. . . . ir:o 7 56th Cojigres 1st Session. \ SENATE. DOCUMI.M No. 171. <*• y- February 15, 1900. — Ordered to be printed. Mr. Lodge, from the Committee on the Philippines, reported the following, in accordance with Senate Resolution No. 44: THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, A BRIEF COMPILATION OF THE LATEST INFORMATION AND STATISTICS OBTAINABLE ON THE NUMBERS, AREAS, POPULATION, RACES AND TRIBES. MINERAL RESOURCES, AGRICULTURE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. FORESTS, AND HARBORS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. [Published under the direction of I Commitl nthePhilipp This compilation was made under authorization of a resolution of the Senate of January 9, L900. The resolution reads: Resolved, Thai there be compiled under the direction of the Committee on the Philippines, for jthe use of the_ Senate, the best statistics available in regard to the area, population, agricultural and mineral resources, export and import trade of the Philip- pine Islands, together with such other information on this Bubject as the committee may deem desirable. PREFACE. The aim of this pamphlet is to resume in a comparatively short com- pass the latest and best information <>n the following subjects: § I. The numbers, areas, and names of the various islands in the Philippine group. § II. The numbers, names, religion, and political condition of the various native tribes inhabiting those islands. §111. The agriculture, inter-island commerce, transportation, ami manufactun • the Philippines. § IV. The exports and imports of the Philippines to and from the principal coon- tries of the world. § V. The mineral resources of the Philippines. \ VI. The woods and forest.- of the Philippines. § VII. The harbors in the Philippine Islands. The following \\<>rk> have been used: For § I. an article kindly furnished by Professor Pritchett, of the ( 'oast and ( reodetic Survey, which is later to serve as an introduction to a set of maps to be published by the Coast and Geodetic Survey as a supplement to the report of the Commissioners to the Philippines. For § II. for the population, an article by Mr. Wilcox, of the Census Bureau, embodying all the latest statistics <»n the subject, including tho«e of the last Spanish census. 2 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. For the ethnography, Volume I of the Report of the American Commissioner!!! to the Philippines and Blumentritt's Versuch Einer Ethnographic der Philippinen. For ' : III and IV, the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States for the month of November, L899, published by the Bureau of Stati tic , and embodying the most recent obtainable imformation on these subje< I For § V, the admirable article b} George F. Becker on the mineral i. ourcesof the Philippines which appeared in the Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Pari VI, continued, 1898. For s' VI. John Foreman's book, The Philippine Islands. For g VII, u list of the names of all harbors in the Philippines w hich have been surveyed and charted, together with their soundings and genera] features (compiled from an examination of ail the maps of the Philippines published by the 1 [y drographic < Mfice at Washington). As far as known, there is no account of the harbors in the Philippines obtainable. Though die above menti >d are the work- which have been princi- pally used, of course man) others have been consulted, t*uch as Reisen in den Philippinen. •T:i , -r i »r. Military Notes on the Philippines, published by the United States War Department. Voyages aus Philippines, par Montano. The Philippines, by Dean Worcester. Memorfas Historicas y Estadistfcas de Filipffias. I». Rafael Diaz Arenas. Lee Philippines. Mallat, etc. HISTOBK \I SI MM LET. The Philippines were discovered by Magellan on the 16th of March. L521, on the day of St. Lazarus, but it was no! until l.~>r>4. after sev- eral expeditions had failed, that Legaspi succeeded, with live ships, which fie took from New Spain in taking possession of the archipelago in the name of Philip II. The discoverer had called the islands after St. Lazarus, hut this name was not commonly in use. The Spaniards called tin 1 western islands Islas del Poniente and the Portuguese islands Islas del Oriente. Legaspi gave them their present name in honor of Philip II, who, on his side, added later the title of New Castile to the group. Afterwards Legaspi took Cel>u and then Panay, and six years later he conquered Manila, which was at that timea village surrounded by palisades, and began at once the construction of a fortified city. The conquest of the remaining provinces of Luzon was so rapid that at the time of Legaspi's death, in August, L572, the work was prac- tically ended; lmt numberless wild tribes in the interior, the Moham- medan States {)( Mindanao, and the Sulu group have kept even to-dav their independence. The character of the population, as well as their political tendencies, favored Legaspi's conquest. There was no powerful kingdom, no old dynasty, no influential priesthood to overcome and no national pride to crush down. The indigenous races were either heathen-; or super- ficially and recently converted to [slamism, and lived under many little chiefs, who ruled with great tyranny, fighting with one another, and therefore easily overcome by the Spaniards. Such a community is PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 3 Barangay, and it form- even to-day, though in a very altered form, the basis of government among the indigenous races. The Spaniards limited the power of the native chief s and abolished slavery. They accomplished these changes, however, with foresight and very gradually. The conquest and pacification of the Philippines was performed for the most part by Juan de Salcedo, called the "Cortez of the Philip- pines." lie was the grandson of Legaspi and was a man of great courage and energy. In addition to many explorations and discoveries and much righting with hostile natives, he defeated in a series of engage- ments an invasion of Luzon, which was attempted by about 5,000 Chinese under the command of Li-ma-hong, a Chinaman who had been exiled from the Empire on the charge of piracy. This was in the year 1572. In 15 76 Salcedo died, and in 15m > Portugal and all her colonies passed by conquest to the Crown of Spain. This was the period of the greatest power in the Philippines. It was not to endure, however, and in 1040 Portugal again became independent and her many colonies in the East were no longer governed from Manila. The later history of the Philippines is not of any particular general interest and is not important enough to enter into in detail. Fruit- less expeditions against pirates, constant trouble with the Dutch, and incessant strife between the spiritual and temporal forces in the islands till a long series of years. In 176^ Manila was seized by an English fleet and held for a time as a war measure. On the conclusion of peace it was again returned to the Spaniards. From then until its final cession to the United States the only events worthy of remark have been several insurrections in the island of Luzon against Spanish rule, which were all successfully repressed. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS OF THE PHn.IPPINES. The Philippine Archipelago was ceded to the United States by treaty signed at Paris Decern) >er 10, 1898. The cession includes the islands in the geographical limits set forth vby the wording of the treaty, as follows: A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north lati- tude, ami through the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one hun- dred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree ^meridian of longitude east of Greenwich; thence along the one hundred and twenty- Beventh (127th) degree meridian of Longitude easl oi Greenwich to the parallel of four degrees and forty-five minutes (4° 45') north latitude; thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty-live minutes (4° 45') north latitude to its intersection with t the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty-live minutes (119° 35') east of Greenwich; thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred j and nineteen degrees and thirty-five minutes (119° 35') east of Greenwich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes iTMO'i north; thence along the arallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7° 40') toils intersection with he one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Green- wich; thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the one hundred ami eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. In the description of the northern limits the line through the navi- gable channel of Bachi governs as against the statement that it shall iollow r along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude. n:: PHILIPPINE l i ..'■. I.« >\.,| I I i.l \M- [>ATK. The cathedral in Manila b in north latitude n 35' 31" and in lon- gitude L20 58' 08", or 8 h 08" 52.2 ea t of Greenwich or lO 11 27' wesl <»t Washington. Spanish maps, as ;i rule, reckon the longitude from the meridian of San Fernando, which is 6 I-' 20" weel of Greenwich. The date reckoning now conforms to European usage. Prior to L845, however, there was ;■ difference of one day. The change was made bv suppressing the date following December 80, L844, which would have been Tuesday, and calling il Wednesday, January l. L845. In regard to the number and areas of tin- islands in the archipelago there must necessarily l>e b certain inaccuracy, because the group has never been properly surveyed, and the only method of determining the number ana areas is bj counting and measuring on the charts. The following figures are probably the best ever compiled. They arc drawn from enumeration and mensuration on map- recently obtained l>y the United States commissioners to the Philippines and w nich are with out doubt the most complete and the most thorough ever made. The following is quoted from the introduction to these maps, which arc being published by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. All the islands or groups having an area of over ii" square miles have been measured, and the areas are here given in square miles and square kilometers. Many different statements have been made in regard to the number of the Islands composing the archipelago. The canse for this must be attributed to the scale of the charts on which the counl was made and the difficulty of riiatingniahing |. nicks and formations of Bufficienl ana to dignify them by the name of islands. Thus on a small-scale Spanish chart of the entire groupe 948 islands were counted; on various large-scale charts of the Bame ana there were found 1,725. The principal islands, with the extent of shun- line of Borne of them and their area, are given on the following lists. The areas were carefully measured, but are subject to tlie inaccuracy of the chart.-. AKKA Name. Babuyan Bagata, or Quinalasag BaTabao Basilar) Batan Banlavan Bohol' Uncus Buriaa Busuanga Calayan Calamian Camlguin ( Ba bnyan ea group) Camlguin ~ Catanduanei Cebu Dalupiri DInagat Dumaran Puga (illiniums Leite (Leyte) Llnapacan Luzon Mactan Ifalbou i Homonkoo kfarindugua Masbaic Square miles. Square kilo- meters. 350 21 54 67 l. 139 8, 727 41 lik', 168 87 96 117 303 M lin 71 isl 1,761 1 . 7 12 20 671 2 16 21 M 176 156 2. 7l:< 7,027 10 104 SO '.'1 7 IS 1,290 1,841 Mindanao Ifindoro Kegroa Olutanga Panaou l'anuv Panglao Pangutaran Paratfua.or Palawan Polillo Samal Samar Saranguani Semerara Blargao SJbuyan Biqutjor Sulu.er Jolo Tablaa Ttcao YbayatiOr Il>avat ... Yliu Alahat Jomalig Banton Simara Koiul-lou 36,237 71 3.937 131 241 Snuare kilo- meters. 90 354 10,987 12,57' 148 85 10, 197 598 13.054 '."3 60 339 215 243 57 62 197 114 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. AREA— Continued. Square miles. groups — continued Daram Buad Camotes group: Ponson ■ Poro Pasijan Calaguas group: Tinagua Guintinua Cnyoe Kroup: Cuyoe Cugo Agutaya Hamipo Bisukei Laguan Batag I.iinliancauyan Mesa nr Talajlt Mali pi pi Balupiri Bilirau 184 Square kilo- meters. Name. Square ^ miles kilo- meters. groups — continued. Lubang Ambil Golo San Miguel Batan Cacraray Rapurrapu Tawi Tawi group: Tawi Tawi Tabulinga Tandubato Others of the Tawi Tawi group Total measured Estimated area of unmeas- ured islands Total area 63 82 183 54 1«3 474 140 118,542 1,000 307,025 2,590 119,542 309,615 LENGTH OF GENERAL SHORE LINE. Name. Bohol Cebu Jolo Archipelago Kalamines Leite Luzon Masbate Mindanao Statute Kilome- miles. ters. 161 259 310 499 s.> 1,381 126 203 363 584 2,144 3,450 244 393 1,592 2,562 Name. Mindoro Negros Palawan I'anay Samar Minor islands Total... Statute miles. 