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VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGICAL COLLECTION 
 
 IN THE 
 
 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF 
 THE PROVINCE Of BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 PRINTED BY 
 AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 L,B. 0.: 
 
 Printed by RICHARD WOLFEXDEX, I.S.O., Y.D., Printer to the King s Most Excellent Majesty, 
 
 1909. 
 
The Honourable H. E. Young, M.D., LL.D., 
 
 Provincial Secretary and Minister of Education, 
 Victoria, B. C. 
 
 Sir: 
 
 I have the honour to submit for your approval a Guide to 
 the Collection of Anthropology in the Provincial Museum, 
 prepared by Charles F. Newcombe, M.D. 
 
 Since the last Catalogue was issued, in September, 1898, there 
 have been added over three hundred and ten specimens, many of 
 them valuable exhibits. It is difficult to display these specimens 
 as they should be, as the collection is greatly crowded, and has 
 outgrown the space allotted to it. 
 
 During the present year the collection has been re-arranged 
 according to the tribes, and descriptive labels attached to each 
 specimen, which makes it not only interesting to a student, but to 
 a casual observer. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 Sir, 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 FRANCIS KERMODE, 
 
 Curator, Provincial Museum. 
 November loth, 1909. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY 
 LIBRARY 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 I. Map of British Columbia. This map shows the approxi 
 mate areas formerly occupied by the Indian tribes of 
 British Columbia, coloured according to linguistic stocks. 
 In making it, much assistance has been given by Mr. 
 James A. Teit, of Spence s Bridge, who has supplied 
 information recently acquired by him respecting the 
 boundaries of the Kootenaian and the Salishan of the 
 Mainland. 
 
 II. Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands, from a photograph 
 taken by the late Dr. G. M. Dawson, in the year 1878. 
 x. House containing Heraldic Pole No. i. xx. Contain 
 ing Heraldic Pole No. 2. 
 III. Chief s Interior House Pole, No. i, Skidegate, Q. C. I. 
 
 TV Nn o 
 
 > > >HJ. ^, ,, ,, 
 
 V. Fig. i, No. 232, Model of Chief s House, Skidegate, 
 Q. C. I. ; fig. 2, No. 224, Model of Chief s Mortuary, 
 Skidegate, Q. C. I. 
 
 VI. Fig. 3, No. 1321, Child s Coffin, front view; fig. 4, same, 
 
 back view, Q. C. I. 
 VII. Fig. 5, No. 1295, Chief s Chest, front; fig. 6, same, back 
 
 view, Masset, Q. C. I. 
 
 VIII. Fig. 7, No. 1296, Chief s Settee, frog crest, Masset; fig. 
 8, Bracelet, frog crest, Haida; fig. 9, No. 1256, Bracelet, 
 beaver crest; fig. 10, No. 432, Grease-dish, owl design; 
 fig. n, No. 420, Grease-dish, bear design. 
 
 IX. Fig. 12, No. 405, Grease-dish, seal design; fig. 13, No. 
 410, Grease-dish, with eagle s head at one end and a 
 frog s at the other; fig. 14, No. 419, Grease-dish, frog s 
 head at each end; fig. 15, No. 397, Horn Grease-dish, 
 land otter design. 
 
 X. Fig. 1 6, No. 440, large Grease-ladle, raven; fig. 17, No. 
 363, Grease-spoon; fig. 18, No. 367, Grease-spoon, raven, 
 Haida; fig. 19, No. 376, killer whale and chief, Bella 
 Bella. 
 
 M767Q5G 
 
PROVINCIAL MFSEUM. 
 
 Plate. 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Fig. 20, No. 154, Hat, frog crest; fig. 21, No. 155, Hat, 
 raven crest; fig. 22, No. 156, Hat, raven crest; fig. 23, 
 No. 95, Chief s Head-dress, grizzly bear crest; fig. 24, 
 No. 158, Chief s Leggings, killer whale crest; fig. 25, No. 
 96, Chief s Raven Rattle. 
 
 Chief s Robe, or " Chilkat Blanket," No. 95C. 
 
 Fig. 26, No. 41, Dance Head-dress, killer whale crest; 
 fig. 27, No. 43, Wooden Helmet, killer whale crest; fig. 
 
 28, No. 42, Wooden Dance Head-dress, raven crest; fig, 
 
 29, No. 345, Part of " Copper," with grizzly bear crest. 
 
 Shaman s Nose-pins, Probes and Charms, Skidegate. 
 
 Fig. 30, No. 265, Shaman s Raven Charm, raven s beak 
 with head of man, and left wing; fig. 31, same, showing 
 the tail in form of man s face (compare with raven in 
 fig. 28, Plate XIII.) ; fig. 32, No. 114, Shaman s Rattle, 
 front, showing head of bird; fig. 33, No. 114, back, show 
 ing tail of bird, with joints formed by eye-sockets of 
 human skull design. 
 
 Fig. 34, No. 1304, Front of Tsimshian Chief s Head-dress, 
 owl crest; fig. 35, No. 181, Wooden Comb, hawk crest; 
 fig. 36, No. 254, Handle of Dagger, grizzly bear crest. 
 
 Totem Pole, No. 3, with part of doorway, Bella Bella. 
 Fig- 37, No. 438, Large Feast Dish, in form of mythical 
 snake, Sisiutl ; fig. 38, No. 220, Chief s Coffin, mountain 
 eagle design; fig. 39, No. 220, Chief s Coffin, killer whale 
 design. 
 
 Fig. 40, No. 101, Olala Whistle, showing head of corpse 
 (see Shaman s Rattle, Plate XV., fig. 33), Bella Bella; 
 fig. 41, No. 105, Slave Killer, eagle handle, killer whale 
 body, with stone dorsal fin, Bella Bella; fig. 42, No. 268, 
 Carved Club ; a chief s protector, the thunder bird, rescuing 
 him from sea monsters, Clayoquot, V. I. 
 Group of Indians, wearing masks. (Jacobsen). 
 Fig. 43, No. 218, Coffin, in form of killer whale, Bella 
 Coola; fig. 44, No. 439, Feast Dish, in form of wolf, Bella 
 Coola. 
 
 Chief s Blanket, No. 1319, with coloured bands and mar 
 ginal design of arrow points, Lower Fraser River. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 XXIII. Fig. 45, Blanket-making, showing spinning and weaving; 
 fig, 46, Cowichan Indian, wearing striped blanket ; fig. 47, 
 Victoria Indian chief wearing striped blanket. (Copied, 
 by permission, from the collection of Paul Kane s oil- 
 paintings, of year 1846, belonging to E. B. Osier, Esq., 
 M.P., Toronto.) 
 
 XXIV. Indians using large dip-net for taking salmon from stage 
 overhanging the Fraser River. 
 
 XXV. Fig. 48, No. 597, Worn Jade Boulder, showing grooves; 
 fig. 49, No. 1115, Cutting Tool; fig. 50, No. 578, Unfinished 
 Jade Tool, showing grooved edge. 
 
 XXVI. Figs. 51, 52, No. 561, Jade Celt, found near haft of antler 
 No. 1219 at Victoria; fig. 53, No. 1212, Wedge, or Long 
 Chisel of Antler, Victoria ; fig. 54, No. 520, Finely Polished 
 Stone Axe, Tsimshian; fig. 55, No. 519, Stone Axe, lashed 
 to handle, Tsimshian. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Since the foundation of the Museum, in December, 1886, 
 the various Governments in power, from time to time, have 
 afforded space for the safe-keeping of donations to the Ethnological 
 Collection. At first it was mainly formed by such donations, but, 
 notwithstanding the ever-increasing demands for financial assist 
 ance from all parts of the thinly-populated and enormously large 
 territory, sums of money were wisely spent in the purchase of 
 collections made by Captain Chittenden and Messrs. J. Deans and 
 F. Jacobsen. 
 
 While money for local museum purposes was difficult to 
 obtain, wealthy millionaires in the United States were induced by 
 certain leaders of science to acquire, by special expeditions, for 
 American Museums, material which was rapidly passing into the 
 hands of private curio hunters. This has largely been worked up 
 under the leadership of Professor Boas, of the Columbia University, 
 New York, and described in reports of the British Association for 
 the Advancement of Science, and of the American Museum of 
 Natural History, New York, and in contributions to various other 
 scientific journals. 
 
 The Province is fortunate in the fact that so much of the 
 traditional history of its early inhabitants and of their customs has 
 been thus saved, and made accessible to all students of Anthro 
 pology. Such specimens as have been preserved by the Provincial 
 Museum, though comparatively few in numbers and incomplete 
 serially, are of great scientific value, and illustrate the chief points 
 in the common life of the Indians of British Columbia, and many 
 of their ceremonial usages. 
 
 The following Guide will attempt to indicate briefly the more 
 interesting specimens in the collection, and to provide a list of 
 books in which may be found fuller information on various subjects 
 suggested by these specimens. 
 

 Ileriildic or Totem Pole, No. 1. (Plate III.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 THE HAIDA INDIANS. 
 
 The Haida of British Columbia inhabit the Queen Charlotte 
 Archipelago, between 52 deg. and 54 deg. north latitutde. Their 
 country is, in the main, a mountain ridge cut into by numerous 
 inlets and harbours, and the surrounding waters abound in fish, 
 notably halibut, salmon, herring, flounders, black cod, and numer 
 ous species of rock cod. Seals, sea-lions, and, within the last few 
 years, fur seals and sea otters, too, were numerous. The larger 
 land animals are more limited in number, consisting of the rare 
 and local Queen Charlotte caribou, black bear, land otter and 
 marten. There are no mountain sheep or goat, grizzly bear or 
 beaver. 
 
 HOUSES. 
 
 In the permanent villages these were framed with large adze- 
 hewn cedar timbers, with roof and sides of wide boards of the same 
 wood. The lower edges of the sides were usually run into grooves 
 made in a horizontal board, and tightened with small wedges; in 
 the centre of the roof a smoke-hole was cut, and whichever half of 
 this was to windward was protected by movable planks. 
 
 In front of the houses of people of rank stood a large carved 
 post showing one or more of the crests of the owner and, fre 
 quently, of late years, of his wife. In order to cover a high pole 
 with ornamentation, if there were not plenty of crests, figures 
 illustrating a family story were also introduced. Through this pole 
 a doorway was often cut. In the interior of the house, at the back, 
 the greatest chiefs sometimes placed smaller crest poles. 
 
 Just within the entrance to the Museum stand two carved and 
 painted 
 
 HERALDIC POLES. 
 
 No. i, Plate III. This formerly stood at the back of " The 
 house which chiefs peep at from concealment " (feeling their 
 inferiority) at Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands. It belonged to 
 
Heraldic- or Totem Pole, J\o, 2. (Plate IV. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 3 
 
 the chief, " though younger brother must be obeyed," of the 
 " Rotten House " division of the Eagles of Skidegate, and shows 
 some of his principal crests. 
 
 The upper figure is a raven with two frogs hanging from its 
 mouth, and below it is the mythical mountain hawk, holding a 
 whale in its talons. The pole faced the door of the house, in the 
 front of which, outside, stood the high pole, which showed not 
 only the crests of the chief, but also his wife s. At the top are 
 three small male figures, wearing high-crowned hats ; then comes 
 the raven with dog-fish below it, both eagle crests, and at the 
 bottom is a killer-whale, which belonged to the wife, who was 
 of the Raven division. See Plate II., x. 
 
 No. 2, Plate IV. This pole formerly stood at the back of " The 
 house so large that people must shout to make themselves heard 
 in it." This belonged to Chief Nestakana, of the " Great House " 
 division of the Eagles of Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands, and 
 shows two of his crests. The upper figure is the raven with its 
 beak broken and bent down, as told in one of the stories of its 
 adventures, and below is a whale. The smaller figures are used to 
 fill up space ornamentally. 
 
 On the high pole at the entrance (see Plate II., xx.) are also 
 shown two of the chief s crests; the raven above and the dog-fish 
 next. At the bottom was the grizzly bear, a crest of his wife who 
 belonged to the principal raven family of Skedans. 
 CHIEF S HOUSE. 
 
 Model 232, Plate V., fig. i. This shows the above-mentioned 
 features and also the remarkable carved pole representing the 
 hereditary crests of the owners. From above downwards there are 
 the eagle, raven, frog and the female supernatural being, Djilaukuns, 
 wearing a labret. All are crests of the Eagle division, but the last 
 is rarely assumed. They probably belonged to the man who 
 erected the house. The bottom figure, through which passes the 
 oval doorway, is the killer-whale, a crest of the Raven division, and 
 would belong to the wife. Sometimes the projecting roof-beams 
 were also carved, and in the case of the greatest chiefs, an addi 
 tional heraldic pole, such as those at the entrance of the Museum 
 (Nos. i and 2), was placed at the back of the house under the 
 central roof-beams. Such houses, by actual measurement, range 
 from 40 ft. to 55 ft. in length, from 35 ft. to 55 ft. in width, and from 
 12 ft. to 19 ft. in height; the poles from 18 ft. to 55 ft. above ground. 
 Frequently a central excavation, in one to three stages, added from 
 3 ft. to 6 ft. to the distance from the bottom to the top of the house. 
 
FIG.2 
 
 Model of Chief s House ami Mortuary. (Plate V.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 5 
 
 HERALDIC POLES. 
 
 No. 5, Model 243. Showing crests belonging only to the 
 Raven division. On the top is a grizzly bear, then a ringed 
 cylinder, which is part of the symbol of the Tsemaos or " Water- 
 stick," the rest of which is at the bottom of the pole ; 2nd, grizzly 
 bear ; 3rd, owl, and 4th, the body of the mythical " water-stick," 
 with a land otter hanging in front of it. Separation of parts of one 
 crest is not infrequent in these carvings. 
 
 It was customary for the Haida to keep their dead either in 
 small chambers at the back of the houses in which they had 
 lived, or in detached mortuaries, until such time as the relatives 
 had accumulated sufficient property to enable them to pay for a 
 monumental crest pole, and the expensive feast and ceremonies 
 which were required at its erection. These ceremonies were further 
 necessary for the assumption of the hereditary crests, by the heir 
 (always through the mother s side), and of his name and titles. 
 
