of the leg, and 
 the animal must be killed, or it will die ; after it has proceeded so far as to be iucnralile, 
 the only way is to knock it in the head. 
 
 I write this to inform yonr numerous readers of a cure we have here, although per- 
 haps the remedy is generally known. It is to cut off the toes of the hind foot (in 
 which only it appears), about an inch horizontal, so as to open the foot sufficiently 
 there for the blood to come out; then put the foot in a stocking with plenty of tar at 
 the toe. If taken in time this will effect a cure. It must be done early, however, 
 when the animal first shows symptoms of the complaint, by a frequent and slight 
 kicking out of the hind foot, as if pricked with something. 
 
 I have heard the cause attributed to poisonous hay, such as smut. Do you or any 
 of your correspondents know anything about it ' If so, let us have your, or their, ex- 
 jierience. 
 
 CHILTON FORD. 
 
 MoHRisTOWX, Sai)if Lawrence Countij, X. Y. 
 
 Again, in the same periodical, 1857, j). 245, we tiud the following re- 
 port of this trouble in Portage County, Ohio ; 
 
 In consequence of the appearance of a severe and fatal disease among cattle in some 
 parts of Portage County (Ohio) the past winter, the Farmers' Association of Edinburg 
 appointed the undersigned a committee to investigate the subject, and ascertain if 
 possible the nature, cause, and cure of this malady. The report of this committee we 
 herewith forward for publication in the Gene.see Farmer, together with a resolution 
 adopted by the association at the close of an instructive discussion upon the adoption 
 of the report. 
 
 Ji'<j)orf. — The disease is not caused by freezing, neither is it what is called hoof-ail, 
 foot-rot, or fouls. Its symptoms seem to be a deadness of the end of the tail, extend- 
 ing upward till in .some cases the Uesfi separates from the bone and falls off. About 
 tlie same time there is a purple appearance just at the edge of the hair, above the 
 hoof. It then commences swelling, becomes feverish, extending upward to the ankle, 
 and in some instances causing a separation of the cotHu-bone from the pastern joint. 
 The lameness is confined entirely to the hind feet. The blood is pale and thin, and in 
 most ca.ses the animal retains a good appetite till near the last. The cause we ap- 
 prehend to be feeding on hay containing ergot (a parasitic fungus growing within 
 the glumes of various grasses) in cou'iiderable iiuautities. We arrive at tiiis conclu- 
 sion from the fact that the hay fed by one individual who had lost a large number of 
 cows contained much of this article, and also that the farmer from whom he purchased 
 the hay lost cattle from the same disease, and in both instances cattle fed on other 
 hay were not affected. In every well marked case of this disease it has been ascer. 
 tained that t\u- hay on which the animals were fed contained the ergot. The hay in 
 which the ergot was found the most, was the kind cal'ed tlie June, or spear-grass, 
 growing in old meadows where tln' soil is rifli and the growtli rank. 
 
68 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 The severe frost ou the 31st of May 1856, is supposed by some to have been the cause 
 of this disease in the grass by destroying the vitality of the seed before it arrived at 
 perfection ; while by others it is attributed to the extreme warm growing weather in 
 June causing an overflow of sap. 
 
 Although we consider the whole subject involved in much obscurity and uncertainty, 
 and requiring further investigation, yet we are satisfied the best manner of treating 
 the disease is immediate resort to restoratives and a change of diet, whereby an in- 
 crease of animal heat and vitality is obtained, and at the same time making an appli- 
 cation of suitable remedies to the affected parts, by cutting off the toes until they 
 bleed, and blue vitriol moderately applied to the foot has in several instances- been 
 foiind beneficial. A free use of charcoal and salt in various ways is undoubtedly a 
 good preventive ; and a careful examination of the hay or grass on which stock is fed 
 is indispensable ; if ergot is found in hay it uuiy be removed by threshing or tramping. 
 Of t tie specific nature and properties ofthe ergot in hay, or whether they are identical 
 with that of rye, we are not well informed. The immediate effects of the latter in 
 large doses is well known, but it has no affinity to the oi'dinary known effects of 
 vegetable j»oisons. What effect would be produced by its gradual and continual use 
 we are not in possession of sufiScient information to warrant us in speaking positively; 
 but we do suppose, after a careful examination, that it operates on the blood of the 
 animal, and unless immediate remedies are applied it proves fatal. 
 
 P. BARRON, M. D., 
 R. M. HART, Esq., 
 J. Y. PEARSON, 
 JONAS BOND, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 The followiDg resolution was unanimously adopted: 
 
 Resolved (inasmuch as the evidence adduced is conclusive), that ergot in hay is 
 the cause of this disease. The association cannot decide that it is the real cause of 
 a poison being introduced into the system, owing to our inability to analyze this sub- 
 stance; therefore we desire to ask the editors of our agricultural papers for more in- 
 formation, and to obtain a chemical analysis of ergot. 
 
 In the Chicaxjo Tribune, March 14, 1884, appeared a letter signed J. 
 Hosmer, containing the following paragraph, which, while it refers the 
 disease to a ditferent cause, evidently describes the same affection : 
 
 In 1873-'74, in Chariton County, Missouri, the winter was very severe, the mercury 
 going to more than 20- below zero. The people on the open prairie, mostly Germans 
 who had recently moved there, seeing that the native Missourians provided no shel- 
 ter for their stock provided none themselves. In the spring from one to three in a 
 flock of eight to ten had the " black leg." It commenced to separate just where the 
 skin joins the hoof. The animal being in great pain, lapped the infected part, and 
 the poison was thus transferred to the mouth. It was nothing more or less than gan- 
 grene, as the leg rotted and became putrid. 
 
 In the month of February, 1884, a letter written to the editor of the 
 Breeder's Gazette by Cushman Brothers, of North East, Pa., in regard 
 to a strange disease of dairy cattle there was referred to me. This let- 
 ter, written February 19, and a second one from the same gentlemen, 
 dated March 8, in reply to some inquiries of mine, contained the follow- 
 lowing informatiou : 
 
 The dairy in question contained 18 cows, and the disease appeared 
 about January 1, 1884. The first indication was " cocked "ankles behind, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 69 
 
 the legs begiuuing to swell ia a few hours, and iu two days were " as 
 large as the skin could hold." This swelling only extended as high as 
 the hock joint. In about a week the hoofs began to come off; the parts 
 beneath were red, but there was .no formation of pus. The feet were ap- 
 parently healthy between the claws, the appetite good, the eyes bright, 
 and the cud regularly masticated. The animals had been kei»t in a 
 warm stable all winter. At the latter date mentioned four had been 
 killed, their api)etite having finally failed, two more were very bad, " a 
 scab having formed from top of hoof to several inches above ankle and 
 leg rotting oft';'' the foot of one animal had come off at first joint al)ove 
 the hoof, the fore feet of none had been affected but with two the fore- 
 legs were then swelling above the knees. One that had been affected 
 without losing hoofs and had apparently recovered, was taken down a 
 second time. Many people said their feet were frozen, but the owner 
 says they have now changed their minds. He had looked carefully in 
 their mouths for sores but had found none. 
 
 This was undoubtedly ergotism, and was so diagnosed by Dr. Germer, 
 the health officer of Erie, Pa., after the Kansas disease had been attrib^ 
 uted to this cause. 
 
 In recent years several epizootics of ergotism have also been observed 
 in New York by Professor Law, in Iowa by Professor Stalker, and in 
 Colorado by Professor Faville ; and it seems probable that when our 
 veterinarians learn to recognize this disease and to refer it to its proper 
 origin, we shall find that it is not an uncommon affection of cattle. 
 
 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF ERGOTISM. 
 
 When the first signs of this disorder ap])ear the most important point 
 to be attended to is to make a complete change of food, and to see that 
 this is of good quality, nutritious, and free from ergot. It would also be 
 proper to give a dose of physic (from one to two pounds of Epsom salts), 
 in order to remove as much as possible of the poison still contained in 
 the digestive organs, and to follow this with soft food, as mashes and 
 roots. In the most severe cases, those in which a part of the limb is al- 
 ready lifeless, treatment will avail but little. The greater number of 
 cases, however, have not advanced to this stage when lameness is first 
 noticed, and these will be greatly benefited by removing the cause, and 
 placing the animal under conditions favorable for resisting the poison. 
 A very important condition is warmth. Even when animals are fed 
 large (piantities of ergot they seldom suffer except in cold weather; and 
 consequently in attempting to check the advance of the disease, advan- 
 tage should be taken of tliis fact by placing the cattle in warm sheds. 
 
 Another condition believed by some to have nuich influence on the de- 
 velopment of ergotism is the water su[»ply. With plenty of water al- 
 ways at hand it is believed that larger quantities of ergot may be taken 
 foralonger time than when the water siipply is deficient. In the cold win- 
 ters which occur over much of our cattle-raising countiv, it is ilifficult 
 
70 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 to induce the animals to take a sufficient aiuonnt of water. Holes cut 
 tbrougb the ice soon freeze over, and the weatlier is frequently so severe 
 tbat tbe cattle will drink only a few swallows of water before tbey will 
 leave to seek a sbelterfi-om the cuttin^;- wiTids, and when, later in the day, 
 they try to obtain more water, tbe drinkinfj boles are frozen over. 
 Where ergotism i)revails tbe waterin^,^ sbould receive close attention. 
 
 Ergotism can probably be entirely prevented by cutting the hay be- 
 fore tbe seeds have formed. Both in Missouri and Illinois I saw tbe 
 clearest examples of this. Hay comi)Osed of the same kinds of grass, 
 cut upon tbe same laud, was free from ergot or largeh' infested with it, 
 according asithad been cut green or ripe. This matteriswortbyof care- 
 ful consideration. Hay cut green is more digestible and in every way 
 more A'aluable than tbat wbicb is allowed to become ripe and woody; 
 and tbe latter is much more liable to produce severe disease, such as in- 
 digestion, impaction, and ergotism. 
 
 This fatal disorder may, therefore, l>e prevented in the future by 
 proper and careful management ; tbe chief points in this being to cut the 
 hay before tbe seeds have formed, to see that the animals have a suffi- 
 cient quantity of drinking water, to keep tbem in good condition by 
 tbe liberal use of nutritious food, and to protect tbem as much as possi- 
 ble from the inclement weather. When It is found necessary to feed 
 hay which contains a considerable quantity of ergot it is of course doul)ly 
 important to look after tbe water supply and tbe shelter. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 An approximately correct outline of tbe district permanently infected 
 with southern fever is a matter of supreme importance, not only to tbe 
 people who live within and near this district, but to those interested in 
 live-stock in every part of tbe country. The losses which occur every 
 summer, and which in some years, have been really disastrous to the 
 stock owners of certain sections, have been largely the result of igno- 
 rance of the districts from which it is dangerous to bring cattle in sum- 
 mer, and to which adult cattle cannot be taken with safety at any sea- 
 son of the year, unless they are to be slaughtered for beef within a short 
 time after their arrival. 
 
 An attempt to make efficient laws to guard against this malady by 
 regulating the movement of cattle from infected localities has generally 
 failed to give relief, because these districts could not be accurately 
 designated. States, therefore, as well as individuals, have been unable 
 to protect themselves, and tbe losses have gone on year after year in 
 spite of individual i)recautions and State laws. Tbe cheap cattle of 
 Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Southeastern Virginia, and 
 other infected sections are at times carried to the most remote sections 
 of tbe country, and when this is done in spring or sumn)er extensive 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 71 
 
 aud fatal outbreaks of soutberu fevor among the susceptible animals 
 which cross their trail or mix with them upon their pastures is the 
 general result. 
 
 Last year such outbreaks of di.sease are known to have occurred in 
 New York, Xew Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Vir- 
 ginia, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and even in Dakota. Colorado 
 and Wyoming seem to have escaped, notwithstanding tlie introduction 
 of Southern cattle, and this was probably due to the peculiar cliniiitic 
 conditions, the excessive dryness of the atmosphere i)reveutiiig the 
 multiplication of germs and soon destroying them. 
 
 It is evident, however, that this disease maybe carried to most parts 
 of the country, and that before anything can be accomplished toward 
 preventing the very important losses which are now annually caused by 
 it, we must have more accurate knowledge of the section from which 
 cattle are liable to carry the infection. To obtain the information nec- 
 essary to map out the infected district special agents have been em- 
 ployed, who have carefully traversed every county along the border- 
 line of this district, aud have investigated the cattle diseases with suffi- 
 cient detail to locate the limits of the infected district in most counties 
 with very great accuracy. In some counties a sharp line cannot be 
 drawn, because it does not exist, but in such cases the line has been 
 drawn sufficiently toward the uninfected district to embrace, as is be- 
 lieved, all the territory that was really infected at the time of examina- 
 tion. As this district is being continually enlarged by a gradual though 
 very slow advance of the infection, it is not safe to buy cattle near this 
 line for shipment to the North in summer, unless a careful personal in- 
 vestigation is made by the purchaser at the time. 
 
 The infected part of tlie South is clearly shown on the accompanying 
 maps. To establish the boundary-line of this district beyond contro- 
 versy our special agents have carefully reported the individual experi- 
 ence of thousands of farmers, and others who have moved cattle either 
 northward or southward in the vicinity of this line. These reports are 
 far too numerous and voluminous to publish in detail, and, consequently, 
 a simple resum^ of the facts as they are known to exist is all that we 
 have attempted to give in this report. The location of the border-line 
 of the infected district is as follows: 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 The northeastern extremity of the line is in Accomack County on the 
 Atlantic seal)oard. Tlie permanent existence of the disease on this 
 ]>eninsula has not heretofore been suspected by the country at large 
 A few facts had come to our notice within the past year or two -which 
 seemed to indicate that certain outbreaks of southern fever in ^laryland 
 had followed the introduction of cattle from Northampton County, which 
 covers the extreme southern i)art of the peninsula. At the time it 
 
72 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AXIMALS. 
 
 seemed impossible that this disease could have secured a peimaueut 
 lodgement so far uortli, and the reports were scarcely credited. 
 
 A careful examination of the peninsula, however, has demonstrated 
 the existence of the infection of southern catlle fever throughout North- 
 ampton County, and extending for 2 or 3 miles across the boundary into 
 the southern part of Accomack County. The infection seems to have 
 been in Northampton County so long that no one remembers a time 
 when it was absent. It is said that there are local laws prohibiting the 
 movement of cattle from Northampton to Accomack at any season of 
 the year, but that recently they have not been strictly enforced. In 1880 
 a considerable number of cattle that had been running upon commons in 
 Accomack County, 2 or 3 miles from the southern boundary, died with 
 symptoms of southern fever. It was found by investigation that more 
 or less cattle had died from pasturing on these commons every summer 
 for the past ten years. 
 
 In April, 1881, a drove of about 50 head of cattle was collected in 
 Northampton County and driven to market across Accomack. At 
 Pungoteague a stop of several hours was made, and here at least six 
 head of cattle contracted the disease during the following summer and 
 died. Two miles farther north another halt was made for dinner, and 
 in this vicinity nine of the native animals died. Twenty miles north of 
 this the herd seems to have stopped again, and here a large number of 
 native cattle died. 
 
 There seems to be no reason to doubt, then, that Northampton County 
 has long been infected, and that the cattle from that section when 
 driven among susceptible animals produce the same fatal results as has 
 long been recognized to follow a similar movement of Texas and Gulf- 
 coast cattle. The infected part of Accomack County is very narrow, 
 perhaps not more than 5 miles wide, and it is said that the disease is 
 more malignant toward the seacoast than it is in the parts which border 
 on the bay. This is in harmony with the fact that southern fever is 
 known to have existed along the seacoast in North Carolina and Virginia 
 for many years before it invaded the interior. 
 
 A careful investigation of the counties north of the Rappahannock 
 lliver failed to reveal any trace of the disease. Not only were all the 
 cattle apparently in good healtli, but imported cattle had remained free 
 from disease after their introduction. Several instances were related 
 of bulls being brought from North or West and continuing to thrive in 
 their new home. According to all the information attainable, then, 
 there is no permanent infection north of the Rappahannock River. 
 
 Coming south of this river, we iind that cattle brought from Glouces- 
 ter and Matthews Counties to sections of the State farther north and 
 west infect pastures and thus destroy native animals. The facts ob- 
 tained indicate that IMiddlesex County has become entirely infected, 
 but we were unable to ol:)tain evidence of any [)erinanent infection in 
 Essex County. In King and Queen County the infection has reached 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 73 
 
 tbe pastures in tbe vicinity of King and Queeu Court House within the 
 last four or five years, and it now survives there through the winter. 
 Ten miles north of this cattle are susceptible to the disease and suft'er 
 wlien on the same pastures with others from south or east of that lo- 
 cality. While therefore the southeastern ])art of this county is cer- 
 tainly infected the greater part is still free. The same phenomena in 
 regard to the extension of the disease that has been noticed in other 
 parts of the South were also apparent here. The effects of the disease 
 had been apparent for twenty years south and east of the court- 
 house, but the pastures here had not become infected until about five 
 years ago, and since then cattle have been frequently lost. In Caroline 
 County there was an outbreak of disease in 1881 caused by cattle from 
 Gloucester County. 
 
 In King William County we find the infection permanently located 
 on the Pamunkey Eiver 8or 10 miles above the Xew Kent County line, 
 where it seems to have been for the jiast twenty years. 
 
 In Hanover County the permanent infection has been at Hanover 
 Court House and Ashland for a considerable number of years. It is well 
 known to the inhabitants that cattle brought from north or west of 
 these places are nearly certain to die either the first or second summer 
 after their arrival. The infection has extended but little beyond these 
 two points. 
 
 Henrico appears to be entirely overrun with the infection. All the 
 cattle sold from this and the surrounding counties go to Richmond either 
 to be killed for beef or to be shipped by boat to other markets, and con- 
 sequently there is little opportunity to collect instances of disease caused 
 by cattle carried from here to uninfected localities. On the other hand it 
 is admitted pretty generally by those who handle cattle that it is very 
 dangerous if not absolutely fatal to bring these from the elevated sec- 
 tions of the State to any part of this county. 
 
 In Goochland County there have been very few cases of disease for a 
 longtime, but the southeastern extremity of the county is recognized 
 to be dangerous to northern cattle. Farms on the James River three 
 or four miles above Goochland Court House lose a few animals from 
 year to year with southern fever. There is, however, little opportunity 
 for the disease to occur, since the traftic in cattle is not extensive. Ani- 
 mals are not brought from north or west because of their liability to be- 
 come affected, and they are not brought from the South because this is 
 believed to be dangerous to the natives. 
 
 Powhatan County is undoubtedly infected, and has been in this con- 
 dition for many years. It is reported by all the farmers along the James 
 Eiver to be absolutely fatal to cattle to be brought from north of the 
 river to the south side. They suffer to the same extent when simply 
 carried from the north to the south bank as wjien the distance is greater. 
 Cattle from this county have long been considereil dangerous to the 
 native stock with which they came in contact when being driven to lo- 
 
74 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 calities farther nortli. The iiitrod action of this disease is not remem 
 bered by the oldest iuliabitfiuts, but so far back as the memory- of man 
 goes the present couditious have prevailed. 
 
 Cumberland County does not appear (|uite so thorouohly infected. 
 At Trenton Mills and McRea's there is no doubt of the permanent infec- 
 tion, but the southern extremity of the county still seems to be free from 
 it. In the counties along the river it is very plain that the sections 
 immediately adjacent to the river have been longer infected and tha 
 the disease here is more generally diffused and more virulent than in 
 the same counties at a greater distance from the water. And accord 
 iuglj- as we attempt to investigate the condition of other sections we 
 encounter the difflculty of tinding a smaller numberof cases and a greater 
 uncertainty in the minds of the inhabitants as to whether the native 
 pastures really hold the infection from yearto year, or whether each out- 
 break is the result of a fresh importation. 
 
 In Buckingham County our reports confirm the statements that were 
 made last year. The infection extends ui> the south bank of the James 
 River to a point slightly beyond the confluence of the James and Slate 
 Rivers. From here the boundary line of the infected district passes up 
 along the west bank of the Slate to Diana Mills; then the direction is a 
 southeastern one to the vicinity of ( rravel Hill, and to McRea's, in Cum- 
 berland County. 
 
 In Amelia and Xottoway Counties it has been impossible to trace any 
 line or even to demonstrate the complete infection of the territory. It 
 is generally admitted that twenty years ago and longer tliere was a 
 complete infection of this district, but of late years there has been much 
 less disease and it has become possible to bring in cattle from north and 
 west with safety. In these counties there are no fences, and each man 
 must necessarily keep his cattle upon his own pastures ; as a conse- 
 quence there is none of the indiscriminate mixing of cattle which used 
 to occur, and the chances of contagion are greatly lessened. 
 
 While there have been considerable losses in Prince Edward County 
 there is little evidence of permanent infection, except, perhaps, in the 
 extreme eastern part. Most of the cases seem to have been the result 
 of i^asturing on commons that had been frequented by animals from 
 Lunenburg County. 
 
 In Lunenburg there is no doubt of permanent infection. It is dan- 
 gerous to bring cattle from west or north into this county, and, on the 
 other hand, cattle from this county have frequently spread disease when 
 <lriven toward the west or north. 
 
 In Charlotte County the boundary of infection becomes plainer and 
 follows very ne irly the linc^ of the Richmond and Danville Railroad in 
 its whole course across the county. 
 
 From the point where this railroad crosses the Staunton River to the 
 North Carolina boundary, the line of infection was delinitely located in 
 my last year's report. The accompanying map delineates the portion 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 75 
 
 of Virginia permaueDtly infected with southern cattle fever as correctlj' 
 as this could possibly be done. Parts of the line have been retraced 
 three and four times iu order to have it satisfactorily located. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The Blue Kidge Mountains of Xorth Carolina are now looked upon 
 by the i)eoi)le of this State as the practical boundary line of the district 
 permanently infected with southern fever. At some points, as in 
 Wilkes County, the infection has not quite reached the mountains, and 
 at one other point it has crossed the ridge and invaded Henderson 
 County. The laws of the State, however, make the Blue Ridge the line, 
 and prohibit the movement of cattle from the eastern counties at all 
 seasons of the year. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 
 
 The whole territory of South Carolina seems to have been overrun 
 with this infection. The Blue Eidge ^lountains, which form a part of 
 the northwestern boundary of the State, have here been crossed by this 
 contagion and are no longer to b: considered as the line. The infected 
 district beyond these mountains is, however, at present of small extent, 
 and the advance is so slow as to be scarcely appreciable. 
 
 The small portion of Georgia which has heretofore been considered 
 free from this infection is being rapidly overrun; and it is now doubt- 
 ful if any of even the northern tier of counties can be considered entirely 
 free. The mountain sec ions are no: so thoroughly- infected, and it is 
 ])robable that Towns, Union, and Fannin Counties are practically fi'ee 
 from the i)ermaneut infection. 
 
 Whitfield and Murray Counties have been quite thoroughly inspected 
 and the commons of both found to be infected in all parts. Many of 
 the farms are also infected, but some still remain free, especially near 
 the northern boundary. Cattle taken from these counties to the mount- 
 ain ranges of Gilmer for pa stnre have not so far as has been ascertained 
 caused any outbreaks of disease. This is probably due to the fact that 
 Gilmer County is also pretty thoroughly overrun. 
 
 Here, as in many other localities, there are evidences of a different in- 
 tensity of the contagion in various parts of the counties, but more par- 
 ticularly in different sections of the State. Thus, cattle which have 
 pastured on the ordinary infected ranges of Whitfield County without 
 harm, have become diseased as a consequence of feeding along the trails 
 and on the commons where cattle from Southern Georgia had lately 
 grazed. The movement of bovine animals from one farm to another or 
 from one county to another is also considere<l dangerous. The fatigue 
 induced by driving is without doubt one of the factors in producing 
 the disease in such cases. Even cattle from the extreme south often 
 succumb whe ; exhausted by long journeys. Similar facts have long 
 been noticed with other dise.ases, and particularly witli antlirax. cattle 
 
76 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMES TICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 whicb have resisted the coutagiou ou the infected farms becoming vic- 
 tims to the virus already within their bodies, when their vital resistance 
 is lowered by great fatigue. 
 
 At Dalton there is a probability that permanent infection existed be- 
 fore the war, but not to the same extent as at present. The cattle 
 driven from South Georgia to provision the armies, and later those 
 brought by the refugees returning to their homes, are believed to have 
 been the means of distributing and intensifying thecontagion throughout 
 Northwest Georgia. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 The line of the infected district crosses the boundary line between 
 Georgia and Tennessee near the western slope of the mountains, and fol- 
 lows a northwesterly direction to Parkville and Benton, in Polk County; 
 then its direction is nearly directly west to Cleveland, Bradley County, 
 and to Snow Hill and Harrison, in James County. From this point the 
 river becomes the line across Hamilton County, Chattanooga and the 
 Chickamauga Valley having been infected for a long time. The south- 
 western part of Polk and the southern parts of Bradley, James, and 
 Hamilton Counties are, tlierefore, permanently infected. The district 
 infected is here, as we have found to be the case elsewhere, extending 
 slowly toward the north ; and though this extension is slow it is ap- 
 parently continuous, and the territory once overrun is seldom redeemed 
 from the scourge. The points which we have mentioned as existing on 
 the border line of the district have only been infected within a few 
 years, and, as elsewhere in newly infected sections, it is the commons 
 rather than the farms that are dangerous, and even the commons are 
 uot uniformly affected. 
 
 In Marion County the line of infection passes in a northwesterly di- 
 rection up the east side of the Sequatchie Valley and within one or two 
 miles of the Sequatchie County line, and then crosses the valley and 
 down the west side for five or ten miles, passing around the mountain 
 range and taking a southwesterly direction to the vicinity of Jasper ; 
 from here the direction is again northwesterly to Decherd, in Franklin 
 County, the greater part of this county being apparently permanently 
 infected. From Decherd the diiectiou of the line is slightly south of 
 west to Fayetteville, in Lincoln County, and trom this point along the 
 Elk River to the Alabama State line in the vicinity of Veto Station. 
 The southern part of Lincoln County is what is called the barren region, 
 and has been infected for many years. In the vicinity of Marbut's the 
 line again crosses into Tennessee, taking a northwestern direction, and 
 at the county line between Giles and Lawrence Counties is about five 
 miles north of the Alabama State line. On the boundary between Law- 
 rence and Wayne Counties this line is 10 miles north of Alabama. At 
 this point there is a sudden l)end toward the north, the line crossing to 
 the northwestern corner of Wayne County, taking in about one fifth of 
 
. Uot>n» ro.LlUi Bullunori 
 
\ 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 \ V-v/ETiEM^JICaPJi,'*'^-"^' '^, % ';PRIHCE Vo>r'f»x 
 
 \^ 
 
 BAT/H 
 
 ^- /PAGE^' \ ,,' 
 
 i" ©[--'■ '^ ' " <^«h»op»r" , Staffordrfl 
 
 ^/■^■' . Hmrta-W^" /-MABISOU', .^yj_p^^p- -\SIAFFOm 
 
 StaiinrdfiV^;MadijianCfl[ ,- ' ^ ' '-O,^ 
 
 . GREEM/' ,,' , Orsn^s Ci/' _-vW!;a 
 ~ ~ - - /I _ n RAN B E,'vV%p„ri'.yiy.iii» 
 
 /hi.;hla'nIv'' 
 
 X MontOTey- ,' AUGUSTA/ 
 Staunton 
 
 "^R^CKBK^D6E .> 
 
 CharlnttosV. ,£tjxnBa " v 
 
 • i ' Bovdlan 
 
 HALIFAX %' 
 
 ^_j v! _1 _ _ . ,£ 1 ^ .J±:. . l±- — -^--^ 
 
 Free from permanent infection 
 Permanently infected. 
 Borderline definitely established 
 
 Hua^fapf^'sOOTHAMPTDN ;'NANSa/IDKDj.. 
 
 SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER 
 in Virginia. 
 
 By D.E. Salmon, DV.M. 
 
□ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Isbiirgh y \ 
 
 Le S,-' ' \ Salem 
 
 I ,<•'■ \ \ ® 
 
 ' {-■, V \RDAN-OXE 
 
 <^ ^.. \ ..--.^ 
 
 <^ Chnstianslrarg' i^ 
 
 ^ x;^ 'vMONTGDMERrl if^ 
 
 -<:' F L D y D ■-' < 
 
 © i « 
 
 XFloydCH. , mh 
 
 K 
 
 ^R D LL\. 
 
 BviUe 
 
 
 >?^ 
 
 Pab-i.lf CH 
 
 Sumiu-^ 
 
 i LANCASTER', '"^ 
 Lniu-n.sfnr ), "^ 
 
 -' '■' ""■' '■'■ ^ 
 
 ' KE R □ HAV^^ • 
 

 
 sburgli y ' \ 
 
 TT c ^ \ Salem 
 
 \/\~.^ V \RDANaXE 
 
 I [ ^ Chnstianslran)' >^ 
 
 ^ x^ \MQNTGDMERri [I^ 
 
 I lem X^ ; --^ ^- \ s^ 
 
 \>.>— i g 
 
 -<F L D Y D ■■' < 
 
 i P^ 
 \Floyac.H. 
 
 RE- 
 
 Yadkin'l^^ 
 
 G 
 
 DAVIE S';, § 
 
 Cros ; .C-' 9 
 
 q- T T ,• Lexitibtan© ^ 
 
 \ R D WAN -X . 
 
 V->,>.LANCASTER', "^ 
 5, .' ■ / Lmicaafra- )^, \^ 
 
 v^; N ^ 
 
 SuiniuP ^-^ ) p^E p^ g HA^v\^, ' '' 
 
 C|uucle>ii 
 
 Roni^j - 
 
SOIJTHEHX CATTLE FEVKH 
 
 in Georgia. North & South Carolina 
 
 By D.E. Salmon, D.V.M 
 
 Free from permanent infection. 
 
 Permanently infected. 
 
 Borderline definitely established /' wiseCH, 
 
 ,*ci<: 
 
 / •' A MERCER..? V, O' ^>- 
 
 / MCDOWELL /\ ,^- Pe^-buraiv-'' \ 
 
 /. .i..Sflv\ / <:' \ /Xr., \\ ROANOKE 
 
 / \ .'■ \ WELL ; "land. „ -T-^VA ' 
 
 ' WISE' —•'■'■ . -\ ,, v,>-- 
 
 K E N T LT C' K Y/ 
 
 ,,'^"> 
 
 Lebanon ,^ ^ 
 
 ROBs'eLL.,--'\ v' ;:. 
 
 ^ - " .' ' iz 
 
 \s)tJnibbiriv > „■-' ■ -^ 
 
 V,c^ 
 
 
 
 ,M -i 
 
 SueeilBvUle ^.4' 
 
 ', CLAIBURNE ' "~ ' " 
 
 "' .. — 1 W cV* OjUJingdon , , ^tiidependenc 
 
 CARR C LL~ 
 
 
 HimtsvUlei^ 
 
 FErrrREEG 
 
 'CAMP BELLI 
 
 ! STOKES 
 ' Doiibiny 
 
 CALIWi;ij/,^-{„V^, IRE-; DAVIES) q 
 1^. „-'Hn«rton---^ ^ ' ^'^-"""^ '^'o^r^^-^i^ADISDN .AYANCEy-i/ \^ ^ ,-- '^'v 'DELL /- -,.l.«%"»'^t; 
 
 oynnBvui^o ,- f' OapOvil 
 
 ,IBURNE ; ^£U'- ' SULLIVAN. 'juHNSDHi. ^ S H £ .^ ALLEEKANY' |ob 
 „i ' HAWKIN B J'/. ,„-----> ■'' Taylo/aV. ! Je«erB<ni 
 
 " ',MDHGAn'wANDERSDN \, ' \G^,-^ \Mfffiiis^ •■--'■' i J , l---r 5!toB."u 
 
 '^Wa^bu^^h^, "*"*"-'- KN a xV.JEfeA-^ ^'^^—■^^ '-^^^^ A^'.^MIJCHELL ; \J.._j'\ '^„„,c^x"fe 
 
 _ .sS;-. ' '^'^O^. JAADISDN..-YA-.. — ,,. ^.^-^ -,-^ ^ 
 
 ■A ""s „„i^nM^F , ^J^.Ti-T T .' ! '■< LINCOLN V^'" ""■" ~"~^*^ 
 
 , / MP MINN \ / ^ B "^-^ A ~-.JACKSDN\ aBmclrt-»oii%1l»o ; Colnmhus > Slielby' ,, e ,' charlotte' -, ' I-! 
 
 \' ^\ , ;^. Bobbmy,'-r v , 1 : go/. ,. p n L K ' I ^aUSTj \ f " \,-^ U3 ,- 
 
 ^^^-V^'" "''7'''^""V'J^''^'5''^--^ '^e'^'^ ~\ 'flSyi.it: y/,----t ^' L,- --J ^.-MECKLENBURq/ '•...-' 
 
 B'-XVJiMyf-'' ' SPARTAN- \ i,'\ ,' 
 Y n IK. K \ 
 . — — ^— -i i ^^ t I I' I iSpiU-tanbur^ /■' ,' 
 
 AN MI N 'y 
 
 ' Mc«T^ autoii 
 
 tarionW , -»^ ^\ . \RnWAN-. 
 
 AladiBonvilIe , _^^-'' -^ A ^ 
 
 ^• 
 
 3 EUlioy , 
 
 , HENUVK-.-Buffi"'" -, 
 -JACKSON'^ aB<nicl>T«oii%'ll|p° ' Colnmhus > 
 
 lawn- ^°/' ' P □ L K 
 -;J5»AUiS:L P □ L K / ^^^>'J'»?, ,M A C D N r 
 
 J \ HayeBvUle^ i -ja****^^ ' 3RF,EN 
 
 ;- HS,BTB-e-~— " ^—^If*^ , iSpan^anlm.^ ^,- , y^^^^-oie -..UNION 
 
 yj '' \''li^^.^.^''B\Bivav:'\ ,' S^TbU N / n ; PICKENS', ^ BURG ,' f --i .r"""" „\>^ 
 
 UNIDN,---J^ ./ , J /, I \ ■ ■LANCASTER\ •%. 
 
 7:j«-^^4" toBERSH^^ % >'■' ; V ..■">'I™ CHESTER, _,. -^ 
 
 _2i>^^ a5^f"^\cfarlcBV. \V /ANDERSON^ , ----, , I - ^^ %, 
 
 -1-- -^ _ • O T?"^ /«Ho»er ■ (^..^^A ^LAURENa . ^^^^ TO,„,.b,u,,u,h 
 BARTOW '" ""'l-,±,-^j GgineB IbA-NKSJ carnes \ '._ BERKY \ '"""'''"' 
 
 ,B3ADLEt-' 
 - , Tffiir-' 
 
 r:EiD/t> 
 
 ®i' -C 
 : Dalfon, 
 
 ,' gCallio 
 
RD,' \ Smrthvill.- /' W H I T Eji 
 
 \ ^^^ j Sparla -' ^^^ i 
 
 CANN0N/""'T1' ,_. -35'' 
 
 O / "^ "[-^ "^ 
 
 VAN BUREN 
 
 .'W'oodburv/ - 
 
 ,;' WARRENv 
 
 
 I COFFEE I GRUNDY/ 
 
 ■'!Mal^clll•stPI^ 
 
 I Hill Ian \ 
 
 SEQUA CHIt/ 
 
s 
 
 \v 
 
 ■ -'I DE KALB^ 
 
 \ SmTthvillc j W H I T E 
 I \ / Suartu - ; 
 
 /Wbodburx/ ,- VAN BUR EN 
 
 >>fVMinii\.- ^-,'^ ^ 
 
^^' - ', HAYWOOD; MA_Di_SON 
 
 ^ TIPTON 
 
 K " f^ T""" i r- 
 
 \ iWmk.-^, '- ] / l.i.liiv,.| 
 
 m,v:,''^^J^'"'TG|^^ERY/,Ro B ER tTon''; ,'' M A C N ' 
 
 HENRY/ \- Houston; _ ,- y - ,,|,|,„j;.' 
 
 y^ VjHUM PH-; ICKSON',' 
 
 G I B S N I lluMlin^don I W 7/ ^EYS / /-,_ ^,' --.^^ o^; -~^^ \^ '-',.. -"' .' \ (1 
 
 aW-ntoii I I „ Vi-. ,'— -' J ;-' N i V^_.._,- •', DE KALB,' — <[ 
 
 CARRO L L y, ' ' "2- 1-W.iiklni 1, RUTHERFORD; \ Smtihvill,. | * » I ^ E jj 
 
 ; ^ yj ; H I c K M a nT "'-~;; "'son \*''"*'''»|'"''' ■ ' 
 
 '^ PER RYI ,.,„,„..: ,' ~|"~~^ \ 
 
 I.fXIll^lOI, 1 )) 
 
 hewderson' 
 
 1 M A U R Y I M A R'^i 
 ^. __ .NpwhurdhO ' \B ED FORD 
 
 %. ""C L E W ! S I Irt^-lsbiiriihj 
 
 AWbun/ ,- VAN BURENi 
 
 COFFEE ] GRUNDY/ '"--., 
 
 .1 ^'t ' /' OjuilanV 
 
 tlanch.-stpii _ ,- Q > 
 
 ' ,■' \ ssou* c«iy 
 
 I'li-Of-yCity 
 
 inTennessee and Alabama 
 By D E.Salman. D.V.M. 
 
 M I S S. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 77 
 
 Decatur County and all of Harden. In Henderson County it reaches 
 as far north as Shady Hill, then passes directly west to the vicinity of 
 Mifflin, in the same county. From here the direction is slightly south 
 of west to Denmark, the boundary between Madison being crossed 2 
 miles north of Hardeman County; from here the direction is westerly 
 to Stanton Depot, in Haywood County, and onward toward the south- 
 western corner of Haywood and along the northern boundary of Shelby 
 to the Mississippi lliver. All of Shelby and Fayette Counties appear 
 to be infected, while Tipton, as far as we have been able to learn, is free 
 from any infection. 
 
 This concludes our examination of the district permanently infected 
 with southern cattle fever for the year. It will be seen that a consider- 
 able portion of Tennessee has already become infected. Even the mount- 
 ainous counties in the southeastern part of the State have been in- 
 vaded, while in the river valleys ofthecentriil part of the State the line 
 has reached considerably farther toward the north. Along the whole 
 line of the infected district in this State, as in the other States previ- 
 ously examined, we have found the same history of the extension of 
 of the permanently-infected district. At some points this extension 
 has been insignificant or is scarcely noticeable within the last quar. 
 ter of a century, but in the situations more favorable to the progress 
 of the disease there has apparently been a regular advance of from one 
 to four miles per year. This history coincides substantially with what 
 was learned of the progress of the disease in Virginia, Xorth Carolina, 
 and Georgia. As a consequence of these facts there can be no longer 
 substantial reason to doubt the continued extension toward the north 
 of the district permanently infected with this disease. Considering the 
 extreme temperature which occurs in the mountains of southeastern 
 Tennessee and in the part of this State located in the Mississippi Valley, 
 we can scarcely hope that the winters in any considerable part of the 
 stock-raising section of the country will be sufliciently severe to prove 
 a permanent check to the extension of this contagion. 
 
 It is proposed to continue the examination of this district across Arkan- 
 sas, Indian Territory, and Texas, to the Rio Grande Hi ver, and it is believed 
 that a detinite location of this line will be of great assistance to those en- 
 gaged in the live-stock industry in the whole southwestern part of the coun- 
 try. The mortality among thoroughbred cattle taken south of the border 
 line of the i)ermanently infected district is so great that it has become a 
 matter of importance to buy animals which have acquired a certain 
 amount of immunity from this disease. It is believed by many breed- 
 ers that by establishing breeding farms just within the line of infection 
 that there will be a smaller mortality from the disease, and that the 
 animals raised under these conditions will still be able to resist its ef- 
 fects in a very [lerfect manner. Abeady such farms have been estab- 
 lished in Southeast Kansas and Southern Missouri, under the bebef that 
 animals raised in this locaHty will prove insusceptible to the disease 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 77 
 
 Decatur County aud all of Harden. In Henderson County it reaches 
 as far north as Shady Hill, then passes directly west to the vicinity of 
 Mifflin, in the same county. From here the direction is slightly south 
 of west to Denmark, the boundary between Madison being- crossed 2 
 miles north of Hardeman County; from here the direction is westerly 
 to Stanton Depot, in Haywood County, and onward toward the south- 
 western corner of Haywood and along the northern boundary of Shelby 
 to the Mississippi Itiver. All of Shelby and Fayette Counties appear 
 to be infected, while Tipton, as far as we have been able to learn, is free 
 from any infection. 
 
 This concludes our examination of the district permanently infected 
 with southern cattle fever for the year. It will be seen that a consider- 
 able portion of Tennessee has already become infected. Even the mount- 
 ainous counties in the southeastern part of the State have been in- 
 vaded, while in the river valleys ofthecentra.1 part of the State the line 
 has reached considerably farther toward the north. Along the whole 
 line of the infected district in this State, as in the other States previ- 
 ously examined, we have found the same history of the extension of 
 of the permanently-infected district. At some points this extension 
 has been insignificant or is scarcely noticeable within the last quar. 
 ter of a century, but in the situations more favorable to the progress 
 of the disease there has apparently been a regular advance of from one 
 to four miles per year. This history coincides substantially with what 
 was learned of the progress of the disease in Virginia, Xorth Carolina, 
 and Georgia. As a consequence of these facts there can be no longer 
 substantial reason to doubt the continued extension toward the north 
 of the district permanently infected with this disease. Considering the 
 extreme temi^erature which occurs in the mountains of southeastern 
 Tennessee and in the part of this State located in the Mississippi Valley, 
 we can scarcely hope that the winters in any considerable part of the 
 stock-raising section of the country will be sufficiently severe to i)rove 
 a permanent check to the extension of this contagion. 
 
 It is proposed to continue the examination of this district across Arkan- 
 sas, Indian Territory, aud Texas, to the Rio Grande 111 ver, and it is believed 
 that a definite location of this line will be of great assistance to those en- 
 gaged in the live-stock industry in the whole southwestern part of the coun- 
 try. The mortality among thoroughbred cattle taken south of the border 
 line of the permanently infected district is so great that it has become a 
 matter of importance to buy animals which have acquired a certain 
 amount of immunity from this disease. It is believed by many breed- 
 ers that by establishing breeding farms Just within the line of infection 
 that there will be a smaller mortality from the disease, and that the 
 animals raised under these conditions will still be able to resist its ef- 
 fects in a very perfect manner. Already such farms have been estab- 
 lished in Southeast Kansas and Southern Missouri, under the belief that 
 animals raised in this lo<^ality will prove insusceptible to the disease 
 
78 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 when carried further south, but the great uncertainty which at present 
 exists witli regard to the exact location of this line makes it extremely 
 doul)tful if these farms have been correctly located. A numl)er of ex- 
 tensive breeders who have a very intelligent idea of the nature and 
 effects of this disease have recently expressed to me their high appre- 
 ciation of the work now being done by the Department of Agriculture 
 toward establishing the boundary of this infected district. It is be- 
 lieved that definite knowledge in regard to this will relieve them from 
 many of the causes of embarrassment connected with the shipment of 
 thoroughbred cattle to the South. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 In a communication of M. Pasteur to the Paris Academy of Sciences 
 (Comptes Rendus, 1883, p, 11G3) it was asserted : 
 
 1. That the microbe of swine plague is a dumb-bell micrococcus. 
 
 2. That pigeons are very susceptible to the virus, and passing this 
 through a succession of these birds increases its activity. 
 
 3. That rabbits are also suscei)tible, and passing the virus through 
 a succession of these animals attenuates it to such an extent that if pigs 
 are inoculated with it they only contract a slight illness which grants 
 them immunity from subsequent attacks. 
 
 To these assertions Dr. Klein (Vet. Jr., 1884, July, p. 39) replies : 
 
 1. That M. Pasteur has overlooked the true microbe, and that this is 
 a bacillus and not a micrococcus. 
 
 2. That all of his (Klein's) inoculations of pigeons with virus taken 
 directly from diseased swine — virus which invariably produces the dis- 
 ease in swine and other susceptible animaLs — and with his artificial cul- 
 tures of the organism of swine fever, produced absolutely no effect, 
 either general or local. 
 
 3. That it is impossible to say whethei' M. Pasteur's rabbits died of 
 swine fever or of septicjvmia, though he (Klein) had shown in 1877 that 
 rabbits are susceptible to swine fever when inoculated from material 
 directly derived from the pig. 
 
 4. He adds in an addendum that he has recently satisfied himself 
 that the artiticial cultivation of the virus in the organs of mice or ral)- 
 bits by inoculating these from diseased swine will produce a mild form 
 of swine plague from which the animal quickly recovers, aiul is thereby 
 I)rotected from the disease. 
 
 It is very evident that before any safe method of protective inocula- 
 tion or vaccination can be adopted we must be satisfied as to the nature 
 of the virus, liabbits and mice are both subject to septic;emia, and 
 it is quite certain, from the difference in the microscopical appearance 
 of the germ describe<l by these two inve^stigators, that either the one or 
 the other had cultivated and inoculated with a septic virus. Dr. Klein 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 79 
 
 (k)es not hesitate to say that it seems probable to liini that, " as in the 
 case of the microbe of fowl cholera, M. Pasteur did not work with pure 
 cultivations of the microbe of swine fever." M. Pasteur will doubtless 
 say, on the other hand, that Dr. Klein has evidently been cultivating and 
 inoculating with the septic vibrio. Both cannot be right in their belief 
 that they have been working with the true germ, and, consequently, it 
 is very probable that both sets of hogs were not protected from the 
 genuine swine plague. Each has made many inoculation experiments, 
 each has cultivated his germ througii a number of cultivations in purity 
 as he supposes, and each believes tliat he has produced the true swine 
 plague with such cultivations; but one of tliem is wrong; vaccination 
 with tlie virus of one will fail in practice, and if the wrong virus is so 
 ea.xily obtained it becomes doubly important to know how to discrimi- 
 nate between them. 
 
 In former reports I have given details of experiments which, if correctly 
 stated, demonstrate beyond <iuestion that the microbe of swine plague 
 is a micrococcus. These experiments were made and the accounts of 
 them published in advance of those of M. Pasteur, and the evidence 
 furnished was all that could reasonably be required to decide a scientific 
 question of this kind. Dr. Klein, however, has published evidence which 
 on its face is equally conclusive in his favor; and as it is not likely that 
 two ditterent diseases resembling each other so closely in symptoms and 
 lesions, but having such dissimilar virus, have been investigated, the 
 most reasonable conclusion is that one is mistaken in his conclusio •. It 
 is necessary, therefore, to review certain points in the investigations and 
 to bring forward such new evidence as shall be required to remove these 
 uncertainties. 
 
 1. The microbe of swine plague . — As 1 have shown elsewhere {Science^ 
 1884, p. 155) Dr. Klein was first to demonstrate the presence of micrococci 
 in the tissues of animals that had suffered from swine plague, but he did 
 not at that time (1876) attribute, nor has he at any time subsequently at- 
 tributed, the cause of the disease to this organism. On the contrary, he 
 l)ublished a long series of investigations in 1878 (report of the medical 
 officer of the Local Government Board) from which he concluded that 
 the true germ of this disease is a bacillus, and in his last paper reiterates 
 this conclusion and asserts that the micrococcus is entirely an epiphe- 
 iiomenon (Vet. Journal, Jul^', 1884, j). 30-47). 
 
 In my report for 1880 (Department of Agriculture, Special Beport Xo. 
 .'Jl, PI). 22-24), I i)ublished experiments showing that the blood of sick, 
 not dead, hogs, which had been received into vacuum tubes that were 
 thrust inside the vein with proper precautions before being o[)ened. and 
 were then immediately withdrawn and hermetically sealed, contained 
 micrococci and no other organisms, and that hogs inoculated with this 
 blood c(Mitra(-ted a severe form of swint' plagui'. This organism was 
 found to exist in the virulent liipiids (blood, jteritoneal etlusion, ikv.], in 
 three distinct outl)reaks of the <lisease which were investigated at that 
 
80 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 time. This was the first discovery recorded, so far as I am aware, of 
 the existence of micrococci iu the blood of the affected swine before 
 death; and it has a very important bearing on the etiology of the dis- 
 ease, since a post mortem development of the germs is out of the question 
 and they were found in situations to which there was no direct communi- 
 cation from the outside of the body. 
 
 In my next report (Department of Agriculture, xVnnual Report, 18S1 
 and 1882, pp. 267-209) I gave the details of experiments which dem- 
 onstrated that these micrococci after they had been carried through six 
 cultivations in considerable quantities of liquid were still capable of 
 producing very marked cases of the disease. This was, I believe, 
 the first satisfactory evidence of the pathogenic effect of the micrococci 
 in the disease known as swine plague; and I desire to call attention to 
 the fact that these inoculations were made January 17, 1881, or more 
 than fourteen months before tlie discovery of the same organism by M. 
 Pasteur and Thuillier. 
 
 To establish the connection of the bacilli with the cause of the dis- 
 ease, Dr. Klein relies upon the following evidence: 
 
 1. The presence of bacilli in microscopic sections of the tissues. 
 
 2. The multiplication of bacilli in the artificial cultures of the virus. 
 
 3. The production of disease by inoculations with the cultivated 
 bacilli. 
 
 He has not forgotten that in his first report he described micrococci 
 and not bacilli as existing in the tissues, but there is an evident attempt 
 to explain this by conveying the impression that these were found ex- 
 clusively in situations where they might be derived from external sources. 
 For instance, in his last paper (Vet. Journal, July, 1884, p. 41) he says : 
 
 Preparing sectious through the typically ulcerated mucous membrane of the large 
 intestine, staining these in aniline dyes, and examining them under the microscope, 
 I liud this : In the superficial parts of the necrosed membrane are present large num- 
 bers of micrococci of various kinds, chiefly varying in the size of the elements and 
 in the mode of aggregation. These micrococci stain well in Spiller's purple and in 
 methyl blue, and are present only in the necrotic parts of the ulceration, iu which 
 they appear irregularly distributed. But iu the depth of the tissue, and extending iu 
 many cases into the inflamed stib-mucous tissue, are seen streaks and clumps of 
 minute rod-shaped bacteria, which coincide as regards size (length and thickness) 
 with the bacilli which I described iu my former memoir, the single organisms being 
 about 0.001 to 004 "■'". long, and about a third or a fourth as thick. 
 
 In his first report he described the situation of the micrococci in the 
 intestine somewhat aiftereutly, as follows: 
 
 From, and even before the first signs of necrosis of the mucosa, viz., when the 
 ei»ithelium begins to break down and be shed from the surface, there are found masses 
 of micrococci, wliich iu some ulcers occupy a gn-at portion of d(Sbris. (Report of the 
 medical officer of the privy council and local government board, 187G, p. 98.) 
 
 Again, in regard to the ulcerations of the mucous membrane of the 
 tongue, he says in his last report : 
 
 I have seen in the superficial parts of the ulcers large clumps of micrococci, but in 
 the depth of, and extending between the iiiflame<l muscular tissue 1 have found the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 81 
 
 same rod-shaped organisms as mentioned above ; tliey are cliiefly in spaces between 
 the bundles of the intiamed connective tissue, forming hei'e streaks of longer or shorter 
 chains. (Page 42.) 
 
 lu his first report this was stated as follows: 
 
 In the ulceration of the tongue just mentioned, and at a time when the superficial 
 scab has not been i-emoved, I have seen masses of micrococci situate chiefly in the tissue 
 of the papilhe, but at some places reaching as far deep as the inflammation extends. 
 (Page 99.) 
 
 In regard to the similar lesions of the epiglotis the following lan- 
 guage was used : 
 
 I have before rue preparations through the epiglottis, the submucosa of the pos- 
 terior surface being in a state of necrosis, and near the edge so broken down as to 
 eave there a deep ulcer, while the mucous membrane of the anterior surface is only 
 slightly inflamed in its submucous tissue ; in this 1 find lymphatic vessels filled with 
 micrococci, &c. (Pau;e 100.) 
 
 As to the appearance of the lung his last report says : 
 
 Sections through the diseased ])arts of the lung reveal, in preparations stained as 
 above, the iireseuce of large numbers of micrococci in the cavity of the bronchi and 
 air vesicles, but not in all lungs, since I have fouud lungs in which they were alto- 
 gether absent. But there are always present in larger or smaller clumps the same 
 minute rod-shaped organisms as mentioned above. They are imbedded in a coagulum 
 filling the air vesicles, or they block up a blood-vessel in the wall of a bronchiole or 
 air vesicle. In the air vesicles I have seen exudation cells, white-blood corpuscles coa- 
 taining clumps of the rods ; they are well brought out by Spiller's ptirple. In the air 
 vesicles of some lungs I have seen them grow to very long chains, leptotbrix, ten, 
 twenty, and more times the leiigth of the single rods. These rods were present, not 
 only in the air vesicles, but also in the tissue itself, both of the walls of the air vesicles 
 as well as of the smaller or larger bronchi. (Pages 41, 42.) 
 
 In his first report there is a most radical difference in the description 
 of the situation where the micrococci were seen : 
 
 In the infiltrated, firm, more or less disintegrating parts I find great masses of mi- 
 crococci filling up capillaries and veins, and also con tainedinlj'uiphaticsaround arteries. 
 They may be found also in minor bronchi which have been completly blocked up by 
 cheesy inflammatory products, but there the masses of micrococci, conspicuous by 
 |heir blue coloration in ha*matoxylin preparations, are generally present in greater or- 
 smaller lumps between the outer surface of the plug and the wall of the bronchus. 
 
 The pleura is much swollen, and contains great numbers, continuous layers, of lumps 
 of micrococci. The free surface of the membrane is in many parts covered with them. 
 The exudation fluid is also charged with them, as has been mentioned above. (Pages 
 100.101.) 
 
 That is to say, in 187G, Dr. Klein was able to tind the micrococci not 
 Hilly in the necrotic parts of the ulcerations, but he found them from and 
 hc/'orc the first s!(/ns of ufcrosls; he found them extend in(/ as deep into the 
 tissue of the tont/ne as the injianimation extended, and in the epiglottis at 
 I' point ichere the submucous tissue was only slightly inflamed he found the 
 lijinphatic vessels filed, ivith mieroeocei. lu the lungs, instead of the 
 iiiicTococci being confined to the cavity of the air vesicles and bronchj 
 as he desires us to understand from his last report, he really found them 
 /■// the infiltrated and firm parts, filling up capillaries, reins and lymphatics, 
 Tliey had even penetrated to the pleura ichich contained great numbers 
 5751 D A V) 
 
82 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 and continuoxis layers of them ; the free siirface icas covered with them, and 
 the exudation fidd icas charged with them. Their jiresence iu tbe pleural 
 effusion is sufficient evidence that cross-section of bacilli had not been 
 mistaken for micrococci in the tissues; and it may, consequently, be 
 accepted as beyond question that this organism existed at the points 
 named in the report of 1876. 
 
 In the last report it is stated that the rods (bacilli) are found " in the 
 bronchial exudation, in the juice of the lung tissue, in the peritoneal 
 exudation, and occasionally, but not generally, also in the blood already 
 in the fresh state." Sections made through the fresh or hardened, 
 swollen mesenteric and inguinal lymph glands are said to reveal the 
 presence of clumps of the same minute rod-shaped organisms. Look- 
 lug at a clump of these organisms, one imagines them at first to be a 
 zooglo'a of micrococci, but using oil-immersion lenses and Abbe's sub- 
 stage condenser it becomes certain that they are undoubted rods — some 
 smooth and uniform, others more or less " beaded." 
 
 In the results of the examination of the tissues it will be seen that, 
 with the exception of the lymph glands mentioned, the bacilli of the 
 last report have little if any advantage in situation over the micrococci 
 of the first report. And if we consider that the organisms of these 
 glands so closely resemble micrococci that it requires oil-immersion lenses 
 and an Abbe condenser to make a distinction, and that even under such 
 favorable conditions some of the rods are more or less " beaded," the 
 reader will not feel so certain that they are undoubted rods .as is Dr. 
 Klein. 
 
 The examination of the tissues of mice and rabbits which have died 
 after inoculation with the more or less septic liquid of dead hogs can- 
 not be accepted as throwing any satisfactory light on so difticult a problem, 
 since others cannot fail to have the same doubts in regard to Dr. Klein's 
 experimental animals that this gentleman is so free to express in regard 
 to those of M. Pasteur. The question as to the organisms fouiul in the 
 tissues of animals so susceptible to various forms of septicaemia as mice 
 and rabbits after they have been iuoculated with morbid products from 
 hogs which have died of a disease in which local necrosis and gangrene 
 i^ not uncommon, is one which can only complicate the real issue with- J| 
 out in any sense elucidating it. Indeed, when Dr. Klein tells us that } 
 he. has " seen a good many pigs inoculated with culture of the bacterium 
 of swine fever, which beyond the swelling of the glands and beyond a 
 transitory riseof the body temperatuieon the second andthirdday, by one 
 or even two degrees C, showed no other sigus," we have strong suspi- 
 cions that the slight trouble produced was of a septic nature rather than 
 a mild attack of the destructive swine plague. The period of incubation 
 in swine plague is much longer than that of septicaemia ; sometimes it is S| 
 three weeks ; generally it is i'rom twelve days to two weeks, and it is only 
 by the use of enormous doses of virus that 1 have succeeded in reducing 
 it to four or five days ; and, therefore, when we are told that in these 
 
I 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 83 
 
 mild attacks the period of incubation was but two or three days, and 
 that in at least one case there was a rise of temperature within twenty- 
 four hours [Ibid., p. ^3), the appearances are certainly very much more 
 in favor of septic.emia than swine plague. Certain it is that in none of 
 my numerous inoculation experiments has there been a rise of temper- 
 ature within so short a time. As I write this I have just returned from 
 making Apost mortem examination of a pig killed in the last stages of 
 the acute form of the disease ; this was one of a lot of three inoculated 
 with a virus so virulent that not one of a considerable number of swine 
 that have been inoculated with it during the last three months has re- 
 covered. With so virulent a virus one would expect the incubation to 
 be at its shortest duration, and yet neither of these three showed any 
 appreciable signs of disease up to the twelfth day. All sickened at 
 about the same time, and to-day, the fifteenth day, all were so extremely 
 ill that the most careful j^rognosis would be death of all within forty- 
 eight hours. 
 
 In animals whicli have died from the disease and on which a ponts 
 mortem exainiimtion was not possible immediately after death, I have 
 also found bacilli in the ]teritoneal and plural effusion, and even in the 
 blood. A photograph of some of the peritoneal effusion dried on a 
 cover-glass at the time of the autoi)sy, and afterward stained and 
 mounted, shows these very plainly ; this photograph has been repro- 
 duced by the heliocaustic process and accompanies this report as Plate 
 XII. Xo doubt l)acilli would also have been found in the solid tissues 
 of this animal ; but these organisms were the result of cliauges which 
 occur either shortl3^ before or after death, and have not been found 
 in any of the numerous animals which I have destroyed for examina- 
 tion when in the earlier stages of the disease. In such cases the peri- 
 toneal, the pleural, and the pericardial effusions, and usually the blood 
 are found to contain motionless micrococci of the figure of-eight form, 
 but often united in chains and various-shaped clusters. 
 
 In the many cultivations which I have made from material obtained 
 from slaughtered animals I have never found bacilli except in a very 
 few cases where the virus was not obtained until after contact with the 
 air, where the vacuum tubes had not been properly sealed, or where 
 the animal was not slaughtered until the last stages of the disease. A 
 photograph of a j^reparation made from one of these cultivations is re- 
 produced in Plate XT. It seems to be a })erfectly pure cultivation of 
 micrococci so far as careful examination with the microscope is able to 
 determine, and it was so virulent that three pigs iiu)culated with it all 
 contracted the disease and all died. 
 
 In my most recent investigations I 11 nd that the peritoneal effusion 
 is often impure in the last stages of the disease. In such cases a vari- 
 ety of organisms ai»pear in the cultivations made with this li(piid, but 
 l)ure cultures of micrococci are still obtained from the pleural eftusion, 
 or in those rare cases where this too is impure the i)ericar(lial tliiid and 
 
84 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 blood have yielded pure cultures of micrococci. A fact of great im. 
 portance is that uo pure cultures of bacilli have been obtained, and that 
 where but a siugle species of organism has multiplied this has invaria- 
 bly been a micrococcus. 
 
 Having obtained such results from my investigations, and having re- 
 peated them over and over again, and coufirmed them with virus from 
 various parts of the country, I cannot but conclude that swine i)lague 
 is due to a micrococcus, and that the disease produced by Dr. Klein's 
 cultivated bacilli was a form of septiciemia. And this conclusion is 
 contirined by the short peri();l of incub.itiou in his cases, and the fact 
 that many of his animals showed no signs of disease other than a slight 
 rise of temperature and an enlargement and congestion of the lymph 
 glands. 
 
 The following record of experiments contains the most important of 
 those which have been made since my last report, and is a continuation 
 of the evidence upon which the above statements have been made: 
 
 Experiment No. 1. — Two pigs were inoculated June 28, 1883, with 
 virus dried on quills and sent from Indiana. It was obtained by killing 
 a sick pig and immediately dipping the quills in peritoneal and pleural 
 effusion and the exudation liquid from the lungs, yud drying this after 
 the manner practiced for preservation of vaccine lymph. In this case 
 the animal from which the virus was obtained ('• t not have a very 
 severe form of the disease. For inoculation the v rus on three or four 
 quills was rubbed up with 2<'t- of salt solution and injected under the 
 skin of thigh. The fourth day (July 2) there was elevated temperature 
 (102AO and lOo^o F.) and slight redness at the point of inoculation. The 
 fifth day there was diffused redness on the inner side of both thighs, 
 an eruption of small pai)ul;e on the thin parts of the skin and an in- 
 creased elevation of temperature (103fo and 1()4a° F.). July 5 to 9 
 the temperature remaiued at or above 105° with one, and reached its 
 highest point on the 7th, beiug then 10o|°, and the eruption was very 
 plain and extended over the greater part of the surface of the body. 
 From this time they began to improve, and in neither case was the 
 disease fatal. 
 
 This was one of a number of inoculation experiments made to obtain 
 a reliable virus for experimental purposes, and is recorded to illustrate 
 the above remarks in regard to the i)eriod of incubation. 
 
 Experiment No. 2. — Four hogs were inoculated July 7, with virus 
 also from Indiana, and preserved in the same way as the other, but was 
 obtained from an outbreak which was much more virulent and fatal. 
 This was also suspended in salt solution and injected hypodermically in 
 the dose 2«c- to ^co. at the inner si<le of the thigh. 
 
 To and including July 17, or for the first ten days, there were small, 
 hard swellings at the i)ointof iiu)culation,l)ut no positive signs of disease, 
 and the a[)petite remained good. There were considerable variations 
 in the temperatures, but it is doubtful if this had any pathological sig- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 85 
 
 iiiticaiice. July 18, three were evideutly sick, with temperatures of 
 103p, lOoi, and lOGf o F. 
 
 The one most severely affected was killed July 21, at which time the 
 temperature was 104|° F., and there was complete loss of appetite. 
 The point of inoculation was much swollen, the enlargement extending- 
 forward under the abdomen, and was about 6 inches in length hy 2 
 in breadth. When cut across it was found to be dense and fibrous and 
 creaked under the knife. A clear lymph flowed from the cut surface. 
 In the center of the swelling was an irregular cavity, 1 to 2 inches 
 across and partly filled with dry caseous material, reminding one of 
 the sequestrum formed in fowl cholera when an inactive virus is injected 
 into the muscles in large quantities. The right lung was nearly all of 
 a deep-red color with extensive areas of infarction. There was a small 
 quantity of effusion in the cavity of the thorax. The intestinal tract 
 was congested but there was no peritoneal effusion. 
 
 The pleural effusion was collected in vacuum tubes with all known 
 precautions to prevent access of atmospheric germs, and hermetically 
 sealed. Cultivations were made by infecting sterilized nutritive liquids 
 in the cultivation apparatus with small quantities of this pleural effusion. 
 The cultivation liquids used were pork and beef broths which had not 
 been neutralized and neutral veal broth. All the attempted cultivations 
 were successful, and the organism which multiplied was of identical ap- 
 pearance in each — it was a diplococcus or figure eight in form, and had 
 a tendency to adhere in short chains and small clusters. 
 
 This organism was carried through threecultivations, each apparatus 
 containing about half an ounce (15<'<^) of liquid. August 2 experi- 
 ment Xo. 3 was made by inoculating 2 pigs with the third cultivation 
 of this micrococcus. One of these had a hypodermic injection of 4*"c- 
 and the other of 10'"<'- of the cultivation liquid. This was made on 
 the inner side of both thighs and with the latter also between the fore 
 legs. 
 
 There was swelling at the point of inoculation within twenty-four 
 Lours : but no marked increase of temperature until August 7, wlien it 
 reached 1051° with one, and 10 If^ with the other, with impaired appe- 
 tite, thirst, and shivering. Two days later the skin over the entire ab- 
 I domen was wrinkled, flabby, aiul in places losing its epidermis. From 
 this time they improved in general synii)toms until August 17, when 
 I the one that received the larger quantity of virus and which had been 
 most severely affected was kilU^d for examination. At this time there 
 was extensive desquamation of the epithelium over the abdomen ; the 
 swelling at the point of inoculation had softened and contained i)us. 
 There was swelling of the lymphatic glands of the inguinal and mesen- 
 teric regions, [)eteeliia'. of the serous membranes, and slight peritoneal 
 effusion. 
 
 Experiment No. 4. — Three ])igs, Nos. 2(5, 27, and 2S, were inoculated 
 I June 9 with a cultivation liquid seeded from the virulent effusion of a 
 
86 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 pig that had died from tlie result of inoculation with a very fatal virus 
 received fronriUinois. This cultivation liquid contained only micro- 
 cocci, the appearance of which are very well shown in Plate XI, Avhicli 
 was reproduced from a photograi)h. 
 
 June 14, all had elevated temperatures varying from 104° to lOSf^ F., 
 increased thirst, tucked up abdomens, swelling at the points of inocula- 
 tion, rigors, and secluded themselves in their bedding. The appetite 
 was still fair. 
 
 June 20, there was complete loss of fjppetite, emaciation, and profuse 
 diarrhea. 
 
 June 2!), Xo. 27 died, and autopsy revealed congestion of intestines, 
 hei)atization of right lung, with abundant effusion in the pleural, peri- 
 cardial, and peritoneal cavities. Inoculations with this effusion caused 
 death of another pig July 8, after showing the w^ell-known symptoms of 
 swine plague. 
 
 July 3, No. 28 was found in a dying condition and was destroyed, in 
 order to get fresh material for examination and for inoculation experi- 
 ments. 
 
 July 6, No. 26 died in convulsions after having presented the charac- 
 teristic symptoms of the various stages of swiue plague. 
 
 The notable point in this experiment is the virulence of the cultivated 
 virus. This virus was a pure cultivation of micrococci and produced fata^ 
 results in every case. The results of our inoculation experiments with 
 cultivated micrococci have heretofore been more or less unsatisfactory, 
 because, while the symptoms were those of s\a ine plague, the <lisease 
 produced did not correspond in its malignancy to the swine plague which 
 so frequently decimates the herds of the West. In this case, however, 
 the disease developing as a result of inoculation had all the malignancy 
 of the most severe outbreaks which I have ever witnessed, and in sub- 
 sequent experiments with virus obtained from these animals this fatal 
 type has been retained and every animal inoculated has succumbed. 
 
 On July 3, pig No. 34 was inoculated with mixed pleural and perito- 
 neal effusion obtained from No. 28, which was killed that day in the 
 last stages of swine plague, produced by inoculation with cultivated 
 A'irus as detailed above. July 15, the temperature was 104° F., and 
 there were periods of shivering. From this time the progress of the 
 attack was rapid; there was a red blush of the skin over the abdomen, 
 diarrhea, loss of appetite, prostration, and tendency to hide in the litter- 
 July 18, it was very much debilitated, the breathing was rapid, and it 
 was scarcely able to walk. It would undonbtedl}^ have died in a few 
 hours. It was killed for examination and for pure virus. 
 
 Auto])sy showed the lungs to be covered on pleural surface with [)ete- 
 chiic, but there was no hepatization. Tlie inguinal and mesenteric 
 glands were greatly enlarged and congested ; the small intestines in- 
 tlamed ; the ca'cum was the seat of three large ulcerous patches, 1 
 to 2 inches in diameter, and several of smaller size. These were black 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICAT^ID ANIMALS. 87 
 
 on the surface and on sections the tissue appeared dense, fibrous, and 
 pale. The ileo-ctecal valve was completely covered with such an ulcer, 
 and the mucous membrane of the stomach was much congested. 
 
 Thoroughly sterilized vacuum tubes were filled from the jugular vein, 
 *rom the right ventricle, and with the i)ericardial and peritoneal effu- 
 sion, each of which were abundant. At the time of the autopsy small 
 quantities of each of these effusions and of the blood were dried on 
 cover-glasses for examination in the laboratory. 
 
 The tubes of peritoneal fluid when opened emitted a very disagree- 
 able odor of putrefaction. Stained cover-glass preparations showed that 
 it contained both micrococci and rods. Cultures of the same contained 
 micrococci, a bacillus with pointed ends, i)robably the Bacillus butyricus, 
 and a few rods of bacterium termo. From this result it becomes an in- 
 teresting question to learn if these various organisms really' existed in 
 the peritoneal liquid at the time of the animal's slaughter, or if they 
 were introduced from the atmosphere during the necessary manipula- 
 tions for filling and sealing the vacuum tubes. In other words, is it 
 possible for septic bacteria, in diseases which produce lesions of the in- 
 testines, to penetrate the walls of these organs and multiply in the peri- 
 toneal effusion before the death of the animal? In a former report 
 (Annual Report Department of Agriculture, 1880, p. 432), I have col- 
 lected a number of observations which seem to answer this question in 
 the affirmative- Fortunately in the case under consideration examina- 
 tions were made which furnish satisfactory evidence that there were 
 various forms of bacterial organism in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity 
 before the death of the animal. Preparations were made by thoroughly 
 drying this fluid on cover glasses as soon as the abdominal cavity was 
 opened, and in these, of course, there could be no change before exami- 
 nation. Such preparations stained and mounted demonstrate conclu- 
 sively that while the micrococci predominated, there were also present 
 a considerable number of bacilli. These observations, which were made 
 with the greatest precautions to avoid errors, go far to reconcile the 
 discrepancies which have appeared to exist in the results of the various 
 investigations of this disease. 
 
 Cover-glass preparations of blood from the Jugular presented no defi- 
 nite bacterial forms even after staining. Cultures of this blood re- 
 mained perfectly sterile. 
 
 The pericardial effusion contained large numbers of micrococci, easily 
 seen both in unstained and stained i)reparations. Cultivations gave 
 pure growths of micrococci. 
 
 The blood from right ventricle showed aggregations of micrococci, 
 and cultures of this blood produced a pure growth of the same organ- 
 ism. 
 
 Sections of the ca'cal ulcer contained enormous aggregations of mi- 
 crococci in the depths of the cavity ; the necrotic i)ortion appeared to 
 consist almost entirely of these bodies. In some sections small colonies 
 
I 
 
 88 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of micrococci were foiiud iu the deeper parts of the tissue. No rods 
 could be fouud even iu sections staiued with fuchsiue, a staiu which 
 Klein used in his investigations. 
 
 In sections of the spleen, stained in various ways, no organism could 
 be detected. 
 
 Sections of the most congested mesenteric gland revealed no organ- 
 isms within the gland tissue, but the peritoneal surface and its serous 
 covering were studded with micrococci, interspersed with which might 
 be seen a considerable number of large and small rods. 
 
 Pig No. 39 was inoculated July 17, and was slaughtered August 11, 
 being at that time very severely affected, and presenting well-marked 
 symptoms of swine i^lague. The mesenteric vessels were congested, as 
 were those about the ileo-ciecal valve, but there were no ulcerations at 
 this point. The lungs were pale, but contained a number of dark-col- 
 ored congested patches. There was no pleural effusion ; the pericardial 
 cavity contained a considerable amount of liquid, and there was also 
 slight peritoneal effusion. m 
 
 Cultures of the pericardial fluid gave a pure growth of micrococci. 
 The vacuum tubes, filled with peritoneal fluid, were preserved until 
 September 2, and were then f^uud to contain large numbers of micro- 
 cocci, but no other organisms. 
 
 A large number of observations similar to the above have been made, 
 and in all cases where a pure cultivation has been obtained the organ- 
 ism which multiplied was a micrococcus, and when the virulence of 
 such cultivated micrococci has been tested by iuoculation experiments 
 typical and fatal cases of swine plague have resulted. 
 Eespectfully submitted, 
 
 D. E. SALMON, D. V. M. 
 
gamsui coui'.: ] 
 led no t> 
 
 id its Sit IMS h 
 
 l-u)aik<; 
 coiigested, a 
 • •., .... .. '"'•'t-'-Htioiis a. 
 
 !it. Tb- darkcol- 
 
 udial 
 ills.. 
 
 1 
 
Plate XI 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 * % 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 V , »• 
 
 *» 
 
 « 
 
 ' f- 
 
 
 c « 
 
 4* 
 
 ») 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 *■ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 <•. 
 
 
 
 SWINE-PLAGUK MICROCOCCUS . 
 
 
 
 Photo-micrograph of cultivation liquid. X436. 
 
 
 A AKoinSCo Hiliognph.Bil 
 
Plate XH 
 
 y 
 
 s]-:ptic: }]A("ri-;Hi a. 
 
 Photo-micrograph of Peritoneal Effusion . 
 
 A Hdih 3 C:. HfliDqttpn . Baiii 
 
ERGOTISM AMONG CATTLE IN KANSAS. 
 
 Hou. George B. Loring, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir : In obedience to your telegram of the 5tli of March, requesting 
 me to go to N^eosho Falls, Kans., and there to investigate a disease 
 among cattle, I forthwith prepared jnyseU and left on the 6th, arriving 
 at Neosho Falls in the afternoon of the 8th. On my way to J^eosho 
 Falls I was delayed oV^ernight at Burlington, Kans. On the same eve- 
 ning I read a report in the Kansas Cit^' Journal of a meeting which had 
 been held at Xeosho Falls on the evening of the Gth attended by his 
 excellency Governor G. W. Glick, Lieut.-Gov. D. W. Finney, who, in 
 company with other State ofldcials, Dr. A. A. Holcombe, D. Y. S., of 
 Leavenworth, Dr. Wilhite, of Emporia, and a number of stockmen, had 
 by special train proceeded to ISTeosho Falls, and investigated the dis- 
 ease among cattle in Woodson and Coffey Counties, and upon the au- 
 thority of Drs. Holcombe and Wilhite said disease was pronounced to 
 be the contagious foot-and-mouth disease. At the meeting in the eve- 
 ning a quarantine committee was appointed, with Lieutenant Governor 
 Finney as the chairman. This committee was instructed to quarantine 
 all infected cattle and premises, to guard against further diffusion of the 
 dread disease. Upon reading this article I was greatly surprised and 
 alarmed. I had no reason to doubt the correctness of the diaguosis by 
 Dr. Holcombe, whom I knew from personal knowledge to be a very com- 
 pete n t veteri uari an . 
 
 On my arrival at ISTeosho Falls, Woodson County, late in the after- 
 noon of the 8th, [ was met by Lieutenant-Governor Finney and Dr. 
 Holcombe, who immediately procured a conveyance and accompanied 
 me to the residence and farm of Mr. Daniel Keith, situated in the south- 
 east corner of Coffey County, 5 miles north of Neosho Falls. Here I 
 was conducted to a small pen or inclosure which contained 12 head 
 of yearling calve*. This pen measured about 40 by Oi) feet, and was in- 
 closed on two sides by a rail fence, by a ha3' rack and corn crib on the 
 west side, and horse stable and corn crib on the east. The pen was 
 well bedded with hay and straw. On entering the inclosure 1 walked 
 along the hay rack and gave the hay a hasty examination, but found it 
 clean, bright, and sweet, it being wild hay made on bottom lands. I 
 also looked for ergot among the gr.issws \vlii(;h composed the ay, but 
 discovered only two or three heads of wild rye which were ergoti/ed ; 
 
 89 
 
90 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the amount being insignificant I gave it no further thought at the time. 
 My expectation, after reading a description of tlie symptoms of the dis- 
 ease among the cattle,' was to discover ergotism, should the disease prove 
 not to be the genuine foot-and-mouth affection. I inquired if any of 
 the pregnant cows ami heifers had aborted, and was told tliey had 
 not ; but my attention was called to one white cow, six years of age, 
 which presented many ulcers on the uilder and teats. Tliese ulcers, 
 according to the description of Mr. Keith, first appeared as vesicles or 
 blisters about three weeks previous, but at the time I saw her they were 
 covered with scabs, and were healing oft'. Mr. Keith stated that this 
 cow was suckling a ten day's old calf when she first evinced symptoms 
 of the disease, and that two days thereafter the calf died, having suc- 
 cumbed to a severe diarrhea. 
 
 The yearlings in the pen presented the following conditions : Four of 
 them had lost both hind feet, the separation taking place at the fetlock 
 joints ; 5 had each lost one hind foot ; and 3 were about to lose both 
 hind feet. The latter cases presented a well-defined line of demarkation 
 at or above the fetlock joint, extending and encircling the limb in a 
 Straight or slightly oblique line ; the upper parts of said line presented 
 a healthy surface, discharging a small amount of laudable pus, and were 
 healing under a scab ; the limbs below this line were perfectly devital- 
 ized and shrunken in a dry gangrenous condition. In the clefts of sev- 
 eral of the feet I found considerable evidence of previous ulceration, 
 and loosening of the walls of the foot around the bulb of the heel. 
 Those animals which had lost their feet were apparently in a healthy 
 condition, a slight elevation of temperature being the only appreciable 
 evidence of functional derangement remaining, aside from the crippled 
 limbs. They ate well ; licked themselves; the stumps were scabbing 
 over and healing; they occasionally got up and hobbled along for a 
 few steps, then drojjped down. 
 
 I next examined their mouths, which revealed denudation of the mu- 
 cous membrane and discolored patches on the nose, lips, tongue, and 
 roof and elastic pad. In some of them only two or three of these dis- 
 colored si>ots would be found on the lips, pad, or the roof of the mouth. 
 The discolored or denuded patches did not extend deeper than the sub- 
 mucous connective tissue, and presented a brownish yellow or rusty 
 color; they were irregular in outline, and of various dimensions, from 
 the size of a i)eacil's point to half an inch in diameter, and were not 
 circumscribed by any reddish or inflammatory border. 
 
 No soreness or inconvenience was manifested in the act of eaciug. 
 Temperatures ranged from 102° to 103.8° F. I saw a number of other 
 cattle in various stages of lameness, also some which had recovered 
 from lameness, yet no very recent cases were reported by Mr. Keith, 
 from whom I received the following brief history: 
 
 lie first became aware of the trouble among his cattle on or about the 
 23d or 25th of December last, when he noticed a peculiar jerking up of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 91 
 
 the bind legs among a number of the calves. They would first jerk up 
 one foot and then the other, or shake the foot as if they wanted to shake 
 off a foreign body, and acted as if they could not place the affected foot 
 to the ground. They would then hobble along a few steps, and walk 
 off moderately well or lie down. When they stood quiet they arched 
 the back and dropped the head. 
 
 Some of them slobbered or frothed at the mouth, and would not eat 
 hay very well. In the course of two or three days they persisted in 
 lying down nearly all the time ; swelling about the coronet tlien be- 
 came apparent, extending as high up as the fetlock, or even higher in 
 some cases, which was attended by great heat and tenderness. 
 
 Soon after this swelling appeared — a very few days — a band around 
 the leg would then appear, the skin becoming contracted, dry, and 
 hard ; next the skin broke and a sore made its appearance. This sore 
 encircled the leg and gradually deepened until complete separation of 
 the limb at one of the joints occurred. The time consumed from the 
 first appearance of the disease until the final dropping off of the dead 
 portion of the limb would be from three to four weeks. In some cases 
 he noticed soreness and ulceration in the clefts between the claws. 
 AVhen he first noticed the jerking up of the feet and limbs he thought 
 it was due to impaction of mud between the claws ; therefore he ex- 
 amined some of the feet, but found no impactions. On the 1st of Jan- 
 uary about 30 head of the calves manifested lameness. All of these 
 calves were fed npon wild hay and shelled corn during the fall and 
 winter. All the medical treatment which these cattle leceived was one 
 application ot muriatic acid around the limb where the line of soreness 
 existed. The described 12 head of yearling calves, and 51 more of the 
 same age, he bought from Mr. J. Davis on the 11th of December, and 
 took them home on the 12th. Mr. Davis had bought these calves from 
 different parties within a radius of 10 miles south and east ofXeosho 
 Falls. 
 
 Leaving Mr. Keith's place, we went to the farm owned by Mr. A. C. 
 Goodrich, which is occupied by Mr. Edward Hindman, who is the over- 
 seer of the stock on the faini. The Goodiich farm is divided from the 
 Keith farm by a i)ublic road running north and south. On the Good- 
 rich farm we saw 20 head of cattle, all of which were two years old and 
 upwar(ls,|which had then lost or would eventually lose one or more feet, 
 or parts of them, and 2 of them were about to lose all their feet. 
 
 In one of these cases the line of demarkation was inches above the 
 fetlock, and in the other 4 inches, while some of them had lost only one 
 claw or one foot at the second joint. All of these cattle presented 
 greater or less discolorations, erosions, or ulcerations on the lips, tongne, 
 or roof of the mouth, and in several the mouth lesions were much more 
 prominent than in any of the Keith cattle. A two-year old red and 
 white steer, which had lost both hind feet at the fetlock joints, pre- 
 sented, upon examination ut' the mouth, brownish yellow-patches on 
 
92 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIiMALS. 
 
 the roof, covering two-thirds of the space between the pad and soft 
 palate. These patches coalesced and were elevated one-sixteenth of an 
 inch, possessed a well-defined border and a fiattened surface. On the 
 pad were two large oval or oblong nlcers, one of which measured an 
 inch and a quarter in length. On the gums of the lower jaw, inside of 
 the lateral and corner-incisor teeth of the right side, ai)peared one large 
 ulcer, which possessed a more reddish and intlaniniatory appearance 
 than those on the pad. On the right side of the thick portion of the 
 tongue existed an ulcer which had an excavated bottom and a greasy 
 and dirtj^-looking appearance ; this was 1^ inches in length and of an 
 oval shape. Temperature 103.8° F. A two-year-old red heifer, which 
 had lost one hind foot at the fetlock joint, and the other was in process 
 of separation at the same place, presented a mouth with lesions exactly 
 similar to the first one, only that they were confined solely to the roof of 
 the mouth. 
 
 A third case — a fiveyear-old cow which was losing both hind feet at the 
 fetlocks — presented discolored patches and small erosions on the tongue, 
 lips, and roof of the mouth, also ecchymosed spots appeared on the 
 mucous lining of the vulva, and mucus mixed with pus dowedfrom the 
 vagina. An ulcer the size of a silver dime appeared inside of the si)hinc- 
 ter aui. Temperature 104° F. Mr. Goodrich, among his herd of 9.5 ani- 
 mals, had 21 cows and a number of heifers which were pregnant, but 
 none of them aborted. 
 
 In an adjoining lot 1 saw a number of young calves ; upon inquiry I 
 received the response that these calves were all well, and had not been 
 with the diseased cattle. A number of hogs also were inclosed in an- 
 other lot adjoining that of the diseased cattle, and I was told that they 
 had not been in contact with the cattle. Night was now approaching, 
 and owing to the luimber of people which had gathered, and the excite- 
 ment which prevailed, it was impossible to obtain any definite or ex- 
 tended history of the outbreak, manner of feeding, surroundings, &c. 
 Therefore I deemed it best to return to town and compiire notes with 
 Dr. Holcombe, and return on the next day to make a more thorough 
 investigation, and to obtain a full history. I was now told by some of 
 the stocknjen present that they desired to have my oi)inion on the 
 nature of the disease; that they intended to have the cattle appraised, 
 killed, and buried on the next day, if my diagnosis corresponded with 
 that of Dr. ITolcombe. Two of these parties came from Emporia for 
 this expressed purpose. 
 
 This placed me in a very delicate and unpleasant position, as 1 had 
 not given the matter the thorough investigation that I desired to do 
 before making my diagnosis. I had to rely almost solely ui)on a history 
 as given to me by i)arties nj)on whom I could not place absolute reliance; 
 nevertheless I felt c()mi)elled to make a diagnosis under these j)ressing 
 circumstances. Taking, therefore, into consideration, 1st. The history 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 93 
 
 which was given to me by Mr, Keitli, which so closely described the 
 first s^'uiptoms of the foot-and-mouth disease ; the ulcers aud previous 
 vesication on the udder of the Keith cow, and the death of her calf soon 
 after the disease manifested itself in the mother ; the absence of abor- 
 tions or the supervention of nervous att'ectious which I exj)ected to find 
 in ergotism. 2d. Attributing- the discolorations of the mouth to the 
 remains of previous vesications ; the losing of the feet as a sequelie to 
 foot-and mouth disease aggravated by neglect, and exposure to intense 
 cold. 3d. Accepting the history of a case described to me by Dr. 
 Holcombe, where he discovered an animal on the Keith place in the 
 second or vesicular stage of foot-and-mouth disease in which he found 
 several distinct characteristic vesicles in the mouth, accomi)anied by 
 salivation, and another vesicle in the cleft of the foot near the heel the 
 size of a silver dime, aud which he caused to rupture by a i)ressure 
 with his finger, and registering a temperatnre of 104:. 4° F. 4th. Ac- 
 cepting as true the positive statement of Mr. J. W. Beard, who lives 
 2 miles south of Mr. Keith. He stated that he had exchanged cows 
 with Mr. Keith on the ISth of February, and that two days after 
 he brought the cow home from the Keith place one of his cows con- 
 tracted the disease, and that several others followed in quick succes- 
 sion; (this was strong evidence to prove the contagious character of the 
 malady); in the absence of recent cases, placing reliance upon the 
 statement made by Dr. Holcombe, and uj)on his diagnosis, having 
 no valid objections to offer to it, I was led to concur with him, aud 
 announced my belief that the disease among the cattle on the Keith 
 and on the Goodrich farms was epizootic ai)hthfe. I went out to the 
 Keith farm again on Snnday, the 9th, with the intention of obtaining a 
 complete history of the outbreak, to examine the quality of the feed, 
 Avater, and soil, to make a more extended examination of all of the dis- 
 eased animals, and to make imst-mortem examinations if opportunity 
 afforded it. But when 1 arrived at the Keith place a stream of people 
 were passing in and out among the cattle. A delegation of stockmen 
 were there with the avowed purpose of paying for and disposing of the 
 diseased animals, and another number of persons were holding a con- 
 sultation in relation to petitioning Governor Glick, re(piesting him to 
 convene the State legislature for the i)urpose of enacting laws and to 
 make provision for the stamping out of the disease. These parties were 
 mon()i)()liziiig the time of the owners of the cattle, consequently I had 
 to wait for a more favorable day to acconqjlish my work. This day, 
 however, I nnule a more extended observation of the cattle on both 
 farms, as 1 was exceedingly anxions to find a recent case. My search 
 was rewarded by finding a red yearling steer at Keith's, which pre- 
 sented a blister at the anteiior border of the soft palate; it was about 
 the size of a silver dime, and luul a thin raised pellicle of mucous nuMU- 
 braue which rui)ture(l when I touched it. Two small pointed vesicles 
 appeared on the upjier surface of the tongue. No excessive salivation 
 
94 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 was present. A i)inkisli color was diffused over the ineuibraue of the 
 mouth and tongue. Breathing accelerated ; temperature 101.5°. In 
 withdrawing the instrument from the rectum an ulcer was exposed to 
 view, which bled slightly. (On the following day 1 saw this animal 
 again and found the conditions unchanged, except that the blisters in 
 the mouth had assumed the characteristic brownish-yellow color, simi- 
 lar to those found in the mouths of the worst cases. lu the course of 
 ten days this animal had about recovered.) On this day I noticed sev- 
 eral animals frothing at the mouth, although they showed but slight in- 
 dications of lameness, but for want of proper assistance was unable to 
 catch them for closer inspection. Ou the Goodrich farm I found a num- 
 ber of cows and heifers to have discharges from the vagina, accom- 
 panied by thickeniug ecchymosis, or ulcerations of the mucous mem- 
 brane of the vaginal walls. I noticed also small blood-clots and mucus 
 or recently-dropped fecen. 
 
 On Monday, the 10th, I looked again for recent cases, but did not 
 succeed in finding any. 
 
 Mr. Hindman gave me the following history : He has lived eight 
 years on this place, and has been engaged in raising and feeding stock 
 during taat time. He never before had any disease among his cattle. 
 He took into a herd 5 miles, east, which was in charge of George 
 Grant, 72 head of cattle last spring, and on the 10th of October brought 
 home 78 head. During the summer 2 died and 5 were sold. Since the 
 return of the 78 head 8 calves have been born. These cattle, since the 
 10th of October, have been kept in a feed-lot, sheltered by timber, south 
 and east of the house. They derived their drinking water from a pond 
 (surface water) located in a field 20 rods north of the house, and at 
 about the same distance from the residence and yards of Mr. Keith. 
 On New Year's week he took all the cattle, except a few cows and a 
 bull, out of the feed-lots, driving them through a gate south of the 
 house, and then drove them down the public road a distance of 40 
 rods and turned them into a stalk-field and meadow, from whence they 
 could again return through a gap in the hedge to the old feed-lot and 
 drinking place. He ke])t 3 cows and a bull in a small field north of the 
 house, from which they went to the same pond for water as did the other 
 cattle. On or about the 10th of January one of these milch cows be- 
 came lame iu one hind foot, and was yet lame when 1 saw her, but mani- 
 fested no indications of losing any part of her foot. The next cases of 
 lameness ai)i)eared on the 11th or loth of February, the day after 
 a heavy rain and sleet storm. On that morning a number of cattle 
 were laniCj and new cases appeared daily for a number of days there- 
 after. The lameness attacked cattle regardless of age, sex, or condi- 
 tion, old as well as young, and just as severely. As soon as they be- 
 came too lame to get around to feed and water they were driven into 
 a small yard on the east side of the house, where they had a covered 
 shed lor siielter, and feed and water was carried to them. In this shed 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 95 
 
 the worst cases were kept, and in tlie west end of it a small stall was 
 partitioned oft' by a few fence boards, in which the bull was tied. This 
 bull never manifested any symptoms of the disease. This is substan- 
 tially the history which 1 obtained from Mr. Hindman on this day. 
 With regard to the kind of feed which the cattle received, Mr. Hind- 
 man told me that all the cattle one year old and upwards were fed 
 upon hay made on the bottom lands, that they depastured 30 acres of 
 corn stalks, and lately received wheat straw in addition to the hay. 
 The milch cows, which were kept north of the house, the bull, and the 
 young calves received corn in addition to hay. 
 
 On a subsequent visit I was informed, either by Mr. Hindman or one 
 of his hired men, that the hogs had been allowed to remain in tlie yard 
 with the diseased cattle until they began to gnaw at their dead feet, in 
 consequence of which they were turned into the orchard. I also dis- 
 covered that the young calves had remained in this yard until they were 
 crowded out by the rapid increase of invalids. 
 
 History. — On the 11th of December Daniel Keith bought 63 head of 
 yearling calves from Mr. Joseph Davis, and brought them home on the 
 12th. Four days previous to this time he had bought 5 yearlings from 
 Nelson Stride, 2 miles south. He bought one from William Inge, 2 
 miles southeast, about a week later. Bought one from Bait. King, 2i 
 miles southwest of Xeosho Falls, a day or two after the Inge calf. 
 Bought one 4 miles south of Neosho Falls on or about the 10th of Feb- 
 ruary, and on the 20th bought 6 head from Alex. Linn, 1 mile down 
 the river from Neosho Falls. On or about the 23d of December he first 
 noticed the lameness to exist among the calves which he had bought 
 from Mr. Davis, and described their actions and symptoms as stated in 
 the early part of this report, but he also stated now that in the com- 
 mencement of the disease many of them slobbered profusely ; numerous 
 small blisters appeared in the mouth and on the tongue, and that they 
 then refused to eat hay or rough feed; that they manifested an inclina- 
 tion to lie in the snow, and on warm or sunshiny days they sought cool 
 and sheltered places. On the 1st of January about 30 of them wer^ 
 lame and new cases developed daily for a number of weeks thereafter, 
 also that some were yet taking the disease while others had recovered 
 from it. 
 
 After the lai)se of the first few days of sickness they regained their 
 ai>])etite and ate as well as ever. 
 
 The best animal in the herd of "yearlings, which was also one of the 
 first ones taken sick, died on the 5th of January ; he refused to eat 
 corn, frothed at the mouth, and suffered intense pain. The second 
 <leath occurred on the 28th day of February ; this was the calf, which 
 died two days after the mother of it was taken sick. One died on the 
 8th of March; this one had been suffering for ten weeks, and had lost 
 both hind feet at the I'etlock joints. Three were killed. The 8 head which 
 he bought since the disease broke out, all became sick within two or 
 
96 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 three days after they arrived on the place. About a week after I ob- 
 tained the above history Mr. Keith's hired man tokl me that only 4 or 
 5 of the 8 head bonght subsequent to the outbreak of tlie disease be- 
 came affected. I also learned from Mr. Keith that in the early part of 
 March he received the report published b^- your Department for the 
 year 1880 and 1881, which contains a brief history and description of the 
 foot-and-mouth disease; he read it carefully, and then made his first 
 examinations of the mouths and states he found the conditions to accord 
 exactly with the descriptions there given. 
 
 Mr. Keith had auotherlot of cattle, numbering 40 head. These were 
 two-year-old steers and heifers, and a few cows. They were kept in a 
 timber lot, separated from the yearlings by an ordinary rail fence, and 
 run into a stalk field and received the same kind of wild hay as the 
 yearlings. These cattle were bought on or about the 1st day of IS'ovem- 
 ber. On the 28th of February the first case of sickness appeared in 
 this herd, 15 or 20 of which manifested symptoms of the disease (March 
 10). Nearly all of these cattle were in excellent growing condition. 
 
 On the 13th I separated all of the well cattle from those showing anj^ 
 evidence of the disease on the Keith farm, and had the sound ones cor- 
 raled by themselves. I recorded the temperature of a nuaiber of the 
 yearlings which were diseased, which registered as follows : 103.8°, 103°, 
 103.2°, 104°, 104.8°, 105°, 104.8°. A number of the milder cases regis- 
 tered 100.3°, 100.2°, 101.80,100°, 101.5°, 101°, 100.4°, 102°, 101.5°, 100.2°, 
 102°, 101.0°, 101.5°, 101.2°, 101°, 101.2°, 100.8°, 100.2°, 101.2°, 102°, 
 102.2°. (Here I broke my thermometer). This was quite a warm day, 
 and I noticed an increase of temperature of nearly 1° over the tests of 
 the 9th and 10th on the same animals. 1 found, out of 118 animals then 
 on the place, 74 affected ; of these 2 will lose all four of their feet ; 4 
 have lost both hind feet; 9 have each lost one hind foot; 1 four-year- 
 old cow has lost both hind feet and one front toe : 2 lost each one toe ; 
 3 are affected in one foot; 6 in two feet, and 1 in three feet, all of which 
 will probably lose the parts affected. The rest were lame in various 
 •egrees. 
 
 During my two weeks' observations among these cattle I found only 
 the one case (the yearling red steer) which I could consider in any man- 
 ner a recent case. ^ 
 
 On this day (the 13th) I also examined the pond of water from which 
 the cattle were in the habit of drinking, but found nothing contained 
 in it to which T could attribute the origin of the disease, and from the 
 history which I was enabled to obtain I could not discover any origin 
 by contamination with foreign cattle. Yet it appeared to me that this 
 outbreak was very evidently not so contagious as tlm foot-and-mouth 
 disease is known to be, and I began to have very grave doubts about 
 its being contagious at all, or its being the genuine epizootic aphthje. 
 
 On the 11th, in company with Mr. J. W. Beard, Judge Thatcher, and 
 Don. Eli K. Titus, 1 drove out to the farm of Mr. Beard, and made a 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 97 
 
 hurried examination of the cattle on his place, situated 2^ miles north 
 of Xeosho Falls, in Woodson County. 
 
 I there found 5 animals, out of a herd of 75, affected similarly to those 
 of Keith's and Goodrich's, although only one will lose both hind feet, 
 and a-secoud one one foot. Mr. Beard attributed the origin of the dis- 
 ease among his cattle to the introduction of the cow from Keith's, as 
 before mentioned. As soon as he noticed any evidence of lameness he 
 separated such a one from the rest of his cattle, and thereto attributes 
 the small number affected among his herd. Two recovered from lame- 
 ness after a few days. His cattle were fed on corn in the fodder and 
 wild hay. The cattle drank from the Xeosho River, which supplies 
 good, clear water, and the approach to the drinking" place is a gravelly 
 bottom, free from mud. These cattle possess a timber shelter, with shed 
 and hay-racks, and the feed-lot is sloping and well drained. 
 
 On the 18th I again visited Mr. Beard's place, accompanied by Prof. 
 M. Stalker, of the Iowa State University. Xo new cases had apiieared 
 since my previous visit. Mr. Beard was absent, but we saw Mr. A. W. 
 Orrill, the hired man, who made the following jiositive statement: That 
 he came to Beard's i^lace to work on the 16th of February ; that on 
 the following morning he noticed the old cow to be decidedly lame (this 
 was the first one affected), and that on the 18th he assisted in bringing 
 the cow from Mr. Keith's for which Mr. Beard had traded. 
 
 The Keith cow was the second one to showlameness, which was on the 
 22d. On the 1st of March, the third one ; a day or two later, the fourth one 
 was slobbering profusely at 4 o'clock p. m., and died the next day at 10 a. 
 m. The fifth one became lame on the 5th, and several others manifested 
 slight lameness, but have recovered therefrom. At this visit to Mr. 
 Beard's we examined the feed and hay very closely, endeavoring to find 
 some cause for the appearance of this disease. We found mixed with 
 the hay a large proportion of the wild rye, and found this wild rye to 
 to be extensively ergotized. This discover^^ at once accounted for the 
 gangrenous phase of the disease. We followed up this clue with avidity, 
 and went directly to Keith's and to Goodrich's place, and found the 
 same conditions present among the hay there, but not near so exten. 
 sively as at Beard's. I had examined the hay at Goodrich's several 
 times, but was unfortunate each time in seeing hay in the racks which 
 contained but very small amounts of the ergotized grass. 
 
 On the 14th I separated the Goodrich cattle, placing the well cattle 
 into a field by themselves. I found 18 which had lost both hind feet ; 
 5 had each lost one hind foot; 1 had lost both hind and one fore foot, 
 and 1 was about to lose all four feet ; 40 others were lame in one or more 
 feet. This left 31 well out of the 90 head. No new cases had appeared 
 iu this herd during the time of my stay. 
 
 On this day I left for EI Dorado, Butler County, at the request of 
 Governor Glick, to investigate a disease among cattle said to be exist- 
 ing at or near that place. 
 5751 D A 7 
 
98 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 After my arrival I called upon Dr. A. Bassett, mayor of the city. He 
 told me that Mr. W. B. Collinsworth, residing 14 miles west, reported 
 to him that he had a cow which appeared very stiff and lame, and that 
 she had sores on tbe tongue. I drove out early in the morning of the 
 15th and examined the cow belonging to Mr. Collinsworth, and' found 
 her to be recovering from a mild attack of puerperal apoplexy. I re- 
 urned to Xeosho Falls on the same day. On the 17th I went to Hall's 
 Summit, Coffey County, at the request of the county commissioner of 
 that district. I was directedto visittheresidenceof Mr. George E. Smith, 
 who had a cow which had lost some of her feet. I found the cow pre- 
 senting the following conditions : The left forefoot had come off at the 
 joint within the hoof, the left hind leg had broken off half way between 
 the fetlock and hock joint carrying the lower end of the metatarsal bone 
 •with it ,and the right hind leg was coming off at the same place. The 
 right horn had also broken off close to the head. The cow was re- 
 duced to a mere skeleton, and was suckling a calf. Mr. Smith gave the 
 following history: 
 
 On New Year's night the cow became cast by being tangled up in the 
 rope with which she was tied; she was found by him in the morning j 
 was loosened, when she got up and walked away. She ate and drank as 
 usual. About a month afterwards she began to show lameness in her 
 hind limbs ; frothed a little at the mouth, and did not eat well. She 
 gave birth to a calf on the last daj^ of February. This cow was bought 
 just before the holidays, and at about the same time he bought another 
 cow. This second cow had a calf one day later than the diseased one. 
 Both cows and calves have been kept in the same yard and on the same 
 kind of feed, but only the one developed the disease. They were fed on 
 choj) feed and wild hay. 
 
 I returned again to Neosho Falls on the 18th. ' On the 19th, in company 
 with Professor Stalker, I visited the Keith and Goodrich herds. On the 
 20th, in company with Dr. D.E. Salmon, of yonr Department, Dr. Stalker, 
 Dr. G. C. Faville, of Colorado, and Dr. E. T. Haggard, of Lexington, Ky., 
 I visited again the three affected herds, and also a fourth one owned 
 by Christian Pribbernow, on Owl Creek, 12 miles south of Neosbo Falls, 
 Woodson County. Mr. Pribbernow owns 183 head of cattle, 54 of which 
 are yearlings, 24 two-year-old steers, 15 three-j-car-old steers, 13 
 heifers with calf, the remainder cows and calves. At this place we 
 found 16 affected, the symptoms and lesions being similar to those of 
 the Keith and the Goodrich cattle. Seven of them will lose one or more 
 feet, and the other 9 manifest lameness. Two or 3 which were slightly 
 lame have recovered. 
 
 Mr. Pribbernow stated that the disease made its first api)earance on 
 the 15tli of February, when several of the older cattle Avere noticed to 
 be lame ; soon thereafter swelling of the hind feet and extreme lameness 
 appeared, rendering them unwilling to walk. He then placed 7 of 
 the worst cases into a small yard by themselves. This yard was 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 99 
 
 divided from the yard which held the yearling cattle by an ordinary 
 rail fence. None of the yearlings became affected. The large cattle 
 had been fed on coru-fodder and Avild hay. and the yearlings in addi- 
 tion received millet hay and oats. The Avild hay on this place contained 
 a great amount of wild rye which was extensively ergotized. 
 
 On the 20th we saw the cattle at Beard's, Keith's, and Goodrich's, and 
 found the conditions as herein described. After making these inspec- 
 tions, it was decided by Drs. Salmon, Stalker, Faville, and myself that 
 we believed the origin of the disease among these four different herds 
 of cattle to be due to the consumption of the ergotized grasses contained 
 in the hay. But in order to more fully satisfy myself, I requested Dr. 
 Salmon to accompany me to a farm lying adjoining that of Mr. Keith ; 
 therefore, on the next day, we drove out to the farm of Mrs. Dipple, 
 which is situated west of Keith's. We there examined the hay and 
 found it to contain a very small amount of the ergot. We also exam- 
 ined several of the cattle and found slight discolorations of the mouth, 
 yet the cattle had never shown any lameness or indisposition whatever. 
 We then looked over the well cattle on the Goodrich farm, which had 
 been separated from the sick by me on the 14th, but found no new cases. 
 
 During the course of my investigations I killed 3 animals for the 
 purpose of examination into the condition of the internal organs. In 
 one I found enlargement of the heart and softening of the muscular 
 walls ; in another I found an infiltration of a purplish-colored fluid into 
 the mesenteric glands, and in the third one I found no abnormal condi- 
 tion of any organ to be present. In all of these 3 I examined the 
 alimentary canal very closely, but failed to find any pathological changes 
 in its membranes or glands ; these animals had each lost both hind feet. 
 In carefully considering the conditions presented by all of these diseased 
 cattle, and well weighing the value of the histories as given by the 
 owners, I firmly believe that the disease may be called the "chronic" or 
 '' gangrenous form of ergotism." 
 
 Ziemssen says: 
 
 It is not certainly known why in the one case the ergotism assumes the spasmodic, 
 in the other the gangrenous form. But it seems remarkable that the spasmodic form 
 formerly prevailed chiefly in Germany, while the gangrenous form was found princi- 
 pally in France, and there particularly in the Sologne. But this difference does not 
 hold universally, for epidemics of the gangrenous form have appeared also in Ger- 
 many, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. It is not known whether this variety depends 
 upon the difference in the activity of the ergot in difl'erent seasons, or whether such 
 changes are the result of some i)eculiar property of the ground in which the corn 
 grows. In the Sologne it was generally the ergot of maize which produced the 
 poisonous symptoms, whereas in Germany the ergot of rye was almost exclusively men- 
 tioned as the cause of the disease. It is, however, very improbable that the difference 
 between these iihiesses is dependent on the different parent phmts, because at least 
 therapeutically the same effects can be produced by the ergot of nuiize as by that of 
 rye, when the quantities are equal. It is most probable, then, that there is a simple 
 quantitative difference in the absolute and relative quantity of the i^oison taken into 
 the system. 
 
100 CODTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 Of the action upon the hiiinau system the same writer sajs : 
 
 Tho poison of this drug (ergot) lias a special and most powerful action upon the 
 skin. Besides very abundant perspiration, pustules often break out, or even larger 
 furunculi. The exanthemata sometimes resemble scabious eczema. They appear in 
 the later stage of the malady; as, e. g., in Aschotf's case, fourteen days after the first 
 appearance of symptoms of poisoning. But other disturbances of nutrition in the 
 peripheral organs are also reported, as, e. g., whitlows on the fingers, occurring as 
 late as the fourth and fifth week, and diseases of the finger nails, which are encir- 
 cled by a dark ring. Cardiac contractions ai'e generally slow and feeble, the arteries 
 are constricted and contain little blood. The respiration is very labored during the 
 spasms, but tolerably regular in the free intervals. When death supervenes it is 
 usually not until after a fortnight or later ; the convulsions may have ceased, yet 
 loss of sight and hearing, with violent headache, stupor, and delirum, may set in, 
 attended with diarrhea ; and thus the fatal stage may assume the form of typhus and 
 general collapse. Death is generally ushered in by either convulsions or paralytic 
 symptoms. The whole form of the illness, therefore, is very variable, and its course 
 highly irregular. The illness may last four to eight weeks, and even longer. 
 
 The symptoms which characterize gangrenous ergotism as such, often appear within 
 from two to seven days, but are frequently delayed for two and three weeks. An 
 erysipelatous redness shows itself on some spots in the periphery, most frequently 
 on the toes and feet, but also on the fingers and hands, more rarely on the ears and 
 nose ; soon after, the epidermis is raised like a bladder by serous exudation ; the 
 ichorous contents of this are soon discharged, and a gangrenous spot more or less 
 large is left. Then dry gangrene develops very rapidly at the affected spot. 
 
 The part affected is very painful while the redness is invading it ; but later on it be- 
 comes quite insensible. The gangrenous sjiot may exhibit either the dry or moist form, 
 according to whether the discharge was checked or encouraged; upon this also de- 
 pends the greater or less intenseuess of the odor or putrefaction. In some cases the 
 gangrene was limited to one or more toes, sometimes only to single phalanges; iu 
 other cases, however, the entire foot or hand was affected; not infrequently the gan- 
 orene extended to the trunk; it was possible for the patient to lose both feet or both 
 arms. Indeed, a few cases are reported in which all four extremities were lost. The 
 gangrenous parts become separated from the healthy tissue by a well-defined line of de- 
 markation, and the affected part may fall off itself or must be removed by an opera- 
 tion. This process of demarkation is often attended with serious disturbances of the 
 general condition of the patient; sometimes a modified form of continued fever is de- 
 veloped followed by phthisical changes; in a few cases, from absorption of ichorous 
 matter, pya;mia and septiciBmia set in, and are, of course, fjital. When the gan- 
 grene was confined to parts of minor importance, the patients usually recovei-ed ; 
 greater losses were naturally more frequently fatal. In some cases obstinate diarrhea 
 brought on marasmus and death, even when the extent of the gangrene was not very 
 considerable. We must mention, however, that in many cases the diseased process 
 did not advance beyond the erysipelatous redness ; marked cyanosis may be observed^ 
 and yet a separation may take place and the circulation be restored. The duration 
 of the entire illness varies, and may be protracted through several months. In favor- 
 able cases the course is ended iu a few weeks. 
 
 This form of gangrene, like all other forms, depends on the fact that the part af- 
 fected is deprived of its blood supply, and its nutrition thereby arrested ; consequently, 
 it must pass into a state of decomposition. The only question which can be advanced 
 here is whether it is inflammation which leads to gangrene, or whether the process is 
 of a non-inflammatory character, resembling that which occurs when all the vessels go- 
 ing to a limb are ligatured. When we consider that the initial, so-called erysipela- 
 tous redness is simply dependent on the cyanosis, and that these spots are not, as in 
 a case of inflammation, hot and swollen, but, on the contrary, they become very cold, 
 and warmth cannot be restored iu them, and that the affected limb is not at all swollen, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATFLV ANIMALS. 101 
 
 the hypothesis that such a gangrene is of an inflamm.itoiy 6h'jira'*,t^r-jaue^. a'jprloH \^& 
 rejected. When we further reflect that there is no fever at the outset, the second hy- 
 pothesis becomes still more probable. Exclusion of an extremity from its ordinary 
 blood supply is quite conceivable from our current views of the action of ergot on the 
 vessels and the distribution of blood. 
 
 Oil the lOtli of April 1 was requested to go 8 miles north of Sterling 
 to the residence of Mr. John Kratz, who said that he had a number of 
 cattle affected with lameness and sore feet. I proceeded to his place 
 at once, and examined his herd of cattle, numbering 30 head. I found 
 11 cows and heifers more or less affected with excoriations in the clefts 
 of their feet. In several cases I found these excoriations to extend 
 around the bnlb of the heels, causing a separation of the horny walls 
 at the corouet from the fibrous structure of the foot. In one cow, twelve 
 years old, I found considerable ulceration at the bulb of the heels of 
 both fore feet; the matter burrowiug beneath the horny wall caused a 
 destruction of the wall to the extent of 1 inch downwards, and the im- 
 perfect formation of an inch of the horn at the front part of the feet 
 indicated that she had been affected for two months or longer. These 
 excoriations discharged a semi-liquid matter, which gave off an odor 
 like to that of thrash in horses' feet. Mr. Kratz stated that two of the 
 cows walked with difficult}" for several weeks, and that for a week or 
 more previous to their lameness he detected the peculiar odor arising 
 from the feet while milking. On the 13th of March he bought a thor. 
 oughbred short-horn heifer, and one week after he brought her home 
 she also became lame. When I saw her she was affected in all four of 
 her feet, and was exceedingly" lame. All of his cattle, with the excep- 
 tion of two that were over two years old, were affected. In none of the 
 feet was there any swelling, but they were extremely sensitive to hand- 
 ling. The disease appeared as frequent in the fore as in the hind feet, 
 and in several cases three or all four of the feet were affected alike. The 
 majority of them became lame while the ground was yet frozen up. Mr. 
 Kratz has one of the finest bank barns in the county, and takes excel- 
 lent care of his stock. He stables his cattle at night and on stormy 
 days; thej^ have good bedding at night, and the stalls are cleaned 
 daily. In pleasant weather the cattle were turned into the barn-yard. 
 This yard is covered almost daily with clean straw to be worked into 
 manure. The yard is sloping and well drained, and the cattle drink 
 well water from a trough laid in the yard. During the M'inter the cat- 
 tle received ground feed, timothy, and clover hay, but about the 1st of 
 March he began to feed rye bran and second-crop meadow hay ; the 
 latter contained a large proportion of blue or June grass, and an exam - 
 ination of it revealed that it was ergotized ; almost every seed capsule 
 contained the fungus. If the ergot in the hay did not produce the dis- 
 ease I am unable to account for its origin. The cattle were not in a 
 plethoric condition ; the yard was free from mud, and they were well 
 housetl, and the stables. kept scrupulously clean. 
 
102 CONTAQiOUS. DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 3?b& (iissjase .\v:^s what wMiild commonly be called foul iu tlie foot. I 
 treated tfiem by cleauing out tlie clefts of their feet, applying carbolic 
 acid solution and tar secured to place by a wad of oakum and bandage. 
 In ten days recovery was complete. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Comboy, of Hume Township, had 2, and Mr. Edward 
 Tyne had 1, atiected similar to those of Kratz. 
 
 Eespectfully submitted. 
 
