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 IVith kind regards of the Author, 
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 63, Elm Park Gardens, SJV. 
 London. 
 
AFRICA REDIVIVA. 
 
A* OF THE ^ 
 
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Via Crucis Via Lucis 
 
 Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her 
 hands xinto God Ps ixv/i/ /;/ 
 
AFRICA REDIVIVA. 
 
 OR, 
 
 Cfje Occupation of Africa lip Christian a^tssionaries of 
 Europe anD jftortf) America. 
 
 ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST, ll.d., 
 
 AUTHOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES OF AFRICA, BIBLE TRANSLATIONS, AND NOTES ON MISSIONARY SUBJECTS. 
 
 6 Xa6s o Ka9)]fi€VO<; iv GKOiei elBe <£a>9 f^iya, ical toI<$ KaOriixevois iv %u>pa koX 
 otcia Oavdrov, <£<W5 dvereiXev avToir — Matt. iv. 1 6. 
 
 JZto<? Be irtajevcraiaiv ov ovk r)Kovo~av ; 7rw9 Be a/covacoat %<wpi9 KT)pvcro~ovTo<i ; 
 7ro>? Be Krjpv^ooaiv, iav fxrj cnroaraXwcn, ; — Romans x. 14. 
 
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 vp.wv iariv. — Mark ix. 38. j^- -.<_-" >\". 
 
 //^ OP THE *$^ 
 
 ((UH 1 7 B H SI T 7)) 
 
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 LONDON: 
 ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
HERTFORD : 
 
 PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. 
 
 z^S &~&£ 
 
 
Co tbe e^cmorp 
 
 OF 
 
 SIMON OF CYRENE, the first African Cross-bearer ; 
 
 THE EUNUCH OF ETHIOPIA, the first African who was baptized; 
 
 APOLLOS OF ALEXANDRIA, the first African mighty in the 
 
 Scriptures ; 
 
 CYPRIAN and AUGUSTINE, the first men ; 
 
 AND 
 
 KATHARINA, FELICITAS, and PERPETUA, the first women, 
 
 WHO DIED FOR CHRIST IN AFRICA; 
 
 FRUMENTIUS, the first translator of God's Word into a Language 
 
 of Africa ; 
 
 AND 
 
 THAT GREAT ARMY OF MARTYRS, EVANGELISTS, AND PHILANTHROPISTS, 
 
 WHO, JUST AS THE TRANSLATOR RENDERS A WORD INTO VOCABLES 
 
 AND SYMBOLS INTELLIGIBLE TO THE EAR OF EACH AFRICAN 
 
 TRIBE, SO BY THEIR LIVES, THEIR UTTERANCES, AND 
 
 MANNER OF DYING, TRANSLATED INTO SYMBOLS 
 
 INTELLIGIBLE TO THE HEARTS OF THE 
 
 POOR AFRICAN, THE GREAT, ETERNAL 
 
 AND ALL-SUFFICIENT, 
 
 TRUTH, THAT 
 
 JESUS CHRIST DIED ON THE CROSS 
 
 FOR THE SALVATION OF THE WHOLE HUMAN RACE. 
 Trinity Sunday, 1891. 
 
INTRO DUCTION. 
 
 °©-i— 
 
 In the course of the compilation of my two volumes of the 
 Modern Languages of Africa, I became so interested in that 
 country, that I proposed to write two additional volumes, one 
 on the Political Scramble for Africa, and the second on the 
 Missionary Occupation of Africa. The scramble has this year 
 come to an end, but in the interim it has been described by 
 most competent authors, so I pass it by : the second subject 
 remains mine and mine only. The great majority of writers 
 would not notice the Missionary Occupation at all, and, if any 
 Protestant and Roman Catholic friend of Missions has turned 
 his attention to the subject, each has absolutely ignored, or 
 undervalued, the work of his great Rival. I am tall enough 
 to look over the barrier, only breast-high, which separates 
 earnest Christian workers. 
 
 My book is compiled in a Catholic spirit of sincere love 
 to all earnest Christian work, but the criticisms on methods 
 employed is none the less severe, because in my opinion it is 
 required : there are several radical errors which must be eradi- 
 cated. The Church of Rome must leave off the purchase of 
 slave boys and girls to found Congregations, and the Protestants 
 must adopt in the Equatorial Regions Brotherhoods and Sister- 
 hoods, as the only effective and lasting machinery, if the)- wish 
 to make any impression. 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Four Mission- Maps have been compiled under my instruc- 
 tion by Messrs. Stanford of Charing Cross. To suppose, that 
 a first effort of this kind would be absolutely correct, would be 
 ridiculous. I can only hope, that it is approximately so, and 
 will form a basis for one, that will be more correct, and I shall 
 keep the Maps on the stone for a couple of years for that 
 purpose. In 1884 I compiled and printed lists, and sent them 
 with a Circular to the leading Protestant Missionary Societies, 
 beo-o-ino- for information and correction : some replied, or sent 
 a copy of their Report. There is no difficulty about the great 
 Societies : their Annual Reports are sufficient ; but a great deal 
 of inquiry and promiscuous reading have been necessary to find 
 out about the smaller Societies, and there are obscurities still 
 unravelled. 
 
 When I was at Rome in 1879, I could get no information 
 even at the Propaganda about the Missions of the Church of 
 Rome : but the world has advanced. The yearly volume of 
 " Missiones Catholicae " now published by the Propaganda in the 
 Latin laneuaee leaves nothing to be desired, and Werner's 
 Orbis Terrarum Catholicus in the Latin language published this 
 year gives even fuller details. For the Missions of Africa there 
 are special chapters, and the information being official for the 
 whole Roman Church may be accepted as correct. 
 
 ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST. 
 
 1891. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Frontispiece. (Christ on the Cross, by Albert Durer.) 
 
 Dedication 
 
 Introduction .......... 
 
 Chapter I. Opening Remarks 
 
 Chapter II. Northern Region with Statistical Table and Map 
 Chapter III. Western do. do. do. 
 
 Chapter IV. Southern do. do. do. 
 
 Chapter V. Eastern do. do. do. 
 
 Chapter VI. Concluding Remarks 
 
 Appendices : 
 
 A. Table of Languages Spoken in Africa 
 
 B. Table of Bible Translations in Africa 
 
 C. Alphabetical, and National, List of Missions in Africa 
 
 D. Abstracts : Religious, Geographical, and National 
 
 E. Table of Books of Reference .... 
 
 vn 
 i 
 '5 
 23 
 37 
 5i 
 68 
 
 103 
 '05 
 "3 
 
 "5 
 
Chapter I. 
 
 OPENING REMARKS. 
 
 AFRICA used in the days of the elder world to be the " corpus vile " 
 of Asia : in the time of the Greeks and Romans and in later centuries 
 it became the "corpus vile" of Europe. In former years Europeans 
 used to steal Africans from Africa : now they are trying to steal Africa 
 from the Africans. There is a hungering for land, which will never 
 be made use of, a desire for domination over barbarous tribes, whom 
 the dominator knows not how to govern, and from whom he will never 
 gain any profit, or credit : there is a kind of itch for taking possession 
 of everything, as if the Creator had only been thinking of Europe, when 
 He made the world. The plea of ignorance, or the vaunt of having a 
 great Navy, will hardly justify National indifference to the violation 
 of the rights, and sacrifice of the lives of innocent and unoffending 
 populations. 
 
 Burke in his denunciation of Warren Hastings a century ago spoke 
 thus : " Animated with all the avarice of age, and the impetuosity of 
 " youth, the English rolled into India one wave after the other, and 
 " there was nothing before the eyes of the people of India but an endless, 
 " hopeless prospect of a new flight of birds of prey, with appetites 
 " continually ravening for a food, which was continually wanting : we 
 " boast of living in an age, when consciences are more sensitive, and 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 " in which there prevails a greater regard for the rights of others than 
 " in the past. I trust that our conduct as a people with respect to India 
 " may justify this boast." 
 
 Lord Palmerston is said to have thus written to Napoleon III. : 
 " How could we combine to become unprovoked aggressors, to imitate 
 " in Africa the partition of Poland by the conquest of Morocco for 
 " France, of Tunis for Italy, of Egypt for England, and how could 
 " England and France, who have guaranteed the integrity of the Turkish 
 " Empire, turn round and wrest Egypt from the Sultan ? We do not 
 " want to have Egypt : we want the power of passing through Egypt." 
 
 There was a time in the History of the great Roman Empire, when 
 wise counsellors recommended, that the limits of the Empire should be 
 restricted to the Danube, the Libyan Desert, and the Euphrates, and 
 no new additions be made, lest haply the superstructure should be too 
 large for the foundations. Such precautions are not taken by European 
 Governments. The scramble for Africa politically, commercially, and 
 spiritually, by way of annexation, import of liquor and instruments of 
 war, and preachers of the Gospel of Peace, has become one of the most 
 marked phenomena of the latter part of the nineteenth century. The 
 Political partition of Africa has been already fully described : the Com- 
 mercial partition might be the subject of an interesting and profitable 
 Essay. I restrict myself solely on this occasion to the " Missionary 
 occupation of Africa " in the last decade of this century. I take no 
 heed of past events, nor do I undertake to speculate on the future. 
 Precise accuracy is impossible : the kaleidoscope is always moving, and 
 forming fresh combinations. All the Islands, included in the so-called 
 Africa of Geographers, are excluded. The Christian Religion is taken 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 in its most comprehensive sense of the Census-compiler. The work of 
 the Missionary for the purpose of this Essay is only regarded on the 
 side of its civilizing influence for the mundane objects of this world. 
 Islam is admitted to be in possession of the majority of the population 
 of Africa, with a tendency to increase by its own momentum, and 
 adaptability to the environment of the Pagan African, and is recognized 
 as the avowed adversary of the Civilization, brought across the seas 
 by the Christian Missionary. 
 
 It is admitted as a fact, that there is a vast difference in the dogma, 
 and methods, of the different regiments of this invading Army, but 
 they all come into the category of good, honest, peace-loving, benevolent, v 
 and high-minded philanthropists, and as a proof of their devotedness a 
 large percentage have died at their post, and yet new recruits are always 
 arriving. The schools, hospitals, and printing-presses, which have come 
 into existence through their efforts, are distinct milestones of progress, 
 but the very presence of a Missionary raises the moral standard of all, 
 who come into contact with, or even gain a sight of, his daily life. The 
 spectacle of a holy, self-restrained, chaste, benevolent, and laborious 
 manner of living is a phenomenon, which astonishes, attracts, and gradually 
 brings into subjection, the wayward, though not necessarily evil, will of 
 the unsophisticated races. Not to be plundered, not to be ill-used, not 
 to be robbed of wife and children, by one, who certainly has the material 
 power to do such things, creates a new sensation. The employment 
 at free work in a Mission-station is a new surprise, for there is an absence 
 of violence, forced labour, and the whip, and the presence of a day's 
 wage, a kind word and a smile, a careful attention to bodily injuries or 
 sickness. Add to this a continuous respect to old age, a delicacy 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 towards the weaker sex, and a kindness to children : all this would go 
 for nothing in a Christian land, but it opens out new fields of thought 
 to barbarians, and is a living, walking, speaking Gospel, presented to 
 their understanding and hearts. Let no one undervalue the civilizing 
 effects of the presence of a self-restrained man of European culture in 
 the midst of an African population. 
 
 We ought to put away National European prejudices, and consider 
 what is best for the populations of the Regions annexed. Englishmen 
 have a ridiculously inveterate habit of imagining, that any region of 
 any value at all ought to pass under the dominion of England. All 
 French so-called Colonies are based upon the idea of the Colony 
 being sacrificed to the Mother-Country, with an exclusive system of 
 Commercial Monopoly, and an exclusive use of the French language 
 in business and education. The Germans have gone in for Colonies 
 without counting the cost, or possessing any aptitude for government, 
 such as long experience has given to the English and French. With 
 brutal cynicism they have grabbed at what they could get, regardless 
 of the feeling of the people, and without reflecting on the day of 
 reckoning, which will surely come. If it be true, that it is intended 
 to try the frightful experiment of forced labour, plantations, and 
 localized serfage, if the Native population is to be made to work, 
 and the Missionary to superintend industrial schools so as to teach 
 him how to work, the end may not far be distant : the Spaniards 
 killed down the Carib population of the little West Indian Islands, 
 but the races of Africa South of the Equator are more hardy, and have 
 vast central Regions, to which they can retire. The Reign of Force 
 may succeed to the Reign of Law and Equity for a brief period, 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 but in the nineteenth Century it is impossible to carry out to the 
 bitter end the brutalities, which made up the policy of Charlemagne 
 in his dealings with the Saxons in the ninth Century. 
 
 If there is one object, which more than another, has encouraged 
 me to this work, it is the desire to check the intrusion of the agents 
 of one Mission into the Region occupied by another. Surely as 
 regards Africa it may be said, " Still there is room." Christian men 
 are bound to do Christian work in a Christian manner, and it is not 
 the act of a good Christian to foment difficulties in the nascent 
 Churches by engendering strife about names and customs. The 
 Christian Missionary, however tempting the opening may be, and 
 however pressing the invitation may be, should maintain a strong 
 reserve upon himself : of course towns of considerable size, like Cape 
 Town, Sierra Leone, Lagos, Zanzibar, Algiers, Tunis, Tangiers, Cairo, 
 are the common property of all the Churches. A weak Society 
 should not act the part of a dog in the manger, and, while doing 
 nothing itself, attempt to keep other Societies off. The controlling 
 authorities at home should maintain this principle, and act in harmony, 
 and Christian forbearance with each other. It is said of the Roman 
 Catholics, that they intentionally sit down by the side of the 
 Protestant Missionary, with a view to destroy his work. This is 
 not literally true. Many of the Roman Catholic Missions are actually 
 in virgin soil, or were in possession before the arrival of the 
 Protestants. Cardinal Lavigcric told me at Tunis in 1882, that he 
 had positively ordered, that no Station was to be occupied by his 
 Agents within a certain distance of a Protestant Mission, and this 
 should be the wise and far-seeing policy of those, who control the 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 Missions. In British India there has never been any difficulty on 
 this score. In past years mistakes may have been made owing to 
 ignorance : in future, after the compilation of these Lists, this excuse 
 cannot be urged in Africa. 
 
 Let us freely admit, that the maritime races of Western Europe 
 were for many centuries irresistibly drawn into the policy of 
 colonization : they did not do so with any clear perception of what 
 would be the result of their efforts : there was none of the effrontery 
 of the late German annexations, the so-called treaties with chiefs, 
 the nominal protection, and then the appliance of force. The 
 Roman Empire no doubt was irresistibly led on to the conquest of 
 Gaul and Britain, which for the time were bad bargains, but the 
 marvellous contact of Roman Civilization, and Religion, led to the 
 genesis of France and England, as we know them. Perhaps the 
 European Nations now may be begetting new Nationalities in Africa, 
 who will rule the future world. This brings us back to the con- 
 sideration of the duty to introduce a good administration into these 
 annexed Regions, and of the responsibility before God and man, which 
 European Nations have assumed with such light-heartedness. 
 
 What should be the policy ? (i) To develope the self-governing 
 aptitudes of African nationalities either as Kingdoms, or Republics. 
 (2) The European Powers should be just and unselfish to the 
 populations, which have by violence, and by brute force, been brought 
 like a flock of helpless sheep under their influence. (3) The resources 
 of the Region should be developed by methods not calculated to 
 destroy the indigenous population. (4) The introduction of legiti- 
 mate commerce (exclusive of spirituous liquors and lethal arms) 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 and the gentler virtues of Education and Social Culture. What has 
 been the practice ? The European lands on the Coast of Africa, as 
 a Man of Science, or a Man of Commerce, or a great Hunter, or a 
 mighty Explorer, totally regardless of the rights of others : he tramps 
 along, as if he were the owner of the soil ; he treats the tribes, who 
 have had the prescriptive possession of the country for centuries, as if 
 they were in the category of the wild beasts, mere " ferae naturae " : 
 he cares neither for their souls, nor their bodies (and yet Christ died 
 on the Cross for these also) : he sets at nought their customary 
 game-laws : he steals their fetishes from their joss-houses, the 
 skulls and bones of their forefathers from their place of sepulture, 
 and often defiles their women. 
 
 If old greybeards humbly beg them to pass on, or retire, they 
 are laughed at : if the young cross their spears against the path 
 of the invader, they are shot down by arms of precision. Murder 
 just goes for nothing, when the European is out on the African 
 warpath : he knows, and they know, that he knows, that he is 
 the herald and advance-guard of the destroyer of their race, their 
 customs, and their religion : they know, that he brings with him 
 liquors, loathsome diseases, and lethal weapons : that he is a man 
 of blood, a man-stealer, and a land-grabber, often an adulterer, some- 
 times a hard-drinker : if he is wounded, he cries out, as if he were 
 an innocent man, and were injured : if he is killed, his friends 
 expect his death to be avenged by the despatch of an armed force, 
 or a gunboat, and the slaughter of women and children : he calls 
 himself the Prophet of Civilization, while he proves to be a Demon 
 of Desolation, and Destruction : he makes a solitude and calls it 
 
( s ) 
 
 Peace, and then looks out on the world with a complacent smile, 
 and exclaims, " Behold the garden, which I have unsealed for the 
 " German, the Englishman, and the Frenchman, the new opening for 
 "commerce, the new fields for Missionaries, the new homes within 
 " the burning tropics for the superabundant population of colder 
 " climates ! Is not this the divine right of Christian men ? " 
 
 It must be admitted, that in dealing with the natives of Africa 
 the principles of common Christianity, and respect for National 
 Feeling, has entirely disappeared from the vision of Statesmen. No 
 one asks what is just, or right, but only looks to selfish interests 
 from the narrowest point of view. The vultures of Europe have 
 settled down on the corpse of Africa, and are proceeding to tear out 
 its vitals, but with the sanctimonious demeanour, and Pharisaic 
 phraseology, of Christian Philanthropists of the highest order. There 
 never was such a frightful mockery. It has been quite forgotten, that 
 the millions of Africa are children of the same common Father, who 
 feels love and sympathy for all His children, and the greater love in 
 proportion as they are more degraded. We should allow ourselves 
 no illusions : it is no use talking in an airy way of Civilization and 
 Christianity, the only outward and visible sign of which is the Demijohn 
 of Rum, and the case of Rifles : the contact of Africa with European 
 Commerce must be deadly in its effects : the entanglement of Africa 
 in the net of European Politics can only be injurious : the only hope 
 of amelioration of the unhappy people lies with the Christian 
 Missionary. 
 
 For my purposes I divide Africa into four Regions : 
 I. From Suakin on the Red Sea to Cape Bianco on the Atlantic : 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 following the Coast line on the Northern frontier, and the 
 twentieth degree of Northern Latitude on the Southern. This 
 constitutes the Northern Region. 
 II. From Cape Bianco on the West Coast to the mouth of the River 
 Kunene : the Northern frontier being the twentieth degree of 
 Northern Latitude : the Western the Atlantic : the Southern 
 the eighteenth degree of Southern Latitude : the Eastern the 
 twentieth degree of East Longitude. This constitutes the 
 Western Region. 
 
 III. From the mouth of the River Kunene to the mouth of the River 
 
 Zambesi : the Northern frontier being about the eighteenth 
 degree of Southern Latitude, and following the Coast line on 
 the Western, Southern, and Eastern frontier. This constitutes 
 the Southern Region. 
 
 IV. From the mouth of the River Zambesi to Suakin on the Red 
 
 Sea : the Northern frontier being the twentieth degree of 
 Northern Latitude : the Western being the twentieth degree 
 of East Longitude : the Southern being about the eighteenth 
 degree of Southern Latitude, and the Eastern the Indian 
 Ocean. This constitutes the Eastern Region. 
 Commencing with the Northern Region, I proceed from East to 
 West until I get back to my starting-point. 
 
 Not one word will indicate the particular section of Christianity, 
 to which the compiler belongs. As stated above, the point of view is 
 that of Civilization and Culture, and it is so far a matter of indifference, 
 what may be the dogmatic, or ecclesiastical, views of the Agents, who 
 bring those blessings, for the blessing is brought by all. Still unqucstion- 
 
( io ) 
 
 ably the outward form, in which the Missionary's energy is presented, 
 is essentially different, taking its colour from the Nation, and religious 
 views, of the particular Mission. Let me try from a purely secular point 
 of view to explain this. The great essential division is that of the 
 Church of Rome, and the Churches of the Protestants. In Africa the 
 large majority of Missionaries of the first category are French, but there 
 are also English, German, Portuguese, Belgian, and Italian representa- 
 tives. I think that I am right in saying, that they work exclusively in 
 Congregations or Brotherhoods under a particular religious name with 
 an autonomy of their own, and there is no such thing in Africa as 
 Missionaries sent out by a National non-European Church. The Mis- 
 sionaries are necessarily by the laws of their Church, either lay, or 
 ordained, life-celibates ; their work is a life-work, and they are content 
 with the mere necessaries of life. £40 is stated to be sufficient for the 
 annual provision of one man on the Coast : the cost of transport must 
 make life in the interior more costly. They wear a distinctive dress, 
 and have a blameless reputation. As a rule, they do not interfere in 
 mundane affairs : they encourage education, and industrial arts, and 
 inculcate the highest forms of social morality. Perhaps the Frenchman 
 is too fond of teaching the African barbarian the French language 
 instead of himself adopting the vernacular of the place. The blot, 
 which from a secular point of view I find in them all, is the exclusion 
 of the Bible in the vernacular, and the wholesale purchase of boys and 
 girls from slave-dealers to fill their schools, and supply the material for 
 construction of future Christian communities. They call it " redemption," 
 and it is no doubt for a pure and holy purpose, but the transaction itself 
 is as much slave-dealing on their part as on the part of the Arab who 
 
( II ) 
 
 buys children of both sexes to carve into eunuchs, or pollute into con- 
 cubines. A man might properly redeem his wife, or child, who had 
 been carried off by a slave-dealer, but a European Missionary has no 
 right to purchase that wife or child of the slave-dealer merely for 
 Missionary purposes, and no European Government can tolerate it. 
 Cardinal Lavigerie, in his eloquent Conference at St. Sulpice, in 1888, 
 thus practically condemned this practice. He said : " Tenter de 
 " racheter tous les esclaves, et en anoncer l'intention, serait allumer des 
 " cupidites nouvelles chez les exploiteurs, et les porter a multiplier leur 
 " captures." 
 
 And with regard to the Bible let me be very bold. To Jerome above 
 all men praise is due for his Latin Translation of the Vulgate, which 
 kept Christianity alive from his date A.D. 400 to the time of Erasmus 
 1400. Had the Bible in Western Europe become the fossil, which it 
 has become among the corrupt Churches of Asia, where would Divine 
 Knowledge have been found, when Western Europe at the time of the 
 Renaissance woke up from the slumber of centuries ? On the material, 
 intellectual, and educational, sides the Bible is the foundation, the key- 
 note, and masterpiece of European Literature, for the mediaeval trans- 
 lations of the Bible created the present Vernaculars of the Teutonic 
 Races, and are creating Vernaculars all over the world ; the sentiments 
 of the Bible, like a sparkling cord of gold, thread the warp of all 
 modern Literature, and the music of its combinations of thoughts, 
 words, and sounds, form the great monotone, which is heard under the 
 symphony of all modern Poetry and Prose : and finally it is a book, 
 which by itself is a sufficient library of all possible Literature, and 
 without which the Literature of any Nation would be incomplete. Why 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 then deny it to the poor African, who has no indigenous Literature at 
 all ? It is the basis of the Common Law of Europe and America, the 
 only one book, which all accept, and the knowledge of which will place 
 the African " en rapport," and on a level, with the European and the 
 American. If a knowledge of the Bible renders any mediaeval dogma 
 untenable by the common sense of mankind, so much the worse for 
 the dogma : like Dagon, it is broken to pieces in the presence of the 
 Ark. Throw it over the ship's side. The dogma was from man ; the 
 Bible is from God. 
 