 Sometimes a house built upon the same plan as the dwelling- 
 house, and with a carved door-post, was used as the final resting- 
 place of chiefs and their immediate relatives, and often carved 
 coffins, showing their established crest or crests, contained the 
 bodies. Model No. 224, Plate V., fig. 2, shows such a mortuary 
 of certain eagle chiefs of the village of Skidegate, the crests from 
 above down being the raven, the mythical giant deep-sea frog with 
 dorsal fin, and the mountain hawk at the bottom. Nos. 222 and 
 223 are coffins resting on the mythical sea-wolf called Wasku, 
 their principal crest. 
 
 Another favourite method of the final disposal of the dead was 
 to enclose the coffin in the hollowed, basal part of a large, hewn 
 cedar trunk, the front of which was then covered with a board. 
 No. 227 is the model of a grave monument of this type, base upper 
 most, and shows crests of the principal Eagle chief of the Skidegate 
 tribe, whose coffin was placed behind the cross-board at the top. 
 The carving on this board is symbolic of the mythical hawk 
 (Skiamskun), at the top of the pole is a raven, and at the bottom 
 is another hawk holding a whale. 
 
 Larger receptacles for the dead were frequently built upon a 
 platform, supported by two heavy posts placed base upwards, and 
 could accommodate several coffins for members of one family. No. 
 228 is of this kind. It is surmounted by a raven, and the cross- 
 board symbolises the dog-fish crest, showing triangular shark 
 teeth and three sets of gill-slits on the central head. The body is 
 represented as split vertically along the middle, and with each half 
 
G PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 displayed on the side of the head. The tail is bent downwards 
 and is seen in the lower corners. These are two well-known Skide- 
 gate crests of the Eagle division of the tribe. 
 
 Carved memorial poles were sometimes erected in honour of 
 the dead at a distance from the actual place of the burial, and even 
 at a different village. As in the above cases, only the crests of the 
 family to which the deceased belonged were shown. Of this type 
 No. 231 is a model which is still standing at Skidegate. On the 
 top is the eagle, below which is a raven wearing a many-crowned 
 chief s hat, and at the bottom is a beaver, characterised by its 
 large incisor teeth holding a stick, and the scaly tail. On its chest 
 is a frog. All are crests of the Eagle division of Skidegate. 
 
 Model No. 230 is also a memorial pole to a member of the 
 Eagle division surmounted by an eagle and with a beaver wearing 
 a many-crowned hat at the bottom. From Skidegate. 
 
 Memorial crests were not always in the form of high poles, 
 but were sometimes single figures carved out of huge cedar logs. 
 Of such a kind are models Nos. 238, of the sea-wolf, and 237, a 
 mythical two-fmned killer-whale. These were placed on the 
 ground close to the house in which the dead person had lived. 
 
 Before interment, bodies were doubled up and usually wrapped 
 in cedar bark matting. As a protection against infection, branches 
 of a swamp plant, Menziesia ferruginea (Kus), were used to line 
 the coffins. 
 
 CHILD S COFFIN. 
 
 No. 1321, Plate VI., figs. 3 and 4. This is a double box, the 
 inner part is of red cedar, laced to a lip on the solid bottom. The 
 upper part is of yellow cedar, laced to an inner lip on the heavy 
 top. All four sides are carved and painted in black and dull red. 
 The front design represents a grizzly bear, marked by the project 
 ing tongue, the teeth being white opercula. The reverse is a killer 
 whale. These are crests of the Raven division of the Haida. It 
 was collected at Kiusta, opposite North Island, Q. C. I. 
 
 House furniture was simple. Next to the walls ran a slightly 
 raised platform, on which bedding of cedar bark matting and skins 
 was placed. Occasionally small chambers, especially one for the 
 head of the family, at the far end, were boarded off. These plat 
 forms also accommodated dishes and spoons, chests containing 
 food, clothing, tools and treasures of all sorts. The centre was 
 reserved for cooking and other operations requiring the use of a 
 fire, such as drying clothing, smoking and drying fish and steaming 
 
FIG.H 
 
 Chilli s Coffin. (Plate VI.) 
 
S PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 wood used for hooks or boxes. To economise space, racks were 
 erected around the fireplace to assist in many of these occupations, 
 or were suspended from the rafters by ropes of twisted branches. 
 Cooking was principally done by the use of hot stones, which were 
 lifted by wooden tongs and dropped into large wooden boxes, con 
 taining water and lumps of meat or fish, or vegetable foods, such 
 as dried seaweed. Fish were also opened out on skewers and 
 roasted by means of similar tongs stuck in the ground. 
 
 STORAGE RECEPTACLES. 
 
 Nos. 189 (Table 2) and 447 are high, oblong boxes, with bent 
 sides and heavy, solid lids. The sides were generally painted, and 
 many, also carved, showing designs mostly obtained from Tsim- 
 shian tribes, and rarely having any significance as crests. On two 
 sides of No. 447 the design is of an owl, according to Haida artists, 
 the V-shaped mark in the space below the head indicating a beak; 
 the black, oblong space below this being the body, with a wing in 
 each side, the two lower large eye-like patterns are for thigh-joints. 
 
 In the carved box, 189, there are two principal designs, each 
 covering two sides and meeting at one corner, as often represented 
 on the bow and stern of a canoe. One design is the killer-whale 
 and the other a thunder-bird. This box has also a lashing of 
 twisted cedar bark with a peculiar knot where the horizontal and 
 vertical parts meet The lid is ornamented with rows of white, 
 shelly opercula. 
 
 The second kind of storage receptacle is usually made of a 
 long piece of hemlock or yellow cedar, which is steamed and bent 
 at three corners and laced or pegged at the fourth The bottom is 
 also generally pegged on. These are often painted and carved, 
 generally showing designs elaborated from the killer-whale symbol. 
 Most of them were obtained in barter from the Tsimshian. When 
 complete they have a cover of cedar bark matting, strengthened at 
 the corners by strands of spruce root. Nos. 424 and 428 illustrate 
 this kind. They are commonly used for holding dried roots, berries, 
 fish and fish eggs. 
 
 Large oblong chests with lids were also used for the safe 
 keeping of fur robes, ceremonial blankets and paraphernalia. Those 
 belonging to chiefs were carved and painted, and after their death 
 were often used as coffins. No. 1295, Plate VII., figs. 5 and 6, 
 belonged to this class, and was purchased from Chief Edensaw, of 
 Masset. The designs on the two larger sides have no significance 
 as crests, but are considered appropriate for chiefs ranging from 
 
FIG 6 
 
 Carved Storage Receptacles. (Plate VII.) 
 
10 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 South-East Alaska to the farthermost limits of the Kwakiutl. One 
 side is said to represent the sea-bear and the other is said to be 
 symbolic of the killer-whale. 
 
 The women used, in addition to the above, large baskets of 
 cedar bark matting or of spruce root, such as Nos. 309 to 312, and 
 in most of the houses were one or more Alaskan baskets orna 
 mented with patterns in grass and fern stems. No. 314. 
 
 TRAYS AND DISHES. 
 
 These were commonly oblong, made of hemlock or white 
 alder wood, and hewn out of a single piece. The ends were carved 
 and mostly represented a Tsimshian design derived from the owl 
 symbol, showing large head and eyes, and a V-shaped sign in the 
 mouth standing for the beak. Nos. 425, 426, 430, Plate VIII., fig. 
 10 ; Nos. 432 and 433 illustrate this. 
 
 Nos. 420 and 422, Plate VIII., fig. n, are ornamented with a 
 different design, also founded on a bird s head symbol, probably 
 the raven. These dishes were principally used for holding grease 
 from the native " black cod/ or from the oolachan of the Naas 
 River. The designs are not considered to be crests, but merely 
 ornamental. 
 
 Smaller dishes used for the same purpose may be seen in Case 
 No. i. Some of these are of the horn of the mountain sheep, as 
 Nos. 398 and 400, which are plain, and No. 396, Plate IX., fig. 15; 
 Nos. 397 and 399, which are ornamented with an animal design. 
 Some of the wooden dishes in this case are boat-shaped; one of 
 them, No. 405, Plate IX., fig. 12, represents a seal; Nos. 401 and 
 407 show a bird s beak design at the ends, and No. 403 a vague 
 animal symbol. 
 
 The large grease-dish, No. 419, Plate IX., fig. 14, has the head 
 of a frog at each end, and the soap-berry dish, No. 410, Plate IX., 
 fig. 13, has a sea-lion s head at one end and a thunder-bird s at the 
 other. Dishes of the last kind were kept absolutely free from 
 grease and were used for mixing soap-berries with water to make a 
 foamy drink. 
 
 The large feast-dish, No. 1299, nearly ten feet long, represents 
 a sea-lion; the head at one end and the flippers at the other. It is 
 of Tsimshian make and was presented about fifty years ago to 
 Chief Edensaw, and was used at " Potlaches," i.e., ceremonial dis 
 tributions of property. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 11 
 
 WOODEN LADLES AND SPOONS. 
 
 Such ladles as No. 440, Plate X., fig. 16, were used for dis 
 tributing broth and grease at great feasts. The carving shows the 
 head of a raven. Nos. 441 to 444 are plain specimens used for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 HORN LADLES. 
 
 The finest ladles are made of the horn of the mountan sheep, 
 which is split open, steamed until soft, and then lashed to a mould 
 of the desired form until set. Ladle 348, a large specimen, is 
 uncarved, but the point of the handle has been shaped to indicate a 
 raven s head. In No. 349 the eyes and mouth are indicated by 
 incised lines. In No. 350, the inside of the bowl shows a bear, in 
 low relief; in No. 351 the handle has an incised snake design, but 
 is, probably, of interior Athapascan make. No. 352 shows a dragon 
 fly on the back; Nos. 353 and 356 a whale, and No. 358 an owl or 
 hawk. 
 
 HORN SPOONS. 
 
 The larger ones are usually made in two parts, of which the 
 black handle is the tip of the horn of the mountain goat, while the 
 bowl is the lower part of a small mountain sheep horn. The 
 carved handles frequently illustrate family crests and traditions of 
 the owner, in vertical sequence, exactly as large house (" Totem ") 
 poles do. 
 
 No. 367, Plate X., fig. 18, shows two representations of the 
 semi-human raven of the stories. In the upper he is holding his 
 nose, which was broken by a fish-hook when he was stealing 
 halibut. (The broken beak is also seen in the house pole No. 2.) 
 This crest is used by Eagle families. 
 
 No. 363, Plate X., fig. 17, shows an eagle at the top with the 
 wings bent back over its head. Then follows a supernatural being 
 with a long tongue, which also represents the dorsal-fin of the 
 bottom figure, a whale. The face between the two ears is an 
 ornamental symbol of the blow-hole. 
 
 No. 394 shows an eagle at the top, with sea-wolf next, with 
 beaver holding a frog at the bottom. 
 
 In No. 370 the top figure is a thunder-bird with the mythical 
 living drift-log (tsemaos) next to the bowl. 
 
 In No. 365 the top figure is a beaver, and the lowest a whale, 
 both crests of the Eagle division, as are those in No. 366, raven at 
 the top and beaver at the bottom. 
 
12 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 SOAP-BERRY SPOONS. 
 
 These have long, straight handles. In Nos. 390 and 391 the 
 bowls represent a "Copper," a sign of wealth amongst the northern 
 tribes (see specimen No. 345, Plate XIII., fig. 29), and Nos. 394 
 and 395 are painted symbols of the whale. 
 
 STONE TOBACCO MORTARS. 335 to 339, and 342. 
 
 At feasts one of the most important articles distributed 
 amongst the guests was a species of tobacco, which was grown in 
 small gardens near the villages. It was first reduced to powder by 
 pestle and mortar, and a small quantity was put into the mouth, 
 followed by a little moistened quick-lime, made from calcined 
 abalone shells applied on the end of a stick. The mortars were 
 made by slaves, by pounding a roughly-rounded boulder with a 
 hard stone. They were frequently rudely-shaped in animal forms, 
 and displayed a crest of the owner. 
 
 CRADLE. No. 1294. 
 
 This is oblong, flattened, and narrow at one end. The upper 
 surface is slightly hollowed out for bedding of soft cedar bark or 
 moss and has lacings attached to the edges. The lower surface is 
 convex, and on it is carved a representation of the dog-fish, inlaid 
 with abalone shell. This is a raven crest of the Kaigani wife of 
 the Eagle Chief Edensaw, from whom it was purchased. 
 
 CHIEF S SEAT. 
 
 No. 1296, Plate VIII., fig. 7. This belonged to Chief Eden- 
 saw, of Masset, and the painted carving shows one of his prin 
 cipal crests, the frog. The head nearly fills the centre of the field, 
 with the front legs brought under the face. The hind legs are fully 
 seen on the arm rests of the seat, although a foot is suggested in 
 each of the upper corners, merely as an ornamental filling of 
 unoccupied space. 
 
 CHIEF S " COPPER." 
 
 No. 435, Plate XIII., fig. 29. The upper part engraved with 
 the grizzly-bear crest of the Raven division. Originally of native 
 copper and formerly of high value, such plates represented in a 
 portable form vast numbers of blankets (sometimes thousands) or 
 other bulky property for which, if desired, they could be sold or 
 exchanged. Such " coppers," therefore, indicated wealth and 
 social standing, were often engraved with a crest of the owner, 
 and each had a name of its own. Skidegate. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 13 
 
 CEREMONIAL DRESS. 
 
 Case 2, Chilkat Blanket. An interesting specimen in this case 
 is a very old chief s cloak, commonly called a Chilkat blanket, made 
 of mountain goat wool and cedar bark (No. gsc, Plate XII.). The 
 warp is of bark thread mixed with wool suspended from a cord 
 of soft leather, round which is passed a narrow strip of fur, form 
 ing the upper edge of the cloak. The weft is of finely spun wool 
 alone, and is made in the two-ply twined method, forming about 
 twenty rows to the inch. The design is an animal one, and repeats 
 closely the arrangement of parts of the body so often found on 
 carved and painted chests, which, indeed, the old Tsimshian Indians 
 say they were copied from, but which have become so conven 
 tionalised as to have lost their significance as crests. There are 
 three divisions of the field of ornamentation, of which the head, 
 chest, fore-feet, thighs and tail occupy the centre one. The hind- 
 feet are seen close to the head in the lateral field. According to 
 Haida artists the remaining symbols, feather and head-patterns, 
 are merely ornamental devices to fill up space. Comparison should 
 be made with the chest No. 1295 on the top of the case, and with 
 the frog-crest on the Chief s seat on Table No. 2, in which the 
 arrangement of parts is also in three panels. 
 