 M. E. TRUMBOWER, Y. S. 
 Sterling, III., Blarch 27, 1884. 
 
 I 
 
SYIVOAJUUS TRACHEAL.IS. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 
 Plate I. Fig. 1. — The trachea of an adult pheasant, whose death was caused by the 
 gapes, slit open longitudinally, and showing, in its interior and attached 
 to the mucous membrane, about thirty pairs of syngames in various stages 
 of development (natural size). 
 
 Fig. 2. — A pair of syngames, attached with the mouth of the male and that of the 
 female (enlarged 4 diameters). 
 
 Fig. 3. — A pair of syngames enlarged 10 diameters ; A, male ; B, female; showing the 
 intestinal canal, the oesophagus, and the buccal capsule. In the female 
 B may be seen, in addition, the uterus and its horns filled with ova and 
 the ovarian tube coiled around the uterus and the intestine. In the male 
 A the testicle is seen coiled about the digestive tube. 
 
 Fig. 4. Mouth of a female syngame ; A, seen from its face ; B, from the side (enlarged 
 40 diameters). 
 
 Fig. 5. — Portion of the neck of a female (enlarged 25 diameters), showing at a a the 
 cuticle finely striated ; at b the subcutaneous, fusiform, muscular fibers; 
 at c the oesophagus ; at d a salivary gland ; and at e the anterior extrem- 
 ity of the intestine into which the oesophagus opens, and which is seen 
 lined with hepatic cells. 
 
 Plate II, Fig. 6. — Eeproductive organs of the female (enlarged 8 diameters) ; a, ute- 
 rus ; b b, uterine horns ; c c, oviducts or Fallopian tubes ; d d, ovaries. 
 
 Fig. 7. Reproductive organs of male (enlarged 20 diameters); a, spicules; b, sper- 
 matic caual; c, vesicula seminalis ; d, testes. 
 
 Fig. 8. — Ova in different stages of development (enlarged 260 diameters). A, vitellus, 
 segmented and muriform ; B, ovum with granular vitellus, becoming con- 
 stricted at its middle, the embryo developing laterally; C, ovum with 
 embryo fully developed, folded like the figure 8 ; D, ovum with the valves 
 . at the extremities detached, and the embryo emerging. 
 
 Fig. 1>. — Embryo directly after leaving the egg (enlarged 260 diameters). 
 
 Fig. 10. — Embryo somewhat older, undergoing the first molt (same enlargement). 
 
 Fig. 11. — Nymph (enlarged 100 diameters) ; a, rudiment of the genital organ. 
 
 5751 DA 
 
5 V ra \ If irs Tii.-\ *^ ni^ % iin. 
 
 1 . 1 le death was caused hr ****■ 
 ing. in its iiitejior and ar 
 
 ire cf s..vn,2;amos in varioii 
 
 ,.i;.lf; and flia^ 
 
 In the 
 
 th); a, nU 
 ', ovaries. 
 lae; V, apt 
 
 , ovum wi' 
 ;uji-,d; (.' 'Iithevalv 
 
Plate I. 
 
 Megnin adnat.det! 
 
 A.HoeniCo.lirtioMustic, Baltimore. 
 
 THE GAPE -WOHM OF FOWLS, 
 Syngamus trachealis ( v. Siebold.) - Sclerostoma syngamus ( Diesing.) 
 
Plate H. 
 
 A.Hoenl Ca.Uihocausttc. Baltimore. 
 
 THE GAPE -WORM OF FOWLS, 
 Syngamus trachfialis ( v, Siebold.) - Sclerostoma syngamus ( Oiesing. 
 
I 
 
 LIBRARY, 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 — OF— 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 THE GAPE DISEASE OF FOWLS, AND THE PARASITE 
 BY WHICH IT IS CAUSED. 
 
 MEMOIR OX A VERMINOUS EPIZOOTIC DISEASE OF TSE PREASAXTRIES* AND ON 
 THE PARASITE WHICH CAUSES IT, THE STNOAMUS TRACHEALIS (SIEB.), SCLER- 
 OSTOMA STNOAMUS (DIES.), BT M. P. MEGNIX, LAV RE ATE OF THE INSTITUTE 
 {ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES), MEMBER OF THE SOCI£tE DE BIOLOGIE. HONORARY 
 ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE OF LONDON, ETC. 
 
 [Translated by Dr. Theobald Smith.] 
 
 For several years past tlie pheasautries of the hunting forests of 
 France have been ravaged by a most destructive malady, which has 
 killed the fowls by the hundreds and even thousands. The cause is a 
 parasite, a so-called red worm, which develops in the trachea of birds 
 and finally sufibcates them. Particularly the young subjects, from six 
 weeks to three months of age, are apt to be the victims, although adults 
 by no means are always spared. The chief symptoms of this affection 
 are a suppressed or aborted cough and a characteristic gaping, whence 
 is derived the English name " gapes." It appears to have been ob- 
 served long ago in England and America, whilst with us it has not yet 
 been studied, a fact which seems to indicate that it has been introduced 
 from England, and that we owe its introduction to commerce by which 
 the hunting grounds have been restocked. 
 
 I investigated this disease on the site of its activity in the inclosures of 
 the forest of Fontainebleau in 1878 and 1879. I received many cadavers 
 killed by the red worm from different localities of central and northern 
 France; from the poultry-yard of Baron Rothschild, atEambouillet, where 
 the daily losses amounted to 1,200 ; from M. de Janz6, of Gournay ; from 
 the duchess de la Rochefoucault, at Montmirail ; from the inclosures 
 at Chauteau-neuf, and from various localities of Loiret and de I'Indre. 
 Finally a dispatch, in October, 1880, informed me that the epidemic 
 had appeared in the royal pheasautries at Turin, and was threatening 
 to do much mischief. 
 
 This disease is not at present raging on the continent only. For ten 
 years it has been the cause of severe losses in England. Dr. Crisp 
 estinuites that the red wormtlestroys annually half a million chickens, 
 excluding i)heasants and partridges, so that he says it would be of 
 truly national importance to find the meaiis of preventing the invasion 
 
 * This monograph, finished November, 1880, has reference to the epidemics in the 
 l)heasantries of Fiance. 
 
 io:i 
 
104 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of this red worm or of destroying it.* Furthermore, the following 
 statement is taken from the report of the meeting of the Loadon Ento- 
 mological Society, October 1, 1879 : 
 
 The president announced that Lord Walsingham, in conjunction with other gentle- 
 men, had placed at the disposal of the council the sum of £100 to be awarded in two 
 prizes of £50 each for the following subjects : 
 
 1. The best and most complete life history of ScJeroatoma syngamus, supposed to 
 produce the so-called gapes in poultry, game, and other birds. 
 
 2. The best and most complete life history of Strongylus pergraciUs (Cob.), supposed 
 to produce the grou.se disease. 
 
 No life history would be considered satisfactory unless the different stages of de- 
 velopment were observed and recorded ; the competition was open to naturalists of 
 all nationalities. Essays in English, German, or French were to be sent to the sec- 
 retary of the society on or before October 15, 1882. 
 
 Although birds only are concerned in this matter, it is obvious that 
 the economic interest involved in a solution of the questions con- 
 cerning the gapes is sufficiently great. The scientific interest is no less 
 so, because there Is to be determined not only the zoological position of 
 the worm under consideration, and its role in the terrible disease which 
 destroys the gallinaceans, both domestic and wild, but also its mode of 
 reproduction, a point hitherto entirely unknown. 
 
 This is the subject of the present memoir, a memoir in which I be- 
 lieve I have cleared up all the pending questions upon the zoological 
 position of the red worm, on its anatomy and physiology, on its role as 
 a cause of the gapes, finally on its embryogeny and metamorphosis, 
 and consequently upon its mode of propagation, and ui)on the best 
 means of preventing its multiplication and arresting its ravages. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 The first mention of this disease was made by Dr. Wiesenthal, who 
 observed it in 1799, at Baltimore, Md., among hens and turkeys.t In 
 1806, 1807, and 1809, Georges Montaguf saw this epizootic among chick- 
 ens in England. He believed that of all the birds of the poultry yard 
 only the hen could be its victim, because he observed that the turkeys 
 and ducks living with the infested hens were not attacked. He ob- 
 served the same malady in young pheasants at a time when they as- 
 sume the livery which distinguishes the two sexes, and in partridges 
 whether the locality was elevated or low and humid. 
 
 Both Wiesenthal and Montagu recognized that this disease was caused 
 by worms occupying the trachea and extending occasionally to the phar- 
 ynx, but never as far as the lungs. They found as many as twenty at- 
 tached to the mucous membrane, which, together with the lungs, was 
 
 *Fath. Society of London, October 15, 1872, and Med, Times, 1672, p. 474. 
 iMedical and Physical Journal (1799), II, p. 204. 
 
 tAccount of a species of fasciola which infests the trachea of poultry, with a mode of 
 cure. Trans, of the Jl'ernerian N<tf. Hist. Society, I (1811), p. 195. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 105 
 
 in an inflamed condition. These entozoa, acting finally as an obstacle 
 to the passage of air, produced death by asphyxia. 
 
 Wiesenthal did not occupy himself with the specific determination of 
 the worm, but Montagu regarded it as a distome, a fasciola (fluke) of a 
 particular kind, having a round cylindrical body with two sucking 
 disks, borne on two peduncles of unequal length. 
 
 Rudolphi* and the authors of his time continued to regard the cause 
 of the gapes in the gallinaceans as a distome, and included it in the spe- 
 cies JDistoma lineare (Rud). 
 
 Shortly after, helminthologists discovered, ui)on a variety of birds, a 
 curious parasite likewise inhabiting the trachea, but this time belong- 
 ing to the order of nematodes, and especially characterized by the sin- 
 gular habit of permanent union of the sexes. Siebold t made it the type 
 of a new genus— the genus Syngamus ; later, however, yielding to the 
 observations of Kathusius, he renounced his first idea and united this 
 helminth with the strongyli in imming it Strongylus tracliealis.X 
 
 After the creation of the genus Sclerostoma by Dujardin, in which this 
 author unites the old strongyli possessing a month which is armed with 
 a tough coriaceous capsule, Diesing ])\siced in it the Strongylus tracheaUs 
 of Nathusius under the name of Sclerostoma syngamus. Finally Dujar- 
 din § restored for this parasite the old genus Syngamus of Siebold, and 
 gave it the old specific name of Syngamus trachealis of the same author. 
 
 Dujardin ascribes to the genus Syngamus the following characters : 
 
 Worms ordinarily coupled in a permanent manner or by union of the integuments ; 
 the male, cylindrical, much smaller than the irregularly cylindrical female, with con- 
 stricted neck and tail tapering to a point ; head globular, large, supported by an in- 
 ternal corneous capsule ; mouth large, irregularly rounded, with six or seven broad- 
 ened lobes; pharynx provided with tleshy papilht* ; integument folded or wrinkled 
 without regular stri:e. The male has a truncated tail, the latter pi-ovided with a mem- 
 braneous expansion which fastens itself to the integument of the female. The female 
 has the tail conical, elongated ; vulva situated anteriorly at the base of the constric- 
 tion forming the neck ; eggs large, elliptical. 
 
 The following, according to the same author, are the characters of 
 the only species Syngamus trachealis, which this genus includes : 
 
 Body soft, colored bright red hy a liiiuid interposed between the viscera. ]\Iale 4 
 to 4.5™'" (.157— .177 inch) long; .4"™ (.016 inch) wide ; enlarged, obliquely truncated 
 head about .7'"'" (.028 inch) broad. Tail terminated obliquely by a convex, unilate- 
 ral, membraneous sac or bursa .25 to .3""" (.009 to .012 inch) long, attached to the 
 8ui)erior border of the vulva of the female and supported by 12 to 15 equal rays. Fe- 
 male 13""» (.512 inch) long ; .3 to 1'"™ (.01 to .04 inch) broad, irregularly folded and 
 wrinkled; head 1.3""" (.05 inch) broad; tail resembling an elongated cone; anus 
 1.2"'"' (.047 inch) from extremity ; projecting vulva at the base of a neck 1.5 to 2""" 
 (.058 to .08 inch) long, inclined to one side; eggs smooth, elliptical, .087 to .093"'"' 
 (.0034 to .003(5 inch) long, with a short terminal neck. 
 
 *Synops. pp. 414, 415. 
 
 \ Archiv f. Naturf/eschichte, Wiegmann (1835), p. 1. 
 
 tL. c, 1830. 
 
 v\ nintorei iiat. den livlininthefi i» suiten a Bnffo)i. Koret, Paris, 1845, p. 200. 
 
106 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Dnjardiu found the SynfjamustraeheaUs to the uumber of five pairs in 
 the trachea of two magpies {Corvus pica) at Eeiiues. He was able to 
 determine that even after maceration the male could not be separated 
 from the female without rupture of the integuments. 
 
 This parasite has been found by Nathusius either in Germany or in 
 England within the trachea of the following species : The swift [Cypse- 
 Ills apus), the starling {Sturnus vulgaris), the green woodpecker {Picus 
 viridis), the pheasant cock {Phasiamis gallus), and the black stork {Ci- 
 conia nigra), granting that it was the same species. 
 
 What relation exists between the two parasites of the bird's trachea 
 spoken of above — the fasciola of Montagu, the cause of the gapes, and 
 the Synganius of Siebold ? 
 
 Dnjardiu and Diesing regarded as entirelj^ erroneous the classifica- 
 tion among the distomes of the parasite found by Montagu in the trachea 
 of birds affected with the gapes. This parasite was to them none other 
 than the Syngaynus, but as they did not enter into any details concern- 
 ing the accidents which it is liable to produce, some doubts appear to 
 have remained in the minds of French helminthologists concerning this 
 assimilation. For we read in M. Davaine's treatise on Entozoa (2d ed. 
 p. 37) the following statement concerning the parasites which cause the 
 gapes among the Gallinae : 
 
 These eutozoa, which for a long time have beeu referred to the distomes, are proba- 
 bly identical with the Sclerostoma si/ngamus, a nematode worm, to which the perma- 
 nent union of male and female has given a particular physiognomy which has de- 
 ceived the earlier observers. 
 
 The word " probably," in the above extract well indicates that for M. 
 Davaine there was as yet no certainty that the gapes was caused by 
 the Synganius trachealis ; there was only a probability. Moreover, in 
 the latest, fullest, and most noteworthy article which has appeared in 
 France on the subject of helminthology as applied to domestic ani- 
 mals,* the author, M. Baillet, without saying a single word about the 
 terrible disease, the gapes, with which in fact he does not seem to be 
 acquainted, limits himself to noting the existence of Syngamus bj' the 
 following sentence : 
 
 Before concluding the tribe of sclerostomes, we will mention the genus Synganius 
 (Siebold), a parasite of various birds which has been occasionally observ^ed in the 
 trachea of the cock and the hen. 
 
 This is all he says of this parasite. Up to the present, then, there 
 have been only vague conceptions or none at all, concerning the patho- 
 genic action of syngamus.t Even its natural history is poorlj^ known, 
 since in a remarkable monograph on a new nematode of the genus Red- 
 rurisl Prof. E. Perrier, citing incidently the helminths which present the 
 
 * Article Helminthe, Diet. V4l4r'm. of Bouley and Reynal, vol. HI. Paris, 1866. 
 t According to Cobbold the Sipigamus is the sole cause of the gapes. 
 { Nouvelles Archives clu Museum, vol. VII., Paris, 1871. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 107 
 
 peculiarity of a male united permaueutly to a female, says, concerning: 
 the parasite under discussion, page G : 
 
 Among the nematodes of the genus Syngamus the male lives attached to the female 
 hy means of a caudal sucking disk and twines himself about her as does the male of 
 Hedruis. 
 
 This last statement italicized contains an error which proves that M. 
 Perrier had not yet seen the syugames in the position which they occupy 
 in the trachea, for the male is never coiled about the female, as we will 
 show further on, and as we have enabled M. Perrier to demonstrate for 
 himself. 
 
 We are now permitted to say, after having studied the gapes in the 
 various pheasantries of central France, and the environments of Paris, 
 where this terrible epizootic has claimed thousands of victims, that we 
 know positively that the parasite which causes it, the so-called forked- 
 worm, or red worm of the pheasant breeders, is none other than the 
 Syngamus trachealis, and by no means a distome ; we know that it cor- 
 responds entirely with the general characters traced by Dujardin and 
 Cobbold, if we except a considerable number of anatomical and physio- 
 logical details which we have to add or to rectify, and its migrations 
 and habits which have thus far remained wholly undescribed. There 
 was complete ignorance of its mode of development, reproduction, and 
 its transmigrations. All these we have been able to follow experiment- 
 ally or in the poultry-yards, and hence to deduce the most rational in- 
 dications to combat the gapes successfully and to arrest its spread. 
 Experience has fully confirmed our deductions. 
 
 ZOOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 We must, at first, rectify the diagnosis of the genus and species as 
 given by the authors, because it appears to us faulty, especiallj" in 
 that which refers to the mouth-parts. We present the following diag- 
 nosis of the genus : 
 
 Mouth large, supported by a hollow, hemispherical, chitinous capsule, 
 its background furnished with six or seven chitinous, cutting papillaj ; 
 border thick and turned back (reirows«e),cutinto six symmetrical lobes, 
 united to the integument by its entire external face, and furnished ,by 
 it with four equal membranous lips, which form a prolongation to the lobed 
 border of the capsule. To this they are united by four bands, which 
 attach the commissures of the lips to the four deeper notches between 
 the lobes of the capsule. Female fixed by its mouth to the tracheal 
 uuicous membrane of its host ; the male likewise attached by its mouth 
 to the same mucous membrane and united immovably by its caudal 
 bursa to the vulva of the female, around which it is soldered, as it were. 
 The two spicules equal, contiguous, extremely fine, and very short. 
 Ova provided with a valve at each end of the longer axis. • The eel-like 
 embryos are developed within the uterus of the female whence they 
 
108 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 emerge ouly at the death of the latter. Cuticle, with very delicate 
 striae, disappearing with age, but persisting- in the cervical region. 
 
 Are there several species of Syngamus ? Up to the present time hel - 
 niinthologists have agreed to admit but a single species, the Syngamus 
 trachealis of Siebold ; but the characters which they attribute to it differ 
 in certain points from those of the species which we have studied as in- 
 festing the pheasants in France. Thus the latter attains twice the 
 dimensions given by Dujardin. The head of the male, says this ob- 
 server, is obliquely truncated, while in the species examined by us it 
 is squarely terminal. The tail of the female, Dujardin continues, is an 
 elongated cone and the anus 1.2""™ (.047 inch) from the extremity, 
 while in the parasite of our pheasants the tail is either abruptly conical | 
 or rounded like a stump and pointed ; in other words, it has the form 
 of a cylindroconical appendage, springing from the middle of the 
 rounded posterior extremity (Plate I, Fig. 3) 5 the anus opens at the 
 base of this small tail, which is not more than .1 to .2'"™ (.004 to .008 
 inches) long. 
 
 Unless there was some error of observation, or some typographical 
 mistake in the figures, or unless Dujardin had not seen the highest 
 degree of development which the syngames attain, the parasite of the 
 pheasant would constitute a distinct species, or at least a variety. 
 
 Without wishing to decide this question, which is only possible by 
 making a direct comparison of the individuals found on different species 
 of birds, we shall give the diagnosis of Syngamus trachealis after the 
 species or variety which infests the i^heasants before offering a detailed 
 description. 
 
 Body cylindrical, becoming with age, in the female onlj-, more or less 
 sinuous or torulose ; colored bright red by the coloring matter of the ab- 
 sorbed blood which tinges the nutritive fluid interjiosed between the 
 organs. 
 
 Male 2""" (.079 inch) long and .2""' (.0078 inch) broad at the beginning 
 of union with the female, and reaching a length of 6'"™ (.236 inch) nnd 
 a breadth of .5™"" (.02 inch) at the end of ovulation. Body always cylin- 
 drical, surpassed in its diameter by that of the head by .2'^"' to .3'""" 
 (.0078 — .012 inch) ; posterior extremity slightly club-shaped, inclined, ob- 
 lique, terminated by a membranous bell-shaped sac or bursa, higher 
 anteriorly than posteriorly, where it is cleft and notched along its entire 
 height, supported by twelve simple rays, united to the vulva. 
 
 Female about 5»"'> (.197 inch) long and .35""" (.0137 inch) broad at the 
 beginning of copulation, attaining a length of 20""" to 22"""^ (-787 — .866 
 inch), and a breadth at the middle of the body of 1.1"'"' (.043 inch) at 
 the end of ovulation ; body at first cylindrical with delicately striated 
 integument, becoming later more or less sinuous, torulose, and smooth, 
 the striic persisting only in the cervical region. Head 1'""' (.039 inch), 
 broad at the period of comi>lete devclo[)ment, surpassing the diameter 
 of the neck by .2""" (.0078 inch), which is itself smaller by .3""" (.0118 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 109 
 
 iuch) than the diameter of the middle of the body. Vulva springing 
 from the base of an inclined neck, which is 1.5'"™ to 3""" (.059 — .118 inch) 
 long. Ova innumerable, smooth, elliptical, .085""" to .09""" (.0033 — .0035 
 inch) long, and .05"'"" (.002 inch) broad, each pole closed by a hood-like, 
 hemispherical valve, which becomes entirely detached at the time of 
 hatchiug. Embryos eel-like, developed in the body of the female, which 
 sets them at liberty only by its death and the destruction of its body ; 
 at birth they measure .28"^"^ (.011 inch). 
 
 Habitat of the adults. — Trachea of pheasants. 
 
 We shall now studj^ in detail the various parts of the body in the fol- 
 lowing order : 
 
 1. The general envelope of the body, consisting of the cuticle and the 
 muscular layer lining it ; 2, the digestive tube with its accessory parts; 
 3, the nervous system ; 4, the system of excretory vessels ; 5, the male 
 aud female genital ajiparatus as it exists in the most highly developed 
 adults. 
 
 Body envelope. — The cuticle (Plate I, Fig. 5, «, a) is very thin, about 
 .05™"' (.002 inch) thick, diaphanous, in appearance homogeneous, for we 
 have been unable to distinguish several layers, as has been done with 
 the larger nematodes. In young subjects it bears fine transverse strife, 
 but in old and united pairs of which the female is bearing eggs, and es- 
 pecially when these eggs contain well-developed embryos, the stride of the 
 trunk are completely effaced, but persist on the neck, where they can 
 be best seen in the female, in which they are .087™™ (.0031 inch) apart 
 each fourth or fifth being deeper than the rest. Around the mouth the 
 cuticle expands like a collar or gamopetalous corolla, with four equal 
 rounded divisions forming four lips. At the same time it furnishes a 
 broad margin to the thick and scalloped border of the buccal armature. 
 In the male the cuticle goes to form the caudal, bell-shaped bursa, 
 which is cleft posteriorly and longer anteriorly, the latter aspect being 
 probably the true dorsal aspect of the worm. This bursa is supported 
 by six simple rays on each side. It caps the hemispherically projecting 
 vulva of the female and is united to it so intimately that even after the 
 death of the worms and their maceration in water it becomes torn be- 
 fore it can be separated from the vulva. 
 
 The muscular layer which lines the internal surface of the cuticle 
 forms four longitudinal bands, as among the other nematoid m orms, two 
 dorsal and two ventral, separated from each other by four linear inter- 
 vals. These muscular tracts are very delicate and permit the internal 
 organs to be seen through them. Only the superficial layer is distin- 
 guishable. It consists of longitudinal fusiform fibers (Plate I, Fig. 5, b) 
 aud is lined with i)arenchymatous cells, which may be regarded as a 
 deeper muscular layer. 
 
 Digestive apparat us.— In the digestis'e tract three regions may be dis- 
 tinguished — the mouth, tlie a'sopliagus, and the intestine. 
 
 The mouth (Plate I, Fig. 4, A, B) opens on the anterior extremity of 
 
110 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the body. It is surrounded by four equal symmetrical lips already de- 
 scribed. At the four commissures of these lips may be seen four strong 
 bands or nervures, which unite the membraneous labial circle to the cori- 
 aceous armature of the mouth. This armature, made up of brown chi- 
 tine, has the form of a complete hemispherical capsule or cupule, the 
 thick border of which is divided into symmetrical but unequal lobes. 
 These consist of two largo lateral lobes, each corresponding to a lip, 
 two small anterior ones corresponding to the anterior lip and two small 
 posterior corresponding to the posterior lip. At the opposite and sym- 
 metrical notches at the extremities of the large lateral lobes are in- 
 serted the bands or ligaments which separate or which unite the mem- 
 braneous lips. The bottom or background of the buccal cavity is a 
 true pharynx, to which is attached the superior end of the oesophagus. 
 It is pierced by a round aperture opening into the oesophageal cavity. 
 On the periphery of this opening are disposed six, sometimes seven, radi- 
 ating papillae, hard like the capsule itself, with dorsal cutting edges. 
 They are real fixed lancets, performing a function similar to those of 
 the surgical instrument known under the name of bdellometer of Scar- 
 landiere. 
 
 The oesophagus (Plate 1, Fig. 5, c) is relatively short, extending 
 from the pharynx to the middle of the neck; it is club-shaped and very 
 thick. Its lumen appears to us tetraquetral rather than triquetral, as 
 among other nematoid worms. In fact, the pharyngeal insertion of the 
 tube is conical, i. e., with four, not three, branches (Plate I, Fig. 4, A). 
 The mucous membrane is surrounded by a longitudinal muscular layer, 
 which, in turn, is enveloped by a layer of very stout radiating fibers, 
 longer inferiorly. The whole is inclosed in a structureless membrane. 
 
 The upper extremity of the intestine into which the oesophagus o])ens is 
 very wide. It is continued by a straight, wide, cylindrical tube, lined, in 
 its entire extent, with brownish, distinctly nucleated cellules, and termi- 
 nates in a short oblique rectum, having the form of an inverted cone. 
 The anus is situated at the base of the very short tail which measures 
 only 1. to .2""" (.004 — .OOSinch) in length. It appears to open most com- 
 monly on the dorsal aspect, that aspect which is opposite to the incli- 
 nation of the head and neck or to the vulva. This is due to the spiral 
 twisting of the female body when the uterus is laden with eggs. The 
 anus of the male opens near the notching of the caudal bursa posteriorly. 
 This shows that in the male also the ventral aspect is uppermost, which 
 in the female is indicated by the vulva. In both sexes the anus is very 
 small; and in fact an animal food, made up of the blood of the host, 
 ought to furnish a very small quantity of solid waste. 
 
 Nervous system. — The nervous system of Syngamus trachcalis, like 
 that of the larger number of the higher nematodes, consists of a 
 flattened ganglion forming a collar about the oesophagus, ami giving off 
 fourquite symmetrical cords anteriorly and four jiosteriorly. The former 
 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Ill 
 
 pass to the mouth parts, the latter to the digestive and reproductive 
 organs. 
 
 Secretory apparatus. — The most eminent helminthologists, among them 
 Bastiau, Schneider, and E. Perrier, have seen in certain nematodes 
 secretory structures composed of utricles sometimes double, provided 
 with a canal which opens on the skin in the middle of a i)apilla. These 
 structures have been observed near the posterior extremity of the body 
 in the male, and in the region of the neck in both sexes. We have 
 sought them without success in the Syngamus of the pheasants. Once, 
 however, we saw, quite distinctly, an oblique canal opening on the skin 
 a little below the oesophageal nervous ring and arising from a glandular 
 mass situated in the region, where, in Plate I, Fig. 5, we have shown 
 the i)osition of the longitudinal fusiform muscular fibers. Along the 
 cesoi)hagus and under the same muscular layers there is situated an 
 elongated club-shaped gland, which opens at the base of the pharyngeal 
 capsule (Plate I, Fig. 5, d). This is a true salivary gland ; its walls are 
 lined with ovoid, doubly-nucleated cells. 
 
 Eeproductive apparatus : Genital organs of the male. (Plate II, Fig. 
 7.) — In the nematodes generally the testes consist of a long tube uni- 
 forndy cylindrical in its whole extent from .1 to .2™"" (.004 — .008 inch) 
 in diameter. In the male Syngamus of the jiheasants it presented 
 quite characteristic diflereuces from the known type. It is i)ossib]e to 
 see, through the translucent tissues of the body, and still better when 
 the testicle has been forced out of the body of the worm, a large, abrupt 
 expansion of the tube 1™"" (.04 inch) from its inferior termination. 
 This bag-pipe-like enlargement gradually contracts anteriorly and con- 
 tinues as a cylindrical tube slightly narrower than at its commencement. 
 At the middle of the worm's body it twines about the intestine, then re- 
 descends and terminates in a cul-de-sac near the posterior extremity. 
 The disposition of this seminiferous tube may be better seen when, b}' 
 a fortunate compression,, or a patient dissection, it has been forced out 
 of the body. The three portions of which it is composed may then be 
 readily distinguished : the first as a vas deferens, the secoiul as a vesi- 
 cula seminalis, and the third (which coils about the intestine) as the tes- 
 ticle proper. The latter is filled with an opaque, amorphous substance, 
 thecontents of the vesicula seminalis and the vas deferens being likewise 
 opaque but segmented into granular corpuscles of very varying forms, 
 having each a nucleus of .01 to .03'"™ (.0004 — .0012 inch) in diame- 
 ter. These are the spermatozoids. The vas deferens, about .075""" 
 (.003 inch) in diameter, opens at the posterior extremity of the body 
 in the center of the caudal bursa, between two very small, short, and 
 nearly straight spicules, the extremities of whicli rest immovably in the 
 vagina of the female. Tlie vesicula seminalis, enlarged in tlie lorm of 
 a i)ear, has its walls made uj) of muscular fibers which are all obliquely 
 placed and inserted into a longitudinal raph6 like the barbs of a feather 
 into the shaft. The object of this arrangement undoubtedly is to cause 
 
112 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the expulsiou of the spermatozoids aud tbeir projection iuto the vagina 
 of the female, the long duration of this function requiring a special aud 
 powerful apparatus. 
 
 Female genital apparatus, (Plate 11, Fig. G).— As in almost all nema- 
 todes, the female generative organs comprise a uterus with two long 
 branches narrowing abruptl}^ into a tubular iwrtion, the ovary proper. 
 We have not been able to discover a bag-pipe-like swelling near the 
 commencement of the ovary which E, Perrier has seen in the Redruris 
 armata, and which he calls the copulation pouch (vesicula copulatrix). 
 Neither this pouch nor anything similar to it exists in the Syngamus. 
 
 The vulva, as has been stated, is a small opening pierced through the 
 summit of a hemispherical papilla which is permanently covered by the 
 caudal bursa of the male. The vagina, the canal which penetrates the 
 papilla, is very narrow. Lodging the spicules of the male it serves as a 
 passage for the spermatozoids which the male pours into it during his 
 entire adult existence. It will be readily understood that it never ful- 
 fills the function of oviduct, since the inseparable union of male aud fe- 
 male renders the discharge of ova through the vagina impossible. 
 
 The vagina is continued into a short, enlarged uterus, about .G'"'" (.024 
 inch) long and broad, which divides into two long cylindrical horns, 
 having a diameter of .3°^'" (.012 inch) at the base and .25'""^ (.009 inch) 
 at the apex. They are about three times as long as the intestine, about 
 which they coil in the most capricious windings. The uterus and its 
 horns are filled with ova, the development of which proceeds with the 
 age of the worm, as we shall see further on. Each horn at its apex 
 contracts abruptly into a short cone, and is continued by a small tube 
 about .05"°^ (.002 inch) in diameter, which might be likened to a Fal- 
 lopian tube. After a distance of 3™"" (.118 inch) these tubes gradually 
 dilate into tubes of twice their diameter, filled with spherical, granular 
 corpuscles, compressed and crowded together in one or two rows. These 
 are the ovules, the tubes containing them, the ovaries. As long as the 
 uterine horns, these tubes are wound in a thousand different ways about 
 the intestine, then contract each into a tube as narrow as the Fallopian 
 tubes (or oviducts), containing only amorphous matter, and lastly ter- 
 minate in a cul-de-sac devoid of dilatation or enlargement. 
 
 Amongst the ova filling the uterus and its horns, we have determined 
 the presence of spermatozoids closely resembling those contained in the 
 vesicula seminalis aud the vas deferens of the male, but we have not 
 succeeded in seeing them elsewhere. We believe that the fecundation 
 is effected in the uterine horns near the ovarian extremity upon the 
 ovules brought there by the Fallopian tubes, since there is here no or- 
 gan similar to the vesicula coi)ulatrix, which E. Perrier has pointed out 
 in the Hedruris armata. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 113 
 EMBRYOGENY AND DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 It lias already been stated that the uariow terminal extremity of the 
 ovary is filled with a finely granular, amorphous, opaque, and homoge. 
 neous substance. On approaching- the coiled portion of the ovary this 
 granular matter is seen to unite into spherules, which are the ovules 
 proper. They are ranged in a siugle row ow ing to the narrow tube, the 
 internal diameter of which they almost fidi up. In the wider portion of 
 the ovary they range themselves in two or three rows. Near the ovi- 
 duct (Fallopian tube) they first become slightly ovoid, with a long di- 
 ameter of .08""°' (.003 inch), and they possess a distinct germinal spot 
 and vesicle. Still without shell or distinct enveloi)e, they are led, one 
 by one, through the oviduct into the corresponding uterine horn, where 
 they find themselves in contact with the spermatozoids, and where they 
 become inclosed in a shell. When this is completed, and the egg con- 
 sequently perfect, it presents the form of an ellipsoid, with a long di- 
 ameter of .09"'"' (.0035 inch) and a short one of .05""" (.002 inch). The 
 egg is not truncated nor provided with a neck at each extremity, as is 
 the case with many nematodes. There is, on the contrary, at each pole 
 a thickening, hemispherical externally and almost flat within (Plate II, 
 Fig. S, A, B, C). Tnis is an actual cover, detaching itself completely 
 when the embryo emerges. Only the empty ovum, therefore, is really 
 truncated at its two extremities. 
 
 In the uterine horns the ova undergo complete segmentation. Their 
 vitellus divides into 2, 4, 8, 16, &c., small spheres, which assume the 
 mulberry form (Plate II, Fig. 8, A). The development proceeds in the 
 lateral regions of the egg (Plate II, Fig. 8, B), and at its close the 
 embryo may be seen rolled up in the foi m of a circle or a figure of eight. 
 The egg is now .1""" (.004 inch) long and .06'"'" (.0024 inch) broad. 
 
 But it is not to be supposed that all the developmental phases of the 
 ovum can be followed out in every syngame. Only in case of the 
 largest specimens can this be done by examining successively the genital 
 organs of the female, from the extriMuity of the ovaries to the body of 
 the uterus after they have been taken from the body and well spread 
 out. It is also possible to trace the series of successive transformations 
 which the ovule undergoes from the embryonic to the perfect state by 
 examining a series of females from the moment of their sexual union 
 with the male to that of their greatest development. Thus in the syn- 
 games recently conjugated, at a time when the female is scarcely 5™"^ 
 (.2 inch) long, only spheroidal ovules are found in the uterus and its 
 appendages, which are verj* short, but slightly developed, and not dis- 
 tinct from the ovaries, their diameters being the same. When the 
 femah' has reached a length of 1'""' (.4 inch), the uterus and its horns, 
 now (juite distinct, contain eggs fully formed and inclosed in a shell , 
 but the vitellus is not yet segmented. When the body is 15"'"' (.51) 
 inch) long the vitellus is already segmented, and has even passed 
 5751 D A 8 
 
114 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 beyoud the morula stage, as many of the eggs, particularly in the body 
 of the uterus, reveal the embryo iu process of development. Finally, 
 when a length of 20 to 22'"'" (.787-.8G6 inch) has been reached, eggs 
 containing fully formed embryos, rolled up and moving within their 
 narrow prison, are observed in the two divisions of the uterus. At this 
 ])eriod they may be forced out of the shell by pressure between two 
 glass slides ; the covers at the extremities detach themselves completely i 
 and the embryo emerges through either opening. When it leaves the 
 egg spontaneously, an act we have frequently' observed in the water, 
 the cephalic extremity always emerges first. 
 
 The embrj'O, on leaving the egg, exactly resembles an agamous an- ^ 
 guillula (Plate II, Fig. 8, D). It is about .28""" (.011 inch) long, and \ 
 has a diameter of .013""" (.0005 inch) at the middle of the body. The 
 obtuse anterior extremity reveals a punctiform mouth, opening in the 
 middle of a papilla and continued into an oesophagus which occupies 
 the cephalic third of the body (Plate II, Fig. 9), and whose cavity is 
 distinguished as a very fine median line. This portion of the body is 
 clear ; the remaining two-thirds is filled with granulations or fine glob- 
 ules. The tail is conical and elongated. 
 
 The embryos never leave the egg within the living body of the mother, 
 however complete the development of both may be. Only by the death of 
 the female and the destruction of its body are the ova placed at liberty. 
 The embryo will then emerge if the medium offers favorable conditions. 
 These are moisture and a temperature of at least 20^ C. (68° F.). These 
 facts we have frequently demonstrated by experiment and in other 
 ways. We have even found still attached to the trachea of pheasants i 
 destroyed by the gapes couples of dead syngames, with the soft, flaccid 
 body of the female, 24'"'" (.945 inch) long, opened in several places hy 
 the commencing process of maceration, through which a large number 
 of eggs had already escaped. It still contained manj- of them, each 
 inclosing a fully developed, very active embryo, but there was not a 
 single empty egg or free embryo in the entire cadaver. 
 
 We have subjected the eggs to various conditions in order to deter- 
 mine those most favorable to the hatching of the young. 1. When in 
 a dry medium, as in sand, their contents dry up more rapidly in propor- 
 tion to the elevation of temperature. 2. In a moist state they preserve 
 their vitality for months, even for a year, without any perceptible modifi- 
 cation of their contents, if the temperature is kept below 15° C. (59° F.). 
 Under these conditions the contents finally undergo fatty degeneration 
 and are dissolved. 3. If, while in a humid state, the temperature be 
 raised to 20° C. (08° F.) or better, to 25° C. (77° F.), the embryo within 
 the egg moves and turns about and finally escapes by pushing away 
 one of the coverlets. 
 
 The combined conditions of moisture and warmth are jmwerful enough 
 to bring about the development of the embryo and its escape from the 
 egg, in which at first no trace of it can be distinguished, and which con- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 115 
 
 tains ouly the vitellns, lu the water coutaiued in crystallizing disbe.s, 
 small enough to be i^laced on the stage of a microscope, we have studied 
 day by day the formation of the embryo during the month of July of 
 this year, when the temi)erature maintained an averageof 25oO. (77° F.). 
 We have determined that in presence of these conditions twenty-eight 
 to thirty days s-uffice for the development of the embryo and its escape 
 from the shell. 
 
 The embryos or larv;^ live in the water, where they swim about in a 
 serpentine manner like the anguilluhe (vinegar eels, «S:c.). At a tem- 
 perature of 20° or 25° C. (6S°-77° F.) we have been unable to keep them 
 alive for more than eight or ten days, whilst at a lower temperature 
 they lived for many months, almost a year. During this time they 
 molt, the tail becoming less elongated, and assuming the form of a 
 short cone (Plate II, Fig. 10). When the hatching has been delayed 
 from insufficient warmth, and the embryo finally escapes from the egg, 
 it leaves within the shell an envelope. This fact seems to prove that 
 the molt, which takes place normally one or two days after birth, occurs 
 in the egg itself when birth is retarded. In the experiment-glasses larvae 
 with short tails were often seen moving among those with long tails. 
 The former were simply older than the latter. 
 
 The following questions now arise: Does the larva molt a second 
 time before assuming the adult form, and what are the ways and means 
 employed by it to reach the only place where adult and paired syn 
 games are found — the trachea of birds? 
 
 Some species of Sclerostomata presents a nymphal phase, during 
 which the young parasite is provided with an almost complete buccal 
 armature, and lives, rolled up and encysted beneath the mucous mem- 
 brane to which it attaches itself in its adult state. Repeated investi- 
 gations have failed to reveal anything analogous in the syngame of the 
 pheasants. We have every reason to believe that the nymphal stage, 
 no doubt very short and active, is passed in the air-sacs and pulmonary 
 broiu;hi, which, as is well known, intercommunicate very largely in 
 birds, and which the larv;e may readily reach by traversing the intes- 
 tinal or oesophageal tunics after escaping from the ingested eggs. We 
 also believe that the parasites very soon after reach the trachea, to be- 
 come adult, pair, and attach themselves. The following are the facts 
 upon which this opinion is based : 
 
 1. The larva' of Syngamus, according to our observations, do not 
 develop well, nor will they leave the egg and become vigorous except- 
 ing in a moist and warm medium, approaching the conditions ottered 
 by the interior of a bird's body. 
 
 2. In a young i)heasant, dead from the gapes, we found in the mucus 
 obtained by scrai»ing the lining membrane of the (esophagus, a large 
 number of eggs of syngames with the shell opened and abandoned by 
 the embryo. We have preparations to demonstrate this fact. 
 
 ■J. In the serous ttuids which lubricate the walls of the air-sacs, nu)re 
 
116 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 particularly those iu relation with the dnodeuuiu, we have found in the 
 case of young pheasants attacked with the gapes very active larva.', 
 almost twice as large as those just emerging from the egg, seeking 
 their way. 
 
 4. In the cellular peritracheal tissue, iu the neighborhood of the crop 
 of one of the young pheasants referred to above, we found, stretched 
 out parallel to the trachea, a young female syngame, already colored 
 red, o"""' (.2 inch) long, with the mouth formed like that of the adult. 
 and even sexually matured. We think that it was a syngame which, 
 having been delayed in the migration, failed to reach the mucosa of the 
 trachea in due time and now could no longer do so, because the adult 
 structure of the mouth parts presented an impediment to its march 
 across the tissues. 
 
 5. In the inclosures of M. de Janze, at Gournay (Eure), which were 
 desolated last year by the gapes, and which have presented this year 
 some cases of this disease, the following fact has often been observed 
 and verified by ^r. de Janze himself: The young pheasants affec.-ted 
 with this malady frequently expel, in a fit of coughing, plump, fat syn- 
 games full of eggs. The other fowls near by consume with avidity the 
 worms thus ejected, which they, no doubt, regard a.s earth-worms, or 
 the red larvae of the large tipulte which resemble them, and of which 
 they ^re very fond. Two or three weeks later these young pheasants 
 are sure to present symptoms of the malady — the slight, aborted hiss- 
 ing cough, which is so characteristic, and the gaping, which has gained 
 for this disease its English name. 
 
 6. For the purpose of verifying experimentally the ficcuracy of the 
 facts related above, the authenticity of which, however, did not give 
 rise to any doubt, we fed to a female parrot, on the 7th of August, four 
 
 pairs of large syngames. We had just received from Mme. de la E 
 
 de Montmirail some young pheasants, dead from the gapes, from which 
 we obtained an ample number of syngames ; the parrot being the only 
 subject we had for exi>eriment at the time. On August 28 this bird 
 began to cough and to gape. On September 10 it died, suffocated by 
 numerous syngames which we found, at the autopsy, crowded in the 
 trachea. 
 
 Considering the large number of eggs — several thousand — which a 
 cadaver of the female syngame contains, and the relatively small num- 
 ber of parasites — about thirty or more pairs — which reach their destina- 
 tion, or, in other words, come to maturity, we may form an estimate of 
 the prodigious number of larva^ which die on their way or never suc- 
 ceed in finding it. It is, moreover, a law of nature, especially true of 
 parasites, that the number of eggs laid is larger in projiortion as the 
 chances of destruction during the earlier period of existence are more 
 numerous. 
 
 The great variation in the size, and hence in the age and the degree 
 of development, noted among the syngames attached to the trachea of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 117 
 
 a bird showis that there are ordiuarily several successive infections or 
 ingestions of eggs at intervals more or less extensive. This fact may 
 also be due to the circumstance that the conditions favorable to the de- 
 velopment of the parasite have not been the same for all. 
 
 The feeding of healthy pheasants upon syngames filled with eggs, 
 which have been ejected by pheasants suffering from the gapes, is not the 
 only means by which this disease may be propagated. The observa- 
 tions which we have made concerning the vitality retained by the eggs 
 of the parasite when in a moist medium — a medium in which the em- 
 bryos are born and developed if the temperature reaches a suitable 
 height (200-25° C.) — prove that the ingestion of water and liquid or 
 pasty aliments, containing these embryos or eggs, furnishes two other 
 means of infection i)erhaps more active than the first. In every case 
 the only media necessary for the propagation of epidemics of the gapes 
 are food and drink contaminated with the eggs or embryos, and the 
 birds themselves when affected with the disease, as they are then the 
 Source of an abundant emission of eggs of the parasite. No other ani- 
 mated medium, neither adult insect nor larva (the larv£e of ants, for 
 example, which are a constant element of food for young pheasants, and 
 which have been suspected with some appearance of truth), nor any 
 mollusk, in short, can be incriminated. 
 
 MEANS OF DESTROYING THE SYNGAME AND OF ARRESTING EPIDEMICS 
 
 OF THE GAPES. 
 
 The disasters caused by the jiarasite above described in the parks 
 devoted to the rearing of pheasants, point out the extreme importance 
 of finding rapid and effective means of arresting the spread of this de- 
 structive worm. 
 
 A remedy, common in England, consists in mixing the grains which 
 are to be fed to the diseased birds with urine instead of water. Mon- 
 tagu, who tried this remedy without having any faith in its efficacy, was 
 surprised at the success which he achieved, and which proved to him 
 that it was not without utility. It is probable that the ammoniacal 
 emanations arising from the urine are poisonous to the red worm or its 
 embryos. 
 
 ^^'i('senthal relates that in America a hen's feather is stripped of its 
 barbs to near the point, introduced into the trachea and rotated like a 
 brush to detach the worms. We strongly question the efficiency of 
 this practice; in the first i)lace, because we know from experience that 
 the worms are too firmly attached to be removed by the friction of the 
 barbs of a feather. Should they be detaclied, however, thej'^ would only 
 be pushed to the root of the trachea, where, forming a ball, they would 
 augment the obstruction in the tube and thus bring about more promptly 
 the death of the bird. On the other hand, the diameter of the trachea 
 of a young i)heasant from five to six weeks old, being scarcely equal to 
 that of the shaft of a hen's feather, will not permit the introduction of 
 
118 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the latter. Cobbold,* on the contrary, believes in the efficiency of this 
 method, and adds that this efficiency may be increased by impregnating 
 the feather with a germicide snbstance. Bartlett, who nsed salt for this 
 end, or a weak infusion of tobacco, informed him that the essence of 
 turpentine also had given excellent results. Cobbold adds with reason, 
 that unless great care be exercised with this method the birds may be 
 seriously injured.f 
 
 These means, at once mechanical and medicinal, have been suggested 
 several times and varied in different ways. One of our correspondents 
 Informed us that he had cured pheasants of the red worm by removing 
 the parasites with a small rod and pouring into the mouth of the birds 
 a few drops of Fowler's solution. Another pretends to have removed 
 the parasites with a piece of copper wire, which had one end curved 
 like a handle and dipped into oleum hypericum (red oil). We do not 
 doubt that they could have succeeded in thus removing red worms 
 lodged in the pharynx, but we do not believe that they could have ex- 
 tracted worms by this method from the root of the trachea near the bi- 
 furcation of the bronchi, where they are most frequently lodged ; for It 
 is actually impossible to employ a rod, and above all, a metallic wire 
 curved into a hook, as it would undoubtedly tear the trachea. The fact 
 that young pheasants, and more frequently adults, sometimes recover 
 spontaneously from the gapes, may have given rise to their apparent 
 success. This happens when they are affected hy only a small number 
 of parasites, which may go through the phases of their development 
 to their death without producing suffocation. This is the only mode of 
 fatal terminatioQ, and it requires a certain number of j^arasites, from 
 twenty to thirty couples for adult, and from five to ten for young i)heas- 
 auts. In these cases the disease is cured in spite of, and not because 
 of, a certain mode of treatment. 
 
 One of the most rational methods of treatment has been pointed out 
 by Montagu, who did not stop with the common method ^ibove men- 
 tioned, but who obtained much success with the following means com- 
 bined : Removal from the infected places, complete replacement of the 
 
 * Parasites: London, 1879; p. 44.5. 
 
 t Cobbold's exact words conceruiu"' this method are as follows {}nc cii): 
 
 "First. The simplest plan consists, as Dr. Wieseuthal lonj;- ago pointed out. in 
 stripping a feather from the tube to near tlie narrow end of the shaft, leaving only a 
 few uninjured webs at the tip. The bird being secured, the webbed extremity of the 
 f(<athcr is introduced into the windpipe. It is then twisted round a few times and 
 withdrawn, when the worms are found attached. In some instances this |)lan suc- 
 ceeds entirely. 
 
 " Secondly. The above inethod is rendered more effectual when the feather is previ- 
 ously steeped iu some medicated solution which will destroy the worms. Mr. Bart- 
 lett employs salt for this purpose, or a weak infusion of tobacco; and he informs me 
 that the simple application of turpentine externally is suiHcient to kill the worms. 
 It should be borne in mind that the bird itself may be injuriously affected by these 
 drugs if they are carelessly employed." Note that the turpentine is to be used ex- 
 ternally. — Ed. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 119 
 
 former aliments by uew ones, in wbich hemp-seed and fresh grass figure 
 prominentl}^ ; finally, for drink, an infusion of rue (ruta) and garlic, in- 
 stead of ordinary water. 
 
 The efficacy of the garlic was demoustrated to us under the following- 
 circumstances : The pheasantry in the forest of Fontainebleau was laid 
 waste by the gapes in 1877 and 1878. This malady, which we studied 
 on the site of its activity, was arrested and completely driven out l)y 
 feeding the pheasants with a mixture consisting of hard-boiled eggs, 
 boiled beef's heart, the crumbs of stale bread, and salad. These ingredi- 
 ents were chopped, pounded, and thoroughly mixed so as to make a paste. 
 To this paste was added pounded garlic in the proportion of one clove or 
 bulb to ten pheasants each day, the garlic being thoroughly' distributed 
 through the paste. This mixture was relished very much. Great care 
 was bestowed upon the drinking vessels ; the very pure water used was 
 renewed twice a day. The same treatment was successful in the sev- 
 eral inclosures belonging to the country-seats in the neighborhood of 
 Fontainebleau and Melun. A large number of correspondents to whom 
 we suggested it were fully satisfied in having applied it. We also 
 learned that the pheasants occasionally refused the garlic, and one of 
 our correspondents informed us that he had succeeded in making them 
 take it by preparing a real garlic salad; for he had accidentally ob- 
 served how the animals which had refused the garlic paste cast them- 
 selves voraciously upon a garlic salad which was not intended for them. 
 
 We can readily ex])lain tlie virtue of garlic, known from time imme- 
 morial as an excellent anthelmintic, as it is volatile and is eliminated by 
 the respiratory passages, reaching, in this way, the trachea, where the 
 syngames are lodged. The proof that the essential and volatile prin- 
 ciples of garlic are eliminated by the lungs is daily furnished by those 
 persons who, like the inhabitants of the south of France, are fond of 
 this condiment. The odor of their breath betrays them immediately. 
 
 Besides garlic, we have experimented with another substance, which, 
 like the former, has the advantage of being a strong-smelling vermifuge 
 and more stupefying than ether (which might also be employed), prop- 
 erties which enhance its parasiticide powers. We refer to assafoetida^ 
 which we have used as a powder with an equal part of yellow pulver- 
 ized gentian, mixed with the i)aste which is fed to the pheasants, in tlie 
 proportion of .">() centigrams (about 7i grains) per head each day. As 
 a complement to this treatment we have added to each liter (or 
 quart) of drinking water the following solution : Salicylic acid, 1 gram 
 (about b">i grains) ; distilled water, 100 grams (about 3.V fluid ounces). 
 
 The use of the salicylic acid, the toxic power of which upon tlie em- 
 bryos of syngames we have recognized experimentally, had for its sole 
 object the destruction of those embryos which might be present in the 
 drinking water of the young i)heasants. 
 
 This treatment we have employed in the parks of Haron Rothschild, 
 at Rarabouillet, which were ravaged by the gapes in a iiiaiuier so <lis- 
 
120 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC A.TED ANIMALS. 
 
 astrous that up to 1,200 young pheasants were found dead each morn- 
 ing. A letter from the baron's steward, dated September 7, 1879, testi- 
 fies that the treatment has fully succeeded in arresting, in a few days 
 even, the epidemic. 
 
 We will conclude these suggestions by stating that it is alway bene- 
 ficial and even indispensable to disinfect the soil of the inclosures after 
 having transferred the young pheasants to a virgin soil. One of the 
 best means of destroying the eggs and embryos which may possibly ex- 
 ist on the soil of the contaminated inclosures, consists in sprinking it 
 with water containing in solution a sufficiently large quantity of salicyl ic 
 or sulphuric acid, one gram (15^ grains) to a liter (about 1 quart) for 
 example. 
 
 Great care should also be taken to isolate the sick birds on the first 
 appearance of the symptoms of the disease, and to keep them closely 
 confined till complete and well-confirmed recovery. The cadavers of 
 de*ad birds must be buried deep, or it were even better to burn them. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 In the investigations which we have made concerning the develop- 
 ment of JSyngamus tracheaUs, and which are reported in the preceding- 
 memoir, written about twenty months ago, we pointed out that the eggs 
 ejected during the coughing fits hatch in the water, and that the em- 
 bryo, resembling an anguillula, may live in this medium for many months, 
 because we have kept some alive almost a year in a low temperature. 
 The birds are infected by drinking the water containing these embryos. 
 But how are they developed in the body of birds, and in what way do 
 they reach the trachea, where they are found, in the adult state, fixed 
 to the mucous membrane like leeches, the two sexes united in a perma- 
 nent manner and the females crowded with eggs I 
 
 In the i)receding memoir we stated that we had every reason to be- 
 lieve that the nymphal phase, unknown to us, was passed in the air-sacs 
 and bronchi, and that later on the worm reached the trachea where it 
 became adult. We offered as a proof of this hypothesis the discovery 
 of embryos of syngames, in every respect similar to those which we had 
 obtained from the hatching of ova, in the air-sacs of several young 
 pheasants killed by the gapes. 
 
 There was, therefore, only a presumption, well founded, it is true, of 
 the existence of the nymphs in the bronchi of the pheasants. At pres- 
 ent it is no longer a presumption but a certainty. At the autopsies, 
 lately made, of two red partridges, killed by syngames, we met the 
 nymphal form in the pulmonary tissue itself, rolled up in the bronchial 
 dilatations. (Plate II, Fig. 11.) It is cylindrical, very elongated, about 
 1.0 to 2">"'. (.063 to .079 inch) long, and .04 ■"'". (.0010 inch) in diameter. 
 It is, consequently, ten times as large as the embryo when it leaves the 
 egg, and one-tenth as large as the adult worm at the period of its great- 
 est development. The armature of the mouth is already cupulate or 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 121 
 
 cup-sliaped, but still without color, border, and lobes. The muscular 
 oesophagus is very long and cylindrical. The intestine, which extends 
 in a straight line from the termination of the uisophagus to the anus, 
 fills almost the entire body, and is already colored red ; near the an- 
 terior third of the body may be seen a fleshy thickening, which sends 
 a prolongation forward beyond the posterior extremity of the oesopha- 
 gus, and one, longer than the first, backward toward the caudal ex- 
 tremity. This is the rudiment of the sexual organ. 
 
 This discovery of the nymph enables us to say that all the develop- 
 mental phases of Syngamns tracheaUs are now known. The only two 
 media which this i)arasite inhabits during its entire existence are the 
 water or moist earth during its embryonal condition, and the respira- 
 tory organs of its victim during its nymphal and its adult phase. It is, 
 therefore, developed without the aid of any other medium than the 
 water, corresponding in this respect to the immense majority of vermin- 
 ous parasites. 
 
INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 
 
 UEPORT OF DR. JAMES LAW. 
 
 Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the Inter- 
 national Veterinary Congress at Brussels and the European Veterinary 
 Schools : 
 
 In accordance with the call issued by the committee of arrangement, 
 the Fourth International Veterinary Congress met at Brussels on Sep- 
 tember 10, 1883. There were present 311 veterinarians, of whom 218 
 were Belgians, and 93 from other countries of Europe and America. 
 The congress remained in session seven days, and engaged in the dis- 
 cussion of the following subjects : 
 
 1. The organization of veterinary service. 
 
 2. Contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle. 
 
 3. Education in veterinary medicine. 
 
 1. The right of the veterinarian to furnish medicines. 
 5. Pulmonary phthisis. 
 
 1. THE ORGAJ^IZATION OF VETERINARY SERVICE. 
 
 This subject was ably presented b;^ Zundel, of Strassburg, the reporter 
 of the committee appointed to introduce it. 
 
 The veterinary profession can no longer be estimated only or mainly 
 by its knowledge of therapeutics and its success in curing disease, other- 
 wise it would be to the pecuniary interest of the veterinarian to keep 
 the community in ignorance of the causes of diseases, epizootic, and 
 sporadic, while he fattened on the proceeeds of an extended practice. 
 But to-day it is the glory of the veterinary profession that it is pre-emi- 
 nently a sanitary and preventive body. It can point to day to the com- 
 parative absence from European flocks and herds of those plagues which, 
 but a century ago desolated the countries at frequent intervals; it can 
 show pastures now^salubrious, which were formerly pregnant with the, 
 seeds of death ; it can offer immunity to the system from poisons whose 
 touch was heretofore deadly ; and it can show how to extinguish in 
 animal hosts the causes of disease, which, when conveyed to man, would 
 entail extended suttering and death. 
 
 By his knowledge of zootechny, the veterinarian contributes to the] 
 improvement of the different races of domestic animals: by liisknowl-j 
 
 VZ'i 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 123 
 
 edge of sanitary police he protects the i)iirchaser of animals against im- 
 position, and knowing how to exclude epizootics he protects interna- 
 tional commerce, which the constantly increasing facilities for commu- 
 nication render dail^' more important ; by his special knowledge of ani- 
 mal diseases he can insure that maladies intercommunicable between 
 animals and man shall not be conveyed to the latter through meat and 
 other animal products. 
 
 The question of the organization of the veterinary service as a sani- 
 tary branch of every government had been extensively discussed at the 
 Third International Veterinary Congress at Zurich in 1867, and at the 
 following national veterinary conventions: For Germany, at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, in 1872; for France, at Paris, in 1878; for Italy, in Bo- 
 longe, in 1878 ; and for Belgium, at Brussels, in 1880. 
 
 The Zurich Congress pronounced that : 
 
 1. The practice of veterinary medicine should be regulated by law. 
 
 2. The veterinary art ought to be an integral branch, but independ- 
 ent, of the sanitary administration. 
 
 3. Veterinary medicine should be represented by competent persons 
 closely related to the authorities; inferior, medium, and superior. 
 
 4. No one should be allowed to practice veterinary medicine unless 
 he has pursued the required studies in a public veterinary college, and 
 has acijuired after examination the diploma or the legal character of 
 veterinarian. 
 
 5. All veterinarians may be called as experts by private individuals, 
 but the judicial authorities ought only to call as competent persons vet- 
 erinarians who are officially recognized. 
 
 6. In cases of sanitary police the administrative authorities ought 
 not to have recourse, save exceptionally, to those who have not been 
 officially recognized as competent. 
 
 7. The expression " competent person " should be understood in the 
 sense that he is a diplomaed veterinarian. 
 
 8. All veterinarians ought to have the right to furnish the medicines 
 required in their practice, but always under a suitable control. 
 
 The four national conventions pronounced in similar terms for a guar- 
 autee of education and competency on the part of the veterinarian, and 
 for the organization of a sanitary veterinary service in each state, which 
 should deal with ei)izootics, advise how to render districts salubrious? 
 and how to improve the races of domestic animals, and inspect abat- 
 toirs, slaughter-houses, and rendering works. The German convention 
 pronounced in favor of a unification of the laws of the different Germgiu 
 states in regard to veterinar^^ sanitary police, and veterinary Jurispru- 
 dence, and for the frequent publication of statistics of contagious dis- 
 eases and mortality. The French convention pronounced in favor of 
 including in the sanitary corps all the veterinarians practising in a de- 
 partment, and for the election of a departmental veterinary director by 
 their votes. 
 
124 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 111 tbe spirit of these autecedeut conventions the following resolu- 
 tions were submitted : 
 
 1. To organize in every country a veterinary sanitary service charged exclusively 
 with all that pertains to veterinary science, and the tuenibers of which shall be coun- 
 sel of every department of the Government, but which shall be more especially repre- 
 sented directly in relation to the central power — that veterinary medicine shall there 
 have her chief of service. 
 
 '2. The veterinary sanitary service should utilize the greatest possible number of 
 veterinarians. To do this efKciently and economically there should be recognized 
 two degrees or classes of veterinarians. The one of a local nature connected less 
 with the state than with the municipal and provincial authorities and charged with 
 the surveillance of fairs and markets of animals, the inspection of meats of the 
 butchery and abattoires, the control of rendering works, the inspection of breeding 
 animals, the inspection or direction of mutual insurance companies against the mor" 
 tality of animals, the revision of the census of domestic animals, &c.; the second 
 charged with a wider range of duties, comprising the service of the state, and capable 
 of becoming international, embracing especially the suppression and prevention of 
 contagious maladies and epizootics, and also the control of the different other veter- 
 inary corps. 
 
 3. Between the various states which by a regular repression and xireventive serv 
 ice against epizootics, can furnish the guarantees of a good veterinary sanitary police 
 there should be established a treaty having for its object: 1. To apprize the other 
 states as speedily as possible of any eruption of Rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia con- 
 tagiosa, aphthous fever, sheep-pox, maiadie du coit (dourine), glanders (or farcy), and 
 of scab in sheep. 2. To publish periodically a sanitary bulletin upon these diseases, 
 their extent, progress, and extinction, which documents should also be published in 
 the international bulletin if judged necessary. 'A. To oppose these diseases by meas- 
 ures of sanitary police which have first been discussed and adopted as the most ad- 
 visable. 4. To furnish with animals and herds that are moved into and out of a ter- 
 ritory certificates of origin and health of a guaranteed administrative value. 5. To 
 contribute to the publication of an international veterinary sanitary bulletin. 
 
 FIRST RESOLUTION. 
 
 Among the arguments advanced in support of the first resolution 
 were the following : 
 
 In various countries of Europe and America these duties essentially 
 veterinary are left too much in the hands of persons ignorant of veteri- 
 nary- science. In some they are largely dealt with by bodies mainly 
 medical — sanitary boards. Xo one denies the great debt of veterinary 
 medicine to that of man. The works of the physician in anatomy, physi- 
 ology, i)athology, surgery, «S:c., furnish the most valuable material for 
 the medicine of animals. The principles of both branches of medicine 
 are the same. The observations and experiments on animals made to 
 advance the one are of the highest value to the other. Many of the 
 parasites and zymotic poisons of man are common to the animal as 
 well. But when we come to the application of these principles to the 
 diagnosis and treatment of disease in animals the physician finds that 
 the two medicines diverge at every step, and that without a special] 
 training he is helpless to deal with that of animals. At one time pliysi-| 
 cians could be found who were more accomplished in microscopy, &c. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 125 
 
 than the veteriuariau, but to-day iu the veterinary schools of Europe 
 the subjects receive as ample attention as in the medical. 
 
 In some cases the bureaucratic element tends to the subversion of the 
 veterinary, and men whose only knowledge of veterinary matters come 
 rem consulting the writings of some one veterinarian will pass judg- 
 ment upon the advice of the most skilled expert, and even decline to 
 employ it. It is for the jurist to formulate and promulgate the laws, but 
 it is his duty to base these on the best counsels of veterinary medicine. 
 
 To maintain a satisfactory system not only must the veterinary sani- 
 tary work in departments and cities be carried on by veterinarians, but 
 there must be at the seat of power a veterinarian or commissioner of 
 veterinarians as a centralizing point for all that relates to the veterinary 
 service, and for the direction of that service. As countries in which 
 such centralization exclusively veterinary has been secured may be 
 named Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, some of the southern Ger. 
 man states, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, and Alsace Lorrain, Portugal, and 
 Belgium. In Austria there is a consulting committee on epizootics, but 
 which occupies itself with prevailing maladies alone. In the depend, 
 ent Austrian states the Landesthierarzt is a simple member, sometimes 
 a simple agent of the sanitary council. In Prussia there is not even a 
 chief veterinarian in relation to the minister, who only consults the 
 technical dei)utation in which veterinary science is represented. In 
 each provincial government of Prussia a departmental veterinarian or 
 assessor is attached usually to the medical council as councilor (referee) 
 for veterinary service. In France the veterinary element now predom- 
 inates in the superior committee of epizootics. In England the privy 
 council veterinary department has three veterinarians in a body of six 
 members. In Switzerland, attached to the department of agriculture, 
 is a veterinary' commissioner of epizootics as counsel on the whole sub. 
 ject of federal veterinary police, but he has no voice as to the compe- 
 tence of cantonal authorities. In Italy there is no central veterinary 
 officer, and the bulletin of epizootic statistics is compiled from data fur- 
 nished by municipalities. 
 
 After considerable discussion the following was passed with only four 
 dissenting votes : 
 
 To organize iu each couutry a veteiiuary sauitary service, charged exclnsively 
 with all that pertains to this service, of which the members, all veterinarians, shall 
 be councilors of all branches of tlie administration, but which shall be especially rep- 
 resented near the central authorities, where the chief veterinary othciiil shall be sta- 
 tioned. 
 
 SECOND RESOH'TIOK. 
 
 In regard to this the reporter pointed out the impropriety of binding 
 the Government to employ as its local expert the veterinarian who hap- 
 pens to be in attendance upon the infected herd, the danger of such a 
 person (carrying infection to other herds in the round of his practice, the 
 suspicion, usually unmerited, that he may hide infection in the inter- 
 
126 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ests of his employers rather than apply rigid measures of extiuctiou for 
 the good of the commonwealth, the fact that he may be an excellent 
 general practitioner and yet not a specialist in epizootics, who may coun- 
 sel treatment when the best sanitary science imperatively demands sac- 
 rifice, who will make a dangerous distinction between farcy and glan- 
 ders, or who will ])refer preventive inoculation in pleuropneumonia to 
 slaughter. What can be exi)ected of the veterinarian who has become 
 hopeless and apathetic, whose calling is to him but a handicraft, or who 
 has become morally debased ? 
 
 The increasing numbers of live stock, the facility in transporting them 
 long distances by steam, and the great demands of Western Europe for 
 outside supplies demand for the inspector of to-day a very ditt'erent 
 official from those of the past. The lack of a thoroughly eflicieut vet- 
 erinary sanitary service was felt when the lung plague attained such a 
 wide extension in 1840, when the Kinderpest ravaged Holland and 
 Euglaud in 1805, and France in 1870, when influenza spread over 
 America in 1872, lung plague in 1878, or when hog cholera destroyed in 
 a single state hogs to the value of $20,000,000 in one year. 
 
 Already a good beginning has been made in difiterent states. Hol- 
 land has nine district veterinarians under state salary. France has in 
 the department of the Seine live exclusively occupied in the state serv- 
 ice : England has twenty-three salaried port inspectors; Portugal has 
 twenty-one on state salaries, not large enough, however, to make them 
 independent of practice, and the same applies to the states of Cler. 
 many and Austria where the Government veterinary officers have reg- 
 ular salaries, but insufficient for their entire maintenance. 
 
 The held with which a departmental veterinarian is charged should 
 be large enough to insure that the office shall be no sinecure, and that 
 he shall not by private practice interfere with that of the local veteri- 
 narians. He should be appointed after a special examination, or excep- 
 tionally for signal services in sanitary police. 
 
 The department veterinarian should counsel the central authorities, 
 advise legislation, take the direction in the prevention and extinction 
 of epizootics, and direct the work of the local veterinarians. To these 
 last would be left the inspection of fairs and markets, meat markets, 
 slaughter-houses, &c.. of animals sent by railroad, and the general local 
 work of the service. They should make to the chief veterinarian writ- 
 ten reports of any extraordinary occurrence in their district and ])eriodic 
 reports of the general work accomplished. These will furnish data for 
 the publication of statistics of the animals kept, bred, purchased, sold, 
 killed for food, dying of sporadic and epizootic disease, attacked by epi- 
 zootics, «&c. Tliese in relation to geology, soil, drainage, meteorology, 
 culture, breeds, breeding, alimentation, use, &c., will supply data of 
 thegreatest value to stockholders, veteriiuirians, hygienists, physicians, 
 dealers, and jtolitical economists. 
 
 As a rule the destruction of animals to arrest an epizootic should be 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 127 
 
 ordered by the chief or departmeutal veteriuariau, thereby securiug" at 
 ouce the guarantee of a diagnosis by more than one expert and saving 
 the local veterinarian from the unpleasant duty of ordering a work that 
 maybe unacceptable to his regular employer. 
 
 Xot the least important duty of the local veterinarian is in connection 
 with the mutual assurance of animals against deaths from sporadic dis 
 eases. Losses from epizootics are iudemnifted by the state, but losses 
 from diseases that are not communicable justly become a tax on the 
 stock owners of the municipality or district. Such an arrangement en- 
 gages the interest of the stock owners not only to report the contagious 
 diseases early, but the non-contagious as well, and to use all resources 
 of science for the cure of the latter, but much more for their prevention. 
 The local veterinarian as a regular officer of such societies, directing, 
 supervising, inspecting, finds his interest consulted in urging all that 
 can conduce to health in breeding, management, and treatment, and 
 wherever such associations have been introduced there has been a nota- 
 ble improvement in all that pertains to the quality and numbers of the 
 live stock. 
 
 The local veterinarian, being an essential part of the national veteri- 
 nary sanitary service, it should not be in the power of the local authority 
 to discontinue his services, nor to api)oint to the position any one but 
 a competent veterinarian (a graduate). 
 
 After discussion mainly of the right of the sanitary veterinarian to 
 engage in ordinary practice, and of the desirability of specifying two 
 classes of veterinary officials, the following was adopted by a large ma- 
 jority : 
 
 2. That the veterinary sanitary service should utilize the greatest possible number of 
 veterinarians. It embraces the inspection of fairs and markets of animals, of meats of 
 the butchery and abattoir, the control of rendering works, the inspection of breeding 
 animals, the supervision or direction of mutual assurance societies against the mor- 
 tality of beasts, the revision of the census of domestic animals ; * * » it conipi'e- 
 hends the service of the state and may become international, embracing especiallT 
 the repression and prevention of contagious maladies and epizootics, also the coutro 
 of all other veterinary service. 
 
 THIRD RESOLUTION. 
 
 In support of the third resolution Zundel advanced that contagious 
 maladies are no longer recognized as of spontaneous origin ; that day 
 by day the advocates of spontaniety yield the point, and that well-ob- 
 served facts prove that it is by contagion that these maladies are at 
 once propagated and perjietuated. To prevent the propagation of these 
 maladies it is necessary to have in all countries enjoying an interna, 
 tional commerce in live stock a common, permanent, and efficient sys- 
 tem of preventing or at least of arresting them in their inception. The 
 value of an international arrangement for the control of llinderpest has 
 long been recognized and becomes yearly more imjjortant. The demands 
 of Western Europe for a meat sup]>ly are constantly increasing, while 
 
128 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the anirual production iu Western Europe remains stationary, or even 
 diminishes. This imperious demand for beef, and the facility for its sup- 
 ply by cheap railway transport from the East, cannot fail to insure an 
 increase of tlie Eastern traffic, and unless conducted under efficient in- 
 ternational measures of protection this must deluge the West continu- 
 ally with this most fatal of all bovine plagues. The improved culture 
 on the Steppes and the introduction of better forage plants enable the 
 stock owners to tide over the dry summer and the frozen w^inter more 
 satisfactorily, and thus contribute still more to the numbers and excel- 
 lence of the Eastern supply. Austria imported 20,000 Russian cattle 
 in 1861, 30,000 in 1868, and 55,000 in 1872. The more stringent restric- 
 tions have later lessened the numbers, but the increasing demands of 
 the West and supplies of the East must, ere long, turn the tide once 
 more, and bring large installments of these Eastern beeves. Hitherto 
 protection has been sought by the more or less perfect exclusion of 
 Steppe cattle, but the time must come when this shall be superseded 
 by an international arrangement founded on solid guarantees of the 
 soundness of the cattle exported. 
 
 Already in regard to Rinderpest this has been attempted ; to-day all 
 the different countries of Germany act on the same law, that of 7th 
 April, 1869, in repelling and repressing this i^lague, and in April, 1872, 
 Austria called in Vienna a conference to consult as to the requisite in- 
 ternational guarantees, and delegates attended from Germany, England, 
 Austro- Hungary, Belgium, France, Italy, Roumania, Russia, Servia, 
 Switzerland, and Turkey. If each country would organize an efficient 
 service to stamp out Rinderpest as far as possible and to prevent its 
 radiatiug outward from any existing center of infection, every state 
 might by this perfect isolation of its limited infected area secure an 
 untrameled cattle traffic for its entire territory besides. 
 
 The same can be done for contagious pleuropneumonia, and it is 
 easily demonstrated how much evil has already resultetl from the neg- 
 lect of other Governments to respond to the Swiss movement in this di- 
 rection in 1876. From this England loses yearly about 5,000 cattle 
 Belgium, 2,000 to3,000; Prussia, 2,000; Wurtemberg,500; Austria, 2,000 
 to 3,000, and France and Italy corresponding numbers. Rinderpest is 
 comparatively easily suppressed, because its prompt eruption and fatal 
 issue strikes the population with terror and it cannot be hidden ; but 
 the lung plague strikes slyly, hides its tracks, and, creeping into the 
 stables unseen, it diffuses its poison, infects, benumbs, and paralyzes 
 tlie lungs without the body appearing to suffer, and it only manifests 
 itself by outward symptoms when all is lost. More than this, the lung 
 plague often assumes the benign and almost latent form, so that after 
 months of incubation it still rests unrecognized and unsuspected, as- 
 suming a chronic type, but still scattering the poison, and the subject 
 even appearing to recover, without an abatement of its infecting 
 power. Often, too, the laws, and even very recent ones, take but half 
 
 i 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 129 
 
 measures agaiust this plague, leaving it to intrench itself more and 
 more firmly and to maintain itself permanently in a country where it is 
 only an exotic, a foreign invader, and where it could easily be excluded 
 through an efficient international system. For this, therefore, even 
 more than for rinderpest, an efficient system of mutual international 
 protection is urgently demanded. 
 
 The aphthous fever is largely combated by restrictions on the move- 
 ment of cattle and the interdiction of fairs and markets, yet these 
 rarely arrest its progress, but the barriers that put a stop to the rinder- 
 pest allow the aphthous fever to pass, as happened in Saxony in 18G7. 
 With such a diffusible poison success miist be sought in its declaration, 
 suppression, and seclusion in the home herds and by preventing it from 
 passing at all into the channels of traffic, and this can only be secured 
 through a common international system. 
 
 Formerly lung plague, aphthous fever, and sheep-pox remained habit- 
 ually circumscribed in particular districts ; to-day, with the great move- 
 ments of stock in mass, their concentration in vast markets, and their 
 constant changes in the large feeding stables, it has become impossible 
 to deal effectively with these plagues except in native herds, ami this 
 imperatively demands a uniform international system, with solid mutual 
 guarantees. 
 
 Glanders and farcy occurring in an occult form with lesions internal 
 and unsuspected, and following a chronic course, is another fruitful 
 source of trouble, and a country that pays for such animals when 
 slaughtered especially suffers, as the diseased animals are smuggled 
 across the frontier in order to secure the indemnity. Even the residence 
 of several months required in order to the payment of indemnity is 
 insufficient to guard against this sharp practice. 
 
 The mad dog does not always take the road to the custom-house, nor 
 recognize the colors of the frontier posts. Here, therefore, it becomes 
 necessary to maintain a common system of repression and the mutual 
 notification of the existence of rabies. 
 
 Maladie du coif , though, unlike the two last, in that it respects the 
 human family, should yet as regards the equine races be made the ob- 
 ject of international guarantees. 
 
 Anthrax and several pjirasitic maladies, including even measles and 
 trichinosis in swine, are more purely matters of local danger, and are 
 to be controlled by local measures and by inspection in the great meat 
 markets. 
 
 Energetic sanitary measures within the limits of a single state have 
 been often notably successful, as against lung plague in Switzerland, 
 Holland, I*ortugal, Sweden, and Denmark against sheep-pox, apart from 
 Northern German}' and Hungary, and against rabies in Baden. How 
 much better if there were a common international co-operation, which 
 would at once more effectively repress animal plagues and release the 
 commerce in live stock and all their fresh products (hides, hoofs, hair, 
 5751 D A 9 
 
130 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 bristles, fat, guts), as well as fodder aud straw, from the present obnox- 
 ious and injurious restrictions. 
 
 Unfortunately In all modern legislation on the subject not only are 
 the laws peculiar to the individual state, but they reflect the jealousies 
 and lack of adjacent states. Thus in the absence of official trust-' 
 worthy and trusted reports a whole country has its trade restricted, 
 delayed, and seriously injured for a slight outbreak which could easily 
 be sequestrated and a perfect guarantee of its non-extension furnished. 
 It is to be feared, indeed, that in. some instances what is i)racticed un- 
 der the name of veterinary sanitary police is conceived more in the 
 spirit of maintaining the high price of meat than of restricting and ex- 
 tirpating animal plagues. 
 
 If the work could be made international, and if the plagues could be 
 effectively dealt with in the local areas of their prevalence, all the more 
 obnoxious interference with commerce might be done away with, the 
 present temptation to clandestine trade in infected animals obviated, 
 and a better and more rebable protection afforded. 
 
 The inspection of animals at the frontiers has proved practically useless, 
 because animals that have become infected but do not yet show signs 
 of disease are necessarily allowed to pass, and with the modern immense 
 railway traffic in fat animals a sufficient quarantine is practically ]n'o- 
 hibitory of importation. 
 
 Another grave objection to this system is that animals found diseased 
 are simply sent back over the frontier, and as the service is national 
 and not international, the neighboring state is not warned of the active 
 focus of infection thus created within it. 
 
 Certificates of origin and health emanating from officials and based 
 on expert knowledge of the sanitary condition of the district furnishing 
 the stock should be really valuable documents, whereas certificates 
 made out by irresponsible individuals, and with which the smugglers are 
 now most numerously supplied, are grounds for suspicion rather than 
 confidence. 
 
 The following sum up the principles which ought to dominate in an 
 international veterinary sanitary service: 
 
 a. Each state ought to notify the governments of adjacent states of 
 those joining the international agreement, and of all that desire it, of 
 every outbreak of rinderpest, lung plague, sheep-pox, maladie du coit^ 
 glanders, aud rabies, its exact locality and extension ; and this should 
 be done as quickly as possible, even by telegraph. 
 
 Other grave maladies transmissible aud importable, and especially 
 the typhoid affections and sheep scab, should be made the object of ex- 
 traordinary precautions and mutual notification. 
 
 The authorities ought to carefully investigate the channel by which 
 Contagion finds its entiance and is proi)agated ; and the officials of the 
 country froui which it was derived should be furnished with the infor- 
 mation necessary to enable them to trace it to its earlier sources. 
 
 I 
 
 Pi 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 131 
 
 Each Gov^ernraent ought to publish in its official organs a sanitary 
 bulletin upon the sanitary states, the progress of epizootics, the meas- 
 ures enforced, tlie interdictions of imports, the changes made in these 
 prohibitions, and of the suppression of the plague when that has been 
 eft'ected. Tiiis bulletin should be sent to editors of official journals of 
 states that request it or that have signed the agreement. 
 
 b. The authorities of frontier districts ought to notify directly the 
 authorities of neighboring districts whenever rinderpest or aphthous 
 fever has been detected within 100 kilometers (62 miles) of the frontier, 
 or wheu lung plague, sheep-pox, glanders, or rabies has appeared within 
 50 kilometers (31 miles) of the frontier. In rinderpest, sheep-pox, and 
 rabies the notification should be made by telegraph. 
 
 c. Every state should so organize its veterinary service as to be able 
 to rai)idly stamp out rinderpest or other contagious maladies. 
 
 d. Every state should provide that the laws of sanitary police .should 
 be rigorously enforced. 
 
 e. By previous arrangement the laws of sanitary police in different 
 states should be almost identical in measures of isolation, veterinary 
 surveillance, sequestration, removal and burial of carcasses, and in dis- 
 infection of all persons and animals, of objects, clothing, and harness, 
 stables, and of railway cars that have carried animals or animal prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 /. For nil animals attacked or suspected of one of the contagious mala- 
 dies above mentioned, and killed by police order, an indemnity should 
 be paid, which each government may fix by special law, but which 
 should in no case be less than half the value of the animal if it had 
 been sound. 
 
 g. A previous arrangement should prescribe the principles which 
 ought to coutrol the international relations, the roads and means of 
 transport to be taken, the conditions of movement of stock, and, above 
 all, that which refers to certificates of health and origin, which ought as 
 much as possible to be uniform in the different countries, and for the 
 imi)ortant assignments vised by the consuls of the respective countries. 
 
 h. The laws of sanitary police should order the transporting agent to 
 make instant declaration of diseases that may supervene in transit, and 
 should prescribe the measures of sanitary police applicable to them. 
 
 i. There should be published an international sanitary bulletin at in- 
 tervals of fifteen days, and giving the sanitary condition of each country 
 according to the special bulletin, which by international agreement each 
 government should publish. The international guarantee should be 
 based on government morality, on a s[)irit of justice, on practical nnisoii; 
 thus connncrce will accpure tiiat freedom and integrity which are essen- 
 tial to it. It should prescribe the movement of all stock coming from 
 a country, the sanitary condition of which is unknown. The great pub 
 licity given to the official reports, olteii sent by telegraph ami dilfused 
 through the most rapid channels, would give a guarantee of their 
 
132 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 veracity ; tbey ought to emanate from the authorities of the countries 
 and be drawu up by veterinarians. 
 
 With this bulletin they would know at each custom-house what coun- 
 tries can supply stock to international markets, and from what the 
 stock must be refused ; this international bulletin should be a check on 
 certificates of health and of origin, and should enable the officials to ap- 
 preciate their value. 
 
 The bulletin would thus furnish the best mutual guarantee for inter- 
 national commerce, and give mutual confidence between nations carry- 
 ing on with each other a traffic in domestic animals. 
 
 The nations will better comprehend on the basis of epizootics what 
 they generally fail to arrive at on that of politics. One stej) may per- 
 luips lead to others. 
 
 The third resolution, adopted unanimously, reads as follows : 
 
 Between the different states, whicli by a regular service repressive and prevent- 
 ive of epizootics are able to furnish gnarantees of a good veterinary sanitary police, 
 there should be established an agreement having for its object: 1. To notify other 
 states, with the least i)ossible delay, of the eruption of lung plague, aphthous fever, 
 sheep-pox, maladie (lit coit, glanders (or farcy), and sheep-scab. 2. To publish a pe- 
 riodic veterinary bulletin on these maladies — on their status, extension, and termina- 
 tions; which information should also be sent to the international bulletin, if judged 
 Becessary. 3. To combat these maladies by measures of sanitary police which have 
 been previously discussed and adopted as the best. 4. Not to permit the delivery of 
 animals nor of herds which are being sent in or out of the territory, except on cer. j 
 tificate of origin and of health of a guaranteed administrative value. 5. To con^^ 
 tribute to the publication of an international veterinary bulletin. 
 
 IIE3IARKS. 
 
 The above has been reported at considerable length because of its 
 manifest bearing on the problems which now press on the American 'a 
 people for solution. In America, as in Europe, the medical and polit- 
 ical authorities have undertaken too much of what properly pertains to'':)v 
 the veterinary profession, and, as a consequence, we have had measures 
 that aimed at repression rather than extinction of animal plagues, and^,^ 
 the administration of these and even of better measures has been madefy 
 in such an irregular and badly sustained manner that what had been 
 gained to-daj* by much efitbrt and outlay was lost on the morrow by a 
 relaxation or entire suspension of the rules. 
 
 To have efficient legislation the best available veterinary advice 
 should be secured as to the measures to be framed in a bill, and a vet- 
 erinary authority should be intrusted to see the statute rigidlj^ and im« 
 partially administered. Place it in the hands of a mere beaurocracy 
 and this will too often, as in the past, result in its administration ia 
 what they consider the spirit — not the letter — of the law, until all its 
 valuable provisions are frittered away and lost. A knowledge of the 
 diseases is essential to a knowledge of the fundamental principles on 
 which suppressive measures must be based, and, in ignorance of tliese 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF" DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 133 
 
 principles, an^" attempt to carry out the law iu its spirit ratber tliau its 
 letter is sure to end in blundering and failure. 
 
 Then, again, as regards interstate administration, nothing can be 
 more instructive to Americans than the European diflticulties in dealing 
 with the animal plagues under the modern conditions of great manu- 
 facturing prosperity and the unprecedented activity of the traflic by 
 rail. Examinations of cattle in transit must be given up as absolutely 
 inefficient, for herds that formerly developed disease during the tardy 
 and toilsome movement by highways can now be sent through in a few 
 days by rail and long before the deadly germs within them can manifest 
 their presence by overt symptoms. No better commentary can be fur- 
 nished on the utterly futile provisions in a number of successive Con- 
 gressional bills for the inspection of cattle in transit in our inland 
 I trade and of beeves about to be shipped to Europe. Again, the enor 
 mous i)roportions of the constantly increasing cattle trade toward min- . 
 ing, manufacturing, and commercial centers in Weisteru Europe has 
 been found to be utterly incompatible with the maintenance of such a 
 quarantine as would protect against imported contagion, and they are 
 for the first time brought face to face with the fact that the protection 
 of any country in the line of this great cattle traffic must be secured, 
 if at all, by'a perfect system of seclusion and suppression in the country 
 which furnishes the supplies of live stock, and by an honorable exclu- 
 sion by such country from the channels of traffic of all live stock and 
 their fresh products having their origin in an infected district. Amer- 
 ican lawmakers and administrators must see that our uninfected 
 States and Territories can have no guarantee of continued safety in our 
 present system under Avhich live stock from infected States and dis- 
 tricts, without even the pitiful and comparatively useless form of inspec- 
 tion and certificate, are sent to the very source of our great live-stock 
 traffic. Fortunately for us our westward traffic in live stock is so lim- 
 ited that it is quite possible to impose an etiective quarantine on all 
 subjects moved in that direction. If nothing more can be done, this at 
 least is within our power. Each State can quarantine all cattle or other 
 live stock from an infected State, or if the State fails in its duty to 
 itself and neighbors the United States can step in and regulate this 
 item of intestate commerce. 
 
 Again, the exi)erience of Europe with her great live-stock traffic by 
 rail sbows how utterly hel])less we would be in any attempt to control 
 these animal plagues if they once reached the source of this traffic, As 
 is now the case with Texas fever, our first resort would be to prohibit 
 all movement of susceptible stock from the infected areas, and the next 
 to seek by every i)ossible means to stamp out the infection on the native 
 herds. If Eun)i)e with her extensive, not to say universal, fields of in- 
 fection, finds her i)rofit in maintaining a uniform veterinary sanitary 
 service, operating at every ])oint over the broad continent, and supi)ress- 
 iiig and secluding animal i)lagues wherever they may appear, how much 
 
134 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 more profitable aiust it be for the United States in dealing with her one 
 exotic and imported plague, that of the lungs of cattle, which is still 
 confined to the merest strip of her territory", and when the proposed 
 control is to i)revent its extension over the w hole continent, and the ne- 
 cessity for a similar service and control from the Atlantic to the Pacific? 
 It would require but the outlay of a sum eqnal to half our yearly losses 
 on cattle exports by this cause alone to abolish this cause forever; it 
 would require but the expenditure of a trifling fraction to save us from 
 the future loss of millions. Again, if the independent nations of Europe 
 find it necessary to have an international system of repression and ex- 
 tinction to expel their prevailing animal plagues, and if they have to 
 sink national jealousies and rivalries in the presence of these interna- 
 tional enemies, will the United States of America, with a Federal Con- 
 gress and one Federal Executive, sacrifice to a sentiment our birthright 
 to the most extended live-stock interests in the world I 
 
 Shall we calmly see the European states, with a legacy of ages of 
 Avarfare and mutual hate, and ground down by their immense standing 
 armies, the root and fruition of their common susjjicions, unite cordially 
 and loyally in a common international work to crush out the prevailing 
 infections of centuries nwd to secure an untrammeled trafiic in healthy 
 live stock and sound meat while our mutually dependent States, bound 
 in one federation, an unit in war, an unit in commerce, and, an unit in 
 all that relates to foreign nations — shall these States let a mutual jeal- 
 ousy prevent an interstate sanitary work court the general diffusion of 
 ourexotic infections, load the continent with animal plagues under which 
 modern conditions must be more ruinous even than those of Europe in 
 the past, and shut themselves out from supplying the meat market of 
 the world which it is now theirs to take and to hold ! 
 
 2. CONTAGIOUS PLEUEO PNEUMONIA OF CATTLE. 
 
 This subject was introduced by an extended report by Professor De- 
 give and two supplementary reports by Messrs. Leblanc and Putz. 
 Degive arrived at the following conclusions : 
 
 A. — Differential diagnosis. 
 
 1. From an anatomical point of view we may consider as contagious and epizootic all 
 i nterstitial pneumonias of a certain extent of wbicli the development does not depend 
 on local conditions or causes. i 
 
 2. From a physiological stand-point, epizootic pleuro-pneiunonia is especially char- 
 acterized iu the living animal by its contagious character and the symptons of lobar 
 jdieumouia. 
 
 :?. In an infected stalilc every animal that shows fever with one or more symptoms 
 denotiug irritation of the respiratory organs, cough, hurried, plaintive breathing, itc, 
 should be suspected of pleuro-pneuuiouia. 
 
 4. The spontaneity of one case of pleuro-pueumonia will not exclude the existence 
 of the contagious aficction. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 135 
 
 B. — Prophylaxis. 
 
 1. The development of pleiiro-puenuionia may sometimes be preveuted by a simple 
 recourse to good hygienic conditions. 
 
 2. Animals alteeted with the malady, or suspected of it, should be sacrificed as 
 quickly as possible. 
 
 3. Animals suspected of infection, or very much exposed to contagion, should be 
 isolated or sacrificed. The slaughter of animals suspected of infection is more espe- 
 cially indicated when the disease manifests itself very exceptionally, or for the first 
 time, in a stable belonging to a commune rich in cattle. 
 
 4. Animals suspected of infection, or very mnch exposed to contagion, and not sac- 
 rificed, would be profitably submitted to inoculation or to an appropriate preventive 
 medication. Inoculation is especially applicable when the animals make part of a 
 large herd, subject to frequent changes, or where the malady has already appeared 
 several times. 
 
 5. Inoculation should not be jirescribed as a general or obligatory measure until a 
 method is devised which can be practiced without danger to the health or life of the 
 beasts operated on. 
 
 6. Inoenlation should not be practiced without the previous authorization of the 
 local authority. It should only be done by a veterinarian and under police surveil- 
 lance. 
 
 7. Every iuoculated animal should be considered as suspected of contamination and 
 treated as such. 
 
 8. The diseased and suspected animals should be reported to the authority with the 
 least possible delay. This report should be made obligatory on owners and attendants, 
 veterinarians, and inspectors — the experts of the abattoir or butchery. 
 
 y. Quarantined (isoles) animals should be made the object of a special census and 
 should receive a distinctive brand with a hot iron. 
 
 10. No animal suspected of infection should be moved Avith()ut previous authoriza- 
 tion of the communal administration. The permit to move should only be granted 
 for animals destined to the butchery ; it should only take place in special conditions, 
 under the supervision of the police and in such a manner as to prevent all propaga- 
 tion of the malady. 
 
 11. Every bovine animal oflered for sale ought to be accompanied by a certificate 
 of health testifying that no epizootic has existed for at least six weeks in the com- 
 mune from Avhich it came, 
 
 12. In certain special cases to be determined by the veterinary official there may be 
 prescribed the suspension of fairs and markets, the prohibition of the importation of 
 animals from a suspected country, (luarantine, the posting of notices at the entrance 
 of infected circles or farms, and the writing of handbills and instructions w^arning 
 the [topulation of their obligations and of the precautious to be taken to prevent the 
 appearance or extension of the malady. 
 
 13. An active supervision should be exercised, not only over the quarantined beasts, 
 but also : a. Of animals exposed for sale in markets, fields, and fairs, b. Over ani- 
 mals lodged temporarily in the stal)les of inns adjoining the markets, c. In stables 
 containing many animals subject to fVe<iueiit changes, and when the malady has al- 
 leady made one or several outbreaks. 
 
 14. The duration of quarantine should be for 4.5 days at least after the disappear- 
 ance of the disease. 
 
 15. At the release from (luarantine the cattle should receive a second mark to annul 
 the effect of tlie first. 
 
 16. The flesh of an animal slaughfcred should not be used for food unless authorized 
 bj^ the veterinarian making the autopsy. 
 
 17. The skin should nof be utilized until it has been steeped for at least twenty-four 
 hours in an approved disinfectant solution. 
 
136 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 18. Carcasses and cadavric debris uTifit for food should be buried or so treated as to 
 become absolutely inoffeusive. 
 
 19. Stables, fair-grouuds, markets, aud vehicles which have beeu occupied by dis- 
 eased or suspected auinuils, should be carefully cleaused, disiufected, and puritied. 
 These dift'erent operations should be under the direction of a veterinarian. 
 
 20. A stable perfectly disinfected and purilied by eight days' free ventilation may 
 he refilled without danger. 
 
 21. Pasturages that have been occupied liy diseased cattle should be shut up for 
 forty days at least. 
 
 "22. Th<i different materials, objects, aud instruments that have been employed in 
 tlie slaughter, transportation, and burial of diseased or suspected animals should l>e 
 destroyed or thoroughly disinfected. Forage aud litter should be utilized for horses 
 and other solipedes. 
 
 23. Persons who have become soiled by infecting materials should wash their hands, 
 brush or wash their clothes, and wash their boots with a disinfectant solution. 
 
 24. All persons and animals capable of carrying the virus should be, as far as possi- 
 ble, kept from disea-ed animals, their carcasses, aud cadavric debris.* 
 
 2.5. Indemnity should be accorded : 1. For animals slaughtered officially. 2. For 
 those that have died from inoculation. 3. For dirtVi-ent ol.yects or instruments of 
 ■which the destruction is judged necessary. 
 
 26. Very heavy penalties should be imposed on persons who violate the different 
 sanitary regulations ordered by the authorities. 
 
 27. A good organization of the veterinary service is the best guarantee of the ap- 
 plication of the dift'erent measures prescribed. 
 
 28. A last and potent measure for securing the extinction of contagious pleuro-pneu- 
 monia consists in adopting a provision for the contagious diseases of animals as has 
 beeu done for the phyloxera of the vine ; to formulate an international agreement, in 
 which shall beindicated the essential elements which ought to form the basis of the 
 legislation to be adopted by each country which shall join it. 
 
 Degive justly accorded to lung plague a principal place among the 
 plagues which are most detrimental to agriculture aud the public wealth. 
 In enumerating its anatomicallesionshe lays stress on the inliammatory 
 action being especially provocative of exudation into the interstitial 
 connective tissues of the lung — interlobular, perivascular, interalveolar, 
 and subpleural — upon the prominent implication of the lymphatics, 
 upon the great extent of lungs involved even when the general symp- 
 toms of illness have only just appeared, upon the presenceof lesions of 
 different ages, implying a long standing and a slow and occult progress 
 of the disease, and the existence in the exudate of the specific micrococ- 
 cus of Willems, Bruylant, and Verriest. (Strangely enough, he fails to 
 emphasize the infarctions and encysted sequestra which are so charac- 
 teristic of the affection.) Under the head of physiological characters, 
 beside the general synjptoms of fever and inliammation of the lungs, he 
 lays special stress on the two types of the disease, rapid and slow, the 
 latter remaining insidious, hidden, and apart from indications furnished 
 by auscultation and percussion, hardly recognizable throughout its 
 entire course; on the mortality averaging 30 per cent. ; on the infectious 
 property, very variable in different cases, but always highly conclusive 
 wheu well marked. He seeks to establish a theory of spontaneity from 
 the facts that in many cases contagion cannot be traced, that Oiawitz, 
 Greenfield, and JJuchuerhave cultivated pathogenic fungi and bacteria 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 137 
 
 until they have become harmless, and harmless germs, until they have 
 become pathogenic. 
 
 Under prophylaxis Degive adduces instances in which a thorough at- 
 tention to the laws of hygiene in ventilation, lighting, feeding, &c., have 
 seemed to arrest the propagation of the poison. In this as in the ques- 
 tion of spontaneity the experience of Degive, limited to a country in 
 which the disease constantly prevails, is misleading. He fails to take 
 into account such sweeping evidence as the entire absence of the lung- 
 plague from America, South Africa, and Australasia until the occur- 
 rence of a single importation of disease, and its deadly prevalence in 
 all ihree froui that moment onward, notwithstanding that in the two last- 
 named places the victims enjoyed an open-air life in mild and equa- 
 ble climate, the most favorable possible for the lungs. He further ig- 
 nores for the instant the irregular and occult cases of the disease which 
 confer immunity, and at once explains the sudden disappearance of the 
 disease in i)articular herds coincidently with a better hygiene or a worse 
 one, and the introduction of infection into a new locality where the best 
 eflbrts of the veterinarians have failed to trace its source. 
 
 Degive strongly advocates inoculation, supporting his view by the 
 following facts : 
 
 1. Oat of 6,700 inoculated cattle placed in the same pathogenic con- 
 ditions as 2,453 non-inoculated ones, 182 only, or about 2.71 per cent, 
 among the first, and 660, or 26.90 per cent, among the second have con- 
 tracted lung plague. 
 
 2. Out of 68 previously inoculated in the tail or by intravenous in- 
 jection, and in which a second inoculation was practiced in a region 
 rich in connective tissue (a deadly region), 61 have shown no local re- 
 action, and 5 j)resented a slight intlammatory swelling, which in 6 beasts 
 inoculated for the first time in the same dangerous regions, as test cases, 
 all had an extensive iutiaininatory engorgement ending in death. Oat 
 of 6 animals inoculated b^' intravenous injection in the jugular and 
 afterward subjected to 17 inoculations in the space of 16 mouths, 4 
 proved unaffected, 13 had slight inflammatory reaction, and 1 only had a 
 considerable engorgement which did not jirove fatal. 
 
 The immunity secured by inoculation has lasted four and five 
 years, as observed by Ziegenbeiu, in animals constantly exposed to in- 
 fection, and for one year in 16 test cases in the experiments of the 
 Central Society of Veterinary Medicine of Paris. 
 
 The drawbacks to the operation are : 
 
 1. All the inoculated do not acquire a perfect immunity. 
 
 2. Inoculation preserves and spreads the poison. 
 
 3. A certain small proportion die from the extensive swellings and 
 gangrene conseciuent on the inoculation. 
 
 That all the inoculated are not protected is shown in the above sta- 
 tistics ; some highly susceptible animals still contract the disease as 
 some men contract small-pox after vaccination. To secure a better im- 
 
138 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 muuitj it is advised to make more careful selection of the virus from 
 a lung enjjor.ii'ed yellow and already slightly fibrinous, or from tlie snb- 
 cutaneous connective tissue in an inoculated region rich in that tissue, to 
 repeat the operation after a certain lapse of time, as advised by Willems, 
 and with weakened virus to inoculate in a region rich in connective tissue. 
 This, it is claimed, can be done safely with virus which has been kept six 
 weeks in a hermetically sealed tube (Pastenr), or with what has been 
 cultivated for a length of time in flasks in a special manner (Bruylants 
 and Verriest). Virus diluted with 50, 100, and 500 times its amount of 
 inert liquid still remained dangerous. (Vaudermies: Central Society 
 of Veterinary Medicine, Paris.) 
 
 The danger of the propagation of the disease by inoculation is really 
 very slight. Yet he acknowledges the presence of the virulent micro- 
 coccus in the inoculation exudate, and advocates inoculation as a means 
 of procuring pure virus for further protective inoculation. 
 
 To obviate the slight danger of lung infection through inoculation he 
 advocates the nse of attenuated virus {a la Pasteur, or a Ics Bruylants 
 et Verriest) and the intravenous injection of the virus pure or attenu- 
 ated. (It is to be noted that an absolute immunity is not claimed for 
 any method, nor an absolute protection againat the propagation of the dis- 
 ease by the inoculated ; the claim is that these may be reduced to a very 
 small figure. It follows that the protective inoculation is a measure of 
 repression, not extinction.! and to a case like ours, where a prompt stamp- 
 ing out is imperative, it is (piite inapplicable.) This is the more evident 
 from Degive's opinion that "all inoculated animals are to be regarded 
 as suspected of infectipn, and treated as such, and that after the com- 
 ])letion of the operation all virulent products should be thoroughly de- 
 stroyed or buried." 
 
 To obviate losses from inoculation he i)articularly advises the use of 
 attenuated virus or intravenous injection, and to avoid the operation 
 during hot and rainy seasons. 
 
 For the destruction of the poison it is necessary to attend to all fodder 
 (which has remained infecting for 3, 4, and even 9 months), all articles 
 about the stables, or suspected cattle, all other animals (not bovine) 
 that have cohabited with them, all places (buildings, &c.) where they 
 have been, all vehicles used for their conveyance or that of their prod- 
 ucts, and all persons that have come near them or the infected places. 
 The infected herd, the carcasses, and fresh products must receive, of 
 course, the lirst attention. Thorough destruction or disinfection of all 
 these is absolutely essential. 
 
 As the discovery of iufection is the corner-stone of success, it must 
 be made obligatory on all owners and attendants on cattle, on all veter- 
 inarians and inspectors of abattoirs and meat markets, to promi)tly re- 
 port all cases of the disease, under a heavy penalty for disobedience and 
 for the owner a liberal indemnity for cattle and objects destroyed. 
 
 At his visit the official veterinarian must note the animals sick and 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 139 
 
 exposed, the source of the infection, what objects have become in- 
 fected, what persons and animals may become vehicles of the virus, and 
 what measures (especially isolation and killiug) are required. 
 
 Inspection of fairs, markets, and herds in an infected district, and vijsit, 
 every fortnight, of large stables, then having frequent changes, and those 
 those that have been infected, are requisite. 
 
 Slavghter should be resorted to for the sick aud all suspected of dis- 
 ease, no treatment being permitted. Eecovered animals should in all 
 cases be used for meat only. All slaughter of subjects out of an in- 
 fected herd should be in the presence of as few persons as possible and 
 under the inspection of a veterinarian. The aninnils suspected of being 
 infected should be inoculated. (The provision against treatment shoidd 
 also preclude inoculation if extinction of the disease is desired.) 
 
 For indemnity as a means of securing early rei)orts he advocates, at 
 least one-half the sound value for beasts suspected, yet fit for human 
 consumption, and at least three-fourths the sound value for those that 
 are diseased and unlit for food. Better still to completely extirpate the 
 infected herd and indemnify to the extent of the full value, as in Holland 
 and England; the state to retain in such a case all proceeds from tlesh 
 and hide. 
 
 Under isolation come : {a) Se([Hestrat?on in a particular place near which 
 no other cattle nor other animals are allowed. 
 
 [b) Cantonnement or parl-aeje in a secluded place inclosed by walls, 
 hedges, barriers, palisades or water, aud safely apart from roads, [)arks, 
 «S:c., frequented by other stock. 
 
 (c) Sanitary zones or circles, including a part or whole of a village or 
 commune or several communes, separated from all communication with 
 outside districts. 
 
 [d) Census and marliing are essential to a perfect control of such 
 secluded places. 
 
 (e) Prohibition of morement of all sick and suspected animals is abso 
 lutely essential. Under special precautions fat cattle may be moved 
 in closed wagons to slaughter, and work-oxen may be utilized on certain 
 prescribed fields if there is no danger of communication with other 
 cattle, direct or indirect; no cattle should be exposed for sale anywhere 
 without an official certificate that no epizootic has existed for six weeks 
 or more in the commune from which they were drawn. 
 
 (/) Suspension of fdrs and marlcets is only demanded when the lung 
 plague has attained to an extensive prevalence. 
 
 (//) Importation of cattle should be interdicted from any infected country 
 unless they are accompanied by a certificate of Innilth dated six days 
 I»efore and showing that no lung-plague has existed for at least six weeks 
 in the place from which they came. (Such provisions show the aim at 
 restriction rather than extinction of the malady, as they could not arrest 
 the occult cases nor those having a long period of incubation. — J. L.) 
 
140 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 {h) Quarantine of uewly bought animals for five or six weeks is au 
 important i)recaution. 
 
 (/) Posting notices of infection at the entrance of infected zones or 
 farms. 
 
 {]) Handhills and instructions for tbe people in or near the infected 
 area. 
 
 (A) Surveillance with verj* frequent visitatiou by ipspectors and police. 
 
 Preventive medication for animals exposed to infection may embrace 
 setons medicated with hellebore, and antiseptics, such as ferric sulphate, 
 alkaline sulphites, carbolic acid, borax, tar, chlorine. 
 
 All restrictions may be removed forty days after the last case of disease 
 has been disposed of and the place and objects disinfected. (This is en- 
 tirely inconsistent with what he has already advanced as to occult cases, 
 chronic cases, and long periods of incubation which could so easily ex- 
 ceed twice the forty days required. It is another iudication of an aim 
 at restriction rather than extinction.) — J. L. 
 
 If carcasses have to be removed, this should be done in wagons with 
 close joints, so that nothing shall escape, and drawn by horses under 
 police supervision. The carcass and diseased products may be deeply 
 buried, burned, rendered, or dissolved in sulphuric acid. It is often 
 utilized for food, but this should be prohibited when the lung lesions 
 are very extensive, advanced, and comi)licated by gangrene, when there 
 is ulceration of the bowels, or when the tlesh is flaccid, decolorized, 
 ecchymosed, or the seat of serous infiltration. The sldn ma^" be sent to 
 the tannery after steeping a length of time in milk of lime, or solution 
 of chloride of lime, or zinc, or carbolic acid. 
 
 Disinfection of stables demands washing, scraping, and the thorough 
 application of liquid disinfectants. Manure, fodder, and litter should 
 be burned or disinfected, or the latter may be fed to horses. Horses 
 and other animals that have been with'diseased cattle should have their 
 surface cleaned and disinfected by an antiseptic solution. 
 
 LEBLANC'S VIEWS. 
 
 Leblanc sought to throw doubt on the diagnosis of lung plague dur- 
 ing life, on the specific character of the lesions seen in the carcass, and 
 on the value of inoculation. Many inoculated animals have already had 
 the disease and are protected by that ; cases already infected before 
 inoculation have the disease aggravated by the operation ; the poison, 
 and therefore the disease, is preserved and perpetuated in certain dis- 
 tricts by the i)ractice of inoculation ; inoculation is no certain prophy- 
 lactic, for just as in the same lung we see chronic lesions side by side 
 with the acute, implying a second attack, so may an attack follow a 
 successful ino(udation : and finally, the same measures of se<;regation 
 and slaughter usually employed with inoculation would be successful 
 Avithout that operation. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 141 
 
 PUTZ'S VIEWS. 
 
 Piitz does not hesitate to prououuce the physiological symptoms 
 and pathological lesions as together reasonably pathognomic. He is a 
 strong partisan of inoculation, provided the operation is relocated after 
 a lapse of time, and above all if repeated again and again. It is use- 
 less or injurious for animals that are already infected, and the duration 
 of the immunity acquired in successful cases varies with the individual 
 susceptibility, as does vaccination for the prevention of small-pox. It 
 is especially valuable in places where movements of great numbers of 
 cattle are continually going on, and where sequestration is in conse- 
 quence imi)ossible. Where, on the other hand, there are few move- 
 ments of stock the isolation and slaughter of the diseased and strongly 
 suspected beasts is speedily effective. In Holland with inoculation the 
 disease has been confined to the narrowest limits, while in most i)artsof 
 Germany it has been stationary or increasing, and in Saxony with little 
 inoculation it has in recent years attacked three times the number of 
 victims seized in i87o-'76. 
 
 In addition to the measnres of sequestration he advocates : 1. That 
 the quarantine mark should bear the year so that it may be afterward 
 known when they were diseased or suspected. 2. That all diseased ^ud 
 strongly suspected animals should be killed, and that the entire herd 
 should be slaughtered when judged necessary, indemnity being granted 
 for the same. 3. When, owing to freipient changes in a large herd, or 
 when, from economical considerations such herd may not be slaughtered, 
 the same should be compulsorily inoculated. Inoculation maj* be au- 
 thorized in an infected country, if desired, bj* the proprietor, and conse- 
 quent losses should be paid for. 4. Every beast from a quarantined 
 herd which dies or is killed ought to be the subject of an autopsy by a 
 competent person. With this precaution such cattle should be devoted 
 to slaughter for beef as much as possible, no necessary precaution being 
 forgotten. 
 
 ACTION OF THE CONGKESS. 
 
 A. — Diagnosis. 
 
 The question of diagnosis of lung plague gave rise to a somewhat lengthy, 
 animated, and fruitless discussion as to whether this disease can arisespon- 
 taneoush/, or whether it is ercryivhere a>t<l alicai/s the resnlt of contafiion. 
 The advocates of a spontaneous origin of the disease acknowledged ^hat 
 the occurrence of a spontaneous case was extremely rare, and that in 
 spite of spontaneous cases a s^'Stem of repression, based on a constant 
 assumption of contagion, was the best ; yet they claimed, as already 
 stated of Degive, that the malady may originate by the transformation 
 of harmless germs into virulent ones, or it may be by the transformation 
 of normal histological elements of the body into diseased elements 
 having a power of propagating themselves indefinitely. The opponents, 
 
142 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ou the other hand, held that the iiou-appearauce of this disease in his- 
 toric time, in any country in which it had not previously existed, 
 unless in cases where its introduction could be clearly traced to the im- 
 portation of a diseased animal or its products, and its continued absence 
 from all countries into which no such importation had been made im. 
 plied, unequivocally, that the assumed cases of spontaneity were also 
 cases of infection, tliough investigation had failed to show the precise 
 channel by which the germs had been introduced. A comparison of 
 the nationalities of the advocates of spontaneity and against it is very 
 instructive as showing that the believers in spontaneity are those whose 
 experience has been gained at the termini of the cattle traffic from 
 Central and Eastern Europe, at points (Belgium, France), in short, where 
 the infection of lung plague is being constantlj' imported, and from 
 which it is never entirely absent, whereas the disbelievers in spontaneity 
 are mainly from countries (England, Sweden, Switzerland, Roumania, 
 America, &c.), in which lung plague has been stamped out, or into which 
 it has been first introduced in recent times by a well-attested importa- 
 tion of disease, and v.here its area of prevalence is sharply limited to 
 places infected through such importations. 
 
 This well illustrates the predominating influence of the immediate 
 surroundings. Had the able advocates of spontaneity lived in Spain 
 or Portugal, where herds abound, but to which the lung plague has 
 never penetrated, or in Scandinavia, where its occasional importations 
 have been as persistently stamped out ; or in Switzerland, the imme- 
 morial home of the plague, but from which it has been expelled; or in 
 England, which it respected until it was imported in 1839 and where 
 it has prevailed ever since, but still spares the exclusively breeding 
 districts; or in the United States, where it was imported in 1848 and 
 ]851>, and where it was effectually stamped out in the fenced farms of 
 New England but continues to prevail through the constant changes 
 and successive infections in the city dairies of the Middle Atlantic 
 States, and finally where the whole West and South maintains a per- 
 fect immunity ; or in South Africa or Australasia, where the disease 
 long unknown, has spread from single importations and from the con- 
 stant mingling of herds maintains an universal i)revaleuce ; or, finally, 
 in Canada, Newfoundland, Mexico, or South America, to which the 
 plague has not yet been iniported and where, as in the exclusively 
 breeding districts of infected countries, no spontaneous case has ever 
 occurred to start it on its desolating career, they would have realized 
 that they were advocating a mere phantom danger and that the plague 
 which has failed to appear in historic time in a country not already in. 
 I'ected from without may safely be trusted not to appear in the future 
 with such exotic contagion. They would no more argue from the first 
 case of the plague than the botanist would argue from the first oak that 
 oaks must now appear without seed or slips j they would accept the 
 unvarying testimony from all parts of the inhabited earth which are 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 143 
 
 not yet infected or which have been infected iu historic time that every 
 
 exteii?>iou of this plague has been by contagion and by contagion alone. 
 