 The Protestant Missionaries are recruited from the United States 
 of North America, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Germany, and 
 Scandinavia ; they are sent out by organized Societies, which in 
 Protestant countries take the place of the Brotherhoods of the early 
 Churches, and the construction of these Societies displays infinite 
 variety. Indiscreetly-early marriages, large families of children, the 
 increased hindrances of illness and death caused thereby, the absence 
 of proper training, discipline, and obedience, render Missions of the 
 Protestant Churches much more expensive, and the management much 
 more difficult : it is a comfort to know, that the principle of Brother- 
 hoods in the field, and celibacy for at least ten years after 
 commencement of work, are gaining ground in public favour. As a 
 rule, there is entire abstention from industrial or mercantile compli- 
 cations ; but some Missions are exceptions, and with doubtful advantage; 
 there is Education, an open Bible in the Vernacular, and a total 
 abstinence from purchasing of Boys and Girls to fill schools, and form 
 communities. The blots are the absence of life-consecration, the 
 higher scale of expenditure, the unworthy sacrifice of Duty to God 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 to self-imposed domestic tics, the will-worship of individuals instead of 
 absolute obedience to a competent leader. 
 
 The friends of both sets of Missionaries offend good taste, and injure 
 their own holy cause, by the barefaced Euphemism of their publications, 
 and pulpit, or platform, orations : if the matter were not so serious, 
 it would cause ridicule. I have for many years read the Reports in 
 English, French, German, and Italian, and have always blamed, and 
 regretted the inflated language : there is no hint of failures, mistakes, 
 or shortcomings : the whole narrative is one of unstinted, and often 
 undeserved, praise : spiritual forces, independent of material, are 
 described as fighting on the side of the Missionary : if the Missionary 
 of Rome has a gleam of success, it is attributed to the interference of 
 a male, or female, Saint, who is working in their interests : if the 
 Protestant Mission has a good time of it, it is said to be a direct 
 answer to Prayer ; but, when calamity falls on a Mission, and their 
 Stations are destroyed, and themselves killed, it is never explained 
 by the agents of Rome, why their powerful friends the Saints failed 
 to save them, or by the Protestants, why their prayers were not heard. 
 Both parties forget, that the mighty Controller of Human Events some- 
 times blesses an enterprize by putting a stumbling-block in its way, 
 sometimes guides His poor creatures by closing doors as well as 
 opening them, and teaches by Trial and Martyrdom as well as by 
 Success and Prosperity. All Boasting, and self-laudation, and piling 
 up of epithets, and puffing up particular agents, should be excluded 
 from the solemn narrative of Work done humbly and faithfully by 
 devoted men, whose reward will follow them. 
 
 Then again the adversaries of the Missionary are painted in the 
 
( 14 ) 
 
 darkest colours : the Pagan and Mahometan Africans are described for 
 the benefit of the untravelled home-public, as sunk in every kind of 
 debauchery, disgusting sin, and degradation. I have visited the Northern 
 Region of Africa, and did not find it so ; and a residence of a quarter 
 of a century in close contact with the Pagans, and Mahometans, of India, 
 has not led me to think, that either Religion necessarily brings with it 
 debauchery, disgusting sin, and degradation : on the contrary, I have 
 found among them some of the noblest types of the human race, far 
 superior to the ordinary European ; and the streets of London and Paris 
 cry out against the degradation of nominal Christian Communities. 
 
 As to the African the first thing required is to bring Christianity, 
 Christian civilization, and social culture, to their doors, and even then 
 there is a necessity for a strong Christian Government to give the new 
 elements a chance of fair play, for the character of the people is singu- 
 larly unstable : the Equatorial Races can never maintain the same 
 standard of morality as the inhabitants of colder climates ; at any rate 
 they never have done so. For generations the old Pagan habits and 
 belief will cling to the people under the Christian or Mahometan veneer. 
 More than this : the European settler in tropical Regions will decidedly 
 deteriorate, as the Asiatic immigrants of the Eastern Regions have 
 notoriously done, and his descendants will lose some of their ancestral 
 excellencies, and assume some of the local vices : the problem is a 
 complex and not a hopeful one. 
 
 I now proceed to describe each of the four Regions with a short 
 Narrative, a Statistical Table, and a Map. 
 
> "0 
 
MISSIONARY MAP OF AFRICA. NORTHERN REGION. 
 
Chapter II. 
 
 NORTHERN REGION. 
 
 Sub-Regions: I. Suakin. II. Egypt. III. Tripolitana. IV. Tunfsia. 
 V. Sahara. VI. Algeria. VII. Morocco. 
 
 For the most part this Region consists of organized States, and 
 the Missionary Problem is very different from that presented by the 
 other Regions. If there are increased facilities, there are increased 
 difficulties. The contact of Europe has been deadly : the political 
 complications are hurtful : the presence of Hebrew settlements offers 
 new problems : the Mahometan Religion is throughout the whole 
 Region dominant, through restrained by Christian influences from 
 any persecuting tendencies. In fact, the circumstances of the 
 Northern Region resemble Asia rather than Africa proper. Europe 
 owes a great debt to this Northern Region of Africa : the very 
 alphabet, which we use, can be traced back to Egyptian sources : 
 our earliest Greek and Latin translations of the Bible came from 
 Africa : a great deal of the Mythology of the pre-Christian world, 
 and of the Theology of the Christian world, can be traced back to 
 men, who lived and died in Africa. Europe has in all ages plundered 
 the Egyptians, and continues to this day to do so. 
 
 I. Suakin on the Red Sea is politically part of Egypt, and is 
 the port, from which before long Berber and Khartum on the Upper 
 
RY MAP 
 
 ill E 
 
 ^ALGIERS 
 
 NA,8B,T, . , . 
 
 t Const 
 
 N A , 
 
 LA, L, PC. 
 
 20 
 
Chapter II. 
 
 NORTHERN REGION. 
 
 Sub-Regions : I. Suakin. II. Egypt. III. Tripolitana. IV. Tunfsia. 
 V. Sahara. VI. Algeria. VII. Morocco. 
 
 FOR the most part this Region consists of organized States, and 
 the Missionary Problem is very different from that presented by the 
 other Regions. If there are increased facilities, there are increased 
 difficulties. The contact of Europe has been deadly : the political 
 complications are hurtful : the presence of Hebrew settlements offers 
 new problems : the Mahometan Religion is throughout the whole 
 Region dominant, through restrained by Christian influences from 
 any persecuting tendencies. In fact, the circumstances of the 
 Northern Region resemble Asia rather than Africa proper. Europe 
 owes a great debt to this Northern Region of Africa : the very 
 alphabet, which we use, can be traced back to Egyptian sources : 
 our earliest Greek and Latin translations of the Bible came from 
 Africa : a great deal of the Mythology of the pre-Christian world, 
 and of the Theology of the Christian world, can be traced back to 
 men, who lived and died in Africa. Europe has in all ages plundered 
 the Egyptians, and continues to this day to do so. 
 
 I. Suakin on the Red Sea is politically part of Egypt, and is 
 the port, from which before long Berber and Khartum on the Upper 
 
( 16 ) 
 
 Nile will be attained. An English Church-Missionary Medical man 
 was there for a short time in 1890, but has been withdrawn. Two 
 Priests of the Institute at Verona were sent there a few years ago, 
 and are stationed permanently : the inhabitants are wild Nomads of 
 Hamitic stock, speaking a language, which has no connection with 
 Arabic : they are Mahometan. 
 
 II. Egypt' is the Field of a great many enterprises : the native 
 population consists of Christian Kopts and Mahometans, all speaking 
 Arabic. The American United Presbyterian Mission is the most 
 important, extending with its stations up to Luxor ; the English 
 Church-Missionary Society has a small Mission at Cairo : in that 
 city also are the Whately Hospital and Schools, and the Gordon 
 College for the purpose of higher Education. At Cairo, and 
 Alexandria, are establishments of Deaconesses from Kaiserwerth near 
 Dusseldorf on the Rhine. The above work among the population 
 generally. There are two British Missions specially for the Jews at 
 Cairo, and at Alexandria. The Church of Rome is represented at 
 various parts of Egypt by the Congregations of the Franciscans, 
 African Missions of Lyons, Lazarists, and Brothers of Christian 
 Doctrine. A supply of copies of the Scriptures in the different 
 languages is provided for by the British and American Bible-Societies. 
 
 III. Tripolitana is a Province of Turkey. The English North 
 Africa Society has a Station at Tripoli. The British Bible-Society 
 provides for the sale of the Scriptures. The Church of Rome is 
 represented by the Franciscans. The population is Mahometan, and 
 speak Arabic. 
 
 IV. Tunisia is a Colony of France. At Tunis and Sfax are 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 Stations of the English North Africa Society. The London Jews 
 Society has a Mission to the Jews at Tunis. The British Bible 
 Society has a Depot for sale of the Scriptures. The Church of Rome 
 is represented by the Congregation of the Capuchins, the Brothers 
 of Christian Doctrine, and the French Mission of the Lady of Africa. 
 The population is Mahometan, who speak Arabic. 
 
 V. Sahara is a Region imperfectly known, independent and 
 sparsely inhabited, to the South of Tripolitana, Tunisia, and Algeria. 
 The Church of Rome is represented by the French Mission of the Lady 
 of Africa. Stations are being occupied by the French armed Brethren 
 of the Sahara to protect Missionaries. The inhabitants are of a 
 Hamitic stock : Arabic and Tuwarik are spoken. 
 
 VI. Algeria is a Colony of France. The English North Africa 
 Society has several Stations, the Evangelical Mission of Paris has 
 also a Station. The British Bible-Society has several Depots. The 
 Church of Rome is represented by Jesuits, Trappists, and the French 
 Mission of the Lady of Africa. The population is Mahometan, but of two 
 distinct races, the Kabail, who are Hamitic, and speak Kabail, and the 
 Arabs who are Semitic, and speak Arabic. French is largely made use of. 
 
 VII. Morocco is an independent kingdom in the lowest state of politi- 
 cal degradation. The English North Africa Society has several Stations : 
 the London Jews Society has an agent at Mogador : the Scotch United 
 Presbyterian Society has a Station at Rabat. The British Bible-Society 
 has a Depot. The Church of Rome is represented by the Franciscans 
 and Spanish Priests. The population consists of Arabs, Berbers, Jews, 
 and Negro Slaves from the Sudan : the two former are Mahometan, 
 the languages spoken are debased Arabic, Shilha, and a Negro language. 
 
I.— NORTHERN REGION. 
 
 No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. 
 
 I Suakin . Institute of Suakin Hadendoa Bishari 
 
 Verona Cairo 
 Shellah 
 
 II Egypt . . i American Alexandria Mahometan Arabic 
 United Cairo and Kopt 
 
 Presbyterian Assiout 
 Luxor 
 
 2 English Cairo Mahometan Arabic 
 
 Church 
 Missionary 
 
 3 Whately do. do. do. 
 
 School and 
 Hospital 
 
 4 Kaiserwerth Cairo do. do. 
 Deaconesses Alexandria 
 
 5 Gordon Cairo Mahometan do. 
 
 College and 
 
 Christian 
 
 6 London Alexandria Jews do. 
 
 Society 
 
 7 English Cairo do. do. 
 
 Parochial 
 Mission 
 
 8 British Bible Alexandria Mahometans do. 
 
 Society Cairo Christians 
 
 and Jews 
 
 9 American do. do. do. 
 
 Bible 
 Society 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. 
 
 II Egypt . .10 Francis- Cairo Mahometan Arabic 
 
 cans Alexandria Kopt 
 
 
 1 1 Jesuits 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Minieh 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 12 African 
 Missions of 
 Lyons 
 
 Zagazig 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 13 Lazarists 
 
 Cairo 
 Alexandria 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 14 Brethren 
 
 of Christian 
 Doctrine 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 III Tripolitana 
 
 1 English 
 North 
 Africa 
 Society 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Mahometan 
 
 do. 
 
 
 2 BritishBible 
 Society 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 Franciscans 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 IV Tunisia . 
 
 1 English 
 North 
 Africa 
 Society 
 
 Tunis 
 Sfax 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 2 London 
 Society 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Jew 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 BritishBible 
 Society 
 
 do. 
 
 Mahometan 
 and 
 Jew 
 
 do. 
 
 
 4 Capuchins 
 
 do. 
 
 Mahometan 
 
 do. 
 
( 20 ) 
 
 No. Sub- Region. Agency. Stations. 
 
 IV Tunisia . 5 Brothers of Tunis 
 
 Christian 
 
 Doctrine 
 
 Population. Languages. Remarks. 
 Mahometan Arabic 
 
 
 6 French 
 Lady of 
 Africa 
 
 do. 
 
 V Sahara 
 
 . 1 French 
 Lady of 
 Africa 
 
 Biskra 
 Ghadames 
 
 
 2 French 
 Armed 
 Brethren 
 Sahara 
 
 Biskra 
 of 
 
 >T Algeria 
 
 . 1 English 
 North 
 Africa 
 Society 
 
 Algiers 
 Constan- 
 
 tine 
 TIemshen 
 Mascara 
 
 2 Paris Algiers 
 
 Evangelical 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Arabic 
 Kabail 
 Tuwarik 
 
 do. 
 
 Arabic 
 Kabail 
 
 do. 
 
 3 British 
 Bible 
 Society 
 
 4 English 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 Algiers 
 Constan- 
 tine 
 
 Bugi 
 
 5 Jesuits Oran 
 
 6 Trappists Algiers 
 
 7 French do. 
 Lady of 
 
 Africa 
 
 Mahometan 
 and 
 Jew 
 
 Mahometan 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. 
 
 VI Algeria . 8 Lazarists Algiers Mahometan Kabail 
 
 9 Spanish 
 Priests 
 
 Oran 
 
 Christian Spanish 
 
 VII Morocco 
 
 i English 
 North 
 Africa 
 Society 
 
 2 London 
 Jews 
 Society 
 
 3 Scotch 
 United 
 Presby- 
 terian 
 Society 
 
 4 British 
 Bible 
 Society 
 
 5 Francis- 
 cans 
 
 Tetuan Mahometan Arabic 
 
 Tangier Pagan-Negro Shilha 
 Casabianca Negro 
 
 Mogador Jew 
 
 Rabat 
 
 Tangier 
 
 Mahometan 
 and 
 Jews 
 
 do. Mahometan 
 
 do. 
 
 Mahometan Arabic 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 6 Spanish 
 Priests 
 
 Ceuta Christian Spanish 
 
Chapter III. 
 
 WESTERN REGION. 
 
 Sub-Regions : I. Senegambia. II. Sierra Leone. III. Liberia. 
 IV. Gold-Coast. V. Slave-Coast. VI. Niger-Basin. VII. 
 Kamerun. VIII. Gabiin. IX. Kongo-Basin. X. Angola. 
 
 I. In continuing my course along the Western Coast from the 
 Southern Frontier of Morocco to the Northern Bank of the River 
 Kunene, I enter the Sub-Region of Senegambia, which for the 
 convenience of this Essay may be deemed to extend to the River 
 Scarcies, which separates it from the Sub-Region of Sierra Leone. 
 In this area are included the French Colony of the Senegal, and 
 its dependencies, the British Colony of the Gambia, and the Colony 
 of Portugal. Extending inwards to the basin of the Upper Niger, 
 and beyond into the Sudan, is a Mahometan Region totally devoid 
 of Christian Missions : owing to the difficulty, which the French 
 Colonial system of administration throws in the way of Education 
 in any other than the French language, there are no British or 
 American Missions. The French Evangelical Society of Paris has 
 a Mission at St. Louis on the Senegal. 
 
 Further South there is an English Wesleyan Mission at Bathurst 
 on the River Gambia, and an English Episcopal Negro Church. On 
 the Rio Pongo are the two Stations of Domingia and Fallangia 
 
Vjyr OF THE >T^ 
 
MISSIONARY MAP OF AFRICA , WESTERN REGION. 
 
( 2 3 ) 
 
 occupied by the West India Association of the Episcopal Church 
 of England. 
 
 At different points in this Sub-Region the Church of Rome is 
 represented by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart 
 of Mary, and the Brothers of Christian Doctrine. There are Portu- 
 guese Priests in the Portuguese Colony. 
 
 II. In the British Colony of Sierra Leone there is not only entirely 
 Religious Tolerance, but absence of interference with Missionary 
 Education, for which it is hoped, that the French Priests of Rome 
 are grateful. The bulk of the population of Freetown are descendants 
 from liberated Negro slaves, of very different races, but all now 
 speaking the English language, and brought up in British culture : 
 in the regions around are Pagan and Mahometan tribes, speaking 
 the languages of Temne, Bullom, and Mende. The English Episcopal 
 Church is independent and self-supporting, but the Church-Missionary 
 Society supports a Training College, Schools, and some outlying 
 Mission-Stations. The English Wesleyan Missionary Society, Lady 
 Huntingdon's Connection, the United Methodist Free Church, arc 
 also represented. The Church of Rome is represented by the French 
 Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 
 In the outlying villages the American Missionaries of the United 
 Brethren of Ohio are occupied amidst the Mende-speaking villages 
 of Sherbro' ; and in the Regions in the interior behind Freetown 
 another American Mission from Kansas is attempting to reach the 
 inhabitants of the Sudan. 
 
 III. Beyond the frontier of the British Colony of Sierra Leone 
 and its dependencies is the Republic of Liberia, which extends 
 
( 2 3 ) 
 
 occupied by the West India Association of the Episcopal Church 
 of England. 
 
 At different points in this Sub-Region the Church of Rome is 
 represented by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart 
 of Mary, and the Brothers of Christian Doctrine. There are Portu- 
 guese Priests in the Portuguese Colony. 
 
 II. In the British Colony of Sierra Leone there is not only entirely 
 Religious Tolerance, but absence of interference with Missionary 
 Education, for which it is hoped, that the French Priests of Rome 
 are grateful. The bulk of the population of Freetown are descendants 
 from liberated Negro slaves, of very different races, but all now 
 speaking the English language, and brought up in British culture : 
 in the regions around are Pagan and Mahometan tribes, speaking 
 the languages of Temne, Bullom, and Mende. The English Episcopal 
 Church is independent and self-supporting, but the Church-Missionary 
 Society supports a Training College, Schools, and some outlying 
 Mission-Stations. The English Wesleyan Missionary Society, Lady 
 Huntingdon's Connection, the United Methodist Free Church, arc 
 also represented. The Church of Rome is represented by the French 
 Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 
 In the outlying villages the American Missionaries of the United 
 Brethren of Ohio are occupied amidst the Mende-speaking villages 
 of Sherbro' ; and in the Regions in the interior behind Freetown 
 another American Mission from Kansas is attempting to reach the 
 inhabitants of the Sudan. 
 
 III. Beyond the frontier of the British Colony of Sierra Leone 
 and its dependencies is the Republic of Liberia, which extends 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 along the Coast from Cape Mount to Cape Palmas. Whatever is 
 done here is done by citizens of the United States, and the following 
 Churches arc represented, the American Episcopal Church, the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church, the Baptist 
 Northern Union, the Evangelical Lutheran, the Coloured Baptists 
 and Bishop Taylor's Mission. The Church of Rome is represented 
 by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 
 If the culture and religious views of the people of Europe and 
 North America are to exercise any predominant influence over the 
 people of Africa, lower in culture, and devoid of any fixed and 
 intelligent Religious belief, it might have been expected, that in 
 the British Colony of Sierra Leone, and the American Republic of 
 Liberia, after the lapse of half a century there would have been 
 evidence of that beneficial influence, but it is not so : no impression, 
 religious, moral, or social, has been made by the educated Negroes 
 of either community on the surrounding coloured men of the 
 same or cognate African race : this renders the outlook for the 
 elevation of the people of Africa very dark indeed. 
 
 IV. The next Sub-Region is that of the Gold-Coast from Cape 
 Palmas to Cape St. Paul. In this area there is much independent 
 coast territory, and a British Colony, that of Cape Coast Castle. 
 The English Wesley an Missionary Society has a mission among the 
 Fanti, the German Missionaries from Basl in Switzerland among the 
 Ashanti, and the North German Mission of Bremen among the 
 population of Akra, and the Ewe-speaking inhabitants of the kingdom 
 of Dahome. The Church of Rome is represented in these quarters 
 by the African Missions of Lyons. It must be remarked, that in 
 
( 2 5 ) 
 
 these last three Sub-Regions no attempt has been made to penetrate 
 far into the Regions behind, and the teaching of the Missionary is 
 exposed to impediments arising from the evil lives, and commercial 
 imports, of nominal Christians. 
 
 V. The next Sub-Region, the Slave-Coast, extends from the 
 frontier of the last- mentioned Sub-Region to the limits of the 
 Estuary of the River Niger, and a portion of it, Yariba-land, extends 
 back to the Quarrah Branch of that River. It comprises French, 
 German, and English Colonies, and independent territory. The English 
 Church-Missionary Society has occupied the island of Lagos close 
 into the Coast, a British Colony, and several important Stations in the 
 interior of the mainland, notably Abeokiita. The English Wesleyan 
 Missionary Society has occupied other Stations on the Coast, and 
 at one time penetrated into the interior as far as the Quarrah Branch 
 of the Niger. The American Baptist Southern Convention is repre- 
 sented at Lagos, and Abeokiita. The Church of Rome is represented 
 by the African Missions of Lyons at numerous Stations. 
 
 VI. In the next Sub-Region, the Niger-Basin, I come upon 
 new phenomena, where the Missionary is able to penetrate far into 
 the interior, and get among a population untainted by the evil 
 contact of European commerce on the Coast. The Church-Missionary 
 Society has a row of important Stations in the Delta, the Lower 
 and the Upper Niger, reaching as far as the kingdom of Nupe - on 
 the Quarrah Branch of the Niger. Up to the last year it has been 
 conducted solely by African Missionaries from Sierra Leone. The 
 English Wesleyan Missionary Society at one time penetrated through 
 Yariba-land to Egga on the Quarrah Branch of the Niger. In the 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 neighbouring region of the Oil Rivers the Scotch United Presbyterian 
 Church have a Mission on the Old Kalabar River. The Church of 
 Rome is represented by the African Missions of Lyons in the Upper 
 Niger, and by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of 
 Mary in the Region on the left bank of the great River. The whole 
 Sub-Region has passed under the Protectorate of Great Britain : the 
 perpetration of the abominable crimes of the Pagan period has ceased, 
 such as Cannibalism, human sacrifices, and the slaying of twins : life 
 and property are now safe, and a door is open wide into the very heart 
 of Africa, only second to that of the Kongo-Basin South of the Equator. 
 VII. The next Sub-Region is that of Kamenin, a newly- 
 appropriated German Colony : little is known of the interior, but 
 expeditions have been sent out to work their way to the Binue 
 Branch of the River Niger. The history of the Missions of this 
 Sub-Region is very painful, and fortunately there is no precedent, 
 and it is to be hoped, that there will be no occurrence similar to 
 
 the expulsion of the English Baptist Society, which had for many 
 v 
 years been labouring among the tribes, and the substitution of a 
 
 German Mission for the sole reason, that it was a German Colony. 
 