 The Chief s Head-dress, No 95 (i), Plate XL, fig. 23, consists 
 of two principal parts, the crown and the train of ermine skins. 
 The front of the crown, made of white alder, represents a grizzly- 
 bear with the tail ornamentally filled by a round face. The 
 top is of cedar bark matting, forming a receptacle for white down, 
 which is gradually worked upwards when dancing and distributed 
 by jerking movements between the fringe of sea-lion s whiskers. 
 Model 240 shows a chief wearing a head-dress and blanket of the 
 kind described. 
 
 Leggings, No. 158, Plate XL, fig. 24. These are of tanned 
 caribou skin with a design in plain and coloured stitches of split 
 porcupine quills, representing the killer-whale crest. 
 
 Paint Bag, No. 1292. This is of soft skin, with the killer- 
 whale crest on one side, done in read and black paint, to represent 
 the head turned round, and with the dorsal fin at one end and the 
 tail at the other. It was used for holding red paint applied to the 
 face either in plain patterns or those symbolising crests. 
 
 Rattle, No. 96 (2), Plate XL, fig. 25. When singing and 
 dancing, Haida chiefs usually hold upside down such a rattle as the 
 specimen illustrated. The carved figures, which have no signifi- 
 
FIG. 9 
 
 FIG. 10 
 
 I In Ida Designs. (Plate VIII.) 
 
16 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 cance as crests, are the sea-raven, bearing on its back a supernatural 
 being, linked by its tongue to that of a frog, the tail is turned 
 upward and near the root is ornamented by the head of a hawk; 
 on the chest is another hawk. 
 
 Down Bags, Nos. 332 and 333. These are of sea-lion s large 
 intestine, folded in three. Used for storing white down. 
 
 Painted Hats. All are of spruce root, finely woven. In No. 
 154, Plate XI., fig. 20, the design in black, red and green is the frog 
 crest. The curious segmented triangle at the back, to the base of 
 which the hind legs are joined, is the spine and ribs. Nos. 155 and 
 156, Plate XI., figs. 21 and 22, are variants of the raven crest, the 
 latter having a face filling the greater part of the tail, as in head 
 dress No. 42. 
 
 Ceremonial Hat Crown, No. 1293. This belonged to the Eden- 
 saw chief of the North Island villages who lived a hundred years 
 ago. With its thirteen discs of woven spruce root, it was fastened 
 to a large, carved wooden hat, representing the frog crest. (See 
 seat No. 1296.) 
 
 " Coppers," No. 162. Strips of copper cut into the shape of 
 the larger ceremonial ones, such as No. 345, Plate XIII., fig. 29, on 
 which is etched a design showing the grizzly bear crest. 
 
 Shaman s Apron, No. 96. Of leather, the lower end fringed 
 and with a deer s hoof attached to each strip, so as to rattle when 
 \he wearer moves. The front, painted in red and black, probably 
 represents a grizzly bear. 
 
 Shaman s Nose-pins, Nos. 96, 3 and 173. Thin, curved pointed 
 bones. Worn in a perforation in the cartilage of the nose. 
 
 Shaman s Charms, Nos. 5 to 16, Plate XIV. Carved bones, 
 representing two small human figures, two killer-whales, land 
 otter, seal, walrus and other animals. 
 
 Shaman s Charm, No. 265, Plate XV., figs. 30 and 31. Of 
 walrus ivory. At one end is part of the head of a raven holding a 
 boy in its mouth. The other end shows a human face, representing 
 the tail of the bird, as in head-dress No. 42, Plate XIII., fig. 28. 
 The wings and feet are shown on the sides. 
 
 Shaman s Probe, No. 264. A long, straight pointed bone. 
 
 Shaman s Dance Collar, No. 94. A strip of baleen, from which 
 hang narrow bones and puffin bills. These rattle when moved. 
 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 19 
 
 Shaman s Drum, No. 124. On the inner surface of this cir 
 cular drum are two figures in dull, red paint, representing shamans 
 wearing crowns of grizzly bear claws. One is holding a circular 
 rattle of puffin s beaks in each hand, as shown in the next specimen. 
 
 Model of Shaman s Wife, No. 235. Wearing labret in lower 
 lip, such as specimen No. 172, and a painted apron with the crest 
 of the sea-bear, a mixture of grizzly-bear and killer-whale. 
 
 Model of Shaman or Medicine Man, No. 236. Wearing a cap 
 shaped like a Highland bonnet, nose-pin, collar with bone pendants 
 and painted apron. In his right hand is a probe, and in the left 
 a drum-stick. 
 
 Shaman s Rattle, No. 114, Plate XV., Figs. 32 and 33. Of 
 thin wood, in the form of a flat oval, in low relief, and painted in 
 dull red and black. On one side is shown the head of a horned 
 owl, and on the other its tail, round which are eight small faces in 
 the Tsimshian style, alternately in profile and full face. The 
 central part also symbolises a skull. 
 
 HEAD-DRESSES, MASKS AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Case 3. Such specimens as No. 42, Plate XIII., fig. 
 28, representing a raven, and No. 43, Plate XIII., fig. 27, the 
 killer-whale, were worn on ordinary occasions of ceremony, and 
 indicated a crest of the wearer. The grizzly bear (36 and 37), 
 beaver (38), and seal (40) were often used in dances, with cloaks 
 of skins of the same animals, during preliminary performances at 
 feasts, and grotesque human faces, such as Nos. 39 and 95 (3) 
 were worn by members of several families in their special dances. 
 The face at the base of the raven s tail is merely an ornamental 
 extension of the eye symbol of a joint. Compare with fig. 31 
 on Plate XV. 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Box Drum, No. 1298. This was the property of Chief Eden- 
 saw of North Island, and shows some of his crests. On one side 
 is the beaver, and on the other raven and two sculpins. 
 
 Whistles. These were noticed by the earliest explorers, and 
 said to resemble organ pipes. Nos. 136, 137, 142 and 145 are stopt 
 pipes. No. 135, stopt pipe with bellows, carved to represent Olala, 
 a mountain spirit. No. 139, a set of six stopt pipes with one 
 bellows in common to all. No. 144 is an open pipe with one finger- 
 hole. No. 146 is an open pipe with six finger-holes. 
 
20 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 Reed Instruments. No. 138 is a double action lipped reed. 
 No. 143 is a covered reed in which the vibrators are enclosed in 
 the waist of an hour-glass shaped tube, with trumpet mouth. No 
 140, representing the head of a bear, has ten covered reeds, and 
 141 (%) is a set of four lateral retreating reeds. 
 
 Hand-clapper, No. 147. Used in dances to keep time with 
 the singers. 
 
 MEN S INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Case 4. Fishing Appliances. Crab and Sea-urchin Net, No. 
 403, of twisted cedar bark. In use is attached to a Y-shaped 
 handle. 
 
 Halibut Line, No. 669, of twisted spruce root with large 
 carved wooden V-shaped hook. The shank represents an alba 
 tross. 
 
 Skil, or Black Cod Lines, Nos. 697 and 698, of giant kelp. 
 Used on the West Coast of the Islands. 
 
 Halibut Hooks, Nos. 709, 721 and 722, are V-shaped, of bent 
 hemlock knot with bone barb and spruce-root lashing. Nos. 704 
 and 707 are of iron with carved wooden floats representing birds, 
 sea-lion, halibut and land otter. No. 708 is of bent wood, with 
 sea-lion float. 
 
 Clubs are used to kill large fish, seal and sea-otter. No 733 
 represents a man s head. Nos. 771 and 772 are sea-lions. 
 
 Rock Cod Hooks, No. 740. Two iron hooks on copper 
 swivels, one hung at each end of a stick. These have replaced the 
 older form, the spreader of which was often of whale-bone. A 
 smaller similar kind is used for flounders. 
 
 HUNTING APPLIANCES. 
 
 Bow, No. 1032, of yew, with grooved ridge along centre 
 line. Used for taking sea-otter, or as a war weapon. 
 
 Arrows, Nos. 1033 and 1034, of cedar, tipped with elder wood. 
 Used for stunning sea-birds. 
 
 Seal Harpoon Points, Nos. 1030 and 1285, of iron, shaped 
 and barbed like those of bone, which were used before the days of 
 iron. A long lanyard of sinew is passed through an eye. The 
 blades were kept in wooden sheaths, such as No. 1285, to preserve 
 the edge. These points were used with a shaft about fourteen 
 feet long, from which the heads were readily detachable. The 
 bone harpoon head, No. 1,028, was used in similar manner. 
 
FIG.26. 
 
 !! jul-ili -.s-> and Large " Copper." (Plate XIII.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 23 
 
 Raw-hide Line, No. 1037, of sea-lion s skin. Used for lanyards 
 and cordage. 
 
 Bear Noose, No. 1031, of cordage served with split spruce root. 
 Used with a springy sapling, to strangle bears. 
 
 Stone War Club, No. 754, pointed at both ends, deeply 
 grooved on one edge, and with a narrow one on the other for lash 
 ing to a handle. 
 
 MEN S TOOLS. 
 
 Stone Adze, No. 519. A long, wedge-shaped stone, grooved 
 on the upper side and lashed with sinew to a wooden handle. 
 
 Iron Adze, No. 530. This has replaced the stone adze of the 
 same shape, and is in constant use for house and canoe building. 
 
 Stone Chisel, No. 1278. Small and wedge-shaped, formerly 
 used with a wooden maul, protected by a grommet of cedar twigs 
 round the base. 
 
 Stone Chisel, No. 532. Used with a wooden handle. 
 
 Stone Chisel, No. 533. Thin and narrow at the upper end, 
 and of Coast Salish type, formerly used with handle of horn. 
 
 Stone Mauls. Mounted in long wooden handles. Nos. 680 
 and 651, which is carved, are perforated, and Nos. 652 and 681 are 
 grooved for lashings of withe or hide. 
 
 Carved Paint Dish, No. 616, of stone. With it are shown 
 specimens of native mineral paints, greenish blue, black and red. 
 Before use these are ground on sandstone, and are mixed with a 
 medium of chewed salmon eggs. 
 
 WOMEN S INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Case 5. Basket Work, No. 1287. This shows the bottom of a 
 circular basket of split spruce roots, the dull inner parts of which 
 form the warp, and shiny outer parts the weft applied in the two- 
 ply twined method of weaving. After the bottom is finished it is 
 secured to the top of a club-shaped stick, Nos. 1287 and 1288, 
 driven into the ground, opposite which the worker sits. 
 
 Matting, 1289. Large cedar bark mats are woven for bedding 
 and for wrapping property when travelling. The warp strands, 
 often dyed of different colours, are hung over a stick opposite 
 the worker, who then passes the weft from side to side, forming 
 checker board and other patterns. 
 
 Bone Knives, Nos. 501 and 1282, are used for splitting cedar 
 bark and spruce root into strips. 
 
FIG.31 
 
 FIG.3O. 
 
 FIG. 32. 
 
 FIG. 33. 
 
 Raven Charm and Rattle. (Plate XV.) 
 
2G PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 Iron Knives, Nos. 1279 and 1280, of oblong shape, set into 
 wooden handles. Are used for scraping hemlock sapwood for 
 food, for splitting fish and for general purposes by the women. 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 Gambling Sticks. These are pencil-shaped sticks with 
 various distinguishing coloured lines. Two small bundles are 
 concealed in cedar bark fibre by one player, who rapidly passes 
 them from hand to hand. His opponent tries to guess which 
 bundle holds a certain stick ; the player opens the bundle, indicated 
 by a gesture, and throws the sticks one by one on to a mat, such 
 as No. 1300, arranged as a double inclined plane. The set, 194, 
 contains 33 sticks, set 195 30 sticks, and 198 53 sticks. 
 
 TSIMSHIAN. 
 
 Case 6. The Tsimshian people are poorly represented in this 
 case. They had reached as high a point of development in every 
 way as any of the other tribes of British Columbia, when first dis 
 covered. Their artistic work, in wood, horn, ivory and stone, is 
 not surpassed even by their neighbours and rivals, the Haida. The 
 Naas River bands, too, of this people, are credited with having 
 been the original makers of the elaborate ceremonial cloak, now 
 known as the Chilkat blanket, of which No. 95 (2) in Case 2, is 
 believed to be a genuine example of Tsimshian work. 
 
 The inlaid front of a chief s head-dress, No. 1304, Plate XVI., 
 fig. 34, representing the head of an owl or hawk, and painted with 
 native colours, black, red and dull green, will give some idea of 
 the finish of their work. Along the upper edge is a row of human 
 heads, a method of ornamentation common amongst the Tsim 
 shian. This head-dress came from the middle Skeena River. 
 
 The Shaman s globular rattle, No. 1305, is made from a solid 
 block of wood, split down the middle, hollowed out and then 
 ingeniously laced through a narrow lip left at the edges. Such 
 rattles are often elaborately carved. 
 
 The small carved wooden dishes, Nos. 411 and 412, represent 
 feet of the grizzly bear, and thereby symbolise the whole animal. 
 The gambler s leather mat, No. 1300, is also representative of the 
 grizzly bear crest, which is symbolically painted on in the inner 
 side. In use these mats form a double inclined plane, which is 
 placed between gamblers using painted sticks, such as No. 194, 
 in the Haida Case No. i, adjoining. When his opponent calls upon 
 
FIG.35 
 
 FIG.36 
 
 Crest Designs. (Plate XVI.) 
 
28 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 the player to show his hand, the latter opens the bundles of cedar 
 bark containing the sticks, and throws them one by one on the 
 mat, so that it may be seen in which was concealed the winning 
 stick. 
 