 On motion of Wirz the following was adopted as the first resolution: 
 
 1. From an anatomical point of view, at least in its relation to veterinary police, 
 every pneumonia (of cattle) wliicli is lobular and at the same time interlobular, and 
 the development of which does not depend on traumatic local causes, should be con- 
 sidered as epizootic contagions pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 The second resolution was modified by adding the word contagious, so 
 that it might read : 
 
 2. From a physiological stand-point, epizootic contagious pleuro-pneumonia is spe. 
 cially characterized, in the liviug animal, by the contagious character and by the 
 symptoms of lobar-pneumonia. 
 
 To the third resolution the following wording was given : 
 
 3. There ought to be considered as — 
 
 (a) Suspected of epizootic contagious pleuro-pneumonia every animal which in 
 an infected place manifests symptoms of fever or of disease of the chest. 
 
 (b) Suspected of contamination every animal fouud iu an infected stable, or which 
 has been in one withiu three mouths, or which has been exposed to infection in any 
 other way. 
 
 The fourth resolution was suppressed on motion of Lydtin and Wirz. 
 
 B. — Prophylaxis. 
 
 On motion of Zundel and Lydtin the congress decided to take up first 
 the question of stamping out. 
 
 On motion of the same, Article 2 was modified and finally passed so as 
 to read as follows : 
 
 2. Recognizing that from the point of view of sanitary police epizootic pleuro- 
 pueumouia propagates itself only by contagion, and is usually incurable and fatal, 
 this congress declares that animals atfected by the malady or suspected of it should 
 be sacrificed as quickly as ijossible. 
 
 The third article was adopted with the single change of substituting 
 contaminated for suspected of contamination or very much exposed to 
 contagion, the word retaining the idea of exposed to contagion. It 
 read thus : 
 
 3. Contaminated animals should be isolated or sacrificed. The slaughter of con- 
 taminated animals is especially indicated when the disease manifests itself very ex- 
 ceptionally or for the first time iu a stable belonging to a commune rich in cattle. 
 
 On the question of the value of inoculation as a preventive, much 
 discussion ensued, the great majority, however, according to it the 
 power of protection to a certain extent. A number, however, of these 
 last, and especially those who like Berdez (Switzerland), Law (Xew 
 York), and others had had a favorable exiierience of stamping out, dep- 
 recattd inoculation iu any country where it was ])()ssible to promptly 
 extirpate the plague by the radical measures of slaughter and disinfec- 
 tion. Wirz reported that of the 182,308 cattle inoculated iu Holland, 
 in the past four years (1878-1882) the losses from the o[)eration had been 
 under 1 per cent., and the protection had been satisfactory. Law re- 
 peated the inoculation of 10 cattle with sterilized virus which obivatod 
 
144 CONTAGIOUS DISEAIES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the danger of infection from the inoculated, and which, in a six-raouth's 
 test, by inoculation with attested virulent lymph, and by residence in 
 infected herds, had proved perfectly satisfactory. Willem's proposition 
 that " all scientirtc interpretations being reserved no fact in practice has 
 proved the contamination of a healthy by an inoculated animal" was 
 voted down, and the following of Potteral adopted : 
 
 There is no proof that an inocnlat(Hl auiinal cannot transmit the disease to a 
 healthy one. 
 
 The following, moved by Bouley, was adopted : 
 
 3. We have to-day experimental proof that it is possible to invest the organism of 
 animals of the bovine species with an immunity from contagious pleuro-pueuiuonia 
 b}- inoculation with the vims of this malady. 
 
 Two applications of inoculation were recognized — preventive inocula- 
 tion (inoculation in the absence of the disease), and inoculation of neces- 
 sity, (inoculation of animals dangerously exposed to infection). As an 
 amendment to Article 4 the following was passed : 
 
 4. Pieveutive inoculation, that is to say, that which is practiced where the malady 
 does not prevail in a country, ought to be absolutely rejected ; inoculation, so called, 
 of necessity, that is to say, th.at which is practiced when the malady exists in a herd, 
 may be permitted, but not made obligatory. 
 
 On the motion of Wirz, Article 5 was stricken out ; Article G was 
 modified so as to read : 
 
 6. The inoculation should always he done bj- a veterinarian. 
 
 Article 7 was dropped. 
 
 On Degive's motion Article 8 was altered to — 
 
 8. Inoculated animals should be reported to the authorities. 
 
 Articles 9 to 13, inclusive, were not called in question. On motion of 
 
 Miiller the following was adopted : 
 
 14. The duration of quarantine should be six months at least after the disap])eaianco 
 of the disease. 
 
 Articles lo to 10, inclusive, were not objected to. 
 
 On motiou of Lydtin, Miiller, aud Potteral, Article 20 was altered as 
 
 follows : 
 
 20. A stable shouhl not be used again for animals until it has been completely evacu- 
 ated aud properly disinfected, and then ))uritied by eight days' exposure to free ven - 
 tilation. 
 
 On motion of Bouley and Anne, Article 21 was altered as follows : 
 
 21. Pastures that have been frequented by diseased animals ought to be ijnaran- 
 tined for at least tifteen days. 
 
 Articles 22 to 24, inclusive, were passed. 
 
 On motion of Quivogne, Potteral, and Lydtin, Article 25 was modified 
 as follows: 
 
 25. It is proper to grant an indemnity to owners for animals sacrificed by ofticial 
 order, and for the expense of disinfection. The indemnity should amount to four-tifths 
 of the value of the animals; and to the full value, deduction being made of the value 
 of portions of the carcass th.at can be utilizeil if the animal should prove healthy. 
 
 Articles 2G to 28 were adopted without (juestion. 
 
 ! 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 145 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Without seeking to detract from the importance of any one position 
 taken by the congress, it may still be well to emphasize some that have 
 a special value to the American statesman. 
 
 1. The extension of the incubation of lung-])lague for months, and the 
 frequent occurrence of occult and unrecognized cases of the disease 
 show how essential it is to stop all movement of animals in infected dis- 
 tricts, except under license, after an extended supervision, including 
 statistics constantly corrected; also to kill out an entire infected herd, 
 or to maintain the above-named strict supervision for a long period (six 
 months) ; also, to prohibit the contact of adjacent herds in neighboring 
 parks, &c., and their successive presence in the same pastures, on the 
 same roads, or at the same drinking troughs. These dangers are just 
 those of which it has been most difficult to persuade our United States 
 legislators and our non-veterinary administrators of State sanitary laws, 
 and on the fundamental blunders made on these points de})end our fail- 
 ure hitherto to extirpate lung-plague. 
 
 2. The idea of the spontaneous origin of lnng-i)lague in the present 
 day is effectually set aside. An abiding confidence in our i)erfect se- 
 curity from this disease apart from imported virus is essential to thor- 
 ough work. Whenever the possibility of spontaneous cases is admitted 
 this will be made a cloak for slovenly and ineffective work. 
 
 3. The voice of the representative veterinarians of Europe and Amer- 
 ica has been given against the assumption that inoculated animals can- 
 not infect a sound animal. This is a decision of no small importance 
 as *.'is operation of inoculation is extensively pra(;tice(l among us, and 
 thouih it enables the individual owner when left to his own resources to 
 save the great body of his herd, yet when the state undertakes to stamp 
 out the plague, its practice becomes a serious hindrance by increasing 
 and diffusing the virus. 
 
 4. In spite of the difficulty or iujpossibility of controlling the enor. 
 mous cattle traffic which is constantly flowing westward through the 
 center of Europe, and the consequent temptation to adopt measures of 
 repression and restriction rather than those of extinction, the congress 
 declares strongly in favor of the instant slaughter of all diseased ani. 
 mals and of those suspected of disease. How mu(;h more should we 
 who have to deal with but a mere patch of insix'ction relatively to our 
 territory promptly destroy ever}' animal and every herd in which infec- 
 tion is found ? 
 
 5. Even in Europe the veterinary sanitary authorities feel that action 
 by isolated states aiming at the suppression or extinction of lung-plague 
 is wofully ineffective, and they demand that the veterinary sanitary 
 police administration shall overstep the national boundaries and be 
 made continental,, to the extent that the different nations shall agree 
 upon a uniform law, under which the disease shall be promptly stam})edout 
 
 5751 D A 10 
 
146 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 or honorably and efFectually sluit up in any district where it may appear^ 
 so that an official certificate may give an absolute guarantee of sound- 
 ness. How much more should the United States, bound into one na- 
 tion and having' one common Federal legislative body, and one Federal 
 administration, arrange for a single law on th's subject for all the States 
 and Territories and for its uniform aduiinistration, whether tlirough 
 State or national officials? Hitherto the varying laws in different 
 States have been a source of constant uncertainty, trouble, and loss to 
 dealers, and yet no certain guarantee against the extension of the 
 plague from State to State. 
 
 6. In dealing with an insidious affi?ction like lung-plague the veter- 
 inary profession in Europe realize the necessity of ad()[)ting every means^ 
 calculated to secure information of outbreaics, and the restriction of 
 surreptitious movemeiirs of animals; they accordingly declare in favor 
 of indemnity to four-dfths of the sound value for sick cattle sacrificed 
 and the full value for cattle exposed to infection but not yet diseased 
 and also for heavy penalties for all failures to con)i)ly with the law. In 
 our own State of Pennsylvania, infected herds have been taken posses- 
 sion of by the State, and all that subsequently sickened have been paid 
 for at full appraised value, with results incomparably better than where 
 the law has been to give small indemnities and imjjose large penalties. 
 Our legislators should realize from this combined experience of Europe 
 and America that niggardly indemnities mean concealment, smuggling,. 
 and extension of the disease, while with liberal remuneration for the 
 cattle taken the disease may be stamped out at a mere fraction of the 
 outlay that would otherwise be necessary. In city dairies, where most 
 of our lung-plague is to be found, the full value of the animals killed is 
 far from compensating the owner for the interruption of his business 
 until his herd and stables can be i)ronounced sound, i^o economy is 
 more false than tluit which saves on the payment for infected cattle 
 slaughtered at the expense of concealment and surrei>titious diffusion 
 of the disease. 
 
 3. EDUCATION IN VETEEINAKY MEDICINE. 
 
 This subject was introduced by two separate reports — one by Hngues,. 
 of Brussels, the other by Professor Wirz, of Utrecht, and^liiller, of 
 ]>crlin. 
 
 nUGUKS' REPOKT. 
 
 A. — Education in veterinary medicine and the social position of the veterinarian 
 demand a tliorough preliminary instruction correspondinj; to the classes in humanity 
 or the com]>lete professional ones. 
 
 li. — Education in veterinary meiliciiio should be theoretical, scientific, practical, 
 experimental, and educational, in giving lo eacli of tlicsej the rclative^j'mpt rtnnce^ 
 wliicii the real needs of pr.dessional work demands. 
 
 To this end we nsk — 
 
 1. That the studies si oiild extend over tive years. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 147 
 
 2. That the exterior of domestic animals be made the subject of au essentially 
 practical course, of which the study of animal mechanics shall be the basis. 
 
 3. That there ought to be created in every school a course of equitation. 
 
 4. That exercises at the forge should be abolished. 
 
 5. That tlie course of special pathology should he abolished. 
 
 6. That there should be theoretical and practical instruction in the iuspectiou of 
 alimentary matters of animal origin. 
 
 7. That there should be at least two professors of clinics in each school. 
 
 8. That a residence outside the walls (external) should be obligatory at least for 
 the last two years of study. 
 
 9. That a period of probation (stage) be imposed as complenu>ntary to the school 
 studies. 
 
 10. That practitioners should be made part of the exauiining boards. 
 
 11. That the appointment of professors should be made on the double basis of con- 
 cours and of scientific reputation ; that assistants or tutors should be nominated on. 
 the proposition of the professional college. 
 
 While we cannot follow Hugiies through his elaborate report, yet we 
 may cull a few of the points made in fav^or of his propositions. 
 
 A liberal profession is marked by solidarity ; it is cosmopolitan, knows 
 no territorial frontier, no nationality ; it is the product of civilization^ 
 and protected by universal s(;ience. The liberal profession of medicine 
 is one; its methods only differ according- to the species to which it is 
 api)lied. The two profes.sions of medicine — human and veterinary — 
 are sisters, equally liberal, and demand an equally extended preliminarjT 
 training and give an equal right to consideration. To secure this 
 equality the education for the one must be as thorough as for the other, 
 alike in its literary, scientific, and special features. 
 
 Continental Euro]>e has thirty-three well-equipped veterinary- schooIs^, 
 each a Government institution, controlled and supported by tlie state. 
 Great Britain has four veterinary schools, none of which is under state 
 sui)i)ort nor control aside from the charters under which they are main- 
 tained. In England and Austria the course of study extends over three 
 years; in Germany and Switzerland, three years and a half; in France, 
 Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and Italy, four years; and 
 in Koumania, Spain, and Portugal, live years. 
 
 As an example of the curriculum, that of the Brussels school will alone 
 be given. 
 
 VBTERINARV SCHOOL OF BRUSSELS. 
 
 FIUST YEAK— WINTER SEMESTER. 
 
 Descriptive anatomy, lA hour i)er week. Botany, :? hours. 
 
 Dissections, 9 hours. Examination in chemistry or physics, li 
 
 Tuition in chemistry or physics, labours. hour. 
 
 Lectures in chemistry or physics, 4t^ hours. 
 
 SU.MMEU SEMESTER. 
 Botany, 4^ hours. Zoology, 3 hours. 
 
 Botanical ex<iii>.iou. Tuition in descriptive an:itomy, l.J hour 
 
 Tuition in bouuiy, li hour. daily. 
 
 Chemi.stry or physics, 4* hours. Exauiiuatiou in chouiistiy or physics, 1^ 
 
 Tuition in chemistry or physics, IJ houi'. hour. 
 
148 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 SKCONI> YEAR — WINTER SEJIKSTKR. 
 
 Tuition in cliemistry, 1^ hour. 
 Tuition in physics, 1| hour. 
 Exaiuination iu eheuiistry or physics, 1^ 
 
 hour. 
 Gent' nil anatomy aucVphysiolopiy, 4^ hours. 
 Tuition, general anatomy audphy.siology, 
 
 li hour. 
 
 Descriptive anatomy, 3 hours. 
 Dissections or exercises in histology, 4^ 
 
 hours. 
 Dissections, 15 hours. 
 Physics or chemistry, 4i hours. 
 Comparative anatomy, If hour. 
 
 SUMMER SEMESTER. 
 
 Tuition in physics or chemistry, 1| hour. 
 Tuition in chemistry, H hour. ^ 
 Tuition iu general anatomy or physiology, 
 
 U hour. 
 Work iu histology, 4^ hours. 
 Physics or chemistry, 4i hours. 
 General anatomy and physiology, 4^ hours. 
 
 THIRD YEAR- 
 
 Comparative anatoiuy, ]| hour. 
 
 Tuition iu comparative aiuitomy, 1 i hour 
 
 every 15 days. 
 Work at the forge {marechaUrie)'^ hours. 
 Examination on chemistry or physics, \\ 
 
 hour. 
 
 -WINTER SEMESTER. 
 
 Clinics, 2 hours daily. 
 
 Pharmacology, 3 hours weekly. 
 
 Tuition in geueral anatomy and physiol- 
 ogy, li hour. 
 
 Theory of shoeing, U hour. 
 
 General pathology, and special and pa- 
 thological anatomy, 4^ hours. 
 
 Tuition in general and special pathology, 
 and pathological anatomy, H hour. 
 
 Exercises inoperative medicine (surgery), 
 
 3 hours. 
 Exterior (form), 3 hours. 
 Tuition on exterior, 1^ hour every 15 
 
 days. 
 Special therapeutics and pharuiaco-dy- 
 
 namics, 3 hours. 
 Topographical anatomy, 1| hour. 
 Work at forge, 1^ hour. 
 
 SUMMER SEMESTER. 
 
 Clinics, 2 hours daily. Pharmacology, \\ hour. 
 
 Operations on the foot, 1^ hour per week. General therapeutics and pharraaco-dy- 
 "■ ■ " '■" namics, 1^ hour. 
 
 Pharmaceutical manipulations, 1| hour. 
 
 Tuition in geueral pathology and special 
 
 Operative medicine, \\ hours 
 
 Demonstrations in pathological anatomy, 
 1^ hour. 
 
 General pathology and special and patho- 
 logical anatomy, 41 hours. 
 
 Tuition in clinics, U hour. 
 
 pathological anatomy, \\ hour. 
 Zootechny, 1 hour. 
 
 FOURTH YEAR — WINTER SEMESTER. 
 
 Work at forge, 3 hours. 
 
 Zootechny, \\ hour. 
 
 Tuition in surgical pathology, 1^ hour. 
 
 Constitutional law, 1^ hour. 
 
 Equitation, 4 hours. 
 
 Clinics, 2 hours daily. 
 
 Tuition, clinical, li hour per week. 
 
 Surgical pathology, 4i hours. 
 
 Phannaceutieal maiui)ulatious, 3 hours. 
 
 Obstetrics, U hour. 
 
 Practical operative medicine, 3 hours. 
 
 SUMMER SEMESTER 
 
 Clinics, 2 hours daily (2 hours weekly Zootechuy, 3 hours. 
 
 clinics in chair). 
 Work at forge, 3^ liours. 
 Pharmaceutical manipulations, 3 hours. 
 Tuition, clinical, H hour. 
 Medical jurisprudencoand sanitary jjolicc, 
 
 1^ hour. 
 Tuition in surgical pathology, 1^ hour. 
 
 Examination of meats, H hour. 
 Zootechnic conferences, 1 liour. 
 Tuition in zootechuy, 1^ hour. 
 Equitation, 4 hours. 
 Tuition in medical jurisprudence 
 
 sanitary police, 1^ hour. 
 Constitutional law, li hour. 
 
 and 
 
 * 
 
 i.! 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 149 
 
 Others of the schools, and uotably those of France, give iustrnctiou 
 in modern languages and literature, which Ungues holds should be 
 obtained before enteriug the veterinary S(;hool, To further reHeve the 
 curriculum and give more time to the exclusively professional studies, 
 he would abolish the class on constitutional law, that on shoeing, and 
 even that on special pathology as taught from the chair, thus throwing 
 the student back on books and clinical teacliing for instruction in the 
 practice of medicine. The need ot some rebef is well illustrated in the 
 fact that a large proportion of students to-day exceed the allotted period 
 of study preliminary to taking a degree. Thus at Brussels in former 
 times a failure to pass in four years was altogether exceptional, while 
 under the modern crowding of studies but 33 out of 77 students have 
 passed in this prescribed period ; of the remaining 44 students 20 took 
 live years, 20 six j'ears, 1 seven years, and 3 eight ytiirs. 
 
 The curriculum has greatly outstri[)ped the ability of the student to 
 cope with it, and the two should be adjusted so that the majority may 
 be able to graduate in the prescribed period. Though something may 
 be done in eliminating subjects that are not purely professional, yet, 
 with the rapid advancement of science, the exclusively professional 
 work incumbent on the student tends constantly to increase, and the 
 strain must be met by securing a better preliminary training, and by 
 extending the curriculum to five years. Thus, for admission to the 
 school, a knowledge of one or more modern languages should be de- 
 manded; those of the adjoining countries being always valuable as 
 giving a rey to their literature and as being essential in the adminis- 
 tration of sanitary police. The rudiments of. Latin are very useful, 
 but not indis|)ensable. National and foreign literature have no occa- 
 sion to appear in the curriculum, and should not be a condition of en- 
 trance. So of mathematics and the natural sciences. If the same could 
 be applied to physics and chemistry it would be well, but this would be 
 asking too much of a boy of seventeen, and would endanger superticial- 
 ity in all. 
 
 Then. if the curriculum were extended to five years, the present double 
 examination might be profitably extended to three; the first in sciences, 
 the second as candidate in veterinary medicine, on anatomy, })hysiology, 
 histology, physics, chemistry, and perhai)S the exterior, and the third 
 one, pathological biology, therapeutics, surgery, clinics, hygiene, zoo- 
 technnics, sanitary i)olice, &c. 
 
 The examining boards should be composed of the faculty of the school 
 and a certain i)roportion of veterinary practitioners. This will tend to 
 correct any tendency in the schools to a too exclusive attention to sci- 
 entific minutia' at the exi)ense of the even more important matters of 
 daily practice, and give a special value and guarantee to the examina- 
 tion and diploma. On the other hand, the intimate knowledge of the 
 candidate on the part of the professor will enable the board to qualify 
 
150 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 the results of a biinied examiuation by the record of five years of 
 coutiiiuous Avork. 
 
 Ill the appointment of teachers much is required. The professor 
 shouhl be a man of high morality, one insi)iring- resi)ect and esteem, 
 who knows his subject thoroughly, and who jet can condense it to the 
 <lemauds of tlie case, and i)resent it clearly, i)laiuly, and concisely, yet 
 in such a way as to engage the enthuvsiasin of his students. He may be 
 a good professor without being a .savant, and he may be a real savant 
 yet a very poor professor. To know and to teach are different things. 
 A mind quick to write, subtle in the analysis of facts, facde in the as- 
 similation of all contemporary progress, a ripe judgment, the power to 
 present the analysis or synthesis in the form of a clear attractive re- 
 sumt5; these are the essential qualities, the role and mission of the 
 professor. He niust besides have such a knowledge of the entire curric- 
 ulum as will enable him to direct his work parallel to that of his col- | 
 leagues without exposing himself to contradiction, or unnecessary rep- 
 etition by another chair. To successful teaching there must be a unity 
 and harmony in the entire field of work. This necessitates that every 
 professor in a chair bearing directly on specific veterinary instruction 
 should be himself a veterinarian. 
 
 In the appointment of professors regard should be had to the apti- 
 tude for scientific work already- shown by the candidate, and the apti- 
 itude to teach, as shown experimentally before a concours. The 
 'concours alone in which tlie candidate is nuide to exhibit his teaching 
 powers practically may often select the fluent but superficial man and 
 reject the real scientist, as it has actually at different times rejected the 
 illustrious Bichat, the creator of microscopical anatomy, Claude Ber- 
 nard, the founder of general physiology, and Dupiu, the learned pro- 
 curator-general of the court of causation. But, as corrected by rep- 
 utation for work done outside the concours the latter becomes a means 
 of the highest value in selecting a nian who joins superior didactic 
 power to a profound scientific knowledge and acumen. 
 
 Tutors should only be chosen from graduates, in which case the ex- 
 cellence in examination should coincide with the juilgment of the pro- 
 fessor in charge of the department in making the selection. When 
 professors are recruited from the ranks of the tutors they should have 
 the experience of several years' practice. 
 
 REPORT BY PROFESSORS MtJLLER AND WIRZ, 
 
 Miiller and Wirz indorse in the main the principles enunciated by 
 the International Congress at Zurich in 18(»7, but propose certain modi- 
 fications. The Zurich resolutions were as follows: 
 
 1. The preparatory studies slionUl be as extended for veterinary medicine as for liu- 
 man medicine. It is desirable that we should, as far as ))08sible, deuuxnd foreutrajice 
 to the veterinary schools the same knowledge as ibr the university studies. 
 
 Siiici% for various reason-i, we are not yet able to enforce such a rule, tlui couj^ress 
 is of opinion that the minimum knowledge preparatory to the special studies of voter- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 151 
 
 inary medicine sboulcl correspond to those acquired in the second (chiss) of a school 
 preparatory to university studies. 
 
 Those who have not pursued the course of such an institution should not be ad- 
 mitted to the special veterinary studies "ntil they prove that they are possessed of 
 an education corre8])onding to that of the cUiss above named. 
 
 2. Three years of special studies at least are necessary to secure the rank of 
 veterinarian. 
 
 There is no call for the creation of veterinarians of ditferent classes based on differ- 
 ences in the degree of instruction. 
 
 3. Veterinary schools may be separate, independent establishments, or joined to 
 by universities or other institutions of higher learning, but their instruction should be 
 special chairs. We cannot but condemn the arraugoinent in which a single professor 
 is charged with the duty of educating veterinarians, this mode of teaching being ab- 
 solutely insufficient. 
 
 4. An organization of the instruction conformed to the above principles should be 
 adopted above all when the practice of veterinary medicine is well established and 
 regulated. 
 
 PROPOSITIOXS OF MULLER AND WIHZ. 
 
 1. The preparatory studies demanded for the study of veterinary medicine ought to 
 be the same as those exacted of the student of human medicine. 
 
 2. As for various reasons this lirst principle cannot yet be enforced, we ought at least 
 to require that all who wish to enter on the study of veterinary medicine should at 
 least possess the acquirements necessary to admit them to the highest classes of a su- 
 perior school giving an ordinary goodv education. 
 
 As an institution giving an ordinary good education, we mean those schools which 
 give a right to students that have completed their course to admission to the higher 
 or university studies. (Gymnasiums, lycennis, atheneiis, Latin schools, colleges), 
 {and superior professional schools, Bealschulen, erstcr ordnnng, of Germany), (Wirz 
 and Miiller), in which Latin is obligatory (Miiller). 
 
 3. Candidates unprovided with a certificate of admission to the first class of one 
 of these schools should show by a special examination that thej' are possessed of aa 
 equivalent education. 
 
 XL 
 
 There is no call for the creation of veterinarians of differentclasses having a differ. 
 ent amount of preparatory and veterinary education. 
 
 III. 
 
 1. Four years' study, at least, are requisite to make'a full study of veterinary med- 
 icine, if that is made to embrace i)hysical and natural sciences. 
 
 2. The instruction of the first two years (four first semesters) should embrace the 
 following Ijranches : physics, chemistry, natural history (geology, mineralogy, l)otany> 
 and zoology), anatomy, histology, physiology, and shoeing, with the practical work 
 aff aching to them. A course of practice and demonstrations in micrography should 
 always be included. 
 
 3. In the same period may be taught the zootechnic branches, comprehending the 
 natural histoiy of domestic animals, the exterior, and zootechny proper. 
 
 4. Clinical teaching should continue through the whole of the last two years of 
 study. That the practical instruction of the stuchMits may be complete it is absohitely 
 necessary to have beside a stationary and consulting clinic (hospital clinic and p<)ly. 
 olinic), an ambulatory clinic (outside cliinc). 
 
152 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 5. Practical in.striictiou in shoeing caiinot be condeiunefl as useless, but it ought to 
 be liniitert to the end proposed; this instruction is on the whole very (Icsirabli?. 
 
 6. The inspection of meats of the butchery is an absolutely essential branch of vet- 
 erinary education. 
 
 IV. 
 
 1. At the end of the second year of study (fourth semester) the students ought to 
 bo examined on the branches they have studied during the two iireceding years. 
 None should enter ou the studies of the third year until he has satisfactorily passed 
 tbis exaniiuation (of candidate, or in physical and natural sciences). 
 
 2. None should be admitted to the examination for veterinariau nntil he has passed 
 that of candidate in veterinary medicine. 
 
 (The examination in veterinary medicine should embrace only those branches 
 which have not formed part of the candidature examination. — Wh-z.) 
 
 (The examination in veterinary medicine should embrace, beside anatomy and phys- 
 iology, all branches of instruction not included in the examination of the candidate. — 
 Millhr.) 
 
 3. The regulations for veterinary exaiaiuatious should, as far as possible, be abso- 
 lutely, or at least essentially, the same for all countries. 
 
 1. The system of residence in tbe school (internal) is not the best for the pursuit 
 of veterinary studies and the social education of veterinarians. 
 
 2. If peculiar circumstances, proper to any country, forbid the abolition of residence 
 (internal), the students should at least be allowed entire liberty outside the prescribed 
 course ; the control of the internal ought to be as liberal as possible. 
 
 3. Obligatory "internal" should be abolished. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Veterinary schools may be independent establishments, or they may be connected 
 with universities or institutions for the higher education; but veterinary medicine 
 should have its special chairs. One cannot but disapprove of institutions in which all 
 branches of veterinary education are divided in a very limited number of university 
 chairs ; such a system is absolutely insufQcieut. 
 
 VII. 
 
 1. Professors in veterinary schools should be possessors of veterinary diplomas ; an 
 exception to this rnle may be admitted in the case of those teaching the preliminary 
 courses of physics and natural sciences. 
 
 2. It is very desirable that veterinarians before being called to a professorship should 
 have practiced veterinary medicine for some years. 
 
 3. The diploma of physician or M. D. should not in itself render the holder eligible 
 to a veterinary professorship. 
 
 4. The professors ought to be selected by preference Irom among the assistants, and 
 upon the j)roposition of the faculty of the school in question. 
 
 5. Finally, to be able always to complete the professional body, there ought to be 
 created numerous places for assistants. 
 
 REASONS. 
 
 Ab the requiieiiients for oiitciiiij; the university are more than caii at 
 proKeut be enforcAMl, aii«l more than is always required for the study of 
 medicine, for polytechnic schools, schools of mines, &c., they should not 
 
 d 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 153 
 
 be required at present. The same conditions of admission should be 
 maintained in all veterinary schools, and for all students, national or 
 foreign, for all, indeed, who do not attend as simple auditors. The en- 
 trance examination shoukl be made before a commission of the faculty 
 who best know the acquirements requisite for the pursuit of the study. 
 
 Since the Zurich congress the great additions to veterinary studies 
 in practical chemistry, micrography, «&c., necessitates the extension of 
 the course to four years at least. Wirz thinks even tive years desir- 
 able. 
 
 Hugues' proposal to abolish the chair of special pathology is untena- 
 ble. So long as the clinic does not furnish abundance of material to 
 show and demonstrate to all the students cases of every disease it is 
 impossible to agree to his proposal. 
 
 While recognizing how much veterinary medicine is indebted to hu- 
 man medicine, they cannot admit that the knowledge of the one tits for 
 the teaching of the other. Medical professors are far from comprehend- 
 ing all the requirements of veterinary education, or the exigencies of 
 veterinary practice. Most of them continue ignorant of these from lack 
 of inclination as much as lack of opportunity', and the education suffers 
 proportionally. For professors and assistants alike a veterinary diploma 
 is a sine qua non. 
 
 ACTION OF THE CONGRESS. 
 
 After discussion the following was adopted as the first proposition : 
 
 1. For admission to veterinary studies one must be batchelores lettres or es sciences, 
 tliat is to say, he must have tiuished the studies of the secondary education. 
 
 The second proposition of Miiller and Wirz was adopted, and reads : 
 
 2. There is no call for the creation of veterinarians of different classes, having a 
 different amount of preparatory and veterinary education. 
 
 The third jnoposition Avas adopted with modifications of the second 
 paragraph, so as to drop all reference to practical work, and of the 
 fourth paragraph, so as to provide for two clinical professors in each 
 school, and by the dropi)ing of paragraphs 3 and 5. As altered, it reads^ 
 thus : 
 
 '3. Four years of study at least are requisite to make a full study of veterinary 
 medicine, if that is made to embrace physics and natui'al sciences. 
 
 (a) The instruction of the two first years (four first semesters) should embrace the 
 following branches : physics, chemistry, natural history (geology, mineralogy, botany, 
 and zoology), anatomy, histoloy, jdiysiology, and shoeing. A course of practice and 
 demonstrations in micrograjjliy should always be included. 
 
 (b) Clinical teaching should continue through the whole of the last two years of 
 study. That the jtractical instruction of the students may be complete it is a)>solutely 
 necessary to have besides a stationary and consulting clinic (hospital clinic and poly- 
 clinic), an ambulatory clinic (outside clinic); there ought to be at least two profess" 
 ors of clinic. 
 
 (c) The inspct'tion of meats of the butchery is an absolutely essential branch ot 
 veterinary education. 
 
 The fourth i)roi)osition was modified by adoi)tion of a motion by 
 
154 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Quivogiie and Larinet to have yearly examinational, by one by Wehen- 
 kel to make a two years' clinical course obligatory, and by one by 
 Eraers and Leblanc that examining boards should be composed of pro- 
 fessors and practitioners. As adopted, it reads thus : 
 
 4. At the end of each year the veterinary students should be examined on the studies 
 which they have been tan<;ht that year ; no one shouhl be aUowed to foHow the course 
 of the advanced year without having- passed this examination. 
 
 No one should bo admitted to examination for the degree of veterinarian who 
 has not followed a course of clinical instruction for two years after having passed 
 the examination of the second year of study. 
 
 The board of examiners for conferring grades should always be formed partlj' of 
 professors and partly of practitioners. 
 
 On motion of Quivogue proposition third was altered to : 
 
 5. "Internal " and " external" are optional in veterinary schools. 
 
 Proposition 6 was adopted unchanged, and on motion of Wirz, Flem- 
 ing, and Laiutard, an expression in favor of the maintenance of all vet- 
 erinary schools by the state. As adopted it reads : 
 
 6. Veterinary schools may be independent institutions, or they may be connected 
 with universities or institutions f<»r the higher education, but veterinary medicine 
 should have its special chairs. One cannot but disapprove of the creation of those 
 institutions in which all branches of veterinary education are given in a very limited 
 UTimber of univoi'sity chairs. Such a system is absolutely insufticient. 
 
 It is very desirable that in every country the veteiinary schools should be state 
 institutions. 
 
 Proposition 7 was altered by a proposition of Quivogne to omit the 
 second portion of paragraph 1, which effectually sujjpressed paragraph 
 3; and one by Wirz to drop paragraphs 4 an<l 5 as affected by particu- 
 lar local conditions and unsnited for a general decision. As adopted 
 it reads : 
 
 7. The professors of veterinary schools ought to possess diplomas of veterinary 
 medicine. 
 
 It is very desirable that veterinarians before being called to the professorship should 
 have practiced veterinary medicine for some years. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The first thing that strikes one in connection with this subject is the 
 contrast between the Old World and the Xew. Euroi)e seeks to protect 
 her animal wealth by the creation and maintenance of thirty-three state 
 veterinary colleges. The United States, with practically the same area, 
 and Avith a wealth in live stock which is fast making her the meat market 
 of the world, has not a single institution of the kind supported and con- 
 trolled by State or Federal Government. Europe has learned, by a sad 
 experience with animal plagues, that her only safety consists in th(^ crea- 
 tion of educated veterinarians by maintaining a sufficient number of thor- 
 oughly effici<;nt establishments, the diplomas of which shall be sufficient 
 guarantee of the knowledg'e and ability requisite to carry on an effective 
 veteri nary sanitary service to care for tiie cavalry and artillery horses, and 
 to provide everywhere the men wanted for the treatment of her flocks and 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 155 
 
 lierds. In the United States, in tlie absence of any (xovernnient college, 
 the publicdemaud for veterinarians has led to theestablisbmentof schools 
 ^s jjrivate enterprises, some of which, like the earlier schools of Boston 
 and Philadelphia, have prostituted their charters by nialdng- it a mere ex- 
 pedient for the sale of diidomas to all who would pay the price, irrespect- 
 ive of education or fitness, while others have filled their chairs with 
 men who were themselves destitute of a veterinary diploma, and made 
 them veterinarians by bestowing the diploma of their own institution. 
 The result is that the country swarms with empirics, and that even the 
 possessionof a diploma is no guarantee of education or ability. If sud- 
 denly called upon to stem a great wave of infection among aTiimals it 
 would be no easy matter for this country to speedily provide the neces- 
 sary men who could be relied upon for the work. If, again, it were neces- 
 sary to secure the public health by the suppression in animals of plagues 
 •communicable to man, such as anthrax, tuberculosis, glanders, and 
 farcy, milk-sickness, aphthous fever, diphtheria, trichinosis, &c., we have 
 no State accredited school from which we could draw the requisite ex- 
 perts. Physicians are not instructed in the diagnosis and numagement 
 of these affections in animals, and what have we done to secure reliable 
 veterinarians! Thenumbersof onrhorses andcattle are two-fifths those 
 of Europe — the British Isles included — and the number of our sheep and 
 «wine is over one-third of those of Europe, including the same islands. 
 
 Our latest census makes the value of our live stock in quadrupeds 
 ■$1,'jOO,000,000, which is, doubtless, like all official valuations, considera- 
 bly below the mark. This great moneyed interest, liable to injury by 
 plagues, which tend to increase in geometrical progression, is left with- 
 out that protection which should have its foundation in a national or 
 State guarantee of veterinary education. Such a guarantee cannot be 
 secured by granting charters. These have too often been made the mere 
 occasion of the jtrostitution of the science to mammon-worship. To fur- 
 nish it the institution must be placed above the temptation to acquire, 
 and indeed beyond the possibility of acquiring, means by sacrificing the 
 profession. This may be secured by making the veterinary college part 
 of a well-endowed university, and subject to the laws of the same, or it 
 may be made an independent national or State veterinary school, like 
 most of the schools of Europe, under such laws as will i)reclude the en- 
 trance of the debasing influence referred to. 
 
 In view of the foregoing recommendations of the international con- 
 gress, it would be superfluous to enter into the organization of veteri- 
 nary schools and their curriculum. It may, however, be well to give 
 some further data as to tlie facilities furnished in the European veteri- 
 nary schools. It may be permitte<l me also to hint that we in America 
 cannot abate one .jot of the provisions made for this education in Europe, 
 but rather increase them. In sixteen years since the congress at Zurich 
 it has been found necessary in P^urope to demand an increase of the 
 period of study by one-third, because of the increasing extent of the 
 
15f) CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 fields to be studied. In addition to all this we are to-day confronted by 
 the great question of the life-history of disease oemis, which opens up 
 a new world in i)atholo.i;y, and wliich can be nowhere so appropriately 
 investigated as in a veterinary college. This the (rovernment owes at 
 once to the great livestock interests of the nation, and to the cause of 
 sanitary science as applied to the human population. The maladies 
 transmissible between man and animals must be investigated through 
 the latter, and from this man will profit directly by the restriction or 
 extinction of these affections, and, indirectly, by analogies with the newly 
 discovered truths in the case of other afltections i)eculiar to the human 
 race. 
 
 In five of the state veterinary colleges of the Continent which I have 
 visited the grounds cover a large area, though situated in a city, as at 
 Berlin, Utrecht, Brussels, and Lyons, and are provided with dwellings 
 and offices for the faculty, library, boarding accommodations for stu- 
 dents, museums, dissecting-rooms, rooms for autopsies, laboratories for 
 physics, chemistry, pathological anatomy, microscopy, and biology, 
 pharmacy, lecture-rooms and instrument and retiring-rooms for the 
 different departments, surgical operating theaters, furnace for burning 
 infecting products, horseshoeing forge, halls for clinics (averaging 350 
 by 30 feet each), provided with forge, means of fastening for operations, 
 &c., and separate buildings for the accommodation of the different kinds 
 of hospital patients (solipeds, cattle, sheep, and swine and dogs), and 
 with special stables for those of each kind suffering from contagious 
 diseases. These last were paved with granite or hard- burned bricks, 
 set in cement, and lined for 8 feet from the floor with enameled tile, set 
 in cement, while all the fittings (stall, rack, manger, &c.), were of iron 
 to facilitate disinfection. Then each school had its botanical garden^ 
 and in some the different field crops were cultivated, and several speci- 
 mens of each of the best breeds of domestic animals of the same or 
 adjacent countries were kept for purposes of instruction. 
 
 These state veterinary schools further have bursaries for poor but de- 
 serving students, the French Government providing no less than 240 of 
 these under conditions which demand excellence alike in deportment 
 and study. The minister of war can further send a certain number of 
 students (in France CO) to be educated free for service in the cavalrj^ 
 and artillery.— J. L. 
 
 4. THE RIGHT OF VETERINARIANS TO FURNISH MEDI- 
 CINES FOR THEIR PATIENTS. 
 
 This subject, introduced by Rossignol, apropos of a recommendatiori 
 of a commission of the French legislature to abolish this right, wa» 
 shortly discussed, and after securing a statement from the attendant 
 representation of each country in Europe and America, as to the practice 
 in that country, the congress decided as follows : 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 157 
 
 1. Considering tbtit veterinarians are initiated by the tecluiical studies pursued in 
 ^their schools into the posology which pertains to the administration of medicines 
 destined to the difterent species of animals; 
 
 2. Considering further that from this point of view they possess better guarantees 
 than do druggists agaiust the dangers which result from erroneous prescriptions ; 
 
 3. Considering that the right to prepare and sell medicines, especially destined to 
 the treatment of diseased animals, is indispensable for veterinarians who have ready 
 ^11 the medicines necessary for the treatment of the animals to which they are called, 
 and who can furnish the same to their employers at a low price; 
 
 4. Considering that a law prohibitive of this is not only useless but opposed to 
 sound economy — 
 
 The international congress expresses its opinion that in all countries veterinarians 
 .should have the right to prepare and sell medicines destined to the treatment of dis- 
 eased animals, at least within the liiuits^of their practice, and that it should be lor- 
 bidden to empirics to keep pharmaceutical substances. 
 
 5. TUBERCULOSIS IN ANIMALS. 
 
 This subject was most extensively and ably treated by Lydtiii, of 
 Carlsriihe, reporter of the commission appointed to bring it before the 
 •congress. Unfortnnately so much time had already been consumed on 
 the preceding subjects that the congress could not give it the full and 
 ' deliberate consideration which its overwhelming imi»ortance demands. 
 Its full consideration may therefore be held to be deferred until the 
 next veterinary congress shall meet in Paris, when the increased knowl- 
 edge of the disease will doubtless strengthen views which may to-day 
 be looked upon as iu some respects premature. Meanwhile a summary 
 of Lydtin's excellent report, and the action of the congress on it, can- 
 not fail to have a high value. It concludes by proposing for the a<lop- 
 tion of congress the following resolutions : 
 
 1. Tuberculosis is transmissible hereditarily. 
 
 2. It is contagious. 
 
 3. It should be included among affections which should be opposed by measures of 
 sanitary police. 
 
 4. The measures that ought to be adopted for this purpose are the following: 
 
 (rt.) Every owner of domestic animals must report protni)tly to the authority 
 charged with this police service every case of tuberculosis, and any symptom causing 
 susjiicion of the existence of this affection ; he must keep every animal attacked or 
 suspected out of any place where it may be able to transmit the malady. 
 
 The same obligation should be incumbent on the steward, or representative of trhe 
 proprietor, on the person conducting a herd or flock in transit, also on the proprietor 
 of a stable, yard, i)asturage, or park where animals are temporarilj' received. 
 
 This report is equally obligatory on veterinarians, and on any person who j)ractice8 
 by profession the art of veterinary medicine, on meat inspectors, and upon every per- 
 son engaged in the trade, of the destruction, utilization, or manipulations of cadavers 
 or their products, if before all intervention of the police he discovers the existeiu-e of 
 tuberculosis, or recognizes symptoms which lead him to suspect the presence of this 
 malady. 
 
 (h.) Tin* appearance of the affection and the particular herd infected ought to bo 
 I)ublish('d. 
 
 {(•.) The suspected as well as the disi^ased animils should be sequestrated, and their 
 slaughter ordered by the police, animals suspected of being infected should be kept 
 in (luaraiitino, unless there are comparati-vely few, in which case they should be 
 
158 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 slaughtered by official order. If a larj^e uuinberare suspected, they may be fattened 
 aud sent to the abattoir as quickly as possible. 
 
 (d.) lufected stables aud other places should be nuder the special surveillauce of 
 the police for an entire year, counting from the last case of the disease. The sale of 
 beasts suspected of infection should be interdicted, nnless it is for slaughter, and 
 under tlie insiiection of a veterinarian. 
 
 (e.) The place occupied by a tuberculous animal ought to be cleansed and disinfected, 
 the animal having been previously removed ; it ought to be the same when the malady 
 has disappeared from stables and other closed places in which tuberculous animal* 
 have been kept ; it is only after disinfection that the prescribed police measures should 
 be removed. During the whole course of the panzootic the stables should be especi- 
 ally well ventilated. 
 
 (/.) The flesh and viscera of a tuberculous animal can only be utilized for consump- 
 tion when the disease is found in the cadaver in its incipient stage, when the lesions 
 are confined to a very small portion of the body, when the lymphatic glands are still 
 free from all morbid tuberculous lesion, when tl;e tuberculous formations have not 
 yet nndergone softening, when the flesh presents the characters of meat of the first 
 quality, and when the animal is in a good state of nutrition at the time of slaughter. 
 
 It should not be permitted to remove the flesh of tuberculous animals, admitted to 
 consumption, out of the locality where they have been slaughtered, and it should not 
 be oft'ered for sale in the ordinary butcher's stall. 
 
 Every quarter of meat and all viscera showing lesions of tuberculosis, as well as 
 the flesh of any other animal in which there is found at the necropsy a tuberculous' 
 infection more pronounced than that referred to above, should be watered with pe- 
 troleum oil, and afterward buried under police supervision. The extraction of fat by 
 cooking and the utilization of the skin may be j)ermitted. 
 
 The in-ipection of every animal attacked by tuberculosis should be made by a vet- 
 erinarian, who alone should decide if the flesh is fit for human consum[)tiou. 
 
 ((/.) The milk of animals suffering from tuberculosis, or suspected of it, should not 
 be consumed by man nor certain animals. The sale of such milk should be severely 
 interdicted. The milk of animals suspected of infection should only be used after, 
 boiling. 
 
 (h.) Under proper safeguards against its abuse, it would be proper to furnish in- 
 demnities for cattle slaughtered by official order in consequence of tuberculosis, also 
 for those that have died from this malady, and for those found to be tuberculous after 
 they have been killed for human food. The indemnity may be paid out of the state 
 treasury, or to create the re(|nisite funds resort may be had to an obligotary insur- 
 ance. 
 
 (i.) Violations of orders relative to measures preventive and repressive of tubercu- 
 losis should be punished. 
 
 (/.) As a safeguard of the public health against the dangers which threaten it 
 through the consumi>tion of flesh furnished from diseased animals, of stale or putrid 
 meat, and of falsified sausage and mince-meat there should be established in every 
 commune a competent service for the inspection of meats. 
 
 (A-. ) Establishments which make a specialty of furnishing milk for invalids, or for 
 infants, ought, as regards these milch animals, to be submitted to a constant control 
 confided to veterinarians officially designated for this purpose. 
 
 In rcooiuinending these resolutions for the adoption of congress it 
 has been felt that they are full}' called for in view of the danger which 
 has long- threatened tlie interests of stock owners and the health of the 
 coininiinity, and which constitutes a veritable calamity. 
 
 Lydtin begins by tracing the history of tuberculosis, showing how 
 like other diseases, and notably glanders, it appears in forms that are 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 159 
 
 not recognized as identical with the common types, and bow, in conse- 
 quence, its true characters, its prevalence, and, above all, its conta- 
 gions property were ignored, until anatomo-pathological observations 
 showed the identity of the lesions in ditt'erent organs, and biological ex- 
 periments established the true nature of the disease germ. 
 
 He thinks Moses refers to phthisis in the word dlirre — (leanness) Lev. 
 xxii, 22 — and Columella, as ])hthisis (De re Rustica); the same idea is 
 embraced in most of its common designations — as pining, consumption- 
 decline. iSchicinden, Schicindsucht^ \AitYnsis, nlceratio?ipulmonaire, Lungen 
 versehiciirvnfj, hmgensiicht, lurKjenfUule sulliciently illustrate. 
 
 Another form has been named and classified, on account of sexual 
 aberrations, nymphomania, satyriasis, Stiersucht, f/eilesucht, Monatsreiterei 
 (German), nin/omania, furore nterino (Italian), Brumniel (Swiss), bull- 
 ing (English). 
 
 Another form has been named, from the more or less firm excrescences 
 which appear on the serous membranes and skin — rerlsneht, Mirse- 
 siuht, MeerUnsif/keit, Ziipjigkeit, Kranichtheit, Rindsliammen, Trauben- 
 Icranlheit, i)earl disease, knots, kernels, grapes, angleberries, clyers. 
 
 The supi)osed syphilitic cliaracter of the disease produced the fol- 
 lowing names: Franzosenkranlcheit, Francoiisoicitost pri Kraicaeh, Lust- 
 seuche, Unreinigleif, reneric et morbus gallirus boum. 
 
 The implication of the glands and the sarcomatous and fibrous charac- 
 ter of the growth has given rise to still other names : Driisenkranklieit, 
 malattia glandulare, sarlcomdyskrasie, cahexia bourn sarcomatosa, sar- 
 comatosis infectiosa, sarco-tuberculosis, tnbervulosis fibroinatosa, riiids- 
 tuberculose, &c. Again, as it appears in the pig in the form of scrofula, 
 it has been called scrofula tubercle. 
 
 Ko wonder that the identity of all those forms of the disease was slow 
 to be recognized, and that pathological anatomy and inoculative ex[)eri- 
 ments had to be invoked to determine it. The name to be preferred is 
 the generic one tuberculosis (or tuberculosis panzootica contagiosa), and 
 yet this must not be held to imi)ly that tht^ nodosity (tubercle) is a con- 
 stant and pathognomonic feature of the disease. 
 
 The manifestations of the disease are entered on fully, showing that 
 after the i)reliminary slight fever (marked symptoms often snl)side and 
 of the local lesions are confined to certain non-vital organs) there may 
 be comparatively little sign of illness for months or years. The (low 
 of milk may be abundant, and though variable yet of no fixeil quality, 
 and the animal may breed, work, or even fatten without suspicion. As 
 the diseased i)rocesses extend over the system febrile symptoms reap- 
 pear and tend to assume a remittent character, the temperature becom- 
 ing abnormally low in the morning and high toward night, and at the 
 same time wasting advances more or less rapidly. I^nlargment of the 
 cervical lymi)hatic glands, irregular appetite, tympanies, colics, (Con- 
 stipations, and diarrheas, and indications of lesions of the respiratory 
 organs, are especially common. In certain cases there may be muscu- 
 
IGO CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 laror nervous disorder, craiups, paralysis, wryneck, epilepsy, turning' in 
 a cirele, coma, blindness, in others disease of the testicles, or udder, of 
 the bones, joints, and skin. 
 
 The affection may prove fatal in less than three months, or it may last 
 fjr an ordinary lifetime. It may induce other diseases of the organs 
 in which it is located, and thus greatly complicate the sj^mptoras or 
 hasten a fatal result. 
 
 It follows that the disease is not always easy to diagnose. Yet its 
 symptomatology is quite as advanced as that of many other diseases, 
 and with the recent demonstration of its germ — hnciUus tuberculosis — 
 it is sufficient for the purposes of veterinary sanitary police. 
 
 The i)athological anatomy of tuberculosis is more perfect. The lesions 
 most constantly met in the cadaver are the neoplasms on the pleurae 
 and peritoneum. These vary in size from a millet seed to a pea ; they 
 are single or united in bunches (grapes), pedunculated, polypoid, or 
 warty, red, flesh-colored or brownish yellow, and of most varied con- 
 sistency. Very often the center of the soft nodosity is deep red, while 
 that of the har.l one is yellowish and caseated or of the consistency 
 of mortar. According to Virchow they appear first as little nodosities 
 or pearls in groups projecting slightly from the surface of the serous 
 membranes ; later they become pedunculated, remaining connected by 
 vascular bands of connective tissue: still later earthy salts are deposited 
 in them, and finally they soften, undergoing fatty degeneration, and be- 
 come like a thick mortar. 
 
 Changes in the lymphatic glands of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, 
 &c., are also present in all but the most exceptional cases. These are 
 swollen, and of a dull, yellowish color, impregnated with juice or pig- 
 mented. They »how haemorrhages as large as a pin's head, irregular 
 enlargements, and indurations. On section the snrtVice shows numerous 
 infiltrated points of the size of a millet seed to a pea, of a grayish yel- 
 low or whitish color, and the consistency of cheese or mortar. Larger 
 centers of irregular sliape, but the same characters, are also met with. 
 
 The lungs in most cases present similar lesions in nodules and no- 
 dosities in all stages from the simple hemorrhagic point to the caseous 
 or calcareous mass, also connective tissue neoplasm, which obliterate 
 the pubnonary lobules and attain considerable size, and finally caseous 
 masses in the midst of lung tissue, otherwise unaltered. Sometimes the 
 nodosities of the pleura covering the ribs adhere to those on the lungs, 
 and they miy b3ci>me continuous into the lung tissue for an indefinite 
 distance. 
 
 The softened nodosities may open into the pleural sac with fatal effect, 
 or into the bronchia, causing a grumous discharge from the nose and 
 mouth, and when empty they form cavities — vomicae. 
 
 The nodules are common on the mucous membranes of the trachea, 
 larynx, pharynx, and gullet, and in the submucous tissue of these parts, 
 .and softening and discharging they form funnel-shaped ulcers, which 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 161 
 
 become coufluent and cause deep and extensive sores invading tlie sub- 
 jacent cartilage and other tissues. 
 
 Sometimes the brain and s])inal cord are invaded, but especially the 
 pia mater and arachnoid, giving rise to the most varied nervous symp- 
 toms, and passing through the same changes with an especial tendency 
 to puriform softening when in the brain substance. 
 
 Tubercular deT)osits in the coats of the bowels are found in cattle in 
 tlie form of nodules varying in size from a pin's head to a hempseed on 
 the inner surface of the peritoneum (Niklas), and in pigs in the forms 
 forms known as scrofula or caseous enterites. 
 
 The miliary nodules and aggregations of them are also found in the 
 ]i\er and spleen, less frequently in kidneys and bladder, and in the iren- 
 erative organs (tunica vaginalis, cord, testicle, uterus, ovaries, Fallo- 
 pian tubes, vagina), and in the mummary glands. The mus(;les are 
 occasionally the seat of tubercle, and the bones rather frequently so. 
 The neoplasm takes place by preference in the cancellated tissue of the 
 extiemities of long bones, and in that of the bones of the cranium, and 
 the spines of the dorsal vertebra^. 
 
 T\ni relative frequev.cy of the more common seats may be deduced 
 from the followiug table of 1,590 cases observed in Baden : 
 
 Per conf. 
 
 Lesions of the lunjis only •>! 
 
 Lesions of pcritouenm ami pleura only 28 
 
 Lesions imlnionary anil pleural :i<» 
 
 Lesions of generalized tuberculosis <) 
 
 Lesions of {^enerati ve orgaus only ;{ 
 
 Microscopically the tubercular products are composed of — 
 
 {a.) Excessive growth of new connective lis ue which, in the lungs, 
 may amount to ~)~) to 100 pounds. 
 
 (6.) Connective tissue growths interspersed with centers of degenera- 
 tion : ./fr,s7, hemorrhagic points; second, small \itreous looking masses, 
 and, third, soft caseous collections. Both these forms show a stnmg- 
 propensity to calcification, and in bones to genuine ossification. 
 
 (6'.) Sarcomatous neoplasms or tubercular nodosities. These have a 
 Aiiscular stro?na of connective tissue inclosing masses of round lym- 
 ]»hoid and fusiform cells. The peripheral cells have a clear outliue, 
 and there are few free nuclei, while in the center the cells become opacpie 
 and indistinct with little protoplasm and shriveled nuclei and free 
 luiclei and grannies abound. These also are often calcareous. 
 
 (d.) Tubercles varying in size from a millet seed to a hen's e^ig. These 
 ai)pear in the paren(;hymatous tissue of the lung-, &c., while those for- 
 merly described attect ra\her the surface and the serous membranes. 
 These are at first sniall and translucent, but increase by juxtaposition 
 and confluence, and being exclusively cellular become early (calcified, 
 or more frequently caseated. These are much more numerous in an in- 
 fected tissue than any product likely to be mistaken for them. 
 
 {e.) Ulcers of various forms and dimensions. In all these lesions 
 5751 T) A 1 1 
 
162 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 there is the same initial change — proliferation of the connective tissue. 
 The variations in the nature of the lesions depend on the different ac- 
 tivity of the intercellular substance and the connective tissue and endo- 
 thelial cells, on the disaggregation of the elements and the occurrence 
 of ulceration. Thus the fibrous growth is usually greatest where con- 
 nective tissue is most abundant, as in bones, cartilages, and interlobular 
 lung tissues, while the more cellular and rapidly disintegrating growth 
 occurs in connection with epithelial structures, as in the air cells and on 
 the inner coat of blood-vessels. This tendency to attack the connective 
 tissue and lymphatics, and to show products varying according to the 
 nature of the surrounding structures is common to other infectious dis- 
 eases, and notably glanders, chronic lung plague, actinomykosis, &c. As 
 in these cases, too, the morbid process is first localised and only becomes 
 diffused when it has attained a certain local intensity. Again, it agrees 
 with other infectious diseases in being favored by certain unhygienic 
 conditions, as damp pastures, close filthy buildings, overcrowding, poor 
 food, excessive work or milking, &c., yet is not absolutely dependent 
 on any one or more of these, nor due to these alone. As in these other 
 affections there is the disease germ — bacillus tuberculosis — the presence 
 of which is essential to the development of the disease, and its recogni- 
 tion completes the diagnosis. 
 
 Again, there is a special constitutional predisposition in animals hav- 
 ing an excess of connective tissue and of lymphatic development as in 
 cattle and swine. 
 
 Climate seems to have much effect, as the disease is virtually un- 
 known in northern and arctic climates — Iceland, Northern Norway, and 
 Sweden, Finland and Lapland — and very common in the temperate 
 and tropical regions. 
 
 (While frost doubtless chains up this germ when out of the body, as 
 it does others, it must not be forgotten that the paucity of cattle in the 
 extreme north will even more tend to retard the propagation of this 
 disease. Other countries formerly free from tuberculosis have now, 
 by the influx of consumptive patients, and, in some instances, by the 
 greater density of the population, become extensively affected with this 
 disease, as witness the Hebrides, Australia, and our northwestern 
 States and Territories. — J. L.) 
 
 To the same effect speaks the great prevalence of tuberculosis in 
 dairies near cities where the stock is often changed and new stock is 
 being constantly purchased, and its almost complete absence from dis- 
 tricts exclusively devoted to breeding and never importing strange 
 stock. This is but a repetition of what is known of other contagious 
 diseases. Wild races, too, living in the open air are largely exempt. 
 
 Heredity as a cause of tuberculosis. — In favor of the heredity of tuber- 
 culosis Jj.vdtin quotes from over a score of veterinary authors. The 
 congenital presence of the disease is proved by quotations from Konig, 
 Stirnimann, Adam, Butscher, Virchow, Semmer, Jessen, Fischer, Miil- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 3 63 
 
 er, Zipplius, &c. The iufrequent recoguition of the disease in veal 
 calves is notewortby, beiug geuerally ouly a fraction of 1 per ceut., but 
 it must be added that tuberculosis in the dam, afiecting the fetus, 
 usually determiues the death of the latter, followed by abortion, and 
 that of those in which the disease stops short of this the tubercles often 
 rest circumscribed and inactive in an unimportant organ until the young 
 animal is more fully developed, or even grown up. 
 
 (I have repeatedly seen abortions as the first indication of tuberculosis 
 in a herd, and calves of healthy breeds infected by milk grow to ma- 
 turity and then fall victims, where the ancient calcified products were 
 found side by side with the recent. It is further to be noted that the 
 calves more severely affected perish of indigestions, diarrheas, &c., and 
 are buried by the owners without any notification of the authorities. 
 These, therefore, cannot be fattened for veal. — J. L.) 
 
 Goring noticed that in bovine tuberculosis 123 were infected by the 
 dam and 13 by the sire. The hereditary cases constituted 12 per cent, 
 of all cases of the <lisease. All veterinary and agricultural writers at- 
 tribute a most disastrous influence to in-and-in breeding (in infected 
 families). 
 
 The special i)redisposition of animals with much loose connective tis- 
 sue has been already referred to. It is further noticeable that this is a 
 prerequisite to aptitude to fatten, and it is notorious that many fami- 
 lies of our best breeds of meat-producing animals are affected with 
 tuberculosis, while the disease is less prevalent among uninii)roved 
 races. 
 
 (In this connection we must not ignore the close breeding of the latter 
 their residence in a hot forcing atmosphere, and their preservation for 
 breeding purposes, even when manifestly unhealthy, nor the free open- 
 air life and the prompt disposal of unthrifty beasts among the less val- 
 uable breeds. The disease being due to a specific germ, it should be 
 limited by the repression of that and not by abolishing in our meat- 
 producing animals those qualities which constitute their value. — J. L.) 
 
 The conclusions as regards heredity are thus : 
 
 1. Tliiit hoiedity is not without iutlaoiice apon the propagation of tuberculosis. 
 
 2. That this uialady is trausuiitted aliku by the sire and the dam. 
 
 :?. That the transmission of the morbific principle to the ovnle or fetus in course of 
 develoimient, is a cause of sterility in the parents, and frequently occasions abortions 
 and premature parturitions. 
 
 4. That a fetus affected with tuberculosis rarely attains complete maturity or comes 
 into the world in conditions of normal viability. 
 
 5. That notwithstanding these facts, we cannot deny the possible birth (perhaps in 
 great numbers) of tuberculous descendants which can develop and multiply cqua] 
 to animals, in perfect health and without any predisposition. 
 
 Contagion as a cause of tuberculosis. — Lydtin refers to the above 
 proof of the transmission of the disease through the ovum, sperm, uter- 
 ine secretions, &c., and proceeds to offer further evidence of direct con- 
 tagion. He quotes Kuhling, Ivrunitz, Fromage, Huzard, Spiuola, Crugel, 
 
164 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Lafosse, Villeniin, Diipont, and Zaugger, in support of this, and ad- 
 vances the following- proposition : 
 
 The morbific principle cau enter the system either by the respirator}- or digestive 
 apparatus. The inspired air and the forages and drinks can act as vehicles ; it may 
 also be transplanted by way of the generative, organs (coitus), or by wounds, accidental 
 or experimental. 
 
 Instances of infection by cohabitation are (pioted from Stahl (to i 
 stud bulls by a newly bought tuberculous one of different blood); Ken- 
 iier (to cow and calf from tuberculous cow of different blood); Fischer 
 (heifer from tuberculous cow and 3 cows and o.\ from tuberculous cow 
 of alien blood) ; and Jaum (11 cows from a new tuberculous one); Ross 
 (4 cows from a new tuberculous one) ; and others by Viseu, Zundel, 
 Grad, Haushatter, Leutz, Huzard, Tessier, D'Arboval, Remj^, and 
 Hugues. Cases of infection through food are quoted from Jessen (calves 
 sucking si(;k cows, died in six to twelve months) ; Volkers, Lehnert'(2 
 pigs of healthy parents in one moutli after feeding unboiled inilk of sick 
 cows); Bromley, Walley, Fleming, Zippilius (calf sucking tuberculous 
 dam died of diarrhea with circular, belt like ulcers of small intestine) ; 
 Gerlach (many calves and pigs infected by milk of sick cows), &c. 
 
 Transmission by coition is less detinite, but is inferred from the oc- 
 currence of tubercidosis in the womb. Fallopian tubes, and ovary of the 
 female (Adam), and the testicles of the male (Schlotterer), also from 
 the abortions in tuberculous herds. 
 
 Of transmission hy raw surfaces, all the cases of experimental inocula- 
 tion are instances. Lydtin took lymph from lung affected with tuber- 
 cle and lung phigue, but carefully avoided any point where tubercle 
 could be detected, and avoided also the blood as far as possible. With 
 this he inoculated 10 cattle, 5 of which, when killed twenty-three days 
 later, showed numerous distinct miliary tubercles in the inoculative 
 swelling, and one tubercle in the right lung ; the remaining four showed 
 tubercles of older date in the lungs. 
 
 Toussaint inoculated a tuberculous cow with cow-])ox, furnished by a 
 healthy heifer, and eight days later from the residtiiig cow-pox vesicles 
 inoculated four rabbits and a pig. All of the rabbits became tubercu- 
 lous in two months. 
 
 In the field of the experimental transmission of tubercle, the work 
 has now been extensive and the results most convincing. Villemin, 
 Gerlach, Chauveau, Colin, Soujou and Court Paul, Giinther and 
 Harms, Eivolta and Peroneito, Bagge, Bollinger, Kohue, Semmer, l>ifti 
 and Verga, Bouley, Peuch, Aufricht, Toussaint, and others have con- 
 tributed in varying degrees to the solution of the question, and the 
 gran<l result attests indubitably the communicability of the disease. 
 
 Giinther and Harms conveyed the disease to 5 rabbits by making 
 them breathe the expired air from tuberculous cows. Tappeiner con- 
 veyed it to dogs by diffusing the tuberculous si)Uta of man in spray in 
 the air thev breathed. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 165 
 
 Jij.pfirhnoiif) in fcediin/ the hi/evtiiif/ matter are taliulaled (ifi follows by Johne. 
 
 Rosults. 
 
 Horses 
 
 Calves 
 
 Sheep 
 
 (loats 
 
 Swine 
 
 Rabbits . . . 
 
 Dogs 
 
 Cats - 
 Guiuea pis 
 Piireons ... 
 
 >II. 
 
 Number 
 
 animal 
 
 ot 
 
 s. 
 
 Aftirmative. 
 
 Negative. 
 
 Doubtful. 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 171 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 Fer 
 
 cent. 
 
 CO 
 100.0 
 51. 4 
 84.6 
 Go. 
 31.2 
 25.0 
 .55. 5 
 83.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 100 
 
 Oper cent. 
 
 12. n 
 15.4 
 18.3 
 66.5 
 75.0 
 44.4 
 16.6 
 100.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 16.6 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 Tahlr [I'lrhuj the rexiiltn in the .same animah according to the food eaten. 
 
 Results. 
 
 Material fed. 
 
 117 tubi'.rcular matter from heifer. 
 ii> raw flesh of tuberculous cows.. 
 
 ill milk of tuberculous cows 
 
 1 milk of tubeiculous rabbit 
 
 LTi tubeionlar matter of man 
 
 :;:; tubercular matter of pig 
 
 L tiilHMcular matter of sheep 
 
 - uibrrcular matter of rabbit 
 
 .( tubercular matter of ape 
 
 5 tubercular matter of birds 
 
 Affirmative. 
 
 Nejrative. 
 
 Doubtful. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 61.5 
 
 
 34.2 
 
 4.3 
 
 13.1 
 
 
 86.9 
 
 CO 
 
 3C7 
 
 
 59. 3 
 
 1.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 64.0 
 
 CO 
 
 .53. 
 
 
 47.0 
 
 Co 
 
 loco 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 5C0 
 
 
 50.0 
 
 CO 
 
 lOCO 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 CO 
 
 lOCO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Jobiie concludes — 
 
 1. That tuberculosis can be transmitted from animal to animal and 
 from man to animal by feedin^i;" on tuberculous substances, but this 
 mode of transmission is much less certain than by inoculation. 
 
 2. The materials which most certainly transmit tuberculosis by gastro- 
 intestinal ingestiou are tuberculous matter taken from the lungs, i)leura», 
 and lymphatic glands ; milk of tuberculous animals, as regards its cou- 
 tagious properties, must be ])laced near to tlie.se. Infection by tuberculous 
 matter taken from man is less certain than by that taken from animals. 
 
 3. Infection is less certain from the ingestion ot muscle than by the 
 substances indicated under '2, and yet it ocouned in seventy-six cases 
 in the above named experiments. 
 
 4. Calves, sheep, goats, and swiue i)reseut the greatest susceptibility 
 to tubercular contagion; the ])retended immunity of carnivora is not so 
 pronounced as certain authors have alleged, 
 
 Gerlach found that of 4G animals fed raw tuberculous matter 35 be- 
 came infected ; that of 35 fed raw muscle from tuberculous subjects 8 
 becam<; infected, and that of 15 fed cooked tubercular matter 10 were 
 infected. 
 
166 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Bollinger produced tuberculosis iu pigs by prolonged feeding of the 
 milk of tuberculous cows. 
 
 The subcutaneous inoculations of Villemin and his successors were 
 hotly disputed on the ground that they gave rise to Icvsions analogous to 
 those produced by inocculatiou with non-tubercular matter. These were 
 practicully settled by the intraocular injection of white rabbits with 
 tubercular matter by Cohnheim, Salomonsen, Hansell, Deutschmann, 
 and Baumgarten. After an incubation of twenty to thirty days there 
 appeared in the pigmentless eye distinct tubercular nodules, and this was 
 followed by a generalized tuberculosis. Baumgarten develojied tuber- 
 culosis in the eye by injecting the blood of tuberculous animal infected 
 by inoculation. In test experiments with the blood of healthy animals 
 the eyes remained sound; w!ien he used the blood of septica^mic patients 
 intense intiaiiimation of the ey<^ ensued, but never tuberculosis. 
 
 Toussaint found the tubercular lung products of cows constantly in- 
 fecting to rabbits and pigs alter they had been subjected to 55^ to 58° 
 0. in a water bath, and even after they had been roasted like a beef- 
 steak in the gas tlame. He found the nasal discharges, the saliva, and 
 the urine infecting, and as already noticeil the lymph of a vaccine 
 vesicle. Ljdtin concludes : 
 
 Tb.at tuberculosis is contagious, like glanders or lung plague, and that contagiou 
 fills a more important role than heredity in the propagation of the disease. 
 
 As showing the identity of tuberculosis iu man and animals, Koch's 
 demonstration of the bacillus tuberculosis must occup3' a prominent 
 place. The disease had already been proved a hereditary and an infec- 
 tious one, and this organism, found in the growing tubercle of man and 
 animal alike, suggests itself at once as the morbitic germ. It is found 
 alone and unmixed with any micrococcus, in deep seated tubercles, which 
 have had no exposure to the air, while in sputa, vomicje, and other 
 tubercular products exposed to the air a multiplicity of other organisms 
 abound. In all cases f»f rapidly growing tubercles the bacillus is present 
 in great numbers, while in those of slow formation they are scanty. 
 These bacilli have a length of half the diameter of a red blood globule 
 and a breadth of one-fifth of their length ; they are motionless and form 
 spores within the body even during the life of the animal. 
 
 After many attempts Koch succeeded in procuring a pure culture in 
 blood serum of cow or sheep in a preparation of gelatine, on which the 
 bacillus appears as fine scales at the end of two weeks. Thej" grow so 
 slowly that it is only at the end of the third or fourth week that the mass 
 attains the size of a poppy seed. It does not develo]) save at a temper- 
 ature of 3(P to 41° C These peculiarities of culture identify the para- 
 site. 
 
 Tlie bacillus, whether derived from the tubercle of man or that of ani- 
 mals, always shows the same form and the same habits during culture, 
 and on inoculation has produced the same pathological lesions, imply- 
 ing the essential identity of the two. 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 167 
 
 By numerous carefully controlled experiments Koch has proved that 
 it is impossible to produce the typical alterations of miliary tubercu- 
 losis by the inoculation of other matters than the bacilli; in these ex- 
 periments he has taken all necessary precautions to avoid confusion 
 with spontaneous tuberculosis, and to exclude all infection from any 
 accidental source of the subjects on which he operated. He concludes 
 that the presence of the bacillus in the tuberculous masses is not a sim- 
 ple concomitant of the tuberculous process, but the cause, and that we 
 must recognize in the bacilli the cause of tuberculosis, hitherto unsus- 
 pected, but now evident in the form of a vegetable parasite. 
 
 Koch has found this parasite in all forms of scrofula and tubercle in 
 man and animals, and in 109 inoculated subjects (rabbits, guinea pigs, 
 and cats) in the nodosities of the lungs. 
 
 Add to this that Villemin and Klebs have demonstrated that the 
 tubercle of man, on inoculation, produces phthisis pulmonalis in ani- 
 mals, and that this inoculated iihthisis is transmissible by inoculation 
 to other animals. 
 
 Johne mentions a case of snccesstul inoculation of tubercle from 
 man to man, and Staug a case of the accidental infection of the sou of 
 healthy parents by habitual drinking of the warm milk of a tubercu- 
 lous cow. 
 
 Another argument in favor of the identity of the disease in man and 
 animals is the perfect analogy of the disease as regards heredity and 
 contagion in the two. 
 
 The heredity in man is shown by the presence of the disease in the 
 fetal offspring of tuberculous parents. Walshe records the frequency 
 of abortion and sterility in tuberculous patients. The doctrine of the 
 contagion of tuberculosis in man has been sustained by Galen, Norton, 
 Swieten, Home, Maret, and many later observers. Instances are 
 quoted of infection through clothes and beds, and from husband to 
 wife. Wichmann, in 1780, said that one death in six in the population 
 of Zurich was from tuberculosis, and details the different channels of 
 direct and indirect contagion, going so far as to advocate a sui)ervision 
 of the sale of old bedding and clothing. CuUen, at the same date? 
 speaks of its ])ropagating itself most readily in the warm climates of 
 Southern Enrojje, where (Italy, Portugal) to the present day the cloth- 
 ing, bedding, and other agents used about a person deceased of phthisis 
 are invariably destroyed. Lydtin con(;ludes : 
 
 1. That tnbercnlnsis has lieon observed in all warm-blooded animals submitted to 
 domestication or deprived of their liberty. 
 
 2. Tnbercnlosis of animals and of man present analogons manifestations in the liv- 
 ing and in the cadaver. 
 
 3. The course and termination of the two maladies are the same in man and animals^ 
 
 4. The tubercular masses, and, above all, the expectoration of phthisical men de- 
 termines tuberculosis in animals when these masses are introduced into the latter by 
 the respiratory or digestive api)aratus, or by a deep wound. Tuberculosis inoculated 
 from man to aninuils can be thenceforward transmitted from one animal to another, 
 producing in all cases tuberculosis. 
 
168 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 5. Tuberculosis in man and iu animals is tiausinitted by heredity', 
 (i. Tuberculosis is contagious to man as it is to animals. 
 
 7. There are clinical observations proving the transmissiini of tuberculosis from 
 aniuuils to man tlirougli tbe use of the milk of phthisical animals. 
 
 8. Tuberculosis of man and that of animals are rare in the cold climates, and even 
 appear not to be developed. They are more frequent in warm climates; the geo- 
 graphical distribution of the two maladies is almost the same. 
 
 9. It is demonstrated that a i>athogenic microbe having the same morphological and 
 biological characters, exists in the tnbercle of man and iu that of animals. This or- 
 ganism, whether developed in man or animals, can produce tuberculosis when, culti- 
 vated in a state of purity, it is transmitted to a susceptible auimal. 
 
 It is only necessary to add that tuberculosis iu animals tends to con- 
 centration in the large dairies and feeding establishments which supply 
 the great (!enters of population. The farmer, watching closely the ani- 
 mals he has owiu^d since their birth, is led, by the instinct of self pro- 
 tection, to sell oft" those that show symptous of failing, and these usually 
 go to the large establishments near the cities, there to be crowded in 
 close buildings with many others, to which they in turn convey the in- 
 fection. If iu a dairy, these supply milk for the i^opulation at large, 
 including the susceptible infants and invalids, and finally all or nearly 
 all of such animals find their way to the butcher's stall, when they can 
 no longer be utilized for other purposes. 
 
 (To show that America is no better than Europe iu this respect, it may 
 be stated that 130 per cent, of the adult males dying in New York City 
 are tuberculous, ar.d that in certain of the herds that supply that city 
 with milk, 20, 30, and even 50 per cent, are affected with the same dis- 
 ease. In some country districts of New York can be shown large huads 
 ■with 00 per cent, the subjects of tuberculosis. Were all the known facts 
 published concerning the ratio of tuberculosis in certain communities 
 and in the lierds supplying their meat and milk, there would be a tes- 
 timony far more telling than even the striking example of New York 
 City. One stands appalled at the immensity of this evil, covering as it 
 does the entire country, threatening at every step the health of the 
 community, and crying loudly for ledress.) — J. L. 
 
 Nothing has as yet been said as to the propagation of tuberculosis 
 from man to animals. In the large stables adjoining cities the feeding 
 of products from the kitchens, mixed with excretions of man, doubtless 
 contributes to this, and the contrast of the frequency of tuberculosis 
 among these and its absence amojig the wild oxen of Hungary suggests 
 the importance of such a factor. 
 
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES CALCULATED TO CHECK THE EVIL RESULT- 
 INlr FROM 'JHE CONSUMPTION OF THE MILK AND FLESH OF TU- 
 BERCULOUS ANIMALS. 
 
 Lydtin refers to the law of Moses, under which the pining (diirre 
 Schwinden) aniiiu^l could not be eaten; to the Mischna, whi(;h expressly 
 condemns carcasses the lungs of which cannot be intiated, or have at- 
 tached growths; to the continuation of this law among Christians until 
 the third century; to th<^ Ilouian masters of markets (anliles), who saw 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 169 
 
 that bad and corrupt meat was thrown into the Tiber; to the church 
 law published in the tenth centnry against the consumption of diseased 
 meat ; to the ancient laws of Italy, France, Spain, and Germany against 
 the sale of diseased meat, and to tlie more modern statutes on the same 
 subject. He quotes from Ziickert (1775) the case of the deatli of twelve 
 students from eating the flesh of cows of which the viscera were cov- 
 ered with a great number of vesicles, tubercular nodules, and purulent 
 tumors. In furnishing such meat for the soldiers a French butcher was, 
 in 1716, condemned to nine years' exile, a tine of £5,000, and permanent 
 prohibition from engaging again in the same trade. 
 
 A German law of 173li imposed a penalty of 50 rix thalers, with the 
 addition, in certain cases, of corporal punishment for the sale of such 
 meat or for evading its inspection. About 1704 the doctrine of the iden- 
 tity of tuberculosis and syphilis was contested by Zink, Euhling, Heim, 
 Graumann, and Zwierlein, and the German law was abrogated while 
 that of Lower Austria was moditied so as to condemn only advanced 
 cases. In Southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland the meat of 
 tuberculous animals has always been more or less forbidden. In the 
 main, however, it is only advanced cases, those with jirolound and ex- 
 tensive lesions, that have been condemned. The same has been the 
 case for France and Belgium. France was the first, in 1810, to abolish 
 private slaughter houses in large and medium sized cities, and to intro- 
 duce that essential condition of all effective inspection — muuicipal abat- 
 toirs. Later this has been adopted by nearly all the cities of Europe 
 and a thorough inspection rendered possible. 
 
 Cooking of diseased meat in general was held by Payen, Renault, 
 and others to render it innocuous. Its value as regards tubercular prod- 
 ucts was first investigated by Gerlach, who also led in the inquiry as 
 to the danger from the different portions of a tubercular system. He 
 found that the morbific matter resided mainly in the tubercle, from 
 which it spread slowly along the lymphatics to the next lymphatic 
 gland, and then still along the same vessels to more distant glands 
 and finally it became generally distributed. He further attached much 
 importance to the multiplicity of caseous centers, especially in the 
 lungs, as the breaking down of the nodosities as well as the extension 
 and increase in numbers of the tubercles imjjly a greater danger of the 
 contamination of the flesh. Emaciation is another indication of the 
 general action of the poison. A very advanced condition of any one of 
 these morbid states should forbid the use of the flesh as food. 
 
 The A'eterinary Council of Germany (1875) and the J>ei-lin Veterinary 
 School (1878) respectively pronounced on the subject with great reserve, 
 virtually holding the matter still siih judice. .rohne held that the mere 
 extension of tuberculosis from the first seat to the neiahboriug lym- 
 phatic glands did not imply unwholesomeness in the flesh, and that it 
 was only requisite in such cases to cut out the tubercles, enlarged or dis- 
 eased glan<1s and adjacent coniie(;tive tissue. lie pronounced tiie flesh 
 
170 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 as dangerous when the extended lesions implied an infection of the 
 blood; when, for example, from primary deposits elsewhere there are 
 resulting tubercles in lungs or pleura). Zundel, basing his opinion on 
 the failure of Koch to find the bacillus in any part save in the tubercu- 
 lar centers, concludes that no meat should be condemned except that 
 furnished by animals emaciated and thoroughly infected. 
 
 That measures protective of the public health should be taken is in- 
 disputable. The demands of those who demanded new experiments 
 have now been realized. The ex[)eriments demanded have been re- 
 peated, and when practiced with all needful precautions have given posi- 
 tive results. The bacillus of tuberculosis has been isolated, cultivated, 
 and transmitted by inoculation, and whatever the soil from which it 
 has been transplanted (man, animals, gelatine preparations, «&c.), it has 
 always determined the development of true tuberculosis in the inocu- 
 lated animals, and this tuberculosis has proved transmissible from one 
 inoculated animal to another. Tuberculous meat is certainly infecting. 
 How, then, can we protect the community against its effects'? One 
 says : by thorough cooking ; another, by confiscating the diseased meat. 
 
 While the boiling temperainre is destructive of the tuberculous bacil- 
 lus we cannot rely on meat being heated to this temperature. In North 
 and Middle German}- people continue to eat raw meat, notwithstanding 
 the frequent outbreaks of tuberculosis. Again, in ordinary cooking 
 the center of the meat often remains below 212° F., the color of the 
 blood indeed frequently persists. The proposal to sell this meat only 
 in separate stalls at a low price, so that the purchasers would be warned 
 to cook it thoroughly, would be inetiectual, as it would not change the 
 general habit of cooking, and above all it would furnish no safeguard 
 against its careless iireparation in public institutions and elsewhere 
 where it is used on a large scale. 
 
 Confiscation, applied to all cases, would be far more effectual, and 
 with competent inspectors this could be carried out; but in practice it 
 is surrounded by numerous dififlculties. Diagnosis is easy, and with a 
 single municipal abattoir all cases should be detected, but it is found 
 that all the infected do not come to such abattoirs. In Baden 20 per 
 cent, of these are killed elsewhere. An attempt to apply the law 
 stringently in Mannheim resulted in an organized eflbrt to thwart the 
 officers of justice. Stock owners refused to sell to the city butchers un- 
 less relieved of all responsibility as to the soundness of the animals, and 
 the butchers declined to use the city abattoir and insisted on handling 
 only dead meat which had been killed outside. The opposition even 
 extended to the consumers, on whom the price had been raised, and the 
 vigorous measures were finally abandoned. 
 
 If the difficulty is met by inspection of herds a considerable expense 
 will be inciurred and other objections invoked. In short, a sound public 
 spirit is essential to the maintenance of any really ettective work. 
 
 Another difficulty arises from the degree of infection. If all tubercu- 
 
 1 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 171 
 
 Ions carcasses are seized the way is plaiu, but if a selection must be 
 made disputes will constantly arise over the interminable shades of dif- 
 ference in the various subjects. The delicacy of the question to be 
 pronounced upon in these cases would demand for each commune a vet- 
 erinarian exclusively devoted to the work of inspection, but this would 
 add considerably to the expense incurred. 
 
 Turninjjto milk, it cannot be denied that boiling would give the re- 
 quired guarantee of safety ; but in the milk-cure establishments and 
 where this liquid is produced for infants, it is sought fresh and used 
 without boiling, and yet these places seek for the heaviest milkers, and 
 often secure tuberculous cows. For these, and indeed for all dairies, 
 there should be a State control of the milch animals and their products. 
 
 In the present state of ])ublic oi:)inion it may be impossible to apply 
 measures that will be really effective in preventing the sale and use of 
 tuberculous meat and milk, yet, where already applied, the preventive 
 measures have proved so beneficial that we must advocate their main- 
 tenance and extension. It is encouraging to know that public opinion 
 is gnining on this matter, so that ere long more effective measures will 
 be sustained. 
 
 The present difficulty resides in the inevitable imperfection of any 
 control of meat and milk by themselves, and that any i)ermanent sur- 
 veillance of the cattle without the concurrence of the owners will fur- 
 nish no guarantee commensurate with the gravity of the danger. 
 
 The difliculties of the case will be largely met if the State icill deal 
 uith iubcrailosis in animals as ivith other contagious diseases. The owner, 
 well accustomed to the effects of the disease and practiced in weeding 
 out the consumption and sending them to market, can be called upon 
 to report all cases to the authority. The veterinarian can easily' diag- 
 nose the disease, or in the few uncertain cases can decide positively at 
 the autopsy. He can further, as in the case of glanders, maintain a 
 prolonged surveillance over the inmates of that stable, and above all 
 on those related by proximity or by blood to the animal slaughtered. 
 Thorough disinfection of stables, utensils, clothing of attendants, &c., 
 can be carried out. If the great majority of a herd are infected, the 
 apparently sound may be taken to another building. The diseased and 
 suspected njay be slaughtered at once or after a few weeks' fattening. 
 The sale of the milk and flesh of all tuberculous animals should be for- 
 bidden. Finiilly the owner can be indemnified for every beast confis- 
 cated. This alone will secure the (;o operation of the owner, without 
 which all efforts will be very partial and imperfect. 
 
 In view of the insidious progress of the disease it is desirable even to 
 furnish an indemnity for the carcass of an animal found to be diseased 
 after slaughter. This will do more to check the clandestine sale of 
 tuberculous meat than the most rigid administrative control of the 
 abattoir and butchei^'s stall. 
 
 This indemnity will remove all injurious pressure from the veterinary 
 
172 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 iiispexjtor, and enable biin to deciide M'ith a safe margin what meat and 
 milk can be sent to market without injury to human health. 
 
 The indemnity may be a tax on the State, on the commune, or on the 
 stock owners and butchers who will eventually profit most by the sup- 
 pression of the disease. 
 
 ACTION OI' THE CONGRESS. 
 
 On account of the short time available for the consideration of the 
 question, Weheukel opposed any action at the present congress, but 
 Quivogne, Larmet, Aune, Kossignol, and Bouley urged a decision of 
 the (juestiou, " Ik tchat cases can the meat be used for food ? " This was 
 agreed to. 
 
 Lydtin furnished a resume of his report and concluded by presenting 
 paragraph /of his resolution for the acceptance of congress. 
 
 Bouley held that one of the most difficult questions in practice was 
 what an inspector should do with the carcass of a tuberculous beast. 
 It is established that tuberculosis is a malady dangerous to the animals 
 which are able to contract ir, not only by the respiratory passages, but 
 also by ingestion into the stomach and by inoculation in any part of 
 the system. He referred to Toussaint's experiments of which the re- 
 sults were frightful. The tuberculous element did not riside only in 
 the tul)erculous lesions, but is diffused through all the tissues. The 
 juice of the tiesh of a tuberculous animal, even after it had been heated 
 to 50° or 60° Cent., that is the temperature of roasting beef, has j)roved 
 virulent for the ox, pig, cat, rabbit, &c., even when given otdy in a 
 virulent dose, a small dose ; large doses are not necessary. Consider- 
 ing the facts in this light we ought to establish no degrees in tubercu- 
 losis; when it exists it renders the consumption of the flesh dangerous. 
 He is convinced that tuberculosis, whatever maybe its degree, should 
 entail the ccmdemnation of the meat; it can only be utilized if well 
 cooked. 
 
 Tuberculosis of man is certainly contagious, as is known to all the 
 world, being jirineip illy transnntted from husband to wife. The disease 
 is very widely spread, affecting one-tilth of our poi)ulation. We must 
 look to butcher meat as one of the principal causes of this great prev- 
 alence of tuberculosis; it is probable that the infection enters by the 
 digestive passages as in the experiments ot the laboratory. He con- 
 cluded by pr()i)osing the following amendment: 
 
 Tuberculosis Ixjjiig cxperinicutally deiiioiislrjiti'd ;is ii lu.-ilatlN f raiisinissibli' l).v the 
 digestive canal and by inoculation — 
 
 Tlie congress declares that meat provided by t iibctculons animals should be excluded 
 iVom the food of man, whatever may be the stage of the tuberculosis, or the apparent 
 qualities of the meat. 
 
 In his judgment, stock owners should be indemnitied. and butchers 
 urged to establisli mutual insurance societies. 
 
 Van Hertsen detinliMl the pra<*tice in the Brussels abattoirs, long in 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 173 
 
 Uise, and wbicli he bad set forth in a papev laureated by the Veterinary 
 Society of Eure and Seine in 1809. He seizes all lean tnberculoiis ani- 
 mals, all having nnmerons and generalized tubercles, or with tubercles 
 softened, caseous or purulent, lesions which create the suspicion of gen- 
 eral infection of the system. When their lesions are gra\ e ai:d nndtiple, 
 Avliatever may be the (juality of the meat, seizure is always ordered ; 
 when the tubercles are localized and recent, and pio\ided the carcass 
 is sufficiently fat to guarantee good meat, it is allowed to be used. As 
 to the danger from unboiled milk he had with Degive, in 1S6S, ]iresented 
 a paper to the IJelgian Acadeujy of Medicine on the frecpuMicy of tubercle 
 ill tlie mamime of cows, but the academy discarded the subject without 
 discussing the iinportant question of hygiene therein presented to tliem. 
 
 Wirz i)roposed an amendment of^in Lydtin's report, that in jtlace of 
 " to a very small part of the body, when the lymphatic glands are still 
 iice,'\K:c.,rcad "to but a small part of the thoracic or abdominal viscera, 
 win n the lymphatic glands which do not beh)ng to these are free," &c. 
 
 Van Hertsen believes that tuberculosis can invade the lymphatic sys- 
 tem when the disease is yet in its earliest stage. He has observed that 
 i he gland situated between the first and second rib is tuberculous eight 
 times out often. Tliis gland is of the greatest importance in determin- 
 ing the quality of the meat, as it establishes the fact of tuberculosis 
 without the necessity of examining the viscera. It serves to distinguish 
 tuberculosis from bing ])lague in carcasses frotn whicli the pleura- has 
 l)een removed, flic chest skinned, as the butchers say. (This gland has 
 I'cen called the motive (motif) gland of the inspector.) 
 
 Lydtin advocated his proposition as more practicable under i)resent 
 circumstances than Bouley's; while Bouley called for the ad voctuy of 
 thorough measures, their administration was the concern of the au- 
 tliorities. 
 
 After furtheianiendiiKMits of llossignol and Van Hertsen, paragraph 
 /' of Lydtin was adopted, several members declining to vote. 
 
 Kossignol proposed to amend paragraph // by omitting the last sen- 
 tcnce, permitting the use of the milk after boiling, and as thus amended 
 it was adopted. 
 
 Bonlcy reffuested a vote on paragraph A, ofl'ering the following modi- 
 lii-ation : 
 
 It is j)r()[>('r to f'luiiisli ;iii iiKlciiinity (or cattle in ^ood coiiditioii foiiml to l)n ttilicr- 
 I iilons after .slauglitei-. 
 
 Bossignol supported an indemnity for animals in good condition, but 
 niily when kilh'd for human food. 
 
 .'Erts, Wehtnkd, and Lydtin opposed on tlie ground that this was 
 only a question of goods of bad ([uality, the use of which for a pur[)ose 
 I <) which it is untitted is forbidden. An indemnity should only be given 
 wlien an owner must give up his chance of the recovery of a sick animal 
 ill the interest of the public good. 
 
 As a ])rolonged discussion was threatened and time, pressed, Miilh'r 
 
174 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 proposed the closure of the question which had already exceeded that 
 proposed for the order of the day, namely, the utilization of the fesh. 
 The discussioD was accordingly closed. 
 
 A paper was handed in signed by eleven members explaining that 
 thej' had declined to vote on tuberculosis on the ground of lack of time 
 to suflSciently discuss such an important subject. 
 
 After providing for the next international veterinary congress to be 
 held in Paris, the meeting adjourned. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (The import:) uce of the question of the sale of meat and milk from tu- 
 berculous animals cannot well be overrated. But to control the former 
 we need a complete reformation of our syste n of slaughter in the large 
 cities and villages. One municipal abattoir sliould be established in 
 each great center of population where alone stock should be slaughtered 
 for food and where the carcass and viscera of every animal slaughtered 
 would be examined by a competent veterinary insi^ector. All estab- 
 lishments for the killing of meat to be shipped fresh to the cities, to be 
 salted or canned, should be placed under similar supervision. Meatfrom 
 uncontrolled slaughter-houses should be excluded. ISo far as we know 
 no American city has adopted the system of municipal abattoir and 
 comi^lete veterinary inspection, and the great majority have neither. 
 The expense would be (considerable, though only a trifle as compared 
 with that caused by the sicknesses, incapacity, and death now occurring 
 from a disease which affects one fifth and upward of the population in 
 the great cities. We say nothing of the other contagious diseases from 
 which this measure would protect the people. With regard to the milk 
 supply there should be frequent visitation of the dairies sui)plyiug the 
 large cities, the maintenance of a census of the animals, and an inspec- 
 tion by a competent veterinarian of all cadavers of animals killed or 
 dying by natural cause. Not only would this protect the human popu- 
 lation against infection through the milk, but it would overcome the 
 l)resent great difficulty in dealing with the lung jjlague, which would 
 thus be traced to every center of infection and could easily be stamped • 
 out. The question of the suppression of this disease over the entire 
 national doniain is by no means such an easy one; the task is so gigantic 
 and the outlay w^ould be so vast. In many herds in the Eastern States 
 the proportion of tuberculous animals ranges from 10 to 30 per cent., and 
 in the West with freer range it is doubtless far less frequent, yet if we 
 were to estimate but one infected animal in thirty it would embrace over 
 a million cattle and one and a half million hogs. Iiulemnities alone for 
 this number would amount to from $30,000,000 to $40,000,000, to say 
 nothing of all contingent expenses. That it would pay in the single 
 item of the preservation of our live stock there can be no doubt, while "J 
 its ettect on the health of the population would be beyond all estimate. ' 
 To the professional man, fully acipiainted with the enormity of the evil, 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 175 
 
 it is hard to wait for the slow growth of public opinion whilo infancy 
 and manhood are being cut down indiscrin)inately by a preventable con- 
 tagion, and while even he himself must continually run the gauntlet of 
 the deadly blow of the insatiate enemy. Every instinct of sanitation, 
 of justice, of humanity, of self-preservation, and of morality rebels against 
 the inditt'erence of the people, but more particularly of the statesmen. 
 But it is with tuberculosis for animals in general as with lung plague 
 for cattle in particular, or with glanders for solipeds and man, the retri- 
 bution for neglect is not executed with that promptitude which strikes 
 terror to the mind ; the laity fail to connect the final desolation with 
 the distant cause, and the most deadly of all contagia is permitted to 
 hold on its darksome way unchecked. 
 
 A single case of cholera, yellow fever, or even of small pox in a large 
 city is considered good cause for excited editorials in the newspapers 
 and for extraordinary etforts on the part of boards of health, while 
 every daj^ from January to December scores are perishing unnecessarily 
 from the more insidious and far more deadly tuberculosis. 
 
 The control of this affection cannot be advocated as either cheap or 
 easy, or likely to be crowned by an early extinction of the disease as 
 would be the case with lung plague. It will entail an immense organ- 
 ization, large expenditure, and persistent application, not only until all 
 our flocks and herds are purified, but until the present tuberculous gen- 
 eration of men have given place to a healthier, and until by a slow im- 
 provement, generation by generation, the population shall have finally 
 risen above this bane of our civilization. It is, however, a work that 
 may be profitably undertaken by installments, first in the abattoirs and 
 dairies of our large cities and suburbs, then in our markets for live stock, 
 and our great emporia for butcher meat, then in all our large public in- 
 stitutions, and finally in our flocks and herds at large. It may safely be 
 predicted for the city that will take the first effectual step in this direc- 
 tion that the showing made by her vital statistics will soon attest the 
 wisdom of the course. The results will be no less beneficial to the stock 
 owner, for apart from the protection of his own health and the assur- 
 ance furnished him that he is providing a wholesome food for the people, 
 his herds will be saved from a contagion which now causes incalculable 
 losses over the entire country. 
 
 Upon our statesmen the burden of all this responsibilitj' rests. They 
 are intrusted with the expenditure of the nation's money, and with this 
 trust they^^become severally resi)onsible for every evil which it is in their 
 power to ward off". To wait for the irresistible pressure of public oj^in- 
 ion in a matter such as this, which ai)peals so strongly to their hunum- 
 ity, their religion, their patriotism, and self-preservation, is unworthy 
 of the high i)lace they hold and the charge which the i)e()i)le have con- 
 fided to them. They have been chosen to do the work of legislation for 
 which the people at large have no time ; it is theirduty to consider these 
 matters when laid before them and to acton them, and on them must rest 
 
176 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 all the blame of the deaths and dissasters that result from their ai)athy 
 and neglect.) — -1. L. 
 
 k,j:solutions adopted. 
 
 First question. — Vcterinari/ scrrive. 
 
 1. Tooiganizeiri each conntrya veterinary service, exclusively charged 
 with all that pertains to this service, of which the members, all veter- 
 inarians, should be counselors of every department of the Government, 
 but which should be more especially represented inclose relation to the 
 central power; that veterinary medicine should there have her chief of 
 service. 
 
 2. The veterinary sanitary service should utilize the greatest i)ossible 
 number of veterinarians. It embraces the surveillance of fairs and 
 markets of aninuils ; the inspection of butcher meat and abattoirs ; the 
 control of rendering works ; the inspection of breeding animals ; the 
 surveillance or direction of mutual assurance against the mortality of 
 stock ; the revision of the census lists of domestic animals, «&c. ; it com- 
 prehends the service of the state, and may be nmde international, em- 
 bracing especially the repression and suppression of contagious and 
 ejMzootic; affections, also the control of the various other veterinary 
 services. 
 
 3. Between the various states which, by a regular repressive and 
 preventive service against epizootics, can furnish guarantees of a good 
 veterinary sanitary police, there should be established a treaty having 
 for its object — 
 
 {a) To apprise the other states as speedily as possible of any out- 
 break of rinderpest, pleuro-i)neumonia, aphthous fever, sheep-pox, mal- 
 adie du coit, glanders (or farcy), or of scab in sheep. 
 
 {b) To publish periodically a sanitary bulletin upon these maladies, 
 their extent, progress, and extinction, which particulars should also be 
 published in the international bulletin if Judged necessary. 
 
 (c) To oppose these maladies by measures of sanitary police, which 
 have first been discussed and adopted as the most desirable. 
 
 {(l) To furnish with animals and herds, moved into or out of any 
 territory, certificates of origin and health of a value guaranteed by the 
 administration. 
 
 (e) To contribute to the i)ublication of an international veterinary 
 sanitary bulletin. 
 
 Second question. — Fleuro-pneunionia. — Lung plarjue. 
 
 A. — DiFFF.RKNTlAL OIACiNOSIK. 
 
 1. From an anatomical point of view, at least in its relation to veter- 
 inary police, one maj^ consider as epizootic contagious pleuro-pneu- 
 monia; every pneumonia which is lobular and at the same time inter- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 177 
 
 lobular, and the development of wbicU does not depend on traumatic 
 causes. 
 
 2. From a physiological standpoint in the living animal, epizootic 
 contagious pleuropneumonia is specially characterized by its conta- 
 gious character and by the symptoms of lobular pneumonia. 
 
 3. In an infected place every animal which shows febrile reaction or 
 symptoms of disease of the chest should be considered as suspected of 
 pleuropneumonia. Every animal found in an infected stable or which 
 has been in one within three montlis antecedent, or which has been able 
 to be contaminated in any other way, should be considered as suspected 
 of contamination. 
 
 B. — Prophylaxis. 
 
 1. Recognizing that from the point of view of sanitary police epizo- 
 otic i)leuro-pneumonia is a disease which propagates itself only by con- 
 tagion, and is usually incurable and fatal, the congress declared that to 
 prevent the development and i)ropagation of this malady there should 
 be applied the measures against contagious diseases that are at the 
 same time fatal and incurable. 
 
 2. Animals diseased or suspected of the disease should be sacrificed 
 as quickly as possible. 
 
 3. Contaminated animals or those very much exposed to the conta- 
 gion should be isolated or sacrificed. The slaughter of contaminated 
 animals is especially indicated when the disease manifests itself very 
 exceptionally, or for the first time in a stable belonging to a commune 
 or countrj' ricli in cattle. 
 
 •4. We have to-day experimental proof that it is possible to invest the 
 organism of animals of the horned species with an immunity from con- 
 tagious pleuropneumonia by inoculation with the virus of this malady. 
 
 5. Preventive inoculation, that is to say, that which is iiracticed when 
 the malady does not prevail in a country, ought to be absolutely re- 
 iected. Inoculation, so called, of necessity, that is to say, that which 
 is practiced when the disease exists in a herd, may be permitted but 
 not made obligatory. 
 
 G. The inoculation should always be done by a veterinarian. 
 
 7. It is not proved that an inoculated animal cannot transmit the dis- 
 ease to a sound animal. 
 
 8. Inoculated animals should be reported to the authorities. 
 
 0. (Quarantined animals should be made the object of a special census, 
 and should receiv^e a distinctive brand with a hot iron. 
 
 10. ^'o animal suspected of infection should be moved without pre- 
 vious authorization of the communal administration. The permit to 
 move should only be granted for animals destined to the butchery ; it 
 should only take i)lace in special conditions under the supervision of 
 the police, and in such a manner as to prevent all propagation of the 
 malady. 
 
 5751 D A V2 
 
178 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ^! 
 
 11. Every bovine animal oflered for sale ought to be accompanied ' 
 by a certificate of health testifying that no epizootic has existed for at 
 least six weeks in the commune from which it came. ^| 
 
 12. In certain special cases, to be determined by the official veteri- " 
 narian, there may be prescribed the suspension of fairs and markets, the 
 prohibition of the importation of animals from a suspected country, 
 quarantine, the posting of notices at the entrance of infected circles or 
 farms, and the issue of handbills aud instructions warning the people 
 of their obligations, and of the i^recautions to be taken to prevent the 
 ai)pearance or extension of the malady. 
 
 13. An active supervision should be exerciseil, not only over the quar- 
 antined animals, but also, «, over animals exposed for sale in markets, 
 fields, and fairs; h, over animals lodged temporarily in the stables of inns 
 adjoining the markets; c, in stables containing many animals, subject 
 to frequent changes, and when the malady has already made one or 
 more outbreaks. 
 
 14. The duration of quarantine should be six months at least, apart 
 from the last case of the malady. 
 
 15. At the release from quarantine the animals should receive a second 
 mark to annul the effect of the first. 
 
 16. The flesh of an animal slaughtered should not be used for food, 
 unless authorized by the veterinarian making the autopsy. 
 
 17. The skin should not be utilized until it has been steeped for twenty- 
 four hours in an approved disinfectant solution. _ 
 
 18. Carcasses aud cadaveric debris, unfit for food, should be buried, 
 or so treated as to be absolutely inoffensive. 
 
 19. Stables, fair grounds, markets, and vehicles which have been oc- 
 cupied by diseased or suspected animals, should be carefully cleansed, 
 disinfected, and purified. These different operations should be under 
 the direction of a veterinarian. 
 
 20. A stable should not be refilled with animals until it has been en- 
 tirely evacuated and thoroughly disinfected, and then purified by eight 
 days of free ventilation. 
 
 21. Pastures that have been occujued by diseased animals ought to 
 be quarantined for at least fifteen days. 
 
 22. The diiiereut materials, objects, and instruments that have been 
 employed in the slaughter, transportation, or burial of diseased or sus- 
 pected animals, should be destroyed, or thoroughly disinfected. Forage 
 and litter should be utilized for horses or other solipeds. 
 
 23. Persons who have become soiled by infecting materials, should 
 wash their hands, wash or brush their clothes, and wash their boots 
 with a disinfectant solution. 
 
 24. All i)er,sons and animals capable of carrying the virus should as 
 far as possible be kei)t from diseased animals, their carcasses aud ca- 
 daveric debris. 
 
 25. It is proper to grant an indemnity to owners for animals slaugh- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 179 
 
 tered by official order aud for the cost of disinfection. The indemnity 
 should amount to four-fifths of the vakie of the animal, and to the full 
 value, deduction being made of the value of portions ot the carcass 
 that can be utilized if the animal should prove healthy. 
 
 26. Very heavy penalties should be imposed on i)ersons w ho violate 
 the different sanitary regulations decreed by the authorities. 
 
 27. A good organization of the veterinary service is the best guaran- 
 tee of the ajiplication of the different measures prescribed. 
 
 28. A last and potent measure for securing the extinction of conta- 
 gious pleuro-imeumonia would be the adoption of means for the conta- 
 gious diseases of animals similar to that in use for the phyloxera of the 
 vine; to formulate an international agreement in which shall be indi- 
 cated the essential elements that ought to form the basis of legislation 
 to be adopted by each countr^^ which shall join to carry it out. 
 
 Third question — Veterinary education. 
 
 1. To be admitted to veterinary studies one must be batchelor es-let- 
 tres or es-sciences ; that is to say, he must have finished the studies of 
 the secondary education. 
 
 2. There is no call to create veterinarians of different classes having 
 a different amount of preparatory or veterinary education. 
 
 3. Four years of study at least are requisite to make a full study of 
 veterinary medicine, if that is made to include physics and natural sci- 
 ences. 
 
 {a) The instruction of the two first years (four first semesters) should 
 embrace the following branches : physics, chemistry, natural history 
 (zoology, mineralogy, botany, and geology), anatomy, histology, phys- 
 iology, and shoeing. A course of practice and demonstrations in mi- 
 crography should always be included. 
 
 {b) Clinical teaching should continue through the whole of the last 
 two years of study. That the practical instruction of the student may 
 be complete it is absolutely necessary to have, beside a stationary and 
 consulting clinic (hospital clinic and polyclinic), an ambulatory clinic 
 (outside clinic) ; there ought to be at least two professors of clinics. 
 
 (c) The inspection of butcher-meat is an absolutely essential branch 
 of veterinary education. 
 
 4. At the end of each year veterinary students should be examined 
 on the studies which they have been taught tliat year. Xo one should 
 be allowed to follow the course of the advanced year unless he has 
 passed this examination. 
 
 Xo one should be admitte<l to exaniination I'or the degree of veter- 
 inarian who has not followed a course of clinical instruction for two 
 years after having passed the examination of the second year of study. 
 
 The board of examiners for granting degrees should always be formed 
 partly of professors and partly of practitioners. 
 
180 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 5. Internal (board under military rule) and external (residence out- 
 side) are optional in veterinary schools. 
 
 6. Veterinary schools may be independent establishments, or they may 
 be connected with universities or institutions for the higher education, 
 but veterinary medicine should have its special chairs. One cannot but 
 disapprove of institutions in which all branches of veterinary education 
 are divided in a very limited number of veterinary chairs ; such a sys- 
 tem is absolutely insufticient. 
 
 It is very desirable that in every country veterinary schools should 
 be state institutions. 
 
 7. The professors of veterinary schools ought to possess diplomas of 
 veterinary medicine. It is very desirable that veterinarians before be- 
 ing called to the ])rofessorship should have practiced veterinary medi- 
 cine for some years. 
 
 Fourth question. 
 
 (See body of report.) 
 
 Fifth question — Tuberculosis. 
 
 The flesh and viscera of a tuberculous animal can only be utilized 
 for human food when the disease is found in the cadaver in the incipi- 
 ent stage, when the lesions are confined to a very small portion of the 
 body, when the lymphatic glands are still free from all morbid tuber- 
 cular lesions, when the tuberculous formations have not yet undergone 
 softening, when the flesh presents the characters of meat of the first 
 quality, and when the animal is in good state of nutrition at the time 
 of slaughter. 
 
 It should not be permitted to remove the flesh of tuberculous animals 
 admitted to consumption out of the locality where they have been 
 slaughtered, and it should not be offered for sale in the butchers' stall. 
 
 Every quarter of meat and all viscera showing lesions of tuberculosis, 
 as well as the flesh of any other animal in which there is found at the 
 necropsy a tuberculous infection more jironounced than that referred to 
 above, should be watered with petroleum oil, and afterward buried 
 under police supervision. The extraction of fat by cooking and the 
 utilization of the skin may be permitted. 
 
 The inspection of every animal attacked by tuberculosis should be 
 made by a veterinarian, who alone should decide if the flesh is fit for 
 human consumption. 
 
 The milk of animals afi'ected with tuberculusis or suspected of it should 
 not be taken by man nor by certain animals. The sale of this milk 
 should be severely interdicted. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 JAMES LAW. 
 
 Hon. George B. Loring, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
HAMBURG INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 REPORT OF J. H. SANDERS. 
 
 Hon. Geo. B. Loring, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 Sir: On the 19th day of May, 1883, I had the honor to receive an ap- 
 pointment from yon with the following instructions : 
 
 You are hereby appointed aud commissioned au agent of the United States Depart- 
 uiont of Agriculture to attend the International Exhibition at Hamburg in 1883, aud 
 you are instructed to examine and report upon the following special points: 
 
 The character of the Exhibition in all its departments of live stock as compared 
 ■with our own. 
 
 The general condition and supply of live stock in England and on the Continent. 
 
 The breeds most met with aud that seem to be most desirable and popular ; also, 
 their relative merits as compared with our own. 
 
 The probability of improvement to our own stock by further importations, and the 
 breeds most desirable for this purpose, if any. 
 
 The dangers from contagious diseases that may be apprehended from continued im- 
 portations, if any. 
 
 The methods of live stock husbandry practised compared with our own. 
 
 The probable future demand from European countries for American live stock aud 
 meats. 
 
 The present hindrances and restrictions that alfect the exportation of live stock 
 from the United States, and how they may be modified or removed, especially with 
 reference to the exportation of our live cattle to Great Britain, and our hog products 
 to Germany. 
 
 In pursuance of the foregoing instructions, I started upon my mission 
 May 26, landing at Liverpool. After a brief sojourn in that city, de- 
 voted mainly to an examination of its cart-horses, I proceeded to London, 
 where I spent several days familiarizing myself with tlie markets, the 
 modes of travel, and other matters of importance connected with the 
 live-stoek industries of that city. As one of the principal objective 
 points of my visit was the International Live Stock Show at Hamburg, 
 I determined to go at once to the continent, leaving Enghuul and Scot- 
 land for my return trip. Accordingly, June 19, 1 left London purposing 
 to make my journey to Hamburg via Paris, stopping en route to make a 
 study of 
 
 THE DRAFT HORSES OF FRANCE. 
 
 The constantly increasing popularity of the French draft horses in this 
 country, as evinced by the large numbers annually imported, and the 
 
 181 
 
182 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 interest I myself had taken in some of the discussions growing out of 
 the business, led me to attach a good deal of importance to what I might 
 learn concerning them by a careful personal inv^estigation of some of the 
 controverted points. Among the most important of these were the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 1st. Are there any well-established distinct breeds of draft-horses in 
 France? 2d. What guarantees, if any, can American importers ob- 
 tain in France that the horses purchased by them belong to any par- 
 ticular race or breed, and that they are purely bred ? And 3d. To what 
 breed do the horses usually brought to America from France belong, 
 and in what part of France are they bred '? 
 
 It may not be out of place for me to remark here that during the past 
 six years I have, myself, been compelled to participate in several con- 
 troversies, through the agricultural and live-stock papers of the country, 
 touching the draft horses of France and the name by which they should 
 be known in the United States. Throughout these controversies I re- 
 lied mainly upon such of the printed history of these horses as had been 
 translated into English, and upon what I could gather from intelligent 
 gentlemen who had personally given more or less attention to the sub- 
 ject in France. It was therefore with a good deal of pleasure and in- 
 terest that I embraced the opportunity afforded me, by my present visit, 
 to go into this question thoroughly for myself. And first let me sa}^ 
 that many American importers, especially the earlier ones, and some 
 even at the present day, go to Paris, buy their horses of a dealer who 
 has gathered them up from various quarters, and then return without 
 the slightest knowledge of the breeding of .their horses, or of the region 
 where they are bred. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that such 
 men can tell nothing of the breeding of these horses when they get 
 home, because they know nothing, beyond the fact that they had bought 
 them of a French dealer at Paris, Dieppe, or Havre. If they attempted 
 to say anything beyond this, they simply drew on their imagination for 
 their so-called facts. After awhile, however, those with some experi- 
 ence in the business, and with some knowledge of good horses, began 
 to inquire into the subject, to try to find out where the good horses 
 came from, so that they might get them, if possible, from first hands. 
 I began my investigations in the same way. I went first to the sales 
 stables of Paris, fortified with all the knowledge I had been able pre- 
 viously to obtain upon the subject. I went first to M. Vidal, who is a 
 noted horse dealer of Paris, and who has undoubtedly sold more stal- 
 lions to American importers than all the other horse dealers of Paris 
 combined. In reply to my question, he said: "Fully 90 per cent, of 
 the horses that I buy to sell to Americans, for stallions, come from be- 
 yond Chartres, in the Perche; the others are picked up here and there, 
 wlierever we can find one good enough for the market; but we sell them 
 all as Percherons." The other dealers all told substantially the same 
 story. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 183 
 
 After spending- a few days in Paris, talking with horsemen and gath- 
 ering what information I could, I determined to see the Percherou breed- 
 ing district for myself. All authorities agreed in pointing out Xogent 
 le Eotrou, situated about 100 miles southwest from Paris, in the ancient 
 province of La Perche, as the heart of the Percherou breeding country. 
 It is at and near this place that Mr. Dunham has bought hundreds of 
 horses within the past three years for the American trade, and where 
 the Messrs. Dillou and several of the other importers have made most 
 of their purchases for some time past ; and in this region is the only 
 place where any attempt is made to maintain the Percherou race in its 
 purity. 
 