 In British India no question is asked as to the nationality or 
 
 denomination of a Mission : all are welcome. It is necessary to record 
 
 distinctly, that there was here a shameful breach of the recognized 
 
 law of Missions. The Native Baptist Church still maintains an 
 
 independent existence, and puts forth a certain amount of aggressive 
 
 activity : the great fact is, that it exists, though deprived of its 
 
 European support. It was understood, that no French Roman 
 
 Catholic Missionaries were allowed to establish themselves in the 
 
( 2 7 ) 
 
 German Colony on the West Coast ; a German Mission of the 
 Church of Rome, called Pallotin, or the Pious Society, now occupies 
 the Region. It is a gross perversion of the raison-d'etre of Christian 
 Missions, that they should be in any way connected with, licensed 
 by, or dependent on, the Civil Power : if they prove disloyal to the 
 Ruling Power, let them be expelled from the Province ; but the 
 history of British India for the last half century shows, that Christian 
 Missionaries, whether of the Church of Rome, or Protestants, do not 
 interfere in Politics, when the great gift of Toleration is conceded 
 to them all. 
 
 There is no agency of the British and Foreign Bible Society 
 in the Western Region of Africa, but many translations have been 
 made, and much distribution-work is done by the agency of the 
 Protestant Missions. A considerable Vernacular Literature has been 
 created in the numerous languages spoken, specially at Sierra Leone 
 and Lagos. Assistance has been rendered by the London Society 
 for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the London Religious Tract 
 Society, to the efforts of the Missionary Societies. Having arrived 
 in our course at the Southern frontier of the great Negro Races, it 
 is the place to record an opinion as to their future. They assimilate 
 European and American culture with much greater readiness and 
 thoroughness than the people of British India. I write this with 
 knowledge of, and admiration for, both nationalities. The case of 
 the African is the most anxious, and critical, as he has no past 
 History, and no indigenous literature ; yet the contact with the free 
 Africans of the Southern States of North America render him more 
 sensitive of the domination of the Whites, and the educated African 
 
( 2S ) 
 
 has below him vast masses of uneducated countrymen in a far lower 
 and more degraded state of human culture than can be found in 
 any part of British India. An independent civilized Native State 
 is possible and a fact in India ; in Africa among the African races 
 it is impossible. Liberia has proved a failure, and could never be 
 considered Independent. 
 
 VIII. I pass into the French Colony of the Gabun, South of the 
 Equator, and find myself in the midst of the great Bantu race, who 
 are spread all over Africa South of the Equator with the exception 
 of the Hottentot-Bushmen enclaves. The small coast-island of 
 Corisco, and the sea-coast of the Continent, and the banks of the 
 Rivers Gabun and Ogowe are occupied by the American Presbyterian 
 Mission, which is much hampered by the French Colonial system 
 of exclusive use in Education of the French language. In this 
 Region the Church of Rome is represented by the French Mission 
 of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. The head-waters of the 
 Ogowe River are not far from the basin of the River Kongo, but 
 I keep the two Regions distinct. 
 
 IX. The Kongo Basin is the next Sub-Region, partially dis- 
 covered during the last fifteen years, and presenting a Highway 
 across Africa to the extreme limits of the Western Region. The 
 American Northern Baptist Missionary Union, the English Baptist 
 Society, and the Kongo-Balolo Baptist Society, occupy Stations, 
 and are supplied with steamers. There is also a Mission from 
 Sweden, which is not Baptist. The American Missionary Evangelical 
 Alliance has made a beginning in the Lower Kongo, and the French 
 Evangelical Mission of Paris proposes to open a Mission in the French 
 
( 2 9 ) 
 
 Colony on the Kongo. The Church of Rome is represented by the 
 French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary in the Basin 
 of the Lower Kongo, and in the French Colony on the Kongo, and 
 far up on the River Oubanghi. In the great Central Basin of the 
 Kongo from Stanley Pool to Stanley Falls the Mission of Scheut lez 
 Brussels in Belgium is planting Stations, one on the Equator. All 
 these Missions, both Protestant and Romish, are in their infancy : 
 considering the deadly climate, the loss of precious lives must be 
 enormous : one of the principles of the great Kongo-State, guaranteed 
 by the Great Powers, is that of Universal Toleration, so no Police or 
 Educational Impediment can be permitted : the Kongo-State will be 
 as free as British India. 
 
 Passing Southward I reach the Portuguese Colony of Angola, 
 which extends along the Coast to the River Kunene, which is the 
 Southern boundary of the Western Region. In this Sub-Region 
 nothing had been done during the long occupancy of the Portuguese. 
 It is mentioned in the histories of the period, that the Bishop used 
 to baptize by sprinkling water on the heads of all the slaves, as they 
 went on board the slave-ships for America, but with this, and 
 occasional Inquisitions, the Missionary spirit of the Portuguese 
 exhausted itself. Those Regions, in which European Missionary 
 Congregations had established a nominal Christianity, relapsed into 
 Paganism, when supplies of European Priests no longer arrived. Two 
 American Societies are labouring in this Region, the American 
 Board of Foreign Missions and Bishop Taylor's, the originator of 
 the idea of self-supporting Missions : a certain number of Stations 
 have been founded. The Church of Rome is represented by the 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 Portuguese Clergy at the chief Settlements, and the French Mission 
 
 of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. Unlimited opportunities of 
 
 extension inwards into the heart of Africa offer themselves, and there 
 
 are no obstacles except those of climate. 
 
 In the Western Region the Church of England has two Dioceses, 
 
 Sierra Leone, and the Basin of the Niger, and a third at Lagos is 
 
 contemplated. The other Protestant Churches work on independent 
 
 lines. The Church of Rome is represented in a more organized form, 
 
 and I thus report it from the Missiones Catholicae 1890. 
 
 I. Vicariat of Senegambia, entrusted to the Congregation of 
 Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 II. Do. of Sierra Leone do. do. 
 
 III. Prefecture of Gold Coast do. African Mission of Lyons. 
 
 IV. Do. of Dahome do. do. 
 V. Do. of Benin do. do. 
 
 VI. Do. of Lower Niger do. to Congregation of Holy 
 
 Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 VII. Do. of Upper Niger do. African Mission of Lyons. 
 
 VIII. Do. of Kamerun do. Pallotin or Pious Society of 
 
 Germany. 
 IX. Vicariat of Gabun do. to Congregation of Holy 
 
 Ghost and Heart of Mary, 
 of Belgian Kongo do. of Scheut lez Brussels, 
 of French Kongo do. to Congregation of Holy 
 
 Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 of Lower or Portuguese Kongo do. do. 
 
 XIII. Diocese of Angola do. Portuguese Priests. 
 
 XIV. Prefecture of Cimbebasia do. to Congregation of Holy 
 
 Ghost and Heart of Mary. 
 
 X. 
 
 Do. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Do. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Do. 
 
II.— WESTERN REGION. 
 
 No. Sub- Region. Agency. Stations. Population. 
 
 I Senegam- i Paris Evan- St. Louis : Pagan-Negro 
 bia gelical R. Casa- and 
 
 mancja Mahometan 
 
 2 English 
 Wesleyan 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Island on 
 R. Gambia: 
 McCarthy's 
 Island 
 
 do. 
 
 Languages. 
 
 Wolof 
 Fulah 
 
 do. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 3 English 
 Episcopal 
 Church 
 
 Bathurst 
 
 4 English Domingia 
 West India Fallangia 
 Episcopal on Rio 
 Pongo 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Susu 
 
 5 French St. Louis 
 Holy Ghost Dakar 
 and Heart Goree 
 
 of Mary 
 
 6 Brothers Rio Pongo 
 of Christian 
 Doctrine 
 
 
 7 Portuguese 
 
 Rio Grande 
 
 
 Priests 
 
 
 Sierra 
 
 
 
 Le6ne 
 
 . i English 
 
 Freetown 
 
 
 Church 
 
 Sherbro' 
 
 
 Missionary 
 
 Port Lokko 
 
 
 2 English 
 
 Freetown 
 
 
 Wesleyan 
 
 Sherbro' 
 
 
 3 English 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Lady Hunt- 
 
 
 
 ingdon's 
 
 
 
 Connection 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Pagan- 
 Negro 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Wolof 
 
 Bambara 
 
 Serer 
 
 Susu 
 Man- 
 dingo 
 
 Temne 
 Bullom 
 Mende 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 No. Sub-Region. 
 II Sierra 
 
 Leone . 
 
 Agency. 
 4 English 
 United 
 Methodist 
 Free 
 Church 
 
 Stations. 
 Freetown 
 
 Popula 
 Negro 
 
 
 5 American Sherbro' 
 United 
 Brethren of 
 Ohio 
 
 do 
 
 
 6 American 
 Sudan 
 Mission 
 
 •• 
 
 do. 
 
 
 7 French 
 Holy Ghost 
 and Heart 
 of Mary 
 
 Freetown 
 
 do. 
 
 Ill Liberia 
 
 . i American 
 Episcopal 
 
 Monrovia 
 Cape 
 Palmas 
 
 do. 
 
 
 2 American 
 Methodist 
 Episcopal 
 
 Monrovia 
 St. Paul's 
 Bassa 
 Sinoe 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 American 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Monr6via 
 Greenville 
 
 do. 
 
 
 4 American 
 Baptist 
 (Northern) 
 
 Monr6via 
 Sino6 
 
 do. 
 
 5 American Muhlen- 
 Evangelical burg, St. 
 Lutheran Paul's 
 
 River 
 
 6 American 
 Coloured 
 Baptists 
 
 Bendue 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Languages. Remarks. 
 Mends' 
 
 do. 
 
 Grebo 
 Bassa 
 Kru 
 Vey 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 Vei 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 No. 
 Ill 
 
 Sub- Region. Agency. 
 
 Liberia . 7 American 
 
 Mission of 
 
 Bishop 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Stations. 
 Sinoe" 
 
 Population. 
 Negro 
 
 Languages. Remarks, 
 
 Grebo 
 Km 
 
 
 8 French 
 Holy Ghost 
 and Heart 
 of Mary 
 
 Monr6via 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 IV 
 
 Gold-Coast 1 English 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 Cape Coast 
 
 Akra 
 
 Elmfna 
 
 do. 
 
 Fanti 
 Akra 
 
 
 2 German 
 Basl 
 Mission 
 
 Christian- 
 berg 
 Akropong 
 Salagha 
 
 do. 
 
 Ashanti 
 Akra. 
 
 
 3 North 
 German of 
 Bremen 
 
 Kita 
 Ho 
 
 do. 
 
 Akra 
 Ewe 
 
 
 4 African 
 Missions 
 of Lyons 
 
 Elmfna 
 Dahome 
 
 do. 
 
 Ewe 
 
 V 
 
 Slave-Coast 1 English 
 Church 
 Missionary 
 
 Lagos 
 Abeokuta 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Yariba 
 
 
 2 English 
 Wesleyan 
 
 do. 
 Porto 
 
 Nuovo 
 Little Popo 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Ewe 
 
 
 3 American 
 Baptist 
 (South) 
 
 Lagos 
 Abeokuta 
 
 do. 
 
 Yariba 
 
 
 4 African 
 Missions 
 of Lyons 
 
 Lagos 
 Porto 
 
 Nuovo 
 Abeokuta 
 Whydah 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 No. Sub- Region. Agency. Stations 
 
 VI NigerBatin i English Bonny 
 Church Brass 
 Missionary Onitsha 
 Lokoja 
 
 2 English 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 Kgg* 
 
 Population. 
 Pagan 
 
 do. 
 
 Languages. Remarks. 
 
 Idzo 
 
 Ibo 
 
 I gar a 
 
 I'gbira 
 
 Hausa 
 
 Nupe" 
 
 Nupe 
 
 3 Scotch OldKalabar 
 
 United River 
 
 Presbyterian Duke Town 
 
 do. 
 
 Effk 
 
 
 4 French 
 
 Onitsha 
 
 do. 
 
 Ibo 
 
 
 Holy Ghosl 
 and Heart 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Mary 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 African 
 Missions 
 
 Lokoja 
 Asaba 
 
 do. 
 
 Nupe 
 Igara 
 
 
 of Lyons 
 
 
 
 Hausa 
 
 VII Kameriin 
 
 . i German 
 Basl 
 
 Bell-Town 
 Victoria 
 
 do. 
 
 Dualla 
 
 
 2 English 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Baptist 
 Church 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 German 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 
 Pallotin or 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pious 
 
 
 
 
 
 Society of 
 Romish 
 
 
 
 
 
 Missions 
 
 
 
 
 VIIIGabun . 
 
 . i American 
 
 Corisco 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Pongwe 
 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Baraka 
 Rio Benita 
 Kan g we 
 
 Bantu 
 
 Benga 
 Kele 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 No. Sub- Region. 
 
 Agency. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Languages. Remarks. 
 
 VIIIGabun . 
 
 . 2 French 
 
 Libreville 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Pongwe 
 
 
 Holy Ghost Corisco 
 
 Bantu 
 
 Benga 
 
 
 and Heart 
 
 Llobe 
 
 
 Kele 
 
 
 of Mary 
 
 Island 
 Lambar6ne 
 
 
 
 IX Kongo 
 
 
 
 
 
 Basin 
 
 . i American 
 
 Lower 
 
 do. 
 
 Kongo 
 
 
 Baptist 
 (North) 
 
 River 
 
 Mukimvika 
 
 Palabala 
 
 Banza 
 
 Manteka 
 Lukunga 
 Leopold- 
 
 ville 
 Bwemba 
 Bolengi 
 
 
 Teke 
 
 
 2 English 
 
 St. Salvador 
 
 do. 
 
 Kongo 
 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Leopold- 
 
 ville 
 Ngombe 
 Kinchassa 
 Bolobo 
 Lukolela 
 
 
 
 3 Swedish Mukim- 
 Lutheran bungu 
 
 Kimbouni 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 4 
 
 English 
 
 Matadi 
 
 
 Kongo- 
 
 Lukumga 
 
 
 Balolo 
 
 Kinchassa 
 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Lulanga 
 Lulonga 
 Ikau 
 Budon- 
 danga 
 Juapa 
 
 5 
 
 American 
 
 Vivi 
 
 
 Evangelical Banana 
 
 
 Alliance 
 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Kongo 
 Teke 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 No. Sub- Region. 
 
 IX Kongo 
 
 Basin . 
 
 Agency. Stations. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Languages. Remarks. 
 
 6 Paris French 
 Evangelical Kongo 
 Colony 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Kongo 
 Tere- 
 
 7 American Banana 
 Mission of Vivi 
 Bishop Isangila 
 Taylor Kimpoko 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 8 French Lower or do. do. 
 Holy Ghost Portuguese 
 
 and Heart Kongo 
 of Mary Lan.dana 
 Boma 
 
 9 Do. French do. do. 
 
 Kongo 
 Brazzaville 
 Oubansrhi 
 
 io Belgian Belgian or do. do. 
 
 Scheut Lez Indepen- 
 Brussels dent 
 
 Kongo 
 
 X Angola . i American Bailunda do. Umbun- 
 
 Foreign Benguella du 
 
 Board 
 
 2 American Malangi do. Bunda 
 Mission Loanda 
 
 of Bishop Pungo 
 Taylor Andongo 
 
 3 Portuguese Loanda do. do. 
 Priests Benguella 
 
 4 French Mossame- do. do. 
 Holy Ghost des 
 
 and Heart Humbe - 
 
 of Mary Huilla 
 

MISSIONARY MAP OP AFRICA. SOUTHERN REGION 
 
Chapter IV. 
 
 SOUTHERN REGION. 
 
 Sub-Regions : I. Cimbebasia, Ova-Mpo and Damara-land. II. 
 Namaqua-land. III. Cape of Good Hope Colony. IV. 
 Kafir-land. V. Natal Colony and Zulu-land. VI. Portuguese 
 Colony. VII. Orange-Free and Trans- Vaal States. VIII. 
 British Be-Chuana, Ba-Suto, and Griqua-land. IX. Ma- 
 Tabele and Ma-Shona-land. 
 
 The peculiarity of this Region is that, whereas in the two preceding 
 Regions the Sea Coast was with few exceptions clung to, in this 
 Region the interior is occupied by Mission-Stations. The climate is 
 suited for European habitation, and large colonies have been settled, 
 which must eventually oust the native Bantu, Hottentot, and Bushman, 
 races. We have to deal in this Region with British, French, German, 
 Portuguese, and Dutch, colonists, and immigrants from British India, 
 China, and Malaysia. The Mahometan Religion is not in the 
 ascendant, and never has been. There is an absence of immigration 
 of free Negroes from the United States, and of Arabs and Persians 
 from Asia. The Bantu Race is totally distinct from the Negro, and 
 in this Region at least the Slave-Trade has never extensively 
 prevailed. The existence of the two British Constitutional Colonies of 
 
'JO 
 
 30 
 
 -^35 
 
 s Geo<j t ZjtabS' 
 
Chapter IV. 
 
 SOUTHERN REGION. 
 
 Sub-Regions : I. Cimbebasia, Ova-Mpo and Damara-land. II. 
 Namaqua-land. III. Cape of Good Hope Colony. IV. 
 Kafir-land. V. Natal Colony and Zulu-land. VI. Portuguese 
 Colony. VII. Orange-Free and Trans- Vaal States. VIII. 
 British Be-Chuana, Ba-Suto, and Griqua-land. IX. Ma- 
 Tabele and Ma-Shona-land. 
 
 The peculiarity of this Region is that, whereas in the two preceding 
 Regions the Sea Coast was with few exceptions clung to, in this 
 Region the interior is occupied by Mission-Stations. The climate is 
 suited for European habitation, and large colonies have been settled, 
 which must eventually oust the native Bantu, Hottentot, and Bushman, 
 races. We have to deal in this Region with British, French, German, 
 Portuguese, and Dutch, colonists, and immigrants from British India, 
 China, and Malaysia. The Mahometan Religion is not in the 
 ascendant, and never has been. There is an absence of immigration 
 of free Negroes from the United States, and of Arabs and Persians 
 from Asia. The Bantu Race is totally distinct from the Negro, and 
 in this Region at least the Slave-Trade has never extensively 
 prevailed. The existence of the two British Constitutional Colonies of 
 
( 3« ) 
 
 Cape of Good Hope and Natal, the two independent Dutch Republics, 
 a German and Spanish Colony on either Coast, the more or less com- 
 plete survey of the whole Region, and the presence of Chartered Com- 
 panies, and Associations of European Miners, create new complications 
 for the Missionary to cope with, while they remove entirely the proba- 
 bility of personal danger, or persecution, or expulsion. At any rate, 
 the importance of Missions on the material side, as instruments of 
 Civilization and Culture, is greatly diminished, and renders it necessary, 
 that Missionaries in this Region should restrict themselves rigidly 
 to their spiritual duties, and, as is the case in British India, refrain 
 entirely from meddling with the things of Caesar ; for in a realm of 
 Law they are themselves liable to punishment for breach of Municipal 
 Law. My own experience is, that in British India in former years 
 not one of the hundreds of Missionaries, Protestant and Roman 
 Catholic, ever gave the Officers of the State any trouble whatsoever : 
 on the contrary, at times they have rendered singular service, and 
 been the object of much benevolent patronage and sincere admiration, 
 and love ; but the impression is growing, that now some Missionaries 
 in British India forget their high calling, and their duty to the non- 
 Christian world, and have made themselves grievance-mongers, 
 prying into the barracks of the British soldier, denouncing particular 
 articles of Commerce, or particular fiscal regulations, which offend 
 their limited knowledge and narrow views of human affairs : there 
 can be but one result of such impertinent, and much to be regretted 
 intrusions, and this is expulsion. As regards the foreign Missionaries 
 within British Territory (and the whole of India is more or 
 less under British influence), if the character of the foreign Missionaries 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 in British India be inquired into, the reply would be, that they have 
 exhibited unswerving loyalty to the British Government under trying 
 circumstances, that neither Protestants nor Roman Catholics have 
 ever lent themselves to political intrigues, or wished to advance 
 the interests of their own country at the expense of the great 
 Power, that shelters them as guests, and makes grants to them on 
 the same terms as to its own subjects. In the Southern Region 
 of Africa this has not been entirely the case : the French Missionaries 
 in Ba-Siito-land have meddled with tribal politics in a sense hostile 
 to British interests. The head of that Mission was decorated with 
 the Legion of Honour for the following reason, which sounds strange 
 in the centre of a British sphere of influence : 
 
 " II a contribue par ses Missions au developpement de l'influence 
 " franchise dans l'Afrique Australe. Titres exceptionelles." 
 
 These facts point to danger possible and probable in this Region : 
 it is of importance, that a Missionary should not be a busybody in 
 other men's matters, or a reviler against dignitaries, or a maligner 
 of public officials, or a newspaper-reporter, forgetting his true 
 character as Minister of the Gospel of Peace, and the example of 
 the Apostle Paul. 
 
 The English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, whose 
 attention is turned to English Colonists, as well as the Pagan World, 
 is not entered in the enumeration of agencies separately, as it is, so 
 far as this Region is concerned, identical with the English Episcopal 
 Church, which is represented by seven Dioceses, and is doing a very 
 great work. 
 
 The Church of Rome, according to the latest Edition of the 
 
( 40 ) 
 
 Missioncs Catholics (Rome, 1890), is represented in ever-increasing 
 numbers by 
 
 I. Prefecture of Cimbebasia entrusted to the Congregation of the 
 Holy Spirit and Heart of Mary. 
 II. Vicariat of Natal entrusted to the Oblats of Mary. 
 
 III. Vicariat of the Cape of Good Hope. Eastern. 
 
 IV. Do. do. Western. 
 V. Prefecture of do. Central. 
 
 VI. Prefecture of Orange River entrusted toOblats of Francis of Sales. 
 VII. Do. of Orange Free State, Ba-Suto-land and Griqua-land 
 
 entrusted to Oblats of Mary. 
 VIII. Do. of Trans- Vaal State entrusted to Oblats of Mary. 
 
 IX. Do. of the Zambesi do. Jesuits. 
 
 I. Cimbebasia, Ova-Mpo, Damara-land. The Church of Rome 
 has adopted the first name, the Finnish Missionaries the second, and 
 the German Rhenish Missionaries the third. The first Mission 
 extends on both sides of the River Kunene, and the portion on the 
 North Bank has been included in the Western Region. We have 
 Latin and French descriptions of this Mission. The second Mission 
 is only described in the Finnic or Suomi language, and the educational 
 literature is prepared in that language, a remarkable instance of the 
 narrow-mindedness of Missionaries. The Rhenish Mission is well 
 known from the annual German Reports : the population is Pagan, 
 of the Bantu Race : the languages used are the Ndonga, and Herero. 
 
 II. Namaqua-land. Proceeding Southward I come on the Sub- 
 Region occupied by the Hottentots, known as Nama, and speaking 
 that language and Cape-Dutch. The German Rhenish Mission 
 
( 41 ) 
 
 occupies a great many Stations, and the English Weslcyan Mission 
 is also represented. The Church of Rome is represented by Oblats of 
 Francis of Sales. 
 
 III. This important Sub-Region is fully occupied by Missions. 
 The population consists of British, Dutch, Hottentots, and Bushmen, 
 with a certain number of Asiatic Malay immigrants. It is a self- 
 governing British Colony. The English Episcopal Church is repre- 
 sented by two Bishoprics at Capetown and Grahamstown, and a 
 considerable number of Churches. The British and Foreign Bible 
 Society is represented by numerous auxiliaries. The German 
 Rhenish Mission has several Stations. The German Mission of Berlin 
 is doing a notable work in several of the Sub-Regions, and in this 
 Sub-Region occupies the Station of Stellenbosh. It is impossible to 
 give in detail the numerous Stations of each Society. At Genaden- 
 thal is the famous Station of the German Moravian Brotherhood, which 
 is the oldest in South Africa : their work lies among the Hottentots. 
 The Dutch Reformed Church provides for the spiritual welfare of 
 the Dutch Colonists, and does a certain amount of Missionary work. 
 The English Wesleyan Mission is represented, and works among 
 the Colonists. There is a special Mahometan Mission to work among 
 the Malay immigrants. The English Primitive Methodists occupy 
 one Station with a small Mission. I find notice of a Colonial Missionary 
 Society, but I find nothing certain as to the work. The London 
 Missionary Society has a Station at Graf Reinet and elsewhere. 
 The Cowley Fathers from England are represented at Capetown. 
 The Church of Rome in this Sub-Region is represented by Jesuits, 
 Trappists, Oblats of Francis of Sales, Irish Dominicans, and Marists. 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 IV. Proceeding Eastward I enter Kafir-land. The Free Church 
 of Scotland is prominent on account of its industrial Institution at 
 Lovedale, and the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland is doing 
 a good work. The English Wesleyan and the German Berlin 
 Mission are well represented. The English Episcopal Church has 
 the Diocese of St. John. The London Missionary, the German 
 Moravian, and the English Society of Friends have also agencies in 
 this Sub-Region. The Church of Rome is represented by the Jesuits. 
 
 V. Passing Northward I enter the British Colony of Natal, and 
 independent Zulu-land. The American Board of Foreign Missions 
 from Boston, U.S., the Free Church of Scotland, the English Episcopal 
 Church, the English Wesleyan Mission, the German Berlin Mission, 
 the Norwegian Church, the Dutch Reformed Church, the German 
 Hermansburgh Mission, and the Swedish Church, have all contributed 
 men and means to the double duty of converting the Heathen to 
 Christianity, and preventing nominal Christians from lapsing into 
 actual Heathenism. The Church of Rome is represented by the 
 Trappists, and the Oblats of Mary. 
 
 VI. North of Zulu-land is the Portuguese Colony South of the 
 Zambesi. Here the American Board of Foreign Missions of Boston, 
 U.S., have a Mission, and the Swiss Mission of the Canton de Vaud 
 has planted Stations. The Church of Rome is represented by 
 Portuguese Priests. 
 
 VII. Leaving the Coast I ascend the Plateau of Central South 
 Africa, and enter the Sub-Region occupied by the Orange-Free and 
 the Trans-Vaal States. The Episcopal Church has two Dioceses. The 
 English Wesleyan, the German Berlin Mission, the German Hermans- 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 burgh Mission, and the Swiss Mission of the Canton de Vaud, are 
 actively at work amidst the Colonists and Native population. The 
 Church of Rome is represented by the Oblats of Mary. 
 
 VIII. Further in the interior is the sub-Region, which I describe 
 as British Be-Chuana-land, Ba-Suto-land, and Griqua-land. The 
 London Missionary Society has for a long period occupied a position 
 of importance in this sub-Region : the English Wesleyan, and the 
 German Berlin Mission, occupy a large number of Stations. The 
 Paris Evangelical Society has a notable Mission among the Ba-Suto, 
 and the English Episcopal Church has also worked downwards from 
 the previous Sub-Region into Ba-Suto land. The Church of Rome is 
 represented by the Oblats of Mary, who have Stations in Ba-Suto-land. 
 
 IX. I pass up into that great Table Region bounded on the North 
 by the Zambesi, which has now passed into the sphere of British 
 Influence. It has as yet no collective name, but may be generally 
 described as Ma-Tabele,, and Ma-Shona-land, including other minor 
 and less well-known tribal subdivisions. The English Episcopal 
 Church is represented at an advanced post, and two Dioceses will soon 
 be constituted. The London Missionary Society, the Dutch Reformed 
 Church, and the English Wesleyan Mission, are pushing forward 
 Stations to work among the Colonists and Native population. The 
 Church of Rome is represented by the Jesuits, French, English, and 
 Belgian. 
 
 Within a reasonable period, either by the process of conversion, 
 or of extinction of the weak, scattered Pagan tribes, the whole 
 of this Region may be expected to pass under Christian influences, 
 nominal, if not real. No Mahometan influences ever came within 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 touch, no Pagan form of belief ever rose to the dignity of a Book- 
 Religion. It has no past history of a vanished Culture, or extinguished 
 Commerce, or a civilized Monarchy : nothing ever came to it across 
 the Ocean by way of immigration until the Portuguese discovered 
 the Road to India, and eventually the Dutch founded a Settlement, 
 and the Portuguese founded a Colony. Never was such a Field for 
 the Christian Missionary, and he has little to fear either from the 
 climate, or the people. No claim of heroism can be asserted by any 
 Missionary in this Region, except by George Schmidt, the Moravian, 
 and his antagonists were not Pagan Bantu or Hottentots, but Dutch 
 Christians. 
 
 III.— SOUTHERN REGION. 
 
 No. Field. Agency. Station. Population. Language. 
 
 I Cimbebasia i French Ukuanya- Pagan Bantu Ndonga 
 
 Ova-Mpo Holy Ghost ma H6rero 
 
 Damara- and Heart 
 
 land of Mary 
 
 2 Finnish 
 Mission 
 
 O-Ndonga 
 
 3 German Elim 
 Rhenish Rehobath 
 Mission Barmen 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 II Namaqua- i German Bethanicn 
 
 land Rhenish Bessaba 
 
 Mission 
 
 2 English Bethel 
 
 Wesleyan Lilifonten 
 Mission 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Nam a 
 Dutch 
 
 do. 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 No. 
 II 
 
 Field. 
 Namaqua- 
 land 
 
 Agency. 
 
 3 Oblats 
 of Francis 
 of Sales. 
 
 Station. 
 Pella 
 
 Population. 
 Pagan Bantu 
 
 Language, 
 Dutch 
 
 III 
 
 Cape of 
 Good 
 Hope 
 Colony 
 
 i English 
 Episcopal 
 Church 
 
 2 British 
 and 
 
 Foreign 
 Bible 
 Society 
 
 Capetown 
 Grahams- 
 town 
 
 do. 
 
 Colonists 
 do. 
 
 English 
 do. 
 
 
 
 3 German 
 Rhenish 
 Mission 
 
 Ebenezer 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Nama 
 Dutch 
 
 
 
 4 German 
 Berlin 
 Mission 
 
 Stellenbosh 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 5 German 
 Moravian 
 
 Genaden- 
 thal 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 6 Dutch 
 Reformed 
 Church 
 
 Capetown 
 
 Colonists 
 
 Dutch 
 
 
 
 7 English 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 Stellenbosh 
 
 do. 
 
 English 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 8 Mahometan Capetown Malay Malay 
 
 Mission Mahometan 
 
 g English 
 Primitive 
 Methodist 
 
 Aliwal Pagan Bantu 
 
 North 
 
 io Colonial 
 Mission 
 
 Capetown do. 
 
 1 1 London 
 Mission 
 
 GrafReinet do. 
 
 Chuana 
 
( 46 ) 
 
 No. Field. 
 
 Agency. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Population. Language. 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 Ill Cape of 
 Good 
 Hope 
 
 Colony 
 
 12 English 
 Cowley 
 Fathers 
 
 13 Jesuits 
 
 Capetown 
 Capetown 
 
 Colonists and 
 Hottentots 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 1 4. Trappists 
 
 Port Eliza- 
 beth 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 15 Oblats 
 of Francis 
 of Sales 
 
 Pella 
 
 do. 
 
 
 16 Irish Capetown 
 
 Dominicans 
 
 do. 
 
 17 French 
 Marist 
 Brothers 
 
 Capetown Colonists 
 
 IV Kafir-Land 1 FreeChurch Lovedale 
 of Scotland 
 
 2 United Glenthorn 
 
 Presbyterian 
 of Scotland 
 
 Pagan Bantu Xosa 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 3 English 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 4 German 
 Berlin 
 Mission 
 
 5 English 
 Episcopal 
 Church 
 
 6 London 
 Mission 
 Society 
 
 Queens- 
 town 
 
 Bethel 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Diocese of Colonists and 
 St. John's Pagan Bantu 
 
 King Pagan Bantu 
 
 William's 
 Town 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 No. Field. Agency. Station. 
 
 IV Kafir-Land 8 German Baziya 
 Moravian 
 Mission 
 
 Population. Language. Remarks. 
 Pagan Bantu Xosa 
 
 9 English Rock 
 
 Society of Fountain 
 Friends 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 io Jesuits Grahams- Colonists 
 
 town 
 
 V Natal i American 
 
 Colony Board of 
 
 and Foreign 
 
 Zululand Missions 
 
 Amazim- Pagan Bantu Zulu 
 tote 
 
 2 FreeChurch Maritzburg 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 of Scotland Gordon 
 
 
 
 3 English 
 Episcopal 
 Church 
 
 Maritzburg 
 St. Augus- 
 tine, Zulu- 
 land 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 4 English 
 
 Indaleni 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 3 German 
 
 Emmaus 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 Berlin 
 
 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 4 Colonial 
 Mission 
 
 Ladysmith 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 5 Norwegian 
 Church 
 
 Umpumulo 
 
 Entemeni 
 
 Empangeni 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 6 Dutch Re- 
 
 D' Urban 
 
 Colonists 
 
 t 
 
 formed 
 
 
 
 
 Church 
 
 
 
 
( 48 ) 
 
 No. Field. Agency. 
 
 V Natal 7 German 
 
 Colony Hermans- 
 
 and burgh 
 
 Zululand Mission 
 
 Station. Population. 
 
 Hermans- Pagan Bantu 
 burgh 
 
 Language. Remarks. 
 
 VI 
 
 8 Swedish 
 Church 
 
 Oscarburg 
 
 do. 
 
 9 Trappists 
 
 Marian Hill 
 
 do. 
 
 io Oblats of 
 Mary 
 
 Maritzburg 
 
 do. 
 
 1 1 Missioners 
 of 
 Issoudon 
 
 Natal 
 
 do. 
 
 Portuguese i American 
 Colony Board of 
 S.E. Africa Foreign 
 
 Kambini 
 
 do. 
 
 Missions 
 
 
 
 2 Swiss Mis- Antioka 
 sions Canton Rekatta 
 de Vaud 
 
 do. 
 
 Zulu 
 Sheitswa 
 
 Gwamba 
 
 3 Portuguese Lorenzo 
 Priests Marquez 
 
 Colonists 
 
 Portu- 
 guese 
 English 
 
 VII 
 
 Orange 
 
 Free, 
 Trans- Vaal 
 States 
 
 English 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Church 
 
 English 
 
 Wesleyan 
 
 Mission 
 
 Bloemfon- 
 
 tein 
 Pretoria 
 
 Pretoria 
 Zoutspan- 
 
 berg 
 Potchef- 
 
 strom 
 
 do. 
 
 Pagan 
 Bantu 
 
 Chuana 
 
 3 German 
 Berlin 
 Miss. 
 
 Bethania 
 Bloemfon- 
 
 tein 
 Pretoria 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 No. Sub-Region. 
 
 Agency. 
 4 Dutch 
 Reformed 
 Church 
 
 Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. 
 
 Zoutspans- Pagan Bantu Chuana 
 
 berg: 
 
 5 Swiss Mis- Valdezia 
 sions Canton Elim 
 de Vaud 
 
 do. 
 
 Gwamba 
 
 
 6 German 
 
 Good Hope 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Hermans- 
 
 Bethel 
 
 
 
 
 burgh 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 Oblats 
 
 Pretoria 
 
 Coli 
 
 jnists 
 
 
 of Mary 
 
 
 
 
 VIII British 
 
 i London 
 
 Barkly 
 
 Pag; 
 
 an 
 
 Be-Chu- 
 
 Missionary 
 
 Kuruman 
 
 Bantu 
 
 analand 
 
 Society 
 
 Shoshong 
 
 
 
 Ba-Suto- 
 
 
 King 
 
 
 
 land 
 
 
 William's 
 
 
 
 Griqua- 
 
 
 Town 
 
 
 
 land 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 German 
 
 Ramahane 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Hermans- 
 
 Linokana 
 
 
 
 
 burg 
 
 Limao 
 
 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 English 
 
 Vryburg 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Wesleyan 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 Paris 
 
 Morija 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Evangelist 
 
 Thaba 
 Bossiou 
 
 
 
 Chuana 
 
 Chuana 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Suto 
 
 5 English Thlotsee 
 Episcopal Mafeteng 
 Church Kimberley 
 
 6 German 
 Berlin 
 Mission 
 
 Kimberley 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Chuana 
 
( 50 ) 
 
 No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. 
 
 7 Oblats of Tsikuane Pagan Bantu Siito 
 Mary Roma 
 
 IX Ma-Tabele i English Fort Salis- Colonists English 
 
 and Episcopal bury 
 
 Church Inyati 
 
 Ma-Shona- 
 land 
 
 2 London Hope Pagan Bantu Chuana 
 
 Mission Fountain 
 
 3 Dutch Re- Ba-Nyai- 
 
 formed 
 Church 
 
 land 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 4 English 
 Wesleyan 
 Mission 
 
 Ma-Shona- 
 land 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 5 Jesuits 
 
 Tete 
 
 Pa n dam a - 
 ten^a 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
'V 
 
 s :' : J^;:.:;^ : 
 
 OF THE 
 
 wysasiTY 
 
MISSIONARY 3IAP OF AFRICA . EASTERN REGION. 
 
Chapter V. 
 EASTERN REGION. 
 
 Sub-Regions : I. Northern Bank of R. Zambesi, Nyasa-land, and 
 Portuguese Colony. II. Island of Zanzibar, and Continental 
 Sphere of German Influence. III. Lake Tanganyika, Ka- 
 tanga, and Head waters of R. Kongo. IV. Continental 
 Sphere of British Influence amidst a Bantu Population. V. 
 Galla-land, and Abyssinia. VI. Basin of Upper Nile. 
 
 I CROSS the R. Zambesi, and proceed Northwards : this Region 
 differs from the other three : the Northern is occupied by Independent 
 Kingdoms or Colonies : the Southern has been partially surveyed, 
 and being out of the tropics is occupied in many parts by European 
 Colonists : the Western is very little known beyond the Coasts, 
 except so far as the Basins of the Senegal, Niger, and Kongo Rivers 
 have in the last ten years supplied a route, but merely a route. In 
 this the fourth Region there are three great inland lakes, and it has 
 been traversed in every direction by great Travellers, but, as it lies 
 betwixt the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, it is not 
 likely to supply suitable spots for European colonization : the great 
 object must be to protect from the Slave-Dealer now, and the European 
 Planter hereafter, the Native inhabitants, who are South of the Equator 
 
london; Stanford's Geographical Estab^ 
 
Chapter V. 
 EASTERN REGION. 
 
 Sub- Regions : I. Northern Bank of R. Zambesi, Nyasa-land, and 
 Portuguese Colony. II. Island of Zanzibar, and Continental 
 Sphere of German Influence. III. Lake Tanganyika, Ka- 
 tanga, and Head waters of R. Kongo. IV. Continental 
 Sphere of British Influence amidst a Bantu Population. V. 
 Galla-land, and Abyssinia. VI. Basin of Upper Nile. 
 
 I CROSS the R. Zambesi, and proceed Northwards : this Region 
 differs from the other three : the Northern is occupied by Independent 
 Kingdoms or Colonies : the Southern has been partially surveyed, 
 and being out of the tropics is occupied in many parts by European 
 Colonists : the Western is very little known beyond the Coasts, 
 except so far as the Basins of the Senegal, Niger, and Kongo Rivers 
 have in the last ten years supplied a route, but merely a route. In 
 this the fourth Region there are three great inland lakes, and it has 
 been traversed in every direction by great Travellers, but, as it lies 
 betwixt the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, it is not 
 likely to supply suitable spots for European colonization : the great 
 object must be to protect from the Slave-Dealer now, and the European 
 Planter hereafter, the Native inhabitants, who are South of the Equator 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 of one race, the Bantu, totally distinct from the Negro, and encourage 
 them to settle down to honest labour, and increase and multiply in 
 thousands of hamlets and hundreds of market and manufacturing 
 towns. It is true, that there are lofty snow-capped mountains in the 
 neighbourhood of the Equator, and North of the Equator there is 
 a mountainous Region, but we have yet to learn, whether it is fit 
 for a settled European colony. South of the Equator the whole 
 Region is included in the spheres of influence of Portugal, Great 
 Britain, and Germany, with the exception of a portion of the Kongo 
 Independent State East of E. Longitude 20. North of the Equator 
 there are independent tribes in a very low state of culture, and still 
 further North the nominally Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia. The 
 population of the fifth Sub- Region is Hamitic and Semitic, but in 
 the Upper Basin of the Nile the population is pure Negro. The 
 Semites are obviously alien immigrants from Asia, and their half-blood 
 descendants : with them has come the Religion of Mahomet, and a 
 certain limited amount of Asiatic Culture and Commerce, which last 
 is largely in the hands of Indian subjects of Her Majesty the Empress 
 of India. Portugal, though so long in possession of the Coast, has 
 made no impression whatever on the interior : in fact this Region 
 may be said to have been discovered in the last thirty years by British 
 and German Explorers. With the exception of Abyssinia, there is no 
 trace of any Missionary activity on the part of the Church of Rome 
 before the commencement of this Century : no Mission in this Region 
 dates back beyond half a century, but the activity now displayed is 
 very considerable, and great results may be expected. The sacrifice 
 of Missionary life has already been enormous. The Nationalities 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 represented in the Mission Field arc British, French and German in 
 ever-increasing numbers. Educational operations have been consider- 
 able : translations of the Scriptures have been made in many of the 
 languages, which South of the Equator are all cognate. The Mis- 
 sionary in this Region appears at his best : the Slave-Trade is being 
 crushed out : the liquor-traffic has not yet commenced, and an attempt 
 is made to exclude it : there are no elements of political disquiet, such 
 as were found in the second Region from the King of Ashanti, and 
 in the third Region from the Zulu-King. The Missionary has as 
 fair a field as he could wish, for there is universal and entire Toleration. 
 Such Ecclesiastical Dioceses as exist in this Region of the Enerlish 
 Episcopal Church are not territorial, but restricted to the particular 
 Mission, to which the Bishop belongs. 
 
 The Church of Rome is represented as follows : 
 
 I. Prefecture of the Zambesi entrusted to the Jesuits. 
 II. Pro-Vicariat of Lake Nyasa entrusted to the French Mission- 
 aries of Lady of Africa. 
 
 III. Prefecture of Southern Zanzibar entrusted to German Bene- 
 
 dictines. 
 
 IV. Vicariat of Zanzibar entrusted to the French Congregation 
 
 of the Holy Spirit and Heart of Mary. 
 V. Vicariat of U-Nya-N\vembe entrusted to the French Mis- 
 sionaries of Lady of Africa. 
 VI. Vicariat of Tanganyika do. do. 
 
 VII. Vicariat of the Upper Kongo do. do. 
 
 VIII. Vicariat of the Victoria Nyanza do. 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 IX. Vicariat of Galla-land, Capuchins and Franciscans. 
 X. Vicariat of Abyssinia do. and Lazarists. 
 
 XI. Vicariat of the Sudan, or Upper waters of the Nile, entrusted 
 to the Institute of Verona. 
 
 It will be seen therefore that everything but climate is in favour 
 of Missionary operations, and that they will be an unmixed blessing, 
 as there are no State-Religions to be contended with, and the officials 
 of the European States concerned, and the Managers of the great 
 Chartered Companies, are and always have been men of enlightened 
 benevolence, who without unduly connecting themselves with any par- 
 ticular form of Propaganda, recognize the value, importance, and 
 power of the great Religious Movement, which sends out philanthropic 
 men to found Hospitals, Schools, and Chapels for the benefit of the 
 bodies and souls of a docile and hitherto much suffering population. 
 Self-restraint, and entire abstinence from arrogation of Civil Powers, 
 and obedience to the Municipal Law, are of course necessary here, both 
 on the part of the Missionary and his converts, and there must be no 
 absurd pretensions, that because a Native of Africa is converted by 
 a French or British Missionary, his status as a subject is in the least 
 affected : the status of the African Christian is precisely the same as 
 that which he held before conversion. In British India any pretence 
 of this kind on the part of a Missionary would be laughed out of Court 
 by a British official, and no good comes of any deviation from this rule 
 in Africa. The kingdom of the Missionary is not of this world, and 
 he has no servants to fight. A ridiculous story appears in the " Times " 
 of this year of an English girl becoming a Mahometan, and the Turkish 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 authorities claiming her as a subject in consequence. Her Majesty 
 the Empress of India has more Mahometan subjects than the Shah, 
 the Sultan, or all the Mahometan Rulers rolled together. Religion 
 has no relation whatever to the status of a subject. 
 
 I. Northern Bank of River Zambesi, Nyasa-land, and the Portuguese 
 Colony. 
 
 The first Mission on the list is one that is remarkable for the daunt- 
 less Faith of the founders, and in my opinion its want of worldly 
 wisdom. The Paris Evangelical Missionary Society has a very im- 
 portant Mission in the Ba-Suto land Sub-Region of South Africa. 
 From this Mission went forth two brave men across the Desert and 
 across the River Zambesi at a point above the Victoria Falls, to found 
 a Mission among the Ba-Rotse at Shesheke : that they have maintained 
 their ground is in their favour, but they are entirely without supports, 
 or a sea-base, which seems a necessity in Missionary operations as 
 well as Military. Gradually the wave of European annexation is 
 rolling up to them, and their position will improve ; the population 
 is entirely Pagan, and speaks a language akin to " Suto." The King 
 of the Country is up to this time independent, but he will not long 
 remain so, as some sphere of European influence will swallow him up, 
 whether he likes it or not. 
 
 The English Primitive Methodist Missionary Society, which has 
 very limited resources of men and money, has sent out a Pioneer Mission 
 into the Region above described. No actual site has been chosen for 
 head-quarters, but reports have reached Europe, that it has settled 
 among the Ba-Shukulumbi subjects of the King of the Ba-Rotse. 
 
 Passing down the R. Zambesi to the junction of the R. Shire, I 
 
( 56 ) 
 
 pass up that affluent into a Region fragrant with the memory of two 
 great heroes, Livingstone and Bishop Mackenzie, who both found their 
 graves in this Region. The head-quarters of the Mission of the 
 Established Church of Scotland is at Blantyre on the small Lake 
 Shirwa. Annual Reports keep us informed of work done among the 
 Pagan tribes of the Yao, and Ma-Nganga. Translations of the Scriptures 
 and Educational Books are being published, and this is a Mission of 
 great promise. 
 
 The Free Church of Scotland occupies the Western shores of the 
 Lake Nyasa from Livingstone on the South to the Stevenson Road, 
 and frontier of the German sphere on the North-west corner. Bandawe 
 is the chief station, with a row of subordinate stations. A commercial 
 Company, which refuses to import intoxicating liquors, traverses the 
 waters of the Lake in a steamer. To the West extends a boundless 
 field of Evangelization ; a variety of languages has been revealed by the 
 labours of the Missionary, and Translations of the Scriptures and 
 Educational literature are springing into existence. The Dutch 
 Reformed Church works in concert with this Mission. 
 