 Carved Bone Dagger-handle, No. 254, Plate XVI., fig. 36, 
 represents a grizzly bear s head in profile and, as usual, with pro 
 jecting tongue. It was found in the ground at Metlakatlah, and is 
 believed by the Tsimshian to be of Haida origin. 
 
 The stone axes and mauls are of the usual northern type, and 
 not to be distinguished from those of the Haida and Tlingit. Of 
 the former, No. 520, Plate XXVI., fig. 54, is an unusually fine 
 specimen, well-shaped, polished and with perfect edge. Such adzes 
 were of great value formerly, and were handed down as heirlooms. 
 With these tools, deep bevelled cuts were made in tree trunks, 
 and the ridges between the cuts were split away by maul and 
 wooden wedges, until the required depth was obtained. 
 
 Nos. 519, Plate XXVI., fig. 55, shows how stone axes were 
 lashed to a forked limb of a tree at a convenient angle. 
 
 Stone Maul, No. 655. Instead of being grooved for securing 
 the withes used for attachment to a handle, this is perforated for 
 them. 
 
 Stone Chisel, No. 535. A small specimen used for finer work. 
 
 Woman s Stone Hammers, Nos. 630 and 1301. Of these the 
 former has two striking surfaces at right angles to each other. 
 The latter has a thinned arched handle, and came from the Naas 
 River. Such hammers are used for pounding berries, marrow 
 bones, etc. 
 
 In the stone carving No. 249, three figures are represented. 
 The upper one is a woman with the lower lip weighted down by a 
 labret. She is holding the dorsal fin of a killer-whale, the middle 
 figure, the tail of which is shown at the back of a carving. The 
 lowest figure resembles a sculpin. 
 
 KWAKIUTL. 
 
 The totem pole, No. 3, Plate XVII. , on the right of the 
 entrance, was formerly in front of a chief s house . of the Bella 
 Bella tribe of the Kwakiutl Indians. 
 
 The raven figured above is probably a crest, and the sea-spirit 
 below the representation of a mythical ancestor of the house- 
 owner. The entrance to the house was through the arched hole 
 at the base of the pole. 
 
Heraldric or Totem Pole, No. 8. (Plate XVII.) 
 
30 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 The large beaks next to this pole, painted black, were worn 
 in winter cannibal dances by performers whose heads were con 
 cealed by long fringes of shredded cedar bark dyed red, and their 
 bodies by skins or blankets. 
 
 The figure on the left of the entrance, No. 4, represents a 
 mythical ancestor, who is believed to have first brought copper to 
 the Bella Bella Indians. He is wearing a chief s hat with extra 
 discs, and holds a ceremonial " copper " (in wood) shaped like a 
 shield. A real specimen, No. 1392, may be seen in Case 9. 
 
 CEREMONIAL OBJECTS. 
 
 In Case 7 are contained a number of masks worn in certain 
 clan dances, illustrating family traditions. Nos. 61 and 68 are 
 eagle masks, the former displaying a human face inside when the 
 mouth opens. Nos. 56 and 70 are owl masks, 58 a raven, 63 a 
 bear, 12 a beaver, 14, 18 and 48 wolves, 31 the moon and 29 the 
 sun. No. 75 is a rayed circle to be worn round a face of wood to 
 represent the sun. The mythical snake, the sisiutl, is seen in 51. 
 
 In this case, also, is a small, painted coffin, No. 221, a grave 
 figure of wood, representing an owl and a fine upright storage box 
 for small valuables, carved and painted, and representing in low 
 relief the head of a killer-whale. Above the case is a large chief s 
 coffin, No. 220, Plate XVIII., carved and painted in red and black. 
 The front, fig. 39, shows a killer-whale design, with the head 
 occupying most of the upper half of the field and the body the 
 centre of the lower half, a pointed flipper being seen on each side 
 of it. The symbol of the dorsal fin is placed on each side of the 
 head, and that of the tail fluke in each of the corners. The reverse 
 side, fig. 38, shows a mythical eagle, supposed to live in the moun 
 tains. Like the mountain raven of the Kwakiutl, it has a large 
 feathered crest on the head. This is seen in the upper corners. 
 The V-shaped design in the centre is the beak, and below is the 
 upturned tail of the bird. The tips of the wings are seen in the 
 lower corners and just inside of these are curved lines, which are 
 said to symbolise the claws. 
 
 By the side of Case 7 stands an eagle monument; above it are 
 two large masks used in clan dances, one (57), of a man with 
 mouth askew, as if suffering from facial palsy, and the other (55), 
 the nose of which is missing, was probably a half-human bird. 
 
 Case 8. This also contains a number of masks, mostly of 
 human type, used in the various clan dances. No. 33 is a sea-spirit. 
 No. 10 is the spirit of the north-west wind. As to the others, 
 information is lacking. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 31 
 
 Amongst the paraphernalia used at the feasts at which dances 
 are given, are painted spruce-root hats (157), to which dignity is 
 given by the addition of extra discs; head-dresses, with trains of 
 ermine skins, represented by the very old circular front (1319), 
 from which all the mother-of-pearl inlaying has been lost, and 50 
 a hawk or thunder-bird. The crown of copper claws, 84, is of the 
 same form as the Tsimshian Shaman s head-dress of grizzly bear s 
 claws. It was collected at Bella Bella, and said to have been worn 
 by the leader of a certain dance. Here, too, are killer-whale fins 
 for attachment to head-pieces (53 and 54), and aprons provided 
 with rattles of deer hoofs (93). In the hand are held rattles, such 
 as No. 115, of copper, or the long tubular form such as No. 113, 
 which represents the raven. Another noise-making instrument is 
 a well-carved clapper, No. 122, painted black and red, showing the 
 oft-repeated killer-whale above a mythical spirit-man below. 
 
 Whistles. At intervals, during winter dances, certain myster 
 ious sounds are heard either inside or outside the houses. These 
 are produced by blowing into ingenious hollowed wooden tubes, 
 and represent the voices of human or animal spirits. Nos. 128 to 
 131 are essentially reed instruments, such as the oboe and the 
 flageolet, in which waves of sound are produced by the vibration 
 of two neighbouring parts. 
 
 The mythical snake. Sisiutl, with its magic powers, is seen in 
 the form of a spear, its tongue formed by the blade of a dagger. 
 It is used in the winter dance called Meitla. 
 
 An interesting wooden club, No. 105, Plate XIX., fig. 41, 
 carved to represent a killer-whale with a stone dorsal fin, is used 
 at the copper-breaking ceremony. With it the chief pretends to 
 sacrifice the " copper," as formerly with similar clubs slaves were 
 sacrificed, but in reality the breaking or cutting is now done with 
 an iron chisel. A small, thin ceremonial " copper," No. 1329, 
 shows the form of one of the old plates which were formerly of 
 great value, as indicating the rank and power of the owner. As a 
 preservative against corrosion, it has been smoked over burning 
 resin, the black deposit of which has been scratched to outline a 
 human face above and ribs below. 
 
 The triangular feast-dish, No. 437, is in the form of a mythical 
 bird. Like many of the masks it represents a being belonging to 
 a clan tradition. The Sisiutl feast-dish, No. 438, Plate XVIII., fig. 
 37, on the top of the case, belongs to the same class; it represents 
 a two-headed snake. 
 
SiwuitI Feast-dish and Cofliu. (Plate XVIII.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 33 
 
 Case g. During the winter months the Kwakiutl are supposed 
 to be under the influence of ancestral spirits, which bestow secret 
 supernatural powers upon them, and they organise themselves into 
 societies, according to the nature of these powers, abandoning the 
 clan grouping of the summer months. To these societies belong 
 certain ceremonial dances, the most striking of which is the 
 Hamatsa, or cannibal dance. In this the novice is initiated by the 
 cannibal spirit, which takes him to his home in the woods. On 
 his return, after some months, he attacks people and tears pieces 
 of flesh from their arms and bodies with his teeth. To pacify him, 
 his servants, the heligya (healers), run up to him swinging rattles, 
 such as Nos. 120 and 121. 
 
 During the dance which follows, he and his assistants wear 
 masks representing the cannibal spirit and his servants, most of 
 them being in the form of birds heads. In reality, his assistants 
 personate him during this part. The raven mask is worn when 
 taking the part of the slave of the cannibal spirit. No. 9. 
 
 The Nutlmatl mask is worn by a servant of the hamatsa or 
 cannibal dancer. No. 74. 
 
 The whistle, No. 101, is one of a number used during the 
 dance, and supposed to be the voices of spirits. 
 
 After his third dance the hamatsa wears cedar bark orna 
 ments, such as Nos. 77 to 82. The head-rings have extra pieces 
 which symbolise various supernatural gifts. 
 
 No. 92 is hung with dogs skulls; these, probably, take the 
 place of human skulls formerly worn, which represented the number 
 of people devoured by the hamatsa. Most of the bark ornaments 
 are dyed red with alder bark to represent blood. 
 
 Songs, accompanied by drumming with batons on long 
 planks, and by thumping on a painted box-drum, are used in 
 these dances to bring the novice back to his senses. Carved 
 batons, such as No. 125, are used by the singing master; plain ones 
 (126) by his assistants. 
 
 Other masks worn in the winter ceremonial are the grizzly 
 bear (30) and the cannibal face (24). 
 
 Nontlemgyila (100). In the tochuit dance the dancer per 
 forms certain conjuring tricks. One of them is to bring up a small, 
 human figure and make it dance about. This is the Nontlemgyila 
 (making foolish) ; it is worked by hidden strings. Some tribes call 
 this dance the Olala. 
 
FIG 4) 
 
 FIG 42 
 
 Olala Whistle, Club and Carved Bone Club. (Plate XIX.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 35 
 
 The leather whistle, No. 101, Plate XIX., fig. 40, with a head 
 carved to represent a corpse, is said to belong to this dance. 
 
 Shaman s Head-dress and Charm (95, 257). The former is of 
 red cedar bark; the latter is a plain bone tube, inadequately repre 
 senting the beautifully carved spirit-catchers of the Tsimshian. 
 Amongst the powers possessed by the Shaman, is that of influenc 
 ing novices of the societies to return from the forest. 
 
 Outside the case is a large tubular wooden rattle (112), the 
 upper end of which is a hand holding a ceremonial copper. It is 
 said to have been used to quiet the cannibal dancer by the heligya. 
 The carved wooden figure near it (229) represents the grizzly bear 
 and frog. 
 
 MEN S INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Case No. 10. In preparing large cedar trees for use as house 
 timbers and planking, or for canoes, sound trees were selected and 
 felled as follows: By means of stone adzes and chisels (1246) two 
 bevelled cuts were made on one side of the tree, and the interven 
 ing ridge was split off by heavy stone mauls (682 and 686) and 
 hard, wooden wedges. When deeply cut the tree was hauled down 
 by ropes of cedar twigs. By similar processes the trunk was 
 reduced to slaps and planks, or one side only was removed, as in 
 the case of canoes. These heavy mauls were also used for driving 
 fish-trap stakes. 
 
 To obtain a smoother surface, the Kwakiutl next use a long- 
 handled adze, such as the Haida one, No. 530, in Case 4, or a short- 
 handled one as No. 531 in Case u. These leave tool-marks which 
 it is the pride of the worker to make as regular as possible. The 
 next stage, if it is wished to make a finely-finished box, is to plane 
 off these marks with a curved, long-bladed knife (490), cutting 
 towards the body, and the last process of all is to rub over the 
 whole with smooth sandstone, finishing off with dry dog-fish skin. 
 If desired, a fine polish is obtained by friction with dry horse-tail 
 grass stems (Equisetum) and soft cedar fibre. These methods 
 are followed by all the northern tribes. 
 
 CARVING AND PAINTING. 
 
 Having at last procured a finished surface, if it is wished to 
 ornament it in any of the conventional animal designs, patterns cut 
 out of stiff cedar bark, such as the set 632 to 641, are used to out 
 line the most important parts. It will be noticed that these 
 patterns have a convex upper edge and concave lower one, and 
 that the wider ones are shaped like a bean. These are used for a 
 
36 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 number of different parts of the body the head, eye, nose, chest, 
 body, limbs and blow-hole of the whale, as exemplified in speci 
 mens in the Haida and Kwakiutl rooms. Powdered mineral paint 
 (627) is then mixed with a medium of chewed salmon eggs and 
 applied with brushes made of porcupine bristles set in split sticks 
 (642-644), which may be kept in wooden boxes such as No. 645. 
 Carvings are outlined with the aid of the same patterns, and were 
 generally also painted in red, black, and dull green. 
 
 HUNTING. 
 
 Bows of yew (1035 and 1036), with plain or feathered arrows, 
 tipped with copper or iron (1036, 2-8) were used for killing sea- 
 otter and various birds; those with wooden tips were used for 
 stunning them. These are now only found in the hands of boys. 
 
 FISHING. 
 
 Large halibut hooks (710, etc.), both plain and carved, are 
 used with lines attached to floats of bladder or wood. No. 702 is 
 a net for large fish, made of nettle fibre. It was used supported 
 on stakes at the mouth of small streams. 
 
 The globular fish-trap, No. 1247, is weighted with stones, 
 baited with crushed shell-fish, and lowered to the bottom of the 
 sea for certain kinds of small rock cod. 
 
 TRAVEL. 
 
 The northern type of canoe, with vertical cut-water, is in 
 general use (1040) and does not make so much leeway as the 
 southern kind, with sloping bow (1041). The outfit belonging to 
 such canoes is, in part, represented by a grooved stone anchor, No. 
 725, a canoe baler of cedar bark, No. 1187, and a seal hunter s 
 domed box, which is V-shaped, to fit in the bow, and holds 
 ammunition and tackle. 
 
 Case ii. This is mainly devoted to domestic industries 
 followed by women. The large bark choppers, Nos. 461 and 462, 
 are used for breaking up strips of dry cedar bark placed across the 
 edge of a paddle to loosen the fibre and to get rid of powdery, 
 gummy matters. 
 
 Bark Beaters, Nos. 463 to 466, and 471, are used to pound 
 cedar bark thus prepared, and then soaked in water to further 
 separate and soften the fibres, which can now be made up into 
 cord, clothing, bedding, or articles used in certain ceremonies. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 37 
 
 WEAVING. 
 