 On the day of my arrival at Nogent le Eotrou, a large number of 
 Percherou breeders had met to consult upon the propriety of establish- 
 ing a Percheron stud-book, in order to preserve the purity of the race 
 and to protect themselves from unscrupulons dealers in Paris and else- 
 where. I was much interested in the discussion which took i)lace. The 
 gentlemen present represented the principal breeders for some 20 or 30 
 miles around, and I was told that they owned at least 100 stallions that 
 had been kept for service this season. I questioned many of them. 
 Among others, the statement of Mr. Ernst Perriot, one of the most 
 noted of the breeders present, is a fair sample of what all had to say. 
 He is a very intelligent gentleman, and has sold many horses to Ameri- 
 can buyers. I should judge him to be about fifty years of age. His 
 statement was in substance as follows : 
 
 I have been breeding horses right hero all my life, and my father and grandfather 
 were in the same business before me. We never breed or sell anj^ other than pnre 
 Pcrcherons. We have usually kept 6 or 7 stallions each year for service. They travel 
 around the country, serviug mares owned by the farmers at about 25 francs each. 
 We keep an eye on these mares, know where the best ones are, and when the foals 
 are weaned we buy many of the best ones each year and keep them until we can sell 
 them at a fair profit. I am sure there has been nothing but recognized pure Percheron 
 stallions used in our stud since the time of my grandfather, aud nothing else has been 
 used in this whole Percheron region within my knowledge. There is a tradition that 
 about the time my grandfather engaged in the business some Boullouais blood was 
 introduced iuto this country for the purpose of increasing the size of the Percherons, 
 but certainly there has been none since about fifty years ago. The true Percherons 
 will now average as largo or larger than theBouUonais. Neither Mr. Dunham, Mr. Dil- 
 lon, nor any other American importer has over bought any Norman horses here. We don't 
 have any such horses. You can see plenty of Normans in Paris; they are all suiall horses, 
 mostly bays, aud are used in the cabs and carriages. They are generally half-bloods 
 got by English thoroughbred sires, and some of them are out of Percheron dams, and 
 are usually called Anglo-Normans. 
 
 The same statements, substantially, in regard to purity of race and 
 the name, were obtained from all the breeders interviewed, notably 
 Auguste Tacheau (province of Sarthe), Pierre Sagot (province of Enre- 
 et-Loir), and Celestin Caget (province of Orne). In fact, so far as I 
 could learu, it was almost an insult to ask one of the breeders present 
 if they bred or sold any other than Percherou horses, and they spurned 
 the term " Norman " with contempt. 
 
184 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 These are the men of whom all the leading American importers have been 
 buying for several years past. They buy these horses as Percherons, 
 from men who will call them nothing else, and yet a few of them come 
 home and abuse everybody who refnses to call them Normans. There 
 is not much in a name, but sometimes a name contains a deal of mean- 
 ing within itself. 
 
 It was an agreeable surprise to me to learn that so much pains had 
 been taken by these Percherons breeders to preserve the purity of the 
 race. It had been asserted that nobody knew anything about it ; that 
 the Percherons were mongrels, and that no man could give the pedigree 
 of his horse. I found, on the contrary, that, while they have not j)aid 
 much attention to preserving the maternal genealogy, many of the sires 
 can easily be traced six or eight generations. One young horse, now 
 owned by Mr. Ernst Perriot, is a notew^orthy example. This horse is 
 a three-year old, and is so highly valued by his owner that he has ab- 
 solutely refused to name a price on him. Fifteen thousand francs were 
 offered for him by an Americau buyer in my hearing; but the owner 
 shook his head and said, " You might safely double it." This young 
 horse was got by the black horse Brilliant (No. 1271 of the Percheron- 
 Norman Stud Book), that now stands at the head of Mr. Dunham's 
 stud, at Wayne, 111., and the line of sires back of him is known for seven 
 generations. Mr. Perriot proposes to raise the service fee of this horse 
 to 100 francs next season, a price that has hitherto been unheard of in 
 the Percheron breeding district. As another instance of the care which 
 French breeders are taking to secure good breeding stock for themselves 
 I may mention the fact that Mr. Auguste Tacheau recently paid 3,000 
 francs for a suckling colt, which he designs to use in the stud. 
 
 You will doubtless remember that one of the things discussed between 
 us at our interview a few days prior to my departure upon this mission 
 was the desirability of a Percheron stud-book in France in order to pro- 
 tect American breeders from imposition, and to afford some guarantee 
 of the purity of the blood of the horses brought to this country from 
 France. And you will also uo doubt remember that the desirability of 
 such a publication was made the subject of a special communication from 
 3'ou to the French minister of agriculture, at that time. It is therefore 
 with no small degree of satisfaction that I am able to report that the 
 Percheron breeders of France have fully resolved on a stud-book. The 
 meeting to which I have heretofore alluded, as having occurred ou the 
 day of my arrival at Nogent le Rotrou, was simply informal and pre- 
 liminary, but on Saturday, June 23, a largely attended meeting was 
 held at the same place, about one hundred breeders, representing the 
 provinces of Eure-et-Loir, Orne, Sarthe, and the w^holo of the ancient 
 province of La Perche, being j)resent. At this meeting a permanent 
 organization was effected under the sanction of the Government, with 
 M. Fardouet as president, and Messrs. Vinault, Perriot de Champeau, 
 Sagot Auatote Miard, Poullain, Lucas, Launay, Aveline, Tacheau, and 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 185' 
 
 Caget as vice-presidents ; M. Boullay-Cliauinard, secretary-treasurer. 
 These, with the ma^^or of the city of Xogeut le Eotrou, the prefect of 
 the department of Eure-et-Loir, and the prefect of Nogent le Rotrou, 
 constitntethe "board of direction" of the Soci^te Hippique Percheronne. 
 The rules for registration are very strict, and every ai)plication must be 
 sworn to, giving the genealogy as far as it can be traced, and establishing 
 beyond controversj' that the animal is " born Percheronne." Penalties 
 are provided to prevent fraudulent entries or disreputable transactions 
 generally. In short, it looks like a strong, resolute, aggressive organi- 
 zation from the start, and will mark an era in the Percheron breeding 
 business. 
 
 I conclude, from a considerable sojourn in France, that Americans 
 who buy directly from the breeders and " stallioners " (stallion keepers) 
 of the Percheron district have heretofore had a reasonably certain 
 guarantee of purity of blood, and henceforth the assurance will be as 
 complete as can be obtained with any breed of draft horses in the world. 
 Those who buy of the dealers in Paris and in the cities on the coast can 
 have no such assurance, and their own eyes must judge of tlie breeding 
 It is to be hoped that hereafter no imported horses will be admitted to 
 registry in the Percheron-Norman stud-book of America that are not 
 previously registered in the Percheron Stud-Book of France. It would 
 have been infinitely better for the reputation of the breed, and for our 
 own horse stock, if such a regulation had been practicable and enforced 
 years ago. 
 
 There are many most excellent horses working in the drays, trucks. 
 and omnibuses of Paris. The omnibus horses will average much lar- 
 ger than has been represented by most writers. They are usually thin 
 in flesh, and the weights, when given at all, have been with reference 
 to that condition. I stood on the street one day for an hour in company 
 with two experienced importers, watching these horses, especially with 
 a view to estimating the average size. The verdict was : average weight 
 in good flesh — fat as stallions are usually kept in America — between 
 1,400 and 1,500 pounds. These omnibuses are enormous, great double- 
 deckers, holding about sixty-five persons, and are drawn by three horses 
 harnessed abreast. Fully seventy-five per cent, of these horses are 
 white, and they nearly all have the usual Percheron characteristics* 
 M. Vidal, the Parisian horse dealer previously alluded to, told me that 
 he sold about 1,100 horses a year for use in the omnibuses; that nearly all 
 of them came from beyond Chartres in the Perche, and that the average 
 weight was about 1,400 pounds. The horses one sees in the drays are 
 larger; an average lot of imported Percheron horses is but little if any 
 better or larger than the average carthorse as seen in the streets of 
 Paris. They are massive, strong, patient fellows, and are nearly all 
 Perclierons. 
 
 In no city that I have visited are the horses driven so hard and treated 
 so unmercifullv as in Paris. The drivers whip their horses and rush 
 
186 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 about like mudmen, and although the streets are very wide and rarely 
 crowded, yet the pedestrian who attempts to cross must keep a sharp 
 lookout or he will be ruu over. The cab-horses of this city are a sorry, 
 rougii looking lot, which I attribute mainly to their bad usage. The 
 drivers of the cart-horses do not seem to be quite so unmerciful, but 
 throughout all Paris the prevalent idea with a driver seems to be, that 
 a horse was made to use and to abuse. Even in the Percheron breeding 
 districts I noticed traces of this same feeling, and here also I noticed 
 the most striking lack of a knowledge of the value of cleanliness in the 
 management of a horse. The French are miserable groomers ; their 
 horses are filthy and dirty, and are left mainly to take care of themselves, 
 so far as cleanliness is concerned. 
 
 THE HAMBURG INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 From Paris I went direct to Hamburg to visit the exposition, or "In- 
 ternational Show," as it was called, which opened July 2. It was in 
 many respects a disappointment. In some features it was equal to an 
 ordinary Ohio, Illinois, or Iowa State Fair, but in many others it was 
 far behind the usaal annual exhibit in those states. In the single feat- 
 ure of dairy stock it was great ; and I never had so high an apprecia- 
 tion of the quality of the Dutch- Friesian or Holstein cattle as since see- 
 ing them at this show. It is, however, so far as I can learn, the best 
 exhibition of the kind ever held on the continent, the number of entries 
 largely exceeding those of the Paris Exposition of 1878. 
 
 The "classes" were legion. There were 56 classes for horses find 
 mules, with 424 entries ; 141 classes for cattle, with 902 entries ; 88 
 classes for sheep, with 728 entries ; and 50 classes for pigs, with 277 
 entries — certainly classes enough and entries enough to make a grand 
 show. But, unfortunately, many of the entry numbers were blank, a 
 condition of things which seems inseparable from the system of num- 
 bering and cataloguing an exhibition of this nature in advance of the 
 opening. 
 
 The various breeds of live stock of Germany and of Northern Europe 
 generally were well represented, with the exception of those of Russia, 
 from which country I was not able to find anything. In this I was dis- 
 appointed, as I had hoped to see a good representation of the famous 
 Orloff trotting horses. The show of draft-horses was scarcely worth 
 mentioning. There were a few creditable specimens of the English cart- 
 horse, and some draft-horses from Belgium, but none worthy of esjjecial 
 notice. The government breeding studs, of Germany, were pretty well 
 represented with horses of the thoroughbred type f very fair specimens, 
 but in no wise remarkable. In short, the horse-exhibit generally 
 impressed me as a heterogeneous mass of no especial excellence in any 
 particular. There were some dun ponies, from Norway, about 14 1-2 
 hands high, very heavily built, and blocky — enormous draft horses in 
 miniature, that were much admired. There were no French horses on 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 187 
 
 exhibition. la fact no stock from France, so far as I could learn, ex- 
 cept French merino sheep. 
 
 The feature of the cattle show was the dairy stock, and in this i never 
 saw anything that could approach it. Hundreds of the Friesian or Hol- 
 stein cows were there, with their grand udders, and every indication of 
 milk-producting' capacity of the highest order. I could not help remark- 
 ing to some American friends who were with me that I feared our im- 
 l)orters had not yet taken across the waters any of the best of the race, 
 for I certaiidy never saw such dairy cows in any show-yard in America 
 as I saw at Hamburg. I am now more than ever convinced that, all 
 things considered, the Dutch cow is the general dairy cow, par excellence, 
 of the world. 
 
 I was also very much interested in the Oldenburg cattle, a race that 
 in color closely resembles the Holstein or Friesian breed; rather darker 
 in color, not quite so good, I should say, for the dairy, but very much 
 better for beef. In fact, the very best beef cattle on exhibition, in ray 
 opinion, were these same Oldenburgers. They are smooth, rather fine 
 in bone, handle fairly well, and bear every indication of good feeding- 
 quality. If it were possible to combine the beef-making quality of the 
 Oldenburg cattle with the great milking capacity of the Dutch cows 
 it would come very near making the model cow for the average farmer. 
 
 xVnother class of cattle that interested me much was the Augeler, a 
 race that seems to be peculiar to Schleswig-Holstein ; little fellows 
 rather smaller than the average Jersey; very dark red, bordering on 
 brown in color, very fine in the bone, and evidently deep and very rich 
 milkers. Mr. H. Chandos-Pole-Gell, one of the delegates from the 
 Koyal Agricultural Society of England, remarked to me that to him this 
 class was the most interesting one in the show; but while I freely con- 
 cede to them great milking and butter caijacity in proportion to size, I 
 could not help thinking of "Uncle Billy Smith's" 6o?i mo*, anent the 
 Jerseys, at the Illinois State Fair two years ago: "They will do for a 
 man who is too poor to keep a cow and who is ashamed to keep a goat." 
 They are too little to be of much practical use, but they are evidently a 
 very pure race, pnd good machines for making milk and cream, in pro- 
 portion to their size. 
 
 There were some short-horns on exhibition, but they were, with the 
 possible exception of one or two cows, miserable specimens of the breed. 
 There were also a few Ayrshires, and one or two Polled-Angus, of very 
 ordinary merit. The Swiss cattle were out inconsiderable force, and, 
 from their uniform gray color and the immense bells that accompanied 
 them, attracted a good deal of attention. They were of fair size, pretty 
 good on the back, man^' of them, but coarse and bad handlers, evi- 
 dently lacking in what cattle breeders usually denominate "quality." 
 
 As a matter of curiosity I was interested in the little cows from 
 Norway. They are little things, much smaller than the Augeler cows 
 above alluded to, with remarkably tliin, flat bodies, on very short legs, 
 
188 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMSSTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 white Oil back and belly, the sides a light yellow, streaked with black, 
 marking them mnch like a tiger. About a dozen of them were in the 
 show. 
 
 The show of sheep was not remarkable in any feature. The French 
 merinos rather took the lead in numbers, closel;y followed by the Eng- 
 lish mutton breeds, the various classes of Downs, with a fewCotswolds 
 and Lincolns. Of the French merinos, there were many most excellent 
 specimens, better and larger than any I had heretofore seen. The peo- 
 ple of Germany appear to be " taking to" the Southdowus, Shropshires, 
 Hampshires, and Oxfords largely. 
 
 In the swine department of the show I was pleased to see our 
 American-Poland Chinas holding a promiuent place, and, in my judg- 
 ment, the very best specimens of swine on exhibition were of this breed 
 and imported from America. Mr. John C. Funch, of Oldenburg, was 
 the enterprising gentleman who made this exhibit, and his swine are 
 certainly most creditable representatives of the breed. In point of 
 numbers, the white breeds, mostly of the various Yorkshire families, 
 made up about GO percent, of the show, while the remainder were about 
 equally divided between the Berkshires and Poland -Chinas, with a few 
 Essex. 
 
 I may sum up my impressions of this show by saying that, while it 
 was very creditable in most departments and great in disi)lay of dairy 
 stock, I saw nothiug worthy of especial remark in the management. 
 The system of classification was very complete, and the several breeds 
 were usually grouped together in their stalls or pens so that one desir- 
 ing to examine any class of stock found but little difficulty in doing so. 
 The published catalogue of the exhibits was also a great convenience 
 to visitors, as in it full particulars as to name, age, pedigree, owner- 
 ship, etc., were given. The custom of issuing a catalogue of this sort 
 is general with European agricultural shows, and might be followed in 
 our own country with iirofit. 
 
 I saw no breeds of live stock at this show the importation of which 
 to the United States, in my judgment, should be encouraged or recom- 
 mended other than the Holstein or Friesian-Dutch dairy cattle and the 
 Oldenburgs, to which I have alluded in the foregoing. They are cer- 
 tainly most excellent breeds of cattle for the purposes indicated. The 
 former have already been extensively introduced in our country, and 
 are certainly rapidly growing in public favor. To what extent the 
 Oldenburgs might be profitably imported, if at all, I am not prepared 
 to say. I can only reiterate my former statement, that they were cer- 
 tainly the best beef animals on exhibition, and that they also seem to 
 possess an adaptation to the uses of the general dairy farmer, but little 
 inferior to the Holsteins or Friesians, which they closely resemble. 
 
 OUR PORK IN GERMANY. 
 
 While in Germany I made diligent inquiry in order to ascertain so far 
 as possible the feeling of the Government and i)eople concerning the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 189 
 
 admission of American pork to that country. Among tlie trades people 
 in the cities, so far as I could learn, tbe feeling is very strong against 
 the prohibitory policj' of the Government, but among the best informed 
 people, and those connected with the Government, the case is just about 
 as follows: 
 
 The swine of both Germany and the United States are confessedly, 
 to some extent, infected with trichina. The German authorities refpiire 
 that the flesh of all swine slaughtered in that country shall be subjected 
 to a microscopic examination by a Government inspector, and pronounced 
 free from trichina, before it can be offered for sale. No such examina- 
 tion is practicable with salted and packed meats from America, and as 
 no pretense of an inspection of our meats is made by us under Govern- 
 ment authority, or even under the supervision of the packing firms, the 
 German Government says, "We cannot accord to American packers 
 and butchers a privilege which we refuse to accord to our own." So 
 far as I could gather, it is generally conceded that whenever an inspec- 
 tion of our pork is made, under careful governmental supervision, similar 
 to that now made by the German authorities, there will be no objection 
 to its sale in that countr3\ Indeed it strikes me that were such an in- 
 si)ection made there would be such a strong pressure brought to bear 
 ui)on the German Government by their own people that the embargo 
 would be speedily removed. The presence or absence of this microscopic 
 parasite in the pork of this country is a matter of but little interest to 
 us, as Americans cooJc their pork before eating it, and thorough cooking 
 obviates all danger, but in Germany, where much of it is eaten raw, it 
 becomes a serious matter. Should further experiments confirm what 
 has been already partially shown, that thorough curing in salt destroys 
 the vitality of the trichina, if not entirely, at least, to so great a degree 
 as to reduce the danger from meats that have been thoroughly cured by 
 this process to almost nothing, it will doubtless be a strong point in our 
 favor, and a proper presentation of the facts to the German Government, 
 should this be clearly prov^en, ought at once to be made. Until this fact 
 is clearly established, however, and in the absence of any pretence of 
 inspection of American meats, either under governmental or individual 
 supervision, the position of the German Government is obviously souiul 
 upon this question, and cannot be assailed without first demonstrating 
 that their own inspection is useless. 
 
 OUR EXPORT CATTLE TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 From all that I could learn while in pjugland, the trade in dead meat 
 between the United States and Great Britain is not at all satisfactory 
 either to those engaged in the trade or to the consumer. The facilities 
 for securing the exact temperature necessary in order to maintain the 
 proper condition of the meat during the ocean voyage are so imperfect 
 that the meat not unfreipiently reaches the consumer in a more or less 
 damaged condition, and large losses have resulted. All well-informed 
 
190 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 persons agree tliat the most satisfactory results will be attaiued wlieu 
 "we shall once more be able to show a clean bill of health, and send our 
 live cattle, under such regulations as will insure their health and com- 
 fort, to the farms and pastures of England and Scotland, there to be 
 slaughtered when their condition and the state of the market requires it. 
 
 It ought not to be considered strange that British farmers should 
 make strenuous efforts to still further restrict or totally suppress the 
 importation of live stock for slaughter in their couutry. They have 
 suffered enormous losses in times past from imported disease, and dur- 
 ing the last few years they have been contending with great obstacles, 
 not the least of which has been the great supply of agricultural prod- 
 ucts that America has sent to that country. Under these circumstances 
 it is not to be expected that British farmers will be inclined to take a 
 strictly judicial view of the case. Ilfaturally they would like to secure 
 a better market for their own stock, and equally naturally they magnify 
 possible danger of importing disease from this country. On the Other 
 hand, it should be borne in miud that the Euglish Government has 
 steadily refused to yield to the demands for further restrictions, and has 
 In the main done full justice to American interests, especially in the 
 recent alarm over the reported existence of foot-and-mouth disease in 
 this country. 
 
 It is doubtless true that British farmers do not regard the existing 
 condition of the meat trade with this country favorably, and that when- 
 ever they are satisfied that it may be done with safety they would 
 much prefer that the restriction should be removed altogether, rather 
 than that the iH-esent arrangement of compulsory slaughter be con- 
 tinued. As the trade is now conducted the su^iply received from the 
 United States detracts just so much from the demand for home prod- 
 ucts, and the British farmer has no opportunity for even an incidental 
 share iu the i)rofits of the business. On the other hand, could our cat- 
 tle be safely admitted without restrictions, immense numbers of store 
 or partially fatted cattle would be shipped to that couutry, and would 
 be taken inland to British pastures and finished up on British food, 
 thus enabling British farmers to reap profits out of the better fitting of 
 these cattle for the market, and also to utilize them in the converting 
 of the provender of the farm into manure, a very important considera- 
 tion with the farmers of that country. During my visit to that couu- 
 try I conversed with many farmers upon this subject, and I never met 
 with a single man who expressed himself as otherwise than favorably 
 disposed towards the free admission of American cattle whenever it 
 could be done with a reasonable guarantee of safety from contagious 
 diseases ; and in nearly every case the hope was expressed that the 
 time would soon come when the present restrictions jnight safely be re- 
 moved. Instead of being opposed from motives of self-interest to the 
 free introduction of our cattle to that country, the feeling seems to be 
 general among English farmers, so far as I heard any expression of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 191 
 
 Opinion, that the profit derived from tlie " fiuishing up" process would 
 more than comj)ensate for the resulting competition. 
 
 Feeling certain that this is the view generally held by intelligent and 
 progressive British farmers, and also strong in the belief that we shall 
 at no very distant day be in such a condition as to enable us to give our 
 British cousins assurances concerning the sanitary condition of our 
 cattle that will be satisfactory, I conlideutly look to the entire removal 
 of the present restrictions as a thing reasonably certain to occur in the 
 near future. Of course this belief and hope is based upon the confi- 
 dence I feel in the course which our General Government, aided by that 
 of the infected States, will take in respect to the stamping out of con- 
 tagious diseases and in otherwise improving the sanitary- condition of 
 our cattle, and also in the surveillance which, in my opinion, will at no 
 distant day be exercised over our exports. 
 
 The importation of cattle from foreign countries was a fruitful theme 
 for discussion in Great Britain during the time I was in that country. 
 The unusual extent to which foot-and-mouth disease has prevailed 
 there during the past year and the losses resulting therefrom to British 
 farmers have made them extremely restive, and while the Government 
 has been active in its efforts to stamp out the disease, it has been con- 
 stantly imi^ortuned to adopt still more stringent regulations to prevent 
 the introduction of contagious diseases from abroad. All Americans 
 interested in the subject are aware that for several years past a regula- 
 tion has been enforced which requires that all cattle brought to Great 
 Britain from the Cnited States must be slaughtered at the docks where 
 landed within ten days after their arrival, no matter what may be their 
 condition or the state of the market. This edict of compulsory slaughter 
 is based upon the assumption that to admit the free transit of cattle 
 from the United States to the farms and pastiTres of Great Britain 
 w^ould exjiose the cattle of British farmers to increased dangers of 
 infection from pleuropneumonia or lung plague, the presence of which 
 disease along a jiortion of our Atlantic seaboard is admitted. 
 
 In the mean time Canadian cattle have been freely admitted without 
 compulsory slaughter or detention, no contagious diseases having been 
 found among the cattle of that country, and the Canadian Government 
 maintaining a rigid quarantine against the cattle of all foreign coun- 
 tries, the United States included, and also making a caieful inspection 
 of all exported cattle and exercising a rigid supervision over the ships 
 in wliicli they are carried. In consequence of these regulations a Ca- 
 nadian bullock will bring .$ 15 to $25 more at the Liverpool or London land- 
 ings than could be obtained for the same bullock if exported from the 
 United States. To some European countries where the sanitary condi- 
 tion of the cattle is not so satisfactory as in the United States even the 
 grace of compulsory slaughter is not accorded, but the landing of live 
 cattle therefrom is absolutely prohibited. 
 
 In January last a shipment of cattle was received at Liverpool from 
 
192 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Boston, which, upon mspection, was fouud to be suffering from foot- 
 aud-niouth disease. In Marcli a shipment was received from Baltimore 
 in tlie same conditi(m. The publication of these facts led to a strong 
 popular demand upon the Government that absolute prohibition should 
 be applied to all cattle from the United States ; and in July, while I 
 was in London, Mr. Chaplin introduced a motion in the House of Com- 
 mons which was, to all intents and purposes, a demand upon the Gov- 
 ernment that such action should be immediately taken. In spite of the 
 opposition of the Government party, Mr. Chaplin's motion prevailed 
 by a majority of eight. 
 
 I listened with a good deal of interest to the discussion which this 
 motion elicited, and, in common with all other Americans who took any 
 interest whatever in the subject, I regarded the vote by which it was 
 carried as a very threatening omen. Indeed, the agent of the Domin- 
 ion Government of Canada said to me the day after this vote was taken 
 that he was certain that within a week an order would be issued abso- 
 lutely prohibiting the landing of American cattle at British ports. I 
 set at once actively to do what I could to counteract this. The pretext 
 set up for this action was the presence of foot-and-mouth disease in the 
 United States. My position as an accredited representative of our De- 
 partment of Agriculture, and my opportunities for ascertaining the 
 facts as a member of the Treasury Cattle Commission, enabled me to 
 make representations touching the actual condition of our cattle that 
 attracted attention, and which I believe were quite generally accepted 
 as true. Through the London Times and by personal interviews with 
 members of Parliament and with the chief veterinary adviser of the 
 privy council, aided, I may say, by the efforts of others, I was able not 
 only to counteract the effect of the vote on Mr, Chaplin's motion, but 
 to bring about a much more satisfactory state of feeling, so far as the 
 security of the present condition of the trade is concerned, than had 
 I)reviously existed. 
 
 1 was able to explicitly deny the existence of foot-and-mouth disease 
 in the United States, except in cases of direct importations from Great 
 Britain, which cases had been promptl}^ detected and closel}' quaran- 
 tined, and to state positively that the cases of foot-and-mouth disease 
 alleged to have been brought from the United States were due solely 
 to the infected ships which had brought diseased cattle to our own ports, 
 and without proper disinfection had been loaded with fat cattle for 
 Liverpool. 
 
 The effect produced by this plain statement of facts was so consider- 
 able that Mr. Arnold called attention in the House of Commons to the 
 assurances contained in my letter in the Times of July 18th, and also 
 to one of a subseciuent date from General Carman, of the Department 
 of Agriculture at Washington, and asked the Government: " Whether, 
 in view of these facts, the present restrictions might not safely be re- 
 moved so far as cattle from the Western States were concerned." 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF D0ME>>5TICATED ANIMALS. \9'S 
 
 The answer from the Grovernmeiit was, as [ supposed it would be, to 
 tlie etiect that, uuder the existing act of Parliament, no concession conld 
 be made iu favor of a portion of anj' coiintr}' that couhl not be accorded 
 to it as a whole, I succeeded in obtaining from Professor Brown, 
 the chief veterinary adviser of the privy council, an admission that 
 in his opinion a plan might be devised by which cattle from onr Western 
 States might now be admitted with reasonable safety. This I regarded 
 as a very important admission ; but the nearness of the end of the ses- 
 sion of Parliament made it useless then to ask for such additional legis- 
 lation as would be necessary in order to enable the privy council to 
 carry out this idea. I may add, in this connection, that Professor 
 Brown, speaking for the privy council, expressed himself as greatly 
 pleased with the steps which the Agricultural and the Treasury De- 
 partments of the United States had taken within the past year or two 
 to improve the sanitary condition of our live stock and to pi-event the im- 
 portation and spread of contagious diseases; and that the impression 
 is rapidly gaining ground that we shall soon be in sucii a condition that 
 cattle from all parts of the United States may be admitted and taken 
 inland without any danger from disease. This feeling is based mainly 
 
 il)on the steps which our Government has already taken, and a faith 
 riiat we shall continue to go forward in the same direction. 
 
 I cannot but regard it as extremely fortunate that some one who could 
 speak with some degree of assurance, and whose opportunities, from 
 knowing the facts, were acknowledged, should have been on the spot 
 n London in Jul^^ last to correct the misapprehensions that existed 
 touching the prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in this country; and 
 I think it reasonably safe to predict that, with the enforcement of such 
 regulations as are now contemplated by our Treasury Department, and 
 with such additional legislation as may be reasonably expected from our 
 Congress at its next session, the time is not far distant when American 
 cattle will be placed upon an equal footing with those from Canada so 
 far as admission to British ports is concerned. 
 
 IMPRESSIONS OF BRITISH BREEDS OF CATTLE. 
 
 However much the substantial merits o-f short-horns in Great Britain, 
 
 . as well as in America, may have been damaged within the past twenty 
 
 years by blind allegiance to what has been called " fashionable breeding," 
 
 ! it is evident that the "color craze," which prevails to so great an extent 
 
 i in the United States, has not yet had any serious etiect on the other side of 
 
 the ocean. In the stables, the pastures, and the show-yards of England 
 
 and Scotland I saw com)).! rati vely few red short-horns. Roan appears to 
 
 be the favorite color there ; the all white being (piite as frecpiently met 
 
 with as the all-red. In the show-yards the rich red-roan — a color that 
 
 is peculiarly characteristic of the short-horn breed — appears to be in 
 
 a decided majority over all others. 
 
 In point of real merit, howevei', I think no candid man who has seen 
 5751 1) A 13 
 
 I 
 
194 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DQMESTIOATED ANIMALS 
 
 the cattle of both countries will (li8i)iite my assertion when I say that, 
 judged by the^cattle shown at the Royal this year, English short-horDS 
 are not equal to those shown at our leading fairs in America. There 
 were no representatives of the breed at the show of the Royal Agri- 
 cultural Society, at York, this year, worthy of being compared with the 
 show herds that Potts, Pickrell, Sodowsky, Croft, and Palmer exhibited 
 throughout the Western States at our principal fairs last year. In this 
 opinion 1 am sustained by every American "cattle-man" that I met at 
 York duiing the Royal show, and there were several of them — Hereford, 
 Angus, and Devon, as well as shorthorn breeders. With the exception 
 of the yearling and the two-yearold heifer classes, I thought the show 
 weak throughout, so far as quality is concerned, although it was quite 
 strong in numbers. At this writing I have not read any of the com- 
 ments upon this show by the English press, so I am not prepared to 
 say whether it compares favorably with its predecessors or otherwise; 
 but, judging by what 1 heard among the breeders, it was certainly u\) 
 to, if not superior, to the average of the past six years. 
 
 The show of breeds, other than short-horns, at the Royal was not 
 large. The Hereford s were reasonably good, the cows very fat and 
 very " patchy," as a rule. There was a fair show of Welsh cattle — 
 vigorous looking animals — uniformly black and possessing a good deal 
 of "style"; they impressed me as being really much better beef cattle 
 than I had been led to believe from what I had previously heard of 
 them. There were a few very good Aberdeen-Angus and Galloways, 
 but these breeds were not largly represented. 
 
 From my stand-point the very best beef animals 1 saw at York were 
 of the Devon breed. Of course they were not so large as some of the 
 other breeds, but they were as square and blocky almost as model Berk- 
 sTnre pigs, on very short legs, with fine bone, neat heads, and such 
 handlers! As an old butcher remarked in my hearing, they were "all 
 good beef from 'orns to 'ocks." 
 
 p' I also liked the red polled cattle of Norfolk and Suffolk quite well. 
 They are much like the Devous in shape and color, but are hornless. 
 While they possess all the characteristics necessary to entitle them to 
 rank as a distinct breed, yet it is conceded that the cattle of Suffolk 
 have been a trifle coarser than those of Norfolk — a difference, however, 
 that is fast disappearing under the system of blood-mingling that is now 
 practiced between the two counties. In addition to a high order of 
 merit as beef producers, the Norfolk and Sutfblk breeders claim great 
 superiority for the cows of the breed as milkers, and certainly their 
 published records go far toward sustaining the claim. To those who 
 have a decided preference for hornless cattle, yet with a dislike for the 
 black color, I can heartily recommend these beautiful red cattle of Nor- 
 folk and Sulfolk. 
 
 The show of Jerseys at the "Royal" was much larger than that of 
 any other breed, except the shorthorns, and many of the cows carried 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 195 
 
 with tliein evidences of large milking- capacity. The Ayrsliires were not 
 conspicuous, either in numbers or in quality, and the honors in the dairy 
 classes were carried off by the short-horn cows. I may remark here that 
 the prevailing type of short-horn cow, as exhibited at the "Koyal," ap- 
 proaches much more nearly to that of the model dairy cow than does 
 the type usually' met with in our Anibrican show-yards. They are more 
 after the " wedge-shape" pattern— heavy in the hind quarters and ta- 
 pering toward the head — than is considered the highest model of form in 
 a beef-producing animal. 
 
 Next to the '■'■ Royal," the most important agricultural show of Great 
 Britain is that of the Highland Society, held this year at Inverness. 
 The leading feature was, of course, cattle, and of these the (xalloways, 
 Highlanders, and Aberdeen-Angus took the lead. Many who had made 
 entries here, however, as at York, were deterred from bringing their 
 cattle on account of danger from the wide-spread infection of foot-and- 
 mouth disease. Among others there were many entries from Sir George 
 McPherson Grant's famous Ballindallocli herd of Aberdeen-Angus cat- 
 tle, but fear lest they might incur the dreaded infection finally led Sir 
 George to keep his favoiites at home, although several of his choicest 
 animals had been especially fitted for this show, and with every prospect 
 of carrying a large share of the honors l)ack with them to Castle Bal- 
 lindallocli. 
 
 The short-horns were not numerous, but there were a few good ones ; 
 notably Goldfinder, a yearling bull bred by William Hand ley. Green- 
 head Milnthorpe, got by Sir Arthur Ingram (32400) out of Princess 
 Flora, by Alfred the Great (36121). This young fellow, a beautiful red 
 roan, exhibited by James Bruce, who is recognized as one of the best 
 feeders in all Scotland, was shown in the very pink of condition, and 
 is certainly the best young bull I have seen this year. He deservedly 
 won the highest honors in his class and also the gold medal as tlie best 
 shorthorn bull of any age in the show. Among the other short horns 
 there was nothing particularly noticeable ; and certainly any of the 
 American herds mentioned above would have had an easy victory over 
 the best of them in the show ring. I cannot help repeating here my 
 strong conviction that our best American short-horns are superior, as 
 a general thing, to the best I have seen here, either in the shows or at 
 home on the farms of the breeders. The best specimens of the breed I 
 have seen (witli the exception of the young bull above mentioned) were 
 on the i)astures of the farmers of Aberdeenshire — beautiful, smooth, 
 fine boned cattle — such as would delight the heart of a Smithfield 
 butcher. 
 
 The West Highlanders were numerically stronger than any other breed 
 at Inverness, ami with the Scotch people they ap[)ear to be i)rime fa- 
 vorites. I fear, however, they are too slow in maturing, and too small 
 to be of value to American breeders. Hardiness they undoubtedly pos- 
 sess to an unusual degree, but if hardiness alone is what our Western 
 
196 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 raiiclnuL'ii want they can j^et plenty of th it characteristic by taking a 
 cross back to the Texan or to that still more hardy and better " wrest- 
 ler," the American buffalo. I take it that what is wanted by our West- 
 ern ranchmen is a cross that will give earlier maturity, fineness of bone, 
 lightness of offal, and a greater tendency to take on flesh. The quality 
 of hardiness is already attained in the foundation stock. 
 
 For the same reason I am rather disposed to question the desirability 
 of the Galloway as a cross for our Western ranchmen. Hardy they un- 
 doubtedly are, and of nu^st admirable form in carcass, but I have a fear 
 that this cross upon the foundation stock in use on our Western plains 
 will be found coarse-boned and slow in reaching maturity. I venture 
 this as an opinion, based entirely upon the i)revailing type of these cat- 
 tle as I have seen them in their native country. When mature I am 
 inclined to think they are superior in shape of carcass, judged from a 
 beef-producing standpoint, to their rivals, the finer-boned, finer haired, 
 and earlier maturing Aberdeen-Angus, but as a cross for the purposes 
 above indicated I certainly look for much more satisfactory results from 
 the latter breed, unless it be upon herds that have already been im- 
 proved by several crosses with the earlier maturing breeds. 
 
 Among the herds visited by me in this country I have been especially 
 pleased with the short-horns of Hugh Aylmer and Amos Cruickshank, 
 and the polled herds of Sir George McPherson Grant and Mr. George 
 AVilken. Mr. Aylmer is an ardent admirer of the Booth sort, and as 
 his breeding is confined to that line his herd may be fairly taken as a 
 representative one of that family. His cattle are distinguished for 
 blocky, beefy form, on short legs, with well-sprung ribs, and straight 
 top and bottom lines. Not remarkable for fineness or smoothness, or 
 style, or finish, but certainly most excellent beef-producing cattle. 
 
 Mr. Cruickshank is not a follower of either Booth or Bates. He has 
 been breeding short-horns at Sittyton for about fifty years; says it has 
 always been his aim to breed good short-horns, regardless of the ca- 
 prices of fashion ; has tried bulls of both Bates and Booth sorts, but 
 thought they did his herd harm rather than good, and so discarded 
 first one and then the other. The bull that, in his opinion, has been 
 most productive of good results in his herd — the greatest short-horn 
 bull, in his judgment, that has existed within the past fifty years — was 
 Champion of England, a bull bred by himself. He used this bull on 
 his herd about ten years. Among the sons of the old bull he regards 
 Roan Gauntlet as the best — but little, if any, inferior as a getter to his 
 illustrious sire. He has now about 120 females in his herd, nearly half 
 of the number being I'ed, the balance red-and-white and roan, with a 
 few all white. His cattle were not in high condition when I saw them; 
 they were runniiig out on pasture, and had not been in stable, nor had 
 they seen any other feed than grass since last spring. 1 was i)articu- 
 larly impressed with the evidences of early maturity in this herd; in- 
 deed I have nowhere else seen such perfectly developed coicfi, among 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 197 
 
 yearlings and two-year-olds, as at Sittytou; aud it is here I think that 
 the chief excellence of Mr. Criiickshank's breeding lies. This feature 
 has given character to the short-horns of Aberdeenshire, and so univer- 
 sally is it recognized, that even the breeders of the Aberdeen- Angus 
 cattle of that region all concede, so far as I heard an expression of opin- 
 ion, that u[) to two years old no breed will show such a gain as the 
 short-horn. ]Mr. C. says his aim has been to produce a first class beef 
 animal at the earliest i)Ossible age ; and in selecting lis breeding bulls, 
 he says : " The only questions have been, is he a good short-horn ? aud, 
 Will he uick well with my herd?" 
 
 I have seen much of the Angus- Aberdeen cattle on their native heath — 
 or: the pastures of thecommon farmers of Aberdeenshire — and 1 certainly 
 like them well. They are good-looking, smooth, fine-boned, early-matur- 
 ing cattle wherever you see them. The Ericas (a family of this breed), as 
 bred by Sir George McPhersoii Grant, pleased me best, ou account of 
 their comparative lightness of bone and compact, level, beefy, car- 
 casses. Sir George has either succeeded in fixing a strong family type 
 in these Ericas, or else he has shrewdly retained those that approxi- 
 mate closely to this type among those bred by him, and has sold the 
 rest. The Prides (another popular Aberdeen- Angus family) are larger 
 than the Ericas, and certainly have not quite the finisli and style of the 
 latter, but, judged by the show-yard triumphs of this year, they are not 
 a whit behind them in ])opular favor ; indeed I am inclined to the opin- 
 ion that the show-yard ledger of this year displays a decided balance 
 to the credit of the Prides. But this may be, to a considerable degree, 
 owing to the absence of the Ballindalloch herd from the Highland 
 sjiow. • 
 
 I regret exceedingly that I was compelled to forego the pleasure of a 
 \ isit' to Herefordshire. The " white-fVices," as the Hereford cattle are 
 often called, have gained so firm a footing and have become so widely 
 popular in America that I very much desired to see them on their native 
 pastures. I had arranged, while at the Eoyal show, to spend all of 
 the last wee-k of my stay in England among the Hereford breeders, tim- 
 ing my visit there, by special invitation, with reference to an important 
 gathering of Hereford breeders that was to take place at that time, 
 but at the last moo'cntl was comi)elled by urgent business demands to 
 send my regrets to Hereford and turnmyse.f homeward, without the 
 coveted visit to Herefordshire, as well as to many other places that I had 
 hoped to see before my return. What I have seen of this very popular 
 breed, however, has only conlirme<l my i)revious favorable impression 
 of them as grazing cattle. But must I be ])ern)itted to say of them, as 
 I have already said of the shorthorns, that judging by what 1 have 
 seen of them in both countries, the enteri)rise and good judgment of 
 American buyers have already transferred the cream of the breed to 
 the United States 
 
198 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 ENGLISIT AND SCOTOII DRAFT HORSES. 
 
 Another very proiiiiiieiit feature of the Engiisli and Scotch show-yards 
 was tlie cart or draft lior-es, the Clydesdales taking- the lead in Scotland 
 and the shire horses in England. So much cross'ug and mingling of 
 blood has been practiced by the horse breeders of these two countries 
 that it is really very difficult to tell where the one leaves off and the 
 other begins. In fact, I have never yet been able to find a horseman 
 whose eye was critical enough to enable him to say positively whether 
 a given animal belonge.l to the one or the other bred, unless he knew 
 beforehand who the animal belonged to, or where it came from. But 
 as each breed now has its own stud-book it is not unlikely that a greater 
 distinction than is now apparent may grow up in the near future. Judg- 
 ing by what appeared to be the prevailing type of the two breeds, as I 
 saw them, I,should say, if there is any difference in them, that the shire 
 horse was relatively better and stronger in the heart, back, and flank, 
 than his Scotch rival ; but, as before remarked, the most critical horse- 
 man would be puzzled to give a good reason why they might not be 
 classed as one and the same breed. They are certainly most excellent 
 horses, and for heavy draft it is doubtful if their sujjeriors can be found 
 in any country. Large numbers of them are now annually being taken 
 to the United States, the honors being about equally divided between 
 them and the Percheron horses of France. The Clydesdale and the 
 Shire horses have each had a stud-book for some 5 or G years past, and 
 the effect has doubtless been to cause greater attention to be paid to 
 genealogy than was possible under the former order of things ; and } 
 American importers now have a much more reliable guaranty of purity 
 of blood than they could possibly have without these published records. .. 
 With the publication of the Percheron stud-book, to which I have be- m 
 fore alluded, it may now be said that our American importers have a * 
 stud or herd book to rely upon for every breed of horses and cattle that 
 is brought to our country, whether from Great Britain or the Conti- 
 nent. 
 
 DANGERS FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES. — SUGGESTIONS AFFECTING 
 OUR EXPORTS OF LIVE CATTLE. 
 
 In conclusion permit me to say that I am aware of the fact that I have 
 only imperfectly covered the subjects to which my attention was directed 
 by you in my appointment. The time which I was able to give to each 
 branch of the subject was necessarily brief; and some of them I have 
 been compelled to forego almost entirely. I cannot close, however, 
 without again calling attention to the very general prevalence of foot- 
 and-mouth disease among the cattle of Great Britain, and the great dan- 
 ger which exists of the transportation of this pest to our own herds and 
 flocks, through the frequent importations that are now being made from 
 that country. The system of quarantine now being maintained by our 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19& 
 
 Goverimieiit against all iiiii)orted cattle affords very good security agairst 
 infection, through the bovine species; but sheep, swine, and goats, are 
 equally suscei)tible to this disease, and are quite as likely to bring it ta 
 our shores asare thecattle. Unfortunately tiiereis nolaw authorizing a 
 quarantine of any imported animals other than cattle, and herein lies 
 our greatest i)resent danger. It is to be hoped that Congress may be 
 induced at a very early period in its next session, to confer the neces- 
 sary authority for enforcing quarantine against sheep, goats, and swine, 
 as well as cattle from all foreign countries, so that our flocks and herds 
 may be effectually guarded against this the most infectious of all animal 
 plagues. 
 
 1 deem it important also to call attention to the fact that the estab- 
 lishment of a rigid system of inspection of all live cattle exported from 
 this country and a strict supervision of the ships used for the purpose 
 of carrying the cattle from our ports, to the end that none but healthy 
 cattle shall be placed on board and that the facilities for promoting the 
 health and comfort of the animals during the voyage shall be ample, is 
 of the highest possible importance in its bearing on the future of our 
 export trade with Great Britain. In a conversation between Professor 
 Brown, the chief veterinary adviser of the British privy council, and 
 myself upon this point,' he dwelt with especial emphasis ui)ou the im- 
 portance of attention to these matters on the part of our Government. 
 Americans as a class are very jealous of governmental interference with 
 trade and commerce, and cattle shippers especially are opposed to any 
 regulations that shall interfere in the least with their present freedom 
 of action. But the interests of the farmers of the United States, the 
 men who raise the cattle for export, are paramount to those of the few 
 who are engaged in the export trade. And no consideration of a ver\^ 
 slight reduction in the per cent, of profit which these dealers may real- 
 ize should be allowed to stand in the way of the adoption of regulations^ 
 which are absolutely essential to the permanence of the traffic. 
 
 Respectfully subm i tted . 
 
 J. H. SANDERS. 
 
 Chicago, October 'M), 1883. 
 
 REPORT OF DR. RUSH SHIl'I'EX Hl'lDEEOrER. 
 
 Sir : Twenty years ago an International Cattle Show was held at 
 Hamburg, Germany. This exhibition attracted a great deal of interest; 
 it proved a financial success to the citizens who guaranteed the cost; 
 it brought valuable agricultural iiroducts and animals from England 
 France, and other countries, and it was encouraged by numerous ex- 
 hibits and an activ^e committee from the United States. The effects 
 of this exhibition in iSTorth Germany were lasting. Valuable breeding 
 animals were bought from the foreign exhibitors, and the numerous 
 German farmers who attended saw and appreciated the improved 
 
200 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 metliodsof tilliugtbesoil, breeding, caring for and feeding their animals, 
 and eoononiizing the i)roducts. Some of the committee of the exhibi- 
 tion of 1803 were still taking an active interest in agricultural matters 
 when the present Hamburg Cattle Show was proposed, and they found 
 a prompt support in offering to the people another '' concours " to show 
 the advance which had been made in the two decades. In the exhibi- 
 tion of 1883 but few of the foreign countries lent the support which 
 such au undertaking deserved, and the exhibits were confined almost 
 entirely to Germany, with her closely related neighbors of Holland, 
 Denmark, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 
 
 The exhibition was opened on the 3d of July, 1883. The buildings 
 were well arranged and every accommodation for the animals was pro- 
 vided, the details of which will be found in the accompanying catalogue. 
 
 The exhibits were divided into nine sections, viz : 
 
 1. Horses. 
 
 2. Horned cattle. 
 
 3. Sheep. 
 
 4. Swine. 
 
 5. Bees and the apparatus connected with their care. 
 
 6. Fish. 
 
 7. Fowl, 
 
 8. Stalls, buildings, agricultural implements, &c. 
 
 9. Scientific apparatus and methods of teaching all matters pertain- 
 ing to agriculture. 
 
 Section I. — Horses. 
 
 Division A. — Classes 1 to 4 were composed of thoroughbreds, which 
 presented no j^articular interest. Among the stallions one of the best 
 was au American, ^' Imagination," born 1874, by Longfellow out of a 
 Lexington mare. 
 
 Classes 5 to 6 contained several excellent Arabs, which have been 
 of great use in Germany, as in France and elsewhere, in improving the 
 local breeds of horses before crossing them with the thoroughbreds. 
 
 Division B. — Classes 7 to 12 called for riding, hunting, and cavalry 
 horses and mares, of three years and over, raised in Germany, Austro- 
 Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. These classes were largely 
 filled with good animals, especially from Austria, as the horses from 
 this country showed much more blood. 
 
 Division D. — Classes 13-1") were for the same class of animals from any 
 country. England only of foreign countries was represented with sev- 
 eral good animals from the Stand Stud Coinpiny, but the first i)rize 
 was awarded to the rei)resentative of the Koyal Prussian stud. In this 
 division American horses could have been shown with specjial profit. 
 Equally good horses might have been sent from New York State and 
 the whole Alleghany ritlge, with an advantage of price on their side, 
 even with the ciost of tran.si)ortation and risk added. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AXIMALS. 201 
 
 Divifihn E. — Foals of tlie previous classes. 
 
 DivisionF. — Heavy carriage horses. — This division was complete iu stal- 
 lious, mares and colts, and presented, perhaps, one of the richest shows 
 among" the horses. From the many studs represented the most useful 
 for the United States would })r()bal)ly be the animals of the Grand 
 Duke of Oldenburg. These are magnificent beasts of full 10 hands, 
 short coupled, tine, strong neck, legs well ])laced {cVaplomh)^ and good 
 feet. The developing horses are of sufficient size for the farmer to use 
 economically while he is preparing animals, which, if they are at fault 
 as valuable carriage horses, are still strong enough to sell or keep for 
 hard work. 
 
 Division G contained, in addition to the preceding, a few good Eng- 
 lish horses. 
 
 Division H. — Strong horses for agricultural and industrial work. The 
 Clydesdales were entirely wanting. Several fine representatives of the 
 Shire horse were shown, the largest weighing some 1,900 pounds, but 
 all except a stylish mare were sleepy and had unfortunately flat feet. 
 
 Classes 31 to 34 failed to obtain any representation from the superb 
 French, Belgium, and Xorische or Pinzgauer races. The first two are 
 so well known in the United States that it is useless to speak of them, 
 but the Pinzgauer should be better known. Originating (historically) 
 in the Pinzgauer and Styria these immense active horses have ever 
 since been kept in all their purity. They were described and drawn 
 from by the ancient Romans, and in the Middle Ages they furnished 
 the mounts of most of the German and I^orth Italian warriors. Their 
 full blood has always exercised a strong intluence upon the countries 
 directly surrounding the South of Austria, but the limited territory in 
 which they are produced in their purity has been a barrier to their 
 wider dissemination, and of late years their export has been almost 
 entirely limited to Munich and Vienna. Fine examples of this race can 
 be met with in these two cities, but they are best seen on the Styriau 
 Mountains, where they usually work with a load on the back and go 
 over the heights, on a narrow foot path, as surely as a, mule, with the 
 advantage of greater speed and the strength for a greater load. As 
 our agriculturists are now bringing so many of the large European 
 horses to America, and the i)ri(!e of English and French horses have 
 advanced so much in the last few years, it would be well for them to 
 pay attention to these animals, which can be procured for less money. 
 From Denmark were shown some fine horses with a good deal of blood 
 and weighing from l,30i> to 1,500 i)Ounds. 
 
 A few Ardenners were exhibited in harness, but none of the pure 
 type which was so renowned in the old jiosting service, and has now 
 become so rare, as it has unfortunately been rendered coarse and lym- 
 phatic by crossing with the large Flemish and English animals. 
 
202 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Section B. — Ponies. 
 
 Among the i)onies no type or race was especially exemplified, except 
 from Norway. The Scandinavian horses are magnificent heavy ponies 
 of 13 to 14 hands, with short l)acks well modeled, short, strong set legs, 
 good feet, and an intelligent head with a large open eye. 
 
 These animals keep in good condition with a small qnantity of poor 
 food, and are adapted to monntain work. They walk very fast and 
 trot wonderfully. They are good workers in harness, though thev are 
 usually used under saddle, and carry the big Norwegian peasant as 
 easily as they would a child. They could be iii^ofitably raised in any ot 
 the mountainous distiicts of America, and would make an excellent 
 mount for the cavalry in the West. Their i)rice is very low. and the 
 cost of transporting them would be less than for large horses. There 
 was no exliibit of mules and asses. 
 
 Section II. — Cattle. 
 
 The show of cattle was the great feature of the exhibition, although 
 it was almost confined to the series of coast cattle. The present divis- 
 ion of these cattle deserves special attention, as the American nomen- 
 clature has been decidedly arbitrary'. 
 
 It is only within recent date that the proprietors and agriculturists 
 have become convinced of the necessity of establishing definite lines 
 between the cattle of each locality, where the animals showed some 
 particular merit; and in order to retain the purity of their herds, which 
 was threatened by the increased facilities of commerce, they have found 
 the solution of their i)roblem in the establishment of "herd books." 
 
 The catalogue called for a first division into the Marschschlage, or 
 those families of animals coming from the lower country and into the 
 Geestschlage, or those coming irom the higher and more inland coun- 
 tries. In the Marschschlage series are the East Frisians, Oldenburg- 
 ers, Hollanders, Wilstermarscli, and Breitenburgers ; in the second 
 series there are families from the first three of the preceding, the Au- 
 gelers and the Jutlanders. Of these groujjs the Wilstermarsch, Breit- 
 enburgers, Angelers, and -latlanders are in general terms " Holsteiu" 
 cattle, and, except the last, have nothing whatever in common with 
 the West Frisian, Oldenbnrgers, and Hollanders, which are the so- 
 called Ilolstein cattle in America. The generic name of "Holsteiu" 
 as applied to any race of cattle does not exist in North Germany or the 
 Netherlands. The Wilstermarsch and Breitenburgers present no special 
 interest for the American, as they are simply two good breeds of cattle 
 which are fair milkers, and owe their milk qualities to the crossing of 
 short-horns on the large native race, a bony aud coarser cattle. The 
 Jutlanders, ( )ldenl)nrgers, and a part of the Frisians, especially that 
 part of the latter to the east, have also felt the infiuence of the short- 
 horns to a very great extent, but the native breeds were generally 
 
 J 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 203 
 
 strong enough to retain their color and their milking qualities. The 
 continental preference, which formerly bought only white short-horns, 
 aided })robably in the retention of the white and black color. While 
 some of the families of those breeds are almost ty])ical short-horns in 
 form, a large number api)roach the Dutch and Frisian so closely that 
 mistakes between them would be excusable. However, the lower flank, 
 the larger hip, the finer development of the thorax, the shoulder-gutter, 
 the fine head, and the other milk characteristics distinguish the families 
 from Holland and Friesland. At present the most of these cattle, if of 
 any value, are registered in the herd books. While the name of a 
 herd does not affect its value, it would be better that the proper name 
 should be given in the establishment of foreign herds in the United 
 States. The two groups of these cattle, with their piedominating 
 qualities of milk or beef, should be better understood and separated at 
 the outset. 
 
 The Angeler cattle are a beautiful race of milkers, with most of the 
 characteristics of the Channel Island cattle, including the richness of 
 the fatty parts of the milk, but they have their beef qualities better 
 developed. They are of a uniform red color, with black muzzles and 
 legs. 
 
 The Swiss cattle were scarcely represented by a few Simmenthalers 
 ;ind Allganers, while the other celebrated breeds were absent. The few 
 examples of the beautiful Swiss cattle in the United States are too little 
 known. Their special adaptation to high regions, their great milking 
 (pialities and economical transposition into beef, would make them a 
 most profitable animal in the high cheese-producing counties of New 
 York, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. 
 
 The Austrian and Eussiau cattle were wanting. A few Rhenish 
 (Jura) and Scandinavian cattle presented only a zootechnical interest, 
 and the great milk race of Flanders and the North of France, and the 
 Salers and other great work and beef cattle, were entirely absent. The 
 short-liorns and Ayrshires were shown both from German and English 
 herds that would readily have yielded the prizes to American repre- 
 sentatives had these been sent. A test of the quantitative and quali- 
 tative milk production of the various races was carried on duritig the 
 exhibition, of which an analysis is subjoined. 
 
 Section HI. — Sheep. 
 
 This section was only notable for the magnificent specimens of the 
 Uambouillet merinos, whi(;h are owned in quantities in many i)arts of 
 Germany. 
 
 Section IV. — Swine. 
 
 The exposition of hogs contained many fine Yorkshires and Derk- 
 shires, both from (rernum and from English proprietors; but the finest 
 show was in I'oland (Jhinas, which were almost all im]K)rt('d from the 
 
204 CONTAGIOUS UISKASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 State of Ohio, and they attracted a great deal of attention and favor- 
 able comment. 
 
 Section V. — Bees. 
 
 In this division was a complete collection of the breeds of bees, with 
 all the apparatns connected with their raising and the utilization of the 
 honey and wax. 
 
 Section Yf.— Fish and Fish Breeding. 
 
 Besides a show of the implements connected with fishing, a few mod- 
 els of fish-breeding and artificially developed fish were shown, among 
 which was the fine collection of carp from the farms of Adolph Gaschat 
 Kaniow, in Galizia. This exhibit reqnires, however, no details after 
 the larger ones which have recently been held. 
 
 Section VII. — Fowls. 
 
 As no foreign exhibit was made, the collection of fowls can best be 
 criticised as being composed of German birds. The representation of 
 pigeons was wonderful, and the catalogue will probably be of interest 
 to breeders of these semi luxurious but useful birds. 
 
 Section VIII. — Stabling, Machines, and Implements. 
 
 The moderate exhibit of wagons, agricultural implements, &c., was 
 almost entirely from the hands of German and English workmen, and 
 certainly would have been much more valuable if it had had the addi- 
 tion of the standard American machines. The few machines which were 
 modeled from American patents weie of old patterns. 
 
 Section IX.' — Scientific investigation and products in ref- 
 erence TO Animal Industry. 
 
 This section contained an exhibit which would possibly have been 
 one of I he least understood at first sight by many Americans, but when 
 once studied would have been thoroughly appreciated and would have 
 proved of great usefulness in showing the extent to which European 
 governments interest themselves in aiding the agriculturist, by fur- 
 nishing him with i)roperly educated men to assist him in the selection 
 and care of his land and animals; and to care for his animals and pro- 
 tect them when they are sick or are threatened with the epizootics. The 
 first collection ^vas a well selected museum of the books, specimens, ap- 
 paratus, and zootechnic })ro(lucts from the lioyal Prussian Agricultural 
 High School in Berlin. 
 
 The second was a similar collection from the Saxon Agricultural 
 School. This included a complete display of wool from all the ovine 
 races and breeds, with an appendix giving a detailed report of the^toed- 
 ing and producing cost of the animal which furnished the samples. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 'iOo 
 
 From the veterinary departtiient the exhibits contained a collection 
 of skulls of all the domestic animals, anatomical and patholooical spec- 
 imens, injected preparations, parasites and wax models of the same, 
 ai)paratns connected with the use and care of the domestic animal, &c. 
 An interesting' selection from the library showed the gradual develop- 
 ment of literature i)ertaining- to agricultnre. 
 
 The veterinary school and school for blacksmiths, of Saxony, were 
 also represented by complete examples of their methods of teaching 
 and the means employed in their practical demonstrations. 
 
 Instrument makers showed microscopes, trichina microscopes, ther- 
 mometers designed for stable and dairy use, lactometers, apparatus for 
 ([ualitative milk analysis, &c. 
 
 Agricultural and veterinary literature was completely represented, 
 and contained many useful models of records for dairy and farm use, 
 and an extensive collection of all existing stnd and herd books. Silk 
 and bee culture was shown by a full series of the natural insects and 
 their i)roducts, and a duplicate series of the same, enlarged iu wax and 
 papier mache. There were also competitive prizes for essays and de- 
 signs for stables aiul farm buildings, to be adapted to flat or hilly coun 
 tries; essays on the hygienic and other arrangements of farm buildings, 
 manure, &c. ; on the removal of animajs from burning buildings; on 
 animal ju'oduction (breeding), &c. 
 
 Throughout the entire exhibition the most rigid measures were ob- 
 served in regard to the sanitary police. A sufficient corps of veterina- 
 rians was constantly on duty, under the direction of Professor Johne. 
 All animals before being admitted to the show-grounds wei^e passed 
 through an inspection yard and carefully examined. A constant watch 
 was continued, and notwithstanding the immense number of animals 
 collected from all of Central Europe and transported through the great 
 centers of animal commerce on railway wagons and by other means of 
 public conveyance no cases of contagious disease were detected, and 
 none developed during the ten days on the grounds. This fortunate 
 result is justly to be attributed to the present complete and thorough 
 precautions taken by the German Government for the inotection of its 
 animals. Each district is provided with an ofticial veterinary surgeon, 
 to whom all cases of contagious disease must be reported, and this offi- 
 cial is empowered with the proper authority for enforcing the law. Each 
 department has a superior veterinaiian, to whom the district veterina- 
 rians report, and he is invested with greater powers. If the proprietors 
 make an immediate report of any suspected case of contagious disease on 
 their farms, they are liberally indemnitied in case of loss, after the offi- 
 cial investigation, which is one of the official acts iu Germany, and ex- 
 ecuted promptly. If, however, a ])r()i)rieto.r attempts to conceal any 
 case of contagious disease in his animals, he not only forfeits any right 
 to indemnity, but is i)unislied. A veterinary surgeon who atteudssuch 
 cases and does not report them is even more severely punished. This 
 
20b' CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 law of liberal iiulemuity and pnuislnneiit combined has proven most 
 satisfactory ; it leads to the prompt declaration of any outbreak of dis- 
 ease, and allows the Government to exert active measures at the outset. 
 In addition to these rigid measures, the precautions taken on all means 
 of transport for their proper disinfection are thorough, not only in the 
 law but in jiractice. Railway cars which have served for the transjiort 
 of any of the domestic animals are immediately disinfected. The large 
 railroad yards are provided with special tracks at the side of a building 
 containing boilers for an unlimited supply of hot water. After the car 
 is swept it IS washed from a hose with water as hot as can be handled; 
 after another sweeping the interior of the car is washed with water 
 heated to 70° C, with soda added. This most satisfactory means of 
 disinfection is carried out at an expense of only two marks (50 cents) a 
 car, and is paid b^' adding that amount to the freight bill. 
 
 The slaughter of all contaminated animals, whether executed as a 
 measure of sanitary i)olice or for food, is done under the supervision of 
 a res])onsible \eterinary inspector, and so all attempts to evade the law 
 for a little additional gain are avoided. 
 
 It is greatly to be regretted that Americans could not have been en- 
 abled to exhibit their agricultural i)roducts, especially animals, at Ham- 
 burg, that they might have shown the great resources of the United 
 States, and, what is more important, the facility with which these re- 
 sources can be placed at the disi)osal of the European market, as this is 
 as yet little api)reciated outside of England. The cavalry horse and 
 the beef cattle are now the two articles which offer a favorable and 
 profitable field for export, but it will be but a very few years before the 
 heavy draft horse can be added to the list. For the establishment of 
 an active and paying commerce, however, the European Governments 
 will demand a greater security and guarantee of the health of the ani- 
 mals ship[)ed to them than now exists. The necessary- encouragement 
 for the education of a sufficient number of men to carry out the State 
 laws and the work of the Government in regard to the diseases of our 
 animals will aid very nmterially not only iu our own protection, but in 
 the advancement of our cattle trade with Europe. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 liilSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER, M. D., 
 
 Honorary Co mm issio ner. 
 
 Hon. George B. Loring, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
OUTBREAK OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER IN KANSAS. 
 
 BE PORT OF M. R. TRVMBOWER, V. S. 
 
 Hon. (Jeorge B. Loring, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 Sir : In obedience to your telegram, dated at Washington, October 
 9, 1883, requesting me to proceed at once to Harper, Kans., there to in- 
 vestigate an outbreak of disease among cattle, I toithwith made the 
 necessary preparations and left on the 4 o'clock train the same day, 
 arriving at Harper on the morning of the 12th. My instructio'ns not 
 having yet arrived, I remained iu town and made inquiries of different 
 individuals in relation to the cattle disease. I soon became overwhelmed 
 with reports of the magnitude of the outbreak and extent of losses 
 throughout Harper and Barbour Counties. I received many reports 
 from different individuals, stating that such and such persons had cat- 
 tle dying daily at that date. After deliberating over the matter, I came 
 to the conclusion that I could do no better than to remain iu town over 
 Saturday and have some person who was well acquainted with the 
 I)eople to point out to me the men who were then losing cattle, as many 
 of them would probably be in town on a Saturday. Here I met with 
 disappointment. I met a number of men of whom it was said that they 
 were losing cattle daily, but on making a direct inquiry they almost in- 
 variably said: "ISTo; they were not losing any now," but named some 
 other person who was. I soon found out that the better i)lan would be 
 to go directly into those sections where tlie greatest mortality had pre- 
 vailed, and there endeavor to find suitable subjects for examination. 
 Therefore, on Sunday morning, the 11th, I made arrangements with 
 Martin Cochran, of Harper, who is well acquainted with that country, 
 to take nje out into Barbour County. We left Harper about 8 a. 
 m. The first ])lace we stopped was at Dr. Joseph Brock way's, on 
 the Nine Cottonwoods Creek, IS miles southwest of Harper, in Har- 
 per County. He made the following statement: That he moved his 
 cattle, numbering 75 head, from his i)lace of residence, taking them 
 northwest 2 miles, on or about the 1st day of May ; that on or about 
 the 10th day of July his cattle began to die, and 10 head died 
 within eighteen day's time, nearly all of them being two and three year 
 steers. The disease then abated, rainy, cloudy, and cool weather super- 
 vening. On the 1st of August -4 or o were still sick, but making a slow 
 recovery. On the 12th of September the disease broke out again, and 
 
 207 
 
208 COXTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 13 head more diet! in rapid succession, lie then fenced in a pasture 
 for his cattle, phiced them therein, and has not lost any since. 
 
 The Boyd herd of cattle (suspected — of which more liereafter) were 
 driven on their way west from Harper into Barbour Connty, along a 
 freif^htroad which crosses his range, upon which road also oxen attached 
 to wagons and small herds of cattle were driven back and forth all sum- 
 mer, and cattle passed in the care of herders every morning. 
 
 Mr. E. Walden, L* miles north of Dr. Brockway's, lost all the cattle he 
 had — 7 head. They died in the month of September. His cattle have 
 been near the Boyd trail, and also near the Anderson trail (another 
 susi)ected herd). 
 
 •The next place I visited was William A. Wood's, on the line of Har- 
 per and Barbour Counties. He made the following statement : 
 
 Mr. Boyd, in the month of A))ril, ci'o.ssed my range with his cattle; I drove my 
 cattle back, 115 iu uiimUor, to allow him to pass. A few days later a second herd, 
 numbering 900, were driven through on the same trail. I again turned my cattle back 
 to allow this secoud herd to pass; they stopped on my range to graze for two hours; 
 they then went west to the Little Sandy, where they turned and went northwest. 
 These cattle were loug-horns. I picketed 1 cow and 2 calves on the trail of these two 
 herds. The cow was taken sick on the 1st of October, and died on the 12th. All of 
 my cattle crossed this trail daily ; 5 of them were taken sick, but only the 1 died. 
 
 I went out on the range to see the one that died on the 12th (two days 
 ago). I found her in a fair state of preservation, and decided to make 
 'A: post-mortem examination, I removed the wall of the chest and abdo- 
 men of the right side. Found the lungs in a nearly normal condition ; 
 the pericardium contained four ounces of bloody colored serum ; the 
 heart was extensively ecchymosed on both the external and internal 
 surfaces, the endocardium being somewhat softened and pal r than nor- 
 mal ; no heart clots were present. The liver weighed 13 pounds, the 
 enlargement being due to hypertiemia ; gall bladder contained 10 ounces 
 of a dark olive colored bile, of a thicker consistency than normal ; spleen 
 weighed 4| pounds ; contents, a dark purple semi-fluid pulp ; a general 
 disintregration had taken place; urine bladder empty ; kidneys normal 
 in color and size. The fourth stomach presented extensive congestion 
 of the mucous membrane, especially towards the cardiac end, and many 
 small erosions exposing the vascular membrane were visible near the 
 pyloric end ; redness and congestion, accompanied more or less by 
 thickening of the mucous membrane of the small intestines, was manifest 
 upon close inspection ; interstitial extravasations of blood between the 
 membranes of the cjecum and also of the rectum were found, and the 
 feces coated with mucus mixed with blood. The uterus contained a 
 male calf six and a half months old ; the liver of the fetus weighed IJ 
 pounds; spleen a])parently normal ; pericardium contained 2 ounces of 
 very dark-colored bloody fluid, also an abnormal amount of bloody' 
 colored fluid was discovered in the thoracic cavity. 
 
 1 examined a white cow, six years of age, which was supi)osed to be 
 recovering; she had been sick for two weeks; pulse 112, temperature 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISKA^ES OF D0MK.>TICATE1J AXIMAI.S. 209 
 
 106° F. She was lying down. I made her get up; her gait ai)i)eared 
 very stiff and painful, and as she slowly moved away she voided bloody- 
 colored urine. She eats and ruminates. I examined another cow which 
 liad been sick for ten days; pulse Gi), temperature 104^' F; very thin 
 in tlesh ; eats and ruminates. October 24 saw Mr. Wood in town ; he 
 stated that both the cows which I examined were alive and gaining in 
 strength and health. 
 
 From Mr. \Vood's place we proceeded to ]\Ir, Jesse Boyd's, in Barbour 
 County. Here we remained over night. During the evening and the 
 followiug morning I received the following information from Mr. Boyd 
 and Mr. Cochran, viz: Mr. Martin Cochran, of Harper, spent nearly all 
 winter at Judsonia, on Red River, White County, Arkansas. Mr. Coch- 
 lan bought 342 head of cattle in this county, most of them being in a 
 \ er^' ])()()r condition.. attribute<l to cold weather and insufficient feed. 
 One hundred of this number were bought 12 miles north of Searcy. 
 Mr. Cochran collected 242 head and drove them to Judsonia on or about 
 tlie 24th day of March. Mr. Jesse Boyd came to White County, Ar- 
 kansas, about the 1st day of February. He bought 228 head of cattle 
 in this county, brought them to Judsonia, and there he and Mr. Cochran 
 pooled their cattle, the combined herd then numbering 470 head. Tiiey 
 drove them 55 miles to Conway, a railroad station, adding at Searcy 100 
 head more (those which Mr. Cochran bought 12 miles north of Searcy). 
 They shipped at Conway, on the 1st day of April, the whole number of 
 the combined herd (570) and unloaded at Harper, Har[)er County, Kan- 
 sas, on the 5th. About 50 of them died on the cars before they ar- 
 1 ived at Harper ; got down in the cars and were trampled to death. At 
 Harper these cattle (520) were kept for three or four days, ranging north 
 i)f the railroad track and tra^'eling over a space of 2 miles, the range 
 extending northeast to Sisson's Grove and to a small creek where they 
 had to go to water. At night they were yarded at the stock-yards. 
 
 Twenty of theni being disabled were watered in the yards and fed 
 on corn, cane, and millet-hay for a week or longer. On the 9th of April 
 Mr. Boyd drove 500 head of them from the stock-yards, in a south- 
 western course, to the edge of town, passed I. J. Campbell's held, thence 
 west 1 mile, then southwest 1 mile, west again 8 miles, crossing L. M. 
 Pratt's range one-half mile north of /^,is residence, then came on the road 
 at the school-house on Bluff Creek, thence along the main road as far as 
 Richard Botkin's place, beyond whose })lace they encamped one night. 
 From there the^' left the road to the south of the trail, but came back 
 to the road again at W. E. Kline's. From Kline's they i)assed in a 
 southwesterly direction to the I^Tine Cottonwoods Creek, east of Mr. 
 (lardnei's; here they stopped the second night. From this place they 
 l)assed due west iintd they reached Boyd's range, on the Little Sandy 
 Creek, 4 miles across the Harper and Barbour County line. From Boyd's 
 range 102 head of these cattle drifted away and were gathered in again 
 in the roiindupin June and July. They went south to the line of the 
 5751 D A 14 
 
210 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 indiiin Territory, west 12 miles to Medicine River, east 2 miles to the 
 limits of the rauge. On the lOtli day of July several of these cattle 
 were noticed to be sick, and in a week 8 were dead. Mr. Boyd, at the 
 same time that he held this herd of cattle, also had 140 head of Arkan- 
 sas cattle which he brou<^ht in last year, and were wintered by hioi ; 
 he had 20 head of natives besides, which were also wintered by him. 
 At the time that the recently imported Arkansas cattle began to die, 
 two of the natives also became sick and died, both the latter being 
 yearlhig heifers. All of these three different lots of cattle were herded 
 on the same range and drank out of the same creek until the latter 
 part of July, losing S of the suspected cattle, two of the natives, and 
 none of the wintered Arkansas cattle. 
 
 The 20 head <»f crippled cattle which Mr. Boyd left at Harper were 
 driven into 1. J. C/ami)bell's pasture field, located at the western edge of 
 town, on or about the 18th day of Ai)ril; there they intermingled with 
 1.50 head of native cattle belonging to Mr. Campbell. They remained 
 in Campbell's pasture for a week, then they were driven out over the 
 trail of the previous lot of cattle, as far as L. M. Pratt's, where they re- 
 mained over night grazing with some of Pratt's cattle. From Pratt's 
 they went in a direct course to Boyd's range. 
 
 On the 2Gth day of July, ]Mr. Jesse Boyd was arrested and brought 
 to trial for bringing into the State of Kansas, contrary to law, wild and 
 uudomesticated cattle, which had spread a disease among the natives 
 known as Texas fever. Four hundred and thirty head of the Boyd cat- 
 tle were seized and quarantined by the sheriff of Barbour County, were 
 ])laced into Mr. Cook's pasture field, 2 miles south of Mr. Boyd's house, 
 and there were kept under surveillance by the sheriff's assistants. The 
 witnesses on ])art of the State were: William Garrison, Mr. Hufacker, 
 David Clough, W. W. Cook, Albert Cook, U. B. Moore, George M. Gard- 
 ner, J. H. Warren, A. B. Rannals, W. E. Mattox, all men holding cat- 
 tle close to Mr. Boyd. Mr. Boyd was fined by the court in the sum of 
 $300, aud sentenced to imprisonment in the county jail for a term of one 
 month. lie took an appeal to the higher court. His second trial has 
 not yet taken place. 
 
 On the 15th of October, I went to see Mr. Jackson, who has charge 
 of the quarantined cattle. He reported six deaths among them since 
 the 29th of July. On the 18th' 1 was again at Mr. Boyd's place. I then 
 tested the tem])erature of 4 head of his wintered cattle which registered 
 as follows, 101.8°, 100°, 101.4°, and 100.0° Fahrenheit. I proceeded to 
 the (juarantined herd and tested the temperature of 20 head among them. 
 We drove them into a branding pen. They registered as iollows: One 
 four-year old cow, 102.1° ; two-year old heifer, 103.7°; three-year old 
 steer, 101.0°; two-year old steer, 103.4°; yearling heifer, 102,0°; three- 
 year old heifer, 103.7°; pulse, (50; two-year old heifer, 101.8°; two year 
 old heifer, 102.9°; yearling heifer, 102.2°; four-year old cow with calf 
 at her side, 102.0° ; three-A ear-old heifer (scouring), 102.4° ; three-year 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 211 
 
 old steer, U)2^; six-year old cow, 102.8"^; two-year old steer, 102.4°; two- 
 year old steer, 102.8°; three-year old heifer, 102.6°; three-year old steer, 
 102. (!°; ten-year old cow, 103.1°; six-year old cow, 103.2° ; two months 
 old calf of the latter, 104,9° ; one lame cow, a stray, ox yoke brand, 
 which has been lyin*; aronnd with these cattle since the Jnly round-np, 
 indicated a temperatnre of 103.7° F. 
 
 These cattle did not appear wild and undomesticated, and stood very 
 kindly under my examination. Here I wish to mention a word about 
 the July round up. In the latter part of June or the first of July about 
 2,000 head of cattle were brought to and centered upon Boyd's range in 
 the round-up ; nearly all of the neighbors of Mr. Boyd, and many others, 
 came to this place and cut out their own cattle. Some of the strange 
 cattle remained several days on the Boy<l range. If any cattle were 
 in this herd that carried the germs of the Southern cattle fever, it fel- 
 lows that all the cattle in this round up were equally exposed, or nearly 
 so. In this herd of 2,000 were about 10 head of stray cattle, for which 
 no owners ai)i)eared, and it is not huown to-day where they belong, nor 
 from where they originally came. Again, Mr. R. B. McGee, secretary 
 of the Cedar Hills and Sand Creek Pool, gave me the names ot the 
 membership of said pool, as follows: McGee and Lovett, Jesse Boyd, 
 M. B. Moore, William Garrison, Mr. Hufacker, Mr. Beals, David Clough, 
 Perry Clough, John McKeever, John Elmore, Hink, Moore, Munger 
 Brothers, J. H. Warren, E. C. Davis, Mr. Holmes, M. McGuire, and 
 Mr. Cross. All, or nearly all of these parties, had a greater or less 
 number of cattle in this pool during the winter or spring, where they 
 remained until about the 1st of July. If any of the ground over which 
 these cattle passed was capable of imi)arting the Southern cnttle fever, 
 or, if any cattle were in this herd carrying the germs of this disease and 
 discharging them, then all of the cattle in the herd were exposed to such 
 grounds or cattle. On Monday, October 15, Mr. Boyd and Mr. Cochran 
 accompanied me to Mr. John Elmore's ranch, located on range 1 oand 16, 
 T. 33, R. 10 W., Barbour County, or four miles southwest of Boyd's 
 range. Mr. Elmore stated that lie held on his range 210 head of grown 
 cattle and 40 calves, all wintered cattle exce[)t 38 head, whii-li were 
 brought in from Atchison County, Missouri, in the spring. Mr. Elmore's 
 cattle began to die on the 1st day of July ; 13 head died in two weeks; 
 the disease then checked up but broke out again about the 1st of Sep- 
 tember. During this month 143 died, including 3 or 4 spring cialves. 
 Out of the 38 head brought from Missouri, 15 died. He states tiiat he 
 <loes not know of his cattle being exposed to any through cattle, or other 
 diseased cattle, except the Boyd herd. Several of his cattle drifted away 
 ill the spring and were gathered in the round-iq); one of them was 
 gathered in the Territory round-up some fifty miles south of the line. 
 
 Last year Arkansas and indian cattle were held on this range by 
 Munger ]3rothers. Late in the fall Mr. Klmore brought 362 iiead of cat- 
 tle irom Xortheastern Kansas and Northwestern Missouri and placed 
 
212 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 them on this range ; in two weeks thereafter 6 of them died with Sontli- 
 ern cattle fever. (See Dr. Detmer's repoit of hist year's investigation 
 — Moore and Elmore.) During the winter they lost lO.S head, including 
 the ()jnst mentioned, ont of the number. 
 
 From Elmore's we drove to Cook's and Kannal's, 4 miles southwest of 
 the former, located on the western side of the Cedar Hills. We found 
 no sick animals among this lierd; only a small boy was with them, 
 and he did not know how many they had lost. 
 
 I saw W. W. Cook at Medicine Lodge on the 27tli, when he gave me 
 the history of his losses. He owns a GOO-acre ])asture 2 miles south of 
 Koyd's residence, which was an open range until the 12th of May, when 
 he fenced it in with barbed wire. He bought from Mr. Perry Clough 
 140 head of cattle on the 1st day of April. They were wintered on this 
 range. In the month of May 5 bulls were added, and on the 10th of 
 June 217 head of cattle were brought from Kingman County. These 
 217 head were bought from three different parties — Williams, Lowry, 
 and Fowler. He drove them in two lots. The tirst lot, composed of 
 41 head, were driven south along Sand Creek, corraled one night in 
 Mr. Carlysle's corral, 12 miles northeast of Medicine Lodge, and then 
 brought on the range. 
 
 Thesecondlot, 176head, were broughtfrom the Chikaskia River, driven 
 south through Dr. Wisner's range, and on south, crossing Mr. Boyd's 
 range on their way to Cook's pasture, arriving at their point of destina- 
 tion on the 12th of June. His cattle began to die on the 9th of July ; 
 on the 14th, 9 were dead and 7 sick. The cattle were then moved south 
 of Kannal's range, south and west of the Cedar Hills ; the 7 sick ones 
 were allowed to remain in the pasture, 5 of which died and 2 recovered. 
 On the 29th of August his cattle began to die on the range, and he lost 
 in all 75 out of 3'M head ; 10 or 15 that were sick recovered. Change 
 of pasture was not beneficial in this case. Mr. Albert Cook, wlio took 
 care of W. W. Cook's cattle, testified at the Boyd trial that some of 
 their cattle got out of the pasture and others got into- it, by breaking 
 down the wires. This must have occurred between the 12th of May and 
 the 14th of July. Mr. Kannal's, north of Cook's range, lost 30 out of 
 150 head during the month of September. These were close herded 
 since the 1st of July. Mr. Kannal's and a part of Mr. Cook's cattle 
 were exposed to the Boyd cattle, and also to all other cattle in the 
 county round-up. 
 
 From Mr. Cook's range we went to K. B. McGee's, on the Little Salty, 
 T. 34, K. 10 W. McGee and Lovett hold 200 head of cattle ranging on 
 the east side of the Little Salty, 1 mile north of Hazleton. The first 
 loss in their herd occurred on the 15th of September ; 21 died to date ; 
 8 remain sick, but are recovering. One, a 5-year-old bull, died last night 
 or this morning. I desired to nmke a post-inorteni examination of the 
 bull, to which McCxce readily gave his (consent and assistan(;e. We 
 found him lying on the left side ; a few droi)s of bloody water were dis- 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 213 
 
 tributed over the surface of bis body. I removed the right fore leg and 
 shoidder, the wall of the chest and abdomeu. The animal was not very 
 fat, but the fat was the color of yellow beeswax, with a slight greeuish 
 tiut added to it. 1 removed the spleen, but in doing so I had to use the 
 utmost precaution in handling it so as not to rupture its covering mem- 
 brane. The organ was of an enormous size, and apparently distended 
 to its utmost capacity, weighing after removal 13 pounds and measuring 
 30 inches in length. 1 next removed the digestive organs. Thecontents 
 of the third stomach were slightly hardened; the lining of the fourth 
 stonmch presented numerous and extensive patches of denuded surface 
 of irregular forms, and many of them having an ulcer-like appearance. 
 
 There was considerable capillary congestion of the mucous membrane 
 throughout the intestinal canal; a few of the intestinal glands appeared 
 to be enlarged and were changed in color to a grayish blai-k. The liver 
 weighed 24^ pounds; its structure was somewhat softened by a fatty 
 degeneration, and impressions of the fingers were left upon it as is com- 
 mon ill fjedematous swellings. The gall-bladder contained 32 ounces 
 of bile of normal color, but was rendered more or less viscid and gluti- 
 nous by the admixture of mucus from the internal surftice of the gall- 
 bladder; the walls of the gall-bladder itself were thickened, caused by 
 tumefaction of the mucous coat. The urine-bladder contained a gallon 
 or more of a brownish-red colored urine, specific gravity 1.008. The left 
 kidney weighed 4i pounds; was darker in color than normal. The gland- 
 ular structure of the right kidney was entirely absorbed; the pelvis 
 and some of the larger ducts had become changed into cysts, containing 
 a clear amber colored fluid possessing the smell of healthy urine. It 
 l)resented eight of these cysts, each one distinct and separate from the 
 other, and all taken together formed in bulk about the sizh; of a normal 
 kidney. After the letting out of the fluid, I had nothing in my hand 
 except a mass of fibrous tissue — thereexhted notthe least remains of gland- 
 ular tissue. The heart weighed 8 pounds; was enlarged and flabby ; the 
 external surface was extensively ecchymosed along the anterior and 
 posterior ventricular furrows; internally, the fleshy columns were al- 
 .mostof a black color from ecchymoses; no heart clots in the cavities. 
 Tiie animal seemed almost bloodless, the veins and arteries being empty 
 and collapsed. Mr. McGee stated that this animal had been lame for 
 the i)ast fifteen months in his right hind leg, andthat at times he thought 
 he could not well serve a cow on account of weakness or pain in the 
 back. In the latter j^art of June, McGee saw 250 head of cattle 
 crossing his range. They were said to be going into Arizona; they looked 
 like Arkansas cattle. 
 
 From McGee's we drove to the plac^^ of Robert J. Evans, having heard 
 that he had several sick cattle. He lives about (5 miles east of Kiowa, 
 Barbour County. When we arrived at his ])lace no one was at home, 
 but we found a dead cow lying not over ten rods away from the house; 
 «he had the appearance of having died within a few hours. I proposed 
 
tM [ CONTAOIOUS DISEASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 to make a post mortem examination, even if the owner was absent. We 
 found her ivstin^j upon tlie sternum, the head thrown back to the right 
 side. She was i)r<)p[)ed up in this way by tlie nose touching the ground. 
 Cadaveric rigidity had ah'eady set in; drops of blood were dried on tlie 
 liair along the sides of the neck and tianks. 
 
 We turned her over on the side and I opened her in the usual way. 
 I found the lower i)arts of the posterior portion of tlie lungs in a state 
 of red hepatization, and considerable serous effusion had collected in 
 the thoracic cavity. The endocardium was heavily congested, thickened 
 and discolored; the fleshy pillars in the ventricles were of a dark purple 
 color, and the auricular appendages were extensively ecchymosed. 
 Weight of liver, 20 iiounds. Weight of spleen, 4 pounds. The gall- 
 bladder contained one qnart of very dark green bile, which was. of a 
 granular appearance. 
 
 A serous and bloody infiltration was discovered surrounding the kid- 
 neys. The urine bladder contained a very dark blood-colored urine; 
 specific gravity J. 012; the organ was thickened by capillary congestiou 
 of the mucous coat, and a few ecchymosed spots presented themselves. 
 The contents of the third stomach were very much drier than normal, 
 and the folds presented a congested and irritated appearance; fourth 
 stomach congested, and numerous small erosions and granular elevations 
 were to be seen on the mucous surface. This animal did not present 
 much biliary discoloration of the fat, and the Wood was not as thin and 
 watery as is usual in Southern cattle fever. The uterus contained a 
 fetus about four or five months old; it presented a liver enlarged to 
 three times the normal size; the kidneys intensely congested, and par- 
 tially disorganized by softening and disintegration; splf^en nearly normal 
 in color and size; the pericardial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities con- 
 tained considerable bloody colored effusions of serum. When I was 
 nearly done with the dissection, Mrs. Evans returned, and she told me 
 that the cow had been sick three days. Another cow was sick in the 
 herd; after some lively running we succeeded iu lassoing her; she had 
 b«-eii sick four days; temperature, 104.5°; pulse, 96; nose dry; ropy saliva 
 flowing frotn the mouth. October 20th met Mr. Evans, who reported 
 two additional deaths, and two more sick. He brought 110 head of good 
 grade cattle from Allen County, Kansas, arriving on his present range 
 with them on the 11th of May, Since that time the cattle have not 
 strayed in any direction 3 miles distant from a central point on the range. 
 The first loss occurred on the ord of October, and have died to date, 
 the 20th. 
 
 We next visited Mr. Parsons. He lost some cattle last year, attrib- 
 uted to the bringing in on his range of Indian or Choctaw cattle by 
 Morton and Tolliver. This year he lost 3 out of 80 ; they died in August. 
 October 20th he reports 2 more deaths October 23d reports 2 head of 
 the oil-brand cattle, on the same range witii his, as being sick. Ilink 
 Moore lost 5 out of 7'iO head. Boyd's 'C ittle ran with his for several 
 weeks before the roundup in July. 
 
CON'TAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 215 
 
 We went north froin Parson's to Thomas Brakey's ranch. He lives 
 on the Medicine River, in Barbour County, 32 miles southwest from 
 IIar[)er and 3 miles from Kiowa. We remained with him over night. 
 
 He came from Ciiase County, Kansas, last Septi^mber. with 301) head 
 of fine high grade cattle. In January they were in good condition and 
 thrived well. After a week's sleet and rain in February they began to 
 sicken and die. During the months of February and ^Earcli he lost UO 
 head. Some of them died in good condition and most of them retained 
 a good appetite until death. Tbe majority would tirst show lameness 
 on the left foreleg, would then persist in lying down, and many of them 
 lingered along from two to four weeks before they died. He fed all the 
 corn, sorghum, and millet-hay thej' could eat. Two of them died in the 
 month of May while on grass. On opening them, after death, the fat 
 [)resented a very yellow appearance. Mr. Rider also had 400 head of 
 cattle o'l this same range; he lost 75; they were affected similar to 
 Brakey's. 
 
 Mr. Brakey gathered 200 of his cattle in the round-ups in June and 
 July. About the middle of September one cow was taken sick; she 
 died in a few days. Then others sickened ; some of them lived five or six 
 days, and others would be found sick in the morning and dead at noon, 
 lie took them off the range and turned them into a cane field, but they 
 still continued to die. He lost 15 head. 
 
 October 10, visited Harry Matthews, adjoining Mr. Brakey on the 
 north ; he has held 30 head of cattle in his fenced range for tsvo years. 
 On the 0th instant 110 head owned by Charles Blackstone, of the Eagle 
 Chief Pool, were turned into Mr. Mathews' field. A few days ago a 
 three-year old steer of Blackstone's was found sick; he died last night. 
 
 Pout mortem: weight of spleen, 8 pounds; liver, 18.^ pounds; heart, 
 ■">i pounds ; extensive extravasations of blood into the walls of the right 
 ventricle ; bile thick and grumous ; urine bladder contained four pints of 
 bloody colored nrine; fat the color oi yellow bees-wax; third stomach 
 slightly impacted Avitii dry food. 
 
 A three-year-old white steer was i)ointed out to me, which showed evi- 
 dences of sickness, manifest b}' segregation, a weak, staggering gait, 
 drooping head, and feces covered with mucus. One of the boj'S lassoed 
 him. Temperature, lOG*^; pnlse, 90. October 23, 2 more reported sick 
 and the white one dead. I saw IMr. Ewell, secretary of the P]agle Chief 
 Pool, in Harper on the 25th. He stated that no cattle died in their herd 
 this season. Mr. N. Sherlock, of the same pool, corroborated the state- 
 ment of Mr. Ewell. 
 
 From Mathews we drove through a drizzling rain southeast to the 
 line of the Indian Territory; stopped at W. E. Campbell's cow camp. 
 Campbell's pasture is fenced in, located on the Indian Strip, 3 miles wide 
 and \2h long. The cow-boys told me they lost or 7 out of 3,500 head. 
 They did not show any particular anxiety to be interviewed. We then 
 proceeded to Pryor and Miller's ranch. They own a fenced range in 
 
216 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the territory along the line of Harper and Barbour Counties. The cow- 
 boys here reported a loss of 10 out of 500 head of cattle bought from 
 Hink Moore on the loth of September. Last year they lost on this 
 range 50 or CO out of 4,000 with Texas fever. Lost last winter 5 per 
 cent. Hold this year 0,000 head. Mr. Lathau, east of W. E. Camp- 
 bell's, lost 10 out of 500. 
 
 We next came to H. Hale's ranch, 28 miles southwest of Harper, in 
 Barbour County. He holds 300-head of cattle. Tlie disease broke out 
 among his herd about the middle of September. He herds his cattle 
 on an open range. Lost 33 out of 300; 20 recovered. 
 
 Tbe next jdace we stopped was at John Peters' camp. He is located 
 on an open range 6 miles south of Mr. Boyd's. He lost, out of 155 head 
 of grown cattle and 100 calves, 84 grown and 12 calves. Three of the 
 calves were only 2 months old; the other 10 were March calves. One 
 animal died in July; the remainder of the deaths occurred during the 
 first fifteen days in September. After 94 had died, he left the herd and 
 
 went home, stating, so I was told, that they might all go to , he 
 
 was not going to stay any longer to see them die. After a few days he 
 returned, and found 2 more dead; no deaths have occurred since his 
 return to the herd. Let us suppose for a moment that, had he com- 
 menced to exhibit medical treatment at the time he left them, and only 
 2 deaths occurred subsequently, would he not be justified in believing 
 that his treatment had effected the change? 
 
 The Peters cattle were mixed up with the Boyd cattle from the middle 
 of Ai)ril until the 10th of July. A stage road passes across the Peters 
 range, and ox teams frequent this route. From the Peters ranch we 
 drove to Mr. Boyd's and stopped for the night. 
 
 On the mornuig of the 17th Mr. Cochran and I left Mr. Boyd's and 
 went west 3 miles to the residence of David Clough. He gave me the 
 following history: His cattle began to die soon after the 4th of July. 
 He lost 35 head out of 300 during this month; the disease then disap- 
 peared. He sold 60 head of his cattle in August. In the early part of 
 September the disease reappeared and he lost 30 head more out of 205. 
 He wintered 150 head; among these the mortality was the greatest. 
 The wintered cattle intermixed, more or less, with the Boyd cattle from 
 the middle of April until they began to die. Two more deaths reported 
 October 21. Mr. Clough and several of his neighbors made a number 
 of jwst mortem examinations, and he described the appearances of the 
 pathological lesions of southern cattle fever very accurately. Mr. E. 
 C. Davis, 3 miles northwest of Mr. Clough, on the Medicine Lodge stage 
 road, and west of the Illinois colony, states that one of his cows died 
 on the 1st day of July, and that the last death occurred on the 0th in- 
 stant. The first aninial that died had been running with the Boyd herd ; 
 the r«'st of them had been exposed to oxen that Mr. McGuire bought 
 from !>oyd in the spring. Loss (5, and 3 I'ecoveries. 
 
 The next jx'rson we saw was Mr. William (larrison. (Jarrison, Beals, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 217 
 
 and Hufacker hold 600 bead of cattle together, on an open range north 
 of the Medicine Lodge stage road, and south ot Dr. Wisiun's range. 
 Tlie three parties live in the Illinois colony. All of their cattle except 
 80 head have been in the Sand Creek and Cedar Hill pool. They lost 
 30 ill the mouth of July. On the 10th of September the disease broke 
 out the second time ; they then lost 55 head ; 100 that were sick re- 
 covered. These same parties held cattle on this range for four succes- 
 sive years, and this is the first year that they met with any loss by 
 disease. Mr. Grarrison stated to me that he l);>iiglit 80 head of vaotii- 
 uated cattle from the vaccine farm at Webster Grove, Mo., all heifers, 
 yearlings, and two year-olds, with the exception of 12 head which were 
 yearling steers. 
 
 He told me, in answer to my question whether or not the steers had 
 also been vaccinated, " Yes," said he, " they told me they could not 
 always i)rocure a sufficient number of heifers ; consequently, had to use 
 young steers." He says he loaded them on the cars at the Old National 
 stock-yards at Saint Louis, and lauded them at Harper on the 18th of 
 June. Mr. Garrison rei>orts that the Anderson herd of cattle went as 
 far west as P. B. Cole's range, which is directly north of their range. 
 Mr. White, in the same colony, lost 2 cows and 1 ox out of 4 cows and 
 6 oxen. He kept them strictly under his care at home. He bought 
 one of the cows in Harper County, and she came over the same road 
 where the McGuire oxen had been traveling. These cattle died in the 
 month of September. Mr. Peltou, in the colony, lost 2 out of 20 head, 
 1 in July and 1 in September. T. B. Stockstill, on the Medicine Lodge 
 road, between E. C. Davis and M. B. Moore, holds 150 head of cattle. 
 
 Two died out of 5 that were sick. The first one was sick on the 
 Gtli instant and died on the 0th; the second one died a week later. 
 These cattle were close-herded all summer, and were uot in anj' way 
 exposed to the Hoyd cattle. He thinks his cattle took the disease 
 through M. B. Moore's. We then visited M. B. Moore, directly west 
 and adjoining Stockstill. He stated that his cattle began to die on the 
 11th or 12th of July, and 7 head died during the month. On the 15th 
 of September another outbreak of the disease set iu ; they then died off 
 rapidly for about teu days, wheu the death rate began to diminish. 
 Altogether he lost 40 out of 123 head; 5 recovered and 3 are yet sick. 
 
 After death drops of blood would be seen to oozex)ut of the skin be- 
 tween the legs and under the jaw and side of neck. I examined a sick 
 two-year old heifer which he was bringing in from the herd as I drove 
 ui). Her temi)eratnre was raised to 107.8^ F. ; she passed feces cov- 
 ered with mucus and blood. 1 also examined a white cow with calf at 
 her side; had been sick for three weeks ; temperature 103.2° F. 
 
 His cattle have been close herded since the lOtli day of .Iiilv. Three 
 of them were cutout of the Boyd herd at the roiind-iip in fJiiiie; none 
 of the rest have 1 eeii expose*! to Boyd's or any other known diseased 
 cattle, as far as he knows. On the 25tli 1 saw Mr. Moore again, when 
 
2 1 S CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 he stated that the sick cattle whicli \ had seen at his phice were grad- 
 ually recovering. Mr. McGuire, in the colony, lost out of GO head of 
 cattle. Mr. McGuire bought two yoke of the Arkansas cattle from Mr. 
 Boyd in the spring. 
 
 From Moore's we drove to K. F, Kemp's })lace, 4 miles sonth, and 
 west of the Cedar Hill. He made rlie following statement: Out of 108 
 head of cattle, 05 got away in August and ranged over the same ground 
 that Boyd's cattle had been grazing on ; they remained from the even- 
 ing until next morning; twenty days after this exi)osure they began 
 to die ; 10 were found sick in one day ; they died in from six hours to 
 ten days after they were taken sick ; 15 died and 15 recovered. He 
 knows of 4 that died which had been on the infected ground. One calf 
 died, and 1 calf that was sick recovered. He brought his cattle from 
 10 miles east of Harper, on the 27th day of March ; close-herded them 
 all summer. Some of the Boyd cattle came over on his range in June 
 and July. Every one found dead was lying Hat on the side. When they 
 got sick they quit eating. 
 
 From Kemp's we returned to Boyd's and remained overnight. Next 
 morning, October 18, I took the temperature of the quarantined cat- 
 tle as recorded in the early part of this report. We then went south to 
 the ranch of Mr. W. E. Mattox. We were there told that he lost 7 out 
 of 125 head of cattle. He brought his cattle on tije range in thesY)ring, 
 and they were frequently among the Boyd herd in the early part of the 
 sununer. AH of the deaths took place during the month of July. 
 
 From this place we turned and went north of Mr. Boyd's, 2 miles, to 
 see Mr. James Roberts. He lost 1 cow on the 6th, after a sickness of 
 five days ; no others were taken sick. His cattle have been on the Boyd 
 range several times during the summer. Mr. Keeder, who lives .'3 miles 
 east of Boyd's, held 27 head of cattle ; 3 of them died during the 
 month of July. Next we stopped at Mr. Crawford's, 2 miles west of 
 Inyo post-oftice. They close-herded 80 head of cattle near home ; lost 
 none. They are on a road leading west toward the colony and north to 
 Dr. Wisner's. Crawford, jr., reports having seen a herd of cattle pass- 
 ing between their house and that of Mr. Dougherty, half mile north, 
 early in the season. Tliey were going west. 
 
 We then drove to Dr. Henry Wisner's residence, 5 miles northwest 
 of Inyo post-oftice, in Barbour County. Dr. Wisner was not at home, 
 so I applied to Mrs. Wisner for inforuiation. I found Mrs. Wisner to 
 be a regular M. D. ; more than that, she took as much interest in the 
 welfare of their stock as her husband did. She superintended a post- 
 mortem examination of a bull that died about a week previous, and 
 described the pathological lesions as follows: She found considerable 
 enlargement and engorgement of the radicles and blood-vessels of the 
 liver; the gall-bladder was distended, with a greenish-black bile; spleen 
 very hypericmic; ec(;hymosis fouml throughout the peritoneal sac; 
 urine bladder filled with a highly bloody-colored urine — a deep wine 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 219 
 
 color; kidneys uuiisually pale and somewhat enlar^ied ; feces in colon 
 hardened. Dr. Wisner l)ought: in the month of July 120 head of the 
 McMuUeu cattle on the Botkin rancje ; a number of them died before 
 they were taken home. He took them home in the early part of Sep- 
 tember, but did not bring- them into his inclosed pasture-lield among 
 his other cattle until later ; 29 of them died before they were placed in 
 j the field, and 1 after they were moved in. These cattle were close- 
 herded and kept on poor and dry feed by Mr. Botkin ; after Dr. Wisner 
 took them home he fed them on sorghum, millet, and had good pastur- 
 age. On an open range, north of the pasture-field where the above men 
 tioned cattle were held, grazed 300 which were being (-lose-herded. 
 Mr. William Garrison, on or about the 20th of July, drove his cattle on 
 to Dr. Wisner's open range ; Dr. Wisner drove them back about the 
 1st of October. Several of the Garrison cattle died while they re- 
 mained on this range, and were left to decompose near the pools and 
 stream of water where the Wisner cattle had to drink. During the 
 month Of Uctober Dr. Wisner lost 1 thoroughbred bull and 2 high- 
 grade calves out of the 300 head. In the mouth of February Dr. Wis- 
 ner brought from Waco, Tex., 7 car-loads of Texan cattle, unloaded 
 them at Harper, and then drove them out to his place. These cattle 
 intermixed with his other cattle during the summer. An ox-team, 
 bought from Dr. Wisner's herd of Texan cattle, was employed all 
 summer in hauling hay from Inyo, or near Inyo post oftice, to Medi 
 cine Lodge. They are owned by Mr. Downing. This hauling was over 
 a distance of from 15 to 18 miles ; would probably take three days to 
 make the round trij), and it is the custom of men driving ox-teams to 
 stop any where along the road to feed and to allow their cattle to graze. 
 These cattle passed by Moore's, Stockstill's, Davis', McGuire's, and 
 others living in the colony and along the road to Medicine Lodge. I met 
 the team about 1 mile east of Mr. Davis' house, and received from the 
 driver (an Englishman) the facts as just stated, J. H.Warren, 5 miles 
 northwest of Boyd's, lost 4 out of 40 head of cattle ; they died in the 
 month of September. His cattle strayed away and went on the Boyd 
 range several times during the summer. On our way back to Harper we 
 passed Mr. Ganlner's place, near the Nine Cotton woods Creek. Both 
 the Boyd and the Anderson cattle crossed his range. He lost 1 out 
 of 3 cows. Mr. Kepler, 1 mile west tVom L. M. Pratt, had his cattle 
 staked on and near the Boyd trail all summer ; no loss. 
 
 We next stopped at L. M. Pratt's, 12 miles west of Harper. He lost 
 6 cows and 1 bull. The first one was taken sick on the 4th day of July. 
 All died within the space often days. He made post-mortem examina- 
 tions of several that died; found the spleen enlarged to three times its 
 normal size; gall-l)ladder greatly <listen(led with bile; liver eidarged: 
 bloody water in the peritoneal cavity ; tallow of a satfron-yellow (!olor ; 
 in one the urine bladder was filled with bloody urine, in another it was 
 emi)ty. Many of them passed bloody urine before death. Mr. Boyd 
 
220 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 passed oiie-lialf mile nortli of Pratt's bouse with his cattle ou the 9th 
 of April ; a few days later brought 20 head of his cattle to Mr. Pratt's i 
 house and left them there overnight. Mr. Pratt had 9 bulls and several < 
 milch cows at home; these cattle grazed with the 20 head of the Boyd ' 
 cattle, and also grazed over the trail of the Boyd herd. On the 15th 
 of June Mr. Pratt took 8 of the bulls about 8 miles southwest to his 
 herd, and brought back with him one cow and her calf. This was the i 
 first cow to sicken and die. The 8 bulls remained well. On the 23d of j 
 June he took to the herd a dry cow and a bull; on or about the Gth of I 
 July both these died. No strange cattle, to his knowledge, passed along ' 
 the range where the cows and bulls grazed except the Boyd cattle* 
 After I obtained the above history from Mr. Pratt I learned that a team 
 of oxen coming from Fort Sill, near Eed River, Chickasaw Nation, were 
 driven through by Mr. Pratt's house and remained with him overnight; 
 this was in the mouth of June. From Pratt's they went west, passed 
 Otega post-office and crossed John Peteis's range in Barbour County. 
 It was now getting dark, so we returned to Harper. 
 
 October 19, J met Mr. T. A. Barton, who lives in town. He stated 
 that he had his cattle on the range north of the railroad track, but did 
 not lose any. This morning we drove west G miles to the residence of 
 Mr. F. P. Melvin ; he lost 2 out of 4 head of cattle; one of these died on 
 the Sth of October, and the other on the 17th. I went out into the field 
 to ascertain the post mortem conditions of the latter, but found that 
 the dogs had anticipated me; had mutilated the body to such an extent 
 as to render it unfit for further examination. Mrs. Melvin stated : '' In 
 the month of August I saw a herd of cattle going west, but I don't 
 know where they came from nor where- they went." 
 
 We then drove I mile further west to C. P. Bradfoi-d's. He stated 
 that he lost 5 out of 6 head — 2 bulls and 3 cows. Two died in October 
 and 3 in September; Irecoveied. He said: "In skinning them I found 
 the flesh blubbering behind the shoulders ; urine bloody before death.'' 
 This was all he could tell of the symptoms during lifeand the appearances 
 after death. All of these cattle had been picketed close to the house, 
 and small herds of cattle were frequently driven i)ast his house during 
 the summer. He stated, also, that Mr. Burr's cattle came over among 
 his cattle while they were picketed, and that his cattle had not been 
 within a mile of the Boyd trail at any time during the season. 
 
 From Mr. Bradford's we went to Louis Hildebrant's. He stated 
 that Charles Martin had bought 60 or 70 head of cattle Irom Mr. Potter 
 and had driven them west and southwest of Harper, passing his (Hil- 
 debr;int's) i)lace on the (>th day of August. Two weeks thereafter Hil- 
 debrant lost 3 milch cows out of a herd of 12 ; they were all taken sick, 
 and 2 that recovered aborted their calves. The Martin cattle were taken 
 to the Botkin herd. 
 
 Mr. VVelkci-, S miles west of Har])er, lives close to tlie Boyd trail; he 
 settled on this range on the 1st of April. He picketed G head ot oxen 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OK DOMHSTICATKD ANIMALS. 221 
 
 and 2 cows on the Boyd trail. No loss. We next saw Mr, S. H. Coyer, 
 IJ miles northeast of L. M. Pratt's. He took 18 cows mto the Botkin 
 herd soon after the Boyd cattle passed his place. One of tliein died on 
 the Botkin range, in July ; he then took them home, but they continued 
 to die until 14 out of the 18 head were dead. 
 
 We then proceeded towards Silas M. Shafer's place, north of Attica 
 post-office. On the way we met his brother, who told us'that Silas lost 
 10 out of 18 head of cattle ; they died in July and September. These 
 cattle crossed the Boyd trail in the spring. On the 1st day of July they 
 were taken into the Botkin herd, and remained there until the middle 
 of the month. In the latter i)art of A])ril, or beginning of May, a small 
 herd of strange cat tie were driven over the same trail that Boyd's cattle 
 passed over. This trail is located a mile south of Shafer's house. Mr. 
 Shafer has resided here for o years, and has never before lost any cat- 
 tle. I saw Mr. Helbert, who liveS'2 miles west of Pratt's, at Anthony, 
 on the 1st of November. He stated that he had two cows which fol- 
 lowed the Boyd herd on the 9th of April for a distance of 2 miles, and 
 that duriug the summer they grazed over the Boyd trail, otif and on, 
 without any bad results following. We then turned toward Harper, 
 and on the way stopped at Elijah Yian's pla' e, 10 miles southwest of 
 Harper. He lost 30 out of 100 head of cattle during the month of Sep- 
 tember. Their range was south of the Boyd trail. On the 20th we 
 drove north of Harper to gather the history of an outbreak which had 
 occurred in that locality. We first saw Mr. A. S. Woodward, who re- 
 sides 3 miles north of Harper. He reported a loss of 14 head of cattle 
 out of 32. These cattle, together with 29 head belonging to D. W. Fye, 
 were herded on the same range all summer, said range being H miles 
 square. One cow belonging to Mr. Carpenter, another to Mr. Creighton, 
 were also kept in this herd ; both of them died, and 20 out of the 29 
 belonging to Mr. Fye died. The disease manifested itself about the 1st 
 of September, and in the space of three weeks' time all of these deaths 
 occurred. Eight in the herd which presented evidences of sickness re- 
 covered. They were all good grade native cattle. The history as given 
 me by Mr. Woodward of the symptoms during life, and of the 2)ost- 
 mortem appearances, leads me to the conclusion that these cattle died 
 with southern cattle fever. 
 
 Proceeding from Mr. Woodward's place eastward, 1 mile, to the resi- 
 dence of JohnChallis, 1 was there informed by Mr. Challis, jr., that 12 
 out of 100 head of their cattle died and 6 recovered. Here, also, the 
 disease appeared about the 1st of September. Forty head of these cat- 
 tle were brought from Donii)han County on the 12th of iMa> , and were 
 driven from the stock-yards at Harper, 4 miles northwest, to Mr. Chal- 
 lis' herd. Two of the Donii)han County cattle died; the other 10 
 were of the domestic herd. On the Otli of June, 200 head of cattle, 
 said to have been from Memphis, Tenn., were brought into Harper, un- 
 loaded at the stock-yards, and driven north 3 miles, where they were 
 
222 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 iifteiwaid close- herded by ]\Ii-. Scoby, the reputed owuer. These eat- 
 t\^ ranged south and east of the Challis herd aud south of Woodward 
 and Fye's herd, a public road being the dividing line between the three 
 herds. I could get no definite history of these cattle. Mr. Oahlan, 
 whose range was southwest of the Scoby cattle, states that 8 or 10 
 of the Scoby cattle died in the month of September; that the cattle 
 were sold and driven north toward Kingman County; the owner then 
 left Harper. I went to see one of the men who assisted Mr. Scoby in 
 herding the cattle, but could get no satisfactory replies from him, other 
 than that if I had money to pay for information he might tell me what 
 1 desired to know ; that he was paid by Scoby for the services he ren- 
 dered him. Some of these cattle were shipped to Kansas City, the re- 
 mainder were taken northwest by trusty uien who would not disclose 
 their destination. 
 
 1 went to see Mi-. William A. Creighton, of Harper. He made the fol- 
 lowing statement: That he wintered 27 head of cattle. They were in 
 the stock yards at night with the Boyd cattle, aud ranged over the same 
 ground north of the railroad track with them several days. In the lat- 
 ter i)art of June they were driven out to L. M. Pratt's herd, passing 
 along and over tlie trail of the Boyd cattle; one of them, a bull, was 
 left at Pratt's for two weeks; he was then also taken to Pratt's herd; 
 he died five days after he entered the herd. None of the rest of the 
 27 died, although all were equally exposed to the Boyd trail. 
 
 October 21, being Sunday, 1 remained in Harper. At the hotel 
 where I was stop])ing 1 met a gentleman from Linn County, who told 
 me that a Mr. Goss, of that county, lost 00 out of 70 head of cattle this 
 summer with Texas fever. I met also Mr. Donahue, of Atchison, 
 Kans., who holds cattle 4 miles east of Caldwell, Sumner County; he 
 lost 2 out of 14 head in the month of September. These cattle he 
 bought from Mr. Cox, who, it is said, lost a large number of cattle this 
 season. Having heard that hog cholera existed at or near Wellington, 
 Sumner County, and as you desired to secure virus for the use of the 
 Department, 1 therefoie took the night train for Wellington. I there' 
 made inquiries in regard to the truthfulness of the report, and w^as re- 
 ferred to the mayor of the city, Mr. Hamilton. He informed me that 
 a fatal disease had prevailed among the hogs on several farms south of 
 town, notably so on that of Mr. John Botkiu. I proceeded tp Mr. Bot- 
 kin's j)lace, located one mile south of town, found him at home, and ob- 
 tained the following history of the disease among his hogs : I\Ir. Smith, 
 a near neighbor, received some hogs last year from Missouri ; soon 
 after he got them home a disease appeared among them and many 
 died; soon thereafter, Mr. Botkin's hogs began to die, and he lost 
 nearly all he had. Those that remained well he sold in the fall, keeping 
 no hogs over winter. The hog p istureof Botkinadjoiusthatof Mr. Smith. 
 A lai'ge pond of surface water is inclosed in Mr. Botkin's pasture, and 
 the siu'face water IVom ^Ir. Smith's pasture flows into this 1)om(1. In 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 2 23 
 
 the luoutb of Juue, this year, Botkiu bought a miniber of sows and 
 pigs, took them home and i)hiced them in the same pasture tliat held 
 his hogs last year. Within a month his hogs began to manifest evi- 
 dences of disease. As there were none in a dying condition when 1 
 saw them, I requested the privilege of killing one for examination. 
 Mr. Botkin willingly granted the re(iuest, and caught a 2-months- 
 old boar i)ig. He i)resented the following symptoms: pulse, weak 
 and compressible; temperature, 100'^ F.; considerable swelling across 
 the nasal bones, posterior to the wares; a large ulcer, one inch in 
 diameter, opposite the first molar tooth in the superior maxilla, form- 
 ing a deep cavity in the tissues covering the alveola; this ulcer was of 
 an unhealthy, foul, and sloughing character. Several small ulcers were 
 present on the tongue, possessing well defined borders, surrounded by 
 a darkened, brownish-red areola; a very offensive odor was emitted 
 from the mouth. Several abscesses and ulcers of variable sizes, from 
 that of a pea to a silver quarter of a dollar were discovered on the 
 abdominal surface, and one large and deep ulcer immediately about the 
 coronet of the right fore foot. (Several other hogs on the place pre- 
 sented similar synii)toms to this one, but not so far advanced, the first 
 and most prominent symptom being that of the swelling across the 
 nose, accompanied by more or less snuffimg.) They continued to eat, 
 and do not lose flesh very rapidly ; a few of them suffer by diarrhea, 
 and colliquative diarrhea sets in before death takes place. (There is 
 no special tendency to hide in the litter, nor is there any roseate blush 
 present at any time during the progress of the disease, as there is in 
 true hog cholera.) I severed the jugular vein and carotid artery on 
 one side of the neck and bled it to death, then removed the wall of the 
 chest and abdomen. 1 discovered a greenish yellow serum in the ab- 
 dominal cavity ; heart pale and'flaccid ; lower lobes of lungs in a par- 
 tial state of hepatization, abscesses and tul)ercles being distributed 
 throughout the affected parts. The stomach presented two extensive, 
 irregular-shaped ulcers, api)arently in process of healing, one of them 
 measuring two inches in length; they were covered with a yellowish 
 deposit of i)us, mucus, and feed mixed, which was strongly adherent to 
 the surface of tlie ulcers. The intestines contained a great number of 
 long worms, ascaris suillce, and the intestinal glands presented a thick- 
 ened, infiltrated, tuberculotic condition. Tlie liver was enlarged to 
 three times the normal size, was of a light olive yellow color, and nu- 
 merous small abscesses were found within the structure of the organ ; the 
 biliary du(;ts were literally filled with worms of the same species as 
 were iound in the intestinal (;anal. The worms in the liver obstructed 
 the flow of bile. The gall bladder was filled wirii l)right green colored 
 bile, thinner and lighter in color than normal. The urine bladder con- 
 tained three ounces of light green colored urine; kidneys were en- 
 larged, softened, and partially disintegrated, presenting an olive^green 
 color. The fat, and also all of the internal viscera, ])reseiite<l an icteric 
 
224 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATr^D ANIMALS. 
 
 appearance. [ recoiuinemled a chaiijje of pasture and water; tlie hog- 
 pens to be removed and the boards used for some other purpose ; the 
 old hocf pasture to be plowed ui), and seeded with wheat or other grain 
 for at least two years before it should again be used for a hog pasture. 
 I also advised a destruction of all the hogs that, indicated plain symp- 
 toms of the disease, and afterwards an entire change in the breed or 
 family of hogs. I inclosed in a tin can a ])ortion of tlie Inng, liver, in- 
 testine, and stomach of the pig examined, and sent it to your De[)art- 
 ment by express, for microscopic examination. 
 