322 386 (144 ::;: 412 3,505 11,444 Kilome- ters. 518 621 1,036 607 663 5,641 18,417 POPULATION. The following is a quotation from an article by W. F. Wilcox, of the United States Census Bureau. It is well to notice that the last official census was in L887 and that the figures of that census, though probably underestimating the population of the islands, are the ones which, in default of better, we are obliged to take as final. It is probable that these are an understatement of the true population of the Philippines for several reasons, among which is one not observed by Mr. \\ ilcox, and which is therefore mentioned. It is, of course, only supposition, but is at least suggestive. For every adult counted in the census the officials were obliged to return a poll tax. Thus, for instance, if L 00,000 persons were counted 100,000 pesetas would have to be returned to the treasury. It has therefore been supposed that the officials counted, say. L50,000 and returned only 100,000 pesetas and 100,000 names. Mr. Wilcox says (Am. Statistical Assoc. Publ., Sept., 1899): The population of the islands in 1872 was stated in a letter to Nature (6:162), from Manila, by Dr. A. B. Meyer, who gives the latest not yet published statistics as his authority. The letter gives the population of nine islands, as follows: Luzon 4, 467, 1 1 1 Panay 1 , 052, 686 Cebu 427,356 Leite 285, 495 Bohol 283, 5 1 5 Negros 255, 873 Samar 250, 062 Mindanao 191, B02 Mindoro 70,926 6 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. It also gives the population of each of the 43 provinces of the islands. The popu- lation was not counted, hut estimated. The number who paid tribute was stated as 1,232,544. How this was ascertained we are not informed. The total population, 7,451,352, was approximated " on the supposition that about the sixth part of the whole has to pay trihute." In reality this population is 6.046 times the assigned tribute-paying population. But Dr. Meyer adds: "As there exist in all the islands, even in Luzon, independ- ent trihes and a large number in Mindanao, the numher of 7,451,352 <_'ives no correct idea of the real population of the Philippines. This is not known at all and will not he known for a long time to come." Since 1872 there have been actual enumerations of the Philippines, hut authorities differ as to the time when they occurred and the detailed results. These enumera- tions were usually confined to the subject and Catholic population, and omitted the heathen, Mohammedan, and independent tribes. Four reports of the entire population have been printed: 1. A report made by the religious orders in 1876 or 1877, in which the nationalities and creeds of the population were distinguished. 2. A manuscript report to Professor Blumentritt of the enumeration made by the religious orders in December, 1879. 3. The official report of the civil census of December 31, 1877, contained in Resena geog. y estad. de Espafia, 1888, p. 1079. 4. The official report upon the census taken by the civil officers December 31, 1887, and printed in the first volume of Censo de la Poblacion de Espaha, at Madrid, in 1891. The first two may be compared, and tend somewhat to corroborate each other, as follows: 1876-77. 1879. 1. Tribute-paying natives 5, 501, 356 2. Army 14, 545 3. Navy 2, 924 4. Religious officers (Geistlichkeit) 1 , 962 5. Civil officers 5, 552 6. Other Spaniards 13, 265 Total Spaniards 38, 248 Total Catholics Heathen and Mohammedan natives Foreigners (in 1876 there were: British, 176; German, 109; Americans, 42; French, 30) Chinese Total 5, 539, 604 602, 853 378 30, 797 6, 173, 632 5, 777, 522 632, 645 592 39, 054 6, 449, 813 The third enumeration reported 5,567,685 as the tribute-paying population. To this number should be added the estimated number of the independent tribes, " Indios no sometidos;" this according to the missionaries' count was about 600,000, making a total of 6,167,685. Most experts agree that this official report is untrustworthy and involves serious omissions, but believe that the facts are so imperfectly known that thev are unable to correct it. One author, del Pac, writing in 1882, started from the missionaries' census of 1876-77, viz, 6,173,632, assumed that this omitted as many as 600.000 members of independent tribes and that the increase of 1876-1882 would be 740,000. In this way he got 7,513,632. A second writer, Sanciano, 1 estimated the population in 1881 as 10,260,249. The missionaries made an estimate of their own in 1885 which showed 9,529,841. The fourth enumeration of those mentioned above showed a population of 5,985,123 in 1887, and the totals both for the group as a whole and for the fifty odd provinces tend to confirm and to be confirmed by the civil count of 1877. This number, how- ever, represents only the nominally Catholic or tribute-paying population. To it must be added the Mohammedan or heathen tribes set down by clerical authorities as about 600,000. Perhaps the highest authority in this field, Professor Blumentritt, is confident that this number does not include all the independent tribes, but only those in the mountains who have a special arrangement freeing them from all the dues of the subject tribes. On the whole, therefore, Prof. H. Wagner is inclined Sanciano, El Progreso de Filipinas, Madrid, J 881. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 7 to estimate these omissions ol independent or non-Christian tribes at about 1,000,000 and the population of tbe group at about 7,000,000. This result is indorsed by the latest German authority, Hiibner's Geographisch-Statistische Tabellen for 1898, which gives the population as 5,985,124 + 1,000,000 = 6,985,124, as follows Spanish census. Estimated number not counted. Luzon and adjacent islands. M indoro and Masbate Visayas Archipelago Mindanao Calamianes and Palawan . . . Jolo (Sulu) Islands Total 3, 443, 000 126,000 2,181,000 209, 000 22, 000 4,000 150,000 100,000 200,000 400, 000 50,000 100,000 5, 985, 000 1,000,000 Personally I am disposed to suspect that this number, although called by Professor Wagner an outside estimate, is below rather than above the truth. In favor of this position it maybe urged that Professor Wagner's estimate makes no allowance either for the natural increase of population, 1887-1898, or for the fact that the first careful census of densely populated regions, like India and Japan, usually reveals a larger population than had been previously estimated. This analogy might reasonably be applied to Luzon and the Visayas. ETHNOGRAPHY. On this subject there is a certain diversity of opinion. First an extract is quoted from the first volume of the report of the American Commissioners to the Philippines, which may be considered as the latest authority, and an article is appended based on the admirable work of Blumentritt, "Versuch einer Ethnographic der Philippinen," to be found in "Dr. A. Peterman's mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes 1 geo- graphischer anstalt." These two accounts of the ethnography of the islands to a certain extent supplement each other, and it has been con- sidered advisable to print them both, as together they certainly con- tain all available information on the subject. THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES. The inhabitants of the Philippines belong to three sharply distinct races — the Negrito race, the Indonesian race, and the Malayan race. It is universally conceded that the Negritos of to-day are the disap- pearing remnants of a people which once populated the entire archi- pelago. They are physically weaklings of low stature, with black skin, closely curling hair, flat noses, thick lips, and large, clumsy feet. In the matter of intelligence they stand at or near the bottom of the human series, and they are believed to be incapable of any consider- able degree of civilization or