 In making cloaks, a kind of loom is used, consisting of two 
 uprights set in the ground and a cross-piece (458) of peculiar 
 make. The under edge has a continuous groove, along which 
 passes a cross-cord from end to end, over which have been secured 
 strands of dressed bark. This cord is secured by a lashing which 
 passes over the slot seen just above the lower edge. The weaver 
 then seats herself on the ground opposite the loom, and works the 
 weft from above downwards, easily adjusting the cross-piece to a 
 convenient height as the work progresses. In this way, cloaks of 
 cedar bark or of wild goat s wool were made. 
 
 SPINNING. 
 
 String is made by joining strands of nettle fibre by rubbing 
 them on the thigh and then twining them together by means of a 
 small spindle-whorl; the latter of whale-bone, such as Nos. 449 to 
 452, or of stone. Sometimes these are carved with a crest of the 
 owner. No. 454 has a frog on one side and a mountain spirit on 
 the other. Occasionally similar whorls of stone are collected. 
 
 NET-MAKING. 
 
 Both large and small nets were made of nettle fibre string by 
 means of hard-wood needles (475 and 476). ^ A "square" knot 
 was the one in general use. Variously shaped baskets and conical 
 hats are made of split spruce roots, in which bone knives, such as 
 No. 1252, are serviceable, both for splitting and adjusting the 
 strands. A narrow-bladed bone knife (1251) is used when clean 
 ing herring and other small fish, as well as for splitting bark. 
 
 COLLECTING AND PREPARING FOOD. 
 
 The large digging stick, No. 496, is used in collecting roots 
 of many kinds of plants, such as the cinquefoil, clover and fritillary, 
 for use as food. With wooden tongs (No. 1259, at the back of the 
 case), hot stones were taken from the fire and placed in cooking 
 boxes containing water to boil food. Now they are only thus 
 used in steaming canoes. With a fork of small ribs (No. 1263) the 
 food, when cooked, was lifted from these boxes and placed in trays. 
 Having no cereals, the Coast Indians had recourse to the roots 
 already mentioned, and also to the inner sappy layers of hemlock 
 bark. Dried in the sun or near a fire in flat cakes (1257), this 
 material was preserved in square boxes. 
 
 SPOONS AND DISHES. 
 
 With such dry food as this bark " bread," it is necessary to 
 use some kind of oil, and every Indian collection from our coast 
 
38 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 contains numbers of grease-dishes and spoons. In addition to 
 animal fats obtained from the whale, seal and porpoise, the Kwak- 
 iutl obtain large quantities of oil from the oolachan or candle-fish, 
 which are taken in immense numbers in the estuaries of many of 
 their rivers in spring, and after reaching a certain stage of rotten 
 ness, are boiled, strained and the fat removed. The case contains 
 carved and plain spoons of goat horn, one No. 376, Plate X., fig. 
 19, showing the killer-whale and a chief. On the handle of a 
 spoon of wild sheep horn (355), is an eagle or hawk, with oblique 
 eyes, no doubt so placed as to find room for their exaggerated size. 
 
 No. 409 is a small dish for individual use, slightly carved, and 
 beneath Table u are three long canoe-shaped trays used for the 
 same purpose or for serving other food. 
 
 Long, narrow wooden spoons (392, 393) are used for eating 
 the foam made by stirring soap-berries with water. 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 Dolls. Nos. 251 to 253 are grotesque carvings in wood of 
 animals or mythical beings found in a child s coffin in a burial cave 
 at Quatsino. Similar dolls are still in use. 
 
 Gambling Bones, Nos. 1253 (i and 2). These are cylindrical 
 bones, one of which has a black zone. While the player passes 
 them rapidly from hand to hand, his opponent tries to guess in 
 which the plain bone is concealed. 
 
 A similar guessing game is played with the polished sticks 
 (Sets Nos. 96 and 97) in which a certain marked stick is chosen 
 as the one to be indicated by the player s opponent. Then a 
 number of the sticks are divided into two bundles and wrapped up 
 in cedar bark, which are passed from hand to hand as before. 
 
 A third game was played with perforated stone discs in sets 
 of four, which were rolled along level ground and shot at with 
 darts or arrows. (212, etc.) 
 
 The fourth set (201 to 207) consists of oblong stones flattened 
 on one side. These are thrown from a base line to a peg in the 
 ground, the object of the players being to place their stones as 
 near the mark as possible. 
 
 DRESS AND ORNAMENT. 
 
 Wooden Combs (179) are used by women for dressing the 
 hair, which is made up into two long plaits and worn loose. Some 
 times these combs are elaborately carved. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 39 
 
 Bracelets. Plain bands of native copper (162 and 164) were 
 procured from Alaska in trade, and twisted ones in two strands 
 were also noticed by early explorers. Those of brass were intro 
 duced by white traders, but were made up by the natives them 
 selves (1254 and 1255) and ornamented to their individual tastes. 
 Silver bracelets, showing animal crests, are of recent date. The 
 style of carving usually reproduces in method and arrangement, 
 designs long used by carvers in wood, as exemplified on chief s 
 lounges and chests. No. 1256 is a beaver, showing the head with 
 characteristic incisor teeth in the centre, etc., with the body, limbs, 
 and scaly tail displayed on each side. No. 1256, Plate VIII., fig. 
 9. The Bella Bella tribe excelled in this class of work. 
 
 CEREMONIAL ORNAMENTS. 
 
 Copper starfish (174 to 176) and miniature copper shields 
 (183 and 184), representing the large objects sold or destroyed at 
 potlaches, were often attached to ceremonial clothing. 
 
 FACIAL DECORATION. 
 
 Coloured symbols are shown on the face at various perform 
 ances indicative of the crest of the wearer or of the part repre 
 sented by him or her. After smearing the face with deer fat, dry 
 colours were applied with sticks such as Nos. 646 and 650, from 
 Bella Bella. 
 
 CRADLES. 
 
 No. 344 is a carved cradle with raised bed of slats and leather 
 loops for lashing the child tightly in place. A disc of soft cedar 
 bark fibre is placed under the occiput, against which pressure over 
 the forehead is made by means of bands, a conical pad of cedar 
 fibre intervening. The sides of the head are also well-padded so as 
 to reduce lateral bulging. By such appliances excessively long 
 skulls, such as No. 300, in Case 18, are produced by the northern 
 and north-western tribes of the Kwakiutl. The groove at the foot 
 of the cradle receives a thin, wooden drainage trough. 
 
 Open-work cedar bark baskets (1060) and mat bags (1264) are 
 used for various storage purposes, and twilled matting covers (327) 
 are for covering certain trays and boxes in which dried food is 
 kept. 
 
 Water buckets (1249), made with the sides in one piece, and 
 boxes of various sizes with lipped lids (1250) are still in use. 
 
40 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 NOOTKAN. 
 
 Cases 12 and 13. This part of the collection shows at first 
 glance the extensive use of the common cedar of the north-west 
 coast (Thuja plicata) which led the late Dr. Robert Brown to 
 compare it with the bamboo of the Asiatics. The large cedar chest 
 (1229) under Case 6 is double, the inner part fitting closely 
 within the outer. In Captain Cook s picture of a house at Nootka 
 several such chests are shown. They were used for the storage of 
 sea-otter skins and other furs. 
 
 The matting, Nos. 1241 to 1244, is made of cedar bark strips 
 dyed with native colours, and so woven as to represent crudely 
 different patterns. The largest squares are houses; dark, trans 
 verse lines are house-beams, and small, black squares at the sides 
 are chests. The pattern like a feather is a common fern; diamond- 
 shaped ones are halibut, and so on. Of common cedar bark 
 articles of clothing were also made, such as the mat rain-cape, No. 
 153 (2), and the conical hat, No. 153 (i), which is woven in a 
 twined stitch. 
 
 The poorer people also used a sort of cloth of this bark beaten 
 into soft fibre by whalebone tools, such as Nos. 467 and 459, but 
 the collection only contains clothing of the softer, finer and more 
 valuable yellow cedar bark (Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis), Nos. 
 148 to 152 and 328. 
 
 The fish basket (1239), in which a strengthening rod is carried 
 up spirally from the base to the upper edge, is explanatory of the 
 method followed by the Nootkans in making small mats of cedar 
 bark and squaw grass (1240) in Case 12, and the cylindrical 
 baskets so plentifully sold in the streets and stores. 
 
 The basket (1054) is of similar workmanship, though of 
 different shape. It is also furnished with a long, spiral strip of 
 cherry bark passed in and out between the vertical ribs. 
 
 CRADLE. 
 
 No. 1371. Inside a coffin-shaped wooden trough is a model 
 of a child to show the method of applying cedar bark pads to the 
 front and sides of the forehead during early infancy, by which 
 flattening of the head is produced. The legs are raised on a slop 
 ing board to oppose the pressure of the head-pads and to keep the 
 body dry. The child is tightly laced by strips of wild cherry bark 
 to a raised platform of narrow slats, covered with a layer of soft 
 cedar bark. From Clayoquot, V. I. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 41 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting specimens will be the implements 
 used in hunting whales. When first visited by the early explorers, 
 the Nootkans were the only Indians of B. C., who followed this 
 industry. Only hereditary chiefs could be harpooners, and there 
 was a great deal of ceremony connected with this dangerous 
 occupation; prayer, fasting and purification in the woods, frequent 
 bathing in the sea, and the use of certain magic charms and the 
 invocation of ancestral protecting spirits. The set contains the 
 harpoon shaft of yew (1223), with two points, one of large mussel 
 shell (1339) and the other of iron (1224), fastened to an eyed 
 lanyard of whale sinew. These were carried in a large bag of 
 cedar matting (1227), and when about to be used a long rope of 
 twisted cedar limbs (1225) was attached to the eye. To this rope, 
 at some distance, so as not to impede the harpooner, was lashed a 
 large buoy of inflated seal-skin (1226), generally with a painted 
 property mark. On approaching a whale, the harpooner put on a 
 head-band of cedar bark, dyed red, and consulted his secret charms 
 (such as No. 266), which were concealed in a box in the bow of the 
 canoe. His paddle (1228) is specially shaped with a long, tapering 
 point. 
 
 Hunting for sea-otter, a number of canoes took part and 
 surrounded the animal. When near enough, copper or bone- 
 tipped arrows (1222), carried in shallow wooden cases (1221), were 
 shot at it with bows of yew-wood (1220). 
 
 Fur seals are still speared when sleeping, with two-pronged 
 harpoons having a long retrieving line attached to the point (1064 
 and 1065). 
 
 The Haiaqua, or money-shells (Dentalium pretiosum), were 
 formerly collected in large quantities in the quiet waters of the 
 fiords of the west coast, notably between Nootka and Kyuquot. 
 They were an article of trade, not only on the Pacific Coast from 
 California to Alaska, but also found their way far inland beyond 
 the Rocky Mountains. Only bright shells, collected alive or soon 
 after death of the mollusc, were esteemed, and the larger and more 
 perfect the specimen, the greater its value. Some good shells are 
 washed ashore after a storm, but by far the greatest number were 
 laboriously fished for by means of a special apparatus. 
 
 This consisted of a cylindrical brush-like arrangement of 
 pointed strips of hard-hack (Schizonotus discolor), in the centre 
 of which a stick was secured by a lashing, which also attached two 
 stone sinkers to the " brush," and a line long enough to reach the 
 
42 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 hand of the fisherman when at work. Joining additional sticks to 
 the first, until the weighted " brush " rested on the fine sandy 
 bottom where these shell-fish live, the collector would raise his 
 apparatus up and down for a time. Then, pulling it up, " brush " 
 first, he might find a few shells, not impaled, as some have stated, 
 but between the wooden bristles. 
 
 The model of a salmon-trap (740-2), is made on a principle 
 followed by all the Coast tribes ; that of a funnel forming a narrow 
 entrance to a large enclosure. Once inside, it is difficult for fish 
 to find the entrance again, and they crowd into the two cylindric 
 pockets, from which they may be removed by a trap-door on the 
 top. 
 
 On the Wall Tablet, No. i, are five masks. The large head 
 dress at the top is a mythical amphibious animal, hinikidsim. This 
 is one of a pair worn at potlaches in a clan dance. 
 
 The pair of masks in the middle, Nos. 1335 and 1336, are worn 
 in the tlokoala ceremony. They represent beings who lived in the 
 days when animals were like men, and belong to a Hesquot 
 tradition. 
 
 The lowest pair, 1337 and 1338, are worn by the giver of a 
 potlach at the opening ceremonies, and represent certain ancestors 
 of the Hesquot chief. 
 
 CARVED WAR CLUB. 
 
 No. 268, Plate XIX., fig. 42. Like the war clubs seen at 
 Nootka by Captain Cook in 1787, this is made of whale-bone. 
 The carving illustrates a tradition of an ancestor of Chief Atilu, of 
 Clayoquot, which tells how Tutushitukwis, accompanied by his 
 guardian-spirit, Tututs, the Thunder-bird, twice visited a cave in 
 the depths of a mountain lake. Here, the first time, he was 
 attacked by a monster, half killer-whale and half wolf, and the 
 second time by another monster, half killer-whale and half grizzly- 
 bear. He escaped on each occasion through the aid of the thunder- 
 bird, but was troubled by dreams, in which one monster seized him 
 by the head and the other by the feet, and in which the thunder- 
 bird, only with great difficulty, rescued him. It is this dream 
 which is illustrated by the carving. 
 
 Case 14. This is mainly devoted to the Salishan tribe, but in 
 the right-hand corner are a few of the larger specimens belonging 
 to the Denes or Athapascans. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 43 
 
 ATHAPASCAN. 
 
 At the top is a Chilkotin berry-basket, No. 1276, of spruce root 
 foundation and stitching, with nearly the whole surface covered 
 with imbrications of white straw (Phragmites phragmites), on 
 which, in red cherry bark, are a horse design above and a hex 
 agonal net pattern below. Near the upper edge is a bare zone, 
 over which is fastened a strengthening rod; on this are loops for 
 the attachment of the head-band, by which these baskets are 
 carried. Below are three vessels of birch bark from the Upper 
 Skeena River, with the upper edges also strengthened by rods 
 (322, 1057 and i05 8 )- 
 
 A few more specimens from the Dene country are contained 
 in a drawer in Table Case No. 10. 
 