 After my return to Wellington I saw Mr. Hamilton again, when he 
 told me that he aud his partner, Mr. Flint, lost 10 or 17 head of their 
 cattle out of yOO head. Their pasture is feuced in, aiul is located in the 
 corner of Kingman, Pratt, and Barbour Counties, and comprises 30,000 
 acres. This pasture held Texan cattle last year. The cattle this year 
 in the field were not exposed to other cattle. The disease appeared in 
 the month of September ; 10 or 12 that were sick recovered. Changing 
 pasture and water seemed to oft'er a check to the disease. 
 
 1 returned to Harper in the night. On the 23d it rained hard all day, 
 and I remained in town, I saw I. J. Campbell, esq., who gave me the 
 following history: He owns h fenced pasture ou the western edge of 
 town. On the 10th day of April Mr. Boyd placed 14 head of lame cattle 
 in this field, which already containetl 150 head of natives owned by Mr. 
 Campbell : the Boyd cattle remained for a week or more to recuperate, 
 and were then driven by the way of Pratt's to the Boyd range. Some 
 time during the month of July 2 steers that were brought from the 
 northern part of the county were turned into this field ; soon thereafter 
 both sickened and one of them died. The steers in coming to Harper 
 crossed a number of cattle trails. N'one of Mr. Campbell's cattle died. 
 Mr. R. A. Jones, from Labette County, told me that while on a visit to 
 his brother at Santiago, Cal., last year, his brother told him that cattle 
 that were brought from Old Mexico and driven north into colder and 
 freezing climates in California impart disease to native cattle. 
 
 October 24 we drove southwest 16 miles to see Mr. Richard Botkin. 
 He held cattle belonging to Shafer, Coyer, Arnold, Collins, McMullen, 
 and Martin, the total number being 502 head. All of them were native 
 cattle except the McMullen cattle, which were brought from Webster 
 County, Missouri, reaching Botkiu's range in the month of May, and 
 remained until the 1st of Sei)tember. Dr. Wisner took away 120 head 
 of them, and the remainder were sold to and taken away by Mr. Pctter. 
 The Boyd cattle passed over his range in April, and all of these cattle 
 have been grazing over their trail. All the deaths in this herd which 
 occurred while on the Botkin range took place between the 2d of July 
 and the middle of August. Loss, 184. Mr. Campbell, at Otega, lost 
 one work ox out of a yoke of oxen in the month of July. 
 
 Munger Brothers, of Flarper, started from Harper in the month of 
 May 10 thoroughbred and high-grade bulls; by mistake the driver 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 225 
 
 turned them in with the Boyd cattle, where they remained over night. 
 Seven of these died, and 3 others in the herd of 500, on the Hiak Moore 
 range. They began to die sixteen days after exposure to the Boyd 
 cattle. 
 
 October 25, we drove 7 miles west from Hari)er, stopping first at Mr. 
 H. F. Burr's place. Mr. Burr stated that he shipped into Harper, then 
 drove to his place, four lots of cattle ; the first one in the month of March, 
 one in April, one in May, and the last one in June; total number, 450 
 head. These cattle were brought from Colony, Anderson County, and 
 from Coffee and Allen Counties. Mr. Burr wintered 18 head of cattle. 
 He has been on the same range for five successive years, and has nev^er 
 before lost any cattle. He lost 175 head out of the 468 head this season, 
 and Mr. Moier, his son-in-law, lost on the same range 4 out of 7 head. 
 Mr. Burr thinks that all of his cattle except 25 head had been sick. He 
 used tincture belladonna as a curative agent. Several of his cattle died 
 in the month of July, but the greater number of deaths occurred in the 
 month of September. Mr. Boyd's cattle crossed his range in April. 
 We went out to his herd and I tested the temperature of several, which 
 registered as follows : 
 
 o y. 
 
 Two-year-old heifer, has beeu sick 102.7 
 
 Oiie-year-ohl heifer, has beeu sick 104.2 
 
 One-year-old heifer, has been sick 104.8 
 
 One-year-old heifer, has been sick 104.2 
 
 Four-year-old bull, has not beeu sick 102.9 
 
 One-year-old heifer, has not beeu sick 103.4 
 
 One-year-old heifer, has not been sick 103.1 
 
 Two-year-old heifer, has not beeu sick 102.9 
 
 We then drove 1 mile southwest to A. Hilliard's farm. He lost 1 cow 
 on the 20th of July, and another on the 10th of September. Mr. Boyd's 
 cattle crossed his range half a mile south of the house. On the 18th 
 of June Mr. Anderson's cattle went across the east end of his range, 
 leaving probably 80 rods between the two trails. Hilliard has owned 
 a work ox for the past two years. This ox was picketed on the Boyd 
 trail a number of times during the summer, but remained well. While 
 I was there I noticed a bull corraled near the barn ; he appeared thin 
 in fiosh, and I inquired if he was sick. Mr. Hilliard replied, not that 
 he was aware of. I tested the temperature of the animal ; it registered 
 102O F. 
 
 An eight-year-old cow was in a separate pen ; I tried her temperature; 
 it was 101.8° F. On the 30th, as I was going toward Harper in the 
 evening, 1 met Mr. Hilliard. He stopped me and stated that the eight- 
 year-old cow which I saw in the pen at the time of my visit to his ])lace 
 was sick. "She appeared stupid last night, and this morning yielded 
 no milk." That this cow had positively not been exposed to the Boyd 
 trail, or any other infected place ; that she had beeu kept closely' yarded, 
 and had been well fed on dry feed for the ])ast three months, I prom- 
 ised him to see her in the morning. The following morning 1 drove out 
 5751 D A 15 
 
226 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 to his place, and found her manifesting the following train of symptons: 
 Found her lying on the sternum, head well poised; horns warm; nose 
 dry ; a dull and drowsy appearance of tlie eyes ; sensible to the flies ; 
 pulse depressed ; respiration 22 ; temperature 104° F. ; passage of ma- 
 nure slightly covered with mucus, and of a firmer (;onsisteucy than it 
 should be. I learned that this cow had been turned out to graze with 
 the other cattle on the 20th, and as she had been kei)t up on drj^ feed 
 for the past three mouths I concluded that she had overcharged herself 
 with food to which she was not accustomed, and that this was the cause | 
 of her disability. On the 30th she would neither eat nor drink, but was 
 disposed to lie down all the time. When I saw her on the morning of 
 the 31st, she drank half a pail of water, and ate a few ears of corn; 
 therefore I concluded that she must be improving ; that she was better 
 the day I saw her than on the day previous. On the 3d of November 
 I again saw Hilliard, in Harper ; he reported that the cow had recovered 
 her health. f 
 
 From Hilliard's we went to Matt. Miller's, 5 miles northwest of Har- * 
 per. He stated that in the month of July Hugh McClung brought from 
 north of Little Rock, Ark., 65 head of cattle ; that he bought 35 head of 
 these cattle from McClung, and placed them with 40 head of his domes- 
 tic cattle on the same range ; he lost head, while McClung, who held 
 the remaining 30 head on a range of Mr. Matthews, lost none. His cat- 
 tle died during the first and second week of September, after a sickness 
 of from two to five days. Miller sold 30 head of his cattle on the 10th 
 of September. 
 
 Messrs. Got and Weaver, of Springfield, Mo., brought into Harper on ^ 
 the 24th of June, 200 head of cattle from Missouri. They drove them 
 out 3 miles northwest, and had them herded on the Matthews range. 
 About the 20th of July deaths among this herd began to occur, and they 
 lost 24 head of their cattle in rapid succession. 
 
 October 26, we left Harper for Medicine Lodge, Barbour County, a 
 distance of 35 miles. We arrived toward evening. I saw several cat- 
 tle-men in town ; made the usual inquiries, and was told that many cat- 
 tle died during this season all over the county ; but, when I endeavored 
 to obtain a more definite account as to who the suffering parties were, 
 and the extent of their losses, I could get but little reliable information. 
 I concluded to remain in town over Saturday the 27th, and endeavor 
 to get a more definite history of the outbreak in this part of the county. 
 In the evening I was introduced to Mr. Ebersole, who lives 7 miles 
 west of Medicine Lodge. He told me that on a range next to him 10 
 had died out of 700 head during the month of September, but that he, 
 himself, had not lost an.y out of the 50 head which he owned. I also 
 met Mr. Springer, who lives 5 miles southeast of Mediciuc Lodge. He 
 lost 4 out of 420 head this summer, and 125 out of a herd of 500 last 
 winter. Mr. Springer ulso stated that his neighbor, Mr. Bulliugton, lost 
 12 out of 100 head this season. 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTK^ATED ANIMALS. 227 
 
 On October 27 I weut to the office of Mr. T. L. O'Bryan, a live-stock 
 broker. He told me that some emigrants passed through the town of 
 Medicine Lodge, going north, on the 23d or the 2Gth of May. They 
 were supposed to come by way of Anthony, Harper County, and were 
 going to Colorado. They had with them 4 or 5 ox-teams, with from one 
 to three yoke in a team, and 50 head of loose cattle. They told Mr. 
 Eiggs, the sherift' of Barbour County, that they came from Texas, but 
 told i\Ir. O'Bryan that they were from the Chickasaw Nation, near Red 
 Eiver. Their cattle were in good condition and had the appearance of 
 genuine Texaus. 
 
 In Mr. O'Bryan's office I entered into conversation with Hon. T. J. 
 Shepler, who told me that in the year 1876, when the through trail for 
 Southern cattle to Dodge City passed along the eastern banks of the 
 Elm River, near Medicine Lodge, 2 head of domestic cows which had 
 been kept in close confinement all summer, were allowed to graze over 
 the trail late in the fall after a fall of 3 inches of snow, and after so 
 late an exposure both cows died. He also told me that a prominent 
 stockman from Montana assured him last spring that cattle coming from 
 the State of Kansas would transmit to their cattle the Texas fever in 
 the most malignant and fatal form. Mr. Shepler thinks the only way 
 to obviate the annual losses among cattle in Kansas by the Southern 
 fever, is to establish a border line of infection and compel the Southern 
 cattle to be slaughtered within the limits of such boundary line. 
 
 1 then weut to see j\Ir. Frank H. Shelley, secretary of the Salt Forks 
 and Eagle Chief pool. He said : 
 
 A iininber of through cattle, purchased at Caldwell, were located ou the Eagle Chief 
 Creek adjoining iis on the sontheast; some of the Salt Forks cattle drifted on the "T 
 5" range, belonging to the Texas Land and Kansas City Company; several of our cat- 
 tle died, but not many ; two of them were high-grade bulls. I don't know how many 
 of our cattle were exposed. The pool holds 20,000 head of cattle. 
 
 I next met Mr. J. A. McCarty, in the office of the Barbour County 
 Index. He is the captain of the Sand Creek and Hackberry pool. He 
 stated that in the month of August, Mr. Lockhart, a member of the 
 pool, brought from Kingman County several hundred head of cattle and 
 placed them in the pool herd. Three weeks thereafter the pool cattle 
 began to die; 15 out of 3,500 head exposed died It is supposed that 
 several head of Arkansas cattle were among the Lockhart lot. Ten per 
 cent, of their cattle died last winter. I met Mr. William Kelley on the 
 street ; he lived 8 miles south of Medicine Lodge. He lost 10 out of 400 
 head this summer. He does not know in what manner they were ex- 
 posed. Last winter he lost 50 out of 500 head; they generally became 
 lame in one fore leg; persisted in lying down ; would continue in this 
 way from one week to a month before they died. Many of them were 
 valuable cows. They were well sheltered and well fed after they be- 
 came sick, but the majority of them ultimately died. Several died after 
 the grazing was good in the spring. In 12 or 15 cases that recovered 
 one or both horns came ofl". Mr. Vaughn, 2^ miles south of Medicine 
 Lodge, brought 00 head of cattle from Kingman County about the 1st 
 
228 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of July. During' the month of September he lost 3. Last winter he 
 lost in Kingman County 42 head out of his herd of 300. The best cat- 
 tle in the herd appeared to be the most susceptible. His cattle were 
 fed on corn in the latter part of the winter. James Wilson, 8 miles 
 south of Medicine Lodge, stated that he gathered one bull at the county 
 round-up which died. 
 
 Two other animals died subsequently, and he does not know where 
 these were exposed, except to the bull. Lost last winter 6 per cent. 
 Mr. Hamlin, neighbor to Wilson, lost out of 3 head gathered on the Boyd 
 range, one bull. Mr. B. D. Keyes, on Elm River, 18 miles northwest 
 of Medicine Lodge, reported a loss of 40 head out of 500 last winter. 
 He fed millet, hay, and corn. They were sick from two days to two 
 weeks. Some got lame, and would then lie down nearly all the time; 
 most of them ate well until they died. One cow ate two quarts of soaked 
 corn, then dropped over dead. He further stated that this trouble was 
 almost universal in that part of the county. After skinning the dead 
 cattle he found intiltrations of bloody water under the shoulder blade 
 and foreleg. Mr. B. T. Shields, a neighbor to Keyes, lost this summer 
 16 out of 225 head. 
 
 On October 28th we left Medicine Lodge and drove west toward Lake 
 City ; the first place at which we stO|>ped was Henry Morehead's, 3 
 miles west of Medicine Lodge. He told me that he had 144 head of 
 cattle in a herd, under the care of P. B. Cole, on Antelope Flat, north- 
 west and north of the Illinois colony. Also, that his neighbor, Mr. 
 Updegraf, had 00 or 70 head in the same herd ; neither of them had 
 suffered any losses. The next place on our way to Lake City at which 
 we stopped was Mr. Sanderson's, who lives on the north side of the 
 Medicine River, 8 miles west of Medicine Lodge. He lost 3 head of 
 cattle out of 40 in this month. Cause of death, or manner of infection, 
 not known. He told me that Mr. Robert Ingram, on Cedar Creek, 7 
 miles west of Medicine Lodge, lost 6 out of 50 head during this month. 
 Manner of exposure not known. We then proceeded to Lake City, 
 which is 18 miles northwest of Medicine Lodge, and from there we 
 drove 2 miles north, to Mr. W. F. Gordon's ranch. Mr. Gordon holds 
 400 head of cattle on a 7,000-acre fenced range. This range is supplied 
 with water from several clear-water springs, all of which head within 
 the inclosed range. Mr. Gordon lost 35 head of cattle. The first one 
 died on or about the 25th of September, and the last one on the 25th 
 instant. Ten or 12 that were sick recovered. Mr. Gordon knows of no 
 way in which his cattle were exposed, only that once or twice the gate 
 at the north end of the field was left open by ])ers()ns passing through, 
 and a few of his cattle got out, but were always returned within a few 
 hours. One hundred and eighty-nine head of these cattle were bought 
 from Reuben Lake, of Lake City, on tlie 1st of July. They were Ar- 
 kansas cattle, wintered by Mr. Lake in a fenced field adjoining that ot 
 Mr; Gordon. The balance of Gordon's cattle, 212 head, were double 
 
 •^ 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 229 
 
 wintered iu bis field. As T was anxious to make a post-mortem examina- 
 tion in Older to discover the exact nature of the disease, I went out late 
 in the evening- to see the condition of the heifer which died on the 25th, 
 three days ago. She was badly bloated. I opened her in the usual 
 manner, and found that tlie internal viscera were undergoing decompo- 
 sition, and were scarcely fit to handle. I removed the spleen, which 
 weighed -4 pounds. The liver was enlarged. A bloody-colored tluid 
 was contained in the pericardial sac ; also bloodj'-colored urine iu the 
 bladder. The fourth stomach presented the characteristic erosions and 
 gastric redness of southern cattle fever. Mr. Gordon stated that in 
 1858 he lived in the State of Missouri, on the through cattle trail. The 
 trail led around a corner of his pasture field, the corner not being quite 
 square; late in the fall he built the fence out so as to form a square 
 corner; by so doing he inclosed a part of the trail. The cattle which 
 were in the field soon began to die after the moving of the fence, and 
 continued to die until some time iu the month of January ; 50 out of 
 100 head died. 
 
 AVe remained overnight with Mr. Gordon, and next morning returned 
 to Medicine Lodge. As we passed Mr. Morehead's place his wife came 
 out to the road and told me that her husband had found the day before 
 a sick heifer among his cattle on the Cole range ; that he had started 
 her toward home, but she dropped down near Elm River, and was un- 
 able to rise, and that he desired me to see the animal. I was directed 
 where to find it, and 1 complied with their wishes ; 1 found the heifer 
 dead. I saw the animal at 2 o'clock on the -J9th, and Mr. iMorehead had 
 found her sick at about the same time the day previous. She appeared 
 to me as if death had taken place in the night or early morning ; was 
 badly bloated ; a few small balls of feces, covered with dried blood, and 
 mucus, were lying behind her. The mucous membrane of the rectum ap- 
 peared inflamed, swollen, and protruded several inches from the anus. 
 I opened her on the right side, following the usual custom. Decompo- 
 sition had taken place to a much greater extent than any that 1 had 
 ever examined after so short a period after death. 
 
 The blood-vessels contained more blood, and of abetter quality than 
 is usually found after death from southern cattle fever. The animal 
 was excediiigly fat, and the fat was of a very high yellow color, very 
 nearly a chrome yellow. All of the internal viscera were, more or less, 
 distended by gasses. The pericardium contained 10 or 12 ounces of 
 bloody-colored serum. In the arterial side of the heart I found a very 
 extensive and strongly organized fibrinous clot, extending through the 
 valves, and into the aorta for at least 8 inches. The s[>leen weighed 
 3| pounds, and blood extravasations were found under the peritoneal 
 covering. The liver was enlarged, and filled with blood, and enormously 
 distended by gasses. Erosions and subacute congestion of the lining 
 membraiu^ of the fourth stomach were present. The urine bladder con- 
 tained a few ounces of bloody-colored urine. The kidneys were almost 
 completely disorganized by the ravages of active decomposition. 
 
230 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 At Medicine Lodge I saw Mr. Staudiford, of the cattle firm of Standi- 
 ford, Younians & Co. Their range is located 6 miles southeast of Med- 
 icine Lodge, between the Medicine River and Cedar Hills. He made 
 the following statement: 
 
 Aljont 150 bead of cattle, comiug from near Wichita, Sedgwick County, were 
 driven along south on the divide between Aiitelope Flat and Elm Creek, and were 
 brought to and camped on the center of our range one night. As near as I remem- 
 ber the date it was about the middle of June. I went out to see the cattle; they 
 looked very suspicious. Mr. Shaustrom, who was with the cattle, told me that the 
 cattle came from Arkansas; that he bought them in February, and shipped them into 
 Wichita about the 1st of April; that they were kept on rough feed, and afterward 
 herded on the Niuuescah Kiver until they were started South. Several well-bred 
 bulls, which were bought at Wichita, were among the herd, but a large proportion o^ 
 the herd looked bad. P"'rom my place they went southwest 100 miles to the Cimarron 
 River, and were placed with some other cattle which were in a small pool formed by 
 Blackstone, Tucker, Mills, Conner, and Shaustrom. 
 
 About one week after Shaustrom's cattle left my place Mr. Tucker (of the above, 
 mentioned pool) came to my place and told me that the Arkansas cattle which Shau- 
 strom took d'lwu were dying oft' rapidly; also, that some of the other cattle in the 
 pool were dying. On the range where these cattle camped one night we have 700 
 head ; they have been close ranged in the spring and summer, but several of them 
 drifted away; afterward 3 were gathered on the Boyd range at the time of county 
 round-up. Two weeks after the Shaustrom cattle were on our rauge one of ours 
 died; soon another one; the second one was gathered on the Boyd range. Texan 
 cows which had been double wintered, and had also been exj^osed to the Boyd cattle, 
 remained well. One bull died that I kept up and stall-fed all winter, which I know 
 had no chance for exposure to the Boyd cattle, nor did he stray away from our herd. 
 He died in the first week of October. Another bull which had been kept exactly like' 
 the first one died on the 25th. One cow that I kept in town until the last of June 
 and theu took her to the herd, where she was kept within sight every day, also died. 
 Altogether we lost ten of the very choicest cattle in the herd. Last winter we lost 
 10 per cent, of our domestic cattle, and 6 per cent of the Texan cattle. 
 
 I met Mr. A. L. Duncan, of Medicine Lodge, who told me that three 
 different herds of cattle passed tlirough their place in the latter part of 
 May and early June. One of the outfits told him they were from Eed 
 River, Cliickasaw Xation, and said they were going into Colorado. The 
 second outfit were going to Montana, and the third into Utah. The three 
 herds numbered about 500 head of cattle, and looked like Indian or 
 Northern Texans. From Medicine Lodge they passed in a westerlj^ 
 direction toward Fort Dodge. 
 
 While at Medicine Lodge I met Mr. P. B. Cole. He lives 2 miles 
 west from Dr. Wisner and north of T. B. Stockstill- He owned 250 
 head of cattle, and held 150 belonging to other parties. These cattle 
 were nearly all gathered in the county round-up on Antelope Flat, 
 between the 1st and 15th of July, where they had been with several 
 hundred other cattle. In this round-up 25 or 30 stray cattle were 
 found for which no owners appeared. The Anderson herd of cattle 
 grazed on the Cole range for several days in the latter part of June. 
 Mr. Cole lost out of his herd of 400 25 head — 2 in July and 23 in Sep- 
 tcnd)er. William Dark, north of Cole's, lost 16 out of 35(> head of cat- 
 tle daring the month of September. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 231 
 
 The first place at which we stopped, after leaving- Mediciue Lodge, 
 on October 30, was the Hiilitt, or open A range, on Camp Creek, Har- 
 per County. Hulitt Brothers brought 250 head of good high-grade cat- 
 tle on the range from Iowa a year ago, which have remained on the 
 same range up to this time. Mr. Miller, of Washington County, Iowa, 
 unloaded at Harper, on the 9th of April, 220 head of Iowa cattle, kept 
 them on the range north of the stock-yards and in the yards at night 
 for three successive days, then drove them out on the range occupied 
 by Hulitt Brothers, and placed them under their care. Mr. Ament, of 
 Anthony, Harper County, shipped from Coffeyville, Mo., and unloaded 
 at Harper 300 head of cattle ; they arrived at Harper on the 28th of 
 June. He then drove them southeast into the eastern part of the 
 county on a school section, and herded them there until the 10th of 
 July. They were then taken west and placed on the Hulitt Brothers 
 range, arriving on the 12th. One of these cattle died on the same day 
 that it arrived upon the range, and others of the Ament cattle died 
 daily thereafter, until the number of deaths reached 47. i^^one of the 
 Miller nor of the Hulitt Brothers cattle died. 
 
 The last death among the Ament cattle occurred on the 1st of Octo- 
 ber. This was a black bull, bought in Kansas for $540. Forty head 
 which had been sick recovered. The sick were treated by giving one 
 quart of raw linseed oil at a dose, and by using the same by injection 
 into the rectum. Some recovered after passing bloody urine. The 
 Boyd herd of cattle ranged over this ground in the early part of the 
 summer, and 3 head of them were with the Hulitt Brothers cattle later 
 in the season, 1 remaining six weeks. 
 
 The Miller cattle, which were unloaded at Harper on the 9th of April, 
 were with 20 head of the crippled Boyd cattle in the yards and on the 
 range north of the yards, and ate corn, cane, and millet-hay from the 
 same piles. The description of the post mortem appearances in the 
 Ament cattle, as given me by Mr. Hulitt, convinces me that they died 
 with the southern cattle fever. 
 
 We next stopped at Attica post-oftice, Harper County. There I saw 
 Mr. G. W. Markham, who stated : 
 
 One of my two-jear-old steers got among the Boyd herd as tbey were passing along 
 north of my range on "the 10th of April. I followed him and brought him hack home 
 the same evening. Two days thereafter I sold him to H. D. Drumiu, of Kiowa, who 
 has since told me that th'' steer died. 
 
 Mr. Drumm had 2 head of the Boyd cattle among his herd from the 
 latter part of April until the 1st of July, but did not lose any of his cattle 
 except the one bouglit from Mr. Markham. At Attica I was told that a 
 yoke of oxen luul been staked on the Boyd trail, south of Gardner's; 
 they were used for breaking sod, and remained there all summer. N"o 
 sickness followed the exposure, in the evening I met Mr. J. C. Fox, of 
 Seymour, Iowa, at the Glenn House, Harper. He told me that he 
 brought four carloads of cattle into Harper on the 12th of April. He 
 
232 CO>JTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 held bis cattle in the .yards at night and on the range north four or five 
 days, 1 of the Boyd cattle being with them all this time. These cattle 
 were taken northwest 18 miles, on a range, and remained there until the 
 20th of August. No loss or sickness appeared in this herd. Mr. Hard- 
 wick, of the Glenn House, told me tluit he had a sick cow, also that he 
 lost one several days ago. I promised to go out in the morning to see 
 her. 
 
 On the 31st I drove out 2 miles west to Mr. Forrey's inclosed pasture 
 field to see the Hardwick cow. I found the cow in the following condi- 
 tion at 0.30 a.m.: Temperature 100°; lying on the left side with head 
 thrown somewhat to the right ; was apparently suffering great pain, as 
 was manifested by her deep and agonizing groans ; eyes prominent ; left 
 horn much colder than the right ; nose dry ; skin a deep yellow color ; 
 pulse 80 ; respiration 20 ; painful and prolonged expirations ; could feel 
 through the abdominal walls posterior tc the ribs decided enlargement 
 of the liver ; auscultation and percussion revealed no lung trouble ; 
 thick viscid saliva stringing from the mouth — not profuse. At 10.15 the 
 temperature was 97.5°. At 10.30 I introduced the instrument into the 
 bladder, where it registered 97.4°. I cut a deep gash into the tail, 1 inch 
 in length, about 4inches below the root, in order to observe the flow and I 
 the color of the blood, but only a few drops oozed from the incision ; it 
 was very thin and watery. I cut another gash into the fleshy part of the 
 thigh, but only a slight trickling of blood followed. In making these in- 
 cisions the animal evinced no pain. At 11 o'clock she made an effort to 
 get up, butfailed. A sweat nowjbroke out on the nose; pulse very tense, 
 yet weak. As I stood by her side I could hear distinctly each heart 
 beat. It appeared as if nature was concentrating all the strength that 
 was within the animal to maintain the heart's action. She is now rest- 
 ing on the sternum, with head extended, the lower jaw resting on the 
 ground, and groans at each expiration of breath, to which it is painful 
 to listen. Tremors of the vasti muscles, and also of the muscles of the 
 neck, now appeared. At 11.15 temperature 98°. I then left her; re- 
 turned again at 2 p. m., and found her dead. The surface of the body 
 was yet warm, and out of curiosity I inserted the thermometer into the 
 rectum, when it registered 103.5° F. An hour later I returned prepared 
 to make a post mortem examination. There were present at the exami- 
 nation Messrs. Ewell, Cochran, and Ross, of Harper. 
 
 The animal was lying on the left side, and a quart or more of a 
 greenish watery fluid had escaped from the mouth and nose. After 
 exposing the internal organs to view I found the lungs slightly emphy- 
 sematous and a frothy si)uta in the capillary tubes ; pericardium con- 
 tained about () or 8 ounces of dark, bloody-colored fluid ; external surface 
 of heart extensively ecchymosed; in fact, looked limp, bruised, and worn.|H 
 out by sheer exhaustion; the internal surface of the heart was almost ^^ 
 black, caused by capillary congestion and extravasation of blood into 
 the endocardium ; no blood clots in the heart. The heart weighed 5 
 pounds. The spleen weighed 4 pounds, and presented a disintegration 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 233 
 
 of the giandular structure ; the external surface preseuted uumerous 
 ecchvmosert si)0is, and a purple and gray-mottled appearance. The 
 liver weighed 15 pounds, and possessed a spongy feel to the touch ; 
 was darker in color than normal, and manifested fatty degeneration. 
 The gall bladder contained 30 ounces of thick, granular appearing bile, 
 of a greenish-brown color. The third stomach presented nothing abnor- 
 mal, but the fourth presented the characteristic redness and erosions, 
 exposing the vascular membrane, indicative of southern cattle fever. 
 Surrounding the kidneys was discovered a yellowish gelatinous infiltra- 
 tion. The kidneys were darker than normal, and contained bloody- 
 colored urine in the ducts and tubuli. The uterns contained a six- 
 weeks' old fetus ; this organ presented no marked lesions. The urine 
 bladder was disteiuled with 2 gallons of a dark, almost brown, colored 
 urine; specific gravity 1.012. The blood in the blood vessels was not 
 so thin as is usual in such cases, but was deficient in quantity. Mr. 
 Hard wick bought these two cows, together with 48 other cattle, on or 
 about the l''th instant, from Mr. Bailey, who lives 2 or 3 miles north- 
 west of town. The 48 head were taken down into the Indian Territory 
 on the 16th — the same day the two cows were placed into the Forrey 
 field. All of these cattle crossed several cattle trails before they reached 
 the Forrey pasture. This day I saw Mr. L. C. Bidwell, of Anthony. 
 He owns 2,000 head of cattle, which are pastured in an inclosed field 
 containing 12,000 acres, located in the Indian Territory, along the 
 south line of Harper County. 
 
 He stated that cattle had been dying all around his pasture, but that 
 he did not lose a single one. Mr. J. W. Walcott, of Harper, kept 11 
 cows from which he supplied milk to the citizens of Harper. He herded 
 them north of the railroad track. The first loss occurred on the 4th 
 day of July, after six days' sickness 5 10 head died before the 1st of 
 August. The remaining one was sick three or four days, then began 
 to improve, and in a week was again apparently well. Mr. R. J. Jones 
 picketed his cow north of the railroad track for the space of a week in 
 the early part of July ; no sickness followed. He has owned the cow 
 for four years. John Elrod, of Harper, owned 8 head of work oxen, all 
 of them wintered cattle. One of them was a Texan, eight or ten years 
 old, and had been owned in the county several years. These cattle 
 were pastured north of the railroad at Harper for a month before any 
 disease appeared among any of the cattle in or around Harper. In the 
 month of October 4 out of the 8 oxen died, the old Texan being the last 
 one to succumb to the disease. 
 
 On Xovember 1 we drove to Anthony, 9 miles south of Har[)er, prin- 
 cipally for the purpose of seeing Mr. Anient, who sutfered such a heavy 
 loss on the Hulitt range ; but we failed to find him at home. Here I 
 made inquiries relating to disease among cattle, and was told no cattle 
 in that immediate locality died this year. ]\Ir. Northup, a prominent 
 cattle man of Anthony, told me that nearly all the domestic cows along 
 
234 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the trail of the Andersou cattle died. The Auderaou cattle passed 6 
 miles west of Authouy ou their way south to the Territory line. He 
 also told me that Mr. Singer, 10 miles east of Anthony, lost a large per- 
 centage of his cattle last winter ; they are said to have been in good 
 condition and were well fed. They had been brought from Iowa and 
 Northern Missouri in the fall. After returning to Harper I traced up 
 the town cows that died in Harper as follows : 
 
 
 Owners. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 cows 
 lost. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 I 
 ? 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 $70 
 40 
 
 
 C. Arthur 
 
 75 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 35 
 
 P. P. Thomas 
 
 36 
 
 E. Keefer 
 
 35 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 40 
 
 J.Burd' 
 
 35 
 
 Mr f'ypliBrH 
 
 38 
 
 S. Keever 
 
 46 
 
 Total 
 
 695 
 
 
 
 All of these cows grazed north of the railroad track. The town cows 
 which were not allowed to graze north of the track escaped the dis- 
 ease. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ANDERSON CATTLE. 
 
 Six car-loads of cattle shipjied from Springfield, Mo., in the name of 
 the Bank of Springfield, and consigned to Mr. Anderson, were unloaded 
 at Harper on the 6th day of June. These cattle remained at the 
 stock-yards about ten days, ranging northeast of the yards during the 
 day. They were then taken out west about 4 miles, southwest until thej^ 
 reached the Medicine Lodge road, followed this road into Barbour 
 County, through the Illinois colony, and rested upon the range of P. B. 
 Cole a week or more. They then were driven back again by way of Inyo 
 post office, thence by Joppa post office, passing over W. E. Kline's 
 range 5 miles west of Attica post-office, then in a southeasterly direc- 
 tion toward Anthony, but leaving Anthony 6 miles to the east, then 
 south to the line of the Indian Territory, then east along the line to 
 Gilmore's range, G miles west of Caldwell, in the Indian Territory. Sev- 
 enty-eight head of these cattle were sold before they left Harper to a 
 Mr. Smalley, in the southwest corner of Kingman County, and were 
 driven by him in a direct course northwest from Harper to Kingman 
 County, Mr. Anderson stated that these were Arkansas cattle. Mr. 
 Cochran stated that he bought conditionally 100 head of cattle in White 
 County, Arkansas, last winter, but that Mr. Anderson afterward saw 
 the same lot of cattle, and by offering more for them closed a bargain, 
 and drove them to Springfield, Mo. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 235 
 
 On November 2, we drove out to see Mr. Potter, but he not being- at 
 home his son gave me the following- information: They held cattle 12 
 miles northwest of Harper ; they bought 131 head of cattle out of the 
 McMullen herd on the Botkin range ; afterward added 106 head of do- 
 mestic cattle brought from the line of Kingman County. Two native 
 milch cows were also turned in with this herd. Out of the first herd 
 (131) 32 died; out of the 106 head 26 died. All of these, excepting 4 
 head, died previous to the 10th of August — the 4 died in September, 
 and 10 that were taken sick in September recovered. The first lot of 
 cattle were bought on the 1st of July, and were taken on the range on 
 the 8th ; the second lot were bought a few days later. The Mc^NIulleu 
 cattle began to die on the 8th of July. Mr. Potter knows of no other 
 cattle dying near their range. 
 
 Clotfelter and Thomas have a fenced pasture, 6 miles square, in King- 
 man and Harper Counties. This field contained cattle belonging to 
 Clotfelter and Thomas, 300 head ; Aaron Canalt, 160 head ; Mr. Blake, 
 300 head; Harroldson and Sheldon, 700 head. All of these cattle, ex- 
 cept 640 head of Harroklson and Sheldon's, were wintered in this field, 
 and during the winter 150 head died, the loss being attributed to insuf- 
 ficient food and water, and want of shelter. Harroldson and Sheldon 
 placed into this field, in the month of June, 700 head of cattle, said to 
 have been brought from Missouri; Muuger Brothers put in 400 head 
 after the disease broke out, and allowed them to remain until the 1st of 
 October. In the month of July disease appeared among cattle in this 
 field, and Harroldson and Sheldon lost 30 head. They removed their 
 cattle early in September. The loss among Blake's cattle I could not 
 ascertain. Clotfelter and Thomas lost 3 head ; Muuger Brothers, 16. 
 Ko other cattle adjoining this field died, except a few in Flint & Hamil- 
 ton's field, located in the corner of Kingman, Pratt, and Barbour Coun- 
 ties. 
 
 William Nance, 15 miles northwest of Harj)er, bought '? steers out of 
 the Boyd herd in the spring, took them home, and picketed them near 
 his house. After the steers were removed a cow was picketed on the 
 same ground ; in about two weeks she became sick and died. Soon 
 afterward Mr. Nance bought two cows, picketed them on the same 
 place; both of them became sick, and one died. The steers remained 
 well. This completes my investigation of cattle disease in the counties 
 of Harper and Barbour. 
 
 List of herds of cattle suspected of conveying the disease. — No. 1, the 
 Boyd cattle, arrived at Harper April 6 ; No. 2, the Anderson cattle, 
 arrived at Harper June 6 ; No. 3, the Scoby cattle, arrived at Harper 
 June 6 ; No. 4, the McClung cattle, arrived at Harper July ; No. 5, 
 Arkansas cattle, which crossed McGee's range in June; No. 6, three 
 emigrant herds through Medicine Lodge June 1 ; No. 7, Shanstrom cat- 
 tle, June 1; No. 8, Garrison cattle, arrived at Harper June 18; No. 9, 
 
236 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 county rouud-up, in Bai^boiir, July 1 to 15; No. JO, Territory round-up, 
 in Barbour County, June and July ; No. 11, emigrants which passed by 
 Pratt's in June; No. lli, the Wisner oxen, including the Downing yol-e, 
 arrived at Harper in February ; No. 13, Martin cattle, from Mr. Potter, 
 October 6. 
 
 It may be said that all of these herds rest under greater or less sus- 
 picion ; but, owing to the limite*! time allotted to me for my investiga- 
 tions, I have not been able to establish the fact that any of them were 
 capable of communicating disease to other cattle, directly or indirectly. 
 
 The following summary may be readily understood : 
 
 Owner. 
 
 Exposed to 
 
 herds 
 
 number— 
 
 <B 
 
 3 « o 
 
 Soft 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 680 
 
 16 
 
 200 
 
 29 
 
 331 
 
 90 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 250 
 
 156 
 
 116 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 5 
 
 700 
 
 5 
 
 200 
 
 15 
 
 HO 
 
 4 
 
 3,500 
 
 7 
 
 500 
 
 10 
 
 500 
 
 16 
 
 300 
 
 53 
 
 255 
 
 136 
 
 300 
 
 77 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 600 
 
 185 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 5 
 
 123 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 108 
 
 30 
 
 125 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 30 
 
 300 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 36 
 
 56 
 
 44 
 
 100 
 
 18 
 
 200 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 900 
 
 29 
 
 562 
 
 184 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 510 
 
 10 
 
 475 
 
 450 
 
 
 Date of out- 
 break. 
 
 Value. I County. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Brookway. 
 
 E. Walden 
 
 William A. Wood. 
 
 Jesse Boyd 
 
 R. B. McGee 
 
 W. W.Cook 
 
 A. B. Ranalls... 
 
 John Elmore 
 
 R. J. Evans 
 
 Mr. Parsons . . . . 
 Hink. Moore. .-. 
 Thomas Brakey. 
 C. Blackstone .. 
 W. E. CampbeU. 
 Tryor& Miller.. 
 
 Mr. Latham . . . 
 
 H. Hale 
 
 John Peters . . 
 David Gloiigh. 
 
 E. C. Davis 
 
 William Garrison. 
 
 Mr. White 
 
 Mr. Pi'lton . . 
 
 T. B. Stookstill... 
 M. B. Moore 
 
 M. McGuire 
 
 B. F. Kemp 
 
 w . E. Mattox . 
 James Roberts. 
 Mr. Reeder 
 
 W. H. Wisner . 
 
 J. H. Warren 
 
 Mr. Gardner 
 
 L. M. Pratt 
 
 r. P. Melviii 
 
 C. P. Bradford .... 
 Louis llildebrant . 
 
 S. H. Coyer. 
 
 S. M. Shafer 
 
 E. Viaa 
 
 A. T. Woodward .. 
 
 John Challia 
 
 Mr. Snoby 
 
 W. A. Creighton . . 
 
 T. Goss 
 
 Mr. Donaluio 
 
 Flint & llamiltim. 
 
 R. Botkin's herd . .. 
 
 Mr. Campbell 
 
 Mun;ier lirothers . . 
 n. F.Burr 
 
 1,11 
 
 1,2 
 1,2 
 8,9, 10,12 
 5, 9, 10 
 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 
 
 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 
 1, 5, 9, 10, 11 
 
 5, 6, 9, 10 
 5, 6, 9, 10 
 5, 6, 9, 10 
 
 Fenced. 
 ...do .. 
 
 do. 
 1, 5 6, 9, 10 
 1, 9, 10, 11 
 1, 8, 9, 12 
 
 1, 2, 8, 9, 12 
 1, 2, 8, 9, 12 
 1, 2, 8, 0, 12 
 1, 2, 8, 9, 12 
 2, 8, 12 
 1, 2, 8, 9, 12 
 
 1. 2, 8, 9, 12 
 
 1, .5, 6, 11, 12 
 
 1, 9, 10 
 
 1,2,8,12 
 
 1,9,10 
 
 1, 2, 11, 12, 13 
 
 7, 8, 12 
 
 1, 2, 8, 12 
 
 1,2,11 
 
 1,11 
 
 1,2,11,13 
 
 13 
 
 1,2,11 
 
 1,2,11 
 
 1,11,13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1,2,4,8,12,13 
 
 1,11 
 
 1.2,11 
 
 2, 5, 11 
 
 1, 2, 5 
 
 1, 2, 13, 12 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 75 
 
 30 
 
 156 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 2 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 16 
 33 
 96 
 67 
 
 184 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 179 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 40 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 July 10, Sept. 
 
 12. 
 
 Sept 
 
 Oct. 12 
 
 July 10, Sept. 
 
 Sept. 15 
 
 July 9, Aug. 
 
 29. 
 
 Sept 
 
 July 1, Sep t.l, 
 
 Oct.3 
 
 Aug., Oct.20. 
 
 Sept. 15. 
 Oct. 12. 
 
 Sept, 10. 
 
 271 
 
 Sept. 15 
 
 July, Sept. 1. 
 July 4, Sept. 
 
 I'to 10. 
 
 July 1 
 
 July, Sept. 10. 
 
 Sopt 
 
 Julv, Sept .. 
 
 Oct. 6 
 
 July 11, Sept. 
 
 15. 
 
 Aug 
 
 July 
 
 Oct. 6. ... 
 
 July 
 
 Sept 
 
 Oct 
 
 Sept 
 
 July 4 
 
 Oct. 8 
 
 Oct 
 
 Aug. 20.... 
 July, Sept . 
 July, Sept . 
 
 Sept 
 
 Sept. 1 
 
 Sept.l 
 
 July . 
 
 Sept 
 Sept. 
 
 July 2 
 
 July 
 
 May or J uno 
 Sept 
 
 $575 
 
 275 
 
 30 
 
 320 
 
 630 
 
 2,000 
 
 900 
 4,680 
 300 
 200 
 150 
 600 
 80 
 210 
 300 
 
 480 
 
 990 
 
 2,280 
 
 2,450 
 
 236 
 
 2,250 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 90 
 
 2,000 
 
 240 
 
 480 
 
 245 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 600 
 
 500 
 
 160 
 
 40 
 
 340 
 
 84 
 
 205 
 
 120 
 
 560 
 
 300 
 
 1,260 
 
 1,270 
 
 400 
 
 250 
 
 200 
 
 1,800 
 
 70 
 
 950 
 
 5,520 
 
 50 
 
 750 
 
 3,495 
 
 Harper. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Barbour. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Indian Ter- 
 ritory . 
 Barbour. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Harper. 
 Barbour. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Hai'per. 
 
 Do. 
 Harper. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Linn. 
 Sumner. 
 Kingman, 
 Pratt and 
 Barbour. 
 Harper. 
 
 Do. 
 Barbour. 
 Harper. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 237 
 
 Owner. 
 
 Exposed to 
 
 herds 
 number — 
 
 111 
 
 a 
 3 
 
 Number o f 
 deaths. 
 
 .= > 
 
 3 ffl 
 
 Date of ont- 
 ureak. 
 
 Value. 
 
 County. 
 
 A.Hilliard 
 
 1,2 
 
 4 
 
 1, 2, 3, 8, 12 
 
 5 
 
 75 
 
 200 
 
 700 
 
 420 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 20, 000 
 
 3,500 
 
 400 
 
 550 
 
 3 
 
 225 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 400 
 
 141 
 
 700 
 
 400 
 
 350 
 
 300 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 239 
 
 1,560 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 3 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 87 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 68 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 several 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 58 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 
 July, Sept . . 
 
 Sept 
 
 July 20 
 
 Sept 
 
 $80 
 200 
 600 
 300 
 125 
 75 
 400 
 
 Harper. 
 Do 
 
 Matt Miller 
 
 Got & Weaver 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 6,7 
 
 Sept 
 
 Do 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Salt Forke-s and Eagle- 
 
 (*) 
 
 i:::::::::::::; 
 
 Do. 
 
 chief pool. 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 300 
 150 
 160 
 500 
 120 
 210 
 
 1. 555 
 
 30 
 
 520 
 
 1,000 
 480 
 
 2,081 
 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 500 
 
 200 
 
 695 
 
 1,160 
 
 1,470 
 
 80 
 $53, 756 
 
 Do. 
 
 berrv pool. 
 
 William Kelley 
 
 James Wilson 
 
 5,6,7 
 
 6,7,9 
 
 1, 6, 9, 12 
 
 
 Sept 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 B.F. Shields 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 "'12' 
 
 "46" 
 
 Oct 
 
 Oct 
 
 Do. 
 
 Robert Iniiram 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 Sept. 25 
 
 Oct. 29 
 
 July, Oct. .. 
 July, Sept . . 
 
 Sept 
 
 July 12 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 2, 8, 12, 9 
 
 1, 5, 6, 7, 9 
 
 1,2,7,8,9.12 
 
 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12 
 
 1, 2, 3, 8 
 
 Do 
 
 Standiford & Co 
 
 P. B. Colo 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 William Dark 
 
 Mr. Ament , 
 
 Do. 
 
 ' ' Markham steer " 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 (t) 
 
 C) 
 
 '""i' 
 ""'io' 
 
 1 
 
 Oct. 26 
 
 July 4 
 
 Oct 
 
 July 4 
 
 July 8 
 
 July 
 
 July 
 
 Do. 
 
 J. W. Walcott 
 
 Do. 
 
 John Elrod 
 
 Do. 
 
 Town cows, Harper . 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Potter & Son 
 
 1,2,3,8,12 
 
 Do. 
 
 Clotfelter & Thomas . . . 
 
 
 "William !N'ance 
 
 
 and Har- 
 per. 
 Harper. 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 19, 229 
 
 2,272 
 
 1,768 
 
 604, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Supposed Arkansas cattle, 
 t All of the trails at the west edge of Harper. 
 I All north of the railroad at Harper. 
 
 It will be safe to say that 2,000 head of cattle died this year, in Harper and Barbour Counties, with 
 the southern cattle fever, and that the direct and indirect loss will not fall short of $75,400. 
 
 GLANDERS AMONG HORSES. 
 
 Before leaving Harper, I went northeast 11 miles to the residence of 
 Mr. Alexander Cheesman, to investigate the nature of a disease among 
 horses, supposed to be glanders. After arriving at the place, Mr. Chees- 
 man led the affected horses out of the stable. The first one I examined 
 ■was a ten-year-old horse belonging to Joseph Cheesman. This horse had 
 a discharge from both nostrils, of a greenish-yellow color ; considerable 
 tumefaction across the external surface of the nasal bones; dullness 
 ni)on percussion was manifest over the maxillary sinuses ; numerous 
 ulcers of various sizes were visible upon the nasal se|)tum, chancre-like, 
 and of a dirty yellowish color, with elevated serrated borders; milliary 
 tubercles appeared in clusters on the schneiderian membrane, extend- 
 ing as far up in the nasal cavity as I could see. Both the submaxill- 
 ary lymphatic glands were enlarged, hard, and nodular to the sense of 
 touch, but not strongly adherent to adjacent stru(5tures. An abscess 
 was in process of formation on the lower surface of the chest, one on the 
 inside of the right hind leg, another one on the molar bone, and one on 
 
238 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTKUTED ANIMALS. 
 
 the left temporal bone — veritable farcy buds. On percussion, dullness 
 was manifest over the inferior lobe of the left lung; respiration was 
 accelerated. There was also a discharge of tl)ick; viscid matter from 
 the left eye, and swelling and partial protrusion of the membrane nic- 
 titaus. 1 was told that this horse had been coughing, more or less, for 
 a year. 
 
 The next one which was led out for examination was a six-year-old 
 bay mare, also belonging to Joseph Cheesman. She had a discharge 
 from the right nostril, wiiich was of a very gluey character, adhering 
 around the margin of the nares, numerous small characteristic glan- 
 ders ulcers on the septum nasi, and enlargement of the submaxillary 
 lymphatic glands on tlie corresponding side. Both hind legs were 
 edematous and presented swelliug and tumors along the lymphatics, ex- 
 tending from the hock upwards to the inguinal region ; the inguinal 
 glands also were enlarged, hard, and sensitive to touch. 
 
 The third animal examined was a gray horse, fifteen years of age, be- 
 longing to Alexander Cheesman. He had a discharge from the left 
 nostril ; a hard swelling — the size of a walnut — of the left submaxillary 
 lymphatics; a few small circumscribed tumors distributed over the sur- 
 face of the body — farcy buds. This horse presented no visible nasal 
 ulcerations. I examined two other horses, which have been in the same 
 stable with the affected ones, but could discover no evidence of disease 
 in either of them. Mr. A. Cheesman told me that a four-year-old mule 
 died in the same stable in the month of March, and that she presented 
 symptoms similar to the first horse that I examined. I pronounced the 
 three horses to be affected with glanders and urged the owners to have 
 them destroyed ; but they did not promise to follow my advice, unless 
 they could get some recompense from the county or State. On the 10th 
 of November I addressed a letter to Hon. G. W. Click, governor of the 
 State of Kansas, stating to him how I found those horses affected, and 
 requesting him (in the absence of a State board of health) to take the 
 matter in hand if he had any authority to order the destruction of such 
 diseased animals. In reply I received from him the following answer : 
 
 I have no authority under the laws of this State to do anything in relation to the 
 diseased horses of which you write, but I shall call the attention of the county attor- 
 ney to the matter and see whether he can do anything by communicating with the 
 parties to induce thorn to kill their diseased stock. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA, OR SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 Having heard that hog cholera proved very fatal to hogs in the vicin- 
 ity of Mulvane, Sumner County, Kansas, I left Harper on the morning 
 of the . ii and arrived at Mulvane in the evening. There I saw Mr. E. 
 F. Osbon . He informed me that Mr. Rucker, Mr. Kennedy, and Mr. 
 Smith had suffered heavy losses this yeat by the death of their hogs. 
 Next morning I saw Mr. A. A. Rucker, who resides three-quarters of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 239 
 
 a mile south of Mulvane. He told me that a year a<;o a number of bogs 
 were shipped into Mulvane, coming- from the State of Iowa. Several of 
 them broke out of the yards and had the run of the town for several 
 days. They got in with some hogs belonging to Mr. Hill, of Mulvane; 
 soon afterward Mr. Hill's hogs began to sicken and to die, Mr. Kucker's 
 hogs escaped from their x){isturage and got in with Hill's hogs, rooted 
 around, and probably ate of some of the dead ; in seven or eight days 
 Mr. llucker's hogs became sick, and many of them died — he lost 2.1 per 
 cent. Ten females recovered, and were kept until this spring, but failed 
 to breed. Last spring Mr. Rucker bought 110 head of liogs from his 
 neighbors, and placed them on the same grounds where the hogs had 
 died the year previous. In the month of June they began to die; and 
 this time he lost, including small pigs and shoats, 150 head. Ten of 
 them were large, fat hogs. Estimate of loss, $800. I then saw Mr. E. 
 A. Kennedy, who lives 3 miles south of Mulvane. He lost this year 150 
 out of 350 head of hogs, 50 of them being large heavy animals. Esti- 
 mate of value, $1,000. Mr. Smith, a neighbor to Kennedy, also lost a 
 large number of hogs this year. All the hogs in these three different 
 herds have been indirectly exposed to the imported hogs, or to each 
 other. From the description of the symptoms of the disease, as given 
 me by Messrs. Rucker and Kennedy, I conclude that the disease has 
 been true hog cholera; but none were sick or recently died, therefore 
 no opportunity was afforded me to establish the nature of the disease 
 positively. 
 
 OUTBREAK OF SOUTHER^^ CATTLE FEVER IX BUTLER 
 
 COUNTY, KANSAS. 
 
 In your instructions of the 9th of October, you referred me to Sena- 
 tor P. B. Plumb, of Emporia, for information in relation to the locality 
 of a disease among cattle in Butler County. I addressed a letter of 
 inquiry to Senator Plumb, dated , the 13th of October, and received the 
 following reply: 
 
 Washington, D. C, October 20, lSH:i. 
 Dear Sir: Ydurs of the 13th has just reached me. I do not know exactly whom to 
 suggest that you call upon hi Butler County for information about cattle disease, 
 but if you call on Hon. A. L. Redden at El Dorado, or Hon. Neil Wilkie, at Douglas, 
 they can put you on the track. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 P. B. PLIMB. 
 M. R. Trumbower, V. S., 
 
 Harper, Kans. 
 
 After the receipt of Senator Plumb's letter, I addressed the parties 
 referred to and received answers from both, stating that I should go 
 to El Dorado to find what I desired. I reached El Dorado on the 7th 
 of November, and proceeded to Hon. Redden's office, but found hinj 
 absent ; his clerk took me to the bank of El Dorado and introduced me 
 
240 COMTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 to Mr. V. Brown, who, iu turn, accompanied ine to tbe city mayor's office 
 and introduced nie to him — Dr. A. Bassett. 
 
 Dr. Bassett assisted me very materially in my investigations and man- 
 ifested the greatest degree of interest iu my work while I remained at EI 
 Dorado. At his office I was introduced to the Kev. S. F. C. Garrison, who 
 resides 3 miles west of El Dorado. He made to me the following statement : 
 That he placed under the care of Mr. Matthew Robeson 18 head of cattle 
 on the 17th day of April — 17 of them being grown cattle, the re- 
 maining one a calf; that all of these cattle, excepting 2 head, were to 
 be kept in the dry herd ; that on the 1st of June 1 of these cattle was 
 taken away from the herd, and on the 1st of July a second one was re- 
 moved, leaving 16 head (including the calf) to remain. On the 24th of 
 September the 16 were also taken home; this took place owing to the 
 report that cattle were dying in this herd under suspicious circum- 
 stances. When Mr. Garrison took his cattle home he turned them into 
 a field with 12 head of other cattle. On the oOth day of September 1 
 cow died after a sickness of two or three days ; 11 of them died in 
 rapid succession, tlie last death occurring on the 10th of October. All 
 of the 11 that died had been removed from the Robeson herd; none of 
 the home cattle became attected. Mr. Garrison observed the symptoms 
 manifested during the course of the disease to be — 
 
 A i^eculiai' odor arising from the skin of tbe affected animal ; then a dry, hard, 
 husky cough, especiall}'^ when urged to move around ; head carried extended ; ears 
 droop ; pnshing the head against straw-stack or fence ; loss of appetite ; no desire for 
 water ; rumination suspended ; segregation ; weak and staggering gait ; saliva flow- 
 ing from the mouth ; whites of the eye assume a yellow tinge ; perspire excessively 
 toward evening, which is of a very disagreeable odor ; shake the head from side to 
 side as if in pain ; trembling of the muscles sets iu upon the slightest exertion ; pulse 
 beats rapid and hard ; become unable to rivse ; partial coma and death euds the scene. 
 One of them lived eight days ; another five, and others from three to five days be- 
 fore dissolution took place; several died in strong paroxysms of pain, manifest by 
 getting up and lying down very frequently, accompanied by violent efforts to urinate 
 and defacate. The manure was usually covered with blood and mucus and the act of 
 urination was very painful. 
 
 Mr. Garrison made three post-moyfem examinations, and describes the 
 following appearances : 
 
 Lungs filled with air and infiltrated with mucus; the lining membrane of the air- 
 tubes seemed slightly congested and irritated ; the chest cavity contained some bloody- 
 colored water; the contents of the paunch were hard, and the medicine which had 
 been administered had not been absorbed; the contents of the manifolds in two of 
 the animals was baked and dry as tobacco, and the folds softened and rotten ; the 
 iutestines seemed swollen, and the lining membrane coated with mucus; the kid- 
 neys were of a greenish color, softened, and enlarged ; the urine bladder was distended 
 with dark-colored urine, one of them containing fully one gallon of clotted black 
 blood; the heart was pale and flaccid; the blood in all three cases was darker and 
 thicker than natural; it seemed to be more like paint than blood; the spleen was 
 greatly enlarged, and the inside of it broifeu up into a pulp ; the liver was thickened 
 and filled with blood, the outsider color being a glossy green, sonu^- parts more higlily 
 colored than oth(irs; the gall-bladder coutaiueil in one case one quart of thick, viscid, 
 yellowish granular bile ; the large blood-vessels along the spine seemed diseased, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 241 
 
 Dresenting au unhealthy iuterual surface; in one of the animals one of the horns be- 
 came loose before death. 
 
 Loss, 11 out of 18; value, $277; 3 recoveries. 
 
 Joseph Sharp, living- in El Dorado, said tliat he hart 3 cows with their 
 calves, aurt 2 weanert calves iu Mr. liobesou's rtry herrt; they were put 
 iu on the 12th of May, and removed on the 25th of September. One of 
 them manifested signs of sickness on the evening when she was taken 
 home, and in a week thereafter she died. This cow seemed to suffer 
 more pain during the middle of the daj"^ than in the morning or evening. 
 At the lime the first one died, two others were found to be sick ; they 
 both died ; the last death took place on the 5th of October. Three of 
 the calves were sick, but recovered. Loss, 3 out of G; value, $125. 
 Postmortem examinations of 2 of the cows were made by Mr. Sharp 
 He found the bladder distended with a brownish-red urine, spleen twice 
 or three titnes the normal size and very dark colored on the surface. 
 In one of them, which had been purged by feeding corn and millet, the 
 contents of the third stomach were found soft, in the other, the contents 
 were hard and dry, " could be shaved down into chips," and the folds 
 black and rotten. The blood in all 3 of them that died was too thick. 
 Only 1 of these cattle passed blood with the feces. 
 
 Mrs. Smith lost one heifer in the Eobeson herd on the 22d of Septem- 
 ber; another one, which she took home on the 25th, died on the 2<Sth. 
 She had only 2 head of cattle in the herd— value, $G0. On the 23d 
 of September Mr. Eobeson called upon S. P. Barnes, a butcher in El 
 Dorado, to make examination of 2 head of cattle that died in the 
 herd. Mr. Barnes gave the following statement : 
 
 I found one cow had been purging, and iu this the contents of the third stomach 
 ■were natural; the second cow had been constipated, and in her I found the contents 
 of the tliird stomach harder and drier than natural. The livers and kidneys iu both 
 animals appeared pale and faded in color, as if the coloring matter luid been removed. 
 
 In one I found the urine bladder was empty ; in the, other it was filled with I)loody- 
 colored urine; in the latter the iuside of the bladder seemed hard and tanned, and 
 almost black in color. The spleens were three times as large as uatural, but the liv- 
 ers were not enlarged. One of the animals — a three-year-old cow — was not quite dead 
 when I arrived at the place where she hiy. I cut her throat, but hardly any blood 
 escaped; the small amount which liowed was too thin and watery. The cow that I 
 found dead, also, was almost d^titute of blood. The tallow in both these cows was 
 much too yellow, and I found this same yellow condition of the tallow in 8 or 10 other 
 cattle which died afterward on the same range with the same disease. The meat of 
 these cattle was light colored, like veal, and a disagreeable odor was present iu all 
 of the animals, dead and living. I never before saw any cattle sick with or die of 
 Texas fever, but the moment I saw these I was satisfied that they died with that 
 disease. 
 
 E. B. Cook, residing 7 miles northwest of El Dorado, stated that he 
 placed G head of cattle — all cows and heifers — in the dry herd of Mr. 
 Robeson on the Gth day of May, and took them away on the 23d of 
 September. One of them died on the 27th, another on the 30lh, and a 
 third one on the 4th day of October. Two of them passed bloody urine. 
 Two that were sick recovered. When he took them home he placed 
 5751 D A IG 
 
242 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 them into a field with 14 head of other cattle. None died but those ex- 
 posed on the Robeson range. Loss, 3 out of 6 ; value, $100 ; ti recov- 
 eries, 
 
 Mossman Bros, reside 8 miles northwest of El Dorado. History by 
 Henry Mossman : On the 6th day of May 18 head of cows and calves 
 were taken into the Eobeson herd, and remained until the 25th of July. 
 They were then sold to Bearsley & McAnaly. Twenty three head of 
 steers were placed into tliissame herd on the 25th of July, and 17 cows 
 on the 2 1st of September. On the 23d of September the steers and 
 cows were taken home. One of the steers was sick on the day he was 
 removed from the herd, and died on the day following ; 6 more died 
 in the course of three weeks, and 4 that were sick recovered. Of the 
 17 cows which remained in the herd only 2 days, 4 sickened, and 2 of 
 them died — the first one on the 10th of October, the other one a few 
 days later. The medication resorted to consisted in giving one gallon 
 of melted lard at a single dose. In three cases this dose was repeated,^ 
 and in a fourth one an addition of ten dro^is of croton oil was given. 
 Outi of the 4 so treated 1 died. None that recovered had been seen to 
 pass bloody urine, but in a few the manure was covered with coatings of 
 mucus and blood clots. Mossman Brothers made two post mortem ex- 
 aminations, which revealed tbe following pathological conditions : Blood 
 was contained in the bladder; in one blood extravasations were found 
 in the region of the kidneys; also on the surface of the body, extending 
 along the spine for a space of 18 inches. This one died twenty-four 
 hours after the first evidence of sickness was discovered. The spleens 
 were greatly enlarged ; livers appeared about natural. The contents of 
 the third stomach were normal in one case ; in the other they were dry. 
 Loss, 7 out of 23 steers, valued at $315, and 2 cows out of 17, valued at 
 $G0 ; 6 recoveries. 
 
 1 tested the temperature of 4 of the animals that had been sick, which 
 registered as follows: 103.2^, 103°, 102.6°, 102°; of one which had not 
 been sick, 102,2° F. These cattle are all looking well, and are fatten- 
 ing rapidly, Tliey are confined in a straw yard, and get all the corn 
 they can eat. Tbe hogs at Mossman's ate one of the dead cattle: ten 
 days thereafter 4 of them were noticed to be sick; 3 recovered in about 
 ten days; 1 died in five or six days. The owe that died had a fit of 
 apoplexy two months previous, and had never entirely recovered from 
 the effects of it; was subject to involuntary discharge of feces and 
 urine, and had an imperfect control over its movements, Matthew 
 Kobeson, a herder of cattle residing in El Dorado, made the following 
 statement to me: That he has held a range for fonr snccessive years, 
 extending from the corporate limits of the city of El Dorado 5 miles 
 northwest, by 2 or 3 miles wide; that he has been herding cattle be- 
 longing to himself and to other parties on this range this season, be- 
 ginning to take them in on the 17th day of April. The first death 
 among his herd occurred on the 10th day of September — a cow owned 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF J)OMESTICATED ANIMALS. 243 
 
 by Mr. Saxtou ; the second one wliicU died was an animal belonging to 
 Mrs, Smith; she died on the 22d; on the day following 2 head died be- 
 longing to Mr, King. 
 
 He then had an examination instituted, and as a result of that ex- 
 amination notified all the owners of cattle in his possession to remove 
 them forthwith. Mr. Robeson also stated that he received into his herd 
 on the 20th day of July 75 head of cattle belonging to Davis & Con- 
 nelly, butchers, of El Dorado ; that some of these cattle remained on the 
 range until the 28th of September. They were half-breeds with the ex- 
 ception of 7 hea<l, which were supposed to be thorough Texaus. The 
 Texans were in poor condition when they were brought on the range, 
 and were marked on the middle of the left side with an inverted A [y] 
 brand. Again Mr. Tiobeson stated that he received from Isaac King 
 300 head of cattle on the 9th of June. 
 
 Mr. King bought, during the winter, along the north line of Arkansas 
 and south line of Missouri 1,000 head of cattle, collected them at Fort 
 Scott in March, ship})ed them at the latter jjlace, and unloaded at El 
 Dorado on the 2oth of April. He drove them on the range north and 
 northwest of El Dorado, and there herded them until the 9th of June. 
 He then drove 700 of them into Colorado on his cattle ranch, and placed 
 the remaining 300 head under the care of Mr. Robeson, who already 
 occupied the range at that time with a number of the town and other 
 cattle. On the 9th of August 120 head more of the King cattle were 
 taken into Colorado. I next saw Mr. Connelly, of the tirm of Davis & 
 Connelly, and got from him the following history: 
 
 I bought on the 18th of July 68 head of half-breed cattle from Mr. Page. These 
 cattle had been wintered on Deer Creek, 12 miles southeast of Caldwell, Sumner 
 County, Kansas. When I bought them they were on a range, owned by Mr, Cox, 6 
 miles southeast of Caldwell, on Bluff Creek. I bought 7 head more to fill out the car ; 
 these were brought to Caldwell early in the spring from Benton County, Arkansas. 
 I unloaded at El Dorado on the 20th of July, and placed my cattle in the care of Mr. 
 Robeson. When I bought the 7 head of Arkansas cattle they were with a herd of 
 .'iO or 60 good grade native cattle, a fl^OO bull and several polled Angus cattle. None 
 of the latter died during this season. 
 
 Mr. Connelly also informed me that Mr. Carter, whose farm adjoins 
 that of Mr. Cox, lost 38 out of 50 or 60 head of cattle. Five of them 
 were full blood polled Angus, and another a Hereford bull, for which 
 Mr. Carter paid $1,000 last spring. All of Carter's cattle were held 
 securely in an inclosed field, and have not been exposed to any foreign 
 cattle. 
 
 On the 10th I saw Mr. James Mossman, who had just returned from 
 Caldwell, where he had been to ascertain where the Connelly cattle 
 came from. As near as he could discover the 08 head were bought from 
 Mr. Carter ; had been wintered cattle, half-breeds ; that Mr. Carter 
 lost many cattle at about the same time that the cattle began to die at 
 El Dorado, and that Mr. Connelly had bought the 7 head from a Mr. 
 Smythe (the agent for Mr. Donaldson, of Arkansas City). These 7 
 head were supposed to be through cattle from the Pan Handle, and 
 
244 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 were bought out of a herd ou the Johnson and Hosmer range, near 
 Caklwell, in the Indian Territory. On Sunday, November 11, accom- 
 l)anied by Dr. Bassett and Mr. Davis, I drove out to ex-Brig. Gen. G. 
 T. Wilde's, who, with his copartner. Colonel Mason, are engaged in the 
 breeding and feeding of cattle. Colonel Mason was absent from home, 
 but General Wildes gave me the following history : 
 
 Mr. Miison visited Halstead, Harvey County, Kansas, in the mouth of August ; 
 here he found that a number of cattle had died — town cows — with the Texas fever, 
 attributed to infection received through a herd of cattle brought from the line of 
 Arkansas and Missouri; that these were the only foreign cattle brought into Hal- 
 stead tbis season. These cattle must come very nearly, if not quite, from the same 
 section of country as that from which the King cattle are said to be derived. 
 
 On the 12th I went out over the range where Robeson had herded 
 his cattle during the summer. I found it to be an elevated ridge of 
 limestone soil, extending for miles northward along the west side of the 
 Walnut Creek. The Walnut Creek supplied the cattle with water 
 morning and evening. The water was perfectly sweet and pure. At 
 noon the cattle drank from a spring creek, which takes its origin from 
 several springs located on the range. The grasses are the usual prairie 
 grasses found throughout the middle section of the State, composed 
 chiefly of bunch grass or blue top, blue grass, and here and there is to 
 be seen small patches of buftalo grass, the latter occurring where there 
 is alkali soil or the remains of what are called buflalo wallows. 
 
 I also went out with Mr. Robeson to examine and to see the condition 
 of the King cattle. These are the only cattle which yet remain in the 
 charge of Mr. Robeson and are located in a corral 2 miles west of town 
 for winter feeding. I found them to be ver^^ diminutive cattle (mullet 
 heads) and also in a very poor condition to withstand the inclemency 
 of winter. Many of them were three-year-old steers, but none of them 
 exceeded 600 pounds weight. Many of them, however, have been sick, 
 but have so far recovered as to begin to lay on flesh again. I tested 
 the tem])erature of 7 head that had been sick, which registered as fol- 
 lows : 100°, 100.2°, 91)o, 101°, lOl.lo, 102°, 101° ; of four that have not 
 been sick, 97.7°, 101.4°, 101.3°, and 100.8° F. 
 
 Through the kindness of Mr. Robeson I am enabled to make an accu- 
 rate tabulated statement of the number of cattle that were placed iu 
 his care during the season, the dates at which he received them, and 
 the time when they were removed from the infected range: 
 
 Date of 
 reception. 
 
 Owners. 
 
 Jf limber 
 
 received. 
 
 Number 
 died. 
 
 Number 
 recovered. 
 
 Value. 
 
 WheD re- 
 moved. 
 
 April 17 
 17 
 
 R«v. S. F. C. Garrison 
 
 18 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 I 
 
 . 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 $277 
 40 
 
 Sept. 24. 
 Sept. 2J. 
 do ... 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 40 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. IJalili 
 
 
 Sept. 23. 
 do . . 
 
 May 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 
 . do . . . 
 
 li 
 
 Mr. WliitH 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 i 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 245 
 
 Dat^- of I 
 reception. 
 
 Owners. 
 
 M-^y 
 
 July 
 Aug. 
 
 23 
 
 Mr. Pascal 
 
 Mr. Car])enter 
 
 Mo.ssmau Bros 
 
 E. B. Cook 
 
 M. Kobesou 
 
 Mr. Jones 
 
 Mr. McAnaly 
 
 Mr. Stilcr ..■. 
 
 Josexth Sharp 
 
 Mr. Mclutyre 
 
 Mr. Glaze ~. 
 
 Mr. Sappington 
 
 Beartlsly & McAnaly. 
 
 Number 
 received. 
 
 June 9 I Lsaac Kins 
 
 9 
 July 20 
 May 6 
 
 6 
 July 25 
 Sept. 21 
 
 Beardsly & McAnaly. 
 
 Davis & Connelly 
 
 Mr. Tuttle '. 
 
 Mr.s. Smith 
 
 Mossiuan Bros 
 
 do 
 
 Milk herd 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 18 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 124 
 
 Number | Number 
 died. ' recovered. 
 
 Value. 
 
 , When re- 
 moved. 
 
 $40 
 
 ioo 
 
 Total 
 
 n 
 
 (*) 
 
 (*) 
 
 40 
 
 115 
 60 
 
 315 
 60 
 
 325 
 
 Sept. 23 
 . . . do . . . 
 
 July 25. 
 
 Sept. 23. 
 
 ...do ... 
 ...do ... 
 ...do ... 
 ....do ... 
 
 Sept. 25. 
 
 Sept. 23. 
 . . . . do . . . 
 ...do ... 
 
 Aug. 27. 
 
 Aug. and 
 
 Nov. 10. 
 
 Sept. 24. 
 (*) 
 
 Sept. 23. 
 
 do ... 
 
 ....do ... 
 
 2,237 
 
 * Were removed in small lots, September 28. 
 
 The milk herd coiitained exclusively milch cows from town, but were 
 herded on the same range with the dry herd, although the two herds 
 were kept separated for convenience. Mr. N. Rittenhouse herded 300 
 head of cattle north of the Robeson range, but he came no nearer than 
 1 mile to the range of the latter ; neither have the cattle in the care of 
 Mr. Rittenhouse crossed any of the trails of the Robeson cattle or been 
 exposed to them or any other cattle in any manner whatsoever. They 
 have been supplied with water from Walnut Creek, and have grazed 
 over the same character of soil and grasses as have the cattle of Robe- 
 son's. Rittenhouse has not lost a single animal out of his herd during 
 the whole grazing season. 
 
 In view of all the facts and the circumstances, as they appear to me, 
 I am compelled to attribute the appearance of Southern cattle fever at 
 El Dorado to the importation of Southern cattle by Mr. Connelly. 
 
 APPEARANCE OF DISEASE THREE DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE. 
 
 On my way to Harper, in October, I met Mr. E. F. Osborn, of Mul- 
 vane, Sedgwick County, Kansas, who related to me his experience 
 with southern cattle fever, viz : 
 
 Oil or about the 1st of October, 18G9, \my partner and I started from Saliiia with 
 240 head of high grade native cattle, bred by ourselves. We drove south 80 miles to 
 Sedgwick City; then we cro.ssed the through cattle trail, driving our cattle as fast 
 as X'ossible. We then drove 20 miles farther south and ^topped for winter feeding. 
 On the third day after crossing we found one high-grade cow sick ; on the 5th she 
 died, and a hundred more were sick; in ten days after the disease first appeared 200 o f 
 the 240 were dead. We then drove the remaining 40 head into the Arkansas River, 
 and left them standing there in the wat^r. Some of them were so sick that when 
 they first went into the river they could hardly keep on their feet. Many of them re- 
 mained there from seven to ten or twelve days ; could not be driven away from the 
 water ; but they all recovered. These 40 head were the poorest in the whole herd of 
 240 when we started with them. Before we left Salina we had a hard frost, and dur- 
 
246 CONNAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 iug the drive south we had several frosts and continuous cool weather. We consid- 
 ered ourselves safe in starting after the frost ; but to obviate all danger we endeavored 
 to keej) a safe distance away from the through trail ; therefore we kept 20 miles west 
 of it until we had to cross it; we then turned a square corner and drove across the 
 trail. 
 
 I asked Mr. Osboru if it might not be possible that they crossed trails 
 of Southern cattle between Salina and Sedgwick, but he said he was 
 sure they had not. If their cattle were exposed only to the through 
 trail then the stage of incubation in the first cow was probably less 
 than three days, positively not more than four. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 M. R. TRUMBOWER, V. S. 
 
 Sterling, III., December 20, 1883. 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 REPORT OF DR. H. J. DETMERS. 
 
 Hon. George B. Loring, 
 
 Commisioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir: 111 the following 1 have the honor of submitting my report on 
 southern cattle fever. In my last report I took the liberty of stating 
 what has been accomplished, and what yet remains to be done; also 
 what I considered as the chief object of my investigation, namely, to 
 discover the true cause of that apparently mysterious disease. My ob-' 
 servations and experience of last year more than ever convinced me 
 that the (exciting) cause of southern cattle fever consists in something 
 tutimately connected with or dependent upon the peculiarities of the 
 Southern flora, and not — at least not directly — due to the climate and 
 higher temperature of the Southern States, which only indirectly exerts 
 its influence or aids in its production and propagation. The cause of 
 southern cattle fever consists in something that requires for its produc- 
 tion certain conditions given in the Southern States, or in those parts 
 •of our extensive territory in which the fever has its origin or permanent 
 source. Some, perhaps most, of the conditions favorable to its develop- 
 ment, and some of those unfavorable to the same, are kujwn. If one 
 •carefully studies the facts communicated in my last report, he will find 
 that decaying vegetable substances, a certain degree of warmth and 
 moisture, and a low elevation above the ocean, are necessary requisites 
 and important factors in the development of the infectious principle ; 
 while a low temperature, a high altitude, and, without hardly any doubt, 
 an absence of moist and decaying vegetable substances are detrimental 
 to its propagation. In proof of this, allow me to briefly restate some 
 of the more salient facts, apparently in part contradictory of each other, 
 but facts notwithstanding. As, however, my experience has only been 
 with Texas and Western cattle I will limit my remarks to them, without 
 intimating, though, that I regard the disease in (juestion as an exclu- 
 sive product of Texas or of the Southwest, for it is a well-known fact 
 that other Southern States and the West Indies are just as well a source 
 of southern fever as Texas. 
 
 1. Native Texas cattle never contract southern cattle fever, and pos- 
 sess immunity against infection as long as they remain on their native 
 range or north of the same, provided they are not kei)t long enough north 
 
 247 
 
218 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 (in any of the "N'orthern States) to become there acclimated, or, in other 
 words, have never passed a winter in the North. But the same cattle 
 iftakeu from their native range and tlriven or shipped south will grad- 
 ually lose their immunity in i>roportion to the distance they go further 
 south, and thus, if going far south, finally become liable to be infected 
 and to contract the fever. This shows the infectious principle must be the 
 more intense the further south the locality. 
 
 2. If Texas or other Southern cattle, to all appearances themselves 
 perfectly healthy, are shipped or driven North, away from their native 
 range, after new grass has appeared and become interwoven or inter- 
 mixed with the old dead grass of last year's growth, which, owing to 
 the warmer weather and the usually abundant rains of the early South- 
 ern spring, is in a decaying condition, and these cattle, thus compelled 
 to eat both the intermingled old and new grass, have but once taken a 
 good meal of this mixed herbage, they will as soon as they arrive at a 
 certain latitude further north infect every trail and pasture on which 
 they graze, and every water-hole out of which they dnnk, with the in- 
 fectious principle of southern cattle fever. And the native Northern 
 cattle following them will, after some interval of time (period of incuba- 
 tion), contract the disease, as a rule, in its most fatal form. 
 
 3. If Texas or other Southern cattle are moved to the North before- 
 any new grass has made its appearance on their nativ^e range, or rather 
 before the dead grass of last year's growth has commenced to decay, na 
 infection of Northern pasture, &c., will take place, no matter how far 
 north the Southern cattle may be shipped o'' driven. If, however, the 
 cattle, thus leaving their native range in the South earlj' in the season, 
 or in the winter, should travel slow enough to be yet within a part of 
 the South in which the southern cattle fever has its permanent source, 
 when warm weather and abundant spring rains cause a decay of the 
 old grass and start a vigorous growth of the new, the effect will be 
 precisely the same as if the cattle had been kept that long on their na- 
 tive range; only the infectious principle imparted to the Northern past- 
 ures, &c., may be a trifle less virulent, and taken up b}' Northern cat- 
 tle may cause a somewhat milder, though in a majority of cases yet 
 fatal, attack of the disease. I had repeated occasions to observe that 
 the fever, as a rule, is the mere severe the further south the source of 
 the infectious principle. 
 
 4. Northern cattle shipped to Texas, or to other parts of the South^ 
 will contract the disease, and as a rule die of it, if only once pastured 
 soon after their arrival on land that contains both old and new grass — 
 particularly if it is so-called hog- wallow land — or if only once allowed to 
 drink out of a water-hole receiving the drainage of such land. 
 
 5. Grown Northern cattle imported into Texas usually contract the 
 disease with more certainty, and in a more fatal form, than imported, 
 Northern calves and yearlings. Whether such is the case because the 
 latter have a smaller mouth, are more dainty eaters, and better able ta 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 249 
 
 pick out the blades of grass they want, and to refnse what they do not 
 like, or whether their young organism is better adapted to resist the in- 
 fluence of the pathogenic principle, I will not now decide, and will only 
 mention that some young animals, even calves, contract the disease in 
 just as acute and severe a form as full-grown cattle. 
 
 6. In the North — say north of the southern boundary line of Kansas — 
 the disease is only communicated through trails, pastures, and grazing 
 grouiuls, or rather their grasses and other food-plants, and water holes 
 previously infected by Southern cattle ; but it usually does not make its 
 appearance until the latter part of July or in August, or until the North- 
 ern prairies, fields, and pastures, owing to the heat and often abundant 
 rains of the summer, contain a comparatively large amount of vegeta 
 ble debris or decaying vegetation, which, it seems, is an important fac- 
 tor in propagating the pathogenic principle if once deposited. That a 
 proi)agation of the once deposited pathogenic principle actually takes 
 place on the grass or herbage of the trails, pastures, or grounds, &c., and 
 outside of the animal organism, is demonstrated by the fact that the 
 period of incubation, as a rule, is a long one, if the native Northern 
 cattle immediately, or within a few daj^s, follow the Southerners on the 
 trails, pastures, &c.; while it usually is considerably shortened if a few 
 or several weeks intervene between the time at which the Southern cat- 
 tle left and the time at which the Northern cattle entered the infected 
 premises. As, however, the infectious principle is not volatile, and is 
 uot disseminated through the air or by winds, its propagation on the 
 grass and herbage of the infested grounds may not be the sole cause of 
 shortening the period of incubation, and the difference just stated may 
 also, to a certain extent, be accounted for by the following fact : In about 
 two, three, or four weeks after a herd of cattle has left its grazing grounds 
 (trail, pasture, prairie, &c., as the case may be) a fine crop of young 
 and juicy grass will be found, if the season is not unfavorable to its 
 growth, wherever the cattle have grazed ; while at all those places or 
 spots where they have not been grazing the grass will be comparatively 
 old and tough. If a herd of native or Northern cattle immediately fol- 
 lows a herd of Texas or other Southern cattle, which have infected the 
 premises with the pathogenic principle of southern cattle fever, the 
 former will principally graze where they find grass, and not where the 
 Southern cattle have cropped it, and where they, at the same time, have 
 deposited, as I shall explain further on, the infectious principle. But if 
 the herd of Northern cattle enters the pastures, &c., formerly- occupied 
 by the Southern cattle two, three, or four weeks after the latter left 
 them, or after a new crop of young grass has made its appearance, the 
 former, for obvious reasons, will prefer to graze at the very places where 
 the Southern cattle have grazed, and deposited the pathogenic princi- 
 ple. As it is well known that the length of the i)eriod of incubation 
 depeiuls, to a certain extent at least, upon the quantity and intensity of 
 the infectious i)rinciple taken up by the animal organism, no further ex- 
 jilanatiou will be necessary. 
 
250 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 7. In higher altitudes, buch as in Colorado for instance, the south- 
 ern cattle fever, although sometimes appearing after an infection of the 
 grounds by Southern cattle, is much less malignant than in the lower 
 countries farther east, antl comparatively seldom proves fatal, a fact 
 which may find its explanation that in a higher altitude the atmosphere 
 is thinner and dryer, and less charged with organic substances ; besides, 
 the temperature, on an average, is lower. All this is less favorable to 
 a. deca^' of vegetable substances and a propagation of bacteritic growth 
 than the warmer climate and the more dense and moist atmosphere of 
 a lower country. The dead or dried grasses of the Colorado plains, 
 under the influence of the dry air, and often prevailing dry winds, are 
 g,Tound to dust, and thus disappear before any decay sets in. 
 
 8. The morbidly attected tissues of animals affected with or killed by 
 the southern cattle fever, even if examined at once, invariably contain 
 bacteria* of the micrococcus and bacillus kind, and it appears to be very 
 probable, particularly in the light of recent research in regard to infec- 
 tious diseases and their causes, that at least one of these two kinds of 
 bacteria bears some causal connection to the morbid process. My own 
 observations, examinations, experiments, and a careful consideration 
 of undeniable facts, point toward the bacilli, and not to the micrococci- 
 My reasons I shall take the liberty to state further on. 
 
 9. If all the facts known in regard to the communication of southern 
 ■cattle fever to Northern cattle by means of trails, grazing grounds, past- 
 ures, water-holes, «!ycc., are duly considered as they present themselves^ 
 there can hardly remain any doubt that the infection of the trails, past- 
 ures, &c., must be etfected by means of the saliva or slaver of the south, 
 ern cattle. In proof of this assertion I may be allowed to state a few 
 facts bearing on this point, and also to briefly dwell upon other theories 
 now and then advanced. First, as to the latter. One theory charges 
 the infection to a deposit of the urine of the Southern cattle. If it were 
 tlie urine that causes the infection only those comparatively small and 
 far apart spots in which the urine of the Southern cattle is deposited 
 would be able to communicate the disease to Northern cattle, for it has 
 been established beyond a doubt that the infectious principle is not car- 
 ried through the air or disseminated by winds, and that even a wire 
 fence separating a pasture occupied by Northern cattle from a trail or 
 pasture of Texas cattle {cf. my last report) is ample protection. Besides, 
 cattle are not apt to graze where another animal has urinated ; and as 
 the urine is sodn absorbed by the ground or evaporated it could never 
 be explained how it can be possible that the infectiousness of a pasture 
 or^trail increases in intensity, at least for several weeks after the South- 
 ern cattle have left it. If the urine constituted the vehicle of the infec- 
 tious principle, the wholesale infection of every Northern herd of cattle 
 that passes over and grazes on a trail of the Southerners, or feeds on 
 
 * The word "bacteria," unless otherwise stated, is used as a jcpn^ric term, because 
 better understood by the avcrago reader thau Scliizophytos or Schizomycetes. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 251 
 
 a pasture that has beeu occuined by the latter, would hardly be possi- 
 ble, and, at the utmost, only one or a few animals of a herd would 
 contract the disease. Another theory charges the excrements of South- 
 ern cattle with constituting the vehicle of the pathogenic principle. 
 The objections just made against the urine theory will also dispose of 
 the dung theory; besides, all cattle, but particularly grown animals, 
 carefully avoid to graze where other cattle have deposited their excre- 
 ments. They are apt to sniff" at places where horses have voided their 
 ■dung, and when suffering from certain digestive disorders, attended 
 witli a vitiated appetite, may even eat some horse manure, but they 
 will never graze if they can help it where the dung of their own kiud 
 has been deposited, a fact well known to every cattleman. It may be pos- 
 sible that some pathogenic bacteria pass oft" with the dung, or even with 
 the urine; but if they do, they most assuredly do not furnish the princi- 
 pal source of infection. Another theory charges the hoofs of the Southern 
 cattle with being the communicators of the infectious principle. This the- 
 ory, too, can be easily disposed of, even if it were possible that the hoofs 
 were able to take up the pathogenic principle (bacteria, for instance), 
 at the native range, and convey it to some other place, that other place 
 could only be in the immediate neighborhood, because at every step in 
 the grass the hoofs are wiped, and in mud or water they are apt to 
 lose whatever may cling to them ; besides, neither the horn of the hoof 
 nor the skin of the foot constitutes the soil or medium needed for the 
 reproduction, preservation, and propagation of such a pathogenic prin- 
 ciple as that which causes the southern cattle fever. Even if the skin 
 of the foot, particularly in the cleft between the hoofs, constituted a 
 suitable medium, and att'orded all the conditions necessary to the exist- 
 ence and reproduction of the pathogenic principle, the constant wiping 
 and friction which those parts are subjected to on the march would pre- 
 clude the possibility of conveying the principle (bacteria) in that way 
 a thousand miles or even farther. Still another theory, which has yet 
 a great many adherents even among practical cattle-men, charges the 
 ticks often found on Texas cattle with being the bearers of the infectious 
 principle, or even with constituting themselves the pathogenic agency. 
 The principal objection that can be brought to bear against this theory 
 is the fact that Southern cattle free from ticks will infect Northern past- 
 ures, «&c., just as soon as those that have them, and that ticks of the 
 same kind also occur in countries in which the southern cattle fever 
 never originates or makes its appearance, unless it is introduced by 
 Southern cattle infecting a trail, pasture, water-hole, &c. The ]>erspi- 
 ration (through the skin) ol Southern cattle, and even the expirations 
 (from the lungs) have been accused of constituting the pathogenic prin- 
 ciple, or the vehicle of the same. ]5ut this theory, too, is fallacious, for, 
 if true, the pathogenic agency would be of a volatile nature, and be 
 communicated through the air, which it evidently is not, as already 
 -Stated, llence, the only thing that remains as the probable vehicle 
 
252 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMLSTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 aud mediniu of the patho<;fenic principle is the saliva or slaver of the 
 Southern cattle deposited by them, not only wherever they graze and 
 wherever they drink, but also often dropping in strings from their 
 mouths when on their march. Any one familiar with droves of Texaa 
 and Cherokee cattle will have observed that they produce more saliva 
 and slaver more profusely than any other cattle not driven, or at rest j 
 and cattle, when grazing, while grasping with their tongues a bunch of 
 grass, and drawing it into their mouth to be cut off by their incisors, 
 necessarily soil the stubbles which remain standing with their saliva, 
 particularly if slavering, as traveling Texas cattle always do. This 
 saliva or slaver is somewhat sticky, and the microscopic organisms 
 (bacteria) it may contain are thus temporarily glued to the grass that 
 remains on the ground. The bacteria, thus deposited with the slaver 
 (saliva and mucous secretions of the mouth), And a new soil which 
 offers them all the conditions necessary to their existence and prop- 
 agation, particularly if old and decaying grass or vegetation, as is 
 usually the case, is existing among or between the stubbles of the grass 
 that has been torn oft'. Dew and rain afterward provide the neces- 
 sary moisture and also the means of further distribution. If the South- 
 ern cattle, before being shipped or started on their journey toward the 
 Korth, take up on their native range or at any place between their 
 Southern home and their ^Torthern destination, but south of a certain 
 latitude, the pathogenic bacteria of southern cattle fever — and there 
 can be hardly any doubt that bacteria which have their source or origin. 
 in the South constitute the infectious principle or the cause of that dis- 
 ease — either with their food or their water for drinking, the bacteria, of 
 course, will first pass into the paunch, where they find all the condi- 
 tions (a suitable medium, warmth, and moisture) necessary to their ex- 
 istence and propagation. Ascending to the cavity of the mouth with 
 the juices of the paunch when the animal is ruminating, they find a 
 new and, at the same time, excellent medium in the saliva and mucous- 
 secretions, and thus it becomes possible not only that the bacteria re- 
 tain their vitality, and that the "Same vastly increase in numbers, even 
 if the journey of the cattle, as to time and distance, is a long one, but 
 also that one herd of Southern cattle is able to infect a large territory 
 (trails, pasture-grounds, &c.), at a long distance, a thousand miles or 
 more from their native range. I might advance several more argu- 
 ments in proof of the assertion that grazing grounds, trails, pastures, 
 yards, water-holes, &c., are infected by means of the slaver, and that 
 all other theories are untenable, but to do so will be in time, and can 
 be done with much more force, after it has been proved beyond a doubt 
 that a certain kind of bacteria constitutes the true and the sole cause 
 of the disease. To conclude, I may be allowed to remark that all the 
 phenomena of an infection — the non-volatile character of the infectious- 
 principle, the varying period of incubation, the more frequent occur- 
 rence of the disease in difi'erent seasons according to latitude, the kill- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 253 
 
 ing' of the infections principle by continnons cold weather, or by a lieavy 
 frost, and the wholesale infection of Northern herds of cattle — will find 
 a full explanation, if the slaver constitutes the medium, in which the 
 patho|jenic principle lives and propagates in the Southern cattle when 
 taken north, and in which it is deposited ou the grass, in the water, 
 &c., while the same cannot be explained, if not the saliva, or rather the 
 saliva and mucous secretion combined, but something else constitutes 
 the medium. 
 
 As above stated, I have reasons to believe that of those bacteria 
 found in the morbidly affected parts, particularly in the liver and in 
 the sj)leen of cattle affected with the southern fever, the bacilli and 
 not the micrococci constitute the pathogenic principle, or bear a casual 
 connection to the morbid i)rocess. Still, I will not deny that the mi- 
 crococci, too, may possibly possess septic properties, particularly if ob- 
 tained from a part in a slate of dissolution, for instance, from the 
 spleen, an organ which 1 invariably, at every postmortem examination, 
 found to be in a disorganized couditiou, eveu if the affected animal has 
 been killed by bleeding or by a i)istol-ball. Such micrococci, if inocu- 
 lated into the organism of a healthy aninuil, may have a septic effect, 
 and may even cause disease and death, and still may not constitute the 
 infectious principle of the southern fever. According to what is known 
 of the behavior and the pathogenic action of the various known path- 
 ogenic bacteria the morbid process and the morbid changes ih southern 
 cattle fever point toward bacilli and not at all toward micrococci as the 
 probable cause. Particularly the fact that the infectious princii)le, 
 whatever it may be, is never conveyed through the air from one place 
 to another, and requires in order to produce morbid changes in an ani- 
 mal a very long jjcriod of incubation, and then rather suddenly de- 
 velops its malignant action, it seems to me almost excludes the possi- 
 bility of a micrococcus constituting- the cause. It is true, in anthrax, 
 a, disease known to be caused by a bacillus, the period of incubation is 
 a very short one, at least in those cases in which the disease is com- 
 municated from a diseased to a healthy animal, but the attack invaria- 
 bly is a sudden one, and Bacillus unthracis not only shows a very 
 rapid propagation, but is also otherwise entirely different froiu the ba- 
 cilli found in southern cattle fever. A micrococcus, as a rule, propa- 
 gates too rapidly to require a very long lime for the development of its 
 pathogenic action, and would fill the wliole organism, aiul very likely 
 be found in every dro}) of blood, long before the sometimes vciy long- 
 periods of incubation of the southern fever has expired ; besides that, 
 every infectious principle known to consist of micrococci or dii)loci)Cci 
 is more or less volatile and can be communicated tlirougli the air, while 
 those consisting of bacilli usually' show a different behavior. But of 
 course, if there were no other reasons, those just given, resting only 
 upon analogy, might not carry much weight, or decide anything, and 
 might be met by saying that the micrococci or diplococci found in 
 
254 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 southern cattle fever may be entirely diflerent in their behavior from 
 any other known species of pathogenic micrococci. There are, how- 
 ever, some other facts which tend to show that the bacilli and not the 
 micrococci most likely constitute the pathogenic principle. 
 
 1. The bacilli are a constant occurrence in the diseased parts, but par- 
 ticularly in the liver aud in the spleen of cattle that are affected with 
 or have died of southern cattle fever. 
 
 2. The bacilli sufficiently differ in shape and size from all other well- 
 known species to be at one recognized when seen under a sufficiently 
 high power, a fact which I intend to demonstrate, not by a description 
 or by drawing, but by photo-micrographs, as soon as I shall be able to 
 obtain fresh material in which the bacilli have not been subjected to any 
 change whatever b^^ the action of hardening fluids or reagents. 
 
 3. In three sections of liver aud spleen recentlj' mounted in balsam, 
 but cut last winter from pieces of liver and spleen which were hard- 
 ened thirteen months ago, when perfectly fresh, in alcohol and in a 
 a solution of bichromate of potash, and have since been preserved in 
 alcohol, the bacilli are yet intact, and under a high power homogeneous 
 immersion objective are easily recognized as the same kind of bacilli 
 which I never failed to And in the diseased livers aud spleens when exam- 
 ined fresh. Besides, the bacilli do not merely adhere to the surface of 
 the sections, but appear to be imbedded in the tissue, because they are 
 found at different depths, and require to be seen under a high power 
 and different focusing, according to the plane in which they lie. The 
 sections, when cut last winter, were stained in " Beale's carmine," and 
 before being mounted Avere restained in an aqueous solution of methyl- 
 violet (1:500), but after they had been in alcohol and oil of cloves, and 
 been mounted, the aniline staining had almost entirely disappeared, 
 been washed out by the alcohol and oil of cloves, and thus the 
 bacilli, which did not take the carmine stain, appear but indifferently 
 stained with methyl violet, and are rather pale, but are plainly seen 
 aud easily recognized. 
 
 4. The micrococci or diplococci that may have been present in the 
 liver and spleen are nowabsent^at least cannot be found notwithstand- 
 ing a most careful search, which proves to me that the same, if they 
 have been present in those tisssues, must have been there by accident, 
 or have existed only in the fluids, and have never been imbedded in the 
 solids like the bacilli. In my opinion the facts just related plainly show 
 that the presence of the bacilli cannot be an accident, but must have 
 some connection with the morbid process. 
 
 Last year, when investigating the southern cattle fever in the South- 
 west, and even before, when I made my flrst observations on that disease 
 and several ^ost-wior<ew examinations of cattle that had died in Cham- 
 paign, I became fully convinced that I had to deal with a bacteritic 
 disease, or with a disease that owes its existence to some ])athogeni(; 
 bacterium. As it is admitted that the southern cattle fever has its 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 255 
 
 origin or permauent source in the South, I could not help arriving at 
 the conclusion, after taking all the peculiarities presented into consid- 
 eration, that the pathogenic principle ^bacterium) must be connected 
 with, or be dependent upon, the flora of the Southern States, and 
 cannot be the direct product of the climate or the higher average 
 temperature. Having f»)und the bacilli in the morbidly atfected tissues 
 several years ago at my tirst examination of the southern cattle fever at 
 Champaign, and considering them, even at that time, as the probable, 
 or at least possible, cause of disease, I naturally looked, when in Texas, 
 for something corresponding to be found on, or to be connected with, 
 the herbage and grasses which constitute the food of the cattle on the 
 Texas cattle ranches. The well known experiments of Dr. Buchner 
 directed my attention to infusions — natural and artificial — of the dead 
 and decaying grasses of Texas hog-wallow land — to those of the latter 
 in particular, as it was repeatedly stated by experienced Texas ranch- 
 men that hog-wallow land is considered as the most dangerous grazing 
 ground for cattle recently imported from the North. The natural in- 
 fusions 1 found in the si)ring prepared in the so-called hog-wallows 
 themselves, alid the artificial infusions were made by putting some of 
 the dead grass in a vessel and pouring rain-water over it. When ex- 
 amining my infusions, I found, as could scarcely otherwise be expected, 
 a variety of microscopic organisms (bacteria), but among them, in larger 
 or smaller numbers, invarially a bacillus which, in every respect, closely 
 resembled both in size and form those bacilli which I had found before 
 and found afterwards in the liv^er and spleen of the diseased cattle — 
 certainly something worthy of further investigation. 
 
 As I look upon it, the principal object in investigating an infec- 
 tious disease, ])arti(;ularly if the same is very fatal, causes great 
 losses, and is capable of spreading a great distance, must be to ascer- 
 tain the true cause, and to become acquainted with its nature and its 
 mode of action, and the means and conditions necessary to its exis 
 tence, propagation, and communication. As long as we are in tlie 
 dark in regard to the cause of a disease, particularly if the latter is 
 infections, our treatment and our i^rophylactic measures can only be of 
 an empirical charactei-, and at best be very uncertain. But as soon as 
 we know the cause, its mode of action, its means of existence, and its 
 manner of pro[)agation and communication, we have gained a great 
 advantage, for then, if tlie cause is accessible and can at all be de- 
 stroyed its effects can be neutralized or its propagation and communi- 
 cation can be prevented. The possibility is then given to devise 
 rational measures which will have the desired eftect. Therefore, sin- 
 cerely believing, nay. almost convinced, that my endeavors to discover 
 the cause of the southein cattle fever are in the right direction, it is 
 and has been my desire to subject my conclusions, above stated, to a 
 practical test, and to decide by experiment whether the same are cor- 
 rect or erroneous. Last year 1 made some etibrts in that direction, but 
 
:256 CONTAGIOUS diseases of domesticated animals. 
 
 the experiments, for reasons stated in my last report, did not meet 
 "witb satisfactory results, and Some unavoidable mistakes were com- 
 mitted. So, for instance, I inoculated a Texas cow, wbicli undoubtedly 
 possessed immunity, but was the only animal at my disposal, and as I 
 had to remain in Texas I delegated that part of my experiments, of 
 which success migLt have been expected, because to be carried out in the 
 North, where the cattle do not possess immunity, to a friend. It also 
 miscarried for reasons stated in my last report. Another experiment, 
 made by myself in the North, was made on very young animals, and too 
 late in the season, and besides this, some other mistakes, partly un- 
 avoidable, and known to be mistakes when made, and partly due to a 
 want of facilities and inexperience, were committed, which it will not 
 be necessary to enumerate, for they will be avoided in the future. All 
 this combined, however, amply accounts for the want of success, which, 
 therefore, has not decided anything. Besides it is to me exceedingly 
 doubtful whether a disease not known to have ever been directly or 
 indirectly communicated by a diseased animal to a healthy one can at 
 all be inoculated in the usual way. At any rate no well authenticated 
 case of any direct infection or communication of the disease from a 
 diseased animal to a healthy one is on record, while many cases are 
 known in which animals took sick with southern cattle fever and died 
 of it in the midst of healthy herds and none of the heathy animals, 
 unless previously infected, ever contracted the disease. Neither is it 
 positively known that Northern cattle or cattle themselves susceptible 
 to an infection ever infected northern pastures, «&c. Still, whether under 
 certain circumstances they are able to do so is another question. North- 
 ern or susceptible cattle, grazing on premises or drinking out of water- 
 holes infected by Southern cattle, almost invariably contract the 
 disease and die of it before the system becomes accustomed to the 
 action of the pathogenic principle (the bacteria), and charged with the 
 same to such an extent that the latter will be present, and be con- 
 stantly reproduced in the mucous secretions of the mouth and in the 
 juices of the })aunch. 
 
 But it stands to reason, if they (the Northern cattle) gradually ac- 
 quired immunity like the Texans, and then continued for a certain 
 length of time to occupy infected premises and to take up the infec- 
 tious i)rinci[)le, or if it were j)0ssible to charge their syst(,Mn with the 
 pathogenic principle, as just indicated, before they contract the dis- 
 ease and die of it, then these Northern cattle, if driven to uninfected 
 pastures, would probably infect the latter just as effectively and just 
 as soon as Southern cattle, particularly if the Northern cattle were 
 first driven like a herd of Texans, and thus caused to shiver. That 
 suscei)tible cattle, or such as will contract the disease, do not com- 
 municate it to otiicrs, strange as it may seem, probably also admits an 
 .exi)lanation., if all known facts are taken into due consideration. 
 
 In the first place, tlie pathogenic princii)le (the bacteria) of south- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 257 
 
 em cattle fever does not seem to be iudigeuoiis to the animal system, 
 but very likelj' belongs to the decaying grasses and herbage of the 
 South, and only by what may be called accident enters the animal 
 organism. In Southern cattle, or in such as possess immunity, that 
 is, in such in whicli the pathogenic principle (the bacteria) produces no 
 morbid changes important enough to seriously disturb the health of the 
 animal, the organs, which constitute the j)rincipal seat of the morbid 
 process in diseased cattle, the liver, spleen, &c., it seems, have either 
 become accustomed to the action of the bacteria, or else have gradually 
 become sterilized ground, and thus cease to be a favorable medium. 
 That such is the case will be understood, if it is kept in mind — 1, that 
 the first introduction of the bacteria into the organism of Southern 
 cattle takes place while the latter are young calves, which, as is well 
 known, possess much less susceptibility than grown cattle ; 2, that the 
 number of bacteria taken up the first time undoubtedly is a compara- 
 tively small one and not sufficient to cause serious miscMef, but just 
 large enough, particularly if sui)plemented by successive small inva- 
 sions, to gradually cause an immunity, which, although but temporary, 
 will last for some time after the invasions have ceased. As long as 
 Southern cattle occupy infected territory the bacteria will enter their 
 organism with the food and water for drinking, and finding in the 
 paunch all the elements necessary for their development and propaga- 
 tion, many of them probably reach the cavity of the mouth by ascending 
 with the food and the juices of the paunch during the process of rumina- 
 tion, and then in the mucous secretions and saliva again find a favor- 
 able medium in which their exist«^nce and propagation are fully se- 
 cured, and by which they become glued to the grass, &c., as has been 
 above explained. It is possible that a great many of the bacteria 
 taken up with food or drink, or developed in the paunch, and, may be, 
 the majority of them, pass on with the food through the digestive 
 canal, and are discharged with the dung ; but if they are they will be 
 comparatively harmless, because they will be confined to those spots 
 at which the dung is dropped, and at which other cattle, as a rule, do 
 not like to graze. 
 
 If Northern cattle, not at all accustomed to the action of these bac- 
 teria, take them up with this food or drink for the first time, the bacteria 
 likewise enter the paunch, and propagate in that organ, but passing 
 on into the other stomachs and the intestines, they probably cause in- 
 creased activity and increased absorption, or even lesions, by irritating 
 the mucous membrane, and thus may find their way into those organs — 
 the liver and the spleen — in which afterward the morbid i>rocess of 
 the Southern fever has its ])rincipal seat, while in Soutliern cattle such 
 an irritation of the digestive canal, which in tliem has become accus- 
 tomed to the j)resence of the bacteria, is either very limited or does not 
 take place. That the bacteria, or whatever may constitute the infec- 
 tious i)rinciple, produce irritation and congestion in the digestive canal 
 5751 D A 17 ' 
 
258 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 resulting iu most cases in increased absorption in the third stomach, 
 and in lesions in the fourth stomach and a part of the intestines, is 
 demonstrated by the morbid changes usually found in those organs at 
 post moytcm examinations. It is, however, also possible that the bac- 
 teria, or a large number of them, reach the liver, the i)rincipal and, 
 according to my observations, primary seat of the morbid process, in a 
 more direct way — through the duodenum. Tlie bacteria, if once passed 
 beyond the second stomach, or domiciled in interior organs, for instance^ 
 in the liver, spleen, &c., cannot very well ascend to the mouth, there 
 mingle with the saliva and mucous secretions, and thus be deposited 
 on the ground; consequently Northern (;attle <'annot very well infect 
 pastures, «&c., unless every day a new h)t of bacteria is taken up and 
 propagated iu the ])aunch, as is the case with Southern cattle. Of 
 course the explanation Just given I wish to be considered onl3'_as a 
 strong hint. Something more definite may be said after it has been 
 conclusively demonstrated what bacterium constitutes the true cause 
 of the southern fever. 
 
 When returning to Texas last spring — I arrived in San Antonio about 
 the 1st of May — it was my intention, as I explained on the 24:th of April, 
 when in Washington, to collect and to prepare what I believe to be in- 
 fectious material, and to return to the Xorth in about a month to com- 
 plete my preparations (bacillus cultivations, i&c), and then to put them 
 to a practical test. I intended to return to the North for two reasons: 
 First, no southern cattle fever could be found in Texas, nor could it be 
 expected to occur before December, because the native Texas cattle 
 possess immunity, and the Texas ranchmen, at least the more intelli- 
 gent ones, and all those who have had any exi)erience with the South- 
 ern fever, take care not to iu)port any Northern cattle except late in 
 the fall and in the winter, for they have fouiul that to be the least dan- 
 gerous season of the year. Secondly, my proi)osed experiments could 
 only be expected to give satisfactory results if made on susceptible 
 Northern cattle, and at a place where a natural infection is out of the 
 question. But in the latter part of May, when my preparations were 
 nearly completed, and I about ready to leave for the North, circum- 
 stances beyond my control compelled me to remain in Texas. Of course 
 my plans could not be carried out, my preparations could not be used, 
 and the question I was so anxious to decide for the time being had to 
 renuiin unsolved. 1 had orders to investigate, besides southern cattle 
 fever, also other infectious diseases of more than local importance. 
 But in Texas the infectious and contagious diseases of domesticated 
 animals, which are of general interest, or of an e[)izootic character, are 
 very few in number, and without any fear of contradiction I may say 
 there is hardly a country on the globe in which cattle and live stock in 
 general are less subject to disease than in Texas. It is true Texas 
 ranchmen sometimes sutfer great losses, particularly in the latter part 
 of winter, but these losses are not caused by disease, and almost with- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 259 
 
 out exception result from want of food, want of water, or want of shelter 
 in inclement weather. Losses that occur during the summer months 
 are far less severe, and are mostly caused by insects and their larvie. 
 
 Besides the southern cattle fever, which does not, at least not visibly, 
 affect the native Texas cattle, the only infectious disease of any im- 
 portance is so-called "black-leg" or "black quarter" (the anthrax symp- 
 ^owfl/(Vy?(^> of the French), but even this disease occurs only at certain 
 localities and during certain seasons of the year, particularly in the 
 spring, and in my opinion will become a rare occurrence in the graz- 
 ing districts of Texas as soon as Texas stockmen will learn that dead 
 animals must be buried or be cremated, and that it is bad i)olicy to allow 
 live stock to drink the water of stagnant pools. The infectious and 
 epizootic diseases occurring among sheep were investigated last year, 
 and although I do not claim that everything worth knowing about 
 them has been brought to light, enough is known to enable the Texas 
 tlock-master to apply such measures of prevention as will protect his 
 flocks. Besides, the spring is not the time in which those sheei) dis- 
 eases make their appearance, and, owing to a severe winter (severe for 
 Texas at least), hardly any case occurred or came to my knowledge. 
 Last year an epizootic disease occurred among the hoi'ses on the Gulf 
 coast, but this year nothing of that kind hanpened, at least not as far 
 as I was able to learn. So not much could be done, except examining 
 some cases of so-called "black-leg," and in regard to these I was not 
 able to ascertain anything that is not already known, because being in 
 a thinly settled country and far from home I lacked the necessary fa- 
 cilities, such as a laboratory and experimental station. If it is desired 
 to study and to thoroughly investigate the disease known as "black- 
 leg," it can be done more easily and with better facilities in a more 
 thickly settled country, where the distances are not so great as they 
 are in Texas. Hence toward the end of July. or about the fiist of 
 August, I asked the Department, brieHy stating my reasons, to be re- 
 called from Texas, and in reply to my letter I received orders which as- 
 signed me to other work. So I left Texas in the forepart of August. 
 Very respectfully submitted. 
 
 H. J. DETMERS. 
 
 DfiCEMBEK 1, 1883. 
 
CONTAGlOLfS ANIMAL DISEASES. 
 
 BY EZRA M. HUNT, M. J)., SC. D., TBENTON, N. J. 
 
 Tbe relations of domestic auimals to the public health — to food and 
 milk supply — the comparative study of their diseases as thiowinj? light 
 on hu?nan ailments, and the immense financial and commercial import 
 of an3' serious diseases occurring to them, cannot but impress any one 
 who will give to the subject that consideration which its im])ortauce 
 demands. 
 
 In 18G2 the medical officer of the privy council of Great Britain made 
 an important report on the diseases of live stock in their relations to 
 the public supplies of meat and milk. In that pa])er Prof. John (lara- 
 gee states the number of horned cattle in the United Kingdom at 
 7,040,998, and calculates the loss by deaths among tht^se auimals at 
 £0,000,000. The census of 1880 states the number of food animals in 
 the United States at 91,805,232. The chief epizootics named in the re- 
 port referred to are rinderpest, or typhoid or enteric fever of cattle, 
 which always spreads from the Russian steppes ; contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia of cattle, a disease always extending from Central Europe, 
 though i)r()bably traceable to Asia and Africa, in some parts of which it 
 is a very common disease ; the epizootic aphtha^, murrain, or the foot- 
 and-mouth disease, and sheeppox. Of the enzootic diseases, which de-. 
 pend on local causes, and one parallel to endemics in man, anthrax or 
 carbuncular fever takes the lead. Of this there are so many varieties 
 of classification and description that we cannot yet be said to have a 
 settled nomenclature. Thus, splenic apoplexy, braxy in sheej), the 
 black-leg or quarter-ill of Britain, and other erysipelatous forms in the 
 sheep and pig, boils and carbuncles, parturition fevers, hog cholera, 
 Texas cattle fever, and some other ailments have been included in this 
 class. Add to these the parasitic diseases of animals, and we have a 
 score or more of diseases which are either deadly to the animals or in- 
 jurious to meat and milk as food products. Many of these are commu- 
 nicable, not only to different varieties of animals, but to human beings 
 as well. 
 