advancement. Centuries ago they were driven from the coast regions into the wilder interior portions of the islands by Malay invaders, and from that day to this they have steadily lost ground in the struggle for exist- ence, until but a few scattered and numerically insignificant groups of them remain. As a rule they are to be met with only on the forest- clad sides of the higher mountains of Luzon, Panay, Negros, and Min- danao, although in the northeastern part of Luzon they are said to still inhabit the wooded lowlands near the coast. They lead a nomadic life, wandering almost naked through the forests, and living on fruits, tubers, and such game as they can bring down with their bows and 8 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. poisoned arrow-. It is believed thai doI more than 35,000 of them exisl in the entire archipelago, and the race seems 'loomed to early extinction. Within a comparatively shorl time it has completely dis- appeared from several of tne islands which it formerly inhabited, and it is said thai the birth rate is now considerably below the death ran-. So far as is al present know d the Philippine t ribes belonging to the Indonesian race are routined to the greal island of .Mindanao, the sur- face of which constitutes aboul one-third of the total land area of the archipelago. Ii is possible thai a more careful study of the wild peo- ples of North Luzon will sho\n thai here also their exisl Indonesian tribes or tribes showing evidences of Indonesian origin; but this is a question which remains to be determined. The Philippine representatives of this race are physically superior not only to the Negritos, l>ut to the more numerous Malayan peoples a- well." They are tall and well developed, with high foreheads, aqui- line ooses, wavy hair, and often with abundant beards. The color of their skins is quite light. Many of them are very clever and intelli- gent. None <»f the tribes have been Christianized. Some of them have grown extremely fierce and warlike as a result of their long struggle with hostile Malayan peoples. Others, more happy in their surround- ings, are pacific and industrious. The great majority of the inhabitants of the Philippines are of Malayan extraction, although the race is not found pure in any of the islands, but is everywhere more or less modified through intermarriage with Chinese. Indonesians. Negritos. Arabs, and. to a limited extent. Spaniards and other European-. The individuals belonging to these Malayan tribes are of medium size, with straight black hair. As a rule the men are beardless, and when they have a beard it is usually straggling and appears late in life. The skin is brown and distinctly darker than that of the Indonesians, although very much lighter than that of the Negritos. The nose is short and frequently considerably flattened. The representatives of these three races are divided into numerous tribes, which often differ very greatly in language, manners, customs, and laws, as well as in degree of civilization. In numerical impor- tance they range from the Visayans, numbering more than 2,600,000, to the Calanganes. of whom but a bare 300 remain. The greater part of the tribes are wild and pagan, but the civilized and Christian- ized peoples, although few in number, include the majority of the inhabitant-. That the Filipinos do not constitute "a nation." or "a people." will appear from the perusal of the following table, which gives the names of the various tribes so far as known, the regions which they respec- tively inhabit, and. where practicable, an estimate of the number of individuals composing each. It may seem strange that in some instances the same name shouli appear repeatedly in the list of tribes. The explanation is that ii different localities very distinct people sometimes bear the same ap] lation. There is almost nothing in common, for instance, between th< Manguianes of Mindoro and the tribe known under the same name in the island of Sibuyan, while many of the Negrito tribes are so little known that it is impossible to say even whether they are of pure blood or greatly modified by intermarriage with other peoples. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 9 Tribt . number, and hahiu t. THE NEGRITO B Local name of tribe. Number. Habitat. 1. Aetas 2. Aetas , 3. Atti • 4. Buquiles ... 5. Buquiles . . 6. Mainanuas.. 7. Mangodanes B. Manjjuiancs 9. Manguianes 10. Manguianes gntoe \1. Neg 13. Negi 14. Negritos 16. Negritos 16. Negritos l". Negritoe -ritos 19. Negritos 20. N( gritos Total 3,000 Pangasinan (Luz< - Zanibales i Luzon). Province of Cagajan, in Luzon, and the eastern mountain chain down to the Pacific coast. Mindoro. Zambalc- (Luzon I. : Mainit Lake: peninsula of Sorigao, and the coast mountain chain on the Pacific down to Tago 'Mindanao). Mindoro 'part'. Tablas and Sibuyan part . Masbate (part' . : Province of Bataan. island of Luzon. Vicinity of Pilis;. Albay Province, southeast Luzon. North uocos (Luz South I >n). Tayabae North Camarines (mountains of Oapalonga, Mambulag, Para- . /'in). Nneva Ecija (Luzon). Doilo (Panay). Vicinity of Iriga south Camarines) (Luzon). Albay Luzon). 25,000(?) THE INDONESIAN RACE. (Confined to Mindanao.) 1 Atas 21,000(?) 12,000 1,500 300 (?) 6,400 30,000 (?) 20,000 25,000 1,000 70, 000 (?) 30,000 • 10, 000 (?) 14,000 10,000 In the regions near Mount Apo, on the western and north- Foothills of Mount Apo (east and Bonth). Two of the Sarangani Islands and the eastern part of Lake Buluan. Golf of Davao. The forests and mountains distant some 45 miles from Tamon- rd its south - mthern slopes of Mount Apo. ? R 4. 5. 6 Calanganes Dulanganes 7 8. q Manguangas from TtLndag to Matti: very num. - The left-hand tributaries of the river Salng. Very numerous in the valley of the river Agusan. In much smaller numbers to the northward of the Bay of Mala of Davao, and on Cape St. Augustine and in the (list Cottabato. •. Gimgog and Nasipit and in the mountains and valleys of Tagoloan. in n i" la 1 i 16. Ifi tolos Malalag and the mountains of Aguimintan and the farther coast of St. Augustine. THK MALAYAN RACK, 1. A bunion 2. Adaugtas 3. Alia 4. A pa;. 5. Aripas 6. Attas 7. Balugas 8. Bico 9. Bulalacaunos 10. Buquils 11. Buriks (?) 3,0000 1,000(?) (?) 3,000 ? 518, 100 Zambales (Luzon). The extreme north of the cordillera of the western raraballos (Luzon). Panay. to the highest part of tbe Grand Cordillera i Luzon). »1 of Tabang f Luzon). The forests of south Camarines (Luzon). Eastern Cordillera of Nueva Ecija. Tayabas, and Zambn' em mountains of the North and Bouth Ilocos pr (Lu/ albay, Ambos Camarines, and a part of Tayab North of Palawan and Calamianes group. Mindoro, in the neighborhood of Bacoand Bubaan. Western iistriit of Lepianto (Luzon). 10 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Tribe, number, andkabitat — Continued. I in-. MALAYAN RACE Continued. I mI name ol tribe. Number. Habitat. 