[tc^ , 824 1 C2 A2 i no. 111^ appx. C-D T '^■"T W.T MIA ••'VWsin Of C4U,, COPY t *^,>!^j THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA epartment of Wa ter Resources BULLETIN No. Ill SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY APPENDIX D BENTHIC BIOLOGY AUGUST 1962 EDMUND G. BROWN Governor State of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS FEB 2 5 156.. LIBRARY WILLIAM E. WARNE Adm/nisfrotor The Resources Agency of California one/ D/'recfor Department of Water Resources state of California THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA Department of Water Resources BULLETIN No. Ill SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY APPENDIX D BENTHIC BIOLOGY AUGUST 1962 EDMUND G. BROWN WILLIAM E. WARNE r~«warK.«, Adminisfrafor tjovernor r /- 1 1 . The Resources Agency of California State of California ^^j 0,.^^^,^^ Department of Water Resources TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEnXJMENTS vi OBGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES vii ORGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME viii ORGANIZATION, CALIFORNIA WATER COMMISSION ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Authorization of Study 2 Objectives emoL Scope of Stvidy 2 CHAPTER II. METHODS 5 Field Investigations . * 5 Saiqpling Stations ^ Physic€LL Determinations 9 Tengperatvire 9 Dissolved Oxygen 9 Transparency 10 Bottom Particle Size 10 Biological Collections 10 Plankton 10 Attached Plants H Bottom Organisms H Laboratory Procedures 12 Bottom Organisms 12 Bottom Sediment Size 12 -i- Page CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 15 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen 15 Water Transparency 27 Sediments 27 CHAPTER IV. BENTHIC BIOLOGfY 31 Results 31 Aquatic Plants 31 Bottom Fauna 2i^ Nxanters and Volume at Selected Stations 3k Seasonal Variations 6l Discussion 62 Annelida 6U Oligochaeta 6k Polychaeta «. 6h Crustacea 64- Amphlpoda 6k Insecta 65 Trlchoptera 65 Ochrotrlchla 65 Hydropsyche 65 Agapetus 65 Lepidostoma 66 Ochrotrlchla and Lepldostcnia 66 Plecoptera 67 Diptera 68 Tanyderldae 68 Tlpulldae 68 -11- Page Slmulldae 69 Tendlpedldae 69 Dlameslnae 70 Tendlpedlnae 70 MoUuBca 71 Pelecypoda fl Futvire Work 72 CHAPTER V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 73 Summary 73 Recommendations 7^ BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 LIST OF TABLES Table Title 1 Aquatic Plants 32 2 Bottom Organsims, April i960 35 3 Bottom Orgsmisms, May i960 37 k Bottom Organisms, June I96O 38 5 Bottom Organisms, Jtily I960 39 6 Bottom Organisms, August I96O UO 7 Bottom Organisms, September i960 1*2 8 Bottom Organisms, October i960 ^4- 9 Bottom Organisms, November i960 U6 10 Bottom Organisms, December I96O 1*8 11 Bottom Organisms, Jan\iary I96I 50 12 Bottom Organisms, February I96I 51 -iii- Page Table Title 13 Bottom Organisms, March I961 52 lU Bottom Organisms, April I96I 53 15 Bottom Organisms, May I96I 55 16 Bottom Organisms, Jiine 1961 57 17 Nianbers of Bottom Orgfiuaisms at Selected Stations 63 LIST OF FIGURES Figvire Title 1 Biological Survey - Physical Data, April 196O, May I960. . I6 2 Biological Survey - Physical Data, June 1960, July I96O. . 17 3 Biological Survey - Physical Data, August I96O, September I960 I8 ^4- Biological Survey - Physical Data, October I96O, November I96O 19 5 Biological Survey - Physical Data, December I960, January I961 20 6 Biological Swrvey - Physical Data, February I961 March I96I . . . 21 7 Biological Svorvey - Physical Data, April I96I, May I961. . 22 8 Biological Sxirvey - Physical Data, Jwae I961 23 9 Dissolved OjQrgen and Water Temperature at Selected Stations River Mile 15O to 305.7 2l+ 10 Dissolved Oxygen emd Water Temperatxire at Selected Stations River Mile to 150 25 U Ranges of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Riffle Areas 26 12 Secchi Disc Readings - Sacramento River, I96O-61 28 13 Gravel Size Distribution at Selected Riffle Stations ... 29 Ik Bottom Particle Size Distribution at Selected Non-Riffle Stations 30 15 Nunibers, Diversity and Volumes of Aquatic Organisms ... 60 -iv- LIST OF PLATES (Plates are bound at end of appendix) Plate 1. Sampling Program and Area of Investigation -Y- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A biological study of the scope attempted in the Sacramento River Water Pollution Survey requires the efforts of many people. Special thanks are due to Marvin Peyton of the Department of Water Resources, who assisted in most of the field collections upon which this report is based. Thomas Bailey, Bnjce Butterfield, Richard Daum, and Stuart Struchen all assisted in the field collections. Mrs. Evelyn Oathout, Librarian, provided invaluable assistance in obtaining references to resolve taxonomic difficulties. -VI- STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES EDMUND G. BROWN, Governor WILLIAM E. WARNE, Administrator, The ResoTxrces Agency of California and Director, Department of Water Resources ALFRED R. GOLZE, Chief Engineer DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING William L. Berry Division Engineer Wesley E. Steiner Chief, Planning Management Branch DELTA BRANCH Carl A. Werner Branch Chief Willard R. Slater Chief, Special Investigations Section The investigation leading to this report was conducted under the direction of Plemning Arthiir J. Inerfield, Senior Engineer Field Operations Edward E. Whisman, Senior Engineer Chemical Analysis and I. W. Walling, Supervisor Laboratory Coordination of Chemical Laboratory Report Charles G. Gunnerson, Senior Engineer -vii- STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME EDMUKD G. BROWN, GOVERNOR WALTER T. SHANNON, DIRECTOR OF FISH AND GAME -0- Water Projects Branch Jack C. Fraser, Chief Inland Fisheries Branch Alex J. Calhoxm, Chief -0- This appendix was written by Leonsaxi 0. Fisk Fisheries Biologist IV Thomas R. Doyle Fisheries Biologist II assisted by George E. Reiner Recreation Planner III David C. Joseph Marine Biologist IV * Department of Water Resources -viii- CALIFORNIA WATER CCMMISSION RALPH M. BRODY, Chairman, Fresno WIIJ.IAM H. JENNINGS, Vice Chairman, La Mesa JOHN \i. BRYANT, Riverside JOHN P. BUNKER, Gustine IRA J. CHRISMAN, Visalia GEORGE FLEHARTY, Redding JOHN J. KING, Petal uma NORRIS POULSaJ, Los Angeles MRION R. WALKER, Ventura VjILLIAM m. carah Executive Secretary GEORGE B. GLEASON Principal Engineer -IX- CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION It is necessary to examine all aspects of water quality to gain a clear understanding of past and present characteristics of a stream. Chemical and physical measurements provide data on water conditions at a particular moment. On the other hand, biological observations reflect conditions that have existed for some time previously. A study of bio- logical characteristics and the ecological relationships of plants and animals in a stream may therefore provide the best overall picture of past and present water quality conditions in that stream. Various assembled^es of organisms are known to be associated with particular types of water quality. For example, heavy concentrations of midge larvae or tubificid worms are often associated with organic en- richment. These organisms are quite tolerant of low dissolved oxygen concentrations and, in the absence of competition from other tolerant forms, may increase their numbers enormously. On the other hand, waters with little pollution may be characterized by smaller total numbers, but a much greater variety of animals. Thus, in clean-water streams, we may expect to find organisms such as mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, midge larvEie, damselflies, and a host of other types. It must be noted, however, that aquatic forms often associated with poor water quality are also found in clean water areas but are far less numerous . In euidition to effects brought about by the chemicfiLL quality