 On the opposite side of the Lake is the Southern branch of the 
 English Universities Mission to East Africa : their head-quarters are in 
 the Island of Likoma, but they have stations on the Mainland within the 
 Portuguese sphere of influence, and a steamer belongs to the Mission. 
 The inhabitants are Pagan of the Bantu Race, and the chief language 
 is the Yao. 
 
 The German sphere of influence extends to the Northern Coast of 
 Lake Nyasa, and the famous Brudergemeinde, or Moravian Mission, 
 has lost no time in sending out a party to settle amidst the Awa- 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 kukvve, a tribe in the Konde country : no report has yet reached me 
 of their arrival, and the selection of a site. 
 
 The German Missionary Society, whose head-quarters are at Berlin, 
 has also lost no time in sending out a party to found a Mission in the 
 adjoining tribe of the Awakinga : no report has yet reached me of 
 their arrival, and the selection of a site. 
 
 The Church of Rome is represented in this Sub-Region by the 
 Jesuits, already noticed in the Southern Region, who spread up the 
 basin of the Lower Zambesi, and into the Portuguese Colony, within 
 which also there are Portuguese Priests. At Mponda on the River 
 Shire at the South Coast of Lake Nyasa is a station of the French 
 Missionaries of the Lady of Africa. 
 
 II. Island of Zanzibar, and Continental Sphere of German Influence. 
 
 The British and Foreign Bible Society, though unrepresented by 
 an Agent, has done much work in printing translations in this Sub- 
 Region. Owing to the immigrations for many centuries of Arabs and 
 Persians from the Continent of Asia, and the existence of a large 
 number of half-bloods, the Mahometan Religion is powerfully repre- 
 sented in this Sub-Region, and it has been cursed to a frightful extent 
 by the Slave-Trade, but, as it has lately as regards the Continent come 
 under the sphere of influence of Germany, and as regards the two 
 Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba of Great Britain, this, as well as the 
 status of Slavery, will gradually yet surely come to an end. The 
 English Universities Mission has now laboured for thirty years with 
 its head-quarters at Zanzibar. Its Southern Branch has already been 
 described in the preceding Sub-Region. Since the German claims 
 were put forward in East Africa a German Mission has been founded 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 at Berlin specially for East Africa, and has commenced its operations, 
 not as yet venturing far from the Coast. The English Church Mis- 
 sionary Society has for many years had stations far in the Interior, 
 the most Northerly being within the German sphere, on the Southern 
 shore of the Equatorial Lake, Victoria Nyanza. The London Missionary 
 Society is also represented in this Sub-Region further to the West. 
 The Church of Rome is represented by the Mission of the Holy Ghost 
 and Heart of Mary, which has long occupied Bagamoyo on the main 
 land opposite to the Island of Zanzibar. This is a French Mission, 
 but the German Government appears to look with suspicion even on 
 French Missionaries, and, as in the Kamerun Sub-Region on the 
 West Coast, so also here it has provided a German Roman Catholic 
 Mission, and a new Prefecture of South Zanzibar was confided to the 
 Benedictines of Bavaria with their head-quarters at Pugu. It is 
 greatly to be regretted, that such a low view should be taken of the 
 office and duty of a Missionary. It has never been found necessary 
 to ask questions about a Missionary's Nationality in British India. 
 Further inland the French Mission of the Lady of Africa has estab- 
 lished itself at Tabora in U-Nya-Nwembe. Whether the German autho- 
 rities will allow them to remain, especially if accompanied by Armed 
 Brethren of the Sahara, as described in Region I., remains to be seen. 
 
 I now proceed to the West to the extreme limit of the German 
 Sphere of Influence, into the Basin of Lake Tanganyika, and in this 
 Sub-Region I have included the still more Western and dimly known 
 countries of Katanga or Garenganze, and the Head waters of the 
 Kongo River within the dominion of the Kongo State, but lying East- 
 ward of Longitude East 20. In this Sub-Region for many years the 
 
( 59 ) 
 
 London Missionary Society has had stations and a steamer. This 
 Lake has an easier access to the Sea Southwards : a short land-journey 
 from the southernmost points along the Stevenson Road to Karonga 
 on Lake Nyasa, whence there is a water-way by the Rivers Shire and 
 Zambesi to the Indian Ocean. The Church of Rome has been for 
 many years represented by the Mission of the Lady of Africa, and two 
 Bishops have died on the spot. I have fortunately late and authentic 
 accounts of the Mission in the pages of the Illustrated Catholic Missions, 
 a first-rate Monthly Periodical published in London under the auspices 
 of the Bishop of Salford : " The Missionary Stations are built like 
 " forts, and are very strong, and loopholed all round. At Karema, 
 " Col. Joubert, a soldier in the Papal Army, has come out to do the 
 " fighting department. He lives by himself with his native troops, and 
 " his work is to defend the Mission-stations, if they are in danger. 
 " The plan of operations of the French Missionaries is to buy from 
 " Arabs, chiefs, parents, or relatives, several hundred small boys and 
 " girls from three to five years old. Every child is taught to work, 
 " and is brought up strictly as a Roman Catholic" (July, 1891, p. 41). 
 Karema appears to be within the sphere of German Influence, and it is 
 not clear how long the German authorities will tolerate these armed men 
 and loopholed forts held by Frenchmen. In British India a Missionary, 
 of whatever nationality, against whom it was proved that he sys- 
 tematically bought male and female children, not for the purpose 
 of saving their lives in time of famine, but for the avowed purpose of 
 forming a Christian congregation, would soon find himself in the 
 common prison without benefit of clergy. We have only to imagine 
 how the news would be received in Europe, that Christian children in 
 
( 6o ) 
 
 Abyssinia, or Syria, or Armenia were deliberately purchased by Maho- 
 metans for analogous purposes, and circumcised. On this very lake 
 of Tanganyika two French Missionaries some years back were killed 
 by the men of a tribe, who had been robbed of their children by a 
 Slave-dealer, who sold them to the Mission. On such subjects I am 
 compelled to speak very distinctly. It need hardly be said, that any 
 of the boys and girls bought by the French Missionaries at U-Ganda, 
 if they demanded their freedom, would at once receive it at the hands 
 of the British Representative. The position of Arnot's Mission at 
 Katanga or Garenganze is obscure : news has just been received of 
 the arrival of two fresh English Missionaries last November at the 
 Mission, where they found two other Missionaries, who had held the 
 fort. The arrival of an Emissary of the newly constituted British 
 Company at Katanga has let light into this dark corner of Africa. 
 
 To the West of Tanganyika Lake is the Vicariat of the Upper 
 Kongo, called in the Missiones Catholicae " Kongus Superior." The 
 Missionaries belong to the French Mission of the Lady of Africa. 
 All must be in the embryo stage until a service of steamers is arranged 
 from Nyangwe to Stanley Pool, and a Railway opened thence to the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 IV. The fourth Sub-Region embraces the Continental Sphere of 
 British Influence on the Equator, so far as it is inhabited by Bantu 
 tribes. A line is drawn of separation from the Galla tribes, of Hamitic 
 Race, which are included in the next Sub-Region with their congeners 
 the Somali, and the inhabitants of Abyssinia. The English Church 
 Missionary Society has been established at Mombasa for nearly fifty 
 years, and has now a row of stations extending as far as the frontier 
 
( 6i ) 
 
 of the Sphere of German Influence, and one station within that Sphere, 
 Chagga. The other stations within the German Sphere have already 
 been noticed in Sub-Region II. : but this Sub-Region IV. extends 
 round the Northern shore of Victoria Nyanza, North of the Equator, 
 and this Society has a Mission of the highest importance at Rubaga, 
 the capital of U-Ganda. Notices of an airy character appear from 
 time to time of a proposal to place and maintain a Steamer on Victoria 
 Nyanza, at an altitude above the level of the sea of 3800 feet, and a 
 land-transit to the Indian Ocean of many hundred miles, with no other 
 means of transport but porters. It is obvious, that this is a problem of 
 the greatest magnitude, and, as the life of a steamer in Africa barely 
 exceeds five years, and the life of the European Engineer may be 
 averaged at three years on the Equator, the process of supplying 
 Steamers and Engineers will have to be repeated toties quoties. The 
 Evangelist of the World does not depend upon human inventions : 
 Augustine crossed to Kent in a boat of the country ; Patrick and 
 Columba went backwards and forwards to Ireland in a coracle. St. 
 Paul had no Steamer at his command. All the appliances of Art and 
 Science will come in due time, if we have the grace to wait. The 
 English United Methodist Free Church has some Stations in the 
 vicinity of Mombasa, and is of some standing. Two new German 
 Missions are quite of recent date : one from Neukirchen in Rhine- 
 Prussia works among the Bantu tribe of Wa-Pokomo, and the other from 
 the Protestant Churches in Bavaria works among the Bantu tribe of 
 Wa-Kamba. I find notice of a Swedish Mission on the bank of the 
 River Tana, but have no certain knowledge. The French Mission 
 of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary, whose headquarters arc at 
 
( 62 ) 
 
 Bagamoyo, have lately been itinerating in the Eastern portion of the 
 Sub-Region, and has, or will soon establish Stations, and is heartily 
 welcome within the British sphere of influence, where, as all over the 
 world under the British flag universal toleration exists. In the Western 
 portion of this Sub-Region in the kingdom of U-Ganda the French 
 Mission of the Lady of Africa has for many years had a strong 
 Mission, which had, like the Protestant Mission in the same kingdom, 
 to undergo a short time back a period of great trial, but now a great 
 and quiet field of labour is open to both, if the Missionaries are men of 
 common sense, and determine not to quarrel with each other. The 
 spectacle of French and English Missionaries living on bad terms 
 with each other in the heart of Africa cannot but throw a doubt in 
 the minds of the Natives upon the reality of their Christian principles. 
 I am glad to record, that in time of misfortune the two bodies of 
 Christian men made common cause against the Pagan and Mahometan. 
 Passing Northward I reach the Sub-Region of Galla-land and 
 Abyssinia, the northernmost limits of which touch upon the Sub- 
 Region of Suakin in the Northern Region, and thus the circuit of 
 Africa is completed. Galla-land, as already stated, is divided from 
 the Bantu portions of the British sphere of influence by an impalpable 
 territorial line, but some of the Southern tribes are within that sphere. 
 The English United Methodist Free Church has a Mission among 
 the Southern or Barraretta Galla : the Galla are chiefly Pagan, though 
 some have become Mahometan. The Church of Rome has for many 
 years been represented among the Northern Galla by the Capuchins 
 and Franciscans, and many lives have been lost. In the North of 
 Abyssinia on the old Egyptian boundary there is a Swedish Mission 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 at M'Kullo. In Abyssinia we come among Christians of a most 
 degraded character, and Jews, who are not Hebrews, or even Semites, 
 but are Proselytes of Hamitic stock, and speak a Hamitic language. 
 The London Jews Society worked among these Jews until the 
 European Members of the Mission were expelled, but operations arc 
 still continued by Natives. The British and Foreign Bible Society 
 has done a great work in Bible-Translations in this Sub-Region, but 
 has no depots. The Church of Rome has been represented for a long 
 series of years by the Congregations of the Lazarists and Capuchins ; 
 Protestant Missions, which existed half a century back, were driven out, 
 and more promising fields sought for. 
 
 One Sub-Region remains, that of the basin of the Upper Nile : here 
 for some years there was a Mission of the Institute of Verona, with 
 a long row of Stations up to Gondokoro, and Westward to El Obeicl. 
 During the troubles in Egypt preceding British occupation the Mission 
 was destroyed by- the Mahometans, and some of the Missionaries, male 
 and female, are still detained as prisoners : it is much to be desired, 
 that some great effort should be made to rescue the survivors. The 
 time is rapidly approaching, when from the Red Sea through the 
 port of Suakin, or through Kassala from Abyssinia, or down stream 
 from the British sphere of Eastern Equatorial Africa, these regions will 
 become again accessible, and, if these poor Missionaries had been 
 rescued, we could afford to wait. The time cannot be distant, when, 
 from the port of Kismayo on the Indian Ocean within the sphere of 
 British influence on the Indian Ocean, a straight line will be drawn to 
 Lado and Gondokoro on the Upper Nile, and a Missionary occupation 
 be established with a firm basis on the Sea and the British sphere, in 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 the former Province of Emin Pasha, independent of Turkey, Egypt, 
 and the Arabs of the Sudan, amidst peaceful Negro tribes : if the 
 busybodies of Europe had been content to leave Emin Pasha where 
 he was, the opportunity would have occurred earlier. 
 
 This completes the story of this Region, and the circuit of Africa. 
 
 IV.— EASTERN REGION. 
 
 No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. 
 
 I Northern i Paris Shesheke 
 
 Banks of Evangelical 
 R. Zam- 
 besi, 2 English Ba-Shuku- 
 Nyasa- Primitive lumbi 
 land and Methodist 
 Portu- 
 guese 3 Established Blantyre 
 Colony Church of 
 Scotland 
 
 4 FreeChurch Living- 
 ofScotland stonia 
 
 Bandawe 
 
 Population. 
 Pagan-Bantu 
 
 Languages. 
 Suto 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Site not 
 fixed 
 yet 
 
 do. 
 
 Yao 
 Nyanja 
 
 
 do. 
 
 Nyanja 
 Tonga 
 Wanda 
 Konde 
 
 
 5 Dutch 
 Reformed 
 Church 
 
 do. 
 
 6 English Lik6ma I, 
 Universities Chitesi 
 Mission Mataka 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Yao 
 
 7 German Awakukwe do. 
 
 Moravian 
 Mission 
 
 Site not 
 fixed 
 yet 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Field. 
 
 Agency. 
 
 8 German 
 Berlin 
 Mission 
 
 9 Jesuits 
 
 Station. Population. Language. Remarks. 
 
 Awaldnga Pas-an-Bantu .. do. 
 
 Kilimani 
 
 Mopea 
 
 i o Portuguese Mozambik 
 Priests 
 
 1 1 French Mponda 
 
 Lady of 
 Africa 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 Nyanja 
 
 II Zanzibar 
 and 
 
 German 
 Sphere 
 
 i British and Zanzibar 
 Foreign 
 Bible 
 Society 
 
 z English Zanzibar 
 
 Universities Magfla 
 Mission Masasi 
 
 3 German Dar Es 
 E. Africa Salam 
 
 Mission Tanga 
 Mbalo 
 
 Pagan-Bantu Swahili 
 
 and Yao 
 
 Mahometan Gogo 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Swahili 
 
 Yao 
 
 Bondei 
 
 Swahili 
 
 4 English 
 Church 
 Mission 
 
 Mpapwa 
 Mamboia 
 Uyui 
 Usambiro 
 
 do. 
 
 Swahili 
 Gogo 
 
 5 London 
 
 Urambo 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 6 French Bagamoyo 
 Holy Ghost Mrog6ro 
 and Heart Mhonda 
 of Mary 
 
 do. 
 
 Swahili 
 
 7 German 
 Benedic- 
 
 Pugu 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 tines 
 
 
 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. Population. Language?. Remarks. 
 
 8 French Tabora Pagan-Bantu 
 
 Lady of Bukumbi 
 Africa 
 
 [I Lake Tan- 
 
 
 
 
 ganyika, 
 
 i London 
 
 Niumkorlo 
 
 do, 
 
 Katanga, 
 
 Mission 
 
 Fwambo 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 Head 
 
 2 French 
 
 Kar6ma 
 
 do 
 
 Waters of 
 
 Lady of 
 
 
 
 River 
 
 Africa 
 
 
 
 Kongo 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 Arnot's 
 
 Katanga 
 
 da 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 
 
 4 French 
 
 Mpala 
 
 do 
 
 
 Lady of 
 
 Kibanga 
 
 
 
 Africa 
 
 
 
 IV 
 
 British 
 
 
 
 Sphere of i 
 
 English 
 
 Mombasa 
 
 Influence 
 
 Church 
 
 Freretown 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 Chagga 
 Rubaga 
 
 2 
 
 English 
 
 Ribe 
 
 
 United 
 
 Jomvu 
 
 
 Methodist 
 
 
 
 Free 
 
 
 
 Church 
 
 
 3 
 
 German 
 
 Ngao 
 
 
 Nenkirchen Witu 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 4 
 
 German 
 
 Mbungu 
 
 
 Bavarian 
 
 Jimba 
 
 
 Mission 
 
 
 5 
 
 Swedish 
 Mission 
 
 Kul£su 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Swahili 
 
 Nyika 
 
 Taveta 
 
 Teita 
 
 Ganda 
 
 Swahili 
 
 do. Pokomo 
 
 do. Kamba 
 
( 6 7 ) 
 
 No. Sub- Region. 
 
 Agency. 
 6 French 
 Holy Ghost 
 and Heart 
 of Mary 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Pagan-Bantu 
 
 Languages 
 Swahili 
 
 
 7 French 
 Lady of 
 Africa 
 
 Rubaga 
 
 do. 
 
 Ganda 
 
 V Galla-land 
 
 and i English 
 Abyssinia United 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Free 
 
 Church 
 
 Lamu 
 Golbanti 
 
 Pagan and Galla 
 Mahometan 
 
 
 2 Capuchins 
 
 Zeylah 
 
 Mahometan 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3 Franciscans 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 4 Swedish 
 Mission 
 
 M'Kullo 
 
 Mahometan 
 
 Amharic 
 
 
 5 London 
 Society 
 
 Djenda 
 
 Alafa 
 
 Gorgora 
 
 Jews 
 
 Amharic 
 Falasha 
 
 
 6 British and 
 Foreign 
 Bible 
 Society 
 
 
 
 Galla 
 
 Giz 
 
 Bogos 
 
 Tigre 
 
 Tigrinna 
 
 
 7 Lazarists 
 
 Massowah 
 
 Mahometan 
 
 and 
 Christian 
 
 do. 
 
 
 8 Capuchins 
 
 , , 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 VI Basin of i Institute of Khartum Pagan and Arabic 
 Upper Nile Verona El Obeid Mahometan Bari 
 
 Nuer 
 
Chapter VI. 
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 I HAVE completed my circular tour and returned to my starting-point. 
 Every one acquainted with the details of each individual Mission, will 
 cry out, " Oh ! how imperfect ! " So it is. Even if it were now (1891) 
 perfect, it would not long remain so, for the kaleidoscope is ever 
 changing, and there is no lack of lists of Protestant Missions, and of 
 those of the Church of Rome ; but were they ever grouped together, 
 or will they ever be grouped together, by one, who recognizes the 
 excellencies, and points out the shortcomings, of both ? It is a very 
 large subject, and requires a very large heart to grapple with it. Let 
 my critics sit down, and compile a better statement. I shall be satisfied. 
 
 The column " Agency " comprises all agencies at work, and, for the 
 sake of brevity, the words Society, Congregation, Mission, are omitted, 
 whenever it is possible to do so without leaving the statement obscure. 
 
 In a general statement such as this it is impossible to enter all the 
 " Stations." In many cases I have at my disposal the material accurate 
 up to date, sent by kind Protestant, or Roman Catholic, correspondents. 
 To enter these would have multiplied the possibility of error, have 
 made the Map very confusing, and would have gained no object. If 
 any one requires such details, the reports of that particular agency 
 will supply it ; and it may be stated generally, that there arc annual 
 
( 69 ) 
 
 Reports of all. My object is only to show the locality in the Sub- 
 Region, in which some particular agency is at work. 
 
 Nor have I cared to notice the strength of the Missionary parties, 
 ordained or lay : nor would the notice remain true for six months. 
 Death and Disease make sad havoc in the ranks. Ten recruits arrive, 
 and of them half die or go home. Nor have I ventured on the thorny 
 question of counting adherents, church-members, baptized persons, 
 communicants, or inquirers. In the first generation such totals mean 
 nothing, for there is little consistency, or stability of conduct, in converts ; 
 but the children, that are born of, and brought up by, Christian 
 Parents represent a fact : the children collected in the schools for 
 regular teaching represent a still more important fact. Baptism from 
 the point of view of this Essay means nothing, as the Agents of the 
 Church of Rome baptize " in articulo mortis," and with very inadequate 
 previous instruction, and some Protestant Churches do not baptize at 
 all, or defer the rite until adult years, before which date the convert 
 may have died. As far as I can judge, there is great laxness of state- 
 ment on the part of all. An earthly army would be very badly off, 
 if the registers were not kept with greater accuracy, and upon some 
 universally accepted principle. 
 
 Woman's work is entirely omitted, not that it does not exist, or 
 that it is by me undervalued. In both classes of Missionary Societies 
 it exists in abundance, and of the highest quality, but it is necessarily 
 ancillary to that of the ordained Missionary. The Kaiserwerth 
 Deaconesses of Egypt are entered, as they represent an entirely 
 independent organization. There is a great field for female work 
 in Africa, and a great reputation for the sex to maintain. In 
 
( 7o ) 
 
 the early centuries we read of Katharina, Pcrpetua, Fclicitas, and 
 Monica, and women will never be wanting, ready to live or die, when 
 the Lord's work has to be done. I rejoice to read of Syrian women, 
 and Negresses, being found ready to join the Sisterhoods. To send a 
 young European or American married woman into the Equatorial 
 Regions with the possibility of maternity without the surroundings of 
 decent civilized life is a downright wickedness. Do we read of any 
 such folly in the great Missions of the early centuries, in those of 
 Columba, Columbanus, or Boniface ? Celibates, and celibates alone, 
 supply the material for the Missionary Army in climates, and environ- 
 ments, hostile to ordinary domestic life. No woman under any cir- 
 cumstances should penetrate more than one hundred miles from the 
 Coast in the Equatorial Regions : elsewhere they are a blessing and a 
 necessity, but only in the form of Sisterhoods, until the surroundings of 
 civilized life have sprung up. We have lamentable instances of Death 
 and Disease ; of graves of poor young women, whose lives were thrown 
 away without any result ; of the craven retirement from his chosen and 
 consecrated work of a so-called Soldier of Christ, because his wife 
 could not stand the climate ; the Reports of Missionary Societies, 
 instead of telling us of the new birth of children of God amidst the 
 long-neglected Africans, are full of lamentations about the death of 
 white babies, who ought never to have come into existence. I know, 
 that these remarks will draw down upon me the censure of those, who 
 are committed to the opposite policy, who have gone in for youthful 
 matrimony, and who do not see the absurdity and un-Scriptural half- 
 heartedness of their position. Think of a Missionary leaving his 
 sacred duties, his chapel, his school, his class of converts, his cluster 
 
( 7i ) 
 
 of inquirers, to proceed to a better climate for the confinement of 
 his wife! If a Soldier or Public Officer in British India were to do 
 this, the world would cry out, and justly so. I heard this year (1891) 
 on a Missionary platform a Colonial Bishop, who ought to have known 
 better, say, that the exhibition of a white Baby to the simple African 
 or Indian people ivas favourable to conversion. This seems to my 
 mind sheer folly. As a matter of surprise, and excitement of interest, 
 the exhibition of a spaniel, or still more of a ferret, would have the 
 same effect. It seems monstrous to anticipate any spiritual advantage 
 from a Missionary's Nursery. 
 
 Is this a proper paragraph for a Missionary Report of labours 
 among the heathen? I copy it from a periodical dated July, 1891, now 
 lying on my table. 
 
 Naissance de Violette. 
 
 April 9, 1891. " J'ai la joie de vous annoncer la naissance de notre 
 " nenvihne enfant, line petite Violette, nee la 4 Avril a onze heures de 
 ' matin. Notre chere fillette, image de son frere aine, est vigoureuse, 
 " et sa mere a de quoi entretenir ses bonnes dispositions." Then he 
 goes on to describe details of the confinement. It was foolish to 
 write such things, but still more foolish to print them in a serious 
 religious journal, and circulate it to subscribers : there should be a 
 chaste reserve on such subjects : they are the accidents of material 
 life, not the objects of spiritual life. 
 
 I pointed out this passage to an ex-Missionary of the Neo-Latin 
 race, who defended it, and remarked, that subscribers to the Mission 
 naturally took a great interest in the domestic events of their Mission- 
 aries. This shows how low the type and ideal of a Missionary has fallen. 
 
( 72 ) 
 
 Gallus and Columbanus worked their way in 611 A.D. to the Lake of 
 Constance, and founded the Monastery of St. Gall, at a time, when 
 Helvetia was little better than Africa in the scale of Christian belief. 
 They gave up all for Christ. What should we think of the Venerable 
 Bede in his priceless volume, had he recorded such stuff as the passage 
 above quoted ? 
 
 Some writers with light-heartedness allude to trained Sisters being 
 sent up to the remote stations on the Kongo, to Lake Tanganyika, and 
 Victoria Nyanza : will any live to return, and will any live at all ? and 
 in case of rebellions and uprisings, what would become of them ? We 
 have a sad illustration in the fate of the poor Sisters of the Institute of 
 Verona left at Khartum. No European Government can help them. 
 It is true, that such Sisters may be native females trained for the 
 purpose : of these some may be widows, or married women may be 
 made use of ; but, when it comes to have to deal with bodies of celibate 
 native women, the head of the Mission will have a problem to deal 
 with of unparalleled difficulty, for the women of Africa and Asia are 
 not as the women of Europe, at least of that class of women in Europe, 
 who would enter Sisterhoods. Scandals have arisen in India under a 
 realm of Law : in Africa, and in regions beyond the limits of any fixed 
 Civil Government, the difficulties will be greater. 
 
 So of all records of the invaluable services of the Medical men, 
 and Medical Societies, of the Educationists, and the Fraternities, who 
 devote themselves to this blessed work, of the Industrial Teachers, the 
 Artificers, the Engineers of Steamers, and the Lay Brothers generally, 
 I make no mention, not because I undervalue their services, but because 
 the detail of methods does not fall within my scope. 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 The names of the Foreign Societies are necessarily translated into 
 English : perhaps some of these names are too fanciful. The first 
 object of a name is, that it should explain itself. So also the nationality 
 of each Society is given, except in the case of such world-wide known 
 Congregations, as Jesuits, Franciscans, Capuchins, etc., which belong to 
 Christianity, rather than any Nationality. 
 
 A Bishop lately remarked, that a great part of the time of the wise 
 was wasted in trying to control or remedy the effects of the unwisdom 
 of the good: and it is so. In no other effort of mankind does the 
 will-worship, the iOeXoOprjafceia, more strongly and painfully develope 
 itself than in the starting of a Mission, nor in any class of publications 
 is more fatuous nonsense written entirely in good faith than in Mis- 
 sionary Narratives or Reports. The National Egoism of the Briton, 
 and Frenchman, is conspicuously painful on a subject, where boasting 
 should be excluded. Nothing so wild and mad as the schemes of the 
 solitary itinerant, who does not know a word of the language, but under- 
 takes a ride on a camel through South Africa, and to preach through 
 an interpreter! The isolated Missionary, and the "one family" Mission, 
 like shadows pass over the paper of the recording chronicler, and they are 
 gone. One night of cholera, or two days of fever, puts an end to them. 
 While I have been drawing up these returns, I have received replies to 
 queries, and had to expunge entries too trustingly made upon data 
 collected a few years ago. There are some organizations, which, humanly 
 speaking, will last as long as human hearts are open to the influences 
 of Pity and Devotion, of sympathy with the sad state of others, of 
 gratitude for their own happier state, and recognition of the Hand, 
 which gives. The fate of every Missionary organization must be sooner 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 or later to die, unless it is based on a permanent Congregation, Brother- 
 hood, or Association, renewing itself in a spontaneous way, the same 
 great reservoir, though the water changes from year to year, whose 
 object is to send out recruits, and maintain those, that represent them 
 in the Lord's warfare. We learnt this lesson from Benedict in the 
 fifth century. There must be fixed and understood methods, tried, 
 though elastic, rules, a selection of suitable agents, and a training of 
 them in their new duties : there must be a trust in Spiritual Guidance, 
 and yet a means of tapping the fountain of Material Resources. Only 
 those, who for many years have had their eyes on Africa, are aware of 
 the great wreckage, through which they have to find their way. 
 (i) Schemes proposed grandiloquently, but never carried out. 
 
 (2) Schemes commenced, but owing to the death of some leading 
 
 person abandoned. 
 
 (3) Schemes too weak to be of any permanent use : mere subjects 
 
 of personal glorification on platforms to imperfectly in- 
 structed audiences : Egoism and Will-worship of the worst 
 character. 
 
 (4) Schemes crushed out by violence, or gagged by expulsion, or 
 
 starved to death by having no root in a Christian country. 
 And what shall be said of the methods used to get in funds, of the 
 unreal and fictitious transcendentalism of the Missionary Magazine, in 
 which all is praise, and no allusion is made to mistakes or worse : of 
 the traps set to catch children, and the violent attacks made upon 
 others so as to meet the prejudices and the worst weaknesses of the 
 reader? What more acceptable in a French journal than to paint the 
 ineptitude, the stupidity, the utter want of success of la Societe biblique, 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 l'heretique Anglais, le ministre Methodiste, le Pseudo-Eveque ? What 
 more acceptable in an English Journal than a hit against the Priests 
 of Rome, all called Jesuits, the untruthfulness of their conversions, the 
 insidious character of their methods ? I must admit, that some periodicals 
 on both sides are free from such blemishes, and in no one paper of the 
 vast Literature in the languages of Europe, which have passed under 
 my eye, have I ever met the least insinuation or innuendo against 
 moral character : in fact, it is clearly a method to get in funds, and 
 some Protestant periodicals attack the Opium-Trade with the same 
 object. One result is, that the general public sternly declines to read 
 anything about Missions, or to subscribe the smallest sum, because the 
 form, in which it is placed before their eye, is so unnatural, and the real 
 merit of the enterprize is disguised by conventional and highly-seasoned 
 phraseology. There are some Missionary periodicals, which I regularly 
 read out of a sense of duty to the great subject, to which I have devoted 
 my life's thoughts, but the phraseology, and the mode of treatment, 
 quite go against my intellectual stomach, or in other words I take them 
 medicinally, and I quite realize, why in many families of good people a 
 Missionary periodical is not allowed on the table, not that the subject- 
 matter is objected to, but the sensational, pharisaical, self-laudatory, and 
 narrow-minded style, which is calculated to render the ordinary reader 
 hostile. 
 
 It must be admitted, that the civilization of Africa after a Christian 
 type will never be worked out by the Men of Commerce, who flock 
 thither with liquor and lethal weapons, or by the high-handed men, 
 who go out as Governors, or Military Commanders : even if these last 
 had the will, they have neither the knowledge nor the leisure : they stay 
 
( 76 ) 
 
 a very short time, and have to inflict punishment upon so-called rebels, 
 who are really patriots of the Bruce and William Tell type : to burn, 
 and destroy, and to kill. This leads me to remark that the Missionary 
 should carefully avoid any connexion with commerce. In Algiers I 
 visited the Trappist Convent, and found these excellent men distilling 
 liquor, and I was pressed to taste it. In a Mahometan country this 
 seemed a singularly inappropriate manufactory. If there is a form of 
 Missionary effort worse than that backed up by Gunboats, it is the 
 first appearance of the true Faith amidst a people, one of whose few 
 merits is total abstinence, in the form of Spirituous Liquor. The African 
 has survived Slavery, Slave-trade, Tribal-wars, Cannibalism, Human 
 Sacrifice, and Murder for Witchcraft : is he to fall a victim to the 
 distilleries of London, France, Germany, and the United States ? I 
 read, how Missionaries made presents of Rum to the King of St. 
 Salvador on the Kongo ; on the Niger at one time the ordinary wage 
 of the day-labourer was paid in gin. Every visit to a Native was 
 preceded and concluded by a " dash " of liquor. Strong drink seemed 
 to be the beginning and end and continuance of life, and respectable 
 families in Europe and North America live in an atmosphere of piety 
 and refinement on the unhallowed profits of this accursed Trade, and 
 are not ashamed. 
 
 Another rock to be avoided is the following. In the Middle Ages 
 there is no question, that the Missionary operations commenced by the 
 patronage of some Fanatic Sovereign, himself an unrepentant and 
 profligate sinner, or a pious Queen, or even of a licentious Royal 
 Mistress. The Arm of the Flesh was too much sought after, and I 
 must admit, that in the Church of Rome there is still evidence of a 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 hankering for such support. I read how arrangements were made with 
 the King of Portugal to enable French Missionaries to settle on the 
 River Shire on Lake Nyasa. Now it so happens, that this Region is 
 in the British sphere of influence, and the French Missionaries are 
 heartily welcome : what reason was there then for negociations with 
 Portugal ? (Missions Catholiques d'Afrique : Bethune, p. 182.) Missions 
 must be supplied with means by the individuals and Churches of 
 Nations, not by the Secular Government, and on arriving in Africa 
 they must work upwards through the natives of the country, and not 
 downwards from the ignorant, often infidel, local Governor. The 
 Lord's Treasury, situated in the hearts of His people, is never empty. 
 Universal Toleration is the greatest of Earthly Powers. All that the 
 honest Missionary requires is a free field, and no favour, or prejudice, 
 such as he has always found in the last half century in British India. 
 If funds are wanted, let the call be made to Christian Hearts, not to 
 the antechamber of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, or a profligate 
 Monarch. 
 
 What shall be said of presents of lethal weapons made by Mis- 
 sionaries to Chiefs or influential people, of natives of Africa flogged, 
 fired into, and even put to death by Missionaries ? What shall be 
 said of secret-service-money supplied by Governments to Missionaries 
 in order to advance National interests ? What shall be said of intrigues 
 at home, or in Africa, to secure protection of Consuls, and influence of 
 Ambassadors, or of craft and chicanery made use of by one set of Mis- 
 sionaries to outwit, or anticipate, or exclude, another ? Missionaries 
 must recollect, that the scorching glare of public opinion is now fixed 
 on them, and that they act under the burning electric light of a Public 
 
( 78 ) 
 
 Press in all the languages of Europe. Things done in a corner of 
 Africa will be proclaimed in the streets of Paris, London, New York, 
 Berlin, and even Rome. 
 
 Some Missionary books with regard to Africa are quite sickening. 
 I instance two : a young Englishwoman, used to the comforts of 
 European life, appeals in favour of the women of Africa : so far I 
 am with her. But the two females are in the antipodes of human 
 culture, racial habits, and natural wants, and the exaggeration of the appeal 
 is ridiculous : the instances of cruelty are magnified, the position of the 
 African women is painfully travestied, as if comfort and decency, 
 and holiness, and Christian Faith, could only co-exist with the secondary 
 wants, and civilized ways, the smart dresses, the cooked food, and the 
 culture of London and Paris. Those, who have had years of experience 
 in British India, can realize with how little, food, raiment, and kindly 
 treatment, an Asiatic and African woman is satisfied, and how unwise 
 it would be to connect the Christian religion, which in its origin is 
 Asiatic, and a Gospel, which was intended for the poor, with the envi- 
 ronments, and snares, of European culture. Let them be Christians, 
 but still remain Africans, on their own platform of human civilization. 
 
 The other book has already been quoted. I have to thank the 
 compiler for much information, but it is a marvel, how he could have 
 written some passages. It is possible to understand, that the Egoism 
 of a Frenchman, an Englishman, or a German, might induce him un- 
 wisely to write a book about Christian Missions in Africa, of which the 
 main object seems to be to puff up his own Nation, and to show how 
 very important his people have been, and how nothing even in Africa 
 can be done without them. The good taste of such a book might be 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 doubted. But that the member of a Nation like Belgium, a mere 
 Geographical, or rather Political, expression, transferred by the chance 
 of war from Germany, Spain, France, and Holland, should permeate a 
 book on African Missions with praise of his own nation, is an astonishing 
 literary phenomenon. There is also a bad spirit through the work, 
 constant sneers against Great Britain, France, and Holland, an entire 
 ignoring not only of the vastness, and devotedness of Protestant effort 
 in the same field, but of their very existence, which implies a total 
 ignorance of the general subject, a suppression of a truth amounting to 
 a suggestion of the false. To me it seems impossible to write an 
 account of Protestant Missions in Africa without noticing the presence, 
 the importance, and the zeal of the Missionaries of the Church of Rome, 
 as the Missions are geographically so closely interlaced. The author 
 alludes to the intolerance of the British authorities, as if he had never 
 heard of British India : and besides 
 
 Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes ? 
 Surely the Inquisition of Spain, the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, the 
 Annals of the Missions of the Church of Rome in past years, tell the one 
 story, " semper, ubique, ab omnibus," of determined opposition to the 
 work of any other Church but her own. Let us be silent as to the bad 
 past, and, wiser in our generation, each, in his own way, try to spread 
 the Gospel of the common Saviour. 
 
 Another feature of the book is the jaunty air of prophecy, which 
 pervades the whole : where there has been no success, immediate success 
 is expected : where there is only a beginning of an effort, a magni- 
 ficent work is fondly predicted. Those, who have studied the work of 
 Missions from the time of Benedict to the present epoch, know how 
 
( So ) 
 
 uncertain are the issues of life and death, success and failure. I read 
 with astonishment the barefaced statement, that the French Missionary 
 was the Pioneer of the influence of France in Tunis and on the Kongo. 
 It may have been so, but it is to be hoped that it was incidental, and 
 not the object of the Missions : and it is stated, that occasionally the 
 Religion of Christ is called by the Natives " the French Religion." 
 This must be the result of very imperfect teaching ; and what will the 
 Propaganda of Rome say to this ? The work of the Church of Rome 
 in Great Britain is rightly called the " Italian Mission." 
 
 May I be very bold ? As regards Africa, where, since the times of 
 Aristotle till now, there is always something new, 
 \4ei <pip€t Aifivrj 7i Kaivov, 
 cannot there be a truce, a concordat, a partition, a modus Vivendi, a 
 benevolent recognition of the great merits of the individual in each 
 of the two armies, of the Christian Graces, which are the charm of the 
 combatants on either side ? Sometimes the secret seems to come out, 
 that there is a mutual respect for each other. Hear what a Roman 
 Missionary at Bagamoyo wrote : 
 
 " II suffit de parler a quelques protestants sinceres pour se con- 
 " vaincre, que entre eux et nous il n'y a que des meprises, des 
 " equivoques, des erreurs, des prejuges d' Education? 
 
 The English Missionary, who reports the death of Mackay at 
 Usambiro, writes : 
 
 " I wish that I could have been here to nurse him a bit : his brother 
 " Missionary was helplessly ill himself, and sent off to Bukumbi to the 
 " French Priests to help him, but ere the good Samaritan came, our dear 
 " friend had died." 
 
( Si ) 
 
 From the Niger I quote a letter from a Missionary of Rome to the 
 late Sir John Marshall. 
 
 " Father Zappa came to see me off, and so did Mr. Macaulay, the 
 " Protestant Minister, with whom we had been on the best terms from 
 " the first. I introduced them to each other, assuring Father Zappa that 
 " he would find a friend in Mr. Macau lay." 
 
 And again : 
 
 " A Protestant Missionary at Asaba on the Niger in 1888, in returning 
 " thanks for a toast, included the Missionary of Rome, and expressed 
 " his regard for him, adding that on the Niger there was room for both, 
 " and that all might unite to raise the natives out of their savage state" 
 
 I read how in U-ganda the differences between the converts of the 
 two Churches appear to be political rather than religious, and now that 
 the political question is settled, the bad feeling will subside : it is a 
 misfortune, if the representatives of the two parties, instead of preaching 
 to their ignorant hearers the great central truths, as fixed by the great 
 Councils of the Early Centuries, in which they both absolutely agree, 
 should be tempted to dwell upon the points, on which they differ : they 
 thus seem to be preaching a rival Gospel, when it is not so, and, if this 
 continues, the Pagan hearer will become a sceptic : the same Christian 
 graces, and purity of life, are manifest in both : for the Protestant to go 
 out of his way, and tell his simple flock that the Missionaries of Rome 
 are idolaters, because they have images in their Church, is as wrong as 
 for the Missionary of Rome to teach that the Protestants, because they 
 refuse to pray to other than the three persons of the Trinity, are Atheists : 
 the moral law of both parties is absolutely identical, and the way of 
 Salvation that is preached is the same. 
 
( 82 ) 
 
 I think that the majority of Protestants would be ready absolutely 
 to abstain from uttering or printing anything hard against their fellow- 
 labourers of Rome : the discussion of human methods is allowable : the 
 imputation of motives is unjustifiable : idle abuse is unworthy of a 
 Christian. As long as men are men, they will be tempted to justify 
 themselves, and claim undue praise, and to question the reality or 
 undervalue the work of another : I read the reports of all : the usual 
 thing is to state 
 
 (i) That all the conversions of the other side are nominal. 
 
 (2) That the other party makes use of unlimited resources to 
 
 induce people to be baptized. 
 
 (3) That the other party uses the influence of Chiefs and Consuls. 
 
 (4) That the people love them, and hate the other party. Stock- 
 
 quotations of speeches by natives appear with only change 
 of words in rival publications : it is a mournful instance of 
 the weakness of good men. 
 Very few indeed read the reports of the other side : they often do 
 not know each other's language : 
 
 " Damnant, quod non intelligunt." 
 Can we not hope that good and honest men, holding fast to the great 
 Central Truths of Faith, Hope and Love, with the awful problem of the 
 near approach of Christ's second coming, and in view of the abject necessity 
 of the African races, and the opportunity now afforded for a season, can 
 be induced to look over the fences, which, reaching only breast-high, 
 separate Churches from Churches, and Nations from Nations, and fix 
 their eyes solely on the form of the Crucified Saviour, which forms the 
 frontispiece of, and underlies the whole motive of, this Book ? In the 
 
( 8 3 ) 
 
 Day of Judgment it will not be asked of the pious African freedman, 
 whether he was a Roman, or a Protestant, but whether he loved the 
 Lord, and tried to lay hold on the means of Salvation, which the last 
 decade of the Nineteenth Century had so wonderfully brought to him 
 by the hands of men, on all of whom God's blessing will rest. Let the 
 French and British Missionary abstain from unseemly conflict in the 
 presence of Mahometan and Pagan in Central Africa, remembering what 
 happened to the Early Church in North Africa : the unseemly quarrels 
 with the Donatists and the Arians were quenched by the utter destruc- 
 tion of all by the Mahometan, and the conversion of Europe was delayed 
 for Centuries by ceaseless Theological controversies. In a Region of 
 entire Toleration, at an Epoch, when such persecution, as seemed good 
 to Charlemagne in the Ninth Century, and the Inquisition in the 
 Sixteenth Century, is impossible, because men's thoughts have become 
 wider with the progress of the Suns, when all good men recognize the 
 differing, yet equally good, gifts of their neighbours, and are ready to 
 offer to each other every possible material assistance, it may be possible 
 to make a new departure, a holy truce. Let Ephraim no more vex 
 Judah, or Judah vex Ephraim : in the Crimean War the difference of 
 creed, and nationality, and the mighty History of the two great rival 
 Nations, were forgotten, or rolled up and put away by the soldiers of 
 France and Great Britain in the presence of a common foe. Oh ! let it 
 be so now in the presence of a more deadly antagonist with the Soldiers 
 of Christ ! 
 
 And let me urge another consideration : the opportunity of evan- 
 gelizing Africa may not last : the arm of Europe may be shortened : the 
 power of Great Britain and France may disappear as the power of the 
 
( 3 4 ) 
 
 Empire of Rome vanished : their commerce may " fade away like 
 the dyes of Tyre, or moulder like the palaces of Venice." The Mis- 
 sionary goes out to do a specific work at an epoch fixed by God, who 
 has opened a great door, which has been closed since the creation of 
 the world : let him reflect that in opposing the Christians, with whom 
 he does not agree, he is retarding the coming of Christ's Kingdom. 
 To the Pagan Polytheist, to the Mahometan, who denies the Divinity 
 of Christ, to the Infidel unscrupulous intruder, who would try and 
 destroy the lives of the men, and the morals of the women, he should 
 not yield for an instant : his eye should not pity, nor his tongue spare, 
 for they are the emissaries of Satan, but they cannot say this of each 
 other. They must cast their thoughts forward to the Day of Judgment, 
 and think what reply will they have to give to the great question : 
 " How hast thou employed thy talents ? " 
 
 Will the Missionary of Rome say : " Lord ! I saw heretics preaching 
 " in Africa what I had been taught in my European Seminary to con- 
 " sider ' Error.' I admit that they were good, holy, and benevolent 
 " men, and preached Thee Crucified ; but I opposed them, got up a 
 " party against them, encouraged my converts to oppose theirs : if, as 
 " in centuries past, I had had the power, I would have tortured them, 
 " and burnt them, and uprooted their congregations : for Thy sake, 
 " Lord, and for the People of Africa ! " 
 
 Will the Protestant Missionary say : " Lord ! I found the Missionaries 
 " of Rome coming as wolves into my flock, as rivals into my pasture, 
 " as hostile neighbours into my city. I admit that personally they were 
 " amiable and good. When I was sick, I sent for them ; when I was 
 :< in danger from a common foe, I joined with them, and shared their 
 
( «5 ) 
 
 " fare, and means of escape ; yet I hardened the minds of my flock 
 " against them ; I spoke evil of them ; I tried to get them ejected from my 
 " part of Africa ; I prevailed on the Chief of a neighbouring tribe to 
 " exclude them ; I refused to see the great goodness, the devotion, and 
 " the charity under the exterior, which they assumed, and which I had been 
 " taught in my Theological School in Europe and N. America to detest 
 " and condemn, and thus for ten years the poor Africans died without 
 " the chance of being Christians, for I preferred that they should die 
 " Pagans rather than Papists : for Thy sake, Lord, and for the People 
 " of Africa ! " 
 
 We dare not imagine the reply. We have only His words to fall 
 back on : 
 
 " Other sheep I have, which are not of this fold : these also I must 
 " bring, and they shall hear my voice, and they shall become one flock 
 " and one shepherd." — John x. 16. 
 
 And again : 
 
 " I pray that they all may be one, even as Thou, Father, art in Me, 
 " and I in Thee, that they all also may be in Us." — John xvii. 2r. 
 
 I remark how agreeable it is to writers on the side of the Church of 
 Rome to quote the words of Protestants, or in fact of men apparently 
 without Religious element in them at all, men living without God in the 
 world, in favour of their work, as contrasted with those of the Protestants. 
 Now before any one takes the opinion of another person as to the merits 
 of a horse, or a commercial company, or a literary work, he satisfies 
 himself, whether the person giving the opinion has any knowledge of 
 the subject : when I glance down the names of the non-Catholics (for I 
 cannot admit some of them to be Protestants) I find rarely any name, 
 
( 86 ) 
 
 which is of any value : if it had suited him or her, or if it should suit 
 them hereafter to turn round and abuse the Missionaries of Rome, and 
 say false and unkind things about their converts, I should treat their 
 remarks with the same profound contempt : is there then no test of 
 excellence of method, of devotedness of the worker, of God's blessing 
 on the work, or what men foolishly call God's blessing, i.e. success, 
 for God's blessing sometimes comes in the form of affliction ? I quote 
 the words of a deceased Bishop, and I will not state to what Church he 
 belonged. 
 
 " We must allow the principle that, wherever we see the fruits of the 
 " Spirit, we must refer them to the works of the Spirit, and acknow- 
 " ledge not only theoretically, but practically, that from Him, and Him 
 " alone, proceed all holy desires, all good counsel, and all just works. 
 " We shall be able then to rejoice at any good work done, though not done 
 " by ourselves, and done outside our own Church, perhaps in ways, which 
 " we do not think desirable, and of which we cannot approve, because 
 " of the good work, that has been done by the Grace of our Father in 
 " Heaven, by the help and blessing of our Lord. We may not be able 
 " to agree as regards to Church Government, or Doctrine, or the best 
 " mode of bringing the truth of Christ home to individual souls, and 
 " keeping alive the Divine life quickened in them by the Grace of the 
 " Holy Spirit : but there is one subject, in which we can all agree, that 
 " it is the duty, which we owe to God and to Man, to do all tlie good we 
 " can within the circle of our influence." I should not think much of the 
 man, who, owing to different views of Church Government, could not 
 recognize the excellence of the work of good Pere Horner at Bagamoyo, 
 of the industrious Trappists of Marian Hill, of the English Universities 
 
( 8; ) 
 
 Mission in East Africa, of the Spanish Benedictines at New Nourse in 
 Western Australia. It was remarked by a great English writer of last 
 century, that he did not envy the feelings of the man, whose heart was not 
 touched when he visited Iona, and thought of Columba, and no doubt many 
 a kind-hearted Missionary of Rome has looked, perhaps with a sigh, but 
 still a sigh of human sympathy, at the outward prosperity, and the internal 
 peacefulness of a Protestant Missionary Station in British India, or 
 South Africa. When our friends of the Church of Rome omit all notice 
 of the schools, and hospitals, and Churches of Protestant Missions, it 
 looks, as if they were afraid of letting their supporters know, that there 
 are other agencies in the fields of a gigantic nature with the same 
 meritorious object. When our Protestant friends allow in their pub- 
 lications and gatherings no allusions to be made to the great efforts 
 of the Church of Rome, except in terms of depreciation and condem- 
 nation, how like they are to the ostrich hiding his head in the sand ! 
 
 I was conversing with an African Missionary of a Protestant Society 
 on the possibility of such a concordat working. His reply was, that 
 individuals of the Mission of the Church of Rome were most amiable 
 and pleasant ; but it seemed, as far as his experience helped him, im- 
 possible for them to abstain from intruding into their neighbour's 
 vineyard, and trying to decoy away their neighbour's flock. It is sad 
 to hear this, and difficult to believe it ; but at any rate the course of 
 the Protestant Missionary is clear : he will admit at once that such is 
 not the policy of the Protestant Churches : our Lord's reply to His 
 disciples will not warrant it (Mark ix. 38). The great cities, and capital 
 towns, as stated above, are the common property of all the Churches. 
 In rural districts care should be taken not to sit down within a reason- 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 able distance of a Mission of the Church of Rome, and abstain from 
 all attempt at proselytism. The resources of the Protestant Societies 
 are admitted to be vastly in excess of those of the Church of Rome, 
 and the non-Christian area in Africa is practically boundless : there 
 can therefore be no justification for collision, either on grounds of 
 economy, or want of space. 
 
 A wise Governor of an African Province, a Consul General, who 
 knows his work, will recognize the extreme value of the Missionary 
 Stations within his Region. He will not for one instant allow himself 
 to be influenced by them or guided. The idea of a Governor or Consul 
 General being selected to such posts on account of his Religion, or at 
 the request of a Cardinal, or a Protestant Missionary Society, is so 
 monstrous, that no Government would listen to such an application ; 
 but, whoever may be the official, he will recognize that the presence 
 of an honest, independent man, dwelling in peace among the people, is 
 a great factor in his administration, whether that man be a German, a 
 Frenchman, an American, or an Englishman, or a subject of one of the 
 smaller Continental Nationalities. The man of Commerce, or the Land- 
 Grabber, is naturally an object of suspicion ; but we may take it as an 
 axiom, that a true Missionary, whether of Rome, or some Protestant 
 denomination, can be trusted, so long as he keeps himself to his own 
 holy vocation. Armed bodies of so-called Crusaders must be deported 
 at once from the Region, and let no Missionary attempt to set up a 
 Court of Justice, except within his own flock and enforced by spiritual 
 penalties : any attempt to form an imperium in imperio, establish a 
 walled station, or usurp a jurisdiction, should be sternly put down. The 
 Missionary's weapons are not carnal. There can be no benefit allowed 
 
( 8 9 ) 
 
 to Clergy. If they offend the Laws of the Colony, which gives them 
 shelter, they will be punished. In British India such is the case, and 
 the reason why no Missionary has ever been punished is simply because 
 the Missionaries of all Nationalities and Creeds have been good honest 
 men, who never broke the Law. 
 
 The use of certain terms should be guarded. Why describe Bishop 
 Hannington as a Christian martyr ? He was trying to work his way 
 from the Coast by a route to U-Ganda, which was not permitted by 
 the arbitrary Sovereign, who in a fit of abject fear of invasion ordered 
 him to be killed : the same fate would have fallen to Joseph Thompson, 
 the explorer, if he had not wisely stopped short of U-Sogo. The word 
 "Martyr" means a witness to Christian Faith : we have plenty of instances 
 from the time of Cyprian to that of Cranmer. The word is laxly used 
 when applied to martyrs to the pestilential climate, or the severity of 
 a long journey. And Missionaries must not in some cases try to 
 appropriate the credit of a Martyr on a Missionary platform, while 
 they and their friends are teazing the Foreign Office to give them 
 material protection. It is not a part of Christian duty for men to expose 
 themselves to certain risks, in spite of warnings from the official autho- 
 rities, and then to set up a howl for Protection by a distant European 
 Government, and pose as Martyrs. And in time of peril the 
 African Missionary must, if the Lord wills it so, die at his post, and 
 rejoice to do so. He must not in time of affliction, or oppression, 
 desert his poor sheep in the wilderness, and save his own miserable 
 body, or flee for the sake of his wife and children. He has taught the 
 African how a Christian can live : he must show him how he can die ; 
 and except in extreme necessity he must not use lethal weapons even 
 
( 9o ) 
 
 in self-defence, remembering the example of his Master. It is recorded 
 of one Missionary, that on the occasion of the invasion of the Mission- 
 Station by a tribe for plunder, he and his converts lay themselves down 
 flat on the ground, and their lives were spared. Nor, if a Missionary 
 fall a blessed Martyr, must his friends and relations make frothy 
 demonstrations on French or British platforms calling for Revenge. 
 For such service they were called, and in this prosaic age we ought 
 to be glad, that we have still Heroes in our midst. 
 
 Concession must be made to Native prejudices, but we cannot expect 
 European Missionaries to live native lives, adopt native dress, and 
 native food : the certain end of such a policy is Disease or Death. 
 They should live industrious, civilized, and exemplary lives, and be 
 content, at least in the first year of their sojourn, to inculcate true 
 Christian principles, and practises, rather than dogma, and ritual. The 
 erection of ornamental Chapels, fitted out with European decorations, 
 is to be deprecated. I have sat in Mount Lebanon on the ground by 
 the side of a Maronite Priest in his little almost empty place of worship, 
 and he and his congregation were satisfied, and had the root of the 
 matter in them as truly as a Minor Canon of St. Paul's. In a late 
 letter from the Victoria Nyanza the Missionary mentions, that his 
 ponderous harmonium, which he had dragged all the way from the 
 Coast, had sunk to the bottom of the Lake, and he begged his friends 
 in France to supply another. Surely the converts could do very well 
 without such ecclesiastical luxuries. The unchained music of the 
 human voice singing glory to God is better than all human instruments. 
 And to the poor converts some mercy should be shown, if they should 
 relapse into Paganism, be seduced into Mahometanism, or fall back into 
 licentious lives. 
 
( 9i ) 
 
 When the Slavonians of Europe were forcibly converted A.D. 866, Tope 
 Nicolas ordered " that apostates were to meet with no toleration, if 
 " they persisted in refusing obedience to the monitions of their spiritual 
 " fathers." The Mahometans could not do worse than that, but such 
 things are impossible now, and one of the great trials of Missionaries 
 of the next generation will be to see whole congregations, the fruit of 
 so much labour, carried away by some new wind of doctrine, and 
 adopting new forms of worship, or even new creeds, under the influence 
 of carnally-minded men of their own nation. There is no help for it. 
 It is in vain, that the Missionary seeks for a high state of Piety in a 
 newly-converted congregation, surrounded by an atmosphere of rank 
 and foul Paganism. St. Paul did not find it in Greece or Asia Minor, 
 nor will it be found in Africa, and the enforcement of a too severe 
 discipline, and the absence of Christian love and pity on the part of 
 injudicious and inexperienced Missionaries, may bring on the cata- 
 strophe of the destruction of a once-flourishing Mission, and the loss 
 of hundreds of poor creatures now living or still to be born. 
 
 It is a comfort to think that in this nineteenth century we have as yet 
 no case recorded of a Miracle in Africa. The troubles at U-Ganda 
 might have been settled off-hand, and the lives of the French Mis- 
 sionaries of the Holy Ghost, who were cruelly murdered in Cimbebasia 
 on the River Kunene, might have been spared, had some Thaumaturgus, 
 such as we read of in the Middle Ages, been forthcoming. A blind 
 man was opportunely healed by Augustine with the purpose of in- 
 fluencing the Bishops of the British Church in Wales. Xavier is 
 reported to have wrought miracles in W. India. The infidel press of 
 France, Great Britain, and America, is on the look out for such demon- 
 
( 92 ) 
 
 strations, and in these days it will be hard to satisfy the Law of Evidence : 
 yet legends are palpably growing. The story of the martyrdom of the 
 converts of U-Ganda of both Churches is receiving large expansion, 
 so much so that one Missionary had to write to deny the truth of 
 certain incidents : the ignorant world is as credulous as ever. 
 " Populus vult decipi et decipiatur." 
 With the Church of Rome rests the monopoly of modern miracles. 
 No Protestant Church would tolerate them ; but it is remarkable, that the 
 celebrated Romish Missionaries of Africa, Massaia, Duparquet, Depelchin, 
 Bessieux (who laboured forty years in Western Africa), have never 
 pretended to exhibit miraculous power, except the one great miracle 
 of their faith and devotion : and wisely so. Those, who have lived in 
 the midst of Mahometan and Pagan populations, know that miracle- 
 working is the common property of all fanatics and crazy enthusiasts ; 
 they have visited shrines, and been informed, that there barren women 
 would become pregnant, and illnesses are cured, and heard that great profit 
 accrues to the custodians of the Temple, or Shrine, or Tomb. I read 
 how that a fire broke out in the City of Lahore in 1849, burned down 
 a number of houses, and was only arrested, when it reached a house, 
 which contained a pair of paijamah, or nether garments, said to have 
 been worn by Mahomet. The Christian cannot war with such weapons, 
 which belong more properly to the Arsenal of Simon Magus. In the 
 nineteenth century the great miracle is, that the four great nations of the 
 world, Great Britain, the United States of N. America, France, and 
 Germany, are full of such holy zeal in the interest of Africa : the silent 
 witness of Christian books in the languages of Africa is a miracle in 
 the eyes of the African, which cannot be over-estimated. The Medical 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 Missionary brings with him a Science, which has the same results, as 
 were imputed to Miracles in an age less severely critical. The presence 
 of Men and Women in their midst, come with the strange object of 
 doing acts of kindness, must be a dav/xa, a 8vva/u,i<;, a miracle, utterly 
 beyond previous experiences. The medicine-man, and the magician, 
 give up the contest with a Power, which does not depend upon legend, 
 or vague report, but is visible to the eyes of men, and is lasting in its 
 effects. What greater standing miracle can the heart of man conceive 
 than the mighty transformation of an African village, or of the popu- 
 lation of an island in the Southern Seas, when the Spirit of the Lord 
 has overshadowed them in the person of the humble Christian, who 
 has come they know not whence, has asked leave to sojourn among 
 them, has taught them useful arts, and in the course of one generation 
 has changed them from being filthy, naked, helpless, ignorant of the 
 very name of God, and fearing and hating their neighbours, into the 
 freedom of a Christian community, dwelling in huts, practising 
 monogamy, decency, and a certain amount of humble culture, with 
 their Chapel, their School, their Minister, and the open Bible in their 
 own language, set up and printed by their own tribe in their own 
 village, and deriving from that Bible Love to their neighbours, Faith 
 in their Saviour, and a certain Hope beyond the Grave ? Such things 
 have been, may be, and will be, if the people of Europe and North 
 America know how to use humbly, faithfully, and with a spirit of self- 
 sacrifice, their marvellous opportunities, and the unparalleled means at 
 their disposal. 
 
 If the new teaching of the simple ignorant people were restricted 
 to the great central doctrine of Christ Crucified and Risen again, and 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 the necessary consequences of Repentance, Pardon, and Holiness through 
 His finished work, it would be a boon to the infant Churches. The 
 object should be to wean their poor weak intellects from their fetishes, 
 their idols, their rain-makers, their medicine-men, their profession of 
 magic arts, after which their unstable temperaments will go hankering 
 for many generations, as did God's chosen people of the Kingdom of 
 Judah and Israel ; but the African would have, what the Israelites never 
 had, the presence of holy and good men in their midst, teaching by 
 their example and precepts the necessity of living a life of extreme 
 purity, exhibiting a tender love for the bodies and souls of the poor 
 African, gentleness to children, respect to females, and honour to old 
 age. Such an expedient has never been tried on unsophisticated races 
 on so large a scale before, as is now going on in Africa. I think, that 
 there is danger in some methods, indicated by the following anecdotes : 
 A Missionary could not prevail on a Chief to allow him a site in his 
 village ; so, according to his own narrative, published in a French 
 Missionary weekly, he turned round on St. Joseph, and said that it 
 was his business, and that he must do it : on calling on the Chief next 
 morning, he found that the Chief had seen a vision of an aged man in 
 his dream, who ordered him to give the Missionary a site, and he 
 did so accordingly. Another Missionary attributed the rains, which 
 had come at a period suitable for the harvest, to the celebration of a 
 particular festival. We detect in these narratives a survival of the 
 flavour of the old magician and the rain-maker. The extreme left of 
 the Christian Churches fall into analogous errors. I read in a Missionary 
 report, how the child of African parents was ill : they were not baptized 
 Christians, but enjoyed that singularly anomalous position of being 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 adherents : they were taunted by the Heathen with the question, " Can 
 your God heal him?" The Medical Missionary took this as a direct 
 challenge, and claimed him of God. In a week's time, after proper 
 medical treatment, he was healed, and the little negro boy went back 
 to his dirt, and pagan ignorance : it cannot but occur to the reader, 
 that if any one is to be claimed, he should be of some value, past, 
 present, or future, and worth claiming ; and he might have died : can 
 the Ruler of the Universe do wrong ? There are also wild enthusiasts, 
 who forbid their agents to take medicine in case of illness, trusting to 
 Faith, and discourage study of the languages of the country, trusting 
 in a Pentecostal gift of tongues. In no branch of human affairs is 
 such folly exhibited, as in the work of Missions. 
 
 Cardinal Manning remarked just fifty years ago on an English 
 platform, that the English people had at that time the choice to make 
 whether they would be the " beasts of burden " or the " Evangelists " 
 of the World : the same sentiment applies now to all Nationalities so 
 long as the Missionary occupation is solely, entirely, and truly, for 
 the good of the people evangelized, and not a mere snare, like the 
 Political occupation, which is solely for the purpose of obtaining new 
 outlets to Commerce, and to promote free and unscrupulous landgrabbing, 
 or the Commercial occupation which toorks to the destruction of the 
 souls and bodies of the defenceless natives of Africa, and fills the 
 pockets of the gin and rum manufacturers of Europe and North America. 
 The Pharisaical pretence of benevolence, and the hypocritical show 
 of desiring to do good to the African, makes the policy of the Statesman, 
 and the great Manufacturer, more odious. In the streets of Smyrna 
 the fruit-sellers cry out, " In the name of the Prophet Figs ! " This is a 
 
( 96 ) 
 
 fair condensation of the spirit of the new African Policy. In the name 
 of the Saviour, slaughter by the great Explorer, confiscation of land by 
 the great Companies, and poisoning of Millions by the great Distilleries ! 
 The Missionaries of different Churches must not quarrel with each 
 other, when they have these three antagonists to contend with under 
 the leadership of Giant Pagan, and Giant Islam. In a ship, which this year 
 reached the Kongo from North America, there were nine Missionaries 
 (five of their predecessors had died soon after their arrival), and one 
 hundred and twenty thousand gallons of Rum. The Chinese Missionaries 
 fill the air with their lamentations, because the people of British India 
 export opium to China, a commerce licensed by the law of the country, 
 which receives the drug, and which within its own boundary is a far 
 greater producer of opium than India and the rest of the world put 
 together. The Emperor has but to forbid the import of Indian opium, 
 and it would cease ; but Africa produces no such deadly stimulants as 
 brandy, gin, and rum, within its boundaries, and there is no organized 
 Government like that of China, with armies and fleets, which can arrest 
 the import from foreign and Christian countries. Surely here is a much 
 more reasonable case for an outcry and lamentation on the part of real 
 and not pretending philanthropists. 
 
 This presses home the greater and ever-increasing necessity of 
 the Missionary Occupation of Africa. Though France, Great Britain, 
 and North America, have done well, still they must do more: the 
 efforts of other countries are comparatively small. But let the man 
 of pleasure, the man of the world, the avowed atheist, the doubter of 
 the great future of the human race, the Pharisee, who passes by on 
 the other side, pause and reflect on the grandeur of what has been 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 done, is doing, and will continue to be doing. The world, the worn- 
 out European world, sated with lust of money, pride of greatness, and 
 frivolity of pleasure, cannot spare such proofs, that the heart of man is 
 still as capable of evidencing its divine origin by its works, as it was in the 
 freshness of the centuries of early Christianity, and in the pre-Christian 
 ages of the Juventus Mundi, when Jephthah's daughter was ready to 
 sacrifice herself for the service of her God, when the Roman hero leapt 
 fully armed into the pit to save the Republic. A dying world lies at the 
 door of Europe, a world ignorant, but not by their own fault, of Christ's 
 great sacrifice : from every rank of the community of the Neo-Latin, 
 and Teuton Races, and of no other, men and women leap out and cry, 
 " Send me, send me to my dying fellow-creatures, dying in body and 
 " soul. Never mind, whether their colour is black, or brown, or red, 
 " or yellow. Never mind, whether they are cruel, or gentle, and tractable. 
 " Never mind, whether they are healthy or leprous. Never mind, if I 
 " die just when I land on their shores, or live to see them pass from 
 " their barbarous nakedness into the decent form and order of a Holy 
 " Church : send me ! I have but the desire and a few poor talents : the 
 " issue is with God." 
 
 The heart beats high, when it hears of it, even the heart of the 
 unconverted and unbeliever : it forgets, or does not care to ask, whether 
 the man or woman, who evinces such grand sentiments, hails from the 
 Churches of Rome or of Great Britain or of North America, or of the 
 European Continent : their utterances and actions betray, that they belong 
 to the Church of Christ : Christianity is Christ, and Christ alone ; and 
 the true Christian lives and dies like Christ. Well may they be called 
 
 the Heroes of Africa. 
 
 7 
 
( 98 ) 
 
 Depend upon it that these Missionaries arc in a higher degree 
 makers of future history than the Provincial Governor of a forcibly 
 and unscrupulously annexed sphere of influence, the Chairman of the 
 great Company, that intends to exploit the territories stolen from their 
 hereditary owners, the liquor-distiller and exporter, who has found a 
 new market for his poisonous wares. Columbanus and Boniface were 
 men much of this type : sprung from the British Isles, they left their 
 mark on Europe, while we know nothing of their worldly contemporaries. 
 Hear the dying words of a Missionary of Rome, who passed away 
 nearly half a century ago in West Africa, at a period when it was not 
 so fashionable as now to be a Missionary : 
 
 " Dites a ma famille, et mes amis, que je suis heureux d'avoir tout 
 " quitte pour mon divin Maitre : si mon sacrifice etait a refaire, je le 
 " referais encore mille fois : je ne changerai pas ma position pour tout 
 " le bonheur du monde." Forty years later an English Missionary, in 
 an exhausted state, left the Kongo to die at Madeira : these were his 
 last words taken down by a stranger in the hotel, who visited him out 
 of pity : " Lord, I gave myself, body, mind, and soul, to Thee. I con- 
 " secrated my whole life to Thy service, and now, if it please Thee to 
 " take myself, instead of the work, which I would do for Thee, what 
 " is that to me ? Thy will be done ! " Could martyrs at the stake, or 
 in a vessel of boiling oil, do more ! 
 
 There is a higher consanguinity, which unites the Neo-Latin and 
 Teuton races, than that of the blood, which runs in their veins, viz. that of 
 the high spirit, which makes their hearts beat with indignation, when they 
 hear of suffering, with pity, when they read of ignorance, and glad 
 joy, when they hear of noble men and women giving their lives to 
 
( 99 ) 
 
 relieve that suffering, and to enlighten that ignorance. It is the most 
 profitable investment of talent, and the profession, which heaps up the 
 most enduring fortune, which the possessor takes with him, when he is 
 no more seen on earth ; it is the achievement, which sheds the greatest 
 lustre on a particular Nationality, to have been the mother of Christian 
 Heroes, who died for their Master, and the poor African ; and it creates 
 a glory which lives for ever ! 
 
 London, July 15, 1891. 
 
( ioi ) 
 
 Bishari. 
 
 Koptic. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Nuba. 
 
 Kabail. 
 
 10 
 
 1 9 
 
 20 
 2 I 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 TABLE OF LANGUAGES SPOKEN. 
 
 Northern Region. 
 D. Hadend6a. 6 Tamashek or Tawarik. 
 
 3 D. (dead) 
 
 7 Shilha. 
 
 8 „ 
 g Sus. 
 
 Western Region. 
 
 (i) D. Riff. 
 (2) D. Shlu. 
 
 Jolof or Wolof. 
 
 Fulah. 
 
 Zenaga. 
 
 Serer. 
 
 Bambara. 
 
 Susu. 
 
 Mande, alias Mandingo. 
 
 Temne. 
 
 9 Bullom. 
 
 10 Mende. 
 
 1 1 Vei. 
 
 1 2 Grebo. 
 13 Basa. 
 14. Kru. 
 15 Ashanti. 
 
 (1) D. Fanti. 
 
 (2) D. Akwapem. 
 
 17 Akra or Ga. 
 
 18 Ewe. (1) D. Anlo. 
 „ (2) D. Popo, or Dah6mi. 
 
 Yariba. 
 Idzo. 
 
 Southern Region 
 
 22 Ibo. 
 
 23 Igara. 
 
 24 I'gbira. 
 
 25 Hausa. 
 
 26 Nupe. 
 
 27 Efik. 
 
 28 Dualla. 
 
 29 Pongwe. 
 
 30 Benga. 
 
 31 Kele. 
 
 32 Fan. 
 
 33 Kongo. 
 
 34 Tek6. 
 
 35 Yanzi or Bangi. 
 
 36 Mawembe. 
 
 37 Yamb61i. 
 
 38 Lolo. 
 
 39 Bunda, or Ki-]\lbunda. 
 
 40 Umbundu. 
 
 41 Lunda. 
 
 1 Herer6. 
 
 2 Ndonga. 
 
 3 Hottentot. D. Nama. 
 
 4 Xosa (Kafir). 
 
 5 Zulu. 
 
 6 Gwamba. 
 
 7 Sheitswa, or Tonga, or Siga. 
 
 8 Chuana. 
 
 9 Suto. 
 
 10 Pedi. 
 
 1 1 Nyai. 
 
( 102 ) 
 
 Eastern Region. 
 
 I 
 
 Shukulumbu. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Nyanja. 
 Tonga. 
 
 4 
 
 Wanda. 
 
 5 
 
 Zulu. D. Ngoni 
 
 6 
 
 Tambuka. 
 
 7 
 
 Gtinda. 
 
 8 
 
 Yao. 
 
 9 
 
 Makua. 
 
 10 
 
 Konde\ 
 
 ii 
 
 Swahfli. 
 
 12 
 
 Nya-Mwezi. 
 
 13 
 
 Guhha. 
 
 15 
 
 Gogo. 
 Kaguru. 
 
 16 
 
 Bondei. 
 
 «7 
 
 Sambala. 
 
 18 
 
 Giriama. 
 
 '9 
 20 
 
 Nyika. 
 Chagga. 
 
 21 
 
 Huma. 
 
 22 
 2 3 
 
 Ny6ro. 
 Ganda. 
 
 2 + 
 
 Sukuma. 
 
 25 
 
 Teita. 
 
 26 Tav6ta. 
 
 27 Chagga. 
 
 28 Kavirondo. 
 
 29 Pok6mo. 
 
 30 Kamba. 
 
 31 Galla. (1) D. Barrarretta. 
 
 32 ,, (2) D. Shoa. 
 
 33 „ _ (3) D. Ittu. 
 
 34 Somali. 
 
 35 Tigre. 
 
 36 Tigrinna. 
 
 37 Dankali. 
 
 38 Amharic. 
 
 39 Saho. 
 
 40 Agau. D. Falasha Kara. 
 
 41 Giz or Ethiopic. 
 
 42 Bogos or Bilin. 
 
 43 Masai. 
 
 44 Kwafi. 
 
 45 Nuer. 
 
 46 Ban. 
 
 47 Dinka. 
 
 48 Shilluk. 
 
 49 Kunama. 
 
 50 Barea. 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 Northern 
 Western . 
 Southern 
 Eastern . 
 
 9 
 4i 
 1 1 
 
 50 
 
 Total 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 The languages are entered approximately in the order of the Survey of the 
 Sub-Regions without reference to their linguistic relations : with regard to 
 them all a certain amount of linguistic knowledge exists. See my Modern 
 Languages of Africa, 1883 : there is a vast number of languages totally 
 unknown, or dimly alluded to by travellers in addition to these. 
 
( 103 ) 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 TABLE OF BIBLE-TRANSLATIONS (THE WHOLE BIBLE 
 OR PORTIONS). 
 
 Northern Region. 
 
 i Koptic. (3) D. (dead) 
 2 Arabic. 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 Kabail. 
 Shilha. 
 
 (1) D. RiflT. 
 
 
 3 Nuba. 
 
 6 
 
 »> 
 
 (2) D. Shlu. 
 
 
 Western 
 
 Region. 
 
 
 
 1 Jolof or Wolof. 
 
 2 Mande or Mandingo. 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 Igara. 
 Idzo. 
 
 
 
 3 Susu. 
 
 17 
 
 Ibo. 
 
 
 
 4 Bullom. 
 
 5 Temne. 
 
 18 
 J 9 
 
 Nupe. 
 Hausa. 
 
 
 
 6 Mende. 
 
 20 
 
 Efik. 
 
 
 
 7 Grebo. 
 
 21 
 
 Dualla. 
 
 
 
 8 Ashanti. (1) D. Fanti. 
 
 9 ,, (2) D. Akwapem. 
 1 Akra or Ga. 
 
 22 
 2 3 
 2 4 
 
 Pongwe. 
 
 Benga. 
 
 Kele\ 
 
 
 
 11 Ewe. (1) D. Anlo. 
 
 25 
 
 Teke. 
 
 
 
 12 ,, (2) D. Popo or Dahomi. 
 
 13 Yariba. 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Kongo. 
 Bunda 01 
 
 ■ Ki-Mbunda. 
 
 
 14 I'gbira. 
 
 28 
 
 Umbund 
 
 u. 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 Region. 
 
 
 
 1 Herer6. 
 
 6 
 
 Pedi. 
 
 
 
 2 Nama or Hottentot. 
 
 7 
 
 Zulu. 
 
 
 
 3 Chuana. 
 
 8 
 
 Gwamba 
 
 
 
 4 Suto. 
 
 9 
 
 Sheitswa or Tonga or Si 
 
 iga. 
 
 5 Xosa (Kafir). 
 
 
 
 
 
( 104 ) 
 
 Eastern Region. 
 
 i Nyanja. 
 
 2 Kondi. 
 
 3 Wanda, or Nyikinsa. 
 
 4 Zulu. D. Ngoni. 
 
 5 Yao. 
 
 6 Makua. 
 
 7 Swahili. 
 
 8 Bondei. 
 
 9 Kaguru. 
 io Gogo. 
 
 1 1 Ganda. 
 
 12 Nyika. 
 
 13 Giriama. 
 
 14 Taveta. 
 
 15 Kamba. 
 
 16 Galla 
 
 17 ». 
 
 (i)D. Shoa. 
 „ (2) D. Ittu. 
 ,, (3) D. Barrarretta. 
 Amharic. 
 Tigre. 
 Tigrinna. 
 Giz or Ethiopic. 
 Bogos or Bilin. 
 24 Agau. D. Falasha Kara. 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 ABSTRACT. 
 
 Northern 
 Western . 
 Southern 
 Eastern . 
 
 Total 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 24 
 
 67 
 
 N.B. — Translations are reported to be in preparation in other languages, 
 but the greatest reserve has to be maintained until a copy is in print. 
 
( 105 ) 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MISSIONS. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name of Mission. 
 
 i African Missions of Lyons 
 
 2 Arnot's Mission 
 
 3 Baptist Society, America 
 
 4 (i) North 
 
 5 (2) South 
 
 6 (3) Coloured 
 
 7 Baptist Society, English 
 
 8 Basle Mission 
 
 9 Bavarian Protestant Mission 
 
 10 Benedictine Congregation 
 
 1 1 Berlin Missionary Society 
 
 12 Bible Society, American 
 
 13 Bible Society, British 
 
 14 Board of Foreign Missions, 
 
 American 
 
 15 Capuchin 
 
 1 6 Christian Doctrine, 
 
 Brothers of 
 
 17 Church Missionary Society 
 
 J 9 
 
 Colonial Missionary Society 
 Cowley Fathers 
 
 
 Nationality Protestant 
 
 Region. 
 
 of or 
 
 Church 
 
 
 Senders. of Rome. 
 
 Northern 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N. A. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 Germany 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 R 
 
 Southern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Northern 
 
 United StatesofN.A. 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 United StatesofN.A. 
 
 P 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 Northern 
 
 International 
 
 R 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Northern 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 Northern 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
( i o6 ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Name of Mission. 
 
 20 Dominicans 
 
 21 Dutch Reformed Church 
 
 22 Episcopal Church, American 
 
 23 Episcopal Church, English 
 
 24 Established Church, Scotland 
 
 25 Evangelical Alliance, America 
 
 26 Evangelical Lutheran, American 
 
 27 Finnish Mission 
 
 28 Franciscans 
 
 I 
 
 29 Free Church of Scotland 
 
 30 Friends Mission 
 
 31 German East Africa Mission 
 
 32 Gordon College 
 
 33 Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary 
 
 34 Hermansburgh Mission 
 
 35 Issoudon Mission 
 
 36 Jesuits 
 
 37 Jews London Society 
 
 38 Jews Parochial Mission 
 
 39 Kaiserwerth Deaconesses 
 
 40 Kongo-Bal61o Mission 
 
 41 Lady Huntingdon's Connexion 
 
 42 Lady of Africa 
 
 43 Lazarists 
 
 
 Nationality Protestant 
 
 Region. 
 
 of or 
 
 Church 
 
 
 Senders. of Rome. 
 
 Southern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 R 
 
 do. 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N. A. 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Southern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 United StatesofN.A. 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Southern 
 
 Finland, Russia 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 International 
 
 R 
 
 Eastern 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Germany 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 Germany 
 
 P 
 
 Southern 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 Northern 
 
 International 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 R 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Northern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 Germany 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Northern 
 
 International 
 
 R 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
( 107 ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Name of Mission. 
 
 44 London Missionary Society, 
 
 Congregational 
 
 45 Mahometan Mission 
 
 46 Marists 
 
 47 Methodist American Episcopal 
 
 Church 
 
 48 Moravian Mission 
 
 49 Neukirchen Mission 
 
 50 North Africa Mission 
 
 5 1 North German Mission 
 
 52 Norwegian Mission 
 
 53 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 Oblats of Mary 
 
 Oblats of Francis of Sales 
 
 Ohio United Brethren 
 
 Pallotin Congregation 
 Paris Evangelical Mission 
 
 58 Portuguese Priests j 
 
 59 Presbyterian American (North) 
 
 60 
 
 Church 
 Do. United American 
 
 61 Do. United Scotch 
 
 62 Primitive Methodist 
 
 63 Rhenish Mission 
 
 64 Sahara, Brothers of 
 
 65 Scheut lez Bruxelles Mission 
 
 66 Spanish Priests 
 
 67 Sudan Mission, American 
 
 Region. 
 
 Nationality Protestant 
 of or Church 
 Senders. of Rome. 
 
 Southern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Southern 
 do. 
 
 Cape Colony 
 France 
 
 P 
 R 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N. A. 
 
 P 
 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 Germany 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 Northern 
 
 Germany 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 Western 
 Southern 
 
 Germany 
 Norway 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 Southern 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 R 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N.A. 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 Northern 
 
 Germany 
 France 
 
 R 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Western 
 Eastern 
 
 Portugal 
 
 R 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N.A. 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 Germany 
 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 France 
 
 R 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 Belgium 
 
 R 
 
 Northern 
 
 Spain 
 
 R 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N.A. 
 
 P 
 
( ioS ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Name of Mission. 
 
 68 Swedish Church 
 
 69 Swedish Evangelical Mission j 
 
 70 Swiss Canton de Vaud Mission 
 
 71 Taylor (Bishop) Mission 
 
 72 United Methodist Church ( 
 
 Mission ( 
 
 73 Universities Mission 
 
 74. Verona Institute 
 
 75 Wesleyan Missionary Society 
 
 76 West Indies Episcopal 
 
 77 Whately School and Hospital 
 
 Region. 
 
 Nationality 
 
 of 
 
 Senders. 
 
 Protestant 
 or Church 
 of Rome. 
 
 Southern 
 Western 
 Eastern 
 Eastern 
 
 Sweden 
 
 do. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 Western 
 
 United States of N. A. P 
 
 Western 
 
 Eastern 
 
 do. 
 
 Great Britain 
 do. 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 Northern 
 
 Italy 
 
 R 
 
 Northern 
 
 Western 
 
 Southern 
 
 Western 
 
 Northern 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 NATIONAL LIST OF MISSIONS IN DETAIL. 
 
 No. Nation. 
 
 I Great Britain 
 
 Church. 
 
 1 Episcopal 
 
 (1) English Church 
 
 (2) West Indies Church 
 
 (3) Universities Mission 
 
 (4) Church Missionary 
 
 Society. 
 
 (5) Cowley Fathers 
 
 2 Methodist 
 
 (1) Wesleyan 
 
 (2) Primitive 
 
 (3) United 
 
 Region. 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
( io9 ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Nation 
 
 Church. Region. 
 
 3 Presbyterian / Northern 
 
 (i) Free Church \ Western 
 
 (2) Established Church 1 Southern 
 
 (3) United ' Eastern 
 
 4 Congregational, London ( Southern 
 
 Missionary Society \ Eastern 
 
 5 Baptist 
 
 (1) Particular j w t 
 
 (2) Kongo-Bal61o j Western 
 
 6 Lady Huntingdon's Connexion Western 
 
 7 British and Foreign Bible 
 Society 
 
 8 Society of Friends 
 
 9 Whately School 
 
 10 Gordon College 
 
 1 1 North Africa Mission 
 
 12 Arnot's Mission 
 
 13 Mission to Jews 
 
 (1) London Society 
 
 (2) Parochial Society 
 
 14 Dominicans (Irish) 
 
 II United States, North 1 Episcopal 
 America . . . 
 
 2 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 3 Bishop Taylor 
 
 4 Baptist 
 
 ( 1 ) North 
 
 (2) South 
 
 (3) Coloured 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 Southern 
 
 Northern 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Eastern 
 Northern 
 
 Southern 
 Western 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Western 
 
( HO ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Nation. 
 
 Church. Region. 
 
 5 Congregational Board of ( Western 
 
 Foreign Missions ( Southern 
 
 6 Presbyterian 
 
 (i) North Western 
 
 (2) United Northern 
 
 7 United Brethren of Ohio Western 
 
 8 Sudan Mission do. 
 
 9 Evangelical Alliance do. 
 
 10 Evangelical Lutheran do. 
 
 1 1 Bible Society Northern 
 
 III France 
 
 1 Paris Evangelical Missionary 
 Society 
 
 2 Congregation of African 
 
 Missions of Lyons 
 
 3 Congregation of Lady of Africa 
 
 4 Congregation of Holy Ghost 
 
 and Heart of Mary 
 
 5 Congregation of Marists 
 
 6 Congregation of Brothers of 
 
 Christian Doctrine 
 
 7 Congregation of Oblats of Mary 
 
 8 Congregation of Oblats of Francis 
 
 of Sales 
 
 9 Congregation of Brothers of ( 
 
 Sahara | 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 
 Northern 
 Eastern 
 
 Western 
 
 Southern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Southern 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 
 Southern 
 
 do. 
 
 Northern 
 Eastern 
 
( m ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Nation. 
 
 Church. 
 10 Congregation of Issoudon 
 
 
 Region, 
 Southern 
 
 IV 
 
 Belgium . . . 
 
 i Congregation ScheutlezBruxelles Western 
 
 V 
 
 Norway . . 
 
 i Norwegian Mission 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 VI 
 
 Sweden . . . 
 
 i Episcopal 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 2 Evangelical 
 
 i 
 
 Western 
 Eastern 
 
 Til 
 
 Germany . . . 
 
 i Kaiserwerth Deaconesses 
 
 2 Basle Mission 
 
 3 North German Mission 
 
 4 Rhenish Mission 
 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 
 do. 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 5 Berlin Mission 
 
 { 
 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 6 Hermansburgh Mission 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 
 
 7 Moravian Mission 
 
 \ 
 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 8 East African Mission 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 9 Neukirchen Mission 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 
 
 io Bavarian Protestant Mission 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 1 1 Pallotin Congregation 
 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 12 Benedictine Congregation 
 
 
 Eastern 
 
 VIII Russia-Finland . 
 
 i Finnish Mission 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 IX 
 
 Switzerland . . 
 
 i Canton de Vaud 
 
 
 Southern 
 
 X 
 
 British Colonial 
 
 i Dutch Reformed Church 
 
 ! 
 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
( "2 ) 
 
 No. 
 
 Nation. 
 
 XI Spain . . . 
 
 XII Italy . . . 
 
 XIII Portugal . . 
 
 XIV International 
 
 Church. 
 
 2 Mahometan Mission 
 
 3 Colonial Missionary Society 
 i Priests 
 
 i Institute of Verona 
 
 i Priests 
 
 i Franciscans 
 
 2 Jesuits 
 
 3 Capuchins 
 
 4 Lazarists 
 
 Region. 
 Southern 
 
 Southern 
 
 Northern 
 Western 
 
 Northern 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 Western 
 
 Northern 
 Eastern 
 
 Northern 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 Northern 
 Eastern 
 
 Northern 
 Eastern 
 
( H3 ) 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 I.— COLLECTIVE RELIGIOUS ABSTRACT OF MISSIONS. 
 
 I. Protestant 
 II. Church of Rome 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 77 
 
 N.B. — Each Mission is entered once only in this statement, but many 
 Missions work in several Regions : therefore in Appendix D (II.) the total is 
 much larger, as Missions are counted more than once. In Appendix D (III.) 
 the total is less, because Missions are grouped under their Church, ex. gr. : 
 there are five Episcopal Missions of Great Britain, which count only as one. 
 
 II.— GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACT OF MISSIONS. 
 
 No. 
 
 Region. 
 
 Northern . . . 
 
 Western . . . . 
 
 Southern . . . , 
 
 Eastern . . . 
 
 Grand Total . . 
 
 Number of Missions. 
 
 Protestant. 
 
 '3 
 26 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 79 
 
 Church of 
 Rome. 
 
 I l 
 6 
 
 3+ 
 
 Total. 
 
 24 
 3 2 
 3° 
 
 2 7 
 
 "3 
 
( H4 ) 
 
 III. -NATIONAL ABSTRACT OF MISSIONS. 
 
 No. 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 »3 
 "4 
 
 Nation. 
 
 Number of Churches, or 
 Congregations. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States, North America 
 
 France 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Norway 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Germany 
 
 Russia-Finland 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 British Colonial .... 
 
 Spain 
 
 Italy 
 
 Portugal 
 
 International 
 
 Total 
 
 Protestant. 
 
 '3 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Total. 
 
 H 
 ] I 
 10 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
( us ) 
 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 TABLE OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Northern Region. 
 
 North Africa. A Monthly. London. 
 
 Annual Report of Church Missionary Society. London. 
 
 do. of British and Foreign Bible Society. London. 
 
 do. of London Jews Society. London. 
 
 do. American United Presbyterian Missionary Society. New York. 
 
 Algerie. Duval. 1887. (French.) 
 Tripolitaine. Leon de Bisson. 1881. (French.) 
 Tunisie Francaise. Ludovic de Campu. 1887. (French.) 
 La Trappe de Staouli. 1880. (French.) 
 Exploration de Sahara par Col Flatters. 1882. (French.) 
 Marocco. Un Empire qui croule. Ludovic de Campu. 1886. (French.) 
 Senegambie. Berenger-Feraud. 1877. (French.) 
 
 Western Region. 
 
 Annual Reports. Church Missionary Society. London. 
 
 ,, British and Foreign Bible Society. London. 
 
 ,, Baptist Missionary Society. London. 
 
 ,, United Presbyterian Missionary Society. Edinburgh. 
 
 ,, Wesleyan Missionary Society. London. 
 
( n6 ) 
 
 Annual Reports. Missions Evangeliques. Paris. 
 
 North German Mission. Bremen. 
 
 Basle Missionary Society. Basle. 
 
 American Baptist Missionary Society. New York. 
 
 American Presbyterian Missionary Society. New York. 
 
 American Board of Foreign Missions. Boston, U.S. 
 
 American Episcopal Church. (Spirit of Missions.) 
 
 Noirs peint par eux-memes. Yaribaland. Bouche. 1882. 
 
 (French.) 
 Im Herzen des Hausa-land. Flegel. 1887. (German.) 
 Regions Beyond. A Monthly. London. 
 
 London. 
 Barmen. 
 Helsingfors. 
 
 Herrnhut and London. 
 
 Sontliern Region. 
 
 South African Mission Fields. Carlyle. London. 1878. 
 Brief History of Methodism. Holden. London. 1877. 
 Annual Reports Society for Propagation of Gospel. London, 
 and Wesleyan Missionary Society. London. 
 
 Periodicals. London Missionary Society. 
 
 Rhenish Missionary Society. 
 
 Finnish Missionary Society. 
 
 Moravian Missionary Society. 
 
 Missions Evangeliques. Paris. 
 
 Presbyterian Free Church. Edinburgh. 
 
 Established Church. Edinburgh. 
 
 United Presbyterian Church. Edinburgh. 
 
 Mission of Canton du Vaud. Lausanne. 
 
 Paris Evangelical Missionary Society. Paris. 
 
 American Board of Foreign Missions. Boston, U.S. 
 
 Hermansburgh Monthly Journal. 
 
 Berlin Missionary Society. Berlin. 
 
 Wangeman's Slid Africa. 
 
 Merentsky. Mission in Slid Africa. (German.) 
 
 Depelchin. Trois Ans dans l'Afrique Australe. (French.) 
 Brussels, 1883. 
 
 Vie et Souvenirs de Pere Riviere, 1880. Brussels, 1883. 
 (French.) 
 
( H7 ) 
 Eastern Region. 
 
 Eastern Africa as a Field for Missionary Labour. Sir Bartle Frere. 1876. 
 Annual Reports. Church Missionary Society. London. 
 
 London Missionary Society. London. 
 
 Universities Mission to East Africa. London. 
 
 United Methodist Church. London. 
 
 Presbyterian Free Church of Scotland. Edinburgh. 
 
 Presbyterian Established Church of Scotland. Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Moravian Missionary Society. Herrnhut and London. 
 
 Berlin Missionary Society. (German.) Berlin. 
 
 Rowley's Africa Unveiled. 1876. 
 
 New's Eastern Africa. 1873. 
 
 Arnot's Garenganze. 1889. 
 
 Livingstone's Last Journals. 2 vols. 1874. 
 
 Sennaar and Shangalla. Beltrame. 1879. (Italian.) 
 
 Fiume Bianco, ed. 2. Dinka. 2 vols. 1881. (Italian.) 
 
 Africa Generally. 
 
 Short History of Christian Missions by G. Smith. Edinburgh. 2nd 
 Edit. 1888. 
 
 Handbook of Foreign Missions. Religious Tract Society. London, 1888. 
 
 Grundemann. Kleiner Mission Atlas. Calw. Stuttgard, 1886. (German.) 
 
 Oppel. Religiose Verhaltniss in Afrika. Zeitschrift Erdkunde. Berlin, 
 1887. (German.) 
 
 Vahl Mission Atlas. Copenhagen. 
 
 Protestant Foreign Missions. Christlieb. Bonn, 1880. 
 
 Missionary Review of all the World. Monthly. New York, U.S. 
 
 "Africa." Monthly. By Rev. J. Carlyle. Discontinued 1884. 
 
 Africa. Monthly. By Dr. Welch, Vineland, New Jersey, U.S. i8g r. 
 
 Allgemeine Mission Zeitschrift. Monthly. Germany. 
 
 Afrique Exploree et Civilised. French Monthly. Geneva. 
 
 Africa Litteratur Paulitscke. 1880. (German.) 
 
 Missions Catholiques. A French Weekly. Lyons. (French.) 
 
( n8 ) 
 
 Catholic Missions. An English Monthly. London. 
 
 Les Missions Catholiques d'Afriquc. Bethune. Brussels, 1889. (French.) 
 
 Atlas of Missions Catholiques. Lyon. 1886, by Werner. (French.) 
 
 " Missiones Catholicse." Latin. Annual. Published by Propaganda. 
 Rome. 
 
 Orbis Terrarum Catholicus. Latin. By Werner. Friburg, 1890. 
 
 Notes on Catholic Missions by H. Atteridge. Catholic Truth Society, 18, 
 West Square, London, S.E. Depot, 245, Brompton Road, S.W. 
 
 Annals of the Propagation of the Faith. English Bi-monthly. Church of 
 Rome. 
 
 Missionary Crusade in Africa by Sir John Marshall. Catholic Truth Society. 
 London. 
 
 Woman's Work in the Niger African Mission, by E. Renouf. Catholic 
 Truth Society. London. 
 
 Introduction a l'histoire des Mission Beiges. Decker. Brussels. (French.) 
 
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