 None of these diseases are claimed to have originated on American 
 soil, except it be the Southern cattle fever, whicli is regarded by many 
 as only a variety of anthrax. When we consider, too, that rinderpest, 
 pleuro-pneumonia, and foot-and-mouth disease were brought to (Ireat 
 Britain from the Continent, and that the ravages of these diseases have 
 200 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 261 
 
 cost and are costing the British Government millions of pounds sterling 
 annually, is it not wise for us to accept the signals of precaution and 
 prevent them from becoming indigenous ? As yet rinderpest aiul foot- 
 and-mouth disease have not obtained a foothold, and contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia has not passed the i)oint of possible extinction. Pleuro- 
 pneumonia reached England about ISili; foot-and mouth disease in 
 1839; sheep-pox in 1847. Of rinderpest there have been four out- 
 breaks, viz., in 1715, 1865-'6G (the most destructive one), 187li, and 
 1877. We have been singularly fortunate in that we have escaped two 
 of these formidable diseases. Kinderpest is not very likely to obtain a 
 foothold here, but foot aud-mouth disease, with its great contagiousness 
 and its immense loss to milk-producing animals, is greatly to be feared. 
 Fortunately, rumors of an outbreak in the Far West proved to be un- 
 founded. But the fact is well known that more than once it has arrived 
 at our i)orts from abroad, and has been prevented from spreading here 
 by rigid inspections on arrival and close quarantine after landing. Dur- 
 ing the past year the disease has been so prevalent in the United King- 
 dom as to cause widespread alarm and great pecuniary losses. 
 
 W^e propose in this paper to state some facts, observations, and opin- 
 ions as to contagious pleuro-i^neumonia, and also, in connection with the 
 detail of some experiments as to foot-and-mouth disease, to offer a few 
 comments upon it. 
 
 CO>'TAGIOrS PLEURO-PNEVMONIA. 
 
 The general course and symptons of pleuro-pneumonia are so well 
 i known, and have been so fully and accurately described in the reports of 
 I the United States Department of Agriculture, that there is no need of 
 i repeating them here. The only points upon which perhaps there is 
 I need of more extended observation and a more concurrent testimony is 
 i' whether climate or other conditions have modified this disease as found 
 ' on American soil, and whether different grades of stock are equally sub- 
 ii ject to its ravages. Xo one can see much of the disease without being 
 I struck with the great variations in its malignancy. We have seen out- 
 I breaks in which every animal attacked seemed early to become mortally 
 i sick, and where one or both lungs changed in a short time from a weight 
 1 of three pounds to over twenty. In other cases the course of the dis- 
 I ease has seemed mild, and most of the animals were likely to recover. 
 ;l This has led to a distinction among some veterinarians, so that they 
 ' have come to speak of certain cases as English or European, and of 
 j others as American cases. It would be a good service if this Depart- 
 [ ment could obtain the comparative statistics of English and American 
 ' cases, and the accurate testimony of creditable veterinarians who liave 
 I had in charge many cases both in this country and abroad. 
 
 It has been asserted that in certain exposed sections, as on Stateu 
 Islaiul, common pneumonia is frequent and fatal among cattle, and that 
 some of these have been mistaken for contagious plcuro-itnenmonia. 
 
262 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 We last year offered to visit, ou uotice by telegra])b, any sach cases of 
 common i)ueumouia, Avhicli an extensive practitioner tbere asserted lie 
 had frequently seen, bnt as yet have received no such notification. 
 
 The coiita<iions cliaracter of plenro pneumonia in this country has 
 certainly not diminislied with the change of climate. Still there is some 
 reason to believe that our severer winters tend to freeze out the disease, 
 and, wlioi-e there has been a full exposure, give us a better hope of inter- 
 rupting its contagiousness; yet the contagion itself seems very persistent 
 unless thcje is subjection to freezing and to various methods of disin- 
 fection. It is well established that after an outbreak had ceased for a 
 year or more, the removal of the old barns and the exposure of the un- 
 frozen ground beneath at once revived the disease. A case not long 
 since occun ed on Long Island where the transfer to the new sheds and 
 the destructiouof the old, near by, seemed to originate or reproduce the 
 plague. Facts are accumulating to show that the accidental protection 
 from frost caused by shelter seems to continue some Of the coutagious 
 both of men and of animals. This is one of the contagions probably not 
 wafted far, but quite indestructible unless largely exposed to air, to 
 severe cold, and to disinfection. 
 
 But the most imjiortant question of all pressing upon our attention 
 at the present time is whether we are to forsake the method of stamp- 
 ing out the disease by occision, and to substitute the system of iuocu- 
 lation as first i)racticed in Belgium and Hollaud, and as revived in Scot- 
 land under the auspices of Rutherford and Williams, and as sanctioned 
 also by Fleming and others. This is the more important because, 
 under the advice and approval of the Drs. McLean, the board of health 
 of the city of Brooklyn has allowed or autliorized this system in its 
 stables, and at a point where the disease has long bad a foothold. At 
 one time Professor Law expressed the hope that the inoculatiou method, 
 under some modifications, would be revived. In New Jersey the State 
 law ijermits inoculation, under expert oversight, in a herd in which there 
 has been an outbreak, if such inoculation is ordered or approved by 
 the board of health. In the last instance the law was based ou the 
 views of Rutherford, AVilliams, &c., and ou the foct that the State 
 despaired of securing riddance of the disease, with reasonable expendi- 
 tuie, if it must be constantly subjected thereto by the trausportatiou 
 or driving of cattle from infected localities in other States. 
 
 The details of inoculatiou as followed out in New Jersey are of nuich 
 interest. Through the influence and practice of Mr. Lamerz, a German 
 veterinarian of Newark, it has for several years been a custom with 
 dairymen in Essex County, and especially about Orange, to inoculate 
 their herds, not only when there was an outbreak among their cattle, 
 but as a customary precaution. It is worthy of note that all who have 
 pursued this plan express themselves fully satisfied therewith, and aver 
 that they have never known an\' case of the transmission of the conta- 
 gion by this means. While niucli of this is negative testimoay, aud 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AMMALS. 263 
 
 may be ])artially set aside by saying tliat most of them would have 
 escaped contagion without this, it is yet worthy of record that while 
 there have been sporadic cases of the disease in Orange and adjacent 
 localities, these have been no more numerous than at some other points. 
 For over a year it has been the habit of the veterinary service of the 
 State board of health of Xew Jersey to seek to eratlicate the disease 
 by slaughter if only one or two cases had occurred. But if there had 
 ))een more extended seizures before notice, or if the disease threatened 
 to spread, resort has been had to inocjulation. Dr. J. W. Ilawlc, of New- 
 ark, and Dr. Leatherman, of Clinton, have had occasion thus to inocu- 
 late several herds. In about two hundred cases of inoculation they re- 
 l)ort that the results have been altogether satisfactory. Herds have 
 been i)rotected and the disease limited. While a few of the animals 
 have lost their tails, and some have been for a little time quite sick, no 
 deaths have occurred from this cause. Great care has been taken in 
 the selection of the inoculating juice, and it has been generally intro- 
 duced, by a seton of woolen yarn, into the muscle just beneath the skin 
 of the tail. 
 
 While thus feeling our way on the basis of the authorities before al- 
 luded to, and by a cautious use of the method in general acceptance, the 
 following series of cases occurred : 
 
 A farmer and dairyman having about thirty head of animals in his 
 herd, and not having and never having had any cases of contagious 
 pleuro ])neumonia among his cattle, was informed that two or three of 
 his neighbors had the disi^ase among their herds. He was a mile and 
 a half distant from the nearest one. The cattle had not come near to 
 each other by neighboring fields. He had no occasion to take any of 
 his cattle to other yards, or to have any brought to his. He had not 
 ])urchased an animal for three years. Not knowing the law of the 
 .State, he concluded to have his cattle inoculated by a veterinarian of 
 Newark. His entire herd was inoculated in the month of December, 
 One or two of these animals lost their rails, several were somewhat sick 
 and recovered, and did not contract pleuro-pnenmonia, though after- 
 ward exposed. On the tenlh day after the inoculation t^YO calves had 
 convulsions anddied. Threeof the healthiest cows were taken severely 
 sick with all the symptoms of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and had to 
 be slaughtered. Post-mortem examination left no doubt as to its being 
 genuine contagious pleuro pneumonia. Some of the other cows did not 
 seem to recover their usual health or milk supply. A thorough exam- 
 ination four weeks later by H. W. llowland, D. Y. S, of Jersey City, and 
 J. Gerth, jr., D. V. S., of Newark, showed conditions of lung that would 
 indicate nothing else than contagious pleuro-i)neumonia. As the cows 
 were gaining, the owner was permitted to keep them, on condition that 
 they should not be sold until fit for slaughter, and then not for any 
 other i)urpose. 
 
 Here we have a series of cases in which either the veterinarian caused 
 
264 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the disease to the herd by person or foiiiites, or introduced it by inocu- 
 lation. If thi' latter, it woukl seem to support the hypothesis of some^ 
 who, while admitting that the introduction of the virus ino a muscle, 
 instead of by the breath or into the lun<>', generally causes a milder dis- 
 ease, which is protective, yet that occasionally, under conditions not yet 
 known, it will resume its malignant activity and light ui)on the organ 
 which seems to afford Hs chosen nidus. It seems somewhat analogous 
 to the old facts as to the inoculation for sm 11-pox, in which undoubtedly 
 the introduction of the virus into the skin or Hesh instead of into the lung 
 did modify and mitigate the diseas*'. But in this it was a known fact 
 that now and then a strange exception wouM occur, resulting in second- 
 ary fever and death. While single cases prove but little, and the mind 
 must suspend its judgment until other cases occur, or until the occur- 
 rence is explained, it must be confessed that these cases were a re- 
 straint upon what had b fore seemed to us to be legitimate conclusions. 
 The great asserted facts upon which the more recent hopes as to in- 
 oculation of cattle have been predicated are (a) that the virus thus intro- 
 duced never causes any affection of the lung, and {b) that the animal 
 that has been inoculated does not impart the disease to others. 
 
 In view of the immense interests involved, this Government should 
 institute a series of experiments to settle this matter, and either arrive 
 at the conclusion that systematic and rational extinction of the disease 
 is to be secured by slaughter, or define how it can be aided or secured, 
 if at all, by systems of regulated inoculation. Since the important ex- 
 periments and deductions of Pasteur, Chauveau, Touissant, Koch, and 
 many others, it seems almost imperative that, this Government should, 
 by systematized methods of histology, pathology, and laboratory inves- 
 tigations, aud by the experience of skilled observers, determine the 
 means of checking those marauding epizootics that imperil the health 
 and life of so many millions of animals of various species, and with it 
 imperil the industrial interests of all classes and the very life and 
 health of a race so dependent on good meat and good milk for food. 
 
 FOOT AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 
 
 We are fortunately dependent on foreign authorities for the most 
 accurate descriptions of this disease. Unlike pleuro-pueumonia, it is 
 readily communicable "to sheep, goats, swine, and i^oultry; it is easily 
 transmitted to the human subject. It has been described as existing 
 in the horse, dog, wild fowl, deer, wild boar, cat, «Sic." The milk of 
 animals in many cases seems to have conveyed the disease to man, al- 
 though some regard this as having occurred only when there were vesi- 
 cles upon the udder or teats, the secretions from which had mingled 
 with the milk. (Walley, Edinburgh, 1870.) The same author also 
 speaks of it as "one of the most infectious and contagious maladies 
 which affect domestic animals, and the easiest of transmission," and as 
 remarkable "in the effect which the milk of animals affected with it 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 265 
 
 produces on their youug and even the youug of other species." Because 
 of its rapid and diffusive contagion, and of the fact that one attack does 
 not protect from another, that both the meat and milk supply are 
 jeopardized thereby, it is probable that its actual losses to food products 
 are greater tlian that of any of these pervasive plagues. Recently J. 
 W. Stickler, M. D., of Orange, N. J., a physician who had become inter- 
 ested in the disease only because of its comparative relations and its 
 partial similarity to certain aphthous diseases of chiklren, procured from 
 Professor Williams, of Edinburgh, some of the virus of the disease, 
 and inoculated some calves therewith. The saliva was taken from a 
 cow affected with the foot-and mouth disease, and i)ut into glycerine 
 tightly corked in a bottle, and immediately forwarded to the doctor. In 
 a recent note to the writer, Dr. Stickler says: 
 
 The history of this case is as follows : Alderney calf, two and one-half weeks old ; 
 before inoculation seemed perfectly well ; visible raucous membranes free from any 
 eruption and discharge ; skin and interdigital spaces normal in appearance. I in- 
 oculated the animal by subcutaneous iujeetion of the virus just posterior to the elbow 
 joint and anterior to the stifle. Nothing at all positive developed till .January 2, 
 when the temperature rose to 104°. 8 Fah. There w^as a discharge of quite tenacious 
 mucus from the nostrils, and at various points upon the mucous membrane of each 
 there were sitiall j)apul;e. The mouth was hot and red, although there were no dis- 
 tinct ulcers or aphtha^. The nearest approach to an ulcer was an apparent thinning 
 of the mucous membrane at one or two points. The saliva seemed to be increased 
 somewhat in quantity. The bowels were loose. A microscopic examination of the 
 blood showed the existence of small round or oval bodies of a faint port- wine color. 
 They had an activity which, I think, was independent of that caused by any motion 
 of the blood plasma. To determine this point, I was careful to place upon the glass 
 slide ouly a drop of blood, adjusting the cover glass with sutlficient firmness to cause 
 an even dispersion of the fluid. I then noticed that these little bodies seemed to have 
 the power to move in various directions. The saliva and nasal discharge contained 
 the monads spoken of in the various works upon " cattle diseases." I aui not aware, 
 however, that attention has been called to the existence of small, active bodies in the 
 blood of animals afl"ected with "foot-and-mouth" disease. The feet now became 
 slightly reddened, but showed no blebs or ulcerations. There was also a little swell- 
 ing just above the hoofs. The condition of the calf remained essentially as just given 
 till .January 10, when the feet became swollen to a marked degree and the redness 
 more pronounced. In the interdigital spaces the skin was found to be loosened from 
 its attachment, although there was no fluid to be seen. There was but little heat of 
 coronets. The back of the animal was arched. The redness of the feet became more 
 intrnse, the hair coming ort, leaving quite large areas of uncovered red integument. 
 The bowels again became loose, the animal feeding iusutificieutly, till, finally, on 
 January 17, it died. 
 
 As seen by us the disease was in its subacute stages. One calf had 
 just died of it. When the vesicles break, the red or scarlet surface 
 becomes covered with a secretion, but shows little tendency to return 
 to its normal condition. The emaciation of animals is rapid, both from 
 the disease itself and the interference with feeding, which it causes. 
 
 We do not know of other experiments with the virus in this country. 
 It is very certain that the most scrupulous vigilance should be exercised 
 as to the disease, and that it should never be allowed to obtain a foot- 
 hold here. There is iio disease against which the veterinary inspector 
 
"266 CONTAGIOT'S DISEASES OF DOMESTICANED ANIMALS. 
 
 ill England wutclies with greater care. Our system of large lierds and 
 <3attle ranches has no parallel in the cattle culture of the United King- 
 dom. Its spread here would, if it should get full headway, compare 
 with that abroad as does the sweeping tire of the prairie with that of a 
 city block, where the provisions for extinguishment are ready to the 
 hand. Well may all owners of cattle urge the National Government to 
 exercise its preventive discipline over importation and all movements 
 of cattle from the seaboard, all the more because recently a new demand 
 has sprung' up in the West for young stock from the East. The transpor- 
 tation which has heretofore been toward the seaboard is now likely to 
 be met by a counter-current to be inland west, since the stock-breeding- 
 there does uot supply the demands which the fields of space in the mid- 
 dle land between the oceans provides for the feeding and fattening of 
 young cattle. 
 
 We scarcely need to emphasize the application of the same precau- 
 tions as to those diseases of swine and sheep which are equally de- 
 structive to these smaller flocks, and which alike imi)eril interests in 
 which large cai)ital and great commercial enterprises are involved. 
 The census of 1880 gives as for the United States 10,.'i57,488 horses, 
 1,812,808 mules and asses, 12,443,120 milch cows, 90;3,841 work oxen, 
 22,488,550 other cattle, 35,192,074 sheep, and 47,081,700 swine, or an 
 aggregate of, or about, 331,000,000 In all. When we consider that the 
 yearly increase is constant, we ought not to need extended argument to 
 show that the sums expended in competent investigation and in skilled 
 oversight of these iuterests, if honestly and intelligently expended, is 
 among the very best investments the General Government can make. 
 Perhaps the lack at present is more in competency of observation and 
 in tried and successful methods of protection than in a recognition of 
 the desirability of such oversight. But as a demand creates a supply 
 we are already seeing Harvard University and the University of Penn- 
 sylvania with veterinary departments, Toronto and Xew York with 
 worthy veterinary colleges, and the American Public Health Associa- 
 tion giving it prominent consideration, the medical profession alive to its 
 im])ortance and co-operating here with something of the same spirit 
 and ability with which in England the foremost member of the Eoyal 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons is found conducting and aiding in 
 investigations of a similar kind. 
 
 It is only by a combined and continued system of surveillance that 
 we can hope to prevent or arrest the wandering epizootic pi stilence or 
 those enzootics which spring up in locnlities and are dependent upon 
 causes which, although difficult of detection, are, in the light of the past 
 few years, likely soon to be unraveled. By such a course, and by put- 
 ting- on record the facts and experience obtained by skilled local observ- 
 ers, we shall succeed in arresting- or abating many of the vagrant 
 diseases, and thus greatly appreciate both the wealth, the comfort, and 
 the health of our peojile, and be able to furnish the markets of the Old 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 2G7 
 
 '^Yol•l(l witli a surplus meat supply excellent in quality and abundant 
 in quantity. 
 
 GLANDERS AND FARCY. 
 
 The disease known as glanders or farcy is so insidious in its character 
 as to need most c ireful inquiry and inspection on the part of local, State, 
 and national authorities. Unless large powers are given, the laws will 
 be evaded and the disease perpetuated. This has been signally illus- 
 trated iu a series of cases that have occurred in the South Orange car 
 stables, in Newark, during the last year. There is reason to believe 
 that over a year since a case of glanders occurred in those stables, which 
 was claimed to have been cured. About August 1, 1883, the attention 
 of the local boards of South Orange and Newark, and of the State, was 
 called thereto tlirough a legal ])rocess of inquiry. The disease was found 
 so extensive that about sixty head of horses had to be killed. Not long 
 After the veterinarian in charge. Dr. J. W. Hawk, of Newark, condemned 
 three more. The owner consented at once to their destruction. There 
 was delay as to one, which had the least external manifestation, and 
 during the delay the owner, under unfortunate rival advice, concluded 
 that the animal was sound. Afterward the certificate of the veterina- 
 rian was given to that effect. The State board of health and its vet- 
 erinarian were refused entrance to the stable. Owing to alleged or pos- 
 sible defects in the law a new one was passed. It was not, therefore, 
 until April that the board was again able to secure undisputed entry. 
 On the first visit this horse was found with symptoms of glanders, and 
 a 'postmortem examiiuition fully attested the former diagnosis. There 
 were other suspicious cases, and it was found necessary soon afrer to 
 condemn two more. The disease is now in such a chronic, and in some 
 cases proba I3' iu euch a concealed form, that it is claimed by some that 
 nothing short of a destruction of all the livestock and the buildings will 
 eradicate it. Occasional c ises are now occurring in other parts of the 
 city. The whole history of these cases illustrates the persistent infec- 
 tion of the malady, and shows liow delay by the interposition of legal 
 obstacles may result in entailing upon an entire city the continuance of 
 a disease whicli could have been eradicated iu the start. 
 
 As there is much difference of opinion as to the possibility of the 
 spontaneous development of glanders in stables where horses are over- 
 worked or illy kept, it seems very desirable that the General Govern- 
 ment should institute a series of experiments and investigations for the 
 purpose of determining this point. The disease is of a verj- threaten- 
 ing character to the great industries which so mucli depeiul on this 
 class of animals. As, too, it is admitted that stables which have con- 
 tained affectt'd horses, and all the harness used come to be fomites or 
 foci of communication, there is need of the most precise directions as to 
 the choice of disinfectants and their accurate and successful use. It is 
 doubtful whether this (;an be left to owners or even to the ji'eneral vet- 
 
268 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.. 
 
 erinarian. It is better rather to commit it to those who understaud all 
 the details of fumij^ation, inhalation, and the washing and saturation 
 of all ex])osed surroundings and material. 
 
 Onr experiences in this State for the past year with pleuro pneumonia^ 
 glanders, and iiog cholera are sufficient to emphasize the immense im- 
 portance of close investigation of all contagious animal diseases by the 
 General Government. There is need not merely of hurried inquiry into 
 alleged outbreaks of contagions, and the rapid application of methods 
 of isolation, destruction, or quarantine, but of scieutiflc and laboratory 
 investigations and such skilled observations and experiences as will 
 prevent their occurrence. The uotable results that have already oc- 
 curred from the combined inquiry and insight of medical and veteri- 
 nary experts into the general development and life-history of these ma- 
 rauding pestilences, is enough to assure us that our neglect Avill be 
 culpable, if we fail to protect our great commercial and industrial inter- 
 ests by saving as far as possible the live-stock of our country from inva- 
 sions as disastrous as those of pestilence and famine. 
 
TRICHINIASIS. 
 
 [The following article ou TrichinfP and Trichiniasis was contributed by Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the 
 Bureau of Animal Inrtustrj', to the report of the Commission, of which he was a member, appointed 
 by the President to investigate the condition of the swiue imlustry, and the pork product of the ■ 
 United States. It embraces the researches which have been made in regard to this subject up to 
 this time. J 
 
 EXTENT OF TRICHINIASIS IN AMEKICA AND EUROPE. 
 
 This subject being, in tbe present attitude of certain foreign Govern- 
 ments in regard to American pork products, tbe most important of all tbe 
 questions tbat have received our attention, we have given it a very care- 
 ful consideration. The alleged frequency of tricbiuiasis in American 
 bogs has been the reason insisted upon by tbe various countries which 
 have prohibited the importation of such products; for, while it is true 
 that other objections have been advanced, particularly in France, none 
 of these have sufficient foundation in fact to stand the test of even a 
 superficial examination. It is, however, not a question of the preva- 
 lence of trichiniasis here and its absence in other countries, since this 
 parasite has been found infecting tbe hogs and other tiesh-eatiiig an- 
 imals in the most widely separated portious of the earth. Dr. Mausou 
 examined 2.55 specimens of Ciiiuese pork and found 2 or nearly 1 
 per cent, infected.* Dr. Wartable has described epidemics near the 
 sources of the Jordan resulting from eating the tiesb of the wild boar,t 
 and in every European country in which inspections have been made 
 a very considerable })roportion of tricbinous animals have been dis- 
 covered. 
 
 Certain writers have pretended that tbe animals of France have never 
 been affected with trichiuiasis,| but this conclusion seems to have been 
 reached without any investigations. A large ])roi)ortion of the rats of 
 Paris were long since found to be infected, § and in 1879 a serious epi- 
 demicof trichiniasis, knownas thatofCrepy-enValois, occurred, in which 
 sixteen persons sickened from eating the tiesb of a native animal. || 
 
 That trichin.e also exist in America and infest a small proportion of 
 American hogs is a fact that must be admitted, but it is a more diffi- 
 cult matter to compare the frequency of American and European infec- 
 
 *Iaip. Customs. Med. Report, Sliangluii, XXI (1881), p. 2«. 
 
 + Laiicet, August 4, 1883. 
 
 t J. Chatin : La trichine ct la trichinoso. 
 
 $ Davaine: Traitd <lcs entozoaires, &c., p. 755. 
 
 II Gazette des H6pitaux, Februarv "20, 1879. 
 
 am 
 
270 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tiou thau lias usually been supposed. American hogs liave usually 
 been examined by microscopists who were competent to do the work 
 and who would not overlook a single case, while in Germany there has 
 been an immense number of insi)ectors employed (18,581 in 1881), many 
 of whom were utterly incompetent. An examination in 1877 showed that 
 many of the microscopes were useless, that glasses used were too dirty 
 to permit the examination, and that some of the ins[)ectors were incapa- 
 ble of detecting the parasite.* E\eu as late as 1881 there were com- 
 plaints iu regard to the incompetency of inspectors, and the continued 
 recurrence of tricbiniasis among people from eating inspected meats 
 demonstrates that these complaints were not made without reason. t 
 Even the German inspections of American meats cannot be taken as a 
 fair comparison with the average of their inspections of indigenous 
 animals, for the reason that our meats are examined in their larger cities 
 and by their most competent inspectors. It is absolutely necessary to- 
 bear these facts iu mind, iu considering the figures which are given as 
 representing the results of the microscopic examination of American 
 and European pork. 
 
 PROPORTION OF AMERICAN HOGS INFECTED WITH TRICHINIASIS. 
 
 The hogs in Dearborn County, Indiana, seem to be infected iu a larger'- 
 proportion than anywhere else in the country, or at least were in 1874. 
 Drs. Harding and Robbins examined 245 animals slaughtered near 
 Lawrenceburg-, and found that 40, or IG^ per cent., contained this para- 
 site. This seems to be far beyond the average, however, even in this- 
 center of infection, for Drs. Gatch and Miller examined 200 animals at 
 the same place and only found 13 infected, or 0.5 per cent.| 
 
 In 1806 Belfield and Atwood are reported to have found 2 per cent, 
 of the hogs slaughtered in Chicago infected, and in 1878 an examination 
 of 100 animals at the same place indicated that 8 per cent, contained 
 trichina'. 
 
 From 1879 to 1881 Dr. F. S. Billings, of Boston, examined 8,773 hogs^ 
 of which 347, or 4 per cent., were rei)orted as containing trichina'. 
 
 Dr. Deveron, of New Orleans, inspected 5,400 hogs in 1881, of which 
 only 22, or 0.4 per cent., were trichinous.§ Of these animals 529 came 
 from Saint Louis, and among them were 18 infected ones, being 3.4 per 
 cent.; 241 came from Louisville, and 2 of these, or 0.83 per cent., con- 
 tained trichina^ ; 484 from unknown parts of the West, had but 2 in- 
 fected, or 0.4 per cent., while the remaining 4,140, mostl,y from the South, 
 were free from this parasite. 
 
 Dr. C. A. Simpson examined 30 hogs at Atlanta, which were mostly 
 
 -Viertel.jabrschrift f. Ger., Med., &c., N. F. XXX, p. 175-181. 
 tLoc. cit. XXXVII, p. 345-351. 
 
 t A Report on Tricbiniasis as observed in Dearborn Co., Indiana, in 1874. By George 
 Sutton, M. D., Aurora, lud. 
 
 § Report of American Healtb Assoc., vol. 7, p. 136. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 271 
 
 from Tennessee, without finding any infected, and Dr. E. W. Steger ex- 
 amined 180 tit Xasbville, Teun., all of which were also free. Dr. William 
 Myers examined 330 hogs at Sau Antonio, Tex., finding trichinie in but 
 2, or 0.6 per cent.* 
 
 Dr. H. J. Detmers has examined from August to December, 1883, for 
 the Department of Agriculture 3,331 at Chicago; of which 80, or 2.4 
 per cent., were found to be infected. Of this number ],12(J were from 
 unknown districts of the West; 46, or 4.08 per cent., containing tri- 
 chinae; 50 were from Michigan, among which 4 contained the parasite; 
 831 were from Iowa, of which 10, or 2.27 per cent,, were infected; 50 
 were from Dakota, of which 1 was infected ; 520 were from Illinois, 
 among which were 7, or 1.35 per cent., containing trichinte ; 304 were 
 from Wisconsin, with but 2 infected, or O.GO per cent.; 350 came from 
 Nebraska, having but 1 infected, or 0.28 per cent.; 100 were from Min- 
 nesotii, and were free from infection. 
 
 In the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture specimens from 
 300 hogs have recently been examined, and of these 5, or 1.66 per cent.,^ 
 were found to contain this parasite. 
 
 We have above the records of the examination of 18,8S9 hogs from 
 various parts of the United States, of which 517, or 2.7 per cent., con- 
 tained trichin;e. It is evident from these records that a considerable 
 l)r()p()rtion of the hogs from some sections of the country are trichinous, 
 while those from other sections are practically free from infection. 
 While it may be difficult to outline the trichiuiB districts and to trace 
 the infected anim;ils to the farms on which thej' were raised, it is be- 
 lieved that such a study would do much to clear up the origin of tliia 
 infliction. 
 
 In addition to the inspections detailed above, Dra. Osier and Clement 
 examined at Montreal 1,000 hogs tVom Western Canada, fiiuling 4 in- 
 fected. t The French inspectors report the examination of 103,528 pieces 
 of American meat, containing 2,080, or about 2 per cent., infected, t The 
 German insi)ectors, during the year 1880, examined 78,880 pieces o 
 American pork, of which we have record, and found 1,265, or 1.6 jjer 
 cent., to contain trichnse; and in 1881 they examined 96,485 pieces, find- 
 ing trichina' in 2,414, or 2.5 per cent. § 
 
 Taking all the examinations of American pork thus far made, both at 
 home and abroad, and we have a total of 298,782, during which trichinae 
 were found 6,280 times, being 2.1 per cent., or 1 to 48. 
 
 It would seem that this number of pieces, considering the close agree- 
 ment between the results reached by American microscopiscs over this 
 limited territory and those obtained by the inspectors of American pork 
 
 * Report of American Health Assoc, vol. 7, p. 13^-145. 
 
 + Aii Iiivesti<;ati()ii into the Parasite in the I'oriv Supply of Montreal, 1863, page (5. 
 {Cliatin, La Trichine et hi Trichinose, Paris, ld83, page 217. 
 
 vS II. Eulenberg. Ueber die iui Jahre, 1881, auf Trichinen uud Fiunen uuter.suchteu 
 Schweinc. Viertel.jahrsehrifr, f. Gar. Med., &c., 1882. 
 
272 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ill Europe, perhaps represents the condition of American pork so far as 
 examined. 
 
 In Europe there are some localities where the inspections have shown 
 a greater i)roi)ortion of infection than the average in the United States. 
 At Stockholm 2,000 hogs contained 58 infected ones, or 2.9 per cent.; 
 at Tannefors 300 hogs contained 10 infected ones, or 3.3 per cent. ; and 
 in 112 Bavarian liams 3 were trichinous,* while Dr. Rine, of Linten, re- 
 ported 4 infected animals in 45, or nearly 9 per cent. t In Prussia, 
 where the only really effective inspection is made, the proportion found 
 infected with trichinfe was, in 1876, 1 to 2,000; in 1877, 1 to 2,800; in 
 1878,1 to 2,000; in 1879, 1 to 1,632; in 1880,1 to 1,460; in 1881, 1 to 1,839; 
 in 1882, 1 to 2,056 | The number of inspectors in 1882 is placed at 
 20,140. Several inspectors at Erfurt were removed on account of in- 
 capacity, and complaints were made as to the condition of the micro- 
 scopes. Indeed, it seems that the village barber is usually trusted with 
 the inspection of hogs in the smaller towns and villages, and that he is 
 required to make but three preparations from each animal. 
 
 Frequently, or generally, the specimens for examination are taken 
 from the hams and hard muscles, where the trichinjB are least abundant, 
 instead of from the pillars of the diaphragm and tenderloin, where they 
 are most easily found. Since the great epidemic of trichiniasis in Sax- 
 ony it seems to be admitted that these inspections are totally inade- 
 quate, and in order to make them more efficient the magistrates have 
 awarded sums varying from 15 to 30 marks for each trichinous animal 
 discovered. As a result of the rewards, and possibly of the fear ex- 
 cited by the recent terrible outbreaks of the disease in people, an in- 
 creased number of infected hogs seem to have been discovered. § These 
 facts, as well as the extraordinary number of people recently infected 
 from eating pork which had been inspected, are sufficient to demonstrate 
 that large numbers of trichinous hogs pass the inspectors without being- 
 discovered, and that consequently the figures given above are not a 
 correct representation of the proportion of hogs which are infested with 
 this parasite. 
 
 In nearly every country of Europe hogs have been examined and a 
 certain number found to contain trichina;, but the records do not seem 
 to have been carefully kept ; the data are not fully given, and there is 
 reason to doubt the accuracy of the work. It is difficult, therefore, to 
 reach any satisfactory conclusion as to the proportion of infected hogs. 
 We may safely assert, however, that no country can with reason claim 
 that its hogs are free from trichinae, while the probability is that Eu- 
 
 * Warfwinge, Nord. Med. Ark., 1875, VII, 3, No. 18. 
 
 tMeissner, Schmidt's .Jabrbiicher, No. 130, page 118. Quoted by Glazier Rep., 
 page 6b. 
 
 t H. Eulenberg, Vierteljahrschrift f. Ger. Med., 1877 to 1883. 
 
 $ Dispatches of A. A. Sargcut, American minister at Berlin, to State Department, 
 dated October 26 and November 12. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOxMESTICATED ANIMALS. 273 
 
 ropean hogs generally are infected in a much larger proportion than is 
 at present admitted. 
 
 In some parts of Europe rats seem to have been examined more care- 
 fully than pigs ; thus in Saxony one-half of the rats from flayers con- 
 tain trichinte, and 20 per cent, of all those caught are similarly infected; 
 in Moravia sixteen out of one lot of twenty rats were infected, nine of 
 a second lot of twelve were infected, seven of a third lot of eight were 
 infected. In Klederling, a suburb of Vienna, seven out of forty-seven, 
 and at Untermeidling two out of thirty-one were infected.* In France, 
 where the authorities now deny the existence of trichinie]except as im- 
 ported, and where one of the reasons for prohibiting American pork is 
 the alleged fear of scattering this parasite over the country ,t the only 
 outbreak of trichiniasis on record was caused by the flesh of a native 
 hog ; and the rats from the ditches and sewers of Paris, examined by 
 Drs. Gou jon and Legros, were infected in very large proi^ortion ; one 
 lot of thirty-two contained three with trichinae, and of seventy-two rats, 
 five were full of these parasites.| 
 
 EFFECT OF THE CURING PROCESS ON THE TRICHINAE. 
 
 If we adnjit that about 2 per cent, of American hogs contain trichi- 
 nae, it becomes a matter of the greatest importance for us to inquire 
 into the condition of the parasite after it has been subjected to the ac- 
 tion of salt a sufficient time to enable the pork to be carried from the 
 packing-houses in this country to the consumers abroad. And here the 
 effect on the consumers is entitled to more weight as a matter of evidence 
 than those scientific experiments which are simply designed to prove the 
 life of the parasite; for the trichina may sometimes still l)e living but 
 not have sufficient vitality to develop and reproduce itself. Such trichi- 
 nae would be perfectly harmless even though the pork were eaten with- 
 out previous cooking. 
 
 In France it is said in the report of Academy of Medicine of Paris, 
 that 95,000,000 kilograms or 200,000,000 pounds of American pork pro- 
 ducts had been consumed from 1870 to 1S81 without causing a single 
 case of disease. And notwithstanding the fact that large quantities of 
 such pork have been consumed for a number of years, the one outbreak 
 of trichiniasis at Crepy, which was clearly traced to a French hog, is 
 the only instance of the appearance of this disease among people that 
 is recorded in that country. 
 
 In Germany, where it is the habit of the people to eat pork without 
 cooking, trichiniasis among people is common, and it has been very 
 frequently asserted in some quarters that many of these cases were due 
 to American pork. During the recent terrible epidemic at Emersleben 
 and neigiiboring towns, Ur. Brouardel, of the Paris Academy of Medi- 
 
 * Dr. Glazier, Report on Trichinaj and Trichiniasis, Washington, 1881. 
 tj. ChaTiii, Trichino et Trichinose, p. 15:5, foot-note. 
 {Tht'se <le Paris, ldi56, au'l Davaiuo, Tniit<5 clos Eutozoaires, p. 755. 
 5751 D A 18 
 
274 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 cine, went to Prussia to investigate the origin and nature of the disease 
 and learn what he coakl in regard to the healthfuluess of American 
 pork, ^ot only did he find that these particular cases of trichiniasis 
 were due to German hogs, but such eminent and well-known authori- 
 ties as Professors Yirchow and Hertwig, who have charge of the pork in- 
 spection at Berlin, asserted most ])ositively that no case of trichiniasis in 
 Germany had ever been clearly traced to American jjork, although the 
 l^eople, as is their habit, persist in eating it raw.* 
 
 The so-called outbreak of trichiniasis on board the English reforma- 
 tory school-ship Cornwall has been much quoted as illustrating the 
 danger of American salted pork, but when closely investigated it jiroves 
 to be an illustration of jumping at conclusions without evidence, as al- 
 ways seems to have been the case where trichiniasis has been attributed 
 to our meats. This outbreak of disease occurred between September 
 "23 and October 23, 1879, and forty-three boys were attacked out of a' 
 total of two hundred and sixty-two boys and fifteen officers on the ship. 
 The idea that tbe disease was trichiniasis seems to have been an after- 
 thought, for the only examination made was of the body of one of the 
 boys two months after it had been buried. Doctors Powell and Cory 
 thought they found trichiusB in the muscles, and concluded the disease 
 must have originated from the American pork, which was used on board 
 the ship; but no examination of this pork appears to have been made, 
 and we are not at all certain that English pork was not used as well. 
 Fortunately, specimens taken from the corpse were submitted for ex- 
 amination to that well-known scientist. Dr. Charlton Bastian, and he 
 pronounced the worms not trichinae at all, but a hitherto unknown uem- 
 atoid, which he classed with the genus Pelodera, calling the species 
 Felodera setigera. Dr. Cobbold, who is one of the very best authorities 
 on this subject, asserts very positively' that the worm was the Pelodera 
 teres, and had probably invaded the body after death.! As this worm 
 has never been known to exist as a parasite in the hog, the assumption 
 that the disease was produced by eating pork is an entirely gratuitous 
 one, and the further assumption that it was due to the American pork 
 is evidently without the least foundation.| 
 
 England has been one of the largest consumers of American bacon, 
 hams, and pork, taking even in 1880 and 1881, when this trade reached 
 its largest proportions abroad, five times as much as either France or 
 Germany. Belgium has also been a large consumer. The Gomite con- 
 sultatif d?hygiene puhlique de France said in a recent oflicial report that 
 in order to determine the danger from the use of American pork the}' 
 had recently made new inquiries in England and Belgium. In England 
 they were told that trichiniasis was so completely unknown that it was 
 
 * P. Brouardel, L'Epiddniie de tricliiuose d'Ermesleben. Bui. de I'Acad. de M6d., Paris, 
 1883, p. 1501. 
 
 tVeteriuarian, 1884, p. 4. 
 
 t Power, W. H. Outbreak of Fever proved to be Tricliiuiasis on board Reformatory 
 School-ship Coruwall. Rep. Med. Off. Local Gov. Bd., 1879. Loudou, 1880. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 275 
 
 never mentioned, either in the newspapers, the hospitals, or in teaching- 
 medicine. And this was also the case in Belgium.* 
 
 We may conclude, therefore, that notwithstanding the enormous quan- 
 tity of American pork which has been consumed in Europe, there is no 
 reliable evidence that any cases of trichiniasis have ever originated from 
 its use. 
 
 We can now consider more intelligently the conflicting testimony in 
 regard to the condition of the trichinae in American salted meats when 
 they reach Europe. In 1879 it was stated in the German reports that 
 althougli a very considerable number of examinations had been made 
 at Miuden, no living trichiuiie had been demonstrated in preparations of 
 American pork.f This statement was repeated in 1880 by the same au- 
 thority.!: In France, Colin and most others who have experimented 
 with the trichini© of American meats have found them dead and inca- 
 pable of producing any injurious effects when fed to other animals. It 
 was also found that even slight salting killed all the trichinae within 
 two months. (Jolin concludes, therefore, that the danger from eating 
 American pork, considering the time that it must have been in salt be- 
 fore it can reach Europe, is slight or inappreciable.§ Fourment || and 
 Chafing have contested these results, but their opinions are so extremely 
 radical as to lose much of their force on this account. It is not impos- 
 sible that in certain very rare cases the capsules containing the trich- 
 iuie may have become so dense or so impregnated with lime salts as to 
 protect the parasites for a longer time than usual against the action of the 
 brine ; but the complete iuuocuousness of our pork as demonstrated 
 by its use on so large a scale in England, France, Belgium, and Ger- 
 many, with no cases of disease clearly traced to it, is the strongest pos- 
 sible evidence of the destruction of the trichinjie during the process of 
 curing. 
 
 Dr. Brouardel, of the Paris Academy of Medicine, who investigated 
 the recent outbreaks in Ermsleben, has furnished new and very im- 
 portant evidence on this point.** He learned that the meat of the dis- 
 eased l)Og was chopped and mixed with sufficient salt to preserve it, 
 and those who ate of this meat soonest after the killing of the animal 
 were not only more severely affected, but their symptoms appeared in 
 a shorter time. The animal was killed the 12th of September, and of 
 those who partook of this meat on the 13th 33 per cent, died, while of 
 those who did not eat of it until the 18th and 19th none died. In fact, 
 there was a very regular graduation in the intensity and fatality of the 
 cases when they were classified according to the number of dnys which 
 
 'H. Bouley, Bui. de I'Acad. de m6d., Paris, 1884, p. 33. 
 
 tEuleuberg, Vrtljhrscht. f. ger. ni6d., 1879. 
 
 tLoc. cit., 1880. 
 
 ^G. Coliu, Comptes Rendus, xcvi (1882), 886-'8. 
 
 II L. Fourmeut, Comptes Keudus, xciv (1H82), 1211-'13. 
 
 H J. Chatiu, La Trichiue et la Tricbinose, Paris, 1883, 1G4-190. 
 
 ** Brouardel, Bill, de I'Acad. de mod., 1883, ir)01. 
 
276 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 had elapsed between the killiug- of the animal and the eating of the 
 meat. It was very evident that the parasites were rapidly losing their 
 vitality and their power to produce disease. M. Colin thought this was 
 due to the effects of the slight salting, and M. Brouardel seemed will- 
 ing to admit this. 
 
 If, then, so marked a result is produced in a single week by the slight 
 salting which this chopped meat received, it is very plain that the high 
 degree of salting to which our packed meats are subjected must be suf- 
 ficient in the vast majority of cases to completely destroy all trichinae 
 and to make the meats perfectly safe. The question cannot be nar- 
 rowed down for this reason to a comparison of the proportion of animals 
 affected with trichinsii in America and Europe, even if this were actually 
 determined, which is not the case, but it necessarily turns on the health- 
 fulness of the meats of these countries at the time when they are ottered 
 for consumption. And when the matter is viewed from this stand-point 
 the very great superiority of American salted meats over even the in- 
 spected German hogs is too apparent to be questioned by unbiased 
 scientific men. 
 
 In the latest discussion on this subject in the Paris Academy of Medi- 
 cine M. Proust said : 
 
 The question is not a deteruiiuatiou if American meats contain tricliiuie, but in 
 what condition these trichinie are found ; if they are alive or dead ; if they are inju- 
 rious or not ; in a word, if the consumption of American salted meats is dangerous or 
 not to the public health. 
 
 In this connection I ask permission of the academy to read a passage from a most 
 interesting letter that I received this morning from Dr. Gibert, a health officer and 
 distinguished sanitarian of Havre : 
 
 "In 1881," says M. Gibert, "American salted meats entered largely into the food 
 supply of the working class of Havre; but in regard to this it is important to divide 
 the consumers into two classes : 
 
 "1. The people buying American salted meat for family consumption always cook- 
 ing it and never eating it raw. The inhabitants of the quarters of Eure and Saint 
 FrauQois nourished themselves exclusively with it. 
 
 " 2. The workmen employed in handling the packages of salted meat, who during' 
 fifteen years continued to eat this meat raw. MM. Bouley and Chatiu could easily 
 have seen in their walks on the wharves of Havre workmen breakfasting on a piece 
 of bread and a slice of raw bacon, eating not only the fat but all parts of the meat. 
 Any one could repeatedly see these workmen day after day, even when at work, eat- 
 ing pieces of raw salt pork without fear. 
 
 "It is certain, then, that at Havre, for more than fifteen years, hundreds of work- 
 men consumed salted meats trichinous as well as not trichinous, and never during 
 this long period of years has a single workman been incommoded by this food. 
 
 " No physician in Havre has seen a disease resembling in the least the Ermsleben 
 disease described by MJkl. Brouardel and Grancher. Such an assertion demands some 
 proofs which^it is easy for me to give. 
 
 " I would remark, in the first place, that if the meat consumed raw had aftected the 
 health of the workmen employed in such large numbers handling salted meats tha 
 directors would have soon discovered the vacancies in the ranks of the workers. After 
 an investigation carefully made by me, and which it is easy to make anew ofdcially, 
 it was found that never had there been a knowledge of such a fact in any of the large 
 importing houses of Havre. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 277 
 
 "The workmen, after the arrival of the Paris savants, took pleasure in eating the 
 pieces themselves that were pronounced trichinous, so certain were they of their per- 
 fect harmlessness. And neither during the stay of these gentlemen at Havre nor 
 afterwards was there a single case of disease, or even a simple indisposition. 
 
 " In th6 second place, I would remark that during this period of fifteen years we have 
 had no serious epidemic of typhoid fever. That of 1880-1881, the only one at all serious 
 which has occurred in our city, aftected the quarters occupied by the well-to-do or 
 rich people, while the quarters where the American meat was consumed suffered very 
 little. There was then no possibility of an error on the i^art of the physicians, even 
 if such a gross error could have been committed. 
 
 "It follows, fi'om the facts that I have just related, that the salting of American pork 
 is sufficient to kill the trichime ; and if, in addition to this cause of security which has 
 been experimented upon by the workmen of Havre for fifteen years, we add the cook- 
 ing, as it is practiced everywhere in France, the conclusion is foiced upon every one 
 not prejudiced in advance that American salted meats are absolutely incapble of 
 producing trichiniasis in the consumers." 
 
 the same discussion M, Leblauc said : 
 
 The discussion appears to me exhausted ; however, I ask permission of the academy 
 to communicate in support of the note of Dr. Gibert the following observation. It 
 was furnished to me by the principal meat inspector of Paris : 
 
 The veterinarians under his direction examined during six mouths in 1881 5,000 
 kilograms (11,000 pounds) of American salted meat per day. Sixty ihousand kilo- 
 grams were seized as trichinous, aud a large part was shii^ped to England. During 
 these six months the emjdoycs and draymen of the dealers in salted meats who came 
 to the station of Batignolles ate meat in presence of the inspectors which was noto- 
 riously infected with trichin;e. Not one of them became sick. 
 
 One of these, M. R., employed by Caiman, 11 Eue Bergere, was accustomed to this, 
 and took pleasure in eating the parts of the pork in which the microscope had demon- 
 strated the presence of trichina^. To-day, after three years, he is well; more than 
 this, having been received at Beaujou as a patient of our colleague M. Tillaux, for a 
 fractured arm, and having related his bravado, lie was the subject of a special exam- 
 ination; his muscular tissue was recognized to be healthy, and no trichinje could be 
 found in it.* 
 
 EFFECT OF COOKING ON TRICHINA. 
 
 If the trichiupe of American pork are destroyed by the curing pro- 
 cess in a time much shorter than is necessary for such meats to be 
 shijjped from our i^ackers to any of the consumers in Europe, it may 
 seem superfluous to go into a consideration of the effect of cooking, aud 
 yet it is not wholly so. Under certain conditions it would appear that 
 the trichina? do resist the curing process for a considerable time; and 
 though these coiulitions occur so seldom that uninspected salted meats 
 are much safer than inspected fresh ones, it is still worth our while to 
 inquire if perfect safety against infection cannot be guaranteed where 
 a reasonable de^iree of cooking is practiced. 
 
 There is some conflict of opinion as to the temperature necessary to 
 destroy trichime, and yet the results of experiments do not differ so 
 widely. Vallint concluded that a temperature of 54° to 56° C. (129 to 
 
 * Bulletin de I'Acad^mi^ de Mddecine, 1884, No. 6 (February 5), pages 241 and 247. 
 t E. Vallin. De la resistance des trichines a la chaleur et de la temp»^rature cen- 
 trale des viandes propar^es. Kev. d'hyg., Paris, 1881, III, 177-182. 
 
278 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 133° R) kills most of them, and that 60° C. (140° F.) is safe. Fied- 
 ler's experiments show that trichina^, are quickly killed at 62.5° C. 
 (144.5° F.) Fjord's investigations show that the interior of a ham 
 weigliing- 8 pounds reaches 65° C. (149° F.) after boiling two hours and 
 seventeen minutes; one weighing 10 poutuls, after three hours and six 
 minutes ; one weighing 14^^ pounds, after four hours and eleven min- 
 utes; and one weighing 10 pounds after four hours and thirty-seven 
 minutes. Vallin found that a ham weighing 12 i^ounds had an interior 
 temperature of 05° C. after three and a half hours' boiling. These re- 
 sults, therefore, correspond verj" closely. Hein* found that a 2.2 pound 
 roast reached a temperature in its interior of 09° C. after one and a half 
 hours. Rupprecht observed that rapidly fried sausage only had an in- 
 terior temperature of 53.5° C, and was still capable of producing in- 
 fection. Colin t had a steak weighing- half a pound boiled for ten min- 
 utes, when its appearance on cutting was white, without any red points. 
 It still contained living trichinae, however, which, being fed to a bird, 
 were afterwards found develoi^ed in the intestine. 
 
 The indications from these experiments are that while fresh meats 
 may not always be cooked sufficiently to kill trichinae, salted meats are 
 almost invariably cooked for more than the necessary time. This con- 
 clusion seems also to be borne out by the experience of people in all 
 parts of the world. Trichiniasis from cooked meats is an exceedingly 
 rare disease. In the United States, where pork in its various forms is 
 consumed to as large an extent as in any part of the world, and where 
 more than one-fourth of the hog product of the world is eaten, it is 
 seldom, indeed, that we hear of any infection among our native popu- 
 lation, because the habit of eating raw meats, particularly when fresh, 
 does not prevail. The few cases which occur from time to time are 
 nearly always among Germans and are traced to the ingestion of pork 
 in some form, which has not been cooked at all. 
 
 In this connection Dr. Brouardel brought out a very interesting fact 
 in his investigation of the epidemic at Ermslebeu. No cases of disease 
 occurred there excef)t with those who ate the -neat raw. The family of 
 Herr Heine, the mayor of Ermsleben, consisting of live persons, con- 
 sumed some of this same meat in the form of sausage on the 15th of Sep- 
 tember. The sausage was cut in pieces about li inches in diameter and 
 was cooked by placing in boiling water for only five minutes. Not one 
 of this family suffered in the least degree, but the cook who ate a small 
 piece of the sausage before it was cooked contracted the disease. Boil- 
 ing for so short a time has never heretofore been considered sufficient 
 to destroy this parasite, and yet in this instance it undoubtedly pro- 
 tected the consumers from the infection. 
 
 At the session of the Paris Academy of Medicine, January 29, 1884^ 
 a report was presented by the special committee appointed to consider 
 
 * C. Hein. Rep. of a case of trichiniasis, with remarks on diagnosis and jiropbylaxis. 
 Mitth. d. Vcr. d. Aev/te in Nied Pest, 1883. 
 to. Colin. Sur les trichines. Bnlletin de I'Acad. de m^d., 1881, '243. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 279 
 
 I 
 
 (1) the report of M. Broiiardel in regard to his inissiou to Ermslebeu, 
 
 (2) the coinmuuication of M. Grancher ou the symptoms aud patholog- 
 ical anatomy of the epidemic of Ermsleben, and (3) a letter from the 
 minister of commerce asking the advice of the academy in regard to the 
 question of trichiniasis. In this report appear the following points of 
 interest : 
 
 A considerable invasion of German rats has been noticed of late years after the 
 freezing of the Rhine, aud M. Brouardel no longer sees the same species of rats at the 
 morgue that he formerly found there. M. Laboulbene and M. Colin had occasion to 
 observe quite a large number of trichinous rats that had been found in the sewers of 
 Paris. Finally, we are also invaded by the trichime which penetrate Frauce with the 
 German hogs, which are infected in the proportion of 1 to 1,000 to 1 to 2,000. 
 
 Without doubt we do not know precisely, scientifically, the degree of activity of 
 the trichime according to the time that they have been encysted in Americau meats, 
 their vigor, the condition of the meat and the stage of the curing — desiderata which 
 future experiments can alone supply. 
 
 The same ignorance exists in regard to our own hogs — are any of them trichinous ? 
 If so, what proportion ? What is the condition of those in the suburban zone sur- 
 rounding Paris which, nourished like the sewer rats, may be trichinous like them? 
 
 It remains for us to speak of the action of American salted meats in the production 
 of the epidemics of trichiniasis in Germany which have been observed at Dusseldorf, 
 Eostock, and Bremen, but our information in this respect is entirely insufficient, aud 
 according to the indications that M. Brouardel has already presented to the academy 
 the exotic origin of these epidemics is denied by several of the principal German 
 savans, and particularly by M. Virchow. Oui* Government might address the German 
 Empire in regard to this in order to have official documents; but the results of such 
 an in(iuiry have for us, from the standpoint now under discussion, an almost secon- 
 dary importance. If in fact we, like the English and the Belgians, have been free 
 iVom epidemics of trichiniasis although we received salted trichinous meats and even 
 fresh or slightly salted pork of German origin more dangerous than that which comes 
 f)om Chicago or Cincinnati, since it had only to cross the Rhine and the Vosges, 
 this is because our culinary habits are entirely different. Let us remark also that in 
 America it is above all the Germans who are affected with trichiniasis — an additional 
 proof of the effect of culinary habits. 
 
 But already we can conclude from the developments which precede that no case of 
 Trichiniasis having been noticed either in France or in England froiA the consumption 
 of American salted pork, the importation of these meats may be authorized in France. 
 This decision has been reached by the commission by a vote of 5 to 1. 
 
 At the same session of the academy M. Lunier presented the follow- 
 ing table, showing the importation of salt-pork products for eight years, 
 in kilograms : 
 
 Year. 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 
 United States. 
 
 3,269,960 
 12, 462, 078 
 28, 102, 290 
 31, 784, 913 
 34, 246, 195 
 17, 123, 767 
 4,611 
 
 England. Germany. 
 
 other coun- 
 tries. 
 
 1, 875, 736 
 1, 889, 905 
 1,454,884 
 1, 107, 601 
 1.233,228 
 686, 525 
 1, 109, 870 
 
 702. 530 
 994, 334 
 921,167 
 
 1, 03P, 673 
 846, 174 
 723, 465 
 
 1, 055, 783 
 
 52,396 1,136,793 
 
 1, 047, 920 
 1, 078, 505 
 1,314,437 
 1, 742, 854 
 2,387,671 
 1, 182, 474 
 
 1, 074, 259 
 
 2, 091, 779 
 
 Total. 
 
 7, 896, 146 
 16, 424, 722 
 31, 792, 778 
 35, 675, 131 
 38, 713, 268 
 19, 716, 231 
 3, 244, 523 
 3, 274, 966 
 
 It follows from this table that the importation of Americau salted meats, which had 
 augmented rapidly from 1676 to 1880, began to diminish in 1881, after the decree of 
 February 18, 1881, which prohibited the importation of salted moats from the United 
 
280 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 States iuto all the Frencli territory. The 4,611 kilograms which appear iu the year 
 1882 came from a stock taken from the warehouses December :31, 1882. The 52,396 
 kilograms of 188:3 were iutroduced after the promulgation of the decree of November 
 27, 1883, which removed the interdiction. 
 
 The same gentleman presented the following table, which shows the 
 number of live hogs imported into France iu the years 1877 and 1882, 
 and the countries from which they came : 
 
 Countries. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Germany ] 15, 983 
 
 Belgium 57,806 
 
 Spam 4,234 
 
 Italy i 66,366 
 
 Switzerland •■ 964 
 
 other countries 941 
 
 16, 165 
 
 68, 716 
 
 2,204 
 
 9,567 
 
 1,586 
 
 913 
 
 Total 146,294 99,148 
 
 \ L^ 
 
 In this connection he remarked, " It is then, to-day, Belgium and 
 Germany which furnish us the greatest number of living hogs. Is it not 
 from this direction that there is reason to fear the invasion of trichinae 
 and trichiuiasis?"* 
 
 TEICHINIASIS IN AMERICA AND EUROPE. 
 
 The number of cases of trichiuiasis occurring among peojjle in the 
 United States is actually very small. The records of these have not 
 been brought together in a thorough manner, but, as far as we have been 
 able to ascertain, the disease has never occurred iu more than three or 
 four localities iu a single year, and during the last twenty years there 
 does not appear to have been more than thirty different outbreaks. In 
 none of these outbreaks have a sufficient number of peo])le been attacked 
 to allow of the term epidemic being applied to them in any proper sense 
 of the word. Usually but two to four people have been affected at a 
 time, and never, so far as we have been able to learn, more than ten. All 
 have resulted from eating raw or very imperfectly cooked meat, and in 
 very few of the instances had the pork undergone any i^reliminary curing. 
 Some of the cases reported as trichiuiasis were never demonstrated to 
 be this disease, but seem to have been the result of poisoning by meat 
 which had been preserved without sufficient salting until it had under- 
 gone partial decomposition. It has long been known that extremely 
 virulent poisons are produced during putrefaction of flesh, and the 
 effects of these have been observed so often in Germany when sausages 
 were eaten that they have received the special name of ivurstgift or 
 sausage poison. This does not seem to be understood by many Ameri- 
 can physicians, and so nearly every case of sickness arising from the 
 consumption of the raw or imperfectly cooked flesh of hogs in the vari- 
 ous forms in which it is preserved is reported as trichiuiasis. So that 
 while it may be true that some cases have not been reported or brought 
 
 * Bulletin de l'Acad6mie de M6decine, 1884, pp. 189-211. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 281 
 
 to our notice it is equally true that uot all the cases reported as trichi- 
 niasis were really due to trichiuse. 
 
 In the debate which occurred in the French Senate June 20, 1882, M« 
 Festeliu referred to seven epidemics produced by American pork.* One 
 of these so-called epidemics consisted of a single case of the disease which 
 occurred in New York. Another was the disease on the English ship 
 Cornwall, which was at first supposed to be typhoid fever, and was only 
 decided to be trichiniasis when a body was exhumed two months after 
 burial, and worms, which the examining physician took to be trichinae? 
 were found in the muscles. But we have it on the very best authority 
 that these worms were not trichinae, and there is no evidence even that 
 they caused the disease. The most i>robable theory is that they gained 
 access, to the body after burial. Xo trichinaj or other parasites were 
 found in the American meat consumed on this vessel. 
 
 Another epidemic he referred to as having occurred at Bremen, in 
 which forty persons became diseased from eating an American ham. 
 M. Chatiu has mentioned this outbreak again and again, and insists that 
 it is a demonstration of the dangerous character of American meats. 
 The charge was so serious that it has been investigated as carefully as 
 possible. M. Testelin does not give the authority who is responsible 
 for this statement, nor does he so much as say in what year the outbreak 
 occurred. M. Chatin is more definite, however, and says the disease 
 was observed in 1875.t He refers to the Traits dliygiene imhlique et 
 privee, by Proust, published in 1877, as his authority for asserting that 
 forty persons were affected at this place as the result of eating an Ameri- 
 can ham. By consulting the yearly health report of Bremen for 1875 
 we find that no cases of trichiniasis in man are recorded during that 
 year. There is simply a statement that two trichiuous hogs (native 
 animals) were discovered near Bremen. The outbreak of trichiniasis 
 referred to by Testelin and Chatin seems to have been one thatoccurred at 
 Hastedt, near Bremen in 1874, during which forty-two persons suffered, 
 but all recovered. This epidemic was first announced August 15, and 
 was caused by eating the flesh of a hog that had been slaughtered July 
 31. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of a piece 
 of muscle from one of the sufferers.^ There had been a habit here, as 
 in most other parts of Germany, of attributing all cases of this disease to 
 American pork without investigation, and this may have been the origin 
 of the story so industriously circulated by M. Chatin. At all events, 
 this is the only extensive epidemic of trichiniasis which is recorded as 
 occurring at or in the vicinity of Bremen from 1873 to 1877, inclusive, 
 and there is no question but that this was caused by a native animal. 
 
 One of the other epidemics referred to occurred in Madrid, and an- 
 
 * Chatin, La Tricliine, «fec., p. 210. 
 t Chatin, La Trichiiu-, &c., p. 1G5. 
 
 X Dritter Jahresbericht iiber deu oft'. Gesuudheitszustaud, iVc. in Hieiiieii, in Jaliie 
 1874. 
 
282 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Other ill Liege, in Belgium. It is doubtful if in either case the trouble 
 was traced to our pork ; but no facts in regard to them have yet been 
 obtained. 
 
 M. Chatin,in his recent work on trichinje and trichiuiasis, states that 
 " such is actually the frequency of trichiuiasis in the Uiiiteii States that 
 the newspapers consider themselves happy if they have but a few 
 deaths to record each week." Whether any one in France believes this 
 remarkable exaggeration may be considered questionable, but still it is 
 seriously advanced by a scientific man as a reason for prohibiting our 
 pork. Those who see the American papers know very well that not 
 only weeks but months elapse when no deaths are recorded from this 
 cause. And if it were not for our foreign population, who have brought 
 with them their dangerous habits of eating uncooked pork, America 
 would be as free from trichiuiasis among her people to-day as is France. 
 
 When we examine the records of Germany, however, we find that, in 
 spite of the small proportion of infected hogs which they admit, in 
 spite of the inspection, there occur a very large number of cases of this 
 disease. In 1877 there were 16 in Konigsberg, 1 in Potsdam, 6 in Ber- 
 lin, 98 in Stettin, 1 in Oppelu, 61 iu Merseberg, and 52 in Minden. In 
 1878 there were 27 in Konigsberg, 8 in Marienwerder, 102 in Potsdam, 
 50 in Stettin, and 30 in Merseberg. In 1879 there were 55 cases in 
 Konigsberg, 93 in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 82 in Berlin, 7 iu Marien- 
 werder, 3 in Schleswig, 60 in Erfurt, 7 in Merseberg, and several in at 
 least three other places. In 1880 there were 149 in Merseberg, 83 in 
 Erfurt, 49 in Fraukfort-on-the-Oder, 3 in Marienwerder, 29 iu Konigs- 
 berg, and 16 iu Berlin. In 1881 there were 3 in Marienwerder, 15 in 
 Berlin, 10 iu Frankfort-on-the-Oder, an indefinite number in Posen, 4 in 
 Stettin, 148 in Merseberg, and 58 in Erfurt. In 1882 there were 3 cases 
 iu Berlin, 60 iu Cologne, 4 in Merseberg, 4 iu Heiligenstadt, and several 
 in Posen.* In 1883 the remarkable epidemic in Saxony occurred from 
 eating pork which had been slaughtered and inspected in the town of 
 Ermsleben. In Ermsleben 257 persons contracted the disease, and 50 
 died.t In Deesdorf there were 40 cases and 9 or 10 deaths ; in Nieu- 
 hagen 80 cases and 1 death. There were a number of other epidemics 
 during the year, the statistics of which have not yet been published, 
 but we have already recounted sufficient to show that trichiuiasis is in- 
 comparably more frequent in Germany than iu America. 
 
 Indeed, for the sev^en years from 1877 to 1883, inclusive, the very in- 
 com})lete statistics given above show that 1,835 people contracted the 
 disease, being an average of 262 cases per annum. When in addition 
 to this we consider that the United States is really the greatest pork- 
 eating nation in the world, that we consume more than four times as 
 many hogs as are raised in Prussia, that a considerable portion of our 
 population consists of Germans who retain their habit of eating raw pork, 
 
 * Eulenberg, Vrtljrscht. f. <xer. Med.,N. F., XXVIII-XXXVII. 
 t Deutsche med. Woch., 1884, No. 1, p. 7. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 283 
 
 the wonder is, not that we have a half dozen or a dozen cases of trichi- 
 uiasis in a year, but that we do not have many times this number ; and 
 we see no way of explaining the comparative immunity which our jieople 
 enjoy except by the conclusion that our x>ork, even when fresh, is not so 
 much more dangerous than the German article as the results of micro- 
 scopic examination thus far published would lead one to suppose. 
 
 REPORTS OF BOARDS OF HEALTH. 
 
 The commissioners prepared and forwarded copies of the following 
 circular letter to the various State and city boards of health : 
 
 With a view to ascertaining the extent to which trichiniasis prevails in the United 
 States, the following questions have been formulated, to be addressed to the seci'eta- 
 ries of the various State and city boards of healtli. 
 
 As it is desirable that the report of the commission should be presented to Congress 
 at once, the undersigned would beg as speedy a response as jjossible : 
 
 1. How many cases of tiichiniasis have come to thekuowledge of your board ? Please 
 give dates as far as practicable. 
 
 2. In how many cases was there a microscopic identification of the trichina; in the 
 human subject and in the suspected meat ? 
 
 3. How manj' of the cases were fatal ? 
 
 Eesponses have been received from thirty-nine of these boards ; of this 
 number twenty-two give negative replies ; they were as follows : Ala- 
 bama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, 
 Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Albany (N. Y.), Ohio, Penn- 
 sylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia. 
 
 The secretary' of the State board of Alabama says that no case has 
 ever occurred in that State, though infected meat has been reported. 
 
 The secretary of the health department of Maryland says that after 
 an examination of the records from January 1, 1834, to December 31, 
 1883, covering a period of fifty years, he finds no cases of trichiniasis 
 reported. 
 
 The health offtcer of Cleveland, Ohio, says that in 1872-'73 there were 
 some cases of trichiniasis reported in that city, but no definite record of 
 them can be found. 
 
 CASES OF TRICHINIASIS REPORTED. 
 
 Cases of trichiniasis are reported by the following boards, viz: 
 Connecticut. — Three in 1882, all from the same pork and at the same 
 time. The suspected meat was examined by Mr. C. W. Chamberlain, of 
 Hartford, secretary of the board, and others. Xo deaths resulted. 
 Illinois. — The registrar of vital statistics for the city of Chicago says : 
 
 Tlirec deaths from trichiniasis have occurnvl in this city within the last ten years. 
 Two of these occurred in December, 1>^80, and the last one in January, 18"*2. There 
 was a microscopic identification in the two first cases and probably also in the last. 
 
 The secretary of the State board of health says : 
 
 Between 1866 and 1881 there had been seven outbreaks of trichiniasis in Illinois, 
 resulting in eleven deaths out of some seventy or eighty cases. Since 1881 there have 
 
284 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 been two deaths iu Chicago; three outbreaks, resultiug iu three deaths, aud some 
 tweuty-five or thirty cases in 1883, aud oue iu Fultou Couuty iu 1884, details of which 
 have not yet been received. In niue of the fatal cases the disease was ideutilied by 
 microscopic examinatiou of the human subject, aud of the suspected meat in all cases- 
 
 loica. — The Secretary of the State board of health reports as follows: 
 
 Since 1880, in compiling deaths, I have found 3 recorded as from trichiuiasis ; in 
 1880, 2 in Adams County, probably genuine cases ; in 1881, 1 in Butler County, a very 
 doubtful case. None of the cases were identified by microscopic examinations. 
 
 Massaclmsetts. — The health officer for the State board of health for 
 Massachusetts says : 
 
 The number of cases of trichiuiasis that have come to the kuowledge of the board 
 are as follows : 
 
 Cases. 
 
 In Saxonville, Mass. , February, 1870 3 
 
 In Lowell, Mass., March, 1870 6 
 
 In Framingham, Mass., December, 1872 * 3 
 
 In Becket, Mass., May, 1873 4 
 
 In Wakefield, Mass., March, 1880 3 
 
 Total number of cases 19 
 
 Oue death occurred in the outbreak at Saxonville. 
 
 Identification of trichiuse was made iu the fatal case at Saxonville by post mortem. 
 In the Lowell cases trichime were identified in the pork, as also iu the Framingham 
 cases. In the seven remaining cases at Becket aud Wakefield the evidence was symp- 
 tomatic and by exclusion, i. e., members of families who had not partaken of uncooked 
 pork were exempt from infection. The evidence, however, was satisfactory to the 
 board. 
 
 Michigan. — The secretary of the State board of health of Michigan 
 gives the following detailed report of ten outbreaks of trichiuiasis in 
 that State since December, 1866 : 
 
 1. A fatal case of .trichiuiasis occurred in Detroit, Mich., iu December, 1866. Upon 
 post mortem examination large numbers of trichime were fouud iu the abdomen and 
 a lesser number iu the muscles of the leg. (Dr. Herman Kiefer.) 
 
 2. Five cases occurred in Port Huron, Mich., in January, 1874, with 2 deaths. The 
 cases occurred in one family, and were caused by eating salted smoked ham. (Re- 
 ported by Dr. M. Northup, Port Huron, Mich.) 
 
 3. Several cases of trichiuiasis occurred near Flint, Mich., in the fall of the year 
 1875. Cases also occurred there iu June, 1876. In the last outbreak, at least, trichinae 
 were found by microscopic examination iu the meat, aud also in a particle of muscle 
 of the leg of oue of the patients. (The cases were in the practice of Dr. A. B. Chapiu» 
 of Flint, Mich., now of Detroit.) 
 
 4. Five cases occurred in Otsego Township, Allegan County, Michigan, in February, 
 1877. All recovered. All were in one family, the members of which had eaten raw 
 ham. Members of auother family ate a small (juautity of the meat, and were also 
 sick, but recovered without medical attendance. Trichinw were found in the meat 
 by microscopic inspection. 
 
 5. Three cases, with one death, occurred in the city of lona, Mich., in 1878, in the 
 family of Mrs. Struuck. The meat was eaten raw. A microscopic examination of the 
 meat was made, aud, I believe, trichime were also identified in the human subject. 
 
 f/. I am informed that cases, and one or more deaths, occurred in the vicinity of 
 loua, Mich., in the suumier of 1880, in the pi-actice of Dr. H. B. Barnes. Trichiute 
 were fouud iu the pork, aud also, I believe, iu the muscles of those who died. 
 
 7. Five cases aud two deaths occurred in the family of a German named Rum- 
 sock, in Lansing, Mich., in the last of January, 1881, and the first of February, 1881. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 285 
 
 The cases were in the practice of Dr. Dolan, of Lansing, who has siuce died. Great 
 numbers of non-capsuled trichin;e were seen by Dr. George E. Ranney, myself, and 
 others in the muscles of a boy who died. (I still have slides showing the trichinae 
 as taken from the muscles of a person in the family who died. ) Part of the meat was 
 eaten raw. It was not examined for trichinjv ; but the hog was sick and was killed 
 to avoid loss of the animal. 
 
 8. Five cases of trichiuiasis occurred in Vickeryville, Montcalm County, Michigan, 
 in December, 1883. All resulted from eating the flesh of one hog. One death occurred. 
 The boy who died had at different times eaten small pieces of pork only partially 
 cooked by holding them on a fork before the tiro. He had also eaten raw, on several 
 occasions, little bits of sausage made from the flesh of the hog. Two others had eaten 
 the meat cooked, but probably rare-done. The other person had eaten raw a little 
 bit of sausage, perhaps half an ounce, but the rest of what he ate was well cooked. 
 Trichinte in abundance were found in the pork, specimens of which are now in this 
 office. (Reported by Dr. J. Tennaut, Carson City, Mich.) 
 
 9. Four cases occurred in January, 1884, in the city of Niles, Mich. One death has 
 occurred and three persons are now seriously sick. The pork contains great numbers 
 of trichiuie, as determiued by observations made at Niles, Ann Arbor, aud in this 
 office. 
 
 Further details as to the five cases occurring at Port Huron, and also of the case 
 at Detroit, are given in the published report of this board for the^year 1875; and of 
 those occurring in Otsego, in the report of this board for the year 1877. 
 
 Such answers as I am able to give to the four questions asked by your Commis- 
 sion have been summarized from the foregoing particulars, and are given with each 
 question, as follows : 
 
 " Question 1. How many cases of trichiuiasis have come to the knowledge of your 
 board ? Please give dates as far as practicable. 
 
 "Answer 1. I am able, at this time, to send you facts concerning ten outbreaks of 
 trichiuiasis occurring in Michigan. In three of these the number of cases was not 
 stated. In seven outbreaks there was a total of twenty-eight cases. The dates are 
 given in most instances in the report accompanying this. 
 
 " Question 2. In how many cases was there a microscopic identification of the tri- 
 chiuie in the human subject and in the suspected meat ? 
 
 "Answer 2. In two outbi-eaks the observer did not state whether any mici'oscopio 
 examination was made. It is believed that the human muscles were examined in five 
 of the outbreaks, and in each of them trichin;e were found ; in three of these it is pos- 
 itively known that trichina? were found present. In seven outbreaks the pork was 
 examined, aud in each of the seven trichinse were found in the pork. In the other 
 outbreak, microscojiic examination was made only of the muscles of the human sub- 
 ject, in which trichina} were found. 
 
 "Question 3. How many of the cases were fatal? 
 
 "Answer 3. In one outbreak it was stated that there were no fatal cases ; in one out- 
 break, where fatal cases occurred, the number was not stated ; in one outbreak it was 
 not stated whether any fatal cases occurred; in another outbreak, now in progress, 
 one death has already occurred ; and in six other outbreaks seven deaths were re- 
 ported ; making in all, in which the number was reported, eight deaths." 
 
 New Jersey. — Tiie records of the State board of New Jersey extend 
 from January 1, 1875, to date, a period of about nine years. During 
 this period but one death from trichiuiasis has been reported. This 
 was in May, 1881, and was a female. The method by which the diag- 
 nosis was determined is not known. 
 
 Xew York: — The following report is furnished by the secretary of the 
 board of health of Xew York City : 
 
 A few cases of alleged trichiniasis have come to the knowledge of the board, but 
 there is no record of the number or dates. 
 
286 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lu two families, during the past eighteen years, there has been, within the knowl- 
 edge of this board, microscopic identification of trichiure in the human subject. 
 
 During the past ten years five deaths attributed by attending physicians to trichi- 
 niasis have been re]>orted to this board : one in 1875, one in 1878, one in 1880, and two 
 
 in 1881. 
 
 The secretary of the board of health of Brooklyn, N. Y., says that five 
 cases of trichiuiasis have occurred iu that city, of which a full history 
 may be found in the ])roceedings of the Medical Society of Kings County 
 for 1879. 
 
 North Carolina.— The secretary of the State board says that an equiv- 
 ocal case of trichiuiasis occurred in Wilmington, in that State, but no 
 microscopical examination was made. It was iu the person of a boy of 
 German parentage, habituated to using raw ham. 
 
 West Virginia. — The health ofi&cer of the city of Wheeling reports 
 five cases — father, mother, and child of same, aged two and one-half 
 5^ears, and two females of other families. All ate of same meat — raw 
 smoked ham — on March 4, 1870. No microscopic identification was 
 made in the human subject. 
 
 Wiseonshi. — The secretary of the Wisconsin State board of health 
 says that some cases of trichiuiasis have occurred in Milwaukee, but 
 does not give the number or dates. 
 
 CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF TRICHINA IN SWINE. 
 
 The worm known as the Trichina spiralis has no stage of its existence 
 outside of the animal body, and cannot multiply or even remain alive 
 for any considerable time, so far as has ever been ascertained, after it 
 quits its host. Every infected animal must become infected either by 
 eating the muscular tissue of another animal which has i^reviously ob- 
 tained the parasite in the same way, or possibly by taking food which 
 has been soiled by the excrement of an animal recently infected. It is 
 geuerallj^ admitted that eating flesh which contains the parasite is the 
 most frequent, if not substantially the only, way in which trichiupe find 
 their way into the body. A few cases have been advanced to show that 
 pastures and feeding places may be infected and be dangerous for a con- 
 siderable time ; but, according to our present knowledge of the natural 
 history of this parasite, it may be doubted if many instances of this kind 
 occur. 
 
 When meat containing trichinaj is taken into the stomach the capsule 
 or cyst which surrounds the worm is dissolved by the digestiv^e liquids, 
 the i>arasite is set free, develops into its mature form, the females are 
 impregnated, and each gives birth to one thousand or more young. The 
 young trichinai penetrate the intestinal walls and find their way into 
 the various nuiscles of the body, while the mature worms, and doubtless 
 many of the young as well, are voided with the excrement. Now, it 
 may be admitted that a large number of the mature parasites will be 
 passed from the bowels before they have brought forth their young, and 
 that if taken into the stomach of another animal the act of reproduction 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 287 
 
 would continue; but it seems doubtful if enough of such mature worms 
 would be consumed in this manner to cause any serious infectious. We 
 do not know, however, how long the worms are able to live outside of 
 the body in this developed condition ; if they can exist but a few days 
 the danger from them would be very slight, but if this period can be 
 prolonged for weeks or months the danger would be more serious, and 
 we might have at least a partial explanation of the many cases of in- 
 fection occurring where the condition of life among the hogs seems to 
 be all that could be desired. 
 
 The young trichiuiTe or larva? which are produced in such enormous 
 numbers in the intestines within a few days after infected meat has been 
 eaten, and many of which are doubtless voided with the excrement, are 
 practically incapable of dangerously infectiug grounds or feeding places. 
 These cannot reproduce themselves until they have found their way 
 into the muscular system, and have been encysted for a time, so that 
 even a considerable number of such larvse taken into the stomach would 
 produce no appreciable effects. 
 
 In the present condition of knowledge the tendency is to conclude 
 that by far the larger part of trichinous hogs are infected by eating the 
 flesh of some animal wbich has previously been infected in the same way. 
 Trichinae cannot develop or live for any considerable time in the bodies 
 of insects, cold-blooded animals, or birds, and, consequently, the infec- 
 tion must result from some of the warm-blooded animals, which either 
 habitually or occasionally eat flesh. Among these cats, rats, and mice 
 are the ones most frequently suspected; but an inquiry into the condi- 
 tions under which hogs are raised in the West has led us to doubt if 
 the infection could occur in any considerable number of cases in this 
 way. Hogs are usually kept in grass fields, where rats and mice are not 
 common, and where cats certainly do not abound, and in no part of the 
 hog-raising country is it a custom', so far as could be ascertained, to run 
 the hogs in corn-fields, where there would be an opportunity of their 
 finding rats and mice. 
 
 It has been charged that there was a custom of feeding the hogs 
 which died from disease to the well animals, and that this accounted 
 for the trichinous infection. After an extensive investigation, however, 
 we feel authorized to state that this assertion is not correct. Such a 
 practice seems to have been followed to some extent a half dozen or 
 more years ago, but as the contagious character of hog cholera became 
 better understood, and as the demand increased for the cheap grease 
 rendered from such dead animals, they were more generally sold to 
 rendering establishments at a price considerably beyond what they 
 would be worth for animal food. The trichina? of to-day must therefore 
 be acquired from some other source than the hogs which die upon the 
 farms. 
 
 The French and German authors have not hesitated to assume that 
 our hogs were infected by feeding upon offal from the slaughter-houses, 
 but this assumption could only have been made in complete ignorance 
 
288 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of the actual condition of afiairs in the hog-growing sections of the 
 country. Practically all of the hogs which go to the packing-houses 
 are raised upon farms miles, and generally hundreds of miles, from any 
 large city where offal could be obtained, and they are never fed upon 
 anything but vegetable food. The blood and offal at the large pack- 
 ing-houses is dried at a high temperature and sold for fertilizers, and is 
 never fed to the hogs even in the stock-yards. The foreign microsco- 
 pists have the proof of this in their own hands, if they would only give 
 the matter a little consideration before accepting the absurd statements 
 of ignorant and prejudiced jjarties. 
 
 During the killing season as many as 60,000 hogs are received at the 
 Chicago stock-yards in a single day, and it is evident that it would be 
 impossible to furnish accommodations for holding this enormous num- 
 ber for any considerable time before killing. IsTow, the trichinie which 
 are found in American pork are in the vast majority of cases encysted, 
 and for this condition to be reached time is required, and much more 
 time than it is possible to hold hogs in the cities where alone offal for 
 feeding them can be obtained. It is four weeks after infection before 
 cysts are formed, and it is six weeks to two months before they reach 
 the condition in which they are generally found by the microscoi)ic ex- 
 amination of our meats. While we know from our own observation in 
 all the cities where hogs are packed that the animals are not, fed upon 
 offal previous to killing, we have here in the condition of the trichinae 
 themselves the best and the most incontrovertible evidence that the 
 animals were not infected by offal fed while they were held at the pack- 
 ing-houses before slaughter. 
 
 It is evident from what has just been said that we are unable at pres- 
 ent to give a satisfactory explanation of the manner in which Western 
 hogs become infected with trichinae, for the conditions of life, at least 
 so far as we are able to see, appear in the vast majority of cases to be 
 all that can be desired. The infected hogs must be traced to the coun- 
 ties from which they come, and even to the farms on which they are 
 raised, and the conditions studied as they exist on known infected 
 I)remises, before it will be possible to give a solution to this difficult 
 question. And until this is done no effectual rules for prevention can 
 be formulated further than in a general way to recommend that the 
 hogs have no access to an3^ animal matter except what has been thor- 
 oughly^ cooked. 
 
 SALT USED IN PACKING. 
 
 The salts most generally used in packing in the United States are the 
 Syracuse solar salt, of which 2,500,000 bushels were manufactured last 
 year ; Michigan solar salt, of which 50,000 bushels were manufactured 
 last year, and Turk's Island salt. For rubbing hams either the ground 
 solar salt or the Syracuse factory filled dairy salt is employed. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 289 
 
 Some years ago the War Department of the United States Govern- 
 ment caused some practical tests to be made by having meats packed 
 with Turk's Island and Syracuse solar salt. The meats were afterward 
 sent to the diflerent forts on the sea-coast, on the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 in the interior. 
 
 The result of the experiment demonstrated the fact that the Syracuse 
 solar salt is equal in every respect for packing purposes to the imported 
 Turk's Island sea salt, and since that time the United States Govern- 
 ment has required that beef and pork packed for the Army and Navy 
 Khali be packed with Turk's Island or Syracuse solar salt. 
 
 American packers fully appreciate the importance of good salt, and 
 are very careful in securing the best brands. 
 
 The following analj'ses of American and European salts show that 
 the salts used in this couutrj' compare very favorably with those of 
 Europe : 
 
 SALT USED IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Description. 
 
 33 
 
 as 
 
 n c3 
 
 MS 
 1:$ m 
 
 Water. 
 
 1. Turk's Island eea salt ] 96.760 
 
 2. Syracuse, N. Y., solar salt 96.004 
 
 3. Saginaw, Mich., solar salt 9.5.831 
 
 4. Lincoln, Nebr.,. solar salt < 98.130 
 
 5. Kansas, solar salt 1 93. 060 
 
 6. Hockiui; Valley, Ohio, solar salt. I 97.512 
 
 T. Petit A nse. La., rock salt 98. 882 
 
 8. Syracuse, N. Y., "factory filled 1 
 
 dairy" 97.832 
 
 0.092 
 0. 3.56 
 
 0.234 
 0.004 
 
 0.140 
 0.089 
 0.140 
 0.080 
 0.240 
 0.089 
 0.003 
 
 0.390 
 0.350 
 
 1.560 
 1.315 
 0.316 
 0.250 
 1.220 
 
 0.180 
 
 0.037 I 0.026 
 
 0.782 
 1.263 
 
 0.120 
 
 0.900 
 2.50« 
 3.344 
 1.200 
 4.950 
 2.130 
 0.330 
 
 0.700 
 
 ANALYSES OF EUROPEAN SALT. 
 
 a-s 
 
 a . 
 
 0.2 
 
 9. Lisbon, Portugal, first crop sea 
 
 salt 97.075 0.777 
 
 10. Lisbon, Portugal, second crop 
 
 sea salt 94.033 2.151 
 
 11. Avoiro, Poi tugal.iflrst crop sea 
 
 salt 97.251 1.134 
 
 12. Aveiro, Portugal, second crop 
 
 sea .salt 98.618 \ 0.181 
 
 13. St. Felice sea salt { 94. 072 j 0. 141 
 
 14. Velicka, Galicia, rock salt 90.230 j 0.4,50 
 
 15. Hall, Tyrol, rock salt 91.780 ' 0.090 
 
 16. Scliiinebeck, Prussia, Saxony ..^ 95.400 ! 0.080 
 
 17. Diirrenborg, Saxony ' 92.642 ! 0.719 
 
 18. Art.prn, Saxony I 94.835 0.616 
 
 19. Hiille, Saxony 92.773 ' 0.805 
 
 20. Krfurtb, Saxony I 96.941 , 0.017 
 
 31. Louisenthal 96.866 0.060 
 
 
 0.307 
 0.488 
 
 
 1.35 
 1.35 
 0.41 
 
 1.538 
 
 1.471 
 
 0.645 
 
 0.640 
 0.373 
 0.720 
 1.190 
 0.730 
 1.632 
 1.061 
 1.296 
 2.093 
 0.964 
 
 a . 
 
 a 9 
 
 0.565 
 
 2.337 
 
 0.903 
 
 0. 165 
 0.060 
 0.610 
 1.210 
 0.470 
 
 O (3 
 
 00 a 
 
 0.045 
 
 0.008 
 
 0.067 
 
 0.396 
 0.116 
 5.880 
 2.490 
 
 Water. 
 
 5. 073 
 860 
 1.890 
 2.900 
 4.700 
 3.000 
 4.600 
 0.906 
 2.000 
 
 5751 D A- 
 
 -19 
 
290 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 AUTHORITIES FOR ANALYSES. 
 
 Analyses numbered 1 to 8, of salts used in the United States, were 
 made by C. A. Goessmann, Ph. D., professor of chemistry in th^ Massa- 
 chusetts Agricultural College, and published in a lecture on salt and 
 its uses in agriculture, delivered before the State department of agri. 
 agriculture in Massachusetts. 
 
 Analyses 9, 10, 11, and 12, of Portuguese salt, is from the Mechanics' 
 Magazine. 
 
 No. 13 is by Yon Kripp, and is from Oesterr. Zeitschri/t fiir Berg- «» 
 Hilttenwesen, 1867. 
 
 Kos. 14 and 15 are by Von Stoba, and are from Die chemische Mitt- 
 heilungen, Prag, 1880. 
 
 No. 16 is by Heine, and is taken from Kna^jp's Lehrbuch der chenii- 
 scJien Technologies 3d ed. 
 
 Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 are by L. Enders, and are from the Archiv, 
 der Phartnacie, Vol. 143, p. 20. 
 
 1 
 
EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENTS. 
 
 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 
 
 Black-leg. — Mr. S. Woodsum, jr., of Wilkin County, Minnesota, 
 writes as follows concerning black-leg in cattle : 
 
 I desire to give you luy experience with the disease kuowu at. black-leg in cattle. 
 Several years ago I lost quite a number of these animals, mostly calves, but 1 h.ave 
 had a number of cows attacked by the disease. It has invariably been those that 
 were fat that were taken sick. The first indication of sickness is loss of appetite, 
 staring coat and lameness, very sensitive to pressure on the outside of shoulders, and 
 very laborious breathing. A. post-mortem examination revealed the hind parts normal ; 
 the liver very black and tender and breaking into pieces at slight touch; the air pas 
 sages through tbe lungs, the heart, and the heart case congested and filled with black 
 blood. 
 
 The cause of this disease, I am convinced by experience and observation, is over- 
 feeding. For instance, cows that were milked all winter, and were fed eight quarts 
 per day of corn meal, linseed meal, oatmeal, and wheat bran, went through the winter 
 without getting sick ; but cows that came to the barn fat and dry, and were not fed 
 anything but hay until after dropping their calf, when they were put on the same 
 feed as those that had been milked all winter, were taken sick in every instance. 
 Again, cows that came to the barn dry and fat, and received a daily ration of feed of 
 the same quality as the other cows, but a much less quantity than before dropping, 
 and then increased in quantity to the same amount as the others, got through with- 
 out being sick. 
 
 My experience has been about the same with calves as it has been with cows. A 
 calf that had been allowed to run with its dam all summer, being very fat, was turned 
 into a field where grain had been harvested a#d a very luxuriant growth of volunteer 
 grain had si)ruug up, and it was soon taken sick. 
 
 As a preventive we quite often read that salting twice a week will prove beneficial, 
 but this never made any dilfereuce with tbe stoclv in this vicinity, from the fact that 
 I was about the only one that kept sa^ where the animals could get it night and 
 morning, and yet I lost as many, if not more, than any of my neighbors. I have al- 
 ways fed more grain than any one else in this neighborhood. 
 
 When Dr. Hurn, of the Signal Service, was here, some seven or eight years ago, 1 
 described the post-mortem appearance of an animal that had died of black-leg. He 
 advised me to try drenching with strong salt brine, and lam happy to say that 1 ac- 
 cepted his advice, and have not since lost either a cow or a calf. I'ut one-half 
 pint of salt into a quart bottle, fill Avith water, shake well, and give about half as the 
 first dose ; in about an hour give the remainder, and one hour later rei)eat. The fol- 
 lowing day the operation should be again repeated. I have used this reL.edy in the 
 case of sick horses with satisfactory results. 
 
 Mr. L. E. Howe, of Anderson County, Kansas, recently lost eight 
 head of yearling steers by black-leg. AA'^'riting, under date of August 
 8, he says: 
 
 I have lost eight head of yearling steers out of a herd of one hundred and thirty-tivf 
 brought from Shannon County, Missouri, to this county this seascn. The disease is 
 
 291 
 
292 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 called black-leg, aud I can learn of no remedy from local scources. A steer, appar. 
 ently well yesterday, at evening was observed staggering about, at daylight this 
 morning it was down, at? a. ra. it was unable to rise, aud at 8 a. m. it was dead. On 
 cutting the animal open various dark, bloody spots were found under the skin and 
 involving the tissue. The heart was seriously affected. 
 
 An epidemic of black-leg prevailed among cattle in Trego County, 
 Kansas, during the months of November and December last. In the 
 early part of December Mr. Ben. C. Eich, of the above-named county, 
 informed the Department that over one hundred head of cattle had died 
 of the disease in Ogallah Township alone. He had lost eleven animals 
 himself, a neighbor had lost seven, another seven, and still others three 
 or four each. As to the post-mortem appearances of the disease, he says : 
 
 I was to-day called upon by a neighbor to make an examination of three animals 
 which had just died, of which I send you the following imperfect report : 
 
 No. 1. A heifer calf four months old, still fed twice a day on milk and the run oi 
 wheat aud rye. The first symptoms were weakness in hind limbs and small of back, 
 aud a dragging motion of hind legs when attempting to walk. When opened, the 
 blood was found discolored on inside of both hind legs and over the left kidney. The 
 tissue which surrounds the paunch and intestines was also discolored. The small in- 
 testines aud manifold were very tender aud easily torn. There was no bake. The 
 melt was much inflamed and bloody and very tender. Other organs seemed normal. 
 Yellowish froth issued from the mouth. 
 
 No. 2. A cow three years old and giving milk. Appeared well yesterday morning 
 wten milked. Sickness discovered in afternoon, and died during last night. The 
 first symptom wes lameness in righ hind leg, which was much inflamed at stifle joint 
 and very sore to the touch. On opening, found the whole right horn very much in- 
 flamed ; flesh very dark and bloody, and over right kidney the same ; tissues sur- 
 rounding the paunch and small intestines much discolored ; manifold baked ; liver in- 
 flamed, aud so tender that I could tear it easily with my fiuger. About a quart of 
 bloody water was found in the cavity of the body. There was no discoloration on 
 front part of body. All other organs seemed normal. The animal was five months 
 gone with calf. 
 
 No. 3. A fine, large-grade cow, three years old next spring, and six months gone 
 with calf. This cow did not seem stiff" in joints or weak behind previous to death. 
 She ate heartily up to 4 o'clock p. m. yesterday, at which time she was first noticed 
 tabe sick. She died during the night. The lesions were confined to the breast aud 
 between the front legs. These parts were very much inflamed and the flesh dark 
 and bloody. No discoloration was found ou hind parts, back, paunch, or intestines. 
 No bloody water in cavity. The liver seemed all right, but the manifold was baked. 
 The heart was clotted, aud the lungs discolored and congested. 
 
 Mr. A. E. Hall, of Fort Meade, Dak., writes as follows concerning the 
 ravages of black -leg in that locality : 
 
 A disease is prevailing among cattle in this county called black-leg. I examined 
 two animals about twelve hours after death. Upon opening the body the blood 
 seemed almost all gone. What little was left seemed to have settled between the 
 layers of flesh and tissues. The flesh was a little higher colored thau beef. The first 
 animal had a swollen shoulder, and when rubbed with the hand emitted a crackling 
 sound. It was full of air-bubbles immediately under the skin. The last stomach was 
 very dry, almost baked. The small intestines leading to the last stomach were green 
 or the distance of three or four inches. The animals show diflerent symptoms. 
 Some became swollen all over, some in one leg, and some not at all. We have lost about 
 a dozen range calves. But yearlings are not exempt from the disease, and sometimes 
 (jows are attacked. It does not make any difference as to whether the animals are 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 293 
 
 fixt or thin, native or tborouglibred stock. Texas animals seem to be exempt. The 
 disease is very rapid in its work. An animal that is apparently bealtby and very 
 livelj^ in the evening may be found dead the next morning. Occasionally one may 
 be stupid for three or four days, but as a rule they die in a few hours. 
 
 There is also a disease here among cattle which affects their feet. The foot swells 
 between the toes, laming the animal. In the worst cases the leg swells as high as 
 six inches above the ankle, ulcerates, and exudes a white matter. Sometimes tie 
 llesh protrudes from these ulcerated places. It generally disappear.'^ of its own accord, 
 but the worst cases either lame for life or kill the animal. 
 
 Cattle in Siiline, Mitchell, Phillips, Lincoln, Ottawa, and other coun- 
 ties in Kansas suffered severely with this disease during the past sea- 
 son. Mr. Charles E. Faulkner, of Salina, Ivans., writing in December 
 last to lion. J. J. Ingalls, speaks of the disease as being wide spread 
 and disastrous in the counties above named. The following extract is 
 made from Mr. Faulkner's letter, which was kindly forwarded to this 
 Department by Senator Ingalls : 
 
 Many thanks for your notice of my communication regarding black-leg among cat- 
 tle in Kansas. The Department seems to have made no special investigation of thie 
 disease. Losses this season will be heavy in the State. Over one hundred head have 
 died in this county (Saline) during the last three mouths, and the end is not yet. 
 Losses from Mitchell, Phillips, Lincoln, and Ottawa are reported. I hope that Con- 
 gress will aid the Department in instituting a thorough investigation of the subject, 
 in order that we may become better informed of tbe nature of the disease, its cause, 
 and preventive measures. 
 
 ContactIOUs pleuro-pneumonia in iS'EW Jeesey.— Dr. William 
 B. E. Miller, of Camden, K. J., writing to the Department under date 
 of November 10 last, says : 
 
 On the 31st ultimo I was summoned to visit a herd of cattle at White House. 
 Readiugton Township, Hunterdon County, in this State. On the Ist instant! exam- 
 ined some cattle on the farm of Mr. George Clum. Among his herd of about 60 cows 
 I found several infected with pleuro-pneumonia. During the past four months he 
 lias lost 2'i head. Soon after the first outbreak in the herd he had all the animals in- 
 oculated. On another farm owned by Mr. T. W. Pidcock, autl tenanted by Mr. Charles 
 Snyder, near Three Bridges, Hunterdon County, is a herd of 6.") cows. About the first 
 of March last there was brought from Bradford County, Pennsylvania, to Farmington. 
 K. J., a car-load of cows. From this car-load Messrs. PidcockandSnyder purchased 13 
 head. Ten of these animals were put on their farm and three were sentto another fawn. 
 The animals then upon the farm were neaily all inoculated. Plenro-pneunu)nia broke 
 out among these ten new arrivals, and soon eight had died. One was killed for the 
 ]>urpose of securing virus for inoculation purposes. All the remaining aninuiln wej"e 
 then inoculated a second time. There have been several cases on the farm since, but 
 I was unable to get the exact uumber at the time of my visitation. Every lot of 
 fresh cattle brought on the place since have immediately been inocul.ated, but out of 
 every lot one or two animals would either die of the diseas*- or be killed. On an- 
 other place occupied l)y Mr. Peter Pidcock, where thftro had never liceiia CHs»of,ooj] 
 tagious pl(!uro-i)neuuu)nia, a bull was brought from the F. N. Pidcock farm that had 
 had the disease but was supposed to have recovered. He infected this herd of 46 cows, 
 and 8 animals died before the contagion abated. All the animals were inoculated a« 
 soon as the disease broke out among them. On another farm, occupied by Mr. W. D. 
 Ammerman, 8 or 10 animals died of the disease during the sunnner mouths. There 
 are 41 head in one lot and 29 in another on this farm. All have been inoculated. 
 There is one acute case now on this farm. The animal has been inoculated, but stil I 
 
294 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 she is suffering from ;it:iite pleuro-pneumonia. Ou still another farm, owned hy Mr. 
 Garret C. Gearhart, six animals have been attacked and four have died. All the 
 other aniuiaLs have been inoculated. 
 
 Yon will observe that every fresh cow brought ou to these places, if uot soon inocu- 
 lated, suffered with pleuro-pueumouia, and that while inoculation prevented the ani- 
 mals on the farms from death, the disease has been reproduced in every fresh lot iu 
 the genuine form, killing most of those attacked. 
 
 Cause of abortion in cows. — Mr. Eobert T. Burbank, proprietor of 
 Wbite Mountain Stock Farm, Sbelburne, N. H., writes as follows, under 
 date of March 24 last : 
 
 In 1879 fourteen of my herd of thirty-five thoroughbred cows aborted. During the 
 next year I kept strict watch over them, guarding them from storms in summer and 
 keeping them dry and warm in winter, iu order that I might discover the cause of 
 the trouble. Notwithstanding my care and watchfulness, five of the animals aborted 
 the following year. I then frequently, with the greatest care, examined my hay 
 fields. In two of these fields had sx>ruug up, from seed I had purchased for high-grade 
 Western timothy, a rank growth of wild rye, and also weeds about two feet high, 
 resembling what is sometimes called " wild strawberry." The seeds of these weeds 
 appeared much like the seeds of timothy. I gathered some of the weeds and sent 
 them to the seed merohatit of whom I purchased m^- hay seed, stating that I was sat- 
 isfied that I had discovered in this wild rye aud its seeds the cause of abortion iu my 
 cows, aud requesting him to have the seeds examined aud report the result to me. 
 He treated the matter with such indifference that I have since ceased to purchase of 
 him. 
 
 The hay cut where the wild rye and those weeds grew iu the following year (1881) 
 I put iu my young-cattle barn, and did not allow my cows to eat any of it. I have 
 since raised nearly all mj- own hay seed, and last year only one of my cows aborted. 
 This year all have escaped. I already have seventeen beautiful, healthy calves. 
 Their dams are also perfectly healthy and in good condition. Several years since I 
 expressed the opinion that there must be something in the hay similar to ergot that 
 caused this mischief. I have from time to time reported these facts to breeders who 
 have called upon or written me in relation to abortion in their herds, and several 
 have used care in regard to hay seeds with good results. 
 
 I notice that the veterinarians employed by the Government to investigate the out- 
 break of alleged foot-and-mouth disease in the West state that the malady is not the 
 contagious disease it was supposed to be, but was caused by ergot iu tbe hay. Now, 
 if ergot in the hay will " contract the blood-vessels and retard circulation,'" as re- 
 ported by these surgeons, have we not discovered the cause of abortion in cows that 
 eat such hay ? In my case I feel quite sure that I have discovered a cure, viz., feed 
 with hay free from ergot. I do not think hay seed from the West should be sold 
 here until after it is thoroughly inspected. 
 
 Tuberculosis.— Br. J. A. Rice, of Liberty Mills, Orange County, 
 Virginia, in January last reported the following cases to the Depart- 
 ment : 
 
 Last summer a young steer in our herd that had been improving so rapidly as to be 
 the subject of remark was oue day found apparently suffering with rheumatism. He 
 continued to decline uutil sold. I afterwards learned that ou being slaughtered his 
 inngs were found very much diseased. In Octol)er two of our dairy cows (one of 
 them very fat) were taken with symptoms very similar to those of the steer — sepa- 
 rating themselves frotn the herd, stiff in the shoulders and neck, loss of appetite, cos- 
 iTiveness, rapid shrinking in their milk, no cough, and no symptoms by which we could 
 diagnose the disease. The decline has continued without any special symptoms ex- 
 cept those mentioned, aside from a great shrinkage in flesh. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 295 
 
 Yesterday we slaugbterccl one of tlie cows to see if we could not find the cause of 
 the disease. We found the heart and lungs very large and tilled with tubercles. The 
 omentum felt like a hard, round cord, and was filled with tubercles, in fact seemed to be 
 one tuberculous mass. We found the liver, spleen, stomach, and intestines all healthy. 
 In cutting into the tubercles they presented more of a sarcomatous appearance than 
 of true tuberculosis. Thinking the specimens might be of interest to your veterina- 
 rian, I have boxed up theluugs and omentum arrd forwarded to your Department, and 
 would be glad to hear the result of the examination. These cattle were all bred upon 
 the farm. I have bred their ancestors on dam side for more than thirty years. They 
 were superior dairy cattle, of fine constitutions and remarkably healthj. I never 
 knew one of them ta be sick before. They were of diflfereut strains — the sire of the 
 cows was a Mazurka bull by Royal Oxford, of the steer a Miss Kirby cow by the 
 Khenish bull Joe Johnston. If this is true tuberculosis, how did it originate ? 
 
 A flay or two later (February 1) Dr. Rice writes as follows concerning 
 tbe second cow : 
 
 We killed the other cow to-day, and found such a growth of fungoid matter that I 
 hasten to send specimens, believing they will aid your veterinarian to form a more 
 correct diagnosis of the cases. From all I can learn about the steer, he presented 
 similar growths. They are remarkable, and owing to the previous healthfulness of 
 the animals, and that of their ancestors on all sides, I am able to form no opinion in 
 the premises. You will find myriads of small fungi growing from the larger ones — 
 some much resembling mushroom growths. The lung presented very much the con- 
 dition of the one we forwarded yesterday. We to-day send liver entire, its preter- 
 natural adhesions to midrilf and pectoral coat of stomach by fungous growth; a sec- 
 tion of rib and brisket, showing growth of fungi to the inside membrane of the ribs ; 
 sections of lung, peritoneal covering of bowels, omentum, &c. ; also a piece of stom- 
 ach with growth growing from its outside coat. All of the interior of the ribs were 
 covered with growths such as specimens represent, and many with dark bodies hang- 
 ing attached by long, narrow necks to the membrane between the ribs, resembling 
 hydatids, but the bodies were hard and iiesliy. 
 
 There has never been any cough with either animal, only a gradual decline with 
 the symi)toms given in my first letter, except that the one we killed to-day was taken 
 a day or two ago with a in'ofuse, watery diarrhea, which was weakening her down 
 rapidly. 
 
 The specimens arrived in good condition, and, after examination by 
 tlie veterinarian, Dr. Rice was informed that tbe disease with which 
 his cattle were suffering was undoubtedly tuberculosis. He was coun- 
 seled to destroy all remaining animals showing signs of the malady, 
 and advised to thoroughly disinfect his stables, which should not be 
 again occupied for a year. 
 
 Impaction of the manifold. — Mr. P. H. Powers, of Wicklifie, Chirke 
 County, Virginia, statistical correspondent, recently lost some cattle by 
 a disease unknown in that locality. Under date of February 18 last, he 
 wrote the Department as follows : 
 
 I have lost, within the past ten days, two three-year-old steers, aflfected similarly 
 and so acutely that I deem it proper to report the cases to the Department. When 
 first observed, which was about 6 o'clock a. m., each of these steers seemed suftering 
 with violent itching about the head, particularly along the jaw and around the eyes. 
 So violent was this that they would run to the fence or posts of the barn and rub until 
 the whole side of tLie head was made raw and bloody. Accomjianying this itching 
 •was a spasmodic twitching or jerking of the head sideways and upward, occurring 
 • constantly, and at intervals of about a minute. There was some foam about the 
 
296 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 mouth. So acute was the disease that each animal was dead in less than ten hours. 
 No other symptoms were observed. These steers were in good condition. One was 
 raised on the farm, and the other bought in Chicago in November last. 
 
 Later, on February 25, Mr. Powers again wrote the Department giv- 
 ing additional information in regard to the progress of this disease^ 
 He says : 
 
 I have since lost auother vei\y fine animal with symptoms identical with the others. 
 Death ensued within tweuty-tbur hours. Tliese cattle were all in line condition, have 
 been well cared for and had access to water, and were fed on corn-fodder and wheat- 
 straw. In fact, the management has been the same that I have given my stock 
 cattle in the winter months for thirty years. The dititiculty seems to be that no evi- 
 dence of disease or ailment appears which is noticeable until the animal is in extremis 
 mortis, when all remedies would seem unavailing. A farmer living some ten miles 
 from me in this county has lost, I understand, some seventeen head this winter. As 
 soon as I can ascertain the facts I will report them. 
 
 On receipt of Mr. Powers' first letter, he was informed by the veteri- 
 narian of the Department that his cattle were suffering with impaction 
 or obstruction of the manifolds from eating too much dry food, and ad- 
 vised to give full (loses of purgatives combined with stimulants. 
 
 The following deaths described by Mr. J. B. Warren, statistical cor- 
 respondent of Rooks County, Kansas, no doubt occurred from acute 
 indigestion or impaction: 
 
 One of my neighbors has lost six head of cattle within the past ten daj's. They died 
 within from one to three hours after the first symptoms were observed. I opeued 
 four of them, but found nothing wrong with any of the organs except the stomach 
 and bowels. The inside coatings of these seemed as tliongh badly eaten with lye or 
 some other strong substance. There was very little blood, and around the stomach 
 it was settled in black clots. A foamy froth, resembling thick, slimy soap-suds, passed 
 from the animal's mouth while sutfering from the disease. Before death thej' bloat 
 badly. All the animals attacked were in apparent good health and excellent condi- 
 tion up to the time the first symptoms were observed. 
 
 Cattle poisoned by vegetation. — Mr. George W. Carleton, 
 Gayoso, Pemiscot County, Missouri, writes under recent date as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Since the February overtiow of the Mississipi^i Eiver, a great many cattle have 
 died, especially cows. They are affected with weakness in the loins, break down, 
 drag their hind legs, fall down and cannot rise, thrash their heads upon the ground, 
 and die within two hours after being attacked. I assisted in the dissection of a two- 
 year-old heifer that died within an hour after showing symptoms of the malady. 
 Upon opening the stomach we found a quantity of an undigested root of a vine that 
 grows in great abundance here, known in the country as "cow itch," trumpet-flower, 
 or cow-vine — Biynonia radicans. Near the bank of the Mississippi River, where the 
 current in the "back-water" runs very strong, the soil has been washed oft' and the 
 roots of this vine left exposed, and, being very tender, cattle eat them ravenously. 
 All the inner coating of tlie stomach was of a A'ery dark ])urph; color ; on the spleen 
 were found a few parasitic worms ; about two inches square of the spleen was inllauied 
 and appeared to have been perforated. In all piobability these parasites had caused 
 the damage. Upon removing the skull we found a great pressure of blood, serum, and 
 water on the brain. This was no doubt caused by the action of the poisonous roots 
 found in the stomach, and was the immediate cause of the animals' death. Within 
 the last ten days several farmers have lost valuable cows, and all of them have eaten 
 of the root of the Bujnonia radicans." 
 
 1 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 297 
 
 Mr. J. G. Knapp, Liinona, Fla., who is the statistical agent of the 
 Department for that State, forwards the following extract from a letter 
 addressed to him by Mr. F. A. Heudsy, of Fort Myers (Caloosahatchee), 
 Florida, in Ai)ril last : 
 
 Some cattle have dropped dead in this locality, number not known. For several 
 years cattle have died here from this unknown cause. So far the cause is a mystery. 
 A few years ago one thousand or more animals died in fat condition. All ages and 
 sexes were alike affected. There is no lingering ; apparently as sound as can be and 
 in a minute of tiuje lifeless. It is not contagious — prevails only in certain localities. 
 I have dissected the animals and examined carefully, but fouud no internal evidence 
 of disorganization. 
 
 Mr. Knapp adds that the indications are that some very active veg- 
 table i^oison is the cause. Several very poisonous plants and trees, 
 such as the Ilippomane and other IJuphopbiace(e, with the Rhus meto- 
 piinUj grow there. 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 Horses poisoned by vegetation. — A correspondent at San An- 
 tonio, Tex., informs the Department that there have been heavy losses 
 of horses through a strip of country where the live oak, red and post oak, 
 and the hickory grow. This district runs through Medina, Atascosa, 
 Bexar, McMullen, Live Oak, Wilson, and Frio counties, and ends about 
 the boundary line of De Witt. The land in this district is generally of a 
 sandy nature, and does not i)roduce a vigorous growth of any variety of 
 grass, though it is for the greater part of the year, on an average, a fair 
 range country. At this time of year (April) there is little grass in this 
 district, and stock have been subsisting partially, for some time, on 
 acorns, to the eating. of which the losses of horses are attributed. Mr. 
 Duck, Mrs. O'Brien, and others, have lost quite a number of animals, 
 and it is reported there have been some losses in W. W. Bobbins' past- 
 ure, where stock has been placed for fattening. The horses, when first 
 attacked, seem to be drawn together as if in loin distemper, and appear 
 to suffer greatly, virtually walking on the tips of their hind hoofs. Then 
 they gradually pitch forward, fall to the ground, and never get up again. 
 The affliction does not seem to have any relation to the condition of the 
 animal, as some of the fattest horses in the country have fallen a prey 
 to the malady. Mares seem to suffer most. Mr. Duck attributes the 
 losses to acorns, which are not only wormy, but were not so well matured 
 as in former years. Hogs, however, have grown very fat on them. 
 
 TeuRIBLE DESTRUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS BY BUFFALO GNATS. — 
 
 The losses of farm animals last spring in some of the Southern States 
 from the irritation and poison of buffalo gnats were very heavy. No 
 deadly contagious disease has ever caused such destruction among the 
 herds and flocks of the Southwest as have these poisonous pests during 
 the past season. Mr. A. F. Osborn, Winnsborough, Franklin Parish, 
 Louisiana, writing to the Department under date of May 15 last, says: 
 
 Fullyone-half of all the farm animalsof thiHi)arisli have fallen victims tothe poison 
 impregnated by the bite of the l>utValo gnats. Horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs 
 
298 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 have alike snccumbed to the scourge, and there seems to be no abatement except in 
 localities where the material to act njiou has disappeared or been exhausted. Some 
 persons have lost all, others two thirds, and he is indeed fortunate who has saved 
 half his stock. The dead carcasses lie bloating around fields and on highways, and 
 nothing — not even a buzzard — will touch them. The stench arising from these putrid 
 carcasses is almost intolerable, and fears are entertained that a pestilence will follow. 
 On the 22d of April we collected jjartial statistics from two of the nine wards into 
 •which the parish is divided. As far as we were able to ascertain the deaths in those 
 two wards amounted, at that date, to 3,187. Many individuals, in handling and skin- 
 ning the animals, have been poisoned. Some have already died, others will probably 
 die, while still others will escape with the loss of a hand or an arm. 
 
 Mr. Thomas B. Gilbert writes from Oakley, La., under date of June 
 29 last, as follows : 
 
 About the middle of April last a fatal disease broke out among cattle, horses, mules, 
 hogs, and sheep in this pai'ish (Franklin) and the adjoining parish of Richland. It 
 attacked all of the above-named animals almost simultaneously, making its appear- 
 ance first among the cattle a few days after the dreaded buffalo gnats came in. The 
 time for the buffalo gnats to make their appearance here varies with the heat or cold 
 of winter. They came earlier in 1882 than I ever knew them to come before — say, 
 about the 5th of March ; but the usual time is from the 1st to the 10th of April. This 
 year they came about the 1st of April, and in a few days multiplied into millions; 
 spreading over the entire country, and no animal could survive their attacks many 
 hours unless protected by smoke. They have a great aversion to smoke, and this is 
 the only protection our animals have from their ravages. Work animals are greased 
 as an additional protection. The gnats were more numerous this year than common, 
 but not more so than they were in 1882. In this parish (a small one) about 3,000 head 
 of horned cattle died in a few days, and about 300 head of horses and mules, .5,000 
 or 6,000 head of hogs, and as many sheep. The horses and mules are still dying at 
 intervals. In these the disease assumed the form of charbon ; it did the same with 
 many cattle; and what is singular, the only cattle, horses, and mules that recovered 
 were those that it attacked in that form. All those attacked in the other form of 
 the disease (i. e., without external swelling) died. Now, what could have occasioned 
 this dreadful and fatal plague among our domestic animals? The disease ajipeared 
 in a belt of country, say 25 miles in extent from north to south, and extended at least 
 that distance east and west. North of that line there was no disease, and south of it 
 there was none. How far west on that parallel the disease extended I do not know. 
 But on the east the Bayou Macon was the line of demarcation. 
 