of water, the physical characteristics of the habitat are extremely impor- tant in modifyii^ plant and animal life. Certain types of habitat are not conducive to large bottom fauna popiilations . A shifting saiid bottom, for example, supports a much smaller biomass than does a silt or boulder habitat . -1- It should be apparent, from the foregoing statements, that care- ful interpretation of the data collected is extremely iinportant in assess- ing the relationship between aquatic life emd its environment. In this respect, the more factors that can be measured, and the more data on hand, the more meaningful this interpretation can become. Therefore, as time permitted, data from other segments of the Sacramento River investigation vere used to supplement those gathered in the biologiceO. sxirvey. Because of time limitations, it has not been possible to make a complete ecological interpretation of the data collected during the biological phase of the Sacramento River Water Pollution Survey with data from other portions of the investigation. Authorization of Study The biological survey was conducted by personnel of the Depart- ments of Water Resources and Fish and Game in accordance with Interagency Agreements No. 251I+I and No. 25093 . Objectives and Scope of Study The biological portion of the Sacramento River Water Pollution Survey was designed to: (l) establish a "base-line" of present biologi- cal conditions against which future changes caji be measured, and (2) pro- vide information necessary for setting waste discharge requirements for the protection of aquatic life. In order to meet these objectives, biologiceO. sampling was con- ducted at monthly intervals from April I96O through June I961 at twenty- two "key" sampling stations from Shasta Dam to the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (Plate l) . Seven additionetl river sta- tions were established to measure biological conditions in areas of particular interest. Two large agricultursQ. irrigation drains were -2- 6Q.SO sampled during periods when they cariued large amoxints of drainage water. It became apparent at about the middle of the field-collecting phase of the investigation that, with the resources at hand, the labora- tory work would not be completed in the time available. The biological program was therefore reduced by approximately one -third for the remainder of the investigation. This was accomplished by discontinuing some sta- tions, and sampling on a bimonthly basis at certain others. In addition to sajupling of bottom organisms and attached plants, the following measurements were made: temperatiire of water and air; weather conditions; dissolved oxygen at the surface and at the bottom of the river; dissolved oxygen in the gravels at selected locations known to be important for fish spawning activities; water transpstrency; plankton samples; and bottom sediment sizes. No attempt was made to collect or evaluate fish populations during the investigation. -3- CHAPTER II. METHODS The methods used during this survey were, whenever, possible, euiopted from procedures outlined in "Standard Methods" (1960) , or Welch Field Investigations Sampling Stations The locations of sampling stations are shown on Plate 1. De- tailed maps showing locations of individual sanqjles from each of the stations are on file at the Department of Fish and Game Field Station at Sacramento. Station descriptions are summarized below; unless other- wise stated, stations are on the Sacramento River. Station 30^ ♦? (Above Spring Creek) ♦ Keswick Reservoir near Matheson. Samples from 36 to 50-foot depths near banks. Fine sand and silt, frequently with large amounts of organic debris. Station 297.7 (Above Redding Diversion Dam) . Samples from I.5 to 11-foot depths. Large cobbles. Station 295.2 (Redding F & G Station l) . Shallow pits in flood plain. Samples from 9 to 13-foot depths. Sajidy silt with organic debris overlying cobbles. Station 29U.O (Above Cypress Avenue Bridge, Redding) . Samples from 1.5-foot depth in riffle area near bridge and along right bank O.3 mile upstream. Large cobbles with some sand. -5- station 28^.9 (Above Churn Creek) . Riffle area. Samples from 1.5-foot depth near center of river. Cobbles, average 3-inch diameter. Station 279.2 (Above Cov Creek) . Near Anderson. San^jles from 1.5-foot depth. Gravel. Station 275.0 (Balls Ferry Bridge) . Sangjles from 1.5- foot depths in riffle area near right bank. Cobbles, average 5-inch diameter. Station 256.3 (Bend Bridge) . Samples from 1.5-foot depth near left bank at first riffle downstream from bridge. Cobbles, average 30inch diameter. Station 253.^ (Big Bend) . Narrow, deep channel with boulders. Samples from I.5 to 20-foot depth near right bank. Station 2l<-1.0 (Below Red Bluff) . Broad, shallow channel. Sam- ples from 1.5 to 6-foot depth along right bank in riffle area and in back- water. Gravels in riffle, silt and fine sand in backwater. Station 229.8 (Above Elder Creek) . First riffle upstream from confluence. Samples from 1.5-foot depth near island. Sandy gravel. Station 217.6 (Vina Bridge) . Samples from 10 to 20-foot depths throughout stream. Sand and silty sand. Station 199.6 (Hamilton City Bridge) . Leveed section upstream from bridge. Samples from 5 to 11-foot depths, generally near banks. Gravel and cobbles at midstream, sand and silt near banks. Station 18J^.5 (Ord Ferry) . Samples from 6 to 12-foot depths upstream from ferry, generally near right bank. Silt and clay near right bank, sand in rest of stream bottom. -6- station 168.2 (Butte City) . Samples collected from 7 to 25- foot depths, generally near banks. Sand in midstream, silt and clay near banks. Station 1M4-.1 ( Colusa Bridge) . Leveed section. Samples from 10 to l8-foot depths. Sand. Station JJ-B.l (Wilkins Slough) . Leveed section. Samples from 10 to 26-foot depths. Clay to medixan sand. Station 90-^ (Above Coliisa Basin Drain) . Leveed Section. Sam- ples from iB to 22-foot depths. Sand in central portion, fine sand and silt near right bank. Station 90.2R/0.1 (in Colusa Basin Drain) . Samples from 7 to 10-foot depths about 500 feet below dam. Coarse sand and plant debris. Stations 88.2 ajid 88.8 (Below Knights Landing) . Leveed section. First two samples from lower station. Samples from 10 to 25-foot depths. Generally sand bottom, some fine sand and silt. Station 81.5 (Above Sacramento Slough) . Leveed section. Sam- ples from li<- to 28-foot depths. Fine sand neaoc midstream, hard clay near right bank. Station 80.8l/0.1 (in Sacramento Slough) . Samples from 11 to 20-foot depths. Silt and clay. Station 62.6 (Bryte) . Leveed section. Samples from 10 to 1+8- foot depths. Sand near midstream, clay near left bank. -7- station ^3-2 (Clay Bank Bend) . Leveed section, about l/2 mile below Sacramento Sewage Treatment Plant Outfeill. Sang)le6 from Ik to 22- foot depths. Sand and organic debris. Station k6.k (Freeport) . Leveed section. Samples from 15 to 23-foot depths. Sand near midstream, silt near banks. Station U3.U (Above Cleirksburg) . Leveed section with occasional tidal flow reversals. Setmples from 16 to U5-foot depths near banks. Station 37-2 (Snodgra^s Slough) . Leveed section. Saaiples from 16 to 3^-foot depths . Sand near midstream. Station 2^ .k (Above Delta Cross Channel at Locke) . Leveed sec- tion. Samples from 17 to 25-foot depths. Sand neex midstream, silt and clay near banks. Station I8.8 (isleton) . Leveed section with strong tidal flow reversals. Samples from 10 to I6 feet, generally near right bank. Sand near midstream. Station 12.8 (Below Rio Vista Bridge) . Leveed section about O.k mile wide. Samples from 1^ to 2^4— foot depths. Silty sand with some organic debris. Station ^.0 (Above Mayberry Slough) . About O.5 mile wide, hills near right bank, left bank leveed. Samples from 25 to 35-foot depths. Sand and silt with large amounts of organic debris. -8- Physical. Determinations