1? 166.800 I!, 000 (7) 10,000(?) (?) 6,000(?) 4,000(?) 23,000(?) (?) 111,700 4,000(?) 3.000(?) 4,000(?) (?) R 100,000 Niar Benang.to the north of 1 1 j » - Buriks (Lnzon). n Province! of Cagayan and [sabella | Luzon) . Malaueg, valley of the river Chlco on the side of Itaves. 1 1 i ■ Hi Calibuganes Gulf of Bibugey (Luzon). To the north of theCalauas, between the Bio Grande of Cagayan 17. IS and the Abulog or Apayao I Luzon | Eastern branch of the river uagan (Luzon). Panay. South Camartnes. Isarog Mountain (Luzon , Kniiii Baler and ( lasignran to the north coast of the Pacific Bide I'.l. "II "1 of Luzon. From the river Qadet to the river Chico of Cagayan. They live .... to the north Of the LfUgaOfl I Luzon) . Nueva Vizcaya (Luzon). .... •1 Neighbors of the Uongotes (Luzon). ■'"> Missions of Ituv and Panigui, eastern Caraballos (Luzon i. ■•h MonntTrrlga, provinces oT South Camarlnes, Abra, Pangasinnn, "7 Nueva Vizcaya Zambales, Panpanga, etc. [Luzon S6 (?) 337,900 365,500 8 1,663,900 © (?) 16,000(?) 2.500 2,601,tx0 (?) S7. 38. 39. Samales Lauts II 1" 43. 11. 45 Tandolanos Tinguianes Eastern coast of Palawan. The Cordillera of Tila, district of Lepanto, and the province of Abra (Luzon). Eastern part^f Palawan. 4fi 47 Total tribes, 84. It will be noted that the information as to the number of individuals constituting these various tribes is extremely incomplete, and it is to be feared that even such figures as are obtainable are far from reliable. It is extremely difficult to arrive at anything - approaching a correct estimate of the numbers of even the more important civilized tribes. Considerable differences exist between the statements of different authorities as to populations of those provinces which are best known, while the Spanish official statistics are notoriously unreliable. Such estimates as exist as to the numerical importance of the various wild tribes are at the best mere guesses. In attempting to determine the numbers of the different civilized peoples one meets the further obstacle that many provinces are inhab- it ed in part by Christians and in part by savages. In some instances the populations given for these regions are manifestly intended to include the wild as well as the civilized inhabitants, but there is no means of telling how many fall under the one head and how many under the other. In other cases it is expressly stated that the uncivilized natives are not included, and oftener yet there is no statement at all on the subject, so that one is left in doubt PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 11 These difficulties arc met with chiefly in the island of Luzon, and are due to the presence there of six civilized tribes, as well as very numerous wild tribes. In estimating the population the plan has been followed of assigning to each of these several civilized tribes all of the inhabitants given for those provinces where it is known to predomi- nate. In some provinces, however, it is impossible to follow this course, as representatives of several of the civilized tribes occur, and there is no way of determining in what proportions. It will be found. therefore, that the summary of population by tribes falls below the summary which takes into consideration only the total number of inhabitants recorded for each province, district. or coniandancia; the latter total, according to the statistics which have been followed in this report, is 6,709,810. Any estimate of the total population must mani- festly depend on the Dumber of inhabitants assigned to tin- various wild tribes, of which there are no less than »',:». For the purposes of this report the commission has adopted as the total figure 8,000,000, considering this a conservative estimate. Bara- nera, whose figures are believed to be carefully prepared, places the total at 9,000,000. The extent of territory occupied in whole or in part by each of tin 1 more important civilized tribes can be estimated with a greater degree of accuracy, and is approximately as follows: Approximate Tribe. comber of Individuals Territory oc- cupied. Visavans 2,601,600 Tagalogs 1 < Bicols. Docanos Pangasinans . Pampangas .. Moros Cagayan.s ■MS, 1.25 pounds of water at 40 ° C. into steam at 100° C. The heating effect is about three-fourths that of Cardiff coal. The same beds are known to exist in other small adjacent islands, Carraray and Kapu-Rapu. A number of concessions for coal mining have also been granted on the main island of Luzon just south of Batan at the town of Bacon. No doubt the beds here are either identical or at least closely associated with the coal seams in the little ; slands. The coal field of southern Luzon is said to extend across the Strait of San Bernardino into the northern portion of Samar. Here coal is reported at half a dozen localities, but I have been able to ascertain no details as to the thickness or quality. In Mindoro there are large deposits of coal in the extreme southern portion (Bulacao) and on the small adjacent island of Semirara. This fuel is said to be similar to th:it of Batan. The islands of Masbate and Panay contain coal, the deposits of which thus far discovered do not seem of much importance. Specimens from the southwestern portion of Leyte, analyzed in the laboratory of the Inspection de Minas, are of remarkably high quality, but nothing definite about the deposit is known to me. The first discovery of coal in the archipelago was made in the island of Cebu in 1827. Since then lignitic beds have been found on the island at a great variety of points. The most important eroppings are on the eastern slope within some 15 or 20 miles of the capital, also named Cebu. Though a considerable amount of coal has been extracted here, the industry has not been a profitable one hitherto. This is, at least in part, due to crude methods of transportation. It is said, bow- ever, that the seams are often badly faulted. At Uling, about 10 miles west of the capital, the seams reach a maxi- mum thickness of \b\ feet. Ten analyses of Cebu coal are at my dis- posal. They indicate a fuel with about two-thirds the calorific effect of Cardiff coal, and with only about 4 per cent ash. Large quantities of the coal might, I suspect, contain a higher percentage of ash. The island of Negro* is nearly parallel with Cebu. and appear- to be of similar geological constitution, but it has been little explored and little of it seems to have been reduced to subjection by the Sp ani a r d s, 22 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. There are known to be deposits of coal at Calatrava, on the east coast of Negros, and it is believed thai they are of important extent. In the great island of Mindanao coal is known to occur at eight different locali- ties, but no detailed examinations of any kind appear to have been made Seven of these localities are on the cast coast of Mindanao and the adjacent small islands. They indicate (lie presence of lignite from one end of the coast to the other. The eighth locality is in the western province called Zaniboanga, on the Gulf of Sibuguey. PETROLEUM. In the island of Cebu petroleum has been found associated with coal at Toledo, on the west coast, where a concession has been granted. It is also reported from Asturias, to the north of Toledo, on the same coast, and from Alegria, to the south. Natural gas is said to exist in the Cebu coal fields. On Panay, too, oil is reported at Janimay, in the province of Iloilo, and gas is reported from the same island. Petroleum highly charged with paraffin is also found on Leyte at a point about 4 miles from Villaba, a town on the west coast. GOLD. Gold is found at a vast number of localities in the archipelago, from northern Luzon to central Mindanao. In most cases the gold is detri- tal, and is found either in existing water courses or in stream deposits now deserted by the current. These last are called "aluviones" by the Spaniards. It is said that in Mindanao some of the gravels are in an elevated position and adapted to hydraulic mining. There are no data at hand which indicate decisively the value of any of the placers. They are washed by natives, largety with cocoanut shells for pans, though the batea is also in use. In the province of Abra, at the northern end of Luzon, there are placers, and the gravel of the river Abra is auriferous. In Lepanto there are gold-quartz veins as well as gravels. Gold is obtained in this province close to the copper mines. In Benguet the gravels of the river Agno carry gold. There is also gold in the province of Bontoc and in Neuva Ecija. The most important of the auriferous provinces is Camarines Norte. Here the townships of Mambulao, Paracale. and Labo are especially well known as gold-producing localities. Mr. Drasche, a well-known German geologist, says that there were TOO natives at work on the rich quartz veins of this place at the time of his visit, about twenty-five years ago. At Paracale there are parallel quartz veins in granite, one of which is 20 feet in width and contains a chute in which the ore is said to assay 38 ounces of gold to the ton. One may suspect that this assay hardly represented an average sample. Besides the localities mentioned, many others in this province have been worked by the natives. The islands of Mindoro, Catanduanes, Sibuyan, Samar. Panay, Cebu, and Bohol are reported to contain gold, but no exact data are accessible. At the south end of the small island of Panaon, which is just to the south of Le} 7 te, there are gold-quartz veins, one of which has been worked to some extent. It is 6 feet in thickness and has yielded from $6 to $7 per ton. In the island of Mindanao there are two known gold-bearing dis- PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 23 tricts. One of these is in the province of Surigao, where Placer and other townships show gravels and veins. The second district is in the province of Misamis. Near the settlement of Imponan, on the Gulf of Macajalar, there are said to be many square kilometers of gravels carrying large quantities of gold, with which is associated platinum. The product of this district was estimated some years since at 150 ounces per month, all extracted by natives with bateas or cocoanut- shell dishes. COPPER. Copper oars are reported from a great number of localities in the Philippines. They are said to occur in the following islands: Luzon (provinces of Lepanto, Benguet, and Camarines), Mindoro, Capul, Mas- bate, Panay (province of Antique), and Mindanao (province of Surigao). Many of these occurrences are probably unimportant. The great island of Mindanao, being practically unexplored, is full of possibilities, but as yet no important copper deposit is known to exist there. An attempt was made to work the deposit in Masbate, but no success seems to have been attained. On the other hand, northern Luzon contains a copper region which is unquestionably valuable. The best- known portion of this region lies about Mount Data, a peak given as "2,500 meters?" in height, lying in latitude 16° 53'. longitude 120° 58' east of Greenwich, or 124° 38' east of Madrid. The range of which Data forms one peak trends due north to Cape Lacay-Lacay, and forms a boundary for all the provinces infringing upon it. Data itself lies in the province of Lepanto. In this range copper ore has been smelted by the natives from time immemorial, ana before Magellan discovered the Philippines. The process is a complicated one, based on the same principles as the method of smelting sulpho- salts of this metal in Europe and America. It consists in alternate partial roasting and reduction to "matte" and eventually to black cop- per. It is generally believed that this process must have been intro- duced from China or Japan. It is practiced only by one peculiar tribe of natives, the Igorrotes, who are remarkable in many wa3 r s. Vague reports and the routes by which copper smelted by natives comes to market indicate that there are copper mines in various por- tions of the Cordillera Central, but the only deposits which have been examined with any care are those at Mancayan (about 5 miles west of Mount Data) and two or three other localities within a few miles of Mancayan. The deposits of Mancayan are described as veins of rich ore, reaching 7 meters in width and arranged in groups. Mean assays are said to show over 16 per cent of copper, mainly as tetrahedrite and allied ores. The gangue is quartz. The country rock is described as a large quartzite lens embedded in a great mass of trachyte. An attempt has been made by white men to work these deposits, but with no considerable success. The failure does not seem to have been due to the quality or quantity of ore found. LEAD AND SDLVER. A lead mine has been partially developed near the town of Cebu, on the island of the same name. The most important deposit of argentiferous galena is said to be at Torrijos, on the small island of Marinduque (latitude 13° 34'). A metric 24 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. ton, or 1,000 kilograms, is said to contain 96 grams of silver, 6 grams of gold, and 565.5 kilograms of lead. In Camarines, a province of Luzon, lead ores occur, but are worked only for the gold they contain. IKON. There is iron ore in abundance in Luzon, Caraballo, Cebu, Panay, and doubtless in other islands. In Luzon it is found in the provinces of Laguna, Pampanga, and ( lamarines Norte, bul principally in Bulacan. The finest deposits are in the last-named province, near a small settle- ment named Camachin, which lies in latitude L5 7' and longitude 124° 47' east of Madrid. A small industry exists here, wrought iron being produced in a sort of bloomery and manufactured into plowshares. The process has not been described in detail, so far as I know. It would appear that charcoal pig iron might be produced to some advan- tage in this region. The lignites of the archipelago are probably unsuitable for iron blast furnaces. QUICKSILVER. Humors of the occurrence of this metal in Panay and Leyte have failed of verification. Accidental losses of this metal by prospectors or surveyors sometimes lead to reports of the discovery of deposits, and ochers are not seldom mistaken for impure cinnabar. NONMETALLIC SUBSTANCES. Sulphur deposits abound about active and extinct volcanoes in the Philippines. In Luzon the principal sulphur deposits are at Daclan, in the province of Benguet, and at Colasi, in Camarines. The finest deposit in the archipelago is said to be on the little island of Biliran, which lies to the northwest of Leyte. Marble of fine quality occurs on the small island of Komblon (lati- tude 12° 37'). It is much employed in churches in Manila for baptis- mal fonts and other purposes. Marbles are also quarried at Montalban in the province of Manila, and at Binangonan in the province of Marong. There are concessions for mining kaolin at Los Banos, in Laguna Province. Pearl fisheries exist in the Sulu Archipelago, and are said to form an important source of wealth. AVOODS AND FORESTS. There are many very valuable rroods in the Philippines. The one which is most exported is sapan wood, of which, in 1897, there were 4,187 tons shipped from Manila and Iloilo. This wood is hard, heavy, crooked, and full of knots. It sinks in water and is susceptible of tine polish. The only valuable portions is the heart of the branch, from which is extracted a dye known in the trade as "false crimson" to distinguish it from the more permanent cochineal dye. There are also Philippine trees the sap of which gives a polished coating to the smooth surface of other woods, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 25 The Philippines are also remarkably rich invaluable timber trees of hard wood. Aranga (HbmaUan) gives logs up to 75 feet long by 24 inches square. It is specially used for sea piling and all kind- of marine work which is subject to the attack of sea worm-. Acle (Jfimosa acle) gives logs up to 32 feet by 28 inches square. It is strong, tenacious, and durable, while it lias the specialty of being difficult to burn and is much used in house building. It polishes well, and is much prized by the natives. Anagap (fythecolooium montanium, Benth.) gives logs up to 18 feet long by 16 inches square. It is sometimes used for house furnishings and fittings, and for other purposes. Apiton {Dipteroca/rpus griffithi, Miq.) gives logs up to 77 feet long by 21 inches square. It contains a gum of which incense is made. It is light when seasoned, works well, and will serve for furniture and general joiners' purposes. Antipolo {Artocarpua vncisri) is much esteemed for vessels' outside planking, keels, etc. It is light, very strong, resist- the sea worm entirely, and effects of climate. It does not warp when once seasoned. and is a most valuable wood. Anobing (Artocarpus ovata) is said to resist damp as well as Molave does, but is not appreciated as a good, hard wood. It is plentiful. especially in the district of Laguna de Bay. Betis (Azaola. Payena Betis?) gives logs up to 65 feet long by *_'<> inches square. It is proof against the sea worm; is used for salt or fresh-water piling, piers, wharfs, etc. Also for keels and many other parts of ship building where a first-class wood is necessary. It is somewhat scarce. Batitinan {L<>, rr'nn(i) gives logs up to 21 feet long by 24 inches square. This wood is of a yellow color and very easy to work. It is used for general joiners' work in house building, etc. Cedar (Cedrela odorata) of the same natural order as mahogany. Gives logs up to 10 feet long by 35 inches square, and is used princi- pally for cigar boxes. Camagon or Mabolo (a variety of Diospyros phUosh/mtera) is pro- cured in roughly rounded logs of 9 feet and upward in length by up to 12 inches in diameter. It is a close-grained brittle wood and takes a good polish. Its color is black with vellow streaks, ami it is used for furniture making. 26 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. DGngon (a variety of TTerculia ambiformis) grows up to 50 feet long, giving logs up to 20 inches square. It is sometimes called iron wood, and is very hard and durable, and especially strong in resisting great transverse pressure or carrying such weight as a heavy roof. I linglas ( Eugenia Sp.) gives logs up to 30 feet long by 16 inches square. It is very strong, hard, and durable, and will serve as a substitute for black walnut. Ebony (Diospyros nigra). This wood is found in very limited quan- tities in the Philippines. Guijo {Dipterocarpus guijo) gives logs up to 75 feet long by 24 inches square. Is very strong, tough, and elastic. In Manila this wood is invariably used for carriage wheels and shafts. In Hongkong it is used for wharf decks or flooring, among other purposes. Ipil {Eperma decandria) gives logs up to 50 feet long by 26 inches square. It has all the good qualities of Molave, except resistance to sea worm, in which respect it is the same as teak, and may be as much relied on for duration under ground. For sleepers it equals molave. Lanete {Anaser laneti) gives logs up to 25 feet long by 18 inches square. It is useful for sculpture, musical instruments, decoration, turning, and cabinet purposes. Lauan {Dipterocarpus thurifera) is obtained in sizes the same as guijo. It is a light, useful wood, and easily worked. It is said that the outside planks of the old Philippine-Mexican galleons were of this wood because it did not split with snot. Molave ( Vitex geniculata) gives logs up to 35 feet long by 24 inches square. It resists sea worm, white ants, and action of climate, and consequently is specially valuable for work on the surface of or under the ground, and generally for all purposes where an extra strong and durable wood is required. Often growing crooked, it is commonly used for frames of vessels. Owing to its imperviousness to ligniper- dous insects and climate, it can not possibly be surpassed for such pur- poses as railway sleepers. This wood is practically everlasting, and is deservedly called by the natives "queen of the woods." Mangachapuy {Dipterocarpus mangachapuy) gives logs up to 55 feet long by 20 inches square. It is very elastic and withstands the climate, when seasoned, as well as teak. It is used in Manila for masts and decks of vessels and for all work exposed to sun and rain. It is much esteemed by those who know its good qualities. Macasin can be used for interior housework and floors. It is some- what inferior to banaba, but supplies its place when banaba is scarce. It can be got in greater length and square than banaba. Malatapay (a variety of Diospyros philoshantera), veined black and red. It resembles Camagon. Mancono is a very hard wood, found in Mindanao Island. It is classed as a species of lignum-vitse. Narra {Pterocarpms palidus santalinus) gives logs up to 35 feet long by 26 inches square. It is the mahogany of the Philippines, and is always employed in Manila in the manufacture of furniture, for. not- withstanding its somewhat open grain, it polishes well and is prettily marked. There is a variety of shades in different logs, varying from straw color to blood red, the former being more common. All are, how- ever, equally esteemed. It is a first-class wood for general purposes. In the London market it is classed with padouk of Burmah. Palo Maria de Playa is greatly appreciated for crooks and curves, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 27 but as a rule can not be found of suitable dimensions for large vessel.-;. It is better than molave for this purpose, for, due to the absence of acrid juices, iron bolts do not corrode it. It is exceedingly tough and not so heavy as molave. Supa {Slndora wallichii. Benth.) gives logs up to 40 feet long by 28 inches square. It produces an oil, and is a strong wood for gen- eral purposes, polishes well, and can be used advantageously for house decorations and furniture. Tindalo {Epema rhorriboidea) is about the same as Acle in its prin- cipal features, but not notable for resisting fire. It is useful for gen- eral purposes, and in particular for decorations and furniture. It is somewhat brittle, and takes a high polish. Yacal {Dipterocarpus plagatus) gives logs up to 50 feet long by 22 inches square. It is proof against white ants, has great strength and tenacity, and is much valued in Manila for housebuilding, etc The hard woods of the Philippines suitable for building and trade requirements as described above are those in general use only. Alto gether about fifty kinds exist, but while some are scarce, others do not yield squared logs of sufficient sizes to be of marketable value. HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Manila Bay — Soundings, 5J to 30 fathoms. Probably the best harbor in the Pacific Port Cavite — Soundings, 1J to 2 % fathoms. Laguinmanok Bay — Soundings, 4 to 14 fathoms. Open to the south. Port Sorsorgon — Soundings, 3 to 9 fathoms. Well-sheltered harbor. ( iulf of Maynok — Soundings, ;>.V to 8 fathoms. Open to the east. Port Pasgo — (iulf of Ragai — Soundings, 3J to 5£ fathoms. Open to the southeast. Mauban Bay — Soundings, 31 to 5£ to 10 fathoms. Very open roadstead to southeast. Port Subig— Soundings, 1 1 to 25 fret in the roadstead. Port Silanguin — Soundings, 10 to 28 feet. Open roadstead. Port Masingluk — Soundings, 6J to 16 fathoms. Good harbor. Port Mataloi — Soundings, 5] to 14 fathoms. Good harbor. [BLAND ok Mimi \s.\o: Sibuko Bay — Soundings, 11 to 27 fathoms. Very open to the east. Dapitan Bay — Soundings, 3 \ to 17 fathoms. Very open to the northwest. Kanahisan Cove — Soundings, 5J to 27 fathoms. Open to the north. Port Misainis — Soundings, \\ to 7 fathoms. Goes far into the coast. Palak (Pollok) Harbor- Si landings, 3 J to 26 fathoms. Open to the east. Port Sarigao — Soundings, 11 to 17 fathoms. Very open to the north. Caldera Bay — Soundings, 5J to 9i fathoms. Open roadstead. Pajaga Bay — Soundings, 4^ to 30 to 55 fathoms. Very large, deep, and fine harbor. 44877 28 PHILIPPINE islands. Island of Mindanao— Continued. Porl of Santa Maria— Soundings, 9 to L5 fathoms. Sheltered harbor. Port Palompon — Soundings, 4 to 12 fathoms, very open to east and south. Batiaunuy Bay — Soundings, 4 J to 20 fat lion is. Open to unit invest. Masbate [bland: Nin Bay — Soundings, If to 9 fathoms. Open to the southwest. Port Mandaon — Soundings, 3} to 9 fathoms. Sheltered harbor. Port Barrera or Lanan — Soundings, 3,} to 6 fathoms. Shoals near shore: Port Kataniyan — Soundings, 3\ to 17 fathoms. Deeply indented and sheltered. Port Palanog — Soundings, 3| to 30 fathoms. Sheltered and fine harhor. Cebu Island: Port Cehu, between Cehn Island and Maktan Island — Soundings, 2£ to 8 fathoms. Samar Island: Port Palapa — Soundings, 5£ to 12 fathoms. Open to the north. Katkulogan, Bari, and Darajuai anchorages — Open anchorages with good soundings. Port Libas — Soundings, 3^ to 5£ to 17 fathoms. Good harbor. Sulu Archipelago: Basilan Island: Malusa Bay — Soundings, to 12 fathoms. Very open to the southwest. Sulu Island, northeast coast: Dalrymple Harbor — Soundings, 6£ to 9 fathoms. Very open to the northeast and northwest. Tawi Tawi Group: Bongao anchorage — Soundings, from 3| to 7 fathoms. North coast of Tawi Tawi — Port dos Amigas, from 26 to 46 feet. Shoals near the shore, but good anchorage. Mindoro: Port Galera — Soundings, 3 £ to 15 fathoms. Sheltered harbor. Varadero Bay — Soundings, 3? to 12 fathoms. Open to the southeast. Sablayan anchorage — Soundings, 3j to 16 fathoms. Very open to the south. Paluan Bay — Soundings, 6 to 30 fathoms. Very open to the south. Pan ay Island: Port Iloilo— Soundings, 4| to 17 fathoms; soundings in the river, 2£ to 3 fathoms. In the passage between Panay and Guimaras Island. Port Batan — Soundings, 4J to 7 to 9 fathoms. Well sheltered. Palawan: West coast — Harbor of Palawan — Soundings, 4 to 25 fathoms. Deep, but open to the northnorthwest. East coast — Port Royalist — Soundings, 4 £ to 25 fathoms Sheltered harbor. Port Talm Dak- Soundings, 1£ to 3£ to 10 fathoms. Open roadstead. Kalamion or Kalion Island: Port Kalion — Soundings, 6 to 15 fathoms. Well-sheltered harbor. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 29 Gtjiamaras Island: Port Baluagan or Santa Ana — Soundings, '6{ to 9 fathoms. Sheltered harbor. Dinagat Island: Port Gabo — Soundings, 12 to 18 fathoms. Open to the southeast Bukas Island: Port-Sibonga — Soundings, 6 to 11 fathoms. Well sheltered (in part unsurveyed). Maestro de Campo Island: Port Concepcion — Soundings, 3£ to 21 fathoms. Open to the east and southeast. Sikijor Island: Port Kanvan — Soundings, 2\ to 14 fathoms. Open to the northwest. Burias Island: Port Basainga — Soundings, 1£ to 7 fathoms. Sheltered, and shoals near shore Port Busin — Soundings, ?,\ to 12 fathoms. Sheltered harbor. Kanahuan Isla n i is : Anchorages between the islands from S\ to 12 fathoms. Tikao Island: San Jacinto — Soundings, 5J to 17 fathoms. Open to the northeast. Port San Miguel — Soundings, 6J to 31 fathoms. Lubang Island: Luk Bay — Soundings, 5J to 10 fathoms. Open to the east. Romblon Island: Soundings, 6 to 21 fathoms. Good harbor. Tablas Island: Port Luk— Soundings, 5 J to 17 fathoms. Very well sheltered and fine harbor. Basuanga Islands: Good harbor on south side. 10 URL n UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ! WTOERSITY ol CAIJFOJt^ • . LOS ANGELES UBRARY 3 1158 00539 6E ,.i!£,$° U ™ ERN REGIONAL LIBRAI AA 001 091 997 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE THIS BOOK CARDS ^UIBRARYflyc ^fOJITOHO^ University Research Library *.#