 It is safe to say that the people of Franklin and Richland parishes have lost more 
 than $150,000 worth of cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and hogs from this fiital disease. 
 I think that next year a coujpetent man from your Department ought to be sent into 
 every county of Arkansas and Mississippi, and into every parish in Louisiana infested 
 with buffalo gnats to study tbeir habits, origin, and the cause of the disastrous effect 
 they are yearly having upon the inhabitants and the domestic animals of the infested 
 district. This pest is assuniing such alarming proportions as to threaten the depop- 
 ulation and abandonment of all the high-land country adjacent to or bordering upon 
 the overflowed regions of the Mississippi Valley. It is not confined to the valley 
 proper, but the highlands contiguous to, and for many miles inland, are worse cursed 
 with the buffalo gnats than the lowlands themselves. I was born and raised here, 
 am 46 years old, and never saw or heard of the pests until 1865. They have come 
 with the annual overflows every year since, and their ravages are so far extended over 
 this region of country, and so fatal to man and beast, that the continued occupation 
 of the country is problematical. Some deaths and many cases of charbon have occurred 
 among our people, both black and white. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 299 
 
 Various remedies aimd preventives. — Mr. Byrou L. Saunders, 
 Turdy, Tenn., writes as follows, under date of April 5, last: 
 
 The new disease wliicli lias recently made its appearance among cattle in Illinois 
 and Iowa prevailed among my cattle last winter a year ago. If taken in time it is 
 very easy to manage. Strong apple vinegar, or acetic acid, and blood-root — a strong 
 decoction or tincture, applied three times a day will cure it. 
 
 For swine plague and fowl cholera: Equal parts of soda, alum, and copperas, and 
 -one-tenth part of blue vitriol. To prevent the plague, feed mandrake to the animals 
 in their slop. 
 
 For murrain in cattle, Spanish fever, and intlammation of the liver : One-half cup 
 of lobelia seed, IJ cup of blood-root, i cup mandrake, 1 cup wild-cherry bark, 2 cups 
 dog-fennel blossoms, a piece of garget, or poke-root, the size of a small hen's egg, to 
 ■which add one gallon of water and boil down to one pint and a half of solution. This 
 is a dose for a grown animal, and if given in time will generally effect a cure in the 
 above-named diseases. 
 
 Mr. L. A. Cook, Milledgeville, Ga., states that twenty-five drops of 
 tincture of aconite given when symptoms are first observed is almost 
 an infallible remedy in any form of colic. He has never known it to 
 fail, and says that a second dose is rarely necessary. He regards it as 
 the simplest and surest of all remedies. 
 
 HOGS. 
 
 Breeds and sanitary condition. — Mr. Henry C. Mosely, Law- 
 rence, Kans., regards our present breed of hogs and their sanitary 
 condition all that could be desired. He writes to the Department as 
 follows : 
 
 I have traveled for fifteen years in the great hog-producing regions of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, and have therefore no hesitancy in declaring that the sanitary condition 
 of swine is now better than at any period in the past twenty years. And why ? Be- 
 cause the swine producers are -provided with acclimatized and better breeding ani- 
 mals, and are not now introducing new stock, which the farmers all admit has been 
 one of the most prolific causes of disease. The most extensive swine producers now 
 allow their animals to range in pastures during the summer months; feed them less 
 corn ; provide more and better water ; are watching them more closely, and gradually 
 reducing the rearing of this class of animals to a science. The American hog is now, 
 in my humble opinion, all right, and the way to continue its prosperity is for the 
 non-swine producers to adopt the non-intervention policy, or hands oil', and leave it 
 where it now is, at the front. 
 
 Effects of feeding sweet potatoes. — Mr. J. G. Knapp, statis- 
 tical correspondent for the State of Florida, writes as follows under 
 date of April 10 last : 
 
 Allow me to call your attention to a remark made by J. M. Strickland, my corre- 
 spondent from Putnam County, which is new to me. He says: 
 
 " It is thought that feeding potatoes (to hogs) during winter is the cause of chol- 
 era. Last year I lost all the hogs that I put on my potato ground, and this wiuter 
 they came off in poor condition, with a loss of 2.") per cent." 
 
 Potatoes here mean the sweet potato, Batata cdttlis. The hogs are placed in the 
 grounds to root for those that are left after tlie crop is dug. These potatoes remain 
 
300 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 sound in the groiuifl dnriujjj the wiutor, as there is not frost sufficient in many portions 
 of the State to destroy them if disconnected with the vines. Can there be anything 
 in these potatoes to produce cholera ? 
 
 Cholera or swiue plague is a purely contagious disease, aud can only 
 be communicated to the animal by coming in contact with the virus. 
 Possibly sweet potatoes might render hogs more susceptible to the dis- 
 ease than some other kind of diet. 
 
 Swine plague in Arkansas. — Mr. Felix G. Davis, of Grand Lake, 
 Chicot County, Ark., writes as follows under date of March 5: 
 
 Through the kindness of Senator Garland and Hon. P, Dunn, of this State, I have 
 received three copies of the Report of the Department of Agriculture for 18S3, two of 
 which I distributed to my neiglibors. I think a copy ought to be in tlie hands of 
 every intelligent farmer. The reports on swiue plague, chicken cholera, and charbou 
 are of great interest to us, especially the report on swiue plague, or cholera, as it is 
 vulgarly termed. On this Isle of the Swamps, or Masou Hills, as it is called, we are 
 now being visited by this hog disease to an alarming extent. Fine stock hogs that in 
 January were fat and healthy are now dying on every farm, and those left are gener- 
 ally poor in flesh. Being deprived of their usual range by an overflow of the swamps 
 has no doubt had much to do with the spread of the disease. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 jSTew DISEASE AMONG LAMB. — Some months ago Mr. G. W. Marshall, 
 Eckley, Carroll County, Ohio, wrote as follows concerning a disease 
 which at that time was destroying a great many spring lambs in that 
 locality: 
 
 We have a strauge disease among our spring lambs here this spring that I think 
 should be investigated by the Department. They die when they are from three to five 
 weeks old. Apparently the very best lambs iu the flocks will be well, as far as you 
 can see, in the morning, and by night will be dead. They act as though they had 
 spasms or fits. We have lost six, and some farmers have lost as high as thirty or forty 
 this year. It is not in all flocks, just here and there. Sometimes you will find five or 
 six lying dead at a time. I hear of it in places all over the county. We cannot tell 
 what the disease is, nor have heard of any remedy for it. Some claim they get too 
 much milk; others say that is not the trouble. Some call it lamb cholera. 
 
 In answer to a letter of inquiry asking for further information as to 
 the symptoms of the disease and the post mortem appearances of the 
 animals that had died of it, Mr. Marshall writes : 
 
 No more lambs have died since receiving your note, hence I have had no chance to 
 make a post mortem examination. However, a neighbor says he examined several, 
 and there appeared to be water about the heart, an unusual amount ; the gall ap- 
 peared dark and slender, as though rolled up ; stomach and other parts all right, as 
 far as he knew. The lamb when first observed seems entirely helpless. It then has 
 spells as though aff"ected with a fit ; plunges about, works its ears and mouth, rolls 
 its eyes and froths at the mouth. The animals generally attacked are from three to 
 six weeks old, and are usually those in the best condition. They live from six to 
 twelve houi's after the first symptoms of the disease are observed. We took our ewes 
 off" good blue-grass, white clover, and timothy pasture and put thorn in a woods pas- 
 ture, after which wo lost no more lambs. My observation has been that the lambs 
 that have died have been those that have had the greatest amount of milk from their 
 mothers. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 301 
 
 A FATAL LOCAL DISEASE.— A fatal disease, whicli is no doubt local 
 iu its character, is described as follows by Mr. L. F. Diipron, living 
 
 near Savannah, Ga. : 
 
 A disease is prevailing here among sheep which seems to be peculiar to animals 
 feedin<r on the seaboard. The principal symptom is a swelling on the under jaw. 
 The swelling contains a hot, watery fluid ; if opened and the fluid discharged it will 
 soon fill again with increased heat over the afl-ected part. Diarrhea sets in, which is 
 soou followed by death." Sheep over three years old frequently die before diarrhea 
 occurs. The disease is most fatal to lambs, though I have known but two recoveries 
 out of hundreds of animals attacked. Sheep grazed in woods pastures seem as liable 
 to the disease as those grazed in the salt marshes. 
 
GENERAL CONDITION OF FARM ANIMALS, 1883. 
 
 Barhour. — I have uot heard of the prevalence of any diseases among hogs and sheep 
 during the year, and there has been no epidemic among either Jiorses, mules, or cattle^ 
 I estimate the value of all animals lost by disease at $8,170 — except fowls — being my 
 estimate of increase on the census of 1880. Our State has established a department 
 of agriculture, and will hereafter require statistics gathered by the county assessors. 
 
 Bibh. — Some cholera has occurred among hogs and fowls, and not among sheep, but 
 the aggregate losses cannot be given. No stock-breeding here of any consequence. 
 Nothing would pay better than the breediug of large draft horses, and heavy im- 
 proved cattle for beef. The range for stock is good for nine months in the year. 
 
 Blount. — I estimate the value of losses among farm animals and fowls in this county 
 durino' the year, by disease, as follows: Horses, $3,500; cattle, $.5,400; hogs, $3,000* 
 sheei), $375; fowls, $500; being a total of $12,675. This statement is derived from 
 knowledo'e obtained from many citizens of the county. Horses and mules have been 
 afflicted with no special complaint. Hogs have died from cholera, neglect, and lice. 
 A few sheep have died from rot, but a great many have been killed by dogs. The 
 loss caused by these animals is not included in the above. 
 
 Bullock. — Hogs and fowls are almost always affected by so-called cholera. The only 
 disease incident to cattle is hollow-horn. Mules frequently die of colic, and horses of 
 bots and gravel. Not one horse in a hi^ndred dies of epizooty when it comes aroundr 
 but at least 10 per cent, of the mules succumb to it. It has always been brought 
 here bv traveling showmen. We have no fatal disease among sheep. I have lived at 
 this place since 1672, and have never lost a fowl of any kind by cholera or any other 
 disease and we have some hens that are known to be fifteen years old. My wife has 
 lived here over thirty years, and says there has never been any disease among poul- 
 try since she can remember. We have no fowl-house ; our chickens roost in trees, and 
 we never allow them to roost in the same tree more than three mouths at a time. 
 Year before last a niece of my wife lost all her chickens, and asked my wife to give 
 her a start ao^ain. We did so, and furnished her with five hens and a rooster. Those 
 fowls were carried a distance of 9 miles, and in less than a week's time they all died- 
 
 Choctaw. There have been some losses among farm animals, occasioned by disease, 
 
 but it is impossible for me to give auything like accurate data. There have been, to 
 my knowledge, several cases of glanders among horses and mules. Those cases that 
 came under my observation were not treated by "veterinarians, but were neglected 
 and the animals allowed to die. 
 
 Clarke. From my own personal knowledge and the best information I have been 
 
 able to obtain, I am able to state that no epidemic of any kind has visited the farm 
 animals of this county during the present year. 
 
 Chillon.— It is very seldom that disease of any kiud ever prevails to any extent 
 amon""- farm animals in this county. Horses and cattle usually die of old age. About 
 fifty sheep were killed by dogs during the past year. 
 
 Coffee.— Qaita a destructive disease prevailed among chickens last spring. Seventy- 
 five per cent, of the young chicks died of it. The disease was thought to be caused 
 by mites. There has been no marked disease of any kind among stock. Several 
 valuable horses and mules have died, some from staggers and some from colic. Hogs 
 have done well and are still doing well where they have been properly fed. Our peo- 
 302 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 303 
 
 pie are turniDg their attention to the finer breeds of hogs. Hog cholera has not pie- 
 Tailed to any considerable extent this year, though at least 50 per cent, of the hogs of 
 the county died of it last year. It has been prevalent in several neighborhoods in 
 adjoining counties the past season. Stoclc comes to tine perfection in this county, and 
 sheep- raising is very easy and of great profit. The largest mule in the State was bred 
 and is still owned by Col. Thomas Patents, of this county. 
 
 Coosa. — No disease of a destructive character has prevailed during the year among 
 either horses, cattle, or sheep. Cholera has destroyed 33J per cent, of the hogs of 
 the countj'. I cannot give the number of domestic animals in the county. 
 
 Crenshaw. — There has been no disease of any kind among our farm animals for the 
 j>ast two years. 
 
 Cullman. — Hogs are more subject to disease in this county than any other class oz 
 farm animals. However, but slight losses have occurred from disease among any 
 class of stock during the past year. 
 
 Dallas. — The value of horses lost by disease during the year I think will amount to 
 about |!5,000. I estimate the number of hogs in the county at 25,000. Fifteen hun- 
 dred of these have been affected by disease. Of the number thus attacked I think 20 
 per cent, have died. The losses among other classes have been very light. 
 
 Fayette. — The only diseases that have prevailed to any considerable extent amono- 
 farm animals in this county the past year have been rot and scab among sheep. A 
 great niauy fowls have died of a fatal disease called cholera. 
 
 Franklin. — With the excej)tion of a few cases of epizooty the health of horses has 
 been good. No fatal cases have occurred. Sheep are also in good health. Cholera 
 has prevailed among hogs and fowls, and about all those attacked have died. I can- 
 not give the number of farm animals in the county. 
 
 Geneva. — Sheep valued at something like $700 have been lost the past year from 
 various causes. No widespread disease of any kind has prevailed among our stock 
 during the year. 
 
 Hall. — The diseases that have prevailed among our farm stock this year are com- 
 mon, and such as are oftentimes occasioned by neglect and ill treatment. Sheep die 
 of a lingering disease called rut by some, which is regarded as incurable. Ho"-s die 
 of cholera, a disease which is also regarded as incurable. 
 
 Henry. — No widespread disease of any kind has prevailed either among our farm 
 animals or fowls during the current year. Some few horses have died, but I believe 
 the loss was occasioned more from bad treatment than disease. A gr'eat many hof^s. 
 have been raised in the county within the last twelve months. 
 
 Lauderdale. — I can give you no definite idea as to the number of farm animals in 
 the county. A few cases of cholera among hogs have been reported. 
 
 Lawrence. — Hog cholera has been very destructive in this section this year having 
 destroyed five-sixths of this class of stock. Chicken cholera has also prevailed. 
 Blind-staggers has been verj' fatal to horses and mules. I think the value of our 
 losses for each class has been about as follows: Horses and mules, $2,360,- cattle 
 $1,000; hogs, $;i7, 500 ; sheep, |150; chickens, $1,500. 
 
 Limestone. — I cannot procure the data you desire. There has been no unusual sick- 
 ness among farm animals the past year. Last year many farmers fed shelled corn to 
 their stock without hay, and the result was the loss of a good many animals. 
 
 Macon. — There has been no destructive disease among horses or other classes of do- 
 mestic animals for the past year or so. What is known as cholera lias been very de- 
 structive to fowls. It is a very common disease, especially among chickens. 
 
 Mobile. — No disease of a malignant character has prevailed among any class of farm 
 animals the past year. A few cases of catarrhal fever have occurred amou"- horses 
 and mules brought from the west and Tennessee and Kentucky, out thej* were at- 
 tended with no fatality. 
 
 Monroe. — The value of farm animals and fowls lost in this county by disease the 
 present year is between $0,000 and $7,000, distril)uted among the different classes as 
 follows: Horses, $;^,750; cattle, $2.000 ; hogs, $100; sheep, $300; fowls, $50. 
 
304 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 I'ike. — Domestic auiuials in tliis couuty have beea remaikably healthy this year. 
 No disease of au epidemic character has prevailed among either horses, mules, cattle, 
 or sheep. Cholera amoug hogs has prevailed to a considerable extent over an area of 
 eight or ten square miles, but the loss would not probably exceed two per cent, of the 
 hogs in the couuty. Cholera has also prevailed to a like extent among chickens. 
 
 JiuaseU. — The onl3- serious loss occasioned among farm animals by disease in this 
 county the present year has been occasioned by cholera among hogs. Carbolic acid 
 when given according to directions recommended by your Department, has proved a 
 a very efficient preventative, and somewhat of a remedy. 
 
 Sumter, — But little disease of any kind has prevailed among farm stock the past 
 year. More animals have died from poverty and bad treatment than from disease. 
 
 Talladega. — Farm stock has been unusually healthy the past year. Although hogs 
 and poultry are never entirely free from cholera, the disease has not prevailed as an 
 epidemic this year. A disease more fatal than cholera has prevailed amoug poultry, 
 having killed on two farms near us all the turkeys and ducks and about all the chick- 
 ens. The symptoms are paralysis of the limbs and neck. None attacked recovered. 
 
 Wilcox. — There has been no prevailing disease among horses this year. Cattle have 
 also remained healthy. Cholera among hogs and fowls has prevailed to a considera- 
 ble extent, and has proved quite fatal. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas. — Horses and cattle have been afflicted to some extent with diseases inci- . 
 dent to them during the year. The value of horses lost will uot exceed $2,000. 
 Disease carried olf cattle to the value of perhaps $1,600, and hogs probably to the 
 value of $1,000. 
 
 Baxter. — A disease generally kuown as blackleg has prevailed to some extent among 
 cattle. It is generally very fatal. Perhaps 100 head, valued at $1,000, have been 
 lost by the disease. About •'SO head of horses have died during the year from disease 
 and other causes. 
 
 Calhoun, — An unknown disease, causing blindness, prevailed among our cattle. 
 Sometimes it affects but one eye, at others both, causing complete blindness. Those 
 that were affected last year are still blind and show no signs of improvement. Chick- 
 en cholera carries oft" about 30 per cent, of our fowls every year. 
 
 Cratvford. — The only epidemic disease that has prevailed in this county has been 
 among hogs and fowls. In one locality a number of hogs have died with what is 
 supposed to be cholera. They included all ages. The value of the losses will reach 
 $1,000. Upon inquiry I have found two farms on which chickens have been lost by 
 cholera. One farmer tells me that his chickens commence dying as soon as his flock 
 increases to 200 or more. Cattle and horses are very healthy. 
 
 Craighead. — I hear of no complaint of the prevalence of disease among farm ani- 
 mals except that of cholera among hogs. I think the loss will reach one-third of this 
 class of animals in the county. But for this disease we would have had pork to ex- 
 port. 
 
 Dorset/. — Cattle, hogs, sheep, and fowls have been unusually healthy this year, no 
 destructive disease having appeared among them. A considerable number of horses 
 have been afl'ected with blind-staggers. All those attacked have died. 
 
 Drew — There has been no disease of auy kind aff"ecting farm stock in this county 
 the past year. The number of hogs in the county has increased perhaps 50 per cent. 
 Cholera has prevailed among chickens to some extent. 
 
 Franklin. — No contagious epidemic has occurred among either horses or cattle the 
 past year. A horse has occasionally died of hots, blind-staggers, and colic. Cholera 
 has prevailed among hogs, but not to any great extent. Cholera has also appeared 
 in a limited degree among fowls. 
 
 Garland. — There has been no epidemic of any kind amoug our stock this year, hence 
 the losses have been light. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 305 
 
 Grant. — The only losses th.at liave occurred from disease among onr farm animals 
 during the past year have been confined to hogs, and the aggregate has been so small 
 that it is hardly worth recording. 
 
 Hempstead. — No serious disease has prevailed among horses, mules, cattle, and sheep 
 in this county during the yeai'. Quite a number of hogs have died from the usual 
 diseases. 
 
 Marion. — No contagious or epidemic disease has visited any class of our farm stock 
 the past year. This is a fine county for farm animals, and they are usually healthy. 
 
 Mississippi. — We have been very fortunate with our farm animals the past year. 
 We have had no disease of any kind among them. 
 
 Montgomery.— Horaes have not been afflicted with any disease of consequence the 
 past year. Cattle and sheep are always healthy. A few hogs have died, and a few 
 chickens have been lost by the usual diseases. 
 
 Newton. — So far as I have been able to learn, I can state that stock of all kinds in 
 this county is in a healthy condition. There has been no unusual sickness among any 
 class of farm animals for the past two years. 
 
 P/ii/^i>8.— Horses and mules valued at perhaps $6,000 have died during the year, 
 but in most cases the losses were occasioned by abuse and bad treatment on the part 
 of laborers. The value of the losses among cattle will reach about $2,000, and 
 that among hogs between .$600 and $700. A great many more sheep are annually killed 
 by dogs than die of disease. The average quality of all farm animals in this county 
 is low. 
 
 Pope. — The greatest loss we have sustained from disease has been from cholera 
 among hogs and fowls. Perhaps $5,000 will cover the losses among hogs, and $500 
 the losses occasioned among fowls. 
 
 Poinsett. — Neither horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, nor fowls have been visited by any 
 epidemic disease for the past twelve months. We suffered heavy losses from hog chol- 
 era in the year 1882. It was estimated that fully 25,000 died that year in this county. 
 
 Prairie. — We have had to contend against no disease among our farm animals the 
 past year. Fowls have been afdicted to some extent, but I presume $200 would cover 
 the losses. 
 
 Pulaski. — All kinds of farm animals, including fowls, have been very healthy tha 
 past year. 
 
 Saline. — Animals of all kinds in this county maintained unusually good health iu 
 1882, and I have no epidemic to record as having prevailed among any class the pres- 
 ent year. 
 
 Sharj}. — No disease worthy of being reported has occurred among hogs, sheep, or 
 fowls in this county for several years. Some five or six cattle have died in one sec- 
 tion of the county within the past fortnight, with a disease resembling dry murrain. 
 The disease, whatever it is, is not spreading. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Amador. — For three months past an epidemic has raged among cattle iu this county. 
 The disease is black-leg. It attacks those of the j^oung stociv iu the best condition, 
 particularly those pastured iu the Sierras during the summer. All attacked die. 
 The exact number that have been lost cannot be ascertained. Two of my neighbors 
 have lost 12 or 15 head each. No doubt not less than 100 have died. Their average 
 value would be about $15. 
 
 Calaveras. — I estimate the value of farm animals lost by disease in this county the 
 past year as follows: Horses, $6,000; cattle, $7,500; swine, nominal; sheep, $2,000. 
 The principal disease among sheep is scab. 
 
 Contra Costa. — Horses have suffered to some extent from i)neumonia and epizooty, 
 and cattle from big-head or rotten-jaw. A good many fowls arc lost from a disease 
 supposed to be enlargement of the liver. Stock generally seem to be iu good health. 
 
 Placer. — The only disease that has att'ected any class of farm auimala the past year 
 has been scab among sheep. The losses from this cause have been light. 
 5751 D A 20 
 
306 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Plumas. — As regards diseases of cattle, the ouly tiling we have suffered from lias 
 been black-leg. Ouly young cattle — calves aud yearliugs — have been attacked by 
 this disease. The mortality has been greatest among thoroughbred stock. 
 
 San Diego. — The .most fatal disease among horses can hardly be exijlained. When 
 they run out they eat what is known as the "crazy-weed," from the elfects of which 
 many of them die. Black-leg has prevailed to a considerable extent among cattle. 
 The losses have been heavier this year than ever before. Hogs have suffered some, 
 but not to the extent of other classes of animals. It has been rather an unfavorable 
 year for sheep. Fowls have sufiered with all the diseases incident to them. 
 
 Solano. — There are no prevailing or contagious diseases among any of the domestic 
 animals in this county, and there are no losses to record other than those that might 
 be expected where such animals are ordinarily healthy. 
 
 Ventura. — Farm animals have been very healthy in this county the past year. 
 Sheep are the only animals that have been affected, and the value of the losses in this 
 class will reach -15,000 or $6,000. 
 
 Ynha. — Perhaps $3,000 will cover the value of losses among aU kinds of farm ani- 
 mals in this county during the past year from the various diseases which affect them. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Center. — There-is not now, nor has there been for the past two years, any disease of 
 a general character among the farm stock or fowls of this county. 
 
 Mesa. — All farm stock has been remarkably healthy the past year ; no disease what- 
 ever. Can hear of no losses, except by accident. 
 
 Larimer. — No disease of any kind prevails among farm stock in this county. lean- 
 not learn of the loss ot any animal by disease during the year. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Fairfiild. — I give the value of the losses of farm animals in this county for the year 
 as follows: Horses, $5,000; cattle $2,500; hogs, $300; sheep, $750; and fowls, $1,000. 
 
 Litchfield. — I suppose 20 per cent, of the horses in this county were afflicted the past 
 year with colic, distemper, or more serious diseases, and that one-third of those so 
 afflicted died. Ten ])er cent, of our cattle have suffered with murrain, milk fever, 
 tuberculosis, and lung worm in calves. About one-half of those attacked died. Hogs 
 die of surfeit, cholera, &c. About all die that are attacked by disease. Sheep have 
 been afflicted with lung worm, tuberculosis, &c., and fowls with cholera, roupe, and 
 gapes. I give the following estimate of the value of our losses for the past year, viz : 
 Horses, $25,000; cattle, $81,000; hogs, $10,000; sheep, $975; fowls, $4,500. 
 
 Netv London. — There has been no epidemic of any kind among our domestic animals 
 that has proved generally fatal ; simply pink-eye among horses, and distemjier to 
 some extent among fowls. The losses have been comparatively light. 
 
 Tolland. — But few losses have occurred in this county by sickness among farm 
 animals. The cases that occur are of the usual maladies. 
 
 Windltam. — Farm animals in this county have been unusually free from all kinds of 
 diseases during the past year. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 New Castle. — Horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs now enjoy an entire exemption from 
 epidemics, aud the returns show a gradual increase in numbers. One deplorable fact 
 exists, and that is the large shipment of calves to market. An ambitiou to possess 
 thorough-bred cattle has seized some of our best farmers in Kent County, aud im- 
 ported cattle seem to have become a uecessity to a large number. The Alderney and 
 Guernsey breeds are favored. With the investment of large sums of money in 
 " l)looded" cattle comes a greater amount of care in their keeping, such as the feed- 
 ing of chopped feed, meal, oil cake, &k., when but a few years ago straw and coarse 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 307 
 
 fodder were about the only food given. Better care iu every way is now taken with 
 the animals, and they are furnished with comfortable sheds for inclement weather. 
 Pumps iu the inclosure with clean troughs and pure water instead of that which for- 
 merly stood in the muddy, stagnant water-hole, and good clover fields for pasture in- 
 stead of the turned-out and exhausted lands or wood-range. Our cows often go to 
 the pail at eighteen months of age instead of three years, as formerly. 
 
 Alachua. — No destructive disease has prevailed among any class of farm animals in 
 this county iu the past year, though a great many fowls has been lost by cholera. 
 
 Bradford. — Horses have been afflicted with staggers, cattle with black-tongue, hogs 
 with cholera, sbeep with scab, aud fowls with cholera. These are the most fatal dis- 
 eases, and have destroyed horses to the value of $15,000; cattle, !$2,5G0, and hogs per- 
 haps to the value of $1,000. The health of farm animals and fowls has been good 
 considering the care given them. 
 
 Brevard and Orange. — Horses, cattle, ami hogs have been afflicted with the usual 
 diseases the past year. I estimate the value of the losses about as follows: Horses, 
 $3,000; cattle, $5,400 ; and hogs, $300. Sheep aud fowls have remained healthy. 
 
 Clay. — A great many cattle have died of hollow-horn, hogs of cholera, aud fowls of 
 swell-head. Hogs to the value of $20,000 have been lost. Perhaps the value of fowls 
 lost would reach $3,000. 
 
 Columbia.— A good many horses have died of staggers, brought on no doubt by sum- 
 mer pasturing in shadeless ranges. Cattle have been lost by flux, hogs from cholera 
 and thumps, sheep from what is known here as rot, aud fowls from cholera aud sore- 
 head. I think the value of our losses have been about as follows: Horses, $2,000 ; 
 cattle, $S40 ; hogs, $3,750 ; and fowls, $200. 
 
 Dade. — Neither farm animals nor fowls have been attacked by any epidemic or con- 
 tagious disease during the past year. We have but little farm stock in this county. 
 
 Hernando. — Some epizootic diseases have prevailed among horses recently brought 
 to this county from Kentucky aud Tennessee. The malady is the result of a change 
 of climate. 
 
 Hillshorough. — I have not heard of I he prevaleuce of diseaf-es among any class of farm 
 animals the past year, except distemper, which afiected a drove of horses brought in 
 from Kentucky. But one animal died. 
 
 Jackson. — It is only at certain seasons of the year, and iu certain localities of the 
 county, that farm animals suffer with disease. Our losses have been light the past 
 year. 
 
 Madison. — The principal disease among horses and mules are colic and staggers. 
 These diseases cause quite a heavy annual loss. Hogs valued at $2,500 have died 
 duriug the year of cholera and thumps. Burned corn is a preventive of cholera, it 
 is said. 
 
 Marion. — Horses, cattle, and hogs are subject to such diseases as colic, blind stag- 
 gers, and cholera, the latter being confined to hogs. Cattle iu some localities are 
 troubled with a disease known as salt-lick. It is manifested by a slow debility, and 
 is sometimes accompanied by diarrhea. No remedy has been found tor the disease. 
 
 Santa. Rosa. — A few horses died duriug the year in this county. A largo number of 
 cattle died in the spring of 1882, mostly from starvation. Very few hogs have been 
 lost by disease this year, but more sheep than usual have died. C^holera has been 
 very destructive to fowls. 
 
 Suwannee. — Horses and mules die of blind staggers, sand, aud colic. No glanders or 
 farcy, but almost every horse that sickens of either staggers or sand disease dies. A 
 great many cattle have been lost, aud a great many hogs have died, I suppose of 
 cholera. The same can be said of fowls. I estimate the value of our losses as fol- 
 lows: Horses, $1.5,000; cattle, $12,000; hogs, $2,300 8hee4>, $200; fowls $600. 
 
308 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Taylor. — All I have been able to learn is that a few horses have died of blind stag, 
 gers, and some hogs have died of cholera. There is but little farm stock in this 
 county. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Baldwin. — We have more mules than horses in this county. The only deaths among 
 either class have been caused by colic. No epidemic has occurred. There have been 
 but very few cases of cholera among hogs. No disease among cattle to cause serious 
 loss ; a few deaths here and there. 
 
 Brools. — Horses, cattle, and sheep have been generally healthy. For the past eight 
 or ten years our hogs and chickens have died at a rapid rate from cholera. 
 
 BHrJcf. — Only one epidemic of glanders among horses has been reported during the 
 past eighteen mouths. The disease was brought from 20 miles west of here, and was 
 contiued to one public stable. Cattle and sheep have been healthy. About one-half 
 of the hogs and two-thirds of all the fowls in the county have been lost during the 
 year by the cholera. 
 
 Camden. — Neither horses, cattle, sheep, nor hogs have been aflected by contagious 
 diseases the past year. Cholera has destroyed a great many fowls. 
 
 Camphell. — No destructive disease has visited any class of our domestic animals or 
 fowls during the current year. 
 
 Carroll. — I am unable to hear of the prevalence of any epidemic disease among farm 
 animals in this county the past year. Cholera has prevailed among fowls, but to no 
 great extent. 
 
 Catoosa. — Hog cholera has been simply awful in this county this ypar. No remedy 
 was efficient, bui preventive measures were somewhat serviceable. Our hogs have 
 been singularly exempt from disease heretofore, but we have been scourged at last. 
 
 Charlton. — A few horses have been lost the past year by the usual diseases. The 
 greatest and only loss from contagious or epidemic diseases has been among hogs, 
 caused by the disease known as cholera. 
 
 Chalham. — No disease of an epidemic character has existed among any class of farm 
 animals in this county during the year just closing. 
 
 Chattooga. — Horses and cattle have been unusually healthy the past year. A few 
 hogs have died from what was thought to be a mild type of cholera, but the disease 
 was not marked with its usual malignancy and fatality. 
 
 Cobb. — The total loss of farm animals and fowls from disease in this countj' the past 
 year will aggregate about $5,000. There has been no extensive outbreak of disease 
 except among hogs and fowls, and among these the destruction has not been so great 
 as in many former years. 
 
 Coffee. — A few horses have died the past season of staggers. Cattle have been healthy, 
 though some have died from poverty and neglect. Hogs have been afflicted with 
 cholera, but the losses have not been heavy. 
 
 Colquitt. — There have been no losses among farm animals this year except from 
 common casualties, old age, &c. 
 
 Dade. — I think $1,000 will cover all the losses of farm animals in this county the 
 I»ast year from the various diseases to which they are subject. 
 
 Daivson. — There have been a less number of deaths among horses and mules the past 
 year than usual. The same cau be said of cattle. Hog cholera has been very fatal 
 in some portions of the county, but the disease has not prevailed generally. But 
 little attention is jiaid to the raising of sheep. 
 
 Dooly. — Not a case of contagious disease has occurred among farm animals in this 
 county the past year so far as I am able to learn. Sheep have suffered to some extent 
 from dogs. 
 
 Early. — I estimate the value of the losses among the principal classes of farm ani- 
 mals as follows for the current year : Horses, $2,500 ; cattle, $500 ; hogs, $1,000. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 309 
 
 Effingham. — With the exception of hogs and fowls, all kinds of farm animals in this 
 county are in a healthy condition. 
 
 Emanuel. — The only epidemic we have had to contend wnth for some years past is 
 cholera among hogs. These animals are more or less affected with this or some 
 other disease every year. A few^ horses have died of staggers, and a good many for 
 lack of proper care and attention. They are kept on the range through the winter, 
 and often die from hunger and exposure. I estimate the value of horses lost at $7,500; 
 hogs. $2,.500 ; sheep, $3,.500. 
 
 Fannin. — With the exception of a few cattle that have died '>f milk-sickness, farm 
 animals in this county have enjoyed exceptionally good health the past year. 
 
 Franklin. — There have been no contagions diseases prevalent among farm animals 
 since l!S72. During that year about oO per cent, of all the hogs in the county died of 
 cholera. A few horses have died the present year from neglect and bad treatment. 
 
 Fulton. — There are but a limited number of farm animals raised in this county for 
 market, and I have but few losses to record. Our hogs were formerly afiected with 
 cholera, but since the adoption of the stock law we have had no trouble from it. 
 
 Gilmtr. — I estimate the value of farm animals and fowls lost in the county the past 
 year as follows: Horses, $4, 000 ; cattle, $1,000 ; hogs, $1,000; sheep, $225 ; fowls, $120. 
 
 Gordon. — This has been an exceptionally healthy year for farm stock. A few^ cat- 
 tle have died of " murrain," or Texas fever, but so very few that they are not worth 
 recording. A good many fowls have died from so-called cholera, but ii is impossible 
 to give anything like a correct estimate of the number lost. 
 
 Greene. — I have no heavy losses to record as occurring among any class of farm ani- 
 mals in this county. The year has been an average one as regards the health of farm 
 stock. 
 
 Hahersham. — No special epidemic disease has prevailed among our stock the past 
 season. The number of each class of animals has gradually increased. We have 
 more hogs in the county than at any jirevious time during the past five years. 
 
 Haralson. — I think about 10 percent, of the sheep of this county die annually of the 
 disease known as rot. About the same proportion of fowls die of so-called cholera. 
 
 flar;is.— This has been a remarkably healthy year for all kinds of stock. Our peo- 
 ple are giving much more attention than formerly to the care of stock, and I think 
 the business will ultimately prove profitable. We have a climate capable of a variety 
 of productions— corn, cotton, wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, vegetables, and all 
 kinds of stock. 
 
 Hancocl: — No diseases have prevailed among farm animals as epidemics; only spo- 
 radic cases now and then, confined to limited localities. Grubs have proved fatal to 
 sheep, and cholera and " sorehead" to fowls. 
 
 Jaclson. —Kovses and cattle have not been seriously affected with disease during 
 the year. Hogs and sheep have suffered to a considerable extent with contagions 
 diseases. Thousands of fowls die annually of disease. 
 
 Jasper. — I know of no disease existing among either horses or cattle. Occasionally 
 a horse dies of colic and a cow from neglect. Cholera has prevailed to some extent 
 among hogs. It is said it may be avoided by letting them have free access to salt 
 and wood ashes. 
 
 J^o7i7/so)(.— The only farm animals attected by disease here are hogs. The cholera 
 never dies out among these animals. Hogs are dying now in almost every section of 
 the county. Our losses up to this time will reach from $r),0()0 to $10,000. 
 
 L« HI ^-ui.— Horses, cattle, and sheep are healthy. Hog ciiolera is not so prevalent as 
 usual. One-fifth of all the hogs in the county died of this disease in 1«82. 
 
 McDuffie.— With, the exception of an occasional case of colic, we rarely have any 
 disease among our horses. Cattle are seldom afiected. Hogs die of cholera more or 
 less every year. Increased interest is being paitl to stock, and the amount now raised 
 is double that of a few years ago. 
 
 Morgan. — Nearly all labor is performed hy mules, which, I suppose, o)it number the 
 
310 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 horses four to one. No special disease prevails araoug them. We frequently lose 
 many hogs by cholera, but the disease seems not to have visited the county during 
 the past two years. Sheep are healthy. Fowls in some localities have suffered from 
 roupe and cholera. 
 
 Muscogee. — This is not a stock-raising county, and I have no report to make relative 
 to disea.ses. 
 
 Oconee. — Cattle are freciuently attacked with bloody murrain and sheej) with foot- 
 rot. Hogs and fowls suffer to a greater or less extent every year with cholera. 
 
 Pickens. — The greatest losses among cattle in this county are caused by murrain and 
 distemper. Cholera and quinsy prevail among hogs, and cholera among chickens. 
 I estimate the value of our losses in fowls alone at |100,000. 
 
 Qnifman. — No contagious diseases are prevalent among either horses, cattle, or sheep. 
 Recently the hogs in many localities have been attacked with cholera, which seems 
 te be unusually fatal. The chickens are being decimated in entire neighborhoods by 
 the same disease. 
 
 liockdah. — Horses, mules, and cattle have been affected with no unusual diseases 
 the past year. Hogs and fowls, however, annually die in great numbers of the dis- 
 ease known as cholera. Our stock has wonderfully improved under the no-fence law> 
 which has been in operation in the county two years. 
 
 Talbol. — Domestic animals of all classes have been unusually exempt from disease 
 the current year. Some cholera has prevailed among chickens, which is generally 
 checked by putting them up, a few together, and destroying the dead. Much atten- 
 tion is being paid to improvement in the breeds of cattle. We have the Jersey fever. 
 
 'Terrell. — Horses are generally lost by poverty, or some disease induced by ill-treat- 
 ment. But little small grain is raised, and the auimals are fed on chaff, weevil-eaten 
 corn, and poor fodder, which the horses cannot assimilate. The most of the work is 
 performed by mules, aud of course the losses are greater among thisjclass. Perhaps 
 the value of these losses will reach $2,500 annually. No contagious diseases among 
 cattle. What we term cholera causes* heavy losses in poultry. About once in five 
 years it almost annihilates the chickens. 
 
 Thomas. — Black-tongue or murrain occasionally carries off' a few head of cattle. 
 Blind staggers is about the only destructive disease to horses and mules. Cholera 
 and sorehead are the diseases which afflict fowls. 
 
 Troup. — No disease has pi'evailed among our stock during the past year — at least 
 the losses have been so light as not to be worthy of record. 
 
 Union. — Distemper is the only disease existing among horses, but I have heard of 
 no deaths resulting. Milk-sick has prevailed to some extent among cattle. This is 
 caused by a mineral poison, and is confined to particular localities. 
 
 Washington. — Not much disease among domestic animals in this county. Have no 
 means of securing correct data. 
 
 TVebster. — An epidemic prevailed among cattle in the northern portion of this county 
 in March last. It proved fatal in almost every case. The disease was not identified. 
 There was inflammation of the intestines, black, watery discharges, loss of appetite? 
 and death within a few days. 
 
 White. — The only contagious disease that has prevailed among our farm stock is 
 hog cholera. I suppose hogs to the value of $2,000 or |;3,(»00 have been lost by this 
 disease. 
 
 Wilkes. — Horses and uuilessufter more from short rations than anything else. Hogs 
 are healthy, and on the increase. Sheep sutter only from dogs. 
 
 Worth. — Staggers is about the only disease affecting horses. Those attacked scarcely 
 ever recover. The cattle are of the scrub kind. They are generally brought from 
 Texas to graze on our mesquit grass. A great many of them die from exposure iu 
 severe weather. We have had no rain since June. The grass is dead, and the cattle 
 look very weak. No disease among hogs. The breed is the bottle-nose, piney woods, 
 rooter or razor back. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 311 
 
 Adams. — "With the exceptiou of a few eases of pink-eye iu horses, no disease of a se- 
 rious character has prevailed among au^' cLass of domestic animals iu this county the 
 past year. 
 
 Boone. — During tlie past year all kinds of farm animals have remained very healthy. 
 The only disease worthy of note is chlckeu cholera. This has been very fatal iu many 
 cases. No remedy is known. 
 
 Carroll. — The largest stock-shipper iu the county informs me that he has never 
 known a time wheu all kinds of farm animals were sk free from disease as at present. 
 I give the losses for the year as follows : Horses, §12,847; cattle, $11,131 ; liogs, .$4,463 ; 
 sheep, $604. 
 
 Christian. — About 5 per ceut. of the horses and cattle of this county are auuually 
 lost by sickness, accidents, &c. Twenty-five per ceut. of the hogs and 25 per cent, of 
 the fowls of the county generally die of some disease incident to them. 
 
 C7arA;.— 'The assessor's returns for this county give the value of the losses of farm 
 animals for the past year as follows: Horses, $ir),718; cattle, $4,291; hogs, $5,205; 
 sheep, $1,372. 
 
 Clinton. — The following is tlie most nccurate estimate I can give of the value of the 
 losses among farm animals in this county for the past year, viz : Horses, $15,669; 
 cattle, $4,969; hogs, $7,098; sheep, $1,392 ; fowls, $384. 
 
 Crawford. — Many hogs have died of so-called cholera. Losses of all classes of do- 
 mestic animals for the year: Horses, $1,325; cattle, $5,000; hogs, $18,900; sheep, 
 $3,600. 
 
 Cumberland. — Farm auiuuils have beeu iu better health the past year than usual. 
 I think the following estimate will cover the value of losses among all classes as well 
 as fowls : Horses, $8,000 ; cattle, $450 ; hogs, $5,000 ; sheep, $2,000 ; fowls, $400. There 
 has beeu some distemper among horses. 
 
 De Ealb. — Farm animals havti enjoyed remarkably good health this year. I think the 
 aggregate value of the losses will not exceed $4,000. 
 
 Edgar. — Colic, bots, distemper, &c., occasionally cause the death of a horse. There 
 is no general disease among cattle and but little among hogs. The following is an 
 estimate of the value of the losses among the various classes : Horses, $12,000 ; cattle, 
 $5,000; hogs, $3,000; sheep, $300; fowls, $1,000. 
 
 Edwards. — Hogs to the value of $8,000 or $9,000 have beeu lost the past year by 
 farmers of this county. A few horses and cattle have also died of diseases incident to 
 them. 
 
 Franklin. — Aside from the ravages caused by hog cholera, I have no losses to record 
 among other farm animals. The value of the losses caused by the above disease will 
 reach $3,000. 
 
 Fulton. — Hog cholera prevails iu the county, and mauy cases have terminated fatally. 
 No other class of animals seems to be seriously atiected. 
 
 Gallatin. — Perhaps 100 head of horses have died in this county of fistula. Cattle 
 have beeu extremely healthy. Murrain and mad-itch have probablj^ caused the 
 death of 50 head. Some cholera has prevailed among hogs, from which about 700 head 
 have died. 
 
 Grundy. — All classes of farm animals and poultry have been exceedingly healthy 
 the past year. The losses by infectious and contagious diseases will not exceed one 
 per cent, iu either class. 
 
 Henri). — Some horses and cattle have been lost by accident and disease. Hogs are 
 healthier tluiu last year, though the value of our losses for the current year will reach 
 $15,000. Cholera has swept off fowls to the value of $1,500. 
 
 Jefferson. — The only loss of consei(uence among our farm stock has occurred among 
 hogs. I suppose $4,000 or $5,000 will cover tlie loss of these animals. 
 
 Jersey. — The assessors for this county make the foli»)wiug returns of the value of 
 
-312 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 I 
 i'arin animals lost iu 1833: Horses, $10,275; cattle, $16,705; hogs, $5,000; sheep 
 ^1,148. 
 
 Johnson. — Some cattle brought into this county from the south were affected with 
 disease and a few of thein died. No losses worthy of mention among other animals. 
 
 Jo Daviess. — The value of the losses of farm animals in the county for the year 1883, 
 ■with slight modifications is given by the assessors as follows : Horses, $21,990 ; cattle, 
 $16,705; hogs, $42,75)9 ; sheep, $1,114. 
 
 Kankakee. — But little disease of any kiud seems to have prevailed among any class 
 of our farm animals the j»ast year. From the best information I can get I am led to 
 believe that tlie losses among all classes will not exceed $1,200 in value. 
 
 Kendall. — Hogs to the value of $15,540 have been lost by disease in this county (lur- 
 ing the past yeai". A few Hocks of sheep have beeu afflicted, but the losses have been 
 light. 
 
 La Salle.— A tew horses died iu this county last spring of hysteria'. During the 
 summer a disease attacked the cows near Meudota. It was very fatal, and killed the 
 animals iu a few hours. A good many hogs died in the course of the farrowing sea- 
 son. I hear of but one flock of sheep afi'ected with scab. 
 
 Lawrence. — Horses and cattle are healthy. Hogs have suftered with cholera as 
 usual. A great mauy sheep have died of a disease of the bowels. Large numbers of 
 fowls have beeu destroyed by cholera. 
 
 Lee. — As a general thing farm animals have been quite healthy the past year. A 
 few hogs have been lost from various causes: but the value of the losses will not ex- 
 ceed $1,600 or $1,800. Some foot-rot prevails among sheep, but the disease is not 
 destructive. 
 
 Mason. — Some pink-eye has prevailed among horses, and a mild type of cholera 
 among hogs, but the losses have been very light. Other classes of stock have re- 
 mained healthy. 
 
 Morgan. — No new disease has prevailed among auy class of farm animals the past 
 year. Cholera among hogs and fowls is about the only disease that has caused losses 
 worthy of mention. 
 
 McHennj. — The following are the number and value of farm animals lost in this 
 county the past year, as shown by the returns of the assessors : Horses, $15,702; cat- 
 tle, $12,879 ; hogs, $5,230.64 ; sheep, $2,269 ; and fowls, $900. The heaviest losses 
 among all kinds of stock occurred during the months of March and April. No conta- 
 gious diseases seem to be prevailing at this time. 
 
 Ogle. — While no epidemic seems to have prevailed during the year among our farm 
 animals, the losses have beeu quite heavy. The value of the losses is given as fol- 
 lows : Horses, $16,000 ; cattle, $19,800 ; hogs, $3,900 ; sheep, $432. 
 
 Peoria. — The losses among domestic animals iu this county were quite heavy during 
 the year. They are given as follows: Horses, $29,186 ; cattle, $10,014 ; hogs, $20,580 ; 
 sheep, $2,330. Of the hogs lost 2,895 died of cholera and 1,203 of other diseases. 
 
 Perry. —Perhaps $8,000 or $10,000 will cover the value of the losses of farm stock in 
 this county during the year from all causes. 
 
 Pulaski. — After the high waters of last spring subsided a disease appeared among 
 hogs which seemed to have its origin and to more seriously affect those that had been 
 kept in crowded pens and ill provided places during the continuance of the flood, and 
 were returned to the ground before it had sufliciently dried. In some instances those 
 that recovered changed their color from black to gray. 
 
 utnam. — During the year w^e lost 91 head of horses, 106 head of cattle, 596 hogs, 
 and 79 sheep, valued as follows: Horses, $9,359; cattle, $2,931; hogs,. $3,576; sheop» 
 $400. 
 
 Po2)e. — All classes of farm stock seem to be healthy — no disease of oonse<[uence the 
 past year. In 1882 663 hogs died of cholera in this county, and 893 sheep were de- 
 stroyed by dogs. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 313 
 
 Eock Island. — Quite a large number of bogs have been lost by the usual diseases the 
 past year. The losses among other classes of animals are hardly worth recording. 
 
 Saline. — The loss of domestic animals by disease has not been very great in this 
 county the past year. I give the value of the losses among the various classes, as 
 follows : Horses, $1,095 ; cattle, |693 ; hogs, $2,407.50 ; sheep, $480. Fowls are healthy. 
 
 /S'(7(Hi//ej-.— Seven horses affected with glanders have been condemned and destroyed 
 by order of the State veterinarian, and five 6thers are supposed to have the disease. 
 These will be finally examined by the veterinarian on his return to the county. Other 
 classes of farm animals are healthy. 
 
 Shelby. — Farm animals in this county have been unusually healthy the past year. 
 No epidemic of any kind has prevailed. The value of the hogs lost is estimated at 
 but §2,054. 
 
 Slark. — Only the ordinary diseases have prevailed among our horses and cattle the 
 past year. Sheep have also been healthy, and hog cholera has been less destructive 
 than for many years past. 
 
 Stephenson. — Notwithstanding there has been no special epidemic among horses, I 
 estimate the value of those lost in the county the past year by ordinary maladies at 
 $35,000. The value of the other classes of animals that have died of disease or by ac- 
 cident I give as follows: Cattle, $3,600; hogs, $1,.500; sheen, $1,000. 
 
 Saint Clair. — But few farm animals are kept in this county, and what we have are 
 kept in the best possible condition, hence they are scarcely ever visited by epidemics. 
 
 Tazeivell. — No severe e[)idemic has prevailed among any class of farm animals in 
 this county the past year. Even swine plague has prevailed to a less extent than 
 formerly. 
 
 Vermillion. — The health of all classes of domestic animals has been unusually good 
 the past year. AVhat losses have occurred have been small and were the result of 
 natural causes. A few hogs died iu one township of the cholera ; the loss was insig- 
 nificant. 
 
 Wayne. — Farm animals valued as follows have been lost by the farmers of this 
 county the past year, viz: Horses, $1,800; cattle, $975; hogs, $1,680; sheep, $280 
 and fowls, $2,2.50. 
 
 JValash. — Pink-eye prevailed among horses not long since in one locality in our 
 county, but I heard of but one death from the disease. Cattle and sheep have been 
 healthy. A few hogs were reported as having died late in the fall. 
 
 ll'arren. — One hundred and twelve horses are reported as having died in this county 
 the past year. They were valued at $6,720. One hundred cattle, valued at $20 per 
 head, were also lost. 
 
 Will. — The value of the losses among farm animals in this county for the current 
 year are given as follows: Horses, $1,360 ; cattle, $8,000; hogs, $2,400; sheep, $312.50. 
 
 Hilliamson. — Cars that had been used for transporting cattle to Saint Louis were 
 brought to this county to be loaded with coal. The manure was thrown out along- 
 side the railroad track, and all the cows that visited the locality were infected with 
 Texas fever and died. 
 
 Winnebago. — The county assessors return the following as the value of losses among 
 farm stock for the year: Horses, $11,512: cattle, $8,196; hogs. $9,112; sheep, $720; 
 and fowls, $1,858. 
 
 Adams. — No disease has prevailed during the year among either horses or cattle in 
 this county, but some hogs liav« died of cholera. This disease has been neither so 
 widespread nor destructive as iu 1882. 
 
 Benton. — Some few cattle died during the year with pink-eye. We can't depend on 
 the health of our hogs from one week to another. They are now suffering with the 
 old-fashioned cholera. Sheep have died of foot-rot and scab, and a great many fowls 
 have been lost by cholera. 
 
314 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Clinton. — The value of the losses among domestic animals in this county for the 
 year, from the various causes and diseases incident to them, is about as follows : Horses, 
 $12,650; cattle, $10,000; hogs, $6,000; sheep, |1,000; and fowls, $450. 
 
 Crawford. — Farm animals in this county have remained in good health during the 
 year. No epidemic of any kind has prevailed among them. 
 
 Decatur. — The loss of animals in this county has been very heavy, though no gen- 
 eral epidemic is reported as having prevailed among any particular class. Fowl 
 cholera has been particularly destructive, so much so as to discourage poultry raisers. 
 The value of the losses for the various classes are estimated as follows : Horses, 
 $17,570; cattle, $4,200; hogs, $16,107; sheep, $2,208; mules, $2,400; and fowls, $2,500. 
 
 Dubois. — Hogs are the only domestic animals that seem to have been seriously af- 
 fected by disease during the past year. The value of those that have died amount 
 to $9,462. Chicken cholera has carried otf fowls valued at $2,8.56. 
 
 Fayette. — No disease of a destructive character has prevailed during the year among 
 either horses, cattle or sheeii. Hogs valued at from $6,000 to $7,000 have died of the 
 usual diseases. 
 
 Franklin. — I know of no particular disease to which horses have been subject. 
 About 75 per cent, of the hogs lost during the year died of swine plague, and about 
 40 per cent, of the losses among sheep were caused by dogs. About 20 per cent, of 
 our fowls have died of cholera. The total value of the losses among hogs aggregates 
 $20,056. The results of the experiments made by the Department through its agen- 
 cies in the treatment of swine plague have been thoroughly tested here during the 
 past year, and no advantage seemed gained either in cure or prevention. Hog cholera, 
 when malignant, yields to no known remedies with us. It is wholly unmanageable 
 and fatal. 
 
 Fulton. — The county assessors give the following as the value of the losses among 
 farm auimals in this county for the past year: Horses, $12,400; cattle, $4,400 ; hogs, 
 $7,500 ; sheep, $600. 
 
 Gibson. — The records in the county auditor's office give the following losses of farm 
 animals for the year: Horses, $17, «00 ; mules, $6,975 ; cattle, $6,540; hogs, $33,710 ; 
 sheep, $752. 
 
 Harrison. — No destructive epidemic of any kind has visited the domestic animals of 
 this locality during the year. I have no means of securing the statistics of losses of 
 those that have died. 
 
 Hamilion. — A great many cows have died of milk fever. The disease is very fatal, 
 and about all die that are attacked. Quite a number of hogs have died in the county 
 ot late. If one of these animals die the disease is always called cholera. I estimate 
 the value of those lost, whether by cholera or some other disease, at $12,800. Cholera 
 and gapes frequentlj' x^rove very destructive to fowls. 
 
 Hancock. — No disease of consequence has prevailed among horses, cattle, or sheep 
 the past year. With a few exceptions hogs have been healthy, and the aggregate 
 loss will not much exceed $8,000. Whenever any disease prevails among this class of 
 animals ir is called cholera. A disease also called cholera and roupe have prevailed 
 to some extent among chickens. 
 
 Hendricks. — Losses of animals in this county for the year 1883 are given as follows: 
 Horses, $8,750; cattle, $4,820; hogs, $12,565; shee]), $2,290. 
 
 Henrij. — It is difficult to answer the desired questions. In some localities there 
 have been heavy losses from hog cholera, but as to the value of the losses I am at a 
 loss to know. Two men near here have lost about $1,000 worth each and others 
 quite largely. No disease has occurred among horses or cattle. 
 
 Hoivard. — No epidemic disease prevailed among horses during the years 1882-'83. 
 Anthrax prevailed to some extent among cattle, destroying animals valued at up- 
 wards of $5,000. I estimate our losses by so-called hog cholera at $30,000. This dis- 
 ease prevails among liogs throughout the year. 
 
 Jay. — Occasionally pink-eye appears among our horses and distemper rages to 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES' OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 315 
 
 some extent, but the losses are generally light. Our county has again been visited by 
 hog cholera in its worst form. Some farmers have lost nearly all their animals. 
 Nothing seems to have any effect on the disease when it gets a fair hold; the animals 
 die anyhow. Chickens also die in large numbers of cholera. Sheep are fearfully 
 slaughtered by dogs. 
 
 Jennings. — The only disease worth mentioning among farm animals is hog cholera. 
 This disease, however, is not so widespread and destructive as in some former years. 
 Last year I lost 70 head myself by the disease. 
 
 Johnson. — The records in the auditor's office give the following as the value of farm 
 animals lost during the year, viz: Horses, $1,25U; cattle, .$300; hogs, .$5,000; sheeii, 
 $1,:^00 ; and fowls, .$2.50. 
 
 Knox. — The most careful estimates give the value of farm animals lost in this 
 county during the year as follows: Horses, $1,000; cattle, $5,000; hogs, $25,000; 
 sheep, $1,262. 
 
 Lagrange. — No special disease has prevailed among our horses or cattle. Cholera 
 had destroyed hogs perhaps to the value of .$5,000. The actual loss by death and 
 hindrance in reproduction is no doubt greater than this; in all probability it would 
 reach $10,000. As a preventive of this terrible disease carbolic acid and turpentine 
 in swill or feed has been found the most efficacious. 
 
 Madison. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs in some portions of this county, and 
 has destroyed animals during the year worth in the neighborhood of $10,000. Other 
 classes of animals have been measurably healthy. 
 
 Marshall. — The following figures represent the losses of farm stock in this county 
 for the past year : Horses, $7,000 ; cattle, $3,200; hogs, $3,200; shee^., $350; and fowls, 
 .$2,777..50. 
 
 Miami. — No epidemic disease has visited either horses, cattle, or sheep. The num- 
 ber of sheep killed by dogs was 390, valued at $1,462. The value of hogs lost by the 
 diseases incident to them was $31,400. 
 
 Morgan. — None other than ordinary diseases have affected our stock during the past 
 year. There has been a slight sprinkling of cholera among both hogs and fowls, but 
 it is hard to determine the actual loss as regards either numbers or values. Perhaps 
 one-third of the chickens hatched have died of the disease. 
 
 Monroe. — No epidemic disease has prevailed among horses. A few animals have 
 died of pink-eye and distemper, and others of old age, colic, bots, bad treatment, &c. 
 No disease among cattle or sheep, except foot-rot among the latter, caused by keeping 
 too many animals together. In some neighborhoods the hogs have suffered from 
 swiue-plague. 
 
 Parke. — Hogs have died with the usual diseases the past year. The number that 
 died is given at 4,285, valued at upwards of $20,000. The loss among sheep has also 
 been quite heavy. 
 
 Ripley. — The following figures represent pretty accurately the value of domestic 
 animals lost in this county the past year: Horses, $11,075; cattle, .$3,104 ; hogs, $4,165; 
 sheep, $1,550. 
 
 Scoit. — Perhaps $5,500 would cover the value of the losses of hogs during the past 
 year. Chicken cholera has been very destructive. Quite a number of fowls have 
 also died of fatty degeneration of the heart. The heart seemed to be transformed into 
 a lump of fat. This ruptures, and the fowl <lies almost instantly. 
 
 Shelby. — The mortality among domestic animals in this county has been (juire heavy 
 the past year. Cholera among hogs and fowls has proved more destructive than any 
 other discas(;. 
 
 iSpcncer. — Some young horses have died of distemper. A great many hogs have died 
 of cholera. About all that are attacked by this disease die. Cholera and gapes have 
 destroyed a. good many fowls. 
 
 Switzerland.— Siixtj-ii\ii. horses died in this ccuinty during the year. Of these about 
 5 per cent, died of pink-eye. Mr. Perry Colton lost 17 head of cattle by an unknown 
 
316 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 disease. Fiequeut deaths have occurred among hogs from cholera and among sheep 
 from rot. 
 
 Tippecanoe. — With the exception of cholera among hogs our farm animals have been 
 very healthy the past year. No disease of any kind is prevailing at present. 
 
 Vnion. — About 1,'200 head of hogs have died iu this county during the year, valued 
 at i^/jf^OO. Diseases have also been very destructive to fowls. 
 
 Vigo.—lso epidemic has prevailed among farm stock in this county the past year. 
 The following values of the losses are the result of deaths from ordinary diseases and 
 accidents, viz : Horses, $1(3,350; cattle, |i7,590; hogs, $5,360 ; sheep, |;816; and fowls, 
 $320. 
 
 Wabash. — A great many animals died of the various diseases to which each class ia 
 subject during the year. The value of the losses are about as follows : Horses, $12,960 ; 
 mules, $1,700 ; cattle, $12,810 ; hogs, $19,456 ; sheep, $1,424. 
 
 Wayne. — Cholera proved very disastrous to hogs in this county during the year- 
 The number reported as having died of the disease was 9,253, valued at $92,530. Some 
 cattle died of murrain and sheep of liver-fluke. Fowls sutfered from cholera. 
 
 Adair. — No destructive disease has prevailed among any class of farm animals in 
 this county for the last two years. 
 
 AUaviakee. — Farm animals have generally continued in good health the past season. 
 In some localities diseases liave prevailed among hogs, but not to the sweeping extent 
 of the years 1880-'81. The same might be said as regards fowls. Some 2,800 hogs 
 have died, valued at $14,000. 
 
 Bremer. — As to diseases aiiecting different kinds of farm animals, I frequently hear 
 it remarked that cattle, horses, and hogs were never more free from disease than they 
 have l)eeu the past year. One assistant says: Now and then a calf dies with what 
 is known as black-leg, but these deaths do not amount to one iu fifty. 
 
 Buchanan. — The following figures representthe value of the losses among farm stock 
 
 in this county for the year 1883 : Horses, $15,000 ; cattle, $3,750; hogs, $7,500 ; sheep, 
 
 $180. The mortality among horses was maiuly caused by influenza. Abortion has 
 
 prevailed to a considerable extent amoug cows, and has caused some deaths. No 
 
 enaedy or prevention is known. Hogs have died of the disease known as cholera. 
 
 Butler. — The only epidemic disease that has prevailed among any class of animals 
 has been that among hogs. I think the value of the animals lost will not exceed 
 $4,000. 
 
 Calhoun. — A disease recently broke out among cattle in one of the townships of this 
 county, which resulted iu the death of a number of animals. The disease was black- 
 leg, or something similar. Cholera has prevailed among fowls, but to no great ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Cedar. — Our horses have been afflicted with pink-eye and distemper. Cattle, as a 
 rule, have been quite healthy. A few cases of black-leg have occurred. Cholera, or 
 some kind of lung complaint, caused by worms and neglect, have caused the loss of a 
 great many hogs. Some rot has prevailed among sheep. 
 
 Chickasaw. — The disease most prevalent among hogs seems to be hard to naiue and 
 equally as difficult to prevent. Iu some places it is called quinsy, and in other locali- 
 ties cliolera. But i^ does not prevail amoug our hogs t-o so great an extent as in other 
 years. In a limited area of our county during the fall months horses were afflicted 
 with an influenza which it was feared at the time would prove very disastrous, but I 
 believe it has entirely abated. 
 
 Cliuion. — As a general thing all kinds of farm aiiimals in this county are in good 
 health. Hogs valued at $4,000 have been lost during the year by the usual diseases. 
 
 Crawford. — I estimate the value of the losses of farm stock in this county the past 
 year as follows : Horses, $3,100 ; cattle, $1,560; hogs, $3,600; sheep, $200. 
 
r 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS. 317 
 
 Davis. — We have been very lucky with our stock this year, no disease of any kind 
 worthy of meutioii. About 800 sheep have been killed by dogs. 
 
 Decatur. — Never in the history of the county have farm animals been so generally 
 healthy. Every assistant makes the same report. I believe this result is attributa- 
 ble to the shortness of grain to feed with. 
 
 Delaware. — Horses and cattle have been healthy, but hogs have suifered to some ex- 
 tent with the usual diseases. Auinials perhaps to the value of .fiSjOOO have been lost, 
 
 Dubuque. — The only disease that has prevailed among any class of domestic animals 
 in this county the past year has been the disease known as cholera among hogs. I 
 cannot give the number or value of those lost. 
 
 Emmet. — The losses among farm|animals in this county have been so insignificant 
 for the past year that they are not worth recording. 
 
 Fayette. — A few herds of hogs have been affected by disease, but the losses have 
 been comparatively light. No disease has prevailed in an epidemic form. 
 
 Floyd. — Epizootic influenza has prevailed to some extent amoug horses, and a few 
 cases of glanders have been reported. Cattle have suifered with lung diseases and 
 hogs with cholera. The losses, as to value, have been about as follows: Horses, 
 >;i,000; cattle, !5!:i,750 ; hogs, $7,500. 
 
 Greene. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are in good health. The prevailing disease amoug 
 hogs and fowls is that known as cholera. The value of the hogs lost by this disease is 
 about $4,000, and chickens about $900. 
 
 Hardin. — Some cholera has prevailed among hogs and fowls. Sometimes this dis- 
 ease will carry oh" almosr, every hog one farmer will have, while those of a neighbor 
 \\ ill not be afi'ected. I think $15,000 a fair estimate of the value of those lost by the 
 malady. 
 
 Henry. — No disease among farm animals, and no losses except from old age, acci- 
 dent, &c. ; cholera prevailed among fowls during the mouths of July, August, and Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Ida. — One thousand dollars will, perhaps, cover the losses among hogs by disease. 
 Xu other class of animals have been afflicted in this county the past year. 
 
 Iowa. — Farm stock has been unusually healthy the past year. No epidemic has pre- 
 vailed. Comuion diseases, neglect, and accident have caused about the usual losses. 
 
 Jasper. — The only disease worthy of notice is that prevailing among swine and 
 fowls. The per cent, of disease among the former will not exceed 2 per cent., and 
 amoug the latter about 5 per cent. 
 
 Jefferson. — Chicken cholera prevails to a greater or less extent every year, and the 
 Josses from this cause are often very serious. Farm animals generally are in good 
 heal . 
 
 Lee. — Among horses there has been no epidemic of note for several years. We hear 
 occasionally of a case of pink-eye, colic, bots, and meningitis. Cattle have also been 
 atlected to some extent this season with piuk-eye. Calves frequently die of black-leg. 
 Sheep are more frequently troubled with scab than any or perhaps all other diseases. 
 Grub in the head kills its proportion. Some sheep died of hoven during the two 
 past wet seasons. Fowls have been subject to but one disease — that known as 
 cholera — and this frequently depopulates whole farm-yards of chickens and turkeys. 
 Almost all epidemics among domestic animals are confined to smaller areas than 
 formerly ; sometimes to but one farm, section or township. A few years ago, hog 
 and chicken cholera generally extended over one or more States. Black-leg in cattle 
 was never so general or wide-spread as now. 
 
 //i»H.— No epidemic has visite<l horses, but the vast number of unsound ones is ap- 
 l)alling. The number of halt, blind, ring-boned, spavined, &c., is astounding to a 
 close observer. A few cattle have died of ordinary diseases. Some little cholera 
 among chickens. 
 
 Marion. — During the past three months influenza has been destructive to many 
 
318 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 yoiiug hogs. Swiue plague has also prevailed in certain localities. Scab and foot-rot 
 have caused losses among several different liocks of sheep. 
 
 Alitchell. — Domestic animals generally are healthy, and have been so throughout 
 the year. The diseases that have prevailed from time to time have been the usual 
 well-known maladies. The value of the losses are estimated as follows: Horses, 
 ;ii8,3r)0; cattle, |5, 000 ; hogs, $2,500 ; sheep, $250. 
 
 Monona. — Some cattle have died of black-leg during tlie year. Some little disease 
 has prevailed auiong hogs, but the losses have been light. 
 
 Monroe. — No contagious diseases have prevailed among any class of domestic ani- 
 mals in this county during the year except black-leg among calves. These cases have 
 been few. Cholera has killed a great mauy fowls. 
 
 O^Brien. — For two seasons our horses have suffered from an epizooty. It left many 
 with a running at the nose. In careless hands the discharge has run along until 
 many horses here are suffering from au offensive nasal disease called every name be- 
 tween bad cold and glanders. 
 
 Palo Alto. — Farm animals generally are healthy. I have not heard of a case of 
 contagious disease among hogs for the past year. 
 
 Fli/mouth. — Horses in some localities in this county are said to have chronic glan- 
 ders, which is causing some excitement. A disease called measles has prevailed among 
 hogs, causing some losses. 
 
 Pottawattamie. — Last spring, in one neighborhood in the county, a new and quite 
 strange disease appeared among both horses and cattle. It was pronounced "button- 
 farcy " in horses. The symptoms were similar in cattle. 
 
 Shell)!/. — There has been some disease followed by fatal results among horses and 
 cattle the past year, but swine have been healthy. A great many fowls have also 
 died. 
 
 Tama. — Horses, cattle, sheep, and fowls are in good health and condition. Hogs are 
 dying to an alarming extent throughout the county with both quinsy and cholera. 
 These diseases broke out about sis weeks ago. 
 
 Washington. — There is no disease prevailing among farm animals in this county. 
 Even the hog cholera has disappeared. Perhaps this is owing to a very poor crop of 
 corn. 
 
 Woodhuri). — Horses are healthy. A fe^ cattle die aunually of black-leg. Hogs are 
 comparatively healthy. Now and then a farmer loses his pigs, and a few grown hogs 
 die of cholera. Chicken cholera is quite prevalent. 
 
 Allen. — Stock has generally been healthy in this county. I know of some 5 head 
 of fine steers, worth f 300, that died of Texas fever. A few cattle were also reported 
 to have died after being turned luto stock fields. I think they died for want of suf- 
 ficient water. 
 
 Barhour. — The horses in this county are Texas animals, and die principally from eat- 
 ing Loco, a poisonous weed. They also die of itch and other skin diseases. A great 
 many cattle have died; perhaps the valiu^. of those lost in the county will aggreg.ate 
 $20,000. They have to get their living on the range, and during a severe winter many 
 die from exposure. The same mtiy be said of sheep, of which there is a large num- 
 ber in this county. 
 
 Barton. — Stock is in good health and condition in this county. Occasionally an 
 animal is lost by accident, but one seldom dies of disease. 
 
 Brown. — The county assessors make the following returns as to the value of ani- 
 mals lost in this county the past year from all causes, viz : Horses, $9,900 ; cattle, 
 $8,280; hogs, $10,995 ; sheep, $345 ; mules, $1,125. 
 
 Butler. — This county contains a large number of cattle, hogs, and sheep, but they 
 have been measurably free from disease during the year. Perhaps 50 head of cattle 
 would cover all the loss worthy of recording. 
 
 I 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 319 
 
 Cherokee. — Texas fever prevailed to a limited extent amoug some herds of cattle iu 
 this county, but the value of the animals lost by the disease Avould not exceed 
 $2,000. All classes of animals are in good Lealtli, and the losses liave been compar- 
 atively small. 
 
 Coffey. — With the exception of an outbreak of Texas fever' among cattle in the 
 southeastern portion of this county, all classes of domestic animals have been free 
 from contagious diseases during the past year. The mortality among cattle reached 
 between 3,000 and 4,000 head. 
 
 Crawford. — So far as I am able to learn, all kinds of farm animals are healthy and 
 doing well. Grain and grass are l)oth abundant. Some fowls have died with roupe 
 and cholera. 
 
 Decatur. — Pink-eye is the x)revailing disease among horses, and black-leg among 
 cattle. A great many sheep have died from disease and othes causes. 
 
 Dickinson. — The value of the losses of domestic animals the past year in this county 
 from all causes aggregate as follows: Horses, $10,675; cattle, |i9,8G0 ; hogs, $5,170; 
 sheep, §547. 
 
 Doniphan. — In the early part of the season quite a number of cattle died. The 
 cause in most cases was the result of turning the animals into corn-tields from green 
 pastures, or into yards where they were fed on husks. So far as I have been able to 
 learn, about 100 head died, mostly feeding steers. 
 
 Ellis. — A great many of our horses and mules have been attacked with gleet or 
 farcy, so called by many, and by others pronounced glanders. They have invariably 
 died where not killed. A great many deaths have occurred among calves and year- 
 lings from black-leg. As a preventive we give salt, sulphur, saltpeter, and copperas 
 in the proportion of 1 bushel salt, 4 pounds sulphur, i pound saltpeter, and 1 jiouud 
 copperas ; mix thoroughly, aud place in troughs where the animals can have free ac- 
 cess to it. Some scab exists among sheep. 
 
 Elk. — The aggregate value of farm animals lost in this county during the past year 
 is given as follows : Horses, $8,440 ; cattle, $9,360 ; hogs, $14,183 ; sheep, $1,378. 
 Seventy-eight sheep were killed by dogs. 
 
 Greenwood. — I estimate the value of the losses among domestic animals iu this county 
 for the past year from all causes as follows: Horses, $10,000; cattle, $10,000 ; hogs, 
 $8,000 ; sheep, $1,250. 
 
 Harper. — Our losses among cattle from Texas fever alone has been at least $15,000. 
 My own opinion istbat the estimate is too low. Parties naturally hesitate to admit their 
 full losses. Black-leg among young stock has caused considerable loss. Over one- 
 half of the sheep of the county are affected with scab. The number in the county is 
 perhaps over 30,000. Nearly every flock owner dips his sheep thoroughly after shear- 
 ing, yet many flocks are again infected by introducing diseased bucks among them. 
 Have not heard of a sick hog in the county the past season. 
 
 Harvey. — Stock of all kinds doing well at present. Cattle have died from exposure 
 and accidents, and some calves of black-leg. A few hogs have died of the usual dis- 
 eases, and some pigs from exposure. A few lambs have also died from exposure, and 
 a great many sheep of scab. 
 
 Johnson. — The various diseases affecting farm animals are hard to determine, but 
 the value of the losses in this conuty may be stated as follows : Horses, $7,840 ; cat- 
 tle, $16,500 ; hogs, $3,900 ; sheep, $107. 
 
 Labette. — I tind it difficult to determine the value of animals lost by disease during 
 the year, but 1 think the following a very fair estimate, viz : Horses, $16,200 ; cattle. 
 $9,.540; hogs, $9,848; sheep, $630. 
 
 Lane.— The principal disease that prevailed among our cattle the past season was 
 Texas fever. It appeared late in the season, and was caused by driving Texas cattle 
 through the county. Scab is prevailing to a considerable extent among sheei>, of 
 which a good many die. Sheep and cattle raising is the princii»al industry of this 
 coiintv. 
 
320 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Lincoln. — Some horses have died of distemper or pink-eye, aud a good many young 
 cattle of black-leg. Some older animals have died of dry murrain. A report recently 
 received from the northwestern .section of the county states that a great many cattle 
 have died there within the prist few days of an unknown disease. A di.sease confined 
 to young pigs in the central part of the county has been quite fatal. I lost 27 in two 
 days, and another man 15 in the same length of time. Some called the disease quinsy, 
 but I don't think it was. 
 
 Meade. — About 500 horses and mules died iu this county the past year of pink-eye, 
 aud perhaps 900 head of cattle by disease, old age, accident, &c. There are about 
 100,000 sheep in the county, of which 25 per cent, generally die of scab. 
 
 Montgomery. — No epidemic has prevailed among any class of animals in this county, 
 aud the following losses have been caused by the ordinary maladies to which domes- 
 tic animals are subjecl*, viz: Horses, $15,500; cattle, 115,000; hogs, $12,000; sheep, 
 $6,500. Chicken cholera hiis prevailed to an alarming extent in some localities. 
 
 Neosho. — No epidemic disease has prevailed among our horses. Calves and year- 
 lings have been afflicted to some extent with anthrax, or black-leg. There seems to 
 be no remedy for this disease. About all those that are attacked die, aud are gener- 
 ally dead before they are known to be sick. A great manj' pigs under six months old 
 have died. Old and f;it hogs are seldom attacked by disease. Fowl cholera prevails 
 to a considerable extent. 
 
 Osborne. — Horses have been exempt from any special epidemic. Black-leg has pre- 
 vailed and proved quite fatal to cattle iu some localities. There has been no epidemic 
 among hogs. Scab among sheep prevails, but not to as great an extent as formerly. 
 Black-leg among cattle is the chief dread among stockmen aud farmers. 
 
 OtUm-a.---l hear of a flock of Mexican or grade Merino sheep, composed of about 900 
 head, all of which are afflicted with scab. No other class of animals in this county 
 seems to be afflicted with contagious diseases. 
 
 Pawnee. — The only contagious disease I have to record occurred during the past 
 season among a herd of cattle in this county. The disease was Texas or Southern 
 fever. The animals were placed in charge of a veterinary surgeon, who promptly 
 quarantined the herd and prevented the spread of the disease. 
 
 Phillips. — Pneumonia or lung fever has caused the death of a few horses iu this 
 county. The disease known as Ijlack-leg has i) roved very fatal to cattle. Animals 
 one year old and younger sutler most. At least one-half of those attacked die. The 
 only disease atfectiug sheep is scab. Great complaint prevails as to the disease known 
 as cholera among chickens. 
 
 Eatvlins. — There have been a few cases of Texas itch among horses, a disease which 
 is very effectively treated with mercurial ointment. There have been a few cases of 
 black-leg among cattle, and one case of murrain. The opinion prevails among the 
 owners of cattle that the Texas trail brings fever with it, as the losses generally occur 
 within the near vicinity of this trail. Cattle along the trail are infested with lice, or 
 ticks, as they are termed by some. But they look like common lice, with the excep- 
 tion of being larger and having gray heads. Sheep are afflicted with the scab, aud 
 are treated by dipping in tobacco wash. 
 
 Bene. — Glanders is getting pretty well distributed over this county, and many horses 
 die every year of it. Some cholera prevails among hogs Moie care is being taken of 
 stock than formerly. Farmers are beginning to learn that more feed and better shel- 
 ter, with less loss, is the better vray. 
 
 PooJcs. — No disease of a contagious character among horses. Black-leg is about the 
 only fatal disease among cattle. Hogs suffer more in hot weather than during the 
 colder season. A few cases of quinsy have occurred among pigs. 
 
 Washington. — Some horses have died of catarrhal and lung fever. Cattle have suf- 
 fered to a considerable extent with black-leg, aud hogs with quinsy and catarrhal 
 troubles. The great loss among pigs was cau.sed by th') sows having sulTcred with 
 these diseases. The young animals had not vitality enough to live. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 321 
 
 Wyandotte. — The only dinease of a contagious character prevailing among any class 
 of farm animals is scab among sheep. The disease known as cholera still prevails 
 among fowls. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Allen. — There have been a few cases of cholera among hogs in some localities, and 
 some chicken cholera, but the losses have been light. 
 
 Breclcinridge. — With the exception of cholera among hogs, there has been no disease 
 of consequence prevalent among any class of animals in the county. The cholera has 
 been very fatal to hogs, but as yet the disease is confined to one locality. 
 
 Boyle. — Pink-eye has been quite pievalent, and several fine horses and mares ha\iB 
 died from the effects of the disease. Hog cholera and Texas fever of cattle destroyed 
 a good many of our animals in 1882, but the diseases have not made their appearance 
 this year. 
 
 Calloway. — No disease among horses or cattle. Hogs are dying at a rapid rate in 
 one locality in this county. The disease does not seem to be like the cholera in all 
 respects. The animals droop, refuse to eat, have very sore nose, the bellj' is tucked 
 up, and the excrement hard. They die in from 3 to 10 days. About 70 per cent. die. 
 The value of the loss up to this time is $17,860. 
 
 Carter. — Horses and cattle are healthy. A considerable number of hogs died in 1882, 
 and also in this year, but I am unable to give the number or value of the losses. 
 Cholera is quite prevalent among fowls. 
 
 Clinton. — With the exception of a severe type of epizootic distemper among horses 
 all classes of farm animals are free from disease. I have heard of no deaths from the 
 disease. 
 
 Crittenden. — Cattle have died of hollow-horn, hogs of cholera, sheep of rot, and 
 chickens of cholera. The losses have not been very heavy in either class. 
 
 Cumherland. — Hogs valued at $3,000 have died of thumps in this county the past 
 year. The greatest fatality has been among young hogs. Chicken cholera has pre- 
 vailed all over the county, and has been quite serious in some localities. 
 
 Fayette. — Some horses, cattle, and sheep have died from accidental causes, but there 
 has been no epidemic among either class of these animals. Hogs and fowls have died 
 to some extent from cholera, but the disease is certainly less prevalent than a few 
 years ago. 
 
 Grayson. — No fatal diseases have prevailed among horses, cattle, or sheep. Great 
 fatality has been caused among pigs in some localities by a disease known as measles. 
 
 Green. — Cattle and sheep sufler from the various diseases to which such animals 
 are incident. Hogs and poultry suffer principally from the disease known as cholera. 
 Hogs valued at $10,920 have been lost during the year, and chickens valued at per- 
 haps $1,1.52. 
 
 Greenup. — Comparatively little disease among farm stock in this county. 
 
 Hancock. — No disease among farm animals at present, though at this season of the 
 year such disorders generally appear. 
 
 Harlan. — All kinds of farm animals have been comparatively healthy for the past 
 year. 
 
 Hopkins. — All kinds of animals and fowls have been exceedingly healthy the past 
 year. I think this is due in a great measure to the observance of the advice given 
 by the veterinary surgeons appointed by the Government to investigate the diseases 
 of animals. I have largely distributed these reports, and have been greatly benefited 
 myself by the information they contain. I have not lost a hog by cholera since read- 
 ing these reports. 
 
 Jessamine. — Some hog choler.a has prevailed in this county, but there has been no 
 disease among other classes of animals the j)ast year. 
 
 Johnson. — In the spring cattle in this section arc subject to murrain, which gener- 
 ally proves fatal. Hog cholera is very troublesome to farmers and hog-raisers at all 
 seasons of the year. Sheep are affected with rot to some extent. 
 5751 D A 21 
 
322 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Kenton. — A great niauy cattle die every season of dry murrain. There Lave been 
 some losses by bog cholera. 
 
 Knox. — Hogs died throughout this county the past j^ear of cholera. Other farm 
 animals have generallj^ been healthy. 
 
 Lawrence. — Farm animals have been unusually healthj- the past year. Cholera has 
 prevailed to some extent among fowls, but it is impossible to give the number that 
 have died. 
 
 Letcher. — No disease of consequence has prevailed among farm animals in this 
 county. A few hogs and fowls have died of the so-called cholera. 
 
 Leivis. — In some localities whole herds of hogs have been swept away by cholera. 
 There have been some losses among other classes of animals, but they have not been 
 heavy. 
 
 Lincoln. — I presume that 10 per cent, of all our hogs annually die of cholera. 
 Great numbers of fowls also die annually of a like disease. 
 
 JUadison. — An occasional case of pink-eye among horses is reported. Cholera pre- 
 vails among swine and jioultry. When cholera attacks hogs (and it has been more 
 prevalent than usual), it affects most of the herds, and 50 per cent, or more die. 
 
 Martin. — Hog cholera is the most destructive stock disease known here. Other 
 classes of animals are healthy. 
 
 McLean. — The loss of hogs in this county has not been so great the past year as 
 usual. Just now I hear of no corai>laint. The disease did its work during the months 
 of July and August. A few cases of pink-eye have occurred among horses. 
 
 Menifee. — The disease prevailing among hogs here seems to be unknown. Some call 
 it cholera and others pronounce it sore throat, caused by the faulty mast. 
 
 Mercer. — A large number of all classes of farm animals have been lost by the vari- 
 ous diseases to which they are subject during the jiast year. I will state that more 
 sheep were killed by dogs than were lost by disease. 
 
 Monroe. — No epidemic among either horses, cattle, or sheep. Hog cholera j)revails 
 in some localities in the county, as does also chicken cholera. 
 
 Montgomery. — No disease of any kind among domestic animals or fowls in this county 
 the past year or in 1882. 
 
 Miihlenhurg. — After consultation with farmers in different parts of the county, I find 
 that all classes of farm animals are in a healthy condition. No disease in 1882. 
 
 Nicholas. — Horses and cattle are healthy. Some little cholera among hogs, but not 
 much, say 2 per cent, of disease, of which 1 per cent. die. Cholera prevails to some 
 extent among fowls. 
 
 Owen. — We have no disease among our farpi stock worthy of note. 
 Oivsley. — No disease among stock. Something like cholera or roupe prevails among 
 fowls. About all that are attacked by the disease die. No remedy appears to do any 
 good. The fowls frequently drop off the roost dead. 
 
 Fike. — Horses are afflicted with distemper, bots, and colic, cattle with murrain, 
 quinsy, and sore throat, hogs with quinsy and occasionally cholera, and fowls with 
 cholera. 
 
 Boherison.—l have no gen&ral or fatal disease to report as affecting farm animals in 
 this county. 
 
 Bock Castle. — No prevailing disease among horses, cattle, or sheep. Some hog cholera 
 prevails; perhaps 2 per cent, of the animals iu the county have been attacked. 
 
 Russell. — Hogs have been affected in a few localities by swine-plague. A like dis- 
 ease has been more general among fowls. 
 
 Scott. — We have no prevailing disease among our farm animals except cholera among 
 hogs. Fowls are also afflicted with a similar disease. 
 
 Shelby.— Hogs valued at between $7,000 and $8,000 have been lost by cholera during 
 the year. A number of fowls have died of the same disease. 
 
 Taylor. — Wo have no losses to report among our farm stock by disease of a conta- 
 gious character. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 823 
 
 Trimhle. — Our county is uniisnally healthy for farm animals. Never any disease 
 among any class except an occasional case of hog cholera. 
 
 Union. — Horses and cattle have been unusually healthy. A great loss has been oc- 
 casioned by hog cholera. More animals have been affected with the disease, and it is 
 thought that more died, this summer than during the six years preceding. The value 
 of the losses may be set down at $50,000 or $60,000. No remedy has been lound for 
 the disease. A few sheep have died of rot. 
 
 Wushinyion. — Horses and mules have suffered from pink-eye. Cattle have been 
 visited by an unknown epidemic. Cholera has been more fatal to hogs than usual. 
 Sheep have suffered from various causes and ailments. 
 
 Whitleii. — The only loss among farm animals in this county has been among hogs. 
 I think $10,000 would cover the value of these losses. The disease affecting both hogs 
 iiud fowls is known here as cholera. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Bienville. — None but ordinary and common diseases have affected farm stock iu 
 this county the past year. 
 
 Bossier. — Horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs have been extremely healthy this 
 fall, and all are doing well. 
 
 Catahoula. — Value of horses lost the past year, $2,334.50; value of cattle lost, 
 $3,727.50. Hogs have continued very healthy. A few sheep have died of pleurisy 
 and pneumonia. 
 
 Franklin. — Horses have been aftlicted with glanders, staggers, charbon, and big- 
 head ; cattle Avith charbon, big-head, and hollo w-horn ; hogs with staggers, and sheep 
 with rot. 
 
 Iberville. — All kinds of farm animals have been healthy during the year. There 
 has been some fowl cholera. 
 
 Jackson. — Less disease among horses this year than for twenty-five years past. 
 Cholera and mange have been fatal to a great many hogs. Cholera has also been de- 
 structive to fowls. 
 
 La Fourche. — No epidemic disease has prevailed among any class of our animals the 
 past year. 
 
 Livingston. — The following are perhaps correct estimates of the value of farm ani- 
 mals lost in this county the past year, viz: Horses, $170; cattle, $1,500; hogs, $2,000; 
 sheep, $750. 
 
 Madison. — We have but few hogs, and no malady among them. YTe have a groat 
 many fowls and plenty of chicken cholera. 
 
 Morehouse. — All kinds of animals are healthy. Our soil is destitute of gravel, and 
 we have to grind up old crockery, «fcc., for our fowls. When this is neglected cholera 
 appears among them and kills from 10 to 20 per cent, of the whole number. 
 
 Bichland. — Much stock was lost by the overflow in this county, and many cattle 
 were afterward forwarded to Texas, so that we have but few of this class of animals 
 left. No disease of conse(|uence. 
 
 Saint Helena. — During October and November a disease prevailed among our hogg 
 which was said to be cholera. In the higher piney woods portion of the parish the 
 diitcase killed many hogs — as near as I have been able to learn, full 50 per cent. 
 
 Saint Marifs. — We have but little stock in this county, and what we have is iu a 
 remarkably healthy condition. 
 
 Saint Tammany. — None but common diseases have visited any class of farm animals 
 the past year, and the losses have been very light. 
 
 Vernon. — With the exception of sheep, all classes of domestic animals have remained 
 healthy. 
 
 Jf'esI Carroll. — We have lost quite a number of all classes of farm animals during 
 the year by disease. The diseases, however, have not been of a contagious character. 
 
324 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Androsco(jgin. — Horses, cattle, hogs, aiid sheep are in about the same condition as to 
 liealth as last year. 
 
 Cumberland. — Domestic animals have been very free from epidemic diseases. Pink- 
 eye has prevailed to some extent aniong horses, but no cases have proved fatal. An 
 unknown disease prevailed among horses to some extent last fall, of ^vhich several 
 died. Some attributed it to poison, and others thought it a congestive fever. The 
 horse would be suddenly attacked, lose the use of his hind legs, as well as all power 
 to swallow. If on the road, in harness, would fall without warning, never to rise 
 again, 
 
 Franldin. — An occasional case of pink-eye has been reported among our horses, but 
 no deaths have occurred from it. No other diseases among farm animals. 
 
 Kennebec. — Pink-eye and epizooty in a mild form have jirevailed among horses. 
 Cattle, hogs, and sheep are healthy. 
 
 Oxford. — All kinds of domestic animals are reported healthy in this- county. 
 
 Penobscot. — All kinds of farm animals are healthy. There has been no special dis- 
 ease among our cattle during the past twenty years. 
 
 Somtrsft. — Horses are reported to have had lung troubles. Some cows coming in 
 have been sick. Sheep have had the foot-rot, but the percentage of loss to the whole 
 number has been exceedingly small. There have been no epidemic or contagious dis- 
 eases. 
 
 Washington. — With the exception of pink-eye among horses, with no fatal results, 
 I can hear of the prevalence of no disease among the farm stock of this county. 
 
 Tork. — The domestic animals of this county have been free from all kinds of epi- 
 demic diseases during the past year. 
 
 MARYLAND, 
 
 Anne Arundel. — There has been no epidemic among farm stock in any part of the 
 county, and losses have only been such as usually occur from accident or to such acute 
 attacks as animals are sometimes subject. 
 
 Baltimore. — My district has been afflicted by a disease among fattening hogs, which 
 spread to others in this and adjoining districts. I myself lost all but one sow, some 
 20 head, and my neighbors on each side of me for a mile lost all they had. . The dis- 
 ease was so rapid in its results (death) that we were not able to make much use of 
 remedies, or take steps to prevent its spread. Tlie symptoms were so difierent, or 
 were described so differently, that I am unable to give an account that would cover 
 any but my own cases, although I am sure that what caused my loss was the same as 
 that which caused the loss of my neighbors. My pigs commenced to mope; refused 
 food; jaws seemed to lock; some had cough, and were dead in a day or two, except 
 in one or two instances in which they limped and broke out into sores all over the 
 body. The first one attacked recovered, which she did without having been given 
 anything in the shape of medicine. The neighbors doctored and gave medicine, but 
 lost their animals just as I did. I could not bring myself to use all the remedies rec- 
 ommended, because I could not tell jnst what ailed the hogs, and preferred to trust 
 to nature and good food and nursing, rather than be doubtful after whether I or the 
 disease killed them. I know the loss must have been much heas'ier than I have rep- 
 resented ($-2,.5()0), as I have just learned from one coming in of additional cases in va- 
 rious localities, enough to raise my estimate $.500. 
 
 Calvert. — This has been an unusually healthy year for all kinds of farm animals in 
 this county. There have been no deaths that I can hear of except such as are inci- 
 dent to accident and old age. 
 
 Frederick. — There has been no epidemic disease among either horses, cattle, hogs, 
 sheep, or fowls; hence the losses have been occasioned by accident or old age. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 325 
 
 Garrett. — I do not hear of the prevalence of any disease among horses, cattle, or 
 sheep. Hog cholera prevails to some extent, but not so generally as last year. 
 
 Howard. — "We take good care of onr stock by stabling and sheltering, as a rule; hence 
 we rarely have destructive diseases among our farm animals. 
 
 Prince George's. — I have heard of no epidemic among farm animals of any kind in our 
 county. A neighbor of mine bought a yoke of young oxen, large, fine animals, which 
 cost him .filOO; a mouth or so ago they were taken with weakness across the loins, 
 and could not raise upon their hind legs or feet. They lingered for three weeks and 
 both died. The State veterinarian pronounced the disease Texas fe%'er. 
 
 Somerset. — In some parts of the county the swine plague is now prevailing quite 
 seriously, but the area over which the disease extends is not large. I have heard of 
 no disease among fowls this year. 
 
 Talbot. — We have,uo disease among stock or poultry. Occasionally a few hogs die 
 but the cause can generally be traced to drinking impure water or eating poisonous 
 matter. All animals are in remarkably good health at this time. 
 
 Washington. — The value of the losses anu)ng farm animals in this county the past 
 year may be estimated as follows: Horses, §4,000 ; cattle, §2,500; hogs, §1,200; sheep, 
 ^600 ; and fowls, §150. 
 
 Worcester. — During the current year there have been no jirevailing diseases among 
 any class of farm animals, and the sporadic cases of sickness and death have been so 
 rare and scattered as to render it impossible to give reliable data. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Berlshire. — Few horses have died from the disease known as pink-eye. Hogs have 
 suffered to a considerable extent from cholera. I should think §2,000 worth have 
 been lost by the disease. Cattle, sheep, and fowls are in comparative good health. 
 
 Dukes. — No epidemic disease has prevailed among domestic animals in this county 
 the current year. 
 
 FranJilin. — Among horses, cattle, and hogs in this county the losses have not been 
 over 1 per cent, by disease the iiast year. There has, perhaps, been a loss of 3 per 
 cent, among sheep. 
 
 Plymouth. — An animal very rarely dies of disease in this county. Much of this is 
 due to the kind provision made for all kinds of domestic animals. 
 
 MICHIGAX. 
 
 Allegan. — Our fiirm animals are rarely attacked by fatal diseases. Occasionally a 
 horse contracts cold which settles on his lungs and he dies. Cattle, hogs, and sheep 
 are healthy. 
 
 Bemie. — No diseascsof an epidemic or contagious character seemtohave visited the 
 farm stock of this county the past year. 
 
 Calhoun. — Horses have suffered from a mild type of pink-eye, which has seldom 
 proved fatal. Several deaths have occurred from colic, inflammation of the lungs, 
 and other diseases common to horses. There has Iteen no epidemic among hogs, cat- 
 tle, or sheep during the year. 
 
 Cass. — There have been several fatal cases of pink-eye among the horses in this 
 county. It seems to have prevailed throughout the county. Milk fever has been the 
 most destructive disease that has prevailed among cattle. There have been some 
 lung troubles, but no cholera, among hogs. Some loss of sheep from diseases in the 
 head, but more from lung affections caused by colds. 
 
 Charlevoix. — I have heard of tlie prevalence of no disease of any kind among the 
 stock in this county the current year. 
 
 Clare. — So far as I can learn, there seems to have been no disease of consequence 
 among farm animals in this county during the year. 
 
 Crawford. — Eight horses have died during the year with what was supi^osed to be 
 pink-eye. No other domestic animals have suffered to any extent. 
 
326 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Delta, — I cau Iiear of no disease of a contagious nature prevailing among any class 
 of farm animals in this county. 
 
 Genesee. — No epidemic diseases have prevailed among stock in this countj\ The 
 following is perhaps a fair estimate of the losses among all classes of animals for the 
 year, the result of disease, old age, accident, &c., viz : Horses, $3,500 ; cattle, $1,250 ; 
 hogs, $1,125; sheep, $1,875; fowls, $1,000. 
 
 Gladwin. — No destructive disease of any character has visited any class of domestic 
 animals in this county the past year. 
 
 Huron. — No epidemic has visited either our horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs during 
 the past year. I have not oven heard of a case of glanders. 
 
 Ingham. — The following is probably a fair estimate of the value of the losses among 
 farm animals in this county for the current year : Horses, $14,700 ; cattle, $7,000 ; hogs, 
 $2,250 ; sheep, $1,660 ; and fowls, $1,000. 
 
 Ionia, — We have had no disease of consequence that I can hear of among either 
 horses, cattle, hogs, or sheep during the year. 
 
 Jackson. — There has been no disease of any kind among animals in this county, and 
 the deaths have only been those arising from natural causes, and have been rather 
 under than over the usual annual average. 
 
 Kalamazoo — No contagious or epidemic disease among animals in this county. 
 
 Lapeer. — Farm animals go into winter quarters in first-rate condition. No disease 
 of a general character prevalent. 
 
 Leelenaw. — All kinds of farm animals are very healthy. Horses have suffered to 
 some extent from epizooty, and a few cattle have died of dry murrain. A few sheep 
 have died of pneumonia. 
 
 LivingsioH. — It seems impossible to get the information you desire. However, there 
 has been no destructive disease of any kind among our domestic animals during the 
 past year. 
 
 Macomb. — A good many young horses annually die in this county. There has been 
 no disease among cattle and hogs. Sheep seldom recover when attacked by disease. 
 Many fowls die of cholera. Some farmers have lost their entire flocks by the disease. 
 
 Manilou. — No disease worthy of mention among farm stock. A great many fowls 
 have been lost by disease. 
 
 Marquette. — The only disease among horses is a swelling of the hind legs. They do 
 not die of it, but when they get very bad they are shot, as the swelling gets so large 
 they become useless. I have no other diseases to report. 
 
 Mecosta. — I can safely say that there has been no epidemic among any class of farm 
 animals in this county during the present year. 
 
 Oceana. — There has been no epidemic disease among the farm animals of this county 
 during the past season. 
 
 Osceola. — No diseases among farm stock in this county. 
 
 Oscoda. — Very few animals in this county, and, of course, but little disease. I do 
 not know of a sheep in ihe county. 
 
 Ottawa. — But few farm animals are ever affected with disease in this county, and 
 only those that are improperly treated or exposed to inclement weather. 
 
 Presque Isle. — I have no case of disease or death from contagious diseases among 
 farm stock to report for this county. 
 
 Saginaw. — All kinds of domestic animals — horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep — in this 
 county are in a very healthy condition. 
 
 Saint .loseph. — I am unable to get accurate information in regard to losses of farm 
 animals in this county, but 1 am satisfied they are very small. 
 
 Tuscola. — The only losses that have occurred among our farm animals have been 
 caused by old age, accident, &c. 
 
 Van Buren. — No prevailing disease among animals in this county that I know of, 
 except among breeding sows. Cannot say how many animals have died ; perhaps 
 thirty head in the county. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 327 
 
 Washtenaw. — Horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs are all free from contagious and in- 
 fectious diseases. Stock of every kiud iu this county is in good condition. 
 
 Wayne. — I do not know of the loss of any stock in this county the past year, except 
 from natural causes. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Beclcer.—k.s far as I can learn, the farm animals of this county have been quite free 
 from disease the past year. In cases where distemper, lung fever, and influenza have 
 occurred they have generally been caused either by the carelessness of exposing ani- 
 mals to sudden changes of temperature from a heated state to a cold or chilled one, 
 or from being confined in damp stables. 
 
 Big Stone.— There are no diseases prevailing among farm stock here. A few horses 
 have been killed by overwork. 
 
 Blue Earth. — Animals of all kinds are free from disease. 
 
 Brown. — A few farm animals have been lost in this county by disease, more cattle 
 perhaps than animals of any other class. 
 
 Carver. — There has been no mortality from disease among farm animals in this 
 county for the past ten years. Fowls are afflicted with cholera. 
 
 Chisago. — No disease of any kind is afflicting our stock, for which we are duly 
 thankful. 
 
 Chippeua. — There has been no disease among horses, hogs, or sheej). Some few cat- 
 tle have died of black-leg, but not so many as in former years, 
 
 Dakota. — No disease among our domestic animals. 
 
 Dodge. — There have been a few deaths among horses from pink-eye, and from black- 
 leg among cattle. A few hogs have died. During the past twenty-eight years the 
 farm animals of this county have not suffered from any fatal epidemic disease. 
 
 Fillmore. — There have been some losses of young cattle from the disease known as 
 black-leg. A few hogs have died of a disease pronounced cholera, but I have not 
 seen a case of real hog cholera in the county. There have been losses among fowls, 
 but no more than usual. 
 
 Houston. — Pink-eye has prevailed to some extent among horses, but it has not often 
 been fatal. No disease this year among cattle or hogs. Fowl cholera has prevailed 
 to a limited extent. This disease seems to be disappearing. 
 
 Jackson. — No contagious or infectious disease is prevailing among any class of do- 
 mestic animals or fowls. A few young cattle died during the season from black-leg. 
 
 Kanabec. — I have no losses worth recording among the farm animals of this county 
 for the past year. 
 
 Lao- Qui- Parle. — Stock of all kinds perfectly healthy. Few animals die except from 
 old age or mismanagement in feeding and watering. 
 
 Lake. — There are but few domestic animals of any kind in this county. The only 
 losses that occur are among draught horses, caused by overwork, carelessness, &c. 
 
 Lc Sueur. — A few cases of epizooty have occurred among horses. Cattle, hogs, and 
 sheep are in good health and condition. 
 
 Lowndes. — The losses caused by disease among the farm animals of this county the 
 past year are very small. No epidemic disease has prevailed. 
 
 McLeod. — A few cases of pink-eye have occurred among horses, and black-leg has 
 prevailed to some extent among cattle. Young anim.als of the age of one and two 
 years have suffered most. It would be a great advantage to stock- raisers if the cause 
 and a remedy for this disease could be discovered. During some seasons a great many 
 young cattle die of it. 
 
 Martin. — There has been no disease among stock in this county this year — that is, 
 not sufficient to be worthy of note. Some cattle have died of black-leg. 
 
 Meeker. — As far as I can learn — and I have had good facilities for obtaining infor- 
 mation — there has been no loss of stock from disease worthy of mention during the 
 year. 
 
328 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Morrison — But very few farm animals have died of disease during the past year. 
 No epidemic of any kind has prevailed among stock. 
 
 Nicollet. — No destructive disease to record among any class of farm animals in tliis 
 county. 
 
 Nobles. — Farm animals of every class have always been very healthy. The value of 
 the losses for the past year are therefore not worth recording. 
 
 Norman. — No epidemic disease has prevailed among any class of our farm stock the 
 past year. The only losses that have occurred were caused by want of proper care in 
 feeding and watering animals. 
 
 Olmsted. — Diseases among farm animals are so rare, and the fatality so small, that 
 the losses are not considered worthy of recording. 
 
 Pine. — After careful inquiry I cannot learn that there has been any particular dis- 
 ease prevalent among the domestic animals of this county during the current year. 
 This is not a stock-raising county in any sense. 
 
 Pojye. — Pink-eye has prevailed more or less among horses. One man lost six ani- 
 mals. Cattle have been affected with black-leg, and hogs with cholera. Some cases 
 of rot have occurred among sheep. 
 
 Bedwood. — The past year has been a very favorable one for farm animals. I cannot 
 learn of a sufficient number of losses to make a basis for any sort of a report. 
 
 Bice. — No epidemic diseases have been noted among farm animals the i)a8t year. 
 Fowls have been diseased, and the losses have been quite heavy. Considerable interest 
 is being manifested in the raising of imj)roved breeds, especially horses of larger types. 
 An interest is also being awakened in the dairy industry, for which this county seems 
 well adapted. 
 
 Scott. — The only losses that have occurred among farm auiinals in this county the 
 past year have been the result of natural causes, accidents, &g. 
 
 Sherburne. — Occasionally ahorse dies from old age, a cow from milk fever, and a 
 calf from scouring. The loss will not amount to 1 per cent, per annum to any class of 
 animals. 
 
 Sibley. — Pink-eye has prevailed among horses and black-leg among cattle. I pre- 
 sume cattle worth |1,000 have died during the year of the latter disease. 
 
 Stearns. — Nothing but the usual horse distemper has appeared among any class of 
 our farm stock during the past year. 
 
 Steele. — No epidemic among farm animals the past year. Losses among all classes 
 have been confined to very young or very old animals, thus greatly reducing the aver- 
 age value of those lost. 
 
 Stevens. — I have no losses among farm animals from disease of sufficient magnitude 
 to report. 
 
 Traverse. — There has been no disease among our stock which has assumed au 
 epidemic form. A few animals have died of disease, but the percentage has been 
 small. 
 
 Watonwan. — No disease among horses. Occasionally one dies from abuse, old age, 
 or natural cause. The only disease among cattle has been an occasional case of black" 
 leg. Young calves suffer most. One percent, will cover the losses from this disease. 
 There has been no disease among hogs or sheep. 
 
 Winona. — All classes of farm animals have remained free from contagious or epidemic 
 diseases during the past year. 
 
 Wright. — There has been no special disease among our farm animals during the year. 
 A great many sheep have been killed by dogs and wolves. Many farmers have been 
 compelled to give up trying to rear this class of stock. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Alcorn. — Very few deaths have occurred among farm animals in this county from 
 disease. The losses among each class have been small, and generally from natural 
 causes. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBISTICATED ANIMALS. 329 
 
 Amite. —Among horses, mules, and cattle we have had no prevailiunj disease this 
 year nor the year previous worth mentioniu;^. Hogs, sheep, and fowls suffered to some 
 extent early in the spring, during the wet season. 
 
 Benton. — There has heen very little disease of an epidemic character among our 
 farm animals the past year; hence our losses have been small. 
 
 Calhoun. — Xo disease among farm stock the past year. 
 
 Carroll. — No epidemic has prevailed among the farm stock of this county, and the 
 losses for the past year have been nominal. 
 
 Choctaw. — The farm animals of this county have been measurably free from disease 
 the past year. There have been a few cases of charbon among cattle and cholera 
 among hogs. 
 
 Copiah. — There has been no disease among our farm animals. Chicken cholera has 
 bsen widespread aud destructive. Mauj^ persons have lost almost their entire flocks. 
 
 Covington. — The only disease of consequence that has visited our farm animals is 
 that of cholera, which has prevailed to some extent among hogs. The losses have 
 been light. 
 
 Greene. — The only loss of farm animals in this county has been among sheep. A 
 great many of these animals have been destroyed by dogs, in addition to those which 
 have died of disease. 
 
 Harrison. — No losses from disease among our farm stock for the jiast year. 
 
 Hinds. — No serious disease has occurred among any class of our farm animals. A 
 number of cattle died during the winter from exposure to inclement weather. Some 
 winters our losses are very heavy for lack of adequate protection to stock. 
 
 Jasper. — Tliere has been some distemper among horses. Hogs have suffered with 
 cholera, and sheep with a disease called sore-head. 
 
 Marshall. — Horses have died of blind-staggers, piuk-eye, and colic, but the majority 
 of poverty. Cattle have died of murrain, and a great many also of poverty. Hogs 
 worth, perhaps, .$7,000 or -f S,000 have died of a disease denominated swine fever or 
 hog cholera. Sbeep are afiiicted with rot. Large numbers of fowls have died of 
 cholera, as described by veterinary reports. 
 
 Neicton. — There has been no epidemic of any kind among our farm animals during 
 the year. Even fowl cholera has not been so troublesome as formerly. 
 
 Oktibbeha. — Some little cholera has prevailed among hogs, and occasionally there has 
 been a case of blind-staggers among horses, but nothing like an epidemic has occurred 
 among any class. 
 
 Simpson. — Cholera has swept off about one-half the hogs in this county; value, 
 over $12,000. A new disease prevailed among cattle, which destroyed a great many 
 head. They lived only about twenty-four hours after being attacked. 
 
 Tippah. — There have been no losses from disease among the farm animals of this 
 county worthy of reporting. 
 
 Tishomingo. — The past year has been a very favorable one for farm animals in this 
 county. No disease of consequence has visited any class. 
 
 Union. — Hog cholera has prevailed in the northeast corner of the county, but it has 
 not been very destructive. 
 
 Warren. — Texas fever has prevailed among our cattle. All those attacked died. 
 Nine of my own cattle died within three days. Native cattle were not affected — only 
 the imported animals seemed to be susceptible. Sheep arealllicted with flukes. Those 
 afflicted with this disease will all die if not physicked. 
 
 Wayne. — Distemper has occurred among both horses aud sheep, murrain among cat- 
 tle, and cholera among hogs and fowls. 
 
 Winston. — Some fifteen or sixteen horses have died this year from distemper. No 
 other disease of a destructive character has prevailed among stock. 
 
330 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Adair. — No disease of a destructive nature has occurred among farm animals or 
 fowls in this county during the year. 
 
 Barry. — Distemper has prevailed to some extent among horses, and a few cases have 
 proved fatal. About 20 per cent, of our hogs have been affected with cholera and 
 about 10 per cent, of those affected have died. Cholera also prevails among fowls. 
 
 Bollinger. — No destructive diseases have visited any class of our farm animals dur- 
 ing the past year. They are healthy without exception. 
 
 Caldwell. — During the past year the losses caused by disease among farm animals 
 in this county have been comparatively small. No disease of a very maliguant char- 
 acter has prevailed. 
 
 Carter. — All four classes of farm animals have been exceedingly healthy throughout 
 this county the past year. 
 
 Cedar. — Afew cases of distemper and glanders have occurred among horses. Cholera 
 prevails among hogs, and about half the number attacked die. Dogs destroy a great 
 many sheep. Cholera prevails to a wide extent among fowls, and about all that are 
 attacked die. 
 
 Crawford. — We have had no fatal diseases among our stock the present year. 
 
 Dallas. — The deaths from disease among our farm animals have been so few that I 
 am unable to even approximate the value of the losses. 
 
 Daviess. — There has been no destructive disease among our domestic animals. Chol- 
 era has prevailed to some extent among fowls. 
 
 Dent. — I have heard of no losses among farm animals during the present year. 
 
 Douglas. — Our horses are healthy. Black-leg has occurred among cattle, and hogs 
 have been afflicted with cholera. 
 
 Franklin. — The principal cause of disease among our horses is over-feeding with 
 corn or oats, and then too much water and over driving. In winter cattle are lost 
 from neglect, both as to feed, water, and shelter. Hogs ai:e lost by improper shelter 
 and too much corn — in other words, a lack of a sufficient variety of food and clear 
 water to drink. 
 
 Gasconade. — No diseases of a fatal character have prevailed among any class of farm 
 anim 
 
 Greene. — So far as I can learn, there is no prevailing disease among domestic ani- 
 mals. We occasionally have an epidemic among hogs and poultry, but just now not 
 any. 
 
 Harrison. — Farm animals in this county the past year have been unusually healthy. 
 No epidemic disease has appeared among them. 
 
 Hickory. — We have had no hog cholera in this county since 1875-'76. 
 
 Holt. — No epidemics exist among domestic animals in this county. The diseases 
 tbat usually affect horses and mules are the result of hard usage. The losses from 
 various causes may be stated thus: 150 horses, ,f 7,500; 50 cattle, $1,500; 500 hogs, 
 $1,000; 30 mules and asses, $2,250. 
 
 Jefferson. — But few diseases of a fatal character have visited our farm animals the 
 past year. The value of the losses may be thus given : Horses, $2,000 ; cattle, $10,200; 
 hogs, $300 ; sheep, $200. 
 
 Johnson. — In the northeastern part of the county considerable cholera prevails 
 among pigs and small shoates. Fully three-fourths of those attacked die. As a rule, 
 farm aninuils are healthy in this county. 
 
 Laclede. — Wc have no disease to amount to anything among either horses, cattle, 
 hogs, sheep, or fowls. A very limited number of cases of hog cholera have occurred. 
 
 Lawrence. — Several cases of Texas fever occurred among cattle in this county last 
 summer. Hog cholera prevails to a considerable extent, but I cannot give the value 
 of the losses. 
 
 lAncoln, — We have had no contaarious disease among horses or cattle. Cholera has 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATEu ANIMALS. 331 
 
 prevailed among both bogs and cbickens, and rot and scab auioug sbeej). The value 
 of the losses among swiue has been about $24,000 ; among sheep, $6,250 ; and fowls) 
 $2,000 or $3,000, 
 
 Linn. — We have had no disease among farm stock in this county the past year to 
 amount to anything. 
 
 Livingston. — No disease except among hogs and fowls. Hogs are more healthy than 
 they have been in the past eight years. The losses this year will perhaps loot up 
 $15,000. The losses among fowls have been quite heavy; the value will perhaps 
 reach $7,500. 
 
 Macon. — There have been but few fatal cases of disease among our farm animals 
 the past year. 
 
 Madinon. — About 3 per cent, of the hogs of this county have died during the year of 
 disease. Two per cent, of the horses and one per cent, of the cattle have also died. 
 
 Miller. — A large number of hogs have died of cholera during the year. Other classes 
 of animals have remained in good health. 
 
 Moniteau. — This is not only a remarkably healthy county for all kinds of live stock, 
 but this has been an exceptionally healthy year, so much so that we consider it 
 proper to report no diseases or losses at all. 
 
 Monroe. — No fatal disease has prevailed to any considerable extent among the domes- 
 tic animals and fowls in this county during the past year. A few cases of black-leg 
 among calves and cholera among hogs have occurred. Fowl cholera has also prevailed 
 to a limited extent. This fatal disease among fowls can be controlled or prevented 
 by the use of hyposulphite. We have fully tested it during the past two years. It 
 is a valuable medicine. 
 