Temperature . Air and water temperatures were determined with the use of a 5-1/2 inch mercury-filled thermometer graduated in degrees Fahrenheit and recorded to the nearest degree. Air temperatures were taken in the shade one or two feet above the water surface, holding the thermometer at least two feet away from any object. Water temperatures were determined by immersing the bulb in the stream until the mercury colvmin exhibited no movement. Temperatures of bottom waters or waters in the gravels were obtained immediately from 300-milliliter sample bottles. Dissolved Oxygen . Dissolved oxygen determinations were made, vising the Alsterberg (azide) modification of the Winkler method. Water was collected by means of a 2-liter Kemmerer water sampler at most sta- tions. S\irface dissolved oxygen saniples were taken at approximately one- to two-foot depths. Bottom dissolved oxygen samples were taken from as near the bottom as possible. At sandy or gravel bottoms, the sampler was allowed to touch bottom, then the messenger released to trip the valves. Over mud or silt bottoms, samples were taken from about one foot off the bottom to eliminate collecting bottom material. Water samples were collected by a different method at the stations between mile 29^ and mile 229-8 where sampling was done in shallow water (one to two feet deep) . Water was drawn into a 300-mllliliter bottle by evacuating air from the bottle with a tube, causing a partial vacuum and pxilling water into the bottle through another tube. Samples at these stations were taken at a depth of one inch from the surface, within one inch of the bottom, and, when possible, at a depth of 12 inches in the -9- gravel. In the latter case, water was withdrawn from a perforated pipe which was driven into the gravel. Transparency . Water transparency was measured with a 20-centimeter Secchi disc. The depths at which the disc disappeared from sight eind subsequently reappeared were recorded. The average of these two distances is considered the limit of visibility. Bottom Particle Size . Stream bottom particle size was deter- mined by two methods. Particle sizes were measured at the riffle stations with a 100-foot tape and graduated calipers. The tape was stretched across gravel which was judged representative in conposition to that being sam- pled for bottom organisms. The intermediate axis of the gravel particle located directly londer each foot-mark was measiored by the use of calipers graduated in millimeters (Wolman, 195^) • This method is useful in com- paring the relative size of gravel in different areas, but has the dis- advantage of not measuring the amD\xnt of ssmd and silt in the gravel. Bottom sediment sajnples were taken at stations other than those located on riffles with a Petersen dredge. A pint sample of the material collected was retained and sent to the Department of Water Resources Soils Laboratory for determination of particle size distribution. Biological Collections Plankton . Quantitative plankton samples were taken from vari- oiis stations throughout the svirvey. These samples were collected with a Kemmerer water sampler. Three samples were taken at midstream and at the quart^er points across the river at a depth of two to three feet. The samples were con5)osited in a one-gallon jug and fixed by euiding sxif- ficient formalin to result in a four percent solution. -10- Beginning in September I96O, two samples were taken at each station at third-points and composited in a half -gal 1 on bottle. All of the samtples were sent to the Department of Public Health, Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, for identification and enumeration. The results of this study axe reported in Appendix C. Attached Plants . Attached plants were collected at several locations by pulling the entire plant loose from the subtrate and preserved in approximately five percent formsLLin solution. Bottom Organisms . Bottom organisms were collected by means of a Surber sampler or dredge. Collections were made with a one square- foot Surber sampler at miles 297-7, 29k, 285-9, 279.2, 275, 256.3, 253. U, 2I+I.0, and 229.8. Three samples were taken on most occasions at these stations. The entire contents in the sampler, which included organisms, detritus, sand, smftll gravel, etc., were labeled and preserved in 10 per- cent formalin. A Petersen dredge was used to collect bottom organisms at all of the stations other than those listed above, from May i960, through the end of the sampling program. Station depths ranged from k to 30 feet. The area sampled by this dredge was 96 square inches, or approximately two-thirds squeire foot. From one to three dredge hauls were m ade for each collection. Attempts at using an Ekman dredge were unsuccessful. Samples collected with the dredge were poured into soil sieves with openings of O.589 mm (Standard U. S. Sieve No. 30) . The organisms remaining on the screen were picked off with forceps, placed in vials, together with appropriate labels, and preserved in a 10 percent formalin solution. -11- Laboratory Procedures Bottom Orgemisms Bottom organism samples were delivered to the Brjrte Laboratory of the Department of Water Resources for analysis. Samples of bottom organisms were placed in Petri dishes and examined under a binocular dis- secting microscope. The animals were separated into the lowest most easily recog- nizable taxonomic group, and placed by group in Syracuse watch glasses for more refined determinations. Each group was then more closely examined and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit (e.g. genus and/or species) . After identification, the numbers and volume of each kind of organism were tabxilated. The sample material was then placed in a vial, together with a collection data slip, and preserved in alcohol for per- msuient storage. The laboratory form, storage vial, and collection data slip all have the same inscribed number so that cross references can be made. These samples are stored by the Department of Fish and Game at the Sacramento Field Station, and are available for future reference. Two measurements were used in the q.u6uatitative analysis of the bottom fauna sauiples. These included numbers and volume of individueils . The volume of displacement was calciilated by placing the portion of the sample to be measured on absorbent paper toweling and permitting the indi- viduals to diy for one -half to one minute. A meas\ired amount of distilled water was pipetted into a gradxiated cylinder. The blotted animals were then admitted. The volinne of the organisms was recorded in cubic centimeters. Bottom Sediment Size Particle size analyses of bottom sediment samples were made in accordance with the procedure given in the Department of Water Resources' -12- "Manual of Testing Procedures for Soils", dated April I962. Essentially this consists of taking a 100-gram aliquot from the saarple and shaking this portion throijgh a nest of sieves. The sieves used are United States Stamdard Sieves Nos. 8, I6, 30, 50, 100 and 200, and a pan. A lid is placed on the top sieve and the complete nest of sieves is shaken for about 30 seconds. The No. 8 sieve is then carefully removed from the other sieves, placed on an extra paai, and vibrated vigorously in a cir- cular motion while being tapped on the side with one hajid. This shaking is continued until all of the material finer than the No. 8 has passed the sieve. When this sieving is complete, the materieil retained is emptied into a pan, and the material that passed through the sieve is placed in the next smaller mesh sieve. This screening procediire is jrepeated for each sieve size and the weight of material retained on each sieve is deter- mined ajid recorded. Size distributions of material that passed through the No. 200 screen were determined with a hydrometer. -13- CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Physical characteristics of Sacramento River water were deter- mined at the times of biological sampling. The results, which were gen- erally consistent with those obtained during the water quality portion of the investigation (Appendix B) , are summarized below. Temperatxires and Dissolved Oxygen Figures 1 through 8, inclusive, show air and water temperatures, surface and bottom water dissolved oxygen concentrations, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in interstitial waters of gravels. Fig\ires 9 and 10 show that the oxygen data are consistent with values obtained during other phases of the investigation. Water teniperatures at Keswick (mile 305 '7) were generally about 50 *F. Downstream water teraperatiires approached equilibrium with air temperatures at varying rates. Dissolved oxygen concentrations increased during the first 15 to 25 miles below Keswick and then generally decreased throiighout the rest of the river (Figiires 9 and 10) . Surface and bottom dissolved oxygen levels were generally about the same; of the 330 observations, signifi- cantly lower concentrations at the bottom occurred only about two percent of the time. Within the gravels in riffle areas, oxygen concentrations varied from about h to 12 ppm with average values about 2 ppm less than those in the overlying water (Fig\ire ll) . Wide variations were noted between closely spaced sampling points, with lower values generally associated with greater percentages of fines in the gravel. 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L .01 8 , 1 , , , i 1 1 _i — Wdd Nl N39AX0 QBAIOSSIQ I I I Wdd Nl N30AX0 QBAlOSSia Jo I I I _1_ _L _L I ' I do Nl 3yniVU3dM31 J„ Nl 3UniV83dW31 -20- liOi L-OOCI 1 19-9-2 Wdd Nl N30AX0 QBAHOSSia -OtZI OPS I fr9» 19-il-C 19-ZI-C -OOSI 19-frl-C o < 0S^2 ZSIZ 0^62 \ r 1 Hr \[ ^ET h iJ- wdd Nl N39AX0 a3Anossia . I . I 1 I I — I — 1—1 — u I I I J, Nl 3aniVd3dW31 d. Nl 3UniVU3dn3X -21- I ,_ Wdd Nl N30AXO a3AT0SSia I 1 I 1-_J , I ^J L_J 1_ Wdd Nl N39AX0 aaAIOSSIQ _L I i I _L I . I do Nl 3yniVd3dW31 do Nl 3aniVd3dW31 -22- Wdd Nl N30AX0 QBAlOSSia |2 I I ■ I - I . — I— . — I. I I I I ' ' Sg88g2S8§ io Nl 3aniva3dW3i -23- > oc CO z o a en Q UJ o UJ _l UJ CO o < H UJ 3§ O Q. UJ III 3 I- i| q: UJ > < < UJ Q. UJ o m q: ^ UJ ; O Q I- Z 2 < UJ S Z < Ul X o o CO CO o ..(. ♦ ♦H ■♦ '% — (. — I- -4: "(-- Ir ...... ^■ •I- ^7 . I o n d d Nl N39AX0 03AtOSSia o o c? o n t^ m M J* Nl 3Uni.VU3dN3l c > — S5 ? >2U ! i I tl^ -24- I . L_ I < L_ I h*-* M-4- ■-H t :t (♦ -hr- K* MH ++--•-* ♦♦' ':? i i* - S5« if 6 J t * ™ •» ° O ffi • K n«3dl»31 Hi lu -- - O -25- UJ O < UJ < UJ _i Li. U. Z o tr Z UJ o o o UJ o >- X o o UJ > _J o CO CO o CO UJ o < -26- Water Transpeirency Water transparency was measiired by use of a 20-centimeter Secchi disc. The depth at which the disc disappeared from sight was recorded. Although this reading is subject to a number of errors, it is a useful qualitative indication of water clarity. Figure 12 shows that transpar- ency was reduced from a range of about 80 to 200 inches at Keswick to from 10 to i+0 inches at and below Sacramento- Seasonal reductions are due to unregulated storm inflows during the winter and to plankton levels and to waste discharges during the summer. The relationships between transparency, turbidity, ajid light transmission characteristics are dis- cussed in greater detail in Chapter IV, Appendix B. Sediments Bottom particle sizes were determined at all stations. Although there were local differences between closely-spaced san5)ling points, the averaged data shown in Figures 13 and lU indicate the general pattern of particle size distributions in the river. Stations at miles 217.6, 168.2, lij-l+.l, 90.5, 81.5, 62.6, 37.2, 18.8, and 12.8 were resampled at varying interveils; seasoneil variations at individual stations were about the same as variations between closely-spaced points sampled at one time. ■27- u> >- UJ > 1 o 3 (O CC Ul z > o a: 1- 3 o _l H- _l J' O UJ Q. ? cv) UJ a: (5 DC UJ 1 < q: o < en U. UJ > en z ri a: < Ul o (T h- z o UJ w s n < rr _- o X < o to o UJ CO 0> - f ai " / »ij . ,\ ) ZiE _ ( »9» - 'i zts - 1 929 ~ J SIS ; 1 C 06 h i 5 1811 If' < If; 5 ■ ! l>tl - /I' W. 2991 / 1 .' / s>gi ^ / 1 / ' ID 7 9ZIJ . UJ Z / / \ A > 2* '. / / \ s a • < E9SZ ; 1 1 1 \ 1 1 / OiLZ / / / j 6S9Z / ,' ,^^ y'' iSOt -■'' .-■V ' ^\ ; 1 ; 1 ; I : 1 1 ■-, 1 ; 1 ; 1 \\\ A\ 1 / ' l\ / I 1 1 7J / /i ■' / ' / 1 77] 1 1 ; / 1 r / 1 / 1 ' 1 1 / 1 o 1 '• /li UJ '5 1 IT 1 m S UJ > / ' i! !^ 1 z '.\ / / > 1 "0 / / < Z q; / \ -s 1 /' / / / / / / // V^ y 8 ■1 '■ I \ \ ] \ A il 1 / 1 / / 1 1 1 1 I ; 7 / f / j / // I / 1 h II 1 / 1 ; / / 1 1 1 / 1 / 1 ; 1 / \ : \ : o (0 m 1 ■1 ■1 / IT UJ ■■ 1 ■■ / / UJ H UJ J f ,,• 1 1 1 / V 4 \ o ^ / <7>/ tr / 3 3 , ■1 / UJ 1 -V '1 r / o 1 f r / S3H3NI Nl Hld3a -28- to o < \- V) UJ _J u. z ^ o q: UJ > to o IO J;J UJ 5 »- UJ > O 00 UJ ai H CVJ u) Ul r- •- 2 o CVJ q: m z> CD ^ -> 111 Ul I- (/> O UJ N cr O (/J < V) -I Ul > q: 2 2 (M fr 00 » o> 8 8 N 1 ^ (VJ 81 CVJ 81 « Zi 0) 2C !i fr9 5 ts 821 821 9S2 992 »rt 2 2 ft UJ a> <' O in 8 :z 8 2 GO ^ 9. i! 2£ S 8 2 01 p in 91 CVJ 2C « f9 2 821 9S2 1 91 ^ ZC q: tr9 It! 821 ^ 9S2 ^ o 2 2 N *» O fr t^ 8 in 8 0> N CJ 91 CM 91 (l> 2£ 0) Zi 'i ^9 5 821 9S2 b9 921 992 c ) o o o c 5 C ) O O O C > CO^q-CJ COtOVN aaawnN xa Nouisodwoo iN3oa3d -29- FIGURE 14 SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY BOTTOM PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AT SELECTED NON-RIFFLE STATIONS Mile 305.7 Mile 217.6 Mile 199.6 Mile 184.6 ,1 ll lll.il 1 1 1 1 , i.r h . ■ ■i.ill I U.X..J -I.I.I.I 1 I , .-.a. I.I. I.I. op OiOh-if — iqtsj — OOpO Om^kki — a-ifsiZo I ■■-1 1 1 OOOpOO'^** »> ffi V ra — A^ iii° Mile 166.2 Mile 144.1 Mile 118. Mile 90.5 , \ , .. 1 i., , , 1 .•,..■ 1 11 OOOQOOr-ff.w — IMl0AoiOt«F- 0«^Kfn-nr,i-0 » ff» « (NJ — O O O O — IM lO o) O m r^ (o Oi ot « N op>wff**335;-o oOQOoot***^;-! -«1(m1ooOO Otft»-Killo(V-0000 Mile 81.5 Mile 62.5 Mile 53.2 Mile 46.4 , , . ,1, . 1 OOOOOOf-ffiV »i 0* W (NJ - §0 ' O ' OOOOOOf--«»V'g~ = --(>jioa>oiaiot9h-ooo OifirwKi — tfi(M — OoOO a'«r-Pgo h>iO — om — OOOO 000000»^»«or^; Oinr^fO — ■O'y -PpOi 000000»^ff>«:H:ao OONC\ONOOh-t— ITvlTiJ-CVj HH oo:cy:«vi:Gj:cvj:cvj:w:w:w:cvj:cu:r-(: ALGAE (continued) Yellow-Green Algeie (Chrysophyta) Vaucheriaceae Vaucheria sp. Diatoms (Chrysophyta) Achnanthax:ea€ Cocconeis sp. Coscinodiscaceae Stephemodiscus sp. Melosira sp. Navic\ilaceae Navicula sp. Gomphonemaceeie Gonrphonema sp. MOSSEsi/ (Bryophyta) Eurhynchium sp. Fissidens sp. Fontinalis sp. X X X X X X X X VASCULAR PLANTS^ Lemnaceae , Lemna sp.^ Potamogetonaceae Potsanogeton sp. Ranvinculac eae Reuauncul\i3 sp. X X 1/ Taxonomy from Ward and Whipple (1959) • 2/ Taxonomy from Muenscher (l9^^) • 3/ Floating plants, but not in same category as phytoplankton. ■33- Very few aquatic plants were found at the sampling stations below mile 229.8. One species of red al^ae was found at station II8.I, and a blue-green alga was collected at mile I8.8. Otherwise, no identi- fiable pleuit material was collected. In the lower-most portions of the river, emergent plants such as cattail (Typha) and tule (Scirpus) are present in shallow water areas along the river banks. These plants were not included in Table 1. Bottom Fauna Results of bottom saniples taken to determine the benthic favina of the Sacramento River are given in Tables 2 through 16. These tables present the nianbers of organisms collected per square foot at the various stations during each month of the survey. The volumes of organisms are not indicated; however, this information is available at the Department of Fish and Game Field Station in Sacramento. An examination of Tables 2 through I6 indicates the large variety of aquatic organisms that exists in the Sacramento River. Representatives of ten phyla, remging from the sponges to the chordates were collected. At least l61i- separate species of invertebrates were represented in the collections in addition to one species of lanrprey. It must be pointed out that a large number of individual specimens were not identified to species. Some organisms were not classified below order due to lack of time, facilities, and sidequate keys. Numbers eind Volume at Selected Stations The Sacramento River between Shasta Dam and the mouth was divided into four major environments. These axe: (l) the upper river, which consists of aJLtemate pools and riffles (approximately mile 297 to mile 229); (2) the upper-middle river, which contains a few riffles but mostly IS S < „ z i < s cs ^ on S. o ^ O 2. OQ 5 SI - II sill < o O O m • RS - 3 SfeS-SSS 8:455 ' * -D £ S « « I 5 a £ 3 i "J "8 ii S 8 s 1 8 S 2 g 5 S 8 3 g- i g I ? lu &i S :: ■a ■-* -a ic It L 0&.0 y 0.00.0 uo oo*; u s'bS ••-- u--«-h 6.»<^q.-;-> Cti&,4*>A <>■-< -^4Jd«*iOUOU&.pt.pl.O*t'C>''D.n.Q$'nCt-H0^3''a'U-'4T]T]OKK**F^pW^ f|.l'S«|5j-ii -40- z i < s o ^ o: ^ o ^ O 2. OQ 5 c 4 « !o h -41- — z < o (r o E I- O 2. m 5 -"s II s.i iat s ft 38 9 S * 8 ^ ^ .5 . 1 & S" fe I -. E -42- (/) o 2 o CO 0) z o o < CT O) o , q: UJ o m S s E iij 1- o m S SS; Jt C O - t3 -- fc 22 S .8"; '55 = -43- o V> —1 Z o 3 Q. < o n- e> ^ m UJ q: lU *t o (T 5 2 0> F o UJ > o 3 C tj K TJ o 1- o O 3 CD UJ § t t m sa P 3'' • O. I 3 . iiss |38 Is. -|a iiil III' iSI! ■""•■ a. , . a itJi. (J "5 -44- V) « z < o o o m Cirt a, a.'rt -M CLtt a. ti -i a e o -^ So. o -^ -o ■o o>.>»p.PiO S,t. • o — TS cc-tC'^^Si-i.-o a. a • ^ £ 3 ^ t5 3 " -45- CO z < o (£ O -o 2 E UJ 2 > t- « O 2. 00 5 s ^a 9 . 1 I- i " Is 3 . TJ 3 BO I o n u £ « * ^ n » ^ " a S ' „..-Sf LS a" 3 £ a > ill? tiC « 6 3 !ESi -46- o W o t- Z 3 OT 0) _J Z ^ O Q. < cr U) UJ (E ?J tr < O iij « z J3 5 UJ > o ^ 6 1- ■a 2 w t- o o D 2 CQ T3 < ■8 iS. -* T3 -O IS • ,1. n3^(.ocu>i-j4 e * • t§-S.«.£3Si-S£.Si|3s » i £5*JSS6a If -47- to CO z < o oc o o I- « o a OQ 5 u -^ § '^ s a. OBcn^-o* <« « >. •« • -^nTjo-H^-o^^f ^■e. I i' i. B •0-«CB3oCig a. o ^ < o *t o •o\ -48- o tf) < o o o o m a. a ^ S-3. 5 S53-3 iS X ih\ -49- in z 2 -2 CO >> Z S < S o ^ o , o m < fd P S S i3SSS5|5 aua.-, • ■ -wan q.-« • »c^ti O-nilcx n ' a. O.'o a ■ g O. 9 ■ a.uu e cue « a. a.a>H CLi'''ua'3 •■> '<« ovnobc •'•«'4<-I'<'3c:iih 4 4 V 13 O ti ^fjS.4^fiQ«<^'Of« o t- Z 12 (0 -I z o 3 _ Q. < o- or o ^ UJ H o Q. >- IT < s « 3 o I 3* S. -51- > cr -> tn 7 o W O t- 2 3 -I OT «> -I n z o Q- < (7 fr o ^_ (D UJ q: V i- o . T s- o o 3 OQ UJ ? < (E IS . 4 u at a I a 0.0.4 OK Bia.f> V^V'O •• li 3 5 •C S ^ S is -52- V) <2 z < o O E < ° s ■9 11 S IP «3 7iS5 II :.§ O T3 4 « a II Si 2f 5.- 5" 1 .: 2S5" u ft— a c c « — m SS2 53" -53- O C/) Q- < CT fr o ^ UJ q: n m h- o , -1 s Z 01 Q- UJ o pJ 1- T3 1- o 7 o iJ. OQ UJ 7 < -54- O V> < s o ? O H. S^'? -55- CO » z I < S o ^ - ft* « *^ o ^ - » >- O i O 2. m 5 -56- Z 3 Q. < K w (S ^ W UJ a. 4) 0> UJ < o ^ m ■e J3 E 7 |2 (r s ■=> > o c- 1- TJ 1- ^ o *- z o 3 CQ < CO SJJ I 1 j i 2 SI s e -^ a « 3 25'- \%\ :l es. I-H^ fW— -<-<^ ••« i: !SS£i '-yiiiilliii 3^^ 3 X ►- (3 a -57- o Z < ac o 2 "^ o O 2. OQ 5 p:. -v-HCaok* i SSS93^ i'i fitsss 5 rii l^l^l^ i' -58- long runs and pools (approximately mile 229 to mile 1^5); (3) the lower- middle river, which consists of a dredged channel with levees (approxi- mately mile l'4-5 to mile 19) J and (U) the lower river, which consists of a broad tidal channel, sQ-so dredged and with levees. Upper Reach . Aquatic organisms collected from the river bottom exhibited wide variations from reach to reach. Three representative sta- tions were selected from each reach and the average nvunbers of organisms, ajid genera, and average volumes per sqxisure foot for each reswh were deter- mined. This information is presented in Figxure 15. Thirty-nine collections were made during the survey at the three stations in the upper reach. Station locations were at mile 285. 9 > mile 275.0, and mile 229.8, all of which were located on riffle areas. The average numbers of organisms, genera, and average volvmie of these samples was much greater than that for any of the other reaches. Riffle areas are generally considered to be more productive of aq.\iatic organisms than pool areas. Dominant organisms in thiB reach were oligochaetes and insects. Of the insects, the orders Plecoptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Tricoptera, and Diptera were the most iaiportant. Families of Diptera collected most often were Tendipedidae , Tipulidae, and Simxaidae. I^per-Middle Reach . Thirty-three saioples were taken from sta- tions in the upper-middle reach. These stations were located at mile 217.6, mile 199.6, and mile 168.2. All of these saaiples were taken from pool areas near shore in water from 7 to 25 feet deep. No attempt was made to sample organisms in the riffle areas of this reach. The nvunbers of organisms collected were rather low, with few kinds present. The volume of these organisms was extremely low, averaging only 0.2 cc. per square foot of bottom saaipled. This wa^ only one-fourth to one-tenth the volume -59- z < e> cr o < . O D tf) W ^ I£? uj X UJ ^ r) a: ^ o => ;d 0= o O X iZ > I- Z (D < a> en Q. q: < lij > UJ m < liJO 20 U Li. O LxJ UJ o CD CO < :t%v^ slkx^^x^ sc:::::::] sk\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\^^^^ 1 1 1 1 . CO CO z < o (T O UJ O < UJ > < 2} UJ _i z o H lO ^ UJ o _l 2 o 1- T O < UJ UJ _l (T Z III 1 1 I n o n < UJ z (T q: q: iij UJ i o o K) O CJ m m If) 5 UJ _l z CT> CVJ o C\J »- U m -I CJ Z CJ o UJ _i N 2 2P o VO tTN -d- rH O CVJ CVJ H ON H CO CO ir> OJ J- u s d OO CO CO NO OCJ CO CU CU CO NO 3 ON CU CU 4> t~- ON CO CO NO CU -4- CO CO ^ CO r- NO J- 4 • • •• (M co CVJ CU ^ 00 H ITN -d- ^ o c— us H ir\ o us o g 1 • • • • 1 1 • • • m • • « • 1 ^- t^ CVJ U-N 1 1 ITN CO LTN CJN H CU ^ On vO 3 1 rH VO ON CO 1 1 CO H CU -* CO CU 3 H l/N *-3 CO H CO H 0\ o ON o o O o US CU LfN O OJ ^^ • 1 • • 1 • • • 1 • • • • 1 • • qj § 1 c> CO 1 CU -* CO 1 l/\ t- NO OO 1 CO CO *S 1 d o 1 ^ CU t- 1 J- -* -d- ^ 1 ITN ON CVI CVJ H CU H H H tr\ CVJ CO o o tr\ irv l/N ITN o ir\ l/N O •H 1 ♦ • • • 1 1 • • • • • • • • • >H 1 OO °p OO H 1 1 H t- J- t- ^ CO rH NO CU H ^ 1 "^ H <3N CU 1 1 CU NO ON co H ^ OO H ON >o • • <^ A3 H t- ON us o ^- CO u^ OO H o 1 1 1 1 1 • • • 1 • • • 1 • • H 1 1 1 1 1 C7N o CJN 1 t- CU -d- OJ 1 CU 00 •• ' ' 1 1 ' H ' -* CU • l/N CO jh • 00 CO CVJ H H H o u^ o us ITN o U^ o ,Q • • • • • 1 1 • • • • • • • 0) -:* ^ CO -i cn 1 ON t- o CO CO NO c-^ oJ CU (^ t- l/N -^ CO 1 1 CO CU H CO CU o -d- ON 00 «« H IPv ITN CU us rH H oJ NO OO q tr> CO 1 1 CU CU H CU J- CU ^ o •• H rH H CU CU CU CO o OO o\ ON if\ o CO ITN ITN q q q q q c^ i H ^ ir\ CO H -^ u\ CO -^ OO o H cr\ NO CD H CO 00 CO cu CO H CU ITN CO CO ITN CO c^ t~ s t— 00 H o H as H '^ H H •• o o o ^ c> q OO q ITN q IfN q o iTk 00 ■p Q^ ir\ CO ON CD cvj CO NO H NO ^^ H !>■ OO CJN ^ o OD <^. o> NO CVJ <3\ -4- CO ITv t- CU iTv NO ITk C^ o H NO H H CO H • • i OJ ON NO c^ NO if\ CO H ITV us q q o ITv ITN q CO CO CO cc5 ^ ^^ u\ . Ol o CVJ ir\ C> -=1- NO CO H OO CO NO OS q q CO ^ CO IT* ON t-^ ^ o O CO CO tr> Ocj US . vo o q LfN l/N o q CO us q H OJ q NO q C3\ t CO t-^ H LTN NO ^ \o 3 CO C3 CO t-^ H t^ irv t>- s CO ^ CVJ CO CO H H CU H ON OO H t- H J- t- NO 00 O CU H NO q q ON US cu •H • • • • • • • • • 1 • u cu NO CO t~- CO o CJN C7N 3 CO CO t~^ o o us ^ ^ t- ^ s NO t- -4- CO H H ' "d" (U 0) (U V o ON o CO M NO NO cu ^ ir\ NO CU a* CO 00 o ^ •H • • • P • • • P • • • • -P ir\ l/\ ON C t^ C3N CO K o CU t— t. CO ^ -d u 0) CO t- CVJ Q) H C3N NO 0) On NO CO CU rH H > > > c "l < <^ < < -63- The animals described in this section are probably the most inportant ones to be studied in the futvire. If there shoiild be a major chsinge in numbers, or if any of them should disappear from the river, it vould be an indication that some chauige in the chemical, physical, or biological conditions heid occurred. Annelida Oligochaeta . The oligochaetes (worms) occur in both ewiuatic and terrestrial habitats. Members of this class were found throx;ighout the length of the river. Specific identification of these animals is extremely difficult and positive recognition often necessitates perform- ing serial sections. This was not possible during the present study. Polychaeta . Most of the polychaetes sure marine or estuarine, but a few are known from fresh water. Neeuithes limnicola was found in the Sacramento River as far upstream as mile 8I.5 (above Sacramento Slough) The greatest numbers, however, were found in the lower area of the river within the zone of tidal influences. Crustacea Amphipoda . A species of amphipod, Corophium spinicome , was found from mile II8.I to 4.0. This species is generally considered to be a seJLt or brackish water form, and has not been previously reported from fresh water. Large numbers of Corophium were taken from the station located at mile 8I.5. At this location the organisms were consistently found burrowed into the clay bottom. A few organisms were found at stations between mile II8.I and mile I8.8, where it again was found in -6if- significant numbers. It was also present in large numbers at the two lowest stations. Insecta Tricboptera . The caddisflies are an order of insects that are indicators of clean water with high dissolved oxygen content. They undergo conrplete metamorphosis, progressing from egg to larvae to pupae to adult. Four genera were selected as possible indicator organisms. Ochrotrichia belongs to the family Hydroptilidae, the "Microcaddis". All members of this family are small. They build a tiny {2-k mm.) case, shaped like a flattened bean, smd slit at each end. The case is usually constructed of silk with saind or minute bits of rock adhering to the exterior. When ready to pupate, the individual closes the slits at each end and com- pletes its metamorphosis. Hydropsyche belongs to the family Hydropsychidae . This organ- ism bviilds a net which it attaches to rocks or twigs so that the opening is perpendicular to the stream flow. After constructing the net, the larvae retreats into the hag of the net or under some nearby rock to await food pajrticles which are swept onto the net. Hydropsyche is eua omnivore, consuming euaything that is edible. When this organism is ready to pupate, an elliptical dome-shaped cocoon is spun with pebbles and bits of rock neatly fitted to the exterior. Only the bottom which is glued to a large rock is left unadorned. Agapetus is a member of the family Glossosomatidae. This animal builds a case shaped much like a tuzi^le shell out of small stones. The elliptical dome-shaped case, with a flat bottom, has a bridge of small -65- stones across the xmderside which leaves an oi)ening at each end. Agapetus extends head and legs out one end emd posterior prolegs or anal claws out the other and crawls along the surface of larger stones feeding on the algae and mosses growing there. VHaen ready to pupate, Agapetxis cuts away the bridge at the bottom of its case and carefully seals the case to a large stone. Inside, a reddish brown, bean-shaped chitenized covering encloses the larva. How this develops is unknown, but presxomably the larva secretes this material. One quick method of determining which pupal case contains either Hydropsyche or Agapetus, since their cases are very simi- lar in appearance, is this chitenized covering. Hydropsyche , as previously stated, spins a cocoon of silken fibers, and the difference between the two cases is at once apparent from the underside. Lepidostoma belongs to the fsunlly Lepidostomatidae . This animal constructs a case that is a circular tapered tube of sand grains when quite small. As the animal grows, however, flat peurticles of plant material are substituted for sand, and the case becomes square in cross-section. Contrasted with Agagetus, Lepidostoma has only the head and legs free, while the anal claws secure the animal to its case. At pupation, each end of the case is sealed with plant and stone material bound together with silk. Ochrotrichia and Lepidostoma are fovind in greatest nxmbers in the upper area of the upper reach (above mile 279.2), but also occur at all the riffle stations. Agapetus apparently does best in the central area of the upper reach (mile 279.2 to 253.4), and Hydropsyche occurs more frequently in centreO. to lower portions of the upper reach (mile 279.2 to 229.8) . Hydropsyche pupeie were found during each month of the survey, eO-though they were most prevalent between May and September. Agapetus pupae were found dioring each month except July. From a gross analysis of the data, more specimens of Agapetus seem to be in the pupeJ. stage during the winter months, and probably a greater proportion of these animals emerge in early spring. Occasionally other Trichoptei^, including Psychomyia , Brachy - centrus, Leptocerus , LeptoceHa , and Polycentropus were fo\ind. Plecoptera . The stoneflies are an ancient, primitive order of insects which undergo incomplete metamorphosis. The succession is egg to nyniph to adxilt. All of the nymphs of this order are aquatic, and all but a few require running water for their development. The develop- ment from egg through adult may take from one to three yeeurs. Most stone*- fly numphs are phytophagus, or plant eaters, but members of the family Perlodidae axe csLmivorous. This order of insects indicates cold, clean water conditions. Stations at miles 256.3, 2i4-l, and 229.8 produced the greatest nxambers of species and individusQ-s . The family Pteronarcidae is represented in California by two species, Pteronarcys califomica and P. princeps . These are extremely large-sized nyxnphs (up to two inches) , and their immatiire stages may take two or three years for complete development. The species found during the present survey was probably P. califomica . The two dominant members of the family Perlodidae fovind during the survey were of the genus Isogenus . One of these, Isogenus ( isogenoides ) has not previously been reported from California. Members of the family Nemouridae are phytophagous. The nymphs of the several subfamilies are difficiilt to identify, especially the Capniinae. They are primarily small, winter-emerging species. The taxo- Domic problems are greatly increased when eidults as well sis imma ture s are not collected. -67- Dlptera . The true flies are one of the largest and most diverse of the orders of insects. As is apparent by the name, its members are typified by the presence of two wings. Ordinarily, Diptera develop through complete metamorphasis, egg to larva to pupa to adiolt. Approximately 50 percent of this order have aquatic stages in their life cycle, and many of these are important fish- food organisms. Tanyderidae . A most \inusual larva was discovered dxiring the course of the survey. At mile 229.8 the larva of Protanyderus sp., the immature stages of which have never previotisly been reported, were foxuid with great regularity. A diligent, but unsuccessful, effort was made to locate the pupal form. This is sm archaic or prototype crane-fly, the larvae of which are similar to those of Protoplasa fitchii , the only previously recorded larva in this rare family. Protanyderus is charac- terized by a fully sclerotized head capsule, long prolegs with retractable claws at the posterior end only, but most striking are the six long fila- ments at the ca\idal end of the body. In February I96I, one of these larvae was collected that appeared to be conmencing pupation. Unfortunately, high flows in the river the succeeding two months did not permit sampling at this station. By April only relatively small individuals were present. Tipulidae . Most of the crane flies are semi-aquatic or terres- trial in their immature stages, but a few such as Antocha and Hexatoma sure strictly aquatic . Only a single genxis ( Antocha ) of this family was collected with any degree of regxilarity, and the pupa of this animal is different from any previovisly described in that the first branch of the respiratory organ is swollen and curves around to the front rather than pointing upward. Johannsen (l93'<-) reports that members of this genus construct laiveLL ceuses. No silken lsu:val cases were discovered in this -68- survey but the pup8« occurred in stone-covered silk cocoons with the under- side bare of stones, and. the anterior end open so that the respiratory organs protrude. The larvae feed mainly on algae. They were most commonly found from mile 285.9 to mile 229.8. Simulidae . The black flies are phytophagovts in their larval stages. The larvae have a fan of hairs around the mouth with which to brush bits and pieces of plant material toward the mouth. Near the ante- rior end are prolegs which enable the animal to move about. At the pos- terior portion of the abdomen is a sucker-like disc surrounded by rows of hooks. The function of this disc Is to assist the euaimal to retain its position on a rock in rapid water. The pupa is partially ensheathed in a cocoon and normally the respiratory orgauis extend out of the pupal ceise. Some species of this family have been characterized as pollution indicators, but most of this group is found in rapidly flowing waters with high dissolved oxygen content. In some trout streams, animals may be svifficiently numerous to make rock surfaces slippery and hazardous to anglers . Tendipedidae . The midges axe one of the most diverse groups in the order Diptera. Fowc of the six subfamilies were collected from the Sacramento River. Only Podonominae, restricted to high mountain country, and Clunionlnae, which is almost exclusively a marine, were not seen. The larvae of these animals occupy a wide range of terrestrial ajid aquatic habitats. Certain species tend to be confined to particular environments. Greater knowledge of life histories and physical and chemi- c8lL requirements, menibers of this group may be useful as pollution indicators. -69- Dlameslnae . The Immatui^ stages of this subfamily are primarily cold water inhabitants and are phytophagous. Severed, species of this group were found in riffle areeis. They have not previously been recorded in California. Tendipedinae . Meuibers of this subfamily, particuleurly Tendipes plumosTxs , have frequently been identified as pollution indicators. How- ever, this species occurred in obviotisly unpolluted water at Redding (mile 295.5). In the Sacramento River, Calopsectra was found in the riffle areas. Members of this genus aj:^ phytophagous. They spin a horn-shaped case which holds a fine web for collecting algae and detritus for food. The posterior portion of the case is anchored to a rock for about one quarter of its length, while the remainder usually turns upwards and faces the current. At pupation, the open end is covered with silk, except for a small hole in the middle which permits the exposure of the pupal respira- tory organs. The larvae and pupae of severcJ. species of Cryptochironomus were found regiolarly, but one deserves particular notice. The Immature stage of this species certainly, and the advilt in all probability, remain undescribed. The toxonomlc distinctiveness of this individual makes it recognizable at a gleince. The antennae are quite long, and the antenna! blade arises at the distal part of the second segment. The maxillary palpi are equa l ly as long as the antennae, lending the first impression of two pairs of antennae. The anterior pair of prolegs does not appear to be present, but rather appears as two brown longitudinal rods interior to the Integument on the prothoracic segment. The posterior prolegs are -70- usually long with extremely fine claws wMch axe in most instances re- tracted so as to be discerned only with careful examination. EcologicsLLly, this species seems to he one of four of the Tendipedidae which has heen able to adapt to life in the grinding, shift- ing sands of the river bed load, and this one is found most regularly. The others are members of the following genera: Pentapedilum , Polypedilum , and Cricotopus . Most members of the genus Cryptochironomus are found in slower moving waters, and some are miners in the stems and leaves of aq.uatic plants. Larvae and pupae of Pentapedilum and Polypedilum were found most regiolarly in the upper-middle reach and occasionally in the lower- middle reach. MoLLvisca Pelecypoda . The asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea, has become a serious pest in certain California rivers and canal systems. There did not appear to be any thick beds of these clams in the Sacramento River such as occxir in some other streams and ceuials. Corbicula does, however, appear to be able to maintain a significant population under severe condi- tions of a moving bed load and was found as far upstream as mile 90*5 and in Colusa Basin Drain (mile 90. 2R). Far greater niimbers of small indi- vidxials were found than full grown clams. It is possible that as yet xindiscovered concentrations of these individuals exist in the river, or the population is just beginning to bloom. At any rate, it will be inqpor- tant to follow the development of this population of small clams. -71- Future Work The identification of several of the groups of animals presented serious difficulties. It is probable that some of the organisms have not yet been described. The life histories and environmented. requirements of many of the species ai^ imperfectly known. Increased knowledge in this respect wovild be tremendously important in selecting indicator organisms for assessing water q\iality. Additional work is warranted to give a better understanding of the existing conditions in the Sacramento River. A tremendous amount of data was collected during this sxirvey. An evaluation should be made of the many physical conditions, such as flxw, teii5)erature , dissolved oxygen, etc., and. their relationships to the biology of the river. This includes both benthic organisms and plankton. It is expected that taxonomic information and data on range exten- sions and ecology will be reported in Depairtment of Fish and Game publi- cations or other technical journals. Futvire biologiceJ. monitoring of the Sacramento River is neces- B&ry to detect changes in the river environment. In view of the presently anticipated development of the Sacramento Val 1 ey , it is suggested that comprehensive investigations be made at intervals of about five years. Such investigations may be restricted to 10 or 12 stations occupied seasonally. The extreme variability of the dissolved oxygen content of water in gravels is a factor that warrants further investigation. Adequate dissolved oxygen is particularly important in development of snimnn and steellieewL eggs in the gravel riffles. -72- CHAPTER V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS A study of the biological conditions in the Sacramento River was made over the period April i960 through June I961. The piirposes were to establish a '^ase line" of present conditions, provide the basis against which future changes can be measured, and provide information for use in setting appropriate reqxiirements for present and future waste discharges. Siaanary Water temperatures in Keswick Reservoir were relatively constant throxighout the period of investigation (50 - 55*^)- During winter months, temperatvtres decrease as the water moves downstream. Temperatures rise below Keswick during the remainder of the year and reach highest values just above Sacramento. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are high in the upper reach and gradually decrease throughout the length of the river. Large varia- tions of dissolved oxygen were foxmd at closely spaced sampling points at several of the riffle stations. In the gravels, the lower oxygen levels were usually associated with higher silt concentrations. The transparency of water in the Sacramento River generally decreased from the upper area to the mouth. Attached plants are uncommon in the river proper. A species of moss (Fissideus) is present in the riffles in the upper section of the river. Emergents such as Typba suid Scirpus axe present along the beinks in the lower sections. Benthic algae are present in the riffles in the upper reach of the river, but were i-arely found in other areas. At least 165 sepsurate species of animals, representing 10 phyla, were collected from 29 river stations during the stirvey. The dominant -73- organisms were ollgochsietes (worms) and insects. Most of the latter were immature stages of the orders Diptera (flies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies) The river was divided into four major environments. The upper reach of the river (above mile 229) was characterized by animals which inhabit clean, fast-flowing water, such as caddishflies, mayflies, stoneflies, true flies, and oligochaetes . This reach contained the greatest average number of organisms, average ntunbers of genera, and average volvmes of organisms per square foot of sanipled area. The lower reach (mile 18.8 to mouth of river) was the next most productive area. This reach contained primarily clams, amphipods, oligo- chaetes and midge larvsie. The two middle reaches were relatively unproductive. Most of the organisms collected were oligochaetes, midge larvae, and clams. One large seasonal variation in animal abvuadance was noted. Production of bottom organisms steadily increased from July through Novem- ber i960 in the reach above mile 229- A sharp drop in numbers was noted in December I96O and Jan\iary I96I. This drop in numbers followed very high river flows in late November. Recommendations 1. Knowledge of the taxonomy and life histories of many of the orgsuaisms collected during the survey should be expanded. 2. A more complete evaluation sho\ild be made of the data col- lected during the Sacramento River Water Pollution S\irvey in order to establish the relationships between biological populations and their environments. -TU- 3. Future biological monitoring of the Sacramento River should be done at intervals of about five years. Ten or 12 stations should be sampled intensively during each season of the year. LocslL studies, in connection vith specific waste discharges or problems, must be scheduled as needed. h. The causes and significance of variations in dissolved oxy- gen within stream gravels should be determined. 5. Future investigations shoxild be planned so that adequate time is available to eveiLuate the data and write the report. It is sug- gested that from three to five man-days of laboratory time be provided for each man-day spent in the field. In addition, a minimum of two man- days of professional time in the office for each day in the field are required from the outset of the investigation for evaluation of the data, and at least two more man-days are required during the final eval\iation and report-writing stage. -75- BIBLIOGRAPHY General Anonymous. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water." 11th Edition. American Public Health Association, New York. 626 pp. i960. Borrsuiaile, L. A., et al. "The Invertebrata, A Manual for the Use of Students." Third Edition. Cambridge, England. University Press. 795 pp. 1959. Light, S. F., et al. "Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast." University of California Press, Berkeley. kh6 pp. 1957' Lagler, Karl F. "Freshwater Fishery Biology." William C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 360 pp. 1952. Pennak, Robert W. "Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States." The Ronald Press Company, New York. 769 PP' 1953- Ward, Henry B. and Whipple, George C. "Fresh-Water Biology." Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York. 12U8 pp. 1959. Welch, Paul S. "Llmnologlcal Methods." The Blakiston Company, Philadelphia. 381 pp. 19^*6. Wolman, M. G. "A Method of Sampling Coarse River Bed Material." Volxjme 35, No. 6. Trcmsactions , Americsin Geophysiceil Union, pp. 951-956. 195^. Aquatic Plants Fasset, Norman C. "A Manual of Aquatic Plants." McGraw - Hill Book Company, Incorporated, New York. 382 pp. 19^. Mason, Herbert L. "A Flora of the Marshes of California." University of California Press, Berkeley. 878 pp. 1957- Muenscher, Walter C. "Aquatic Plants of the United States." Comstock Publishing Company, Incorporated, Ithaca, New York. 37^ pp. 19^'+« Prescott, G. W. "Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area." Bulletin No. 31. Cranbrook Institute of Science. 9k6 pp. 1951. Ollgochaeta Stephenson, J. "The Ollgochaeta." The Clarendon Press, Oxford. 978 pp. 1930. -77- Molluaca Webb, W. R. "U. S. Molltisca." Bookcraft, New York City, New York, pp. 138-150. 191^2. Insecta Brues, C. T., Melander, A. L., emd Carpenter, F. M. "Classification of Insects." Volume IO8. Bull » Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, pp. 28-75'^. 195»^. Usinger, Robert L. "Aquatic Insects of California." University of California Press, Berkeley. 508 pp. I956. Epheme ropt era Needham, James G., Traver, Jay R., and Yin-Chl Hsu. "The Biology of Mayflies, with a Systematic Account of North American Species." Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York. 759 PP" 1935* Odonata Needham, James G. and Westfall, Minter J., Jr. "A Manual of the Dragon- flies of North American (Anisoptera) . " University of California Press, Berkeley. 615 pp. 1955. Plecoptera Claassen, Peter W. "Plecoptera Nymphs of America (north of Mexico)." Thomas Say Foxmdation. 199 PP« 1931* Needham, James G. eusd Claassen, P. W. "A ((onograph of the Plecoptera or Stoneflies of America north of Mexico." Thomas Say Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana. 397 pp. I925. Tricoptera Ross, H. H. "The Caddis Flies or Tricoptera of Illinois." Bulletin, Illinois Natxiral History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. 326 pp. l^hh. Lepidoptera Lange, W. H., Jr. "A Generic Revision of the Aquatic Moths of North America (Lepidoptera: Pyralldae, Nymphulinae) . " Wasmann Jovtmal of Biology. Ikh pp. 1956. -78- PLATE I '''*.., "/// .,, LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATION. RIVER MILE. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND IN- DUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES, SAMPLE! MONTHLY. SAMPLED ONCE OR TWICE MONTHLY FOF PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL. AND OXYGEN ANALYSES. SAMPLED MONTHLY OR BIMONTHLY FOR PLANKTON. BOTTOM ORGANISMS. SEDI- MENT GRADATION, DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND TEMPERATURE. SAMPLED DAILY FOR TEMPERATURE ANI ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF COMPOSITE SAMPLES. PERIODIC ORGANIC ANALYSES SAMPLING USING CARBON ADSORPTION METHOD. "Ill/, ■■%. '■•k CONTINUOUS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITl RECORDER. STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY SAMPLING PROGRAM AND AREA OF INVESTIGATION 1960-61 SOLE IN MILES P 5 10 fell .-TOlf "'"' ,./ il TREATMENT PLANT A SAMPLED MONTHLY OR BIMONTHLY FOR PLANKTON. BOTTOM ORGANISMS. SEOl- SAMPLED DAILY FOR TEMPER ELECTRICAL CONDUCTAHCe ANALYSES OF COMPOSITE SAMPLES ^^_ jlj__^2 5 .^ S a, rfi a^^-d Ji ri d "^ " "^ ??5 "^"zl S°S"« SESSS SoSSS J3 ^"""■■"■■--K^K ■'S.«l„ LEGEND 3s,. FOR H-HOJtt milOOS THE RESOUnCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY SAMPLING PROGRAM AND AREA OF INVESTIGATION laiuATc eoee of valle' 'loor t/- THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL UUu LIBKAKY OUEjfljj 51970 ^ 21 fifC'O SEP 2 9 REC'D NOV 6 197?' DEC 2 RtC'D ^ \UG171992 J0V14 1990 HoKe 192Q REC'D UG 2 6 1992REC'I RECEIVED AUU-^2 7 ]992 •'jysical-Sclences MAR 1 i 2002 MA/? I 3 2np2 ^t^^'caj Sciences Lo« LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Snp-60m-8,'63(D9954s4)458 PHYSICAL SClENCfS UQHARY /\Z no . in LIBRAK UNIVEKSITY OF CA.UtVKHUi PAVJS 306033 I il Hill HI III I iinii 11 iMi niiiiiii III III II ml 3 1175 01437 6621 4