 No. 1274 is a stone axe from Cassiar. 
 
 No. 1275, an oil-bag made of the skin of the sockeye salmon. 
 
 Nos. 507 and 1269 to 1271 are flat bone knives with toothed 
 squares used in dressing skins, the last being etched with a compli 
 cated design. All except No. 507, from the Skeena River, come 
 from the Upper Stikine River. 
 
 KOOTENAIAN. 
 
 The model canoe, No. 1038, of balsam-poplar bark ,is now only 
 used on the Kootenay Lake, though formerly of much wider dis 
 tribution. It was first mentioned by Simon Eraser, who met with 
 it on the Eraser River, above Lytton, and called it the Sturgeon 
 beak canoe on account of the long, projecting beak at each end, 
 like the ram of a man-of-war. 
 
 Beneath the canoe is a parfleche, or pack-cover, of hide, with 
 painted designs of tepees, mountains, etc., in exactly the same 
 style as is found amongst the horse Indians of the United States. 
 
 SALISHAN : BELLA COOLA. 
 
 This tribe is the most northern of the great Salishan family, 
 and is separated from the rest of its stock by intervening Kwakiutl 
 tribes. To the east, the Bella Coola come into contact with the 
 Chilkotin tribe of Athapascans. It was through their territory that 
 Sir Alexander Mackenzie reached the Pacific, and his account of 
 them is still of interest and value. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 45 
 
 The ceremonial objects of the Bella Coola resemble those 
 already described in Cases 8, g and 10, as these people were strongly 
 influenced by their Kwakiutl neighbours, who bordered on them 
 both on the north and on the south. 
 
 In the absence of definite information, it would not be safe to 
 do more than point out a few of these resemblances. No. 16, 
 painted black, is the Dsonokoa, a sleepy spirit of the woods, about 
 whom there are many traditions. Compare with rattles Nos. 120 
 and 121 in Case 10. 
 
 Nos. 98 and 99, figures representing the spirits of a dead man 
 and woman, are said to have been used in the Olala Dance. They 
 are like the nontlemgylia of the Kwakiutl. 
 
 The ceremonial feast-dish, No. 439, Plate XXI., fig. 44, is in 
 the form of a wolf, and the coffin, No. 218, Plate XXI., fig. 43, with 
 sides of bent cedar planking, shows the killer-whale crest. 
 
 The hat (158), of spruce root, coarsely twined, painted red, 
 and ornamented with white, shelly tubes of serpula, is said to be 
 worn by girls at the age of puberty. 
 MEN S INDUSTRIES. FISHING. 
 
 Fishing Nets. The small-meshed net (701) is made of the 
 bast fibre of the common nettle. This material was commonly 
 used along the whole coast from Vancouver Island to the Queen 
 Charlotte Islands, the nettle being allowed to run wild near the 
 villages. It was spun with distaff and spindle into strings of 
 different sizes. 
 
 FISH TRAPS. 
 
 Fish weirs are made of strong stakes driven into the ground 
 with heavy, flat stones. These were usually wrought into a con 
 venient shape by battering with other stones, and were sometimes 
 rudely carved. The fine specimens 694-696 are grooved on both 
 surfaces to admit the fingers on one side and the thumb on the 
 other, so as to give a good hold while striking. 
 
 Of the three large, carved halibut hooks, 711 to 713, the first has 
 two well-made frogs on the shank. 
 
 The fish-club, 773, probably represents a sea-lion. 
 WOOD WORKING TOOLS. 
 
 The stone chisels, Nos. 536 to 546, have a general resemblance 
 to those of southern tribes, but on an average are smaller, and do 
 not contain specimens of the green jade or allied material so often 
 found amongst the latter. Pestle-shaped hammers, both with flat 
 
FI&44 
 
 CoiHii ami Great Feast I)isli. (Plate XX I.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 47 
 
 tops (667 and 668), and pointed tops (660 to 662), are used by 
 the Bella Coola, and they seem to have made a number of large, 
 heavy, grooved stone mauls, often carved (653 and 657 to 659), 
 not differing from those of the Haida and Tsimshian. These mauls 
 are used with hard wood wedges as elsewhere described. 
 
 PAINTING. 
 
 Paint was largely used for the decorative colouring of canoes, 
 masks, boxes, houses and the like. Mineral paint was crushed with 
 sandstone and mixed in stone dishes. 
 
 PAINT DISHES. 
 
 Nos. 621 and 626, are shaped like the large mussel of the Coast, 
 the real shell of which is sometimes used as a receptacle. Nos. 622, 
 623, 625 and 690, are plain dishes of from one to four cells for 
 different colours. 
 
 FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. No. 323. 
 
 The " hearth " is made of a long, narrow piece of soft, dry 
 cedar wood, with narrow vertical cuts near the edge, leading down 
 from small saucer-shaped depressions on the surface. The ends 
 of sticks of harder wood, about seventeen inches long, are placed 
 in these pits and twirled rapidly from side to side, some ear-wax 
 assisting friction. After a time, a little charred wood falls through 
 the notch to cedar bast below, and blowing gives a small flame 
 which is fed with similar material until the fire is well started. 
 Such apparatus was used by all the tribes of British Columbia, 
 even in canoes of larger make, to heat stones for cooking-boxes. 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 Grease-dishes. No. 436 is canoe-shaped, with a head carved at 
 each end, forming handles. No. 421 is a square tray with an incised 
 design at each end and edges inlaid with white opercula. 
 
 WOMEN S INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Only represented by two club-shaped bark beaters with 
 grooved under surface. These were used as described on page 36. 
 
 The cradle (219), is of two pieces of bent cedar board, one of 
 which forms the sloping head and the bottom, and the other, the 
 foot and sides. These two parts are laced together with roots, 
 forming a coffin-shaped, lidless box. In use, a raised slat bed is 
 covered with soft cedar bark ,and the shallow, wooden trough 
 projecting from the grooved end serves for drainage purposes. 
 
48 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 The Bella Coola flattened the heads of their infants in such 
 cradles, by a system of pads and bandages, in the same way as 
 other tribes. (See skulls Nos. 302 and 303, in Case 18). 
 
 INTERIOR SALISHAN: THOMPSON RIVER INDIANS. 
 
 These people live on the Lower Thompson River, west of 
 Ashcroft, and take in the Nicola Valley and the Eraser River 
 Valley, from the region of the Lillooet Indians to Spuzzum. Their 
 coiled basketry is of the same materials as those used by the 
 Lillooet, but their methods of using them and their designs differ 
 in type. The cedar splint foundation is not so often found as one 
 made up of bundles of finely split cedar roots. The three conical 
 berry-baskets, 1050, 1197 and 1198, are shaped much like the fish 
 baskets of the Coast, and are slung from the head by similar bands 
 of woven goat s wool. The first has the grave-box design, the 
 second (1197) represents the edible roots of the wild rice 
 (Fritillary), and the last (1198), one of the numerous arrow-point 
 designs. 
 
 The blanket-cloaks of dog s hair and wild goat s wool, formerly 
 made at or near Spuzzum, and woven head-bands, also show these 
 basketry designs. These blankets, like the head-bands, were made 
 on a foundation of Indian hemp, or other strong, vegetable fibre. 
 
 The white, tubular shells, called haiaqua (Dentalium pretio- 
 sum), previously mentioned as collected by the Nootkans (page 
 41), are largely used by the interior tribes for decorating the 
 person. The necklace (1267), is an example. 
 
 Soap-stone Tobacco Pipes (186 to 190). These are modern 
 pipes of the white man s pattern, and have replaced the original 
 straight tube, of which specimens (191, etc.) from old shell 
 mounds, are shown in Case 17. A true tobacco (Nicotiana 
 attenuata) grows wild in the Thompson River country, and was 
 smoked either alone or mixed with grease and kinnikinnick 
 (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). 
 
 The coiled work storage baskets, 316 and 319, are of what the 
 Indians call the nut-shape. The former has an arrow-point and 
 the latter a snake-skin design. 
 
 Matting, 1213, and fish-bag, 1199, are made of rushes. The 
 large wallet, 1202, is of the bast of the silvery Elaeagnus, woven 
 with string of Indian hemp; specimens 1218 and 1217, show the 
 raw materials. 
 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 49 
 
 Of Indian hemp, too, is the salmon dip-net, 1201. This is used 
 for sockeye salmon, in the same way as the large mounted net, 
 1 191, suspended in this room. See Plate XXIV. 
 
 Women still collect roots in spring, with curved hard-wood 
 digging sticks, to the upper end of which is secured a handle, either 
 of mountain sheep horn, such as 1216, or of wood. The black 
 strips of so-called bread (1214), are made of beard-moss (Alectoria 
 jubata), by prolonged steaming over pits in which stones have 
 been heated by large fires. Stewed meats, berries and other foods 
 are served with spoons (1215) of maple, on mats of cedar bark or 
 rushes, made by stripping trees with curved horn knives (1200). 
 
 THE LILLOOET INDIANS. 
 
 From the Lillooet band, whose country touches the Fraser 
 River to the north-east and extends past Anderson and Seaton 
 Lakes to Harrison Lake to the south-west, with hunting grounds 
 bordering on those of the Sechelts and Howe Sound to the west, 
 are three specimens of basketry, all probably made by women of 
 the Lower Lillooet, at Port Douglas. The foundations are of thin 
 strips of cedar sapling, bound in spiral coils with split cedar roots, 
 ornamented with imbricated strips of wild wheat (Elymus triti- 
 coides) and wild cherry bark (Prunus demissa). Nos. 1204 and 
 1205, are berry baskets; the former with an arrow pattern, and the 
 latter with a head design, with open mouth furnished with teeth. 
 
 No. 1203 is a basket cradle of the same shape as those of wood. 
 All of these have a square or oblong base made in wicker-work 
 fashion. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 51 
 
 SALISHAN OF THE LOWER FRASER AND COAST. 
 
 Speaking dialects closely related to that of the Cowichan 
 Indians of Vancouver Island, the Lower Eraser Indians differ but 
 little from them in manners and customs. 
 
 The river tribes exchanged the products of the interior the 
 wool and horn of the mountain goat, the wild sheep horn and 
 Indian hemp for the money shells, dried sea-fish, fish eggs, and 
 white squaw-grass (Xerophyllum tenax) of the Coast. Blankets 
 of dog s hair and goat s wool were made in large numbers, as 
 noticed by Simon Eraser. These were mostly uncoloured, but 
 several were ornamented with designs in yellow and black, closely 
 imitating the various arrow patterns, seen in the head-bands 
 Nos. 1181, 1182, 1183 and 1184. These designs seem to have been 
 most often applied to the edges, as may be seen in No. 1319, 
 Plate XXII., from Musquiam. 
 
 The process of blanket-making by Salishan women may be 
 shortly described here: 
 
 The dried skins of native white-haired dogs, or of the 
 mountain goat being ready, a quantity of burnt diatomaceous 
 earth is crumbled over the woolly hair and well-beaten in with 
 sword-shaped sticks (1331), of maple, so as to absorb the grease 
 and allow the threads of wool to bind well during spinning. The 
 wool is then removed with knives, or pulled out after moistening 
 the skins and " sweating " them to loosen the roots. It is now 
 made up into loose threads, by rolling either on the actual thigh, 
 or on an artificial one, covered with sheeting. Two baskets are 
 filled with the thread, and from each is taken an end to be twisted 
 together by means of large spinning wheels, (456, 1179 and 1180), 
 which seem to have invariably been made of the large-leaved 
 maple, many of them well carved with designs of the protecting 
 spirit of the owner. To get sufficient tension, the combined threads 
 before being attached to the spinning apparatus, are passed over 
 a beam, or through a perforated stone or carved bird, fastened to 
 the end of the loom. 
 
 Loom (457). This consists of two vertical posts, in which 
 slots are made at various distances, to receive the ends of two 
 rollers, of which sets of different lengths are kept, and are fixed 
 in place by means of small wedges. Having set these up, a stick or 
 cord is fastened to the sides, horizontally, between the rollers. 
 

 Blanket and Blanket-making, Vancouver Island. (Plate XXIII.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 53 
 
 The warp is fastened to one end of it, and then passed over the 
 rollers and round the stick, returning in the reverse direction. 
 This is repeated until the vertical warp threads are all in place. 
 A ball of twisted wool is then fastened to one edge of the weft and 
 is passed from side to side, between the warp strands, making a 
 kind of twilled matting, without the aid of sticks or combs to 
 tighten up. The worker, who sits on the ground in front of the 
 loom, loosens the wedges from time to time, and by turning the 
 rollers, brings a fresh part to a convenient position. When all is 
 finished, the cross line of stick or cord is unfastened and pulled 
 out, leaving looped ends, and the blanket comes away without any 
 cutting. 
 
 Plate XXIII., figs. 45, 46, and 47, are copies of oil paintings 
 made by Paul Kane, at Victoria, in the year 1846, and are 
 reproduced by kind permission of E. B. Osier, Esq., M. P., of 
 Toronto, who owns the originals. 
 
 One of the chief winter employments of the women is making 
 sleeping and wall-mats of rushes. The former (325), are about 
 six feet long, and made of thick stems of the cat-tail rush (Typha 
 latifolia). The latter of bulrush (Scirpus occidentalis), are often 
 twenty feet long or more, and are placed along the outside walls, 
 to screen the sleeping places from draughts. Both are made on the 
 ground, with long, narrow needles of split branches of the close- 
 grained spiraea (Schizonotus discolor), such as 472 and 1178, 
 strung with thread of twisted rush leaves. Narrow grooved pieces 
 of wood, 473 and 1177, are then pressed along the lines of the 
 seams, to straighten them. The latter are often carved, and may 
 represent birds or mythical animals. 
 
 Coiled basket-work of split cedar roots is largely carried on 
 by the Lower Fraser River tribes, but seems to have scarcely 
 reached the Vancouver Island people. 
 
 In the open baskets, 1193 and 1196, and the closed storage 
 baskets, 1195 and 13332, the principle design is the arrow pattern. 
 That on 1194 is called the duck pattern. 
 
 Outside the case are two large open-work fish baskets from 
 the Coast, exactly resembling specimens in the Nootkan collection. 
 
 All of the larger berry and fish baskets are slung from the 
 forehead by woven head-bands of cedar bark or of wool. Four 
 specimens of the latter, 1181 to 1184, have a foundation of twisted 
 vegetable fibre, the ends of which are prolonged beyond the cross 
 weft of coloured wool, for attachment to the object carried. The 
 most common design is a kind of arrow pattern. 
 
54 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 MEN S INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Cases 14 and 15. The bark of a willow (329), was much used 
 as wrapping and for twisting into cordage, of which large fish-nets 
 were made. 
 
 The fish-club, 1175, with a globular head, is of a type common 
 along the whole coast. It is used for killing seals, salmon, and 
 large halibut, the latter of which are taken with U-shaped hooks 
 of hemlock knot, steamed and bent, (1323 to 1327). Salmon were 
 caught by trolling with hooks such as 728, which is a plain piece 
 of straight wood, to one end of which a bone barb is lashed with 
 cherry bark, and a stone to the other. 
 
 An ingenious lure (727), is used to attract rock cod within 
 reach of the fisherman s spear. It is of wood, shaped like a 
 shuttle-cock, with thin pieces of cedar taking the place of feathers, 
 and is pushed down from a canoe to where fish are supposed to 
 lie, point first. On being released, it returns to the surface with a 
 spiral movement, often followed by one or more fish. This 
 successful contrivance was seen by the Spaniards in use near 
 Nanaimo, in 1792, and was well described by them. 
 
 The large dip-net (1191), of native Indian hemp, for spring 
 salmon, hanging overhead, is kept open when in the vertical posi 
 tion, by means of a line held in the hand. When a fish enters the 
 net, this line is immediately released and the net runs to the end 
 of the frame, enfolding the fish and allowing it to be safely with 
 drawn from the water to the overhanging stage, on which the 
 fisherman stands. From Yale. Plate XXIV. 
 
 Sturgeon harpoons, such as 1188, have two barbed detachable 
 points at the end of long lines, and fitted into the ends of shafts, 
 which were lengthened by scarfing on extra pieces. These harpoons 
 were chiefly used on the flats at the mouth of the Eraser River. 
 
 The war-club, 1173, of whale-bone, is of a common Coast type, 
 and may be compared with Nos. 766, 769, and 770, in the Archaeo 
 logical Case, No. 17. 
 
 WOOD-WORKING TOOLS. 
 
 The fine old elk-horn wedge, No. 1212, Plate XXVI., fig. 53, 
 was used with a stone hammer for splitting wood. The top is 
 narrowed and rough to hold a grommet of cedar withes, used to 
 prevent it from splitting. 
 
 The small, wooden paint-dish, 413, representing a bird, repeats 
 the style of carving seen in the old stone ceremonial dishes found 
 in shell mounds, like No. 1211, in Case 16. 
 
Indians using; large dip-net for taking salmon from stage overhanging 
 the Frnser River. (Plate XXIV.) 
 
56 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 Only two are represented. The first, a man s game, No. 1176, 
 consists of ten wooden discs, of which all have some black paint 
 on the edge, except one, and one is wholly black. The ten discs 
 are divided into two bundles, wrapped in fibre, and passed by the 
 player from hand to hand. His opponent tries to guess which hand 
 holds the plain disc. 
 
 The second, a woman s game, consists of four beaver s 
 teeth, which are marked with black lines on one side. These are 
 tossed in the air, and the score depends upon the combination 
 formed by the marked sides, when the dice fall to the ground. 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. 
 
 CASES 15, 16, & 17. 
 
 The specimens came from old village sites and burying places, 
 but it is not possible to determine their age in most cases. Stone 
 and bone tools and weapons were in common use when the first 
 white explorers reached the North Pacific, although iron and 
 copper in small quantities were also found nearly everywhere. 
 
 The careful investigations carried on by the Jesup Expedition, 
 under Mr. Harlan Smith, have not disclosed any marked difference 
 between the earlier and the more recent objects found at different 
 depths, but tend to show a continuity between them, leading up to 
 the present time, when but few industries exist unmodified by 
 contact with the intrusive white race. Nearly all of the most 
 interesting specimens in these cases have been illustrated in 
 Harlan I. Smith s reports, of which a list is given at the end of 
 this Guide. 
 
 Case 15 contains specimens of stone work of Vancouver Island 
 Salish, from Victoria to Comox. The two large, shallow, sand 
 stone dishes, 688 and 689, from Victoria, are striated lengthwise, 
 and may have been used for crushing paint or for sharpening stone 
 and bone tools. Two large, perforated, stone anchors, 1007 and 
 1162, were used with cedar twig cord for mooring canoes 
 
 The thin, flat, perforated stone, 724, is said by Indians of 
 Comox, where it was found, to have been used for broiling fish. 
 Similar specimens are found in large numbers near the site of old 
 fish weirs. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 57 
 
 PERFORATED DISCS. 
 
 No. 270 has a grooved edge, exactly like a pulley block. The 
 Indians of Quamichan, V. I., where it was found, say that it was 
 used for hauling up the large bird-nets, formerly so common in 
 this region. 
 
 No. 1167 may have been a net-sinker; 211 is exactly like the 
 rolling stone targets used by the Kwakiutl and Bella Coola, and 
 271 is of the same type, but has a small perforated soap-stone 
 centre. Like the last, it came from Comox, which not very far 
 back was the home of a Kwakiutl tribe. 
 
 The imperf orate stone discs, 210 and 211, from Victoria, are 
 of similar shape, and may also have been used as targets. The 
 small, oblong, perforated stone, 275, with flattened ends, was 
 probably a woman s hammer for breaking bones, shell-fish, etc. 
 
 Case 1 6. This also contains objects from old house sites, etc., 
 at the south-east end of Vancouver Island, on one side. Along the 
 other, for comparison, are similar specimens from the Lower 
 Eraser River and adjoining mainland. 
 
 At one end are tools used by the women: Slate fish knives, 
 486 to 489, which were often mounted in a wooden handle ; a stone 
 mat-maker s crease-rubber, 474 ; a whale-bone bark-chopper, 460, 
 used in making cedar-bark clothing ; and various bone awls, needles 
 and knives, used in hat, mat and basket making. 
 
 Perforated stone weights, such as No. 274, from Victoria, are 
 still in use for giving tension to thread while spinning. 
 
 The remainder of the case is mainly occupied by objects used 
 by men in stone and wood-working, painting, fishing, hunting and 
 fighting. 
 
 PAINTING. 
 
 The group of paint dishes with from one to four cells, comes 
 from Victoria (1328), Saanich (624), and the Lower Fraser area 
 (619 and 691). With it are two pestles with rounded ends (628 
 and 1 1 60). 
 
 STONE-WORKING. 
 
 That stone chisels were actually made in the area under dis 
 cussion, is proved by the frequent finding of cut boulders, such as 596 
 and 598, from the Lower Fraser, and specimens like them in various 
 parts of the east coast of Vancouver Island, now in private hands. 
 These boulders seem to have been cut into adzes and chisels by 
 
58 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 means of slips of fine sandstone, with a straight edge such as 1144, 
 from Comox, which closely resembles similar cutters from Lytton, 
 in the adjoining case. 
 
 The large specimen, 596, shows how flat boulders were cut from 
 both sides about one-third through, and the middle third was 
 broken by wedges. 
 
 WOOD-WORKING. 
 
 The stone chisels are of various qualities, nearly all harder 
 than iron, and are varieties of jade. There are two principal types, 
 but all agree in being narrower at the base than at the cutting 
 edge. 
 
 The long, narrow kind, of which 1163 is a good example, may 
 have been mounted on long handles like an adze, or on the D-shaped 
 ones seen in Case 14. 
 
 The short, broad kind, such as 548, 549 and 561, have been 
 discovered socketed into straight handles of wapiti horn, such as 
 No. 1219, Plate XXVI., fig. 52. Shouldered wooden handles of 
 similar shape, have also been seen with stone points lashed to them, 
 amongst living Indians. 
 
 The rougher work of preparing wood for these finishing tools, 
 was done by the use of wapiti horn wedges (508, 516 and 1098), 
 struck with pestle-shaped hammers. Of the latter, most had a flat 
 striking surface at each end (672, 674 and 675), but some were 
 pointed above and could be used as weapons, (663 and 666). 
 
 FISHING IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Trolling for salmon was carried on with hooks, baited with 
 small fish, and with a stone sinker, such as 716, pointed at each 
 end and lashed to the line with wild-cherry bark. 
 
 The flat, perforated stone, no, was probably fastened as one 
 of a number of sinkers, to the lower edge of a small fish-net. 
 Similar stones, however, were also used, the Indians say, for 
 scraping sinew cords for lanyards and bow strings. 
 
 Amongst the bone objects, are bone barbs (1147, 1148, etc.), 
 used with hooks or on fish-rakes, such as 1062, already described. 
 
 Of the barbed points, such narrow ones as 992 and 993 were 
 used with bird-spears, while the wide, strong ones, 997 to 1000, 
 from the Lower Fraser, were used as harpoons for killer-whale, 
 sea-lions, porpoises and seals, in the same manner as the modern 
 iron points, with long wooden shafts. 
 
CO 
 
 * 
 
 O 
 Li. 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 d 
 \L 
 
60 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 STONE WEAPONS. 
 
 Long daggers of polished slate, of which 775, from Comox, 
 and 779, from Hammond, are fine examples, extend over the whole 
 Coast region. Of somewhat similar shape, but smaller, are many 
 stone points of chipped make, believed to be spear points, (812, 813, 
 837 and 838). Chipped arrow points, too, are of common occur 
 rence, especially along the sea beaches. 
 
 STONE WAR CLUBS. 
 
 The simplest is of schist, angled and roughly finished, from 
 Active Pass (748). Two finely-wrought sword-shaped clubs with 
 perforated handles for a lanyard to fasten to the wrist, come from 
 the North Arm of the Lower Fraser River, (Nos. 741 and 742). 
 The former is highly polished, (like fig. 390, Archaeology, Gulf of 
 Georgia, Smith, H. I.) 
 
 From the North Arm of Burrard Inlet, is a curved club with 
 two celt-shaped projections on the convexity, representing the 
 limbs of an animal. The projection beyond them is the head, and 
 the handle forms the tail. Another form, with wide, flat blade, 
 was found at Saanich, (745). Of much rarer type in our province 
 are the hemispherical grooved club-head (775), from Sapperton, 
 and the hand spike (1165), from Victoria. 
 
 Bone war-clubs, also Roman sword-shaped, are represented by 
 two plain blades from the Saanich peninsula, and by well-carved 
 specimens from Victoria, 769, and Active Pass, 770, (figs. 165(7 and 
 1676, Archaeology, Gulf of Georgia). In both cases the handle 
 represents the head of an eagle. War-clubs of exactly the same 
 type were collected at Nootka by Capt. Cook s Expedition, in 1778. 
 
 The bone dagger, 774, from a shell mound near Victoria, is 
 also carved, and was evidently inlaid originally. 
 
 The remarkable carved stone dishes in this case, some 
 evidently of great antiquity, have been well described and illus 
 trated in the recent publication of the Jesup North Pacific 
 Exploring Expedition, entitled " Archaeology of the Gulf of 
 Georgia," by Harlan I. Smith, New York, 1907. 
 
 According to the statements of Indians living at Yale and 
 Hope, these were used in preparing charms, to attract salmon to 
 fish-nets and hooks, during the early part of the run. 
 
 No. 620, from Departure Bay, Nanaimo, and 1067, from North 
 Saanich represent one of the commoner types, that of a seated 
 human figure holding a bowl. 
 
f 
 
 FIG. 51. 
 
 r 
 
 FIG. 53. 
 
 
 FIG. 52. 
 
 FIG. 54 
 
 Jade Celt, with liaft of antler; Antler Wedge and Stone Axes. (Plate XXVI.) 
 
G2 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 Animal figures are represented by the bear (250), the seal 
 (615), and a bird (1211). These are all from the south end of 
 Vancouver Island. From the Lower Fraser come No. 618, which 
 is a shallow dish, carved like a diving whale or porpoise; model 
 No. 614, a heavy specimen with a human face at one end; No. 1192, 
 shaped like a stone hammer, with a circular receptacle at each end ; 
 model No. 1137, a human neck and head, and 1138, a human head 
 only. The last two have a hollow on the top of the head. 
 
 It has been stated by Prof. F. Boas, that native copper was 
 formerly mined near Kamloops Lake by the Shuswaps. Some of 
 the objects of copper found at Hatsic by Mr. C. Hill-Tout, 
 consisting of a ring, bracelet, ornament and spike (276, etc.), may 
 have come from this source, before this material was brought by 
 the white traders. 
 CASE 17. 
 
 This contains archaeological remains from villages belonging 
 to the interior Salish, the Athapascan, and the Kootenay Indians. 
 
 Continuing with the Salish, next to the Lower Fraser division, 
 on the north are the Lillooet tribes. From these people come a 
 large, flat, rough, stone dish (687), on which dried fish and bark 
 used to be crushed by means of two-handled implements, like an 
 angled rolling-pin. 
 
 Specimens of the last are in the collection of Mayor W. H. 
 Keary, of New Westminster, from Bridge River, in the Lillooet 
 country. From Bridge River, too, are the fine water-polished, 
 green jade boulder, 599, and a thinner boulder, 1210, also presented 
 by Mayor Keary. This has been sawn across to make a chisel or 
 adze. Of like material, but of unknown locality, is the jade core, 
 595, which has been cut on all sides. 
 
 Passing to the Thompson Indians, whose country lies to the 
 east of those last mentioned, the pale jade boulder, No. 597, Plate 
 XXV., fig. 48, has been almost cut through from opposite sides, 
 and an attempt to complete the division has been made by means 
 of a wedge, as attested by the chipped edges of the grooves. In 
 the Lytton burial grounds, a number of flat specimens of sandstone, 
 with one margin brought to a fine edge, have been found in close 
 proximity to such grooved boulders. These stones fit into the 
 grooves, are striated like them, and are believed to have been the 
 chief tools with which jade adzes were fashioned. 
 
 According to tradition, quartz crystals were also used to 
 commence the cuts, guided by a pliable, straight-edged stick. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 63 
 
 Cutting stones, No. 1115 (i and 2), Plate XXV., fig. 49, are 
 from Lytton grave mounds, and were collected by Mr. C. Hill-Tout, 
 in whose writings fuller information on this subject may be 
 obtained. 
 
 Jade adzes (579 and 581), are from Lytton, and with the 
 whetstones (1115 and 1116), were collected by Mr. Hill-Tout. 
 
 From the same prolific source, come the old, straight pipes 
 (191 and 193, etc.), shaped like cigar-holders. With these a native 
 tobacco, found wild in this region (Nicotiana attenuata), was 
 smoked either alone or mixed with grease, or with leaves of the 
 bear-berry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). Soap-stone, of which these 
 pipes are made, is found on the Fraser River, a few miles to the 
 south of Lytton, and is still worked into pipes of modern shape. 
 
 The carved, stone, pestle-shaped object, No. 263, from Lytton, 
 is a remarkable work of native art, and although its use is not 
 certainly known, some of the local Indians state that it was one 
 of the medicine or charm series, of which a set in Case 16, has 
 already been alluded to. There are two principal figures ; the lower 
 one is a human head, on the top of which is a deep circular hole, 
 and seems to be related to the two medicine mortars from Yale, 
 Nos. 1137 and 1138. Seated on the back of this head is a female 
 figure, forming the handle of the pestle. 
 
 Copper, perhaps of native origin, is represented by two corroded 
 knives, 278, a and ft. 
 
 One of the rarest objects collected here, is a perforated stone 
 spinning disc, 455. In this country the natives spun cord, not 
 only from wool of the wild goat, but also from the fibrous bark 
 of many plants, such as the silvery Elaeagnus, Indian hemp, and the 
 milk-weed. 
 
 A large quantity of stone points for arrows and spears, of 
 different sizes, shapes and colours, are uncovered from time to time 
 by the action of the wind upon the sandy burial mounds of Lytton 
 and neighbouring villages, and are well represented in this Case. 
 They are mostly of chipped make. 
 
 Triangular skin-scrapers (494, 1121, etc.), such as are still 
 used, attached to a long wooden handle, and fish-knives, awls and 
 arrow-scrapers, attest the presence of a large and industrious 
 community at this point, which was occupied at the time of Simon 
 Fraser s visit by twelve hundred people, according to his reckoning. 
 
64 PKOVIXCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 The Shuswap group of specimens includes a set of remarkably 
 fine green adzes, some of them of jade, nearly all from the 
 Kamloops burial grounds. The fine whale-bone war-club (768), 
 shows inter-communication with the Coast tribes, further evidence 
 of which is given by the presence of the white tubular dentalia on 
 the necklace of copper, 1326. The copper itself may have been 
 found near at hand, as Captain R. C. Mayne, R. N., relates in his 
 " Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island," p. 123, 
 that in the year 1859, he camped "at a spot called the Coppermine, 
 where the Indians said they had found perfectly pure specimens of 
 ore." 
 
 ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. CASE 18. 
 
 There are two marked forms in the collection. The first and 
 most widely distributed, is that in which the head being well thrown 
 back and supported firmly beneath, is pressed by means of lashings, 
 so that the forehead is flattened, but the sides of the skull are 
 bulged outwards. Recent examples are shown from the Nootkan 
 tribe at Port Renfrew, 289 and 290; from the Salish villages at 
 Sooke, 291; Victoria, 292 and 293; Saanich, 294 and 295, and 
 Comox, 297. From ancient burial places of the Salish come 296, 
 from a prehistoric cairn at Cadboro Bay, Victoria ; 299 from 
 Nicomin Island, Lower Fraser River. From the outlying Salishan 
 area of Bella Coola came Nos. 302 and 303. 
 
 The second type of deformation is produced by pressure from 
 front to back of the head as before, but by additional pads placed 
 in the cradle on each side of the head lateral bulging is prevented, 
 and the only direction in which the elastic parts of the skull can 
 extend is upwards and backwards. A typical example, No. 300, 
 comes from a Kwakiutl grave at the north end of Vancouver 
 Island. It has a low forehead, the back of the head is greatly 
 prolonged, and there is a deep groove above the frontal bones. 
 
 The Kwakiutl skull, No. 301, from Bella Bella, is of the 
 ordinary type, with lateral bulging. 
 UNDEFORMED SKULLS. 
 
 Of the Salishan of the interior of B. C., No. 306, from the 
 Thompson Indian burial ground at Lytton; Nos. 307, 308 from the 
 same division at Nicola. Haidan, Nos. 304 and 305, from Skidegate, 
 Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 In this case are also plaster busts, taken from life, of Indians 
 belonging to the Haida, Bella Bella, Thompson River and Shuswap 
 tribes. These were presented by the American Museum of Natural 
 History, New York. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 05 
 
 USEFUL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE 
 ANTHROPOLOGY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 HAIDA. 
 
 Reports of the Committee appointed for the purpose of investigating 
 and publishing reports on the physical characters, languages, 
 etc., of the North- Western Tribes of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 In Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, 1887-1898, by Dr. F. Boas. The last contains a useful 
 index of papers in English and foreign journals. 
 
 " The Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands." Appendix 
 A., Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1878, by G. M. 
 Dawson, D. S., etc., Geological Survey of Canada, 1880. 
 
 " Descriptive Notes on Certain Implements, Weapons, etc., from 
 Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, B. C." A. Mackenzie, 
 Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1891. 
 
 "The Haidah Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia." 
 Swan, J. G. Smithsonian Cont. to Knowledge, 267, 1874. 
 
 " The Coast Indians of Southern Alaska and Northern British 
 Columbia." Niblack, A. P., U. S. Navy. Rep. U. S. Nat. 
 Mus., 1888. 
 
 " The Haida." Swanton, J. R., Mem. of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. 
 Hist., New York, 1905. 
 
 " Haida Texts and Myths." Skidegate Dialect. Swanton, J. R. 
 Bull. 25, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., Wash., 1905. 
 
 " Haida Vocabulary." Boas, F., Amer. Anthropologist, 1891. 
 
 " Haida Vocabulary." Tolmie, W. F. and Dawson, G. M. Geo 
 logical and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Canada, 1884. 
 
 TSIMSHIAN. 
 
 Reports of the Committee ... on the North-Western Tribes 
 of Canada. IV.-XII. Reps. Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of 
 Science, 1887-1896. Papers by Dr. F. Boas. 
 
 " Tsimshian Texts." Boas, F., Bull. 27, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., Wash., 
 1902. 
 
66 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 " Tsimshian Vocabulary." Boas, F., American Anthropologist, 
 
 1891. 
 "Tsimshian Vocabulary." Tolmie, W. F. and Dawson, G. M., 
 
 Geological and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Canada, 1884. 
 " Tsimshian Grammar." Schulenberg, Count Dr. A. 
 " The Geography of the Tsimshian Indians." Dorsey, G. A., 
 
 Amer. Antiquarian, 1897. 
 
 KWAKIUTL. 
 
 Brit. Assoc. Reps., IV., V., VI., X., XI., XII. Papers by Dr. F. 
 Boas. 
 
 " Notes and Observations on the Kwakiutl People of the Northern 
 Part of Vancouver Island, etc." Dawson, G. M., Trans. Royal 
 Soc. Can., 1887. 
 
 " The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl 
 Indians." Boas, F., Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1895, with fifty- 
 one plates. Wash., 1897. Fundamentally useful for all stocks 
 of B. C. 
 
 " Vocabulary of the Kwakiutl Languages." Boas, F., American 
 Anthropologist, 1892. 
 
 " Kwakiutl Texts." Boas, F. and Hunt, G. Three Mems. of the 
 American Museum of Natural History, 1902-1905. 
 
 " Osteology of Kwakiutl Indians." Dorsey, G. A., American 
 Anthropologist, x. 1897. 
 
 NOOTKAN. 
 
 Reps, on the North- Western Tribes of Canada: IV., V., and VI. 
 
 Reps. Brit. Assoc., 1888-1890. 
 " The Indians of Cape Flattery." Swan, J. G., Smith. Con. to 
 
 Knowledge, 220. Wash., 1869. 
 
 KOOTENAIAN. 
 
 Brit. Assoc. Reps, on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, IV., V., 
 VIII. And various articles in the American Anthropologist, 
 etc. Chamberlain, A. F. 
 
 ATHAPASCAN OR DENE. 
 Brit. Assoc. Reps., VII., X., XII. 
 
 " The Western Denes." Morice, Rev. Father A. G., O. M. I., Pro. 
 Can. Inst., Toronto, 1889. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 67 
 
 " The Dene Languages." Morice, Rev. Father A. G., O. M. I., 
 Pro. Can. Inst., Toronto, 1891. 
 
 " Notes on the Western Denes." Morice, Rev. Father A. G., O.M.I., 
 Trans. Can. Inst., Toronto, 1893. 
 
 " Traditions of the Chilkotin Indians." Farrand, L., Mem. Amer. 
 Mus. Nat. Hist., Jesup N. Pacific Exped. Vol. II. 
 
 SALISHAN. 
 
 " Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia." Dawson, 
 G. M., Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1891. 
 
 Brit. Assoc. Reps., IV., V., VI., X., XL, XII. Papers by Dr. F. 
 Boas. 
 
 " The Thompson Indians of British Columbia." Teit, J., Mem. 
 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1900. 
 
 " Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians." Farrand, L., Mem. 
 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1900. 
 
 " The Lillooet Indians." Teit, J., Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 N. York, 1906. 
 
 " Notes on the Cosmogony and History of the Squamish Indians 
 of British Columbia." Hill-Tout, C., Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 
 1897-1898. 
 
 Reports on the Ethnological Survey of Canada. Brit. Assoc. Adv. 
 Science, 1899-1902, etc. Hill-Tout, C. Various papers on the 
 Thompson River and Lower Fraser River Tribes. 
 
 Report on the Ethnology of the Stlatlumh of B. C. (Lillooet Inds.) 
 Hill-Tout, C., Jour. Anthrop. Inst. of Great Britain, 1905. 
 
 " Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians." Boas, F., Mem. Amer. 
 Mus., 1898. 
 
 " Later Prehistoric Man in British Columbia." Hill-Tout, C., 
 Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 1895. 
 
 Five contributions, by H. I. Smith, to the Mem. Amer. Mus. 
 " The Archaeology of Lytton, B. C." 1899. 
 
 " Archaeology of the Thompson River Region." 1900. 
 
 " Cairns of British Columbia and Washington." 1901. 
 
 " Shell Heaps of the Lower Fraser River." 1903. 
 
 " Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound." 1907. 
 
68 PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 " Comparative Vocabularities of the Indian Tribes of British Col 
 umbia." Tolmie, W. F. and Dawson, G. M., Geo. and Nat. 
 
 Hist. Survey of Canada, 1884. 
 " Handbook of American Indians." Bur. of Amer. Ethnology. Vol. 
 
 I., Bull. 30, 1907. 
 " Aboriginal American Basketry." Mason, O. T., Rep. U. S. Nat. 
 
 Mus. for 1902. Wash., 1904. 
 " Games of the North American Indians." Bur. Amer. Ethnology, 
 
 24th Ann. Rep., 1907. 
 " The Decorative Art of the Indians of the North Pacific Coast." 
 
 Boas, F., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897. 
 " The Whistles and Reed Instruments of the American Indians of 
 
 the North-West Coast." Galpin, Rev. F. W., Pro. Mus. Assoc., 
 
 1902-1903. 
 " Ethno-conchology ; A Study of Primitive Money." Stearns, R. 
 
 E. C., Rep. U. S. N. M., 1886-87. Wash., 1889. 
 "Aboriginal Skin Dressing." Mason, O. T., Rep. U. S. N. M., 
 
 1888-89. Wash., 1891. 
 " The Ulu or Woman s Knife." Mason, O. T., Rep. U. S. N. M., 
 
 1890. Wash., 1892. 
 " Primitive American Armour." Hough, W., Rep. U. S. N. M., 
 
 1893. Wash., 1895. 
 " The Man s Knife Among the North American Indians." Mason, 
 
 O. T., Rep. U. S. N. M., 1897. Wash., 1899. 
 " Aboriginal American Harpoons." Mason, O. T., Rep. U. S. N. M., 
 
 1900. Wash., 1902. 
 "The Chilkat Blanket." Emmons, G. T., U.S.N., Mem. Amer. 
 
 Mus., N. Yk. 
 Vol. iij., 1907. Useful for methods of weaving and the derivation 
 
 of many conventional animal designs. 
 " The Basketry of the Tlingit." Emmons, G. T., Mem. Amer. Mus., 
 
 N. Yk., 1900. Methods of weaving resemble those of the 
 
 Haida, Tsimshian and Kwakiutl. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 CENSUS RETURN OF RESIDENT AND NOMADIC INDIANS OF B. C. 
 
 (Compiled from the Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 
 Ottawa, 1909. Part II., pp. 37-44.) 
 
 Stock. 
 
 Haidan 
 
 Tsimshian 
 Wakashan 
 
 Dene, or Athapascan 
 Kootenaian 
 
 Salishan 
 
 Division. 
 
 (Masset 372 
 
 ^ Skidegate 239 
 
 611 
 3,420 
 
 ^Kwakiutl 2,013 
 
 | Nootkan 2,055 
 
 - 4,068 
 
 2,695 
 505 
 
 [Bella Coola 281 
 
 -] Interior 5,41,3 
 
 [Coast 4,598 
 
 10,292 
 
 21,591 
 
 Note. The Report of the Deputy Superintendent of Indian 
 Affairs, p. 21, gives a total Indian population for British Columbia 
 in March, 1909, of 24,871. The difference between these figures and 
 those given in the statistical tables amounts to 3,280, and i s 
 explained by the statement that this includes the Dene, or Athapas 
 can tribes beyond the limits of the Agencies. 
 
 VICTORIA, B C. : 
 
 Printed by RICHARD WOLFENDRN, I.S.O. V .D. Printer to the King s Most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 1909. 
 
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