 ^Yeit> Madrid. — The total value of animals and fowls lost in this county by disease 
 the past year is $18,641.87. About $16,000 of this amount is attributable to diseases 
 among hogs. Several cattle died of an unknown disease. The livers of those I ex- 
 amined were rotton. 
 
 Xewton. — There have been no losses of consequence among our fai'm animals by 
 disease the past year. 
 
 jVbiau'rti/. ^Distemper of an epizootic character has been quit'e fatal to horses in 
 this county. Pink-eye and black-leg have visited our cattle, and cholera has been 
 quite prevalent among hogs and fowls. The following estimates of our losses are 
 given: Horses, $30,000; cattle, $4,000; hogs, $20,000; sheep, $1,500; fowls, $2,000. 
 
 Osage. — No disease of an epidemic character has appeared among any class of farm 
 stock except cholera or swine plague. I suppose hogs to the value of $5,000 have died 
 of this disease the past year. 
 
 Ozark. — There has been no epidemic or fatal disease of any kind among our domes- 
 tic animals during the year 
 
 Platte. — For the last year or two all kinds of animals in this county have been re- 
 markably healthy. This is no doubt owing to the fact that farmers are taking bet- 
 ter care of their stock than in former years. 
 
 Pulaski. — Cattle are about the only farm animals that have been afflicted during the 
 past year. The disease known as black-leg has prevailed among them, and a great 
 many calves and yearlings have died. 
 
 Putnam. — Th'fe following estimates of the value of losses among farm animals from 
 all causes are given for the current year: Horses, $25,000; cattle, $62,500; hogs, 
 $10,000; sheep, $2,500 ; and fowls, $1,000. 
 
 Randolph. — The value of animals lost in this county the past year from disease and 
 natural causes is given as follows: Horses, $3,200 ; cattle, $10,000; hogs, $5,700 ; sheep, 
 $4,600, and fowls, $1,250. When a horse or cow is att'ected with disease the owners 
 endeavor to cure them, but with hogs, sheep, and fowls nothing is done. 
 
 Saint Charles. — Hog cholera has prevailed to some extent, and has proved very fatal 
 to the animals attacked. The value of the losses will reach $7,000. 
 
 Saint Louis. — Have hoard of six horses diseased with glanders, of which three died. 
 
332 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Have heard of but one lot of hogs afflicted with disease. They have somethiug like 
 diarrhea or flux. Some fifteen or twenty of them died. Other animals are healthy. 
 
 Schuyler. — Cattle have suffered with black-leg and hogs with cholera. Sheep are 
 becoming badly affected with scab. Fowls have been afflicted with the usual disease — 
 cholera. 
 
 Shelby. — Farm animals of all kinds are healthy. Fowls die every year of cholera 
 and roupe. 
 
 Stoddard. — The only loss I have to record among farm animals in this county has 
 been among hogs. The value of the losses have been small. Will not exceed $-2,000. 
 
 Taney. — I can hear of no disease except black-leg among cattle. This has been 
 quite prevalent, and is generally fatal. The value of the losses from this disease will 
 perhaps reach $4,000. 
 
 Verno». — No fatal epidemic disease has visited any class of our farm animals during 
 the year. 
 
 Warren. — The health of all classes of farm animals here was never better than now. 
 
 Wayne. — The value of the losses from disease among our farm aniraals during the past 
 year is estimated as follows: Horses, $7,500 ; cattle, $2,750; hogs, $2,500 ; sheep, $1,300; 
 and fowls, $225. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Adams. — So far as I have been able to ascertain, no disease of any consequence has 
 prevailed among our farm animals during the past year. 
 
 Antelope. — So insignificant have been the losses by disease among domestic animals 
 that I do not deem them worthy of report. 
 
 Boone. — Horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep are remarkably healthy — no disease of any 
 kind. A horse dies occasionally of old age or accident. 
 
 Ca8s. — Cattle and hogs are the only classes of animals that have suffered with dis- 
 ease in this county. Cattle have been afflicted with black-leg and hogs with cholera 
 and lung diseases. 
 
 Cedar. — The losses among farm animals in this county by disease the present year 
 have been very light. 
 
 Dawson. — But few farm animals have been lost by disease in this county during the 
 year. 
 
 Douglas. — Five or six horses died during the year of pink-eye. In the fall some 
 cattle died of indigestion, caused by eating corn husks. We have lost some hogs and 
 fowls by cholera, and some sheep have died of scab. 
 
 Furnas. — Animals of all kinds have generally been healthy the jiast year. A few 
 horses have died from change of climate, overwork, «&c. In some localities cattle 
 have died of the disease known as black-leg. I have no losses to report among hogs, 
 sheep, or fowls. 
 
 Hall. — Black-leg has lately made its appearance among some herds of cattle which 
 have been allowed to feed without restraint upon newly husked corn fields. I be- 
 lieve this to be the principal cause of the disease. No other disease has appeared 
 among fiirm stock. Chicken cholera prevails in some localities. 
 
 Hamilton. — I have heard of but very few cases of disease among farm animals in this 
 county. There has been considerable loss by chicken cholera. Some farmers have 
 lost all — others few. 
 
 Johnson. — All farm animals are iu good health and condition. No epidemic has oc- 
 curred during the year. 
 
 Kearney. — I have no losses to report from diseases among domestic animals for the 
 past year. 
 
 Lancaster. — I can obtain no reliable data as to losses among farm animals iu this 
 county for the current year. 
 
 Merrick. — Some horses have been lost during the year by diseases incident to them. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 333 
 
 Cattle, bogs, and sheep are healthy. Cholera has prevailed to some extent among 
 fowls. 
 
 Nemaha. — There is so little disease or loss among farm animals the current year as 
 to hardly be worth mentioning. Some distemper and piuk-eye among horses, but no 
 loss. A few cases of " kidney worm " among hogs, which readily yields to treatment, 
 and scab among sheep. 
 
 Phelps. — The only loss among farm animals worthy of record has been among 
 sheep. I suppose $1,000 would cover the value of these losses. 
 
 Platte. — No epidemic has appeared among the domestic animals of this county for 
 the current year. 
 
 Polk. — No fatal diseases among farm animals. Chicken cholera has been quite 
 prevalent and fatal. 
 
 Richardson. — Scarcely any disease among the farm animals of this county. I do not 
 know personally of the death of a horse, cow, or hog during the season, and my loca- 
 tion is a central one. 
 
 Saitndey-s. — I have been unable to hear of the prevalence of any fatal disease among 
 live stock in this county. 
 
 Webster. — With the exception of hog cholera, no other contagious disease seems to 
 have visited any class of our farm animals during this year. 
 
 Esmeralda. — Horses have been afflicted with distemper and lung fever. The latter 
 has proved very fatal to stallions. Black-leg has been quite fatal to calves and year- 
 ling cattle. It has been fatal in almost every instance. The symptoms are the swell- 
 ing of one or more of the legs. Sometimes the swelling is confined to the hip or side 
 of the neck and head. After death the part alfected becomes badly bloodshotteu. 
 No remedy has been found for the malady. 
 
 Lyon. — Lung fever has proved fatal to some horses, and black-leg has been very 
 fatal to cattle. Hogs and sheep are healthy. 
 
 Nye. — The annual losses of farm animals iu this county from disease are trivial. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Belknap. — There has been no prevailing disease among animals in this county the 
 current year. Some few animals have died, but I am unable to form any idea of the 
 number or value. It must be, however, a very small percentage of the whole number. 
 
 Cheshire. —No epidemic disease among horses, cattle, or hogs. Some foot-rot among 
 sheep and diseases among fowls. 
 
 Coos. — No epidemic disease of any nature has prevailed among our farm animals 
 during the year. The losses have been comj)aratively small. 
 
 Hillsborough. — I hear of but few losses of cattle, sheep, or hogs during the past year. 
 No epidemic has occurred among either class of domestic animals. 
 
 Sullivan. — The value of the farm animals lost in this county by disease the current 
 year will probably aggregate iu the neighborhood of $5,000, as follows: Horses, 
 12,400 ; cattle, $1,500 ; hogs, $-250 ; sheep, $700. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Atlantic. — I have hoard of no contagious or epidemic diseases existing among our 
 farm animals. The increase of live stock in this county since 18(^0 has been at least 
 15 per cent. 
 
 Camden. — All classes of farm animals liavo been unusually exempt from disease the 
 past year. I canot hear of a case of contagions disease that has proved fatal. Fowls 
 have sulfcred with cholera, but tliis disease yields readily to treatment with sniphur 
 and sulpiiiiric acid. 
 
 Cape May. — No diseases exist among farm animals or fowls in this county. Occasion- 
 
334 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ally there is a case of pink-eye among horses, but the disease rarely proves fatal. Some 
 loss among fowls by disease. 
 
 Essex. — With one exception there has been no contagion among horses or cattle in 
 this county. The exception was in South Orange, where forty-six horses in the South 
 Orange and Newark horse-car stables suffering with glanders were killed by order of 
 the health ofHcers of the State. 
 
 Gloucester. — No disease prcA^ails among any class of domestic animals in this county. 
 Chicken cholera prevails to a more or less extent throughout the county. 
 
 Middlesex. — I have no losses from disease to report among the farm animals of this 
 county. There has been a heavy loss among fowls. 
 
 Mwris. — I have heard of the prevalence of no disease among farm stock for the past 
 year. 
 
 Ocean. — I am glad to state that the live stock of our county is remarkably (I might 
 almost say absolutely) free from all contagious diseases. 
 
 Salem. — The losses of farm animals by diseases during the past year were very few 
 in this county. 
 
 Warren. — I do not think any disease of a contagious character has prevailed among 
 any class of our farm animals during the year. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Allegany. — No serious epidemic has occurred among any class of domestic animals 
 in this county during the year. The value of tbe losses, from all causes, may be stated 
 thus: Hoi ses, $3,500; cattle, $1,600 ; hogs, $150 ; sheep, $250 ; and fowls, $1,262.50. 
 
 Broome.— 1 have not been able to hear of the prevalence of any contagious or fatal 
 malady among any class of our farm animals. 
 
 Cayuga. — The usual diseases have prevailed among farm stock in this county the 
 past year, though they have been of rather a mild form. Pink-eye and influenza have 
 been the principal diseases. There were 72 cases of pink-eye, of which 13 proved 
 fatal. Out of 32 cases of influenza there were 7 deaths. Cattle and swine are healthy. 
 There were 73 cases of scab among sheep, but no deaths. Of foot-rot there were 160 
 cases and 32 deaths. There has been a great deal of cholera among fowls. About all 
 that have been attacked have died. The same might be said of roupe. These diseases 
 trouble us a good deal. 
 
 Chautauqua. — There has been no epidemic disease among farm stock in this part of 
 the State during the past three years. The following estimates of losses for this county 
 are for diseases of all kinds liable to affect farm stock. The largest share of such casu- 
 alties may no doubt be charged to improper feed and care or to neglect. The esti- 
 mates are : Horses, $1,275 ; cattle, $1,100; hogs, $325; sheep, $1.50. 
 
 Colwmbia. — While no epidemic seems to have prevailed among any class of farm 
 stock in this county during the year, the aggregate loss foots up quite a large sum. 
 The losses in detail are given as follows : Horses, $12,500 ; cattle, $8,000; hogs, $3,750 ; 
 sheep, $2,500; and fowls, $1,125. 
 
 Cortland. — No losses from disease are reported as having occurred among the farm 
 animals of this county. 
 
 Dutchess. — I am pleased to say that no contagious or infectious diseases have pre- 
 vailed among our farm animals the past year. 
 
 Essex. — There has been some little trouble with pink-eye among horses. Generally, 
 however, farm animals have been very healthy. 
 
 Franlclin. — None but the common ordinary diseases incident to farm stock have pre- 
 vailed the past year. This is a good climate for both man and beast. 
 
 Fulton. — Horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs have remained healthy during the year. 
 Some disease has prevailed among fowls. 
 
 Genesee. — We have very little disease among our farm animals, and what we have 
 are isolated cases. Farmers know that good feeding and proper treatment are better 
 than doctors' nostrums. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICTTED ANIMALS. 335 
 
 Greene. — The value of the losses among farm animals iu this county for the year are 
 given as follows : Horses, $3,125; cattle, $1,260 ; hogs, $700; sheep, $665 ; and fowls, 
 $1,000. 
 
 Hamillon. — There have been no epidemics during the past year among our domestic 
 animals or fowls. Last winter was a very severe one on work horses, and several 
 died, probably more from overwork and exposure than from disease. 
 
 Herkimer . — We have had no epidemic disease among our domestic animals during 
 the past year, except abortion among dairy cows, and this to a less extent than in 
 former years. 
 
 Lewis. — I have no losses to report among farm animals in this county. No epidemic 
 has prevailed among any class. 
 
 Livingston. — The value of farm animals lost iu this county the past year from disease 
 and other causes may be estimated as follows : Horses, $3,750 ; cattle, $1,250 ; hogs, 
 $400; sheeii, $105, and fowls, $70. 
 
 Madison. — All kinds of farm animals aud fowls have remained free from disease 
 during the year. 
 
 Monroe. — This is not a stock-growing county, but among the limited number of 
 animals kejit there has been no prevailing disease, and only the usual deaths from 
 common maladies, accidents, «&c. 
 
 Montgomery. — No epidemic is reported as having prevailed among farm animals in 
 this county, yet a heavy mortality is reported among some classes. The value of the 
 losses is given as follows : Horses, $3,000 ; cattle, $30,000 ; hogs, $1,200 ; sheep, $240, 
 aud fowls, $562. 
 
 Niagara. — There has been no epidemic among any kind of farm animals in this 
 county during the past year, so the comparative loss has been very small, and the 
 result principally of some acute disease or accident. 
 
 Oneida. — There has been no disease of a marked nature among any class of our farm 
 stock. This is pre-eminently a dairy county, and the number of cattle varies but 
 little from year to year. 
 
 Onondaga. — I have no losses of consequence to report among the farm animals of 
 this county for the year. 
 
 Ontario. — No epidemic occurred among any class of farm animals during the year 
 1882. Fowls were affected in 1882 to about the same extent as during the present 
 year and with the same disease, called chicken cholera. 
 
 Oswego.— A. great many horses were affected with pink-eye in 1882 ; perhaps 1,500 
 were attacked, causing a loss of 150 head. No disease of a contagious character has 
 prevailed among any class of animals this year. 
 
 Otsego. — From all the information I have been able to obtain I am led to believe 
 there have been do appreciable losses from epidemic diseases among any branch of 
 farm animals during the year. 
 
 Schoharie. — There has been no unusual disease of any kind among our farm stock 
 this year. 
 
 Seneca. — There has been no prevailing disease among either cattle, hogs, or sheep. 
 A few horses have died of distemper. Hen cholera lias prevailed, causing a loss, per- 
 haps, of $4,000 in the county. 
 
 Suffolk. — The most fatal diseases among horses in this county are lock-jaw and spi- 
 nal meningitis. Scab has proved very fatal to sheep. 
 
 Tioga. — There has been no disease of an epidemic or fatal character among our farm 
 stock this year. 
 
 Warren. — The losses among the various classes of domestic animals and fowls in 
 this county for the past j'ear have been so small, that I am satisfied no disease of an 
 epidemic character has occurred. 
 
 Washington. — There has been some pink-eye among horses and pneumonia among 
 cattle. Hogs have suffered with staggers, sheep with colds, aud fowls with the usual 
 
336 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 diseases. The value of the losses for the year are about as follows: Horses, $4,500; 
 cattle, $5,000; hogs, $3,300; sheep, $2,400; fowls, $4,000. 
 
 Wayne. — No destructive disease seems to have prevailed among auy class of farm 
 animals in this county the past year. 
 
 Wyoming. — No fatal disease has prevailed among any of our farm animals this year* 
 Yates. — Pink-eye has prevailed to some extent among our horses, but in rather a 
 mild form. Chicken cholera prevails in this locality, and seems to be very conta- 
 gious. Turkeys are occasionally attacked and die. It is plainly a disease of the 
 bowels. Some seasons the value of the losses in this county will reach $1,000. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Alexander, — There has been no prevalent disease among farm stock in this county 
 the past year, and no data upon which to base an opinion as to the number of aui^pals 
 that have been attacked and died within the year. 
 
 Alamance. — I have no diseases to report as prevailing among our farm animals at 
 present. There has been no hog cholera this season. About 75 lier cent, of the ani- 
 mals die when it prevails. 
 
 Ashe. — None other than the common well-known diseases have prevailed during the 
 year among the live-stock of this county. 
 
 Carteret. — The losses from diseases among domestic animals have been comparatively 
 small in this county the current year. 
 
 Caswell. — A few hogs and fowls have died during the year of diseases incident to 
 them. 
 
 Clay. — Cholera has prevailed among the hogs and fowls of this county to a limited 
 extent during the year. Horses, cattle, and sheep have remained healthy. 
 
 Columbus. — Farm animals are generally healthy, at least no contagious disease 
 prevails among any class, except among hogs. They are afflicted with cholera, as 
 are also our fowls. We have found no remedy for this disease. 
 
 Cuviberland. — With the exception of hogs, all our domestic animals seem to have 
 been very healthy the past year. Some years the loss is very heavy among these 
 animals. 
 
 Dane. — A number of horses along the beach have died of blind-staggers. Cattle, 
 hogs, and sheep have been very healthy. A great many sheep have been killed by 
 dogs. 
 
 Davidson. — Several of our farmers havelost their hogs— almost their entire stock — 
 by a disease which carried them off very rapidly. They broke out in boils which had 
 a very offensive odor. The animals only lived about 36 hours after the attack was 
 noticed. So offensive were the tumors that the buzzards were attracted while the 
 animals were yet living. The boils could be penetrated to a depth of an inch or more. 
 
 Forsyth. — There have been no fatal diseases among our farm animals during the 
 year. A great many fowls have died of cholera. 
 
 Franklin. — The only loss of any importance among any class of our farm animals 
 during the year has been among hogs by the usual diseases incident to these animals. 
 
 Gaston. — A few horses and cattle have died of disease during the past year, but not 
 many. Hogs are the most unhealthy of all classes of farm stock. They die mostly of 
 cholera. A great many fowls are also lost by cholera. 
 
 Gates. — I am unable to furnish the information desired in your circular. 
 
 Greene. — Since the enactment of the stock law diseases among farm animals are not 
 so prevalent. We have had a few cases of cholera among hogs, but the disease has 
 not been widespread as in former years. 
 
 Halifax. — All kinds of farm animals have been free from disease, and the losses 
 during the year amount to but little. Occasionally cholera appears among our 
 fowls. 
 
 Harnett. — Cholera has been quite fatal among our hogs. At least one-half of those 
 attacked have died. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISPOSES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 337 
 
 Henderson. — I find it imjiossible to procure the statistics relating to losses amonj^ 
 farni animals. 
 
 Iredell. — Our farm animals have been unusually exempt from disease, especially of 
 a fatal character. The losses will not exceed, in value, over $3,000 or §4,000 for the 
 entii'e county. 
 
 Jones. — There isnofc much attention paid to stock in this county. The animals are 
 allowed to roam at large and take care of themselves. But few losses have occurred 
 from diseases. 
 
 Montgomeri/. — We have no reliable basis from which to report, and do not propose 
 to guess. The returns of assistants are not reliable, and I do not propose to make a 
 statement unless based on some facts measurablj' reliable. 
 
 Onslow. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs and fowls in this county. No other 
 disease of a contagions character has appeared among stock. The value of the losses 
 among the various classes for the year may be stated thus : Horses, $10,250 ; cattle, 
 $2,475; hogs, $1,800; sheep, $312.50. 
 
 ' Pamlico. — About 40 horses have died in this.county this year of blind-staggers. The 
 losses have not been heavy, but more or less disease has prevailed among the other 
 classes. 
 
 Pasquotank. — No special disease has prevailed among any class of our farm animals 
 this year, except cholera, which has caused the death of a limited number of hogs. 
 
 Pender. — Blind-staggers has been quite fatal to a number of horses in this county, 
 and cholera has prevailed quite extensively among hogs and fowls. The value of the 
 horses lost may be stated at about $3,000, and hogs a like amount. 
 
 Polk. — Farm stock has generally been healthy. There have been some cases of 
 cholera among hogs, but I am of the opinion that 15 i)er cent, would fully cover the 
 loss for the year. Among horses and cattle the losses will not exceed 5 per cent. 
 
 Bandolph. — Losses among horses and mules, $3,175; cattle, $500; hogs, $1,446; 
 sheep, $520 ; fowls, $219. 
 
 Bobeson. — Horses have been exceptionally healthy this year. Cattle have been 
 afflicted with murrain. Warm winters seem to be more unhealthy for cattle than 
 cold weather. Hogs are afflicted with cholera, and about all that are attacked with 
 the disease die. We havenoremedy for chicken cholera, although the disease is wide- 
 spread and fatal. 
 
 Uutherford. — Horses have sutlered with distemper, glanders, and blind-staggers, and 
 cattle with distemi)er and murrain. A large number of hogs have died of cholera, 
 and a few sheep have been lost by scab. Fowl cholera prevails. 
 
 Surry. — No fatal diseases have visited the farm animals of this county during the 
 current year. 
 
 Transylvania. — The losses from disease among all classes of farm aninuils in this 
 county for the past year will aggregate about $5,000. 
 
 Union. — The horses and cattle in this county have been remarkably free from disease 
 the past year. Dogs have killed about 225 sheep. A considerable number of fowls 
 have died from cholora and sore-head. 
 
 Wayne. — No si>ecial disease has prevailed among the live-stock of this county. 
 Cholera has been quite destructive to fowls. 
 
 Wilkes. — The aggregate loss Jtinong all classes of farm stock and fowls in this county 
 for the year may be stated at about $8,000. 
 
 IVilson. — Hog cholera prevailed to a wide extent in this county in 1882. I lost hogs 
 myself valued at $500. I suppose the loss in the county that year reached $6,000 or 
 $7,000. Our experience is that it does no good to doctor animals suttering with the 
 disease. Generally about 75 per cent, of the fowls attacked with cholera die. 
 
 Yadkin. — No destructive disease has prevaileil auioug farm animals in this county. 
 All classes are in a healthy condition. 
 
 Yancey. — No verj' fatal or widespread disease has visited any class of our live-stock 
 this year. 
 
 5751 D A 2U 
 
338 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Allen. — The losses from diseases among farm animals were quite heavy for the past 
 year in this county. The values are given as follows: Horses, |10,832; cattle, $6,'202; 
 hogs, #18,350; sheep, $2,425. 
 
 Abhtahula. — No destructive diseases have visited the live-stock of this county during 
 the J ear, and hence the losses have only been nominal. 
 
 Auglaize. — While no special epidemic seems to have prevailed among any class of 
 farm aninuils in this couuty, the losses for the year are quite heavy. They are given 
 as follows: Horses, $9,746; cattle, $4,717; hogs, $13,100; sheep, $1,085. 
 
 Brown. — I fitid it impossible to make a correct statement in regard to losses of farm 
 stock in this county, and therefore think it best not to make any. 
 
 Carroll. — No diseases have prevailed among either horses, cattle, or hogs. Some 
 flocks of sheep are aftected with foot-rot, but not many die of the disease. Occasion- 
 ally they die of grub in the head. Fowl cholera is often quite destructive, but the 
 disease does not seem to prevail at this time. 
 
 Champaign. — Only sporadic cases of disease have occurred among our farm animals 
 during this year. Fowls die by the dozens on many farms, but thei-e are no records 
 showing the number lost. 
 
 Crawford. — No disease among horses. Cattle and hogs are healthy and in good 
 condition. There is some foot-rot^among sheep, and a great deal of cholera among 
 fowls. 
 
 Clinton. — The following are the estimates of the losses of farm animals in this couuty 
 for the past year: Horses, |16,800; cattle, $5,190 ; hogs, $14,416 ; sheep, $2,428. 
 
 Coshocton. — No epidemic disease has occurred among our farm stock this year. 
 
 Darke. — Horses and cattle are healthy. Cholera or splenic fever has, and still is 
 raging among hogs in some sections of the county. I have no data as to the value of 
 the losses, but the aggregate will be large. There are isolated cases of cholera among 
 fo wis. 
 
 Defiance. — No disease of any kind among stock. Nothing but natural causes occa- 
 sion losses. 
 
 Delaware. — There were killed by dogs in this county during the year 335 sheep, 
 valued at $1,262. A number of cattle and hogs have died of the diseases incident to 
 such stock. The value of the cattle lost was $6,272, and of hogs $7,234. 
 
 Fairfield. — All kinds of farm animals have been free from disease. No signs of an 
 epidemic, and no losses worth mentioning. 
 
 Fayette. — No losses of consequence have been occasioned by disease among the farm 
 animals in this county. 
 
 Franklin. — No epidemic has occurred among our horses and cattle. Hogs have suf- 
 fered from cholera, which has lessened the production more than one-half. It is very 
 fatal ; 90 per cent, of those attacked die. The value of our losses among these ani- 
 mals will reach $37,000 or $38,000. 
 
 Geauga. — No destructive disease has appeared among any class of our domestic ani- 
 mals this year. 
 
 Harrison. — The losses of farm animals in this county by disease during the current 
 year have been only nominal. 
 
 Henry. — Distemper i>revailed to some extent among horses the past winter and sum- 
 mer, but was of rather a mild form. The value of the hogs lost by disease will amount 
 to $16,000. Cholera has been quite fiital to some flocks of fovt'ls, while others have 
 remained exempt from the disease. 
 
 Hocking. — I estimate the value of losses anu)ng tarm animals in this county for the 
 year as follows: Horses, $4,780; cattle, $2,736; hogs, $1,913; sheep, $3,778. 
 
 Holmes. — Milk fever has been very fatal to dairy cows in this county. Animals of 
 this class valued at $10,000 have died, mostly of the above-named disease. Hogs, by 
 buncliiug and sleeping together in straw and manure beds, have become diseased. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 339 
 
 While sleeping together iu this way they get warm aud sweat, and being called out 
 to eat in the cold air they become chilled and thus contract disease. A large number 
 of fowls have died of cholera. 
 
 Huron. — No epidemic is now iirevailing among our farm animals, nor has anything 
 of the kind prevailed among them daring the year. Cholera prevails among chickens 
 and turkeys. 
 
 Jackson. — Our farm animals have been reasonably healthy the past year, and con- 
 sequently our losses have been only nominal. 
 
 Knox. — No special malady has visited any class of live stock in this county during 
 the year, and the losses which have occurred have been from natural causes. 
 
 Licking. — There has been no epidemic among horses, yet some have died of disease. 
 Cattle generally are healthy, yet there have been anumber of deaths from milk fever. 
 Sheep have suifered from a disease known here as "white skin," which seems to be 
 attributable to the past wet season. Cholera aud thumps have caused the loss of some 
 hogs, yet neither disease can be said to prevail at present. Cholera prevails quite 
 extensively among fowls, and few that are attacked recover. The value of the losses 
 are estimated as follows: Horses, $11,040 ; cattle,$4,290 ; hogs, |1,556: sheep, $19,797 : 
 and fowls, $10,619. 
 
 Logan. — There has been very little disease among horses except pink-eye, and that 
 seldom i)roves fatal. Hog cholera has not been as bad as it was a year or two ago^ 
 yet the value of the losses in this county will reach over $30,000. Foot-rot and paper 
 skin have destroyed sheep valued at $9,435. Chicken cholera has caused considerable 
 damage. 
 
 Lorain. — A few cows have been lost by milk fever, and quite a number of sheep by 
 paper skin and grub in the head. The value of sheep thus lost in the county will 
 aggregate about $7,00J. 
 
 Lucas. — It is difficult to determine with any degree of accuracy the number or value 
 of farm animals lost in this county by disease during the year. The following is 
 thought to be a fair estimate of the value of those that have died : Horses, $6,981 ; 
 cattle, $3,472; hogs, $2,744; sheep, $959. 
 
 Mahoning. — There is no epidemic disease prevailing among farm stock in the county. 
 Some pink-eye occurred during the year among horses, but there were no losses. 
 
 Meigs. — The heaviest loss that has occurred among any class of farm stock has been 
 among sheep. The losses have been principally among lambs just coming in, and 
 yearlings. Some farmers have lost a large per cent, of such animals. The nature of 
 the disease is not known. The total amount of the loss will reach about $8,000. 
 
 Miami. — I cannot learn of the prevalence of any fiital diseases among live stock. 
 They all seem fat and healthy. 
 
 Montgomery. — The following is as near an approximation of the losses of farm ani- 
 mals in this county for the year as it is possible to obtain, viz : Horses, $17,780; cat- 
 tle, $2,000; hogs, $12,600; sheep, $4,000; and fowls, $2.50. 
 
 Morgan. — The statistics desired cannot be obtained. 
 
 Morrow. — Neither our horses, cattle, nor hogs have been visited by any epideuiic or 
 contagious disease for some years past ; therefore the losses have not been great. This 
 is a sheep county. The latter part of last winter was very hard on this stock, par- 
 ticularly those that were not sheltered. There was a heavy loss among lambs. The 
 total loss is estimated at $18,350. 
 
 Muskingum. — The largest loss in this county has been among sheep. Farmers know 
 but little about the symptoms and nature of diseases; hence it is difficult to tell what 
 tluiy die of. The losses among the various classes are estimated as follows: Horses, 
 $9,416; cattle, $7,806; hogs, $1,961; sheep, $17,566. 
 
 Oltawa.— The entire animal kingdom is free from all diseases as far as I can learn. 
 
 Paulding. — A few cases of pink-eye have occurred among horses, but luithiug like 
 an epidemic has prevailed. There have been some cases of murrain aud red-water 
 
340 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 among cattle. Hogs seem to bave been liealtliier than usual. Some fowl cbolera pre- 
 vails, but to wbat extent I am unable to say. 
 
 Preble. —The loss of bogs in tbis county bas been quite heavy, and Avill amount in 
 value to $3"2,524. There does not seem to bave been any unusual epidemic among 
 tbis or any other class of farm stock, and the aggregate loss for the year is about an 
 average. Fowl cholera bas prevailed quite extensively. 
 
 Setieca. — The loss among bogs in this county is estimated at $10,000. The diseases 
 atfecting those animals are cbolera, thumps, staggers, and rheumatism. Fowl cbolera 
 visits us with unwelcome regularity. The value of the losses for the year will reach 
 ^5,000. 
 
 Stark. — We bave had no special or very fatal diseases among our farm animals for 
 the past year. The losses are therefore only nominal. 
 
 Trumbull. — No epidemics bave prevailed among our farm animals during the year. 
 
 Tuscaraicas. — All classes of domestic animals are free from contagious and infec- 
 tious diseases. 
 
 Union. — A great many animals of all classes bave died during the past year of dis- 
 eases incident to them. Among the horses lost were several very valuable imported 
 ones. The losses among the various classes are given thus : Horses, $12,760 ; cattle, 
 $4,100 ; bogs, $25,709 ; sheep, |9,994. 
 
 Vinton. — There seems to be no complaint as regards the health of domestic animals 
 in this county. Isolated cases of fowl cholera are reported. 
 
 Warren. — I bear of the prevalence of no epidemic except that known as cholera 
 among hogs and fowls. The value of the hogs lost in the county will reach |18,000 
 and upwards, and of chickens about $250. 
 
 Wayne. — The present year has been remarkable for the good health of all classes of 
 farm stock. 
 
 Wood. — I hear of no epidemic disease except cholera among fowls. Our losses bave 
 been quite heavy from this disease ; will amouut in value to $1,500. 
 
 Wyandot. — The total value of the loss of farm animals in this county for the year 
 will reach $7,000, divided among the various classes and fowls as follows: Horses, 
 |i2,000; cattle, $.500; hogs, $2,.500 ; sheep, $1,000; and fowls, $1,000. 
 
 Baker. — Pink-eye bas prevailed to some extent among horses, but it bas not proved 
 fatal in any case that I have heard of. A few cases of black-leg in calves bave occurred. 
 
 Benton. — But few animals bave died from the effects of disease in tbis county the 
 current year, and those that have been lost have died of the usual well-known dis- 
 eases. 
 
 Clackamas. — The only disease worthy of note among any class of farm animals bas 
 been among horses. They are afflicted with enlargement of the kidneys, which seems 
 to cause the bots to leave the stomach and go to the throat. Some cases bave proved 
 fatal. There have also been some cases of blind-staggers among horses. 
 
 Clatrop. — Five per cent, of the sheep of this county are usually lost by disease. 
 About one-third of tbis number die from the effects of the water-leech. 
 
 Columbia. — No epidemic disease bas prevailed among any class of live stock in tbis 
 county during the past six years. Our bogs are mostly of the old long-nosed breed, 
 aind hunt their living until they are wanted for fattening purposes. 
 
 Curry. — Some flocks of sheep are affected with scab, but the disease rarely proves 
 fatal. All other classes of farm animals are in a remarkably healthy condition. 
 
 Josephine. — There are but a small number of domestic animals in tbis county, and 
 the few we have are in a healthy condition. 
 
 Lane. — Since 1881 the horses in this county have suffered seriously, and often fa- 
 tally, from an epidemic not understood by our people. The disease, I presume, is 
 j;landers. Tlie symptoms are a swelling under the jaw and a free discharge at the 
 jiostrils of a grayish sticky matter. Sometimes one nostril or the other discbarges 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 341 
 
 blood, au(l small blood-blisters appear upon the bind Ioks of some, wbicb break, dis- 
 cbarge, and beal. Tbe bair sticks out from tbe bodies of tbe animals, tbeir appe- 
 tites fail, and soon tbey run down and die. Tbe disease is contagious in a bigb de- 
 gree. Many line animals, worth tbousauds of dollars, bave died of tbe malady. Tbe 
 loss, I tbink, will aggregate $10,000 annually. Sheep are occasionally affected with 
 scab ; and roupe, which is contagious, frequently sweeps olf large numbers of fowls. 
 
 Lhm. — In some sections of our county horses are occasionally affected with lung 
 fever and staggers. A few die of nasal gleet, or some disease resembling catarrh. 
 Sheep are subject to leech and scab, and chickens to cholera. 
 
 Multnomah. — No contagious disease has prevailed among any class of our domestic 
 animals. 
 
 Polk. — Tbe only loss we have sustained among our farm animals has been among 
 horses and sheep. No contagious disease seems to bave affected any class. 
 
 Washington. — We have here every winter a disease among horses, called staggers by 
 some, and by others spinal meningitis. I hear of some suffering thus early in tbe 
 winter season. I estimate the average annual loss by that disease alone at 8 per 
 cent. There has been no fatal disease among other classes of stock. Cholera among 
 fowls has prevailed to a limited extent. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Allegheny. — There has been no disease of any kind among our farm animals. Cholera, 
 among fowls has been quite jirevalent. 
 
 Bedford. — A number of horses have suffered with pink-eye, distemjier, and lung 
 fever. Hog cholera has prevailed, and fowls have also suffered with cholera and 
 gapes. The losses are estimated as follows: Horses, .$35,000; cattle, $1,600 ; hogs, 
 $10,000 ; sheep, .$6,000 ; fowls, P,.500. 
 
 Bradford. — No contagious disease bas prevailed among live stock in this county the 
 past year. 
 
 Butln: — I cannot hear of the prevalence among either horses, cattle, hogs, or sheep 
 of any disease w'hatever. The deaths have been tbe result of accident, natural de- 
 fects, or for lack of proper care. 
 
 Cambria. — No disease of a fatal character bas prevailed among any class of our do- 
 mestic animals. 
 
 Cameron. — But few losses have been occasioned by disease among tbe farm animals 
 of this county during the past year. 
 
 Clinton. — I find it impossible to furnish the information you desire as to losses from 
 disease among faim animals. . 
 
 Crawford. — No contagious or epidemic disease bas prevailed among any class of our 
 farm stock tbe past year. Animals occasionally die, but generally of some common 
 disease, old age, &c. 
 
 Elk. — The losses among domestic animals in this county are occasioned by bad treat- 
 ment, old age, or accident. 
 
 Erie. — We have had no prevailing disease within the past year among any class 
 of our farm animals, but we have had the average annual losses from old age, acci- 
 dent, want of proper attention, &c. 
 
 Greene. — There never has been an epidemic among the farm animals of this county 
 that amounted to anything. Chicken cholera has caused greater losses than any 
 disease among live stock. 
 
 Lawrence. — There has been some chicken cholera among fowls, but tbe disease bas 
 not been so general as heretofore. No epidemic has visited our farm animals during 
 the year. 
 
 Lycoming. — No contagious or infectious disease has prevailed among our domestic 
 animals the past year. The losses have been occasioned by natural causes. 
 
 Montour. — Some hogs have died in this county during the year. It is supposed that 
 
342 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the disease of which they died was occasioned by feeding them with uiokly corn. 
 About one-third of our chickens have died of cholera. 
 
 Xorthampton. — No epidemic disease hiis prevailed among any class of farm animals 
 in this county. The chicken disease has caused considerable loss. It has also at- 
 tacked turkeys with fatal results. 
 
 Schuylkill. — No serious or destructive disease has visited our live stock the past 
 year. 
 
 Somerset. — I am of the opinion that there has been no epidemic disease among our 
 stock for two or three years past, but of course there have been some deaths from 
 natural causes and common ailments. 
 
 Sullivan. — This is a high, rolling county, with fine nutritious grasses, and is very 
 healthy for all kinds of farm animals. The losses the past year were only nominal- 
 
 Susquehanna. — Scarcely any losses have occurred among our farm stock from disease 
 the past year. There has been quite a heavy loss among sheep, caused by dogs. 
 
 Union. — No contagious diseases have made their appearance among our farm ani- 
 mals the past year. 
 
 Venango. — There is not, nor has there been during the year, any contagious or infec- 
 tious diseases amongour domestic animals. The losses are such as are incident to alj 
 stock. 
 
 Warren. — Of course an animal occasionally sickens and dies, but I can hear of the 
 prevalence of no epidemic among our stock during the current year. One butcher — 
 an isolated case — lost some hogs by cholera. 
 
 Washington. — A few horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep have died from the eft'ects of the 
 various diseases incident to them during the past year. I cannot give the value of 
 such losses. The cholera or roupe has been destructive to fowls. The loss will aggre- 
 gate several thousand dollars for the year. 
 
 Wayne. — No contagious or epidemic diseases among farm stock in this county. A 
 great many calves and yearlings have died of malignant anthrax or black-leg. From 
 UOO to 300 sheep are annually killed by dogs. 
 
 Westmoreland. — Farm animals usually do well in this county. I can procure no re- 
 liable data as to annual losses by disease. The aggregate would amount to but little. 
 
 Wyoming. — I have no diseases to report as prevailing among farm animals. I esti- 
 mate the value of the loss of fowls at $2,375. 
 
 York. — I estimate the value of the losses among the various classes of farm animals 
 and fowls in this county for the year as follows: Horses, $8,500; cattle, $2,000 ; hogs, 
 12,000; sheep, $65; and fowls, $500. 
 
 KHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Bristol. — The prevailing horse disease has been pink-eye, of which few animals, 
 however, die, and those chiefly from ignorance. A small, cheap pamphlet, in large 
 type, describing the more frequent diseases incident to horses and cows, and indicat- 
 ing proper treatment, would save much loss and untold suffering to the animals. 
 
 Kent. — The most j^revaleut disease among horses is pink-eye. Hogs have fevers 
 from exposure, and fowls are afflicted with roupe, caused by their damp quarters. 
 
 Newport. — The loss among farm animals in this county during the past year has not 
 been very large. Nothing like an epidemic disease has prevailed. A large traffic in 
 the production of eggs has within the past few years grown up in the southern part of 
 the county. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 HarnweU. — Horses, cattle, and sheep in this county are remarkably free from ail 
 contagious diseases. They die from such s]>oradic attacks as are common everywhere, 
 and in some cases from poverty and bad treatment. Hogs and fowls are suffering 
 from a disease called cholera, of which numbers are being carried off. We have tio 
 remedy. . 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 343 
 
 Chesterfield. — I have not heard of the prevalence of any fatal disease among the 
 farm animals of this connty during the past year. 
 
 Clarendon. — Tlie only loss of any consequence that has occurred among any class of 
 stock in this county during the year has been among hogs. The value of the animals 
 lost will aggregate $10,900. Fowl cholera has been widespread and destructive, and 
 has destroyed fowls valued at .|2,350. 
 
 Hampton. — I am unable to furnish the information desired for this county, 
 
 Newberri/. — Horses occasionally die of common ailments. Cattle die of " hollow- 
 horn " and exposure. No care is given these animals. Cholera is very fatal to both 
 hogs and fowls. No unusual epidemic has prevailed among our animals during the 
 year. 
 
 Richland. — Cholera has prevailed to a considerable extent among hogs in this county. 
 Other farm animals have remained healthy. 
 
 Sumter. — All classes of farm animals in this county are free from disease. 
 
 Williamsburg. — No statistics accessible, and cannot give the information desired. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Anderson. — This has been a year quite free from stock epidemics. In the early 
 spring quite a number of milch cows died of a disease popularly known as murrain, 
 and a few hogs of cholera. 
 
 Bedford. — The only disease from which our horses suffer is distemper, with occa- 
 sionally a chronic ailment. A disease has prevailed the past summer among our cat- 
 tle called murrain by some and by others Alabama or Texas fever. It only aftects 
 native cattle which are grazed on pastures after Alabama or Texas cattle. Strange 
 to say, the Southern cattle are never affected, but fatten well, while native cattle that 
 follow in the same pastures sometimes die by the herd. Hogs and fowls are affected by 
 cholera. 
 
 Benton. — Some horses were killed in this county during the year that were supposed 
 to be suffering with glanders. But little disease has prevailed among cattle. Hogs 
 valued at about 12,000 have died of disease. Fowl cholera has been quite destruc- 
 tive. 
 
 Blount. — There has been no disease of an alarming character among our farm ani- 
 mals the past year. Swine plague was very destructive in 1882. 
 
 Bradley. — The only disease of consequence that has visited any class of stock in 
 this county the present year is what is generally known as murrain among cattle. 
 Cholera among fowls prevails to a wide extent. 
 
 Claiborne. — No diseases prevail among our horses, cattle, or sheep. Swine have 
 suffered with swine plague, and fowls with cholera. These diseases have not been so 
 destructive, however, as in some former years. 
 
 Coffee. — For several years past but few diseases have prevailed among any class of 
 our farm animals except hogs. 
 
 Cumberland. — Our horses, cattle, sheep, and fowls have been unusually healthy the 
 past year. In one neighborhood hogs were afflicted with cholera, which resulted in 
 a loss of about 200 head of all ages. The disease is not now prevailing. 
 
 Davidson. — I find it impossible to procure the information you desire. 
 
 Decatur. — There has been but little disease among farm animals in this county the 
 I)ast yeac Several cattle died, but of what disease I am not informed. 
 
 De Kalb. — Tliere has been a great deal of cholera among hogs in some parts of this 
 county this year, and very little disease of any kind among other classes of farm 
 stock. Cholera has also been very destructive to chickens, turkeys, &c., in certain 
 localities. 
 
 Dickson. — No diseases among horses or cattle in this county. Some cholera among 
 hogs and fowls, and occasionally rot among sheep. 
 
 Fayette. — No diseases prevalent among horses, cattle, sheep, or fowls, but hog chol- 
 era has prevailed to some extent in different localities in the county. 
 
344 CONTAGIOUS DISEA.SES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 (iibaon. — No disease except ordinary distemper among horses. Bloody murrain and 
 Texas fever reported iu two or three neighborhoods ; very fatal. In three or four 
 districts cholera is reported as being very fatal to hogs, especially to fattening hogs. 
 Gapes quite often prove fatal to young fowls and cholera to older ones. 
 
 Giles. — Horses are quite healthy. The loss of cattle is the result of contagious dis- 
 eases produced by the importation of cattle from the mountainous districts of Alabama. 
 There should be a law enacted by the present Congress to prevent tlie importation of 
 stock from one State to another iu such cases. The disease has proved fatal in every 
 instance to native stock. Our county has lost many hundreds of dollars by the im- 
 portation of such stock. Our losses for the year are estimated as follows: Horses, 
 $12,750; cattle, 118,750; hogs, $20,000; sheep, $850, and fowls, $1,200. 
 
 Grainger. — There has been some hog and fowl cholera iu this county the past year, 
 but as to the extent and value of the losses no one knows. Cattle, horses, and sheep 
 seem to have been free from disease. 
 
 Greene. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs and chickens in some localities in this 
 county. A few horses have suflcred with blind staggers. Hog raising is still declin- 
 ing in favor of cattle growing. 
 
 Hancock. — One-fourth of the hogs of this county have been affected with cholera 
 during the fall season, and the disease is still raging with great destruction. Some 
 cattle have died of murrain ; fowls have died of cholera, and chickens of gapes. I 
 estimate the value of cattle and hogs lost as follows: Cattle, $1,080; hogs, $17,500. 
 
 Hardeman. — No epidemic disease has prevailed during the year among any class of 
 our domestic animals except among hogs. Fowls have suffered also to some extent. 
 The disease prevalent among both hogs and fowls is known as cholera. 
 
 Haywood. — No disease of a general character has prevailed among any class of farm 
 animals in this county the past year. All that have been lost is the result of old age 
 or neglect. Our county is in a prosjierous condition as regards stock of all kinds. 
 
 Henderson. — Cattle have been affected in some localities with what is here called 
 bloody murrain. The true nature of the disease is little known. It usually proves 
 fatal. Hog cholera has prevailed to some extent in certain localities, but the disease 
 is not general throughout the county. 
 
 Hickman. — Hog cholera prevailed in this county to an alarming extent during the 
 year 1882. More than 75 per cent, of the hogs died that year. It has not jirevailed 
 in a destructive form since. A few cases of pink-eye occurred among cattle the past 
 spring and summer, but there were no deaths. 
 
 Humphreys. — I estimate the value of hogs lost by cholera in this county the past 
 year at $10,000. Cholera has also prevailed among fowls, and has been quite de- 
 structive. 
 
 James. — The most fatal epidemic we have to contend against is that called murrain 
 among cattle. It is called both bloody and dry muri'aiu, and kills almost every ani- 
 mal it attacks. Unless some remedy is fouiul for this malady, it will destroy the cattle 
 interest in this section. 
 
 Johnson. — In the early spring horses were affected to some extent with pink-eye. 
 Cattle have suffered with black-leg, hogs with cholera, sheep with pneumonia, and 
 fowls with cholera. 
 
 Knox. — Only a small number of our farm animals have been affected by disease, and 
 but few of those affected have died. No epidemic worthy of mention has occurred. 
 There have been a few cases of cholera among hogs and fowls, but the losses have 
 not been so great as in former years. A few deaths have occurred among cattle, 
 caused by the introduction of animals from more southern States. For instance, one 
 farmer bought a car-load of cattle iu Alabanui, some hundred miles south of this locality, 
 and brought them to his farm to pasture through the suumier. These cattle did very 
 well, but almost all the native cattle on the farm died. The cause and nature of this 
 disease is not understood here. 
 
 Luke. — The value of the farm animals and fowls lost in this county the past year 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 345 
 
 by tlie various diseases incirtent to them is estimated as follows : Horses, |6,000 ; cattle, 
 Bl,<)2n ; bogs, $42,750; sbeep, $64: fowls, $279. 
 
 Lmcrence. — A few horses have died during the year of blind staggers. Dry murrain 
 has be«n very fatal to cattle in some localities. Hog cholera has prevailed, aud has 
 been very fatal along the large water-courses. Animals on the uplands have remained 
 healthy. 
 
 Loudon. — No disease of fatal character has prevailed among any class of our domes- 
 tic animals the past year. Occasionally an animal dies, but not of a contagious dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Madison. — The losses among some classes of farm animals have been quite heavy in 
 this county during the past year. I estimate the value of the losses among all classes 
 as follows : Horses, $7,500 ; cattle, $10,000 ; hogs, $20,000 ; sheep, $900 ; and fowls, $.3()0. 
 
 Meigs. — All kinds of farm animals have been in good health the past year. There 
 has been some cholera among chickens, but I have no means of ascertaining the value 
 of the losses. 
 
 Morgan. — Horses, cattle, and sheep have remained free from disease during the year. 
 Cholera has prevailed to a considerable extent among hogs and fowls. Value of hogs 
 lost, $6,000 ; fowls, $800. 
 
 Montgomery. — I find it utterly impossible to furnish the information you desire. 
 
 Moore. — An estimate of the value of the animals lost in this county during the year 
 is given as follows: Horses, $6,000; cattle, $4,000; hogs, $2,500; sheep, $400 ; and. 
 fowls, $820. 
 
 Perry. — No disease of an epidemic character has prevailed among any class of farm 
 animals in this county the past year. Cholera has prevailed among fowls, but I can- 
 not give an accurate estimate of the value of the losses. 
 
 Pickett. — No epidemic among either horses or cattle. Some hog cholera, but not of 
 an epidemic character. Not a great amount of disease among fowls. 
 
 Polk. — Horses have been healthy, and the same may be said of hogs and sheep. 
 Our cattle have suifered with an epidemic of murrain. Fowls have been afHicted 
 with cholera. 
 
 Putnam. — No disease of a very fatal nature seems to have visited any class of farm 
 animals in this county during the current year. There has been some disease among^ 
 sheep and also among fowls. 
 
 Robertson. — There has been no epidemic among farm stock in our county during the 
 past year. A few hogs in some localities have had cholera aud in others fowls have died 
 .of the same disease, but nothing like an epidemic has prevailed. 
 
 Shelby. — Some little cholera among hogs and fowls is now and then reported, but 
 the losses have been small. 
 
 Sequatchie. — A considerable number of hogs have died of cholera during the year. A 
 few horses have suffei'ed with what is known here as pink-eye, but no deaths have 
 resulted. 
 
 Serier. — The disease known as hog cholera has prevailed to a limited extent during 
 the year, but the losses have been comparatively small. Chicken cholera is less 
 prevalent than usual. 
 
 Washington. — Heavy losses have occurred among swine and poultry in this county,. 
 caused by the ravages of cholera. Farm animals generally have remained free from 
 fatal diseases. 
 
 Wuync. — There have beeji some cases of murrain among cattle and cholera among 
 hogs. The disease was fatal to cattle, and three-fourths of the hogs attacked died. 
 
 White. — Hogs have suffered from cholera in some neighborhoods Although the dis- 
 ease has not been general, I estimate the value of the lo.sses at about $8,000. Other 
 classes of farm animals have remained free from contagious diseases. 
 
 Wilson. — Cholera has been very fatal to hogs, but I liave no means of ascertaining 
 the value of the losses. No special disease among other classes of stock. 
 
 WiUiamson. — All classes of domestic animals have been renuirkably free from con- 
 
346 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tagious diseases except hogs. There have heen a few causes of cholera among these 
 animals. Cholera is now prevailing and proving quite fatal to fowls. 
 
 Unicoi. — No diseases of a contagious or epidemic character have prevailed among 
 our farm stock the past year. 
 
 Aransas. — No contagions disease has prevailed among any class of farm animals in 
 this county the past year. Cholera is the prevalent disease among fowls, and an- 
 nually kills large numbers of them. 
 
 Austin. — No disease among any class of farm stock, except the usual sickness among 
 hogs. The losses have not been very heavy. 
 
 Bandera. — The only loss I have to report among our farm animals was among cat- 
 tle, caused by the disease known as black-leg. 
 
 Bastrop. — I cannot give the statistics desired, but I am prepared to say that there 
 has been no fatal diseases prevalent among our farm animals the past year. 
 
 Bee. — Horses, cattle, and hogs have been remarkably healthy the past year. Sheep 
 have died of lombriz and scab, but owing to the dry weather they have been health- 
 ier than in former years. 
 
 Bexar. — No destructive disease has visited our horses, cattle, or hogs the past year. 
 Scab prevails to some extent among sheep and cholera among fowls. 
 
 Bowie. — I have no diseases of a contagious character to report as prevailing among 
 the farm animals of this county. 
 
 Brazos. — Sheep are the only class of animals that have been seriously affected by 
 disease in this county. They have suffered with scab and foot-rot. Cholera among 
 fowls prevails in some neighborhoods almost continuously. 
 
 Brown. — Horses, cattle, and hogs have escaped all epidemic diseases the past year. 
 Sheep had a hard time of it last winter — no shelter and bad feed. About one-half or 
 two-thirds of the number in the county died. 
 
 Caldwell. — Horses and cattle are healthy. Hogs are suffering with cholera, which is 
 now prevalent in this county. Sheep are affected with scab. Cholera is prevalent 
 and quite destructive to fowls. This disease annually destroys about half the hogs 
 and fowls in the county. 
 
 Callahan. — A few horses have been attacked by blind-staggers during the past year, 
 and about all attacked with the disease died. Cattle are plentiful here, I know of 
 one man who owns 4,000 head, another 3,400, and several others who own from 800 
 to 1,200 each. They have been free from disease the past year. I have heard of some 
 few deaths among young cattle just brought in. I think fine stock should be brought 
 here in the late fall, say from October to December, in preference to the spring months. 
 Hogs do well, and are healthy. Sheep have largely increased within the last year. 
 There are probably more than 100,000 head in the county. Some few cases of scab 
 prevail, but this usually only reduces the clip of wool and rarely kills the animal. 
 Under the laws of Texas we now have a sheep inspector in each county, who ex- 
 amines diseased herds and prescribes proper treatment. 
 
 Cass. — Our losses among horses and mules the past year from blind-staggers were 
 nuusually large. This disease is supposed to be caused by eating smutty corn. Cat" 
 tie are healthy, bvit a great manj^ die annually from poverty and lack of proi)er shelter. 
 Hogs are afflicted with cholera. 
 
 Chambers. — We have had so few deaths among farm animals the past year that the 
 number is hardly worth recording. About 10 per cent, of our fowls are annually 
 attacked by cholera, and 90 per cent, of those attacked die. 
 
 Cherokee. — No infectious or contagious diseases have attacked the farm stock of 
 this county the past year. 
 
 Clay. — No epidemic of any kind has visited our farm animals this year. 
 
 Coleman. — Some little disease has recently appeared among horses in this county. 
 Young cattle on the range are reported as suffering seriously with black-leg. Animals 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 347 
 
 valued at from $10,000 to $12,000 have been lost by the disease. A great many sheep 
 died from the effects of cold and starvation last winter. Flock-masters were unpre- 
 pared for the unprecedented cold weather, and \^ere caught without either shelter or 
 food. The loss is estimated at P0,000. 
 
 Collier. — The only epidemic that has prevailed among any class of domestic animals 
 is that known as cholera among hogs. A similar disease has prevailed among fowls. 
 Dallas. — I think, upon the whole, that our stock has been pretty free from epidemics 
 of any kind. Hogs have suftered somewhat from cholera, and the same can be said 
 in regard to fowls. We have l)ut few sheep, and they are healthy and well cared for. 
 De li'iit. — Our heaviest losses have been in sheep and cattle. This may partially 
 be accounted for in the fact that neither class are properly sheltered and cared for 
 during cold and inclement weather. A great many fowls have died of cholera. 
 
 Donley. — Horses in this county are frequently poisoned by the loco weed. Wc have 
 110 antidote for the poison, and it generally proves fatal. A great many cattle are 
 annually killed by being crowded upon wire fences. 
 
 Eastland. — A very fatal disease known as black-leg has been quite prevalent among 
 young cattle in this county. We have no ramedy for the malady. The animal when 
 attacked becomes indifferent, lame in forelegs, with slight swelling, feverish, con- 
 siderable thirst, and finally drops down and soon dies. The disease terminates iu death 
 in about forty-eight hours after the first symptoms are shown. Calves and yearlings 
 are the classes usually attacked. All other classes of animals have remained healthy. 
 
 Earth. — Blind-staggers, a very fatal disease to horses, has prevailed to some extent 
 in this county the past year. A few cattle die annually of black-leg, and a large pro- 
 portion of the fowls die of cholera. 
 
 Fannin. — The farm animals of this county have been exempt from all epidemic dis- 
 eases during the past year. 
 
 Grayson. — Native cattle are very healthy, but imported animals almost invariably 
 die. No fatal diseases among domestic animals this year. 
 
 Gregg. — A disease has prevailed among horses in this county for the past two years 
 having all the symptoms of glanders, but it does not seem to be very contagious. I 
 have seen some five cases. None have recovered. Sheep and cattle are free from 
 disease. Hogs and fowls occasionally suffer from cholera. 
 
 Guadalupe. — No diseases of a contagious nature have visited our farm stock the 
 past year. 
 
 Hardeman. — Both horses and cattle are often killed by eating the loco weed. It is 
 more injurious to horses than cattle, and if the former should recover they are never 
 of any use as work animals. Sheep are suffering to some extent with scab, and 
 chickens are dying iu considerable numbers of cholera. 
 
 Hardin. — All classes of farm animals are yery healthy. At least 25 per cent, of the 
 entire number of fowls in the county have sufiered with cholera, and fully 90 j)er 
 cent, of those attacked have died. 
 
 Henderson. — I have heard of the prevalence of no disease among horses and cattle 
 thia year. Hogs and chickens both seem to be suffering with cholera or some other 
 fatal disease. 
 
 Johnson. — Farm animals of all kinds do well iu this county and are moderately 
 healthy. I have no means of ascertaining the value of the losses. 
 
 Jones. — Tliere have been a few cases of pink-eye among horses. Five or six per 
 cent, of the total number of sheep of this county died last winter of scab and poverty. 
 
 Karnes. — No epidemic has appeared among horses. Short and dry pastures in the 
 early spring caused the loss of a great many cattle. These animals are now fat ami 
 healthy. 
 
 Kaufman. — The losses among our farm animals from disease during the past year 
 have been comparatively small. 
 
 Kinney. — Sheep are affected with scab, but the disease now seems to be under con- 
 trol. The greatest loss has been felt in a reduction of wool. 
 
348 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Lampasis. — Sheep in this county have suffered severely with scab. Fully fifty per 
 ceut. of these animals have died from the ravages of this disease and of starvation. 
 Horses and cattle seem to have suffered from scab also, which was communicated to 
 tliom by grazing on the same pastures with the diseased sheep. 
 
 McMullcn. — No o])ideniic has jirevuiled here, either among animals or fowls. Dur- 
 ing the winter of 188-i-'83 about 20 per cent, of the sheep died from exposure to in- 
 clement weather, which was unusually severe for this latitude. Horses and cattle 
 are now health}' and in good condition for the coming winter. 
 
 MacUfion. — Some cattle have died of the disease known as murrain. More hogs have 
 died from eating cotton seeds than from actual disease. The greatest loss both to 
 she«^p and cattle has been the Lick of proper shelter. 
 
 Marion. — No wide-spread or epidemic disease has prevailed among any ciass of do- 
 mestic animals in this county the past year. 
 
 Matagorda. — No contagious disease has appeared among our farm animals this year. 
 Flies and the screw-worm have caused the death of a great many sheep. 
 
 Menard. — Horses have been affected with a disease known here as loin distemper. 
 Scab is prevalent among sheep, and has caused some losses. Cattle and hogs are 
 healthy. 
 
 Morris. — The only fatal disease to which our horses are subject is blind or sleepy 
 staggers. But few animals recover from this disease. A few cases of cholera have 
 been reported among hogs. A similar disease is often very destructive to fowls. 
 
 Parker. — Stock of all kinds was never in better condition than at present. The loss 
 on all range stock last winter was estimated at 2 per ceut. 
 
 Folk. — No losses of any consequence among any class of domestic animals in this 
 county. 
 
 Eunnels. — There is no prevailing disease among our farm animals, and the losses are 
 principally caused by starvation. The losses for all classes will not exceed 10 jier 
 cent. 
 
 Busk. — Hog cholera is now prevailing on many farms, and some farmers have lost 
 a large per ceut. of their fattening hogs. They die very suddenly, only refusing to 
 eat a day or so before death occurs. No remedies seem to have any effect. A change 
 of range has been found beneficial. Other farm animals have continued healthy 
 One of my neighbors, having good Bermuda grass pastures, imported from Ohio in 
 the month of October thirty head of high grade Jersej' cattle. The first half of Oc- 
 tober was hotter weather than we had in August. The thermometer ranged from 
 Jiinety to ninety-five degrees daily on the north side of the house. In about a week 
 after the arrival of the cattle some of them began to droop and refuse to eat. They 
 were costive, and it was difficult to get an operation from the bowels with salts and 
 other drenches. One very sick one was drenched with a quart of melted hog's lard, 
 which operated, and the cow recovered and is now doing (luite well. Of the thirty 
 head, eleven died within about a period of twelve days. The remainder are now do- 
 ing well. We attribute the cause of the sickness to the extreme hot weather and the 
 sudden change of climate. Cholera is prevailing among fowls on many farms. 
 
 San Augustine. — No fatal disease has j)rcvailed among any class of our domestic ani- 
 mals during the year. 
 
 Shelby. — We have had no epidemic among our farm animals this year. Some chol- 
 era has prevailed among hogs, and a few deaths have occurred, but the aggregate 
 loss has been light. Chicken cholera has also prevailed. 
 
 Stephens. — No disease exists among farm stock in this county except scab in sheep, 
 and as that disease rarely kills, the loss has not been very heavy. The "norther" 
 struck our sheep just after being ''dipped," and caused the death of a great many. 
 
 Throckmorton. — Heavy losses occurred among sheep in this county in 1882, caused 
 by the animals eating a weed which grows on tlie ranges. Sheep feeding upon it 
 Avould die in a few hours. I myself lost 400 head of high-grade Merinos, worth $5 per 
 head. Three hundred of this number died in two days. Similar losses extended over 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 349 
 
 the entire county. I telegraphed Dr. H. J. Detmers, who was then at San Antonio, 
 requesting him to come and investigate the cause of the trouble, bat he made no re- 
 ply. I afterward wrote him and inclosed a specimen of the weed, but failed to elicit 
 a reply. The only disease now prevalent is scab, which has resi:ited our eftbrts for 
 many years, but we are now getting it somewhat under control. 
 
 Titus. — Horses have not suffered with any epidemic disease the past year. Cattle 
 are generally healthy, though a good many die of poverty during the winter. Fowls 
 die here with a disease known as cholera, and when it strikes a flock it seldom leaves 
 one alive. We have no preventive or cure. 
 
 Tom Green. — Horses, cattle, and hogs seem to be in a healthy condition. Sheep are 
 suffering with scab, but the losses on the ground are very small. 
 
 Trinity. — All kinds of domestic animals are free from contagious diseases. A dis- 
 ease of some kind prevails among fowls in certain localities. 
 
 Tyler. — No diseases of a destructive character have jirevailed among any class of 
 farm animals in this county the past year. 
 
 Wdshxnijton. — No epidemic worthy of notice has appeared among any class of our 
 farm animals the past year, though animals die occasionally from various causes. 
 Some disease prevails among fowls. 
 
 Webb. — No epidemic has appeared among the domestic animals of this county dur- 
 ing the years 188'2-'83. Sheep raising is our largest interest. The losses among these 
 animals are not large. 
 
 Williamson. — Poverty and neglect causes more losses among farm animals than dis- 
 ease. Distemper is the principal disease among horses and cattle. I have also to re- 
 port a few cases of black-leg among young cattle, and some scab among sheep. 
 Cholera prevails to some extent among fowls. 
 
 Victoria. — Our farm animals have never been visited by an epidemic of any kind. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Brnninf/ton. — From all the information I can gather I am led to believe that the 
 general condition of all farm animals in this county, as regards health, has been good. 
 No disease of an epidemic nature has prevailed among neat cattle, and only the ordi- 
 nary distemper of a mild character among horses. The only serious trouble we ever 
 have among cattle is abortion in cows. The direct cause of this trouble has never 
 been satisfactorily given. 
 
 Caledonia. — Several horses have died during the year with the following symptoms : 
 First, dumpish, unable to swallow, low pulse, cold extremities, difficulty in walking, 
 and in two or three days down and unable to rise ; hungry and thirsty, but unable to 
 swallow, convulsions, and death in most cases in three or four days. On one farm 
 three horses died in this way. The second and third were exposed to the first. What 
 was the disease ? Many young hogs have died suddenly. While apparently well 
 they would give a ]>iercing scream and drop dead, and the carcass would mortify in 
 a few minutes. What was the disease? 
 
 Chittenden. — I find it impossible to give the statistics desired. 
 
 Lamoille — No epidemic disease has prevailed among any class of our farm animals 
 the past year, hence the losses have been very small. 
 
 Orleans.— AU classes of farm animals in this county are very healthy. 
 
 liutland. — There has been no prevailing disease among our farm aninuils. Horses 
 occasionally have an epizootic cold, but these are not as severe or frequent as when 
 the disease first appeared, and but few losses occur. 
 
 Windsor. — No diseases of a fatal character have iirevailed among any class of farm 
 animals in this county during the current year. 
 
 VIUCilXIA. 
 
 Albemarle. — There has been some cholera among hogs, but the fatality lias not been 
 great. Some cattle fever wa« brought here by the importation of some cattle from 
 
350 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the south side of the James River. This disease was more extended this year than 
 hist. 
 
 Amelia. — I give the vahie of the losses among farm animals as follows for the past 
 year, viz: Horses, f2,000; hogs, $8,000; sheep, $4,000; and fowls, $2,000. 
 
 Bath. — I have no losses to report among the farm animals of this countj* as the 
 result of contagious or epidemic diseases. 
 
 Bland. — No contagious diseases have prevailed among any class of our farm stock 
 during the past twelve months. 
 
 Buchanan. — All farm animals have been entirely free from diseases the past year 
 except horses. An occasional case of distemper has occurred among these animals, 
 but I have heard of no deaths resulting. 
 
 Caroline. — Distemper among horses has been the most prevalent disease that we 
 have had to contend with among farm stock. Considerable disease has existed among 
 thickens. 
 
 Clarke. — So far as I have been able to learn, no epidemic diseases have appeared 
 among any class of our farm animals the past year. In 1882 hog cholera prevailed 
 extensively, and entailed a loss of, say, 500 animals, valued at $1,500. 
 
 Essex. — All classes of farm animals have enjoyed remarkably good health during 
 the past year. 
 
 Fairfax. — There seems to be no disease of a fatal character prevailing among any 
 class of farm stock in this county. 
 
 Frederick. — From the best information I have been able to obtain I am satisfied there 
 has been but little disease prevalent among our farm animals the past year. A few 
 hogs and fowls have died of a disease generally designated as cholera. 
 
 Greene. — N(» losses of consequence have occurred from disease among farm animals 
 in this county the current year. 
 
 Hanover. — But few losses have occurred from disease .among the farm animals of this 
 county the past year. I estimate them as follows : Horses, $2,500 ; cattle, $1,000 ; hogs, 
 $400; sheep, $360; and fowls, $250. 
 
 Henry. — No diseases have prevailed among horses and less than the usual number 
 among cattle. Hogs and fowls have suffered to some extent with the usual maladies. 
 
 Highland. — No epidemic disease has visited any class of farm animals in this county 
 the past year. 
 
 Isle of Wight. — Sheep have died of some kind of head or brain disease. Hogs for 
 many years, and especially the past, have suffered greatly from the ravages of cholera. 
 They rarely ever recover from an attack, and if they do, are rarely of any value there- 
 after. Great numbers of fowls also annually die of a disease called cholera. 
 
 James Citij. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are healthy. Hogs are affected with cholera 
 and mange. Fowls, especially hens and turkeys, suffer severely with cholera. If 
 you could banish this disease from this county the raising of fowls would be most 
 profitable. 
 
 King and Queen. — From the best information I can get I am satisfied that our losses 
 among farm animals have not been vei'y heavy the past year. The following is re- 
 garded as a fair estimate of the value of the animals that have died of disease : 
 Horses, $2,000; cattle, $1,500; hogs, $2,000; sheep, $250; and fowls, $625. 
 
 Lancaster. — I find it impossible to furnish the information called for by your cir- 
 cular. 
 
 Louisa. — We have had no epidemic among horses, cattle, or sheep. In some neigh- 
 borhoods we have had what was supposed to be cholera among hogs, a disease which 
 proved quite fatal to the animals attacked. The same might be said of fowls. Of 
 the number of the latter attacked more than 50 per cent. died. 
 
 Lunenburg. — No infectious or contagious disease has prevailed among our farm ani- 
 mals the past year. There have been some losses among fowls by the usual disease. 
 
 Matthews. — No special disease to report as prevailing among farm animals. A great 
 many fowls die of choleia. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 351 
 
 Mecklenburg. — Distemper has prevailed quite extensively among horses, and while 
 it has rarely proved fatal, it has been very inconvenient. There has also been some 
 distemper among cattle and cholera among hogs. A great many hogs have also died 
 from eating poisonous mushrooms. 
 
 Montgomery. — The loss during the past year among hogs and fowls has been heavy. 
 It is difficult to get reliable ligures, but I think at least 70 per cent, of the hogs of the 
 county have died daring the year, and perhaps 20 per cent, of the fowls. Garden rue 
 is used successfully as a preventive of chicken cholera. It is used as a tea, which 
 the fowls drink instead of water. 
 
 Xorthanq^ton. — For the past twelve months the domestic animals in this county 
 have been extremely healthy. 
 
 Orange. — I tind it impossible to give anything like an accurate estimate of the value 
 of losses among farm animals in this county for the past year. No epidemic disease 
 has prevailed among any class. 
 
 Princess Anne. — The only animals that have suffered from disease this year have 
 been hogs. The disease is not so wide-spread as in former years, and seems to be of a 
 different character. It is called "thumps." Fatal diseases have prevailed among 
 fowls. 
 
 Prince Edward. — The following is regarded as a fair estimate of the value of the 
 losses among farm animals in this county for the past year: Horses, $4,600 ; cattle, 
 $950 ; hogs, $600 ; sheep, $138 ; and fowls, $500. 
 
 Richmond. — I have heard of no diseases worthy of reporting among our domestic 
 animals and but very little among fowls. Fowls suffer most from the disease known 
 as cholera. 
 
 Spottsylvuuia. — Horses have suffered to some extent with pink-eye and distemper. A 
 great many hogs have died of cholera and black-tooth. Cattle and sheep have been 
 free from disease. Fowls have been afflicted with cholera. 
 
 Tazewell. — The principal loss among cattle is caused by a disease known among us as- 
 black-leg. The disease attacks the fattest animals only, and those that are attacked 
 live but a few hours. 
 
 fFise. — Hogs are the only farm animals in this county that have suffered during the 
 past year with anything like a contagious disease. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Barbour. — No diseases prevalent among horses. Diseases among cattle are confined 
 mostly to young stock. The loss among these animals has been quite heavy, and will 
 amount in value to over $7,000. Cholera has prevailed extensively among fowls and 
 has been quite fatal. 
 
 Berk' ley. — No destructive disease has visited any class of our domestic animals the 
 past year. 
 
 Boone. — Losses caused among our farm animals by disease during the past year have 
 been very small. 
 
 Cabell. — Hog cholera is about the only disease that has proved destructive to our 
 farm animals the past year. It is now prevailing and generally proves fatal. 
 
 Doddridge. — The following I regard as a correct estimate of the value of the losses 
 among farm animals in this county the past year: Horses, $400; cattle, $3,375; ho<.8, 
 $3,000; sheep, $1,250 ; and fowls, $2,500. 
 
 Fayette. — The only losses of consequence sustained among any class of farm animals 
 by disease the past year have been among hogs. 
 
 Gilmer. — No contagious or epidemic disease has prevailed among any class of do- 
 mestic animals in this county the past year. 
 
 Grant. — A majority of the farm animals of this county have maintained good health 
 the past year. There has been some cholera among botli hogs and fowls. 
 
 Greenbrier. — There have been some cases of pink-eye among horses and black-leg 
 among yearling calves. Hogs have suffered with a disease supi)osed to be cholera. 
 
352 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Tliey have a cough and soon quit eating. Nearly all the yonng animals affected die. 
 The disease seems to be coulined to localities where the hogs feed on acorns. Cholera 
 also prevails among fowls, and the losses have been quite heavy. 
 
 Hardy. — Very little disease among horses. Cattle have suffered with black-leg, 
 hollow-horn, murrain, and foot-evil. Last spring our young hogs died of cholera in 
 certain localities like flies. Sheep have died of rot, and a great many fowls of cholera. 
 The following is regarded as a fair estimate of the value of the losses for the year^ 
 Horses, $800 : cattle, $7,500 ; hogs, $7,500 ; sheep, $2,250 ; and fowls, $500. 
 
 Harrison. — But few losses have occurred from disease among the farm animals of 
 this county the current year. 
 
 Jackson. — Farm animals of all kinds are looking well. No contagious or infectious 
 disease has existed amoi}g them the past year. 
 
 McDowell. — Our farm animals have escaped all fatal diseases during the past two 
 years. Hog cholera appeared in some localities in the adjoining county of Buchanan 
 in the early part of the fall, but the area of infection has not enlarged. 
 
 Marshall. — There have been no losses from disease among any class of farm stock in 
 this county which could be reliably estimated. Some cases of distemper have been 
 reported among horses, but there have^been few deaths. 
 
 Mason. — No contagious or epidemic disease has visited any class of our domestic 
 animals this year. 
 
 Mercer. — No disease of a virulent type has prevailed among our horses, thotigh an 
 animal occasionally dies of distemper. Cattle have been affected with murrain, 
 hogs with cholera, and sheep with rot. 
 
 Mineral. — All classes of our farm animals are exceptionally free from disease of 
 every kind. A few cases of cholera have occurred among hogs and fowls during the 
 year. 
 
 Monroe. — The loss of hogs in a j)ortion of this county has been considerable. The 
 disease is similar to scarlet fever, with more or less throat trouble. Some par- 
 ^ties have lost all, while others have saved a few animals. Those that recover con- 
 tinue poor and worthless. The disease is variously jjronounced scarlet fever, diph- 
 theria, and a new kind of cholera. 
 
 Morgan. — The only disease that has prevailed among any class of farm animals has 
 been among hogs. Fowls have suffered to some extent with the usual maladies. 
 
 Mononr/alia. — Horses are frequently attacked with distemper, but animals rarely 
 die of the disease. Cattle are subject to black-leg, which usually i^roves fatal. 
 Sheep die of rot, and fowls of gapes and cholera. 
 
 Nicholas. — Horses are occasionally afflicted with a mild type of distemper. Cholera 
 has destroyed a great many hogs, but I have no means of ascertaining the number 
 or value. Sheep have the rot, but that disease don't amount to much. 
 
 P/ert.san^s.— There have been no contagious or epidemic diseases among our farm an- 
 imals. Some losses have occurred among sheep and fowls, but it" is very difficult to 
 value the loss. 
 
 Preston. — Sixty-tliree horses died in this county during the year of pneumonia, and 
 27 of other diseases. A few cattle died of murrain, and some hogs of the usual dis- 
 eases. Grub in the head is the only thing that has afflicted sheep. 
 
 Raleigh. — Hog cholera is the only disease of a contagious character prevalent 
 among farm stock in this county. It has been quite destructive. 
 
 Randolph. — We have had no widespread disease among any class of our domestic 
 animals during the year. A few cases of black-leg have occurred among cattle. 
 
 Ritchie. — Stock is in unusually good condition and entirely free from disease. 
 
 Roane. — A few hogs and quite a large number of sheex) have died during the year 
 of diseases incident to these aninmls. 
 
 Summers. — The only losses of consequence among farm animals have occurred 
 among hogs. I think I can safely estimate that 40 per cent, of the total numl)er in 
 the county have died during the year. The disease is similar to swine plague as de- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATRD ANIMALS. 353 
 
 scribed in your Department report. The lungs were much discolored; there was 
 swelling under the jaws ; weakness in the hinder parts, so that when they attempted 
 to get up they would fall backward. Many persons lost every hog they had. 
 
 Tyler. — Occasionally our best and most piomisiug yearling calves are attacked and 
 die of the disease known as black-leg. At least 90 per cent, of those attacked by 
 this disease die. 
 
 Upshur. — Pink-eye has proved fatal to some horses in this county during the year. 
 Black-leg has been very destnictive to young cattle. 
 
 Webster. — No epidemic diseases have prevailed among any class of our domestic 
 animals this year. 
 
 Wetzel. — I iind it impossible to procure the statistics you desire. 
 
 Wyominff. — Hogs have suffered with cholera during the summer and fall mouths. 
 The disease has proved quite fatal. No treatment seemed to be of any service. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 . Adams. — I have but a limited knowledge of the number of farm animals in thi» 
 county, and have not the statistics at hand to answer your circular letter intelligently. 
 Theie are but few diseases among any class, aiid I do not think that over 1 per 
 cent, of the whole number die of disease. 
 
 Barron. — There are no special diseases prevailing at this time auioiig our farm ani- 
 mals, nor have there been during the past year. 
 
 Brown. — All classes of domestic animals in this county have remained exempt from 
 infectious and contagious diseases this year. 
 
 Buffalo. — The losses among farm animals in this county caused by disease have 
 been exceedingly light the past year. Nothing like an epidemic has prevailed ainong^ 
 any class. 
 
 Calumet. — No fatal disease has visited any of our farm animals during the past ten 
 years; hence I have no report to make of losses. 
 
 Chippewa. — Some lung diseases have i)revailed among horses, but the losses liave 
 been very light. Farm animals generally are in good health. 
 
 Dane. — No diseases of any kind prevail among the domestic animals of this county. 
 
 Dodge. — Pink-eye has prevailed among horses, but it has rarely proved fatal. A. 
 case of supposed glanders occurred early in the year. Two valuable horses were 
 attacked, one of which was killed Before the other one was killed another veteri- 
 narian decided that the disease was not glanders, and took the horse in hand and soon 
 cured him. There has been no disease among other classes of animals. 
 
 Dorr. — No diseases of a fatal character have recently visited any class of our do- 
 mestic animals. A few fowls died with the cholera during the summer months. 
 
 Douglas. — There is no disease prevailing among our farm animals, nor has there 
 been the past year. Our fowls, when ])roperly cared for, are remarkably In-althy. 
 
 Dunn, — All our farm animals are exceptionally healthy. With the exception of 
 horses which die from neglect, old age, &c., the losses are so few that they are hardly 
 worth mentioning. 
 
 Eau Claire. — No infectious or coutagious diseases have prevailed among our farm 
 stock or fowls during the year. 
 
 Fond du Lau. — I find it impossible to give the information requ(;sted in your circular 
 letter. 
 
 Green Lalce. — There has been no ))rcvailiMg disease among farm animals in this 
 county during the i)ast year — not that all animals are in perfect health, but there 
 are no diseases except such as result from lack of care and other common causes. 
 
 Jefferson.— Thexe have been no contagions or epidemic diseases prevalent among 
 farm stock in this county during the past year. The mortality has, therefore, been 
 no greater than could be looked for among healthy stock. 
 
 Juneau. — Hogs valued at .f2,00() have been lost by disease in this county the past 
 year. A great many fowls have also died of the various diseases incidenf to (hem. 
 
 5751 D A 23 
 
354 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Kenosha. — No fatal diseases have beeu reported as prevailing among farm animals 
 in this conuty the past year. 
 
 Keivaunee. — No losses worthy of record have occurred among any class of our farm 
 stock during the past j'ear. 
 
 La Fayeite. — No epidemic disease has prevailed duriug the year among horses, cattle , 
 hogs, or sheep. Fowls are sufferiug with cholera to some extent ; perhaps 2 per cent, 
 have been afi'ected. 
 
 Marquetle. — Some few horses and cattle have died during the year, but hogs and 
 sheep have remained healthy. 
 
 Fierce. — A great many horses have beeu attacked by distemper, and several cases 
 have proved fiital. Pink-eye prevailed quite extensively among these animals last 
 year. 
 
 y" Folk. — The past year has been oue of more than usual health among all classes of 
 farm_^auimal8 iu this county. 
 
 Racine. — Farm animals generally have done well the past year. I have uo means 
 of ascertaining the value of the losses. 
 
 Richland. — I hear of the prevalence of no diseases among stock except pink-eye iu 
 horses. A great mauy of these animals are bliud or nearly so. The disease is not 
 often fatal. 
 
 Sauk. — The diseases of horses are mostly caused by overwork. Hogs in one locality 
 have been afflicted to some extent, but the losses have not been very great. 
 ^ Sheboygan. — No e]}idemic of any kind has appeared among our domestic animals 
 the past year. That our county is so exceptionally free from all animal plagues is iu 
 a great measure owing to the stringent regulations of our county dairy association. 
 
 Trempealeau. — The only contagious disease that has prevailed among any class of 
 live stock the past year has been horse distemper. There have been some losses from 
 this disease. 
 
 Vernon. — Horses have lieen afflicted with distemper, and cattle with heart disease, 
 or dry murrain, and black-leg. Swine plague has prevailed quite extensively, grub 
 in the head has caused the death of a great many sheep, and chob ra has prevailed to 
 some extent among fowls. 
 
 Waukesha. — All kinds of farm animals are in excellent health. No unusual or ep- 
 idemic disease has visited them during the year. 
 
 THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 Apache. — Aside from cattle and sheep there are bnt few farm animals in this county 
 There are 12,000 of the former and 300,000 of the latter. The county is better adapted, 
 to sheep raising than anything else. Both cattle and sheep are in good health. 
 
 Yavapai. — No contagious diseases have visited any class of farm animals iu this 
 county the past year. 
 
 Aurora. — This couutyhas been organized but thirty months, and the few farm ani- 
 mals we have were brought iu from the States. All classes have been very healthy. 
 It is reported that in the extreme southwestern part of the county a peculiar disease 
 has attacked the horses, causing the death of two or three animals. The symptoms 
 are similar to an attack of hiccough. 
 
 Bon nomine. — I have no losses of cousetjueuce to report as having occurred from 
 disease among our fai'ui animals for the past year. 
 
 Brule. — A good manj^ horses died in this county during the year, but none with 
 infectious or contagious diseases. Hard work, uo stables, long drives, poor care, and 
 in some cases poor water, all combined made the fatality serious. Black-leg or an- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 355 
 
 tbrax prevailed to some extent among cattle in the southwestern portion of the county. 
 The disease was quite fatal. 
 
 Ca88. — The farm animals of this county have remained exempt from all infectious 
 and contagious diseases during the year. 
 
 Clay. — No epidemic diseases have prevailed among our farm animals during the 
 past \ear. An occasional death has occurred, but always from natural or accidental 
 causes. 
 
 Codington. — All classes of domestic animals, with the exceptiou of horses, have re- 
 mained healthy throughout the year. A correspondent at Watertowu reports glan- 
 . ders as prevalent in his part of the county. He says there are probably 50 horses 
 affected with the disease at this time. It proves fatal in almost every case. 
 
 Charles Mix. — Horses have been healthy. A disease has prevailed among mules 
 which has proved fatal in almost every instance. The disease is called meningitis, 
 but nobody really seems to know anything about it. Some spring calves and a few 
 yearlings have been lost by a disease known as black-leg. 
 
 Deuel. — Horses, sheep, cattle, and hogs, where well taken care of, have been excep- 
 tionally healthy. Our feeding places are high and dry, and conducive to health. 
 
 Faulk. — This county was only organized about one month ago, therefore we have 
 no statistics as to numbers of animals or value of losses. I have heard of no fatal 
 diseases among any class. 
 
 Grant. — It may seem like a strange report, to say that there have been no losses 
 among farm stock in this county during the year, but such is literally the fact. The 
 county is new, and the stock youug, vigorous, and healthy. 
 
 Hamlin. — The only losses that have occurred during the year among our farm ani- 
 mals have been among horses and sheep. These losses have been quite light, and 
 were not caused by any epidemic disease. 
 
 Sand. — We have but a small number of domestic animals in this county. No un- 
 usual disease has prevailed among either class or among fowls the current year. 
 
 Hutchinson. — There has been no general disease among domestic animals during 
 the year. Casi s of sickness are generally brought on by exposure or neglect. Three 
 or four cases of so called black-leg that I investigated appeared to be inflammation 
 of the lungs. Farmers are abandoning sheep raising. 
 
 McCook. — A great many horses have been affected with a dropsical disease, which 
 seems to have proved fatal in some cases. Black quarter has affected the cattle to a 
 considerable extent. It has been mostly confined to calves, yearlings, and two-year- 
 olds. 
 
 Minnihaha. — A lew cattle have been afiected with the big jaw, or swelling of the 
 jaw and throat. Our heaviest losses among cattle have occurred from black-leg. 
 
 Morton. — The only disease of a contagious character among any class of farm ani- 
 mals is that knowu as scab among sheep. It prevails only in one flock — a drove of 
 2,000 head, brought from Minnesota in October. 
 
 Sanhorn. — No losses are reported as having occurred among the domestic animals of 
 this county during the year. 
 
 Spink. — I have no facilities for j/rocuring the information asked for by your circular 
 letter. 
 
 iStutsmau. — This county has been but recently organized, and we have but a limited 
 number of farm animals as yet. There are no contagious diseases prevalent. Expos- 
 ure to inclement weather caused the death of about '> per cent, of the sheep of the 
 countj, last winter. 
 
 Turner. — Some pink-eye has ))revaih'd among horses, but no deaths have resulted. 
 Other classes of animals are healthy. 
 
 H'alsh. — No diseases worth mentioning are prevalent among any kinds of live stock. 
 
 Yankton. — I estimate the value of the farm animals and fowls lost iu this county 
 the past year as follows : Horses, $12,000 ; cattle, $8,400 ; hogs, $3,000 ; sheep, $150 
 aud fowls, $216. 
 
3o6 CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 iM ON TAX A. 
 
 GaUdtin. — There have been some deaths among horses cansed by distemper and 
 pneumonia. There has been some scab among sheep, bnt the losses have been light. 
 Hog diseases are not known here. 
 
 Lewis and Chtrke. — All classes of domestic animals are healthy and free from de- 
 strnctive diseases. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Grant. — In May last a disease supposed to be black-leg broke out among calves in 
 this county, and carried ofi' all attacked. In September Texas fever was brought 
 into the county by a herd of Texan cattle. Fully 500 head of cattle were destroyed 
 by the disease. During the summer mouths cholera destroyed a large number of 
 fowls. 
 
 Santa Fv. — I tind it impossible to furnish the information desired by the Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 San MUjucl. — A number of horses have been poisoned and died from eating the loco 
 weed. We have 100,000 head of cattle and 500,000 head of sheep in the county. I do 
 not think the annual losses among these animals from all causes will exceed 2 per 
 cent. A great many of these animals have died from eating the poisonous loco weed. 
 In some localities this weed does not seem to affect stock. 
 
 liox Elder. — No destructive diseases among our farm animals this year. Last year 
 50 horses died of the disease known as pink-eye, and 150 head of yearlings of horned 
 ■ cattle died of black-leg. 
 
 Daxis. — 1 have no means of ascertaining the number of farm animals in this county. 
 I have heard of n'o diseases prevailing among them. 
 
 Salt Lake. — A few horses have died during the year of disease. This is a very 
 healthful county for stock, and if the animals were properly protected and cared for 
 the losses would be nominal. Scab is the only disease that troubles sheep. Putrid 
 fever has prevailed to some extent among cattle on the ranges. 
 
 Millard. — This is a very good climate for stock, and the mortality is never very 
 great among any class from epidemic diseases. 
 
 Mor<ian. — Horses and horned cattle do remarkably well in this county, and are 
 rarely visited by epidemic diseases. Cholera and black teeth are the prevailing dis- 
 eases among hogs. There is some scab among shee]> and the usual diseases among 
 fowls. 
 
 Touele. — The value of the losses aun^ng all classes of farm animals in this county 
 from disease the past year will not exceed $2,000. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Asotin. — We have the disease known as pink-eye among horses. It seems to be 
 quite variable in its fatality — to depend, to a considerable extent, upon the range. 
 Some cases of black-leg have occurred among young cattle, with invariably fatal 
 results. This is a new county, formed from a portion of Gartield and Columbia 
 counties. 
 
 Cullohan. — Our farm animals are in good health, and I have no losses to report 
 from disease for the current year. 
 
 Garfield. — Pink-eye prevails among horses, but generally in a mild form. Rest 
 and turning out to grass has been found the tnost successful treatment. Black-leg 
 prevails among cattle, but is generally confined to young stock. Hogs are never 
 diseased in this locality. 
 
 fslnnd. — There has been no epidemic among farm animals here. Fowls, however, 
 arc frequently troubled with a disease that causes the death of numbers of them, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 357 
 
 both at maturity and while young. Early spring turkeys have a stiftening of the 
 joints of the legs that soon causes death. It is apparently a kind of rheumatism. 
 Those hatched late escape the trouble. I have been hatching by artilicial means the 
 past season. As a result, I Hnd a chicken's future is determined by its first three 
 weeks of care. 
 
 San Juan. — There have been twelve fatal cases of black-leg among calves in this 
 locality. Bleeding in the early stages of the disease has been found beneficial. A 
 few fowls have been lost, but with no marked disease. 
 
 Sjjokane.— Horses in this county are frequently affected with glanders, distemper, 
 and other nasal diseases. Black-foot is the only disease that ever attacks our cattle. 
 Diseases among swine are not known. 
 
 Thurston. — I have no losses to report among farm animals or fowls for 'the jiast 
 year. All seem to be healthy and in fine order. 
 
 Wahkiakum. — I am glad to be able to say that no diseases of any kind prevail among 
 our farm animals, conse(iuently I have no losses to report. 
 
 Whatcom. — No diseases of a fatal character have prevailed among any class of our 
 domestic animals for some years past. 
 
 Whitman.— Some few cases of anemia and pink-eye have occurred among horses, 
 but not more than 5 per cent, of those attacked have died. No other class of stock 
 has suffered with disease. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Albany. — No disease of consequence has prevailed among horses or cattle this year. 
 Sheep have been afflicted with scab. Animals valued at $1,125 have been lost by 
 this disease. 
 
 Johnson. — The prevalent disease among our horses is called pink-eye, which occa- 
 sionally proves fatal. This is a grazing county, and contains some 200,000 head of 
 cattle of all ages. A few of these animals have been affected with swollen jaw. As 
 a general thing they have been healthy, and the value of the losses will not exceed 
 $5,000 for the year. Scab has prevailed in sheep, but the losses have been light. 
 
 f7i«<a7i.— There has been no epidemic or fatal disease among farm animals in this 
 county for some years past. Scab in sheep occasionally causes a small loss. 
 
IN D EX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Abortion in cows 2U4 
 
 Agriculture, statement prepared for House Committee on 16 
 
 Alabama, general condition of farm animals, 1883 302 
 
 American hogs, i)roportion trichiuosed 269 
 
 pork, amount consumed in foreign countries 273, 279 
 
 in Germany 188 
 
 Leblanc's view of 277 
 
 Proust's view of 276 
 
 trichiniasis produced by, abroad, unfounded 279, 281 
 
 Analyses of Americau and European salts 289 
 
 Anatomy of Syngannis trachealis 107 
 
 Animal diseases that are contagious 260 
 
 their relation to human health 21 
 
 industry at the Hamburg International Exhibition 204 
 
 Animals of the farm. (See Farm animals.) 
 
 Arizona farm animals, general condition of, 1883 354 
 
 Arkansas farm animals, general condition of, 1883 304 
 
 swine i)lague in 300 
 
 Bacilli t he ca use of Southern cattle fever 253 
 
 Black-leg, letters concerning 291 
 
 Breeding horses in La Perche, France 183 
 
 Breeds of cattle in England 193 
 
 British breeds of cattle 193 
 
 draft horses 198 
 
 Buffalo gnats destroying farm animals 297 
 
 remedies for 299 
 
 California, general condition of farm animals, 1883 305 
 
 Cattle affected with ergot ism in Kansas 89 
 
 at the Hamburg International Exhibition 187, 202 
 
 British breeds of 193 
 
 diseases of 291 
 
 exposed to peluro-pneumonia and slaughtered iu Pennsylvania, table of. 13, 14 
 fever. (See Soutliern cattle fever.) 
 
 poisoned by vegetation 296 
 
 trade with Great Britain 189 
 
 restrictions of 191 
 
 Chemical composition of ergot 48 
 
 Colorado, general condition of farm animals, 1883 « 306 
 
 Connecticut, general condition of farm animals, 1883 306 
 
 lileuro-pneumonia in 10 
 
 Constitutional symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease 39 
 
 Consumijtion. (See Tuberculosis.) 
 
 359 
 
360 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 'Ooutagiou as a cause of tuberculosis iu annuals 163 
 
 Contagious animal diseases, by Dr. E. M. Hunt 260 
 
 laboratory for the investigation of 21 
 
 necessity of examining the history of 37 
 
 ' Contagions pleuro-pneumonia. {See Pleuro-pueumonia.) 
 
 Contagiousness of foot-and-mouth disease 37 
 
 Cooking, eft'ect of, on trichin;e 277 
 
 Correspondents, letters from 291 
 
 on abortion in cows 294 
 
 black-leg 291 
 
 impaction of manifold 295 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia 293 
 
 poisonous vegetation 296, 297 
 
 tuberculosis 294 
 
 Cows, abortion iu 294 
 
 Cultures of the micrococcus of swine plague 85 
 
 Curing process, effect on trichinie 273 
 
 Dakota, general condition of farm animals, 1883 354 
 
 Danger from contagious pleuro-pneumonia 18 
 
 Deaths from contagious pleuro-pneumouia in New Jersey 15 
 
 Peunsylvania 14 
 
 Delaware, general condition of farm animals, 1883 306 
 
 Description of the gape-worm of fowls 107 
 
 Detmers, Dr. H. J. , report on Southern cattle fever 247 
 
 Differential diagnosis of contagious pleuro-pneumonia 134, 140, 141 
 
 Disease of fowls caused by the gape- worm 103 
 
 Diseases of animals that are contagious 260 
 
 Distribution of Southern cattle fever 70 
 
 District of Columbia, contagious pleuro pneumonia in 6 
 
 Dogs, ergot of rye, effect upon 51 
 
 Dose of ergot for medicinal purposes 56 
 
 Draft horses, French 181 
 
 English and Scotch 198 
 
 Education in veterinary medicine 146 
 
 resolutious of the International Veterinary 
 
 Congress 153, 179 
 
 Effingham, 111., outbreak of supposed foot-and-mouth disease 24,28 
 
 Emersleben epidemic of trichiuiasis 275 
 
 Enzootics of ergotism 21 
 
 Epizootic aphtha. (See Foot-and-mouth disease.) 
 
 Ergot, action on animal body .' 45, 48 
 
 cause of enzootics, evidence pointing to 33, 36 
 
 chemical composition 45 
 
 dose of 56 
 
 food , percen tage in 34 
 
 life-history of 46 
 
 medicinal effects 50 
 
 nature of 45 
 
 Read's experiments .... 50 
 
 red top, percentage in 35 
 
 Salerne's experiments 49 
 
 solip(^ds, effect on 50 
 
 Tessier's experiments 49 
 
INDEX. 
 
 361 
 
 Ergot, toxic effects of 50 
 
 wild rye, percentage iu 3'^ 
 
 Ergot of rye, dogs, effect ou ol 
 
 fowls, effect on 51 
 
 pigs, effect on 51 
 
 rnmiuants, effect ou 51 
 
 Ergotine, physiological action of 55 
 
 Ergotism among cattle in Kansas f*9 
 
 condition of cattle attacked 30 
 
 history of 95 
 
 Ergotism, enzootics in the West 21 
 
 as distinguished from foot-and-mouth disease. 36 
 
 foul-in-the-foot 41 
 
 conditions favorable to 43 
 
 gangrene in , 32, 33 
 
 mouth symptoms in 32,40 
 
 objections to theory of 42 
 
 occurring at the same time on widely sepa- 
 rated farms 38 
 
 percentage of ergot in food 34 
 
 udder, eruption on the 41 
 
 epidemics of 60 
 
 forms of '. 99 
 
 history of - 56 
 
 in New York 66 
 
 Ohio 67 
 
 Pennsylvania 68 
 
 United States 63 
 
 prevention of 69 
 
 symptomatology of 52 
 
 treatment and prevention of 69 
 
 Europe, history of ergotism in 56 
 
 European hogs, percentage trichinosed 272 
 
 Experiments with virus of swine plague 84 
 
 Export cattle trade with Great Britain 189 
 
 Extermination of pleuro-pneumonia by the Government of the United States, 
 
 advantages of 20 
 
 Farm animals destroyed by buff'alo-gnats 297 
 
 general condition, 1883 302 
 
 iu Alabama 302 
 
 k rkansas 304 
 
 Arizona 354 
 
 California 305 
 
 Colorado 306 
 
 Connecticut 306 
 
 Dakota 354 
 
 Delaware 306 
 
 Florida 307 
 
 Georgia 308 
 
 Illinois 311 
 
 Indiana 313 
 
 Iowa 316 
 
 Kansas 318 
 
 Kentucky 321 
 
362 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Farm animals, general condition. 1883, in Louisiana 323 
 
 Maine 324 
 
 Maryland 324 
 
 Massachusetts 32.5 
 
 Michigan 32.5 
 
 Minnesota 327 
 
 Mississippi 328 
 
 Missouri 330 
 
 Montana 3.56 
 
 Nebraska 332 
 
 Nevada 333 
 
 New Hampshire 333 
 
 New Jersey 333 
 
 New Mexico 356 
 
 New York 334 
 
 North Carolina 336 
 
 Ohio 338 
 
 Oregon 340 
 
 Pennsylvania 341 
 
 Rhode Island 342 
 
 South Carolina 342 
 
 Tennessee 343 
 
 Texas 346 
 
 Utah 356 
 
 Vermont 349 
 
 Virginia 349 
 
 Washington Territory :i56 
 
 West Virginia 351 
 
 Wisconstn 3.53 
 
 Wyoming 358 
 
 Feeding animals with tubercular matter 165 
 
 Feet symptoms in foot-and-mouth disease 40 
 
 Feu sacrS 56 
 
 Fever. (-See Southern cattle fever.) 
 
 Fleming, report on epidemics of ergotism 60 
 
 Florida, general condition of farm animals, 1883 307 
 
 Food, condition of, in the Western enzootics of ergotism 34 
 
 Foot-and-mouth disease 264 
 
 contagiousness of 37 
 
 distinguished from ergotism .36 
 
 in Great Britain 198 
 
 nature of 36 
 
 supposed outbreak of, in Kansas 21, 89 
 
 symptoms of .39 
 
 Foot-rot, symptoms of 41 
 
 Foul-in-the-foot distinguished from ergotism 41 
 
 Fowls, ergot, effect on 51 
 
 gape disease of 103 
 
 French draft horses 181 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia commission, results of experiments 19 
 
 Gangrene in the Western enzootics of ergotism 32, 41 
 
 Gape disease of fowls, h istory of 104 
 
 means of arresting 117, 119 
 
INDEX. 363 
 
 Page 
 
 Gape-worm of fowls, description of 107 
 
 development of 113 
 
 destruction of 117 
 
 embryo of 114 
 
 larva of 115, 120 
 
 Geographical distribution of Southern cattle fever 70 
 
 Georgia, districts infected with Southern cattle fever 75 
 
 farm animals, general condition, 1883 308 
 
 Germany, epidemics of trichiuiasis in 282 
 
 Glanders and farcy in New Jersey 267 
 
 in horses 237 
 
 Hamburg International Exhibition 186, 199 
 
 cattle at the 187 
 
 horses at the 186 
 
 sheep at the 188 
 
 swine at the 188 
 
 Heredity as a cause of tuberculosis 162 
 
 History of ergotism among cattle iu Kansas 21, 95 
 
 in Europe 56 
 
 the United States 63 
 
 gape disease of fo wis 104 
 
 Hog cholera. (See Swine | lague.) 
 
 Hogs, breeds and sanitary condition 299 
 
 feeding on sweet potatoes 299 
 
 Horses in France 181 
 
 at the Hamburg International Exhibition 186,200 
 
 poisoned by vegetation 297 
 
 Hugues' report on education iu veterinary medicine 146 
 
 Huidekoper, Dr. R. S., report on the Hamburg luternatioual Exhibition 199 
 
 Hunt, Dr. E. M. , contagious animal diseases 260 
 
 Illinois, enzootic of ergotism, condition of food 35 
 
 symptoms 40 
 
 general condition of farm animals, 1883 311 
 
 Impaction of the manifold 295 
 
 Indemnity for diseased cattle 146 
 
 Indiana, general condition of farm animals, 1883 313 
 
 Inefficiency of State action in regard to pleuro-pneumonia 19 
 
 Infection of pastures with virus of Southern cattle fever 250 
 
 Inoculation with virus of foot-and-mouth disease 265 
 
 against ijleuro-pneumonia 262 
 
 results of 18 
 
 with virus of swine plague 84 
 
 Inspection of exported cattle, necessity of 199 
 
 International Veterinary Congress of 1883, report by Dr. Law 122 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia of cattle 134 
 
 tuberculosis 157 
 
 veterinary service 122 
 
 International veterinary service, principles of an 130 
 
 Investigation of contagious d iseases, importance of 20 
 
 Iowa, general condition of farm animals, 1H83 316 
 
 Kansas, ergotism among cattle in 21, 89 
 
 brief history of 25 
 
36 I INDEX. 
 
 I'.ige. 
 
 Kansas, ergotism among cattle in, condition of animals '.iO 
 
 ergot as a cause 3;? 
 
 food, condition of :}o 
 
 (See aho Ergotism.) 
 
 general condition of farm animals, 1883 318 
 
 glanders in 237 
 
 Southern cattle fever in 207, 239 
 
 swine plague in 238 
 
 Kentucky, general condition of farm animals, 1883 321 
 
 Kirksville, outbreak of disease in 23,28 
 
 Klein, Dr., investigations of swine plague 79, 80 
 
 Laboratory for the investigation of contagious diseases 21 
 
 Law, Dr. J., report ou the International Veterinary Congress of 1883 122 
 
 Leblanc's views of pleuro-pneumouia 140 
 
 Letters from correspondents concerning animal diseases 291 
 
 Losses from pleuro-pueumonia in the United States annually 20 
 
 Louisiana, general condition of farm animals, 1883 323 
 
 Lung plague. {See Pleuro-pneumouia.) 
 
 Lydtiu's resolutions concerning tuberculosis in animals 157 
 
 Maine, genei al condition of farm animals, 1883 324 
 
 Manifold, impaction of 295 
 
 Maryland, general condition of farm animals, 1883 324 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia in 15 
 
 Massachusetts, general condition of farm animals, 1883 325 
 
 Meat of tuberculous animals, laws against use of 168, 172, 174 
 
 Medicinal eft'ects of ergot 50 
 
 Megnin, P., gape disease of fowls 103 
 
 Michigan, general condition of farm animals, 1883 325 
 
 Microbe of swine plague 79, 85 
 
 Milk of tuberculous animals, danger from 171,174 
 
 Minnesota, general condition of farm animals, 1883 327 
 
 Mississippi, general condition of farm animals, 1883 328 
 
 Mi.>-souri, general condition ol farm animals, 1883 330 
 
 Montana, general condition of farm animals, 1883 356 
 
 Mouth symptoms in the Western enzootics of ergotism 32 
 
 foot-and-mouth disease 39 
 
 Nebraska, general condition of farm animals, 1883 332 
 
 Neosha Falls, outbreak of supposed foot-and-mouth disease 21, 25, 37, 89 
 
 Nevada, general condition of farm animals, 1883 333 
 
 New Hampshire, general condition of farm animals, 1883 333 
 
 New Jersey, general condition of farm animals, 1883 333 
 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia in 14,293 
 
 glanders and farcy in 267 
 
 New Mexico, farm animals, general condition, 1883 356 
 
 New York, farm animals, general condition, 1883 334 
 
 ergotism in 60, 66 
 
 North Carolina, districts infected with Southern cattle fever 75 
 
 farm animals, general condition, 1883 336 
 
 Objections to the theory of ergotism in Kansas answered 42 
 
 Ohio, farm animals, general condition, 1883 338 
 
 history of ergotism in 67 
 
 Oregon, general condition of farm animals, 1883 340 
 
INDEX. 
 
 3fi5 
 
 Page. 
 
 Packing, stilt used in 288 
 
 Parasitic disease of fowls 103 
 
 Pasteur's investigations of swine plagne 79 
 
 Pastures, theories as to the infection of, with Sontheru cattle fever 2r)0 
 
 Pathological anatomy of tuberculosis 160 
 
 Pennsylvania, cases of pleuro-pueuraouia in 12 
 
 ergotism in 68 
 
 farm animals, general condition, 1863 341 
 
 Perriot, E., on breeding horses i 183 
 
 Physiological action of ergot 55 
 
 Pigs, eftects of ergot of rye on .M 
 
 Pleuro-pneunionia (contagious), annual losses in the United States from 20 
 
 in the Atlantic States, reasons for believing in the existence 
 
 of 17 
 
 Couuecticutr 10 
 
 contagiousness of 14 1 
 
 danger from, greater than the extent of infected territory 
 
 would indicate 18 
 
 differential diagnosis of 134, 141, 176 
 
 discussed by the International Veterinary Congress 134, 176 
 
 in the District of Columbia 6,7 
 
 extermination by the Government of the United States, 
 
 advantages of 20 
 
 indemnity for diseased cattle 146 
 
 inoculation against 135, 141, 143, 262 
 
 advantages and disadvantages 137 
 
 in New Jersey 14 
 
 insidious nature of 128 
 
 investigation of 6 
 
 losses from 128 
 
 in Maryland 15 
 
 NewJ.rsey 14,293 
 
 pathology of, acording to Degive 136 
 
 in Pennsylvania, uumberofcattleexposedaudslaughtered.l2, 13, 14 
 
 prevention of, rules for the 135, 143 
 
 preventive inoculation to be absolutely rejected 144 
 
 stamping out, means of 143 
 
 statement prepared for the House Committee on Agricult- 
 ure conceiinng 16 
 
 Poisonous vegetation 296, 297 
 
 Pork, examination of, for trichina' : 270 
 
 froiu the Unite. I Stat^ss in Germany 18 
 
 Prevention and treatment of ergotism 69 
 
 of trichiniasis in swine 286 
 
 Preventive measures in the consumption of milk and meat of tuberculous 
 
 animals 168, 172 
 
 Prophylaxis of pleuro-i)neumonia 135, 143, 177 
 
 Proust's statement concerning American pork 276 
 
 Piitz's views of jjleuro-jmeuinonia 141 
 
 liandall. Dr., report on ergotism in New York 60 
 
 lied top, ergot in ;i5 
 
 Ked worm. (.LSee Gape-worm.) 
 Remedies. {iSee Treatment.) 
 
366 ' INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Remedies for buffalo gnats 299 
 
 Resolutions proposed and adopted at the International Veterinary Congress. 124, 176 
 
 Rhode Island, general condition of farm aiiimals, 1883 342 
 
 Knminants, effect of ergot of rye on . 51 
 
 Salmon, Dr. D. E., investigation of swine plague 78 
 
 report on enzootics of ergotism 21 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia 
 
 Southern cattle fever 70 
 
 trichiniasis 269 
 
 Saliva as the infective agent in Southern cattle fever 252 
 
 Salt used in packing 288 
 
 Salts, ai^alyses of 289 
 
 Sanders, J. H., report on the Hamburg International Exhibition 181 
 
 Sheep at the Hamburg International Exhibition 188 
 
 a new disease among 300 
 
 Solipeds, effect of ergot on 50, 54 
 
 South Carolina, districts infected with Southern cattle fever . 75 
 
 farm animals, general condition of, 1883 342 
 
 Southern cattle fever, report of Dr. H. J. Detmers 247 
 
 bacilli as the cause of 253 
 
 infection of pastures 2.50 
 
 infectious principle, relation to food 247 
 
 saliva the infective agent of 252 
 
 report of Dr. D. E. Salmon 70 
 
 its advance ... I 21 
 
 in Georgia, line of infected district 75 
 
 North Carolina, line of infected district 75 
 
 South Carolina, line of infected district 75 
 
 Tennessee, line of infected district 76 
 
 Virginia, line of infected district 71 
 
 Kansas 207, 239 
 
 susiiected herds 235 
 
 table of cattle exposed 236, 244 
 
 State action, inefficiency in controlling pleuro-pneumonia 19 
 
 Statement concerning pleiiro-pneiiinouia prepared for the House Committee 
 
 on Agriculture 16 
 
 Steel on foul-in-the-foot -. 42 
 
 Stickler, Dr. J. W., experiments with virus of foot-and-mouth disease 265 
 
 Stud-book of Percheron breeders 184 
 
 Swine at the Hamburg International Exhibition 188 
 
 percentage of American and European trichinosed 269, 272 
 
 prevention of trichinia-sis in 286 
 
 (See also Hogs ; Pork. ) 
 
 Swine plague, investigations of, by Dr. Salmon 78 
 
 experiments with virus of 84 
 
 Klein's investigations of 78 
 
 microbe of 78 
 
 Pasteur's investigations of 78 
 
 pure cultures of virus of 86 
 
 in Arkansas 300 
 
 Kansas 238 
 
 Symptoms of the diseased animals in the Kansas enzootic 25 
 
 Illinois enzootic 31 
 
INDEX. 367 
 
 Page. 
 
 Symptom^ of ergotism 52 
 
 auioug cattle in Kansas 90 
 
 foot-and-uiouth disease and of Western enzootics compared 39 
 
 foul-in-the-foot 41 
 
 Syngamus traclieaVis. (See Gape- worm.) 
 
 Table of the number of cattle exposed to pleuro-pneumonia and slaughtered in 
 
 Pfunsylvania 13,14 
 
 Southern cattle fever in Kansas 236,244 
 
 stables exposed to ]»leuro-pneumonia in Maryland 15 
 
 Tabourin on the action of ergot 50 
 
 Tennessee, district infected with Southern cattle fever 76 
 
 farm animals, general condition, 1883 343 
 
 Tessier's experiments with ergot 49 
 
 Texas cattle fever. {See Southern cattle fever.) 
 
 farm animals, general condition of, 1883 346 
 
 Toxic eftects of ergot .50, 51 
 
 Treatment of ergotism 69 
 
 gape disease in fowls 117 
 
 Trichiu*, cooking, etfect of 277 
 
 curing, effect of 273 
 
 in American and European hogs 270, 272 
 
 life history of 286 
 
 Trichiniasis, report by Dr. Salmon 269 
 
 in man, reports of boards of health on 283 
 
 cases of, in foreign countries 280 
 
 the United States 283 
 
 epidemics of, in Europe 282 
 
 swine, cause arid prevention of 286 
 
 Trumbower, Dr. M. R., report on ergotism among cattle in Kansas 89 
 
 Southern cattle fever in Kansas 207 
 
 Tuberculosis in animals, bacillus of 166 
 
 contagion as a cause of 163 
 
 feeding experiments 165 
 
 forms of 159 
 
 heredity as a cause of 162 
 
 identical with tuberculosis in man 167 
 
 laws against the use of meat 169, 174 
 
 lesions of 160 
 
 letters concerning 294 
 
 milk, danger from 171, 174 
 
 in New York City 168 
 
 resolutions proposed and adopted at the Interna- 
 tional Veterinary Congress 157, 180 
 
 Udder, eruption on, in the enzootics of ergotism 41 
 
 United States, ergotism in the history of (53 
 
 Government veterinary schools, necessity of, in the 154 
 
 trichiniasis in the 283 
 
 veterinary service in the, necessity of a 1.32 
 
 Utah, general condition of farm animals, 1883 356 
 
 Veget ation poisonous to catt le 296 
 
 horses 297 
 
 Yerheyen on ergotism 52, 56 
 
368 INDEX. 
 
 t'apfc. 
 
 Vermont, general coiulitiou of farm animals, 1883 349 
 
 Veterinary experiment station 5 
 
 medicine, reports at the International Veterinary Congress on 
 
 education in 146, 150 
 
 school at Brussels, cnrriculum of 147 
 
 service, necessity in the United States of a 132 
 
 organization of a 122 
 
 liriuciples of a 130, 176 
 
 Virginia, district infected with Soutlieru cattle fever 71 
 
 general condition of farm animals, 1883 349 
 
 Washington Territory, general condition of farm animals, 1883 356 
 
 West Virginia, general condition of farm animals, 1883 351 
 
 Wild rye, ergot in 34 
 
 Wisconsin, general condition of farm animals, 1883 353 
 
 Wyoming Territory, general condition of farm animals, 1883 358 
 
 Ziemssen on ergotism 99 
 
 Zoological description of Sy7igamus tracheaUs 107 
 
 Znndel on the organization of a veterinarv service 122 
 
4 
 
RETURN TO the circulation desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 or to the 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 Bldg,400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 
 days prior to due date. 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 ^^6 3 2000 
 
 12.000(11/95) 
 
 LD21-5m-7,'33 
 
G 
 
 270475 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY