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RIOCORIDGE COUNTY

VIRGINIA

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MORTON

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LIBRARY

cAufotN(A y

A HISTORY

of ■

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY

VIRGINIA

By OREN F. MORTON, B. Lit.

Author of

'Under the Cottonwoods," "Winning or Losing?" "Land of
the Laurel," "The Story of Daniel Boone," "A Practi-
cal History of Music," "History of Pendleton County
W. Va.," "History of Preston County, VV. Va.,"
"History of Monroe County, W. Va." "His-
tory, of Highland County, Va.," "An-
nals of Bath County, Virginia."

Staunton, Virginia

The McClure Co., Inc.

1920

LOAN STAa

BjTnt McCn'nt Co., Inc.

All Righn Rricrvrd

CONTENTS

Part One : General History

Chapter

Introduction v

I. The Local Geography 1

II. Scenic Features 6

III. The Ulsteniian and the Pathfinder 12

IV. The Borden Land Grant 21

V. Early Pioneer Days 33

VI. Civil Government : 1737-1852 45

VII. Annals of 1727-1777 54

VIII. Strife with the Red Men 61

IX. Rockbridge County Established 76

X. The Calfpasture 83

XL The War for Independence 92

XII. Middle Period 104

XIII. A Year of Suspense Ill

XIV. The War of 1861 123

XV. Recent Period 136

XVI. The Negro Element HI

XVII. The Town of Lexington 147

XVIII. Buena Vista and Glasgow 153

XIX. Villages, Hamlets, and Summer Resorts 156

XX. Highways, Waterways, and Railways 161

XXI. Industrial Interests 168

XXII. The Churches of Rockbridge 172

XXIII. Temperance Societies and Other Fraternities 180

XXIV. Old Field Schools and Free Schools 183

XXV. Washington and Lee University 188

XXVI. The Virginia Military Institute 199

586

XXVII.

XXVlll.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

Section I.

II.

111.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

The Ann Smith and Other Academics . 207

The Franklin Society 214

Journalism and Literature 217

Old Militia Days 221

A Rockbridge Hall of Fame . 224

Stonewall Jackson at Lexington 233

Robert L. Lee as a College President 238

I-'amily Sketches and Biographic Paragraphs 244

The MacCorklc Family 278

Rockbridge in the World War 293

Supplementary Items 299

Rockbridge Inventions 307

Part Iwu: Ue.nealoi.ic iMatlkial

Introduction M7

Given Names and Surnames 339

Conveyances in Borden Tract, 1741-1780 H3

Early Patents Outside the Borden Tract 35 1

Secondary Land Conveyances Prior to 1778 355

Tithablcs of 1778 Mj5

Taxpayers of 1 782 370

Taxpayers of 1841 378

388

402

405

444

. 456

Present Surnames

Militia Officers Prior to 1816

Soldiers of the Revolution

R(»ckbridgc Artillery

Soldiers of the World W'ai

\*arious Lists

Miscellaneous Data 46Q

Appendices 547

Errata ... 568

Supplementary Items 569

FOREWORD

^^;N THE summer of 1917 the writer visited Lexington to see if there
was a practical desire for a history of Rockbridge. The encourage-
ment was such as to lead him to undertake writing one, and the pres-
ent volume is the result.

All the magisterial districts were visited. The public records of the county
were attentively examined, as were also the early records of the parent counties,
Orange, Augusta, and Botetourt. The archives in the capitol and the state library
at Richmond were freely consulted, as were likewise various books in public and
private collections. The files of the local newspapers yielded much valuable ma-
terial. The documentary history of Rockbridge is practically continuous, and it
proved necessary to make the utmost possible use of it.

County history is either general or genealogic. It is general, when it deals
with the people of a county as a community. It is genealogic, when it deals with
the same people as made up of families and attempts to trace lines of descent
from the pioneer ancestors.

Either of these two aspects of local history is the complement of the other.
John Dee may be pleased to find that his great grandfather, Adam Dee, came
into the county a hundred and fifty years before the date of his own birth, bought
the John Smith farm, and reared ten children, nearly all of whom married and
from whom have come grandchildren and great grandchildren. But John Dee
should not assume that persons who are neither cousins nor near-cousins will
grow enthusiastic in viewing the intricate branches of the family tree. To
them it is little else than a dry network of names and dates, unless one or more
members of the connection have done something that is a good deal out of the
ordinary. But if we seek to know the times in which Adam Dee and his sons
lived ; to learn how they dressed, labored, and housed themselves, and what was
the environment, physical, civil, and social, in which they were placed: we then
have begun to put flesh and blood into the skeleton of names and dates, and have
created a degree of living interest that is not confined to John Dee and his kins-
folk. An interpretation to them becomes an interpretation to others.

This book is therefore divided into two sections. The one dealing with the
general history of Rockbridge begins with a survey of the geographic and scenic
features of the county, this being necessary to an adequate understanding of the
development of the past two centuries. It then explains whence the pioneer
families came and why they came, and in what manner they established them-
selves in the wilderness. It attempts to trace the civic, social, religious, educa-
tional, and industrial unfolding that has since taken place. It tells of the growili

oi n liU 1 - li i.opulation, and of the steady outflow of people that has been true of
this repion from the start. So far as could conveniently be done, documents have
been allowed to speak for themselves. In a word, litis first portion of the volume
aims to present the Story of Rockbridjjc since the beginning of white settlement
in 17.17. What took place Inrtwccn that date and the war of 1861 is rather un-
familiar to the people who are doing the work of the county to<iay. The sources
of information for that long perio<l are fragmentary and are tedious to consult.
The compiler has therefore given sjK'cial attention to the years that lie iii.iinlv or
wholly beyond the practical recollection of any person now living

Some explanation of the second or gencalogic section of this book may be
found in the introduction to Part Two.

As a subject of local history, the annals of Rockbridge arc of much more
than ordinary interest and value. Tlic presentation of them in book form has
been seriously thought of, at one time or another, by several of the native citi-
zens. The matter was urged upon Captain J. D. Morrison in 1894. In the
same year it was suggested that a club be formed to gather facts concerning the
prominent names in Rockbridge history. But while, with respect to county his-
tories in general, certain things arc obviously in favor of the native historian,
observation shows that he seldom gets down to the task. This is largely because
he sees no end to the material which is constantly coming to light. He may give
one, two, or five years to his task, and all the while be turning up fresh soil.
But unless the undertaking is in every respect a labor of love, there is a limit to
the time and expense which may he given. The historian who is a stranger is
not beset with the antagonisms which are nearly sure to affect the labors of the
native. The very fact that he is a stranger makes it the more easy to be judicial
and to deal with his subject from a broad angle. Xevertheless, he starts in
under a handicap of unfamiliarity with his chosen field. He is very much in need
of a live cooperation on the part of the inhabitants. This cooperation needs to
l>e active and not passive.

During a number of weeks, reading notices relating to liu- i-iiu-rpriM' ap-
jK-ared in the newspapers of Lexington. The compiler hoped thus to come in
touch with many persons who could supplement the data he was gleaning from
the public documentary sources. The res|)onses were few and not all the aid
promised was forlhconiing. Personal calls were made by him whenever they
were asked. If the chapters on biography and family history, as well as certain
tabulations, are here and there deficient, this paragrai)h will afford some ex-
planation. However, our country was at war while this work was being done.
an<l the minds of the people were much engrossed by this circumstance.

If this lK»ok were to be offered at a "reasonable price." it had to be written
within a certain limit of time and printed within a certain limit of cost. It was
therefore necessary to be concise in statement. There was a sharp limit to the
space which couhl \>c devoted to any given topic. The exceptions arc where such
space has been paid for by specially interested individuals.

Several residents of Rockbridge have aided very materially by contributing
oral or written information, donating or loaning books or other published ma-
terial, or extending courtesies in hospitality or travel. Particular acknowledge-
ment is thus due to William A. Anderson, Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. Dunlap,
Frank T. Glasgow, Mr. and Mrs. William G. Houston, Mr. Henkle, of Buena
Vista, Mrs. G. A. Jones, Harry O. Locher, Sr., Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Lockridge,
Joseph R. Long, James H. McCown, Emmett W. McCorkle, Daniel W. McNeil,
Mrs. Graham Montgomery, General E. W. Nichols, J. A. Parker, Earle K.
Paxton, J. Sidney Saville, Dr. Henry Louis Smith, Harrington Waddell, and
Hugh J. White. The McCormick portion of the chapter on Rockbridge is from
the pen of Doctor J. H. Latane of Johns Hopkins University. The material for
the sketch of the McCorckle family has been contributed by William A. Mac-
Corkle, ex-governor of West Virginia, and several other members of the McCorkle
connection. Other assistance from without the country has been given by J. J.
Echols, O. C. Ruley, and Kate M. Jordan.

There is further acknowledgement to Boutwell Dunlap, of San Francisco,
who has heretofore furnished the compiler with some data for his histories of
Bath and Monroe. He has opened to him all his manuscript material relating to
Rockbridge. Mr. Dunlap's manuscript collections on the history and genealogy
of the Valley of Virginia and Western Virginia are said to be the largest in
America. His interest in this history of Rockbridge is in remembrance of his
father, William Dunlap, a native of Rockbridge, a respected California pioneer
of 1849, one of the largest landholders of the Sacramento valley, and a member
of one of the most prominent family connections of the Valley of Virginia and
the West. Mr. Boutwell Dunlap's aid has been especially helpful in affording
material for chapters X, XXXL and XXXIV. and Section XIV.

In making most grateful recognition to all the above named persons, the
author does not mean to withhold his thanks from anyone else who has, even
if in a small way. shown an active interest in the preparation of this history. This
book is the first history of Rockbridge that has been written. It represents
eighteen months of hard work. No statement has gone into these pages without a
careful scrutiny. Yet it should be borne in mind that there is no claim for im-
munity from error in statements of fact or in the spelling of proper names. The
man or woman who can write a local history and escape censure is not to be found
on this side of the millenium, even by the "efficiency engineer." Another crafts-
man than the one who does write the book could probably do better in some one re-
spect, or in several. The pertinent question is whether in the long run he could
have done as well. The person who is keen in looking for flaws in a county his-
tory will do well to remember that the reviewers often find glaring misstatements
in works intended to be authoritative ; and that Joseph E. Worcester, the lexi-
cographer, said that no amount of care will render even an unabridged dictionary
exempt from error.

When an omission or inaccuracy is noticed, one reader will at once denounce
the entire book and excoriate tiic author. Another reader will write a correction
on the margin of tlic page. Copies of the book thus annotated arc more valuable
than others, especially to the local historian of the future. And unlike the
generality of books, the county history does not depreciate in financial value. It
commantls a higher price as it grows scarce. The owner of such a book has
made a safe investment, and if he takes jealous care of his purchase posterity
will thank him for doing so.

Oren F. Morton.
Staunton, Virginia, September 28. 1918.

HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VA.

THE LOCAL GEOGRAPHY

Position and Size — Boundaries — Mountains — Lowlands — Streams — Geology — Soils — Cli-
mate — Plants and Animals — Divisions — Place Names —
NATURt\L Advantages

There is but one Rockbridge County in the United States. The unique name
is due to a great natural curosity within its Hmits.

The position of the county is nearly midway in the longer direction of the
Valley of Virginia. The latitude — mostly to the south of the thirty-eighth par-
allel — is that of the center of Kentucky, the south of Missouri, and the center
of California. In Europe it is that of the south of Spain and the island of Sicily.
In Asia it is that of central Asia Minor and central Japan.

In form, Rockbridge is an irregular rectangle, the longer direction being
nearly northeast and southwest. The length of the county is nearly thirty-two
miles, and the extreme breadth is nearly twenty-six miles. The area is officially
stated as 593 square miles, which is considerably more than is true of the average
county in Virginia.

The curving eastern boundary follows for forty miles the crest of the Blue
Ridge, and is therefore a natural geographic line. The western line begins
on Camp Mountain, and passes to North Mountain, then to Mill Mountain,
and finally to Sideling Hill. The short lines by which the boundary crosses
from one to another of these elevations are determined by valley-divides, so
that the western boundary may likewise be regarded as natural. But the northern
and southern boundaries of the county are straight lines, entirely artificial, and
they set it off as a cross-section of the Valley of Virginia.

The Blue Ridge is not a single well-defined mountain range. Looking from
the high ground along the Valley Railroad, there is seen in the east a succession
of bold elevations. The nearest are heavy foothill ridges. Beyond are the
higher fragments of interior ridges, marked ofT from one another by depressions
more or less deep. These intermediate heights afford only occasional glimpses
of the central range. Consequently, the general appearance of the mountain wall
is that of a labyrinth of long and short elevations occupying a considerable
breadth of country. But on the western side of Rockbridge, the ranges are
single and well-defined, and present sky-lines that are fairly regular. For several
miles east of the axis of North Mountain, much of the surface is occupied by

C A IllSTOKV K\Y ROCKUKilK.E COLNTV, VIRGINIA

short parallel ridges of much the same character as North Mountain itself.
Some of these are the House mountains. Camp Mountain, Green Mountain, Little
North Mountain, the Jump, and the Loop. The most eastern is the uplift known
as the Short Hills. These break down rather abruptly near the course of
BufTalo Creek, but Ix-yond they reappear under the name of the Brushy Hills.

The space between the two mountain systems may be termed the Central
Lowland. It runs the entire length of the county. On the east it is bordered
by the bottoms along South and North rivers, and by Sailing's Mountain, which
is an outlier of the Blue Ridge, though lying to the west of the James. In the
north the breadth of this lowland is more than ten miles. At the south it is
scarcely half as much. It is by far the most populous area in Rockbridge.

In general the contour of the county is mountainous. The Blue Ricigc
section is interrupted only by such narrow depressions as Arnold's N'alley and
the valleys of Irish Creek and the Little Mary. The surface of the Central
Lowland is heavily rolling. Between drainage basins it rises into divides of
considerable altitude. Westward is the mountainous belt already mentioned.
It includes a number of well populated creek valleys. In the extreme northwest
is a section of the Iwsin known as the Pastures. Southward it is prolonged into
the wilderness drained by Bratton's Run.

The highest point in the Rockbridge section of the Blue Ridge appears to
be Bluff Mountain with an altitude of 3250 feet. The northern point of the
Short Hills has a height of 2565 feet. Adcock's Knob in North Mountain
has a height of 3325 feet, and the Jump of 3190. Big House and Little House
mountains are respectively 3612 and 3410 feet high, and seem to be the most
elevated ground in the county.

The entire area of Rockbridge lies in the basin of tlic James. This river
courses ten miles through the southeast of the county. North River, which
joins it inmiediately above Balcony I'alls, flows not less than fifty miles within
the confines of R<Kkbridgc and drains seven-eights of its area. It rises in
Shenandoah Mountain, and as the Great Calfpasture it flows southwardly to
Goshen Pass, just alx)vc which it is joined by the Little Calfpasture, also running
in the same direction. A little farther alwve are the mouths of Mill Creek and
Bratton's Run. A mile Ik-Iow Goshen the river l)egins to flow scjuarely toward
the Blue Ridge, and below its junction with the Little Calfpasture it l»ecomes
known as North River. After passing into the limestone region of the Central
lowland, its course, which is now a succession of large loops, is first south-
ward, then southea'Hward, and finally southward again. The largest tributary is
Bufl'alo Creek, which is itself entitled to l)e called a river. It rises near the
southwest corner of R.c<kbri<lge, and has a broad, rapid course of ab(}Ut twenty-
five miles. Hays Creek, the next largest affluent, rises in Augusta, and alravc

THE LOCAL GEOGRAPHY 3

New Providence is known as Moffett's Creek. Its largest tributary is Walker's
Creek, which also rises in Augusta. South River, which hugs the foothills of
the Blue Ridge and consequently pursues the same general direction, likewise
has its source in Augusta. Irish Creek and the Little Mary, both heading in
the Blue Ridge, are its only important tributaries. Kerr's Creek parallels the
Buffalo, but has a much shorter course. Still smaller affluents of North River
are Whistle Creek, Mill Creek, Back Creek, Woods Creek, Borden's Run, and
Poague's Run. Below the mouth of North River are Arnold's and Cedar
creeks, flowing directly into the main stream.

Small watercourses are rather many in Rockbridge, and even the Central
Lowland is better supplied with running water than are some other limestone
districts. And because its streams are geologically old, Rockbridge is without
lakes or ponds.

The geological structure of Rockbridge is very ancient, although its rocks
are not among the very oldest of the stratified formations. The age of the rocks
renders it quite useless to expect to find coal, oil, or natural gas, although by
the same token we do find the mountains well stored with that most necessary
metal, iron. Other metallic and mineral riches are manganese, marble, kaolin,
limestone, fireclay, gypsum, barytes, and even tin, a metal with which the United
States is sparingly endowed.

The Central Lowland is preeminently the agricultural district of Rockbridge,
and here the soil is a heavy loam, intermediate in color between the light and the
dark shades, and resting on limestone strata. The rock formation is generally
tilted to a considerable angle, and crops out in ledges or in rocky slopes, and an
occasional sinkhole manifests its presence. The bottoms along the rivers and the
larger creeks are variable in width, and have a soil which is dark in color and
somewhat sandy in texture. Much more stony than other soils and the least
desirable for general farming are those of the mountain slopes. No large inroad
has been made into these, except where they merge into bench or bottom lands.

The climate of Lexington is a fair average for that of the county in general.
The mean annual temperature of the county seat is fifty-four degrees, which is
slightly below that of the city of Washington, the effect of a more southern
latitude being more than offset by the very much greater altitude. With respect
to the seasons, the mean temperatures are 34.5 in winter, 53.8 in spring, 72.2
in summer, and 55.4 in fall. The coldest month is February, with a mean of
33.5 ; the hottest is July, with a mean of Th7. But during a period of twelve
years, the mean of the coldest month varied from 26.4 degrees to 40.8, and
that of the hottest month from 63.9 to 78. In the average year, the range of
the thermometer is from a minimum of L5 degrees to a maximum of 96. But
temperatures of 101 degrees above zero and sixteen below have been observed.

4 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. YIRCINIA

The yearly rainfall of forty inches is well distributed among the seasons, yet
is heaviest in summer and lightest in the fall. June is ordinarily the wettest
month and November the driest. The average period between killing frosts
is from April 24th to October 15th.

Two inches of sleet in December. 1907, caused a rare beauty of "icc-
scaj)*." A hailstorm on Colliers's Creek, June 8, 1909. completely destroyed all
criiph in its path and even killed fish in the stream. In the mountain hdUovvs
the huge pellets did not entirely disappear for several days.

But there arc wide variations in the climate of Rockbridge. Frost has
been known in every month except July, although one fall was so mild as to be
without a killing frost till the end of November. In the winter of 1855-56,
there was sleighing for six weeks, and the ice in the North River canal inter-
rupted navigation for two months. Two years later, there was no ice in the
canal worth mention until March 5th. Snow fell to a depth of eighteen inches.
October 24. 1854. There was a heavy fall May 20. 1857, and it lay several days
on the Blue Ridge. In the spring of 1859, trees were nearly in full leaf April
23, more than three weeks in advance of the usual time. Fires and warm
clothing were needed during the third week of August, 1866. Rain fell to the
depth of four and two-third inches. September 22, 1907, and in the Kerr's Creek
valley the precipitation for the month was 15.9 inches. High winds are not
unknown. Floods arc sometimes very serious, as in 1870, 1877, and 1913. There
is no proof of any material change in climate since the Rockhridjje area* iK-canie
known to white people. There was a severe drouth in 1758, and another about
1751, the earlier one causing a local famine.

Since the surface is divcrsitied, the drainage nearly perfect, and the average
altitude nut far short of 1500 feet, the air is bracing and health conditions are
naturally very good. The annals of the county disclose many instances of long-
evity. Tlie ailments of most freijuent occurrence appear to be those of the re-
spiratory organs. Typhoid fever, a disease due to defective sanitation, has
several times seriously interrupted the schools of Lexington. Smallpox has Ix-en
an occasional visitor.

The soils of Rockbridge take kindly to a covering of grass, so that the
county is well adapted to grazing as well as to the general farm crops. But
where nature has her way. she everywhere covers the hills and valleys with
a diversified forest growth. The prevailing wo<hI is oak, chestnut, elm, hickory,
walnut, pci|)Iar, sycamore, an<l other deciduous trees. Pine occurs in some
localities and cedar is still more conunon. Among the numerous shrubs is the
mountain laurel in the high, shaded hollows. The wild fruits include the black-

*B)' "RockbrirlKC area" i« inranl tlir K''<>Rra|ihic »|>acr within the present Hinit* of the
county, and at though such hniii^ li:>vr rMisinl fur an indchnite time.

THE LOCAL GEOGRAPHY

berry, the common and the mountain raspberries, strawberries, huckleberries,
mulberries, and pawpaws.

The animal life is of the kinds found in the Valley of Virginia. The buffalo
and the elk disappeared soon after white settlement began. The puma and
the wolf held their ground much longer, but are now extinct. The mountains
shelter an occasional black bear and a few deer. Such predatory pests as wild-
cats, foxes, and skunks still remain. Groundhogs, rabbits, and squirrels are
tolerably plentiful. Still other mammals are raccoons, opossums, otters, and
mink. The wooded surface attracts birds in considerable variety, such as tur-
keys, ducks, cranes, pheasants, hawks, owls, woodpeckers, pigeons, thrushes,
crows, robins, partridges, larks, doves, catbirds, and redbirds. In the mountains
are eagles, buzzards, and ravens. Fish would be more abundant but for the
pollution of some of the streams by sawmilling and mining. There are the
usual insects native to this part of America, but the mosquito is not a nuisance.
In a single season, a few years ago, the bounty of fifty cents a head on chicken-
hawks was paid on 469 of these birds of prey. They were about one-half of a
flock that came from the west.

Rockbridge is bordered by the counties of Augusta, Nelson, Amherst, Bed-
ford, Botetourt, Alleghany, and Bath. Its magisterial districts are six. Buffalo
lies in the southwest, Natural Bridge in the southeast, South River in the north-
east, Walker's Creek in the northwest. In the central west is Kerr's Creek, and in
the center is Lexington District. The corporation of Buena Vista is a seventh
political subdivision.

The names borne by the streams and mountains of Rockbridge have in a
number of instances undergone no change since the exploration by the white
pathfinders. North River was for a while styled the North Branch of the James.
Until about 1760, South River was the River Mary, and Kerr's Creek was
Tees Creek. The pioneers seem to have given names to all the water-courses,
small as well as large, but some of their designations have gone out of use.
In several instances some peculiar happening appears to have suggested the
name. Thus, Whistle Creek was at first known as Can't Whistle Creek.

As a place for white occupancy, Rockbridge has natural advantages of a
superior character. The climate is temperate and invigorating. Much of the
soil is fertile, and the hillsides not brought under tillage are very useful for pas-
turage and as a forest reserve. The mineral wealth is very considerable, as is
also the water power. And finally, the passes at Balcony Falls and Panther
Gap have caused the county to be traversed by important railway lines.

SCENIC FEATURES

KocKBRiOGE LANDScArES — Thk Kati'ilal Buoge — Goshen Pass — Baixosy Falls — House

Mountains — The Jump

Appalachian America is renowned for its scenic beauty, and Rcnrkbridgc
county lias been granted an ample share. The Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies
are geologically very old and have been eroded into a very great complexity of
outline. Because of this wearing-down process, they do not exhibit the great
elevations and the rugged features of young mountain systems, such as the
Rockies and the Alps. But on the other hand there is more gracefulness of
contour, the effect of which is greatly aided by the loveliness of the Appalachian
forests in the summer season.

The five points of interest we are about to describe do not by any means
exhaust the list of scenic attractions in Rockbridge county. Monotony is
never present in the landscape. In touring this region, the visitor travels many
miles in the thriving agricultural expanse of the Central Lowlands, dotted with
its scores of comfortable farm homes; he passes through areas of more fertile
bottom land, like the "Eg)-pt field" of Kerr's Creek; he crosses the deep valley
of the Buffalo, and follows the narrow, thickly populated creek valleys that
lie in the evening shadows thrown by the North Mountain. And when his
road crosses a mountain ridge, there is likely to be a <klightful view that sweeps
far out upon the lower levels.

Foremost among the scenic features is the world-famous Natural Bridge,
to which the county owes its name. John Marshall, the chief justice, called this
natural curiosity, "one of God's greatest miracles in stone." It was almost as
well known to the Americans of threc-fotirths of a century ago as it is to
those of the present day. It was represented by crude woodcuts in their school
geographies, and in some other books of wide distribution. In the school reader
was a thrilling account of how some foolhardy person tried to carve his name in
the rock at a greater height than anyone else had reached. Kver since illustratetl
books on America have Ixrcn on the market, the Natural Bridge has ranked with
Niagara Falls as one of the most prominent subjects of pictorial art. By
common consent it is one of the wonders of the Western World It is, however,
no more remarkable than the twin Tower Rocks of Pendleton county. West
Virginia; but these arc concealed in an almost unknown mountain hollow. It
is less stupendous than the recently discovered natural bridges in Utah; l»ut these
lie in an arid and almost inaccessible region.

SCENIC FEATURES 7

An explanation of the Natural Bridge of Virginia is not at all difficult.
The Central Lowland of Rockhridge owes its existence and its peculiarities to
the thick stratum of limestone that is not everywhere concealed by the surface
soil. This layer, in common with the sandstones and shales of the mountain
ridges, has been bent into almost every possible angle by upward thrusts
coming from the interior of the earth. These titanic forces seam the rocks with
lines of cleavage, both lateral and vertical. Into these narrow openings water
forces its vVay, and when in the form of ice it acts as a lever to pry the seams
farther apart. When charged with acids drawn from the air and from vegetable
matter, water is a powerful solvent of limestone. The narrow crevice becomes
broad; the shallow parting becomes deep. The rock deposit becomes honey-
combed with water-channels, small and large. The water from the clouds ceases
to flow on the surface, and finds its way into underground passageways. Ex-
tensive caverns are thus eaten into the limestone, and as these spread themselves
laterally, the roof becomes weak, and here and there it falls. On the surface a
limited area of subsidence is indicated by a sinkhole. When the underground
stream has grown large and powerful, the roof gives way entirely for long dis-
tances. The creek now becomes visible, though flowing in a deep gorge. But
atmospheric agencies begin at once to lessen the steepness of the walls of the
canyon.

It is to the working of the process just described that the Natural Bridge
owes its existence. Cedar Creek is a mountain stream rising in the Short
Hills. After a quite direct course of hardly more than six miles it falls into
the James at Gilmore Station. At some remote day it behaved like certain of
the present watercourses in Monroe county, West Virginia. A short distance
below its source it was drawn into a sinkhole and reappeared near the bank of the
river. Little by little the roof of the subterranean channel collapsed. Nothing
is now left but the arch where the support was thickest and strongest. This
fragment is the Natural Bridge. It is significant that for a short distance, above
and below, there is a precipitous wall on either side of the little stream. But
although the slopes soon become much less abrupt, there is an extent of perhaps
three miles within which it would be very difficult to build a road across the
valley. The massive arch comes to the rescue by providing a perfectly easy
passage, and a county road has used it since a very early day.

To view the bridge from below the visitor starts from the Natural Bridge
Hotel and follows a path leading down a ravine to the brink of the creek. Look-
ing upward, a sheet of limestone, sixty to 150 feet broad and with a span of
ninety feet, is seen to connect the opposing cliffs. It is 215 feet to the arch,
which is forty-eight feet thick. Almost overhanging the upper edge of the
arch are the tops of trees and shrubs. Because of these the stranger traveling

8 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

the county road is hardly aware when he is upon the bridge. The surface of the
rock-wall under the arch scarcely permits any foothold for vegetation. The
stone presents some diversity of color, the yellowish and reddish tints being
due to iron oxide, better knowii as iron rust. When the trees are in full leaf,
the gorge is shaded and cool, and the ruggedncss of the canyon is greatly soft-
ened. But at any season the visitor can hardly fail to be impressed with the
grandeur of the spectacle.

The Rockbridge pioneers must have known of the bridge from an early day,
but we have no evidence that it made much impression on their matter-of-fact
minds. The earliest published mention is by the English traveler, Rurnaby,
who wrote in 1759. It was twenty years later that lightning struck the arch
and threw down a large mass of rock. The original patentee of the bridge, in-
cluding some land immediately around, was not an actual settler, but a non-
resident living in Albemarle. This was Thomas Jefferson, and the date of his
patent is July 5, 1774. During the Revolution the bridge was twice visited by
French scientists. The picture made from their measurements and diagrams
was widely copied and was about the only one known prior to the invention of
photography.

After JefTerson became President, he surveyed and mapped his patent
with his own hands. The next year he built a two-roomed log cabin, and left it
in charge of a negro named Patrick Henry. One of the rooms was to be kept
open for the entertainment of visitors. He also left a large book in which
visitors might record their "sentiments." This was written full, but was ac-
cidentally destroyed in 1845. The property did not pass out of the JefTerson
estate until 1833. It is to be regretted that the author of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence did not convey this ground tfi the State, or to the National govermiii-nt.
so that it might at all times be freely open to the public, as in the case of the
Yosemitc Valley of California.

It was in 1802 that JefTerson built the cabin above mentioned. Ever since
that time the bridge has been much visited. Marshall. Monroe, Clay, \'an
Huren, J.ickson, Benton, and Houston were among the earlier of the ,'\merican
not.ibilities who have viewed this "bridge not made with hands."

When he was a young man. the agile and well-nniscled Washington climbrd
to a niche some twenty feet above the waters and carved his name. This exploit
was very much exceeded by Thom.is Piper, a foolhardy student. He placed his
n: ■ ""T than anyone else had done, and finding he could not return he ac-

c , 1 the almost incredible feat of climbing to the tfip. .'\ very narrow

Tcdgc. perhaps a hundred feet above the creek level, is pointed out as the place
another person reached, but he h.id to l>e rescued by means of a rope let down
from the top of the cliff. Several other individuals have been less fortunate.

SCENIC FEATURES V

and a few fatalities are on record. In 1843 a stranger leaped from the bridge.
If he intended to commit suicide, he acconnplished his purpose.

Goshen Pass was formerly known as Dunlap's Gap and then as Strickler's
Pass. It extends from near the mouth of the Little Calfpasture to Wilson's
Springs, a distance of five miles. Just below the mouth of the tributary men-
tioned. North River begins its sinuous passage of the North Mountain. The
heights, which sometimes tower a thousand feet above the swirling waters, are
not generally so steep as to be destitute of a growth of wood, and in summer
the forest verdure adds much to the grace and beauty of the scene. Yet here and
there is a vertical ledge exhibiting the flexures worked into the stratum by the up-
ward pressure of the earth's crust in remote geologic periods. The river is
constantly flowing over or among masses of rock and is a continuous cascade. A
new vista opens with every bend in the road, and the stranger who goes from one
end of the pass to the other and then retraces his steps finds the return nearly
as replete with interest as the advance. There is not a house and not an acre
of tilled land within the pass, and the view is well-nigh as primeval as it was
in the day of the Indian. And yet the road was once a busy thoroughfare, a
line of stages running between Lexington and Goshen.

When Matthew F. Maury was a resident of Lexington, he liked to visit this
watergap in early summer. His admiration for it was so great that one of his
final requests was that his remains should be taken to their permanent resting
place by way of Goshen Pass, and when the laurel should be in bloom. This
dfrection was faithfully carried out. In going through the pass the procession
halted a while at the foot of a low clifT and below a sharp point of rock pro-
jecting over the road. Soon afterward, an anchor, taken from the pontoon
bridge left at East Lexington by General Hunter ; was suspended from the pro-
jection. With a strange want of consideration, this suitable memento was at
length taken down by some person and carried away. It was the abundance of
rhododendron along the river border that caused a very narrow belt of low
ground to be named Poison Bottom. Fresh herbage is so eagerly devoured by
domestic animals in early spring that they will eat laurel leaves when nothing
else is to be had and sickness is the result.

Another interesting watergap is the pass at Balcony Falls. This is one of
the two places in Virginia where the Blue Ridge opens to its base, so as to permit
the passage of a river. Looking from the town of Glasgow, a stranger might
not suspect the existence of the gap. He will imagine that an exceedingly nar-
row valley is making a zigzag approach to the west from the axis of the Blue
Ridge. As in the case of Goshen Pass, there is not a house in the four miles
of the passage. The mountain slopes are unbroken by clearings, and except for
the railway and the county road, the scenery is that of the virgin wilderness. The

A HISTORY OK ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

James falls atxjut 200 feet in going through the defile, and in the days of batteau
navigation it was a danger point.

To the person standing on Collcpe Hill at Lexington, the view toward the
west is dominated hy an inij)i>siiig height of unusual form. This is Little House
Mountain, and it has carried this name ever since the day of the white explorer.
The name was evidently suggested hy the shape of the elevation. The smnmit,
half a mile lung, is almost horizontal. At each end there is an abrupt falling
away, the mountain terminating in either direction in a concave slope of heavy
grade. The eastward and westward slopes are likewise steep, and all the way
around the mountain is an unbroken forest rising from a stony surface. When
the obser\'er changes his point of observation to Fancy Hill or to the divide be-
tween Kerr's Creek and North River, he discovers the existence of Big House
Mountain, which from Lexington is almost completely eclipsed by its companion.
The two mountains lit side by side, and are parallel to North Mountain. The
distance from summit to summit is less than a mile, and the valley between is
very deep. Big House Mountain is camel-hacked and is the higher of the two,
although the difference in altitude is not consjiicuous. Since the House moim-
tains rise like islands from the floor of the Valley of Virginia, their isolation,
their lofty summits, and their exceptional form render them a striking feature
in a Rockbridge lantlscape. They may be seen to good advantage from the
Matthews mansion near Glasgow, fifteen miles away as the crow flies, and on a
clear day they are in plain view from Flag RcKk on Warm Springs Mountain,
almost twenty miles distant. Conversely, a very large portion of Rockbridge
may be viewed from the summit of Little House Mountain. The view from
its companion is less satisfactory because of its less favorable position. From
Lexington the twin heights are so consiiicuous and so imposing that the residents
regard them with a feeling akin to affection.

Certain legends are associated with the House Mountains. One of these
relates to a man named .'shepherd, who lived a while at the high-lying rock which
ever since has borne his name. He was often noticed poring over a small book
carried in a leather pouch. At intcr\'als not frequent he came down to Col-
lier's Creek and paicl for provisions in bright new coins. He was at first
suspected of being a horse-thief, hut he turned out to be a coimterfeiter of silver
quarters. .Shepherd found it expedient to go away, but the credulous continued to
sec lights on Shepherd Rock which would vanish when approached. .Some
searching has here been done for pots of silver.

Jump Mountain has a very precipitous face toward the east. It is so
named because of a legend of a battle between Indians at the mouth of W^llker's
Crerk. The story relates that an Indian woman watched the conflict from the
mountain, and when <ihe saw her husband fall she threw her.self over the preci|)ice.

SCENIC FEATURES U

But she must have possessed telescopic eyes to recognize her mate at a distance
of at least two miles. As for the alleged battle, it probably rests on no more sub-
stantial basis than the former existence of the Walker's Creek mound, an ac-
count of which is given in Chapter VIII.

Of Crystal Spring in Arnold's Valley, there is the following beautiful
legend. An Indian warrior loved a maid of a hostile tribe, and gave her a gem
which his people had brought from beyond tlic Father of Waters. It was trans-
parent, and she wore it in her necklace of beads. The trysting-place was a
spring. A jealous lover of her own tribe found her here and snatched away
the jewel. She caught his hand, recovered the crystal, and threw it behind her
into the spring, where it dissolved, and gave to the water its purity and its
sparkle.

Ill

THE ULSTERMAN AND THE PATHFINDERS

SntATHCLYDE AND UwTEll— ScOTUVND IN 1600— TllE UlSTTJIMEN— TllEII RELATIONS WITH

THE British Govmnment— The Emigration to America— America and N'ircinia

IS 1716— Pennsvlvania and the Immigrants — The American

Highlander — Spottswood — Salling

In the story of the world's progress, tlic American Republic is a colonial ex-
tension of Europe. As a white man's country, its history has therefore a
European background. This background must be studied if the development of
our country is to be properly understood.

For the history of the up])er \'alley of N'irginia the European background
is to be sought in the southwest of Scotland and the north of Ireland; in
Strathclyde and in Ulster, respectively. In latitude, and in surface, soil, and
climate, the two regions are much alike. In each there are mountains, usually
deforested and sometimes gaunt and gloomy, which are similar in height to the
elevations rising above the floor of the \'alley of Virginia. In each there are
fine swift streams, comparable in volume to the North River at Lexington, or
to its tributary, the BufTalo. In each the surface alternates from mountain to
valley, and from broken ridges to small tracts comparatively level. In each
the soil is often stony, sometimes excessively so, and in general is not highly
fertile or easily tilled. The mean annual temiK-rature is fifty degrees, as
against fifty- four at Lexington. The winter temperature is noticeably milder
than thai of Rockbridge, but the summer is very much cooler, being scarcely so
warm as a Rockbridge May. The climate, cool, cloudy, and humid, is suited
to grass, oats, and root crops, and either region is better adapted to grazing than
to tillage. A domestic rather than an outdoor life is indicated, while the
stony and often spongy soil compels habits of industry and thrift. And since
the aspect of nature is stern rather than smiling, and the sky more often cloudy
than fair, it need not surprise us that the.se lands have nurtured a sober, thought-
ful, matter-of-fact, unemolion.Tl race, with a higher appreciation of the obviously
useful than of the merely beautiful.

Tlic above de.vription of the countries on the two sides of the North Gian-
nel suggests a certain measure of resemblance to the Shenandoah X'alley and
the Appalachian uplands. The rock formations are of the same geologic periods
and the soils arc similar in texture. The degree of resemblance goes far to ex-
plain why the immigrant from Ulster has so successfully adapted himself to
Appalachian Anrerica. The sky proved to be warmer and sunnier, yet the new

THE ULSTERMAN AND THE PATHFINDERS 13

home was not strikingly dissimilar, as was found to be tlie case with the Missis-
sippi Basin and the plains and mountains beyond.

The southwest of Scotland was once Strathclyde, a petty kingdom about the
size of Connecticut. It was at length overrun by the neighboring kingdom of
Northumbria. and the native Celtic speech gave place to the Saxon. This cir-
cumstance does not imply that the old population was displaced. The pre-
valent idea that the people of Scotland and England are predominantly Ger-
manic is incorrect, and was disproved before the late war had burst upon
the world. Consequently the experts who have investigated the matter did not
have this tragedy to bias their conclusions. The population of the British
Isles is mainly of the elements that held possession in the days of Caesar. The
invading bands of Anglen, Saxons, and Jutes overran the lowlands on the in-
stalment plan, and full success did not come for many years. By assimilating
with the natives they gave the country a new language and new institutions.
But whether Highlanders or Lowlanders, the Scottish people are essentially one
with respect to origin. The Lowlands gave up the old speech, while the
Highlands retained it. And it is worthy of notice that the dialect of English
spoken in the Lowlands differs little from the everyday speech of the north of
England.

When Jamestown and Plymouth were being founded, Scotland had about
one-sixth of its present population, perhaps 200,000 of the number being in
Strathclyde. But this corner of Scotland has furnished a disproportionate
share of the great names that occur in Scottish history. Its people of this
period were tall, lean, hardy, and sinewy. They were ignorant of high living and
had good nerves and digestion. They were combative, and not easy to get
along with to those who did not fall in with their ways. They were strong-
willed and strongly individualistic, and were therefore fierce sticklers for per-
sonal liberty. By the same token they were more democratic in thought than
fhe English and were less inclined to commercial pursuits. To challenge this
Scotsman's views of right and wrong roused him to speedy action. He was either
quite bad or quite good. In the former respect, he fought, swore, was given
to gaming and racing, and drank plentifully from his whiskey jug. In the lat-
ter respect, his morality had a solid groundwork, being based on general educa-
tion and on regular attendance at his house of worship. Outwardly he was un-
emotional and not given to displays of affection. Yet there was more sun-
shine in his life than is commonly believed.

It had been only a few years since John Knox had caused the Protestant
Reformation to triumph in Scotland. Nowhere in Europe was this movement
etTccted more peacefully. In England the Reformation was like an inverted
pyramid, in that it began with the sovereign and the court party. In Scotland

1^ A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

it iK-pan with the Cdinmon people, and was in reality a return to the form of
Christianity first preached in the land. It has been said, and perhaps without
much cxafjfjeration. that Scotland emerged from barbarism within the span of a
single geniTation of human life. Knox insisted on a school in every parish.
And as thrift has been a watchword of Protestantism from the first, the Scotch
fell into the habit of mending their clothes till they would no longer hold to-
gether, and of saving every nubbin and potato. From a coarse, rough, unruly
horde of semi-barbarians, scornful of steady labor, the Scotch became a re-
ligious, industrious, energetic people, mindful of the main chance, and able to
hold their own against all comers. Yet the change was slow to make them
recognize that a cottage looks better for having a flowering vine climbing up
the gable, or that a house of worship should have a higher degree of architectural
grace than the "little red scboolhouse" that is not as yet forgotten in .\inerica.

Scotland united with England on her own terms. Ireland, on the contrary,
was subdued, and to the impoverishment by absentee landlords was added the
oppression of harsh laws with respect to religion and industry. Under James
the I'irst, whose reign Ix^gan in ICiOv^, an unsuccessful rising of the Irish was
punished by the confiscation of more than 3,000.000 acres of Ulster soil. This
area had becfime partially depopulated, and the English king made successful
efl^orts to re-pcoplc it with settlers from the other side of the Irish Sea. Al-
ready some lawless Highlanders had flocked in, but they were a most undesirable
element, and preference was now given to the Ix)wlanders.

When the descendants of these colonists began coming to America, they
were called Irish for the very practical reason that they came from Ireland.
Irishmen of the original stock were scarce in the United States l>efore the enor-
mous immigration caused by the potato famine of 1845. The term Scotch-
Irish came into use to distinguish the earlier inflow from the later. This term
is firmly fixed in i)()pular usage, and yet it is rather misleading. It implies that
the people thus styled arc the descendants of Scotchmen who settled in Ireland.
This is true only in part. The Scotch of Strathcl)<le were the most numerous
clement and they gave their impress to the entire mass. But there were nearly
as many settlers from the north of England, and there were a few from Wales.
There were also not a few Huguenot refugees from I'rancc. It was the tal-
ented French Protestants, coming at the instance of William of Orange, who
introduced the linen industry into Ulster and made it the basis of its manufactur-
ing prosperity. And finally, some of the native Irish blended with the immigrant
jMiptilation. It is customary to deny any such fusion, and so far as religion is
concerned, there was none. The newcomers were Presbyterians, while the
natives were Catholics. In Ulster these two elemnts have never ceased to dislike
one another. Yet the rather frecjuent occurrence of native Irish names among

THE ULSTERMAN AXD THE rATIIFINDERS 15

the emigrants from Ulster has a very obvious significance. It shows that here
and there the native accepted the Protestant faith, and that neither social nor
religious barriers then remained. It is not a characteristic of the Ulster people to
turn a cold shoulder toward those who agree with them. J. W. Dinsmore
observes that the Ulsterman "has the steadfastness of the Scot, the rugged
strength and aggressive force of the Saxon, and a dash of the vivacity and
genius of the Huguenot." He might have added that when the Ulsterman came
to America he spoke the Elizabethan type of English, which the Irish adopted
as an incident in their conquest.

It is now necessary to speak of the relations between the Ulstermen and
the British government. There was a Church of Ireland, identical except in
name with the Church of England. Though it had few adherents, the law
was behind it, and it laid a heavy hand on Dissenters as well as Catholics. The
Presbyterian minister was expected to preach only within certain specified
limits, and was liable to be fined, deported, or imprisoned. He could not
legally unite a couple in marriage, and at times he could preach only by night
and in some barn. The infamous "Black Oath" of 1639 required all the
Protestants of Ulster who were above the age of sixteen to bind themselves
to an implicit obedience to all royal commands whatsoever. This display of
autocratic tyranny led multitudes of men and women to hide in the woods
or to flee to Scotland.

In 1689 the Irish rose in behalf of the deposed king of England, James
the Second. Protestants were shot down at their homes. Women were tied
to stakes at low tide, so that they might drown when the ocean waves came
back. Londonderry was besieged by a large army, but was defended with a
desperation unsurpassed in history. Without help from the English, without
trained officers, without sufficient food or ammunition, and in the face of
deadly fever, the invaders were beaten off with great loss. This staunch sup-
port of the new king would seem to have entitled the Ulstermen to much
consideration. Nevertheless, the British Parliament enforced its anti-popery
laws against the Presbyterians as well as the Catholics. The time had not yet
come when a Presbyterian might sell religious books, teach anything above a
primary school, or hold civil or military office. There was no general redress
of grievances until 1782.

The persecution was industrial as well as religious. English laws dis-
criminated against Ulster manufactures, particularly the manufacture of woolen
goods. This flourishing business was ruined by a law of 1698.

In view of such a hounding persecution, it might seem strange tliat the
people of Ulster could retain a shred of respect for their government. Yet.
as citizens of tiie British Isles, they professed loyalty to the crown, whicii

A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

by a figure of speech signified the state in its sovereign capacity. They appear
to have had no ill feeling toward the king himself. He did them no harm, be-
cause he did nothing at all in a governmental sense. From 1704 to 1760 the
English monarch was a figurehead in almost the fullest sense i>f the term. The
resentment of the Ulster people was directed against the corrupt clique that
governed in the king's name. However, there was a ruling English party in
Ulster. At the present time, Episcopalians are more numerous than Pres-
byterians, in at least two of the seven counties, and the Catholic population
is eijual to the Protestant. It is a mistake to think of Presbyterians as out-
numbering other denominations in Ulster.

The straw that broke the camel's back for the Ulster people was the display
of greed shown about 1723. A large quantity of land given to favored indivi-
duals was offered only on 31-ycar leases and at two to three times the former
rental. An emigration to America, which really began about 1718, now assumed
large dimensions. During the next half century, or until interrupted by the
war for American independence, the aggregate outflow is reckoned by some au-
thorities as high as 300,000. Ulster was thus drained of the larger and best part
of its population. The fundamental reasons for the exodus are thus stated in a
sermon delivered on the eve of the sailing of a ship : "To avoid oppression
and cruel Iwndage ; to shun persecution and designed ruin ; to withdraw from
the communion of idolators; to have opportunity to worship God according to
the dictates of conscience and the rules of his Word."

Throughout this period of heavy emigration from Ulster there was almost
as large a tide of Germans from the valley of the upper RJiinc, inclusive of
Switzerland. But until near the outbreak of the Revolution, the German settlers
in Rockbridge were very few. Si> it is scarcely necessary, at present, to speak
further on this parallel stream of inmiigration.

It is next in order to sketch the America of 1716, so as to observe the
efTect of the inflow from Ulster and the Rhine.

There were at this time twelve of the English colonies, and their 400,000
inhabitants were scattered thinly along the coast from Casco Bay in Maine to
Port Royal in South Carolina. Exceedingly few were the people who were
located so far inland as a hundred miles. Boston, New York, Philadelphia,
and Charleston were the largest towns, and not one of them had a pnpul.ition of
10.000. The colonies must have presente<l a very new appearance, but not
of a truly pioneer type. The homes of all but the poorest people were as good
as the Ixrtter class of homes in Euroi)e. There was a lively commerce with the
Briti.sh Isles and with the West Indies, the products of the farms, the forests.
an<I the fisheries In-ing exchanged for man\ifactured goods niul for sugar
and other tropical supplies. There were hut three colleges. Elementary rduca-

THE ULSTERMAN AND THE PATHFINDERS 17

tion was general only in New England. Elsewhere, education was regarded
as a private interest, and there was much illiteracy. There was no mail service
worthy of the name, no daily newspaper, and perhaps not more than a half
dozen weeklies. Religion was free only in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania.
Elsewhere there was an established church supported by general taxation. The
colonials of 1716 were overwhelmingly of English origin, but there was a
sprinkling of Scotch. \\'elsh, Irish, Hollanders, and French Huguenots. Each
colony was an independent country with respect to its neighbors. And as roads
were bad and bridges few, traveling was slow and difficult. All knowledge of
the outside world was elementary. There was no intercourse with Asia or
South America, Africa was visited only in the interest of the slave trade, and
Australia was unknown. Every sea was infested with pirate vessels.

Turning to Virginia we find that its 100,000 people, of whom one-fourth
were negro slaves, lived almost exclusively to the east of a line drawn through
Washington and Richmond. Williamsburg, the capital, was merely a village.
Norfolk was doubtless smaller than Lexington is now. \'irginia was strictly
an agricultural region, and the growing of tobacco was by far the dominant in-
terest. The structure of society was not democratic. At the head of the scale
was the tidewater aristocracy, feudalistic and reactionary, polite to women, pro-
fane among its own kind, fond of horses and sports, and indifferent to books.
These people constituted the one and only ruling class, and the public business
thrown upon them induced a good degree of practical intelligence. Below them
were the professional men, tradesmen, small farmers, and white servants, some
of the latter having come to America as convicts.

Such in outline was the America of 1716. Most of its people were American-
born and were beginning to look upon themselves as distinct from the British.
Nearly all of the new immigration landed at Philadelphia, because the colony
of which it was the metropolis was held in high repute across the Atlantic for
the liberality of its government. In 1769 the French traveler Cluny declared
of Pennsylvania that "its form of civil government is better calculated to pro-
mote private happiness and consequently public prosperity than any other with
which we are acquainted under the sun." But the immigrants found a difference
between its theory and its practice. It is instinctive in the human species to
look with suspicion or dislike on those whose ways are ditlerent from our
own. The comfortable Quakers did not like the idea of being swamped by
this deluge of strange people, one portion of whom spoke an unfamiliar language,
while the other portion appeared assertive, somewhat uncoutii. and not overly
particular in costume or personal cleanliness. There was scant welcome for the
newcomers in the small settled district, and so they pushed inland, the Germans
moving rather to the right and tiie Ulstermen to the left. Had tiie Quakers

18 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COl'NTV, VIRGINIA

been more inclined to observe the spirit of their institutions, they would have
retained most of this immigration and the settlement of the N'alley of N'irginia
would have been much delayed. The Ulstcrmen were very much inclined to
keep together. It was usual for a wliolc congregation, headed by its pastor,
to leave Ireland in a body and to seek to settle as neiglibors after coming to
America. Hut a tax was laid on the immigrants, they were kept as long as
possible fron) having any efTcctive voice in the colonial govenmient, and when
the war of 1754 broke out, there was a failure to protect the frontier. Thus
we arc the better able to understand why some of the Ulster people lived a
while in Pennsylvania instead of coming directly to \*irginia. The liberality of
Pennsylvania was largely outweighed by its narrowness, and so the Ulstcrmen
pushed southward as well as westward, gradually occupying all Appalachian
America from the Iroquois country south of I^ke Ontario to the Gierokee
countr)' on the waters of the upper Tennessee. In this way the inland frontier
of America was pushed rapidly forward. Otherwise the year 1776 might have
found in \'irginia but a handful of people west of the Blue Ridge.

In the way we have pointed out, the Ulstermen became a frontier people
as soon as they were settled in America. They were well fitted to become such.
They were ovcrcomers by nature and did not shrink from facing <lifficullics.
They wanted room and plenty of it, and they wished to bury on their own soil
instead of on the domain of some detested landlord.

The Ulstermen were joined by some of the Germans, and by some of the
more venturesome spirits among the English and Hollanders of the coast set-
tlements, both northern and southern. The pioneer population of the Alle-
ghany valleys thus developed into a composite stock, that of the American High-
lander. This homogeneity moved more rapidly in a blending of customs tli.in
in a mixture of blood. But it was the Scotch-Irish who gave a dominant im-
press to the entire frontier.

Before taking up the settlement of Rockbridge, it is necessary to tell of the
discovery and exploration of "New \'irginia," this term being applied to that
part of the Old Dominion wliich attracted the Ulster people.

For more than a century after the founding of Jamestown there was no
clear knowledge of what lay beyond the Blue Ridge. .An exploring party had
indeed penetrated as far as the fails of New River as early as 1671, but this
spurt of enterprise was not followed up. In a letter to the Board of Trade in
1710, Governor Spottswood remarks that some adventurous men had just clinil)ed
the Blue Ridge, hitherto deemed impassable, and would iiavc proceeded down
the west slope hut for the lateness of the season.

The governor In-came interested. He thought the distance to the Great
I^kcs much less than it really is, and he believed it sound policy to keep the

THE ULSTERMAN AND THE PATHFINDERS 19

French from getting the fur trade entirely into their hands. He therefore
recommended that trading stations be estabUshed on the lakes, and that they
be connected with the Virginia coast by a chain of fortified posts. To look into
this matter in person, he headed an exploring party that left Williamsburg
in the summer of 1716, and spent thirty-six days in reaching the summit of the
Blue Ridge, probably at Swift Run Gap. The South Fork of the Shenandoah
was forded in the vicinity of Elkton, and the next day — September 6th — the
gay cavaliers who comprised most of the fifty men held a grand revel on the
dozen varieties of liquor they had brought with them. After each toast there
was a volley of powder and ball. Spottswood made no attempt to prosecute the
exploration, and contented himself with viewing the Alleghany ridges from a dis-
tance. We hear nothing more of his zeal in the fur trade. The behavior of the
whole party was that of a crowd of young bloods bent on a jollification in the
mountains.

Nevertheless, an important result came of this expedition. Now that
glimpses by rangers or hunters had been supplemented by a visit from the gov-
ernor and a delegation of the tidewater aristocracy, it could be announced that
the Valley of Virginia was officially discovered. It had been assumed that it
was a forbidding land. On the contrary it was found to be pleasant and fertile,
and abounding in game and fish. There were no Indian occupants, although
a grassy prairie covered the lowlands between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies
beyond It was a vision to appeal to the land speculator, and it did not appeal
in vain.

It was sixteen years before John Lewis came with his advance guard of
Ulster people into the presents limits of Virginia. But although exact informa-
tion is provokingly scarce, it is very clear that during this interval land prospect-
ors were busy in spying out the country and naming the mountains and streams.
It was only eleven years after Spottswood's visit that a company of tidewater
promoters petitioned for 50,000 acres on the headwaters of the James, almost
before there was a solitary cabin in the Shenandoah Valley itself.

During the period of exploration, the one and only conspicuous name among
the known landhunters, so far as the Rockbridge area is concerned, is tiiat of
John Peter Sailing. According to the usual version of the story, Sailing went up
the Valley from the Potomac in 1726, in company with John Marlin, a pedler
or trapper. On the Roanoke they were attacked by Indians and Sailing was cap-
tured. He was taken from his Cherokee captors by some Illinois Indians and
wandered with them to Kaskaskia, where he was adopted by a squaw. Several
times he went down the Mississippi with the red men, and at length the Spaniards
bought him to use as an interpreter. From New Orleans he in some way was
taken to Canada, where he was redeemed by the governor of that province, and

20 A HISTORY OF rockukiik:e cx)UN-n". Virginia

sent by him to tlie Hollanders of New York. After six years of varied cx-
|)eriences he arrived at Williamsburg. The traditions in the Sailing family agree
in staling that the pioneer ancestor was several years a captive among the Indians,
by whom he was taken to the lower Mississippi. According to Henry Ruffner,
who wrote in 1844, Martin met Sailing in Williamsburg and so interested the
latter by his description of the \'allcy that l)Oth men wint up the James as far
as the beautiful Iwituin immediately above Balcony I'alls. Sailing was so well
pleased that he did not wish to look further. He returned to the capital, patented
a choice |Mjriion of the b<ittoin. and settled on it with his bachelor brother.
Sailing's home was so well known as to Ix- marked on a map of 1755.

It was in the summer of 1732 that John Lewis came with his family and
built a house a mile l>elow where Staunton now stands. So far as known he was
the first settler in Augusta county. According to Ruffner and others, I-ewis
visited Williamsburg before making any settlement, and there met Sailing,
whose roseate description of the "back country" led him to chi>ose land on I^wis
Creek. But it is known that Lewis fled from Ireland as a refugee froni British
law. He Ttas at length pardoned, but until this took place he would not have
exposed himself to arrest. He is known to have spent a few years in Pennsyl-
vania before coming to X'irginia. and it is possible that the pardon was as early
as 1732. But he did not aojuire title to his land until 1738.

THE BORDEN LAND GRANT

The McDowells— Benjamin Borden, Sr.— The Virginia Land System— Settlement of

THE Borden Tract— Benjamin Borden, Jr.— Disputes with

THE Settlers — Joseph Borden

Early in September, 1737, a little party of honieseekers were in camp on
Linville Creek in wiiat is now Rockingham county. They were journeying by
the trail that was sometimes called the Indian Road, and sometimes the Pennsyl-
vania Road. In the company were Ephraim McDowell, a man now past the
meridian of life, his son John, and a son-in-law, James Greenlee. The younger
men were accompanied by their families. It is rather probable that a few other
persons were in the party, especially one or more indentured servants. The
destination they had in view was South River. James, another son of Ephraim,
had come in advance and planted a little field of corn in that valley opposite
Woods Gap.

The McDowells had come from Ulster in "the good ship, George and Ann,"
landing at Philadelphia, September 4, 1729, after being on the Atlantic 118 days.
This was a slow voyage, even in those days of sailing vessels, and yet it was
not unusual. As in many other instances among the Ulster people, Pennsylvania
was only a temporary home. The country west and southwest of the metropolis,
as far as the Susquehanna and the Maryland line, was now well-peopled, ac-
cording to the standard of that agricultural age. Land was relatively high in
price, and so the newcomers, if they had to move inland to the advance line of
settlement ,often thought they might as well look for homes in "New Virginia."
John Lewis, a kinsman to the McDowells, had founded in 1732 the nucleus
of the Augusta settlement, and by this time several hundred of the Ulster people
had located around him. Religion was not free in Virginia, hut it was doubtless
the belief of the newcomers that the planters of Tidewater, who were the rulers
of the colony, would not deem it wise to molest them in their adherence to the
Presbyterian faith.

To afford the reader some idea of what Pennsylvania was in 1729, we give
a synopsis of a letter written about that time by a young man to his sister in
Ireland.

The writer pronounces Pennsylvania the best country in tiie world for
tradesmen and working people. Land was twenty-five cents to $2.50 an acre,
according to quality and location, and was rapidly advancing because of the large
and varied immigration. His father, after a long and cautious search, made a

22 A mSTOBV OF BOCKBRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

choice almut thirty niilcs from Pliiladclphia. For 500 acres of prime land,
inclusive of a small log house, a clearing of twenty acres, and a young orchard,
the purchase price was $875.00. In the meantime tlic father had rented a
place and put 200 acres in wheat, a crop that commanded fifty cents a bushel.
Oats were twenty-eight cents a bushel, and com was twenty-five cents. The
lalKiring man had about twenty cents a day in winter. In harvest time he was
paid thirty cents a day, this service including the best of food and a pint of
rum. At the end of his swath he would find awaiting him some meat, either
boiled or roasted, and some cakes and tarts. One to two acres could be plowed in
a day, which was twice the speed that could be made in Ireland. A Ixjy of
thirteen years could hold the implenient, which had a wooden mouldhoard.
Horses were smaller than in Ireland, but pacing animals could cover fifteen
miles in an hour's time. At Philadelphia, then a little city of perhaps 5,000
inhabitants, all kinds of provisions were extraordinarily plentiful. Wednesdays
and Saturdays were market days. Meat of any kind could be had for two and
one-half cents a pound. Nearly every farmhouse had an orchard of apple,
peach, and cherry trees. Wheat yielded twenty bushels to the acre and turnips
200. The writer corrects several false reports about the colony which had been
carried to the other side of the ocean. He said there had as yet been no sickness
in the family, and that not a member of it was willing to live in Ireland again.
The cost of passage to the mother country was $22.50.

There must have been some regret among the Ulster people that it was not
easy to secure a foothold in such a thriving district as the Philadelphia region.
But .^merica was a land of opportunity, whether on the coast or in the interior.

It was just after the McDowells had established their camp on Linvillc
Creek that an incident occurred which led to some change in destination. A man
giving his name as Hcnjamin Horden* came along and arranged to spend the
night with them. He told them he had a grant of 100,000 acres on the waters
of the James, if he could ever find it. To the man who could show him the
boun<laries he wouhl give 1,000 acres. John McDowell replied that he was a
surveyor and would accept the offer. A torch was lighted, McDowell showed
his surveying instruments, and Borden his papers. Each party was satisfied with
the representations made by the other. At the house of John I^wis, where they
remained a few days, a more fornwl contract was entered into, the phraseology
of which indicates that it was written hv I!or<len. The document reads as follows:

*Thc name i> tomrtimc*. but erroneously, written Burden. Thit >|>clliii([ doubtlcsi
indic4lr> a vrry uiual pronuncJAlion in llir pioneer (leriod. Hut in their signatures, the
mcnilicri o( the family UMrd the tpclhnK Uurden.

THE BORDEN LAND GRANT 23

Sept. ye 19th 1737
This day John McDowell of Orange County in Virginia have agreed with Benjamin
Borden of the same place that he the said McDowell would go now with his family and his
father and his Brothers and make four Settlements in the said Bordens land which was
{jran'ed to the said Borden on this side of the blue ridge in the fork of said River, and said
McDowell has also agreed with the said Borden that he the sd McDowell would cut a good
Road for Horses loaded with common Luggage and blaze the Trees all the way plain, and
also the said McDowell has agreed with the said Bcnjamm Borden that he the said M( -
Dowel! would go with the sd Borden and take accoi;!it of the Settlement of Borden Lind
on the River at the place called the Chimbly Stone and on Smith Creek ;nd be evidence f^r
the said Borden of all his settlements aforesaid, uid in consuleration oi the premises the
said Borden is to give one thousand acres of Land when he the said McDowell build in the
sd fork of the sd River and the sd Borden is to give the said McDowell good law full Deed
as the said Borden can get of the King clear of all charges excepting the quitrents & also
the said Borden do here agree to give to these the other three Settlements six hundred acres
of Land clear of all charges as before excepted and the said McDowell is to go down with
a compt (count) of all the Settlements as aforesaid with Borden to his House by the tenth
day of October next to go with said Borden to Colo Willis to price the Settlements as afore-
said as witness my hand

Benjamin Borden

The lands at the Chimney Stone and on Smith Creek lay in the lower
Shenandoah Valley.

Accompanied by John McDowell, Borden went on from Lewis's and camped
at a spring where Midway now is. Froin this point the men followed the outlet
of the spring to South River, and continued to the mouth of that streain, re-
turning by a course. Borden could now see that he was within the boundaries
of his grant. John McDowell built a cabin on the farm occupied by Andrew
Scott in 1806. This was the first white man's settlement in the Borden Tract.
The McDowells had never heard of this grant, and it had been their intention to
locate in Beverly Manor.

All Virginia west of the Blue Ridge was until the establishment of Augusta
and Frederick in 1738 a part of Orange county, and the seat of local government
was near the present town of Orange. But so far as treaty engagements had any
force, the Borden Tract lay in the Indian country. It was not until 1744 that
the treaty of Albany was superseded by that of Lancaster. The former recog-
nized the Blue Ridge as the border of the Indian domain. The latter moved the
boundary back to the Indian Road, already mentioned. The red men were
within their rights when they hunted in the Valley, or passed through on war
expeditions. In point of fact the whites were trespassers. But the American
borderer has seldom stood back from this form of trespass whenever he was in
contact with desirable wild land.

Borden remained about two years on his grant, spending a portion of the
time with a Mrs. Hunter, whose daughter married a Green, and to whom Borden

24 A lltSTOBY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

gave the place they were living on when he left. There is a statement that
Borden sailed to England and brought back a large company of settlers. This
is ' ' ' il. Such action was not i He did advertise his lands.

ail' net that n>orc than 100 f;i catcd on the Tract within the

two years. But immigrants were arriving at Philadelphia almost everj* week.
s< • ' r of hundreds, and efficient advertising was certain to

br;:., : ;,..;.-. When Borden went back to his home near Winches-

ter, he left his papers with John McDowell, to whose house many of the pros-
pectors came in order to be shown the parcels they thought of buying. Three
years later he died on the manor-place he had patented in 1734.

Benjamin Borden. Sr.. came from New Jersey, where the name Bordcn-
town commemorates an early settlement by the family. It is manifest that his
education was meager. The language of his will, which rescinhlcs that of the
contract given in this chapter, is boyish and crude, and defective in spelling and
grammar The personalty inventoried in the settlement of his estate made a
total of $487. The house furnishings were simple and primitive, many of them
being listed as "old" and of little value. The items include a ser\ant man. two
stallions and seventeen other horses, seventeen cattle, seven sheep, three small
hogs, a silver watch scheduled at $10.42. a half-dozen chairs, and some car7>enter
tools. In ready means Borden did not quite rank with some of the other early
settlers of Frederick. But as a business man he was shrewd, alert, and tactful,
and was what would now be styled a "plunger." Besides "Borden's Great
Tract," and several much smaller patents in the valley of the James, he owm<l
land in New Jersey and in several localities in the Shenandoah. On his himu-
stead was a mill. It is said that he came to the frontier as a trader, and he
ui' . ■ ■ ■ . I ti,i„g when he saw it. His prominence amon^ the

pi' : i'Cted in the fact that he was a justice of Orange and

afterward of Frederick. William Edmondson relates that "old Mr. Borden
was cunning and polite," and that he had heard older men laugh in telling of
Borden's fertility of resource in meeting all objections. Where the timber was
scanty, he was able to see "a fine young growth." Where the soil was pxjr, he
"grandly observed fine sheep walks."

tlian fift. ■ vlien he dud.

Ill ^ ;;, the la^-: .^ a small boy

at that time. His daughters were Flannah, Martha, Abigail, Rebecca, Deborah,
Lydia. ami ' M.ndy married. Hannah to F.dward Rogers,

M-'iri' 1 f" ..„..:; to Jacob Worthington, and Rebecca to a

I5i \bitrail subsequently married James Pritchard. After their father's
di ' .1 Henry, and KlizalK-th a Xicliotas. I.ydia married

J.' irom Germany in 1745, and lived until 1797. to figure

THE BORDEN LAND GRANT 25

prominently in the Borden litigation. The will left to Abigail, Rebecca, Deborrah,
Lvdia. and Elizabeth, "5,000 acres that is all good," out of the grreat tract on
the James. The rest of his lands, excepting the homestead, which was willed
to the sons, and in dower to Zeruiah, the widow, he ordered to be sold, and the
proceeds divided equally between the widow, the sons, and six of the daughters.
To Hannah, the remaining daughter, was given 800 acres of the homestead. The
executors were the widow, Benjamin, Jr., and William Fernley, whose bond,
with A\'illiam Russell and John Hardin as sureties, was in the sum of 500 pounds.
In 1745 the widow gave Benjamin, Jr., a power of attorney with respect to
sales in the Great Tract, and the following year the latter came into exclusive
control of it. The other sons conveyed their interest to Russell.

According to one writer, the elder Borden was an agent for Lord Fairfax in
settling the Northern Neck. This is very possible. But the statement by Henry
RuflFner that he was a son-in-law to Colonel James Patton is incorrect.

We are somewhat in the dark as to his prestige in securing so large a grant
as the one in Rockbridge. He visited the colonial capital shortly before he met
the ilcDowells. It is affirmed, and probably with truth, that he ingratiated him-
self with the governor. That official, his son-in-law, and two other men were
interested in getting into their personal control some of the land on the upper
James. Mrs. Greenlee, sister to John McDowell, says these men assigned their
interest to him in the course of a frolic, which of course had its inspiration in
liquor. The younger Borden, during his administration of the estate, told
Samuel McDowell, the son of John, that the estate was much in debt, especially
to one Lauderdale, who seems to have been one of the original grantees. Mrs.
Greenlee further relates that one Hardin, who may have been the same as the
bondsman to the executors of the will of the elder Borden, offered James Mc-
Dowell the unsold lands in return for a bottle of wine, provided McDowell would
assume the liability for the payment of quit-rent. But Ephraim McDowell
counseled against any such transaction, telling his son it might get him into
trouble.

A silly story has been repeated time after time to the effect that Borden
and Lewis visited the capital with a buffalo calf and presented it to Governor
Gooch, causing that dignitary to be so tickled as to sign away the title to 100,000
acres of the public domain. The buffalo never roamed in the Tidewater, yet was
plentiful in the Indian meadows of the Valley, and was necessarily known to the
governor. Gooch, who was one of the best of the colonial executives, was too
sensible a man to be carried off his feet by the present of a shaggy, ungainly,
and ungrown beast. As for Borden, he was not the man to lead the calf all the
way to Williamsburg, without feeling some assurance that the childish proceed-
ing would be worth his while. A colonial land-grant, like the one made in favor

26 A IlISTOKY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINMA

of Borden, was on stipulated conditions and with the concurrence (jf the
Colonial Council.

It is now in place to tell how and for what announced purpnse sucli a large
grant came to be made to a private person who was without aristocratic birth or
connections.

The immigrant to colonial X'irgiiiia. provided he was of age and could prove
he had paid the cost of his passage from Europe, could claim a "head-right,"
entitling him to fifty acres of public land. He was further entitled to fifty acres
for each male member of his household. He was required to settle on the land,
to improve at least six per cent of the acreage, and to pay each year a quit-
rent of one shilling for each fifty acres. On taking up a head-right, he paid a
fee of five shillings. The tendency of this law was to fill Virginia with a sub-
stantial class of citizens. The working of it was much the same as that of the
present homestead law of the Federal government.

But the governor, with the concurrence of the Council, could grant a huge
block of land to an individual, or a group of men acting as a company. The
theory of the order of council was to settle within a stated time a mininnim num-
ber of families on the tract. The grantee was supposed to be restrained from
charging more than a specified \n\cQ i)cr acre. He issued deeds, just as though
the block was owned by himself in fee-simple. In practice, there was created
a proprietorship, usually non-resident, which enabled men influential with the
ct)lonial government to levy a burdensome ta.x on the settler without rendering
in return a corresponding benefit. Much of the public domain was thus cor-
nered by these influential men. The settler had to pay their price or go on to
the very verge of settlement. Many a person did so, and the frontier was pushed
forward too rapidly for comfort or safety. Furthermore, the government is said
to have been very lenient in enforcing forfeiture where there was a failure
to comply with the conditions attached to the grant. The order of council method
was monopolistic in its very nature. The headright metho<l was e(|uitable. and it
assumed, which was ordinarily the truth, that the homesecker was capable of
choosing land for himself.

In the case of Borden, there was a penal bond in the sum of ISOO pnimds
($6,000). The grantee was to .sell the lands at the rate of threepence (ten cents)
per acre. Sometimes, indeed, he gave title for a smaller sum. But the rate
exacted was sometimes much larger, as will appear from a study of Section III.
A petition to the Assembly, dated 1786, would seem to voice the prevalent
opinion in Rockbridge. The petitioners believe the survey to contain a good
deal of surplus land. In reserving some of the most valuable tracts, the Bordens
"accumulated a large fortune." A considerable i>ortion was still unsold at
the date of the petition, and like unappropriated land, was in great part free

THE BORDEN LAND GRANT

from tax. This was offered for sale at the highest price that could be secured.
"Your petitioners have ever considerd this monopoly hard and oppressive, even
under a nionarchial government, where the natural rights of man are so much
abused," They ask that the representatives of the proprietor be compelled to
account for all arrears of taxes, and that the lands be disposed of at a reason-
able price ; and that the grant be resurveyed so that the title to the surplus lands
may be vested in the commonwealth.

The patent to Borden was not issued until November 6, 1739. It is based
on the representation that a family had been located for every 1,000 acres of the
grant. The acreage is set at 92,100, and this would indicate that the number of
actual settlements was ninety-one, exclusive of those by the McDowell party.
In consideration of building a cabin, the settler was given 100 acres, and had the
privilege of buying additional land at the minimum price. Such parcel of 100
acres was called a cabin-right. These cabin-rights were of vital importance to
Borden. Each one validated his own title to 1,000 acres of his grant. Mrs.
Greenlee relates that the cabin-rights were at length counted and a return made
to the governor. Benjamin Borden, Jr.. affirmed that the number was 145.
But Mrs. Greenlee says one person would go from cabin to cabin, and claim
a cabin-right in each instance. It was immaterial where these claim-cabins were
built. Mrs. Greenlee adds that she heard much of the doings of a young Mil-
hollen woman, a servant to James Bell. She dressed as a man and saved five or
six cabin-rights. She used a different Christian name at each cabin she appeared
at. John Patterson, who made the count and kept tally with chalk-marks on his
hat, was surprised to find so many Milhollens. Mrs. Greenlee does not commit
herself as to whether she believed this sharp practice to have been instigated
by the elder Borden. The junior Borden, in his answer in the suit of Bell v.
Borden, denies that his father sought any advantage from fraudulent improve-
ment. He says he believes it to be true that Bell "caused a servant wench of his
to be dressed up in man's apparel or clothes, and show himself on one of the
improvements he pretends to have made," and that at another time. Bell "caused
the wife of William McCanliss, his servant man, to appear in his own proper
person on a different part of the land, as the wife of another settler."

The surveying of the boundaries of the Tract was not done until after the
counting of the cabin-rights. This circumstance will account for the extraor-
dinarily irregular outline. More than sixty angles are described in the patent.
The general survey was performed by James Wood, surveyor of Frederick
county, assisted by John McDowell. McDowell seems to have surveyed some,
at least, of the individual tracts, yet Mrs. Greenlee says one Bcaty appears to have
been the first man to survey land in the Borden Tract. One John Mart was also
a surveyor. Separate parcels, however, were not always surveyed before pur-

2X A HISTORY OF ROCKDRItXlE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

chase, but were dcscril)cd by general boundaries. James Buchanan says liis
father's land was paid for before survey, although certain boundaries were
agreed upon. The younger Hordcn did not observe these bounds, although
referees decided in his favor. Mrs. Greenlee says people sonietinies squatted in
the grant, and witiiout first contracting with "old Borden." William Patton
says that parcels passed from hand to hand prior to the making of any deed.
This circumstance helps to explain why the names of some of the settlers do not
appear in the deeds issued by the Bordens.

The death of Benjamin Borden, Sr., left the proprietary interests in the
Tract in much confusion. Many bargains with the newcomers had been reached,
but in rather numerous instances the settler was living on land to which his
claim was incomplete. Judge McDowell very justly remarks that the business
of the estate was intricate and very troublesome. The elder Borden had either
sold or given away many tracts that there was no account of among his papers
Disputes arose and some of the contestants made good their claims. The quit-
rents coming due everj- year on the unsold portion of the Tract were a burden
to the younger man. One deponent says a parcel was sometimes sold off merely
to get the money for this purpose. It was the pr.ictice of the Bordens to sign
no deeds until the purchase money had been paid in full. For some cause, the
land purchased by Ezekiel Clements in 1746 reverted to the Crown seven years
later

In 1742 Benj.imin Borden. Jr.. visited the Tmct. spending his time at the
home of John McDowell. When he came back, the year following, his father
and John McDowell were Ixiih dead. The junior Borden was a young man
and was at first viewed with coldness and suspicion. There seemed to be
nothing in his bearing to set him above the generality of the settlers them-
selves. It was said that he was illiterate, but this could hardly have been llie
case. He was not at first held in respect by Mrs. McDowell, whom he married
al>out 1744. f)n his reappe.irance he entere<l upon the management of his in-
heritance. He lived at Thorn Hill, afterward the Bowyer estate, which lies on
Woods Creek two miles southwest of Lexington. That his home w.is just
outside the Tract is explainable on the sup|)osition — which is almost a certainty —
that his wife, whose maiden name was Magdalena Woo<ls. was a sister to Richard
Woods, who settled in this beautiful valley in 17.W. Here in April, 1753, the
younger Borden died of smallpox. The disease was epidemic that spring, and
Borden was tlie first person at his own home to contract it. His three daughters,
his brother Joseph, the children of John McDowell, and several negroes also
fell ill, and one or two of his children died. Martha Borden, then a girl of alxiut
«i ' • '-. had a slow and tedious convalescence. .Mxuit 1770 she married

]<■ irvey. Mrs. Greenlee, who was pnib.ibK' inimiiiu'. nmscil ilu- patients

at the Borden home.

THE BORDEN LAND GRANT

The appraisement of the junior Borden's personality makes the following
exhibit, the values being given both in Federal currency and in the colonial
money of Virginia.

Roger (slave) 40p $133.33

Mill (slave) 30p 100.00

Other slaves — value not given

13 horses 63p 10s 211.67

26 sheep 6p 10s 21.67

One yoke of o.\en : 6p 20.00

8 milch cows 13p 43.33

3 calves Ip 4s 4.00

32 hogs 6p 20.00

Nails Ip lis 5.17

Case of pistols and holsters Ip 3.33

Still and vessels 23p 76.67

Implements, traps, smith's tools 14p 3s 6d 47.25

Wagon gears lOp 33.33

3 linen sheets Ip 16s 6.00

Large table 8s 1.33

One dozen chairs Ip 8s 4.67

Bed and furniture 2p lOs 8.33

Silver watch 4p 13.33

3 wigs Ip 10s 5.00

Books 3p 6s 6d 11.08

128 pounds steel, 77 of iron 4p 19s 8d 16.58

Total, 235 pounds, 16 shillings, 8 pence; equivalent to $786.11.

During the ten years he lived in the Tract, Benjamin, Jr., rose in the esti-
mation of the settlers. In 1746 he became a captain of the militia, and in 1752
he qualified as a justice of the county court. He was somewhat frequently
called upon to perform public business. Mrs. Greenlee says he appeared to be a
good man and disposed to do justice to the settlers. His stepson, Samuel Mc-
Dowell, says he was honest and upright, generally well spoken of, and gave
satisfaction in his management of the estate. Such testimony is very strong,
and yet there are statements that seem to conflict with those given by the stepson
and his aunt. In 1748, the younger Borden was convicted by the Augusta court
for giving false receipts for the payment of quit-rents. Three years later, Martha,
the wife of James Dunlap, was fined for saying she would not believe him on
oath. John Patterson, in making his will in 1749, claims seventy pounds as due
him from Borden, and instructs James Patton to see that Borden does not wTong
his wife and children. Borden's sister Deborah deposed in 1700 that her brother
had treated Mrs. \\'orthington with much cruelty in word and manner. From
the tenor of the declarations in a number of chancery suits, one is driven to
conclude either that the plaintiffs were trying to "do" Borden, or that the latter

30 A HISTORY OF BOCKBRIDOE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

was evasive and dishonest in his dealings with them. We eannot liglitly Ixrlicve
that all the complainants could have been tricky and untruthful.

The suit of Downing v. Borden is a quite tj'pical specimen of the litigation
that ardsc after the death of the elder Borden. John Downing sets forth that
John Patterson was a duly authorized agent to act for Benjamin Borden. Sr. ;
that through the said Patterson he purchased 300 acres on Galway Creek ; that
one-half the purchase money was to be paid as soon as Borden should execute
a good deed, and one-half at the end of twelve months. The elder Borden
having clicd before title had passed. Downing asked the son to make out a deed,
complaining at the same time that his neighbor. George MofTctt, had a mind
to come over the creek running through the land. Benjamin. Jr., replied that
MofTctt .'ihould not come over, that Downing was in control and should go ahead
with the improvement of his land. Downing says he has made considerable
improvement, and has offered to pay the purchase money, but that Borden insists
there was no bona fide purchase; that Patterson was without authority, unless
in case of a lease-right ; that the agreement between Patterson and Downing
was oral only, and that the proprietor is under no obligation to convey.

In the suit of Young v. Borden, Robert Young says Robert Crockett
Iwrgaincd with the elder Borden and paid one pistole* to bind the contr.act; that
he himself, to whom Crockett had assigned his right, has paid in $10.82, yet
without being able to get a deed. In 1750 Young petitioned that Borden should
not acknowledge title to any of the land without his consent. The petition was
al'owed. In Patterson v. Borden. James P.ittcrson says that the senior Borden
made a verbal agreement with John Patterson, whereby the latter was to act as
agent ; that when Borden visited the Tract, which he did frequently, he lodged
with Pattcr.son, who found his own provisions and also entertained landhuntcrs ;
and that Patterson attended the surveyor, for which service he was to have three
and one-half shillings (fifty-eight cents) a day. Borden refuses to pay any
of these claims, falling b.-ick on the technicality of an English law of 1689 and
saying that a writing was necessary. The case was dismissed in 1760 without
award. In Mitchell v. Borden. 1747, John Mitchell s.ays that in consequence of
a nunor. after the death of the elder Borden, that the son would not give
title to the places his father and the agents of the latter had .agreed to convcv.
he himself and several others made preparations to move from the Tr.act. The
younger Borden, finding his land would be depopulated, and in danger of lapsing
for want of cultivation, publicly announced that he would perfect and confirm
all such agreements. Mitchell remained, but Borden sometimes offers some
excu.sc for not making title and sometimes absolutely refuses. Borden rejoins

•%392.

THE BORDEN LAND GRANT 31

that Mitchell did no more than make an entry with Patterson, whom he looks
upon as an intruder. In Bell v. Borden, which was abated in 1751, James Bell
says that eighteen cabin-rights were taken by himself and his servant, John
Milhollcn, and sixteen other men : Thomas Armstrong, George Henderson, John
and Quentin Moore, Alexander, George, James, Robert, and Adam Brecken-
ridge, John Bell, William McCanless, John Walters, Robert and Seth Poage,
John Grove, and Daniel M'Anler. These settlers were to build and improve by
April 1, 1738, and to be at no expense except the drawing and recording of
deeds, and a fee of eight shillings for laying oS each tract. The deeds were not
forthcoming, and the settlers concerned threatened suit. The proprietor then
agreed to make conveyance, but died before the deeds were executed. The
younger Borden says he does not know of any improvements by these men,
and denies that Bell has any right to the 200 acres claimed in behalf of himself
and Milhollen.

The McDowells themselves had trouble with the proprietors. The senior
Borden wanted John McDowell to select on Ilays Creek the 1,000 acres he was
to have for surveying. McDowell would not accept brushy upland which he
deemed barren. He brought suit for a selection on Timber Ridge and won, to the
chagrin of Borden, who wanted the land himself. Mrs. Greenlee's husband
purchased on Turkey Hill, but the younger Borden resisted giving a deed, al-
leging that the whole parcel was choice land, and "for the sake of peace" a portion
of it was given up. Greenlee's title was confirmed by the court.

The lands remaining unsold after the death of the younger Borden were
considered of inferior quality. Yet for a long while, sales continued to be made
by the executors, of whom Archibald Alexander was chief. A report of sales
that ends in the year 1780, shows that up to that date nearly 300 parcels had
been disposed of.

But Benjamin Borden, Jr.. was not always the defendant in this maze of
litigation. He himself brought many suits, usually to enforce the payment of
purchase money.

As to Joseph Borden, Judge McDowell says he was a man "not of the best
sort." The younger brother came to live with Benjamin, Jr., and went to
school. The fall after the latter died, he went away by dark, not very well
liked, and not made very welcome. After his recovery from the smallpox, he
explored his brother's papers. His sister-in-law missed a bond of some 300
pounds, and when she accused him of the theft, he asked her in effect, what she
was going to do about it. About twenty years later he again appeared in the
Tract and told Samuel McDowell that he had bought out the claim of his sister,
Mrs. Worthington. McDowell replied that Benjamin, Jr., had bought out the
rights of his sisters — three of whom had spent about ten days in visiting him —

32 A IIISTOKV OF KOCKIIRIIM.K C<aNTV, VIKlilMA

because he could not get the lands laid ofT according to the terms of his father's
will. Joseph Rordcn insisted tliat Mrs. Worthinjjton had never acknowledged
the deed. To Joseph Walker, the absentee explained his abrupt departure in
1753. He told Walker he could not get on with his sister-in-law. A friendly
ser^•ant took his clothes to the woods and caught for him a mare that was the
leader of a herd. As he rode away he was followed by a drove of horses.
Walker told him such conduct was very dishonest, and asked him where he
had been that he had not attended to his claims earlier.

However, Joseph Borden did pay the sister $300 for her interest in her
tract of 1,000 acres, and because of this land he brought suit against his niece,
Martha Harvey, and her husband, Robert. The almost interminable depositions
and other proceedings during the period 1790-1807 fill two large volumes in
the office of the circuit clerk at Staunton. The controversy centered for a
while about a tract of 448 acres owned by an Edmondson, in the "New Providence
barrens." The kernel of the whole trouble was the provision in the will of Ben-
jamin Borden. .Sr., that five of his daughters should have 5,000 acres that was "all
gof>d land." Judge McDowell deposed that as a boy he was a chain-carrier for
the surveying parties in the Tract, and thus became very familiar with the ground.
He said it was not possible to embrace 1,000 acres of choice land in a single
survey, and that it would re(|uire from fifteen to twenty surveys to cover the total
of 5,000 acres. Joseph Borden died in 1803 at his home in Iredell county,
North Carolina, but the suit ilragged its weary length along, and was at length
merged into the suit of Peck v. Borden. It appeared in the docket term after
term with monotonous regularity. The Borden heirs became more numerous,
year by year, and the case never seemed ready for settlement. About 1885 the
circuit judge ordered the funds in the hands of the court, amounting with interest
to some $5,000, to be paid to the army of heirs. The case was then stricken from
the docket. It had involved the legality of all the Borden titles, but no landholder
in the Tract was dispossessed.

Passing the entire Borden matter in review, it appears in the light of a
long-continued nuisance and an unjustifiable and injurious monopoly. The elder
Borden had [>erfnrmed no public service to warrant so large a benefit from the
public domain. The heirs, with the one exception of Benjamin, Jr., were non-
residents. There was never any sound reason why the individual purchases
shoiild not have been patents issiiing from the state. A vast amount of litigation
and other forms of annoyance would thus havt- been avoi<li'(l

EARLY PIONEER DAYS

Social Distinctions— A Virgin Wilderness— Houses— Predatory Animals— Churches,

Taverns, and Mills — Staunton — Litigation — Wuxs —

Nature of the Times

The eighteenth century was less demucratic than our decade of the twentieth,
and the English were less democratic than the Ulster people. Yet even on the old
frontier, where leveling tendencies came into play from the very outset, social
lines were somewhat closely observed. More than a century after the settlement
of Rockbridge, we are told by Alexander S. Paxton that there was little or no
social intercourse between the planter on the one hand and the mechanic or the
ordinary tradesman on the other. In land deeds the social rank, or the occu-
pation, of one or both parties was frequently mentioned. The institution of
nobility, universal in Europe in our colonial period, never took formal root
in our soil. The recognized gradations in social rank were fewer in the
Valley of Virginia than in Tidewater. In the former district the number of
those who were technically known as "gentlemen" was quite small. This
term did not have in 1737 its present rather indefinite application. The gentle-
man was understood to be one of the upper middle class, coming between the
nobility and the yoemen. He was descended from freemen, had a coat of arms,
and had the privilege of wearing a sword. But on the frontier, a prominent
person, a member of the county court for instance, would be given the title
as a matter of courtesy.

The yeoman, according to the British usage, was a freeholder, and was
qualified to vote and to serve on a jury. In old Augusta this class was numer-
ously represented, and it was the backbone of its society. Below the yeoman
was the freedman, who had emerged from servitude and was now in the full
enjoyment of the ordinary civil rights. On a level with the freedmen were a
considerable number of people who were penniless or nearlj' so. These were
sometimfes worthy members of society and sometimes very unworthy. At
the bottom — and still on the white side of the scale — was the indentured servant.
With the exception of his larger legal rights, he was practically as much a serf as
the negro. These white servants were numerous in Augusta and require special
mention.

Some of these people were convicts. But the convict of those days was
not necessarily a "hard case." The person who purloined a coat or loaf of
bread to fend off cold or starvation was marked for the gallows by the letter

34 A IIISTORV OF RUCKBRIDGE COUNTS', VIRGINIA

of the Mvagr English law. The British judge would order him to be trans-
ported to America, where he had to undergo servitude a number of years.
Some other mcnilKrs of this cla.ss. csi)icially Iwys, had been kidnapped from
the Brili.sh seaports. Still others were debtors, |K)or relations, and ne'cr-do-wclls,
sent away by their "friends." so as to be out of sight if not out of mind. But
many a person sold himself to some shipmaster in order to reach America.
Such a person was known as a "kid." On arrival at an American seaport
the servants, whether voluntary or involuntarj', were sold by the captain, the
usual price being alwut $65. The average age at indenture was nineteen, and
the average term of ser^•itudc was five years. They were bectter fed than
in Europe and did not work so hard. They were entitled to free time, medi-
cal attention, commutation from punishment, the right to sue and to compl.iin
by informal petition, and protection from service to colored persons. When
the servant's time was out, his freedom dues would help him to get a start in the
world. If he ran away — and he often did — he was advertised, and if retaken
he might be branded and whipped. The county court would also decree that he
should serve his master a year or more of extra time, by way of indemnifica-
tion for the cost of recovery. On the other hand, there are instances where
the servant agreed to sers-e a year longer for being purchased from a disagree-
able master. In 1761, a servant to Sampson and (ieorge Mathews agreed to
serve them three years extra time in return for their consent to her marrying
the man of her choice. If in that time there were no issue the brothers were to
pay her $10 a year, less the cost of her clothes.

The indenture system, with respect to immigrants, came to an end during
the Revolution. It was a mode of colonization and it promoted a democratic
feeling. But with its decline negro slavery grew in favor. The moral in-
fluence was bad, pnd not a few of the women servants were of loose character.
When, as often occurred, one of these women had a child by another man than
her master, she would be re(|uired to serve him extra time.

There were native a|)prentices as well as imported servants, and with re-
spect to the general character of the servitude there seems to have been little
difference between the two classes. The master was not infre<|uriiily summoned
to answer the complaint of an apprentice. A jKiition of 1811 asks for a more
efficient means of effecting recovery of the many apprentices that try to ab.scond.

In the next paragraph we give a specimen of the colonial form of indenture.
n"he John Rosemaji mentioned therein was a settler of the I^aphine neighbor-
ho<xl. The McBride name appears in the same locality.

THIS INDENTURE made the twenty fourth Day of in the year of Our Ix)rd

ChriU one thcMiiLand »cvcn humlrrd and fifty five WITNESST'TH thai Daniel McUridc
of the Couiiiy of .Augusta in the Colony of Virginia hath Put himicif apprcniing Servant

EARLY PIONEER DAYS 35

and by these presents Doth Voluntarily Put himself and of his own free will & accord put
himself apprenting servant to John Roseman Cordwainer or shoemaker of this sd County
of Augusta in the Colony aforesd to Learn his art and Trade or Mystery after the manner
of an apprenting servant to sarve him or his assigns from the Day of the Date hereof for
& During the full Term and Time of two full years next ensuing, During all what time the
sd apprentice his Said Master faithfully shall Serve his secret Keys his Lawfull Commands

very gladly obey he shall Do no Damage to his said Master nor see it Done by others

with out Letting or giving notice thereof to his said Master he shall not wast his said Mas-
ter's goods nor lend them unlawfully to others he shall not Commit fornication nor Contract
Matrimony within the sd Term at Cards or Dice or any other unlawfull games he Shall
not play whereby his said Master may be Damaged with his own goods or the goods of
others During the sd Term without the License of his sd Master he Shall Xither Buy nor
Sell he Shall not absent himself Day nor Night from his sd Master's Service without his
Leave nor haunt ale houses still houses Taverns or play Houses but in all things Behave
himself as a faithful apprentice Savant ought to Do During the sd Term & Time and the sd
Daniel McBride doth hereby Covenant and Declare himself Xow to be of the age of
Nineteen years a single Person & no Covenanted Indented or Contracted Servant or appren-
tice to any persons or persons whatsoever and the sd Master Shall use the utmost of his
Indeavors to Teach or Cause to be Taught & Instructed the sd prentice in the Trade and
Mystery he now professes Occupieth or followeth and procure and provide for him the sd
apprentice sufficient meat Drink apparel washing and Lodging fitting for an apprentice
During the sd Term and at the End & Expiration thereof the sd master shall pay unto the
sd prentice the sum of Ten pounds Current Money of Virginia or the value thereof in
goods or Chattels and for the true performance of all & every this sd Covenant & agree-
ment Either of the said Parties binded them selves to the other firmly by these presents IN
WITNESS whereof they have hereunto Interchangeably set their hands and affixed their
seales the Day and Year first above written

The newcomers spoke English of the Elizabethan type that was current
in Ulster. Words peculiar to the Scotch dialect were also heard. The old pro-
nunciation vanished in the second or third generation, on .Atnerican soil, yet
there is abundant evidence of its everj'day use in the colonial age. The broad
sound of the first letter of the alphabet was much more often heard than it is
now. A number of conversational expressions, such as "cow-beast," have
gone out of use, but when our ancestors committed their thoughts to paper,
their meaning is perfectly clear to ourselves ; more so than our own breezy,
snappy speech would be to them, if they were here to listen to it.

Though we speak of Rockbridge as being on the old American frontier,
it was never, unless to a partial extent for a few years, a section of the back-
woods fringe. The immigrants continued to clothe themselves very much
as they had been doing. The dress suit of the gentlemen and yeomen was
more elaborate than a costimie of this character is now. The colors were
brighter and more diversified. We read of green and plinii colored broadcloths
and of bright red fabrics. The coat of a certain militia captain was valued
by himself at $13.33, and it would have taken two or three of his cows to

36 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

pay for it. \\c tiiul a tailor's bill of $7.67. In llie scitlcnicnt of the estate of
Adam Dickenson, a pair of silver knee buckles is listed at one pound, a set of
silver breeches buttons at the same figure, a silk bonnet at $11.33, and a lawn
handkerchief at $1.25. The man for whom Jackson's River is named lived on the
very edge of settlement, yet he wore a wig and a stock and buckle. The statue
of Andrew Lewis at Richmond presents that general in hunting shirt and
U-pgings. This is a violation of historical fact. He had little to do with the
conventional garb of the scout and is known to have been particular in the
matter of rainjcnt. The Reverend Samuel Houston was old-fashioned in his
attire, which was representative of the epoch under consideration. He wore
short breeches buttoned and buckled at the knee, long stockings, large shoes
with heavy silver buckles, a dress-coat rounded in front and with its many
buttons on one side only, and a standing collar. His broad-brimmed, three-
sided cocked hat was nvide by John RufT. a famous hatter of Li-xington. His
riding boots that readied nearly to the knees and had white leather tops were
made by Colonel Jordan of the same town.

In many an instance the settler was master of some handicraft, as is often
n(<ticed in reading the early land deeds. One man was a weaver, another a
millwright, another a cooper, another a rope-maker, and still another a car-
penter or cabinet-maker. A very important man was the blacksmith. He did not
limit him.self to repair work, but was really a manufacturer. He made nails,
horseshoes, edged tools, and cooper-glazed bells. He also made farm implements,
except such as were wholly of wood.

When immigration began to flock into the Rockbridge area in the fall of
1737, it was not into an unknown land. Governor Gooch had given wide publi-
city to what had been seen by Spottswood and his companions. The prospectors
who spied out the choicer portions of the \'alley, with the intention of covering
them with orders of council or with patents of less ambitious size, were de-
sirous of seeing people come in. John Lewis, who arrived at I^wis Creek in
17.^2. very soon had a hundred families of the Ulster folk aroun<l him. and
when .'\ugusta attained to separ.-iic county goveniiiunt in 171,'^ the population
of its vast area was about 4,000

Nearly coinciding with the line of the present \'alky 1 urn|)ikc was an
Inclian warpath, which, like all the more conspicuous trails of its class, could
be used by a wagon as well as by a pack-horse. This "Pennsylvania Road"
was the one thoroughfare by which a stream of immigration jwured into Augusta.
The court of Orange adople<l it as a county road. The latter portion of its order
reads as follows :

And thai the Mid road continue from Beverly Manor line lo Gill>crt CampbcH'f ford
on the North Branch of jamet River, and that Capn Benjamin Borden, Capn William

EARLY PIONEER DAYS 37

Evins, and Capn Joseph Culton be overseers of the same, and that the gang to clear the
same be all the inhabitants above Beverly Manor line to the said Gilbt Campbell's ford.

And that the road continue from Gilbt Campbell's ford to a ford at the Cherrytree
Bottom on James River, and that Richard Wood, Gilbt Campbell, Joseph Lapsley, and
Joseph Long be overseers, and that all the inhabitants betwixt the said rivers clear the same.

And that the said road continue from the said Cherrytree Bottom to Adam Harmon's
on the New, or Wood's, River, and that Capn George Robinson and James Campbell, and
Mark Evins, and James Davison be overseers of the same, and that all the inhabitants
betwixt James River and Wood's River clear the same.

And that a distinct order be given to every gang to clear the same, and that it be
cleared; as it is already blazed and laid off with two notches and a cross. Given under our
hands this 8th day of April, 1745.

The settlers of tliis county found that much of its area was covered with
brush, or with "Indian meadows," in wliich the coarse grass and peavine is spoken
of as quite luxuriant. A forest growth was confined largely to the mountains,
as in the case of Timber Ridge, whicli derives its name from this circumstance.
So far from being compelled to clear the land, the settler had sometimes to go
a mile to find logs for a cabin. And yet, as the "brushy barrens" were considered
poor, they were passed over in favor of the timbered localities. The early comers
were particular in refusing all lands they thought to be poor, but afterward
found their judgment had sometimes been at fault. Thus Timber Ridge was
settled in preference to open ground that was actually better.

The country being generally open, it was a comparatively simple and ex-
peditious matter for the homeseeker to view the land, determine his individual
preference, and assist in making what were called roads in that early time. If
any of his open ground went back to its natural forest covering, it was because
he permitted it so to do.

The purchases within the Borden grant averaged nearly 300 acres, and this
was rather less than the customary size of the individual patents around it.
And since labor-saving machinery was unknown in that day, so large a holding
was a plantation rather than a farm. As a rule the purchaser was a substantial
yeoman, and he often had a tenant on his place or one or more indentured ser-
vants in his household. Under circumstances like these, the normal development
of the region would be at a quite rapid pace.

The very first dwelling houses were undoubtedly primitive. They were
round-log cabins, and sometimes the floor was nothing better than the naked
earth. There is no doubt that the bark hunting-lodge left here by the red man
was occasionally used. lUit by all except the moneyless and the easy-going, the
rough and ready shelter was intended only as a makeshift. The man of property
who felt that he had come to stay did not lose much time in building a larger
and better dwelling of hewed logs. The house of Captain William Jameson, of
the Calfpasture, built in 1752, was probably a fair specimen of a home of the

38 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

pcnnancnl type. It was eighteen by twenty-four feet in the clear, one and one-
half stories high, and had a shingled roof. The contract price was $22 50.

The Indian peril, which first manifested itself at the close of 1742, must
have been a powerful incentive to build houses of strength and a fair degree of
security. Several structures of this kind are still in existence, but with enlarged
windows and some other alterations.

Log houses were the rule for several decades. The immense chimney was
of stone, the supply of which in Rockbridge is abundant. Before the close of
the Revolution there were few houses of stone or brick. As the years went by,
the brick house became increasingly fretjucnt, but it was some time before the
log house was outnumbered by the framed dwelling. Even yet, the log house
is far from being extinct in Rockbridge.

The tilled acreage was small. Grain could be marketed only in the form of
flour, and then only to a limited extent. Consequently, the pioneer grew little
more than the supplies consumed on his place. Indian corn, unknown in the
British Isles, was the only staple he had to learn how to grow. Since only
the well-to-do could afford clothes of imported cloth, there was much weaving
of linen and linsy-woolsy. The flax patch was consequently a feature of the
frontier farm. Hemp was a staple crop, and it was the one most immediately a
source of ready money. The cultivation of it was encouraged by the colonial
government. The fiber brought $5 a hundredweight, and there was a bounty of
$1. More hemp seems to have been grown in Rockbridge than in other parts
of old .Xugusta. Orchards were begun with young apple and peach trees brought
from Pennsylvania. Kitchen gardens are said to have been unknown before
the Revolution. The hint was taken from the Hessian prisoners-of-war at
Staunton, who were permitted to plant gardens in the vicinity of their camps.
Wagons were at first scarce, but were rather common during the Revolution.
The farming tools were few and simple. Almost the only implements drawn
by horses were the brush harrow and the plow with wooden mouldhoard.

Rockbridge is well suited to grazing, and the early farms were well stocked
with horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs. These animals were not so large as the
breeds of the present day. The immigrants were not slow to see the advantage
of irrigating the level meadows along the large streams. Such artificial water-
ing was practiced on Walker's and Kerr's creeks. There is mention of the
"Egj-pt field" on the last named watercourse. The dams and ditches are now
gone, and corn is king rather than hay.

The early comers found the wilderness infested with several predatory
animals, the most troublesome of which was the wolf. I'or many years it was
necessary t') i>en the calves and sheep by night to protect them from the bear
and the puma, as well as the wolf. It is a noteworthy fact that crows, black-

EARLY PIONEER DAYS 39

birds, and honeybees were not known in this region before the arrival of the
white men. The Indians called the bee the "white man's fly."

It was provided that the settlers in Augusta should be exempt from levy so
long as they remained under the jurisdiction of Orange. This was found to be a
disadvantage, and in response to a petition from them a poll tax of two shillings
was authorized. This was to provide a fund for paying wolf bounties. The oath
administered to a claimant of the bounty read as follows :

I, , do swear that this head by me now produced is the head— or heads —

of a wolf taken and killed within the county of in Virginia; and that I have

not wittingly or willingly spared the life of any bitch wolf in my power to kill. So help me
God.

The whole head of the wolf had to be shown to the magistrate, who clipped
the ears, administered the above oath, and issued a certificate. In one month
of 1752, 225 wolf-heads were brought to the Augusta court-house. In 1790,
forty wolf-heads were presented to the magistrates of this county, the bounty
then being 100 pounds of tobacco ($3.33) for a grown animal, and fifty pounds
for a cub. A petition of 1809 says wolves are increasingly numerous, and asks
that the bounty be raised to $8 and $6. There was the same complaint in 1823.
In 1831, the bounties were $12 and $6 for wolves and $1 and fifty cents for
red foxes. In 1834, only one wolf-head was produced, but there were 110 fox
scalps. Squirrels as well as crows were destructive to the corn, and a law of
the Revolutionary period imposed a penalty on each tithable for failing to
present a specified number of scalps each year. Deer, on the contrary, were
protected by law. A statute of 1792 made it illegal to kill a deer with a bell or
collar on its neck.

Except for a few communicants of the Established Church, the pioneer popu-
lation of Rockbridge was Presbyterian, so far as it adhered to any creed at all.
The earliest meeting houses are spoken of in another chapter. The Sunday
services continued from 10 o'clock in the morning until sunset, but with an inter-
val of one hour for dinner. At a time of communion the meeting continued four
days, and several ministers were present. People then came from a wider radius
than usual, and the families living near the meeting house were duly hospitable.
Some persons walked barefoot to church, putting on their shoes and socks
after crossing the last branch on tlic road. To serve hot coiTee on Sunday was
considered a desecration.

According to I lowe, there was little social intercourse, except within the
churchyard, and there were no gay amusements at any time. In fact, social
intercourse was largely of a religious character. The presbytery was the chief
festival occasion. Dancing lay under a ban, and the "cavalier vices" of Tide-
water Virginia did not flourish within the mountains. But at length some of the

40 A mSTORV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Rockbridge people grew idle, merry, and dissipated, and this clement was more
conspicuous on the very front line of settlement.

Prior to the orR.inization of Rockhridpc .is a county, there was no town or
village. The store, tiic ordinary, and the mill were the weekday places where
the male element was most likely to congregate. There may have been a few
stores previous to 1777. but we have no knowledge of them. The distance to
Staunton was not prohibitive, and an occasional visit by a pedlar could be
counted upon. The ordinary, or tavern, had a name which was painted on a
board placed near the front entrance. There were a few of these in Rockbridge,
but they were usually styled houses of private entertainment. There was a fine of
ten pounds for keeping a tavern without a license. The guest could not be
made to pay unless there were an agreement in advance. "The White Horse"
was the name of the McClcnahan hostelry in Staunton.

The first mill, according to Mrs. Greenlee, was that of Oiarles Hays. It was
probably built not later than 1740. It was soon followed by the mill of James
Voung at the mouth of Kerr's Creek. Other mills, dating from about 1752,
were those of David Moore, Joseph Long, and Joseph Kenne<ly. But in 1747,
James Allison and Henry Gay had petitioned for leave to build water grist-
mills. Hefore 1788. and perhaps a little before the opening of the Revolution,
Thomas Paxton had put up a mill at the mouth of the Buffalo. The earliest of
these concerns were probably on a par with the tabmills of William Wilson
and Adam Dickenson in the Bath area. The former w.os built in 1750 at the
contract price of $20. The labor put into the second mill on the Dickenson
plantation was in 1763 adjudged to lie worth four pounds cash, or $13.33. The
tubmill had a wheel five feet in diameter.

Staunton was the seat of government for the Rockbridge area <hiring two-
score years, and therefore deserves a few lines of mention. Nine years after
the coming of the McDowells there was nothing around the little log court-
house ancl prison except two cabins, one of these being tenanted by a woman
of e|uestionahle character. The colonial capital was at that time a village of
about thirty houses. "Stantown" was surveyed in 1750. and three years later
contained about twenty houses. Two years later yet. a new courthouse, twenty-
six by forty feet, was completed. In 1761. Staunton was designated as a town
by legislative enactment, and woo<len chinjneys were no longer to l>e permitted.
Fairs were authorized in Jime and Noveml>er for the second Tuesday of the
month. When the Revolution broke out, Staunton was one of the few important
towns in Virginia anj had scvrral stores and taverns.

The dfiings within the courtyard were not always tame. The justices were
repeatedly disturln-d by rioting outside the building or by ball playing. They
were sonjctimes "damned." or otherwise insulted, while on the bench. In 1754

EARLY nONEER DAYS 41

a woman called one of them a rogue, and said that on his "coming off the bench
she would give it to him with the devil." Neither was there the best of public
order away from the precincts of the court. In 1754 John Clark went into
the house of Robert McClenahan and demanded satisfaction for a decision given
by McClenahan as a magistrate. Two years later, three men entered the
house of Alexander Wright, broke doors and windows, and beat and abused
Mary McDonnell, an inmate.

In fact, instances of assault and battery were rather numerous. It was a
frequent occurrence for a person to complain of standing in fear of bodily hurt
from some one else, and to ask that the person in question be bound over to keep
the peace. A certain woman of Kerr's Creek was an offender in this particular.
Tut notwithstanding the many unruly characters, there seems to have been an
honest effort to enforce a high standard of conduct, including a strict observance
of the Sabbath. A certain man, one of whose sons may have been responsible
for the House Mountain tragedy, was repeatedly summoned to show cause
why "he does not bring up his children in a Christian-like manner." Samuel
Dale was presented for taking wheat or flour and mixing it with his own in
John Wilson's mill. For stealing a blanket from Samuel Houston and a bed
quilt and a shirt from some other person, Elizabeth Smith asked for corporal
punishment and was accommodated with thirty-nine lashes on the bare back at
the public whipping post.

The settlers of old Augusta were very much given to litigation. The num-
ber of their lawsuits, prior to the subdivision of the county, runs into the thous-
ands. Very many of the suits were for debt, and the jail was principally used
as a boarding house for delinquent debtors. Some of the suits were for slander.
The charges set forth in these are at times very gross and are described without
any mincing of words.

The will of the colonial period usually begins with a pious preamble varying
in length, yet with so much general resemblance as to indicate that set forms
were commonly used. Tiie maker then asks that he be given Christian burial,
and the executors are to see that all claims against the estate are paid or adjusted.
Provision is next made for "my well-beloved wife," and the items of personalty
left her are minutely mentioned. She is to live with a son, "if they can agree."
The son is to furnish her, year by year, a stipulated minimum of garden space,
firewood, flour, corn, bacon, etc., and perhaps a stated area in flax. "If she
chooses to live in a house by herself," a small one is to be built by the son who
inherits the homestead. "If she marry again," her interest in the estate is to be
curtailed. The children are generally mentioned by name, sometimes in the
order of age, but as married daughters are commonly spoken of as "Margaret
Smith," or "Liddy Black," one is not always certain whether a daughter is really

42 A IIISTORV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

meant. Sometimes a son is given only a nominal consideration, perhaps with
the explanation that "he has received his sheer already." Personal properly —
and also real estate, where there is much of it — it apportioned with much exact-
ness. Occasionally the homestead is divided, or a son is given lands patented or
purchased on the "western waters"; on the "Canaway" River or in Ohio, or
"Caintucky." If there are grandsons hearing the grandparent's given name, they
arc remembered with a small legacy, and when the will is by a grandinutlur. the
grandilaughters l)caring her own given name are similarly remembered. Where
there are several slaves, they are distributed among the members of the family.
To "my beloved John" will be left accounts due the parent by outside parties.
To a son will be left "my best suit of close," and to a daughter a horse and saddle.
Frequently, the children, or a portion of them are minors, and there are directions
for their support and schooling. Quite often, all the children arc small, and there
is sometimes another birth to be expected. Not seldom was the pioneer cut off
by acute illness while in the prime of life. Nevertheless, the merchants sold
"Lockyer's Pills" and "Duffey's Elixir," just as the drugstores dispense various
proprietary cure-alls today.

Light on a well-nigh forgotten burial custom is afforded in the following
jK-tition by the "wi<low .Mlison." who lived at a ford of North River near the
mouth of Kerr's Creek :

ISth March 1773 To Yc \'e>try Whereas Joel Millican came to my house in a very
low condition destitute of any help (or himself either in body or Roods Therefore provided
a ltd for him and attended him nine days and he died. I therefore provided a Coffm and
sheet and a gallon and a half of liquor and had him l>uried in a decent manner accordini; to
his station which I hope you will take into consideration as I am not of great ability to be
at so much expense and trouble which is from your Humble Servant

In 1767 we find the vestry allowing for one "bare skin to lay under Cummings
and dig Cummings grave."

L'ntil 1755 there was no regular nwil service with the Rritish Isles, ancl if
a letter weighed more than one ounce, it cost a dollar to have it delivered there.
So late as 1775 there were but fifteen postoffices in all Virginia. There were no
enveloi>es, and pctmasters rend the letters, just as gossip now claitns that country
postmasters read the postal cards. The first newspaper in the colony was the
Virt/inia Gascllc, started in 1736. The size of its page was six inches by
twelve, and the subscription price was fifteen shillings. There was no other
paper in Virginia until 1775.

The purchasing power of the <lollar was several times greater in the colonial
era than it is now. This fact has to be taken into consideration when we read
of the seemingly very low prices for land and livestock. I'lit some articles were
relatively more expensive than they are now. Whether, on the whole, living was

EARLY nONEER DAYS

easier in those days is a question on which a study of the paragraphs below will
throw some light. The values are taken from those chancery papers of Augusta
which are of a date anterior to the disturbing effect of depreciated currency in
the latter half of the Revolutionary struggle.

The rental for three years on a certain farm of 517 acres was $6.46. For
the same time, James Gay was to pay four pounds a year for 149 acres. A mare
could be had for $15, although an extra good horse might come as high as $40.
One to two pounds would purchase a cow, although a young woman, perhaps
through sheer necessity, sold two cows and a yearling for $10. In ordinary in-
stances, a sheep or a hog could be had for a dollar. Common labor ran from
thirty-three to fifty cents a day, yet corn could be gathered and husked for twenty-
five cents a day, while thirty-three cents would command the services of a person
who could tend store and post books. A man with his wagon and two horses
could be hired for fifty cents a day. Rails could be split for thirty-seven and
one-half cents a thousand, although they might sell as high as $5. A black-
smith would make a mattock for sixty-seven cents. A carpenter charged eighty-
three cents for making a churn, $2.50 for laying a barn floor, $6.67 for covering
a house, and $10.00 for covering a barn. Two pounds would build one of the big
stone chimneys of that day, and four pounds would build a log dwelling. A bed-
stead could be made for $1.25, a loom for $5.00, a coffin for $2.17, and a linle-
kiln for eighty-three cents. A month's board could be satisfied for '$3.00, and
$10.00 would pay for a year's schooling. The maid-servant of a man on the
Cowpasture worked for $20.00 a year.

Wheat and rye varied little from fifty and thirty-three cents a bushel, re-
spectively. Rye was worth twenty-five to forty-two cents, corn twenty-four to
thirty-eight cents, and potatoes twenty cents. Flour by the barrel ran all the
way from $3.25 to $8.33. Butter was five to eight cents a pound, and tallow
two cents. Beef and mutton averaged hardly more than two cents a pound, al-
though we once find 400 pounds of bear meat, bacon, and venison billed at
$25.00. A half of the carcass of a bear is mtntioned at eighty-three cents, and
a whole deer at thirty-six cents. A "haf buflar" was sold in 1749 for $1.25. Salt
varied much. We find it as high as sixty-seven cents a quart in 1745. Coarse
salt could be bought for $2.00 a bushel in 1763, and it cost eighty-three cents to
have it brought from Richmond. As to sugar, we are sometimes in doubt
whether maple or cane sugar is meant. White loaf sugar from the West Indies
was generally twenty-five cents a pound. Brown cane sugar was much cheaper.

A weaver was paid six cents for each yard of linen that came from his loom.
But Irish linen cost $1.08, flannel forty-one cents, sheeting $1.25, velvet $3.33,
and ribbon seventeen cents. The handkerchief cost twenty-five to thirty-three
cents if of cotton, but seventy-five cents if of silk. Men's stockings, which came
above the knee and were there secured under the trouser-leg with a buckle.

44 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

cost ciglity to ninety cents. Worsted hose (or women was fifty cents, and plaid
Ijose tliirly-thrt-e cents. Legpings wore $1.04. pumps $2.00, and men's fine shoes
$1.41. A blue broadcloth coat is (luotcd at $5.42. Gloves arc listed at fifty-eight
cents, a necklace at thirty-three, and a fan at twenty-five. leather breeches,
very generally worn by laboring men, cost $3.17. Common buttons were forty-
two cents a dozen, silk garters, forty-two cents a pair, and thread was half a
shilling an ounce. Headgear was high or low in price, according to the means
of the wearer. A woman's hat is named at $5.00, and a boy's at eighty-three
cents. But a cheap felt hat could be purchased for thirty-three cents.

A very creditable specimen of the colonial will is this one by a pioneer settler
of Kerr's Creek :

/n the iS'ame of God Amen the 25lh March 1786 I Robert Hamilton of Kcrrs Creek in
Rockbridge County, being very sick and weak in Body but of perfect Mind and Memory
thanks \>e given to God therefor. Calling to mind the Mortality of my Body and knowing
tliat it is appointed (or all men once to die, do make and Ordain this my last Will and Testa-
ment, that is to say principally and first of all. I give and Recommend my Soul into the
hands of God that gave it, and for my Body 1 recommend it to the Earth to be Burried in
a Christian like and decent mannor, at the direction of my Kxecutors. nothing doubling
but at the General Resurrection I shall receive the same again by the mighty power of God.
And as Touching such Worldly Estate, wherewith it hath pleased God to bless me with in
this life, I give and devise and dispose of the same in the following manner and form, to
Witt, first I give and be<|iieath to my wife Margaret a free Room where our bed is with
all its Furniture thereunto belonging with her Wheel & Reel with all her Cloathing of what-
ever kind or sort it is likewise One horse called Wilkcnson with a Side Sadie and Bridle
(new) with suitable Intcrtainment for her Station and Seven |>ounds ye Year to u|>hold her
in Necesiiaries she finds N'eedfull for herself during life. But in Case should not to live
in that Station she is to have a liberty of S|>ending her days among either her Children, and
in Case she should be so disposed, I bequeath her fifteen (lounds ye Year to be paid out of
my real Estate during Life, or while she continues my Widow, and no longer. .Mso I will
and Bequeath to my son William Two cows & two Calves to my son .Archibald Five Cows
and two Calves, and Four Sheep. To my Son Joseph Twenty pounds to be paid out of
my Real Estate. I give and bequeath to my son John the place where I now live with all
the Improvements thereunto belonging (he paying all these Legacies as the Will Specifies)
to him and his heirs forever but in Case he should dye a Batcheler, in that Case the Estate
to be sold and Equally Divided among the Rest of his Brothers. To Moses Gwynn I be-
queath Ten pounds to be paid out of my Real Estate. To my Daughter Jennett that fifty
Acres of Land in Caintuck'y To Mary Erwin my Daughter the 2d \'ol. of Askins works,
lo Miriam my Daughter One Cow & Calf & four Sheep, to my Daughter Margaret. I
give or allow a Horse Sad<IIe & Bridle with all her Cloathes. also two Beds and Beding
tuitalile with one Case of Drawers, three Cows and three Calves with six Sheep — also I
give to my wife Sarah Callman to wait on her during her Servitude and Hannah her Sister
to Margaret, my Daughter on Condition of their performing their duty to Ihem ai their
Indentures Require*. I constitute Wm. Hamilton ft Archibald, my Sons to be my Siole
Executors, and I do impower them to collrrt all Debts due to me & to Discharge all my
luiwfull Debt* Revoking all Wills and Testaments heretofore made. I ronfirm this to t>e
my last Will and Testament. This and only this to be my last Will and Testament and none
other, in Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and Seal the day and Year above
Written

CIVIL GOVERNMENT (1737-1852)

Conservative Influences — State and Local Government — Laws and Punishments —
Writs and Records — Land System — Marriage Regulations — Money

For about forty years after the beginning of settlement, the laws and institu-
tions under which the people of Rockbridge lived were those of Colonial Vir-
ginia. For almost twice as long a period, or until the constitution of 1851 went
into effect, there was no very striking change. In cutting loose from England,
the American did not throw away an old suit of clothes and immediately don a
new suit of quite different pattern. It was more as if the old suit were still worn,
after being dusted and having a few of the wrinkles pressed out. The coming in
of the new order is an illustration of the fact that progress is ordinarily by easy
steps and not by jumps.

After independence, the law-making body was the General Assembly, but it
was the House of Burgesses under a new name. From certain official forms
the king's name was left out. There was still a Governor's Council, and it was
very much like the old one. The governor was now a Virginian instead of a
Briton, but like the colonial governor he lived in style, and in attending to his
official business he followed much the same routine. The Constitution of 1776
left things a good deal as it found them. There was indeed a re-statenicnt of
the source of Virginia law, so that there might be a definite recognition of the
fact that the state was no longer a part of the British Empire. Juries no longer
said that "we find for our Lord the King."

The independence party had a conservative and a progressive wing. The
former wanted independence, but with the least possible change otherwise. The
latter also wanted independence, but it also wanted to make Virginia a republic,
so that it might be no longer a constitutional monarchy. The early years of in-
dependence showed that the conservative element was in control and that the
progressives had scored only a few points in their program. As the years went
by, there was a slow but rather steady yielding in the conservative viewpoint. The
dis-establishment of the state church came early, yet only after strenuous opposi-
tion. The penal code was ameliorated. Modifications crept here and there into
the working of the machinery of government. But the constitution of 1829 was
dictated by the conservatives, whose stronghold lay east of the Blue Ridge. To
the progressives the new instrument was like a stone instead of a Inaf of bread.
It was not until 1852, when the third constitution came into effect, tiiat the
progressives won anything like a general victory. Until that date, and with

46 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

respect to economics as well as institutions, llic people of Virginia continued to
live under conditions that were essentially colonial. The modern era was ni>t
fairly under way until the middle of the last century.

Until 1776, the common law of England, supplemented by the enactim-nts
of the House of Hurgesses, was the law of N'irginia. The statutes passed by
the colonial legislature were expected to conform to the British practice. The
king's veto, which was dictated by the Board of Trade, was freely used, and it
went so far as to frustrate the attempt to incorporate some town or village.
After independence these annoyances were a thing of the past.

Under the foreign regime, the governor was an appointee of the British
crown and acted as its personal representative. Sometimes he remained in
England and enjoyed the actual title, the duties of the office being performed
by a deputy. But the official that appeared in \'irginia lived in pomp and drew
a very large salary, even for that age. lie was able to wield a great influence,
although he was commonly an overbearing aristocrat, who took little i)ains
to acquire the Virginian point of view. After 1776 and until 1852, the governor
was an appointee of the Assembly and was not elected by the people. The
royal governor could remit fines and forfeitures, and he could veto any bill. He
could grant pardon for any crime except treason or wilful murder, and in these
instances he crnild reprieve.

In colonial times there was a Council of eight members, who were appointed
and not elected. They served an indefmitc time and had a monopoly of most
places of honor and trust. They assisted the governor and acted as a supreme
court. This council of eight was continued after independence. The members
of the House of Burgesses were chosen by popular vote, and there were two
from each county. Until 1830, there were likewi.se two members from each
county in the House of Delegates, regardless of the matter of population. After
1830 there was a more ecjuitable arrangement, and it w-as based on the number of
people in the various counties. The Senate of 1776 contained twenty- four
members.

Under colonial rule the elective franchise was much restricted, and this
continued to be the case until 1852. In edect. there is as much restriction now
as there was then, even among the whites. But whereas the small vote now j)olU-d
in the average county of this state is largely due to indifference, it was formerly
due to a pro|)crty qualification. Voting was viva voce. Until 1852 the burgess
or delcgnte was almost the only public official, state or local, who was dependent
on popular vote.

For a long while there was no higher judicial tribunal than the Council. Under
indej)cndrnce. there was a State Court of Appeals, any three of its five members
constituting a minor court. Rockbridge formed with Augusta. RiKkingham,

CIVIL GOVERNMENT (1737-1852) 47

and Pendleton a judicial circuit, its judges having full jurisdiction in civil and
criminal causes, and original jurisdiction in all causes involving a consideration of
more than 100 pounds.

With the exception that we shall presently note, the affairs of each county
were looked after by the county court, a body which until 1852 was almost
the same thing that it was in 1737. It was a self-perpetuating, close corpora-
tion, and had more extensive powers than those of tiic present Board of
Supervisors. When a new county was established, its first board of "worship-
ful justices" was nominated by the court of the parent county. When vacan-
cies occurred, or when there was a desire to increase the membership, nomina-
tions were made by the court and commissions were issued therefrom by
the governor. The county court was therefore not responsible to the people. The
system was not democratic. The justices were chosen from the most influential
families, and were often related to one another. The office often descended
from father to son. It was in the power of the court to use partiality toward
its friends and its own membership, and to be arbitrary and tyrannical. But in
practice the working of the system was in the direction of good government.
The justices felt the responsibility of their position and were in touch with the
people. They were not only justices of the peace, but acted collectively, or by
classes, as a board of county commissioners. They served without pay. They
iield office for an indefinite time, but the governor might remove a justice
for cause. Until 1830 there was no positive limitation on the number of justices.
Four justices made a quorum and opinions were decided by a majority vote.

Until 1776 a county court was opened by the reading of the royal commis-
sion: "Be it remembered (date here given) his majesty's commission directed
to (names of conmiissioned justices here given) to hear and determine all treas-
ons, petit treasons, or misprisons thereof, felonies, murders, ajid all other offenses
or crimes, was openly read." The county court had general police and probate
jurisdiction, the control of county levies, of roads, actions at law, and suits in
chancery. It passed judgment on all offenses except felonies and high treason,
these coming before the Governor's Council, to be there examined by a grand
jury before the final trial in the home county. But in the case of such criminals
as were negro slaves, it could decree the death penalty and order the sheriff
to execute it. It appointed the constables and the overseers of the roads, no
acting justice being eligible in the latter capacity. After independence it ap-
pointed the county clerk. Under British rule, the county clerk was the deputy
of the secretary of state, and was appointed by him. A single justice had
jurisdiction in matters not exceeding the value of twenty-five shillings. In 1788,
suits at common law and in chancery might no longer come before the county
court where the consideration was in excess of five pounds.

48 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

Jurors were ordinarily chosen from the locality o( the issue they were to
pass upon. Tavern-keepers, sur^'cyors of roads, and millers were exempt from
prand-jury ser\'ice. In 1793 the allowance to a witness was fifty-three cents a
day, in addition to four cents for each mile of travel.

In 1808 the court day for Rockbridge was changed to the Monday after
the first Tuesday in each month.

A petition of 1802 complains that the recovery of small debts is diflicult,
and asks that the jurisdiction of single magistrates be extended to $20.00. It
also asks that constables be required to give security for the faithful discharge
of their duty, and for the same service as a sheriff to be allowed the same fee.

Each year the court sent to the governor the names of one to three of the
senior memlxrrs, one of whom was commissioned by him as sheriff. But the
high sheriff sold out the office to the highest bidder — sometimes at auction — so
that the actual work was done by his deputies, while he enjoyed the honor and
something of the emoluments. The court also nominated the coroner, who
served during good behavior. His office was more important than it is now,
since the incumbent was a conservator of the peace.

The county lieutenant was an appointee of the governor and might be re-
garded as his deputy. He had charge of the militia of the county, and ranked
as a colonel in time of war.

An auxiliary medium of county government was the vestry, one of which
existed in colonial times in every parish. The parish might be co-extensive
with the county, or the county might contain two or three parishes. When a
new county was formed, the members of its first vestry or vestries were chosen
by the qualified voters. But with a curious inconsistency, the vestry was thence-
fon\'ard self -perpetuating like the county court. Its executive officers were the
two church-wardens selected from its own membership. Their duties were
both civil and ecclesiastical. They built chapels ami rectories for the established
church and levied taxes for that purpose. They also looked after moral de-
linquencies, and bound out orphans and bastards. The parish clerk and the
sexton could Ixr ajjpointed by the rector as well a* by the vestry. The vestry
fell into disuse during the Revolution, and was never revived. It passed out of
existence with the dis-establishmcnt of the Episcopal Church. A petition from
Rcjckbridge. dated May 20. 1780. asks permission for a levy for poor relief. It
says that as there has been no vestry for some time, the poor have had to trust to
humane contributions.

The courthouse known to the people of Rockbri<lgc in 1746 was the one
first built in AugusLi. It was of hewed logs, and was eighteen by thirty-eight
feet in size. There were two little win<lows unprovided with glass or shutters,
but some light came in through unchinked spaces between the logs, a number

CIVIL GOVERNMENT (1737-1852) 49

of these openings being several feet long and several inches wide. The jail
was smaller and not very secure. The first courthouse authorized at Lexington
was almost as primitive as the one at Staunton. Prisoners might walk about
within the jail limits, which covered five to ten acres. A prisoner for debt
might live in a house if it were within such limits.

Previous to the French and Indian war small printed forms were used for
legal writs. From then until the Revolution legal papers were written out by
hand, usually in a neat, legible manner. Very small pieces of paper were used
and the lines of writing are near together. As for the old record-books, they
contain many more words to the page than do those of our time, even with
the use of the typewriter. The lines are near together, but when a coarse-
pointed quill was used, the writing may be more easily read than the hurried
scribbling that is customary today. The copyist not only made his small letters
of uniform height, but he often took time to begin a long entry with a highly
ornamental initial. Indexing was done on the fly-leaves and with great economy
of space. The ink was of a very durable kind. None but quill pens were
known or used, and unlike steel pens, their action is not corrosive to the paper.

Tlie laws of the colonial era were harsh. Virginia was more humane in this
respect than England, and yet twenty-seven offenses were recognized as pun-
ishable by death. In 1796 this number was reduced to one. Lashes at the
public whipping-post, on the bare back and "well laid on," were frequently
ordered, thirty-nine being the limit at any one time. Women were thus pun-
ished as well as men. Imprisonment for debt continued until the middle of the
nineteenth century. By this time the pillory, the whipping-post, and the practice
of branding the hand had become relics of a past age. The spirit of the time de-
manded a more humane administration of the criminal code.

The constable's path was not one to be envied. A writ of 1765 has this
endorsement: "Not executed case of by a hayfork." Another constable says
he was "kept oflf by force of arms."

Taxes were seemingly low, yet no easier to meet than they are today. The
poll-tax varied a good deal from year to year, and when new county buildings
had been contracted for, it must have seemed rather formidable to many persons.
Before the Revolution and for a while afterward, hemp was generally grown
on the farms of this county, the state paying a bounty of one dollar per hun-
dredweight. The certificates therefor, issued by the county court, were re-
ceivable for taxes. The bounty on a single wolf-head would pay the taxes
for almost any man.

Each year several men were appointed by the court to list the "tithables,"
this term being given to those individuals who were subject to head-tax. Aged
men, any men who were objects of charity, and boys under the age of sixteen

50 A lilSTORV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

were exempt. Old or infirm servants were also exempt, but a widow who was
the head of a houscliold was subject to levy.

liritish law (oliowcd the Roman in holding that the crown is a personifi-
cation of the state. Therefore, by virtue of a legal liction all public lands were
held to be the property of the king. Patents for them were made out in his
name and signed by the royal govenmr as the king's deputy. The Revolution
swept away this rubbish and recognized the public domain as belonging to the
state instead of a theoretical person. The landseeker, armed with a warrant
frum the stale treasury, perhajis the result of military service, applied to the
county surveyor and had a tract set off. This survey was the basis on which a
patent was issued after the lapse of one or two years or perhaps a much
longer period. The survey might be assigned to another man, and several as-
signments might precede the patent. A transfer of this sort had to be attested
by two witnesses. There was much trading in land warrants, and some money
was made in these transactions. Regularity in surveying was seldom observed.
The first comer ran his lines in any fashion that would give him a maximum
of good land and a minimum of cull land. The surveyor held office during good
behavior.

In land conveyances before the Revolution, there was followed the English
practice of drawing two instruments for the same transaction; a deed of lease
and a deed of release, so that deeds are recorded in pairs in the deed-book.
The consideration named in the first is usually five shillings. The deed of release,
which is the real and effective instrument, is dated one day later and names the
actual consideration. There is sometimes mention of the purchaser receiving
from the seller a twig in token of possession. The Revolution also did away
with this clumsy practice of issuing deeds in pairs, each one stuffed full of
verbose legal technicalities.

Until 1776, a quitrent of one shilling for each fifty acres was exacted from
purchasers of the public domain. This requirement was very much disliked,
and was regarded as a cloud on the title. After American inile|)endcncc was
declared, the quitrent was speedily abolished.

The processioning of private holdings of land w.is i)cg\ni m 1747. Kvery
four years, men appointed for that purpose by the veslry, and afterward by
the county court, niarked the corners of the surveys. This had to be done
between October 1st and April 1st. In 1797 the j>ayment per day for this
service was tifly cents. The |iracticc fell into disuse, but was revived liv .i law of
1865-6

Religion was not free in this state until just after the close of the Revolu-
tion. The established cinirch was the Church of England, known to us aj* the
Episcopalian. It wa.s supported by general taxation, and each parish owned a

CIVIL GOVERNMENT (1737-1852) 51

farm known as a glebe. On this the rector lived. In theory, and to a limited
extent in fact, attendance at the parish chapel was compulsory. Other Protestants
were known as Dissenters. Their houses of worship had to be licensed and
registered by the county court, and their ministers had to take various oaths.
But west of the Blue Ridge, where few people adhered to the Establishment, there
was and could be no persecution of the Dissenters. To learn the attitude of the
Virginia government, the Presbyterian Synod of Ireland addressed a memorial
to Governor Gooch in 1738. It brought this reply:

As I have always been inclined to favor the people who have lately removed from
other provinces to settle on the western side of our great mountains, so you may be assured
that no interruption shall be given to any minister of your profession, who shall come
among them, so as they conform themselves to the rules prescribed by the ."Vet of Toleration
in England, by taking the oaths enjoined thereby, and registering the place of their meet-
ing, and behave themselves peaceably toward the government.

This letter has been construed as a letting down of the bars. Yet the
governor promised nothing to the Ulstermen that the laws did not already per-
mit. He merely said in eiTect that the newcomers would be let alone, so long as
they obeyed the laws. There was no limitation on the number of their houses
of worship, yet they had to contribute to the support of the Establishment
just the same as if they had settled on the other side of the Blue Ridge. Their
ministers were not permitted until the close of 1781 to unite couples in marriage.
John Brown married two couples in 1755, but finding he was violating a law,
he did not again perform a marriage ceremony for twenty-six years. The
people of the Valley were restive under the disabilities imposed on them, and
were nearly unanimous in helping to secure religious freedom for Virginia, this
end being accomplished in 1784. It is claimed, and probably with reason, that
the lack of express toleration kept thousands of intending immigrants out of
colonial Virginia.

The ruling element in colonial X'irglnia held that education is a private and
not a public interest, and that schooling is to be purchased like clothing or
groceries. The constitution of 1776 is silent on the subject. The mention of
schools in the public records is accordingly very meager ajid incidental. We
find mention of a schoolhouse in 1753, which was sixteen years after the coming
of the McDowells. It is not at all probable that it was the only one, or that it
had just been built.

During the colonial time a marriage was solemnized by the parish minister
or parish reader, but the certificate he gave was not deposited with the county
clerk. The public recording of marriages did not begin until about the close
of 1781, and it is therefore difficult to secure definite knowledge of unions that
took place before that date. By the new practice, the groom was required to

52 A IIISTOBY OF ROCKBRI1x;E county, VIRGINIA

sign a bond of fifty pounds. His surety was commonly tlic bride's fatlier. If
either groom or liridc were under tlie age of twenty-one, and this was very
often the case, the consent of the parent or parents had to accompany the
bond, which served as a license. The consent was ordinarily written on a
narrow scrap of pajicr, and often with poor ink. The signature, if not in the
fonn of a mark, is usually crabbed and more or less difTicuIt to make out. This
scrap, not always unsoiled, was folded into a small compass, making it look
like a paper of epsom salts as put up by a doctor before tablets and capsules
came into use. The bonds were filed away in bundles. This system was in
force until 1852.

Personal liberty was so highly prized on the old frontier that a certain
statute of 1661 must have seemed irksome to the settlers. This law made it
illegal for any person to remove out of his county until after setting up his
name for three Sundays at the door of the church or chapel of his parish. This
notice had to express his intention and certify where he was about to go. It was
then attested by the minister or reader and the church-wardens, who gave him
license to go. The order-books of Augusta indicate that this law was not a dead
letter.

Tlic house of entertainment was called an ordinary. The prices the
tavern-keeper might charge were regulated by the county court with great
exactness. These rates had to be posted in the public room and not above a
specified height from the floor. This care was not needless. Extortion would
otherwise have been more possible than it is now.

Money was computed, as in England, in pounds, shillings, and pence. But
on this side of the Atlantic these names applied to values and not to coins. In
the "current money of N'irginia," the pound represented $3.33, the shilling six-
teen and two-third cents, and the penny one and seven-eighteenths cents. Be-
cause of the depreciation of the colonial money, British coins did not freely
circulate here. The hard money in acttial use came from the West Indies, and
was of Spanish, French, and Portugese coinage. Thus we read of the pistole,
the doubloon, and the louis d'or, or "loodore." Tliese were gold coins worth,
respectively, $3.92, $7.84, and $3.%. It was by way of the West Indies that
the Americans becanie acquainted with the "piece of eight," or Mexican dollar.
Eight reals made a dollar, the real being a silver coin of the value of nine pence,
or twelve and one-half cents. The earliest mention of the dollar by name, in
the Augusta records, is in 1752. The f.-urt that the Mexican dollar .subdivided so
readily into the terms used in computing the colonial money, is the leading reason
why the dollar, a well known coin. I)ccame the unit of I'ederal money. Under
the names of "levy" and "fip," the real and half-real were Ii imI iimli r in the
United States until near the beginning of the war of 1861

CIVIL GOVERNMENT (1737-1852) 53

Since the gold and silver coins that passed from hand to hand were of
so varied a character, it was tedious and inconvenient to turn their values into
Virginia money. A sum of money is spoken of in 1750 as made up of one
doubloon, one pistole, two moidores, and two pieces of silver. The value of these
Spanish and Portuguese coins was about $24.00. It was customary to com-
pute the foreign money by weight, and hence money-scales are often mentioned
in inventories of personal property. Copper pennies were coined for Virgfinia
in 1733. This coin was worth almost exactly one cent. Paper money of colonial
issue began to appear in the colony in 1755. The ten-pound note was not quite
one-half the size of a postal card, was crudely engraved, and was too easy to
counterfeit. Warehouse certificates for tobacco also passed from hand to hand
as money and did not need endorsement. When a money consideration was
written into a legal document, the sum usually mentioned is five shillings. The
legal rate of interest was five per cent. There were no banks, and when a large
stock of money was on hand it was secreted. There is very frequent mention
of Pennsylvania currency, in which the pound was worth $2.50 and the shilling
twelve and one-half cents.

Money, whether of metal or paper, could be counterfeited with more im-
punity than is possible today. We not infrequently find mention of bad bills
and suspicious doubloon certificates.

VII
ANNALS OF 1737-1777

SOJKTIONS nOM THE RECORDS OF OraNCC, Al'CUSTA, AND BoTETOt-KT

ORANGF. ORDF.R BOOK. 173S-174S

nil tithablcs— Nov. 18. 1735.

Road surveyors to set finger-boards at every crossroads in large letters.

The Rev. Richard Hardwell presented for being drunk. — 1741.

James Phillips fined ten shillings for non-attendance at his parish church, and for not
appearing to answer the charge against him.

Poll tax, fourteen jjounds of tobacco — 1744.

Andrew Campbell takes out a i)cdlcr's license — 1740.

WoIf-hcads turned in by Charles Campbell. James Hamilton, John James, and Richard
McDowell.

Constables: 1741, James McDowell: 1742. Hugh Cunningham: 1743, Joseph Lapsley,
John Mitchell. William Moore, and James Anderson; 1744, Samuel Gay.

Militia officers: John Mathews and Patrick Hays ap|)ointed captains in 1742; William
Jameson, captain, 1745; .Mexander Dunlap, captain of horse, 1743: Henry Gay, lieutenant
in 1744, and .Andrew Hays in 1745.

People of Borden Tract |>etition for a road from James Young's on to Borden's Tract
by a gap in Blue Ridge called .Michael Woods' Gap Francis McCown. Samuel Walker,
Captain Charles Campl>ell. and Captain Patrick Hays among the overseers. Colonel J.ime»
Palton to lay ofT the precincts. South River to be crossed at the plantation of Samuel
Davis.

Tavern rates, 1742: Hot diet, one shilling; cold diet or loging. sixpence each; com or
oat», per gallon, sixpence; stabling and fodder for one night, or pasturage for twenty-four
hours, sixpence; Barbadoes rum, |>er gallon, eight shillings; New Engl,ind r\nn, per gallon,
two shillings and six|>encc ; Virginia brandy, |>er gallon, six shillings ; claret, per gallon, four
shillings; Virginia cider, i>er quart, four and half pence.

AUGUSTA ORDKR-BOOKS

1745
Robert Young a|ip<>inted constable in Richard WoocU's militia company, and James
Greenlee to succeed William .Moore in Benjamin Borden's company. Greenlee afterward
excused on account of illiteracy.

1746

Joseph I.aptley and John Peter Sailing sworn in as captains, Robert Renick as first
lieutenant.

Statements of losses by Indians certified to in case of Richard Woods, John Mathews,
Henry Kirkham, Franciv McCown, Joseph lapsley, Isaac Anderson, John and James
Walker.-Feh. 19th.

James Huston and three other men presented for being vagrants, and hunting and
burning the »<K.d»; »n information given by John Peter Sailing, James Young, and John
McCown. Huston fined three |>ounds for illeg-illy killing three deer.

ANXALs OF \in-\m 55

Constables : William Taylor from Benjamin Allen's to the lower end of the county ;
William Gay on the Calfpasture ; Michael O'Dougherty in Woods's company: John McCown,
Michael Finney, and Thomas Williams in the Forks of James. Samuel Dunlap, John
Ramsay, and John Campbell succeed, respectively, Nathaniel McClure, William Gay, and
Robert Gwin. Alexander McCroskey is also a constable.

1747

Henry Gay, James Allison, John Hodge, and John Edmondson petition for leave to
build gristmills.

The road formerly cleared from James Young's mill to Woods's Gap to be altered.

John Allison given license for a ferry between his landing and Halbert McCIure's.

Robert Patterson and James Allen to view a road from John Picken's mill to lower
meeting house.

Petition by James McCown for road from crossroads below Patrick Hays. Hays is on
north side of South River.

1748

Richard Burton to take the list of tithables in the Forks.

Roger Keys and Sarah, his wife, win in a slander suit against Ephraim McDowell.
John Lyle is a witness.

George Campbell presented for striking and beating Joseph Walker in the court-
yard. Henry C— presented for assaulting and beating Joseph M in a meeting

house yard at a time of burial service.

Constables : David Dryden and William Lockridge succeed Samuel Dunlap ; William
Woods succeeds John McCown ; Alexander Walker succeeds Michael Dougherty.

1749

Archibald Alexander, Benjamin Borden, William Jameson, Samuel Gay, John Lyle.
John Mathews, and Richard Woods are on the list of justices.

Benjamin Borden to take the list of tithables from North River to the end of the
county; David Stuart, from the courthouse to North River.

1750

A road has been cleared over the Blue Ridge at "Woods's old gap" — May 25.

Road ordered from John Hays' mill to Providence meeting house. Posts of direction
to be set up.

Richard Burton, Robert Renick, John Poage, Peter Wallace, are to survey a road
from Looney's Ferry to North River; Benjamin Borden, John Thompson, Isaac Taylor,
and William McClung are to survey to the intersection with the county road.

Road ordered from William Gay's to Robert McCutchcn's and thence to Robert Camp-
bell's. McCutchen to build the road with the help of William Elliott, Thomas Fulton, John
Fulton, John Meek, Thomas Meek, John Williams, and John Gay.

John Maxwell, James McDowell, and Edward Hogan were in a canoe on the James,
Sunday, May 13 (Old Style). The boat upset and Hogan was drowned. Coroner's jury
at James Greenlee's, five days later: Michael Dougherty, Josiah F. Hcndon, John Hitchins,
Joshua Mathews, James Montgomery, John Poage, John Ramsey, John Vance, Matthew
Vance, Samuel Walker, Joseph Walker, and Walker.

1751
William Lusk a justice.
Archibald Alexander, Michael Finney, John Hargrove, John Maxwell, and John Peter

56 A HISTORY OF ROCKBR1IK-.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Sailing «re lurvcyors for ■ road from David Moore's Mill to Robert Poige's mill.

Order for road from Hays' fulliiiK mill to Timber KidRc mcetitiR house.

Constables: James Phillips vice Samuel McCutchen; William Klliott vice James Gay:
Richard Cousart vice James Greenlee; John Gilmore vice John Allison.

I7S2

James Young, miller, presented for taking toll twice.

Road ordered from William Cleghom's to Purgatory.

Benjamin Borden to lay off a road from his house to Providence meeting house. John
Pal ton, sur^-eyor.

Petitioners for a road from Kennedy's mill to John Houston's, and from Houston's
to the great road from Timber Grove to Woods' Gap : Robert Alexander, Andrew Duncan,
Kot>ert Duiilap. Walter I-^ikin, James I-lakin, lolin Kdmondson, John Handly, Patrick Hays,
James Hill, John Houston, Joseph Kennedy, William Lockridge, William McConnell, John
Montgomery, Andrew Steele, Robert Stuart, John Stuart, William Wardlaw, and John
Wilson.

Petition of settlers on the lower Cowpasture petition for a road over the mountains
to the Borden Tract— Oct. 19.

17S3

225 wolf -heads turned in — Nov. 22.

Cornelius Bryan given permission to cut a road at his own expense from the "bent"
in HtifTalo to Michael DouRherty's.

Members of grand jury, .Nov. 20: Robert Bralton. James I^ockridRe, John Anderson,
William Caruthers, Archibald Alexander, John Paxton, and Samuel McClure. James
Trimble, foreman.

John Paxton road overseer from Edmondson's mill to Fork Meeting House.

Order for a road from Campbell's schoolhotise to the Renick road. Samuel Walker,
overseer. Workers: John Allison, Samuel .Mlison, Stephen .\niold. Richard Burton,
William Burt, William Byers, James Fraiier, Henry Fuller, John Hiitchings, Sr., John
Hiitcbings, Jr., John Maxwell, John McColley. Richard Mathews, Sampson Mathews,
William Noble, John Petect, Joseph Ryan, Thomas Shaw, John Smith, Joseph Smith. John
Sprowl, John Peter Sailing, George Sailing, Mathew Vance, Samuel Walker.

1754

Several runaway servants taken up.

Joseph Tees fined twenty shillings for saying, "he got nothing in this court but
shuffling."

Lancelot Graham constable on Great Calfpasture, William Ramsay on Little Calfpasture.
Thomas Paxton constable to succeed John I-owry.

1755
James l>ockridge appointed a lieutenant.

Mary XfcDonald b<iund over to keep the pence ior putting Jnhn (. uniiinKhani in fear
of his life. CunninRliam has tavern license.
Order for a road from Isaac Taylor's •■■ '
Abraham Brown cot. stable IkIow Bru ' - iki of James.

1756
Mary, wife of William Whiteside, refused separate maintenance. The cotirt blames
certain of her relatives for the breach.

ANNALS OF \7i7-\717 57

Many claims for ranging and for tlie impressment of horses are ordered certified.

Valentine Utter and Mary, his wife, servants of John Paxton, are set free on con-
sideration of their paying him twelve pounds.

Constables: David Doak vice Samuel Braford; Samuel Steele vice James Walker;
Moses Whiteside in James Kennedy's company ; Samuel Wilson vice Alexander McNutt.

1757
Constables : John Shields vice John Henderson ; William Logan vice Andrew Campbell ;
William Rhea vice Samuel Steele; John Paxton vice Abraham Brown; Thomas Kirk-
patrick vice Thomas Berry.

1758

James Alexander becomes a captain.

John McCroskey road overseer from Alexander Miller's to the line of Beverly Manor;
Charles Hays, from Andrew Hays' mill to Captain Kennedy's.

Order for a road from Hays's mill to Timber Ridge meeting house. Overseers,
Alexander Miller, Joseph Culton, and Archibald Alexander.

1759
Richard Woods, sheriff.
Samuel McDowell, captain, James McDowell, lieutenant, John Lyle, ensign.

1760
Joseph Culton granted mill license.

John Dickenson and James Lockridge to survey a road from John Wilson's to Panther
Gap.

1761

John Paxton granted tavern license.

John Buchanan to take the list of tithablcs on the south side of the James, Richard
Woods in the Forks, Archibald Alexander from North River to Beverly Manor, and James
Lockridge in the Pastures and on Jackson's River.

John Mathews is road surveyor from North River to the junction with the road near
Sharp's.

Archibald Alexander, Felix Gilbert, Andrew Hays, John Tate, John Buchanan, to
survey a road from Stuart's to the top of the mountain near Rockfish Gap. Tithables to turn
out from Woods Gap to Jennings Gap, and from between North Mountain and South
Mountain to North River. — Aug. 19.

John Moore of Borden Tract presented for staying away from public worship.

1763

John Houston overseer of road from Timber Ridge to Providence.
James McDowell, captain, William McKee, lieutenant.

For having two children taught dancing Israel Christian is sued for five pounds.
Thirty-three justices, inclusive of Richard Woods, John Bowyer, James Buchanan,
Archibald Alexander, John Maxwell, and Samuel McDowell.

1764

John Paxton certifies to 7720 pounds of hemp.

John Anderson made oath to an accoimt of five pounds expense in taking up his
servant, Edward Lochan, who was absent twenty-nine days. Ordered that Lochan serve
Anderson fifteen months extra time.

58 A IIISTCIRV OF liOCKBRinCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Daniel Lyie, William Kamtay, and James Simpson to view a way from North River to
.lames Sliii»on's (Stevenson) on Buffalo.

Samuel and David Lyic to view from William Davis's to Timber Ridge.

John Mathews with wife and six children were burned in and with their house accord-
ing to a statement by Sampson Mathews. Christian Godfrey Milliron is bound on suspicion
of being guilty of the deed.

George Lewis is held for trial because of driving a wagon on Sunday.

1765

For provisions and impressed horses for the use of the militia, claims are turned in by
Thomas .Mcxandcr, Robert Bratton. John Dunlap. William Elliott, John Finlay. Hugh
Fulton, James Mateer, Samuel McCutchen, Willi.-»m McKcmy, William McNalib, Daniel
O'Frcel, Thomas Poage, John and Mary Trimble, and Joseph Walkup.

Judith Ryley convicted of killing her bastard child.

John Greenlee road surveyor from John Mathews, Jr's., to Sinclair's Gap.

1766
James Cloyd over5ccr of road from lower end oi John Bowycr's plantation om James,
by Cedar bridge, to Xfathcws road. Workers: John Berry, M,itthew Hair, John Hall,
William Hall. John Jones, John I-ogan, James McClure. James Skidmore, George Skillem,
Christopher Vineyard, Conrad Wall, George Wilson.

1767
Old and new roads from Isaac Taylor's to Timber Ridge meeting house.
Andrew Hays, captain, James Cloyd. captain, James Lapsley. ensign.
Samuel Todd asks for a mill license on Whistle Creek.

View for a road ordered from Hanna's mill on Collier's Creek to George Gibson's at
House Mountain.

Road open from Cowpasture to Gilmore's Gap.

1768
Thomas Paxton is making grape brandy.
Robert Steele has a mill.

17M
Jamet Cowdcn has a stone house near Samuel McDowell''-
John Summers constable in place of Alexander Dale.

Jacob, a slave, ordered to have thirty-nine lashes for >h<)otiTiK .n the rhiMrcn of
Alexander Moore.

1770

Charles Hays certifies to 2293 pounds of hemp.
George .Mathew». sherifT.

John Hays, James McDowell. Samuel McDowell, and Archibald Houston are vestry-
men.

John Caldwell has lewve to build an oil mill on 5«outh River.

1771

Brice Hanna. contractor to do work at New IVovidence. failed and ran ofT Charles
Campljell, Alexander Mmire. William Walker, and James Walker, commissioners.

ANNALS OF 1737-1777 59

1773

Order for a road from Thomas Lackey's to Timber Ridge meeting house.

Alexander Stuart, neighbor to William McClung, granted mill license on Mill Creek.

Samuel McDowell qualifies as justice.

For illegal selling of liquor, Thomas Mathews asks for corporal punishment in place
of a fine. Twenty-one lashes to be given at once and costs imposed.

Road ordered from head of Kerr's Creek to North River. In 1774 the bridle-path is
reported to be the most convenient waj.

Hemp certificates given: to James McKee for 2290 pounds; John McKee, 2415; Isaac
Anderson, 2863; John McCown, 2566; .Andrew Hays, 3300; James Kerr, 2ill\ James
Lindsay. 1070.

Dr. George Parker, servant of Samuel McChesney, agrees, with the approval of the
court, to pay McChesney 100 pounds for his freedom, on condition of being given a horse
and saddle worth ten pounds, and drugs and medicines worth thirty pounds, and is to pay
ten pounds a year for his board until the sum of 100 should be paid up. Parker is to keep
the horse at his own expense.

1777

John Gilmore, John Lylc, and David Gray are captains.

Nat, an Indian boy in the custody of Mary Greenlee, complains that he is held in
unlawful slavery. A stay is granted until Mrs. Greenlee's son in the Carolinas can be heard
from. Meanwhile, Nat is hired out until it can be determined w-hether he is slave or free.
The court considers that Mrs. Greenlee has treated him in an inhumane manner.

Zachariah Johnston and Andrew Moore, captains.

Liberty to inoculate for the smallpox is granted to the people of Staunton and for
three miles around.

BOTETOURT ORDER-BOOK

1770-1777

Richard Woods is first high sheriff, and James McDowell and James McGavock and
John Bowyer are his undersheriflfs. John Maxwell is sheritT in 1773.

James Bailey and Joseph Davis are constables on Buflalo, and William Hall on Cedar. —
1770.

Salary of king's attorney is 4000 pounds of tobacco, the equivalent of sixteen pounds
thirteen shillings four pence, or $55.55 in Federal money.

Surveyors of roads, 1770: Audley Paul and Hugh Barclay, from Rcnick's to James
Gilmore's; James Simpson, from Gilmore's to Buffalo; John Paxton, from Buffalo to North
River Ferry; James Templeton, from Buffalo ford to North Iviver; George Franci^ico, from
Fork of road below Barclay's to the Buffalo; James Templeton, from ford of Buffalo to
North River.

William McKee to take the tithablcs from the county line to the Buffalo and froiu
mountain to mountain; Benjamin Estill, from the Buffalo to the James and from moun-
tain to mountain.

John Bowyer, John Maxwell, James Trimble. William McKee, James McGavock, and
Robert Poage are among the first justices.

Hugh Barclay has license to keep an ordinary — 1770.

Wolf-heads, 173—1770.

Charles Given certifies that his left car was bitten off by Francis McDonald— 1771.

60 A tllSTOKY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Elizabeth Collier agrees to serve her master, James Green, one year extra time, pro-
vided he employs her as house-servant — 1773.

Head-tax, sixty-seven pounds of tobacco ($2.00) ; Tilhables, 1494, of whom 229 are
delinquent — 1773.

Allowance of $40.00 for furnishing courthouse with candles and firewood — 1773.

Tavern rales: Warm diet with good meat, one .shilling; culd diet, seven and one-half
pence; ludging in good bed with clean sheets, six i>cnce; lodging with two or more in
bed, four i>ence each; grain, per gallon, six pence — 1775.

Samuel Wallace, road surveyor from Paxton's ford on North River to ford in BufTalo.

Benjamin Kstill and John Dowyer among the persons appointed to administer the oath
of allegiance to the free white inhabitants, as per Act of Assembly ; Estill for the com-
panies cif Juhn Paxlon and James Hall, Bowyer for the companies of William Paxton and
Samuel Wallace — August 13, 1777.

Contract let for building a prison sixteen by twenty feet, logs squared to the dimensions
of fourteen by fourteen inches to form the walls and the upper and lower floors.

VIII

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAN

An Empty Land — Indian Mounds — Indian Meadows — Relations Between the Races —

The McDowell Fight — Blockhouses — The Renick Affair — The

Kerb's Creek Raids — Dunmore War — The Long Hunters

The Rockbridge area was a vacant land when found and explored by the
whites. That such had always been its condition does not follow by any
means. There have been inhabitants in America since a day that makes the
voyage of Columbus seem as but an occurrence of last year. In the Western
Hemisphere as in the Eastern, we may be sure that war, or pestilence, or some
other catastrophe has here and there emptied a region of its human occupants.

It is true enough that the arrowheads, pipes, scrapers, and other relics,
which have been numerously found in various localities, do not necessarily point
to a period of settled occupation. Hunting operations continued for centuries,
varied by an occasional tribal fight, are sufficient to account for these. It was
possibly by hunters alone that the Indian path was made which may be seen
on Jump Mountain opposite Wilson's Springs. It was possibly by hunters alone
that the stone-pile on North Mountain was built up.

But all these suppositions are not enough to account for the mound which
used to stand on the Hays Creek bottom, a very short distance below the mouth
of Walker's Creek. At the time it was dug away and examined by Mr. Valen-
tine, it was almost circular, averaging sixty-two feet in diameter at the base
and forty feet on the flat top. The vertical height was then four and one-half
feet, but the Gacette in 1876 speaks of it as having been ten or twelve feet
high. The encroachments of cultivation had undoubtedly much diminished the
original bulk. The excavators found eighty perfect skulls and more than 400
skeletons. In all instances the legs were drawn up and the arms folded across the
breast. Shell-beads and pendants were found on the necks of twenty-eight of the
skeletons. A few pieces of pottery and some other relics were found, and there
were eight skeletons of dogs, several of these being almost perfect. The site
is now completely leveled, and the exact spot is in danger of being forgotten.

To those who know something of the customs of the Red American, it is
evident that this mound was a burial mound, and that near it was once a village.
Indian huts were of very perishable materials, and it is not at all strange that
no trace of the village can now be found, unless by a trained investigator. At the
time of white settlement — about 1738 — there may have been a very low earth-
ring, marking the site of a palisade, and tiiis could soon iiave been destroyed

(>2 A IIISTtJRV OF ROCKilRIDCE COUNTV. VIRCIN'IA

by rcjjcated plowings. At all events, no recollection of such a ring seems
to remain.

W'ijite people arc vrry prone to imagine that tiu- native mounds were
built over the corpses of the braves slain in battle. Hut the Indian war party
rarely comprise more than a few dozen men, and often it was exceedingly
small. The victors would lo-c but a few of their number, if any. and these
were buried in individtial graves marked by little mounds of loose stones. The
vanquished dead were left to be devoured by wild beasts. It is to be remembered
that until a <|uite recent time the F.uropean nations held themselves to Ik
under no obligation to bury the dead of a defeated army. The fact that
many of the skeletons in the Hays Creek mound were of women and girls,
and the conventional mo<lc of interment, show that the burials distributed over
a considerable period of time. As to the age of the mound, there is no
answer but conjecture. Earthworks lend to endure indefinitely, and in this
instance the bones began to crumble on exposure to the air. This burial mound
may have antedated the coming of the white man by several centuries.

A tradition of uncertain authenticity tells of a battle between Indians at the
mouth of Walker's Creek. It further tells of a squaw who witnessed the fight
fronj the end of Jump Mountain, and leaped over the precipice on seeing the
fall of her companion. The tradition niay be correct. The battle could not have
resulted in the mound, though it may have resulted in the extinction of the
village. The Indian's eyes were good, yet not keen enough to identify a man
from the top of the precipice several miles away.

The Ulster people were very disputatious, particularly as to the meaning of
texts from the Bible. An old resident of Hays Creek contended all his life as to
the name of the tribe that built this mound. He made a solemn request to be
buried on the hill facing it. so that at the resurrection he might Iw the first one
to sec his theory vindicated.

Within the memory of men still living, a mound stood near Glasgow close to
the posili«>n of the lowest county bridge on North River. On the Huffalo was a
burial moun<l. No other earthmounds, extant or leveled, have been named to the
writer. It is surprising that there is no knowledge of any mound on the bottom
near Kerr's Creek postofiice. Such a spot would have appealed to the Indian
as a place of settlement.

Mention has Itcvn made of the slone-heap on the very summit of North
Mountain. It stands close to the Lexington and Rockbridge /Mum Turnpike.
It used to be twenty feet long, six feet wide, and four feet high, but the
two holes dug into it have lowered the height anel <lis.nrranged the once nicely
rounded toj). The pieces of rock are wholly of brown ironstone, such as is fmrnd
abundantly on the western face of the mountain. Isaac Taylor, a Rockbridge

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAN 63

man who went to Ohio, was told by an Indian that it was the work of a war
party from the West. Each brave, while passing over, was to throw down a
stone, and on the return each survivor was to pick one up, so that a count of
the remaining ones might determine the loss. The expedition was disastrous
and the heap remained quite intact. If the tradition be correct, it must apply
to some other and smaller stone-pile. Before being tampered with, this mound
must have contained several thousands of rock-fragments. Much more reason-
able is the conjecture that it grew up little by little, and was due to a custom
of the passing red man to drop a stone as an act of propitiation to the Great
Spirit, and as the expression of a wish that his journey might have a favorable
outcome. It was in fact a practice of the red man to rear a mound where his
trail went through a mountain pass. This pass was used by him and when the
trees are leafless it commands a view of the Kerr's Creek valley.

When the white explorer came the Rockbridge area, like the Valley of Vir-
ginia in general, was largely occupied by tracts of prairie. These were known
as Indian meadows, or as savannas, the word prairie having not yet come into
the English language. These meadows were fired at the close of each hunting
season so as to keep back the forest growth and thus attract the butlalo and other
large game. This practice had undoubtedly been going on for centuries.
Throughout all Appalachia nature strives to keep the surface clothed in forest.
A large expanse of open ground could only originate in the little clearing that
always surrounded the native village. The persistent firing of a deserted clear-
ing would make the meadow steadily increase in size.

After white settlement began, parties of Indians continued to come here
to hunt, or to pass through on some war expedition. The Iroquois of New
York were the native claimants of the district, and they were at feud with
the Cherokees and Catawbas to the southward. Hunting parties would build
bark cabins for temporary shelter, and these were sometimes temporarily used
by the whites.

John Craig was for a third of a century the minister at the North Mountain
Meeting House near Staunton. He lived five miles away and walked to church
carrying his gun on his shoulder. He wrote that the Indians "were generally
civil, though some persons were murdered by them about that time (1740). They
march about in small companies from fifteen to twenty, and must be supplied
at any house they call at, or they become their own stewards and cooks, and
spare nothing they choose to eat and drink."

While he was hunting, the Indian took food wherever he found any, and he
considered that animals running at large were lawful game. If he expected free
and liberal entertainment, it was because he was ready to treat others as he
expected to be treated himself. There were no bounds to his hospitality, be-

64 A IIISTOBY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTy, VIRGINIA

cause in the usage of his race food was not private property. But the points
of view of the two races were very diverKcnt. Tlic native tliought the paleface
uncivil and unliospitablc, and was nut attracted to his manner of living. Neither
did he like being elbowed step by step out of the hunting ground which for
generations had belonged to his fathers. The white man despised the Indian
as a heathen and was contemptuous of his rights. lie regarded him as a thief
and wished he would keep out of the way. He deemed it "contrary to the laws
of God and man for so much land to be lying idle when so many Cliristians
needed it." But notwithstanding the sources of distrust, the tribesmen were
in a general way friendly until 1753. They learned to express themselves in
Elnglish, and it is significant that they became very familiar with terms of
insult and profanity. In their own langu.ij,'es there were no "cuss words," and
they did n<jt comjjrehend the real nature of them.

The first clash between the settler and the aborigine took place near the
mouth of North River, December 18. 1742. Our information as to the cause
itself is meager and obscure. The current account is the one written by Judge
Samuel McDowell, sixty-five years after the lime of the tragedy. But the judge
was only seven years old when it occurred, and the most definite impression
made on his mind was the sight of the lifeless bodies of his father and the other
men who were killed, after they had been brought to Timber Kidge for burial.
In a practical sense, his knowledge of the matter was derived from older persons
and not until he had reached a mature age.

The judge relates that thirty-three Iroquois came into the Borden tract on
their way to fight the Catawbas, and gave the settlers some trouble. They were
entertained a day by Captain McDowell, who plied them with whiskey. They
then went down South River, lay in camp seven or eight days, hunted, took what
they wished, scared the women, and shot horses running at large. Complaint
being made. Colonel Patton ordered McDowell to call out his militia company,
and conduct the Indians beyond the settled area. McDowell took about thirty-
four men, these being all the county could furnish. Meanwhile, the Iroquois
moved farther southward. McDowell overtook them and conducted them be-
yond Sailing's, then the farthest pl.-intation. One Indian w.is lame and fell
behind, all but one of the militia passing him. This man fired upon the native
as he went into the woods. The native then raised the war<ry, and the fight
was on. The Indians at length gave way, took to the Blue Ridge, and followed
it to the Potomac. Seventeen of them were killed, several others died on the
retreat, and only ten-got home. Of the militia, the killed were eiglit or nine.
Jacob .\nderson, diaries Hays, Joseph Lapsley, Solomon MofTett, and Richard
Wooils were in the battle.

Another and more trustworthy version is that which was unearthed by Mr.

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAX 65

Charles E. Kemper from the colonial records of Pennsylvania and New York.
This account states that Colonel Patton reached the battlefield three hours after
the fight. He wrote that very day to the governor of Virginia, reciting the
particulars and asking his intervention to avert a war. That official wrote
to the governor of New York, inclosing Patton's letter. This letter recounts
that the Indians had appeared in the settlements in a hostile manner, commit-
ting the annoyances already spoken of ; that on coming up with them, McDowell
and Buchanan sent forward a man with a signal of peace, upon whom the Indians
fired, precipating a fight that lasted forty-five minutes. Eleven whites were
killed and others wounded, and eight or ten Indians were killed. The governor of
New York sent an agent to see the Iroquois, who claimed the Valley of Virginia
by right of conquest. The Indians were restive and the authorities were appre-
hensive of trouble. The governor of Pennsylvania undertook to act as medi-
ator. An Indian who was in the fight told him his party consisted of thirty-two
Onondagas and seven Oncidas. They were treated well while passing through
Pennsylvania, but in Virginia they were given nothing to eat and had to kill a
hog once in a while. As they went up the Valley they were several times
interferred with by the whites, but avoided difficulties with them. They rested a
day and two nights near the spot where the fight took place. On resuming
their march, some of the militia, riding horseback, fired on two boys but did not
hit them. The Indian leader told his men not to fire because of the white flag.
But the whites fired again, killing two of the party. The chief then ordered
an attack, and the Indians fought with tomahawks at close quarters. Two of
their number were killed and five wounded. The whites were worsted, ten of
them being killed. Ten of the Indians went up the river to the mountains, and
were pursued to the Potomac, barely escaping with their lives. The mediator
ruled that the whites were the aggressors, and by way of reparation Governor
Gooch paid the Iroquois 100 pounds. The trouble was finally adjusted by the
treary of Lancaster in 1744, the Iroquois then renouncing their claim to \'irginia.
In a suit for slander brought by James AIcDowell against Benjamin Borden,
Jr., and which was decided in favor of the defendant, there is an obscure allusion
to the responsibility for the affair. According to McDowell, Borden applied
these words to him, August 17, 1747: "Thou art a rogue and a murdering villain
and I can prove it. * * * He is a murderer and brought the Indians upon
the settlement." Thirteen claims for losses by the Indians were presented in the
February court of 1746. Among the claimants were Isaac Anderson, Domick
Berrall, Joseph Coakton, Henry Kirkham, Joseph Lapsley. John Mathews.
Francis McCown, John Walker, James Walker, and Richard Woods.

The following is the roster of John McDowell's company. Not all these
men were in the battle :

66 A IIISliiKi (1 Km MlRIDCE COVNTV, VIRGINIA

Alewn. John; ncaker. Hen; Campbell, Gilbert; Campbell. James; Cares, John; Coricr,
John; Cunningham, Hugh: Cunningham. James; Drcdin, David; Finey, James; Finey,
Xlichaet; Gray, John; Hall, William; Hardiman, James: Kirkham, Hen; Lapsley, Joseph;

Long, ; Long, ; Mason, Loromer; Matthews, John; McCtewer, Alexander;

McClewer, Holbert; McClcwer, John; McClure, Alexander; McChirc, Moses; McCowen,
Fran; McDowell. Kphraim ; McDowell, James: McKnab. .-Vndrew ; McKnab, John; McKnab,
Palt ; McKi>l>erls, S.iniiicl ; Miles, William; Mile^s. John: Miller, Michael: Moore. James;
Patterson, Fdward : Patterson, Krwin ; Quail, Charles ; Kives, David ; Saley, John Peter ;
Taylor, Thomas; Whiteside, Thonun \\"..<ii) Kl.hiin!- Wood, Samuel; Wood, William:
Young, Robert; Young, Matthew.

The French and Indian war broke out in 1754, and continued, so far as the
Indians were concerned, until 1760. 1"he advance line of settlement had passed
the Alleghany divide, and the greatest havoc was in tlie valleys along the frontier.
A local cause for the outbreak was the outrage at Anderson's barn on Middle
River. The date is not exactly known, but seems to be the month of June,
1753, or possibly 1754. Twelve Indians were returning from a raid against
the Qicrokees, and lodged with John Lewis near Staunton. Some men were
present whose families or friends had sufTered some loss at the hands of the
natives. A beef was killed and whiskey provided. The guests wore induced
to stay till nightfall and give one of their dances. After they left they were
followed in the darkness to Anderson's barn, where all but one were mur-
dered. For this act of treachery in a time of at least nominal peace, a heavy
toll of vengeance was exacted. The colonial government sought to punish the
perpetrators, but the effort was ineffectual. One of the f.aults of the Ulstermcn
was their propensity to make trouble with the "heathen."

The Rockbridge area was by no means safe from attack, and there were
several blockhouses for the protection of the people. William Patton mentions
a stockade at Alexander McClary's, a mile and a half from his home, and says
there were several others in the Horden grant. One of these must have been the
Bell house, which is still standing and occupied. It is about two miles south of
Raphinc and very near a branch. .Another was a log structure on Walker's
Creek, used as a dwelling until a recent date. The floor was of walnut ptincheons.
The roof, which was too steep to scale, fell in during the winter of 1917-18.
In several other instances, the pioneer blockhouse still exists, with widened
windows and some other alteration, or the logs have been tised in a building of
later design. In all instances, the walls and doors were bullet-proof against the
weapons of that age, the windows were too narrow for a man to crawl through,
and there were loopholes in the walls. The loophole was cut in the shape of
the letter X, so that a considerable breadth of vision miglit Ik commanded bv
the guu pointed through the opening. A spring or other water supply was always
within easy distance. In some instances the water was reached through a

STRIFE WITH THE REU MAN 67

covered way, which was practically a narrow tunnel, high enough for a person
to pass through. The Indian was unwilling to storm a blockhouse. The cost
might be severe, and the defenders were comparatively safe from his bullets.
So he endeavored to gain his end by stealth or strategem, and when he did make
an attack it was usually by night. If he could set fire to the roof he did so.

A council of war held at Staunton, May 20, 1756, mentions that "the greatest
part of the able-bodied single men of this county is now on duty on our frontiers,
and there must continue until they are relieved by forces from other parts."
Sitting on this council were these captains: Joseph Culton, John Moor, Joseph
Lapsley, Robert Bratton, James Mitchell, and Samuel Norwood.

The only conspicuous raids belonging to this period were the occurrences
in the Renick settlement and the first foray into the valley of Kerr's Creek. The
latter will be spoken of in connection with the second.

The date of the attack on the Renick house is July 25, 1757. A party of
Shawnees, said to have been sixty in number but probably much fewer, came
through Cartmill Gap to Purgatory Creek, where they killed Joseph Dennis
and his child, and took prisoner his wife, Hannah. They also killed Thomas
Perry. Then they went to the house of Robert Renick, where they captured
Mrs. Renick, her four sons, and a daughter. The next blow was at Thomas
Smith's, where they killed both Renick and Smith, and took away Mrs. Smith and
her servant, Sally Jew. George Mathews, Audley Maxwell, and William Max-
well,* who then were young men, were on their way to Smith's, and thought a
shooting match was in progress. As soon as they saw the bodies of the two
men, they wheeled their horses about, and the iour bullets fired at them at the
same instant did no other harm than to wound Audley Maxwell slightly and
take off the club of Mathews' queue. One party of the Indians started away
with the prisoners and booty, and the others went to Cedar Creek. An alarm
was given and the people of the neighborhood gathered at Paul's stockade near
the site of Springfield. The women and children were left with a guard of
six men, while George Mathews went in pursuit with a force of twenty-one
men. He overtook and fought the enemy, but the night was wet and dark,
and the foe got away. Next morning nine dead Indians were found on the
battleground and were buried. Benjamin Smith, Thomas Maury, and a Mr.
Jew were killed, and were buried in the meadow of Thomas Cross near Spring-
field. Mrs. Renick was released a few years later. Her daughter died in cap-
tivity, and her son Joshua became a chief of the Miamis. The other children
returned with their mother. Mrs. Dennis was a woman of much resourcefulness
and determination. She learned the Shawnee tongue, painted as the red men
did, and because of her skill in treating illness she was given much liberty. She

♦This name should probably be Paul instead of Maxwell.

68 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItx:E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

thereby found a chance to escape, crossed the Ohio on a driftwood log. and
made her way back to licr frontier lionie. Tliis was in 1763.

1 1 is very probable that several nunor raids took place, no clt-ar recollection
of which has l)een handed on to the present day. An occurrence can easily
be given a wrong setting by its being accidentally merged with some larger event.
St)nietimes a single Indian would go on the warpath for himself, and when the
party was very small only depredations on a small scale were likely to be com-
mitted. There were instances where some white scoundrel would disguise
himself as an Indian and perpetrate an outrage. Such may be the explanation
of the tragedy at the home of John Mathews, Jr., the nature of which recalls
the Pettigrew horror of 1846. Sampson Mathews made oath that his brother
John, with his wife and their six children, were burned to death in their house.
A neighbor named Charles Godfrey Milliron was arrested on suspicion and held
for trial at the capital. We do not know the result, but Milliron seems to have
been acquited.

An incident which took place in Botetourt is worthy of meniion here.
Robert Anderson and his son William — grandfather to William A. .Anderson of
Lexington — went to a meadow to look after some livestock, and passed the
night in a log shelter, the door of which could be strongly barred. Before morn-
ing Mr. Anderson woke up and roused his son, telling him the animals were
restless and that he feared Indians were near. Bear oil and cabin smoke gave
the redskins an odor that was quickly noticed by domestic animals. \'oices were
presently heard, and father and son held their weapons in readiness for an
emergency. The prowlers tried the door, and seeing it did not readily yield,
they used the pole as a battering ram, but without visible efTect. Much to the
relief of the persons within they then desisted and went away. In the morning
it was seen that another blow would have forced the door.

The red terror threatened to depopulate the \'alley of Virginia and the
settlenjenls beyond. Writing in 1756, the Reverend James Maury makes this
observation: "Such numbers of people have lately transported themselves into
the more Southerly governments as must appear incredible to any except such
as have had an op|>ortunity of knowing it. By Bedford courthouse in one week,
'lis said, and I believe, truly said, near 300 inhabitants of this Colony past on their
way to Carolina. From all the upper counties, even those on this side of the
Blue Hills, great numl)ers are daily following."

What is known as the Tontiac war broke out very su<ldcnly in June, 1763,
and continued more than a year. It was a concerted effort, on the part of a con-
federacy of tribes, to sweep the whites out of the country beyond the AUc-
gtianies. To a band of Shawnees was assigned the task of operating in the
Rockbridge latitude. Their first blow completely destroyed the Greenbrier set-

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAN 69

tlements, and their next attention was given to Jackson's River and the Cow-
pasture. Thence a party crossed Mill and North mountains to devastate the
valley of Kerr's Creek.

There were two raids into this locality and there has been some doubt as to
their chronological sequence. That one of them took place July 17, 1763, is evi-
dent. There is agreement as to the day and month of the other event; October
10th. Samuel Brown says the second raid occurred two years after the first,
and he places it in 1765. In this he is followed doubtfully by Waddell in his
Annals of Augusta. Mr. Brown wrote his account a long while ago, and
when people were living whose knowledge of the massacres was very direct.
Nevertheless, he is in error. His informants were confused in their recollection
of dates.

The record books of Augusta contain no hint of any Indian trouble in the
fall of 1764 or 1765. A raid of serious proportions would have constituted a
renewal of the Pontiac war, and further military events would be on record in
frontier history. But in 1759 and 1760 the number of wills admitted to record,
the number of settlements of estates, and the number of orphan children put
under guardianship is deeply significant. However, our evidence is more con-
clusive. In the suit of Thomas Gilmore against George \\'i!son, recorded Novem-
ber 19, 1761, the plaintifT makes this declaration: "During the late war the
Indians came to the plantation where plaintiff lived, and after killing his father
and mother, robbed them and plaintiff of almost ever\thing they had. * * *
Defendant and several others pursued the Indians several days and retook
great part of the things belonging to the plaintiiT. The inhabitants of Car's Creek,
the plaintiff not being one of them, offered to any persons that would go after
the Indians and redeem the prisoners, they should have all plunder belonging
to them." The records further tell us that John Gilmore was dead in 1759 and
that Thomas Gilmore was his executor. We may therefore affirm that the
earlier raid occurred October 10, 1759, and the later, July 17, 1763.

We now proceed to relate the two occurrences, as the particulars have
been given to us.

With respect to the first there was a forewarning. Two Telford boys,
returning from school, reported seeing a naked man near their path. Little serious
thought seems to have been given to the matter. A few weeks later, twenty-
seven Indians were counted from a blufT near the head of the creek. The war
party first visited the home of Charles Dougherty and killed tlie whole family.
The wife and a daughter of Jacob Cunningham were the next victims. The girl,
ten years of age, was scalped, but made a partial recovery. Four Gilmores and
five of the ten members of Robert Hamilton's family were afterward slain.
The Indians did not go any farther. .Accounts differ as to whether any pris-

70 A niSTORV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINMA

oners were taken by them. They killed twelve persons, and according to one
statement, thirteen were carried away.

With his usual prom])tncss and cncrpy, Oiarlcs Ltwis, of tlie Cowpasture,
took the lead in raising three companies of militia, one headed by himself, the
others by John Dickenson and William Giristian. The Indians were overtaken
near the head of Hack Creek in Highland County. It was decided to attack at
three points. Two men sent in .idvancc were to fire if they found the enemy
had taken alarm. They came upon two of the enemy, one leading a horse,
the other holding a buck upon it. To avoid discovery the scouts fired and
Christian's company charged with a yell. The other companies were not quite tip
and the Indians escaped with little loss. However, they were overhauled on
Straight Fork, four miles below the West Virginia line, their camp being re-
vealed by their fire. All were killed except one, and the cook's hr.iins were scat-
tered into his pot. Their carrying poles were seen here many years later, and
ancient guns have been found. In the first engagement the loot was recovered,
and it was sold for $1,200.

On the second visitation the Indians were in greater force, and made their
approach more cautiously. They concealed themselves a day or two at a spring
near the head of Kerr's Creek. But moccasin tracks were noticed in a cornfield,
and some men detected the camp from a hill. A rumor had come to the settle-
ment that Indians were approaching, but there was little uneasiness. It is
nearly certain that the savages first seen were an advance party, and that this
was waiting for a rccnforcement. Another probable motive for delay in an
attack was to scare the settlers intn gathering at some rendezvous, so that they
might be fallen upon in a mass. If such was the purpose it was accomplished.
The people flocked to the blockhouse of Jonathan Cunningham at Big Spring.

Meanwhile the house of John McKee was attacke<l and Mrs. McKce was
killed. There are differing accounts of this incident. According to Alexander
Hane. Mr. McKee started with his wife and a dog to reach a wooded hill. Their
children were at Timber Ridge. Because of her condition, Mrs. McKee was
unable to walk f.T5t, and she insisted that her husband should go on and efTect
his own escape. Before doing so, he hid her in a sinkhole filled with bushes
and weeds, but the harking dog betrayed the place of concealment. After the
redskins had gone on. she was taken to the house, where she soon died. This
statement is challenged by the author of The McKees of Virqinia and Kentucky.
He constnies it as a reflection on John McKre's courage .and his duty to his wife.
He says that some of the settlers did not like this pioneer for his blunlness. and
that they set afloat a garbled version of the facts. The author of the hook
prefers lo l>rlieve that John McKee had gone to a neighbor's to look after some
sick chiMrcn, and finding on his return th.Ti his wife was scalped, he took her

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAN 71

to the house. Be this as it may, the murder could not have occurred in the
first raid, as some statements affirm. The family Bible gives July 17, 1763, as
the date of Mrs. McKee's death.

We must now return to the assemblage at Big Spring. A number of the
people of the valley were attending a meeting at Timber Ridge, the day being
Sunday. Those gathered at Cunningham's were in a field, saddling their horses
in great haste, in order to join their friends at the meeting house. The secreted
foe seized the coveted moment to cut them off from the blockhouse. The
scene which followed was witnessed by Mrs. Dale from a covert on a high
point. When the alarm reached her she mounted a stallion colt that had never
been ridden, but which proved as gentle as could be desired. The foe was gain-
ing on her, and she dropped her baby into a field of rye. In some manner she
afterwards eluded the pursuers, but was too late to reach the blockhouse. A
relief party found the baby lying unhurt where it had been left. Such is the
story, but it is more probable that the mother recovered the child herself after
the raiders had gone away.

While the saddling was going on two men started up the creek to reconnoiter.
but were shot down, as were also two young men who went to their aid. The
onslaught of the foe was immediate, and each redskin singled out his victim.
Mrs. Dale said the massacre made her think of boys knocking down chickens
with clubs. Some tried to hide in the big pond or in thickets of brush or weeds.
All who attempted to resist were cut down. Cunningham himself was killed
and his house was burned. There is no record that the Indians suffered any
loss.

According to Samuel Brown, sixty to eighty persons were killed in the
two Kerr's Creek raids, and twenty-five to thirty carried away. This is an
overstatement. William Patton, who was at Big Spring the day after the
massacre, helping to bury the dead, says these were seventeen in number. He
adds that the burial party was attacked. Among the prisoners, according to
Mr. Brown, were Mrs. Jenny Gilmore, her two daughters, and a son named
John ; James, Betsy, Margaret, and Henry Cunningham ; and three Hamiltons,
Archibald, Marian, and Mary. One of the Cunninghams was the girl scalped
in the first raid. She returned from captivity and lived about forty years after-
ward, but the wound finally developed into a cancerous affection. According
to a rather sentimental sketch in one of the county papers, Mary Hamilton was
among the killed, and John McCown, her lover, died two years later of a broken
heart and was buried by her side at Big Spring. Mr. Waddcll says she had a
baby in her arms when she was captured. She threw the infant into the
weeds, and when she returned from the Indian country she found its bones
where she had left it.

72 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIOCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Mention has been made of a meeting at TinilKT Ridge the day of the sec-
ond massacre. A rumor of the attack reached the congregation at the noon
recess, but little was thought of it, since similar alarms had often been given.
But an express arrived when the second service was iK-ginning. There was
immediate confusion and speedy flight. Some of the Kerr's Creek families sought
safety in the Blue Ridge.

On the afternoon of the second tragedy, the Indians returned to their camp
on North Mountain, where they drank the whiskey found at Cunningham's still.
They became too intoxicated to have put up a good resistance to an assault.
Yet they had little to fear, as there was a general panic throughout the Rockbridge
area. Next day two Indians went back, either to see if they were pursued or
to look for more liquor. It seems to have been on this occasion when Mrs. Dale
saw them shoot at a man who ventured to ride up the valley. When he wliecled
they clapped their hands and shouted. This incident constituted the attack men-
tioned by William Patton. During the march to the Shawnee towns, the Indians
brained a fretful child and threw the baby on the shoulders of a young girl who
was killed next day. At another time, the prisoners were made to pass under
an infant pierced by a stake and held over them. On still another occasion,
while some of the prisoners were drying a few leaves of the Xew Testament for
the purpose of preserving them, a savage rushed up and threw them into the
camp fire. When the column arrived at the Scioto, the captives were ironically
called u[)f)n to sing a hymn. Mrs. Giinjore respoiuK-d by singing Psalm 137 as
she had l)ecn wont to do at Timber Kidgc. It is related that she had stood over
the corpse of her husband, fighting desperately and knocking a foeman down.
Another Indian rushed up to tomahawk the woman, Imt his comrade said she was
a good warrior, and made him .spare her. She and her son were redeemed, but
she never knew what became of her daughters. Several other captives were also
returned.

Some account of the massacres on Kerr's Creek was related many years
afterward by Mrs. Jane Steven.son. She was then living in Kentucky, and her
story was reduced to writing by John D. Shane, a minister. Mrs. Stevenson,
who was born Noveml)er 15. 1750, speaks of a girl four months older than
herself taken at the age of seven years and held until the lUiuciuet delivery in
1764. The children had gone out with older companions to gather haws, and
the narrator escaped capture only by not going so far as the others. .At the first
raid an a»mt who haci two children escaped into the wihxIs, the Indians going
down the river. But on the second occasion, this aunt and her three children were
taken and an uncle and a cousin were killed. Two of the children die<l in cap-
tivity, but the aunt and the third child were restored. In this second raid Mrs.
Stcven.<ton thinks the Indians "had the ground all spied out," and followed a

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAN

prearranged program. She says they "came in like racehorses," and in two
hours killed or captured sixty-three persons. One of the prisoners was James
Milligan. He escaped on Gauley Mountain and reported having counted 450
captives, as the total collected in the entire raid. Two small boy-captives were
James Woods and James McClung, and after their return they had the condi-
tion of their ears recorded in the clerk's office at Staunton. Cropping the
human ear was in those days a form of punishment, and the person who had
an ear mutilated by accident or in a fight went before the county court to have
the fact certified, so as not to be regarded as an ex-convict.

Mrs. Stevenson was a daughter of James Gay, who lived seven miles from
Kerr's Creek. Her mother, whose maiden name was Jean Warwick, was killed
by the Indians about 1759. Mrs. Stevenson relates that the adult male mem-
bers of the Providence congregation "carried their guns to meeting as regular as
the congregation went." Alexander Crawford was killed about fifteen miles from
the meeting house in the direction of Staunton. The narrator says that when
"the Indians took Kerr's Creek settlement a second time they were greatly bad,"
and that it "almost seemed as though they would make their way to Williams-
burg." They "shot the cows mightily with bows and arrows." She moved to
Greenbrier in 1775, "where there was never a settlement of kinder people,"
these being "great for dancing and singing." But her statement that William
Hamilton and Samuel McClung were the only Greenbrier settlers who were "not
Dutch and half-Dutch," cannot be correct at all, unless true of the particular
locality where these men settled. It is also to be remembered that she was not
yet grown at the time of the doings on Kerr's Creek. As for Milligan. he must
have been able to see more than double in order to count 450 prisoners led away
by probably not more than one-fifth as many warriors.

It is not known that the settlers on Kerr's Creek had themselves given cause
to make their valley a special mark for Indian vengeance. The native venerated
the home of his forefathers, and would make a long and perilous journey for
no other purpose than to gaze upon a spot known to him only in boyhood or
perhaps only by tradition. It may have been resentment, pure and simple, that
led him to visit his fury upon the palefaces who had crowded him out of a
choice portion of his hunting grounds. So it is not to be wondered at that
the children attending Runkcr Hill schoolhouse near Big Spring had a super-
stitious horror of the field where the massacre took place.

The treaty which ended the Pontiac war stipulated that the Indians should
return their white captives, and these were delivered to Colonel Bouquet in
November, 1764. However, there were instances where the return did not
take place until some time later. According to William Patton, the foray of
1763 was the last that took place on Rockbridge soil. Yet in the Dunmore war.

74 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIOC.E COUNTY. VIRr.INIA

and in tlic hostilities that continued intermittently from 1777 lo 1795, there was
always the possibility of still other incursions. The Indian peril was forever
removed frf>ni RockbridRc by the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, which was secured
by General Wayne's victory in the battle of the Fallen Timbers.

Tlie Dunmore war of 1774 was caused by the extension of white settle-
ment into the valley of the Ohio. It was waged l)ctween the \'irginia militia and
a confederacy headed by the Shawnees. Rockbridge men served in the companies
from Augusta and Botetourt, and heliit-d to gain the memorable victor)' of Point
Pleasant.

We find only unt- rrcordcd inst.ince wIrtc an Indian was held in slavcrv in
Rockbridge. This was in 1777, and is mentioned in C"hapter \'II.

It is said that several of the family names on Kerr's Creek were blotted out
as a result of the scenes in 1759 and ]7C^^. The record-books for 1758-fiO indi-
cate an exceptional mortality in the Rockbridge area. We append to this chap-
ter some names that appear to belong to this region, but we do not know that
violence was the cause of all the deaths indicated.

Jacob Cunningham — will probated March 18. 1760.

Isaac CunninKham— <licd 1760* — Jean, administrator.

Hrnjaniin, orphan of John Gray — 1760.

Samuel, orphan of Alexander McMurty, becomes ward of Matthew I.yle, 1759.

James McGec — will probated .AnRust 20, 17S9 — Krwin Patterson, administrator.

Robert kamsay — will probated November 21. 1759— Rol>ert Hall, administrator.

Jamrt Rogcrj — died 1760*— Ann Rogers administratrix with Walter Smiley on her bond.

James Stephenson — died 1760*.

Thomas Thompson — died 1760.*

John Winyard— will probated, Noveml>cr 15, 1758 -Barbara, executor.

Samuel Wilson— <lied 1760*.

James Young— died 1760.

An episode made much note of in the pioneer history of Kentucky and
Tennessee is the story of the "Long Hunters" of 1769-1772. Sotne writers
throw doubt on the narrative, yet it seems founded on fact. From a con-
cordance of the various accotints, it would appear that in June. 1769, a party of
over twenty men, several of whom were from Rockbridge, started from Reedy
Creek on an extended hunting trip in the valley of the Cumberland. They
found a grassy prairie and plenty of game. No Itulians were foun<l living in
that region, although there were numerous Indian graves. In June, 1770,
several of the hunters returned, the others buiUling boats and floating down to
Natchez on the Mississippi, where they sold their cargo. A portion of the
party remained there and settled, the others returning by way of Georgia. In
the fall of 1771, a party of twenty-two went out .ngain. .At lea.st five of these

•The date ii that of record. The person may have died in 1759.

STRIFE WITH THE RED MAN

were members of the first party. This second party was so successful that it
could not take back all its pelts, and a portion was deposited in a "skin-house"
in what is now Greene county, Kentucky. Ammunition ran low, and all but
five returned the next February. One of the five fell ill, and a comrade took
him to the settlements. Two of the remaining three of the camp guard were
captured by Indians. The seventeen returned after about three months, and
continued to hunt and explore, some of the names they gave to certain localities
enduring to the present day. Late in the summer of 1772 their camp was plun-
dered by Cherokees at a time when they were absent from it, but hunting con-
tinued till the end of the season. The only names we can certainly identify as
belonging to Rockbridge are those of Robert Crockett and James Graham, of
the Calf pasture. Another member was James Knox, who lived at the mouth
of the Bullpasture and finally settled in Kentucky. The claim is made with
much show of reason that it was this James Knox, and not General Knox, of
Washington's army, for whom Knoxville in Tennessee is named. Crockett,
who lost his life during the first expedition, is said to have been the first white
man killed in that state. The wives of Governor Bramlette and Senator J. C. S.
Blackburn, of Kentuckv, were granddaughters of Graham.

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY ESTABLISHED
New Coi-NTiEs — Act of Assembly — The Cornstalk Affaiii — Asnals of 1778-1783

The house that Jolin Lewis built near the site of Staunton in tlic summer
of 1732 was not witliin the recognized limits of any county. Until 1744 the
Blue Ridge was the treaty line between jjaleface and redskin. The first county
organization to cross that barrier was Spotlsylvania, which iK-camc effective in
1721. Yet it came only to the South Fork of the Shenandoah, one extremity
of the line tuucliing liie river in the vicinity of Elkton, the other alK)ut midway
between Front Koyal and Bentonville. Orange was created in 1734. and
organized in 1735. It was defined as extending westward to the uttermost
limit claimed by \'irginia. Four years later, the portion of Orange west of
the Hlue Kidge was divided into the counties of Frederick and Augtista by a line
running from the source of the Kapidan to the Fairfax Stone at the source of
the North Hranch of the Potomac. The present boundary between Rockingham
and Shenandoah is a portion of this line.

During the westward march of population in X'irginia. the practical area
of a county has always been co-cxtensivc with its settled portion. The fact that
Augusta once extended potentially to the Mississippi, did not mean that a jury-
man might have to travel hundreds of miles to attend court. When the first
division of Augusta took place in 1769. probably not less than three-fourths of
the inhabitants were living within a radius of fifty miles around Staunton. Of
the other fourth, nearly all were within a few miles of a trail leading from
Buchanan to Abingdon.

The first county to be set ofT from .Vugusta was Botetourt, which Iwcaine
cfTective January 31. 1770. The line separating it from the parent county is thus
dcscriJx-d in a report by James Trimble, the surveyor:

BcRtnninK at two Chestnuts and a Black Oak on the South Mountain by a SprinR of
Pcaler Crcck rin Amherst Line and runninK thence 55 deRrees West 4 Mile* 240 Poles to a
Spanish Oak marked AC on the one Side and BC on the Otlier Side where tlic South
HivtT or Mary's Creek empties into the North Branch of James Kiver. and up the North
River to Kerr's Crcck and up Kerr's Crcck to the Fork of the said Creek at Gilinore's Gap.
Then bcRinning at a chestnut and three Chestnut Oaks and a Pine at the upper Fork of
Kerr's Crcck and runneth the same Course to wit North 55 deurces West. Z3 and one-
half miles. Crotsing the "Cowiiasture in Donally's Place at a I^fKe Poplar on the River
marked AC and BC.

The course In-pinning on liic tup of North Motmtain contitujcd to the
Ohio, which it touched a little below I'arkersbtirg. It is an exact parallel In the

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY ESTABLISHED

present line between Rockbridge and Augusta. It does not appear that the sur-
veying of this hne was ever carried beyond the summit of the Allleghany Divide.
The cost of the survey by Trimble was $37.15.

From this old boundary between Augusta and Botetourt, the airline distance
to Fincastle does not vary much from thirty-five miles, and is slightly less than
the distance to Staunton. To the people of the present Rockbridge area, the
journey to a courthouse in 1777 was not excessively long. The need for a new
county was very much less than in the case of Rockingham or Greenbrier, all
three of these counties being authorized by the same Act of Assembly, which was
passed at the October session of 1777. The sections relating to Rockbridge are
these :

Section Three. And be it further enacted, That the remaining portion of the s^id
counties and parishes of Augusta and Botetourt be divided into three counties and parishes,
as follows, to wit, by a line beginning on the top of Blue Ridge near Steele's mill, and run-
ning thence north 55 degrees west, passing the said mill, and crossing the North Mountain
to the top, and the mountain dividing the waters of the Calfpasture from the waters of the
Cowpasture, and thence along the said mountain, crossing Panther's Gap, to the line that
divides the counties of .Augusta and Botetourt, and that the remaining part of the county
of Botetourt be divided, by a line beginning at Audley Paul's, running thence south, 55
degrees east, crossing James River to the top of the Blue Ridge, thence along the same,
crossing James River, to the beginning of the aforesaid line dividing .■\ugusta county, then
beginning again at the said .'\udley Paul's, and running north 55 degrees west till the said
course shall intersect a line to run south 45 degrees west, from the place where the above
line dividing Augusta terminated. And all other parts of the said parishes of Augusta and
Botetourt included within the said lines shall be called and known by the name of Rock-
bridge.

Section 4. (A court for Rockbridge, first Tuesday of every month, the first court to
be held at the house of Samuel Wallace. The justices, or a majority of them, being present
and duly sworn, shall fix on a place as near the center as the situation and convenience shall
admit, and proceed to erect the necessary public buildings).

Section 5. (Making it lawful for the governor with the advice of the Council to
appoint the first sheriff.)

Section 6. And be it further enacted, that at the place which shall be appointed for
holding court in the said county of Rockbridge, there shall be laid off a town to be
called Lexington, 1300 feet in length and 900 in width. And in order to make satisfaction
to the proprietors of the said land, the clerk of the said county shall by order of the
justices issue a writ directed to the sheriff conunanding him to summon twelve able and
discreet freeholders to meet in the said land on a certain day, not under five nor more than
ten days from the date, who shall upon oath value the said land, in so many parcels as there
shall be separate owners, which valuation the said sheriff shall return, under the hands and
seals of the said jurors, to the clerk's office, and the justices, at levying their first county
levy, shall make provision for paying the said proprietors their respective portions thereof,
and the property of the said land shall on the return of such valuation, become vested in
the Justices and their successors, one acre thereof to be reserved for the use of said
county, and the residue to be sold and conveyed by the said justices to any persons, and the

78 A HISTORY OK ROCKIIRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

money ariMng from such talc shall be applied towards lessening the county levy ; and the
public buildings for the said county shall be erected on the lands rcscn-ed, as aforesaid.

Section 7. (Relates to suits and petitions now depending. Dockets of such to be made
out in Augusta and Botetourt.)

Section 8. ( No appointment of clerk of the peace, nor of place for holding court,
urless a majority of the justices be present.)

(Another section dissolves the vestry of .\ugusta, and instructs the inhabitants of
Augusta, Botetourt, Rockbridge, Rockingham, and Greenbrier to meet at places apix>inted
by their sheriffs before May 1, 1778, to elect twelve able and discreet persons as a vestry
for each county.)*

Tlic boundaries of Rockbridge, as set forth in the above act, have since
undergone but one change. In October, 1785, all the county west of the top of
Camp Mountain was annexed to Botetourt.

There is a belief that the killing of Cornstalk at Point Pleasant led to the
establishment of Rockbridge. The pcipetrators of that deed were some of the
Rockbridge militia, and as there was an attempt to punish them, the trial would
have been at the county seat of Greenbrier. The erection of a new county would
insure a trial among friends and not among strangers. But the killing of Corn-
stalk took place November 11, 1777. It would have taken several weeks for the
news to reach Williamsburg and for a movement to take shape in Rockbridge
which would bear fruit in legislative action. Tlie act authorizing Rockbridge
had been passed in October of the same year.

Nevertheless, the event should have mention in this chapter.

The Shawnees, "the Arabs of the New World," were a small but valiant
tril)e dwelling on the lower Scioto. In mental ])ovvcr tliey stood much above the
average level of the red race, and it was an ordinary occurrence for a member
of the tribe to be able to converse in five or six languages, including English
and French. According to the Indian standard, the Shawnees were generous
livers, and their women were superior housekeepers. They were so conscious of
their prowess that they held in contempt the warlike ability of other Indians. It
was their boast that they caused the white people ten times as much loss as they
received.

At the time of which we write, the most eminent war-leader among the
Shawnees was Cornstalk. It is not probable that he headed the band that struck
Kerr's Creek in 1759, althovigh the warriors may have been of his people. We
do know, however, that he was the leader in the terrible raid of 1763. Within
a few days his band blotted out the settlements on the Greenbrier, won a
victory over two companies of militia at I'alling Springs in Alleghany county,

•The first vestry for Rockbridge included James Buchan,-in, Charles Camplwll, Samuel
McDowell, John Gilmorc, John Lyic, Samuel Lyie, Major William Paxton, Alexander Stuart,
and John Trimble

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV ESTABLISHED 79

raided the valleys of Jackson's River and t!ie Cowpaslure, and then crossed
Mill Mountain to work still further havoc on Kerr's Creek. \Mth slight loss to
themselves, they killed, wounded, or carried away probably more than 100 of
the whites. At Point Pleasant, the Shawnees were the backbone of the Indian
army, and Cornstalk was its general-in-chief. It was only because of loose dis-
cipline in the camp that the Virginians were not taken by surprise. Technically,
the battle was little else than a draw. Cornstalk effected an unmolested retreat
across the Ohio, after inflicting a loss much heavier than his own. But his men
were discouraged and gave up the campaign. Cornstalk was not in favor of the
war, but was overruled by his tribe. During the short peace that followed, he
from time to time returned to Fort Randolph at Point Pleasant horses and
cattle that had been lost by the whites or stolen from them.

In 1777 the Shawnees were again restless. They had been worked upon
by British emissaries and white renegades. Cornstalk came with a Delaware and
one other Indian and visited Fort Randolph under what was virtually a fiag
of truce. He warned Captain Arbuckle, the commandant, of the feeling of the
tribesmen. His mission was an effort to avert open hostilities. According to
the Indian standard, Cornstalk was an honorable foe, and he knew he ran a
risk in putting himself in the power of the whites. Arbuckle thought it proper
to detain the Indians as hostages. One day, while Cornstalk was drawing a
map on the floor of the blockhouse, to explain the geography of the country
beyond the Scioto, his son Ellinipsico hallooed from the other bank of the Ohio
and was taken across. Soon afterward, two men of Captain William McKee's
company, a Gilmore and a Hamilton, went over the Kanawha to hunt for turkeys.
Gilmore was killed by some lurking Indian, and his body was carried back. The
spectacle made his comrades wild with rage. They raised the cry of, "Let us
kill the Indians in the fort," and without taking a second thought they rushed
to the door of the blockhouse. They would not listen to the remonstrances of
Arbuckle, and threatened his life. When the door was forced open. Cornstalk
stood erect before his executioners and fell dead, pierced by seven or eight balls.
His son and his other companions were also put to death. The slain chieftain
was about fifty years of age, large in figure, commanding in presence, and
intellectual in countenance. Good contemporary judges declare that even Patrick
Henry or Richard Henry Lee did not surpass Cornstalk in oratory.

By the people of Kerr's Creek the raids into their valley were remembered
with horror. Homes had been burned. Families had partially or wiiolly been
blotted out. Women and children had been tomahawked and scalped. Friends
and relatives had been carried away, and some of these had never returned.
Even at the present day, the scenes of 1759 and 1763 are referred to with more
impatience than is usually found along what was once the frontier.

80 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDfiE COUKT\', VIRGINIA

The Indian mctliod of making war was unquestionably cruel. The impulses
of the native were those of the primitive man. Like the child, he was sometimes
swept by gusts of passion. Deceit has ever been deemed legitimate in warfare
The Indian played the game without restraint and was consistent. The white
man assumes to conduct war according to rules suggested by Christian civiliza-
tion and laid down in time of peace. But in time of war he does not live up to
these rules. It had l>een little more than a century since Cromwell had carried
fire and massacre from one end of Ireland to the other, and with a fury that
would have made Cornstalk "sit up and take notice." It was within the memory
of living men that the Highlanders of Scotland gave no quarter in their mur-
derous clan fights. It seems instinctive for nations of the Baltic stock to hold
the colored races in contempt. To the frontiersman of America, the Indian
was not only a heathen but an inferior. The comparatively humane treatment
to which he thought the French and the British were entitled, because of their
color, he held himself justified in withholding from the redskin. The practical
cfTect of this double standard was most unfortunate. It reacted with dire effect
upon the white population. It was more often the white man than the Indian
who was responsible for the cause of border trouble. 1 he Indian's version is
much less familiar to us than our own.

Despite his proclivity to tomahawk the woman as well as the man, the child
as well as the adult, the Indian in his war-paint was a gentleman when com-
pared with the German soldier in the present war. The latter, who professes
to be a civilized man, wars against the very foundations of a civilization that
the red man knew next to nothing of. The Indian kept his word. He respected
bravery. The children he spared and adopted he loved, and not infrequently
the adult captive was unwilling to return to his own color. Women were never
violated by the Indians of the tribes cast of the Mississippi, and when a child
was bom in captivity to the white female, the mother was looked after as though
she were one of their own kind.

The deed of Hall's men at Point Pleasant is a painful incident in Rockbridge
history. It bore the same relation to open warfare, whether civilized or savage,
that a lynching docs to a fair trial in a courtroom. There was nothing to show
that Cornstalk had anything to do with the killing of Gilmore, or that the periK?-
trator of that deed was a member of his tribe. Had Cornstalk l)een a British
ofTiccr, his government would have pronounced his murder an inexcusable assassi-
nation, and would have avenged it with the execution of some captive .\ineri-
can officer. The plea, which is not confined to the book by Kcrchcval, that
it was right for the frontiersman to l.iy aside the restraints of civilization when
dealing with the Indian, would, if it had been used in the present war, l>een made
a justification for matching German atrocity by allied atrocity. Even at Point

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY ESTABLISHED 81

Pleasant, where we might expect the feeling against the native to be acute, it
was long considered that the town lay under a curse. So late as 1807 it had
only a log courthouse, twenty-one small dwellings, and a few ague-plagued
inhabitants. It now contains a monument to Cornstalk.

Only a few years since, a contributor to one of the Lexington papers
spoke rather harshly of Colonel Roosevelt for mentioning the killing of Corn-
stalk as "one of the darkest stains on the checkered pages of frontier history."
Roosevelt is no apologist for Indian cruelty. The writer was probably unaware
of the fact that Patrick Henry, who was then governor of this state, denounced
the deed in words that were much more vehement. He regarded it as a blot
on the fair name of Virginia, and announced that so far as he was concerned,
the perpetrators should be sought out and punished. But as will appear later
in this chapter, his efforts were nullified by the friends of the persons responsible.

A sequel to the episode deserves mention. In an attempt to avenge the death
of their chieftain, the Shawnees besieged Fort Randolph in the spring of 1778.
An Indian woman known among the whites as the Grenadier Squaw, and who
was understood to be a sister to Cornstalk, had come to the fort with her
horses and cattle. By going out of the stockade and overhearing the natives she
was able to tell their plans to Captain McKee, then the commandant. McKee
offered a furlough to any two men who would make speed to the Greenbrier
and warn the people. John Insminger and John Logan undertook the perilous
errand, and started out, but not seeing how they could get past the Indians, they
returned the same evening. John Pryor and Philip Hammond then agreed to
go. The Grenadier Squaw painted and otherwise disguised the men, so that
they would look like Indians. The two messengers reached Donally's fort a
few hours in advance of the Shawnees, and though a severe battle quickly fol-
lowed, the foe was repulsed and the settlement was saved.

We will let the order-book tell the story of the organization of Rockbridge
and relate the local annals during the remaining years of the War for Inde-
pendence.

First court at the house of Samuel Wallace, April 7, 1778. Justices present: Archibald
Alexander, John Bowyer, John Gilmore, Samuel Lyle, Samuel McDowell. Archibald
Alexander qualified as sheriff, Andrew Reid as clerk, John Bowyer as county lieutenant,
and John Gilmore as lieutenant-colonel. Sheriff's bond, 1000 pounds. Xext day James
McDowell qualified as surveyor, and the following constables were appointed : Richard
Williams in Captain James Hall's company ; Samuel Wilson in Captain Samuel Wallace's
company; Robert Robertson in Captain John Paxton's company; Robert Paris in Captain
John Lyle's company; William Dryden in Captain David Gray's company; Isaac Anderson
in Captain .Me.xander Stuart's company; William McCampbell in Captain John Gilmore's
old company. John Ward was also made a constable.

Moses Collier was continued as road surveyor from John Thompson's to David
Logan's.

82 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIM-.E COUNTV, VIRCIN'IA

New road »urvc>or$ appointed: Andrew Taylor, (rom North River to Stuart's More;
Captain John Taylor, from Stuart's old store to Colonel Samuel McDowell's ; John McCIung,
from said McDowell's to the forks of the road at John McClung's; Andrew Moore, from
taid forks to the county line; James Gilmore, from Buffalo Creek to his own house;
Charles Campbell, from Robert Kirkpalrick's to the county line; lluKh Barclay, Sr., from
said Gilmore's to the county line; Samuel McCampbcll, from head of Kerr's Creek to
Andrew McCampbcll's; William McKemy, from .-Vndrew McCampbcll's to ford on North
River; Alexander Tedford. from Robert Kirkpatrick's to North River; Alexander Willson,
from Captain Charles Campbell's to Hugh Weir's; Samuel Caruthers, from BufTalo
Creek to the forks of the road above James Gilmore's.

Captain John Lyle. John Lylc. Henry McClung. and James l.yle, or any three of them,
to view a way from Rol>crt Kirkpatrick's, by way of .Mexandcr Stuart's merchant mill, to
Stuart's store.

.April 9. — Survey of the town site ordered given in at next sitting.

April 18. — Called court to examine Captain James Hall, bound in recognisance fur
felony, the si)ecific charge being the murder of Cornstalk. Hall did not appear.

April 28. — Hall ap|>cared, there were no witnesses for the commonwealth, and he was
acquitted. Hugh Galbraith bound in recognisance on the same charge.

May 5. — No witnesses appeared against Galbraith and he was acquitted.

Thomas N'ancc appointed road surveyor from the great road below William Sprowl's
to the other great road near James Thompson's.

Grand jury: David Gray (foreman), Jo.-seph Moore, Thomas Wilson. William Porter,
Alexander Tedford. David McClure, Samuel McCorkle. William Walker, David McCroskcy,
James Patton, Hugh Weir, Doctor Patrick Vance, Andrew Hall, Samuel Paxlon.

Citizens ap|>ointed to lake the lists of tithables: Captain John Gilmore, for his own and
John Paxton's companies; John Trimble, gentleman, for the companies of William Paxton,
Samuel Wallace, and James Hall; Samuel Lyle, gentleman, for the companies of John Lyle
and David Gray; .Mexandcr Stuart, gentleman, for the Calf|>asture and for the companies of
Samuel Steele and James Gilmore; Charles Campbell, gentleman, for his own company and
Andrew Moore's.

Rates to be observed by keepers of ordinaries :

"Hot "diett" with small beer 3 shillings

Cold "diet!" with no beer 2 shillings

Stahlage and hay or fodder for twenty-four hours 2 shillings

Good lasturage for twenty-four hours 1 shilling 8 pence per hor>e

1 shilling 3 pence per cow

Lodging with feather bed and clean sheets 1 shilling

Lodging with chafT bed and clean sheets 6 pence

Corn j)er gallon . 1 shilling 3 pence

Oats i>er gallon 1 shilling

Samuel Wallace granted ordinary license.

kfay 14.— Mary, wife of John Walker, found guilty of uttering words sustaining the
authority of king and parliament. Damage (Knally of fifteen and one-half |>ounds and costs.

May 19. — Malcolm McCown l>oiind on the same charge as in the case of Captain Hall,
and with the same result,

July 7.— Malcolm McCown acquitted on the charge of raising an alarm on Kerr's
Creek.

Mary and Richard, orphans of William Bull, ordered bound.

John Kirkialnck granted ordinary license.

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY ESTABLISHED

Joseph Moore, William Paxtoii, and John Gilmore, Jr., qualify as justices, John Trimble
as coroner, Harry Innis as attorney, and William Stuart as constable. William Rowan
bound as implicated in the murder of Cornstalk, but with the same result as in the other
instances.

August 5.— Samuel Lyle, John Lyle, and Alexander Stuart instructed to let a contract
for a courthouse, the specifications being as follows: twenty feet long, sixteen wide, and ten
in pitch; well-framed, and weatherboarded with feather-edged ilaiik; roof of lap shingles:
house well floored above and below with pine or oak plank one and one-half inches t'lick;
two plain wooden doors; fwo wmdows of twelve lights each, and shutters; iron hinges for
both doors and windows; house set two feet above the ground on good oak blocks; at one
end of the room a convenient bench for the magistrates to sit on; other benches for jury
and lawyers ; a seat and a table for the clerk ; the house to be finished in a workmanlike man-
ner by November 1st.

September 1. — John Houston qualifies as justice.

November 3. — John Gay qualifies as justice.

Ordinary license granted to William Alexander and Alexander Stuart.

Presented for selling liquor without license: William Alexander, William Montgomery,
John Lyle, Mary Greenlee, John McClung, John Paul, James Thompson, Jane Lakin, William
Paxton.

November 14.— Christopher Meath and Hannah, his wife, acquitted of stealing some
linen cloth, but thirty lashes on the bare back were ordered for each of the other parties
called up.

February 13, 1779.— A charge against Catharine Coster of stealing goods worth $110 in
specie was not fully proved, but the circumstances appearing against her, she was ordered
to be given twenty-five lashes on the bare back at the public whipping post and then dis-
charged.

March 2.— Michael Bowyer, Esq., qualifies as attorney.

^farch 3. — William McKee qualifies as justice.

April 6. — James Buchanan qualifies as justice.

April 7. — Plan for the new courthouse ordered approved and contract let.

Bastardy charge by M C against W J made good.

June 2. — John Lyle qualifies as justice.

July 6. — John Greenlee qualifies as justice.

August 3.^John Bowyer, gentleman, qualifies as escheator.

Smith Williamson, Richard Williamson, and Henry Black, having served in Colonel
William Byrd's regiment — in French and Indian war — were each given an order for fifty
acres of the public land.

Robert Edniondson and Abraham Gasden qualify as assessors.

October 5.— John Trimble, Esq., qualifies as assessor.

Isaac Campbell given ordinary license.

Josiah East, who served in Colonel Washington's regiment, given an order for fifty
acres of public land ; the same to Richard Walker, a private in Captain John McNeil's
Grenadiers. William Alexander, a non-commissioned officer of the Second Virginia under
Colonel Byrd, given an order for 200 acres.

James Grigsby and William Brown given ordinary license.

John Bowyer qualifies as sheriflf and William McDowell as his deputy.

December 7. — Levy, 2376 pounds, 8 shillings, 6 pence ($7921.42).

Poll tax, $7.00.

March 9, 1780.— Tavern rates: hot dinner, $10; hot breakfast, $8; cold diet, $7; lodging.

84 A HISTOBV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

with feather bed, $2; lodging, with chaff bed, $1 ; corn or oats, per gallon, 44 cents; whiskey,
per gallon, $80. (These sums were in depreciated |>a|>er money).

Samuel Wallace allowed $40 for twenty-eight days »i>ent in making roads.

May 2.— Samuel Jack presented for saying, "God damn the army to hell."

June 6.— Isaac Campbell, jailor, ordered to be i>aid $1179 George Kelly allowed $70
for making a table for the clerk and sundry rejairs on the courthouse.

June 6. — Lashes, "well laid on," to the number of twenty-five, were ordered to be
administered to Elizabeth Berry.

John Tcmplcton and Robert Ewiiig granted tavern license.

December 5. — Samuel McDowell, sheriff, protests against the insufficiency of the jail.

Tavern rates: hot dinner, $15; hot brcakfact, $12; cold diet, $10; lodging, with feather
bed, $<>; lodging, with chaff bed, $2; pasturage for twenty-four hours, $4; corn or oats, per
gallon, $6.

Joseph Walker qualifies as justice.

Jonathan Whitley bound in his own recognisance on a charge of disloyalty.

George Campbell excused from further payment of county levy.

March 7, 1781.— Tavern rates; hot dinner, $20; hot breakfast, $15; cold diet, $12; rum,
(icr gallon, $200; whiskey, i>er gallon, $60; all good wines, ]>er gallon, $160.

July J. — .\rchibald Stuart qualifies as attorney, Samuel Wallace as lieutenant -colonel,
and William McKee as sheriff. Sheriff's bond, $5000.

Samuel Lyie and John Carulhcrs apjxiinted commissioners of the specific tax.

October 2. — James Gilmore given tavern license.

November 6. — Captain John Bowyer presented for preventing men from going on
militia tour when lawfully called.

Samuel Todd, gentleman, allowed $90.42 in s|>ecie and two per cent, of the tax for
collecting the s|>ecific tax, the rent of storehouses, and finding barrels and packing them
with flour.

December 4. — Roger McCormick, servant to Robert Campbell, presented for speaking
disloyal words. No witnesses. Remanded to jail and soon discharged.

January 1, 1782. — View ordered from Samuel Carter's near the county line to Mc-
Dowell'i.

April 3. — Tavern rates: hot dinner, one and one-fourth shilling; hot breakfast, one
shilling; cold diet, one shilling; corn or oats, per gallon, six pence; lodging, with feather
bed, seven and one-half pence; lodging, with chaff bed, four pence; wine, per gallon, fifteen
shillings; cider, per gallon, one and one-fourth shilling.

May 4. — Samuel Todd ijualifies as justice.

October 1.— Rol>crt Eastham ordered to pay John Ramsay, for one day as witness for
Andrew Ramsay and eighty miles travel, 185 pounds of tobacco.

November 5.— James Bailey presented for saying that "the sending of the eighteen
months men was the doing of the damn'd Congress."

November 8.— Tithables, 1I4S. Poll tax, sixteen (lounds of tobacco. Levy 18,320 pounds
of tobacco ($610.70).

Tavern rates: hot dinner, twenty-live cents; hot breakfast, twenty-two cents; cold diet,
seventeen cents.

January 7, 1783. — Adam, the mulatto bastard of Catharine E , ordered to be bound

out.

May 6. — William Gray, living near Barclay's mill, presented for "driving his wagon on
the Sabbath Day," and Israel C i>re»rnted for having two wives.

November 2.— For stealing fodder, Henry Navils ordered to be given twenty lashes.

THE CALFPASTURE

The Pastures — Early Settlement — The Patton and Lewis Survey — Pioneer

History — Emigration

Geographically distinct from the rest of Rockbridge, and not properly a part
of the Valley of Virginia, is the section of the county west of North Mountain
and above the lower Goshen Pass. In the very dawn of settlement it became
known as the Calf pasture, or simply as "the Pastures," because it already com-
prised a large area of open ground. Its leading watercourses were first known
as "the Great River of the Calf pasture" and "the Little River of the Calfpas-
ture." It will thus be seen that the valley named the streams and not the
streams the valley. In what manner the names Calfpasture, Cowpasture, and
Bullpasture came into existence is not clearly known. The Cowpasture was
first known as Clover Creek and the Bullpasture as Newfoundland Creek.

Great and Little rivers head in Augusta and Mill Creek in Bath. But the
larger and more important share of the Calfpasture basin lies in this county, and
with respect to the pioneer families it will be treated as a whole. In the timbered
and sparsely peopled valley of Bratton's Run is the resort of Rockbridge Alum
Springs. At the mouth of Mill Creek is the town of Goshen. A little above
is Panther Gap, utilized by the first railroad to cross the Alleghanics in this
latitude. On Great and Little rivers is a considerable area of low-lying land,
somewhat thin, but otherwise well suited to agriculture.

Why this section of the Pastures should have been included in Rockbridge is
not at this day very obvious. It was doubtless the work of influential men.
We do know that some of the inhabitants did not like being placed in this
county. We also know that when the people of the Bath area began moving
for a new county in 1777, they wished the Calfpasture to be a part of it.
The people of the Pastures seem to have been about evenly divided on that
question.

The author of Annals of Augusta asserts that the Calfpasture was settled
about as early as the country around Staunton, yet offers no evidence in
support of this claim. The records of the parent county, especially the muster
rolls of 1742, do not indicate such early settlement. From another source we
learn that the first settler was Alexander Dunlap, who came in \7A?t. He was
accompanied by his wife, four children, and an indentured servant, Abraham
Mushaw. At this date there was no settler any farther west. Dunlap's cabin
stood near the spot now occupied by the Alleghany Inn.

86 A HISTORY OF ROCK0RI1x;E county, VIRGINIA

Next year, James I'atton and John Lewis, acting under an order of council,
surveyed a tract nearly fifteen miles long, but nowhere more than about one
and one-eighth miles broad. Their niap sliows it cross-sectioned into twenty-
three lots. The lower end of the grant included the site of the town of Goshen.
The upper end extended rather to the north of Deerfield. With a single ex-
ception every lot had been entered by some settler. From this circumstance we
may infer that these other people came almost as soon as Dunlap.

The following tabular statement shows consecutively the nunjbcr of the lot,
the name of the settler, the acreage, the purchase-price — when stated in the
deed — and the early transfers of title. When the deed was issued to a successor
of the original settler, such other name is given in brackets.

Names of consorts are also thus shown :

1. Alexander Dunlap (John Dunlap)— 625 — $68.69—295 acres sold Robert Dunlap,

1761, for $33333.

2. William Jameson— 170— $20.87.

3. Thomas Gilliam— 168— $18.86— sold. 1752. by Thomas (MarRarct) Gilham to James
LoclcridKc for same price — resold. 1767, by John Dickenson to William Thompson for $200.

4. Robert Crockett — 370— $41.15 — sold, 1760, by pioneer's sons — J-imes (Martha) and
Robert. Jr., (Janet), both of Mecklenburg county, North Carolina — to William Thompson
for $200—295 acres sold by Thompson, 1767, (or $166.67.

5. David Davis — 290— $29— sold. 1749, by P.-ilton and Lewis to John Po.iguc.

6. Thomas Weems— 525— $31.10— sold. 1768, by Thomas (Eleanor) Wccms to William
Given for $723J3.

7. Henry Gay— 694— $33.39— 100 acres sold, 1769, to James Fraiier (or $33J3,

8. Francis Donclly— 266— $30.02.

9. Robert Gay— 519— $57.89.

10. Samuel Hodge— M9— $47.97.

11. John Miller->316— $70.08— sold by John t .Ann) Miller to John Kams.-»y. 1757.

12 I>oflus Pullin— 252 <240?)— $2«j.92— sold to James Shaw, 1760. (or $3(V-sold by
Shaw to John Ramsay, 1" -150.

13. KolKrt Hrallon .7 — WO acres sold to James Bralton, 1771. for $133..33.

14. James I-ockridge- 280- f— sold by James (Isabella) Lockridge to .^ndrew Lock-
ridge (son), 1764. (or $66.67.

15. John Graham— 696— $79 58— 150 acres sold to James Graham (son). 1768, for
$1667.

16. Robert Gwin— 544— ?— sold by William (Agnes) Gwin to Robert Lockridge, 1766,
for $575.

17. John Preston— 1054— $31.15— 520 acres sold by William (Susanna) Preston to Mary
Prr«ton, 1762, for $333.33. The same sold by Mary Preston to Rolierl Lockridge. 1763. for
$V/, f.7.

18 William Warwick-r-106— $118 67— sold, 1745, to John Kincaid

19 James Carlile— 600— $^.S. 19—250 acres sold, 1753. to John Carlile. and sold by Inni.

1762, to Thomas lliighart for $166.67—200 acres sold by John (Mary) Carlisle to Thomas
Adams, 1796, for $39167.

20. Jacob Clements— 457— $51.67— 202 acres sold, 1751. by Jacob (Mary) Clements to

THE CALFPASTURE 87

John Campbell for $66.67, and sold by John (Ann) Campbell, 1768, to James Carlisle for
$250.

21. John Campbell— 308— $34.17— 208 acres sold by Samuel Campbell to William Lock-
ridge, 1769, for $713.33.

22. James Carter— 300— $33.38— sold to Robert Gay, 1768.

23. John Wilson— 600— $66.

Other patents in the Calf pasture, prior to 1770, are these: acreage, date,
and description being given consecutively :

Adams, Thomas— (1) 190— 1769— Bratton's Rmi. (2) 235- 1769— Calfpasture,

Beverly, William— 700— 1743— head of Great River.

Bratton, James— 90— 1769— Bratton's Run.

Campbell, John and Samuel — 100 — 1761 — branch of Great River.

Crockett, Margaret and Andrew — (1) 48 — 1749 — David Mill place on Calfpasture.
(2) 44 — 1749 — adjoining James Poague.

Dunlap, John — 125 — 1760 — Dunlap Creek (Bratton's Run).

Dunlap, Alexander — 90 — 1769 — Calfpasture above Jameson.

Jameson, William — 80 — 1755 — east side Great River.

Kincaid, Andrew — 45 — 1769 — Calfpasture above Tinker.

Lockridge, Andrew — 22 — 1755 — branch of Great River.

McKittrick, Robert— 110— 1759— branch of Great River.

Patton, James and John Lewis — 600 — 1743 — Elk Creek of Calfpasture.

Still Other early settlers were the Armstrongs, Blacks, Blairs, Clarks, Craigs,
Elliotts, Fultons, Hamiltons, Hendersons, Johnstons, McConnells, McCutchens,
McKnights, Meeks, Mateers, Moores, Risks, Smiths, Stevensons, Walkups, and
Youells.

Alexander Dunlap, a man of some means, was appointed a captain of horse
in 1743, but died the following year. He was succeeded in this position by Wil-
liam Jameson. Thomas Gilham qualified as captain of foot in 1752, and James
Lockridge and Robert Bratton in 1755. James Lockridge and \\'illiam Jameson
are named as members of the first county court of Augusta in 1745. The latter
acted as a justice in 1747, but it is not known whether Lockridge qualified.

According to a statement by a daughter of James Gay, the pioneer, there
was a stockade on the Calfpasture during the French and Indian war.

The first mill seems to have been that of James Carter. It was probably
built about 1745. Some ten years later, Andrew Lockridge had a gristmill.

Charles Knight is mentioned as a schoolmaster in 1755. He was to have
$60.00 a year, every half Saturday or every other Saturday to be free time. In
case of an Indian alarm he was to enjoy the privilege of being lodged in the
settlement. But it is not probable that he was the first teacher.

Rocky Spring Church was built on an acre deeded by Andrew Kincaid,
1773, to the "trustees of a congregation of dissenters." These trustees were
James Bratton, Lancelot Graham, .Andrew Hamilton, Thomas Hughart, William
Kincaid, and Andrew Lockridge. Lebanon Chinch was organized in 1784 at

88 A ItlSTURY UF RUCKBRILNJE COUNTV. VIKGINIA

the home of William Hodge. The first ciders were William Youell, Alexander
Craig, John Montgomery, John McCutchen, Joseph McCutchen, and Samuel
McCutchen. The first meeting house stood close to the Augusta line, the second
a half-mile to the south and in Rockbridge. As a consequence there are two
cemeteries. The will of John Dunlap. written in 1804, provides a sum to build a
gallcrj- for the negro worshippers. John Montgomery, for a while a teacher in
Liberty Hall .Academy, was the first minister. John S. McCutchen was a suc-
cessor. But the first congregation on the Calf pasture was that of Little River.
The "meeting house land" is mentioned in deeds alxiut 1754. John Hindman
preached in the vicinity as early as 1745.

Partly as a result of its only moderate fertility, the Calfpasture has been a
great fountain-head of emigration to newer localities, especially Kentucky and
Tennessee. Some of the pioneer names have thus been nearly or quite ex-
tinguished. Not a few of the men who went from the Calfpasture, or their
descendants, have achieved some renown in Western history.

Major Samuel Stevenson, who had lately moved to the Greenbrier, headed in
1776 an expedition to the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. He was accompanied
by James Gay, William Elliott, and Benjamin Blackburn. William Campbell,
a wheelwright, was picked up as the party went through the wilderness. One of
the mcmlxTS said "Blackburn was so stifT with fear we could hardly get him
along." In the spring of 1784, Stevenson settled in \\\>odford county, the
"Asparagus Bed" of the Bluegrass State. He was preceded a few weeks by
Alexander Dunlap, Jr.. and James Gay. Jr. The wives of Stevenson .nnd Dunlap
were sisters to Gay. who was a son of James Gay and his wife, Jean Warwick.
Pisgah Oiurch, said to be the first Presbyterian organization in Kentucky, was
founded the same year. Its first minister was .Adam Rankin, who came from
Rockbridge. Pisgah .Xcadeiny, founded by Gay, Dunlap. and Stevenson, de-
veloped into Transylvania University, as Liberty Hall .\cademy developed into
Washington and Lee University. The region around was settled almost wholly
from RtKkbridge and its neighboring counties. The following names, from the
membcr.ship of Pisgah Giurch in 1808-1826. will Ik- recognized as occurring in
the pioneer annals of Rockbridge: Aiken, .Mexander. .Mien, Brown. Campbell.
Carr, Dunlap. Elliott, Gay, Hamilton. Holnian. Kinkead. Kirkhani. Logan. Long.
Martin. McClung. McClure. McCullotigh, Mcl'hceters, Renick. Ritchie. Smith.
Steele, and Taylor.

We close this chapter with special mention of several of the Calfpasture
families.

The Bears sprang from Blastus Baer. a Mennoniic who came from Germany
in 1740 and settled in Page county in 176.V Jacob, a son. married a daughter
of ., M. iitionitc minister and came to the Calfp.isture in 1788. Their sect was

THE CALFl'ASTURE 89

but slightly represented here, and the Bears attached themselves to other
churches.

Robert Bratton, who married the widow of Alexander Dunlap, Sr., was
one of four brothers. Samuel remained in Mifflin county, Pennsylvania ; James,
who married Dorothy Fleming, settled near Christiansburg. Three sons of
another brother, went to South Carolina. Captain Robert Bratton was a man
of wealth and distinction.

Archibald Clendennin lived in this valley before moving to the lower Cow-
pasture, where he died in 1749. Archibald, Jr., was the most conspicuous victim
in the Greenbrier massacre of 1763. Charles, another son, gave his name to
the capital of West Virginia.

Captain James Coursey came from Orange and married as his second wife
the widow of Robert Dunlap. A great grandson is Major O. W. Coursey, of
South Dakota, a soldier, educator, and historian.

Robert Crockett, son of the pioneer of that name, was one of the "Long
Hunters" spoken of in Chapter VIII. The eccentric Davy Crockett, of Tennessee
and Texas history, was of another family, although in his youth he worked for
a German farmer in this county.

Samuel Ebbcrd came from Maryland.

Captain Thomas Gilham had seven sons and two sons-in-law in the armies
of the Revolution. The family moved first to South Carolina, but afterwards to
the north of Illinois.

John Graham and his family experienced a great storm during their voyage
from Ulster. John appears to have been a brother-in-law to William Elliott
and John Armstrong of the Calfpasture. Elliott was born in 1699. William
and Graham was a brother to John. Christopher Graham, who died in 1748,
was probably the father of Robert Graham of the Bullpasture, and the wife of
Joseph Walkup.

John Hepler came from Pennsylvania.

Daniel Hite — otherwise Hight — was a son of Daniel Heydt, a German
who settled in the Luray valley.

William Jameson was commissioned coroner in 1753, and seems to have
died the same year. A grandson of the same name owned valuable property
on the border of the city of St. Louis. Timothy Flint, the historian, calls one of
his daughters a "rose of the prairie," and says of the Jameson family, "a group
of more beautiful children I have never known."

The pioneer Lockridges were the brothers, James, Robert, and William.
William lived first in the Borden grant. The descendants are most nunterous
in the West. Colonel John Lockridge was a pioneer of Sangamon county, Illinois.
Another Colonel Lockridge figures in early Texas history. Andrew Y. Lock-

90 A HISTORY OK kockdhiix:e county. VIKCIN'IA

ridgt. a grandson of Major Andrew IxKkridgc. son of jaincs, was a noted mis-
sionary to the Qicrokcc Indians.

Five brothers of tlic name of McCulchen came to this part of Virginia.
Rol)ert settled on I.ittic River. SamntI in the Borden grant, and William. James,
and John in Ikvirly Manor. James diet! in 1759, and his sons. James. John, and
Patrick went to Washington county. The descendants of the five pioneers arc
nnmerous, widely scattered, and inchide persons of mark. One of these is Robert
IJarr McCutchcn, a distinguished writer.

The McConnclls, who founded Mctonnell's Station, now Lexington, Ken-
tuckT, previously lived on Kerr's Creek, as well as the Calfpasture.

Moses Mcllvain located in this valley in 1763. While prospecting in the
Bluegrass region of Kentucky, in 1779, he was captured by Indians, but was
released at the intercession of a trader by the name of McCormick. who had
known Mcllvain in Ireland. Mcllvain married Margaret, a daughter of Samuel
Hodge, of the Calfpasture, and settled anew in WcKxlford county. Kentucky.

Timothy McKnight came from Ulster. His son John, merchant of St. I>ouis
and trader to Santa I'e, was a heavy owner of realty in and near the Missouri
metropolis. Rolnrrt, another son. settled in Chihuahua. Mexico, as a merchant
and mine owner, and married a Spanish lady. Thomas settled in Iowa and
was the first candidate for governor of that state on the Whig ticket. James
remained on the Calfpasture, but his son John joined his uncle at Giihuahua and
became a wealthy merchant. Rebecca, a daughter, married William McCutchen,
anfl the wife of William W. Ruckcr, Congressman from Missouri, is a great-
granddaughter.

Five Walkups. James, Joseph, John, Margaret, and the wife of John
Graham, Jr., were brothers and sisters and came to Little River about 1748.
Captain James moved to the Waxhaw settlement. North Carolina. 1755. where he
was a large |)lantcr and slaveholder. Sanuiel M., a grandson, was an antiquarian
of that state. Joseph, son of John, was a lieutenant-governor of California,
and is said to have refused an election to the senate of the L'nite<l States.
For several decades there was nnich confusion in the spelling of the family sur-
name. Professor Wauchope, a distinguished literary critic t)f the South, has
returned to the orthodox .Scotch orthoprajjliy. The appropriateness of doing
so is very much open to ({uestion. The form Walktip is free from strange-
ness, and to the American car is the closest possible approximation to the
Scottish pronunciation. The phonographic value of the word Wauchope is
unmistakable in Scotland, but not in .America. In this connection it may be
remarked that those German families who in years past modified the spelling
of their surnames pursued a wise course. It was a practical step in .\nicrican-
iiation.

THE CALFTASTURE 91

William Warwick had four children. Jean and Martha were killed by the
Indians about 1759. John settled in Kentucky in 1784. Jacob was an extensive
owner of realty and livestock in Pocahontas. The widow of William Warwick
married Andrew Sitlington of Bath.

J. Fulton ^^'hitlock, otherwise Tarleton Whitlock, came from the cast of
Virginia.

William Youell settled on the Calfpasture about 1771.

THE WAR KOK INDEPENDENCE

CAi-sts or THE War— The Fincastle and Accusta Resolctions — Visginia in the Rwolv-
Tios — Campaign of 1781 — Svnd«v Phases of the Coxtest — Pcnsionejis

The underlying cause of the American Revolution was "similar to that whi>"h
forced our country into her present struggle with Gennany. It was a protest
against autocracy. The American colonies were founded when the relations
between the king and his people had not reached a settled basis. It had always
been the English practice for the people of each community to manage their local
affairs. This principle was followed by the immigrants who peopled the colonies.
Trouble began during the conflict between king and Parliament in the time of
Cromwell. It assumed serious dimensions during the reign of James 11 ( 1685-8),
but did not become acute until the accession of George III in 1760. For several
decades before the iK-ginning of the outflow from Ulster, few people had been
coming to the colonies. The Americans of 1725 had begun to feel that they
were already a people distinct from the English. During the quarrel that began
with the ending of the Old French war. the colonies held that they were a f<art of
the British Empire. But the British government viewed them a-^ hrliiiiniii.i to it,
and consequently as possessing rights of a lower grade.

To the colonials the person of the monarch was the visible tie that joined
them to the British Empire. By a legal fiction the king was an impersonation of
the state, and only in this sense did they consider that they owed any allegiance
to him. The Americans understood Britain to be made up of king. Parliament,
and commons ; each American colony to Im? made up of governor — a representa-
tive of the crown — legislature, and people. Under .Xnne and the first an<l second
Georges, the monarch was a mere figure-head. The actual government was in
the hands of a corrupt oligarchy. George I was a Grrman. and could speak no
English, except when he swore at his troopers. George III l)egan his reign
with German ideas of divine right and absolutism, and these he determined to
carry into practice. Local self-government had declined markedly in England.
It was only a few persons who enjoyed the elective franchise. Parliament
was not representative of the people, and by open bribery the king was able to
control legislation The general mass of the English people were at this time
ignorant, brutal, and besotted, and they wire apathetic toward their political
rights. There was a higher level of intelligence in America than in England.

Under kingcraft, as interpreted by George III, the people were to ol>ey the
crown and p.iy taxes. Functions of a ptiblic nature were held to inhere in the

THE WAR rOR INDEPENDENCE 93

sovereign. Activities were to start from above, not from below. The Americans
contended that the central government could properly act only in matters con-
cerning the empire as a whole. They did not concede that Parliament had any
right to tax any English-speaking commonwealth that had its own law-making
body. On the one side of the ocean there was a rising spirit of democracy. On
the other, there was an ebbing tide, and a "divine-right" monarch was in the
saddle. A clash was inevitable.

To the Americans there were several particular sources of annoyance. It
was an anomaly for any other person than an American to be the governor of
an American colony. But in the crown colonies, of which Virginia was one,
the governor was an imported functionary, and on retiring from office he usually
went back to Britain. As a rule he was a needy politician, did not mingle socially
with the Americans, and in his official letters he was nearly always abusing
them. Another annoyance was the Board of Trade, a bureau which under-
took to exercise a general oversight in America. It cared little for good local
government. It sought to discourage any industry which might cause a leak in
the purse of the British tradesman. Its one dominant aim was to see that the
colonies were meek and to render them a source of profit to the British people
and the British treasury.

Even after the controversy had become one of bullets instead of words, the
prevailing sentiment in America was not in favor of political separation. The
colonials felt a pride in their British origin. They recognized that a union
founded on justice was to the advantage of every member of the British Empire.
At the outset, the Americans fought for the rights which they held to be com-
mon to all Englishmen. In this particular they had the good will of a large
section of the people of England. It was the autocratic attitude of the king
that made separation unavoidable.

American independence was proposed and accomplished by a political party
known in Revolutionary history as the Whig. It was opposed by a reactionary
party known as the Tory. But in the Whig party itself was a conservative as
well as a progressive wing. The former consented to a separation, but other-
wise it wanted things to remain as they were. The progressives had a further
aim. They were bent on establishing a form of government that was truly demo-
cratic* The progressives prevailed, and yet the work they cut out was only
well under way when independence was acknowledged. "The Revolution began
in \'irginia with the rights of .America and ended with the rights of man."f

The basic origin of the Revolution was political. In the Southern colonies

♦This term is not to be construed in a partisan sense. When the present poHtical party
of that name is mentoined in tliis book it is with a capital letter.
tEckenrode.

SM A HISTOIY OF ROCKHRIOGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

there was not an economic cause also, as was the case in New England. The ex-
ports from \'irginia touched liigh water mark in 1775. in spite of the long
quarrel between the governor and the people.

We have entered into a rather extended discussion of a topic that belongs
more to national than to county history. Yet the interest in the issue was so
keen in the Scotch-Irish settlers that our explanation of it may not seem out
of place. The Ulster people were naturally more democratic than the linglish.
and nowhere in America was the democratic feeling more pronounced than along
the inland frontier. The Scotch-Irish element generally rallied to the support
of the Whig party, and was a most powerful factor in its ultimate success. The
Tory influence was strong in the well-to-do classes along the seaboard, particularly
among men in ofTicial and conmicrcial life. X'irginia was somewhat e.xceptional
in this regard. It was practically without any urban population. The planter
aristocracy upheld the Whig cause, and as it was the ruling class, it carried the
colony with it. It must be added, however, that the planters of Tidewater cast
their lot with the conservative wing of the party. It was under the lead of such
men as Jefferson and Madison, residents of Middle Virginia, that the state
capital was taken away from the tidewater district in 1779. The progressive
Whigs cast of the Blue Ridge found a strong ally in the population west of
that mountain.

The resolutions adopted at Fort Chiswell, the county seat of Fincastle, were
so closely in harmony with the views of the people in the Rockbridge area that we
present them in this chapter. The address by the Committee of freeholders
is signed January 20, 1775, and is directed to the Continental Congress. The
chairman was William Giristian. Other ])rominent menibers of the committee
were William Preston and Arthur Campbell. Of the fifteen men. all were officers
except the Reverend Charles Cumings.

We atfure you and all our countrymen that we are a people whose hearts overflow with
love and duly to our lawful sovereign, George III, whose illuslrious Huusc, for several
iucccstive reigns, have Ikcii the guardian of the civil and religious rights and hhcrlics
of British sulijccts as settled at the glorious rcvohition (of 1688); that we are wilhiig
to risk our lives in the service of His M.ijcsty for the snp|>ort of the I'rote>tant religion,
and Ihe rights and lil)crties of his suhjects, as they have iKen eslabhshcd by cum|iact. law.
and ancient charters. We arc heartily grieved at the differences which now subsist be-
tween Ihe parent state and the colonies, and most heartily wish lo sec harmony restored on
an er|uilable basis, and by the most lenient measures that can be devised by the heart of
man. Many of us and our forefathers left our native land, considering it as a kingdom
tubjected to inordinate iKiwcr and greatly abridged of its liberties: we crossed the .Atlantic
and cxplured this then uncultivated wilderness, JKtrdcring on many nations of savages,
and surrounded by mountains almost inaccessible to any but those very savages, who have
incessantly l>ecn committing barbarities and depredations on us since our first seating the
country. Those fatigues and ravages wc patiently encounter, supported by the pirasing
hope of enjoying those right* and liberties which had been granted to I'irnifiiont. and were

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE y.T

denied us in our native country, and of transmitting them inviolate to our posterity; but
even to these remote regions the hand of unHmited and unconstitutional power hath pur-
sued us to strip us of that liberty and property, with which God, nature, and the rights
of humanity have vested us. We are ready and willing to contribute all in our power for
the support of his Majesty's government, if applied to constitutionally, and when the grants
are made to our representatives, but cannot think of submitting our liberty or property
to the power of a venal British parliament, or to the will of a corrupt British ministry.
We by no means desire to shake ofif our duty or allegiance to our lawful sovereign, but
on the contrary, shall ever glory in being the lawful subjects of a Protestant prince, de-
scended from such illustrious progenitors, so long as we can enjoy the free exercise of our
religion as Protestant subjects, and our liberties and properties as British subjects.

But if no pacific measures shall be proposed or adopted by Great Britain, and our
enemies will attempt to dragoon us out of those inestimable privileges, which we are
entitled to as subjects, and reduce us to slavery, we declare that we are deliberately and
resolutely determined never to surrender them to any power upon earth but at the expense
of our lives.

These are our real though unpolished sentiments, of Hberty and loyalty, and in them
we are resolved to live and die.

The opening lines of the address do not make the impression now that they
were intended to make in 1775. The portraiture of George III is the direct oppo-
site of that given in the Declaration of Independence. The latter document cen-
sures only the king, while the address vents its indignation on the king's ministry
and on Parliament. But the committee appear to draw a distinction between the
king as a man and the king as a sovereign. In the former respect, George III
was a very mediocre person, obstinate and narrow-minded. In the latter respect
he was an impersonation of the state, and to the state every patriotic citizen
owes allegiance.

Thomas Lewis and Samuel McDowell were delegates to the Virginia Con-
vention of March, 1775. The instructions given to them by Augusta county,
February 22, contain the following sentences:

We have a respect for the parent state, which respect is founded on religion, on law,
and the genuine principles of the constitution. * * ♦ These rights we are fully resolved,
with our lives and fortunes, inviolably to preserve ; nor will we surrender such inestimable
blessings, the purchase of toil and danger, to any ministry, to any parliament, or any body of
men upon earth, by whom we are not represented, and in whose decisions, therefore, we have
no voice. » * * And as we are detenuined to maintain unimpaired that liberty which is
the gift of Heaven to the subject of Britain's empire, we will most cordially join our coun-
trymen in such measures as may be deemed wise and necessary to secure and perpetuate
the ancient, just, and legal rights of this colony and all British America.

A memorial from the committee of Augusta, presented to the state conven-
tion May 16, 1775, is mentioned in the journal of that body as "representing the
necessity of making a confederacy of the United States, the most perfect, inde-
pendent, and lasting, and of framing an equal, free, and liberal government, that
may bear the trial of all future ages." This memorial is pronounced by Hugh

96 A HISTOKV OK RCJCKIIRILKjE COUNTY, VlRtaSIA

Blair Grigsby the first expression of the policy of establishing an independent stale
government and jxTinanent confederation of states which the parliamentary
journals of America contain. The men who could draw up papers like these were
not the ones to stand back from sending, as they did, 137 barrels of flour to
Boston for the relief of the jM^oplc of that city in 1774. A savage act of Parlia-
ment had closed their port to commerce.

Even during the Indian war of 1774 there were very strained relations be-
tween the House of Burgesses and the Tory governor. In the spring of 1775,
the administration of Dunmore was virtually at an end, and the Committee of
Safety was managing the government of the state.

With respect to \'irginia soil there were three stages in the war for American
Independence. The first was confined to the counties on the Chesapeake, con-
tinued but a few months, and closed with the expulsion of Uunmore soon after
his burning of Norfolk on New Years day, 1776. The invasion by Arnold began
at the very close of 1780, and ended with the surrender of Cornwallis in Octol)er,
1781. The warfare with the Indians continued intermittently from the sununer
of 1776 until after the treaty with England in 1783. Except in the southwest of
the state, the red men rarely came cast of the .Mleghany Divide. The British did
not come across the Blue Ridge, and only once did they threaten to do so. Con-
sequently the Rockbridge area did not itself become a theatre of war.

Nevertheless, Rockbridge took an active part in the Revolution. At the out-
set of hostilities Augusta agreed to raise four companies of minute men, a
total of 200 soldiers. William Lyie, Jr., was the lieutenant of the Rockbridge
company, and William Moore was its ensign. We do not know the name of the
captain, but the colonel was George Mathews, a native of Rockbridge. As the
commander of the Ninth Virginia Regiment in the Continental service, Mathews
distinguished himself in Washington's army until he and his 400 "tall Virginians"
were outflanked during the fog that settled on the field of Germantown and
compelled to surrender. I'robably a number of Rockbri<lgc men were in this
regiment, but we have no positive information. (We do not know of the men
then living in the county, or who subsequently settled therein, there were some
who enlisted in other Continental regiments.) It was in the militia organizations,
and then only for two or three months at a time that most of the Rockbridge sol-
diers saw military duty.

Probably the first active service on the p.iri of men of this county was in
the summer of 1776, when the militia under Captain John I.yle and Captain
Gilmore marched under Colonel William Christian in his expedition against the
Oieriikecs. Me was gone five months, an<l accomplished his purpose without
actual fighting, although five towns were destroyed. The companies of John
Paxton and Charles Campbell were in the column of 700 men that reached Point

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 97

Pleasant in November, 1777. Major Samuel McDowell was a line officer in this
force, and his men began their march from the mouth of Kerr's Creek. General
Hand was to march against the towns on the Scioto. But deciding that it was too
late in the season and that provisions were too low, that leader contented himself
with announcing the surrender of Burgoyne and then dismissing the militia, who
reached home late in the next month. Next spring, Captain William McKee was
in command at Point Pleasant. It was another Rockbridge company, under the
command of Captain David Gray, that marched to the relief of Donally's fort
when the news came that it was attacked by the Shawnees. Captain William
Lyle also campaigned on the frontier.

The British invasion of 1781 was a more serious menace. But it is necessary
to preface our account of it with a glance at the fighting south of Virginia.
After the battle of Monmouth in the summer of 1778, the British leaders made
no seriotis demonstration against Washington's army, and their fleet made them
quite safe at New York, which was almost the only ground they held in the
North. The war in this quarter was a stalemate, and the British turned their
attention to Georgia and the Carolinas. In these colonies the Tories were as
numerous as the Whigs. Savannah was taken and then Charleston. After the
second disaster there was no field army to contend with the enemy, and South
Carolina and Georgia were overrun. While General Lincoln was besieged in
Charleston, the Seventh Regiment of \'irginia Continentals under Colonel Buford
were on their way to reenforce him. But they were surprised at Waxhaw, no
quarter was given, and they were cut down by the dragoons of Colonel Tarlcton.
After dusk some of the troopers, who were generally Tories, returned to the
scene of the massacre, and where they found signs of life, they bayonetted the
hacked and maimed. Captain Adam Wallace was among the slain. Several
other Rockbridge men were either killed or wounded. The inhuman cruelty
shown on this and other occasions by Tarleton made him an object of bitter
hatred. He thought German methods of warfare the proper ones to use against
the Americans, and the resentment he did so much to arouse was not entirely
extinguished at the outbreak of the war of 1917.

A few months later a new American army, advancing from the north, was
overthrown at Camden. At the close of 1780. when the fortunes of the Americans
in the South were at a low ebb. General Greene, a leader of signal ability, was
given command in all the colonies south of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. But
the wreck of the army defeated at Camden was small, half-naked, and poorly
equipped. The British and Tories were in much superior numbers and did not
lack for clothing and munitions. Nevertheless, there was a turn in the tide.
At the Cowpens, the right wing of the American army nearly destroyed a force
under Tarleton, and 600 prisoners were sent to X'irginia. Greene made a mas-

98 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDC.F. COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

tcrly retreat across North Carolina, closely pursued by Cornwallis, the British
ccimniandcr-in-chief in the South. After Greene crossed the Dan. Cornwallis
gave up a chase that was bringing him no result, and fell liack to Ilillsboro, then
the capital of North Carolina. Greene was joined by large nunil>ers of militia,
until his army was 4400 strong, but only one of his little regiments was of seas-
oned troops, and the militia organizations were an uncertain reliance. The force
under Cornwallis was only half as numerous, yet his men were veterans, well-
equipped and well offtcered. Greene recrossed the Dan and took position at
Guilford, where he was attacked by the British. March 15th. Cornwallis held
the battleground, but one-third of his army was put out of action by the .\mcrican
rifles. He could neither follow up his nominal advantage nor remain in North
Carolina. He made a rapid retreat to Wilmington, pursued a part of the way
by Greene, who then advanced into South Carolina. Cornwallis dared not follow
his antagonist, and led his shattered army to Virginia. In four months Greene
nearly freed South Carolina and Georgia from the enemy, except as to the sea-
ports of Charleston and Savannah.

Rockbridge men under Captain James Gilmore helped to win the brilliant
victory at the Cowpens. Their time had nearly expired, and they were used to
escort the captured redcoats to their prison camp. In this tight Ensign John
McCorkle was wounded in the wrist and died of lockjaw, fiut Gilmore seems
also to have been present at Guilford, where soldiers from Rockbridge were much
more numerously represented. In this battle. Major Alexander Stuart was
wounded and captured, and Captains John Tate and .\ndrew Wallace were killed.
Among the other officers were Major Samuel McDowell, Captain James Bratton,
and Captain James Buchanan. Tate's cf)iniiany was com|)o,<ed almost wholly of
students from Liberty Hall. They actjuitted themselves so well as to extort a
compliment from Cornwallis. After the action he asked particularly almut "the
reln-ls who took position in an orchard and fought so furiously." Sanjuel
Houston, then a youth of nineteen, kept a diary while his company was on its
tour. James W'addell, the preacher who was so noted for his eloquence, ad-
dressed the command at Steele's Tavern, the place of rendezvous. The company
left Lexington January 26th, joined Greene's army live days lx;fore the battle
of Guilford, and got home March 23rd. Houston fired nineteen rounds cluring
the engagement. The men had orders to take trees and several would get behind
the same tree. The redcoats were repulsed again and again. At Guilford, as at
the C ow|K-ns, the conduct of the N'irginia militia was exceptionally gmxl. Greene
said if he could have known how well they would act, he could have won a com-
plete victory. In that case the battle of Guilford might have deci<led the cam-
paign.

Meanwhile the traitor Arnold had landed 1600 men at Westover on the

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 99

James. Two days later — January 5th — he burned Richmond. Finding his flank
threatened from the direction of Petersburg, he retreated to Portsmouth, where
he was closely watched by a small army under Steuben and Muhlenburg.
Colonel Bowyer had a regiment under Muhlenburg, the clergyman-general. The
company of Captain Andrew Moore marched from its rendezvous at Red House,
January 10, 1781.

Virginia had been stripped of her trained soldiers, and Washington sent
Lafayette to take command. The young Frenchman arrived in March with 1200
light infantry. To offset this help, General Phillips left New York with two regi-
ments and occupied Manchester, April 30th. The British much outnumbered
the Americans, but were not aggressive. Phillips died of fever at Petersburg,
and Arnold was again in chief command. When Cornwallis arrived he brought
the British army to a strength of 7000 men. Having no use for Arnold, he sent
him away. The odds against the Americans were now serious. Late in May,
Cornwallis moved from Richmond to gain the rear of Lafayette's army. He
wrote that the boy could not escape him. Yet the boy did escape him, although
he was pursued nearly to the Rapidan. Cornwallis then sent out marauding ex-
peditions under Tarleton and Simcoe, while his main army moved upon Orange.
Lafayette, reenforced by 800 veterans under General Wayne, recrossed the
Rapidan. Cornwallis thought he would cut him off, but Lafayette opened an
old road and marched by night to Mechum's River, where, with his back to the
Blue Ridge, he made a stand to protect his stores. The British leader did not
try to force a decision, and fell back to the Peninsula below Richmond. Tarleton
had burned Charlottesville, then a very small place, and the Assembly fled from
it to Staunton, where it sat from June 7th to the 24th. Tarleton made a threat
of coming over the Blue Ridge. The legislators fled from Staunton so precipi-
tately as to take no measures to defend the place. But the militia assembled
in force, their ranks swelled by old men as well as boys, and meant to give Tarle-
ton a hot reception, in case he should attempt to force Rockfish Gap. But as
Tarleton had only 250 men, his threat could have been no more than a blulT.

Lafayette, gradually reenforced by the Virginia militia to the number of
3,000, followed the British. Washington came down from the Hudson with
2,000 of his American troops and 5,000 Frenchmen. The sequel is familiar
to every reader of American history. Previous to the siege of Yorktown, the
two small battles of Hot Water and Green Spring, fought near Williamsburg,
were the only engagements in the Virginia campaign that rose above the dignity
of mere skirmishes. But during his almost unobstructed march, Cornwallis in-
flicted a loss of $10,000,000 in looting and burning, and the kidnapping of slaves.

Not only did the Valley men have to contend with the British east of tiie
Blue Ridge and the Indians west of the Alleghany, but in the spring of 1781 they
had also to watch the Tories in Montgomery. The latter were threatening to

100 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDT.C COUNTV. VIRGINIA

seize the lead mines near Fort Gnswcll, and then join Cornwallis. when, as was
expected, he would follow Greene into Virginia.

Among the men from this county who tunKtl out to light the invader in
1781 were companies under Colonel John Howycr and captains Andrew Moore,
Samuel Wallace, John Cunningham, William Moore, David Gray. James Buch-
anan, and Giarles Campbell. Captain William Moore heljjed to guard the pris-
oners during their march fmni Yorktown to the detention camp at Winchester.

There was little active disloyalty in Rockbridge. Archibald .Mexander says
there were few Tories, and he intimates that these found it advisable to seek a
change of climate. One was John Lyon, who had been a servant to Alexander's
father. He deserted to the British, and was one of the miscreants who bayoneted
the hacked and helpless men on the field of Waxhaw, although he still had enough
humanity to spare the life of John Rcardon. Lyon was killed at Guilford. Tory
Hollow, near the head of Purgatory Creek, derives its name from the Tories
who fled into it and were not molested. Doubtless they were wise enough not to
make their plight needlessly severe. There is another Tory Hollow between Col-
lier's and Kerr's creeks, and it may take its name from the Tory branch of the
Cunningham family. Robert Cunningham, a son of John of Kerr's Creek, became
a brigadier-general in the British army in South Carolina. His conduct made him
so odious that his estate was confiscated, and although he petitioned to be granted
to return, he had to spend the rest of his life under the Union Jack. He was
granted an annuity by the British government. His brother Patrick, although a
colonel in the British army, was not exiled from South Carolina.

But there was discontent, and there was sometimes a disinclination to per-
form military service. It is related of Edward Graham that he found the militia
assembled near Mount Pleasant about 1778, quite unwilling to volunteer instead
of l)cing drafted. Special inducements were offered, but without visible result.
Graham addressed the men to induce them to supply the quota with volunteers.
Captain John Lyle .and a few others step])cd forwar<l. and inarched and counter-
marched liefore the militia, but without effect. Gr.aham then joined the volunteer
squad himself, and was followed by enough of the unwilling crowd to make out
the numl)cr desired. Like some other persons, this minister did not think well
of the headlong flight of the legislators from Sl.iunton. He was on his way
home from attending a presbytery, and at once set alxjut raising a force of respect-
able size, acting as its leader.

Tlic most serious disaffection seems to have taken |)Iacc in Mav, 1781. It
grew out of an Act of Assembly of Octolier, 1780. whereby the counties were to
be laid off into districts for the pur|)ose of procuring a quota from each to serve
in the Continental line for eighteen months. A petition was sent to the capital
from Rockbridge, representing that an absence from home for that length of
time meant ruin to the family of the soldier. Districts had been laid off in this

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 101

county, and in two or three instances the quota had been procured. Jefferson,
then governor of the state, pursued a vacillating course and hesitated to enforce
the conscription law. Then he wrote a letter taking off the suspension, but by
that time the day appointed for the draft had gone by. A date was set for another
laying off of the districts. A hundred people gathered at the county seat. May
9th. Hearing that the Augusta people had prevented such action in their county,
and seeing Colonel Bowyer getting lists from the captains, a crowd went into
the courtroom and carried out the tables. The men said they would serve
three months at a time in the militia and make up the eighteen months in that
manner, but would not be drafted as regulars for the term mentioned in the
law. After tearing up the papers the crowd dispersed.

Virginia was prosperous when the Revolution broke out, but there was mucli
distress during the war. Trade with England came necessarily to an end, and
was carried on with France at great risk. Specie was scarce, and there was a
tendency to keep it hidden. The currency issued by the Continental Congress to
pay its war claims rested on a very insecure basis, and Henry Ruffner relates
that it operated as a tax because of its rapid depreciation. In March, 1780, the
ratio of paper to specie was forty to one, and in May, 1781, it was 500 to one.
Tjixes were high and hard to meet, and the collecting of them was an unpleasant
official duty. Almost everything was taxed, even the windows in a house. A
petition of 1779 complains not only of the high assessment, but says that a still
greater grievance is the separate taxing of houses, orchards, and fencing, these
items aggregating more than the land itself. It was made legal for taxes to be
paid in certain kinds of farm produce. This form was called the specific tax, and
it required storehouses for the produce levied upon.

The return of the specific tax for April, 1782, mentions 3423/2 bushels of
wheat, 1,282 pounds of bacon, and $12.58 in specie, turned in by 702 tithables.
There were 338 tithables in arrears for 165 bushels of wheat and 676 pounds of
bacon. Samuel Lyle and John Wilson, the commissioners, were allowed ten per
cent, for their services. A petition of 1784 says there is little or no hard money,
and that the number of horses and cattle had been niucli reduced during the war.
The only merchantable staple was hemp, and this had fallen in price very much.

Under the Federal pension law of 1832, the applicant was required to make
his declaration before the county court, and his reminiscences are often of interest
and value. The declarations below are by men who were living in Rockbridge
in the year indicated. Only a synopsis is given here. A less abbreviated account
— of more service to genealogists — may be found in McAllister's Data on the
Virginia Militia in the Revolutionary War.

Ailstock, Absalom: born a free imilatto about 1795. Marched from Louisa about
December 1, 1780, it being rumored tliat the British were going to land on the VirRinia coast,
and was out four weeks. About .April 1, 1781, joined the Second Regiment under Colonel
Richardson. The ruins of the tobacco warehouses in Manchester could be seen from the

102 A IIISTORV OK KUCKtIRIIX-.E a)UNTY. VIRGIN'IA

Rirhmnnd side. The brigade was stationed a while at Malvern Hills. The enemy were in

'f coming this far up the James in boats, each with a Riin at either end. the pur-

, .: plunder. Two such boats and seventeen men were taken by the refjiment. During

the siege of Yorktown the applicant dug intrenchments for batteries and made sand baskets.

Cunningham, John: Born in Pennsylvania in 1756. Served in that state in 1776, 1777,
and 1781.

Davidson. John : Born in Rockbridge, 1757. He was willing to go out in the spring of
1778, Iteing then unmarried, but w.is induced hy his mother to hire a substitute. In the
summer of that year, as a drafted man, he served in Greenbrier. Under Captain William
Lylc he drove {lackhorses loaded with flour and bacon to the troops on the frontier. In
January, 1781, he marched from Red House, his company commanders being Captain
Andrew Moore, Lieutenant John McClung, and Rnsign James McDowell. .\l Great Bridge,
near Korfolk, two twelve pounder howitzers and about twelve prisoners were captured.
There was another skirmish near Gum Bridge, near the Dismal Swamp. He went out
again, August 7, 1781, under Captain David Gray, who tried to induce him to be orderly
sergeant. At Jamestown the militia were ferried across the James by the French, who
were 5.500 strong on the north side.

Ivast. James: Born in Goochland, 1753. In 1779 he was guarding Hessian prisoners at
Charlottesville. Left Fluvanna county, 1792.

Fix, Philip: Born near Reading, Pennsylvania, about 1754. Was living in Loudoun
county, 1777, and served that year in his native state.

Harrison, James: Bom in Culi)eper, 1755. In the fall of 1777 he served under Captain
John Paxton, marching to Point Pleasant by way of Fort Donally. He witnessed the death
of Cornstalk, Red Hawk, Petalla, and Kllinipsico. He re.iched home shortly before Christ-
mas. In 1781 he was engaged six months in .\niherst, his duty being to patrol the county
twice a week to thwart any effort by the Tories to stir up disaffection among the negroes.

Hickman. Adam: Bom in Germany. 1762. and came to .\merica five years later. Served
under Captain James Hall in 1780. That company and Captain Gray's marched about
October 1, and was absent three months around Richmond and Petersburg. He went out
again in May. 1781. and the Apjiomattox at Petersburg was crossed on a flaiboat. the bridge
Ii.iving been burned by the enemy. He was in the battle of Hot Water. June 28th.

Hight, George: Born in King and Queen, 1755 Was in Christian's expedition against
the Cherokces. In August. 1777. he enlisted in Rockbridge for the war, serving in Colonel
George Baylor's Light Dragoons. In October, he joined the regiment at Fredericksburg,
and the following winter was at Valley Forge. The troop to which he belonged was em-
ployed in preventing the people of that region from furnishing supplies to the enemy, and in
watching the movements of the latter. He was in the battle of Monmouth. Next Septem-
ber, at a time when the regiment was asleep in barns on the Hudson, it was »uri)riscd by
Grt.pral Grey, and no quarter was given except to the members of his own troop. He and
;.: -:lirr man escai>ed by getting in among the enemy. In the spring of 1779 the regiment
was recruited, and Colonel William Washington took command. It was again employed,
this time in New Jersey, in watching the enemy and preventing trading with him. Near the
close of 1780 the regiment marched to Charleston. 5>outh Carolina. Shortly after his ar-
rival In March. Washington defeated Tarleton, taking sixteen prisoners, but a while Liter
was himself defeated at .Monk's Comer. The horses were saddled and bridled, but there was
I ^tne to mount them. Applicant was taken prisoner and was exchanged at Jamestown in
• t iM, 1781.

Ilinkle, Henry Born in Pennsylvania, 1750. Served three tours in the militia of Fred-
erick county. 1779-1781.

Krlso. James: Born on Walker's Creek. 1761. Drafted. January. 1781. into Captain
Jaroe» BiKhanao'i company of Colonel Bowyer's regiment, and was in skirmishes near

THE VVAK FOR INDEPENDENCE 103

Portsmouth. When Tarleton made his raid on Charlottesville, he volunteered and served
one month. In September he was at the siege of Yorktown, under Captain Charles Camp-
bell, and after that event he was detailed to guard the prisoners to Winchester.

Mason, John : Born in Pennsylvania, 1740. Was in the battle of Brandywine, serving in
a company from Berkeley. In 1781 he was in the battle of Guilford as a member of John
Tate's company.

McLane, John; Born in Ulster, 1757. In 1778 served in Greenbrier under Captain David
Gray. In January, 1781, he went out on a tour of three months under Captain Andrew
Moore. It took about fifteen days to get home from Norfolk.

McKee, James: Born in Pennsylvania, 1752, died in Rockbridge, 1832. Declaration by
Nancy, the widow. John T., a son. Total service, seventeen months, twenty-nine days. His
first service was three months with Christian in the Cherokee expedition. The second was
when he marched under Captain Charles Campbell and Lieutenant Samuel Davidson to
Point Pleasant in the fall of 1777. The third was a tour of three months in Greenbrier, just
after the Shawnees attacked Donally's fort. The fourth was as an ensign in the spring of
1781, at which time he marched to Portsmouth. In the summer of the same year he served
on the Peninsula. In the fall he served his last tour, and was at the siege of Yorktown.

Miller, William: Born in Pennsylvania, 1757, and came to Rockbridge about 1770.
October 9, 1780, he went out under Captain James Gilmore, Lieutenant John Caruthers, and
Ensign John McCorkle, and was in the battle of the Cowpens. For four weeks he was
guarding Garrison's Ferry on the Catawba.

Moore, William: Early in 1781 he served under Captain Samuel Wallace and Lieutenant
Edmondson of Bowyer's regiment. Later in the year he marched to Richmond as captain of
a volunteer company. In September he went again as a captain. From Yorktown he
marched with the prisoners to Winchester, and was discharged there in December, going
home with not over twenty of the men he had taken out.

Shepherdson, David: Born in Louisa, 1763, came to Rockbridge, 1815. In June, 1780, he
marched to join the army of Gates, and at Deep River himself and comrades nearly perished,
having nothing but green crabapples to eat. A detail of 200 men was sent out to thresh
some grain. Was in the battle near Camden, August 16th. After the retreat to Hillsboro,
provisions became so scarce that the captain advised the men to go home and get provisions
and clothing, their clothing having been lost at Camden. They did so and returned, were
advised to go home again, and on their second return were honorably acquitted by a court-
martial. Next year he served six months on the Peninsula, and was present at the surrender
of Cornwallis.

Vines, Thomas: Born in Amherst, 1756. Served at Charlottesville and Winchester,
guarding prisoners. Was in the battles of Hot Water and Green Spring and at the siege of
Yorktown.

Wiley, Andrew: Born in Rockbridge, 1756. .Vbsent forty-two days in 1777, driving cat-
tle to the mouth of Elk on the Kanawha. In 1778-79, he served twelve months in the
Continental line under General Morgan. In the fall of 1780, he was a substitute in Captain
James Hall's company. This company and those of Campbell and Gray joined General
Muhlenburg at Deep Run Church near Richmond. In tlie spring of 1781, he joined Greene's
army at Guilford as a member of a Botetourt company. The Carolina men. who formed
the first line, ran at the outset. The riflemen to which apiilicant belonged formed the cov-
ering party at the left, and when the Carolina men fled, the British came down on a ridge
between this party and the command of Colonel Campbell. The enemy were swept off by
the Virginia riflemen, but formed again and again, and compelled the party to ground their
arms. Captain Tilford was killed.

Andrew Wiley was one of the Virginians who marched against the "Whiskey Boys," in
1794.

Xll

MIDDLE PERIOD

A G)*iPA»isoN— Amai riit Rwolutiox — Disestablishment— Lire and Times is 1850—

Pktticrew Tracedv

The Mi'ldlc Pcriml in Rockbridge history begins with the peace of 17W
and continues until the outbreak of another American war in 1861. Tlie Recent
Period begins with tlic cessation of hostihties in 1865 and conies down to tlie
present year. The first covers the lifetime of an old man. The second covers
the lifetime of a man of middle age. A feature common to the two periods is
that each lies between two great wars.

But while, as we shall presently see, the Recent Period is that of an almost
revf)luti(innry change in industrial methods, and even in everyday life, the
Middle Period is that of a slow and partial unfolding, l^hor-saving machinery
was virtually unknown when the earlier period opened and was little more than a
novelty when it closed. Men wore homespun in 1780, and were still wearing it
in 1860. Men were still shooting with flintlocks in 1860. There was no change in
agriculture, aside from the discontinuance of hemp about 1825. The Middle
Period was well under way when canal navigation entered Rockbridge, and was
almost at its close when a railroad crossed the northwest corner. It was almost
at its close before people began to use envelopes and stamps in mailing their let-
ters. Brick manor-houses, very rare at the close of the War for Independence,
multiplied in the more fertile neighborhoods. But throughout the eight decades
the log house was the tyj)ical home in Rockbridge. .Ml in all, the impress of the
pioneer d.iys was much in evidence, even so late as I860.

In 1 "75-1781. few of the men of this county went to war except for two or
three months at a time, and as no invading host came to burn academies and
plunder smokehouses, the work of the farm could not have suffered in anything
like the same degree as in 1861-1865. Htit in each instance there was a depreciated
paper money, a chaos of values, and commerce was ahnost on a vacation.

When John Greenlee became sherifT in 1785 he found the taxes for the two
preceding years uncollected, although the people were permitted to pay them in
hemp at the rate of $5.00 j>er hundredweight, delivery to be made at designated
places at any time before I)eceml)er 20, 1785. In collecting the tax Greenlee
used a number of hemp receipts which the treasurer of the State was unwilling to
rrccive. Six years later a petition to the .\ssembly mentions tobacco, hemp, and
flc'iir as the chief things available for paying taxes and buying necessaries. It
ROCS on to .say that the roads were rough and bad. and the price of tobacco so
low that the farmers would have to abandon the crop unless it could be inspected

MIDDLE PERIOD

105

nearer than Tidewater. The petition asked that inspection might be made at
Nicholas Davis's below Balcony Falls.

The closing decades of the eighteenth century were a time of fermentation
in America. Religion and mental improvement were much neglected, and there
seems to have been more coarseness in word and action than in the pioneer
epoch. Matters political kept in the lime-light and promoted the noisy assertive-
ness that sprang from American independence.

The disestablishment of the Church of England was one of the first reforms
of the Revolution. One-half of the Virginians of 1775 were dissenters or in
sympathy with the dissenters, and they could no longer be made to support a
state church in addition to the church of their choice. Accordingly, no taxes
were paid to the Establishment after New Year's Day, 1777. In 1802 the parish
farms were ordered to be sold. Yet the clerical party fought to the last ditch,
and full religious liberty was not secured until 1785. The conservatives argued
that conduct is governed largely by opinion, and that it was proper for the legis-
lature to enact measures calculated to promote opinion of a desirable sort. In
1783 they urged that in place of the old Establishment each citizen should be
assessed for the support of some church, in order that public morality might be
maintained. The counties west of the Blue Ridge were a unit against any such
half-loaf. As compared with Tuckahoe Virginia they were new, poor, and
radical.

To the people of Rockbridge, the war of 1812 and the war with Mexico were
much less serious than the Revolution, and the casualties in battle were exceed-
ingly few. Yet in 1814 there was much illness and a number of deaths among
the soldiers from the mountain counties. They were stationed on the coast, es-
pecially around Norfolk. To them the climate seemed hot and sultry, and the
drinking water inferior to that of the mountain springs.

About 1822 there was a strong agitation for the removal of the capital to
Staunton. The Assembly was bombarded with many petitions to this effect from
the counties of the \\'estern District. This movement was one of the symptoms
of the discord between the two sections of the state. The feud led to the Staun-
ton Convention of 1816 and its demand for reform in the state government.
But the Constitutional Convention of 1829 was dominated by the reactionary ele-
ment, and there was little relief until the Constitution of 1851 became law.

Until 1789 there was no mail schedule south of Alexandria. No envelopes
were used with letters. The rate of postage was governed by the distance, and
for a long while payment was made by the person to whom the letter was ad-
dressed. Three-cent postage did not come until 1855.

Until 1792 values were often computed in terms of tobacco, 100 pounds of
the weed being equivalent to one pound — ^5.?i.^ — in \'irginia currency.

In the 30's, and onward until the war of 1861, the country was flooded

lOfj A IIISTURV OF ROCKDKItXiE COUNTY. VIKGIN'IA

with banknote currency, much of it of the "wildcat" variety. The national bank-
ing system was still a thing of the future, and the man traveling from his own
state into another had to exchange his home paper money for that of the other
state, and undergo a "shave" in doing so. He had also to be on his guard against
counterfeit bills. A copy of the Counterfeit Detector and Banknote List was
indispensable to any merchant who was doing much business.

The goods for the merchants of l^xington came by tlic Tennessee road
wagon, a huge vehicle drawn by six horses in gay trappings. The cover was
sometimes of bearskin instead of canvas. The wagoner was somewhat like the
bo.itman of the Western rivers. He was a h.irdy, swaggering personage, but the
state driver would not tolerate the idea of lodging in the same tavern with him.

The polling places in 1830 were four: Joseph Bell's at Goshen, H. R. Jones'
at Brownsburg, the tavern at Natural Bridge, and the house of one of the
numerous Monres. Four years later, the tavern of John McCorkIc became a
voting place, and in 1845 the tavern of John Albright at Fairfield.

Outside of the county seat and the few vill.igcs, Rockbridge had in 1835
three furnaces, six forges, ten stores, and iwenty-four gristmills. 'H ilu-
thirteen country churches, nine were Presbyterian.

Before the Revolution, the gentU-m.in .ipiieared on slate occasions in a
dress suit of broadcloth, often dark-blue, but sometimes plum or pea-green.
His long waistcoat was black and his trowscrs of some light color. His tall black
hat was similar to the "stove-pipe" of a later day. .Vt the top of his ruffled
short-bosom appeared a tall, stiflF collar of the type known as a stock, and around
this was fastened a black silk handkerchief. His hair was cropped short to
make room for a powdered wig. Women wore towering l)onnets. The low-
necked dress had a cape or collar and enormous mutton-leg sleeves. Bv the
close of the war of 1812, tight breeches had just gone out of fashion. The coat
was "high in the collar, tight in the sleeve, short in the back, and swallow-tailed.
The hat was narrow-brimmed and bell-crowned." The cravat was a white han<l-
kerchief, stiff-starched and voUuninous, the flowing ends resting on a ruffled
shirt-bosom. The pocket handkerchief was a bandanna. Gloves were not much
worn. Woman's dress was "plain in color, short in waist, narrow in skirt. As
soon as a woman was married she jnit on a cap." Imported goods were not in
general use, but were worn year after year. "In the country, grandchihlren could
see the wedding coat still on granddaddy's back on state occasions." In the 50's
a certain citizen of this county was wearing linen trowscrs forty years old, yet
seemingly as good as new. A few moccasins were still worn. Work-shoes were
of cowhide, dress shoes of calf-skin. The farmer's boy had to make one pair la-^t
a year.

In 1810 not less than 5,000.000 yards »if homespun linen were m.inuf.-ictured
in \'irginia, and much the greater share of this output originated west of the

MIDDLE PERIOD

107

Blue Ridge. Until about the middle of the century it was only the people of
aristocratic tastes who wore clothing made of imported cloth.

The hemp that was not sent to market was made into sacking, or into a hard,
strong cloth of a greenish hue that slowly turned to a white.

The flax patch was seldom of more than one acre. The stalks were pulled
when the seeds were fully ripe, and were laid out in gavels, the stem-ends forming
a line. After a while the bundles were set up, and when dry were put into the
barn. In the winter season the stalks were broken to loosen the fiber. This
was done by laying them against slats and giving a few blows with a wooden
knife. Scutching was the next step, and was performed by holding the broken
stems against an upright board and striking them obliquely with the same knife.
Then came in succession the spinning, the weaving, and the bleaching. The
unbleached cloth was of the color of flaxen hair. The homemade linen was of
two grades, one for fine and one for coarse cloth. Six yards a day was about
the utmost the weaver could accomplish, if the weaving were to be tight enough.

The imported dyestufTs were indigo, logwood, and madder, used respectively
for blue, black, and red shades. The root and hulls of the hickory made a
dark-brown ; the bark, a yellow. Walnut bark made a brown color, sumach a
black, and dogwood a dogwood berry tint.

The log house of "ye olden time" had a floor of pine or poplar puncheons,
made smooth and level with the adze. As spaces appeared in the process of dry-
ing, the pvmcheons were moved closer together. The building of the roof has
taken its place among the lost arts. The first gable-log projected one foot at each
end, and was held in place by strong locust pins. The upper gable-logs, or eave-
bearers, were held by the rest-poles on which the clapboards were laid. Stretch-
ing between the first gable-logs was the eave-pole, which held the first course of
clapboards. Rest-poles were laid between the upper gable-logs. The clapboards
were three feet long and eight inches wide, and were laid with twelve inches of lap.
Each course was held down by what was sometimes called a weight-pole and
sometimes a press-pole. This fitted at each end into a notch in the gable-log and
was further secured by a peg. Between each weight-pole and the one above it was
a support called a knee. The uppermost weight-pole was heavier than the others
and was pinned to its position. A rustic way of securing the top courses was
with a pair of split poles, one of the halves lying against one side of the crown
and one against the other. The ends were tied together with grapevine or
hickory withes. When the pins in a press-pole rotted, the pole with its course
of clapboards would slide to the ground. The chimney was of short logs well
daubed inside with clay. Near the fireplace was the opening called the light-hole.
\\ hen not in use it was covered with a sliding board. One lazy man broke a
hole in the back of his chimney, so that he could poke his firewood through it
instead of bringing it in by the door.

108 A IliSTOKY OF RUCKDKIMiE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

The loghouscs of the larger and better class had chimneys of stone, some-
times containing an enormous amount of masonry. In tiiis county the stone
house generally ajipearcd earlier than the one of brick, and was sometimes in-
tended to answer the purjKjse df a defense against the Indians. Limestone is
abundant in Rockbridge, but has been little used in house-walls. Colonel John
Jordan, a native of Hanover county and a builder of many brick mansions and
other structures, is said to havi- intriMlnn il the colonial --tvU- nf architecture into
Rockbridge.

The bill i>f fare was more simple than it is now. Corn pone was much in
use. The other ordinary forms of the stafi of life were spoon bread, batter
bread, and sponge bread. Stoves began to come into use alwut 1850, and at
first were not well thought of. The loom-house was an adjunct of the prosper-
ing farm. Elsewhere, the loonj was a feature of the living-room or the kitchen.
Girls who learned to weave were able to make snnie money by going from house
to house.

TTie country store was a very |)!ain affair and was destitute of show-
cases. Only the most common goods and necessaries were on exhibit. The
business of the store seemed to move at a slow pace, yet the merchant was pros-
perous. .After the war of 1816 there was a more rapid gait.

There were two types of garden ; one with Ixds and herbs and one without.
The climate of Scotland is not quite favorable to the kitchen garden, which was
not generally adopted by the Scotch-Irish settlers of the Valley of Virginia until
they took a hint by .seeing the gardens put out by the llession prisoners of war
at Staunton. The herbs were sage, dilny. boneset. catnip, horsemint. hore-
hound, "old man," and "old woman." These were used as home remedies, es-
pecially by the "granny woman." who in no small degree stood in the place of
the doctor. She used lobelia as an emetic, white walnut bark as a purgative,
snakeroot for coughs, and elder blossom to produce perspiration. The hark of
dogwwid. cherry, and poplar, steeped in whiskey, was used for fever and ague.
For the much dreaded dysentery, she enijiloyed Mayajiple root, walnut bark, and
slippery elm bark. A favorite way of treating a cold was for the patient to
warm his feet thoroughly before a fire aiul then cover U]) in bed.

Trials of strength entered more largely into the sports of the period than
they do now. Wrestling, jumping, and Ixtxing were po|>ular. A very common
game was bandy played with turned balls of lignum vitx.

The "frolic" was a vital feature of the "gornl old times." One form of
it was the corn huskihg. The corn was shucked in the field, hauled into the
farmyard, and thrown into a single pile. At the frolic, two captains were
agreed upon, and the.se worthies, by choosing alternately, divided the crowd hito
two rival coni|)anies. The pile of corn was divided, and there was a race be-
tween the companies to see which side would come out first. The defeated com-

MIDDLE PERIOD

109

pany then had to pick up the victor-captain, and "tote" him arotind the pile of
ears. A red ear entitled the finder to a kiss from his companion of the other
sex. A big supper followed the husking, after which the floor was cleared by
taking the furniture and other impediments out of the room, and then came
dancing, sometimes kept up until daybreak. Charges of unfairness were occa-
sionally hurled by one company at the other, and the small boys did well to
get out of harm's way. "Black Betty" was passed around. The whiskey inflamed
the jealousy aroused by rival admirers and rosy-cheeked girls, and serious affrays
were liable to be the outcome. Besides the husking frolic, there were log-
rollings, singing schools, shooting matches, and hunting with hounds. Christ-
mas was made much of. "Bring your knitting and spend the day," was the invi-
tation often extended by one woman to another.

A century ago women sometimes wielded the twn-prongcd wooden fork in
the hayfield. Corn was rarely shocked, and yet more rarely topped and bladed.
The cradle had just come into general use, but some of the older men still
looked with more favor on the sickle. Threshing was sometimes done with
horses. The first threshing machines often got out of order. On one occasion
a flying tooth tore a hole in the roof of a barn. There was no market for hay.
Peavine and "rich-weed" made good pasture. Fertility was maintained by
rotation and by the use of lime and clover. There was an independence in the
simple life of the Rockbridge farmer of the antebellum period, which has
largely passed with the altered conditions of the twentieth century.

Writing in 1844, Henry RufTner strikes a pessimistic note. He says that "our
free mountain air has become tainted ; the labor of oiir fields is done in great
part by fettered hands ; our manners have become more refined than our morals,
and instead of the sturdy but intelligent simplicity that once reigned through all
the land, a half-savage ignorance has grown up in its nooks and dells, while in
the open country a mixed population shows much that is excellent, but upon the
whole a failing spirit of energetic industry and enterprise." It was Ruffncr's
belief that between 1790 and 1840 Virginia lost more by emigration than all the
free states. "She has driven from her soil at least one-third of all the emigrants
who have gone to the new states." After Ohio and Kentucky had begun to at-
tract settlers, the more thrifty and enterprising of the Rockbridge farmers ac-
quired lands in that quarter, and the disposal of such tracts is often mentioned
in wills.

A brief pen-picture of Rockbridge is given by the Duke of Saxe-W'eimer
Eisenach, who crossed this county in the fall of 1825. He observes that he
traveled from Staunton to Natural Bridge in a miserable stage and over a very
bad road. The wooden bridge over the Buffalo was used only in time of very
high water. The only "decent places" he passed were Fairfield and Lexington.
Yet the foreigner mentions "many very handsome country houses," at one
of which he noticed eight eagles sitting on a fence. These were cared for by the

110 A HISTORY (IF ROCKIIRIIir.K COfNTV, VIKC.INIA

proprietor. By seeing snipe fly into the tavern yard at l-'airficld. the stranger
thought the people were not fond of shooting. He found that game was plenty,
and that a wliolc deer could lie purchased for $1.50. He had little to say of
Lexington, then a town of 1,100 people. He wondered that all the coachmen
were white. There was niucii travel on horsehack. The road fronj l.e.xington
to Staunton by way of I'airtield was generally through a forest. The traveler
was a German and was an object of some interest to the few German people he
met in this county.

The most distressing tragedy in the history of Rockbridge took place in
the earlier half of the night of December 16-17, 1846. John Petticrcw, a
native of Campbell county, fell into straitened circumstances, and in 1843
moved into a log house in the southward-facing cove between the two House
mountains. The wife of Petticrew had been Mary A. Moore, of Kerr's Creek.
The oldest of the six children was sixteen, the youngest was six, and all were
healthy and strong. The evening of December 16th was snowy, and by midnight
there was a high wind. Next morning the snow was much drifted, and for several
days the weather was very cold. The fourth day was Sunday, and in the morning
Mr. Petticrew came home according to his custom from his work at the dis-
tillery of William .Alphin. To his horror he found his house burned to the
ground. Lying near by were the frozen and partially clad bodies of the wife
and all the children except the oldest, a daughter who was with her sick
grandmother on Kerr's Creek. Strong men wept when they saw the corpses
laid out for burial. Foul play was suspected on the part of James Anderson
and his wife Mary, who lived a half-mile away. The .\ndcrsons did not lieai
a gofxl name. The husband was not one of the crowd that gathered on tin-
Sunday that Petticrew made his grewsome discovery, nor was he present at
the burial. Pettigrew had had some trouble with the neighlwr because of
Anderson's cows breaking into his field. He was knocked down by .Ander.son,
who tried to choke him. Armed with a search-warrant, a brother to Mrs.
Petticrew visited the Anderson home and found therein a coverlet and some
other articles that had belonged to her. The silverware of the Pelligrews was
not found. Anderson was triecl in Hath, but was ac(|uitted on the ground of
insufficient evidence. He went to Craig and never again lived in Rockbridge.
It remained the common opinion that .Xnderson was really gtiilly. and there is
a story that in a fit of remorse he maile a deathl)cd cfinfession. .And yet an
examination of the corpses was inconclusive as to whether death came from
violence or from the intense cold following a fire either accicjcntal or intentional.
Within two years Pettigrew died of a broken heart. The daughter who was
away from home subsequently n>arrie<l James G. Reynolds and had two children.
The victims of the tragedy were buried at Oxford. The stone over the grave
was shattered by lightning and was replaced with a monument paid for by
friends of the family.

XIII

A YEAR OF SUSPENSE

Causes of the War of 1861 — Presidential Campaign of 1860 — Meetings in Rockbridge —

Discussions in the Local Newspapers — State Convention at

Richmond — A Flag Raising at Lexington

A county history is not the place to dwell at length on the causes of the great
American war of 1861. It cannot spare much room for topics essentially national
in character.

But in the case of Rockbridge, this theme is of more than ordinary interest.
Because of its prominent public men, its educational institutions, and its rank as a
Valley county, the people of Rockbrdge took a keen interest in the political
events of the year ending in mid-April, 1861. A resident of the county was gov-
ernor of Virginia ; an instructor in its military school was to win great renown
as a Confederate general ; the beloved leader of the Army of Northern Virginia
was to become the president of its college. And during the months in which
the storm-cloud was coming to its full dimensions, the issues of the day were
discussed at much length, and very ably, in the newspapers and literary societies
of Lexington.

In this chapter, therefore, we first take a comprehensive glance at the gen-
eral causes of the war, and follow it with an account of what was taking place
in Rockbridge during the presidential campaign of 1860 and the opening months
of 1861.

The thirteen American colonies that shook off their allegiance to Britain in
1776 were politically independent of one another. Not one of the group had
tlie power to absorb the others, and the United States of America is the only
country on earth without a distinctive name. The term by which our country
is known is a definition, and is not properly a name. Since the colonies used
the English language, and derived their laws and institutions from England,
they could not do otherwise than act together in effecting the separation that was
generally desired. But the Continental Congress was not the same thing as the
Federal Congress that succeeded it. The former body was merely a central
committee representing the state governments. One state had as much voice
in this conmiittee as another. The Congress could advise, but it might not com-
mand.

When the states set about forming a "more perfect union," it was much as
if the eleven countries of South America should declare a United States of
South America. Each country would bring into this union a pride in its four
centuries of Caucasian history. It would be jealous of its own rights and sus-

11- A llISTrPK\ «i| IKK KUKIIM.E COl'NTV. VIRGINIA

picious of what the future might develop. The new name would carry no
suggestion of nationality. The only nationality the South Americans could
feci \voul<i he the nationality of Brazil, or Peru, or Argentina. .\ny member
would resent at attempt at military coercion in the name of the union.

W'liat could thus happen in South .Vmerica is precisely what did happen
in North America. The popular opinion among the Americans of 1788 was that
they were entering a confederation. For many years they commonly spoke
of their union as such. But they were really entering a federation. Now in
a confederation, the central government acts on the people through the medium
of the various state governments, while in a federation it acts on them inde-
pendently of the state governments. The framers of the Constitution did not
attempt to be entirely explicit. They were practical men. and if they had
e.xpresscd themselves dogmatically, their labors would have been in vain. The
constitution was adopted only after strenuous opposition in a majority of the
states. That the Americans of the Revolutionary period generally regarded the
new government as a confederation, is because they did not then, nor for some
years afterward, have the mental attitude for viewing it in a different light.

The two groups of colonies separated by Delaware Bay were either founded
by Englishmen, or soon came under English control. But the motives leading
to the colonization of the two regions were not quite the same. The ditTcrcnces
were accentuated by economic distinctions. The Southern colonies were almost
wholly agricultural, and their population was so dispersive that it took the
lead in settling the West and Southwest. The New Englanders were a village
people and slow to scatter. Their soil was poor, and because they turned to
manufactures and commerce, most of the American cities arose in the North.
The Middle Colonics had the economic features of both sections, but their
deciding interests were those of the New England corner.

Had the Union never outgrown the area of the thirteen original states, the
confederate interj)retalion of it might have prevailed in the North iinich longer
than it did. The scale was turned by the vast plain of the Mississippi, which is a
geographic whole. The West has always been more homogeneous than the
scalx>ard, and its political point of view has always been nationalistic. I'rom the
very first, state lines have been of minor importance to the Western man.
The coming of rapid travel and lalwr-saving machinery operated powerfully
to link the commercial North to the agricultural West. There was an increased
pride of country in these sections. Tlieir people came to look upon the L'nion as
no longer a nation io promise, but a nation in fact. But the South was still
almost wholly agricultural, and its mode of life was much the same as in the
peri<Kl of the Revolutoin. It was a perfectly natural outcome that the ])olitical
point of view of the South had undergone no material change.

The principle of secession, as found in .American history, rests primarily

A YEAR OF SUSPENSE 113

Upon the idea of a Union based on the free consent of its members. It was
first put forward in the North and not in the South. But it is significant
that a serious discussion of it in one state would be viewed with immediate
disapproval in all the others.

In 1790 there was a balance in population between North and South. For
several decades later, people did not feel that this balance was being disturbed.
As for slavery, it was not liked in the upper South and was not actively opposed
in the North. But by 1850, the North was far in the lead. A rising spirit of
the age was antagonistic to slavery. To protect its vast slave property, the
South put itself in a defensive attitude.

Until 1861, the control of the Federal government had been almost all the
while with the South. This power was voiced by a relatively small class of
people. In the North there was a subconscious feeling that its much superior
population and its industrial development gave it a better title to lead the nation.
For this purpose it organized a new political party and won the election of
1860. The South instinctively recognized this result as a challenge to a trial of
strength and acted accordingly. The one great issue, reduced to its lowest
terms, was whether the Federal Union had grown into a nation of indivisible
sovereignty, with a conceded power to coerce a reluctant member. To the
North this time had arrived. To the South it had not arrived. Witliin a few
more decades the South would have thrown out slavery and adjusted itself to the
economic civilization of the North. The war of 1861 was a short cut in this di-
rection, and because the measure was drastic it wrought great destruction and
great hardship. But when the storm-cloud was about to break, it was only a few
far-sighted men who could grasp the issue in its larger aspects. The majority
of people feel rather than think, and such persons in 1860 could perceive little
more than the outward symptoms. And because thinking was subordinated
to feeling, waves of excitement seized the multitudes, both North and South,
and hurried the country into domestic war.

The one section could see little else than a wicked attempt by an arrogant
oligarchy to pull down the best government on earth, and thus cause either half
to occupy a lower rank in the family of nations. The North flew to arms to
preserve national unity at any cost, and to see to it that rivalries of a European
nature, sidetracked by the Constitution of 1787, could not again spring into life.
The other section could see little else than an unholy attempt to overturn its
local governments, to destroy the value of a large class of its property, and to
adopt without time for adjustment a mode of life prescribed by the victor. Hence
the South flew to arms to maintain its local self-government at any cost, and to
prevent an abrupt transition from entering into its ecoonmic life. The men on
each side of the controversy were honest, sincere, and determined. In the light
of the conditions confronting him. neither the typical Northerner nor the typical
Southerner could have acted otherwise than he did.

114 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

The "year of suspense," as we style the present chapter, began with the
nominating conventions of 1860. There were four candidates for the presidency.
Lincoln, Douglas. Brcckcnridge, and Bell. Lincoln stood for the extreme North-
ern position, and Brcckcnridge for the extreme Southern. The conservative
elements supported Douglass and Bell. Southern votes for Lincoln were very
few and were wholly in the border states. That Bri-ckenridge had a considerable
support in several Northern states was because of considerations of party regular-
ity. Douglas and Brcckcnridge were both Democrats, but the former was re-
garded as a l)olter by the supporters of the other candidate. Douglas had a rather
large following in the border slave states, and (juite a number of the old line
Whigs in the coast states of the North cast their votes for Bell. But in general
terms, the voting was sectional. The North supported the northern candidates,
Lincoln and Douglas. The South supported the southern candidates. Brcckcn-
ridge and Bell.

In the days before the war, Rockbridge was counted as a Whig community,
whereas the state almost invariably gave a majority for the Democratic nominee
for the presidency. In 1856. Buchanan's majority over I'ilimore was only eighty-
eight votes, but seemingly for the reason that 286 votes went to Fremont.
When viewed in the light of the next campaign, it seems rather strange that
a ninth of the total number of votes should have been given to the first Republi-
can candidate. But Fremont was son-in-law to Senator Benton, of Missor.ri,
and Benton was reared and married in Rockbridge.

The following table shows the vote by precincts in Rockbridge, November
6. 1860:

Bell Douglas Brcckcnridge

Lrxinglon 290 148 49

Kcrrj Creek 96 79 9

CuIIicrstown 76 20 66

Drydcn's 37 22 32

\Vil»on'» Shop .62 4S 18

Paxton'i Schoolhoufc 77 15 29

Trev/. 68 63 9

Natural Bridge HI 47 84

Ilamillon"! 70 50 18

Fairfield 102 85 27

BrowntburK IIU 36 8

Cothrn 59 31 16

Total UMI 641 365

An analysis of the tabic shows that Bell carried every precinct. an<l had
almost twice as many votes as Douglas. It also shows that Douglas had almost
twice as many votes as Brcckcnridge. Natural Bri<lne, where several leaders of
public opinion were in favor of secession, was the Brcckenri<lge stronghold.

A YEAR OF SUSPENSE 115

It is one of the curiosities of that exceptional campaign that the next highest
vote for Breckenridge was in the present RepubHcan stronghold of Collierstown.
No votes for Lincoln are on record. Bell, the choice of the Rockbridge voters,
was the standard bearer of the Constitutional Union party, which was the suc-
cessor of the Whig party in the South. The only plank in its platform was
"the constitution, the union, and the enforcement of the laws."

It is an interesting fact that Bell's leading competitor for the nomination
was Samuel Houston, a native of Rockbridge. Bell was nominated on the second
ballot, receiving 138 votes. Houston had sixty-nine, and all others, forty-six.

In its issue of November 29th, the Lexington Gasette makes this comment
on the election, referring to the Democratic party when it speaks of Conserva-
tives :

Now that he (Lincoln) has been elected, what can he do? The Conservative party have
a majority in both houses of Congress. The Supreme Court is Conservative. The Executive
can enforce no law prejudicial to the institution of slavery, if Congress enacts none.
Every act he does is done under the solemn oath which he takes at his inauguration. Had
we not then better try him? It may be that he will prove to be a conscientious and a law-
abiding man. Mr. Jefferson went the full length Lincoln goes against slavery. We have
not had an ultra pro-slavery president, unless Mr. Tyler may be called so, and yet all
the time the institution of slavery has been safe from executive interference.

One day later, the Staunton Vindicator published the following editorial
comment on secession :

To our mind the secession of the cotton states is a fixed fact. It is this for which the
politicians of those states have been planning and scheming for years. It is no oppression
that they feel, but a willful, deliberate, and criminal purpose to dissolve the Union and
reopen the African slave trade. The clear and unequivocal policy of the Middle (border)
States is to keep aloof from them. In the course of time the seceders may seek a reunion
upon such terms as will be granted. If they do not, we venture the prediction that they will
become conquered provinces before ten years. The devilish spirit which will have brought
this destruction upon the Union can never rest contented after the Southern Confederacy
is established, and will be certain to plunge it into war.

Nevertheless, a meeting held at the courthouse in Lexington November 26th
shows the intense excitement in Rockbridge. The chairman was directed to ap-
point a committee of twelve to prepare a circular letter to the people of the
county. This committee was made up of Hugh Barclay, J. B. Dorman, Samuel
Gilbert, E. L. Graham, T. J. Jackson, J. R. Jordan, David E. Moore, J. \V.
Paine, E. F. Paxton, J. T. L. Preston, J. McD. Taylor, and William White.
The courtroom was filled to its utmost capacity. A discussion on the state
of the country lasted from noon until four o'clock. The Gazette speaks of a
disposition to ignore party di (Terences and to act unitedly. It adds that "the
interest felt by the people was such as we have never witnessed before." The
call formulated by the committee was couched in the most earnest language. It
asked the people of the county to convene at the courthouse on Monday, Decem-
ber 3rd.

116 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Of this second meeting, Hugh Barclay was chairman. There were speeches
by the ministers, John Miller and \V. N. Pendleton, and by Colonel F. H.
Smith, Major J. T. L. Preston, |. \V. Brockcnbrough, and J. B. Dorman. At
an adjourned meeting, December 15th, the leading grievances against the South
were enumerated as the aggressive anti-slavery agitation in the North, the per-
sonal liberty bills, and the appeals to the spirit of insurrection and murder. The
personal liberty laws mentioned were those interfering with the capture of run-
away slaves on free state soil. The clause alluding to insurrection and murder
relates to the fanatical raid of John Brown at Harper's Perry, which took place
fourteen months earlier. Ten resolutions were adopted, one of which states
that "we cannot deem it the part of wise and brave Christian patriots even yet
to despair of the republic. \Vc feel it to be a high duty as well as the dictate of
true j)olicy on the part of \'irginia to struggle for the redress of her grievances
within the Union." Another declares it "highly inexpedient in tiie present crisis
to resort to coercion against any seceding state."

South Carolina, the first of the cotton states to act, passed iicr ordinance of
secession December 20th. The movement in that (juarter was watched in Rock-
bridge with much interest, which for the most part was unsympathetic.

A contributor to the GaceUe makes this comment :

A Krcat deal of rash talk and inroii5idcratc action certainly cliaraclerizcs the conduct
of the South at this time. There is no deliberation, save the delilierate treason that has
long been cherished in the breasts of the leaders of the movement. A disruption of the
union of these states reads the doom of African slavery in the South. While the Union
existf, there is an influence in the North itself that nearly if not altogether cancels the
mad eflforts of the al>olitionists. While the Union exists, there is a United South, to a
man ready to protect the South against aggression. But let the South con»ummate a
severance, then the South stands isolated. Disunion will unsrillc the line that divides
slave from free territory. Its first immediate cflTcct is to dc-.\fricani/c a broad belt
of the border slave states, equal in extent to one-fourth of the slave territory. The mere
anticipation of disunion has already turned thousands of ojieratives out of cmployinent
in the North. The real event will increa.se this number by tens of thousands. Desperation
will drive these hordes down upon us, either in a hostile raid or to seek a living in a friendly
manner. Secession secures non-intercourse, and non-intercourse compels the South to
manufacture. She must either do it by these discarded employees or by men from abroad.
The result is the same: it brings in contact with slavery a |)opulatiun poisoned to it in all
its asfiects. The idea of manufacturing by the aid of slave labor is simply absurd, not
only from the fact of the incapacity of the negro, but from the fact that there are no
slaves to be s|>ared from the planting interests. The African slave trade has been pro-
nounced piracy, and an attempt to reo|>cn it would bring down upon the Southern Con-
federacy the vengeance n4 all the great powers of Europe. Moreover, a manufacturing
•nd a slave community arc antagonistic and dangerous to each other. It cannot be denied
that slavery creates distinctions in society; a lalM^ring and a leisure class. The mechanic
and the negro would constitute the former, and the nabobs the latter.

An editorial of the same date a^ the South Carolina ordinance, and written

A YEAR OF SUSPENSE 117

before the news of that event could have reached Lexington, speaks in this man-
ner of the secession movement:

We do not desire to see this government broken up upon a point of honor more
shadowy, more imaginary, more unreal, than any ever alleged by the professional duelist
as a ground for demanding satisfaction. There is no dishonor in submitting to Lincoln's
administration, because he is legally and constitutionally our president. Secession is a
voluntary and complete relinquishment of the rights we hold in virtue of the Union. * » *
Peaceable secession is nothing less than a surrender of these rights (to slave property
in the territories). * * * Xo break up the Union upon a mere presumption that the
president-elect intends to trample upon the constitution is to drive our Northern friends
into union with our enemies. There were more votes against Lincoln in the Xorth than in
the entire South. Peaceable secession is really cowardly submission. * * * There is a
well-considered policy of a few plotting Catalines to precipitate the cotton states, and
ultimately all the slave states, into revolution.

It is interesting to note the paralleHsm between the above paragraph and the
following e.\tract from a letter written from Lexington, January 1, 1833, con-
cerning the proclamation on nullification by President Jackson. The letter was
written by Doctor Archibald Graham :

In this region it has been received with loud and almost universal applause. A meet-
ing was held yesterday in the courthouse, Reuben Grigsby in the chair. I am told they
adopted resolutions approving the proclamation. There is a strong feeling in this county
against nullification, and a very general disposition to put it down vi et arinis (by force of
arms). I believe a strong volunteer company could be raised here, at a moment's warning,
to march against them.

The editorial further pointed out that secession would work a forfeiture of
the interest of the South in the District of Columbia and the public lands, and
that the South could not reestablish this interest without going to war.

The influence on business of the secession talk is thus sketched in a letter
in the Gaccttc:

Money has become so scarce that debts can no longer be collected. Slave property has
fallen in value from a third to a half. The indebtedness of the citizens of Rockbridge
to the banks is not short of $100,000. The costs of goods brought in for sale is about
$200,000. How are they to be paid? The flour sold out of the county this year does not
exceed 1,000 barrels, worth about $5,000. The proceeds of other commodities except
slaves are about $50,000. The slaves sold out of the county the last three years have
brought about $400,000. That source of revenue seems at an end. The people must give
up their habits of extravagance. Every lady must have a new bonnet every six months
costing $20 to $50 apiece. There is doubt if the flour sold in the last twelve months would
pay for the bonnets and silk dresses sold here in the same time.

A proposed local organization was the "Rockbridge Economical Society." If
possible, the members were to attend the Rockbridge fair of 1861 in clothes made
in Virginia, to buy in that year no cloth not made in Virginia, to discourage bring-
ing in any goods except those of prime necessity, and to promote domestic manu-
facturing.

118 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

It is also significant that the advenising: columns of the county papers con-
tain somewhat frequent rc(juests for debtors to "fork over."

An extra session of the legislature was called for the purpose of determin-
ing "calmly and wisely what ought to be done." This bo<Jy met January 7,
1P61, and decided to call a state convention, for which tlelegates were to be
electe<l I'ebruary 4th. There had never yet been a convention in N'irginia not
authorized by a po|)ular vote. An editorial of January 3 would appear io reflect
the prevailing sentiment of Rockbridge. It makes these declarations:

\Vc hope the people to a man will vole against a slate convention. .\ convention will
lie a piece of machinery that will be oi>crated by secessionists to carry Virginia out of the
Union. Ko government such as ours was ever before devised. If we allow it to go down,
we believe that with it will go down the last hope of civil and religious liberty. Let us not
follow the example of South Carolina, who seeks to put an unanswerable argument into the
mouths of des|x)ts. South Carolina has said by her action that a republican government
can l>e dissolved at any lime, that it is a government without |)ower, that it is no government
at all.

Meetings of workingmen at Lexington and Rrownsburg were largely at-
tended, and pasiicd resolutions that were "moderate and patriotic." A meeting
at the courthouse, January 7th, failed to vote any resolutions, and broke up in
disorder, some sixty persons cheering for South Carolina. This element was
principally made up of cadets. Many of the citizens were indignant at the
rowdyism, and it was denounced in a meeting at Old Monmouth presided over
by John Anderson, Sr. The last named meeting resolved that "we refuse to
sanction the attempt of any state to secede from the Union, l)elieving that
such an .net would be no renudy for the grievances of which wc complain."

Another meeting at the courthouse, January 21st, adjourned with three
cheers for the Union, after resolving, "that in the opinion of this meeting
the plan of adjustment proposed by Hon. J. J. Crittenden, and now pending
before the Senate of the United States, is a just and honorable basis for set-
tlement of our national difTiculties." The same meeting nominated Samuel McD.
Moore and James B. Dorman to represent the county in the convention. Three
days later, Mr. Moore and Mr. J. W. Hrockenbrough. another candidate, pub-
lished their appeals to the voters. In the event of a dissolution of the Union,
Mr. Moore was in favor of Virginia being independent of all the other states.
He exj)rc-sse<l the opinion that "\'irgi!iia never can become very prosperous
except as a manuf.tcturing state." He declared in favor of excluding New
I" ' ' from a new confeder.icy, and was "strongly in favor of the proposed
■ 1) being submitted to the people." He .id<led that "the ex.imple of the

Alabama convention, which has passed a secession ordinance, should Ik a warn-
ing to the j>eople of \"irginia." He saw reason to apprehend that a m.ajority
of the convention may be elected as disunionists, although a large majority of the
voters might be friendly to the Union. Mr. Hrockenbrough thought secession

A YEAR OF SUSPENSE 119

would conic, and asserted that "tlie Union that the constitution gave us no
longer exists." C. C. Baldwin, a fourth candidate, favored immediate secession
if the difficuhies with the North were not settled when the convention met.

The short campaign was very animated. An editorial of January 31st urges
that the voters insist on a ratification at the polls of the decision of the conven-
tion. It remarks that "there is no limit in the law to the powers of the con-
vention," which "may bind you against your will to a monarchy or aristocracy
instead of a republic." It points out disapprovingly that "an able writer in the
Southern press has proposed the adoption of a monarchy," while another, in
letters to the English papers, suggests asking for one of Victoria's sons as a king.
It further observes that Mr. Spratt, of South Carolina, had come out boldly for
an aristocracy, alleging that there is an irrepressible conflict between democracy
and aristocracy; that equahty is not a right of mankind in the mass but of equals
only.

In the election there were 1,869 votes for Dorman. 1.839 for Moore, 293
for Brockenbrough, and seventy-two for Baldwin. There were no votes for
Baldwin in six precincts out of the twelve. The result rather upheld the con-
tention of the Gazette that there were not more than 250 secessionists in the
county.

The state convention met February 13th, little more than a fifth of the
delegates going to Richmond as avowed secessionists. By a vote of more than
two to one the people of the state reserved the right to pass upon the action of
that body. By the decisive majority of more than 1,500. Rockbridge declared in
favor of submitting such action to the people.

The following letter by Alexander II, H. Stuart, of Staunton, throws an
interesting light on the atmosphere in which the convention worked.

Since the first day of the session, Richmond has been the scene of unexampled e.xcite-
ment. The disunionists from all parts of the state have been here in force, and have sought
to bring every influence to bear to precipitate Virginia into secession and civil war. * ♦ •
Secession is a doctrine of New England origin. It is at war with the whole theory of our
institutions, and is subversive of every principle of popular government. * * • In my
opinion, there is no natural antagonism between the Northern and the Southern states.
They (the sections) are the complements of each other. The present alienation is the work
of designing men. I believe that all our wrongs can be most effectually redressed in the
Union. Secession, instead of being a remedy, would be an aggravation. It would lead to
emancipation, and probably to emancipation in blood. Should the Union be dissolved peace-
ably, the policy of the new goveriunent will be shaped by the cotton states. Free trade, and
direct taxation for the support of the Federal government, will be the cardinal features of
that policy. The expense of maintaining the present government of the United States,
ranging from $60,000,000 to $100,000,000 a year, is raised by duties and is voluntarily paid
in the form of increased prices by those who buy foreign goods. Under the other systeiu,
the tax would be involuntary, and Virginia's part would be about $5,000,000. * » ♦ This
would be a very heavy burden. South Carolina's causes of dissatisfaction are financial and
not the same as ours. '

120 A HISTORY OK ROCKDRIDGE COCXTV, VIRGINIA

Samuel McD. Moore, a gentleman now sixty- four years of age, of com-
manding presence and mature convictions, took a leading part in the proceedings
of the convention. He was a member of the Conmiitice on Federal Relations.
Jeremiah Morton, of Orange, introduced a resolution declaring against coercion
of the seceding states on any pretext whatever, and stating that while \'irginia
was ardently dc-iring to restore the Federal Union, she would unite with her
sister states of the South if the efTorts then under way should not avail. Mr.
Moore, in reply, said the cotton states had not consulted Virginia, and he did
not intend to Ik: bound hand and foot by them. He would neither be hurried out
of the Union, nor kept in it by precipitate action. I f compelled to go anywhere,
he was determined to know first where he was going, who he was to go with,
and what was to be his condition after he did go. He was ready to resist sending
troops through \'irginia to attack the seceding states, but if the latter thought
proper to attack any United States fort, they would have to abide the conse-
quences. He would at a proper time undcrt.ike to show that there was a conflict
of interest between \'irginia and the cotton states.

These five resolutions were introduced by Mr. Moore, February 25th:
1. That in resisting the fugitive slave law, refusing to give up refugees, trying to
deprive the South of common territory, in circulating incendiary pamphlets,
and furnishing arms to bands of assassins, the South demands full and ample
security that these wrongs shall not be repeated. 2. \*irginia can never join
a confederacy with the African slave trade. 3. Virginia refuses to endorse
government by direct taxation. 4. Approval of the Crittenden program. 5. "H
such amendments arc not adopted, \'irginia will enter into a compact with such
states as will agree to adopt them, whereby the present government of the
United States will be dissolved as to the states so agreeing."

Mr. Dorman introduced an additional resolution to the efTect that the
Federal Union can rightfully lie dissolved only by the power that made it, and
that Virginia should work for a vote in all the states upon the decision of the
Peace Conference. Several speeches were made on the Moore resolutions. A
b.iiid of fifty to sixty men serenaded the seccessionists who had replied to
Moore, an<l gave three groans while passing Moore's hotel. There was talk of
burning him in effigy, and yet there was a motion in convention to adjourn to
Staunton.

Meanwhile the people of Rockbridge were expressing their sentiments in word
and in act. The Gaseltc had ntadc this comment on the slavery issue, February
7th: "To us it seems clear that in the event a Southern Confeder.-icy is formed,
slavery must inevitably lie driven from the states of Maryland, X'irginia. Ken-
tucky, and Missouri, which will give rise to another dissolution." lust one
month Later it gave these reasons for not going into a Southern Confeder.icy :
"We arc devoted to the institution of slavery. We lielieve its general tendency

A YEAR OF SUSPENSE

121

is to elevate the condition of the African. A few masters maltreat their slaves,
but just as many husbands maltreat their wives. Public sentiment frowns upon
both. If the Southern states unite in a Southern Confederacy, slavery will be
driven out of \'irginia. Fifty negroes would run off then for one that runs
off now." In such a contingency, the Canada line would in effect be brought down
to the frontier of Virginia.

In a meeting at Natural Bridge, March 30th, with Edward Echols as chair-
man, secession resolutions were passed with but three dissenting voices. Yet the
Gazette expressed its belief that if the resolutions were to be offered in a meet-
ing of all the citizens, there would be a majority against them of 1,500. Of
Lincoln's inaugural address, the Gazette had these words to say : "We are not
disposed to complain of the tone of this document. It maintains the doctrine of
coercion, but there is not the slightest intimation that he would recommend to
Congress the adoption of any coercive measures."

The final day of the period we are considering came perilously near being
a day of bloodshed. On receipt of the news that Confederate batteries were
firing upon Fort Sumter, a Confederate flag was run up in front of the court-
house. This was at eleven o'clock, on the morning of April 13th. There were
speeches by Major Colston, J. G. Paxton, J. W. Massie, J. C. Davis, and J. W.
Brockenbrough. The Unionists of Lexington, who were numerously represented
among the mechanics and working people, determined to show their resentment
by flying a Federal flag from a still higher flagstaff. The pole, which was of
unusual length, was brought to the courtyard at too late an hour to set it in
place. In the morning it broke while being raised, because of holes that had been
bored into it. It was then necessary to splice the pole, and this work occupied
some time. Meanwhile, a few cadets had come into town, and hot words passed
between them and several of the townspeople. In the scuffle that ensued the
cadets were very roughly handled. It is in the nature of youth to be radical, and
the cadets of the Institute were generally ardent in their enthusiasm for the
Southern Confederacy. On the part of the students of Washington College,
such feeling was less in evidence.

After the mauled youths had returned to their quarters and related their
adventure, their comrades were hot with rage. Almost at once they shouldered
their muskets and began marching up Main Street with the avowed intention of
Storming the town and exacting satisfaction by force of arms. They were very
soon met by Major Jackson, afterward the celebrated Stonewall, who told
them they were not marching properly, and they fell into a more regular align-
ment. He accompanied them to the hollow that crosses the street between the
Institute and the courthouse. They were now confronted by Major Colston, one
of their instructors and a person of magnetic influence. By a few brief words of
command he made the column face about and march back to the barracks. A

122 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDi;E county, VIRGINIA

little later the hotheads were reprimanded by General Smith, who told them it
was a flagrant violation of good order, whether civil or military, to take the
punishment of their grievance into their own hands and perhaps cause innocent
persons to sufTer. Meanwhile, Captain E. F. Paxton, of the local militia com-
pany, had received notice that the cadets were on their way. Though a secession-
ist himself, he did not flinch from his duty. Mis men, sevcnty-fivc in number,
were given their arms, and were posted in windows and at other points of vantage
with orders to fire if the cadets persisted in their rash design. The cadets would
probably have e.\j)erienced a terrible loss of life and limb if they had not l>ecn
brought under control by Colston. Besides the militia, there were some experi-
enced marksmen in the town who had gathered in from the mountains. Had firing
once Ix-gun it would have been well aimed.

Francis T. Anderson, who was to speak at the raising of the Federal flag,
was slow to appear and was sent for. His son found him in a law office closeted
with perhaps twenty-five of the citizens. One of the number had received a tele-
gram fmm Richmond with the news that Lincoln had called on each of the un-
seceded states for a quota of men to put down the secession movement. .Ml the
persons in the room had a very grave air and were engaged in earnest con-
versation. Their conclusion was that there was only one thing to do, and that
was for \'irginia to take her stand with the South. Mr. .Anderson presently went
out upon the courtyard, and said in substance as he stood by the flagpole: "I love
that flag. I-'or eighty years it has been the flag of my country. Under its folds,
that country has grown rich and prosperous. Hut, fellow-citizens, that flag is
now in the hands of our enemies." At this point the speaker was hissed, no
inkling of the telegram having yet reached the throng. Rut after he had related
the import of the message, and had given his view of its significance to the
Southern people, he was cheered to the echo. Unionism had come to a sudden
end in Rockbridge. May 2^T(^, the people of N'irginia voted on the ordinance of
secession that had Inrcn adopted by the convention. In Rockbridge there was
only a single negative vote in a total of 1,728.

In reviewing the momentous year that came to such a well-defined close, it
remains clear that the jh-o])1c of Rockbridge felt no general enthusiasm in the
doctrine of secession; that they deeply disapproved the contluct of the cotton
States ; that their aflfection for the Union was sincere ; and that they took up arms
against the Federal government with regret. Hut their heritage of political
thought taught them that the Union of their fathers was founded by consent
and could not rightfully lie maintained except by consent. The coercion of a
state by the central government was therefore foreign to their creed. They felt
that the Union was virtually dissolve<l, that it was now their duty to stand by
their state, and they took up this duty with a resolution worthy of their ancestral
stock.

XIV

THE WAR OF 1861

Opening Scenes — Military Organizations — Events of 1861-2 — Federal Raids — Hunter at

Lexington — The War Years in Rockbridge — The Close —

Documentary Paragraphs

When the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Washington, President
Lincoln called upon Virginia for 2,340 men as her quota for enforcing Federal
jurisdiction in the seceded territory. The date of the proclamation was April
17, 1861. The reply of Governor Letcher was a prompt refusal. The reply of
the state was the passage by the state convention of an ordinance of secession.
The news of these events reached Lexington the morning of Saturday, April
20th, and this county found itself ushered into a war.

In each section it was the prevalent opinion that a determined stand, backed
by a display of military force, would overawe the other. Only those dis-
cerning men who best understood the temper of their opponents felt assured
that actual war was inevitable and that it would be severe and devastating. No
one dreamed that 1,340 engagements would be fought in the Virginias, that more
than 600,000 American soldiers would lose their lives, and that 400,000 others
would be more or less crippled for life. Some persons regarded the coming
clash of arms as though it were like an exciting picnic. Others regarded it with
the most serious feelings.

With the people of Rockbridge the leading issue was home rule as against
the paramount authority of the Federal government. In the other issues, seces-
sion and slavery, they were less interested. Of the four presidential candidates
of the preceding year, Lincoln was looked upon as an enemy, Buchanan as a dis-
honest coward, Breckenridge as a man who truckled to Kentucky Unionism.
Bell was a passive spectator, yet gave his assent to the Confederate movement,
and his followers in the Gulf states were active in its behalf.

The situation between the free and the slave states had been tense an entire
decade. Colonel Smith and several others of the faculty of the Virginia Military
Institute, and nearly 100 of their cadets had formed part of the armed force of
1,500 men that was assembled at Charlestown in the fall of 1859 to prevent any
attempt to rescue John Brown. It was Colonel Smith himself who superintended
the execution of Brown. A year earlier than this, he had been given orders under
secrecy to double the guard of the arsenal, since there was a supposed plot to arm
the negroes at the Pewe Iron Works near Lexington and set in motion a
servile war. In the winter of 1860-61 there had been intense restlessness and

124 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

some turbulence among the cadets. In the early half of April they were almost
daily hoisting secession flags in spite of vigorous efforts to the contrary by the
authorities.

About this time a b:ichelor makes this comment in the Gazette on the attitude
of the women :

\Vc believe that it is a historical truth that the ladies of the South have from the be-
Kinning of our trouble l)een in favor of secession. They sec by virtue of their superior
intuition the propriety of the measure long before the dull and stolid brains of man could
receive and respond to the impression of the necessity. Whilst men were reasoninR ujxm
the subject and striving in vain to solve the difficult iirohlcni. the intuition of the ladies cut
the Gordian knot

J. B. Smith and J. E. Carson were advertising in the county papers that they
had $100,000 to spend for likely young negroes.

On Sunday, April 21st, the governor ordered Major Jackson to take a num-
ber of cadets to Richmond to act as drill sergeants at Camp Lee, and on Monday
the order was complied with. On Saturday an order had come for the volun-
teer companies of Rockbridge to turn out. At one o'clock p. m., on a date given
as Sunday, but which was probably Monday, the Rockbridge Rifles, 103 strong,
started from Lexington. The Reverend Mr. Tibbs and the venerable Doctor
McFarland gave them a benediction, all heads being uncovered and all eyes
moistened with tears. Doctor White pronounced the benediction at the departure
of the two companies of Rockbridge Dragoons, each al>out sixty strong. The
destination of these commands was Harper's Terry. The officers of the Rifles
were these: Captain, S. H. Letcher; First Lieutenant. Iv F. Paxton; Second
Lieutenant. J. K. Ldmon<lb.on ; Third Lieutenant. \V. \V. Lewis; Fnurtb Lieuten-
ant, D. L. Hopkins; Orderly Sergeant, J. C. I'oude. The following were the
officers of the First Dragoons: M. X. White, Captain; J. S. Cumings, First Lieu-
tenant ; Charles Jord.in. .Second Lieutenant; ^L Burks. Third Lieutenant; J. W.
Moore, Orderly Sergeant. J. R. McXutt was Captain of the Second Dragoons.
R. McChesney was First Lieutenant, and John Gibson was Third Lieutenant.

When the cadets, aliout 150 strong, started to I^irhmond by way of Staun-
ton, the Rockbridge Greys, about 100 in inmiber. were (|uartered at the Institute,
awaiting orders. The Silver Greys were prompt to form a company and elect
officers. The streets of Lexington took on an unusually active appearance. The
citizens were \ct\ liberal in c(|uipping the soldiers, and a committee of them
stood pledged to IcKik after the families of those who had gone to war. Accord-
ing to the Gasette, a respected man of color set about raising a fund for this
purpose.

A meeting at Natural Bridge, presided over by Colonel J. 11. Paxton.
adopted these resolutions: That a committee of seven men, one from each

THE WAR OF 1861 125

magisterial district, be appointed to receive subscriptions of money and materials
for clothing; that R. li. Catlett be quartermaster and J. H. Myers, treasurer; that
able-bodied young men, to the number of not more than 200, and who desire
to serve their country, be requested to report at once to Colonel Davidson at
Lexington; that William Dold be a connnissary to secure supplies for the soldiers
awaiting orders in Lexington.

May 3rd, a flag was presented to the Artillery Company, J. D. Davidson
making the speech. Responses were given by Captain Pendleton and Sergeant
J. C. Davis. June 8th, the ladies of the Falling Springs congregation presented
a beautiful flag to the Liberty Hall \'olunteers, who were pronounced "one of
the finest looking bodies of men sent from this portion of the state." The com-
pany marched the same day with Professor White as their captain. At this time,
Washington College, with sixty-nine students on its roll, closed for the remainder
of the session. Three days earlier, the Rockbridge Guards, seventy-five strong,
left Brownsburg under command of Captain David P. Curry. In a little more
than a week the ladies of that village and its vicinity had made coats, trowsers,
knapsacks, haversacks, cloth caps, and covered canteens for eighty men, besides
ten tents and 140 fatigue shirts of gray cloth. All the men were provided with
shoes and socks.

W'ithin twenty weeks from the marching of the cadets, the Lexington papers
could announce that Rockbridge had supplied her full quota of volunteers.

All in all, the following organizations were furnished by this county to the
Confederate service : two batteries of artillery, four companies of cavalry, seven
companies of infantry, a company of rangers, senior and junior reserves to the
number of ninety, and 206 men on miscellaneous duty, making a total of 2,343.
Of these, 250 were killed in battle, 169 died in service, and 463 others were
wounded, making a total in casualties of 882, or Z7 .7 per cent. ; almost precisely
three men out of eight. Included in this number, however, are 288 men of
other counties who enlisted in the Rockbridge organizations. Another statement
places the number of Rockbridge men at 2.154.

In 1900, after six years of toil, J. P. Moore, J, S. Moore, and W. T. Poague
compiled a list of the Rockbridge soldiers. They announced that absolute accur-
acy could not be assured ; that several names probably appear twice in their
list, that the miscellaneous list is probably deficient, that not all the names of the
Senior Reserves could be secured, and that the enumeration of casualties may
be incomplete. P)Ut since the list is quite nearly accurate, it is a monument to
the diligence of these veterans. The senior reserves did not include men under
forty-five, and few of them could have been living. Junior reserves were under
eighteen years of age.

The Rockhridije commands were in the \'irginia campaigns, and most of them

126 A HISTORY OF ROCKnRIDT.E COUNTY, VIRGINMA

were in many battles. The first to rcspund was the Rockbridge Rifles, which was
organized November 17, ISS*^', immediately after the John Brown affair. It wias
first o^sigiK-d to the 5th X'irginia, but was .sckjii transferred to tlie 4th, and just
after First Manassas, in wliicli it lost fifteen men, to the 27th. It was in twenty-
four engagements, I-'aJling Waters being the first and Appomattox the last, where
it surrendered thirty-three men. It had contained in all 140 men, and the pre-
ceding casualties were fifty-six. This company was often employed in sharp-
shooting service.

The Rockbridge Battery marched fmrn Lexington, M.iy 10, 1861, with alxjut
seventy men and two small six-pounders from the Institute. Two other guns
WTrc given to it at Harper's Ferry. One of its guns was all the Confederate
artillery in the affair at I-alling Waters, and its fire was very accurate and
effective. This conuiiand had the reputation of being one of the best in the
Army of Northern Virginia, and at no time did it lack for recruits. Of its mem-
bership forty-five were commissioned as officers and assigned to other companies.
John McCausland, its first captain, rose to the rank of major-general. The
command was in twenty-one battles and sustained 147 casualties, yet surrendered
ninety-six men at Appomattox.*

The First Dragoons was organized at Fancy Hill May 1(>. 185'', by Capt.iin
L. V. Davidson.

The Lil>erty Hall Volunteers — Company I of the 4th \'irginia Infantry —
were organized at Washington College and served in the Stonewall Brigade.
The company was in thirty-two battles and lost 146 men, one of whom — .\. B.
Ramsay — was wounded on four different occasions. At First Kcmstown the
\'olunteers were almost annihilated. -At Sharpsburg they lost three out of the
five who were engaged. At Chancellorsville they lost nineteen out of twenty-
eight, and after the engagement of May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania, only two men
were left.

Company II of the 25th \'irginia Infantry, organized at Wilson's Springs,
won fame as good marksmen and hard fighters. In the battle of McDowell, it
lost twenty men out of thirty-five, every commissioned officer Iwing put out of
action.

The Rockbridge Greys of the Stonewall Brigade came principally fron)
within a radius of five miles around Buffalo Forge. They were armed at the
start with the very light cadet nnisket, but later with the Enfield. Their first
battle was I-"irst Manassas, where they lost nineteen men out of sixty-four.

Company E of the- 52nd Virginia Infantry was composed entirely of Rock-

•r**- Sinry of a Conin<nefr. by lulward A. Moore, of llic Rockbridge Artillery— a de-
IccniUnt of General Andrew Xtoorc — it a vivid and rcaliittic preicntalion of war an ncen
by • private toldier, and hai been kindly mentioned by liierary critic*.

THE WAR OF 1861 127

bridge men from the 8th and 144lh regiments of the militia. It was organized
at Staunton, August 1, 1861, upon the disbanding of the miHtia organization. It
fought under Jackson and was in fourteen battles, losing fifty-two men.

Company G of the 58th Virginia was mustered in at Staunton, also on
August 1, 1861. All but about nine of its members were from Kerr's Creek.
This company served under General Edward Johnson in Pocahontas and High-
land, and was in the battle of McDowell. Thenceforward it was in Jackson's
corps. Its leading engagements were twenty-three, and it numbered sixty men
at Appomattox.

Company G of the 14th Cavalry, organized in 1862, included nineteen men
from this county, twelve of whom were original members of the Greys.

Company C of the same cavalry regiment was organized in 1862, and was
largely made up of men who had already served in the Rockbridge Second
Dragoons and the Churchville Cavalry. It was larger than the army regulations
permitted, and a portion was formed into Company H.

For more than three years Rockbridge was not penetrated by any Federal
column. Yet as early as the June of the first year of the war there was a wild
rumor that a force of Federal cavalry was on its way from Ohio to destroy the
Virginia Military Institute. There were then no hostile troops nearer than the
vicinity of the Ohio river, and still the report was enough to bring out about 120
men at Brownsburg and fifty-five at J. W. Youell's on Walker's Creek. July
brought anxious moments. Men from this county fought at F"alling Waters, the
ojiening engagement in the Shenandoah, at Rich Mountain, where the first serious
fighting took place in West \'irginia, and at First Manassas, where twelve Rock-
bridge men were killed and thirty-six wounded. During the remaining months
of 1861 there was but slight military activity in the Virginias.

At the opening of May, 1862, the army of Banks, nearly 20,000 strong, was
lying at Harrisonburg, only forty miles from the Rockbridge line, and Staunton
was threatened. The cadets were called out to aid in the successful repelling of
the Federal advance, and after the battle of Port Republic on June 9th, the county
was relieved of further apprehension for some months. Tiie field crops were
good, both in 1861 and 1862. But the depreciation already creeping into the
Confederate currency was reflected in the rise of the private soldier's pay to
$15.00 a month.

With one exception the principal threats to the county were from the Federal
cavalry under General .^verill. The first of these raids was late in August,
1863. Averill left Winchester the 5th of that month and reached Callaghan
Station near Covington twenty days later, after destroying the saltpeter works
along his route. Colonel W. L. Jackson had 900 men at Millboro, and intended
to make a stand at I'anther Gap. Two companies of cadets and one company

128 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV. VIRGINIA

of home guards marcticd lo Goshen, but as Avcrill did not turn eastward, the
rccn f orccnient returned to Ixxington after an absence of two days.

lilarly in Xovcinber Avcrill was again at Callaghan. Imlxxlcn took pi'sition
a mile east of Covington, where he was joined on the morning of the 9th by
Colonel Shipp with 225 cadets and one rifled gun and by Colonel Massie with
575 of the home guards. liight companies of these were mounted. /Vverill
retired toward Iluntersviile. but thinking a flank movement was the real purpose,
Imbodcn took a diagonal course and marched to Goshen. He thus saved the six
or eight very necessary blast furnaces. At Armentrout's, Imboden dismissed the
cadets and the guards.

Only one month later there was a third and more serious raid. With both
cavalry and artillery. .Avcrill was once more at Callaghan. December 14lh. De-
feated in the battle of Droop Mountain, Xoveniber 6th. General John Echols
had fallen back to Union, where on the night of the 14th lie was joined by
McCausland from the Narrows of New River. A Federal force under Colonel
Scamnion had occupied Lewisburg. Hut .Xvcrill found Jackson's River unford-
ablc. General I'itzhugh Lee with two of his brigades advanced from Char-
lottesville to cover Staunton, and was joined by Imboden on Shenandoah Moun-
tain. General lilarly came also to Staimton and took command. .Averill was at
Sweet .Springs on the 15th. Hy marching eighty miles in thirty hours, he struck
the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad at Salem and did great damage. Meanwhile,
l-ce was ordered in pursuit. Colonel Jackson was directed to take position at
Clifton Forge, and Echols on Sweet Springs Mountain. .Again Shipp and Massie
marched with the cadets and the home guards. The latter reached Goshen on
the 17th, but was ordered to countermarch in haste and guard the bridges over the
Buffalo. Hy noon on the next day he was joined at Lexington by Lee with
2.700 men. and by Imboden. The combined force advanced to Collierstown and
camped. Averill circulated the report that he would return by way of Buchanan
and I^e was ordered to that town. But .Averill moved to Newcastle, which he
reached on sunset of the 18th. He was told that Lee was at I'incastle and
Jones between him and Sweet Springs. By great nimblencss of movement, and
with the help of a doctor who.se knowIe<lge of the mountain roads proved cx-
cec«lingly inconvenient to the pursuers, .Averill slipped l>etween the Confederate
commands and escaped by way of Covington. These o|>crations covered one
week, which was a time of cold rains an<l swollen rivers, and consequcnity of
great hardship to all the soldiers concerned.

During the winter of 1863-64, the l-aurel Brigade of General Kosser was
qtjartercd at Buffalo Forge. It broke camp .April lllh.

Early in May. \fVA, (jeneral Crook was joimd hy .Averill at L'nion. General
Jenkins was defeated by him at Cloyd Mountain and at New River Bridge, where

^■*"*^«SiB»r:-'^ •'*'^^

Uku.nzk SiATLt 01 Stonkuali. Jaiksu.n in LtxiNoroN Ckmeterv

■J.

THE WAR OF 1861 129

the railroad to Tennessee was again damaged. Crook then marched to Staunton
by way of Greenbrier.

General Sigel, who commanded the Federals at New Market, was of German
birth, and his record as a military leader is indifferent. He was superseded
by General David Hunter, who won a victory at Piedmont, June 5th, where
General W. E. Jones, the Confederate leader, was killed. Two days later Hunter
occupied Staunton without opposition, the Confederates falling back to Rockftsh
Gap to protect Charlottesville. The railroad for three miles on each side of
Stainiton was destroyed. The next day he was joined by Crook and Averill, who
struck the Virginia Central at Goshen and wrecked it as they came along. June
10th Hunter began his advance to Lexington in four parallel columns, and
reached the Rockbridge line by nightfall. Soon after noon the next day he had
come to North River, the 1,400 cavalry under McCausland being too light a
force tu hinder his progress in any marked degree. The Confederates fell back
through Lexington, leaving the bridge over North River in flames. The black-
ened timbers were falling into the current as the Federals came up. Their
passage was disputed by some artillery and by sharpshooters on the bluff at the
Institute and in storehouses near the river. In his report Hunter calls McCaus-
land imsoldierly in risking the destruction of the town by a superior force. He
had thirty guns, some of which unlimbered on high ground and dropped a few
shells around the Institute and into the lower course of Main Street. But the
skirmish at the river was a small incident, the Federals losing only four men. A
pontoon was thrown across below the road, and before the close of the day
the town was in their possession. Two of their officers. Colonel Hayes and
Major McKinley, were subsequently presidents of the United States. The
retreat of McCausland was hastened by Averill, who crossed the river eight miles
above the town.

The next morning witnessed the most regrettable incidents of the raid.
General Hunter was a stern soldier, harsh toward a foe, and had an almost
irresistible propensity to burn private as well as public buildings. Soldiers are
quick to take their cue from their commander-in-chief, and the rudeness shown by
many of Hunter's men was largely a reflection of the vindictiveness for which the
general was well known.

On this day, and not so soon as Hunter had intended it, the \'irginia Mili-
tary Institute and the house of Governor Letcher were burned. The cadets
had been sent against the Federal forces whenever opportunity presented itself.
Under the generally accepted usages of the civilized nations of 1864, it was per-
missible to render the buildings unserviceable to them in a military sense. But
this school is and always has been fundamentally scientific, the military feature
being as incidental as it is in many of the colleges and academies of the present

130 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDC.E COUNTY. VIRC.INIA

day. That the burning of the recitation rooms, the library, and the scientific
apparatus was unwarrantable was ofTicially admitted by the National government
subsequently paying the Institute $100,000, which, however, was less than one-
half the estimated damages. Xcverthelcss, Hunter made an almost dean sweep,
sparing only the house of the superintendent, where two sick girls were lying.
Hunter intended to burn Washington College also, but linally yielded to the
representations of one of the oldest of the alumni. Nevertheless the buildings
were plundered and damaged, especially with respect to the library and the
laboratory e<|uipnu'nt, but restitution was made in 1887 to the extent of $17,000.

The burning of the fine residence of John Letcher was a wanton act. Hunter
alleges that it was done by way of reprisal, and because of an "inflammatory
proclamation" urging the people of Rockbridge to turn themselves into bush-
whackers. Liut Letcher was no longer governor of \irginia. His appeal was
that of a private citizen. We have not seen the document, but we feel assured
that it did not sanction any form of resistance not generally recognized as
legitimate. Mr. Letcher could not have been so unwise and shortsighted as to
advise a course of action that would cause needless suflering to his people.
General Hunter made the most of some very poor excuses, and his incendiarism
was against the express instructions of President 1-incoln. It was discounten-
anced by many of his own officers, so far they could do so without exposing them-
selves to a charge of insubordination.

Hunter's army remained in Lexington until about daybreak on ilu- tnoiuing
of June 14lh. It made beefsteak of the cows in and around the town, and
developed an extraordinary appetite for the acres of onions planted for the
Confederate soldiery. The cadets, alwut 250 strong, had marched to Ralcony
I'alls to assist in holding that pass. The Federal army pushed on to Buchanan,
on its way to Lynchburg, in an attempt to capture that important place. In its
march through the rural districts it caused much uneasiness, but we are told
that the behavior of the soldiers was better than in 1-exington. Hunter bunied
about a half-dozen each of furnaces and canal barges, and carried away a
few prisoners, five guns, some amnnmition. and the statue of Washington that
was on the college tower. Whether the bell of the Institute was carried away
or wa.H buried in the debris of the ruins we are not informed. By the standards
of 1861-64, the treatment of Lexington by Hunter was severe. Yet it was
not a circumstance to what would have Ix-en its fate had it been entered by a
Orman army of the present war. The town would have been burned to the
ground after the residences had been looted; scores of the inhabitants, without
distinction of age or sex. would have been maimed or massacred; the able-
bodied males would have Ik-cu carried away into virtual slavery. an<l many of the
females would have been carried away for a purpo.se not necessary to particularize.

THE WAR OK 1861 131

In the brief interval between the firing on Sumter and the first passage at
arms in Virginia, the Gazette took occasion to deprecate "the tarring, etc., of
those voters who are against the ordinance of secession, as subversive of law and
order. If a free citizen is not to be allowed to exercise his free will in casting his
vote, then the submission of the question is mere mockery. Many of our best
citizens still believe the border states have not adopted the best method of
redressing their grievances. Whilst they cannot conscientiously change their
opinion, toss up their caps and huzza for secession, they are ready to defend
Virginia with the last drop of their blood. We are personally acquainted with
the sentiments of some sterling men, whom we have heard assailed as abolitionists
by flippant coxcombs and silly misses."

At the close of 1864 the War Department of the Confederacy estimated
that there were 50,000 deserters from its armies in the mountain districts of the
South. Some of these were in this county. In August, 1863, Lieutenant Wise
was sent out with fifty of the cadets to scour the hills, but returned the next day
without meeting any success whatever. The mountain paths were far more un-
familiar to them than to the refugees.

More than one-seventh of the white population of Rockbridge was absent in
the Confederate army, and as the greater portion of the farmers were not slave-
holders, there was a distressing shortage of labor. The hardships which the
people at home were called upon to undergo were very great. Fencing was
burned for campfires, and fields thus became commons. There was a progressive
deterioriation of the roads. Many of the people became very poorly clad, even
after bedding had been made into wearing apparel. Maple sirup and sorghum
sirup took the place of sugar. Many a meal consisted only of corn bread, roasted
potatoes, and rye cof?ee, and even then there was a scarcity of corn. Foodstuffs
were hidden to escape the thief as well as the impressing agent, and it was very
unsafe to tell where such articles were concealed. The informant was some-
times put out of the way. Deserters and slackers were tolerated because of the
fear that they would burn the home of the one who would tell about them. As
for the hungry soldier, he was much the same, whether Federal or Confederate.

As early as August, 1862, the depreciation in the paper currency was causing
prices to soar. But in the summer of 1864, a yard of linsey sold at $25 00, and
other ariic'es in proportion. Postage was five cents for a less distance than
500 miles, and ten cents for a greater distance. However, depreciation was not
the only trouble with the prices. Governor Letcher's message of September 2h,
1862, contains this vigorous denunciation of the profiteer :

A reckless spirit for money-making appears to have taken entire possession of the
public mind. Patriotism is second to a love of the Almighty Dollar. The price of every-
thing is put to tlie highest point. What must be the feelings of a man who is fighting the

132 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRinr.E a>L'NTY, VIRGINIA

battle* of the country, when he is receiving but $11.00 per month, is informed that a pair of
ladies' shoes costs $16.00, with everything else in proportion? With what heart can he
fight our battles under such circumstances?

There were other complaints of extortion. A local paper said Rockbrid'je
was overrun with speculators and hucksters, who were stripping the country
of almost everything necessary to human existence. Provisions of any kind
could hardly be had for love or money. Thousands of barrels of flour, pur-
chased at $15.00, were stored at Lynchburg and Richmond for sale at $30.00.

After four years of progressive privation, the return of peace was a relief.
A meeting held at Stauntun. May 8, 1865, declared the people of Augusta county
ready to conform to the laws of the United States. Even before Appomattox,
one of the men representing Virginia in the Confederate Senate had expressed
himself in favor of a reunion of the states. Wreck and ruin were visible
in every direction, and it was a large task to remove the signs. Yet such was the
energy and the recuperative power of the Rockbridge people that the process
of restoration was rapid, and in five years it was fairly complete. In commerce
the recovery was faster than in farming. Hut during the twelve months fol-
lowing the surrender of General Lee, little money was to be seen except
specie, and there was a tendency to hold coin in reserve.

In the first years of the war the rich could |)«rchase exemption for their
own sons, and it was due to this discrimination that even yet the war is sometimes
referred to as "the rich man's war and the poor man's fight." But substitution
was at length al>olished. The outcome of the great conflict put the aristixrat on
his mettle and he went to work.

If 1870 found economic recovery measurably complete in Rockbridge, it also
marked the end for \'irginia of that unsavory episode in American history
known as the Reconstruction Period. In 1868 \irginia was .Military District
Number One, and it was not able to take part in the general election of that
year. A few months later the carpet-l)ag regime was overthrown, and in
January, 1870, the state was again a member of the I'ederal Union.

To give a further insight into the events of the four years of war, we devote
the remainder of this chapter to extracts from the county order-books and the
newspaper files.

EXTR.\CTS FRO.M THK ORDllR-BOOKS
1861
All justices present, Jklay 9th, to consider the subject of arming the militia, according
lo the Act of January 19lh. The following orders were issued :

An issue of county Imndt to the amount of not more than $25,000, and in sums of not
le»« ■ The Ixinds to be rcgislerrd and numbered, signed by the presiding juttire

and n'licd by the clerk, and made (layable lo the treasurer. Interest payable semi-

annually.

THE WAR uy 1801 133

William Dold, Joseph G. Steele, and John D. Paxton constituted a committee to carry
the above order into effect, and to deposit the money thus reaHzed with the Bank of Lex-
ington.

Whenever the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and first major — or any two of them — of
either militia regiment shall certify that at least sixty efficient men are organized into a
volunteer company, and that the assistance of the county is needed to equip the company, a
warrant to that effect is to be issued, but not for more than $25.00 per soldier.

The commissioners shall provide quarters and subsistance while such companies are
drilling, such expense not to exceed $20.00 per soldier ; likewise subsistance, and transporta-
tion to rendezvous if ordered into service.

The justices of the several districts — or any two of them — may ascertain the wants of
the families of men who are in service, and see that requisite necessaries are supplied, and
make report monthly. The sum to be thus used is not to exceed $5,000.

Reports to be turned in at each term of court.

The foregoing orders to be published in the Lexington Gazette and the I'allcy Star.

Ordered, June 3rd, that a Home Guard be organized, the same to include all the white
males able to serve and who have taken the oath of fidelity to the Commonwealth. The
Guards to patrol their several neighborhoods with a view to the preservation of peace
and quiet, and to be empowered to arrest and bring before a justice all persons, white
or black, whom they may have reason to suspect of improper purposes, or violation of the
Ordinance of Secession.

Abraham Doubt, slave of Mrs. Hennetta Ruff, cleared of the charge of inciting servile
insurrection, but not of that of making seditious speeches. Ordered that he be given thirty-
nine lashes on the bare back at the whipping post.

A levy ordered of six cents per $100 on land and personalty, and eighteen cents on each
slave over twelve years old, the avails to be applied to the interest on the bonds and the
payment of the first instalment. Another levy, of seventy cents per $100 of land and
personalty, was to pay interest on the county's subscription to the Xorth River Navigation
Company.

The road levy was fixed at $1.50 in money or two days in labor.

The July court reduced the minimum bond to $20.00.

1862

In March and April 385 men were exempted from military service because of physical
disqualification. Ninety-six others were exempted as being millers, overseers, blacksmiths,
etc. There were ninety-three refusals.

A bond issue of $10,000 ordered in May to relieve the families of volunteers and the
militia.

Robert J. White was appointed salt agent, and was authorized to buy not more than
10,000 bushels, the faith of the county being pledged to the payment.

1863

In January there was a further issue, by a vote of eleven against ten, for the relief of
soldier families. In the further distribution of relief, ordered that the weekly allowance,
paid in money, be $1.25 to a wife, seventy-five cents for each girl over the age of twelve, and
fifty cents for each child under twelve.

An order of $10,000 in county notes was ordered, the issue to be in the denominations
of one dollar, fifty cents, twenty-five cents, fifteen cents, and ten cents.

In January there were 608 slaves in the county between the ages of eighteen and forty-
five, who were liable to be drafted for work on fortifications. Tlie apportionment was

I.>4 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

to be made by a committee of justices, one from each district. The slaves were to be
valued. The number actually drafted was 266.

In September the shcrifT was to enroll all male slaves, including rfusecs, between the
•get of eighteen and fifty-five, to fill a requisition for work on forts. 292 were furnished,
out of the 701 who were liable.

18M

Substitution was abolished in January by an Act of the Confederate Congress.

A. S. Bacon, forty-seven years of age, was appointed General Agent and Storekeeper
for Rockbridge, giving bond in the sum of $50,000. He was directed to borrow, on the
faith of the county, to the amount of not more than $50,000, and to purchase cotton yarns
and cloths, and other articles of prime necessity- While thus employed he was to have a
salary of $J(X) a month, over .ind al>ove his expenses, and was to make a report at each
term of court. In February he asked whether, in the existing condition of the country,
he should continue his cfTorts. He was directed to use his own discretion.

There was a call, February 1st, for ninety slaves to work on the forts around Richmond.
The court thought they should be kept at home to work the farms, fortify the mountain
passes, and aid in preventing the raids that were always threatening the county. Raids
had already taken place in the i)rcccdinK year in the months of June, ,\uBust. November,
and Dcccml)er, and another invasion was likely to occur at any time, The governor of the
state was asked to exempt the county from the requisition.

Supplies extremely scarce in .April. Agents cannot buy enough for the indigent families.
1,300 |>ersons are dependent on public support. 4,950 bushels of corn and 660 barrels of
flour are needed before August 1st. The court certifies that the supplies asked are neces-
sary. It is represented to that body that corn and wheat may l>e purchased at the depots of
the tax-in-kind of the Confederate government. Bacon is instructed to spend as much of
the $50,000 as will relieve the want, refugees and sojourners licing included.

The court asks that the deputy sheriffs now liable to service l>c exempted. Three are
required, outbreaks l>einK daily on the increase. For more than thirty years four deputies
have been constantly engaged. The county has over 18,000 people, and is broken and moun-
tainous.

In April it is stated that certain citizens are believed to bc^ evading the impressment of
supplies. Impressment agents are required to call upon the sheriff, or any constable, and
such official is authorized to summon any number of citizens to take impressed articles by
force. A refusal to so assist will be contempt of court.

Several murders and attempts at murder during the year,

A committee was ap|>ninted June 6th to visit the battlefields near Staunton and Rich-
mond to look after wounded Rockbridge soldiers. Another committee is in the field to
collect supplies and forward them to the first committee.

During Hunter's raid, thirty or more barrels of flour— left in certain milts— were carried
off.

In November another issue of $50,000 in bonds for the relief of indigents.

Severe drouth in the summer and very meagre crop. 5icarcely enough supplies in the
county for home needs.

(FROM THE XFAVSP.XPER FILES)
1861
1,500 men in the county on government wages.

Gimplainl in October that tanneries are paying only five cents per |iound for hides,
btit atking from sixty cents and upward for leather.
Schools langoithing.

THE WAR OF 1861 1>^5

1862

Prices in August: flour, $8.00; corn, $1.00; oats, fifty cents; butler, twenty-five to
thirty cents ; bacon, thirty-five cents ; beef, nine to twelve cents ; eggs, fifteen cents.

"If every part of the Confederacy has as many idle young men in it as this quiet httle
town of Lexington, we might raise a splendid army in addition to the forces now in the
field." — Canette, August 14.

The Natural Bridge Aid Society sent $150 to the relief of the wounded of the 12th
Georgia at McDowell.

Public schools partially or entirely closed for more than a year. Private schools fully
sustained. Ann Smith Academy reorganized with Mrs. George D. Baskerville as principal.
The Rev. Mr. Trimble's school at Brownsburg now in its third year and more flourishing
than ever before. — .August 21.

Good crops in the Valley of Virginia.

Candles seventy-five cents a pound. Why not sub.stitute an hour of the morning for an
hour of the evening?

About ISO of the Rockbridge Dragoons surprised and captured in the west of Green-
brier, about December 1st, by the Federal cavalry.

1863

Farm produce five times as high as usual. Things purchased, ten times as high. —
February 2.

Wood, per cord, $12.00.— March 5.

Native dyes, copperas being a requisite in each instance; The root and bark of sassafras,
a beautiful yellow and orange; kalmia (dwarf laurel), a drab; willow bark, a deep blue-
black on wool and linen, a dark slate on cotton ; bark and root of red oak, a chocolate brown ;
pine bark, a slate (on cotton) ; pine with kalmia, a dove; sweet gum bark, a dove; maple,
a purple; beech bark, a dove; leaves and berries of sumach, a black; white oak, a lead (on
cotton), but will not dye wool.

200,000 pounds of bacon in the county — .April 15.

As a candidate for the Confederate Congress, Baldwin has 676 votes and Letecher 526.

253 cadets in the Virginia Military Institute, May 6th, and more wish to come in.
Sixty students at Washington College.

Seventy-five families in Lexington will need bread this winter, and 1(K) will need fuel
to the amount of 500 cords. ISO families in the corporation produce no foodstuflfs.

1864
Lexington House sells for $100,000 in January.

Many farmers on half rations of meat so as to send meat to the army.
Matrimonial advertisement by one of Rosser's soldiers.
Several smokehouses robbed in April.
English stationery on sale at one of the stores.
Large wheat crop, considering the reduction in the supply of labor.

XV
RECENT PERIOD

PtOCUSS DUUNC THE Pe«IOI>— LoCAL POLITICS— ECONOM IC AND SoaAL CUAKCES—

War of 1917

More than half a century has now elapsed since the great war of the 60's.
In this county the period has brought a progressive transformation, greater and
more striking in its aggregate results than was witnessed in the equal number of
years just preceding.

In October, 1868, a local paper remarks that greenbacks were iKcoining fairly
plentiful and that the merchants were laying in heavy stocks of goods. In the
same month the Rockbridge Agricultural and Mechanical Society roused itself
from its war eclipse and held a fair continuing three days. The new beginning
was kept up, and notwithstanding the fact that the whole country was in 1R74
in the throes of a severe business depression, the fair of tliat year was (juito
successful.

In 1890 Rockbridge fell a victim to the speculative mania known as a boom.
The visitation created an important town at Buena V^ista and was not entirely
unsuccessful at Glasgow or at the county seat. The amount of money that was
forthcoming to be invested in "development" stock and town lots was a significant
commentary on the rapid recuperation that had taken place in twenty-five years.
In fact, the asses.sed valuation for 1877 was greater by $2,000,000 than the
value of farms, farm machinery, and livestock in 1850. By 1917 the valuation
of real and personal property had risen from $5,785,786 to $8,533,920, exclusive
of Buena Vista.

During the reconstruction episode the "Yankee" was not a popular personage.
In 1869 wc hear the complaint that pedlers from the North were representing
themselves as Englishmen. However, when Colonel Waite came from Batavia.
New York, in 1873 to visit his old friends the Davidsons, he could report that
he was treated in the most friendly and courteous manner, although he saw-
many ex-soldiers who were lame or otherwise disabled. He observed that the
negro was inclined to flock to the towns, thus causing a scarcity of lalnir. although
many were still in the em|)loy of their former masters. He found slavery unrc-
gretted, yet found the opinion general that the enfranchisement of the bl.ncks.
in the way it was acc<>nji)lishcd. w.ts a |M)litical blunder. Two years after the
visit of Colonel Waite, John I^yburn remarked that "no well disposed Northerner
need fear as to a kindly reception." Two years later yet. a county pa|>er was
wishing that mor.- results might come from ciTorts to attract immigration from

RECENT PERIOD

137

the North. It remained for the dastardly shooting of President Garfield to
eh"cit tlie following remark from the Gazette:

No event in American history has so unified the people as the shot at Garfield. We have
discovered all at once that we are Americans. The Union has been restored. The Republic
lives. Guiteau's bullets have done more to show the people of these United States what
manner of men they are than anything that has happened in their history. The spontaneous
outburst of Southern indignation speaks too plainly to be misunderstood.

In announcing the death of the president, C. M. Dold, mayor of Lexington,
requested that business be suspended for the day, and that at four o'clock the
citizens should assemble at the Presbyterian church, the largest in the town.
The schools were also suspended, minute guns were fired at the Institute, and
the religious services at the church were largely attended.

By a majority of forty-four votes, one precinct not reporting, Rockbridge
declared itself adverse to the Constitutional Convention of 1902. But the changes
embodied in the state constitution of that year met with general approval. Three
years later the County Nervs deprecated airing the race issue on the stump.

During the few decades that the Whig party was a factor in American
politics. Rockbridge gave majorities for that ticket. Wc are without precise
knowledge of the political complexion of the county in the early period of the
nineteenth century.

The close of hostilities in 1865 found the Whig party in high favor in the
South because of its far-sighted attitude respecting secession in 1860-61. Its
opponent, generally in the lead in these states, was under some reproach because
of the results of its sponsorship of that issue. The way seeiued open for two
strong parties to exist in the South as well as in the North. But with a pro-
found lack of broad vision, the ultra partisan element that came to the front after
the assassination of Lincoln pursued a course which almost solidified the whites
of the South in a support of the Democratic party. In 1873 the Democratic
candidate for the governorship had more than twice as many votes in Rockbridge
as his opponent, the latter carrying only one precinct. In the presidential contest
of 1876 Tilden had 2505 votes and Hayes only 903. When the Democracy of
\'irginia divided on the state debt issue, the Readjuster wing was the stronger
in this county, and its majority in 1879 was about 200. Yet in 1881 the Readjuster
candidate as governor ran behind his popular opponent by ninety-one votes, al-
though he carried seven precincts.

Many of the Readjusters went over to the Republican party, and for more
than twenty years Rockbridge lay in the doubtful column. In 18S0 the Republican
candidate for the governorship had a majority of sixty-eight. In 1884 the
Democratic majority for Cleveland was 101, and in 1892 it was 230. But Mc-
Kinley's majority was 660 in 1896, and 553 in 1900. In 1901 the state ticket

138 A HISTORY OF KOCKBRIIXiE COUNTY, YIRtilNIA

sliowcd a Republican majority of 142 In 189.V Yost for Conprcss had a
majority over Tucker of scventy-scvcn

The constitution of 1902 had in KiH;kbrid>;c a twofold ctTcct. It caused a
great reduction in the aggregate vote, and as this reduction made a heavier in-
road upon the Republican column than upon the Democratic, the county no
longer stands in the doubtful list. Thus in 1894. 1900. and 1901. the CDinbincd
votes for the two leading candidates were respectively 3.945. 3,968, and 3.450. It
is therefore evident tliat the average election brought out fully eighty per cent,
of the voting population. But in the first election under the new system — that of
1903— the total vote had fallen to 1.895. In 1913 it was only 780. In 1912.
however, it ro.sc to 1.837. 1.106 votes going to Wilson. 474 to Taft. and 257
to Roosevelt. In 1916 the Democratic candidate for the Assembly carried
thirteen precincts and had 1.030 votes. His Republican coiiii>ilitor c.irried eight
precincts and had 835 votes. In the same year Wilson had 1,205 votes and
Hughes 678. The west side of the county remains a Republican stronghold.

The period we arc consiclcring has brought a number of important changes.
The census of 1870 was defective in the Southern states, but on the face of the
returns there was a significant loss in population in this county for the decade
1860-70 of 1.190. Ik'tween 1870 and 1910. there was a gain of fifty-two per
cent., or, if the figures for 1860 be compared with those for 1910. the gain was
forty-two per cent. However, much the greater share of this gain is absorln-d by
the increase in the town and village population. In the neighborhoods strictly
rural the gain has been small.

The canal has gone into disuse, there have been great inroads upon the
forest supply, and the smelting of iron keeps in the closest touch with the rail-
way siding. But with the exception of the old line of the Chesa]H'ake and
Ohio, all the railroad mileage in the comity has come into operation since 1880.
If mining has relatively decreased, manufacturing has greatly increased. If there
is no conspicuous increase in the tilled .icreagc. the local agriculture has ad-
vanced in output, antl there is a more general recognition of scientific methods.
The silo and the commercial orchard have appeared, and the canning industry is
gaining a foothold. The log house is not extinct, and inhabited six-cimens will
he foun<l in Rockbridge al)out as long as anywhere in Xirginia; but very many
of the farm homes are roomy, comfortable, attractive, and modern.

The pay schotjl has yielded to the free school, and the latter is efTicicntly
.idministered. The higher educational institutions of the county were never in a
more prosperous cr)ndition.

The telephone, the automobile, and free rural delivery, unknown in the early
Years of the period, are deeply modifying the habits of the people. The taxable
wealth is greater than in the n>ost p.ilmv d.Tvs of the antebellum era. even with its
slave valuation.

RECENT PERIOD

139

With a colored laboring class nearly one-third as numerous as the white
population, there was necessarily a jar in the adjustment to the changed labor
system that began in 1865. But the whites went to work so manfully that in a
few years the deeper traces of the war were obliterated. Hired service is no
longer under any social ban. Between 1900 and 1910, the colored element de-
creased nearly one-third, and Rockbridge has assumed much of the appearance of
a community that is wholly white. Yet it does not by any means follow that the
negro will totally disappear. In the Rockbridge of today the colored people are,
on the whole, orderly, industrious, and prosperous.

In a larger degree than was usual in the Valley counties, the old Rockbridge
was noted for its fine country estates, owned by an old family element that was
numerous, cultured, and influential. This class has relatively declined, much of it
having been attracted to the cities and to other states. The less wealthy class
of whites has perhaps come nearer to holding its own, and a new element has
slowly yet steadily been coming in. In consequence, there is a very perceptible
difference between the Rockbridge of yesterday and the Rockbridge of today.

The citizen of this county is industrious and hospitable, and is conservative
in thought and action. His local patriotism is deep, and it leads him to draw a
distinction between the descendant of the early settler and the resident born in
some other community.

In 1914 the world was prosperous. With only one conspicuous exception
all the members of the family of nations had a sincere desire to live in peace
with one another. Yet a rich and thriving country of Europe, acting through
a subservient neighbor, deliberately provoked a general war. and waged it with
a studied cruelty which would have shamed the North American Indian of
the eighteenth century. There was a contempt for the good opinion of the
world. No considerations of truth, honor, or humanity were permitted to stand
in the way of the German program. The horrible crimes perpetrated by the
German armies were by order of the German leaders, and seemingly with the
general consent of the German people.

The colossal vanity of the kaiser made him aspire to be another Alexander
the Great. Behind him was a feulalistic group of military leaders, land barons,
and captains of industry. Below him and them were the millions of the German
people, trained from infancy to obey the nod of the man in authority, and with-
out any practical voice in their government. The conceit, arrogance, and greed oi
the war lords was boundless. By means of a domestic propaganda, adroit
and persistent, the German had for years been indoctrined with the myth of
his superiority to anyone else whomsoever. The clergyman, the schoolmaster,
and the journalist were permitted to teach only what would encourage the
opinion that it was the God-given mission of the German to overcome other

140 A HISTORY OF KOCKDRIIX^E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

nations by the sword and rule tlie entire earth. The world was not to be
conquered for the world's good, but that it might Ijc plundered and domineered
over. That nation the German saw t'lt to deem degenerate was to be blotted
out. This propaganda <ieveloped tiie "bighead" in a mobt acute form. It led to
an insufferable contempt for the rest of the world. Consequently, the German
has utterly failed as a colonizer, or in gaining the good will of the Europeans
who are not German, yet hitherto under German rule.

Germany has posed as a highly civilized nation. Her industrial organiza-
tion was very efficient. She already had an enviable "place in the sun," but
wanted a monojxjly of this privilege. The Germans have .some commendable
traits and have great possibilities for good in the upbuilding of the world. But
they are as yet a young people, only superficially weaned from barbarism and
|)aganism, and without the acquirement of the habit of good manners. Napoleon
said that if one scratched a Russian he found a Tartar. Were he alive now
he would say that if one scratches a Prussian he finds a savage. Under auto-
cracy, the civilization of Gerniany was an effort to accommodate the twentieth
century to the spirit of the Middle Ages. It was worn as a garment and not
as a part of her being. It was materialistic and without a soul. It scoffed
at the reality of any power except brute force. The war which the criminal
leaders of Germany set in motion in 1914 has been a conclusive demonstration
of the unfitness of present-day Germany to lead the world in the path of real
civilization.

That war was not a war in the ordinary ^ense of the lirin. It was the
overpowering of an outlaw who was running amuck. .A more righteous conflict
was never waged. Germany was fought that the world might be made a decent
place to live in. There is no place for that country in the household of civilized
nations until her people cease to bow down to the false gods they have so assidu-
ously worshipped the last half century. It is entirely against a growing spirit of
the age for one nation to throttle another by a resort to arms, particularly when
this recourse involves the plunder or destruction of mines and f.nclories, the en-
slavement or massacre of the operative population, and indiscriminate piracy and
murder on the high seas. It is not for any nation to assiune that it is a law to
itself and that whatever it does is justifiable.

The United .States wxs forced into this war to a.ssist in the rescue of civiliza-
tion. The people of Rtxkbridge have the consciousness that they loyally upheld
their country. nn<l that their sons were numerously represented on the b.-itllc-front
that cndrd ihr war.

XVI

THE NEGRO ELEMENT

Slavery in Virginia — Growth of Slavery in Rockbridge — Maintaining Order Awong

THE Negroes — Crime — Emancipation Efforts — The Negro in the War

OF 1861 — The Rockbridge Negro of Today

African slavery was almost as unfamiliar to the British people in their own
land as it was in the whitest county of the Old Dominion. It was not legalized
in Virginia until more than fifty years after the founding of Jamestown. White
servants were preferred to colored ones until after 1700. Negroes of American
birth were more satisfactory laborers than those coming direct from Africa.
Slavery grew in favor, and when American independence was declared, the
negro population of Virginia was already so large that it seemed likely to exceed
the white at an early day.

The more far-seeing of the ruling class in Virginia perceived the unde-
sirability of this inundation. The House of Burgesses repeatedly asked the
British government to cease bringing negroes to the colony. All these efforts
were set at naught by the greed of the mercantile classes of England. On the
eve of the Revolution. Lord Dartmouth said England "cannot allow the colonies
to check or discourage in any degree a traffic so beneficial to the nation." This
forcing of slaves upon Virginia was one of the grievances named by Jefferson in
his original draft of the Declaration of Independence. It must be conceded, how-
ever, that slaves would not have been brought to Virginia unless there was a
willingness to buy them. A stern boycott would have ended the traffic. No
British ministry would have dared to break down such a weapon by sheer force.

The fact that the summer climate of Virginia is considerably warmer than
that of Britain had very little to do with the importation of slaves. Black slaves
as well as white servants were purchased because the society of Tidewater was
essentially aristocratic. Where there is an aristocracy, there is inevitably a
menial class. The Tidewater was a land of tobacco plantations, and these could
not be carried on without a large class of laborers. It is interesting to note
that above the Tidewater and below the Blue Ridge, slaves were fewer than in the
former section. In the Valley they were still fewer, and in many of the counties
beyond the Alleghany Divide they were almost non-existent. Slaves and large
farms grew fewer and yet fewer as one journeyed toward the Ohio.

There never was a time when the opponents of slavery in America were not
numerous. The institution was vehemently denounced by the delegates from
\'irginia to the Federal Convention of 1787. A X'irginia law of 1784 encouraged

142 A tllSTOKY OF ROCKIIRIDT.E COUNTY. VIKCIN'IA

the freeing of the slaves. In the same year llie Mctliodists of America became an
indcjKrndcnt church, and one of their first official acts was to petition against
slavery, although most of their nicnilK-rshij) was then in \'irpnia and Maryland.
Slavery tended to make manual labor discreditable unless it was performed by
slaves. It thereby degr.ided the lower classes of society and contributed to idle-
ness in the higher. It was a Southern man who tersely <lcscril)ed slavery as "a
curse to the master and a wrung to the slave." It was another who defined it as
"a mildew which has blighted every region it has touched from the creation of
the world."

Colonial Augusta was almost a white man's country. In 1756 it had only
about eighty slaves ; perhaps not more than one per cent, of the population. But
thence forward they became increasingly numerous in the better agricultural dis-
tricts of the \'alley. In KtKkbridgc they were few prior to the Revolution, and
they were confined to a small number of the wealthier families. When the iron
industry arose and made a demand for lal)or. negroes were hired from masters
east of the Blue Ridge. "By 1861," remarked Colonel Preston, "we were quite
a slaveholding people ; a few more years, and we would have had to undergo
much that Tuckahoc did on that score. It was well the unpleasantness came as
soon as it did."

So completely have the outward vestiges of the reign of slavery passed away
from Rockbridge, that only a few of the original negro quarters remain. .\
notable exception in the Weaver estate at BufTalo I'Drgc. where the houses for
the slaves were of an uncununonly substantial and comfortable kind. The insti-
tution was milder in Virginia than in the cotton belt, and the relations between
master and slave were as a rule kindly. The main highw.iy to "the darky's heart
was down his throat." The slave was given a holiday week at Christmas time
and he enjoyed it as much as his master did. lie was in his element when playing
banjo and Iwncs and patting his knee.

But since the .African came to X'irginia as a child-race, and was noi used
to any softer arginnent than brute force, it was felt th.at slavery could not Ik
maintained by treating the negro in the same manner as the white man. The
slave was suppose<l not to carry a gun or to go outsitle his master's premises
without a pass. I'oisons might not be put into his hands, and this restriction
was necessary. In 1839 a RfKkbridgc slave attempted to poison several persons,
lie nnght not l)C taught to read or write. But between himself and his own
slaves the master did not think the law had any claim to inii rfi re- Nrinnlingly.
if he saw fit, he taught a favorite slave to read and write

The patrol systein was one means of keeping the slaves in order, and it
occasioned a good deal of expense. Captains were appointed by the county
court, each having a force of some six or eight men. A captain and his squad

THE XEGRO ELEMENT 143

were to patrol a specified area at specified times. For this service the patrol-
man was paid thirty-three cents a night in 1782. In 1822, he was paid six cents
an hour. The penal code was not the same to the slave that it was to the
Caucsaian. His ears could be cropped. He could be hanged for burning a barn,
or for stealing, and the county court was empowered to decree the death penalty.
But before the negro was hanged, his valuation as a slave was determined, and
this sum was paid by the county to the master.

A considerable share of the crime in Rockbridge has been committed by the
negro. The first civil execution of a white man in this county took place
August 3, 1905. It was preceded by the legal hanging of five negroes at five
diflferent times. York, a slave of Andrew Reid, was adjudged guilty December
1, 1786, of killing Tom, another of Reid's slaves. It was odrered that he be
hanged one week later, that his head be severed from the body, and that it be
set on a pole at the forks of the road between Lexington and John Paxton's.
Rape was not at all unknown before emancipation. An execution for this crime
took place in Rockbridge in 1850. For assaulting and beating Arthur McCorkle,
Alexander Scott was ordered to be hanged April 5, 1844. The master was to be
paid $450.00. Cyrus, a slave of Robert Piper, was ordered to hang in 1798 for
burning his master's house. In 1840, Nelson, a slave, was ordered to be hanged
for burglary. Outlaw slaves might be put to death with impunity. But the
penalty for burglary was sometimes changed to transportation to Liberia. Whip-
ping was administered in less serious matters, as when thirty-nine lashes were
ordered for Peter, a slave of John Hays, in 1800. He had stolen leather worth
$3.25. In 1804, Jinny, a slave of John Uunlap, threatened his wife, Dorcas. The
woman was ordered to be kept in jail until her child was born, and thirty lashes,
well laid on, were to be given. A negress was occasionally guilty of infanticide.

Before 1861, and particularly before 1830, there were somewhat frequent
instances of manumission. But restrictions were imposed on the freedman. He
was registered as to height, color, markings, etc., and a duplicate of the paper
given him. Registration had to be repeated every five years. To live in the
county he had to have the consent of the county court. But he had a surname
as well as a given name, and his marriages were recorded among those of the
white people. It was the policy of Virginia to discourage the free negro from
remaining in the state. He was too frequently idle and worthless, and his pres-
ence tended to make the slaves restless and demoralized. Yet a request to remain,
if by a freedman who stood well with the whites, was not likely to be turned
down.

In 1830 the desire to get rid of the institution of slavery had become very
strong in Virginia. The state was declining in wealth, and emigration to the West
and South was very heavy. About this time, 343 women of Augusta county

144 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIX^E COUNTV, VIRGINIA

signed a petition for immediate emancipation. A petition to the Assembly, dated
1827 an<l sent from Rockbridge, asks tlic removal of free negroes from the
state, and favors manumission and colonization. It goes on to say tbat "tlie
evils, both political and moral, which spring from the diflercncc of color and
condition in our population, are great and obvious. The blacks, in proportion
to their number, are a |)ositive deduction from our military strength, an impedi-
ment to the wealth and improvement of the country, and to the general diffusion
of knowledge by schools; a source of domestic uneasiness and an occasion of
moral degeneracy of character. Separated by an impassable barrier from politi-
cal privileges and social respectability, and untouched by the usual incentives to
improvement, they must be our natural enemies, degraded in sentiment and base
in morals." Another Rtjckbridge petition exhibits the contrast between 1790
and 1830, with respect to the section of the state east of the Blue Ridge. The
whites had increased from 314,523 to 375,935, but the blacks had increased from
288,425 to 457,013. being now in a large niajority. The tendency toward an
Africanization of the lia^tern District was causing much emigration of the
whites. It was prophesied that a race war would result and cause a blotting
out of the negroes. The petition asked for a special tax to create a fund to re-
move such blacks as were willing to go. and to purchase some others to send
with them. It al.so asked that private emancipation be followed by removal.

In 1832 a bill for a general emancipation passed the lower house of the
legislature, and lacked only one vote of going through the senate. The Western
District of \irginia was almost unanimous for the measure. The v.alue of
the slave property was about $100,000,000. Shortly after the defeat of this bill
came the tragic insurrection in Soutliani|)ton. whereby sixty white people lost
their lives. An anti-slavery feeling spread in the North, and the many anti-
slavery societies in the South were disbanded. The institution was given a new
lease of life, and yet there was still a strong economic op])osition to slavery in the
Western District, this name iK'ing given, until 1H^>1 to ilw portion I'f \'irginia
west of the lilue Ridge.

A petition from this county in 1847 says it is l>elievcd there are 60,000 of
the free colored in the state, and it asserts the opinion that there will Ik 250,000
of them in the year 1900. It recommends deportation to Lil»eria, and says
that with few exceptions the freedmcn arc idle, worthless, and increasingly
injurious to the slaveholders and the slaves. Henry RufTner. himself a slave-
holder, put forward a plan the same year. He found that slavery was driving
away immigration, driving ont white laliorcrs, crippling agriculture, commerce,
an<l industry, inlpo^ing hurtful social ifleals u])on the j)eo|)le, and th.it it was
detrimental to the common schools and to |>o|)ular eiliicition. His plan was to
divide the stale along the line of the Blue Ridge, eliminate slavery on the west

THE NEGRO ELEMENT 145

side, and on the east side to introduce a policy of gradual emancipation, deporta-
tion, and colonization. John Letcher was also in favor of eventually keeping
slavery out of the Western District. In the course of an interview at Washington
College, General Lee said he had always favored gradual emancipation. He had
considered the presence of the negro an absolute injury to the state and a peril
to its future. He thought it would have been better had Virginia sent her negroes
into the cotton country.

In 1860, the imminence of civil war depreciated slave values and gave a
stimulus to a more active selling of them in the cotton states. In the Gazette for
January 24, 1860, William Taylor advertises for 1,000 negroes for the Southern
market. Another advertisement, dated May 10, 1860, reads thus: "I wish to pur-
chase 500 likely young negroes of both sexes for the Southern market, for which I
will pay the highest market prices in cash. My address is Staunton or Middle-
brook, Augusta County, Va. J. E. Carson." About this time advertisements
of runaway slaves were somewhat a regular feature of the newspapers.

During the war of 1861 the conduct of the negroes was highly creditable to
the race, and there were few misdemeanors among them. Many of the slaves
showed great fidelity in staying with the families of their masters and working
the farms. In one instance a master was about to join the Confederate army and
had to leave five children behind him. His man-slave told him to go on and he
would himself see that things at home were attended to. The master was killed
in battle, but the negro was faithful to his trust, and the children were enabled
to go to school. A monument marks the grave of the old servant in the Timber
Ridge burial ground.

American slavery was doomed by the war of 1861, no matter which side
might triumph. The Federal government resorted to emancipation as a war
measure, and it was made permanent by a constitutional amendment. Yet it is
not generally known that an emancipation act was passed by the Confederate
Congress in the closing days of the war.

The slave was commoni)' known by a single name, instances of which are
Mingo, Will, Jerry, Jude, Pompey, Dinah, Daphne, Rose, Jin, Nell, Let, Phoebe,
Phillis, and Moll. One effect of emancipation was to ensure him a surname,
which was often that of the family in whicii he had worked.

An interesting exception to a general rule was that of the Reverend John
Chavis. In 1802 it was certified that he was free, decent, orderly, and respect-
able, and had taken academic studies at Washington College. Another was
Patrick Henry, for whom Thomas Jefferson built a cabin on iiis land at Natural
Bridge and left him in charge of the property, so that it might be adequately
shown to visitors. Jefferson conveyed some land to him in fee simple and lie
lived on it till his death in 1829. Henry's will is on record at Lexington. He iiad

146 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItXiE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

tlie unique distinction of being a colored slaveholder, as the following document
will show:

He it kiiuwn III all whom thc»c prc>ciil> may come, that I, Patrick Henry, of the County
of Rockbridge and Slate of Virginia having in the year of our Lord one Thousand eight
hundred and fifteen purchased from Benjanin Darst of the town of Lexington a female
tlave named Louisa, and since known by the name of Louisa Henry; now, for and in con-
sideration of her extraordinary meritorious zeal in the prosecution of my interest, her
constant probity and exemplary dc|>ortment subsequent to her being recognized as my wife,
together with divers other good and substantial reasons, I have this day in open court in
the county aforesaid, by this my public deed of manumission determined to enfr.-inchise, set
free, and admit her to a partici|>ation in all and every privilege, advantage, and immunity
that free persons of color are capacitated, enabled, or permitted to enjoy in conformity
with the Laws and Provisions of this Commonwealth, in such case made and provided. .And
by these presents I do hereby emancipate, set free, manumit, and disenthrall, the said I^uisa
alias Louisa Henry from the shackles of slavery and bondage forever, for myself and all per-
sons whomsoever, I do renounce, resign, and henceforth disclaim all right and authority over
her as, or in the capacity of a slave. And for the true and earnest performance of each and
every stipulation hereinbefore mentioned to the said Louisa, alias Ix)uisa Henry, I bind my-
self, my heirs, executors, and administrators forever. In testimony whereof I have here-
unto set my hand and aflixed my seal this second day of December in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.

Patrick Henrv.

In 1910 tlie negroes of this county were sixteen per cent, of the population,
and paid taxes on land and personalty assessed at $237,505. The grepariousness
of the race is indicated in the fact that of the aforesaid amount, $155,653 Ik--
longed in Lexington town and district.

It is worthy of mention tli.it .\iny Timl)erlake, daughter of a negrcss brought
from Africa, lived to a greater age than any other resident of Rockbridge, so far
as our infnrnintion goes. She died in 1897 at the age of 107.

In the middle course of Irish Creek is a considerable community sometimes
known as the "brown people." They live the simple life in their little log cabins
which dot the valley and the bordering hillsides. In the veins of many of them
is the blood of the Indian as well as that of the .\frican, but the Caucasian type
is dominant.

XVII

THE TOWN OF LEXINGTON

Founding of the County Seat — The Town Site — County Buildings — The Fire of 1796 —

Lexington in 1816 and 1835 — Lexington in Recent Times —

A Letter of 1781

When the county of Rockbridge was authorized in 1778, the population
was probably not less than 4,000. It must have been well distributed, except tliat
it had not penetrated so deeply into the mountain coves as was the case a century
later. The Rockbridge people of that day were altogether rural. The nearest
approach to a village was the school-hamlet at Timber Ridge. One cannot find in
the United States nowadays an area so large as Rockbridge with its then popula-
tion and without a full-fledged town.

But for the creation of the new county, ten and perhaps twenty years
would have elapsed without placing a village in the center of the Rockbridge
area. The county had to have a center of local government, and west of the
Blue Ridge a county seat has always meant a town. The selection of the
plateau at the mouth of Woods Creek was governed partly by the general
attractiveness of the spot, but still more because of its central position and its
being on the main line of travel between Staunton and the settlements on and
beyond the Roanoke. It was also on a direct line of travel to the Kanawha and
the West.

Thus we find that the same Act of Assembly which created Rockbridge also
provided for laying of! into streets and lots a tract of about twenty-seven acres.
The net return from the sale of lots was to be applied to lessening the county
levy. In the Act the statute-made town is called Lexington. We do not know
who was particularly responsible for the choice of name, but the Lexington
of Virginia, like the Lexington of Kentucky, appears to be a namesake of the
village in Massachusetts, where the first battle of the Revolution was begim.

The first private owner of the tract was Gilbert Campbell, who left a new
"hoose" and personalty of $179.41 on his decease in 1750. The property then
passed to his son, Isaac, the possessor at the time of the War for Independence.
The rectangle of 900 feet by 1,300 feet, provided by the statute, was divided
into thirty-six lots, two of these being reserved for the county buildings. The
original lots are 128>^ feet broad and 195 feet deep. The three streets running
in the longer direction were named Randolpii, Main, and Jefferson. The cross
streets were called Henrj', Washington, and Nelson, ^\'ith one exception these
streets bear the names of Virginia statesmen of tiie Revolutionary period. An

148 A IIISTORV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

alley all around the circumference of five-sixths of a mile is indicated in the
original plat. The courthouse reser^-ation was defined as fronting Main and
extending from Henry to Washington.

The boundaries of Lexington were extended in 1847, 1850, 1874, and 1916.
It is a curious fact that the title of the Act of 1850 conveys no hint that
the statute concerns any other town than Clarksburg, the birtliplace of Stonewall
Jackson.

The first care of the county court was to provide for the public buildings.
The specifications for the first courthouse arc given in Chapter IX. The build-
ing was to have been completed by November 1, 1778. Nothing appears to have
been done, for next year wc find the court ordering a courthouse twenty-five by
thirty feet, flanked by two jury rooms, each twelve feet scjuare. A stone founda-
tion was to support a brick wall nine feet high. The too{ was to be in the
form of a T and covered with joint shingk-s. The courthouse now ordered
appears to have been burned in 1787. In that year we find the justices con-
tracting with William Rricc to build a courthouse twenty-four by thirty feet
on the ground, and with a wall eigiitcen feet high. Again the foundation
was to be of stone and the wall of brick. Again the courtroom was to be
flanked by a jury-room twelve feet .square and provided with a cliinmey. In front
there was to be a lobby twelve feet by twenty-four. The courtroom was to con-
tain a gallery, and was to be lighted by two windows taking glass eight inches
by ten, but with twenty- four panes instead of eighteen. Pine flooring and
chestnut shingles were to be used. This second courthouse perished in the
great fire of 1796. The justices to draw the plans for still another courthouse
and jail were John Bowycr and John and James Caruthcrs. In 1798 a pillory and
stocks were ordered. Wc arc not informed as to the size of the original county
"Iwarding luni.se," but in Rockbridge, as elsewhere, an "insufficiency of the
jail" was for years a complaint entered by every incoming sherifT. In 1815 a
stove was ordered for the "dungeon of ]a\\" A new ofTice for the clerk of the
court was ordered in 1845. Tin- present commodious and quite modem court-
house was opened in 1897.

April 11. 1796, the young vill.ige was scourged by the fire-fiend. Accord-
ing to <me version of the occurrence, some resident had burned the trash
in his garden, and the coals were given new life by a rising wind. By another
statement the fire began on the lot above the one occupied by the Methodist
Cliurch in 1889. The hay in a stable took fire, either from the pipe of a negro
hatter or from the cnibcrs under a wash-keltle. Both .iccounts agree that there
was a westerly wind. Little could l)c done to check the conflagration, and it
extcmled ,ns far eastward as the intersection of M,iin and Henry streets. The
courthouse burned down, and for a while the residence of Andrew Reid was
used as a substitute.

THE TOWN OK LEXINGTON 149

The disaster of 1796 stinuilated tlie people to devise a means for being
less helpless in the event of another fire. So we find fifty citizens signing in
the same year the following petition :

We, the inhabitants of the town of Lexington and its vicinity, nnder the impression of
our late misfortune by fire, and sensible of the great danger to which we are dailey ex-
posed from many unavoidable circumstances ; do hereby mutually associate ourselves for the
purpose of forming a fire company, to be known by the name of the Lexington Fire
Company.

About thirty years later, another petition says there is an engine and hose,
btit no fire company. It remarks that the town levy on all real property is three
per cent.

A petition of 1801 mentions an Act of Assembly whereby certain persons
named therein were authorized to raise by a lottery $25,000 for the relief of the
sufferers by the fire. It goes on to suggest, that as the Act was not carried into
effect and the townsmen had in some measure recovered from their loss, the
sum named be reduced to $5,000, and be used in building a schoolhouse in the
town and in opening roads over South and North mountains.

A much better class of houses appears to have succeeded those destroyed
in the great fire. One Isaac Burr, of New York, who kept a diary on his trip
up the Valley of Virginia in September, 1804, says that "Lexington is a hand-
some little village with good buildings." Burr must have been very fond of pie.
He complains that he could get none except those made of apple or peach, and
even these were exceedingly scarce.

A petition of 1805 finds a grievance in the phiying of "long bullet," the
nature of which seems now forgotten. It was played so much on the high-
ways and near the town as to endanger the safety of people traveling about.
GambHng was a feature of the game. Convictions were hard to secure, and that
the practice might be stamped out, the aid of the Assembly was invoked.

For a quarter of a century there was no church building in the town, and
religious ser^'ices, as well as literary societies and singing schools, were held in
the courtliouse. On Washington's birthday, 1796. the sum of $2,500 was sub-
scribed by forty-five men to erect a Presbyterian Church. The fire which quickly
followed was probably responsible for some delay. At all events the church was
not completed until the fall of 1802. It had an outside gallery and could scat
800 people. It .stood near the main entrance to the present cemetery, and in 1844
was succeeded by the one now in existence. This, however, has been remodeled
since the war of 1861. The Presbyterian house of worship has been followed,
in the order of their mention, by the Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, and Roman
Catholic churches.

Unless the "Campbell schoolhouse" of 1753 stood near or on the site of

150 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Lexington, the one built by William Alexander near where the union station now
is would appear to have served the needs of the village in its earlier years.
Apart from the Ann Smith Academy, the first pretentious efTort in the educa-
tional line seems to have been in 1819, when the "Central School of Ixxington"
was built by an association at a cost of $1,100. In 1834 it was still in use and
incorporation was asked.

In 1811 tiuTc were eleven mechanics asking leave to incorporate as an asso-
ciation.

In his semi-centeiuiial address before the Franklin Society in 1873. Colonel
J. r. I.. Preston gives an interesting picture of Lexington in 1816. The town
was still nearly or quite within the limits decreed in 1777. Main Street was
not compactly built up, and there was but one brick building on its southward
side. The finest structure was the Ann Smith Academy. Beyond it was a
cornfield. At opposite sides of the college campus were two brick halls two
stories high. The water supply was from a pump and from Back Spring.
Hauling water by sled was "quite an institution." Ice-houses were unknown.
The Presbyterian w.is the only church. There were two services .separated
by an "intervale" of one-half hour, and nearly as many people were present in
the afternoon as in the morning. The large oak grove then reaching from
the church gate to \Voo<ls Creek was a rambling ground during the noon inter-
mission. There were many merchants for a town of not over 600 people, but
the trading was on a small scale. The store of William Caruthcrs was the largest.
Goods were purchased in Philadelphia. Prices were higher than in 1873, and
money was scarcer. The town physician was Samuel L. Campbell, an eccentric
gentleman of fine sense, kind heart, good culture, and liberal views. Mis field
was a large one. yet there was less sickness than in later years. The able and
very genial iKir. of which riotous stories were told, consisted of Chapman John-
son, Daniel Sbeffcy, Briscoe Baldwin, and Howe Peyton.

In 1832 the lottery was still hardly thought of as a form of gambling. In
that year Ixxington was authorized to raise $12,000 by such means and use
it in paving the streets and bringing water into the town.

Martin's I'irgitiia Gaccltccr of 1835 tells us that Lexington bad Presbyterian
and Methodist churches, a printing ofiice, five shoemakers, five saddlers, four tav-
erns, four carpenters, three hatters, two tanneries, two tinplate works, two cabi-
net-makers, two wheelwrights, two jewelers, two blacksmiths, and one brick-
layer. Three libraries were o})en to the publi'- Tlwn- «ir.- riluini 1 ^^n ilwellings
and nearly 900 inhabitants.

Howe, in bis Sketches of I'injinia, dated 1845. rcjmrts that the town had
four churches, two printing offices, ancl 1,200 people. He quotes an Kngtish
traveler as saying that "the town has many attractions. It is surrounded by

THE TOWN OF LEXINGTON 151

beauty, and stands at the head of a valley flowing with milk and honey. House
rent is low and provisions are cheap, abundant, and of the best quality. Flowers
and gardens are more highly prized than in most places."

American opinion in the 50's sounds less appreciative. An observer of 1855
calls Lexington "an indifferent town and rather small, with muddy streets."
Speaking of the town in 1859, Florence McCarthy, the Baptist minister, says it
then looked as though it had been finished twenty years earlier, a new house
being a very rare event. Yet in 1855, J. W. Paine was keeping a bookstore, and
two years later Samuel Pettigrew had a daguerreotype studio. In this period the
drinking habit was unpleasantly conspicuous. A petition of 1852, signed by
182 persons, says there are six unlicensed drinking places, and it asks for a search-
warrant law. Just before the war of 1861 there were eight groggeries, and court
day was no time for a self-respecting woman to appear on the street.

After the return of peace Lexington roused itself to a considerable degree
of business activity, yet in 1873 a local newspaper said the streets were uncleanly
and the sidewalks unworthy of the name. Eight years later there were paved
streets, brick sidewalks, waterworks, and sanitary arrangements, but no rail-
road. It took eighteen hours to come from Lynchburg, a distance of fifty miles.

Before there were banks in the Valley of Virginia it was a custom to con-
ceal money. It is said that when Major William Dunlap died in 1834, there was
the sum of $12,000 in specie lying buried on his farm near Goshen. In later
years much time was spent by residents of the neighborhood in searching for
it. The first bank in Rockbridge was the Lexington Savings Institution, in-
corporated in 1843, but chartered under a longer name in 1834. It was still in
operation in 1860, and gave five per cent, interest on time deposits. The Lexing-
ton Building Fund Association was organized in 1854. In 1860 its assets were
$51,611.75, and its expense account for the year was $1,114.94.

The coming of peace in 1865 found the town cemetery in a very much
neglected condition. Few stones had been set up during the war, and much of the
inclosure was a jungle of grass, weeds, and tree-sprouts. During the war there
were 108 interments of Confederate soldiers from other states than Virginia.
More than one-half were North Carolinians. But the cemetery is now well cared
for. It lies high and level, commands a fine outlook, and is much beautified with
flowers and shrubbery. It is the resting place of many of the eminent dead of
Rockbridge. The most conspicuous feature is the pillar surmounted by a statun
in heroic size of the great Confederate leader, Stonewall Jackson.

Lexington was incorporated December 18, 1841. On the first Saturday in
January, 1842, and every second year thereafter, the free white male house-
keepers and freeholders, twenty-one years of age or upward, were to elect seven
trustees, these serving two years and four constituting a iiuorum. They were en-

152 A HISTORY OF R0CKURI1K;E county. VIRGINIA

powered to ap|>oint a board of three assessors. They could also adopt rules and
regulations for the maintenance of order, grade and pave streets, put in water-
works, and proceed against delinquents. Their jurisdiction extended one mile
beyond the town limits. Tliey ap]>ointe(l a town scr^ieant, who acted as constable
within the corporate limits.

During the last fifty years Lexington has been a place of about 3.000 in-
habitants. The business quarter is chiefly on Main street, and is quite compact.
The business and professional interests arc about such as may be looked for in
an American town of this size. Yet Lexington lias never been an industrial
center. It is supported by a considerable country trade and by the two great
educational institutions within its confines. The streets are generally paved,
and the residence sections include many modern cottages setting back from the
sidewalk in very attractive grounds. The improvement since the 50's is due more
to the changed conditions of the postbellum era tlian to a marked increase in
population. In 1850 the county scat was credited with 1,105 white and 638
ccjlcired inhabitants. In 1860 the total jx)])ulation was 2.135. In 1870 it had risen
t(j 2.873. which is well-nigh as large as the figures for 1010. In 1874 the assessor
found 1,451 white and 1.251 colored citizens and 501 students.

We close this chapter with a letter written from I-exington while it was yet
ail infant village.

Lexington Isi Feb. 1781
May it please your Excellency:

Accounts from all quarters lead us to expect viKorous Measures from our Enemies the
next Campain. I have just received Duplicates of Letters sent from our OflSccrs of Ilinois
to others at Louisville which infurm that the Spani.sh & .\meric.iii Ilinois Settlements are
preparing defensively for heavy attacks. The oriKin;il Letters I hear are sent forward to
your F-!xcellency. On confcrriiiK with Cols Downians & Trigg we concluded it cx|>cdient to
send 150 Men to Garrison the Mnulh of Licking until Crockett sh.nll arrive which we shall
expect weekly. We apprehended the Expenxe wd be less to Government than to wait
until the Enemy arrived at our Settlements and better conduce to the Security of the
people.

Inclosed arc Recommendations for certain oflficers in this County. Would there he any
Impropriety in sending out some Blank Commissions as formerly? I wd engage that no
ahii^t l>e rnmmiiled. There are many vacancies for other Officers than those recommended
wh<i»e Rank« arc as yet unfilled.

I have the Uniior to be with the greatest Respect.

Your Excellency's

Most obedient and
humble Servant
Tc. Gov Jefferson John Todovs

XVIII

BUENA VISTA AND GLASGOW

At a point where North River exchanges an easterly for a southerly course,
is a long and tolerably broad expanse of river-bottom. Immediately eastward are
the high and broken foothills of tlie Blue Ridge. Westward is the rapid flowing
river, and beyond is the rolling upland that extends to the North Mountain. The
locality was long known as Hart's Bottom, because a portion was patented by
Silas Hart, a pioneer magistrate whose home was near Staunton. John Robin-
son came here shortly after the close of the Revolution, and by adding to his
original purchase acejuired a large estate. In 1889 the bottom was owned by
Samuel F. Jordan, B. C. Moomaw, and one Gurney, of New York. By this time
it was known as Green \^alley. Near the flag station on what was then the
newly built Shenandoah Valley Railroad was the Appold Tannery. Near this
small industry were a half dozen dwellings for the employees.

About thirty years ago, a "boom fever" was spreading like an epidemic the
entire length of the Valley of Virginia. "Development companies" sprang up
like mushrooms, each one announcing that it designed to transform some old
town or village into a hive of industry, or to create a brand-new town on a
tract of farming land. Finely printed prospectuses were scattered broadcast,
lot sales were held, bonuses were given to industrial "plants," and speculation
ran ritjt until the inevitable reaction came. The result ranged all the way from
moderate success to utter failure.

The efTort launched at Green Valley was the earliest in the Valley of Virginia
rt-ith the exception of Roanoke, and to this priority is largely due the fact that
Buena Vista is an actual town and not a memory. A development company
was organized with J. T. Barclay as its president. The issue of capital stock
was fixed at $600,000. Within nine days this was oversubscribed by nearly
twenty-five per cent. The land purchased and laid off into lots amounted to
900 acres. The streets, which are seventy-five feet wide, generally conform to
the cardinal points of the compass. Those known as avenues bear the names
of trees. The cross-streets are known by number. The blocks are of uniform
size. Lots are 125 feet deep. Business lots are twenty-five feet wide and resi-
dence lots are fifty feet wide. The business quarter is next the river and along tiie
railroad tracks. The residence section lies toward tiie Blue Ridge and rises into
some of the lower foothills.

The stock was sold in shares of $50, two shares entitling the holder to a
residence lot, and seven giving him a business lot. Some of the industrial enter-

154 A IIISTOKY OF ROCKnRIIX.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

prises that came brouglit skilled workmen from Pennsylvania, but otherwise the
people are almost wholly X'irginian. M»ich of the early influx was from Amherst
on the other side of the Blue Kidge. During the early years in the history of the
town, a rough, disorderly clement, i)artly white and partly colored, was too con-
spicuous.

In 1891 liucna \ ista was iiicorpcjratid as a city and thus hccanu- politically
independent of Rockbridge county. It is alleged, and it would seem with reason,
that the count of the inhabitants was padded. At all events, the town has never
yet had the 5,000 people that the statute law asks as a recjuisitc to incorjjoration.

Buena \'ista has had its ups and downs. Nearly one-half the buildings in
the place appeared in 1890. Next season a reaction came, and for six years
the town was at a standstill. Since that ])erio<l of ebb there has been a slow-
but rather steady progress. The present jxipulation is about 3.500, and only about
150 persons are colored.

The leading industries of Buena Vista employ about 550 workmen. They
comprise the Columbia Paper Company, the Alleghany Iron Com])any, the Buena
Vista Tannery, and the Buena \'ista Extract Company, all but the last named
being owned in Pennsylvania. Smaller industries are a firebrick company, a
stationery comjjany, a silk mill, a saddle factory, a canning company, a building
supply company, planing and luml>er mills, and a brick plant that uses slag. The
silk mill is ownicd in the North. Several of the early industries succumbed. One
of these was a glass company, which sold out to the .\rmnur Fertilizer Company.
Another was a concern for the manufacture of wire fencing.

As in other boom towns of the period in question, one of the very first things
set on foot by the promoters was a hotel on a scale entirely unwarranted by
the probable supjwrt it would have. The Buena \'ista Hotel was built at a cost
of $85,000, yet was placed on an elevation at the very edge of the town, and
thus could not attract conunercial travelers. It did not burn down under the
suspicious circimistances that were true of several other lioom hotels of the Valley.
It was at length sold for $10,000, and was converted into a very prosperous
seminary. The churches of the little city arc Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist,
Lutheran, and Episcopal, and two of difTering br.inches of the Cliurch of the
Brethren. There are three hotels, a bank, about fifteen mercantile houses, and
a local newspaper, the Buena Vista Weekly Times. The public schools are
in<lependcnt of those of the covmty. The chief commercial outlet is the Norfolk
and Western Railroad, but the town is also servxl li\ ilie l.txiiuMmi Branch of
the Chesapeake and Ohio.

The town derives its name from the I'luena \'isla furnace whicli was operated
by the Jordans in the near vicinity, and which, as its name suggests, anted.ited
the town some forty years. Buena Vista is the industrial metropolis of Rock-

BUENA VISTA AND GLASGOW 155

bridge, and is sustained by the metallic ores and the timber resources of the
vicinity. Additional forest products are drawn from as far as North Carolina.
The town has a pleasant situation, and makes a much better appearance than
many of the new towns of its class.

Glasgow has naturally a more favorable situation than Buena Vista. It lies
on a still more magnificent bottom girt with beautiful mountain scenery, and the
James was formerly navigated to Richmond below and Buchanan above. It has
the further advantage of being not only on the same branch of the Norfolk and
Western, but also on the freight-carrying line of the Chesapeake and Ohio
that extends from Clifton Forge to Richmond. But its attempt to become an in-
dustrial town has beeen less fortunate. Its own boom was not launched early
and had to contend with the many other booms of 1890. In that year a develop-
ment company was organized with General Fitzhugh Lee as president, Major M.
M. Martin as vice-president, and R. H. Catlett as secretary-treasurer. These
gentlemen, with William A. Anderson, of Lexington, and Joseph Davis, of Lynn,
Massachusetts, constituted the board of directors. The purchases of land aggre-
gated several thousand acres, and included the Sailing and Glasgow homesteads.
The large area was laid off into villa sites and town lots, and several enterprises
were induced to come. A power and light plant was built, but was never
operated, and was at length dismantled. A costly hotel was built, but never
opened, and has lately been torn down. Much money was lost and much of the
town survey has returned to agricultural use. Aside from a corn mill at the
Locher flag station, the only present industrial concerns in the vicinity are two.
One is the Glasgow Clay Products Company at Locher, one mile west of the
town. This new corporation is the successor of the James River Cement Works,
operated by the Lochers for sixty years. The new concern manufactures brick,
tiling, and other clay and shale products, and they are of superior quality. The
raw material for the new plant comes from the same deposits used by the cement
works. The plant of the Virginia Western Power Company is just below the
confluence of the two rivers at Balcony Falls. It is new and up-to-date, and
its 150 miles of transmission wire reaches as far as Hinton, \\'cst Virginia. As in
the case of boom towns started on a very ambitious scale, the buildings at Glas-
gow are considerably scattered. The population is probably under 500. The
churches are Presbyterian and Episcopal, in addition to two Baptist churches of
the colored people.

Willow Grove was the name of the first postoffice at Balcony Falls. It was
kept in the fine brick mansion built by Peter A. Sailing and used as a hotel as well
as a private residence. It is now the property of George P. Locher.

XIX

VILLAGES, HAMLETS. AND SUMMER RESORTS

Bkownsbvic axd Faimielb— CofNT«v Hamlets — RAiLaoAO Villages — Gosuen — Rafhinb —
Wilson's Spung — Rockwidce Baths — Rockbiiidge Alcm — Natural Bhidgk

An aggregation of homes can scarcely be termed a village unless it in-
cludes a schoolhousc, one or more churches, two or more business houses, a resi-
dent minister or physician, a repair shop, and in this modern age, a garage.
When it falls much below this standard, it is a hamlet and not a village.

In speaking of towns and villages, the local history often attempts to make
itself also a business directory. But any directory almost at once begins to grow-
out of date, and after a very few years it reads like ancient history. It is for this
reason that we shall attempt no more than a general description of the small cen-
ters of population in Rockbridge.

A petition of 179.? asks tlu- legal establishment of the town laid out on the
lands of Robert Wardlaw and Sanuiel McQiesncy. Five years later another
petition mentions the town as Urownsburg. and asks an extension of time for
the improvement of lots. In 1835. Martin's Gazetteer speaks of the village as
containing twenty dwellings, three stores, two shoe factories, three wheelwrights,
two smith shops, two tailors, a tavern, a tanyard. a saddler, a cabinet-maker,
a caq)enter, a hatter, a gristmill, and a mercantile flour mill. Ten years later
Howe speaks of it as having about thirty houses. That Brownsburg has scarcely
increased in size, even in seventy years, is obviously because a village which
in our present time is not a county scat and is not on a railroad, is very much
circuinscril)ed as a conimercial and manufacturing center. It does well if it
can hold its own in jxjpulation. It may \k a very comfortable place to live in
from the viewpoint of the old resident, yet the dwellings are likely to assume
a look of age, and the society is probably staid and conservative. In our day,
however, such a village will probably have a bank and a garage, as well as at
least one or two quite modern cottages, these contrasting somewhat oddly with
the plain, old-fashioned dwellings. Brownsburg lies in the well populated valley
which above is styled MofTatt's Creek and Iwrlow is called Hays' Creek. It is
consequently the trade center of a considerable district. In a former day it was
noted for its high-grade private schools. The academy building yet stands on a
rise of ground ami recalls the fact that the village and neighborhood have figured
to a regrettable extent in the matter of homicide. It was in ths old schoolhouse
that Dfictor Z J, Walker killed Henry Miller. N'f.vemlicr 8. I880. .-,t the close
of the examination of the former before a ju>lice. Walker was speedily killed by

VILLAGES, HAMLETS, AND SUMMER RESORTS 157

Miller's sons. During tlic confusion, Mrs. Walker received a fatal bullet said to
have been meant for the husband, and one of the sons of Miller was severely
wounded. The most conspicuous of the other occasions was when two young
men were shot dead by a youth they were teasing.

Fairfield, like Brownsburg, lies on a well traveled automobile highway. It
is of similar size, age, and general appearance, yet stands on somewhat higher
ground. Its one street is the turnpike along which it stretches a considerable
distance. In 1835 Martin says it had twenty dwellings, one union church, two
taverns, one store, one tannery, two doctors, and 130 people. Howe mentions
twenty-five homes in 1845, and it will thus appear that the village has long
been stationary. Following the National Highway toward Lexington, we soon
pass Cedar Grove, the mansion-home of the McDowells. A little beyond is their
brick-walled family burial ground, perhaps the oldest place of interment in
the county, but now very much neglected. Still farther on is a brick house dating
from the Revolutionary period, and once the locally famous hostelry known as
the Red House. It was in this territory that the first homes were reared in
Rockbridge.

Six miles north of Fairfield, where the turnpike enters Augusta, is the hamlet
of Midway, formerly known as Steele's Tavern. David Steele had a disfiguring
gash on his face, and in his skull was a silver plate, both injuries being due to
sword-cuts in the Revolution. In the winter season his guests sat around a
blazing fire in the barroom. In the summer they sat on plain benches on the
verandah. To the Virginian of his time, the bench in front of a tavern was a
necessity. At the dinner table there was plenty of hot coffee, biscuit, and fried
chicken. Near Midway, but on the road to Raphine, is pointed out the birth-
place of Cyrus H. McCormick, and near by is the stone shop in which his trial
machine was built.

West of North River is an absence of true villages. Collierstown is an
extended section of well-peopled creek valley. Fancy Hill, though much asso-
ciated with the names of private academies, is but a hamlet. Mechanicsville, two
miles west of Buena Vista, is even less a hamlet than it used to be, and the same
is true of Buffalo Forge. Springfield, very near the Botetourt line, was laid out
into forty lots as far back as 1797.

Riverside, Midvale, and \'esuvius are small points on South River and the
Norfolk and Western railroad, and lie five, ten, and seventeen miles, respect-
ively, north of Bucna Vista. Buffalo Forge Station is another little railroad place
at the mouth of Buffalo.

The one town in the northwest of Rockbridge is Goshen, at the confluence
of Mill Creek with the Great Calf pasture, and within sight of the upper entrance
to Goshen Pass. As a point on the nuin line of the Chesapeake and Ohio

158 A HISTORY OF rockbrid<;e county, VIROIN'IA

railroad, thirty-thri'c miles from Staunton and twenty-four from Clifton Forge,
Goshen essayed a boom during the epidemic of 1890. The principal reminder
of the visitation is Alkghany Inn. built in the Queen Anne style and perched
on a hilltop. The little town lies in the valley below, astride the course of
Mill Creek. In 1873 there was a proposal, never tried out. to make it the scat
of government of a new county. Notwithstanding the iron deposits and the
smelting interest in the vicinity, Goshen lost a third of its jwpulation between
1900 and 1910, and now has under 200 inhabitants. A mile southward and not
in view from the station is the X'icturia furnace, and just beyond is a cluster of
small, red tenement houses.

The fourth town in Rockbridge is Raphine, which dates from the coming of
the \'allcy Railroad in 188.V It was named by James E. A. Gibbs and laid out on
his lands, although he did not expect more than a hamlet to grow up. The first
passenger car to make a stop was attached to a work train, and left September
18th of that year to take his daughter on the beginning of her trip ti> .Arkansas.
The first store came the same year. An elevator was opened in 1886 and a
bank in 1906. Presbyterian and Methodist chapels were built in 1889 and about
1890. The boom fever paid a visit to Raphine and held out the prospect of a
shoe factory, as well as making the place a health resort iKcause of its lithia
waters. The town now has about 350 people. The high school has six rooms,
five teachers, and more than 100 pupils. The commercial interests of the
pl.ice include a bank, four stores, a fine garage, and an automobile agency, a
wagoiimakcr, a blacksmith, and a firm handling grain, hay. and fertilizer.

A little more than a mile south of the town is a low stone house situated near
a Ixjld sjjring and built as a fortified house in the Indian times. It is still occupied
as a dwelling house, but the windows have been widened. Many years ago mys-
terious occurrences held sway her for three months. It is related that the poker
and fire shovel waltzed across the room, a tnmk flew out from under a bed. hot
stones fell upon and smashed dinner plates on the table, and hot pancakes fell in
the meadow as manna did for the Hebrews in the wilderness of Sinai. A woman
who was the mother of a child was the reputed witch. The only actual sufferer
was a colored girl on whose person welts appeared as if from blows, and who
screamed from what she believed to be pin-lhrusts. The s|)ell was broken when
the girl was sent South. Such talcs arc seemingly absurd, yet in this instance
are believed to rest on a Iwsis of fact. The manifestations appear to be due to
what is called poltergeist by the Germans.

The summer resorts of Rockbridge have enjoyed much renown. A contri-
butor to the Gazette in 1874 writes in a very interesting m.nnner of old times
at Wilson's Spring at the lower entrance to Goshen P.iss. The strong sulplnir
waters issue from a rocky islet in the midst of North River, and consequently the

VILLAGES, HAMLETS, AND SUMMER RESORTS 159

Spring is temporarily overwlielmed in time of flood. By virtue of a land deed
these waters have been made accessible to the public for all time. The first land
patent was in the name of William Porter in 1755. The next owners were the
Stricklers, whose name attached itself for a while to the spring and the pass
through the mountain.

The writer we have referred to says that "most of our springs began business
as deer licks. By accident or otherwise, a curative value was found, and then
some one built a hut." Other people built huts, and in July and August there was
a lively concourse of the rural yeomanry. Visitors put up their horses at
Wilson's stable, fed the animals themselves, washed their hands and laces at
the spring branch, and perhaps slept in the barn. They ate their lunches while
sitting on benches on the front porch, and tossed their corncobs into the front
yard. When harvest was over, visitors would come in a covered wagon drawn
by four horses, and containing a bed or two, provisions, and sundry parapher-
nalia. All the family went, except that one or two of its members took turn in
staying at home to attend to the farm chores and bring supplies to camp. The
cooking in camp was done under an arbor covered with pine brush. Some slept
in the wagon, some in the arbors. The visitors did little at dressing up. The old
ladies assembled in some cabin and talked. The old men met in squads under
the large oaks. The grown girls made parties, swung, went after huckleberries,
and cast eyes at the young men. Children played in the sand or waded in the river.

The picnicking thus described as being true of eighty years ago continues in
principle, even if not identical in manner. Wilson's Spring is still a popular re-
sort for the people of the county. Guests from a distance board at the farm-
house. The much greater number of county people occupy a considerable cluster
of very unpretentious cottages built by themselves. But on certain days many
hundreds of people visit the spot, coming in the morning and returning at the
close of the day.

Little more than a mile down North River is the hamlet of Rockbridge
Baths, eleven miles from Lexington. It has grown up around a small hotel on
a level lawn very near the stream. The magnesia waters are thermal, have a
temperature of seventy-two degrees, and act favorably on the digestive organs.
They are also useful in cutaneous affections. In the spring is a growth of algae
that reproduces itself when cut back. A mass of this applied wet to a sore has a
tendency to heal it. This resort was opened by the Jordans. The guests are city
people of a class not much attracted to the sulphur spring above. The vicinage
is not very broken, and is typically rural in appearance. It is pleasant and at-
tractive.

Nine miles above Goshen, well toward the source of Bratton's Run, and in
the narrow valley between Mill and North mountains, is Rockbridge Alum. Five
springs, varying somewhat in their mineral strength, issue from the base of a

loo A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

slate blulT. The waters contaiti iodine, magnesia, sulphuric acid, and the sul-
phates of iron and aluinina. The waters are purgative and diuretic, and they
relieve congestion and inflanuuation. They are also tonic, and they improve the
appetite. Their action on the skin is secondary, and like the waters at Rock-
bridge Haths they arc very serviceable in cutaneous affections, including indolent
sores. Formerly something was done in bottling the waters and in separating
the mineral ingredients by evaporation. In addition to the five alum springs there
is one of chalybeate water.

The realty including these springs was first owned by Joiin Dunlap and a
Campbell, each nian holding a half-interest. It was opened as a resort about I8.V4.
The property is said to have been considered at one time as the most valuable
single piece of real estate in the South, and was sold in 1853 for $150,000. The
spot used to be frequented by throngs of people from all the former slave states,
as many as 400 guests being registered in a single day. The various buildings of
the hotel property form a (juite extensive array, but are of a type that is now
anti(|uated. The lawn, which lies in the creek valley, is fairly level. For several
miles around there is almost no settlement. The scene is very nearly as primeval
today as it was in the time of the pathfinder. A more healthful and restful
spot can scarcely be found in America.

A much less important resort is Cold Sulphur Spring, about two miles south-
west of Goshen. John Dunlap was al.so the owner of this spring, and he permitted
visitors to camp arountl it without charge. .Ml the buildings were burned
some years ago.

The Funstainc was a resort on the old Major William Dunlap farm near
Goshen. It was afterward owned by the Bells. A part of the old building is yet
standing in the Bell orchard.

No later than the summer of 1887 there were 1.700 sunmicr visitors in this
county. But the present reign of the automobile has robbed the resorts of Rock-
bridge of much of their oldtime popularity. The mineral springs are compara-
tively remote from railway, are not reached by macadamized thoroughfares, and
during the recent years their patronage has very much fallen ofT.

Natural Bridge is without mineral waters, but maintains itself by reason of
the great natural curiosity within the bounds of the hotel property. It is also
on the main automobile route through the Valley of Virginia, and is but two
miles from Natural Bridge Station on tlie Norfolk and Western and Chesapeake
and Ohio railroads. A macadamized highway connects the hotel with the station.
The hotel itself is a quite pretentious structure, and is pleasantly shaded by trees.
There is a swinuning-pool at the head of the hollow, down which a footpath
Ic'kIs to the brink of Cedar Creek. At the railroad station the tracks of the
Norfolk and Western and the Gicsapcakc and Ohio cross, and somewhat of a
village has been called into existence.

HIGHWAYS, WATERWAYS, AND RAILWAYS
Aboriginal Paths — Pioneer Roads — Road Improvement — Turnpikes — Canals — Railroads

The Rockbridge of 1737 was largely open country carpeted with grass. The
area in prairie was a grazing ground for the herds of buffalo and deer. The for-
mer animal always went about in herds. When the grass was nibbled too close
in one spot the herd moved to another place, taking a very straight course, and
the well-defined path was used season after season.

At first blush it would look as though the buffalo was the first road-builder
in Rockbridge. But the Indian was here before the buffalo. That shaggy beast
was not a denizen of the forest. His original habitat was the vast grassy plain
that sweeps eastward from the base of the Rocky Mountains. But until he
possessed the mustang, which came to him by way of the Spaniard, the Indian
found the Great Plains a very unsuitable land to occupy. The few red men who
lived here dwelt only along the larger watercourses. To attract the buffalo east-
ward, and thus have a more abundant supply of food, the forest tribes of the
Mississippi Basin created artificial prairies. The original small opening grew
steadily larger in consequence of burning the grass at the end of each hunting
season. In this way the buffalo was lured farther and farther eastward until he
reached the \'alley of \'irginia. The moundbuilding tribes of the Ohio vallev
fell away from their agricultural habits and depended in an increased degree upon
the bow and arrow. The Indian of the historic period was a wholesale burner
of the woods, and Hugh Maxwell, a forestry expert, declares that in a few more
centuries Virginia would have become either a meadow or a desert.

The Indian often used the buffalo trail, but his network of footpaths in
tlie wilderness antedated the work of the buffalo. His own trail followed valleys
and crossed ridges. If at all possible, a creek was crossed where the fording was
easy. The larger paths were called war trails, and they were like trunk lines
of railroad. They were worn rather deeply into the earth, and were often wide
enough to admit a wagon. As a matter of course the path of the aborigine was
adopted by the white pioneer. The latter saw no reason to cut out a new road
where there was already a serviceable one. It is therefore easy to understand
why the "Indian Road" of the early settlers soon became known as the "Pennsyl-
vania Road," and why with some modification of route it developed into the N'ailcy
Turnpike and its connecting links to the southward. The section of this thorougii-
fare passing through Rockbridge was accepted as a public road by the court of
Orange in the spring of 1745.

162 A IIISTORV fiF KOCKIIKIIMU: COUNTY. VIRC.INIA

The Indians had other paths in this territory, one of which came from the
Ohio and crossed North Mountain into the valley of Kerr's Creek. A section of
still another path may be seen on Jump Mountain opposite Wilson's Spring.
In occasional instances the present county roads undoubtedly follow some of
the minor trails of the red man. The fact that it was nearly fifteen years after
the beginning of settlement before a second public road was authorized, would
seem to indicate that the settlers were quite well accommodated with the paths
they found awaiting them.

In October, 1751. nine settlers on the lower Cowpasturc petitioned for a
road over North Mountain to the Borden grant. Next year there was a petition
for a road "from Kennedy's mill to John Houston's, and from Houston's to the
great road from Timber Grove to Woods Gap." The twenty names appended
are chiefly or wholly those of settlers in the north of tlie Burden land. About
this time, twenty-one men living toward the west of the present county ask
for a road from Joseph ling's mill to James Young's mill, and to William Hall's
on North Kiver, and into the great road on James Thompson's plantation. They
explain that it was their course "to meeting, mill, and market." In 1753 a road
was ordered from Campbell's schoolhousc to the Rcnick road. The twenty-five
tithables mentioned therewith were in the lower part of the present coimty. or
within the present Botetourt line.

The first road precincts were necessarily few and large, and all that the
small working force could accomplish was to open a rough and ready path
capable of admitting a wagon. When Botetourt began local government in
1770, there were only thirty-nine road precincts in the long distance from Kerr's
Creek to the Tennessee line. But in 1859 the road precincts within Rockbridge
were 102.

The old roads were "straight, steep, narrow, and rocky." An undated peti-
tion, probably of near the year 1R80. says that the mountain roads were unpleas-
ant, and for carriages dangerous, because much obstructed by rocks, for the
removal of which the law made no provision. Nevertheless, the public opinion of
the colonial age required that the public highways be kei)t up to a certain stan«l-
ard. Many a road overseer was presented by the grand jury for failing to
keep his track in order, or for not putting up "indexes" at the forks as recjuired
by law. An acting justice was ineligible as a commissioner of roads.

Until just after 1840. the roads were worked by compulsory labor. The
roa<l levy, which now became law, seems to liavc caused considerable dissatis-
faction. In 1843 the surveyor was allowed $1.00 a day, the common laborer fifty
cents. A man with a plow, two horses, and a driver was paid $1 50. In 1845
the rates were a<lvanced to $1.25 for the surveyor, and seventy-five cents for the
workman. For cart, horse, and driver, the allowance was $1.25. In 1861 the
levy was $1.50 per capita, or two days in labor.

HIGHWAYS, WATERWAYS. AND RAILWAYS 163

According to a petition of 1802 there were several forges west of the Blue
Ridge, and yet all wagons had to go to Rockfish Gap in order to cross the
mountain. From this and other authorities, we glean some idea of the cost
of travel a century ago. The petition just named says it took twelve to fifteen
days for a wagon to make a roundtrip to the markets east of the South Mountain.
About thirteen barrels of flour made a load for four horses, and it usually sold
at $5.00 a barrel. Merchandise to the amount of 5,000 to 6,000 pounds was
hauled back at a charge of $1.30 per hundredweight. A load of flour was often
retailed before coming to Richmond. The teamsters had regular stands where
feed was left to be used on the return. In 1806 William \\'ilson spent $21.40 in a
round-trip to Richmond. T. Wayt turned in a bill of $56.50 for an absence of
thirteen days, while taking a patient to the hospital for the insane at Williams-
burg. Wayt went with a guard and an impressed horse. When J. D. Davidson
set out from Eagle Tavern in Lexington, in 1836, he paid $50.00 in stage fares
before he reached the Ohio at the mouth of the Guyandotte. Thence, to New
Orleans, his steamboat fare was $120.00. \\^hen this book was begun, a person
could journey from Goshen to the Ohio river for about $4.90, and in less than a
tenth of the time that Davidson had to use. And furthermore, the $4.90 was
easier to get hold of than it was eighty years earlier. Even in 1848, which w^s
before the iron horse had cut any figure west of the Alleghanies, it took the
family of Cyrus H. McCormick twelve days to go to Chicago, then a city of
20,000 people.

As for postal rates, six cents would not carry a letter even thirty miles in
1838. If the distance were from thirty to eighty miles, the postage was ten
cents ; if it exceeded 400 miles, the charge was twenty-five cents.

Between the wars of 1812 and 1861 there was great interest in turnpike
roads. The railroad was unknown in America until 1829, and not until 1848 did
it reach the Alleghanies at any point. The country was vast, and unless good
wagon roads were to be had, the interior districts were doomed to be most
seriously handicapped. But the United States was poor as well as vast, and
"metaled" roads, such as were being extended over populous Europe, were sel-
dom possible. Most of the turnpikes of that period were simply well-graded "dirt
roads." A petition of 1836 tells us that what was styled a piked road cost
$784 a mile, or forty-four and one-half cents a yard. Several of the longer lines
were usually built by private companies. The funds were rai.sed by subscription
or by lottery, and the stockholders looked to the tollgate for their dividends. But
the charter for a turnpike was not always followed by a visible highway. There
were paper turnpikes in those days, just as there were paper railroads at a later
time. One of these was chartered in 1853. It was to take form as a macadamized
way from Collierstown to the mouth of North River.

164 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDT.E COUNTY, VIRGI.N'IA

The Lexington and Covington Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1829
with an authorized capital of $20,000, a sum which today would scarcely make
a respectable beginning. The width was to be sixteen feet on North Mountain,
and twenty feet elsewhere, but in 1851 there was permission to reduce the width
to eighteen feet if livestock were exempted from toll. The route was sur\'eyed
by Claude Crozet, and the road was completed in .\ugust, 1832. Alx)ut the same
time the pike from Lexington to Millboro was built. In 1830 a lottery was
authorized for the raising of $30,000 for a road from I^xington to New Glas-
gow in Amherst. Five years later a sur>'ey was ordered for a road from Lex-
ington to Richmond by way of White's Gap. The capital was placed at $75,000.
and the tollgatcs were to be fifteen miles apart. A petition of 1847 asks for a
macadamized road between Staunton and Buchanan. The raid along the base
of College Hill from Lexington to North River was piked with stone as early
as 1820. Until the railroad appeared, this seems to have been about the only
piece of road within the county that was actually macadamized.

While the furor for planked roads held possession of N'irginia. a highway
of this description appeared in the southeast of Rockbridge. The road in ques-
tion is still sometimes known as the "Plank Road." hut it is hardly necessary to
add that the planking soon rotted away.

It appears to have been somewhat earlier than 1820 that fifty-four petitioners
ask the amendment of a recent law, so as to exempt them from working the high-
ways outside the limits of Lexington, except with respect to the ford in North
River. Tliey also ask that it be made unlawful to gallop horses in the streets of
the town. They announce that they would rather ])ay in due proportion for the
repair of the streets than be called upon to work them

It was a long while Ix-fore the fords and ferries in the larger ^t^ealns were
superseded by bridges. In 1834 Colonel John Jordan contracted to bridge North
River near his mill at a cost not to exceed $1,500. The bridge was to have two
passage-ways. Yet it was twenty-five years earlier that Jordan and his partner,
John Morehead, asked leave to put in a toll-bridge near their new flouring mill.

A century ago the stage was what the rail-car and the motor-car are now.
The early carriages had an attachment underneath that was in the form of a
hayfork. It could be let down to serve as a brake. Stages of an improvised
type api>eare<l alKJut 1825. Ry 1820 a stage came to Lexington three times a
week. In 18.36 there were stages twice a week on the I-exington and Covington
pike. The tollgates east of the /Mleghany line were at .Armentrout's. at the
foot of North Mountain, and at Hugh Mackey's. midway Intween Lexington
and Armentrout's. The species of gentleman known in the Old West as the
"road agent" sometimes paid his respects to a stage, ancj the merchant who went
to the city to buy goods carried a |)istol

HIGHWAYS, WATERWAYS, AND RAILWAYS 165

The waterway has always been a cheap means of transportation. Attention
was early directed to the outlet afforded by the James and North rivers. A
petition of 1810 states that North River has been cleared out, and it asks that the
county court be given authority to levy not more than $200 a year to keep
the channel open. An Act of 1811 gave the necessary authority, but roused the
wrath of certain of the inhabitants. They say the benefit was not general, and
declare many of the people knew nothing of the measure until it became law.

Sluice navigation from Richmond to Balcony Falls was open in 1816, and
to Buchanan in 1827, but the James River and Kanawha Canal, incorporated
in 1831, did not reach Balcony Falls until about 1850, nor Buchanan until 1851.
During the intervening third of a century the batteau was used in moving pro-
duce from Rockbridge to Tidewater. This craft was a narrow boat about ninety
feet long, and it was propelled by poles. In the center was a canvas awning
eight to ten feet long. Three negroes made a crew. As cargo, seventy-five bar-
rels of flour could be taken on. If tobacco were the load, the hogsheads — seven
to ten in number — lay lengthwise with the boat. It was comparatively easy to go
down stream, but since it was difificult to "shove back," after getting above the
smooth waters in the lower James, the batteau was sometimes disposed of at
Richmond. The nightmare of the voyage was Balcony Falls. In this four-mile
pass the James falls some 200 feet, and the channel is beset with rocks. The few
steersmen who could put a craft through "Bal-co-ny" were in much demand at
high wages, yet in time of high water not a few of the batteaux were broken
on the rocks. Pig iron, of which from five to eight tons made a cargo, was
recovered in some quantity in after years, at times when the water in the pass
was very low and clear. During the reign of the batteau, boat building was quite
a business at several places in the county. The leading boat captains were John
Hamilton, Samuel McCorkle, and Elisha Paxton. It was during this period that
Cedar Grove, as the head of navigation on North River, was almost fhe metrop-
olis of Rockbridge. After the coming of the canal it fell into utter decay.

By a majority of 217 in a total vote of 615, this county subscribed $15,000 to
the North River Navigation Company in an election held June 1, 1850. .'K further
subscription of $29,950 was carried August 23, 1851, 687 citizens voting for it and
385 against it. At the close of the war of 1861 the interest on the principal of
$26,115.44 amounted to $2,856.75.

From Glasgow to Lexington the canal was built in sections, arriving at
East Lexington in 1852. As each section was opened to travel, a warehouse
was built. The first one above Balcony Falls was at Miller's, half way to
Bucna \'ista. Anotlier was at Thompson's, several miles farther on, and a third
was at the mouth of South River. Lentil a warehouse ceased to be a terminal
it was a very important place. Goods were wagoned on to Lexington and more

166 A HISTORY OF R(K-KnRID<;K COUNTY. YIRGINIA

remote points in tlu- toimtv 1 in- c;iiiai l>oat \\oul<l >t(i]> anywhere to take on or
put off freight. Tlic crew would even help a fanner to thresh, so as to secure the
moving of his wheat, rrciglit was paid to the owner of the boat, and a toll to the
canal conipaiiy. In 1855 more than 7,000 tons went down the canal. This
inchided 18.879 barrels of flour, 7,500 bushels of wheat, and 2.226 tons of pig and
bar iron. In 1860 the freight to Richmond on a barrel of flour was sixty cents.
In 1853 there went down 150,000 bushels of corn and 60.000 gallons of whiskey.

In all. there were six canal dams on the two rivers. There were live locks
on the James, within the limits of this county, and fifteen on Xorth River.

The first packet boat to reach Lexington arrived Xovcmlicr 15, 1860.

These passenger conveyances made three trips a week. The packet was
drawn by three horses, a shift being made every twelve miles. The speed of four
miles an hour was much more rapid than that of the freight boat.

The canal continued in use until put out of business by the railr(«a<ls soon
after 1880. As late as May, 1878. it was repaired by convict labor. In 1876
iron and whiskey were still the chief items of export. Ruined dams, grass-grown
locks, and eni|)ty sections of canal bed remain as landmarks of a vanished era.

Almost thirty years before the railway locomotive entered Rockbridge, the
Virginia and Tennessee — now the Norfolk and Western — had passed to the south-
ward, and the \'irginia Central — now the Chesapeake and Ohio — had come to
Staunton. In 1860 a company was chartered to build a line from Goshen to
Rockbridge .Mum. But it was not until after the war of 1861 that a serious effort
was made to bring a railroad to Lexington.

A subscription of $100,000 was voted to the \'alley Railro.id in Novemlxjr,
1866. This was followed by one of $.^00,000 in ncccmber. 1868. and by one of
$125,000 in July, 1871. To the third subscription Lexington added $.^.000.
making a grand total of $555,000. /\ contr.ict for building the railroad from
Stauntnn to Saleni was let in May. 187.V A financial crash came the same year
and nearly paralyzed industrial activity all over the L'nited States. It was ten
more years before the \'alley Railroad reached the county seat of RfKkbridgc.
The sum of $1,250,000 was spent on the stretch of thirty-six miles between
Staunton and Lexington, and $800,000 was sprinkled over the eighty-six miles
between Lexington and Salem. The cuts, fills, and abutments that are scattered
Ix-twecn these two points are mute witnesses to a waste of good monev. To
Rockbridge the result was doubly unfortunate. The county had only a partial
return for its investment- Instead of the central portion Ix-ing crossed by an im-
portant track, it is merely entered by the now isolated and unimportant \'alley
section of the Baltimore and Ohio. The possibility of its complelion was fondly
discussed in the county papers as late as 1906.

A very important frcighKarrying branch of the Cliesapeake and Ohio sys-

HIGHWAYS, WATERVVAVS, AND RAILWAYS 167

tcni was built between Clifton Forge and Richmond under the name of the
Richmond and Alleghany Railroad. The Lexington extension was completed
October 14. 1881, the main line along the James a month earlier. In the same year
the Shenandoah Valley Railroad was built through the eastern side of the county.
Two years later, as we have seen, the Valley Railroad finally came to Lexington.
The Richmond and Alleghany line was at length acquired by the Chesapeake
and Ohio Company, and the Shenandoah Valley by the Norfolk and Western.
During the period while all the railways entering Rockbridge were dominated
by the Pennsylvania system, the Lexington extension of the Chesapeake and
Ohio was made to connect with the Norfolk and Western track at Glasgow. The
ten mile section between Balcony Falls and Lock Laird was then dismantled.
From the very first all the trains entering the county seat used one track be-
tween that point and East Lexington. The main line of the Chesapeake and
Ohio had crossed the northern corner of Rockbridge as early as 1856.

The total mileage of the Chesapeake and Ohio within this county is 30.36
miles, and it is assessed at $657,208.70. The Norfolk and Western mileage is
36.45 miles, and its assessment, $620,892. The Baltimore and Ohio mileage is
17.38 miles, and it is assessed at $154,950. Consequently, there are 84.19 miles
of railway in Rockbridge with an assessed value of $1,433,050.70. This aggre-
gate does not include about eighteen miles of lumber railway up Irish Creek to
the county line. This spur will be in use some years, and if the tin ores in that
valley are successfully developed it may become permanent. There was formerly
a railroad track up Bratton's Run to Rockbridge Alum, thus realizing for a
while the project of 1860.

When the year 1918 began, the passenger fare of two and one-half cents
a mile on the Norfolk and Western and the Qiesapeake and Ohio lines, and
three cents on the Valley line was a striking reduction from the five cent rate
charged in 1881.

XXI

INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS
RoTKBtiDCE AcmvLTfRE— Manvfactvbes — Miu.s — TiiF. Iron Ivdi'stry— Tis Mine

Of pioneer agriculture sonutliitig has already l>cen >aid. It was criidc .and
laborious, and was carried on for a century in almost entire ignorance of labor-
saving machinery. The conservation of soil fertility was little appreciated. Was
there not still a large amount of uncleared ground? .\nd was there not a well-
nigh boundless wilderness of virgin soil in the direction of the setting sun?
So long as considerations like these seemed a sufficient answer, there was little in-
centive toward intensive farming.

But the methods in use were not entirely wasteful. Before and during
the Revolution a great deal of hemp was grown, and this crop requires good
soil. After Kentucky was comfortably open to settlement, hemp culture dis-
appeared from Virginia, and migrated to the Bluegrass State and to Missouri.
Yet with this drain on the virgin fertility, Rockbridge has continued to produce
a very considerable surplus of wheat, wool, and dairy products, and an ample
amount of corn and hay. In 1850 it was growing twice as much wheat as was
needed at home, and its cornfields yielded twenty-three bushels per capita. It
was not until the coming of the canal and afterward the railroad that this county
had a convenient access to the markets of the outside world.

Flax growing disappeared with the arrival of the great city factory, and is
now but a fast fading recollection. The fiber crops have become extinct, yet
the other staples remain substantially the same as they always were. They
comprise corn, wheat, hay, and oats, and small amounts of rye. buckwheat, and
barley. The chief innovation is the growing of apples on a commercial scale.
For this puqwsc the high-lying and relatively thin lands are well suited.

The farms of the colonial period were quite well stocked with domestic
animals, which, however, were not so large as the improved breeds of the present
day. Yet the pioneers were not indifferent to good stock. In 1752 James Fulton
mentions a pacing mare purchased in New Fngland.

By 1877 a very perceptible improvc-ment in farming mctho<ls was noted.
Yet as early as 1839, we hear of the Rockbridge .Agricultural Society, which under
the style of the Rockbridge .Agrictiltural and Mechanical ScKicty. was still in
existence in 1860. In the year last named an agricultural department was appear-
ing regularly in the Gasette. A two pound tomato in 1857 — before improved
varieties had l>cen thought of — and a turnip of four and one-half pounds indicate
that the antcbclhnn tillage was not to l>e clespiscd.

INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS 169

In 1910 the production of corn and the cereals was about 1,000,000 bushels,
grown on one-eighth of the county's area. The yield of corn was at the rate
of ahuost thirty bushels to the acre, which is distinctly above the average for the
United States in a series of years. The showing with respect to potatoes and the
cereals was not quite so favorable. Yet yields of wheat of tliirly to thirty-six
bushels to the acre are sometimes obtained, and in 1917 the value of the wheat
threshed from twelve acres near Raphine was $1,000. In the Boys' Corn Club
contest of 1911, the prize winner grew lOAyi bushels on one acre, demonstrating
the possibilities that lie in thorough and well-directed work. But the unsightly
gullies and the galled spots seen on occasional slopes are evidence to a former
neglect.

Despite the great inroads into the uncleared surface, both for farming and
the marketing of lumber and other forest products, there is still a large wooded
area in Rockbrdge. In the Blue Ridge an extensive acreage has been taken
over by the National government as a forest reserve.

Rockbridge has been little conspicuous as a manufacturing district. What
was true of the early period was true of Appalachian .Vmerica in general. The
farm home was more or less a workshop. There were hatters as well as tailors
and shoemakers ; the blacksmith was a small iron-worker ; the wheelwright made
wagons as well as repaired them ; the cabinet-maker made tables, bureaus, and
bedsteads. But the great factory, aided by rapid transit, has driven the home
mechanic to a dependence on repair service. In 1850, the census could report only
$22,018 as the value of home manufactures.

Nevertheless, this page of the industrial chapter was not a blank one. The
first McCormick reapers were made near Midway. This county was the pioneer
in building iron plows to supersede those with the wooden mouldboard. Such
a one, known as the Lexington plow, was being manufactured at Riverside
in 1832. Two years later was chartered the Rockbridge Manufacturing Company
with a minimum capital of $10,000 and a maximum of $100,000. It was to build
on North River, on the lands of John Jordan and the heirs of John Morehead
a mill for cotton, woolen, and hemp goods. In 1856 there is mention of the Rock-
bridge Woolen Factory. The wool clip of this county is placed at 30,469
pounds in the census of 1850.

The gristmill came early and has been well represented ever since. The
first in the county was that of John Hays. It was built about 1740, and must
have been a specimen of the primitive affair known as the tubmill. But Mays
had a fulling mill by 1751, and probably earlier. It was perhaps the same fulling
mill which was carried on at a somewhat later date by Joseph Kennedy. Petitions
for leave to build gristmills were sent in to the county court in 1747 by Henry
Gay, James .\llison. John Hodge, and John Edmondson. David Moore, Joseph

170 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIOC.E COUNTY, VIRGINMA

Ijong, and James Voung liad mills in 1751. Young's mill was al ihc mouth
of Kerr's Creek. The first we hear of on the lower ButTalo was that of Thomas
Paxton, probably built a little earlier than the Revolution. By 1820, grist and
saw mills had become rather numerous. Outside of South River and Walker's
Creek districts — from neither of which we have any report — there are now eleven
flouring mills and two other mills that grind corn.

When we come to the iron industry there is a larger story to tell. The
smelting of iron began west of the Blue Ridge in 1700, and the beginning seems
to have been in Rockbridge. By 1779 we know that Daniel Dougherty was
operating a forge near the mouth of Irish Creek. It is said that cannonballs
made here were fired al the British in Yorktown in 1781. In 1799, there is
mention of the forges of McCluer and Nicholas Vanstaveni. The fonner seems
to have been near the site of Buena \'ista.

In 1835 Martin speaks of the Bath Iron Works as making thirty tons of
pig a week. This furnace employed sixty-five workmen and had a dependent
population of 150. A petition of 1850 speaks of seven furnaces on or near
North River with a capacity of 7.000 Ions of miial a year. To arpuc the im-
portance of river im])rovemcnt, the petition says it was costing $2.00 a Ion to
haul iron from I-cxington to Balcony I'alls, and $5.50 to have it sent thence to
Richmond. With navigation all the way, it was believe<l the cost of freight
could be reduced one-half. In 1853 there were four furnaces, with a capital of
$90,000 and a yearly output of 4,000 tons of pig metal ; three forges, with a
capital of $.W.000 and an output of 500 tons; and two foundries making 400
tons of castings.

In the old days of the iron industry, the metal was shipped as i)ig and sold
at about $20.00 a ton. The workmen were mostly slaves from east of the Blue
Ridge, hired from their masters for $60.00 to $80.00 a year. Merchants traded
for a good deal of the metal and hired farmers during their slack season to
wagon it to Scottsvillc. The round trip consumed a week. On the return the
\' tirought goods for the Rockbridge stores. The coming of the canal

■ 'I the marketing of iron, but at the present moment the iron industry in
this county is carried on only at Buena Vista and Goshen. From the latter
point a railway was built tip the valley of Brallon's Run to reach the deposits of
ore in the bordriim' iiKiiiiil.-iiiis This line li:is bren dismantled vet is likilv to }«■
rebuilt.

TJie Balli liirnace stoo<l al the sotith eiul ol Little (Jo^lien I'ass, a short
distance alx/vc the mouth of the Little Calf pasture. A mile below was a foundry,
and near Rockbridge Baths was still another. A third foundry, last known
as Weaver's, stood on the Buflfalo, a mile above the mouth of the stream.
In its palmy days BufTalo Korgc was a busy industrial place. The Buena Vista

INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS

171

furnace stood near the town of tliat name. The Vesuvius furnace was twelve
miles above on South River. Mount Hope, built about 1850, was on Bratton's
Run near Rockbridge Alum. A mile from Mount Hope was the California fur-
nace. The Rockbridge Foundry was on the south side of Irish Creek, a half mile
above its mouth. In 1856 it was operated by T. B. Taylor and T. P. McDowell.

The furnaces of Rockbridge were blast furnaces and used charcoal. Little
was then known of the coal deposits west of the Alleghany, and they were prac-
tically inaccessible. Some day the iron industry will assume greater proportions
than ever in this county, but we cannot expect this to happen so long as the sand-
like ores of Lake Superior, which may be scooped up with a steam shovel,
are sufificient for the needs of the country.

In the files of the Richmond Times-Dispatch is the following paragraph re-
lating to the antebellum iron industry of this county :

As the tourist rides througli the mountains, he will see close to some roaring torrent the
ruins of old stone blast furnaces overgrown with ivy and bright with the fiery-tmted trum-
pet flower, gentle and dainty reminders of the ruddy glare of other days, of the sparks and
flames from these forgotten shrines of Vulcan. The famous Jordan family, iron kings
of the antebellum days, freighted their product down the James to the foundries and
machine shops of Richmond. After the Union blockade of Southern ports, the Confe.leiaoy
found almost its entire supply of iron in tne \'irginia mountains.

Well up the valley of Irish Creek is what is known as the tin mine. Here
is a deposit of tin ore, which has been traced some distance along the axis
of the Blue Ridge. Machinery was put in place some time ago, but shipping
facilities proved to be too inconvenient, and the mine has never ye^ come into
practical operation. However, it has lately come under the control of some Boston
capitalists, and may be rehabilitated. There are methods of handling the ore
which were unknown at the first attempt to exploit the deposits. The lack i,f this
knowledge was a great obstacle to success.

XXII

CHURCHES OF ROCKBRHIGE

PtESBXTCtiANisw IN RocKiwiDCB— New Providknce— Timbe* Ridge — Orun Eari v MEtrrtNc

Houses — The Methodist Chi'ech — The Baitist

Chukch — Thk Epis<t)rAL CiiutrH —

Rl w \l (~ll I hi If KS

Ever since the Protestant RefoinialiDii liok niot in Scotland, the Tresbytcrian
has been the national churcli of that country. Tiie pioneers of Rockbridge were
staunch upholders of this faith, and brought its creed with them. The first
regular Presbyterian sermon in Augusta was preached in 1738 in the house of
John Ixwis near Staunton. The minister was James Anderson.

\\'hen American independence was declared, the Presbyterians and the sects
allied to them in religious belief constituted the strongest religious force in the
land. The New England section was overwhelmingly Congregationalist. The
Dutch Reformed and the German Reformed churches were conspicuous in the
Middle Colonies. Presbyterianism was heavily represented wherever the Ulster-
man had gone. .Ml these sects were at nne in creed and differed only in metho<ls
of church government. It was mainly l>ecause of the democratic spirit per-
vading this group of churches that the War for Independence was successful.
The Presbyterian minister was a leader of opinion. His church would not ordain
a man who could not teach, and frmn it< i-l.-n^- it rx.irti-.l .t high order of edu-
cational attainment.

Before the Revolution, according to the Reverend Samuel Houston, the peo-
ple of New Providence kept Sunday with great strictness. Howe adds that the
gay amusements of Tuckahoe Virginia were here unknown. There was little
social intercourse outside of the churchyard. P.ut the influence of camo life
during the Revolution was very demoralizing, and the change for the worse
thus set in motion was not counteracted by certain of the new families that
settled in Rockbridge. Yet there were no revivals in the Valley of Virginia
until the fall of I7R8, and they were not well thought of by the Ulster-.Americans
However, there was a schism among the Presbyterians in the colonial per'ni'..
The conservative wing was known as the "Old Side," and the progressive as the
"New Side," or "New Lights." The Rockbridge congregations allied them-
selves with the progressives. Ihesc di(Tere<l with the Old .Side in approving the
outdoor, unconventional, and revivalistic preaching of George Whitefield. who
made a tour of the colonies in l/.^O^l. The breach is said to have been healed in
1758, yet something of the rift remained.

CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE 173

The perfervid, emotional campmeeting oratory of a century ago some-
times caused that nervous derangement in the hearer which was known as the
"jerks." Ann Henderson was seized with this manifestation in Timber Ridge
meeting house, Sunday, August 4, 1805. Major Samuel Houston told her it
would not do to dance during the preaching, and he took her outside. He was
as.sisted by James Decker and resisted by Daniel Lyle. Houston was presented
for disturbing public worship, but his course was upheld by the pastor and the
congregation generally.

For sixteen years there was no settled minister in Rockbridge, although the
immigrants were visited by Alexander McDowell and others. Three ministers,
McDowell, Alexander Craighead, and William Dean, acquired land in the Borden
grant or on the South River. Craighead lived on the Cowpasture a little below
ilillboro Springs, and Dean on Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania. In 1746 John
Blair effected church organization at New Providence, Timber Ridge, Mon-
mouth, and Falling Springs. But for seven years longer there was no resident
minister at any of these places.

The log meeting houses at New Providence, Timber Ridge, and Falling
Springs were accepted as houses of worship by the court of Aitgtista, May 20,
1748. And as the order-book informs us that the one at Timber Ridge was in
place in February of the same year, it could scarcely have been built later than in
the fall of 1747. The statement we have seen that it was built in 1742 is very
doubtful. The log Timber Ridge church had high pulpit, split-log seats, and earth
floor. The pioneer church in this county was always a log structure. It was
usually succeeded by a stone building, and then by a brick.

There seems to be some fogginess as to how New Providence came by its
name. Archibald Alexander said his grandfather worshipped at a Providence
church near the site of Morristown, New Jersey. Some families of that con-
gregation came to "New Virginia," built a New Providence, and when it had
become inconveniently small, another New Providence was put up on Timber
Ridge. On the other hand, the name Providence is said to have been adopted
at the suggestion of John Houston, because of the harmonious spirit shown by
the people in selecting a site. Yet the name New Providence is used in the call
refused by Mr. Byram in 1748. Another call was at once presented to William
Dean, but he died the same year. In 1753 the call extended to John Brown by
114 attendants at New Providence and Timber Ridge was accepted.

The first home of the New Providence congregation stood close to the log
academy of Robert Alexander. The location was at length deemed unsatisfac-
tory, and after some discord it was decided to move into the valley of Hays
Creek. About 1789 some of the members took offense at the singing of the

I "4 A HISTORY OF ROCKIIRIIX:E COUNTV. VIRGIN'IA

hymns by Isaac Walts, and built a stone meeting house on the old site, which
became known as Old Providence. It lies a mile beyond the Rockbridge btiundary.

For a goo<l will consideration. Joseph Kennedy conveyed three acres and
118 rods of ground to the trustees of New Providence meeting house. Tiie
deed is dated August 21, 1754, and says the building is already under way.
It was not then known that sand for the nuirtar could Ik- found any nearer than
South Kiver. A supply was brought from that watcrcnurse in sack-loads, each
horse in the train carrying a girl as well as a sack. An armed escort was in at-
tendance. A sycamore seed brought from the river took root in the sand-pile,
and grew into a tree that is yet standing. Nails and glass came by packsaddlc
from Philadelphia, and were paid for with butter carried to market in the
same way. But for want of means, the meeting house was not finished for about
seventeen years, and swallows made nests inside. In 1771, Brice Hanna. who
had contracted to complete the building, failed and went to parts unknown.
The brick structure which now serves the congregation dates from 1859, and is
the fifth in the series. Its immediate predecessor, also of brick, was crecle*!
in 1812.

John Brown was pastor forty-five years. His first ciders were John Houston,
Samuel Houston, James Wilson. .Xndrew Steele, and John Roliinson. The
salary promised Mr. Brown was 120 pounds, or $400. The most liberal giver at
the start was Andrew Steele, who contributed $7.22. John Bowyer subscribed
two pounds. The minimum was five shillings, or eighty-three cents. John
Brown went to Kentucky and was very soon succeeded by Samuel Brown.
The third pastorate was that of James Morri.son, who was here from 1819 to 1857.
E. D. Junkin, was pastor from 1860 to 1871. C. R. X'aughn from 1871 to 1881, and
G. A. Wilson from 1890 to 1908. The wife of Samuel Brown was Mary Moore,
whose second daughter wedded James Morrison, the next pastor. The wife of
H. W. Mclaughlin, pastor since 1909, is a later descendant of Mary Moore
Brown, whose grave in the extensive and well-kept churchyard is often inquired
for by visitors.

A Sunday school was organized at New Providence in 18.W, the first super-
intendent being James, a son of Samtiel Brown. The revival of June, 1834.
caused the memlK-rship to rise to 591. It was here that the Synod of Virginia
was organized in 1788. and the centennial of this event was observed in October.
1888.

Until suspen<led in 1917. <in war considerations, there had for some twenty
years Inren an annual chrysanthemum exhibit at New Providence. The money
derived from a small admission fee and from suppers and other adjuncts wa.s
u»c<l in the exi)cnses of the church. The fine floral displays liecamc widely
known, and drew crowds of people froni withiti a radius of more than twenty
miles. A further attraction was the opportunity for social intercourse.

CHURCniiS OF ROCKBRIDGE

175

It is worthy of mention that the New Providence built at McAfee Station.
Kentucky, in the dawn of Kentucky settlement, and the New Providence of Blount
county, Tennessee, were in reality daughter churches of the New Providence of
Rockbridge. Another New Providence arose in the west of North Carolina.

The log Timber Ridge meeting house stood some distance north of the
present church. The spot is on rising ground, about 100 yards east of the nine-
mile post on the turnpike, and near a log schoolhouse no longer in use. Nearby
is an early graveyard, now almost indistinguishable. The logs of the pioneer
church were built into the dwelling house of M. H. Crist, which was standing
until after 1906. The stone church was built in 1756 by the eiTorts of about fifty
families. There was a puncheon floor, high-backed pews with very narrow seats,
and stone stairways to the gallery. The clerk stood at a desk in front of the
pulpit and led the singing, the lines being given out in couplets or by verses.
As in other houses of worship of the pioneer day, there was a sounding-
hoard above the pulpit, which was placed much higher than in the present custom.
With considerable enlargement and modernizing, the old stone church is still a
part of the one now in use.

The Hanover Presbytery met at Timber Ridge in 1784 and licensed John
Blair, pastor of the first organized Presbyterian church in Richmond. Two years
later was held the first session of Lexington Presbytery, attended by twelve min-
isters. The first elders of this church were Archibald Alexander, John David-
son. Daniel Lyle, William McClung, Alexander McClure, and John McKay. The
first pastor was John Brown, who resigned in 1767. William Graham was pastor
from 1776 to 1785, Daniel Blair from 1802 to 1814, Henry Ruffner from 1819
to 18v31. The later pastorates number fourteen.

Hall's Meeting House in the "Forks of the James" stood an hour's walk west
of Lexington. A deed for the ground was given in 1754. William Dean was
called in 1748, but there was no regular pastor until William Graham came in
1776. During this long interval there was occasional preaching by John Craig,
John Brown, and others. Graham also preached at John McKee's. where Doctor
Archibald Alexander gave his first exhortation in 1790. The meeting house is
supposed to have been built about 1748, and is said to have been a large building
in a beautiful grove. The second was of stone, appeared in 1789, and was given
the name of New Monmouth. It was torn down in 1902, at which time the locust
frame and walnut facings were still sound. The present New Monmouth, in
the valley of Kerr's Creek, is the successor of a brick structure completed in 185.?.

Doctor John Leyburn has left us an account of the blue limestone Mon-
mouth, which in his boyhood stood in a dense grove of oak. \ steep outside
stairway led to the gallery. Above the large pulpit was a sounding-board. The
pews were very high, and therefore unpopular with the young people. To accen-

176 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIx:E COUNTY. VIRGINIA

tuatc this peculiarity, the aisles were so low that only the heads and shoulders of
standing people could be seen. Some came from I>exington. cither afoot or
mounted, and carried dinner baskets. They entered the meeting house two
abreast. Outside, the people stood in groups or sat on stones or rude benches.
The dinner ba.skcts were deposited in the session house. Mothers who could
not leave their babies at home remained outside and listened. At communion
time, in spring and fall, religion was a very prominent theme of conversation.

In 1788 the Presbyterians of Lexington secured one-fourth of William
Graham's time, thirty-six members subscribing $71.75. The first meetings were
in a grove on East Washington Street. In 1792 a tent was used. A meeting
house. Ix'gun 1797, was not completed until 1802, and was enlarged in 1819, wluii
the membership was ninety-four. The Forty-Third General Association of the
Southern Presbyterian Church was held in Ix-xington. May 21. 1903.

Falling Springs, in the valley of Poaguc's Run, one of the Inrst farming
districts in Rockbridge, is a reminder of the olden time. The brick church lies on
the border of an extensive burial ground, in which the lettering on some of the
headstones is quite ancient. No historical sketch of this organization has come to
our hand.

Ben Salem, southeast from Lexington, arose in \&M, or according to
another account, not until 1846. The present church was built in 1884.

The organization at Bethesda was clTected at Wilson's Spring in 1821 with
fourteen members. The first church was dedicated in 1843, the second and
present one in 1876. The first regular pastor was W. W. Trimble, who served
from 1853 to 1865. There were 20'> memhers when W. W. McMlwce closed his
long pastorate in 1901. The McElwcc Memorial Chapel on Oak Hill was dedi-
cated in 1905.

Oxford is not within the Borden Tract, as is sometimes affirmed. The
Henry Borden who is associated with its history was a stonemason living on
Collier's Creek. There seems to be no evidence that he was related to Benjamin
Borden, the patentee. An "eight-cornered" meeting house is said to have been
built as early as 1763. A limestone structure followed in 1811. and the present
brick church was completed in 1867. The first minister was James Power, who
declined a call and returned to Pennsylvania in 1773. Samuel Hotiston. Daniel
Blain. and Andrew Davidson preached here from 1794 to 1843, Mr Davidson's
long term beginning 1803. Altogether, this church has had twenty pastorates.
There arc no continuous records prior to 1843.

A church at Collicrstown was bviilt in 1837 and was followed by a brick
building completed in 1856.

The wills recorded in this county throw sonic light on the philantlirojiic and
missionary spirit among the «'arlv prople. John M.it!,i ws. Sr., left $10.00 in

U o

X 't.

7. ;-

•3 .s

'* s.

= I

> °
= c

CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE 177

1757 to the poor of the parish of Augusta. Hugh Weir in 1821 left $150.00 to
the American Board of Foreign Missions to educate a Hindoo boy, who was to
bear his name after baptism. Cynthia Cloyd in 1830 gave to foreign missions
and other church work $500.00 in money and five shares of stock in the Bank of
the Valley.

A church census taken in Lexington a few years since gave the following re-
sult : Presbyterians, 899; Methodists, 713; Baptists, 350; Episcopalians, 198;
Roman Catholics, forty-two; Associate Reformed Presbyterians, twenty-eight;
Lutherans, twenty-three ; Mormons, eighteen ; Jews, sixteen ; other denominations,
ten; no preference, thirty; total, 2,327. Perhaps the tally for the Presbyterians
and the Methodists at the county seat fairly indicates their proportions for the
county in general. With respect to the Baptists and Episcopalians, it would
appear to e.xceed the proportion. At all events, a vast majority of the church
members of this county are of the four communions above named.

Methodism began as a society within the Church of England, and for the
upbuilding of a higher type of religious character than was commonly found in
the England of the eighteenth century. When the war of the Revolution came on,
the Methodists of America were as yet almost insignificant in point of number.
Their leaders took the unwise course of urging them not to uphold American
independence, and in this way a reproach little deserved was cast upon the
society. American Methodism took its stand as an independent church in 1784.
To its flexible itinerant system and its adaptability to frontier conditions are due
its wonderful progress.

The first Methodists to preach in the Valley of Virginia were John Haggerty
and Richard Owen, who came about 1770. They do not seem to Jiave penetrated
as far as Rockbridge, and we have no definite mention of a Methodist preacher of
any sort until 1793, when William Craven, a stonemason and also a local preacher,
came from Rockingham to build the stone academy on Mulberry Hill. But
in the Gazette for 1873 we are told that John Burgess and his large family were
the first Methodists in Lexington. They came in 1823, and the first Methodist
sermon at the county seat was preached in the Burgess home. A plain frame
church soon appeared, and Presbyterians and others assisted in building it.
About this time John Sheltman and his bevy of rosy-chcekcd daughters came
from Rockingham. The first meeting house proving too small, a brick building —
later occupied by colored Methodists — was built in the south side of the town.
A larger one was then put up on JcfTerson Street. The cornerstone of the pres-
ent church was laid August 21, 1890. The congregation in Lexington was at
first a part of a circuit. It is the mother church of Methodism in Rockbridge.
Previous to the war of 1861, the Methodist Church was in some disfavor in
this county because of its anti-slavery leaning. The formation of the Methodist

178 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUN-n*. VIRGINIA

Episcopal Giurcli South was little fell in Rockbridge for some time, and there \i
still a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church in IJufTalo District.
Otherwise, the white Methodists of Rockbridge are of the Southern branch.
In 1855 we hear of the Rockbridge Bible Society, which met in the Methodist
Qiurch of Lexington.

The oldest Uaptist church in the Augusta Association is Neriah, about five
miles from Lexington. It dates from 1816. The Baptist church of I^xingtoi
was organized May 9, 1841, by a council of three ministers — Cornelius Tyrcc, Wi!-
liam Margrave, and James Rem'.ey — and sixteen constituent members, nine of
whom were of the Jordan connection. Colonel John Jordan may be regarded :r.
the founder of this church, and he was one of its first deacons. Cornelius
Tyree, the first pastor, was followed by seventeen others. The first Sunday school
superintendent was Professor George E. Dabney, who became a member in
1843. The first member to be received into fellowship was Milton, a negro, and
so far as known, he was the first person ever baptized in Lexington by a local
Baptist pastor. He was a deacon for the colored membership, and seems to
Iiave been the Milton Smith who was the first pastor of the colored congregation
after its separation from the white in 1867. Until 1866 the pastor of the Lex-
ington church divided his lime with other congregations. The iiouse of worship
built on Nelson Street has been continuously in use, though with some enlarge-
ment. Since this bo( k was undertaken, a new, modern, and commodious Iiouse
of worship has been in course of erection on Main Street. Since 1876 the
congregation has been a member of the Augusta Association. In 1867 the colored
members, excepting one woman, were granted letters of dismission to organize a
church of their own, which took effect September 22, 1867, as the Lexington
African li.iptist Cliurch. The congregation has prospered. Its large building
cost $25,000, and in 1918 an organ was installed at an expense of $2,000.

There was a Church of England party in Ulster, and it had an influential fol-
lowing in Augusta. Thomas Lewis, the founder of the Augusta settlement, was
a churchman. A house of worship at Staunton was conijileled in 1763. and in
it was held in 1781 a session of the Virginia Legislature. In 1757 there was a
"chapel of care" in the Forks of James, and Sampson Mathews drew a stipend
as reader. In that year his services were discontinued, because of the number
of people who had fled the locality in consequence of Indian alarms. We have
no information where this chapel stood, but it must have been in the far south of
the county or even within the Botetourt line. Possibly it was the "Fork meet-
ing house" to which a road from Edinondson's mill was ordered in 1753. In
1804 John Cowman and Molly, his wife, deeded one and three-fourths acres on
Walker's Creek to the trustees of the Episcopal and Presbyterian congregations,
each to have equal use and benefit. There seems already to have been a house on

CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE 179

the lot. The property was sold in 1828 to James McChesney. The first Epis-
copal church in Lexington was built a litle prior to 1845, and has been supersed-
ed by the handsome Lee Memorial church in a corner of the University campus.

In Lexington District, outside the limits of the county seat, are Poplar
Hill and Liberty Hall Presbyterian churches, both of very recent organization.
In Buffalo District are the Presbyterian and Methodist churches of CoUierstown,
both of brick. The former was organized in 1843, the latter about 1850. Another
early Methodist church is the North Buflfalo. At Rapp's Mill is a union
cTiurch used chiefly by the Methodists. The first building here was erected about
1830. Oakdale Baptist church was not organized until about 1916. At Hamil-
ton's schoolhouse there has been preaching about a century. The building was
given by Robert Hamilton for the free use of all denominations. The carpenter
work was done by the father of Governor Letcher. In Kerr's Creek District are
Kerr's Creek and Chestnut Grove Presbyterian churches, the first organized
1845, the second, 1910. Ebenezer is a house of worship of the Associate Re-
formed Presbyterian Church, and Bethany, of the Lutherans. The Methodists
and Baptists have each a church in the district, but there has been no organization
of the Church of the Brethren for more than 30 years. In Natural Bridge Dis-
trict are 13 church buildings. At Glasgow and Glenwood are Presbyterian
churches. Broad Creek is Associate Reformed Presbyterian. The Episcopal-
ians have St. Johns, Trinity, and High Bridge, the first at Glasgow, the second
at Natural Bridge Station. The Baptists have churches at Glasgow and Natural
Bridge, and at G'.asgow and Buffalo Forge are two others for the colored peo-
ple. The Methodist churches are Elliott's Mill, Wesley Chapel, Mount Zion, and
Beth Heron, the last named being at Natural Bridge Station. At Gilmore's
Mill is a union church. We have no report for the other districts of the county.

A modern custom that is well nigh universal is to inter the dead in public
and church cemeteries. The private burial grounds have fallen into disuse and
sometimes into great neglect. A resident of Kerr's Creek tells us he knows
nearly 40 of these in that district alone.

XXIII

TEMPIiRANCE SOCIETIES AND OTHER FRATERNITIES
The Liqvor Habit — TtwraiAN' » Kihibu is Ri> Kiiiiii>.t — Sn-trr Oroeu

It is conceded tliat in llic da>s ut uur gi.iiulp;utiu» ll.c drinking habit was
very general, and yet it is maintained tliat actual drunkenness rare'.y occurred.
This claim is a fallacy. It flics in the face of fact and will not sund a serious
investigation. The illusion en which it is based is well set forth in this couplet :

'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view,
And robes the mountains in their azure hue.

No one but the hidebound apologist for the liquor IrafTic any longer holds
that alcohol is a food in any true sense of the word. It is a drug, and a drug is
a poison when used outside of medical limitations. Any drug is out of place
when the body is in health. Alcohol is invariable in its nature, and among all
peoples its effect is substantially the same. Whether the cflcct is slow or rapid
is a matter of temperament and modes of living. That men persist in making an
exception in favor of alcohol, and are not willing to class it with such habit-
forming drugs as opium, cocaine, and the loco weed, is because its indiscrimi-
nate use has been strongly intrenched in social custom.

The nations of the Baltic .stock have ever shown a proneness to the use of
intoxicants. The people of Ulster, as a branch of this stock, have been no excep-
tion. Their inclination to distill whiskey as well as to use it in liberal amount,
has caused that beverage to displace rum as the leading American intoxicant.
The drinking habit appears to have been well-nigh universal among the immi-
grants from Ulster, just as it was among the people of English origin east of the
Blue Ridge. Alexander Craighead, a minister who owned land in the Borden
Tract, had his punch-bowl. When James Morri.son came to preach at New
Providence in 1819, all but one of the eight ciders of his church had their stills.

Yet only ten years later a temperance society was organized here as the
result of a letter to the pastor by Captain Henry B. Jones.

In 1754 a petition to the Augusta court, signed by 91 of the settlers, con-
demns the "selling by ordinaries of large quantities at cxtrav.igant rates whcrc-
bv money is drained out of the country." The signers say they intend to pro-
duce their own liquor and keep their money in the country. There is not the
least hint that thry arc bolstering up a bad business. They thought it as nec-
essary a business as any, and believed their aim was most praiseworthy.

The colonial tavern invariably kept liquors in much variety, even to va-

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES AND OTHER FRATERNITIES 181

rious kinds of wine and brandy imported from France and the Spanish penin-
sula. All stores likewise kept liquors in stock. For the years 1762-1768, the
books of William Crow, a merchant of Staunton, show very few long accounts
that do not contain several charges for drinks. Presentments for the illegal selling
of liquor are exceedingly common in the court records prior to the civil war.
The persons who thus exposed themselves to fine were often some of the leading
members of the community.

It would be very illuminating if we could know what part was played by
intoxicants in the innumerable brawls in the courtyards and outside of them; in
the careless behavior of both combatants and non-combatants during the years of
the Indian war; and in the conduct of the Indians themselves, the aborigines
having a weakness for what they expressively called firewater.

Bad as the situation must have been before the Revolution, it was even
worse after that event. The demoralization bred in camps was carried home by
the returned soldiers. Doctor Archibald Alexander relates that a certain Con-
tinental purchased a house in Lexington, where he collected all the vagrants
around. Many of the ex-soldiers had been convicts, and were now living in dis-
sipation on their certificate money. At his resort, drinking bouts would be kept
up for weeks, and these affairs were enlivened with hard fights. Henry Ruffner
adds his testimony that in 1844 the Valley had not yet recovered from the dis-
organizing effects of the Revolution. Between 1790 and 1810, the increase in the
consumption of distilled liquors was one-half greater in the United States than
the increase of population. In 1825, 39 pints per capita were consumed, irres-
pective of the matter of age or sex. It was about this time that an English visi-
tor — coming from a land of grogshops — said that "intemperance is the most
striking characteristic of the American people."

Whether Robert McElheny would succeed his father in 1799 as possessor
of the parental homestead on Kerr's Creek, was made conditional by a clause in
the will saying it depended on whether the son "refrained from drinking to ex-
cess."

Speaking in 1873 at the semi-centennial of the Franklin Society, Colonel
J. T. L. Preston said of the days of his youth that there was "more of open
and gross drunkenness than now." Here is straightforward testimony from an
excellent source ; all the better because the speaker's personal recollection be-
gan in the opening years of the last century.

In 1853 sixty thousand gallons of whiskey were sent ont by the canal, and
in 1876 iron and whiskey were the chief items of export from this country.

A reformation began in Rockbridge about 1829, some societies demanding
no more than moderation in the use of liquor. No very beneficial effect cf)uld
come from such a half-loaf as this. The then president of Wasliington College

182 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

called a temperance society of this sort "a well-organized drinking club." The
first teetotal speech in the county was by C. C. Baldwin in the lecture room of
the Lexington Presbyterian church. This was in 1836. Within the next twenty
years a strong sentiment in favor of the extinction of the liquor traffic had de-
vcldped. In 1854 a petition of this character was signed by two hundred and
forty people. Another petition of the same year says a majority of the citizens
will vote for a prohibitory law. Two years earlier we find much indignation at
the way the liquor business was carried on in the county scat. A petition signed
by one hundred and eighty-two of the people asked for a search-warrant law.
It states that there were six joints in Lexington, that fifty negroes had been seen
entering one of them in an afternoon, and that all efTnrts to punish the seller
liad failed. But in 1856 no licenses were issued.

During the war of 1861, the Confederate government passed stringent
laws against distilling, with a view to the conservation of grain. These efTorts
were much evaded, and after this war, as after the Revolution, there was for a
while a great slackening of practical interest in the matter of temperance. An
ed'torial in the Gazette for December 26, 1873, thus speaks of the holiday revel
in I^xington. "Christmas was celebrated in Lexington by an unusual amount
of noise and a profuse liquoring. Main Street was blocked up several times by
crowds of boisterous negroes. No lady dared to come on the street without
running the risk of being jostled by staggering men or hearing profane, vulgar
"Could the excessive use of whiskey be abolished and the carrying of pistols
stopped, three-fourths or more of the crime of Rockbridge would be elimin.itcd."

In 1914, this county gave prohibition a majority of 414 votes in a total of
1790. Of the twenty-three prccints, seventeen supported the measure, and there
was a tie vote in two of the others.

During the decade of the 50's, the efTorts to curb the drinking h.nhit largely
took the form of what were known as temperance societies. They were pat-
terned after the secret orders, and had constitution and ritual, signs and pass-
words. Their fraternal and social features made them attractive, and they ex-
erted a wholesome influence. But the lodges, or "divisions," were lacking in
permanence. Before the war, the Friends of Temperance and the Sons of
Temperance were most in favor. During the 70's and 80's, they were succeeded
by the Good Templars with tJieir more elaborate ritual and tJieir regalia.

XXIV

OLD FIELD SCHOOLS AND FREE SCHOOLS

Early Educational Ide.\s — The Literary Fund — John Reardon — The Old Field School
— The Public School System — Statistical

During the two centuries that Virginia held to tlie idea that education is a
concern of private interest only, the training of the young was left wholly
to private effort, and wherever indifference ruled illiteracy was the result. A
law of 1809 created a Literary Fund, into which were to he paid certain fines
and other odds and ends of the public money. The income was to pay the tu-
ition of those children whose parents were unable to send tl^em to school. The
intent of the law was benevolent, but it made the beneficiary a species of pauper
and thus was galling to people of ambition and self-respect.

A law of 1846 enabled any county to initiate a public school system within
its own territory. Several of the counties within or beyond the Alleghanies
availed themselves of this privilege, although it met with little favor in the re-
maining portion of the state. Rockbridge docs not appear to have been one of
the counties to take advantage of this law, although in the 50's we find the agent
for the Literary Fund styled the County Superintendent. But he was only a
clerk and did not exercise any supervision over the schools.

The income from the Literary Fund was apportioned among the counties
according to their respective numbers of free white inhabitants. The disburse-
ment within a county was in the hands of a board of trustees, one of whom acted
as a bonded treasurer. It was the duty of this board to ascertain the number
of indigent children, how many of these would go to school, and for how many
of the latter number it could pay tuition. With the consent of their parents such
children were sent to school. Books and other necessaries were provided, but
the instructions given them did not go beyond the three R's.

Under this system the people of a neighborhood built a schoolhouse and
employed the teacher. The latter did not have to get a license, nor attend an
institute, nor was he sandbagged into subscribing for several educational books
and journals. If, in the judgment of the patrons, he was sufficiently qualified,
that was enough. The school was open to all pupils whose parents were able
and willing to pay tuition. The local board entered into a contract with the
schoolmaster to teach the indigents for whom it had made provision. The
teacher had to fill out a blank for each pupil in order to draw the public money
thus coming to him.

During this intermediate period, that lay between the reign of the strictly

184 A UISTOBY OF ROCKORrOGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

private school and the coming of the fuIl-flcdgcd pubhc school, attendance was
voluntary. The ratio was iiigh or low, according to the degree of educational
interest in the neighborhood. The time was not ripe for a compulsory law.
This would have been deemed an encroachment on personal lil)crty.

Every since the Protestant Kcforniation took root in Scotland, the people
of that country have been noted for their zeal in the cause of general education.
John Knox, the apostle of Prcsbytcrianism, insisted on a school in every parish.
Education was in fact regarded as growing out of a religious need. The ability
to read the Bible and the catechism was almost an axiom in the Presbyterian
practice. And since the pioneers of this county were almost wholly from Ulster,
they were very generally able to read and write.

As a matter of course the schoolhouse quickly appeared in Rockbridge.
Rut as education was then altogether a matter of private effort, such mention
of .schoolhouses or teachers as we find in the public records is purely incidental.
What is said of them in tradition and miscellaneous sources is very nearly as
meagre. But schools there were, and the one spoken of in 1753 could not have
been the earliest. The first teacher in the Borden tract is said to have been a
man named Carrigan. James Dobbins is named in 174S as the teacher of A\v\-
nader McNutt. Robert Fulton was a teacher in 1765.

In 1775 William Alexander came from South River and built a dwelling
in the fork at the mouth of Woods Creek. There was already a school in the
forest a half mile north of Clifton, the recent home of F. W. Houston. With-
in a year, and probably with the help of some neighbors, Mr. Alexander built
a schoolliousc near a spring a little below the railroad station at I-exington.
John Reardon, then a servant to Alexander, presided over the school, which
was a large one. Reardon was a young convict who wrote a fair hand and
understood bookkeeping. He had read I-atin as far as Virgil and had a reading
knowledge of the Greek Testament. The teacher did not pretend to exercise
any authority over the large boys, but he used his switch on the small children.
While learning their lessons the pupils read as loud as possible, and some of
them could be heard a quarter of a mile away. Reardon went into the Continen-
tal service and nearly lost his life in the Waxhaw mass.-icre. Yet he came home,
reared quite a large family, taught at Timber Ridge, and appears to liave lived
to old age.

Except for the quasi-public feature of the Literary Fund, the old field
school of the period that came to an end just after the civil war was essentially
the same as the school of the Revolutionary days. The method of instruction
was nearly the same, the building itself was scarcely better, and its equipment
was litlc different. Neither was the old field teacher so very much better paid.
In the colonial time, Charles Knight, a teacher on the Calfpasture, was to have

OLD FIELD SCHOOLS AND FREE SCHOOLS 185

$60 for teaching one year, every half -Saturday or every other Saturday to be
free time. In case of an Indian alarm, he was to be lodged in the settlement.
But this does not seem to have been a liberal salary, even for that period.

The day will soon arrive when the old field school will live only in tradi-
tion and in the accounts that have been thrown into type. One of the most
readable of the latter is "Memory Days," by Alexander S. Paxton. The writer
gives an extended account of a school of his boyhood in Arnold's Valley. We
use his narrative to supplement the reminiscences given to us by Mr. J. A. Parker,
of Raphine.

We are told of a log cabin 16 by 18 feet in dimensions, but with a chimney
that was able to devour a cartload of wood in a day. Except when the door was
open, all the light that came in entered through a space in one side of the room
where a log had been left out of the wall. Into this opening was fitted a row of
window lights. Just below was the writing-board, set at a slant and held in
place by pegs. The benches were peg-legged puncheons. The school dinner
was brought from home in a basket. The attendance was large, and it was not
then considered a hardship to come to school from a distance of two and one-
half miles. The tuition was $1.25 a month for each pupil, but with a higher
rate for advanced studies. The term was occasionally ten months long. There
was neither blackboard nor wail-map. Webster's "blueback" was the spelling-
book, and there were drills in this study. Sometimes the spelling was "by plank,"
the speller advancing one step for every time he turned another pupil down.
There was no uniformity in text-books, and for this reason the instruction
was largely individual. The ink, made of copperas and maple bark, was good
but it soon used up the noisy quill pens. Discipline was enforced with "hickory
oil," well rubbed in, and this medicine was sanctioned by public opinion. Fre-
quently the teacher "boarded round." It was also a custom to go home with a
delegation of pupils and spend the night at their house. The schoolyard games
were quoits, hop scotch, corner ball, and town ball. The great event of the
term was for the scholars to arrive some morning before the teacher, and barri-
cade the door until he would sign the articles drawn up by them. These usually
requested a holiday or a treat. But in this contest of wits the victory was of-
ten with the teacher. Mr. Parker was once handed some articles he was to
"except," and the misapplied word was used to impart some advice the school
did not forget.

The minimum required of the old field teacher was to be good in elementary
English, to write a fair, round hand, to make goose quill pens, and to use the
rod freely and with emphasis. Nevertheless, there was manv an old field teacher
who could give instruction in the classics, if this was desired. The pedagogue
of that age was nearly always a man, and as he was often of mature years he
had some prestige in the community.

186 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

The "schoolnia'am" was an infrequent personage, yet she was not non-ex-
istent. Colonel rrcston speaks of "(Jranny Brownlow." grandmother of the
war-famous "Parson Brownlow." of Tennessee. She taught an elementary
school in Lexington. It was her habit to pet the little ones, coax the older ones,
give tiie ymaU ones apples and cakes, and when they wire sleepy, lay thcni on
her trundle-bed.

The colonel also tells of Giarles Tidd, a Connecticut man brought here by
Captain Leyburn. He was almost illiterate at first, but made a good teacher,
and a good brick schoolhousc was built for him. When a new educational
era began to creep in, he retired to the head of Collier's Creek. Tidd was one
of the pedagogues who did not spare the rod and strap. Another popular and
successful teacher from the North was Giles Gunn, who taught in the 50's on
and around Kerr's Creek.

The free school, fathered by W. H. RufTncr, a native of Rockbridge, became
an institution of Virginia in 1870. In this county as in some others, it won its
way only in the face of long-continued opposition. The change from the old
system was abrupt and was viewed in the light of a distasteful innovation. For
a considerable time the free school was a vexed topic, friends and foes airing
tlicir views in the county papers. But the complete disappearance of the pay-
school reveals a tendency of the age.

Out of 4.%9 whites and 1492 colored persons in 1870. !)ctwecn the ages of
five and twenty-one. 700 were receiving elementary instruction in 35 schools.
Two years later the annual expenditure liad reached only the small sum of $"J52.-
07. Rut in 1875 the expenditure for schools had grown to $12,971. There were
now 86 schools with 89 teachers. The average length of term was 5.4 months.
The salary of the superintendent was $350. In 1894 there were 99 white schools
with 109 teachers and an enrollment of 3182 pupils, and 24 colored schools with
28 teachers and an enrollment of 1092. Nine years later, there were 3833 pupils
in school out of a school population of 6647. However, the number of illit-
erates among the children was 1875.

An interesting relapse to a once popular and still useful institution was the
spelling bee held at the county scat, March 6, 1911. The number who took part
in it was about 600.

The school year that closed in the summ"r of 191,S showed an expenditure
of $82,1 14.73. All the ninety schoolhouscs were frame buildings, except three of
brick, and the two log structures that hold over from the nldcn time. In the
schools for the white were nine male and 143 female teachers. In the schools
(or the colored people were two male and sixteen female teachers. The teachers
wl-.o had been in service at least ten years were thirty-five. The length of the
Khool year was nine months in the town of Lexington, eight months in Uie other

OLD FIELD SCHOOLS AND FREE SCHOOLS 185

high and graded schools, and seven months in the scliools of one or two rooms.
The school libraries were forty-seven, and had approximately 7,000 volumes. In
the rural districts the monthly salary varied from $35 to S50, according to the
grade of certificate. With respect to the white population, th.e figures for school
age, enrollment, and attendance were respectively, 5,779, 4,151, and 2,732. For
the colored population, the corresponding figures were 1,305,656, and 462. The
pupils in the high school department were 341, and all were white. It is note-
worthy that in the matter of attendance, girl pupils are considerably in the ma-
jority in each race, although with respect to the total population, Rockbridge has
an excess of males.

Since 1905 there has been a progressive consolidation in the rural schools,
and it has now gone about as far as it is possible. Durmg this period, ten
rural and several graded schools have been established. Schools of three or
more teachers have taken the place of the former one-room schools, and sever-
al school wagons are in use. There is now much emphasis on a thorough and
well-graded course of study, and there is special efifort to secure well-trained
teachers for the primary rooms as well as for the upper grades.

In the fall of 1911 was held the first school fair in Rockbridge. It proved
so interesting and successful that a fair has been held every year since, in the
first or second week of November. In 1914, and again in 1916, at least 2000
children marched in parade and were viewed by a much larger number of spec-
tators. The prizes offered in the latter year amounted to nearly $1000. The
exhibits were literary, domestic, and in the line of manual training. Exhibits by
boys' corn clubs are shown in connection with the school fairs. In 1914, Logan
C. Bowyer won the first prize by growing 208 bushels on two acres.

The first county superintendent we find mentioned as such, was John M.
Wilson in 1851. His bond was for $3000. John W. Barclay was a successor.
Since the arrival of the public school system, the list of superintendants is as
follows :

John Lyie Campbell, 1870-1882; J. Lucian Hamilton, 1882-1886; J. Sidney
Saville, 1886-1900; A. Nash Johnston, 1900-1904; G. W. Effinger, (acting),
1904; Robert Catlett. 1904-1908; G. W. Effinger, 1908-1913; Earle K. Paxton,
1913-.

XXV

WASHINGTON AND LF.E UNIVERSITY

TiiE AuixANDa School — Mount Pleasant — Timbu Ridge— Mvi.Drjmv Hill — The Stosi
LiBUTY Hall Academy — Removal op Lexington — CotxxcE Eka —
The Unive«sity Pe«iod

The first classical school west of the Blue Ridge was opened in 1749 by
Robert Alexander. The log cabin, doubtless of a single room, is said to have
stood on the farm immediately north of the churchyard of Old Providence. Al-
exander was a graduate of Edinburgh University. Some of the copies of the
Greek and Latin authors were in his own handwriting. He came to Augusta in
1743 and remained here until his death in 1787. His school must have been
fairly successful, for he continued to teach it four years. Wc know the names
of only two of his students. These were James and Robert, sons of James Mc-
Kutt.

Then, for 21 years, the school was continued by the Reverend John Brown,
and seems to have been taught at his home. His students were probably few
and did not make very exacting demands upon his time.

The year 1774 registered a distinct advance. In October, the Hanover
Presbytery ordered that a public school be established in Augusta. Six persons
were authorized to take subscriptions, these to be payable not later than the fol-
lowing Giristmas. William Graham was designated as the instructor, and he
was to be under the supervision of John Brown. Next April, which was the
month in which the battle of Lexington was fought, the I'resbytery declared
that it would not limit the school to the students from Presbyterian families.

Mount Pleasant Academy, the school thus established, was a log cabin of
one room. It stood on a small belt of tableland a short mile north from
Fafrfield Station and perhaps an eighth of a mile west of the railroad track.
Between the upland and the railroad is a fine spring. The field in which the
cabin stood is on land now owned by William G. Houston, and even at that
time must have been partially cleared. The exact site, not apparent to a strang-
er, commands an extensive mountain prospect, especially toward the east. For
a school amid rural surroundings the situation is pleasing and interesting. "All
the features of the place," remarks Henry Ruffner, "made it a fit habitation for
the wood'and muse." A horn answered the purpose of a bell. The students
carried their dinners, and their sports were mainly gymnastic. They studied
within the schoolroom or under a tree. The spring was necessarily one of
their resorts, and it was here tliat James Priestly, a student and afterward an

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY 189

instructor, used to "spout" the orations of Demosthenes in the original Greek.

Graham had been graduated from Princeton College the year before com-
ing to Mount Pleasant, and one of his classmates was Richard Henry Lee, the
statesman and orator. In October, 1775, John Montgomery, who was after-
ward minister at Deerfield, in Augusta county, became his assistant.

The school seems to have prospered during the two years it remained at
Mount Pleasant. In fact, the time was now propitious for an embryo college.
This section of the Valley of Virginia had now been settled nearly forty years.
Many of the families were in comfortable circumstances. Furthermore, the
Valley had acquired such a degree of maturity as to create an appreciable de-
mand for professional men. The distinctions conferred upon a man trained to
some profession was understood by the youths of the \'alley and appreciated
by them.

In May 1776, the Presbytery accepted the gift of eighty acres of land, con-
tributed in equal amounts by Samuel Houston and Alexander Stuart. The
weight of authority is that the schoolhouse, twenty-four by twenty-eight feet on
the ground and one and one-half stories high, stood near the stone church built
at Timber Ridge in 1756. Persons living in 1844 remembered a log house answer-
ing the description. At Philadelphia, Graham purchased books and philosophical
apparatus to the value of 160 pounds ($533.33.) These articles were paid for
with 128 pounds raised by subscription, and 32 pounds made up in some other
manner. The library thus begun contained 290 volumes. The apparatus in-
cluded a small reflecting telescope, a solar micsroscope, an airpump, an electrical
machine, a barometer, a quadrant, a very small orrery, a pair of twelve-inch
globes, and instruments for surveying. Graham went as far as New England in
his canvass and obtained some help from that section. Doctor Archibald Alex-
ander says that "several small, neat buildings were erected for the use of the
students, and a good house on the New England model was reared for the rector.
Students came in goodly numbers, mostly grown young men." The various
buildings were completed late in 1777, the property, all told, costing about
$2,000. Graham was a very good scholar in the classics and was fond of the
natural sciences. He gave much attention to the science of government although
censured by some people on the ground that he was thereby meddling in politics.
He wanted to pattern his school after Princeton College. The cost of board and
tuition was $35 a year. Tuition alone was 4 pounds ($13.33.)

The name now given to the academy. Liberty Hall, was adopted May 13,
1776. It is believed to have been suggested by Graham. The Revolution was
now in progress. Rockbridge did not come within the theater of military opera-
tions, and the school was not closed on their account. But in another way the
etTect of the war was disastrous. The Continental currency began to depreciate

190 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

and this process went on with accelerated speed. Prices rose correspondingly.
At length the steward was no longer to give board at the original figure of
$21.67 a year. The price was raised, but he resigned. Board was then given
at the rate of $50 a year in the homes of Samuel McDowell. Alexander Stuart,
David Gray, Samuel Lyle, and Jolin Lylc. The financial eniharrassmcnt com-
pelled Graham to remove to the farm he had purchased at Mulberry Hill near
Lexington. He left the school to be carried on by his assistant, whose name
was Willson and who became a minister. Willson was an excellent classical
scholar and could repeat hundreds of lines from Homer. But partly because
of his ill-health and partly because of the had times, the number of students
sank to five or six. The school was suspended in 1780 and was never resumed
at Timber Ridge.

As early as 1777 Archibald Alexander often saw companies of militia from
the backwoods pass the academy wearing brown hunting shirts and deer-tail
cockades. The company of Captain John Talc, that served in the Carolinas
in 1780-81, was composed almost wholly of students from Liberty Hall. On
the field of Guilford they fought with the proverbial bravery of students, and
their gallantry drew words of praise from the British commander-in-chief.

The next chapter in the history of the institution carries us to Mullberry Hill,
a mile northwest of Leringtun. It was only by bringing the school to the vi-
cinity of his home that Mr. Graham was able to reopen it in 1782. Incorporation
was granted in October of this year. The petition asking for it states that
"your petitioners believe that a seminary may here be conducted to very general
advantage, — when (we) consider the extensive fertile country around the
place, the fine air, and pure water with which it it blessed. — 120 acres (have
been) procured in the neighborhood of Lexington for the Academy, also a valu-
able library of well-chosen books, and a considerable mathematical and philo-
sophical apparatus. They a&k incorporation, also exemption to the professors
and master from militia service." Incorporation took the school out of the
hands of the Presbytery, and it was thenceforward undenominational. Though
Styled only an acadiniy, the institution was placed on a level with colleges in its
ability to confer degrees.

The first trustees were John Bowyer,* William Alexander,* Arthur Camp-
bell, Alexander Campbell,* William Christian, John Hays,* Samuel Lyle,* James
McCorkle. Samuel McDowell, William McKee,* William Graham,* George
MofTclt.* John Montgomery, Andrew Moore,* Archibald Stuart, John Trimble,*
Joseph Walker,* Caleb Wallace, John Wilson, * William Wilson. Those whose
names appear with a star were present at the first meeting of the board, January
30, 1783. Graham, Montgomery. Wallace and William Wilson were ministers
of the Presbyterian Church. Bowyer and Moore held the title of general.

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNWERSITY

191

The site on Mulberry Hill was where three farms came together, each own-
er contributing a portion of the ground. The new schoolhouse stood on a high
spot and in a grove of oaks. It was soon destroyed by fire, and incendiarism
was suspected. Another building, sixteen by twenty-four feet, was put up in the
same place in 1784. The Timber Ridge property does not seem to have realized
more than one-third of its cost. Mr . Graham canvassed for help, and outside of
his expenses he collected $2589.67 in paper money. But in specie it was worth
only three cents on the dollar. A new subscription effort was productive of little
result. 1 -' - • •;

When the academy was opened under the charter, it was with William Gra-
ham as rector and James Priestly as assistant. Priestly, who has already been
mentioned, was a good teacher and an eager student. But because of the de-
moralization bred in the camps, there was a great change for the worse in the
character and behavior of the young men who now presented themselves. Pro-
fanity, drunkenness, card playing, and malicious tricks were the order of the
day among them. A better standard of behavior was slow to appear.

It was in November, 1784, that the trustees petitioned the Assembly for help.
They speak of their school as having "very flattering prospects," and that its
greatest need was funds. But their appeal fell on deaf ears.

The first commencement was held on September 13, 1785, and the degree
of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on the following young men: Samuel Black-
burn, Samuel Corrick, Moses Iloge, Samuel Houston, William McClung, Andrew
McClure, John McCue, James Priestly, Adam Rankin, Archibald Roane, Terah
Templin, and William Willson. Corrick, Iloge, McClure, McCue, Templin, and
Willson became Presbyterian ministers. Hoge at length became president of
Hampden-Sidney College, and Corrick of Blount College in Tennessee. Gener-
al Blackburn settled as a lawyer in Bath county. Pie was an eloquent orator
and a master of ridicule and sarcasm. Roane was governor of Tennessee in
1801-3. McClung was a circuit judge in Kentucky, and Priestly became presi-
dent of Cumberland College.

Lexington wished the academy moved within its boundaries. The trustees
declined at this time, thinking the students were unruly enough where they were
without placing them in a less favorable environment. The town was much in-
fested with quarrelsome drunkards, by whom the few earnestly religious citi-
zens were feared and hated.

In 1793, a stone building was erected, William Cravens of Rockingham be-
ing the contractor. It was thirty by thirty-eight feet in the clear, three stories
high, and contained twelve rooms, each nearly fifteen feet square. The cost was
about $2,000. The academy was now given a more respectable standing, and the
moral tone began to improve. The average attendance was about twenty-live.

192 A HISTORY OF BOCKDRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

For seven pounds ($23.33) a year, llic steward furnished meals, made beds, and
cleaned the rooms twice a week. At this time, wheat was fifty-eight cents a
busliel, rye fifty, and corn forty-two. Beef was two and one-half cents a pound,
and pork three and three-fourth cents. Breakfast consisted of bread and butler
with tea, coffee, or chocolate; dinner, of bread, vegetables, and either beef or
pork ; supper, of bread, butter, and milk. Room rent in the .'tcadcmy building was
fifty cents a session for each student, unless there were five or more students in
tiic same room. In this case the charge was $2 for all.

Tuition was 5 pounds. Aside from the ancient languages, the subjects
taught were arithmetic, algebra, geography, logic, criticism and rhetoric, trigo-
nometry, navigation, surveying, and, probably, natural philosophy.

In 17% the library and apparatus were valued at 2000 pounds. But the
academy was in much financial embarrassment. It was pressed by its creditors,
and the trustees paid some of the debts out of their own pockets. Tiie legislature
was again appealed to but in vain. The trustees remonstrated against being di-
vested of their oflice. The price of board was advanced fifty per cent.

Relief came at a most opportune time. In 1784 the legislature of \'irginia
incorporated two companies, one to improve the navigation of the James and
the other that of the I'otomac. It authorized the treasurer of the state to sub-
scribe for 100 shares in the James River Company and fifty in the Potomac Com-
pany, these 150 shares to stand in the name of General George Washington, and
to be a gift for his personal benefit. Washington replied that inasmuch as he
had declined to acccjjt any pay during the Revolution, he could not consistently
accept the shares for himself, but would apply them to some public benefit after
they had become productive. Andrew Moore and Francis Preston called the
general's attention to Liberty Hall Academy, the name of which may have in-
fluenced his decision. Mr. Graham also called a meeting of the trustees, and
prepared an address to Washington, who in September, 1796, deeded the James
River siiare to Liberty Mall, the Potomac shares going to Leesburg Academy.
The transallcghany region was already showing that it would be a great factor in
American development, and Washington understood it better, probably, than any
other statesman east of the Blue Ridge. He fully appreciated the services which
the men west of that mountain had rendered the cause of American independence.
He was, furthermore, a great friend to education, and he knew that the strug-
gling academy at Lexington was tlic only higher institution of learning within
tiic mountain country. In giving Liberty Hall this help, Washington d sired
that it should be a school of the purest patriotism. He could not but have known
that the adoption of the Federal Constitution by Virginia was decided by the
votes of the delegates who were at the same time trustees of Liberty Hall.

The par value of the stock donated to Liberty Hall was $20,000. The first
dividend— of three per cent — was paid in 1802.

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY 193

On Christmas eve, 1802, tliere was another disaster at the hands of the fire
fiend. The academy took fire on the roof and burned to the ground, the side
walls and a portion of the ends remaining in place. The building h.ad just been
insured and the sum of $2,563 was thus realized. The movable property, such as
bool<s, apparatus, and bedding, was saved, but the seal of the academy was not dis-
covered until 1893. The building experts of Lexington gave an unfavorable re-
port as to a reconstruction on the old site. In the opinion of Henry RuiTner,
their motives were not disinterested. Yet even if they were not biased, it would
look as if their judgment was at fault. The walls continue to stand even a'ter
the lapse of 116 years. They form a picturesque ruin, visible from some dis-
tance, and are witness to the excellence of the masonry.

Lexington, now a town of 100 families, made another effort to secure
the school. A reluctant consent was given. Andrew Alexander look the old
site in exchange for his house and its lot of two acres in the town. He sold 28
acres additional for $180, the trustees paying about $1700 for the exchange.
Less than $3,000 was available for new buildings. It was decided to erect two
wipgs, twenty by seventy-five feet on the ground and two stories high, containing
sixteen rooms in all. These were built hastily and of poor materials, and within
twenty years had become insecure. Alexander's house became the rector's home.
It was a two-storied wooden structure and was where the president's house now
stands. One of the two academic buildings was on the site of the present New-
comb Hall, while the other was at the east end of the University group. The
steward's house, a very plain affair thirty by forty-two feet, stood at the front en-
trance to the grounds. All of these were constructed of poorly burned bricks
made on the academy lot. But temporary quarters were needed for about a year,
and a building for this purpose was rented on Jefferson street.

In a material point of view, the change was for the better. The attendance
rose, and in 1805 there were seventy students. A four-year course of study, nearly
like that of Princeton, was adopted, and it remained in force until 1821. How-
ever, a preparatory school was maintained. In 1808, the steward system broke
down, and was not again resorted to except for a brief period beginning in 1821.
With this exception, the students took their meals among private families. W.
H. Ruffner considered that the change was beneficial, remarking that in a mixed
society students strike for the best families. But for a long while the removal
to Lexington was unfavorable to good conduct. The students often took part in
the numerous street fights, and the townsmen came to their side when the faculty
tried to enforce discipline. But Lexington has always had a circle of good so-
ciety, and in time its atmosphere very greatly improved.

In 1798 there was a change of name to Washington Academy. In the same
year Mr. Graham resigned, having been associated with the academy twenty-four

l'>4 A HISTORY OF ROCK0RItX:E COUNTY, VIKGINIA

years. He was succeeded by George A. Baxter, who came from New London
Academy to fill tlic cliair of mathematics. Daniel Blain also joined the faculty
and some students came from a distance. The salary of Doctor Baxter was about
$900, that of Blain about $700.

In 1812 Washington Academy became Washington College, and this con-
tinued to be its name almost sixty years. In 1SI8, wiiile a state university was
taking form, the trustees of the college tried to have it adopted as the University
of \'irginia. Its claims were presented by Colonel James McDowell.

A memorial sent to the Assembly in 1821 states that in addition to the
James River stock the college lias seventeen shares in the Bank of Virginia, these
having been purchased out of savings from tlic endowment. The bank stock
was yielding three per cent, a year, the James River stock, $1200 to $1800.
The tuition was $30 a year, of which one-third went to the president, and two-
thirds to the two professors and the tutor of the grammer school. During the
three years past, the average attendance had been forty-four. The students were
generally between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one. About thirty were taking
the college course.

In 1821 the rector became the president. The other professors were Dan-
iel Blain and Edward Graham. Between 1803 and 1821 there were three
schools of study: one of mental philosophy, chemistry, and astronomy; and
one of L^tin, Greek, French, English, Hebrew, and giojjraphy. The teaching
was wholly from text-books. There was at this time a popular prejudice
against tlic dead languages. During the college year 1816-17, $600 was spent
for books and the library was put under strict regulations. Until 1820 the high-
water mark in the income from the James River stock was $3,200. In 1832
and later, there was a guaranteed income of $3000.

Other help came to the college. John Robinson's estate, which ultimately
yielded $46,000, came productive in 1829. In 1807 the Society of the Cincin-
nati turned over its funds to Washington College on condition that fortification
and gunnery be taught. The money, however was not deposited with the state
treasurer until 1824. That oflicer failed and more than ore -half of the fund
was lost. Not until 1848 did the college receive the $25,000 due it. The do-
nations previous to the war of 1861 aggregated about $100,(00. But while this
sum looks very small when compared with the benefactions in recent years, the
importance of the early help, particularly the canal stock, was inestimable. The
W.ishington fund did not become steadily productive until 1811, and during
the years when there was a deficiency of income, the rector allowed the shrinkage
to fall upon himself.

The Center Building cost $9,000 and created a debt of $1,000. At the laying
of the cornerstone, which toook place in 1824, John Robinson sent up from his

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY 195

distillery at Hart's Bottom a barrel containing forty gallons of his best rye
whiskey. This reservoir with all its intoxicating potentialities was set on the
campus. The day of temperance reform had begun to arrive, and although
the college authorities viewed the present with disfavor, Robinson was too good
a friend of the institution to be treated with discourtesy. .Some of the trustees
and professors did not partake at all, and others did so only in a nominal way.
But among the spectators were a large contingent of the would-be "Tight-Bri-
gade." The agonies of thirst impelled them to an onset that was irresistible.
With cups, dippers, gourds, and every other obtainable thing of the sort, they
proceeded to drain the barrel, but before they could complete the process it was
intentionally upset. The wreckage around the spot, human and inanimate, was
suggestive of a battlefield. Robinson, who was a man of a past age with respect
to his ideas of conviviality, was much chagrined. He had intended his present
for the elite and not for the mob. But he was making a most generous estimate
for the capacity of the elite.

In 1829 there were breaches in the fence around the college grounds caused
by hauling wood, brick, and building materials. Domestic animals were free to
come in and were in partial possession of the buildings, sometimes climbing to
the second floor. These four-footed "students" were now expelled and the gaps
closed.

In 1845, according to Howe, the yearly expense to the student did not nec-
essarily exceed $150. His board was about $8 a month and his washing and
sundries about $3. The cost of matriculation, tuition, room rent, and sundry
deposits was $42. But poor students were remitted their tuition and could get
along on $80 to $100 a year. In 1855, eight students took the degree of Bachelor
of Arts.

In 1840 the late Joseph A. Waddell was a student at Washington College.
His student life, as he describes it. was not overburdened with attractiveness.
The young men had to lodge in the college building unless there was good rea-
son for the permission to sleep elsewhere. The college inclosure was primitive
and rude, and the buildings were as primitive and unadorned as possible. There
were four instructors. At bedtime one of them would call at every door, to see
if all the students were in and to mark the absentees. But the professors did
not try to get acquainted with the students and had little to do with them ex-
cept at times of recitation. The hour of prayers at the chapel was announced
with a tin horn by "Professor" John Henry, the negro janitor. The chapel was
as cheerless as a barn and as cold in winter as an ice-house. When Professor
Calhoun offered prayer, he put both his hands into his pockets to keep them from
getting numb. The chapel hour was before breakfast, and in winter the only light
was a tallow candle. Roll-call was next in order. There were Bible classes on the

196 A HISTORY UF ROCKnRIIX-.E COLSTY, VIRGINIA

afternoon of Sunday; an English class by Professor Armstrong, a Greek class
by I'rofcssor UaLiiey. liut in the latter class llierc was no word of exposition
or exhortation ; all that each member of the class had to do was tu read one or
more verses from a chapter in the Greek Testament. The students generally
attended the I'rcsbytrian cliurch bcause the Ann Smith girU went there. Some
of the young men d.d not go to church at all, and this did not seem to make any
difference to anyone.

President liaxter was followed by Lewis Marshall, a brother to John Mar-
shall, for many years Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ol the United States.
He in turn was followed, though only for a year, by Henry N'cthake. In 1836,
the latter was succcccdcd as president by lienry Ruffner, \\ho was graduated
from this college in 1817, and had been a professor since 1819. Of him the
following anecdote is related. On entering his class-room one morning, he found
his armchair in possession of a calf, which saluted him with a "ba-a," perhaps
from a willingness to be relieved frcm managing a recitation. "Young men,"
said the doctor, "I sec you have an instructor fully competent to teach you, so
I'll bid you good morning." The calf was soon nibbling grass on the campus
and an apoh gy was sent to the victorious president.

The Graham Society — later the Graham-Lee — was founded in 1S09 by nine
students, all of whom were men of force. In its early years i( discussed and con-
denuud secession and slavery. In 1840 its library contained 2,000 volumes. Some
years after the Graham arose, there came the Washington, and there was much
rivalry between the two societies.

George Junkin came to the head of affairs in 1848. and resigned in the
spring of 1861, because of his uncompromising stand against secession. Dur-
ing the four years of the civil war, the doors of the college were closed, the stu-
dents being generally with the Confederate army. There were twelve in the
senior class of 1861. All were given degrees, whether present at Commencement
or in the army. Two of the graduates, Joel W. Arnold and Alexander S. Pax-
ton, were of Rockbridge county. The pillaging that took place during the oc-
cupatirfn of Lexington by the army of General Hunter is elsewhere spoken of.
The end of this suspension of activities found the campus a commons and the
buildings out of repair. The resources were hardly enough to pay the four pro-
fessors who were needed when General Robert E. Lee took charge in the fall of
1865. liul at the time of his installation, which was of th-; simplest character,
the "five brick buildings, all in a row," were freshly painted inside and out.
About 100 students were present at the reopening, and a year later there were
320. There was no graduating class until 1866, because a senior class could not
be gathered together.

With the incumbency of the ex-commander-in<hief of the Confederat ar-

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY 197

mies begins the modern period in the history of this institution. For want of
space we must pass over it briefly. It has been our aim to dwell on the earlier
history of the school, not alone because of its great interest, but because much
of the material for this history is not readily accessible.

Very soon after the death of General Robert E. Lee, and in memory of him,
Washington College became the Washington and Lee University. General G. W.
C. Lee was at the head of the institution until 1897, and was succeeded by Wil-
liam L. Wilson, whose short incumbency was marked by the inauguration of the
School of Applied Science. Doctor Wilson died in office, and Harry St. George
Tucker acted as president for the remainder of the college year. The admin-
istration of George H. Denny, which closed in 1912, gave place to that of the
present incumbent, Henry Louis Smith, who is of Rockbridge parentage, though
a native of North Carolina.

The grounds belonging to the university now cover ninety acres. Most of
the trees that shade the campus are not of primeval growth, but have been set
out. General Robert E. Lee was very instrumental in thus beautifying the in-
closure. The buildings number forty-three, and include the largest and best
equipped gjmnasium in the South. The recent structures vastly eclipse the plain,
inexpensive ones of the ante-war period. The library houses about 50,000
volumes. The endowment has risen to several millions of dollars, and has been
contributed chiefly by Robert P. Doremus, George Peabody. W. W. Corcoran,
Thomas A. Scott, Andrew Carnegie, and Cyrus H. McCormick.

The schools of instruction are four; the Academic, and those of Commerce,
Law and Equity, and .Applied Science. The School of Law and Equity grew
out of the school of law founded in Lexington in 1849 by John W. Brokcn-
brough. The school year of thirty-seven weeks is divided into three terms. Dur-
ing the session of 1917-18, there were thirty-six members of the faculty, and there
were also several student instructors. There were 523 students, Virginia con-
tributing 194. The others came from thirty-two states of the Union, and
Hawaii, Porto Rico, China, Japan, and Persia were also represented. During
the same session the cost of room and board varied from $24 to $37 a month.
The tuition and fees, other than those relating to labaratory work, amount to
$105 a year, except in the Law School, where the total is $120.

In review, it may be mentioned that Washington and Lee University is
neither a state nor church institution, but is controlled by a self-perpetuating
board. The influences are nevertheless Christian, and the student branch of
the Young Men's Christian Association was developed during the presidency
of General R. E. Lee. At the close of his administration, 105 students were
members of some church. An honor system is in force and this is strengthened
by the social relations subsisting between the faculty and the student body.

198 A HISTOBV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

The individual student is not subjected to espionage nor to vexatious restrict-
ions. It therefore goes without saying that the annoyances that hindered the
working of the school for several dicacks after the Revolution have passed in;o
the limbo of local history.

The little scIkkjI founded by Robert Alexander has grown, stej) i>y step,
into a university of broad scope and of national influence.

XXVI

THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE

The Lexingtox Arsenal — How the Institute Arose — The Opening — Antebellum History

— War Record of the Institute — Later History —

General Smith — Other Instructors

A state arsenal was established at Lexington in 1816, where 30,000 stand
of small arms were kept for the militia of the southwest counties. The arsenal
itself was a substantial brick building four stories high, "from which every
architectural beauty was scrupulously excluded." The roof was surfaced with
zinc. In the basement was a mess-hall, lighted when necessary with whale oil
lamps. In front were the commandant's house and the barracks, the latter a
brick building containing nine rooms. The two structures formed one side
of a quadrangle, a brick wall fourteen feet high forming the other three
sides. The barrack windows were grated and the place was suggestive of a
prison. The grounds were not so extensive as those of the school that suc-
ceeded the arsenal. On the slope of the hill were a few cedars and some deep
gullies. A cornfield surrounded by a worm fence occupied a portion of the
present parade ground. The only tree on the plateau was a hickory known as
the "guard tree."

The first commandant was Captain James Paxton, a native of the county
and a thorough soldier who had served with much credit in the war of 1812.
The second commandant was Captain D. E. Moore.

To look after the burnished muskets stored on the upper and well scoured
floors of the arsenal, there was a guard of twenty-eight enlisted men, who were
paid $9 each a month, or $3,024 in all. They were under strict discipline. Reveille
at daybreak and the drum at nine or ten o'clock at night were a part of the estab-
lished order of things. Drill and guard duty constituted the legitimate duty of
the men. With a few exceptions, they were not of much character, and had ac-
cepted this mode of life as being on the "line of least resistance." They were
much addicted to liquor and to stealing ripe melons and fruit. One of the letters
by "Civis" in 1835 says that, "as a body they are respected by none, considered
obnoxious by some, and disliked by all." Eight years earlier, one of the guards
was killed by a companion soldier.

Andrew Alexander is said to have been the first citizen to suggest turning
the arsenal into some kind of school, and thus getting rid of a nuisance. The
idea was at length taken up by the Franklin Society, and in December, 1832, it
was twice debated in its halls. The secoind evening there was a unanimous vote
in favor of the proposition. So great was the interest now aroused, tliat before
the members had left the hall steps were taken to set the ball to rolling.

200 A nisTORv or rockbridce county, vircinma

In August and September, 1835. three letters signed "Livis" appeared in the
Gacftle. These articles explained what the proposed school ought to be in the
judgment of the writer. Their author was Colonel J. T. L. Preston, but he never
clainied to have originated the views he advanced.

The real originator appears to have been Claude Crozet. a native of France
who was educated in the Polytechnic School of Paris. He became a captain of
artillery in the army of Napoleon, won the Cross of the Legion of Honor, and
soon after the downfall of the empire he came to America. Shortly after his
arrival he was appointed to the chair of engineering at West Point. This posi-
tion he filled seven years, and he was the first man to teach the highest branches
of mathematics in that institution. Excepting the five years he was prcsid:'nt
of JefTcrson College in Louisiana, Crozet spent the rest of his long life in Vir-
ginia. As state engineer he laid out a number of important turnpikes. One of
his achievements is the Blue Ridge tunnel on the line of the Chesapeake and
Ohio railroad.

The measure was put before the Assembly, but as there was considerable
opposition, success was not speedy. The Act first passed made the proposed
school "a part and branch of Washington College." This was repealed in favor
of the one passed March 29, 1839. This made a yearly appropriation of $6,000,
which was the same as the cost of maintaining the arsenal. It created a Hoard of
Visitors, appointed by the Governor. From twenty to forty cadets, between the
ages of sixteen and twenty-five, were to be admitted yearly, and these were to
constitute the publice guard of the arsenal. The officers and the cadets were to be
held responsib'e for the arms. Any non-commissioned officer of the mi'itia of
the state was permitted to have free tuition for not more than ten months, but
was not to be recognized as a regular student.

The members of the first Doard of Visitors were Cononcl Claude Crozet.
General P. C. Johnston, General Thomas Botts, General C. P. Dnrman. Captain
John F. Wiley, Governor James McDowell, Doctor Alfred Leybuni, and Hugh
Barclay. It will be observed that nearly all these men carried military titles.
Colonel Crozet was chairman. The board was a very able one, and the action it
took was in line with these words of our first president: "However pacific the
general policy of a nation may be, it ought never to be without an adequate
stock of military knowledtje for emergencies." The school these men were to
establish was to have military features, and yet it could not strictly be another
West Point. The great function of the United States Military Academy is to
provide thoroughly trained army officers. Each graduate becomes at once a
lieucnant, and so long as he docs not resign from the military establishment of
the nation, he enjoys a salary for life. Virginia could not thus provide for the
graduates of her military school. The chief purpose of the new school was to

THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE 201

impart a superior scientific training and supply well-equipped teachers. A paral-
lel purpose was the better defense of the state in case of war. "Practical utility,
thorough discipline, and formative training" were to pervade every department,
and the military feature, with its thoroughness in instruction as well as discipline,
was to be a most useful help in securing these ends. "Energy, efficiency, and
reliability," remarks General Smith, "have been characteristics of its graduates in
every pursuit of life."

Thus arose the second military school in the United .States, West Point
being the hrf.t. Without additional current expense, a most useful scliool took
the place of the semi-id!ers who had been a pest to the community.

Francis H. Smith, a recent graduate of West Point and now professor of
mathematics in Hampden-Sidney College, was unanimously chosen as the first
superintendent The man thus selected was ambitious. The new school was
in the nature of an experiment, and it did not look clear that an acceptance was a
promotion in the educational field. After a little hesitation he accepted, and he
remained at the head of the institution the very long period of 50 years. His
salary at the start was $1,500. The rank of colonel was given to him, and that of
major to a full professor. The only other instructor at the start was John T. L.
Preston, who took the chair of modern languages.

In .September, 1839, twenty state cadets and thirteen pay cadets were ap-
pointed, and thirty-one of these formed the corps of 1839-40. John S. L. Logan
was the only member from this county. The opening of the Institute, which
took place November 11 of the same year, was verp unpromising. The barracks
had been raised one story to provide more space, but the work was not yet finish-
ed. The roof was not in place and no fuel had been laid in. There were no uni-
forms. There was no banner and the roll was not called. The youths were
strongly minded to desert and go home, but the calmer second thought prevailed.

The annuity was gradually increased until in 1860 the annual appropriation
was $20,000. During the first twelve years three instructors were added to the
faculty. The first was Thomas H. Williamson, who taught drawing and tactics.
The second was Lieutenant William Gilham, professor of the physical sciences.
The third was Thomas J. Jackson, whose chair was that of natural and experi-
mental philosophy. A library was begun by the state library sending the second
copy in those instances where it possessed two copies of the same work. There
was next an appropriation of $500 a year for five years, and the valuable scien-
tific library of Colonel Crozet was thus purchased.

In the first graduating class were sixteen cadets. The Institute commence-
ment used to come on July 4, which was a great day in Lexington. A feature of
the exercises, which were held at the Presbyterian church, was the reading of
the Declaration of Independence by a graduate. By an Act of 1842, each grad-

202 A HISTORY OP ROCKnRTtX^E COU>m', XTRGINIA

uatc was required to teach two years, in order to return to the state some direct
benefit for his free tuition. The first teachers went out in 1843. Teaching was
tlicn thought unworthy of a young \'irginian, and much of the educational work of
the state had been done by Xortherners or by Europeans. But this feeling was
gradually overcome, and in 1860 the college students in Virginia numbered
2500. the ratio to the white population being larger than in any other state.

The first student organization was the Society of Cadets, whicli arose in
1840. It was followed in 1849 by the Dialectic Society.

In 1854 occurred the killing of Blackburn by Christian. There was ill-feel-
ing between these two cadets, and Blackburn was fatally stabbed near the Pres-
byterian church. Christian was acquitted at Lynchburg on the ground of self-
defense.

During the first seven years of the Institute, there was an arrangement with
Washington College, whereby the cadets received instruction in chemistry at the
college, while a body of college students, known as the Cincinnati Gass, drilled
with the cadets. This system did not work well and was terminated in 1846. The
officers of the Institute could not exercise any direct control over the Cincinnati
Gass, and as the uniform of the latter was nearly like that of the cadets, some
confusion resulted.

Beginning about 1844, there was for several years, a lack of harmony be-
tween the Institute on the one hand and Washington College and the town of
I-Txington with its Presbyterian church on the other hand. The town showed an
unfriendly spirit in certain ways, as when the superintendent was presented by
a grand jury for selling goods without a license. lie had been compelled to pro-
vide uniforms for the cadets owing to the inferior goods and extortionate prices
of the town merchants. Neither the Institute nor the College was denomina-
tional, although the former was in some degree under Episcopal supervision, as
was the College under Presbyterian influence. A charge of sectarianism was
brought against the management of the Institute. As for the college itself, it
chose to look upon its neighbor as a rival institution intruding into a field which
it should have to itself. These jealousies were outgrown. They reflected a nar-
rowness of outlook which was not uncommon in America seven decades ago.
Yet the removal of the Institute to some other town was seriously considered
and the matter was significantly mentioned in the .Act carrying an appropria-
tion of $46,000 for new buildings The people of Lexington and the College au-
thorities also, now took alarm and exerted their influence in f.nor of .•» retention
of the military school.'

Tlie appropriation just named was in response to an appeal by the Board
of Visitors and a long auxiliary petition by the cadets. It was pointed out
that when the Institute be.gan there were only four rooms in which to lodge

THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE 203

thirty-one cadets. In 1849 four or five cadets had to study and sleep in a room
only sixteen feet square. Because of this congestion, not more than half the stu-
dents that applied could be admitted. Day and night fifty wood fires were burn-
ing, a constant danger to the state property, the value of which was estimated
at $350,000. The cornerstone of the new building was laid July 4, 1850. By
1860 the appropriations for building purposes aggregated $151,000.

In 1858 the superintendent visited Europe on a leave of absence. After his
return he made important recommendations bearing on the further growth of
the Institute. One of these was the founding of a School of Scientific Agricul-
ture.

In 1850 the cadet corps was present at the laying of the cornerstone of the
Washington Monument at the national capitol, and on the return by way of
Richmond it was the bodyguard of President Taylor. The fine appearance and
soldierly bearing of the cadets won for them much praise, and one result of the
excursion was a battery of six pounders given by order of the president. In
1858, the superintendent had charge of the execution of John Brown at Har-
pers Ferry, and nearly 100 of the cadets were present as a portion of the in-
fantry and artillery force.

The war with Mexico came only six years after the opening of the In-
stitute, and yet twenty-five of the ex-students took part in that conflict, generally
as commissioned officers.

We now come to the important part played by the Virginia Military Insti-
tute in the war of 1861. During the winter that preceded the actual clash of
arms, there was intense restlessness and some turbulence among the cadets.
Nearly all of them were ardent partisans of the Confederate side of the con-
troversy. As soon as Virginia seceded, the superintendent was summoned to
Richmond to serve on the Council of Three, and subsequently to take part in or-
ganizing a system of defense for the lower Chesapeake. April 21 Major Jackson
was ordered to take to Richmond as many of the cadets as were available as
drillmasters. There were left behind forty-eight of the younger and less ex-
perienced of the corps, and these were consolidated with the Rockbridge Greys.
At Camp Lee, near Richmond, the other 200 cadets did excellent service in drill-
ing the green volunteers. The more than 20,000 Confederates who were present-
ly to fight under Johnston and Beauregard on Bull Run and the lower Shenan-
doah were so rapidly and so effectively put into a good degree of discipline, that
in the first years of the war they were superior in this respect to the troops op-
posed to them. President Lincoln found occasion to remark that the Federal
armies were not fighting raw militia, but soldiers drilled by highly trained of-
ficers.

Most of the cadets who went to Richmond were soon commissioned as of-
ficers, and as we have seen, those who were left behind went into the service with

204 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

a local organization. The Institute did not reopen until January 1. 1862. and a
month later 269 students were present. With several interruptions due to mili-
tary exigencies, work was carried on at Lexington until the close of June. 1864.
The military feature was now more prominent than ever, since the present func-
tion of the school was chiefly to furnish additional drillmasters to the Southern
aniiies. Recitation work was carried on at a disadvantage, since the cadets were
restless and eager to get to the front. After the burning of the Institute by Gen-
eral Hunter, the cadets were for a brief while quartered in the buildings of
Washington College. They were then furloughcd. and they reassembled at
Richmond, where they were placed in the vacant Almshouse. A semblance of
classroc ni work was there carried on nearly four months, or until the evacua-
tion of Richmond, .April 3, 1865.

In 1860 there were 433 living graduates of the Virginia Military Institute,
to say nothing of the larger number of eleves, or students who did not complete
the course of study. Among the graduates were nine governors, two United
Slates senatcirs, twelve college presidents, more than twenty congressmen, and
more than forty judges. Of graduates and eleves, 810 were commissioned of-
ficers in the Confederate army as against 282 frcm West Point, although, as a
matter of course, the West Pointer was the more likely to attain high rank.
However, the Institute was represented in the Confederacy by three major gen-
erals, eighteen brig.ndier-generals. and 263 regimental ofliccrs. Of the fifteen reg-
iments that took part in Pickett's famous charge at Gettysburg, thirteen were
commanded by Institute men. The importance to the Confederate government
of the "West Point of the South" thus becomes strikingly apparent. Out of the
810, there died in military service 249, and a larger number were woimdcd. In
the Federal army were fifteen officers who had been trained in the Institute.

It is next in order to tell something of the military services of the student
corps itself. The first was in May, 1862, when General Milroy was threatening
Staunton from the west, and was likely to be joined in a few days by a larger
force under General Fremont. General Jackson, who was watching from the
south end of Peaked Mountain another I'ederal army tmdcr General Ranks,
summoned to his aid the force under General Ewell on the eastern side of the
Blue Ridge. Leaving Ewcll to confront Banks, Jackson made a roundalmut and
stealthy movement upcn Milroy. .Xt his recjuest, the cadets were sent to join
his army at Staunton. They left the Institute at noon. May 1. 1862, bivouacked
that night at Fairfield, and reached Staunton on the third day of the march.
Under Major Shipp 'hey marched to the battlefield of McDowell, but did not
take part in the engagement. Yet they marched in the pursuit to McCoy's mill,
near Franklin, and j^tudies were not resumed until May 20. In August of the
(ollowing year, Lieutenant Wise with fifty cadets scoured the mountains of

THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE 205

Rockbridge to arrest deserters. Two days were thus spent but without any suc-
cess whatever. A few days later the cadets turned out to assist in repelhng a
force of Federal cavalry under General Averill. Two companies carrying four
guns and rations for seven days marched as far as Goshen, but as Averill did
not move eastward from Covington, the cadets were absent little more than for-
ty-eight hours. A more serious task came the following November, when
Averill made another raid on nearly the same course. But this time Major
Sliipp marched by way of Longdale to the vicinity of Covington, where General
Imboden proposed to make a stand. Averill moved toward Huntersville, and
thinking only a feint was intended, Imboden proceeded to Goshen. But the
movement was not a feint, and as before, the cadets returned without a share
in any action and after an absence of five days. Only one month later, Averill
set out on still another raid and penetrated as far as Salem, where he did
great damage to the railroad. Well-planned efforts were made to cut off his
retreat, but Averill escaped the toils that were closing around him. The cadets,
180 strong and with their rifled cannon, marched again under Shipp, but found
Bratton's Run unfordable and went into camp on its bank. Next day they manag-
ed to get across and bivouacked at Colk Sulphur Spring, where they received
orders to return, and their next camp was at Wilson Spring. Returning to Lex-
ington after an absence of four days, they expected to have to march to Buchanan,
but were ordered to join Colonel Jackson, and after a further absence of two days
they were again at their old barracks. This six days of service was very severe,
a long, continued cold rain being followed by freezing weather, and the roads
were icy as well as rough.

The only battle in which the cadets were actually engaged was that of New
Market, May 15, 1864. At that point, General Breckenridge with 4,500 men at-
tacked the 6,000 Federals under General Sigel. The engagement was very severe
and at times the result was in doubt. At a critical moment the 221 cadets made a
brilliant charge that contributed very materially to Sigel's defeat. The casualties
were 57, inc'uding nine who were either killed or mortally wounded. The high-
ly creditable behavior of the cadets in this action has been written up by several
pens and rather voluminously. It is therefore quite unnecessary to give a de-
tailed account of the battle in this chapter. But it is quite erroneous to assume
that the cadets were mere boys and without any practical experience in cam-
paigning. On the contrary they were of quite mature age, were thoroughly
drilled, and were able to march as well as seasoned troops. The brief tours we
have already mentioned had given them no little amount of experience. In short,
the morale of the corps could hardly have been surpassed. One week after their
battle the cadets reached Staunton almost barefoot, and were at once ordered to
Richmond, but were again at Lexington, June 9.

206 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGIKIA

The raid by General Hunter is related in Chapter XIII. as is also the share
of the cadets in the military operations connected therewith. The final and very
brief scr\'icc of the cadets in the war of 1861 was when they were sent to the
front from Richmond, to help in repelling Sheridan. March 11, 1865. followed
by their trench duly in front of that city on the day of the evacuation. In the
afternoon of the same day they were marched into Richmond and disbanded.

The fall of 1865 seemed a very unpromising time to reopen the Institute,
particularly in view of the fact that its equipment was gone, and that nothing re-
mained of its buildings but a mass of ruins. Neither was there any money in
hand with which to rebuild. But failure was a word the superintendent would
not accept. In such temporary quarters as could be made available, the school
was reopened October 1, 1865, with a full faculty and about twenty cadets. The
number of the latter rose during the year to fifty-five. But the professors did not
receive more than $400 apiece, by way of salary, whereas the cost of board to
the cadets was $25 a month. A year later there were lecture rooms and mess
hall, and 147 cadets. In 1869 the burned buildings were restored. All this was
not accomplished without acute financial embarrassment.

At the time of the reopening in 1865. 2,000 students had matriculated and
510 of these had been graduated. Of the 2.000. the state cadets numbered 527.
and 177 of the latter were graduated. The graduates who had taught numbered
146. Before the war the average expense to the pay cadet was $375 a year.

General Smith resigned as Superintendent in 1889, and was succeeded by
General Scott Shipp. The third and present incumbent is General Edward \V.
Nichols, whose administration began in 1907.

XXVII

THE AXN SMITH AND OTHER ACADEMIES

A Girl's School for Lexington — Ann ^mith — FiNANaAL Embarrassment — Later
History — Other Private Schools

The opening years of the nineteenth century did not find the people of
Rockbridge Hmiting their interest in higher education to the collegiate training
(if young men. In the spring of 1807 they were taking practical steps to provide
secondary instruction for the other sex.

The subscribers to the school of this character held their first formal meet-
ing at the courthouse, April 20, Colonel James McDowell acting as chairman and
John Leyburn as clerk. The other men present were Dr. Samuel L. Campbell,
James Caruthers, John Caruthers, William Caruthers, Cornelius Dorman, James
Gold, Edward Graham, Reuben Grigsby, John Irvine, Henry McClung, Joseph
Paxton, John Robinson, Alexander Shields, John Sloan, and William Willson.
Dr. Campbell was proxy for William Lyie.

Almost the first act of the meeting was to select a committee to choose
a suitable site, and to submit a plan for the building, together with an estimate
on the probable cost of both land and schoolhouse. The members of this com-
mittee were John Leyburn, Andrew Reid, Edward Graham, Alexander Shields,
James Caruthers, and Dr. Campbell. Other duties devolving on this committee
were to see whether a convenient house could be used as temporary quarters, to
formulate the rules for the government of the school, and to petition the next
Ccneral Assembly for an act of incorporation. The report was read at a meet-
ing held August 1, other subscribers present being Daniel Blain, Thomas L.
Preston, and Arthur Walkup. Andrew Reid was called to the chair. Edward
Graham was appointed treasurer of the organization. As secretary of the above-
named committee, he announced that no suitable house had yet been found, but
that Miss Ann Smith had tendered her services for one year without charge.
The meeting voted an appropriation of $1,800 for grounds and buildings, and
$500 for enabling the school to be opened in the fall of the same year. It was
further ordered that globes and other apparatus be provided.

The committee on organization reported October 9, that a house should be
rented at once and maps and other necessaries purchased; that of the two vaca-
tions, the first should extend from the third Wednesday in April to the third
Wednesday in May, and the second, from the third Wednesday in October to
the tliird Wednesday in November; and that a steward, giving proper security,
should at once be employed to board the students at a cost of not more than $50
a term. Tuition was not to exceed $20 a year.

208 A HISTORY OF ROCKDBIOOE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Thus It IS probable that the first session of the Ann Smith Academy began
November 18, 1807. Josepli Dilwortli was engaged as steward, January y, IbOS,
and was required to give bond in the sum of $1,000. The schoolroom was found
to be too small, and Joiin Galbrcath, Jr., came to the rescue by offering the use
of the large room in the steward's house of tiic Washington Academy. The offer
was accepted, and at a cost of $25 Mr. Galbreath agreed to lay a plank sidewalk
between the two school buildings.

While these adjustments were being affected, the Assembly passed. January
9, 1808, the needed act of incorporation. This was in response to a petition by
nineteen persons, who say they selected Lexington as a school for female educa-
tion, "as it is going forward under favorable appearances, but we arc under the
disadvantage of not being legally authorized to manage its funds." The first
clause of this quotation seems to refer to the town rather than the school.

The first section of the Act is of the following tenor:

"Be it enacted by the General Assembly, Thai Samuel L. Campbell, John Preston, Ed-
ward Graham, Thomas L. Preston, Wilham Caruthcrs, Alexander Shields, Daniel Blain,
James McDowell, John Leyburn, Andrew Reid, James Caruthers, Wilham Wilson. John
Kiibinson, and the principal teacher, for the time being, be appointed trustees of an acad-
emy for the education of females, hereby established in the town of Lexington, and county
o( Rockbridge. And the said trustees are hereby constituted a body politic and corporate,
by the name of "The Trustees of the Ann Smith Academy, and by that name, shall have
prrjietual succession, may sue and be sued, and have conmion seal, with tlie power to take
and hold any estate, real or personal, for the use of the said academy."

Miss Smith was known to the trustees before they organized the school, and
it was their aim to secure her if possible. She was a cultured lady, a born teach-
er, and was highly successful in her new position. Her terms were liberal in the
extreme. She declined to accept any salary, but her board and her incidental ex-
penses were to be paid by the trustees. There has been an opinion in Rockbridge
that she contributed to the school in a pecuniary way, but there is nothing to in-
dicate that slie gave assistance of this tangible sort. It is more than a century
since Ann Smith closed her labors in this community, and little is now known of
her. It is believed that she came from Fredericksburg, although there is some
ground for thinking she was a native of Maryland.

At the beginning of 1808 Edward Graham was hired as assistant teacher on
a salary of $150 a session. Already, one student had been expelled alter a lengthy
trial. The girl was Nancy Miller, whose offense was smashing a bonnet. But
she was soon reinstated.

In June 1808, a iwo-acre lot was purchased from John Moore and his wife,
Polly, at a cc't of 100 pounds ($3.^3.33). It lay just outside the town liinits, and
ran down to Kelson street to the Franklin Library lot. The lower portion was after-
ward laid off into building lots and the proceeds applied on the indebtedness that
we shall presently mention. The academy building was begun the same year, but

THE ANN SMITH AND OTHER ACADEMIES 209

the completion does not seem to have taken place until the following spring. It
was a brick structure and rather imposing for those early times. The center was
of three stories and the wings of two- Colonel Jordan was the contractor for
the brick work and John Chandler for the wood work. The bills they presented
were for $4302.67, and here was a beginning of long continued trouble.

Aside from a miscellaneous item of $106.50, the face value of the fund sub-
scribed by 113 persons was $3894.50. John Preston headed the list with $500.
James McDowell, Andrew Reid, and John Robinson followed with subscriptions
of $200, $160, and $150, respectively. John Leyburn, Alexander Shields, William
Caruthers, Carter Beverly, Gordon Cloyd, and John Taliaferro gave each $10.
The remaining pledges were of sums varying from $5 to $60. The subscriptions
were not fully paid in, even so late as 1827. Thus the school was heavily in debt
from the start. The income from tuition was scarcely more than sufiScient for
the ordinary expense, and very little could be done toward paying off the in-
debtedness. A judgment was at length secured by Jordan, but he allowed a re-
bate of $250 on account of the damage resulting from the use of inferior brick.
By the close of 1821, his claim with interest had grown to $2321.66. In March,
1824, a sale of the schoolhouse and lot was decreed, the personal property of the
academy, amounting to less than $100, having already been applied to the in-
debtedness. John Robinson, the benefactor of Washington College, now inter-
posed, bought off the claimants, and executed a release to the trustees. There
were no further financial difficulties of a serious kind, and the property was kept
in repair from the income from the rents.

Relief had vainly been asked of the legislature. A memorial by the trustees,
dated 1821, proposed to turn the school over to the state, This paper gives some
interesting facts. The buildings had cost $5255.51. They had a capacity for
100 students, besides room for the principal and the steward, and lodging for
forty-five boarding students. The high-water mark in tlie attendance had been
seventy, but for several years past the average had been about twenty-five. In-
struction was given in reading, writing, and arithmetic, grammar, geography,
natural philosophy, chemistry, astronomy, belles lettres, French, painting, instru-
mental music, and embroidery. Tuition in the lower branches was twenty-five
dollars a year. The extra tuition for geography and other advanced studies, and
for painting, embroidery, and music, varied from $5 to $20. The students were
generally between the ages of thirteen and sixteen. All had to eat at the steward's
table, unless there were special arrangement otherwise. The rules of government
were unwritten, the discipline being on a parental basis.

It was pointed out that Ann Smith was the only school of its kind in the
state, and so far as known to the trustees, it was the only one of its kind in the
entire South. In Virginia the education of females had hitherto been left to the

210 A HISTORY OK KOCKDRIIXSE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

scliools of a transient sort. Tlic trustees remarked that an institution of a per-
manent cliaractcr would tend to break down local prejudices and create some-
thing like uniformity in sentiment, habits, and manners. Under Miss Smith hun-
dreds of girls from Virginia and other states had been educated at Lexington,
who otherwise might never have enjoyed anything better than rudimentary train-
ing, liut because of the suit threatened by the principal creditor, students were
discouraged from coming, and the teachers had found employment elsewhere. As
a private residence the academy building was not worth what it cost. The school
had no productive funds whatever, and in default of outside help there was no
future for it. John Ruff and Samuel McD. Reid were made a committee to back
up the statements in the memorial with evident facts. But as already observed,
the Assembly turned a deaf ear to the appeal.

Ann Smith severed her connection with the Academy in 1812. Her reasons
for doing so are not clearly shown. Perhaps she thought that after working five
years for no other financial return than her board and other primary expenses,
she had done her part in putting the new school on its feet. Under her super-
vision the academy had been very prosperous, and lier departure was sincerely
regretted by the community. The average attendance had been thirty-four, and
during sixteen sessions the charges for tuition amounted to $6525%. In the ex-
pense account, the following arc a few of the items charged to the principal:

One pair of "Dogj iron$" $12 39

One i>air shoes I75

One pair black stockings 292

30 jards dimity I87S

One yard blue satin 2.00

McnditiK an umbrella .19

Hauling a trunk from Colonel McDowell't 2S

Yet the loss of the first principal was unfortunate. The attendance fell off
in a marked degree. From 1821 to 1839 the building was simply rented out for
school purposes. But after the latter date there was a regular succession of prin-
cipal, and the school recovered something of its early prestige. Under the Rev-
erend John W. Pratt, who took charge in 1871, there was an advanced course in
which the tuition was $50. Boys were admitted about 1877. Then for alwut a
quarter of a century, the academy was a good day school with classical features.
The la.st principal was Miss Madge Paxton whose administration continued from
1879 until 1892. The last trustees were John L. Campbell, Addison Ilogue, W.
T. Shields, General Scott Shipp, and W. C. Stuart.

In 1903 the building was rented to the public school board. Fve years later
the trustees offered to convey the property to the town of Lexington, on condi-
tion that the town would. — by Octol)er 1, KX)9,— erect a school building of not
less than $15,000. For this purpose there was a bond issue of $20,000, and the

THE ANN SMITH AND OTHER ACADEMIES 211

venerable building was torn down to give room on the same spot for the High
School of Lexington. On New Year's day, 1910, the trustees turned over to the
public school board its unexpended fund of $730, and in return for this gift two
perpetual scholarships were established in the high school These, known as the
Ann Smith scholarships, are awarded by the principal to two meritorious girl
students of Lexington or Rockbridge county. The above act closes the official
history of the Ann Smith Academy. The school had endured more than a cen-
tury, and had imparted secondary education to many hundreds of girls, especial-
ly those of Rockbridge.

We now present in its actual form. Miss Smith's letter of acceptance at the
end of the first and experimental year. The original is well preserved and is
written in a clear, bold, and rather masculine hand. It is followed by a letter of
farewell from the trustees, who then, as always, were among the leading men of
Rockbridge. The two letters not only throw some light of their own on the his-
tory of the academy, but they are interesting specimens of the precise and formal
epistolary language of a hundred years ago:

Col. McDowell, Captn. Preston, Captn. Wilson, E. Graham Esqr.
Gcnllemen

The favorable sentiments toward me, expressed in your polite address, have dif-
fused over my mind a considerable degree of complacency, and I beg you to accept my
thanks, for your esteem and approbation, with which you are pleased to honor me. Your
solicitude for the prosperity of an institution, that has for its object, the enlargement of the
female mind, excites my gratitude ; and prompts me to a concurrence in a zeal so laudable.
My peculiar turn of mind, renders it disagreeable to me, to enter into a positive engagement,
or to say, or to do any thing, that would oblige me to fix here ; yet for a continuance of my
exertions, I think you may with safety rely, on my habits of industry, and the friendly sen-
timents, with which I am impressed, toward the inhabitants of the place. — As to pecuniary
matters, my accompt at the post-office, and small demands which casualties may oblige me
to make, will be all I shall ever ask : — However Gentlemen, as you seem inclined to re-
spect whatever may be interesting to me, I will mention a subject that has engaged my at-
tention, ever since an unexpected number of students, promised success to our seminary. —
I have been informed, that the Washington Academy, is much indebted to the exertions of
the late rcvd. Mr. Graham, and that he was the friend of genius, and of literature. Now,
could we extend the advantages of this institution, to his family, it might be pleasant to the
feelings of the benevolent, and grateful, to see an old debt noticed, and the virtues, of a
father, visited on his children.

The peculiar circumstances, of one of the Miss Grahams, have disposed me much in her
favor, and I think it would give me pleasure, to have an opportunity, of showing her at-
tention.

I hope. Gentlemen, what is here suggested will be agreeable to you, if otherwise, re-
member I am to receive, not to give directions.

Ann Smith.

Lexington April 8lh 1808.

212 A UlSTOKY OF ROCKBKIIXIK COUNTY, VUCINtA

ilisi Ann Smith :

Madam, The Trustees of the Seminary which bears your name, have heard
with regret that you have ex|ires>cd an intention of leaving the institution at the end of the
present session. Although the Trustees have never expected you to continue with them
longer than would be consistent with your comfort and convenience, yet having been led lo
believe that you had some time ago, made up your mind to continue at least until next Fall,
they have not made those efforts to procure a suitable successor which perhaps they might
otherwise have done. The interests you must naturally be expected to feel for the future
pros|>erity of an institution which has grown up into eminence under your patronage and
care, will doubtless induce you to endeavor to leave it in such circumstances as will afford
a reasonable prospect of its permanent usefulness. Your continuance another session would
enable the Trustees to collect the greater part of the outstanding subscriptions, to pay the
debts of the institution, to procure a good set of maps & globes, & perhaps to obtain a
reputable female successor. But on this subject the Trustees cannot insist. You have al-
ready done more than, at first they could expect; and if your determination is fixed they
must in silence acquiesce. It is a duly, however, which they owe to you & to themselves lo
express, as they on several occasions have done heretofore, the high sense they entertain
of the assiduity & skill which you have always manifested in conducting the seminary, and
which had so large a share in raising it from small beginnings to its present eminence. And
they have the satisfaction to reflect, that it has been their constant endeavor to promote your
comfort & convenience, so far as it could be done by any effort on their part. If there has
been any failure, it has arisen from want of skill or want of means, and not of want of in-
clination.

To whatever part of the world you may remove or whatever mey be your future des-
tiny, you will carry with you their best wishes for your happiness & they will hope that you
will always entertain a maternal solicitude for the interests and prosperity of the Ann
Smith Academy.

So long as education was usually regarded in Virginia as a private interest,
the pay school had a monopoly of educational cfTorts. And since the well-to-do
were the most willing as well as the best able to pay tuition fees, it is easy to under-
stand that much stress was laid on a better training than could well be given in the
old field school itself. The men who conducted the schools of higher rank were
frequently college graduates, and were often of superior qualifications for the
school room. The cfTect was to diffuse a considerable degree of scholastic cul-
ture among the more prosperous members of the community. The private aca-
demy had lo.-it none of its repute in the decade following the war of 1861. But
the opening years of the twentieth century found the free school system so well
intrenched, and doing so efTicient work in the higher grades, that the private in-
stitution could no longer compete on equal terms with the public graded school.
It was l>ecause of this fact that the Ann Smith Academy passed out of existence.

The anteliellum ?cademy schools at Lexington, Brownsbiirg, Fancy Hill,
Kerr's Creek, and Ben .Salem could fit the student for college or give him a re-
spectable start even without college training. Many of the old field school*
were able to give instruction in the classics.

I^xinpton. Fancy Hill, and Brownsburg luive been the most conspicuous
•eats of private academics. The record uf the county seat is to be found in the

THE ANN SMITH AND OTHER ACADEMIES

213

history of Liberty Hall and Ann Smith Academy. Yet in 1834, incorporation was
asked for the Central School of Lexington, founded in 1819 by John Leyburn,
John Perry, John Jordan, Andrew Wallace, William H. Letcher, Reuben Ross,
Samuel Darst, Phoebe Caruthers, John RufT, and Joseph Blair. These persons
bought a lot and built a house upon it at a cost of $1100. But it would appear
that primary rather than secondary education was the purpose.

In the Lexington Gazette for 1855 are the advertisements of four schools
of academic rank. One of these was the Brownsburg High School, under the care
of James Greer. Another was the Lexington Classical School, conducted by
Jacob Fuller, A. M. Its tuition was $40. There was also the announcement
of the Lexington Mathematical and English Academy, to be presided over by G.
A. Goodman. The tuition was $8 for five months. The same paper adver-
tised that James B. Ramsey would open a classical school at Highland Bell school-
house near New Monmouth.

In 1860 the Brownsburg Female Seminary advertised a nine months session,
with tuition at $20 to $40 and board at $100 to $110.

In 1856 the Valley Star contained a notice of the Rural Valley Seminary,
'*' three miles north of the Natural Bridge. The principal was the Reverend Sam-

uel Emerson, A. M. In 1860 the Brownsburg Seminary announced a session of
nine months, with board at $100, and tuition at $20 to $40. The same year Miss
Laura Ball was teaching a term of ten months, in Lexington.

The same fall that brought Genera! Lee to Lexington witnessed the opening
of the Lexington Classical School by C. P. Estill, a graduate of Washington Col-
lege and an accomplished scholar. Another laborer in this field at the same time
was W. B. Poindexter-

In 1866, the Brownsburg High School, now in charge of Captain H. R. Mor-
rison, was still at work. The same year the county papers advertised the Fancy
Hill Qassical School by Colonel W. T. Poague, and the opening of an English
and Classical School by S. C. Smith. A select school, conducted at the county
seat for several years by the Misses Baxter, was still at work. His house "Se-
clusaval," near Fancy Hill, Robert C. McCluer, who died in 1881, maintained for
many years a classical school for girls. David E. Laird, who won a Robinson
prize medal in 1856, opened a classical school at old Fancy Hill, and continued it
for nineteen years. Colonel Poague was associated with him for six years.

Palmer's Academy, near the junction of the north and south forks of the
Buffalo seems to have been the last school of this class. A joint stock company
was formed in 1903. The following spring, the cornerstone was laid with Ma-
sonic ceremonies and was followed with an educational address by Doctor J. A.
Quarles of Washington and Lee University. After three quite successful ses-
sions as a high grade private school, the academy was in 1907 converted into a
public high school, the first to be organized in this county outside of Lexington.

XXVIII
THE FIt,\NK.LIN' SOCIETY

No history of Rockbridge would be at all complete without a sketch of the
Franklin Society. For nearly a century it was foremost among the debating clubs
of the county, and it provided a public library to the town of Lexington.

The exact year of its origin is not certainly known. According to the Valley
Star of 1856, it took its rise in 1800. We find also a belief that it was in existence
as early as 1796. Both these statements may be correct. During several suc-
cessive winters the men of Lexington may have maintained a debating club in an
informal manner and without giving it a distinctive name. They would soon
have come to feel the need of definite organization.

Be this as it may, Colonel J. T. L. Preston, in his address before the Frank-
lin Society in February. 1873, tells us that it was first known as "The Belles
Lettres Society." Four new names succeeded one another within the next dozen
years. In 1804 the organization was called "The Union," in 1807, "The Repub-
lican Society": in 1808. "The Literary Society of Lexington"; and finally Au-
gust, ISll. "The Franklin Society."

The following persons are named as the leading members — probably for
the year 1800 — John Alexander, Andrew Alexander, Doctor S. L. Campbell,
John Caruthers, James Caruthers, Cornelius Dorman, John Leyburn, Thomas
L. Preston. Alexander Shields, and I-ayman Wayt.

Colonel Preston says the society made its first purchase of books in 1813.
The thirty-eight volumes were mainly on historical subjects. In 1801, however,
a library, disticnct from the debating society, was organized on the share-hold-
ing principle. This library was sold in 1825.

Incorporation came January 30, 1816. The first meeting under the charter
wa.s to cfTect an organization, and was held in the hall of Washington College.
Ten years later, ground was p\irchased at the corner of Nelson and JefTerson
streets, and a building was erected at a cost of $1,800. Several years later the lot
was enlarged. The original charter expired by limitation, February 1, 1850, but a
renewal was granted and this was to remain valid until 1870. The prtition a'^king
for the renewal informs us that in 1840 the house and lot were worth $2.!>00.
and that the 1400 volumes in the library had cost $3,000. But seven years later,
the Vallfv Star tells us there were forty shareholders, anfl that the real estate
and the library were each worth $4,000. A meeting held Januar>' 27, 1851. de-
cided to a<;k that the society be given leave to enlarge its quarters, its building not
being sufTiciently commodious. The Franklin Hall was twenty-four bv fifty feet
on the ground and two stories high. The upper floor was occupied by the hall

THE FRANKLIN SOCIETY

215

for debates, which were held every Saturday night. The hbrary was also kept in
the rocm, and for more than fifty years John W. Fuller was the librarian. By
1873, $10,000 had been expended for ground, house, and library. The books came
through the war of 1861 unscathed.

The questions for debate were scientific as well as literary, and were ex-
ceedingly varied in their scope. "Since 1850," remarks Colonel Preston, "no
subject of interest, of national, or state, or county importance, has failed to be dis-
cussed in the Franklin. In 1860-61, how wide the difference of opinion, and how
sternly those opinions were held !"

Some of the questions for debate in the pre-war period were these:

"Would a separation of the states be preferable to a limited monarchy?"
Decided in the negative.

"Are theatrical amusements prejudicial to morality ?" Decided in the af-
firmative

"Does man consist in two substances, special and distinct from each other?"
Decided in the negative.

"Can any heathen be saved who never heard the name of Jesus?" Decided in
the afifirmative by a unanimous vote.

"Ought the Scriptures to be used as a classbook in the schools?" Decided in
the affirmative.

"Would it be polite to repeal the hog law in this town?" Decided in the
negative.

From the first there was a good feeling between the Franklin Society and
Washington College. It is also worthy of note in this connection that the estab-
lishing of the Virginia Military Institute was first publicly discussed by this
society.

The weekly debates came to an end in 1891, and in the same year the hall
and library were transferred to the Washington and Lee University on condition
that a Franklin Society scholarship be founded for the benefit of some student
from Rockbridge. In 1909 the hall was sold by the university. It was destroyed
by fire January 8, 1^15.

The Franklin Society flourished almost a hundred years. It was indeed a wise
foresight that purciiased the lot and built the hall. Without such an anchor a
debating society will languish and at lengfth dissolve. But real estate is held to
with tenacity, even though it may not put back a dollar into the pockets of its
owners. The hall was a place for lectures and entertainments as well as debates.
It was frequented by the ablest talent of Lexington, and among the attendants,
despite the fact that the automobile had not yet arrived, were men from the rural
districts. The society exerted a wide and beneficial influence in Lexington and
its vicinity, and even outside of Rockbridge county.

216 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Interest waned after the coming of the iron horse to Lexington. The debates
languished. There seinicd to be only one thing for tlie society to do, and that
was to close its doors. In our day there is a greater inclination to scan the daily
newspaper in its headlines, to gallop through the "latest book," and to go joy-
riding in a Ford than to take time for the more substantial benefit that comes
through the perusal of the world's classics, or the threshing out of some topic of
interest by debaters who prepare themselves for the fray. Ours is a time of tran-
sition, a hurried, feverish time. But all fevers bum themselves out, and as our
new century becomes more "stabilized," the debate may once more come into its
own. It may also be that some of the people who knew the old Franklin will know
a new one.

XXIX

JOURNALISM AND LITERATURE

The Repository — Antebellum Newspapers — The Newer Journalism — Rockbridge

IN Literature

At the outbreak of the War of the Revolution, there were only two news-
papers published in Virginia and both were published at the capital. Neither of
them contained more reading matter than one of our present four-page Sunday
School papers.

On first glance it is almost a wonder that within thirty years a weekly news-
paper of a still larger size should appear in distant Lexington. But at the open-
ing of the nineteenth century the county seat of Rockbridge was one of the more
important of the few and small towns of this state. It was also a time when poli-
tical feeling in America was running high. This was a powerful incentive to the
multiplication of partisan newspapers.

In the library of the Washington and Lee University is the only copy of the
Rockbridge Repository, known to be in existence. It bears the date, Wednes-
day, January 19, 1804. The title-page carries the motto, "Truth our Guide, the
Public Good Our Aim"; and as a vignette, a bust of the Goddess of Liberty.
A further scrutiny of the heading shows that publication began October 21, 1802.
The size of the page is that of a five-column paper of the present day. Long prim-
er type is used. The publisher was James McMullin, and the subscription price
was $2 a year. The editor claims that his patronage is widely distributed. A
recently established opposition paper was the Telegraph, which McMullin, like a
true knight of the quill, excoriates in his editorial column. The Repository was
still in existence in 1805.

It is related in Foote's Sketches of Virginia that in October. 1804, the first
number of the Virginia Religious Magazine was issued from the press of Samuel
Walkup in Lexington. That periodical, which was of sixty-four pages, continued
to appear every other month for three years. It is said to have been the first of
the kind to be published south of the Potomac.

A dark age with respect to our knowledge of Rockbridge journalism now ap-
pears to set in. In 1835, a paper calling itself The Union, and published by C. C.
Baldwin, changed its name to the Lexington Gazette and under the latter title
it has appeared ever since, excepting that it was The Gazette and Banner, in 1866,
The Virginia Gazette, in 1869-70. and for a while in after years, The Lexington
Gazette and Commercial Advertiser. Until after 1873 its editors were O. P.
Baldwin. C. C. Baldwin, James Pattnn, Alphonsn Smith. David P Curry. Tames

218 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

K. Edmondson, John L. Campbell, W. W. Scott, Josiah McXutt, Samuel H.
Letcher, John J. Laffcrty, and A. T. Barclay. In 1839, The Valley Star came in-
to existence and was published until after the presidential campaign of 1860.

For more than twenty years these well-matched journals occupied the local
field. Each had an ornamental title-head, this being a quite universal feature of
tlie American weeklies of that period and also for some years after the war of
1861. The page is of seven columns. The type is smaller than is now customary
in papers of this class, so that the amount of reading matter is very considerable.
Fully two pages are devoted to Congressional doings, national politics, stories, and
miscellaneous matter. The proceedings in the halls of Congress are given at
such great length, and such liberal extracts arc taken from the speeches of
"Timothy Tremendous" and his contemporaries, that this department of either
paper reads like the Coiigrcssioval Record. So much space is given to politics —
of the nation even more than of the state, — that the local news is very meagre.
The person who is delving into local history consequently finds little to reward
him for his search. The advertising matter, which covers nearly two pages, is
set almost solid. Capitals and heavy-faced type arc counted upon to catch the
eye of the reader. The art of display was little understood.

The Valley Star supported the Democratic party. The Gazette supported the
short-lived American Party, which in a large degree supplanted the Whig, and
disappeared in I860 after changing its name to the Constitutional Union party.
Some features of the advertising columns look strange to us now. There are
advertisements of runaway negroes, while certain jjcrsons announce that they arc
in the market for the i)urchase of slaves. Occasional mention of the Maryland
Lottery calls to mind the fact that it has not been so very long since the Ixiuis-
iana I.nitcry was excluded from the mails after a long fight with its large cornip-
tion fund. A little earlier in the century, even cluirclies did not scruple to raise
funds by resorting to lotteries. But a healthier moral tone at length drove this
form of gambling to cover.

To the historian of the war of 1861, the Lcxingtun papers of the years 1859-
1865 will repay a close examination. Particularly is this true of the twelve
months ending with May. 1861. The issues of the day are .ably and lengthily
discussed in the editorial cohnnns, in articles contributed by prominent citizens,
and in letters coming from a distance. Even the four years of actual combat did
not induce the editors to cut out very much of the space they had formerly al-
lowed to poetry, fiction, travel. househoM items, and paragraphs of general in-
terest. In pursuing this course the editors were wise. Such reading was a re-
laxation from the strain which was sure to follow a too absorbing interest in the
events which persisted in orctipving the foreground.

The Caselte appeared quite regularly throjjghout the war period, even

JOURNALISM AND LITERATURE 219

though it reduced its pages from four to two. It was more fortunate than some
other journals of the South, for it was often compulsory to resort to the most
indifferent materials, even wall paper, in order to come out at all.

Until after the clash of arms in April, 1861, the Lexington papers were tem-
perate in the language they used when speaking of the North and its people. But
after that occurrence there was an abrupt change.

That the close of that conflict indeed marked the "end of an era," is perhaps
nowhere more evident than in a comparison of the journalism of the 50's with
that of the decade following the war. The earlier style simply passed out of
existence. In the latter period there is a new point of view. The minute re-
ports of Congressional proceedings are a thing of the past. Matters of state,
and particularly of county interest, receive a greatly increased share of attention.
In this is reflected a desire to repair the waste caused by the war. Economic
change compels some change in mental attitude. There is a greater activity of the
social consciousness. The literary feature is by no means neglected, and is indeed
better than in the earlier time. There now begins a "fighting them over" of the
campaigns of the war, articles of this class embracing biographies of Confederate
leaders, controversies relative to military operations, and incidents of camp, march,
and battle. The editorials are fiery and speak of the Federal administration as
though it were a foreign government. The general effect of these on a Northern
reader would have been much like that of rubbing a cat's back in the direction
which is not agreeable to that animal. But in this respect there was little to
choose in the political editorials of America, whether written north or south of
the old Mason and Dixon line. On neither side was there any lack of ginger.
The partisan journalism of that period, irrespective of section, has had much to
answer for in keeping alive the coals of distrust and misunderstanding. How-
ever, this peppery style of editorial writing was not often rebuked.

Wit and humor were more characteristic of this period in Rockbridge jour-
nalism than cither before or since. Conspicuous in this line are snake stories and
other "yarns" of a like degree of extravagance ; mention of orations by "Fur-
iosus Eombasticus" and the "Reverend Theodore Swellhead"; the "Intercepted
Letters" that were appearing about 1877. A forecast of the year 1874 we trans-
fer to this chapter, using a slight amount of editing.

Careful calculations based on the respective situations and appearances of the heavenly
bodies, by a competent astrologist, led to the following conclusions concerning coming
events in this county during the year just begun.

The year will open with snows and the consumption of immense quantities of egg-
nogg. The shire-town of the county will experience a political revolution and consequent
change in its administration policy and municipal officers. It will rain persistently for one
week and then freeze and cause people to "slick up." The Frankh'n Society will disestablish
the English Church. People will get drunk at court and other days, chew tobacco and
smoke, and dip snuff. Some will be put in the "cage." It will snow and sleet and rain

220 A HISTORY OF ROCKDBIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

some more. One hundred and fifty people will gel tired living singly and agree to do »o
doubly. Some will die. The wheat will look dreadfully bad. It will certainly turn out to be
"winter-killed." taken by the fly, or rust. There will be no corn in the land. The taxes will
be high. The dogs will kill some sheep. The roads will be in a miserable condition. Some
people will eat possums and coons. A few will quarrel with our representatives in the legis-
lature, and many will want to go there themselves. There will be preaching in all the
churches tolerably regularly. People will sue and be sued. There will be court once a month
and four times a year, too. The bank will not honor your check when you haven't
any money there. The railroad won't come this year. Money will be hard to get. Children
will be born with red. black, light, curly, and kinky hair, and some without any. None will
be bom with teeth. Some will be born good and some bad. There will be fights, fusses,
and frowns.

In 1874 the Gazette thus speaks of its veteran typesetter:

There is a printer in the Gazette office. Burgess by name. He has been "setting" from
scrawly type for half a century. The arrowhead inscriptions would be as plain as pica to
him. He can put in type the curious marks made by the county court lawyer. He never
failed on Judge McLaughlin's writing, fine as if made by a cambric needle, with one good
letter beginning a word and the balance a wavy line. Colonel .*llen couldn't balk him with
microscopic manuscript looking like the fuzr on a flea. But the law class sent up Mr.
Tucker's notes to print. For two hours Burgess tried in vain to start a single line on any
paragraph. The unrappy printer felt his head to find if it was too hot or out of gear \
walk in the cool air gave him no aid. After we had examined thera ten minutes. Burgess
looked over our shoulder and said we had them upside down.

All in all, the Rockbridge newspaper of this period was a distinct advance
over that of the 50's and had a general solidity that has not since been surpassed.

The Rockbridge County News, appearing as a non-political paper, made its
bow November 7. 1884, and from that time to the present has been a well-printed
local newspaper, substantial in its contents, and strong in its presentation of mat-
ters that arc of fundamental interest to the people of its county.

When we compare the Rockbridge paper of 1918 with its predecessor of
1858, the contrast is striking. Local news predominates in the former over all
other kinds, and even state news occupies a subordinate place. Very long articles
are infrequent, unless in the case of an address at the University or the Institute.
Miscellaneous reading, unless it may feature as a topic of the day finds little room.
The open spaces in the advertisements contrast strongly with the clo.sely printed
advertising columns of the earlier period.

In most instances the literary record of a county is soon told. Occasionally,
in f.irt. there is no record to tell. Rut the list of bnoks by natives of Rockbridge,
or lonp-time residents of the county, is of quite formid.ible length. So difficult
would he the task of constructing a full and accurate biography, that we have not
felt warranted in undertaking it Sttch titles ns hnve hrcnmr known to us are
in general to be found in the sketches comprising Chapter XXXIII.

XXX

OLD MILITIA DAYS

The Colonial System — The Militl\ in The Revolution — The Rockbridge Organization

— Muster Days

Before the Revolution there was no standing army in any of the American
colonies, and the exclusive reliance in time of war was upon the militia. In this
contingency, all the white males in Virginia, if adult and able-bodied, were sup-
posed to be subject to the call of the county lieutenants. The commissioned of-
ficers were nominated by the county court and confirmed by the governor.

The day of general muster was the fourth Tuesday of September. There
was a company muster every three months. The private went to muster or to
war in his ordinary clothes. The hunting shirt, sometimes of one color and some-
times of another, and the coonskin cap were so typical on the frontier as to serve
the purpose of uniform. The militiaman took his own rifle or smooth-bored gun,
and in his belt were a hunting knife and a tomahawk. The company officer seem
generally to have dressed like the privates and to have carried his rifle and pow-
der-horn, the same as his soldiers.

A commission in the military service was esteemed very honorable, and was
regarded as a stepping stone to something higher. Yet it was only the officer with
a strong inborn power of leadership who could exert much influence over the
frontiersman. The latter was almost without any sense of military ethics, and
could not see why his neighbor should have any designated right to give orders.
He was not inclined to obey except when it suited his pleasure to do so. His lack
of precaution as well as discipline often caused him to run into an ambuscade, or
to permit the Indian to get close to his stockade without being seen. His "tour of
duty" was seldom for more than three months, and frequently it was for not more
than one or two months. While thus absent the pay of the private was from a
shilling to a shilling and a half a day.

During the Revolution there was no radical change in the method of public
defense. A standing army was held in so great suspicion that it was all but im-
possible to convince the leaders of affairs of the unwisdom of pitting an insubordi-
nate militia against trained regulars. Nevertheless, a considerable number of
men were enlisted in the Continental service. When trained by professional
drillmasters, many of whom were foreigners, they could hold their own against
the best of the redcoats. This shows that it was not the men themselves who
were at fault, but the system, or rather the lack of system. Occasionally, as at
King's Mountain and the Cowpens. and to a partial extent at Guilford, the militia

222 A UiSTUKY UF ROCKURllX^E COUNTV, VIRGINIA

fought to good purpose. But in general their propensity to take to their heels
caused tlitni to be lieid in contempt by the Continentals and to be sworn at by
the higher olhcers. No militiaman couid tell how his comrades might act. Ihcy
were easily demoralized, and when this was the case, each person looked out for
himself. 1-ew of their olhcers had a practical knowledge of the art of war, and
were consequently the less able to turn raw, wililul material into good soldiery
in a month or two. Washington, Morgan, Henry Lee, and other leaders under-
stood the situation perfectly, but had to contend with opposition from men like
Jetferson, who, with respect to military matters were impractical and iiieflicient.
But for the influence of men like him, the war might have ended in 1777 instead of
17S1.

Some light on the comparative merit of the trained and untrained soldiers
of the Revolution can be gathered by reading their appuications for pension. In
the case of a veteran who had served in a Continental regiment, we find that he
usually had seen considerable of the war. Not infrequently he was wounded or
captured in some important engagement. But when the militiaman was out on
several tours, the aggregate seldom amounted to a year of service, and we come
upon the very frequent statement that the applicant "was in no battle."

The militia companies of Augusta were expected to consist of expert rifle-
men. Each soldier was to "furnish himself with a good rifle, if to be had, other-
wise with a tomahawk, common firelock, bayonet, pouch or cartouch box, and
three charges of powder and ball." If the rifleman made an aflidavit that he
could not supply himself as above, the equipment was to be furnished at public
expense. For providing his own equipment, he was to be allowed a rental of one
pound a year. His daily pay was to be twenty-one cents. From this was de-
diuted an allowance for "hunting shirt, a pair of leggings, and binding for his
hal."

After American independence was accomplished, X'irginia was divided in-
to divisions, brigade, and regimental districts. The militia of this county belonged
to the Thirteenth Brigade District, which lay in the Third Division District. In
1794 there were five companies in each of the two battalions of the Fighth Reg-
iment, but in the year following there were six companies in each battalion. A
grenadier and a rifle company are mentioned in 1794, and one company each of
cavalry, artillery, and light infantry in 1815. A division into two regiments seems
to have taken place in 1807, in which year we find mention of the Third Regiment.

To each division were attached one regiment of cavalry and one of artillery.
The regiment, consisting of at least 400 men and commanded by a colonel, was di-
vided into two battalions, one commanded by the licntenant-colonel and one by
the major. I-'ach battalion had a stand of colors. In each company were one
captain, two first lieutenants, two second lieutenants, five sergeants, and six cor-

OLD MILITIA DAYS 223

porals. The ensign, a commissioned officer having charge of the colors and
ranking below the second lieutenant, was dispensed with after the war of 1812.
On the stall of the colonel was one quartermaster, one paymaster, one surgeon,
one surgeon's mate, one adjutant with the rank of captain, one sergeant major,
one quartermaster-sergeant, two principal musicians, and drum and tife majors.
Each company had one drum and either a fife or a bugle. A failure to attend
muster meant a fine, usually seventy-five cents, and this was put into the hands
of the sheriff for collection.

Regimental muster came off in April or May. and was preceded by a three
days, training of the officers, who were gaily appareled. Their costume included
a hat with dangling feathers and a long, swallow-tailed dark-blue coat with
eqauletts and brass buttons. The privates were uniformed and sometimes car-
ried canes or umbrellas in place of arms.

The day of general muster was the event of the year. It brought to town
a great crowd of both sexes and races and all ages. The costumes presented all
the colors imaginable. There were sheet-covered wagons with little tables in
front, loaded with sweet cider, ginger ale, half-moon pies, lemonade, cofTee, and
cup-shaped pound cakes. There was the military strut of the officer, the proud
prancing of ribbon-decked stallions, and the soul-stirring music of drum and fife.
The hour of muster was ten o'clock. As the time approached, a detachment of
cavalry was sent to escort the colonel and his staff to the parade ground. Guards
were posted around it to keep the field clear. After two hours of drill, during
which each man kept his own step the procession came back to town, and was
dissolved with the long roll, concluded with "Yankee Doodle," or some other
quick, lively tune. The colonel then complimented his men and told them how
interesting they would make it for an enemy if ever they should have to meet
him. There was finally the command to "break ranks, march." The sequel was
a genera! imbibing of liquids much stronger than those vended at the tables in
front of the wagons. This had its inevitable accompaniment of fights and bloody
faces. There was noise and fuss of every description. It was a day of "rare
frolic for the boys, a scary time for the mothers, and a busy time for the magis-
trates and constables."

As a practical instrumentality, the militia system of that period was little
better than a farce. Its inefficiency appears in the fact that before the middle
of the century it had broken down and continued to exist only on paper.

XXXI

A ROCKBRIDGE HALL OF FAME
Emicration FkOM The Col-ntv — Notable Namu

Almost from the very dawn of settlement there has been a persistent em-
igration from Rockbridge. Like all agricultural communities of its class, this
county lias been a nursery ground for the peopling of newer portions of the
Union. For a long while the outflow was almost wholly toward the points in the
western half of the compass dial. Emigrants from this locality were in the fore-
front in peopling the liluegrass region of Kentucky. So many of the sons and
daughters of Rockbridge poured into the Valley of East Tennessee as to make
some of its counties — Blount, for instance — look like colonies of Rockbridge.
Some of the later emigrants did not pause until they reached the Pacific coast or
the vicinity of the Rio Grande.

But during the last quarter-century the eastern half of the compass dial is
claiming some attention. Tiie Great West has lo.st its pristine newness, and the
Atlantic seaboard presents certain attractions. There is an appreciable reflex
movement felt even as far as the Pacific. The outgoing tide from Rockbridge
may be termed cosmopolitan, so far as the boundaries of the .^mcrican Republic
are concerned.

It is significant that from the center of the county, where there was the
most slavery as well as the most wealth, the emigrants used to find the greatest
attraction in the planting districts of the .South and Southwest. But fmni the
western border the emigrant has been much more inclined to settle west of the
Ohio.

The people of Rockbridge have been a rather prolific stock. Had the rate of
increase which was true of all America until 1840 been maintained to the pres-
ent year, and had there Inrn an iron law to keep any person from moving out,
this county would now contain as many inhabitants as the city of Washington. It
will thus appear that the people of Rockbridge birth or ancestry who live outside
our l)ordcrs arc vastly more numerous than the people actually within them.

TTie colonial imigrants from Ulster were the pick of that region. The other
people who took part in the subjugation of the Rockbridge wilderness were
among the more energttic of the dwellers along the Atlantic coast. The fusion of
these rlrmrnts produced a stock virile, forceful, and intellectual. That from it
should come st.Ttpsmrn. soldiers, explorers, professional men, writers, and in-
ventors, was a more natural consequence. Of the celebrities from Rockbridge

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October, 1909
There have been only eit;ht pastors of New Providence
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A ROCKBRIDGE HALL OF FAME 225

named in "Augusta County, Virginia, in the History of the United States," fifty-
three are contributed by four families : the McUoweils, the Dunlaps, the Logans,
and the McKees.

No attempt to construct a Rockbridge Hall of Fame can result in complete-
ness. To sift out from the major and muior celebrities of America all the names
traceable to a Rockbridge source is a hopeless undertaking. In this chapter we
mention only such names as have come to our notice.

Furthermore, Rockbridge has been much honored by men and women who
were born and reared elsewhere, yet came here to live, sometimes not until the
evening of their days had arrived. The influences that drew them here lay very
much in the two great educational institutions of Lexington. Conspicuous among
the personages of this class are Robert E. Lee, the foremost chieftain of the
Confederacy ; Stonewall Jackson, the right arm of Lee ; Matthew F. Maury, the
"Pathfinder of the Seas"; John Brown and William Graham, founders of Liberty
Hall Academy; Henry Ruffner and George Junkin, presidents of Washington
College; Francis H. Smith, fifty years the head of the Virginia Military Institute;
John W. Brockenbrough, jurist and teacher of law, David H. Hill, the soldier-
professor; J. Randolph Tucker, authority on constitutional law; William L. Wis-
son, congressman, cabinet ofticer, and university president ; John M. Brooke, the
professor who planned the ironclad Merrimac and made ocean cables possible
by his device for determining the depth of the ocean ; and finally, the authoresses,
Margaret Junkin Preston and Susan P. Lee.

It would be very interesting to know to a certainty how many counties, cit-
ies, and towns in our forty-eight states have been named for Rockbridge men.
As to counties, we know of more than are to be found in Arizona, Delaware, Ne-
vada, or Wyoming, or in any of the six New England states.

Four counties, a great commercial city, and towns and villages in twelve
states bear the name of General Sam Houston, the Washington of Texas. Allen
county, Kentucky, was named for Colonel John Allen, killed in the battle of the
Raisin in 1813 ; Anderson county, South Carolina, for General Robert Anderson,
Campbell county, Kentucky, for Colonel John Campbell. Carlisle county, also
in Kentucky, bears the name of an eminent son of the Bluegrass State, whose
first American ancestors lived on the Calf pasture. Carson county in Texas
was named for Samuel P. Carson, and Craighead county in Arkansas for
Thomas B. Craighead, a descendant of Alexander Craighead, a pioneer divine
who owned a farm in the Borden Tract. Dale county in Alabama was named for
General Samuel Dale, whose parents left Rockbridge in 1775. "Big Sam" was a
great scout and Indian fighter. In eight days and witiiout change of horse, he
rode from Georgia to New Orleans to deliver a message for General Andrew
Jackson. He sat in the legislatures of Alabama and Mississippi, and in 1831

226

A HISrOBY OF KOCKBRIUCE COUNTY, VIBGINIA

bupcniitcndcd the rcniuval of tlic LhocUtw ihbc to Oklahoma. Edmondson coun-
ty, Kciituck}, contains Maniniolh Cave and was named (or Captam Jolin Ldmond-
son, anotlier soldier killed in the battle of tiic river Ivaiiin. Estill county in tlic
same state was named for James, a brotlirr to Benjamin Estill, ancestor to the
Estills wlio used to live in Lexington. Hays county, Nevada, coniinemoralcs tlic
name of Colonel John E. Hays, the first shcrill of San Erancisco. Jo Uaviess
county, Illinois, was named for Colonel Joseph H. Daviess, a rival of Henry
Clay as an orator and the first Western lawyer to appear before the Supreme
Court i<f the United States. McDowell county in West \irginia and the town
ot McDowell in Virginia were named for Governor James McDowell. Meigs
county, Tennessee, was named for Return J. Meigs, who lived a while on the
Calf pasture. The county of Rhea in Tennessee derives its name from a member
of the Rhea connection of this county. In Mississippi is a Tate county. Warrick
county, Indiana, is named in honor of Jacob Warrick, who was born on the
Calfpasture in 1773 and fell in the battle of Tippecanoe. He was a son of John
and grandson of William Warwick. His descendants figure in Western history.
The counties in Kentucky and Indiana that are known as Whitley derive the
name from William Whitley, born in Rockbridge in 1749. He heard glowing ac-
counts of Kentucky, to which his wife, whose maiden name was Esther I*"uller,
made this comment: "Billy, if I were you I would go and see." Billy made his
tour of investigation by traveling afoot. He was killed at the Thames in 1813,
where he was serving as a volunteer, although sixty-four years of age. Two of
his descendants were William and Milton Sublette, who achieved some fame as
explorers in the Rocky Mountain region. Captain William Sublette built Eort
Laramie in 1834.

At least five governors of states were born in this county ; James McDowell
and John Letcher, governors of Virginia, George Mathews, twice governor of
Georgia, Sannicl Houston, governor of Tennessee and later of Texas, and
Alexander G. McNutt. governor of Mississippi. The governors of Rockbridge
parentage or rearing are much more numerous. The list includes Henry C. Stuart,
of Virginia, Milliam A. MacCorklc and Henry M. Mathews, of West \'irginia.
B- Gralz Brown and Herbert S. Hadley, of Missouri. Joseph M. Brown, Joseph
E. Brown, and Nathaniel E. Harris, of Georgia, William G. Brownlow. Robert L.
Caruthcrs (not inaugurated), and Robert G. Taylor, of Tennessee, Orion Clcnicns,
of Nevada. James M. Harvey, of Kansas, J. Proctor Knott, of Kentucky, Eli H.
Murray, of L'tah, Th( mas Posey, of Indiana, and William A. Richardson and Wil-
liam Walker, of Nebfaska. Clemens. Murray, Posey. Richardson, and Walker,
were territorial "•. Knott was a scion of the McElroy family.

As to I'edc: ''rs we are able to name B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri.

James Brown and Thomas Posey, of I^uisiana, Robert H. Adams, of Mississippi,

A ROCKBRIDGE HALL OF FAME 227

Joseph E. Brown, of Georgia, William G. Brownlow, and Robert L. Taylor, of
Tennessee, Joseph M. Dixon, of Montana, James M. Harvey, of Kansas, William
Lindsay and William Logan, of Kentucky, George S. Nixon, of Nevada, Miles
Poindexter and John L. Wilson, of Washington, and William A. Richardson, of
Illinois. Dixon, Nixon, Poindexter, and Wilson are respectively of Hadley, Es-
till, Alexander, and McKee lineage. Landon C. Haynes, who sprang from the
Taylor family was a Confederate senator from Tennessee.

Among members of the Federal House of Representatives we find Simon
H. Anderson, William A. Anderson, John Boyle, George W. Dunlap, Samuel Mc-
Kee, and Thomas Montgomery, of Kentucky; Augustus A. Chapman, Henry A.
Edmondson, Archibald Stuart, Edgar McC. Wilson, and Thomas Wilson, of Vir-
ginia; William C. Dunlap, Abraham McClellan, and Nathaniel G. Taylor, of Tenn-
essee; William McK. Dunlap, of Indiana; Joseph W. McCorkle,of California; Jos-
eph J. McDowell, of Ohio; John McKee of Alabama; John T. Stuart and Medill
McCormick, of Illinois; Edward J. Gay, of Louisiana; Charles B. Timberlake, of
Colorado. Boyle, Chapman, Edmundson, and Stuart are respectively from the
Tilford, Alexander, Reyburn, and Walker families.

Men who have held the rank of major-general or brigadier-general in the
Continental, Federal, Confederate, or foreign service are these: John C. Bate,
Jeremiah T. Boyle, James P. Brownlow, Robert Cunningham, Henry C. Dunlap,
James Dunlap, William McK. Dunn, Samuel L. Glasgow, Harry T. Hays, Felix
Huston, Albert C. Jenkins, Edward J. McClernand, John C. McFerran, William
L. Marshall, Thomas Posey, Eli D. Murray, John D. Stevenson, J. G. Tilford,
J. E. B. Stuart, James A. Walker, and Lucien Walker. Boyle sprang from the
Tilfords, Dunn and Jenkins from the McNutts, Huston and Murray from the Al-
iens, McClernand from the Dunlaps, Marshall from the Paxtons, and Stevenson
from the Houstons. John M. Bowyer and John C. Fremont, Jr., attained the
rank of rear-admiral. Joseph E. Montgomery was a commodore in the Con-
federate navy.

A further list of the sons of Rockbridge who have reached high position in
public life embraces these names: John McKinley (from Logan family). Justice
of the Supreme Court of the United States; Jacob M. Dickenson (McGavock
family). Secretary of War; Richard G. Dunlap, Secretary of War of the Republic
of Texas; James Guthrie (Dunlap family), Secretary of the Treasury; William
H. Jack (Houston family) , Secretary of State of the Republic of Texas; James
Brown. Minister to France; James G. Birney (McDowell family), Minister to
the Netherlands; Charles Denby (Harvey family). Minister to China: ^^'iIliam C.
Dunlap. Minister to Mexico from Texas: John Hays Hammond (Hays family),
special Ambassador to Great Britain ; Alexander K. McClung, Minister to Bolivia;
Robert S. McCormick, Ambassador to France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary ;

228 A HISTOBY OF BOCKBRIOCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Thomas A. R. Nelson (Paxton family), Minister to China; Henry L. Wilson
(McKcc iamily), Ambassador to Mexico; James Wilson (McKce family). Min-
ister to \ cnezuela.

We now come to a list of rather less prominent names. These are William
Y. Allen, chaplain of the Congress of the Republic of Texas; H. S. Ucattic, the
first man to build a house in Carson valley, Nevada ; Major Lancelot Armstrong,
second in command of a Kentucky regiment in the battle of New Orleans, J. W.
Bashford (Dunlap family), bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Ishom
Gilliam, shcrifT of Madison county, Illinois, when it covered the north half of that
state, and instrumental in keeping slavery out of Illinois; Edward J. Glasgow,
overland trader and captain under Colonel Donaphan in the battle of the Sacra-
mento; Doctor Alfred Y. Hull, editor and legislator in Iowa; Stephen D. Logan,
an Illinois jurist; John McKee, register of the United States Land Office in Illi-
nois; Colonel John McKee, a native of Rockbridge, who in 1813 induced the
Choctaws and Chicamaugas to side with the Americans ; Robert McKnight, leader
of what was probably the first private trading expedition to Santa Fe ; Colonel
Joseph L. Meek, relative to James K. Polk, who helped to establish a civil gov-
ernment in Oreogn in 1843 ; James Moore, a native of Rockbridge and president
of Transylvania Unifcrsity; William McC. Morrison, missionary to the Congo;
Joel P. Walker, who in 1841 pili>ted the first emigrant family to the Pacific coast,
Joseph Walkup, a lieutenant-governor of California ; William M. Todd, a founder
of the California Republic of 1845 and painter of the famous Bear Flag of that
state.

The writers of more or less prominence are numerous. Tlicy include Archer
Anderson, Joseph R. Anderson, Marian P. Angelotti (Walker family), Oswald F..
Brown, Nettie H. Bringhurst (Houston family), O. W. Coursey, Samuel McC.
Crothers, (Dunlap family), Maria T. Daviess, (Houston family), Fanny C. Dun-
can (McEIroy family), Jesse B. Fremont, Ellen Glasgow, Hiram Hadley, James
A. Hadley. Mary G. Humphries, (Gay family), Anne B. Hyde (Taylor family),
Louisa P. L'loney, Benjamin McCutchen. John T. McCutchen. Robert Barr Mc-
Cutchcn, Robert M. McEIroy, Joseph W. McSpadden, Benjamin C. Moomaw.
John B. McFerrin. Ijinier McKce, Tannic Hayncs Martin (Taylor fabily>.Maiid
L. Merrimom (Paxton family). John G. Paxlon, William M. Paxton, Hannah
D. Pitfman, (Hamilton family), John Rankin, Edwin D. Roylc (Peebles fami-
ly), Ripley D. Saunders (Dunlap family), Charles .\. Smith. Egbert W. Smith,
Henry I^uis Smith, John R. S. Stcrrctt, Givens B. Strickler (Walker family),
James I. Vance, Joseph A. Vance, Sue L. A. Vaughan, George A. Wauchopc,
Emma S. White, Bert E. Young.

Tlie wives of several notable men were of Rockbridge origin. They include
the consorts of Edward Bates, Secretary of War, General N. B. Forrest, General

A ROCKBRIDGE HALL OF FAME

229

R. E. Colston, General G. J. Pillow, General Thomas Posey, General John A. Mc-
Clernand, William O. Bradley, Senator from Kentucky, General Hugh L. White,
Rufus W.Cobb, Governor of Alabama, and Frank White, Governor of North
Dakota. It is believed that the wife of President Lincoln should be included.

In the field of invention the names of Cyrus H. McCormick and James E. A.
Gibbs easily stand foremost. McCormick made a practical invention when only
fifteen years old, and manufactured sixty-eight of his reapers at W^alnut Grove.
William A. Si-vv;ird declared that this machine advanced the line of Western set-
tlement thirty miles a year. Until it appeared America was not the granary of
Europe. In 1836-37 there were bread riots in the city of New York, and grain
was imported from Europe to the amount of 1,300,000 bushels. It is one of the
ironies of history that a native of a slave state should give the free states an in-
dustrial weapon which in the war of 1861 outbalanced the negro labor of the
South. The rotary hook devised by Gibbs was one of the fundamental things in
the evolution of the perfected sewing machine of the twentieth century.

We next give in alphabetical order some facts relating to persons of note
of Rockbridge, or who are connected with Rockbridge families.

The founder of Decoration Day was Mrs. Vaughn, of Missouri,whose maiden
name was Sue L. Adams. Another member of the Ad.ams family of this county
was Robert H., who settled at Natchez, Mississippi, in 1819. He was elected to
the Federal Senate in 1830. but died the same year. Still another was Hugh,
very prominent in the business circles of Chicago.

Isaac Anderson, born near New Providence, March 26, 1780, was the o'dest
of the seven children of William Anderson. He was educated at Liberty Hall,
studied theology under Samuel Brown, and in 1801 accompanied his father to
East Tennessee, where he died January 28. 1857. Isaac Anderson was indefati-
gable as a minister, teacher, and student. His most enduring monument is Mary-
vilie College, the outcome of the log acadcmv he opened in 1802. This institu-
tion has modern buildings on its campus of 250 acres, an enrollment of more than
800 students, and is one of the few present day colleges where young men and
women can be educated at a low cost.

Archibald .Alexander, a founder of Union Theological Seminary, was one
of the foremost theologians and theological educators of America. His son. Wil-
liam C, was a lieutenant-governor of New Jersey, and was narrowly defeated in
a contest for the governorship. F.ben. a son of Adam B. Alexander, professor of
Greek in the TTni varsity of North Carolina, was United States Minister to Greece,
Rumania, and Serbia.

Simnn H. .Andereon, congressman, was a son of James and Margaret.

John Bell, of Tennessee, senator, secretary of war. and in 1860 a candidate for
the presidencv, was a son of Samuel and Margaret CEdmiston) Bell and was re-
lated to the Bells of Augusta and Rockbridge.

230 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

The biographers of Thomas 11. Benton assert that he was a native of North
Carolina. On the contrary he was not only born on Walker's Creek but he was
married in this county. Iknloii npriscnted Missouri thirty years in the I-'cdci.
Senate. He was a statesman of the first rank and was the author of a valuable
contribution to American history.

Scions of the liowyer family are Rear-Admiral John M. Rowyer and Brevet
Brigadier-General Eli Bowyer of Missouri. From George Poindcxtcr. who mar-
ried Frances, a granddaughter of Michael, came Senator Poindextcr of the state
of XN'ashington, who is also related to the Andersons.

\N'iIIiam G. Brownlow, of East Tennessee, known in the civil war as "Par-
son Brownlow." was a picturesque character, vitriolic in tongue and pen. At the
outbreak of the war he was editor of the Knoxville JVhig. After its close he be-
came governor of his state. lie was the oldest son of Joseph of Rockbridge.

Mrs. Fannie K. Costello. a daughter of Porter Johnson and native of Rock-
bridge, contributes poems and short stories to Harper's, the Century, and the
Atlantic magazines, and to the Youth's Companion.. She is also the author of
"The Beloved Son." published in 1916.

Olive Til ford Dargan. one of the greatest literary women of the South, ap-
pears to be descended from the Tilfnrds. of this county.

John P. Davidson, who died at Riclinioiu! in I'^ll. was a specialist in dis-
eases of the eye, ear, nose, and throat.

James Gay. born in the Pastures, was the first man to import blooded cattle
info Kentucky. His sister was the first white woman in I^xington. Kentuck-y.

James Grigsby. who went to California in 1845 and was temporarily at the
head of the Bear Creek revolt against the Mexican government, was a native of
Tennessee, but apparently of Rockbridge descent. Hugh Blair Grigsby. son of
Benjamin of this county, achieved a more than state-wide reputation as a scholarly
educator and historian.

Haysborough. six miles below Nashville. Tennessee, on the Cuniherlnnd Riv-
er, was once a rival of that city. It was fo\mdcd by Colonel diaries Hays, and
wjis the scat of Davidson College, which grew into Peabody Normal College.

John A. T. Hull, eontrres«man from Iowa, is a grandson of John, who went
from Rockbridge to Ohio in 1813.

James Johnson was one of the thirteen children of James Johnston. Sr.. who
married Margaret Bav in 1776. One of the wife's sisters first married James
Gold, of Irxington. and later a Maxwell. She went with him to Kentucky. Rob-
ert Johnston, son of James. Jr., was born on Buffalo Creek in 1818. He settled
first at Garksburg, and finally at Harrisonburg, where he died in 1885. Mr.
Jolinston was a lawyer of high repute, but was much in public life, serving in the
Genrral .Asscmhlv. as Auditor of Virginia, and as a member of the Confederate
Congres.^ throughout the war of 1861.

A ROCKBRIDGE HALL OF FAME 231

The storage reservoirs now under construction in the Miami valley of Ohio
form one of the greatest engineering enterprises ever undertaken in this country,
and the master builder is Charles H. Locher, who was born at Balcony Falls.

William Lindsay, a son of Andrew, left Rockbridge while a young man and
began the practice of law at Frankfort, Kentucky, in 1858. He served four years
in the Confederate army and was chosen state senator in 1867. For two years
he was Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. From 1893 until 1901
he was in the United States Senate. Judge Lindsay was a member both of the
Columbian Exposition Commission and the Commisssion of the Louisiana Pur-
chase Exposition. He declined an appointment to the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission. His grandfather, James Lindsay, was born near Glasgow, Scotland.

General John A. Logan, of the Federal army, and later a senator from Illinois
and a candidate for the vice-presidency, was a descendant of Joseph D. Logan,
whose wife was a descendant of Pocahontas. The general was noted for his
Indian-like appearance.

General George Mathews, twice governor of Georgia, was a gallant officer
against the Indians and the British.

General James H. McBride, of the Confederate army and a citizen of Mis-
souri, was a grandson of William McBride, killed at the battle of Blue Lick, July
19, 1782. The latter seems to be identical with William McBride, of Rockbridge.

Daniel McCoy, Jr., of Ohio was in twenty-seven battles in the war of 1861
and five times severely wounded. For gallant and meritorious conduct, particular-
ly in the battle of Nashville, he rose from the rank of private to that of brigadier-
general.

Colonel James McDowell and his son. Governor James McDowell, are else-
where mentioned. Among the descendants of their ancestor, John McDowell,
were Irvin McDowell, David B. Birney, and John Buford, all of whom held high
rank in the army of the Potomac. Brothers to Major-General Birney were James
Birnev, acting-governor of Washington Territory, 1861-63, and Brigadier-Gen-
eral William Birney. Humphrey Marshall, minister to China and brigadier-gen-
eral in the Confederate service, was another descendant of Captain John Mc-
Dowell, as was also the wife of General John C. Fremont.

Michael Miley learned photography while a prisoner of war. His practical
discoveries in color photography were in no sense dependent on those of the
French investigators in this line. Miley maintained that there were only three
primary colors.

Maior-General Samuel F. Patterson, born at Brownsburg in 1799, went to
North Carolina in 1814, and was fiftv years in public life in that state, some-
times occupying high position. In 1833 he was Grand Master of the Masonic
Order.

There is a strong probabilifv that the grandfather of James K. Polk was for
a while a resident of the R.aphinr neighborhood. The names Poague and Polk are

232 A ntSTORY OF KOCKDRIOGE COINTY, VIRGINIA

variants of Pollock. l-<.-oii:(Jas I'olk, liic bishop-gcncral of the Confederate army,
was a kinsman to tlie president

General Thomas Posey, senator from Louisana and in 1813 governor of In-
diana Territory, was reared in tliis county and married into the Mathews family.
I'oscy was the only man to whom George Washington ever gave a portrait of
himself, or to whom he ever made a gift of realty.

William H. Kuffner was the father of the free school law of Virginia. He
was also the chief founder of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the Farm-
viile State Normal College.

John D. Sterrett was a metaphysician as well as farmer, and was the author
of "The Power of Thought." John R. S. Sterrett, a professor in Cornell Uni-
versity, was an eminent archeaologist in the Orient.

General J. E. B. Stuart, a famous cavalry leader of the Confederate army,
and Alexander H. II. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior, 1850-53, were of the
Stuart connection of Rockbridge, and so is Henry C. Stuart, an ex-governor of
this state.

William Taylor, first missionary bishop of the Methodist Church, preached
in more parts of the earth than any other man before his time. Of a different
family was General Nathaniel Taylor, who left Rockbridge to become a wealthy
planter and manufacturer of Carter county, Tennessee. Rol)crt L. Taylor and
Alfred L. Taylor, the brothers who made a spectacular race for the governorship
of that state in 1886, the one as a Democrat, the other .t< n Rcpuhlii-an. «(tc
great grandsons of General Taylor.

There have been many Trimbles in the medical and legal profession. John,
the congressman, was the son of James, who left this county with his mother and
step-father to settle at Nashville.

"Pig Foot" Wallace, a picturesque character in Texas history, was born one
mile frr^m Lexington.

Captain Joseph R. Walker was a guide to Bonneville in 1831-36, ,ind after-
ward to Fremont in their explorations in and beyond the Rocky Mountains.

James Wil«nn. nifmher of Congress and minister to Venezuela, was a
grandson to William McKec. John L. Wilson, a son, was United States sen.ntor
from Washington. Hcnrv T.., another son. was ambassador to Mexico and min-
ister to Cliili. Thomas Wilson, horn in Rockbridge in 1765. settled in Mnrgan-
town, now in West Virginia, and took up the practice of law. In 1811 he was
elected to Congress as a Federalist.

Almost as this book is going to press, our attention is called to a notable
coinridrnee. Tn the general election of I'^IS. \fedill ^fcCo^mtck. of Illinois, and
E. J. Gay. of Louisiana, were chosen to the TTnited States Senate. Both these men
are of Rockbridge anresfry. and both are members of millionaire families. The
latter \% not the same as Congressman E. J. Gay.

XXXII

STONEWALL JACKSON AT LEXINGTON

Early Life — His Ten Years at Lexington — Career as General — Burial and Monument —

Personal Character

In a four-roomed cottage, near the courthouse at Clarksburg, West Virginia,
was born Thomas Jonathan Jackson. He was tiie only son of Jonathan Jackson,
a law}-er, and he had but one sister. While yet a small boy he became an orphan,
and he was reared chiefly by a half-brother to his father.

At the age of sixteen he was made a constable, but when ordered to enforce
an execution against a poor widow, he paid the claim out of his own pocket and
resigned his office. Two years later, and very largely through his own efforts, he
entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. To secure the ap-
pointment he walked all the way from his home to the city of Washington. His
educational preparation was deficient, yet by dint of hard, persistent study, he at-
tained a very respectable rank in his class. He learned slowly, but never forgot,
and would never give up an undertaking. From the Academy he passed to the
Regular Army as a second lieutenant of artillery. He served in the war with
Mexico, and by meritorious conduct rose to the rank of major by brevet.

In May, 1851, Jackson applied for a position in the faculty of the Virginia
Military Institute. He was chosen in preference to several competitors, and
entered the school as instructor in the natural sciences, the theory of gunnery,
and battalion drill. It was the most difficult chair in the Institute. Jackson had
never before taught, and he was not naturally a teacher. Yet in this, as in all
other places, he was conscientious in endeavoring to perform his duty. He
had the highest respect of his fellow teachers, exerted much influence over the
cadets, and expected to remain at this post the remainder of his life.

Jackson was a resident of Lexington almost ten years. The house he
lived in here was the only one he ever owned. During his occupancy it was a
commodious stone cottage of eight rooms. In 1906 it was purchased for $2,000
by the Mary C. Lee Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy. It was now
converted into the Jackson Memorial Hospital, and as such it was opened June
1, 1907. Jackson worked his garden himself and grew an ample supply of
produce. He also farmed a tract of twenty acres that he purchased a little
distance from the town.

When the war of 1861 broke out. Major Jackson was little known in
Virginia, and still less outside of the state. Except to a limited circle of
acquaintances, he was an obscure, eccentric professor. But the governor of

234 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

the State at this time was also a resident of Lexington, and he recognized that
J was eminently a man for the occasion. He ordered Jackson to lead to

i mJ such of the cadets as were likely to make good drillmastcrs for the

raw recruits assembling at Camp Lee. Punctually at a set hour on April 21,
1861, the march began. Jackson never again saw Lexington, and never for
even a night was he absent from his command.

From Richmond the as yet almost unknown man was soon sent to Harper's
Ferry as a colonel of infantry. In June he took command of what was after-
ward known as the Stonewall Brigade. This was a part of General Joseph E.
Johnston's army in the Shenandoah \'allcy. His first engagement in the war
took place July 2, 1861. It was the affair at Haines' Farm, or Falling Waters,
on the south bank of the Ptitamac six miles north of Martinshurg. On this
field Jackson had only about 400 men and one gun of the Kockbridgc Kattcry.
The fight was in the nature of a reconnoisance. Jackson lost twenty-five men,
but took forty-nine prisoners.

Shortly afterward, Johnston led his army across the Blue Ridge to re-en-
force Beauregard. It was on the momentous field of Manassas that the stead-
iness of Jack.son's men gained for their leader the appellation of "Stonewall."
Thenceforward, this adjunct name clung to him. The same month he was
commissioned a brigadier-general. Early in October he was a major-general and
was placed in command in the Shenandoah. Jackson was a man of few words,
but in parting with the Stonewall Brigade he made a very earnest speech.

L'ntil the following March there were no movements of nnich importance
in his military department. It was not until the warm months of 1862 that
Jarksf n really won his spurs. In March he lay in camp near Woodstock. He
advanced with his 3000 men and fought 7000 Federals at Kernstown, a few
miles southwest of Winchester. This battle was a defeat, and the only one that
Jackson experienced. Yet the aud.icity of the attack was disconcerting to the
authorities at Washington. It produced the very eflTect that Jackson desired.

Greater events were soon to follow. At the opening of May. 19.000 Feder-
als under Banks had occupied Harrisonburg. Fremont with 15,000 more was

- ' • •' '• South Branch of the Potomac. Milroy and Schenk were

any divide with 6.000 and were threatening Staunton. Jackson
was at the south end of Massanutten Mountain with only 6,000 men under his
i ■ ' . : .nd. Just across the Blue Ridge was Ewcll with 9.000. Edward

J .'1 fallen back before Milroy, had 3,000. The odds apainsi

Jackson were more than two to one with respect to numbers.

It was now that he began to display a capacity for unexpectedly rapid march-
ing th.it gave his soldiers the name of "foot cavalry." Banks wished to join
Milroy before Staunton, but was checkmated by Jackson, who was where he

STONEWALL JACKSOX AT LEXINGTON 235

could speed down Luray valley and fall upon the Federal communications.
Jackson took his column across the Blue Ridge and to the Virginia Central at
Medium's River. He then hurried it to Staunton and picketed the roads
leading toward Harrisonburg. Meanwhile, Ewell came over the mountain and
occupied the abandoned camp. Jackson had slipped away from Banks and was
now free to deal with Milroy. The battle of McDowell, May 8, compelled
Milroy and Schenk to fall back upon Fremont's army for support, and they were
pursued nearly to Franklin. The road running east from this town to Harrison-
burg was so obstructed that Fremont was compelled to move much farther down
the South Branch to find an open way to the Shenandoah valley. He did not
reach Wardensville until the last day of the month. Jackson hurried back the
way he had himself come. Banks had fallen back to Strasburg, placing, how-
ever, a small detachment at Front Royal. His army had been depleted to 8,000
men in order that a strong force might be assembled at Fredericksburg and
march thence to the support of McClellan before Richmond.

\\'ith 17,000 men Jackson swept down the Luray valley and made short
work of the outpost at Front Royal. He was now as near to Winchester as was
Banks, and there was a race for that point. By fighting a rear-guard action just
beyond Winchester, the Federal general succeeded in taking the greater part of
his army across the Potomac. Yet he lost 2,000 men as prisoners and so large
quantities of supplies that he became known as "Jackson's commissary." Four
days after the fight at Winchester, Jackson was at Halltown, only six miles from
Harper's Ferry and within sixty miles of Washington. Jackson's aim was to
relieve the pressure upon the main Confederate army at Richmond. The Feder-
al administration fell into the trap set for it. McDowell was ordered to detach
one-half of his 40,000 men and throw it in Jackson's rear. While this column
was advancing from the east, Fremont was coming on from the west. But by
superior speed Jackson escaped before the jaws of the trap could close upon
him. At the south end of the Massanutten he turned upon his pursuers and
defeated them separately, Fremont at Cross Keys and Shields at Port Republic.
The Shenandoah was thus so nearly cleared of Federal troops that there was
nothing to interfere with marching to the aid of Lee at Richmond. The Valley
campaign of 1862 was a striking success, and it established Jackson's fame as a
military leader.

Jackson and his corps now became a part of the Army of Northern Virginia.
In October of the same year the hero of the V'alley was advanced to the rank of
lieutenant-general. After joining General Lee he figured prominently in the
battles of the Peninsula and Fredericksburg, and with very special prominence
at Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, and Chancellorsville. In the last named con-
flict he was accidentally wounded in a volley fired by his own men. He was

236 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

taken to a little house near Guinea Station, where he succumbed to pneumonia.
May 10, 1863, at the age of thirty-nine.

The remains of the general reached Lexington by packet-boat in the after-
noon of May fourteenth, and lay in state next day in his lecture room, the casket
being draped and also nearly hi<lden by a mass of floral offerings. The funeral
was on Saturday, May 16th, and he was buried by the side of his first wife in
the town cemetery. Lexington was temporarily in possession of Hunter in
1864, and the report became current that the flag at the head of Jackson's grave
was cut down by Federal soldiers. According to Colonel Schoonmakcr, who
commanded a brigade under Hunter and visited Lexington forty years later,
the circumstances were these, Three elderly men called at the colonel's head-
quarters and asked permission to remove the flag. They said it had been left
at the grave inadvertently, no disrespect being intended. The colonel said the
fl.ig might remain in place until sunset. At that hour he rode to the cemetery
with his staff, twelve soldiers, a bugler, and the three citizens. Flags of the
Twelfth Pennsylvania and Fifth Massachusetts were set on opposite sides of
the mound and three volleys were fired over it by way of military salute. The
Confederate flag was then given to the three men. who seemed visibly affected.

When the war closed there were only two dark boards at the grave, but
next Y<'3r the plain slab was set up that may still be seen at the original
grave. In July. 1891. a monument was unveiled in the presence of 10.000 peo-
ple, among whom were the general's widow and many other distinguished
guests. The orator of the day was General Jubal A. Early. There was music
by the Stonewall Band, and a salute of fifteen guns was fired. The unveiling was
by a golden haired granddaughter, four years of age. In P12 a statue, the gift
of Sir Moses Ezckiel and Thomas F. Kyan. was unveiled at the \'irgiuia Military
Institute.

Stonewall Jackson was nearly six feet in height. His eyes were grey, his
hair was light-brown, and during his campaigns he wore a long, full beard. His
voice was soft, and in his personal relations with people he was kind and gentle.
As a military leader he had an iron will .and an abounding firmness. His in-
timates were few. He walked the streets of Lexington witli a methodical stride,
looking neither to the right nor to the left. His customary air was a dignified
reserve and he was lacking in a sense of humor. He had no use for liquor or
tob.-icco, saving of the former that he was more afraid of it than of Fcdml
bullets One «.f his mottoes was. "Never take counsel of your fears." IHs de-
cisiveness of character is shown in his response to an urgent request to speak
in the l-VanK'.in Society, of which he was a member. The occasion was in Feb-
ruary, IWl, "hiring a political debate. His reply was as follows: "Mr. Presi-
dait, I have learned from Old Hickory when I m.ake up my mind never to do a

STONEWALL JACKSON AT LEXINGTON 237

thing, never lo do it. I made up my mind before coming here not to make a
speech, .nnd 1 don't intend to do it."

Jackson was ever a close student of mihtary science. A townsman remark-
ed of him that he was "as exact as the multiplication table, and as full of things
military as an arsenal." His successes were gained by the insight that goes with
the professional soldier, by the energy that is a part of the born leader, and by
unusual ninibleness in the conduct of a march. He insisted on discipline, and
the topography of the Valley of Virginia was an open book to him. His
achievements caused him to be idolized by his soldiers and have given him a
high place in the military science.

Stonewall Jackson was a deacon in the Presbyterian church at Lexington,
and attended to his religious duties with his customary punctuality and con-
scientiousness. He sought to make all the acts of his daily life conform to his
conception of Christianity. In giving a tenth of his income to the support of
the Church he followed literally the Biblical rule. The church building has been
remodeled since his day, but the position of his pew is indicated by a tablet.

Jackson's concern in the moral betterment of the negroes led him to open
a Sunday school for them in 1855. It met in the afternoon and he himself open-
ed each session with prayer. His absence in the army and his death did not halt
the work thus begun, and the outcome was a stalwart church organization. The
morning after the first battle of Manassas although inconvenienced by a wound
in his hand, he punctiliously took time to send his pastor $50 to be used for
his Sunday school. Jackson's name is revered by the colored people of Lexing-
ton.

The first wife of Jackson was Eleanor Junkin, daughter of a president
of Washington College. The second was Mary A., a daughter of the Reverend
Eobcrt H. Morrison of North Carolina. Their daughter Julia was born in war-
time, November 23, 1862, married William E. Christian, and died of typhoid
fever in 1889, leaving two children, Julia J., wife of Edmund R. Preston, and
Thomas J., an officer in the army of the United States. Wife and daughter
were with the general when lie died.

XXXIII

ROBERT E. LEE AS A COLLEGE PRESIDENT

The Fathoi or Gknexai. Li;e— Early Life of Robfjit E. Lee— Lee as a Confedeiati

Genual — His I'stsiUEScv of Washington Coluxe — Closing

Days— His Personality

It is necessary to begin the present chapter with some mention of the father
of Robert E. Lee. Henry Lcc, whose own father was a first cousin to Ricliard
Ilcnry Lee, a celebrated statesman of tlie Revolutionary period, was a graduate
of Princeton College, and he intended to enter the legal profession. The war
for Independence breaking out before he had reached his majority, he became
an officer in Washington's army. When twenty-two years of age, he was put af
the head of a band that became famous as "Lee's Legion." For his exploit
on the present site of Jersey City, where he took 160 prisoners with the loss
of scarcely a man, he was given a gold medal. At the close of 1780, when he
had attained the rank of lieiitenant-colonel and when the American cause looked
dark, he led his legion, 300 strong and composed of both cavalry and infantry,
to join General Greene in the South. During the campaign of 1781 his services
were invaluable. In 1791 he was chosen governor of his state, and a county
was named for him. In 1794 he was commander of the army of 15,000 sent
to put down the Whiskey Insurrection. Four years later, when war with France
seemed imminent, he was advanced to the rank of major-general. While serving
in Congress, he delivered the address on Washington that contains the well-
known phrase, "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country-
men." During the war of 1812 he was severely injured in Baltimore while
defending an editor-friend from a mob. From this hurt there was no full re-
covery. In the hope of benefit he visited the West Indies, but growing worse,
he a'-ki-d to be jjut ashore at Cumberland Island. Georgia, so that he might die
at the home of his late commander-in-chief. He was ho.';pitably received by the
widow of General Greene, and ended his days in her house, three weeks later,
at the age of sixty-two. This event took place March 25, 1818. Pursuant to .m
Act of the General Assembly, the remains were removed to Lexington in 191.^
to rest by the side of those of his still more distinguished son. The Honorable
Hugh A. White, of IxxinRlon. was chairman of the legislative committee that
personally superintended the removal.

General Ixc was almost a neighbor to General Washington, and enjoyed
his confidence and esteem. As an alumnus of Princeton he was brought into
close acquaintance with the founders of Liberty Ilall. When Washington was

ROBERT E. LEE AS A COLLEGE PRESIDENT 239

Studying what to do with the canal stock donated him by the state of Virginia,
Lee was instrumental in directing his attention to the struggling academy. Lee
sent his fourth child, Henry Lee, Jr., to study at Lexington, and the son was
one of the early graduates of Liberty Hall. He died in France in 1837 at the age
of fifty. He was able and well-informed, and was the author of several books.
But the father himself owned land in Rockbridge and spent some of his time
here. Lee was a planter, the tidewater soil was growing poor, and the unsettled
period lasting from the beginning of the Revolution to the close of the war
of 1812 was not conducive to material prosperity. Like many other men of
his class, Lee was in debt, but it is alleged that he did not allow such a matter
to engross his thoughts. Several anecdotes along this line are told of him. One
of these is to the effect that a Rockbridge creditor needed his money, became
impatient, and went with a constable to the general's home in Arnold's Valley.
Light-Horse Harry, by which name he was familiarly known, was at home, and
the callers had a delightful social hour. They left without saying a word about
the writ, and the creditor was indifferent as to whether he should get his pay
or not. The general's attitude might be styled an instance of unconscious and
unpremeditated diplomacy.

Robert Edward Lee was born at Stratford, his father's manor-house in
Westmoreland county, the date of his birth being January 19, 1807. He was the
youngest of the sons of Light-Horse Harry, and his mother was a second wife.
He passed through West Point without a demerit, graduating in 1829 at the
head of his class. His first service was in the Engineer Corps of the army of
the United States. He entered the war with Mexico as a captain, and won such
distinction under General Scott as to attain the rank of colonel at the close. In
1852-5, he was superintendent of West Point. He remained with the regular
army until the spring of 1861, spending only portions of his time at Arlington,
the estate near the city of Washington which was inherited by his wife, Mary
Custis, a great-granddaughter of Martha Washington by her first husband. It
was during a leave of absence that he was put in charge of the Federal troops
sent to deal with John Brown at Harper's Ferry.

In the opening months of 1861 Lee was again at home at Arlington. He was
now fifty-four years of age and in the full maturity of his powers. General
Scott loved him as a son, and not only had the highest opinion of his military
skill, but predicted that Lee would greatly distinguish himself if circumstances
should ever place him at the head of an army. It was because of this reputation
that he was offered the command of the field army that was to invade the South.
Lee was very much opposed to secession. As to slavery, he said that if he were
to own all the slaves in the United States he would set them free as a means of
preserving the Union. The political storm that was now breaking caused him

240 A HISTORy OK ROCKnSIDGE COUNTY. VTRCINIA

great distress of mind. A Union that could not be vindicated except by an ap-
peal to force was repugnant to him as it was to all others nurtured in the
same school of political thought. He believed that when the Lincoln administra-
tion adopted a coercive policy, the Union of 1788 was virtually dissolved, and
that each of the competent states was at liberty to shift for itself. looking at the
situation in this light, he conceived that his first duty was to serve his native state,
wliich from 1775 to 1788 had enjoyed a career practically independent. He
therefore resigned his commission in the army. That he was entirely conscien-
tious in this step is now conceded gy all students of American history. He de-
cided his problem for himself and without attempting to influence even his sons.

Going to Richmond, Lee was made a major-general of the X'irginia troops.
The last day of August he was advanced to the rank of full general in the
Confederate service. In September he was in command on the Greenbrier. His
operations in this quarter were inconclusive and of short duration. The fol-
lowing winter he was in charge of the engineering details of the defense of
the Atlantic coast, particularly in South Carolina. This work was so well done
that Charleston was not occupied by the Federals until flanked by Sherman's
army in the closing months of the war. In the spring of 1862, Lee was called to
Richmond to act as military advisor to the Confederate president. When General
Joseph E. Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines, May 31st, Lee was appointed
to succeed him. Lee was now in his element, and for almost three years he
remained at the head of the army of Northern Virginia. The story of that
superb organization is almost the story of the war itself. It was the spearhead
and most successful factor of the Southern resistance. The great battles of the
Peninsula, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg. Fredericksburg, Chanccllorsville, Get-
tysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, the siege of Petersburg,
and the campaign of maneuver against Meade in 1863 were all fought under the
immediate direction of Lee. Sharpsburg was a drawn battle, and Gettysburg
a reverse, but neither of these actions took place on the soil of Lee's native state.
Worn down by relentless attrition and cut ofl from its supplies, the army of
Northern Virginia gave up the struggle at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. A few
more weeks and the Southern Confederacy ceased to exist.

I^c's home had In-cn appropriated by the Federal authorities. The summer
of 1865 found the great Confederate chieftain living quietly on a plontation in
Powhatan county. He turned down all inducements to begin a career in Europe,
believing it his duty to remain with his own people ,ind share their fortunes.
Neither would he listen to any overture which had no other primary object than
the capitalizing of his name. Yet some mode of breadwinning was necessary.

At a meeting of the trustees of Washington College. hc!d August 4, 1865,
Bolivar Cliristian nominated General Lee as its president. It is said that when

ROBERT E. LEE AS A COLLEGE PRESIDENT 241

J. W. Brockenbrough was selected to carry the offer of the trustees to the
general, he declined on the ground that neither he himself nor the college had
any money for the traveling expenses, and furthermore, that his clothes were
not good enough. But the necessary money was raised and a friend loaned
a new suit. Lee accepted the proffered office August 24th, stipulating that
his duties were to be executive only, and that he was not to be asked to give
classroom instruction. The following month he came to Lexington, riding his
famous battle-horse, Traveler, and was quietly inaugurated October 2nd. During
the five years that covered the final chapter of his life. General Lee was president
of Washington College and a resident of Lexington. His salary was $L500 and
a cottage was built for himself and family.

The fortune sof the college were at this time at a low ebb. The building
had been partially looted and the grounds were in disorder. The small endow-
ment was unproductive, and the fifty students who presented themselves were
wholly from Lexington and the country around. The magic of Lee's name,
coupled with the allection in which he was held, would alone have swelled the
student body to a goodly size and lent a great measure of success to his adminis-
tration.

But Robert E. Lee was not the man to treat his office as a sinecure. A col-
lege presidency seems a far remove from the leadership of a great army. Yet
it was in the educational field that Lee felt that he could be most useful to his
people. The day of warfare was past. A period of transition had come to the
South. The great present need of the time was constructive work, and nowhere
was this more applicable than to the young men of student age. Lee applied
himself to his new sphere with assiduous diligence. He had been a soldier by
profession, but he was also a man of sound scholarship. His eye was every-
where. His system of reports, instituted by himself and almost military in its
exactness, caused his spirit and his influence to pervade every department. In
this way he kept himself informed of the progress and standing of every stu-
dent. In administering reproof he was firm, yet gentle and fatherly. Under his
executive skill, the attendance rapidly increased, the school prospered, and im-
provements were made in the college property. One of his earlist tasks was to
build the chapel, in the basement of which was his office. This room is kept as
nearly as possible in the same condition as when he last used it.

In the third year of the war General Lee had a severe attack of laryngitis,
followed by a rheumatic periodical inflammation. For some time he could not
exercise on foot or ride fact without being inconvenienced by a pain in the chest
or by difficult breathing. There was gradual improvement, although he continued
to have occasional attacks of muscular rheumatism. In the winter o 1869-70, his
health began sensibly to fail, and in the spring he visited Georgia. There was

242 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIXJE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

some relief, but not for long. His final illness, which seized him as he was about
to say grace at his dinner table, was a passive congestion of the brain resembling
concussion, but without paralysis. After lying unconscious several days he died
October 12, 1870. Interment was in the mausoleum under the college chapel,
in which other members of the Lee family now lie. June 24. 1883, a recumbent
statue was placed in the chapel in the rear of the platform and within view of the
audience.

Robert E. Lee was six feet tall, faultless in figure, and unusually handsome
in feature. His coal-black hair became very grey during the progress of the war.
Until his second campaign he wore no beard except a mustache, but afterward
his face was unshaven. An aged resident of this county speaks of his countenance
as noble and benignant, and not suggestive of the warrior. Yet he had temi)er, as
was shown in the case of the dispatch that was dropped in a street of Frederick
and fell into the hands of McCIellan. He avoided all display and ostentation,
and set before young men an example of simple habits, manners, needs, words,
and duties. He wrote his daughters that "gentility, as well as self-respect, re-
quires moderation in dress and gaycty." The most distinguishing feature of
his educational career was the moral influence he exerted on the student lK)dy.
He abstained from the use of both liquor and tobacco. At Lexington he led a
retired life, and did not mingle in society. His pastime was to ride about the
country. He once remarked that "Traveler is my only companion. He and I
wander out into the mountains and enjoy sweet confidence." In these expeditions
he did not go inside the farm homes, but as he was very fond of buttermilk he
often called at them for a glass.

Students of military science give Lee a very high place among the great
generals of the world. His personal influence over his men was most unusual.
He was always daring, and if he sometimes took great risks, it was because he
had taken the measure of the commander opposed to him. His usual tactics were
the ofl^ensive-defensive, in which a stand technically defensive is converted at an
opportune moment into an energetic offensive. He intended to write the history
of his campaigns, ami collecte<l some material for this purpose. Yet he never
carried out the plan, thinking he would cause pain by presenting his narrative
before there had been time for much abatement in sectional feeling. His advice
to his people of the .South was to use silence and patience: to "avoid controversy,
allay passion, and give scojk: to every kindly feeling."

There has long been general agreement respecting the spotless private charac-
ter of Lee, the purity of his motives, his earnest Clirislianity. and the good faith
with which h accepted the downfall of the Confederate cause. Some words he
wrote on hearing of the assassination of Lincoln are touching in their mag-
nanimity and in their accurate appreciation of the kindly qualities of the president.

ROBERT E. LEE AS A COLLEGE PRESIDENT 243

They also convey his abhorrence of the crime. His tolerant spirit is further
shown in his opinion that the Democrats sliould have nominated Chase in 1868,
ahhough Chase had been a member of Lincoln's cabinet.

The centennial of Lee's birth was observed at Washington and Lee Univer-
sity, June 19, 1907. The central feature was the address by General Charles
Francis Adams, a grandson of John Quincy Adams. Adams was seventy-two
years of age, had fought in the Federal army, and was a scholar as well as a
man of affairs. His sketching of Lee as eminently a man of character was an
amplification of these words of Thomas Carlyle : "Show me the man you honor;
I know by that what sort of man you yourself are. For you show me then what
your ideal of manhood is." A letter from President Roosevelt was read, the
writer having already stated his belief that Lee was the foremost general that
America has produced. At the luncheon t othe Confedrate veterans, there were
toasts to Lee, the Union army, and the Confederate soldier.

The children of General Lee were seven. Three sons served in the Con-
federate army, two of them attaining the rank of major-general.

XXXIV

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS ARRANGED

ALPHABETICALLY

Alexander. Archibald, Robert, and William, sons of William Alexander,
Sr., came from near Londonderry, in 1737, and lived about ten years near Phila-
delphia. The brothers were well-to-do for those days, and were men of char-
acter, education, and influence. Robert, a Master of Arts of the University of
Dublin, founded the school which finally grew into Washington and Lee Uni-
versity, but was himself a resident of Beverly Manor. Archibald removed in
1747 from the bank of the Schuylkill and settled on Suulh River nearly oppo-
site the mouth of Irish Creek. His son, William, born on the Schulykill, set-
tled about 1775 at the mouth of Woods Creek, and there opened the store
which he seems to have conducted until his death in 1797. He also established
the first school to be taught within the present confines of Lexington, making one
of his own man-servants the teacher.

As a captain of rangers, "Old Arsbel" had a share in the Big Sandy expe-
dition of 1757. Under orders from the governor of the colony, Andrew Lewis
led an expedition against the Indian towns on the Scioto, but did not cross
the Ohio, and his men sufTcrcd terrible hardships from inclement weather and
inadequate rations.

A daughter of William Alexander married Edward Graham of the faculty
of Liberty Hall Academy, and another married Samuel L. Campbell, the first
resident physician of Rockbridge. Archibald, still another of the eight children
was born in a house of squared logs on the family homestead on South River.
His schooldays began in the log structure his father had built on Woods Creek,
and were continued at Liberty Hall. Coming under the influence of the Great
Revival of 1739, he resolved to become a Prcsbj-tcrian minister, and was
licensed in 1791. For several years he was engaged in itinerant work, and there-
by acquired a remarkable facility in offhand speaking. With a brief intermission
he was president of Hampden-Sidney College from 17% until 1807, and then
became pastor of Pine Street Qiurch, Philadelphia. In 1812, he was made first
professor in the Princeton Theological Seminary of New Jersey. The title of
Doctor of Divinity had already been conferred upon him by the College of New
Jersey. The school had just been opened and Doctor Alexander had taken a
very .icfive part in its est.iblishmcnt. He remained at Princeton until his death.
Octol)er 22, 1851, at the age of seventy-nine. Like his father he was short and
compact in stature, and he had brown hair and hazel eyes. His memory was
remarkable, and he was a delightful companion. As a pulpit orator he was un-

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 245

rivalled. As a writer on theological subjects he was quite prolific, his principal
works being these: "A life of John Knox," "The Way of Salvation," "A
History of the Israelitish Nation," "An Outline of Moral Science," "A Brief
Outline of the Evidences of the Christian Religion," "The Canon of the Old
and New Testaments Ascertained," "Biographical Sketches of the Founder
and Principal Alumni of the Log College," "A Selection of Hymns," "Practical
Sermons."

In 1802 Doctor Alexander was married to Janetta, a daughter of James
Waddell, a blind minister who lived some years in Augusta, and whose elo-
quence was highly extolled by William Wirt. His sons, Joseph A. and James
W. were also eminent as ministers, writers, and teachers of Theology. The
former was an eloquent orator and remarkable linguist. The latter was at the
time of his death in 1859 pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church in the
city of New York.

Anderson. Francis T. Anderson was unrelated to the Anderson connect-
ion of Rockbridge, He was a son of Colonel Thomas Anderson of Botetourt,
and was born in 1808 at Walnut Hill, the family homestead. His mother, Mary
A. Alexander, was a sister to Doctor Archibald Alexander, of Princeton. The
son was educated at Washington College and was admitted to the bar in 1830.
He practiced the legal profession with great success, was many years a mem-
ber of the Supreme Court of Appeals, and upon his death in 1887, the Bar of the
State and the Supreme Court remembered him with eulogistic resolutions. Mr.
Anderson was a leader of the Whig party of Virginia, a rector of Washington
and Lee University, and a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church. He removed
from Botetourt to Lexington, but lived some years on his large estate of Glen-
wood, his home then being near Natural Bridge. He was a brother of General
Joseph R. Anderson and Colonel John T. Anderson of the Confederate army.
His children who grew to adult age are Anna A., wife of William F. Junkin;
Mary E., wife of Alexander Bruce, of Halifax county; Frances M., of Washing-
ton, D. C. ; Josephine A., wife of William B. Poindexter; William A.; Isabella
G., wife of William B. Bruce; and Francis T., whose wife is Rosa Bruce, of Hal-
ifax county.

William A. Anderson, son of Francis T., Sr., was bom May 11, 1842, and
is the senior member of the Rockbridge bar. He has been Attorney General for
his state and has twice represented his county in the Assembly. Major Ander-
son, who was made a cripple for life at First Manassas, is a Virginia gentleman
of the old school and his courtesy is unfailing. He has been twice married; first
to Ellen G., daughter of General Joseph R. Anderson, and second, to Mary L.
Blair. His children are Ruth P., Anna A., William D. A., Judith N., and Ellen
G. Besides being active in his chosen profession. Major .Anderson has been a
leader in the industrial development of Rockbridge

246 A IIISTOKY OF ROCKBRIPCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Baldwin. John C. Baldwin was a son of Cornelius C. Baldwin of Balcony
Falls, one of the original secessionists of 1860-61. The son, who died unmar-
ried in 1881, at the early ape of thirty-four, deserves mention for his assidious
and succesful efforts to educate himself. His iKwk studies hegan when he was
seven years old. He look up Latin at sixteen and became able to read it al-
most as readily as Shakespeare. He also studied Greek and French, the mathe-
matics, and several branches of the sciences. Perhaps he was the only boy in
Virginia who made him.self by solitary endeavor a fine classical and English
scholar, a good writer, and one of the l)est informed country gentlemen in the
state. Mr. Baldwin was retiring, fond of home, devoted to a simple life, and
he enjoyed the society of his few intimate friends. He adopted as his own
this motto by Bishop Berkeley: "I had rather be master of my time than wear a
diadem."

Joseph G. Baldwin, tiie brilliant author of "I'lush Times in Alabama," is
said to have been related to the Baldwins of Rockbridge.

Barclay. Elihu H. Barclay, almost thirty years a force in Rexrkbridgc
journalism, was a member df an old and prominent family. He was a son of
Alexander T. Barclay and his third wife. Mary E. (Taxton) Barclay. The father
was a son of Elihu Barclay, who married Sarah Telford. Elihu H. purchased the
Rockbridge Citizen in 1873, when he was twenty-seven years old. Next year
he acquired the Gazette, which he conducted until his death in 1902. The maiden
name of his wife was Margaret S. Rowan.

Baxter. The Reverend George A. Baxter, whose name is long and honor-
orably identified with what is now the Washington and Lee L^niversity. was
born in Rockbridge in 1771. From New London Academy he came to Lexing-
ton in 1798 to fill the chair of mathematics at Liberty Hall. A year later he be-
came rector of the academy. Two very prominent events are associated with
his administration. The school was moved from Mulberry Hill to Lexington,
and it was advanced from the rank of academy to that of college. As rector,
and later as president, the income of Doctor Baxter was small, and he supple-
mented it with active laljor in the Prrsbyterian ministry. He is renieml>ered in
our local annals as a faithful and conscientious educator and as a preacher of
power and efTectiveness. His wife was Anna C, a daughter of Colonel William
Fleming. Their son. Sidney S., was likewise an educator of note.

Brockenbrough. John W. Brockenbrough was a native of Hanover county.
where he was bom December 2.1, 1806. After graduating from the University of
Virginia he entrred the legal profession, in which he Ixjcame very eminent.
From 1846 until 18^(0 he was jtulgc of the United St.itcs Court for the Western
District of Virginia, and in this capacity none of his decisions was ever reversed.

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGR.\riIIC PARAGRAPHS

247

In the crisis of 1860-61, he was a secessionist, and was defeated as a candidate
for the State Convention of 1861. He represented Virginia in the futile Peace
Conference which sought to avert the calamity of war. He also served a term
in the Confederate Congress. In 1849 Judge Brokenbrough had opened at
Lexington a school of law, and when General Robert E. Lee came here as a col-
lege president, he became the head of the newly created law school in Washing-
ton College. Judge Brockenbrough was a man of very estimable qualities. He
died in Lexington, February 21, 1877.

Brown. John Brown, the first resident minister in Rockbridge, came in
1753 in response to a call signed by a great number of his future parishioners.
He was then but twenty-five years of age. He was pastor at Timber Ridge
and New Providence until 1767, and served New Providence twenty-eight years
longer. In Kentucky, to which state he removed in 1797, he was pastor of
Woodford church. He died there in 1803, and his grave lies between those of
two men who had been his elders at New Providence. During his early years in
Rockbridge, his salary was but little more than $200. It is related of him that
he used to walk around the New Providence church with head uncovered and Bi-
ble in hand, and pray for the various families. He left Timber Ridge some-
what abruptly, and in consequence of a slight which seems to have been quite
unpremeditated, although his sensative nature did not permit him to excuse it.
In 1755 he purchased a farm, the position of which is on the line of the Valley
Railroad and a little north of Fairfield. Between the resignation of Robert
Alexander in 1753 and the coming of William Graham in 1774, Mr. Brown
taught the classical school begun by the former. His wife was Margaret, a
sister of Colonel William Preston. The careers of several of the children re-
flect the substantial quality of their parentage. John, Jr., was a member of the
First Congress, Samuel was a professor in Transylvania University, James was
a United States senator from Louisana and minister to France, and William was
a physician of South Carolina. The daughters, Elizabeth and Mary, married,
respectively, the Reverend Thomas B. Craighead and Doctor Alexander Hum-
phreys. Samuel, who died in 1830 at the age of seventy-one, took the degree
of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Aberdeen. He then entered upon
an eminent career as physician and chemist. At Lexington, Ky., he organized
a medical society which is said to have been a pattern in constitution and in
ethics to all such American societies of later date.

The Samuel Brown who came to New Providence as its pastor in 1796 was
not related to John Brown. He was a native of the east of Virginia. In 1789,
when twenty-three years old, he went to Kentucky with some friends. The jour-
ney was made on foot as far as Kanawha Falls, and by a dugout canoe the rest
of the distance. After teaching a year at Paris he returned, and was licensed

248 A niSTOKY OF ROCKBRnX^E COUNTY, ^^RCINIA

as a minister in 1793. His salary at New Providence was $400. Mr. Brown
was feeble in constitution, yet in addition to ministerial effort he taught a clas-
sical school, and among his divinity students were several who attained dis-
tinction. He owned and lived on a farm two miles north of Brownsburg. In
1816 he went West with a view of locating, and for $1C00 was offered a tract
of land within the present limits of the city of St. Louis. Yet he turned down
the offer, deciding that his family would be better off in the West only in a ma-
terial point of view. He died two years atter his visit to Missouri. In 1798
Mr. Brown was married to Mary Moore of Abb's \*allcy. some account of
whose captivity is given in Chapter \'III. She was an affectionate wife and lov-
ing parent. The pair had eleven children, the difference in age between the old-
est and the youngest being seventeen years. Seven sons and three daughters
grew to maturity. Six of the former were Bachelors of Arts of Washington
College, three of them graduating in the same class. In 1918 a reunion of the
descendants of Mary Moore Brown were held at New Providence, the wife of
its present pastor being one of them.

Campbell. One of the very oldest and most numerous of the group-famil-
ies of Rockbridge is that of the Campbells. It includes a considerable number
of persons who have attained some degree of prominence. Samuel R. Campbell,
a son of Alexander, was born between Brownsburg and Fairfield in 1766 and
died at his country home. Rock Castle, in 1840. He was a graduate of Liberty
Hall Academy in 1788 and studied medicine at Philadelphia. His medical
practice was large, and he was much respected in his profession. Yet he found
time to bring his strong civic spirit into play. He was a firm friend to Wash-
ington College and he took a leading part in establishing the Franklin Society.
Doctor Campbell was a witty, cultured gentleman and good writer. In his
later years he lost his eyesight, although he continued to ride the highways,
humorously cautioning those he met to look out or he would ride over them. It
was he who built the Stone Rock Castle which was burned. In 1794 he was
married to Sarah, a sister to Doctor Archibald Alexander. His four sons
were graduates of Washington College. All went West and all became eminent.
His daughter. Sophia, married Robert McCluer in 1816. The other daughters
married John S. Wilson and the Reverend Nathaniel C. Calhoun. Two of the
three husbands were also graduates of Washington College

Carulhfrs. The Caruthers name was once very conspicuous, but has long
been extinct. The male members were residents of l^xington or its vicinity
and were much inclined to commercial pursuits. Isaac migrated to Monroe,
married there, and was one of the proprietors of Salt Sulphur Springs. Yet a
literar>' vein was present in the family, as is indicated by the very active part
taken by it in founding the Franklin Society and Ann Smith Academy. In

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOC.Ri\PHIC PARAGRAPHS

249

William A. Caruthers this trait had a special development. He was educated
at Washington College, and though he went into the medical profession, he was
a prolific writer of historical romances and a frequent contributor to the mag-
azines. His literary work is full of spirit and animation. He was the author
of "Knights of the Horseshoe," a work of fiction founded on Spottswood's ex-
pedition to the Shenandoah Valley in 1716. In 1838 Doctor Caruthers wrote a
vivid account of a hazardous ascent of the Natural Bridge. He died at Sa-
vannah, Ga., about 1850, and at the age of about fifty-five years.

Davidson. Andrew B. Davidson, a native of Botetourt, does not seem
to have been of the Kerr's Creek connection or of the family that migrated to
Ohio from the lower course of North River. He was born in 1779 and died in
1861, spending all but the earliest years of his life at Lexington. He was
graduated from Liberty Hall Academy in 1807, and was licensed as a minister
the same year. In the same year, also, he was married to Susan Dorman, ap-
parently a sister to Charles P. Dorman. In 1814 he returned to Lexington as
a pastor, and was a principal of Ann Smith Academy. All his four sons were
alumni of Washington College. General Alexander H. became a resident of
Indiana. Charles B. was an Episcopal clerg\'man. James D. and Henry G. re-
mained in this county, the former being a lawyer and the latter a physician.

Dorman. The Dormans have been very few in number, yet influential.
Charles P. Dorman, a lawyer and editor, was in the Virginia Assembly thirteen
years and was an adjutant in the war of 1812. His son James B., born 1825
died 1893, graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1843 and became
an attorney. The war with Mexico aroused his spirit of adventure, and he
served as sergeant-major in the Texas Rangers of Colonel Wood. He was pres-
ent at the capture of Monterey. Returning to Lexington, he was sent in 1861
to the State Convention as a Union man. After war came on he went into the
Confederate army as a major in tiie 9th Virginia Infantry. Major Dorman was
a fluent speaker and a man of unusual ability. He had strong literary tastes
and was a master of the English language, whether written or spoken. He was
married in 1871 to Mrs. Mary L. White Newman. During the last ten years of
his life he was Qerk of the Supreme Court of Appeals and lived in Staunton.

Dunlap. Alexander Dunlap, the first settler on the Calfpasture and first
owner of the site of Goshen, died in 1744. leaving four children, John, Robert,
Alexander, and Elizabeth.

In 1776 John Dunlap visited Ohio on a prospecting tour, and acquired
7,000 acres in Ross county, the smaller of the two tracts including the old
Shawnee town of Chillicothe. He also secured 1436 acres in Kentucky, but was
furthermore the largest landholder in Rockbridge. He was married to Ann
Clark, who was related to General George Rogers Qark, the "Hannibal of the

250 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

West," and his brother, Colonel William Clark of the famous I^wis and Clark
expedition. Both these celebrities made visits to the Dunlaps. The family
home was a large three-story brick mansion, built soon after the Revolution and
on the site of the X'ictoria furnace near Goshen. Tlic house was torn down
many years ago. The only member of this Dunlap family to stay in Rock-
bridge was James.

Robert, second son of the pioneer, fought at Point I'lcasanl and was an
ensign in the battle of Guilford, where he was killed. It is said he refused to
obey an order to retreat. He owned Aspen Grove and one other plantation in
Rockbridge. His widow married James Courscy. Of the seven children of
Robert Dunlap, Alexander settled in Monroe and Rolxirt and John in Augusta.
Anne and Margaret went with their husbands to Kentucky and Missouri, re-
spectively. Only William and Agnes remained in this county, but the children of
William went to Missouri. Robert, Jr., organized the first temperance society
in the Valley of Virginia. William, Jr.. a son of William, was one of the first
men to explore Kansas. A grandson of William, Jr.. is I^outwell Dunlap, of
San Francisco, a lawyer and historian and formerly consul for Argentina. He
is the author of a valuable contribution to American history : "Augusta County
in the History of the United States." Among the progeny in the female line,
in this family of the Dunlaps, are the Reverncd O. K. Brown, of N'anderbilt
University, church historian, and the Reverend W. M. Morrison, the missionary
to Africa, whose exposure of the atrocities on the Congo roused the govern-
ment of the United States and Europe to take action against the king of the
Belgians.

Alexander Dunlap, Jr., went in early life to Kentucky, and later to Brown
county. Ohio, where he built one of the very first Iwuses of worship in that
stale of the Discijjles communion.

The four Dunlaps, Samuel, David, Robert, and John, who purchased land
in the Borden Tract are believed to have bet-n related to Alexander of the Calf-
pasture. They seem to have moved to the Carolinas.

John Dunlap came from Campbclltown, Scotland, in 1775, and settled at
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Robert, one of his seven children, was born just
before the family came to America, and located near Middlebrook in Au-
gusta. Madison Dunlap, his son, came to Kerr's Creek alwut 1830. John Dun-
lap was grandfather to Major-General John D. Stevenson, of the United States
army. He was great granrlfather to Brigadier-General Robert \. Getty, of the
same army, atui to John R. S. Sterrelt, the Greek scholar and archaeologist.

Few families in the South can surpass the Dunlaps of Rockbridge in ex-
hi!)iling -in many members who have been large landowners, or have been con-
spicuous in public, professional, or military life. The Dunlaps dispute with

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PAR.\GRAPHS

251

one other Rockbridge connection the honor of furnishing the most ministers
to the Southern Presbyterian Church.

Echols. Captain Edward Echols, who Hved at the mouth of North River,
was a brother to General John Echols, of the Confederate army, and conse-
quently an uncle to the late Edward Echols, of Staunton. He was a citizen of con-
siderable local prominence, and died in 1874 at the age of fifty-seven. An inci-
dent in his career illustrates his unselfishness and his generous impulse. It also
brought suddenly to the front an unexpected power of vivid narration. The
account of the incident which has been furnished to us we quote entire.

In January, 1854, a large covered freight boat with a cargo of nearly 100 negro men
who had been hired in the vicinity of Richmond to work in the furnaces above Buchanan
was swept over the dam on James River at Balcony Falls, in consequence of the breaking
of the tow-line, as the boat was struggling across the mouth of North River then swollen
by a heavy freshet. Most of the negroes as soon as the boat began to drift down the
stream plunged into the river and swam to the bank. About a dozen of them who prob-
ably could not swim stuck to the boat and were dashed over the dam into the boiling and
foaming whirlpool below. The boat was broken into fragments, and half the men drown-
ed. The others clung to a fragment of the wreck and were drifted down the surging and
roaring torrent about a mile and a half, until they struck a large rock called the "Velvet
Rock," from the carpet of soft green moss which covered it, when they jumped off and
after much scrambling secured a precarious foothold on the narrow surface of the wet
and slippery stone. One of these men was William G. Mathews, uncle to William G.
Mathews of the Virgina Western Power Company. The river was rising, the spray
dashed over the rock. The weather was freezing, a dark night was closing in, and it was
impossible to send a boat through that surging torrent to bring off the shipwrecked suf-
ferers, whose doom seemed to be sealed. To encourage them to hold on to their per-
ilous position and to cheer their desponding spirits, a large fire was kindled on the op-
posite bank of the canal, about 100 yards off, by a body of rough, but kind-hearted men,
who sang and danced and shouted around it all that dark and gloomy night, .^bove the
loud roar of the turbid waters as they rushed through the narrow gorge of the Blue
Ridge, their trumpet voice could be heard ringing on the midnight air, "Hold on, hold on ;
dance and sing: we'll save you; we'll save you; day is almost here; hold on; hold on;
the river is falling; you're safe; you're safe." Thus animated and encouraged, the im-
prisoned men did hold on through that awful night until the first faint streak of day,
when the river having fallen during the night, a canoe danced over the foaming tide
and brought the half-frozen men to the bank. And there was such a scene, such hug-
ging, and dancing and laughing, and crying and shouting and rejoicing. A few days later
Captain Edward Echols, who resided in the immediate vicinity and was an eye-witness of
most of these thrilling scenes wrote a most vivid and graphic account of them, which
was published in the Lexington Gazette and copied by many papers in and out of the
state. Captain Echols almost literally photographed the whole catastrophe, from the
breaking of the rope to the rescue of the men in a scries of living pictures taken fresh
from nature. You almost saw the boat as it plunged over the dam, and heard the shrieks
of the drowning and drifting men. The style was perfectly simple and unpretending —
like naive Isaac Walton in his "Compleat Angler" — a style which every school boy thinks
he can write until he tries, but which the critics say has never been successfully imitated, —

252 A niSTOBY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, \aRGINIA

fresh, racy, ncr%-ous, pictorial, and yet familiar, colloquial, easy and natural. Captain
Echols's success in that happy effort is easily explained. He felt warmly, the scenes were
distinctly pictured on his heart, and his pen naturally copied them. I-'ccling is the sourrr
of eloquence, and simplicity is the source of refinement. It is but simple justice to a man
to say that Captain Echols was untiring in his efforts to save these unfortunate men and
that they probably owe him their lives. The same praise is due to another worthy man.
Peter A. Sailing. A negro named Frank Padgett, who belonsed to a gentleman of that
name in Amherst, was drowned in a voluntary and heroic effort to save some of thc-e
imperilled men. The humane and martyr-like conduct of this poor slave, who simply
yielded to his natural sympathies for his suffering fellows made a deep impression on
Captain Echols's susceptible heart, and most justly encited his warm admiration. To com-
memorate this noble deed he erected at his own cost an enduring monument to Frank't
memory at the lock opposite the "Velvet Rock" about a mile and a half below the dam,
in the midst of the wildest and grandest scenery in Virginia, where the gurgling and foam-
ing river dashes in tiny cascades through the overhanging mountains, and sweeps off in m
glittering stream of silver. The traveler may observe a stout obelisk of dark marble
bearing the following inscription :

"IN MEMORY OF FRANK PADGET"
"a colored slave who during a freshet in James River in January, 1854, ven-
tured and lost his life by drowning in a noble effort to save some of his
fellow creatures who were in the midst of the flood from death."

If the hearty admiration and commendation of noble and generous action is the next
thing to performing them, then when Captain Fxhols so generously erected this monu-
ment to this poor, humble negro, who deserved it far better than many an overpraised
and vulf-ar hero who dies on the field of battle, he illustrated the nobleness of his own
heart and built for himself, let us hope, an enduring monument in the hearts of his
countrymen.

When the canal was sold to tlie Riclimond and .MlcKliany Railroad Com-
pany, it was stipuLilcd that the monument should not be disturbed, and a railing
was placed around it.

Edmondson. During a long while the Edmondsons were numerotisly rep-
resented in this county. The name is now extinct, although it maintained itself
more than a century and a half. James K., a son of James and Margaret, was a
lawyer by occupation and was countv judge from 1870 until 1881. In the Se-
cession war he was colonel of the 22nd N'irginia Infantry and lost an arm at
Chanccllorsviilc. He was married to Emily J. Taylor. No children were born
to the union. Colonel Edmondson died in 180R at the ape of sixty-six.

F.itill. The Eslills who have been idrntificd with Lexington, and have
distinguished themselves in literary and professional lines, arc of the numerous
progeny of Wallace Fstill, a gr,nnd nephew to the first white child born in New
Jersey. Wallace lived in the Bullpasturc valley from 1745 to 1773, and was high
•herifT of undivided Augusta. When seventy-five years of age he moved to
what is now Monroe county, a region then on the very border-line of settlement

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 253

At the time of this migration to Indian Creek, all — or all but one — of the nine
children of his last wife were under age. The Estills have been people of strong
mental power, and many of them engaged in public or professional life. The
Estills of Lexington, sprang from Benjamin, the oldest son of Wallace, and a
member of the first county court of Botetourt. Doctor Andrew D. Estill was
born in 1853 in Tazewell, but married Lavellette Davidson, of Rockbridge.
Henry Estill, who died in 1880 at the early age of thirty-five, was a graduate
of Washington College. He edited the Virginia Educational Journal, and was an
author of school books. In 1878 he became McCormick Professor of Natural
Philosophy in his alma Mater.

Gay. William Gay, who fought at the siege of Londonderry, had at least
six children who came to the Calf pasture. These were William, John, James,
Robert, Samuel, and Eleanor. Robert and Samuel did not long remain in this
locality. Eleanor married William Kincaid. William Gay, who owned 900 acres
on what is wrongly called Guy's Run, died in 1755. His wife, who was Mar-
garet Walkup, aftreward married William Hamilton. James Gay, son of the
pioneer James, and his brothers-in-law were the first men to introduce cattle
of an improved breed into Kentucky. The Gays of Kentucky are derived
from the Rockbridge families. They are among the largest landholders in the
Bluegrass region and are connected with scores of the historic families of that
state. Henry Gay, who married Jane Henderson, was a brother to the pioneer
Gays, or at least a near relative, and he lived a while on the Calfpasture. His
son, John H., born in 1787, became a millionaire merchant of St. Louis. Edward
J. Gay, son of John H., was the largest sugar planter in Louisiana, and left an
estate worth $12,000,000. The sugar mills and plantation are still in the Gay
family.

Glasgow. Three brothers of this name, Arthur, Robert, and Joseph, came
to America late in the eighteenth century. They first settled at "Green Forest"
within the present limits of Buena Vista. The second located at Max Meadows,
while the third went with his large family to Ohio in 1806. The wife of Ar-
thur was the widow of John McCorkle who fell in the battle of Cowpens.
Of the three sons, Joseph settled at Balcony Falls, John at "Tuscan Villa" at
the mouth of South River, and Robert on his father's homestead. Alexander
McN., the only son of John who attained his majority, inherited his own fath-
er's estate. He and his two sons were educated at Washington and Lee Uni-
versity. Of the four sons of Robert who arrived at maturity, Joseph R., and
William A., settled at Fincastle as lawyers, but the latter removed to Lexington
in 1887, living here till his death in 1910 at the age of eighty-five. Frank T.
settled at Richmond, and during nearly all of his business life was superintend-
ent of the Tredegar Ironworks. Robert died of fever in the Confederate ser-

254 A HISTOKY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

vice. The sons of William A., who was many years a trustee of Washington
and Lee University, arc Frank T., and Robert of Lexington, the former an at-
torney, tlie latter a physician. With few exceptions the Glasgows have been
Presbj-terians, and tlie record of the family is very honorable in every respect.
They have been very strongly attracted to the professions, particularly that of
the law. Quite a number have been graduated from college, in several in-
stances with much distinction. The town of Glasgow derives its name from the
family.

Graliavi. William Graham, so prominent in the pinni-cr lii>ti>ry of Liberty
Hall .Xcademy, was born at llarrisburg, Penn., Dec. 19, 1746. In his youth he
was inclined to be wild, but his viewpoint changed as he neared his majority.
Aided more by his mother than by his father, he then began to prepare for the
ministry, and was graduated from the College of New Jersey in the same
class with General Henry Lee. About the same time he was licensed to preach.
In the fall of 1774 he came to Rockbridge to act as princip.il of the Presbyterian
school that had just been authorized. He remained its head until 17%, when he
resigned and went to the Ohio River with the intention of settling. But he was
injudicious and the result was financially disastrous. He died at Richmond
in 1799, while on a visit to the state capital in behalf of his land title. Some
years later his remains were interred on the campus of Washington and Lee
University. As the head of Liberty Hall Academy for twenty-two years, Gra-
ham had to struggle against some very untoward circumstances, and it is much
to his credit that the school did not succumb. I'or the ministry he seems to have
been rather less adapted. His strong point was in the teaching of political
science, and he was a meml)er of the convention that drafted the constitution
of the state of Franklin, a commonwealth that had only a brief existence. It
is unfortunate that this state did not come fully into being. It was not co-
terminous with the present state of Tennessee. The proposed boundaries, as
stated by Arthur Campbell — a trustee of Liberty Hall, — included that part of
Virginia .sometimes called Little Tennessee, all of North Carolina west of the
Blue Ridge, very small slices of West Virginia, (jeorgia, and .Mabama, and
rather less than one-half of Tennessee. It would have made a mountain state,
homogeneous in geography and pfipulation.

Greenlee. In all the annals of Rockbridge there is no individual of more
striking per.sonality than Mary LlizalK-th McDowell, who became the wife of
James (irccnlce. So far as we have positive knowledge, she was the only woman
in the little hand of homescekers, who in Octol»er, 1737, made the first actual
settlement in Borden's Great Tract. At this time she was thirty years of age,
and two of her eight children had l)een born. She lived many years a widow,
and displayed much ability in managing a considerable estate. Its appraise-

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 255

merit by William and John Paxton and Jacob Hickman showed that the per-
sonality was $2,970, inclusive of eight slaves, these being valued from $100 in
the case of a child to $500 for an adult. No books are mentioned. Illiteracy
relieved her husband from serving as constable, and it would seem that the wife
cared little for the printed page. Yet her mental faculties were keen and alert
to the end, she used good language, and in a verbal passage at arms, she ap-
pears to have been a match for all comers. Various legends cluster about her
name, and it has been handed down that her wit and her nimbleness of mind
came near causing her to be proceeded against for witchcraft. This is not im-
possible, since it was in her own girlhood that a woman was ducked by the
civil authorities in Princess Anne county on a charge of being a witch. In cer-
tain Alleghany valleys a belief in the delusion exists to this day among people
of German descent. In her widowhood Mary Greenlee kept a tavern, and as
hostess she showed her eye for the main chance by flouting the regulations of
the county court relative to the sale of ardent spirits. She moved from Timber
Ridge to Greenlee's Ferry in 1780. If Mrs. Greenlee was keen in business,
she was also something of a shrew. It was perhaps a victim of her caustic
tongue who perpetrated the following lines of doggerel, which, let us hope, were
written in pleasantry and not in malice.

Mary Greenlee died of late;
Straight she went to Heaven's gate :
But Abram met her with a club,
And knocked her back to Beelzebub.

As a result of a lawsuit instituted by Joseph Borden, Mrs. Greenlee was
called upon for a deposition. When asked how old she was, she made this tart
rejoinder : "What is the reason you ask my age ? Do you think I am in my
dotage? Ninety-five, the seventeenth of this instant." It is evident that her
mental processes were in extraordinarily good working order, even at another
deposition, taken at her home four years later, November 10, 1806. Two-thirds
of a century had elapsed since she came to Rockbridge. Her reminiscences of
the early pioneer days are numerous and precise, and of much historical im-
portance ; more so than any other statements given by the old residents. Mary
Greenlee became a centenarian, since her span of life reached from November
17, 1707 until March 14, 1809. This tendency to longevity seems to have been
inherited from her father, who reached a great age, and to have been passed on-
ward to her grandson, John F. Greenlee, who died in 1915, when in his ninety-
ninth year. Mr. Greenlee never married and was the last of the name in this
county. Like his ancestress, he was in his old age a great source of information
on local history. His habits were favorable to a long life, since he used no tobac-
co and rarely touched liquor. James, the husband of Mary Greenlee, died about

256 A HISTORY OF KOCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

1764, leaving an estate appraised at $2767.67. By owning six slaves he was
the heaviest slaveholder of that period of wiiom we have any certain knowledge.
Exceptional items in the inventory are seven silver watches, valued at $20 each
eight geese, and five pounds of beeswax. Yet the watches were not so low
priced as they would seem, since it would have taken a very good horse, or three
cows, to buy a single one of them. John, the oldest son of James and Mary
Greenlee, disregarded his privilege under the British law of entail, and took
steps to divide the estate equally among the five brothers. He had no issue,
and as only one or two of his brothers remained in Rockbridge, the Greenlee
name was never extensively represented here.

Grigsby. The Grigsby family appeared in this county at the close of the
Revolution, having come from the other side of the Blue Ridge and being of
English derivation. The members of the connection were well-to-do, able,
and influential, and owned several large farms, each with its distinctive name.
As in several other instances, the name is now entirely gone. Benjamin Grigs-
by, son of James, was graduated from Liberty Hall Academy in 1789, and was
licensed as a Presbyterian divine in 1792. He died at Norfolk in 1810 at the
early age of forty. His only son was Hugh Blair Grigsby, who achieved more
than a statewide reputation as scholar, educator, and historian.

Houston. The most famous character to come out of Rockbridge was
General Samuel Houston, whose name and fame are inseparably associated
with Texas. He was a grandson of John, the founder of the Rockbridge line
of Houstons, and a son of Samuel and Elizabeth (I'axton) Houston. In a log
house that stood seventy years ago in the rear of Timber Ridge meeting house,
the future general was born March 2, 1793. He lost his father in 1806, and
three years later he accompanied his mother and his younger brothers and sisters
to Blount county in the valley of East Tennessee. He was daring and ambi-
tious from the first, and in his new home he soon showed the venturesome-
ness which does not seem characteristic of the Houstons as a family. He went
for a while to the Oierokees, and was adopted as a sc-n by one of their chiefs.
After his return he taught school. When nineteen years old he enlisted to
serve against the Creek Indians, and in the battle of Tohopeka he was several
times wounded, both by arrow and ball. His gallantry in this engagement niade
the youth a lieutenant. About 1820 he took up the practice of law. In 1823 he
was elected to Congress and served two terms in the lower house. Houston
was a born leader of men. So rapidly and ciTcctively did he rise in the at-
tention of the public that in 1827 he was elected governor of Tennessee. He
did not serve out his first term. Just after his first marriage he suddenly re-
signed his ofTice, not making public any reason for doing so. He went beyond
the Mississippi to live with an Indian chief whom he had known eleven years

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 257

earlier. This chief owned a large plantation worked by a dozen slaves. Hous-
ton lived among the Cherokees at least three years. This period must be re-
garded as the low-water mark in his varied career, since it was now that he
gave way to the vice of intemperance. But the friendship between himself and
the Indians was never broken, and where they were wronged he was always
ready to uphold their cause. So far back as 1817, he acted as a sub-agent in
the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia, but resigned the following year
because of some reflections on his official conduct, and also because of a reproof
from Calhoun, Secretary of War, for coming into his presence in Indian attire.
During his present residence among the Cherokees he twice visited Washington
to protect them from fraud and greed.

At the very close of 1832, when Houston was in his fortieth year, there
began the most eventful period of his life. By request of the Federal govern-
ment he visited Texas to make treaties with the border tribes for the protection
of traders. Deciding to remain, the Texans sent him to their constitutional
convention of April 1833, and he took a leading part in its deliberations. Near
the close of 1835, when there was war with Mexico, Houston was made com-
mander-in-chief of the armies of Texas. April 21, 1836, he won the decisive
battle of San Jacinto, fighting 1800 men with 700, and inflicting a loss of 1690
against thirty-one on his own side. The invading army was annihilated. Santa
Anna, who was not only its leader but also president of Mexico, was taken
prisoner. It shows a humane spirit in General Houston that he did not cause
the Mexican commander to be executed because of his atrocious cruelty on
several occasions. The victory of San Jacinto established the independence of
the republic of Texas and is a holiday in that commonwealth. When Texas was
admitted as a state in the Federal Union, Houston was chosen senator and in
this capacity he represented his state at Washington from 1846 until 1859. He
was then elected governor of Texas, but because he was inflexibly opposed to se-
cession. General Houston was removed from office in March, 1861. He ignored
the secession convention, refused to swear allegiance to the Confederacy, and
believed in fighting within the Union if there was to be any war at all. In 1860
he ran next to John Bell in the presidential convention of the Constitutional
Union party. After being deposed, Houston went to his home at Huntsville,
where he lived quietly until his death, July 26, 1863.

General Houston was of commanding presence. He was six feet three inches
tall, large-framed, and well-proportioned. In manner he was courteous and
pleasing. As a senator he wore coat and breeches of the best broadcloth, a tiger-
skin vest, a sombrero, and a bright-colored blanket. He did not care to make
money, although he did not lack opportunity. His habits were simple. He lived
plainly in a log house and went to bed at nine o'clock. Houston had a melodious

258 A HISTORY i)K KOCKIIRIUCK COUNTY, VIRGINIA

voice and was a tine orator. He was a good stump speaker, and could address
the borderers in tlieir own dialect. As a legislator lie was noted for impartiality
and unusual foresight. In the Senate chamber at Washington, he had the curious
habit of whittling all day long, fashioning darts, crosses, and other objects that
he gave away as curios. As a military leader he was wary, yet brave, able and
resolute. In 1854, General Houston became a member of the Baptist Church.
By his second wife, Margaret M. Lea, he had four sons and four daughters. Of
these, Nettie P. has a record in prose and poetry, while Samuel, Jr., a physician
has written for the periodicals.

John Houston, the pioneer, figured in an exploit during his voyage from Ire-
land to Philadelphia. He and his fellow passengers became convinced that the
captain and crew meant to n>b them. So the passengers put the suspects in
irons and navigated the vessel themselves.

Samuel, Sr., the father of General Houston, was himself a soldier, having
served in the Revolution as one of the famous riflemen of Daniel Morgan. Af-
terward he was an inspector-general of troops on the frontier and held the rank
of major. A first cousin was the Reverend Samuel Houston born on Hays
Creek, January 1, 1758. He was a graduate of Liberty Hall and was licensed
as a Presbyterian minister about 1784. He spent several years in the proposed
State of Franklin, which he took a leading part in trying to establish,
being a meml)er of the conmiittee that drafted its constitution. Returning in
1789 he now became pastor of the churches at Falling Springs and Highbridge.
Mr. Houston was a polished writer and for about twenty years he taught a clas-
sical school in a building on his own place. He was original in his ideas and was
the inventor and patentee of a threshing machine. His house and barn were
built on plans of his own, and his farm of six hundred acres was tilled on more
scientific methods than were usual in his day. During his long pastorate he per-
haps united more couples than any other minister in Rockbridge. He became
blind near the close of his long life, but was to have preached the d.iy he died,
which was January 29, 1839. He was tall, erect, and square-shouldered, digni-
fied in manner, and was both particular and old-fashioned in the matter of
dress.

A son of the last-named, and therefore a second cousin to the general, was
the Reverend .Samuel R. Houston, Ixirn March 12. 1806. He was graduated from
Dickenson College in 1825. and after teaching six years at Philadelphia in a
school for the deaf and dumb, he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and
sailed in 1835 as a missionary to Greece. At historic Sparta he conducted a large
mission school. In 1841 he returned to America bec.iuse of ill-he.ilth in his fam-
ily. During forty-four years he was pastor at Union. W. Va. The diaries that
Doctor Houston kept during his residence in foreign lands and as a non<om-

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 259

batant in the war of 1861 are of much historical and descriptive value. He was
the father of the late Judge William P. Houston, of Lexington, a gentleman
who was a cyclopedia of the local history of Rockbridge. Doctor Houston was
also the author af "A History of the Houston Family." In this work he relates
that of the progeny of John, the pioneer, nearly fifty were Presbyterian elders,
and more than thirty were ministers of the same or other comnumions. Many
of the connection had held civil or military office, while many in the female line
married men engaged in the learned professions, or who were otherwise of force
and influence. Few had become wealthy and none had fallen into gross crime.

Jordan. Colonel John Jordan came from Hanover county soon after his
marriage to Lucy Winn in 1802. His home, "Jordan's Point," now known as
"Sloner," was built in 1818. It is a fine mansion in the colonial style, with hand-
some grounds. Rockbridge was almost wholly rural when he came to Lexington.
Colonel Jordan had much to do with its industrial development. He became in-
terested in iron smelting, flour and grist mills, lumber mills, blacksmith shops,
and the weaving of woolen and cotton goods. As a contractor, he built Washing-
ton College and Ann Smith Academy, and for near a half century practically all
the other large buildings in and around Lexington. He constructed the batteau
canal at Balcony Falls, and was the first president of the construction company.
He also took part in the building of the James River and Kanawha Canal. Col-
onel Jordan was also a road builder. In 1826 he built a road across North
Mountain from near Collierstown to Longdale. When the county court hesitated,
the colonel made this characteristic reply : "Give me the men and I will build the
road." The road was constructed. Twelve furnaces were owned and operated by
Colonel Jordan and his sons. Four of these were in this county. The others were
chiefly in Alleghany and Botetourt. The Victoria furnace was in Louisa, and the
Westham was near Richmond. Ironmaking was in fact a family pursuit, the
colonel's father having made cannonballs for the American army in the Revolu-
tion. Colonel John Jordan was six feet three inches tall, and had dark hair and
fine dark eyes. He was not only of commanding appearance, but was kindly, af-
fectionate, honorable, and charitable. Both himself and wife were Baptists, and
when the Lexington Baptist church was organized, one-half of its membership
came from the Jordan household. Colonel Jordan was a close personal friend to
General F. H. Smith. The two men would sit for hours on the veranda at
Jordan's Point, talking on affairs relating to the Virginia Military Institute.

Mrs. Jordan, a very handsome blonde, was six feet tall. She was a woman of
unusual strength of character, very industrious, and personally superintended the
affairs of her large household. Spinning, weaving, dyeing, sewing, and the care
of laundry, dairy, storeroom, smokehouse, orchard, and garden were but some of
the activities of the estate, much of the work being done by slave labor.

260 A IIISTOBY OF ROCKBRI1x:E county, VIRGINIA

G>loncl and Mrs. Jordan had twelve sons and two daugliters, nearly all of
whom grew to maturity. Like their parents they were handsome in person, and
the sons were generally of superior size and stature. Edwin J., the oldest, lived
at White Haven in Alleghany. John W., was the founder of Rockbridge Baths.
Samuel F., was particularly interested in the iron business, and it was under the
colonel's sons that the industry attained its greatest development. The sons gen-
erally migrated from Rockbridge, sooner or later, and very few of the later de-
scendants arc now residents here. A number of the present generation are serv-
ing in the war now closing. Colonel Jordan was himself a lieutenant in 1812,
and twenty silver dollars were used as mountings on his sword. Several of his
grandsons were in the war of 1861 and Captain Charles II.. son of Samuel F.,
was severely wounded at Fisher's Hill.

Juiikin. George Junkin was born at Carlisle, Penn., October 1, 1790, and
was graduated from Jefferson College in 1813. The first Sunday schools and
temperance societies in central Pennsylvania were organized by him. He was
the founder and the first president of Lafayette College, and for three years was
president of Miami University. In 1848 he came to Lexington as president of
Washington College, and held this position until April, 1861, when he resigned be-
cause of his inflexible opposition to secession. Doctor Junkin returned North,
where he died, May 20, 1868. He was a prolific author, especially of religious
works. The father's antagonism to secession was not shared by all of the six sons
and three daughters. Margaret, the eldest — born 1825. died 1897 — married
Colonel John T. L. Preston. Mrs. Preston had remarkable literary and scholastic
gifls. While yet a child, she thought in verse, and she learned the Hebrew alpha-
bet ?/ i!.e age of three. In her adult life she was one of the best among Anu-rican
Ariters of sonnets. Several volumes of poems, rather of the Browning type,
came from her pen. In 1856 appeared "Silverwood." a novel. To promote
Southern literary effort, Mrs. Preston gratuitously edited several papers. Of the
other daughters of Doctor Junkin, Llinor wai ihe first wife of Stonewall Jackson,
and Jidia M. married Prof. J. M. Fishburne, of Washington College. Three .eons,
George, Ebenezer, and William F.. entered the mini.'.try. The last named — horn
1831, died 1900 — married Anna A., the oldest sister of William A. Anderson. He
was for some time pastor of Falling Springs Church. His children are Mary V..,
(wife of General Edward W. Nichols, of the Virginia Military Institute), Julia
T., Anna D., Francis T. A. (a lawyer of Oiicigo). Elinor J., (present wife of
Doctor John H. I^tanc. of Johns Hopkins University), Isabel S.. and William D.
A., a lawyer of New York City.

Laird. James I-aird, Sr., was living in 1756 with John Craig in what is now
Rockingham county. The house he built in 1760 on his purchase at the foot of
Laird's Knob and at the head of Smith Creek is still an occupied dwelling and is

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS

261

in a good state of preservation. The pioneer died here in 1803. His children
were James, David, and Mary. The first of these served in the French and In-
dian War and both were in the Revolution. In 1805, James, Jr., was living in
Rockbridge near Fancy Hill. Mary a sister to James, St., married James Craig,
Sr., who was a member of the Augusta court in 1771-78. David E. Laird con-
ducted at Fancy Hill one of the best preparatory schools in Virginia. In cen-
tral Kentucky is an emigrant branch of the Rockbridge Lairds, and it includes
people of wealth and position.

Lee. George Washington Custis Lee was the oldest son of General Robert
E. Lee. In 1854 he came out of West Point at the head of his class, and was
in the engineering corps until the outbreak of the war of 1861. As a captain
of engineers he was then employed on the forts around Richmond. In the sum-
mer of 1861 Jefferson Davis made him an aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel
of cavalry. Near the close of the war he had risen to the rank of major-gen-
eral. He saw little active service, although this was not according to his desire.
In the fall of 1865 he came to Lexington as professor of civil engineering and ap-
plied mechanics. February 1, 1872, he succeeded his father as college president,
and was the first to preside over Washington and Lee University under its pres-
ent name. In 1897 he retired. As president emeritus he was oflfered $2,000 a
year and the use of the house he was occupying. This was declined and he went
to live at Ravenwood, a family estate in Fairfax county. There he died in 1913
at the age of eighty. General Lee was unmarried.

Susan P. Pendleton, sister of General A. S. Pendleton, married in this
county Edwin G. Lee, a native of JefTerson county. West Virginia. In conjunc-
tion with her father and sisters, she carried on a classical school in Lexington.
Mrs. Lee, who wrote "A School History of the United States" and "Memoirs of
William N. Pendleton," died in Lexington in 1911, aged seventy-nine.

Letcher. John Letcher came to this county from Fluvanna. He was an
uncle to Robert P. Letcher, who was governor of Kentucky in 1840-44. .A.fter
coming to Rockbridge, John married Mary Houston, an aunt to General Sam
Houston, of Texas. Two of his sons remained in their native county, John, Jr.,
operating a tannery ten miles south of Lexington, and William H., living at the
county seat and keeping a boarding house for students. John, a son of William
H., was born March 28. 1813, and was educated at Washington College, afterward
studying law at Randolph-Macon College. He was highly successful in his chosen
profession, and won a renown that sent him to the Constitutional Convention of
1850. From 1851 to 1859 he was a member of the House of Representatives at
Washington, where he sat in the Committee on \\'ays and Means. His Congress-
ional career was conscientious and useful. It was here that he became known as
"Honest John Letcher," and 3-= the "Watch-Dog of the United States Treasury."

262 A HISTORY UF ROCKIIRItX^E COL'NTY, VIRGIN'IA

In 1859, Mr. Letcher was elected governor of his state by the comfortable ma-
jority of 5,569. although lie failed to carry the Eastern District. His administra-
tion covered the years 1860-63 inclusive, sti that he was one of the war governors
of the period. After this responsibility and trying experience. Mr. Letcher re-
turned to liis native town to resume the practice of law, hut after the close of hos-
tilities he was repeatedly sent to the General .\sscinbly. Politically. Governor
Letcher was a Democrat and for some time he was editor of the Valley Star.
During the months of suspense prior to the firing on Fort Sumter, he was not one
of the original secessionists and his views were conciliatory. Even after the wan-
ton burning of his fine residence by order of General Hunter, and while the
memory of it must still have been fresh, he could use these words in an address
at the X'irginia Military Institute. September 19. 186^1: "The war has ended. We
are again a united people. Let the passions, the prejudices, and the revengeful
feelings, which have existed between the sections, and which were intensified by
the civil war, be consigned in sulemn silence to a common grave, there to sleep for-
ever. The past is gone and should be forgotten. The present is upon us, and
should be wisely improved with a view to the future and all it has in store for us."
The governor's death took place January 26. 1884. closing a long period of in-
validism. The wife of Mr. Ixtcher was Mary S. Holt, of Augusta county. The
children born to the couple were William H., Elizabeth S., Ann H., An<lrew H.,
John D., Mary K., Virginia L., Fannie P., and Greenlee D.

Lcyburn. John Leyburn graduated from the College of New Jersey with
two honors and prepared for the ministry at Union Theological Seminary. His
first pastorate was at Gainesville. Ala. For nine years he was co-editor of The
Presbyterian, at Philadelphia. He was also secretary of the Publication So-
ciety of the Presbyterian Church. The Secession war found him traveling in
Europe and called him home. Just after the close of the war he was serving a
church in Baltimore. In 1874 he again went abroad, having already visited the
British Isles as a delegate to the Ter-Centenary Celebration of the Presbyterian
Church of Scotland. His wife was Mary L. Mercer, a granddaughter of Gen-
eral Hugh Mercer of the Revolution. There were no children. Doctor I-eyburn
was l)om in Lexington and in the evening of his life he wrote some very enter-
taining reminiscences for the Rockbridge papers. He <Iied in 1803 at the age
of seventy-eight.

Locher. Charles H. LocIut is a son of Oiarles II. I.<Klier. Sr.. a native of
Maryland who came to Balcony Falls about 1852 to manufacture cement. This
business he pursued oil a large scale until the plant was demolished by a flood
in the Tames. He died at Glasgow in 188*>. The son. who is a younger brother
to Harry O. Ixicher of Glasgow, obtained a very pr.ictical knowledge of rail-
road const rtict ion. and drifted into contract work in which he has made a nation-

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 263

wide reputation. He is the owner of several patents, inclusive of an aerial dump
used in excavation. The principal undertakings which Mr. Locher has carried
to completion are these : the Chicago Drainage Canal the ; Wachusett Dam in
Massachusetts ; the Shoshone Dam in Wyoming ; the Livingstone Ship Channel in
Detroit River; and the I. and O. Viaduct at Richmond, \'irginia. Without his
knowledge or solicitation, Mr. Locher was selected as manager to place a system
of dams in the basin of the Miami River of Ohio. By an expenditure of
$25,000,000, it is hoped to so impound the flood waters of that valley that such
a disaster as befell the city of Dayton in 1913 is not at all likely to recur. Mr.
Locher is ingenious, a good organizer, rather careful in making a promise, but
scrupulous in the fulfilment.

Liisk. William Lusk, a justice of this county, was a self-made man, and
incidentally was an ingenious mechanic.

Maury. Matthew Fontaine ALnury, one of the foremost scientific men of the
nineteenth century, was born in Spottslyvania county in 1806. At the age of
nineteen, and as a midshipman, he began a voyage that extended around the
world. In 1843 he was given charge of the National Observatory at the city of
Washington, and the present Weather Bureau grew out of his suggestions. His
knowledge of things maritime was so profound as to give him the title of "Path-
finder of the Seas." He instituted deep sea soundings, pointed out to Cyrus W.
Field where an ocean cable should be laid, and wrote a standard work on physical
geography. Offers of knighthood by the British government were refused, and
he declined invitations to Russia and France. The last named country offered him
the superintendency of the National Observatory at Paris. During the war of
1861 he supervised coast defenses for the Confederate government. After the
surrender of Lee he went to Mexico, where he had a seat in the cabinet of the
Emperor Maximilian, and he introduced the plant from which quinine is derived.
From Mexico he went to England, where he was given the degree of Doctor of
Laws by the University of Cambridge. In 1868 he was recalled to his native
land, and he settled at Lexington as professor of meterology in Washington
College. After five years of usefulness in this final position, he died at the age
of sixty-seven. By his special request his remains were afterward taken to
Richmond for re-interment, and by way of Goshen Pass during the rhododendron
season. For this beautiful watergap he had a particular admiration. The will of
Commodore Maury is noteworthy for its Christian spirit and for the way in
which it distributes among his children the many medals he received from the
governments of Europe.

McDowell. The McDowells of Rockbridge enjoy the distinction not only
of being the first family to settle in the Borden grant, and probably the first in
the county, but to have furnished a governor of Virginia and a number of other

264 A HISTORY OF BOCKBRTDGE COUNTY, NTRCmiA

more or less eminent names of county, state, or national importance. Ephraim
McDowell, the progenitor, had been at the famous siege of Londonderry in 1689,
and was an elderly man when he came to Rockbridge. Yet he lived many years
thereafter, and was sufficiently active to make for himself a place in the annals
of the pioneer epoch. So far as we know, he was accompanied to America only
by two sons and two daughters. Tlie sons were John and James, but it is only
the posterity of the former who appears to figure in Rockbridge history. John
McDowell is said to have come here as a widower, but this is probably incorrect.
However, it was not long after his arrival that he was married to Magdalcna
Woods, by whom he had a daughter, Martha. Slie married George MofTctf, of
Augusta. The children of his first wife were Samuel and James. John Mc-
Dowell was a practical surveyor and assisted in laying off the Borden Tract
As a leader in the new settlement he was made captain of the first local militia
company but fell in the battle with the Iroquois Indians at the mouth of North
River. His gravestone in the family burial ground bears this legend :

Hicr Lyes The body of
John Mack Dowcll
Deced Deccmbe 1743

The year is incorrectly marked, since the true time was 1742 and not 1743.
But as the stone could not have been set up until some time in 1743, the error is
easily accounted for.

Samuel, the oldest child of Captain McDowell, was almost exactly two years
old when his father c.imc to Timber Ridge in the fall of 1737. His wife was
Mary McGung, to whom he was married in 1754. When only ten or eleven years
old he carried a chain in the surveying parties, and thus became very familiar
with the Borden lands. After coming to maturity he was very active in public
afTairs. Like his cousin, John Greenlee, he waived his rights under the British
law of entail, and gave his brother and sister shares equal to his own in
the parental estate. On his return from the House of Burgesses in 1775, he
erected a liberty pole in his yard. Next May he and his colleague, Thomas Ixwis,
bore to the state capital the first official expression touching the matter of the in-
dependence of the colony. In the military movements of the Revolution he took
a part, and he commanded a body of militia in the b.nttle of Guilford. At Point
Pleasant, in November, 1777, Colonel McDowell rendered an important service.
General Hand had come from Pittsburg and was joined by 700 militia, who were
expecting to be led against the Indian towns on the Scioto. Hand concluded that
it was too late in the fall to set out. While at Fnrt Randolph he ordered the
rations cut down on the ground that the men were living too well. The militia at
oner went on a strike. They buckled on their haversacks and shouldered their
guns. McDowell acted as mediator and restored a o-mlilTiirr of harmony. Also,

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS

265

by order of the general, he rode before the line and announced the surrender of
Burgoyne at Saratoga. The profession of Colonel McDowell was that of the
law, and after his removal to Kentucky in 1783 he was a judge. He lived to
old age and his depositions in the Borden suit are of much interest. His daugh-
ter Magdalene married Andrew Reid, the first clerk of Rockbridge. His son
Ephriam, born 1771, died 1830, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from
the University of Edinburgh. He settled at Danville, Kentucky as a physician
and surgeon, and has the distinction of being the first man to perform a success-
ful operation in ovariotomy.

James, brother to Samuel, was two years younger, but died when only thirty-
three years of age. James' wife, to whom he was married in 1793 was Sarah
Preston, granddaughter to General William Campbell, one of the heroes of
King's Mountain. James, Jr., the only son, was six feet two inches tall, but this
commanding stature was not at all uncommon in the pioneer days. He was a man
cf "vigorous mind, strong common sense, and unflinching integrity." His decision
of character and his patriotism are shown by his record in the 1812 war. He re-
ported at Lexington, November 14, 1812, with a regiment of 1200 men. and the
services of himself and his command were accepted. They were on duty more
than two years, and although never in action, their aid was very important. The
regiment acted as a flying-guard along the coast of the Chesapeake to keep parties
of British marines from landing. Large quantities of brandy were distilled on
Colonel McDowell's plantation of Cherry Grove, but when the temperance re-
form appeared on the horizon, he ceased the manufacture at once and absolutely.
He went a step further. On a visit to Greenbrier he picked up a tract on the
tobacco habit, and convincing himself that its arguments were sound, he imme-
diately gave up using the weed, although he had been chewing or smoking for
fifty years. The wife of Colonel McDowell, to whom he was married in 1793,
was Sarah Preston, a granddaughter to General William Campbell, one of the
heroes of King's Mountain. His children were Susan, James, and Elizabeth.
The first daughter became the wife of William Taylor, who died while a mem-
ber of the lower house of Congress. The second daughter wedded Thomas PL
Benton, a statesman of national renown. A daughter of Benton became the
wife of General John C. Fremont, whose chief title to fame rests upon his ex-
plorations in the Far West and his share in bringing California under the Ameri-
can flag. Fremont was the standard-bearer of the Republican party in the cam-
paign of 1856, and was an unsuccessful leader of Federal armies in 1861-62.

James, the only son of Colonel James McDowell, was born at Cherry Grove,
October 12, 1796, and was graduated from Princeton College in 1817. The same
college gave him in 1846 the degree of Doctor of Laws. He read law but never
practiced it. His vocational career was that of a planter, first in Kentucky and

266 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV. VIRGINIA

later in Rockbridge. Colonel McDowell was a model gentleman, very preposess-
ing in manner, and he made all visitors feel at case in his presence. Yet he had
very pronounced views with respect to personal conduct, and was not afraid of
being called a Puritan. No liquors might appear at his dinners, and no amuse-
ment was permitted in his home which did not meet his approval. Being a polish-
ed orator and having an aptitude for statescraft. he gravitated into public life.
Politically he was a Democrat. He served in the General .Asst-mhly. was governor
of his state, 1843-46, and then succeeded his brother-in-law as a member of Con-
gress. As a statesman, McDowell possessed unusual judgment and foresight,
and in several important matters was ahead of his age. Mis state papers arc
able documents. He believed that emancipation of the slaves was inevitable, and
the Nat Turner tragedy did not shake his advocacy of a progressive freeing of
the negroes. During his administration as governor he gave his hearty support
to a measure that nearly resulted in a system of free schools. His friendship for
popular education is expressed in these words "I know not who was the origina-
tor of the school system of Massachusetts, but I would rather have been that man
than wear the proudest diadem of Europe." McDowell's lack of ultra-partisanship
appears in a brilliant speech against nullification in 1833, and in a speech in Con-
gress in favor of the admission of California as a free state. Eight of the ten
children of Governor ^fcDowcll arrived at the age of maturity and married. He
died at Colalto, August 24, 1851.

AfaXult. Alexander McXutt was granted lands in Nova Scotia after the
expulsion of the Arcadians, visited England on a colonization errand, and re-
turned with over 200 settlers and some supplies. He w.as complained of for
parcelling out land without due authority. On the advent of the Revolution he
joined the .American "rebels" and although the lands appear to have been con-
fiscated, he attempted to convey 100.000 acres to Liberty Hall .Academy. In his
later years he In-came a religious enthusiast. He died in 1811, and was buried at
Falling Springs. His gold-mounted sword was long preserved in the family.
While a lieutenant in the I'rench and Indian war. he kept a <li;iry. but unfortu-
nately for the interests of Rockbridge he gave it to Governor Fauquier.

John, a brother to .McxaiuUr. married Catherine .Anderson. A daughter
married John McCorkle, who lost his life at Cowpens. A .son, .Alexander, was
the father of Alexander G. McNutt and grandfather to two generals of the Con-
federate army: .Albert G. Jenkins and I'rank I'axton.

Alexander G. McNutt, son of .Alexamler and Rachael (Grigsby) McNutt.
was Ixim on North River one mile below Ruena Vista. He was eciucated at
Washington College, and at the age of twenty-one was settled as a lawyer at
Jackson. Mississippi. Isa.ic McNutt. his uncle, had already migrated in this
direction. The young man was well read and an easy writer. He was a fine

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS

267

stump speaker, but was pitted against Sergeant S. Prentiss, whose oratory was
on a par with that of Patrick Henry or Daniel Webster. After 1838 McNutt
declined to meet his antagonist on the platform. McNutt's intemperance and
slovenly attire were made a target by Prentiss, but the future governor had the
moral courage and strength of character to reform and his law practice became
very renunierative. In 1829 he was Speaker of the House of Representatives
for Mississippi, and as a Democrat was elected governor, his term covering the
period 1838^2. McNutt died in 1848, in the midst of a presidential cam-
paign. He was unmarried, and the four brothers who followed him to the Gulf
country also died without issue.

A pioneer McNutt was Robert, who died on a voyage to Ireland, and his
wife, whose maiden name was Rosanna Dunn, married Patrick McFarland. Still
another was George, who came here with his brother William as advance agents
for some kinspeople. Tradition has it that both brothers were in the battle of
King's Mountain. William went to the Northwest, and George, who was three
times married and had a numerous family, settled near Knoxville. Tennessee.

Montgomery., tlumphrey Montgomery, who settled on Buffalo Creek,
was a son of Humphrey Montgomery, of Pennslyvania. and served under Captain
Samuel Lapsley in 1777-79.

Moore. Andrew Moore, a son of David, was born at "Cannicello," in this
county in 1752. In his youth he was shipwrecked while on a voyage to the West
Indies. In consequence, he and several companions were marooned several weeks
on an island, doubtless one of the Bahamas, and the lizards on which they sub-
sisted must have been iguanas. This vegetable-eating reptile is considered a
great delicacy. He was admitted to the bar in 1774 and was very a successful
lawyer. In 1776 he was commissioned a lieutenant, and enlisted 100 men. se-
curing nineteen at a single log-rolling. During the next three years he was a
captain of riflemen under Daniel Morgan. In 1779 he resigned and from 1781
to 1789 was in the state legislature. In 1788 he was a member of tiie state con-
vention that ratified tlic Federal Constitution. Ratification had been made a
distinct issue in the campaign which resulted in sending Andrew Moore and Wil-
liam McKee to the Convention. But Patrick Henry wielded a great influence in
that body, and because of his opposition, a large public meeting at Lexington in-
structed the delegates to vote against ratification. Both Moore and McKce decided
that they were justified in disregarding these instructions and voted accordingly.
A change of only five votes would have defeated ratification. Moore was re-elect-
ed when he again ran for office. He was defeated only once in twenty-nine can-
didacies, and then then only by one vote. Throughout Wasiiington's adminis-
tration he was in the House of Representatives. After again returning to the
General Assembly, he was once more a Congressman and then a member of the

268 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. \TRGINIA

Federal Senate. In 1809 he was conimissioncd a major-general, and the next
year was appointed a United States Marsliall. holding this office until 1821, the
year of his death. Mis wife was Sally, a daughter of Andrew Reid.

Samuel McDowell Moore, a son of General Andrew Moore, was born in
1796 and died in 1875. He was a man of powerful build, strongly marked
countenance, and commanding force. He thought and acted for himself, called
a spade a spade, and was not a person to be improperly interfered with. In any
arena he was a dangerous antagonist. lie was a leader in the Rockbridge bar
and was a Congressman in 1833-35. Mr. Moore was a Whig in politics, of
anti-slavery feeling, and in the state convention of 1861 he vigorously combattcd
the arguments of the secession leaders. He was married to Evalina. a daughter
of .Vndrew Alexander. His only child was a daughter, who married John H.
Moore.

William, the elder brother of General Andrew Moore, married Nancy Mc-
Oung and lived near Fairfield. He was a merchant, and sherifT. and had a furnace
on South River. His children were Samuel, David. John, Eliab, Jane, Isabella,
Elizabeth and Nancy. William Moore was a man of most unusual physical
strength In the battle of Point Pleasant, John Steele was wounded and about
to be scalped. Moore shot the Indian, knocked another down with his gun, and
although Steele was heavy, he took him up and bore him to a place of safety.
Perhaps this feat undermined Moore's constitution, for he only reached the age
of about ninety-three years.

Morrison. James D. Morrison, a son of William, was a graduate of Wash-
ington College, and in the civil war was a captain in the 58th Virginia Infantry.
He was sent to the Assembly in 1872. and five years later he founded the Rock-
bridge Citircti. He died in 1902. aged about seventy years. Captain Morrison
married I-aura Chapin, and his children were William, Kenneth, and Irene.

Nelson. Alexander L. Nelson, a native of Augusta, was graduated from
Washington College in 1846 and succeeded General D. H. Hill in the chair of
mathematics. Professor Nelson, who was a great grandson of Sampson Mathews,
died in 1910 at the age of eighty-three. His wife was Elizabeth H. Moore.

Niehols. General Edward Nichols was born at Petersburg. 1858. He was
graduated with high honors from the Virginia Military Institute in 1878, and
took a post-graduate course in engineering. He entered the legal profession but
left if to take the chair in engineering at the Institute in 1882. From 1800 until
1908 he held the chair of mathematics. In this interval he became the author of
an "Analytical Geometry," and "A DifTerential and Integral Calculus." He is
the present Superintendent of the Institute. The first wife of General Nichols
was Edmonia L., a daughter of Doctor Livingston Waddcll ; the second is Mary
E., the oldest daughter of the late William F. Junkin. Her first husband w.is
Ijwrcnce Rust, I-L. D., of I>oudoun county

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 269

Parsons. Colonel Henry C. Parsons, several years owner of the Natural
Bridge, was a native of Vermont. He was the author of "The Reaper," a vol-
ume of poems. Colonel Parsons was murdered at Clifton Forge, June 29, 1894,
by a railroad man.

Paul. Captain Audley Paul was a son of Hugh Paul, a Presbyterian min-
ister, who migrated from county Armagh, Ulster, to Chester county, Pennsyl-
vania. He was a very useful officer, and was in military service nearly all the
time from 1754 until the close of the Revolution. He led his company several
times against the Indians. He was under Washington in the battle known as
Braddock's Defeat, and he endured the hardships of the Big Sandy expedition.
His son relates in 1839 that his father received no compensation for these ser-
vices. Captain Paul lived near the line of Botetourt. His brother John became
a Roman Catholic priest in Maryland.

Pa.vtons. The Paxtons, a very numerous connection in this county, fall in-
to two groups, the progeny of two brothers. One of these settled on South
River, the other south of Lexington. The Paxtons have been a prosperous folk
and have stood high in the community. Several of the earlier generations were
wealthy, aristocratic planters, and unusually heavy growers of hemp. Not a
few of the descendants have attained prominence in literary, professional, and
business circles.

Major James Paxton, a son of William and his wife Elenor Hays, was from
1818 until 1828 commandant of the arsenal at Lexington. He then retired to an
estate at the mouth of the Cowpasture owned by his father-in-law, John Jordan.
Here he died in 1866 at the age of eighty-five. Major Paxton was a great
leader and scholar. A shadow came over his life through his killing of a Captain
Dade in a duel.

Colonel James H., a son of Colonel William Paxton, was a graduate of
Washington College in the class of 1833. He delighted in the classics and was
the foremost Latin scholar in Rockbridge. At his home, "Mountain View," he
maintained for twelve years a classical school, and was a friend of public
schools. Colonel Paxton served a term in the Senate of Virginia. He died in
1902 at the great age of ninety years. His wife was Kate Glasgow, and his
children were Nellie, Kate G., Archibald H., Robert (a captain in the United
States army), William T., Professor James H., and J. Gordan.

John D. Paxton, who died in 1868 at the age of eighty-four, was also a grad-
uate of Washington College. For some years he was a missionary in Europe.
His sermons number 5769. He was a most vehement opponent to slavery, and
in 1833 he published a volume against it. He also published a volume on his
travels in the Eastern continent. A memoir of Mr. Paxton was written by his
widow. His nephew, John W., a son of James H. Paxton, was an eminent phy-
sician.

270 A mSTiiki ij KiH MiKu-.K COUNTY, VIRCINIA

Elisha F. Paxton. the one brigadier directly contributed by Rockbridge to
the Confederate army, was a nephew to Governor McXutt, of Mississippi, and
was born in 1828. He graduated from Washington College in 1845, from Yale
College in 1847, and completed a law course at tiie University of N'irginia in 1849.
General Paxton was an original secccssionist, and at the outset of the war
was a lieutenant in the Rockbridge RilUs. After serving as aide-de-camp to
Stonewall Jackson, he took command of the Stonewall Urigade, November 2,
1862. He was killed at the head of his troops in the battle ot C hancellorsvillc.
May 2, 1862, just one day before his commander was disabled. Indifferent eye-
sight had caused him to abandon the law and turn to farming. The wife of
General Paxton was E H. White. His children are Matthew \V., the pres-
ent editor of the Rockbridge County News, and the present dean of Rockbridge
journalism, John G.. an attorney of Kansas City, and I'rank of San Saba county,
Texas. James G., an elder brother of General Paxton, was killed August 6,
1870, in the train wreck at Jerry's Run on the Oiesapcake and Ohio Railroad.

Alexander .S.. a son of Thomas P. Paxton, was the author of Memory
Days, a delightful sketch of antebellum times in Rockbridge. The story cen-
ters about an old field school near the entrance to .Arnold's N'alley.

Poague. William T., son of John B., and Elizabeth (Stuart) Poague, came
out of Washington College in the class of 1857, and entered the practice of law
in St. I^uis. In the Confederate army he rose from the rank of private to that of
lieutenant-colonel. He was with General Lee in his Greenbrier campaign, and
was in all of Stonewall Jackson's battles. In 1885 he became treasurer of the
Virginia Military Institute. Other positions of honor and trust were held by
him.

Preston. The Preston group-family is noteworthy for the exceptional num-
ber of eminent persons it includes. Colonel William Preston, a soldier and sur-
geon of the Dunmore and Revolutionary wars, was the only son of John, the
immigrant and his wife, a sister to Colonel James Patton. Thomas L., tenth
child of Colonel William, was an alumnus of Liberty Hall Academy, a lawyer
and diefl in military service in the war of 1812. Colonel John T. I.. Preston, son
of Captain Thomas L., began active life as a lawyer, but for forty-three years
was professor of language and literature in the Virginia Military Institute, a
school that he helped in no small degree to establish. During forty years he was
known as the "town speaker," yet he was somewhat unsocial and did not always
choose to be on the popular side. All his seven sons were educated at Washing-
ton College. His first wife was Sally L. Caruthers, his second was Margaret,
the eldest daughter of President Junkin, of the same institution. The chiMren
who rcacliccl adult age were Thomas I... I*"ranklin, William C . John A., Eliza-
beth, George J., and Herbert R. Thomas L., and John .\ . became ministers.

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOCIRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS

271

Franklin and William C, were killed in the war, the first at New Market, the
second at Second Manassas. Franklin, the best linguist of his age in the state,
was assistant professor of Greek in Wahington College. George J., and Herbert
R., were the children of the second wife. Both settled in Baltimore, the first as
a physician, tlie second as a lawyer.

Reid. Andrew Reid, of Mulberry Hill, married Magdalene, daughter of
Samuel McDowell, and had three sons and eight daughters. He was the first
clerk of Rockbridge. Samuel McDowell Reid, one of the three sons, was born
in 1790, and was an adjutant under his cousin. Colonel James McDowell, in the
war of 1812. He succeeded his father as county clerk, after serving a time as
deputy. He was a founder of the Franklin Society, more than fifty years
trustee of Washington College and Ann Smith Academy, a chief organizer of
the Rockbridge County Fair, and was mainly instrumental in opening the
North River to Lexington. He died in 1869. From his marriage to Sarah
E. Hare, only two children, Mary L., and Agnes, grew to maturity. The former
married Professor James J. White.

Robinson. John Robinson came from Ireland to Rockbridge in 1770, when
seventeen years of age. He learned the trade of weaver, but by turning horse-
trader and speculating in soldiers' certificates, he became able to purchase Hart's
Bottom in 1779. He enlarged his landed property to 800 acres, exclusive of
his holdings on the Cowpasture. He was not highly successful as a planter,
although he became owner of sixty slaves. It was mainly by the distilling of
whiskey that he accumulated his fortune. Mr. Robinson was without an heir,
and decided to devote his entire estate to educational uses. In 1820 he rescued
the Ann Smith Academy from a sheriff's sale by taking up a judgment against
it of about $3,000. His will begins by saying that "John Robinson, a native of
the county of Armagh in the north of Ireland, but now a resident of Hart's
Bottom, in the county of Rockbridge and the state of Virginia, having migrated
to America just in time to participate in its Revolutionary struggle (which I did
in various situations) and having since that period by a long, peaceful, and
prosperous intercourse with my fellow citizens amassed a considerable estate
which I am desirous of rendering back to them, upon terms most likely to
conduce to their essential and permanent interests, do therefore will and ordain

." He endowed a chair of geology and biology, and a clause in the will

provides that two medals shall be given yearly. With the exception of General
Washington he was the first considerable benefactor of the college. Mr. Rob-
inson died in 1826, and in 1855 a monument to his memory was erected on the
college campus.

Riiffner. Henry RufFner, son of Colonel David RufFner of Page county,
and grandson of Peter Ruffner, a German immigrant, was born in Page in 1789.

272 A niSTORY OF KOCKBRnXlE COUKTV, VIRGINIA

He was educated at Wasliington College from which he was graduated in 1817.
Two years later lie entered the same college as a professor, and also was li-
censed to the Presbyterian ministry. From 1836 to 1848 he was the college
president. He then retired to a farm on the Kanawha and ceased preaching a
year before his death, which took place in 1861. Princeton gave him the degree
of Doctor of Divinity. Doctor KutTner was an occasional contributor to the
religious press. His wife was Sarah, daughter of William Lyle of "Oakley"
on Mill Creek.

William Henry Ruffner, son of Henry Ruffncr, was born at Lexington in
1824, and was graduated from Washington College in 1842. He likewise entered
the Presbyterian ministry, but his only pastorate was in Philadelphia in 1849-
51. His leanings were very much in the direction of educational alTort and
scientific study. He devised the free school system adopted by Virginia in
1870, drafted the organization of the school that became the \'irginia Poly-
technic Institute, and organized the Farmville State Normal School, of which
he was president three years. Doctor RufTner twice declined to be made a
college president, and in 1887 retired to "Tribrook," one mile from Lexington.
He now gave his attention to geologic research and reports on mineral proper-
ties. Several volumes, inclusive of Charity and the Clergy, came from his
pen, and he was a contributor to scientific periodicals. He died in 1908. His
wife was Harriet G. Gray, of Harrisonburg.

Sailing. A mist of romance attaches itself to the name of John Peter Sal-
ling. That individual lived in the heroic age of American history, and therefore
it is not strange that some embellishment has crept into the narrative contained
in the volumes written on border history. It is represented that Sailing explor-
ed the Valley of Virginia as early as 1726, had a long and most eventful captivi-
ty among the red men, and after his restoration was the pathfinder who drew
the attention of John Lewis and others to the "New Virginia" beyond the Blue
Ridge. Accepting the family tradition as being more trustworthy than the
rhetorical tales we have alluded to, we arrive at the following as the most prob-
able statement of the whole matter.

John Peter Sailing was a weaver by trade, and was one of the few Germans
who settled in Tuckahoc. Hearing of the new country beyond the mountains,
and being of a venturesome turn. Sailing went on a journey of exploration. He
was so well pleased with the beautiful Iwltom just above Ualcony Palls that he
did not think it worth his while to go further. He returned to his home at or
near Williamsburg and took steps to secure a morsel of this choice land. This
was probably in 1741. It could scarcely have antedated the coming of the Mc-
Dowells, since it would have been imprudent to make a solitary settlement forty
miles from other people. Sailing's earliest patent was not issued till 1746. A

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 273

transfer of a portion of his land names 1741 as the date of patent, but no such
deed appears to be on record. It would seem that the year of settlement rather
than the year of patent is the one mentioned in the conveyance. We know that
Sailing was living here at the time of the McDowell battle in December, 1742.
And since this incidental mention indicates that he was then at home, it would
not seem that he was captured earlier than the following spring. While Sailing
and a companion were prospecting on the Roanoke, the former was taken by
the Cherokees and remained a prisoner until 1745. He was being sent to
France as a spy, the struggle known in America as King George's war not yet
having come to a conclusion. The French vessel was captured by a British
cruiser, and Sailing was put ashore at Charleston, South Carolina. He now
made his way back to Virginia, perfected his title to his land, went to live on
it, and was not again disturbed.

Traditions agree that during his captivity. Sailing was carried as far as
the Mississippi and in some way fell into the hands of the French. The more
florid occount adds that a squaw of Kaskaskia adopted him as a son; that he
several times journeyed down the Father of Waters, and was purchased by the
Spaniards as an interpreter; that he was taken to Canada, redeemed by the
French governor, and turned over to the Hollanders, of New York.

Henry RufTner states that John Sailing had a brother, Peter Adam Sal-
ling. This may have been the case, but Doctor RulTner is incorrect in saying
John vi'as a single man. He had a wife named Ann, and at least five children.
If there were two Sailings, it was the other who was a bachelor. John Sailing,
the only pioneer named in the records, had business dealings with the McDow-
ells. That he was a man of force and consequence is manifest from his being
commissioned an officer of militia. His will is dated Christmas day, 1754, and
his death occurred shortly afterward, while he was still in the prime of life.
Fie appears to have had no near neighbor of his own nationality. He spoke
broken English, and his two daughters married Henry Fuller and Richard
Burton. His sons, John and George Adam, had removed to North Carolina by
1760. probably because of the new Indian war, and only the third son, Henry,
remained at Balcony Falls. The will, however, mentions an infant grandson of
the name of John Sailing. It also speaks of one Peter Crotingale as a tenant
on one of his farms. The personality was appraised at $194.64, and it included
four horses, four sheep, and twenty-two hogs. The last of tiic Sailings in
Rockbridge was Peter A., who died without issue in 1856.

Saville. Abraham and Robert, sons of Samuel Saville, an immigrant from
England, came to this country about 1770. The latter went witli his family to
Ohio. The former, who settled on the South Fork of ButTalo, is the ancestor
of the Savilles of Rockbridge, although several of his own sons went to Ohio.
The resident connection have generally been farmers or millwrights.

274 A lilSTOBY OF ROCKBKIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Smith. General Francis H. Sinitli was born at Norfolk, October 18, 1812.
and was graduated witii distinction from West Point in 1833. He was then
placed in tlie artillery service, but soon resigned to accept the chair of niathe-
nuiics in Ilanipdcii-Sidney College. The position was congenial and it was
with some reluctance that he accepted a unanimous call to the supcrintcndcncy
of the newly organized \'irginia Military Institute. His subsequent career is a
part of the history of the institution over which he presided the extraordinarily
long period of fifty years. The school was in the nature of an experiment
when lie became its head. He lived to witness an almost continuous growth,
and to see it develop into the most famous military school in the United States
with the single exception of West Point. General Smith died March 21, 1890,
only three months after his retirement.

Stuart. Archibald Stuart left Ulster in 1731, and came to the Borden
Tract in 1738, an amnesty having permitted him to send for his family. His
wife, Janet, was a sister to the Reverend John Brown. Two sons were Thomas
and Alexander, the latter born in 1735. Alexander was very tall and strong,
and wielded a ponderous broadsword in the battle of Guilford, where he was
wounded and taken prisoner. His son Archibald, who died in 1831 at the age
of seventy-four, removed to Staunton in 1785. He was the father of Alexan-
der H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior in the Cabinet of President Fillmore.
Robert Stuart of Rockbridge and Judge Alexander Stuart of Missouri were
brothers to Archibald, a grandson of whom was Uie dashing Confederate cavalry
leader, General J. E. B. Stuart.

Taylor. Five brothers of the name of Taylor, — George, James, William,
John, and Caufield — came from county Armagh, Ireland, and settled in Rock-
bridge, 1700, investing their money in lands and slaves. John was killed in bat-
tle, April 25, 1778. Caufield was taken prisoner, but liberated after the sur-
render of Cornwallis. The four sur\'iving brothers lived in a fine valley at
the head of Cedar and arc buried there. The wife of William was Janet Paul,
said to have been a sister to the famous John Paul Jones of the Revolution.
Admiral Jones was a Paul an<l addec! the name of his foster parent to his sur-
name by birth. George and James married daughters of Captain Audley Paul.
The Pauls were conscientiously opposed to slavery, and imparted their scruples
to the families of these two brothers. Stuart, one of the ynimgcst of the four-
teen children of James, freed the last of the negroes in that branch of the fam-
ily. In doing so he gave each freedman $50.

Hugh P. Taylor, a bachelor son of James, was an attorney and surveyor,
and is buried at Rockbritlge Baths. .\ love affair inspired him to write a beau-
tiful poem. He also wrote "Hugh Paul Taylor's Sketches," a historical work

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 275

covering the period, 1740-1781. Much of the material was derived from his
maternal grandfather, Captain Audley Paul.

Stuart Taylor, who lived on the brow of Hogback Mountain, a few miles
from Rockbridge Baths, was a tanner and currier by trade and a mechanical
genius as well. Like his distinguished son, he was tall, large in frame, and fear-
less. Several of his hunting exploits have been related to us. Once he was at-
tacked by wildcats, and another time he had to get upon a fallen tree the better to
defend himself against some half-wild hogs. In each instance he was in much
danger. He did not hesitate to go into a bear's den in the winter season, knowing
that if the animal were not molested while in its lair, it would rush out after get-
ting awake. His colored man, Joe, was left near the entrance to shoot the
bear as it ran out. But on one occasion the bear slipped down a hillside in
Goshen Pass, Taylor and his dogs clinging to the animal's shaggy- back. Man,
bear, and dogs slid out some distance on the ice which then covered North River,
and the hunter dispatched the brute with his hunting-knife. Stuart Taylor was
not a man of education, yet was a forceful local preacher of the Methodist com-
munion. His wife, Martha E. Hickman, to whom he was married in 1819, was
a most useful woman in her neighborhood and highly respected.

William, the oldest son of Stuart Taylor, was born May 2, 1821. He grew
to manhood, a giant in size and strength, and could win people to his side by his
feats at a log-rolling. At the age of nineteen he was converted at Shaw's camp-
ground, and he joined the Methodist Churcli at the Lambert meeting house on
the Lexington circuit. A year later he was attending school in Lexington. A
year later yet he taught the Rapp school on the South Branch of Buffalo. Al-
ready he had been licensed as a local preacher and occasionally conducted di-
vine service. When admitted to the Baltimore Conference in 1845, his presiding
elder announced to the assemblage that "here is a young man whom the sun never
finds in bed." His first field was in Highland county. After six years of circuit
work, he was assigned to mission efTort in Baltimore and Washington. Already
he was very successful as an evangelist, and his unusual gift of song was a won-
derful help to him. In 1851 the young minister was sent to California. The
three years preceeding had made that state cosmopolitan and a scene of almost
unprecedented lawlessness. The Sabbath was a carnival of crime and immorality.
San Francisco, a city of tents and shacks, was perhaps the most corrupt spot on
earth. The choice proved very wise. Taylor's powerful physique, his abounding
faith, his tact fulness, and his rare gifts as singer and preacher made him the man
for the task. The Mission Board did not adequately understand the actual con-
ditions in that land of high prices, but although Taylor's salary of $700 a year
was entirely too low, he never complained, nor did he ask his friends in the
East for a single dollar. He labored seven years in California, making a nation-

276 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIIXIF. COfNTV. VIRGINIA

wide reputation as an evangelist. He could accomplish in a few hours what
others were months in performing. Taylor next preached in every quarter of
the United States and Canada, and made tours in liritain and other parts of
Europe. Me then visited South America, Africa, Malaysia, Australia, China,
Ceylon, and India, two new conferences being the result in the country last named.
In 1884 he was a delegate from India to the General Conference of the Metlu>dist
Episcopal Church, and was elected Bishop of Africa. This field he relinquished
only because of advancing years. Bishnp Taylor had preached more widely
than any man of the Christian Church in any age. Mis leading road to influence
among the heathen was through the children. But he was very successful in
winning over the chiefs, and it was his design to span the Dark Continent with a
chain of mission stations. His habits were simple. He use dalways a hard pillow,
and his bedroom window was open, even in zero weather. At a late period in his
life Bishop Taylor visited his native county and preached in crowded houses.
His brother Archibald and .Andrew also entered the ministry, the former going
to California. Bishop Taylor died in that slate in 1902 at the age of enghty-one.

Tucker. John Randolph Tucker, son of Henry St. George Tucker, was born
at Winchester, December 24, 182.?. He was graduated from the University of Vir-
ginia in 1844, and was admitted to the bar the following year. He settled in his
native town for the practice of his profession and it remained his home until
1870. except that he was Attorney-General of Virginia in 1857-65. In 1870 he
came to Lexington as professor of law and equity in Washington College. After
four years of service in this field he was elected to Congress. He was re-elected
for six successive terms. In the Forty-Eighth and Forty-Ninth congresses he
was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and he was eight years on the Com-
mittee of Ways and Means. In 1887 Mr. Tucker returned to his professorship
in Washington and Lee University, holding it until his death. I'ebruary 13, 1897.
Tucker Hall, one of the most imposing of the University buildings, is named in
his honor. Mr. Tucker was a genial, thoroughly trained gentleman, an orator
of great power and was regarded as one of the very ablest men of the South. To
him the law was a science and in constitutional law he was a recognized authority.
He was honored with the degree of Doctor of Laws by Harvard and Vale Univer-
sities and by the College of William and Mary. In 1844 Mr. Tucker was married
to I^ura H. Powell, of I^udoun county. The children of the couple were these:
Powell, who died in youth ; Evelyn, wife of Wilmer Shields, of Mississippi ; Aime
H., wife of William P. McGuire of Winchester; Virginia B., wife of John Car-

michael; Henry St. G.-, of Lexington; Gertrude P., wife of Judge Logan;

Ijura P.. wife of E. — . M. Pendleton.

Henry St. George Tucker, Ijorn 1853, took the degree of Master of Arts
from Washington and I-ee University in 1875. Two years later he settled as
an attorney at Staunton, but in 18^7 rclunud to I^-xington. and resides on his
estate of "Colalto." In 1889 Mr. Tucker went to Congress and remained four

FAMILY SKETCHES AND BIOGRAPHIC PARAGRAPHS 277

terms. Upon the death of his father he succeeded him as professor of Consti-
tutional and International Law and Equity. In 1905 he was President of the
Jamestown Exposition. Mr. Tucker has written a treatise on the treaty-making
power of the Federal Government, and has edited his father's Tucker on the
Constitution.

Vethake. Henry Vethake was a native of British Guiana who was gradu-
ated from Columbia College in 1808. He practiced law and also engaged in edu-
cational work. In 1835-36 he was president of Washington College, and until
1859 he held the chair of mental and moral philosophy. He died in 1866 at the
age of seventy-four.

Wallace. William A. Wallace, known in American history as "Big Foot"
Wallace, was born one mile south of Lexington, April 12, 1816. In the fall of
1837 he heard of the death of a brother at the hands of the Mexicans in the
Fannin massacre. Leaving his plow and team in the field, he started at once
for Texas on a mission of vengeance. He was accompanied by James Paxton
and J. Frank Shields, the former dying in Texas. In the Texan army, ^^^allace
was a lieutenant of rangers. He accompanied the Mier expedition and was
captured, but by good fortune he drew a white bean, and thus escaped military
execution. His captors called him the "Big Foot Gringo," and he was made
to work a long while on the streets of the City of Mexico. Some time after
his release he killed "Big Foot," a Lipan warrior, in single combat. Wallace
made his home near San Antonio, but at length the region became too thickly
settled to please him, and he went farther west. He visited Rockbridge in
1850 and again about 1872. He never married, and he died in Texas, January
8, 1899. Big Foot Wallace did not really have feet of unusual size, considering
his stature, yet was conspicuous for immense shoulders and a very large head.
He was a grandson of Colonel Samuel Wallace of the Revolutionary period.

White. Robert White was born m Ireland in 1775, and came to Lexington
in 1800, going into the mercantile business. He was a lieutenant in the war
of 1812, a justice and sheriff, and in politics was a Whig. In 1802 he was mar-
ried to I\Iargaret, daughter of Zachariah Johnston. His sons were Zachariah
J. and Robert L. Mr. White died in 1851.

Woods. Richard Woods settled on Woods Creek in 1738 and gave it its
name. It is thought that he was a son of Michael Woods, of Albemarle, who
came to America with nine boys, three brothers and their families, and a
widowed sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Wallace. Richard Woods was a sheriff and
otherwi.se very prominent settler. He seems to have had a brother, Charles,
who died in 1761, and three sisters, of whom Martha married Peter Wallace,
and Sarah married Joseph Lapsley. Magdalena was successively the wife of
Captain John McDowell, Benjamin Borden, Jr., and General John Bowyer.
The name Woods was represented in Rockbridge until after the opening of the
nineteenth cetury.

XXXV

THE MacCORKLE FAMILY

The Pioneoi MacCoikles— The Rockhsuice Branch— The Name ts Beitais— Lixe or
John MacCokklb— Biographical Notes

In the histor)' of the MacCorkles* of Augusta and Rcxrkbridgc arc shown
several interesting facts, true also of some other pioneer families. We find at
the outset a number of individuals with the same surname. Some of these are
soon lost to view. This fact is significant of the ceaseless emigration that
set in from Old Augusta, even in the first decade of its settlement. For a
long while this outflow was almost wholly to the westward and southward.
But during the present industrial era, it is in part directed to the commercial
centers of the Atlantic seaboard.

The MacCorkles that clung to the Forks of the James have liccn very large
landholders in the most favored portion of that district. They are an industrious,
forceful, intellectual, and religious people. These traits, coupled with a tenacity
in holding on to a good choice in extensive landed possessions, could not but be
reflected by prominence in public and professional life. That the men of this
stock should be prompt in responding to a conviction of patriotic duty follows as
a matter of course.

Fven before Augusta set up a county government at the close of 1745, one
James MacCorklc was living on a survey in Beverly Manor, apparently a few
miles northeast of Staunton, and between I-ewis and Oiristian's creeks. It would
appear that in many instances the newcomer did not at once perfect a purchase,
but held his land for a while on a rental basis. From an ejectment suit brought
against him by the pro[)rietor of the Manor, he came out victorious. In 1747
William Beverly gave him a deed for 370 acres, the price being $54.15. But in
1753 James MacCorkle and Jane, his wife, sold this tract, and we find no mention
of another purchase. In 1751 the immigrant was a constable, and in the same
year he and Rol)ert Bratton were the guardians of Archib.ild Crockett of the
Calf pasture. Ten years later he was one of the appraisers of the valuable
estate of Adam Dickenson, the leading pioneer of the lower Cowpasture. And
as both Dickenson and Bratton were men of wealth and position, it follows that
only a man of proved character and known ability would have In-en appointed to
these trusts. No will is on record in Augusta, and it is not clear that he is
again named in the records. It is probable that he died before the Revolution.

•^Vi^hin RockbridRc it»clf the name ha» uMially been ipclird with the prefix abbrc-
vitled— McCorkle. DurinK the colonial period the orlhouraphy wa» le!i» (iniform than it it
now. TTiuj wc find in the public record* the formi McCorkal, McCorkcll, McChorklc.
McKocle, etc

THE M CORKLE FAMILY

279

In 1770 another James came from Ulster and was a merchant at Staunton.
A few years later he removed to Montgomery, of which county he was sheriff
in 1778. He died there in 1794. It was this James who was a trustee of Liberty
Hall Academy in 1783. He had a brother William, whose daughters were
Margaret, Martha, and Rebecca.

We are told that the first James was the parent pioneer, and that his sons
were Alexander, William, and John. We are further told that Alexander,
born 1722, died 1800, married Agnes, a daughter of John Montgomery, of
Harris's Ferry — now Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — and that in 1752 he removed
to North Carolina, settling fifteen miles west of Salisbury. A great grandson is
Joseph W. McCorkle, Member of Congress from California.

But there was a Robert MacCorkle, who purchased of Beverly 269 acres,
his tract appearing to be contiguous with that of the elder James. In 1752 he
sold this land and went away, perhaps accompanying Alexander to North Caro-
lina. There was also a Samuel, who in 1749 was a close neighbor to James and
Robert. He may have been the Samuel who died in Augusta in 1785. The name
of his wife was Sarah, and his children, at least two of whom were then mar-
ried, were John, Mary, Martha, Samuel, Robert, Sarah, and Elizabeth. Samuel,
Jr., seems to have left Augusta by 1796. Still another of the early McCorkles was
Patrick, who in 1759 witnessed a deed given by Samuel Steele to Robert Steele,
and in 1762 a deed by Benjamin Bennett to John McNutt. It was probably
the same Patrick who helped to build a road in the south of the Rockbridge area
in 1753, and who sold a parcel of land to Samuel Lyle in 1778.

Among the above mentioned MacCorkles we meet the same given names as
occur in the Rockbridge line that we shall presently trace. Several of them
were near neighbors to one William McNutt, and a McNutt became the wife
of John MacCorkle. It was characteristic of the Scotch-Irish pioneers to come
to America in bodies and not as isolated individuals. It is highly probable
that the younger MacCorkles we first encounter in this region were the sons
of two brothers, James and William, one or both of whom accompanied the
sons.

The Alexander MacCorkle who settled in the Forks of James may therefore
have been a cousin to the one already named. One or the other is mentioned
in the appraisement of the estate of Andrew Boyd in 1750. Boyd appears to
have lived near Old Providence Church. The first certain mention is in 1753,
when he and Patrick worked on the road already spoken of. In 1757 he was an
administrator of the estate of Robert Rcnick, who had been killed by the Indians.
In 1761 he purchased 300 acres in the Borden Tract, and in 1766 conveyed one-
half of this to Patrick MacCorkle. In 1768 he was given a bounty certificate
for growing 1712 pounds of hemp, a quantity above the average for the colonial

280 A HISTORY or K0CKBRUX:E CUL'N'TY. vircinma

planter. No will is on record, and his name docs ni>l ajunar among the tax-
payers for 1778. Tiie inference is that l)e died near the heginning of tin- KivmIu-
lion, and when he was in tlic prime of life.

The wife of Alexander, ancestor of the MacCorklcs of Rockbridge, was
Mary Steele. The children of the pair were James, John, William, and Nancy,
and perhaps also a Samuel, since there was a tithahle by this name in Rock-
bridge in 1778. James married Margaret McCoIlom. John married Rebecca, a
daughter of John McNutt and aunt to Governor Alexander G. McNutt, of Mis-
sissippi. William, who lived on HIiiott's llill and died in 1818, is described as
a recluse of eccentric disposition. His first wife, the mother of his children,
was a McClucr. The second, whom he married in 1802, was Ann, a daughter
of Captain .\udlcy Paul and widow of the prandf.itlKT of I'ishop William
Taylor.

The children of James were six. William, horn 1762. died 1847, was married
to Nancy Welch in 1799. Patrick married Margaret Weeks, 1804. John went to
Ohio. Elizabeth married Samuel Hamilton, 1811. The others of the family
were James and Alexander, the latter of whom lived in Collicrstown. The nine
children of William were the only representatives of the next generation within
this county. Of these, Eliza and Jane were unmarried. Nancy, Benjamin,
Margaret, Samuel, Thomas, Sally, and William H. married, in the order of their
mention. Samuel .Adair, Mary Adair, William Morrison, Mary Simonds, Susan
A. Harper, John Patterson, and N'irginia Wilson. The sons of licnjamin were
W'illiam A., John, Henry C, and Oliver C. John and Oliver C. are unmarried.
William A. and Henry married, respectively. Jennie McMasters ami Ida O'fTey.
The daughters were Sallie and Anna. Sallie was the first and Anna the second
wife of Alexander Harrison. The children of Samuel were William A.,
Samuel B., Sallie, Margaret, Nancy, and Manic. The third, fourth, and fifth mar-
ried in the order of their names, William H. Sale, John Dixon, and Samuel
Mackcy. Samuel B. resides in Staunton. William A. married a Davidson. His
children, who are the only grandchildren of Samuel to remain in Rockbridge, arc
Carrie, William A., Gold. Stuart, and Daniel. Carrie married Ward Whitmcr.
and Gold married Mattie Swink. The first wife of William A., Jr., was a
Davidson. The second was Agnes Gold. The children of Thomas, who died in
1879 .It the age of seventy-five, went to Ohio. The descendants of William H.
are hereinafter named.

The children of John, son of Alexander, the pioneer, were Alexander, Sam-
uel, and Catharine. The daughter married Joseph Walker. 1804. an<l went
West with him. .Samuel married Catharine McCluer. 1804. and <lie<l 183.^ leaving
three children, John, Alexander, and Agnes. The daughter was then married
to a McGucr. Alexander went West. It was not then known what had become

Wm. a. M.mCorki.e
Governor of Wi-st X'irKinia 18<).^ to lf<97

THE M CORKLE FAMILY

281

of John. The names and the dates of birth of the children of Alexander and
his wife, Mildred Welch, appear later in this chapter. Mildred was a sister to
Nancy. Of the ten children, Sally married James Wilson, 1814; John was mar-
ried to Elizabeth Mackey, 1820, and later to a Cunningham; Samuel, to a
Douglass, and afterward to a Perry; Thomas, to Susan Alexander; Alexander
B. to Lucilla Gamble ; Patsy, to James W. Wilson ; Jane, to James West ; William,
to Mary H. Morrison; Rebecca to Baxter Braford. Samuel, who had a large
family, removed to Lynchburg. Two sons of John lost their lives in military
service: Alexander C. at Monterey, Mexico, and James T. at First Manassas.
The other children — George B., W. D., and Nannie — married, respectively,
Mary McCullough, Aurelia Sterrett, and MofTett McClung. The children of
George B. are Lelia, wife of a Doctor Burks, and Emma, Julia, and George,
whose consorts are a Walker, a Smylie, and a Humphreys. The children of W.
D. are Aurelia and Douglass. Thomas, third son of John, had six children:
Thomas E., S. W., Alfred, Jennie, Mildred, and Margaret. All these married,
their companions being, in order, an Anderson, Lula Strain, Mary V. Hutton. Wil-
liam Sterrett, Rice McNutt, and James Montgomery. The children of S. W. are
Margaret, wife of Thomas Morrison, of Bluefield, West Virginia; Susie,
wife of Samuel Dunlap, of Lexington, Virginia; Baxter, husband of Essie
Kerr, Eldred, husband of Jennie Watson, and living at Red Ash, West Virginia ;
Morton, married to Nina Paxton and living near Lexington, Virginia ; Samuel,
married to Susanna Franc and living at Lewisburg, West Virginia; Thomas.
serving in the United States Navy ; and Lula, wife of H. E. Moore, of Rock-
bridge. Sadie, daughter of Thomas E., married C. C. Boppell. and died in
Africa, where she was laboring as a missionary. A. C., son of Doctor Alfred
McCorkle, married Grace Montgomery, and his only grandson in Rockbridge
is A. C., Jr., of Collierstown. The children of Alexander B., who became a
Presbyterian minister about 1836, were Gamble, William P., and Sallie. William
P. is a Presbyterian minister.

William, third son of Alexander the pioneer, had four sons and four daugh-
ters. The sons were Alexander, John, Abner, and Henry. John, who was bom
1777 and died 1846, was married to Polly Montgomery in 1800. but was without
issue. Three of the daughters were Phoebe, Patsy, and Nancy. The first mar-
ried James Elliott in 1809. Patsy appears to have married James Taylor in 1805,
and Nancy to have married Archibald Taylor in 1812. William P., a son of
Henry, was graduated from Washington College in 1847. He was editor of
the Valley Star and of the Lynchburg Republican.

With respect to the following marriages of MacCorkles. we arc unable to
tell what may be the point of contact with the descendants of Alexander.

Alexander to Sally Peters. 1822; Esther to William Porter, 1799; Jean to

282 A niSTORY OF ROCKBRnXIE COUNTY, \TRCINIA

James Donald, 1805; James to Polly McGain. 1821 ; John to Sally Cunningham,
1821; Nancy to Samuel Paxton, 1825; Polly to John Adair, 1808; Polly to
William Hamilton, 1800.

In tlif early records of Augusta there arc these three MacCorkle marriages:
John to Lydia Forrest. 1790; Mary of John to John McWhorter. 1791 ; Robert to
Elizabeth Forrest. 1785.

There are few families in the United States, and in the Old Countries, whose
history can be traced back as far as the history of the MacCorklcs. \Vc find
branches of this old family in Canada and all over the United States, especially
in the middle and Eastern States, and in Virginia. We find other branches in
England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, and Denmark. All these families use
a coat of arms that shows, although differing slightly, the same main features, i. c.

Crest : A stag, standing at gaze, attired gules ;

Arms: A dcmi-stag, gules, naissanf out of a fcsse tortillc;

Motto : Vivat Rex !

The difference between the arms is so slight that there is no doubt that these
families belong together. Only the Danish branch of the family uses another coat
of arms, but here are the complete historical evidences that it is the same
family. The name is spelled in many different ways, but ctymologically it is the
same name. The following shows the dcvclopnicnt and the changes of the
family name. The oldest form that could be traced is Thorgisl, in the Thorgisl
Saga, about 700 A. D. This name changes in Thurkcll, Thurkill. Thorkill.
Thorquil, (Thurgesius, in the I^tin text), Torquil. Thorquil-dale. Mac Torquil-
dale, Mac Korkill-dale, McCorkindale, McCorquindall. McCorkuodell. McCor-
quedill, McCorkell. McCorkcl. MacCorkle.

All these names appear in the old manuscripts. lx)oks. and inscriptions, and
we find the different names in all the countries where members of the family live.
The different branches did not keep a certain spelling. They arc scattered all
over the civilized world, using different spellings of their name, but all tracing
back to the same family. The name that is mostly used by the branches in the
United States is McCorklc, MacCorkle, or McCorkell.

Anderson's History of the Scottish Nation says:

MacCorquodale, othcrwi»f Mac Toruil (the son of Torqiiill). Mac Corklr. or Corkin-
dalc, the jurnamc of a lliKl'land »cpt, the founder of which wa» Torquil, a prince of
Denmark, who ii tradilifinally ttated to have been in the army of Kenneth the Great, on hit
CotninR over from Ireland to the astittancc of .Mpin, king of llie Scot*. agaiKNt the Pict».
Prcviou* to Kenneth't arrival, KinK Alpin, in a battle with the Pictish king, was killed, and
hit head fixed on an iron ipike in the midil of the Pictith city, sittiated where the Carron
ironwork! now ttand. King Kenneth offered to any one in hit army who would pass the
Pictish sentinels and remove the head, a Rrant of all the land on L»Kh .Awe side. Torquil,
the Dane, undertook the hazardous enterprise, and brought the head to the king, for
which act of bravery, he was rewarded by a charier of the lands promised. This charter

THE M CORKLE FAMILY

283

was for a long time preserved in the family, though the greater part of the lands had
passed to other hands. Shortly before the Revolution it was lent to Sir Alexander Muir
MacKenzie, for his inspection, and was lost. At least, it disappeared from that time.
The name, which is, in some places of the Highlands, still called Mac Torquil, is perhaps
one of the most ancient in the county of Argyle. Donald McCorjuodale of Kinna-Drochag,
on Loch .\we side, who died towards the end of the eighteenth century, was the lineal
descendant of Torjuil and the chief of the clan; his grandson and representative, John
McCorjuodale, at one period, resided at Row, Dungartonshire. The heirs of John McCor-
quodale afterwards lived in Row. The last lineal descendant afterwards moved to London,
where he died a few years ago.

In the great Scottish invasion of North Ireland the family moved to County
Derry, where a great many of them have resided ever since.

In about 1730 William MacCorkle came to America. He landed at Philadel-
phia and moved down to the Valley of Virginia and Southern Ohio. He was
engaged in the Indian wars in what is now western Virginia. He had a son,
Alexander, who purchased from Archibald Alexander, executor of Benjamin
Borden, the tract of land known as the "MacCorkle Farm" on North River.
Alexander MacCorkle conveyed one half of this farm to his son John. This
deed was partially proved at Finncastle and docketed. A month afterwards
Alexander McNutt appeared at Court at Finncastle and completed the proof.
This was just before the marriage of John MacCorkle to Rebecca McNutt.

Governor Patrick Henry appointed John MacCorkle an ensign, and the
records of Rockbridge County Court show :
State of Virginia,

At a Court held for Rockbridge County the 7th day of July, 1778.

John MacCorkle, produced a commission from his Excellency the Governor, appointing
him Ensign in a Company of the Militia for this County, who took the oath required by the
law.

In October, 1780, he made his will providing for his wife and three children,
Alexander, the oldest, and for one not yet born. Then he joined the army in
Carolina under General Morgan. Hon. William A. -Vnderson quotes an interest-
ing incident arising from his going into the army:

Nov. 28, 1903.
Hon. W. A. MacCorkle:

Charleston, \V. Va.
My dear Sir :

It was a pleasure to me to receive your kind letter of the 1 7th inst., and I gladly give
you all the information I have about the interesting subject to which it refers. .Ml that I
know about it was learned from my father and uncles.

My grandfather. Colonel William Anderson, died several years before I was born.
When a mere youth, he volunteered in a company from Botetourt County, was in the battle
of Cowpens and other engagements, under Generals ^^organ and Greene, and served through
that Southern campaign in 1780-1. He was a first cousin of your great grandfather.

284 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Lieutenant John MacCorklc's wife your great grandmother, but some year* hii junior.
Both IJcutenant MacCorklc and his brother-in-law and my father's first cousin. Lieutenant
or MnsiKii McNutt, si)ent the night at my great Rrandfalhcr's (their uncle's) home, as
their com(>any from Rockbridge was passing throuKh that i>orlion of Botetourt County on
their way to join the army of the South, some time in the year 1780. My grandfather, who
was his father's oldest son, was exceedingly anxious to join his cousins and go with them
to the war. He was only about seventeen years of age, and. as his father was frequently
called from home to meet the Indian raids, (Botetourt County being then almost upon
the frontier), his parents felt that they could not safely allow this stalwart son (he was
over six feet in height) to leave them; and they considered that he was too young (vigorous
and enured to hardships as he was) to encounter the exiHjsiire to which the Continental
troops were necessarily subjected. They earnestly opposed his request, but he was so im-
portunate that, two days after the Rockbridge Company had continued its march across
the Blue Ridge mountains, towards North Carolina, they finally yielded to his impor-
tunity, and he struck out alone, through what was then largely a wilderness, and in due
time joined his relatives and afterwards the Botetourt Company under the command. I
think, of Captain Bowyer. some time before the battle of Cowpens, and was in that battle,
as also was the Rockbridge Company. In that battle. Lieutenant MacCorkle was wounded
in the foot, was carried, with those of Morgan's troops who afterwards participated in
the battle of Guilford, to that vicinity, and there died of lock jaw, and was buried at or near
Guilford, whether before or after that battle. I am unable to say. My grandfather was,
of course, present at his funeral.

Many years afterwards, perhaps as many as forty, a man. whom my grandfather did
not at the time recognize and who I think was named Lemon, came to him and asked
him to certify to the fact that he (Lemon) had served with the Botetourt Company in that
fight, so that he might obtain a pension. My grandfather coiild not recall him, but I^mon
told him he could mention certain incidents that would satisfy him that he (Lemon) was
with the army of Oneral Greene, and was at the battle of Cowpens and at Guilford. One
of the incidents I^mon mentioned to him was that, at the battle of Cow|)ens, General
Morgan commanded his troops not to fire until he gave the order, .ind then to aim at the
knee buckles, which were conspicuous upon the knees of the British soldiers. A young
man in the Botetourt Company, before General Xforgan gave the order to fire, had leveled
hii rifle and was taking aim at the British, who were then rapidly approaching General
Morgan's lines, and were then in point blank range. General Morgan cursed this young
*oldier, asking biin "what in hell" he meant by violating his orders; and the Vdung soldier,
with tears running down his cheeks, said. "General. I'm not going to fire; I'm just taking
good aim." This man I^mon told my grandfather that he (Lemon) was this young soldier.
My grandfather remembered the incident distinctly, and perhaps, then recalled that the
man's name was Lemon.

Mr. Ix-mon told my grandfather that, afterwards, at or near Guilford, he (Lemon) was
present at the funeral of Lieutenant MacCorkle, and that, when the body was being let
down into the grave, the coflTm caught uiK.n a root, or some other obstruction, so that
the coffin could not be proi)crly lowered into position. My grandfather remembered the
occurrence distinctly; and up«in these and other statements made to him by Mr. Lemon, was
so convinced that he must have been at Cow|>en» and in the Botetourt Company that he
felt ju«tified in signing, and did sign, his certificate.

I received the history of these occurrences more than once from my father, and from
my uncle, John T. Anderson, and I think also from my uncle. Joseph R Anderson; and I
h«ve no doubt that my cousins, William Glasgow, Miss Rebecca Glasgow, Mrs. Kate

THE m'corkle family 285

Paxton, Miss Margaret Glasgow, and Colonel Archer Anderson, or some of them, have re-
peatedly heard the same account from my uncles, or from my aunt, Mrs. Catherine
Glasgow. Cousin Rebecca and her brothers and sisters were double kin to Lieutenant
MacCorkle, and probably learned other incidents as to his history and heroic services, which
were not communicated to me. He was one of the immortal band, who, under General
Morgan, achieved the great victory at Cowpens — an event which contributed as much to
break the force of the invasion of the Southern States as any other, except King's Moun-
tain.

Cordially yours,

(Signed) William A. Anderson.

A letter from John MacCorkle. from Charlotte, N. C, is interesting:

Charlotte, N. C, Nov. 8th day, 1780.
My dear Wife:

I have long for an opportunity to write to you, but have never yet been so fortunate
as to have any way to send the letter. I have written letters and left them at different
places. Perhaps you may get some of them. I am well at present, thanks be to God
for his mercies to me, and I hope these few lines may find you and all my near and dear
connections in the same state of health.

On the 7th day of November we arrived at headquarters, about ten miles below
Charlotte, where Major General Smallwoods regiment was in camp; but we are to join
Colonel Morgan's light infantry, and we cannot tell how soon we must march from here,
we expect to do most of the fighting.

The enemy have left Charlotte. Part of them went to Camden, and crossed the
Catawba River. Some think they are on their way to Charleston.

We got to Hillsborough the 4th day of October, about ten o'clock ; and that day we
marched six miles on our way to Gilford. I did not then have time to write you. At
Guilford I had the opportunity of seeing Colonel William Campbell, who informs me
that he defeated Ferguson, and out of 1,125, he killed and took 1,105 English and Tories.
The loss on our side was not great — only 28 killed and wounded.

Nathaniel Dryden was killed and three of the Edmundsons.

Being at such a distance, I almost think myeslf buried to you, not having many oppor-
tunities to write. If yau can write to me, you must do so. Write in care of Captain
James Gilmore's company of militia, under General Morgan. Remember me to all my
friends and neighbors. You may inform my neighbors that their sons, Alexander and
Robert McNutt, Trimble, Moore, and Alexander Stuart, are well.

I add no more at present, but remain

Your loving husband,

John MacCorkle.

In 1781, John MacCorkle was severely wounded at the battle of Cowpens,
and died. He was buried with military honors. Colonel William Anderson re-
ferred to it as the first burial lie ever witnessed with military honors. Colonel
Anderson was a first cousin of Rebecca, John MacCorklc's wife. His father and
Rebecca MacCorkle were brother and sister.

John MacCorkle married Rebecca McKutt in 1771. Rebecca McNutt's
father, John McNutt, married Catharine Anderson in Ireland and moved to

286

A HISTORY OF ROCKURIIX-.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

America, settling in Rockbridge County, then Augusta County, on North River.
He owned the farm afterwards owned by Tliomas Ednmndson near Ben Salem.

John MacCorkle was the father of three children. .Alexander MacCorklc,
Samuel MacCorklc, and Kathcrine MacCorklc, (Walker).

Alexander MacCorklc, son of John MacCorkle, was born August 7, 177J.
His wife was Mildred Welch, of Fancy Hill. Mildred Welch was a daughter
of Thomas Welch, who married Sarah Grigsby, who was a daughter of John
Grigsby.

John Grigsby was born in 1720, and accompanied I^wrencc Washington with
Admiral Vernon in the expedition against Carthagcnia. This was one of the
events of Governor Gooch's adniinistration, and as taken in connection with
the other colonics, it was part of the ultimate union.

John Grigsby 's ancestors came to this country in 1660, which seems to
be the most reliable date. They lived in Stafford County, Virginia, but Grigsby,
in the autumn of 1779, moved to Rockbridge County, then .Augusta, and settled
on Fruit Hill place, where John Grigsby died on April 7, 1794.

The children of .Alexander MacCorkle and Mildred Welch MacCorklc,
were :

Sally McCorkle, born January 1, 1795, died 1842.

Jno. MacCorklc, born February 14, 1797.

Sam'l MacCorklc. born August 30. 1800.

Thos. MacCorkle, born May 21, 1804.

Alex. MacCorklc, born October 15, 1806.

Martha MacCorkle, born April 4. 1809.

Jane MacCorkle, born February 22. 1812.

Mildred MacCorkle. born March 6, 1815.

William MacCorkle, born October 25. 1815, (1817?), died February 28. 1864.

Rebecca V.. MacCorkle, born April 3, 1820.

Alexander MacCorklc was for more than forty years an elder in the Pres-
byterian Cliurch at Lexington, Virginia. He was a captain in the War of 1812,
and was one of the most respected men in the Valley of Virginia.

William MacCorkle, son of .Alxcaiider MacCorkle. married Mary Hester
Morrison, of Rockbridge County. Virginia. The issue of this marriage were
three children:

William Alexander MacCorkle, born May 7, 1857; Alvin Davidson Mac-
Corklc, bom F'ebruary 10, 1862, and Willie May MacCorkle, born May 7, 1864.

William MacCorklc was a major in the Confederate army in service under
General Price. He was president of the North River Navigation Company, and
constructed much of the canal work in the county on the North River, and he was
one of the directors of the James River and Kanawha River Canal Company.
In that early day he was engaged in developing the Valley of Virginia.

TiiE m'corkle family 287

Mary Hester Morrison, the wife of William MacCorkle, was a daughter of
William Morrison, of Kerr's Creek. Her mother, Margaret Morrison, was a
daughter of William MacCorkle. Mary Hester Morrison was a woman of vast
determination and great energy and sweetness of character. At the death of her
husband, in the last year of the war of 1861, she was left penniless among
strangers. She never ceased for one minute giving her full energies to the rais-
ing and education of her children, and devoted her life to this object. The farm
given by Alexander MacCorkle to his son John, remained in the MacCorkle
family until about the time of the War of 1860.

William Alexander MacCorkle, the son of William MacCorkle, married
Belle Farrier Goshorn September 19, 1881. From that union there were six chil-
dren : William Goshorn MacCorkle, born July 18, 1882 ; Eliza Daggett MacCorkle,
born November 10, 1884; a daughter, (died in early infancy), born December
20, 1885; Kenneth MacCorkle, born December 20, 1886, (died in infancy);
Isabelle Brooks MacCorkle, born February 20, 1890; an infant, born February
22, 1891. Of these children, William MacCorkle and Isabelle Brooks MacCorkle
are alive.

William Alexander MacCorkle was Prosecuting Attorney of Charleston,
West Virginia, from 1881 to 1886; Governor of West Virginia from 1892 to
1898; State Senator from 1908 to 1912. Pie has held many other places of trust,
has published a number of books, and is and has been for many years the head
of many operations for the development of West Virginia.

W'illiam Goshorn MacCorkle, son of William Alexander MacCorkle, now a
lieutenant in the U. S. army, in the world war, married Margaret Lyle, of Timber
Ridge, Virginia. From this union there are four children, Eliza Daggett Mac-
Corkle, born December 16, 1906; Margaret Lyle MacCorkle, born March 28,
1908; Hester Morrison MacCorkle, born October 13, 1909; William Alexander
MacCorkle, born June 12, 1913; Samuel Lyle MacCorkle, born June 23, 1914;
Torquil MacCorkle, bom January 31, 1916, and William MacCorkle, born January
19, 1918, who are living, and William Alexander MacCorkle, and Hester Mor-
rison MacCorkle, who are dead.

The MacCorkle family was for a hundred years about the largest family
in Rockbridge County. It is connected with a great number of prominent families
in the Valley of Virginia and the Piedmont section. In the Confederate army
there were more than two hundred of the name and relation of the MacCorkle
family, and the MacCorkle family has furnished the largest connected family
who are alumni of Washington and Lee University at Lexington, Virginia.
They have produced many distinguished preachers and developers of the country,
and have wrought manfully for Virginia. It is probably one of the largest con-
nected families in the United States, and everywhere they have shown about the
same characteristics of energy, determination, and patriotism.

288 A HISTORY OF BOCKBRIDGE COUNTY. \aSCINIA

Alexander MacCorklc and his sons acquired a fine agricultural domain
a little distance southeast of Lexington. The original tract is drained by Borden's
Kun and skirts North River several miles. The ancestral homes of the family
arc five. On a hill was a brick mansion with a double jwrch facing the rising
sun and conunanding a magnificent view of the Blue Ridge. A second lay to the
northward on the old road to Lexington. A third lay just below the afore-
said hill and on the road to North River. In 1838 it was the tavern of John
AfcCorkle, and in that year was made a polling place. This John was sheriff
in 1840-4L A fourth was where Oliver C. McCorkle and his sister, Mrs. Anna
Harrison, now reside. The fifth conies next on the road to Lexington, and was
occupied by William McCorkle and his son, William 11. In each instance,
the original house was of logs, and in each instance except the fourth was
followed by a brick dwelling. All these were the homes of Bible-reading,
church-going people, who were intelligent, fond of reading, interested in the
general weal, and given to the kindest hospitality.

William IL, youngest of the nine children of William and Nancy McCorkle,
sprang on the maternal side from the Welch and Grigsby families. Thomas
Welch, his mother's father, established at Fancy Hill a wayside inn that was
sometimes a meeting point for the I-cxington presbytery. The early education
of William H. was gained through the primitive yet thorough methods of the
old field school. Some special branches were followed still further by private
study, his fund of knowledge making him a safe adviser and interesting talker.
He inherited Highlands, the family homestead, and cared tenderly for his aged
mother, two years a helpless cripple in consequence of a fall, and for two
sisters, one of them also an invalid. He was unfit for regiilar field service in
the civil war, but gave generously of his time, means, and labor to the cause
of the Confederacy. He hauled ammunition to Huntersvillc in 186L sent men
to work on the fortifications around Richmond, and took part in the tours of the
Home Guards. Mr. McCorkle was of quiet manner, and was reserved in
demonstrations of affection. He was a man of fine judgment, strict integrity,
ami untiring energy". He was neighborly, and was one of the most widely known
and most highly esteemed citizens of his county. In the antebellum days he was a
Whig. For near thirty years he was an ehler of the Ben Salem church. He and
his wife held lofty ideals Ix-forc their children, and spared no pains to give
them .in education. Mr. McCorkle died in 1802 .it the age of seventy-two years.

H the history of the family were extended into the female lines of descent,
the accession of conspicuous names would be interesting. Lack of space forbids
more than casual mention. \'irginia, the eleventh of the thirteen children of
James and Sallie (McCorkle) Wilson, marrierl \\ illiam H. McCorkle, September
11, 1850. Her afTability, consideration for the welfare of others, and her knowl-

Kf.v. II \V. MiCoKki.K, D. 1).. AMI Son
Tlu- iiiily iiKiiilicrs of tlie immedialc family now rcsidt-nl in lli<- comity.

Natisai. RmiKe. ix Rm khridge Cocjcn*

THE m'corkle family 289

edge of past events pleased both the young and the old. She was a remarkable
woman, a faithful wife, and devoted mother, who lived for her home and her
children, as well as her church and community. Robert, a son of her sister Julia,
who married Andrew Morrison, is the present sheriff of Rockbridge. Mary,
another sister, married James Poague, and one of her daughters is Mrs. Sallie
Lane, wife of a missionary to Brazil.

Eliza, a sister to William H., died New Year's day, 1882, aged seventy-four.
Her memory was stored with interesting facts pertaining to pioneer manners
and customs. A reminiscence of her grandfather's inn was the visit by a
German duke and his retinue in the fall of 1825. The foreigner was on his way
to the Natural Bridge, and afterward wrote a two-volume work on his observa-
tions in America. Miss MacCorkle was a faithful member of the Ben Salem
church from its organization in 1845. She was cheerful, affectionate, unselfish,
reverent, and industrious.

The children of William H. McCorkle, in addition to two boys who died in
infancy, were Charles E., Walter L., Emniett W., Alice W., William H., and
Henry H.

Charles E. McCorkle, born August 22, 1852, entered Washington College
as a student. At the time of the funeral of General Lee he was recovering from
an attack of typhoid fever, but insisted on marching with the students in the
procession. An attack of meningitis supervened, and a long and severe illness
left him a paralytic from the hips downward. It was felt by some of his friends
that his struggle for life was little better than a drawn battle. But though he
could now move only in his wheel-chair or in a carriage, it was not in this young
man to accept his crippled situation as a total defeat and pass the rest of his
days in bitterness of spirit and useless repining. He continued to be cheerful
and pleasant. He had the more time for reading and study, and this time
was diligently improved. He became a very well-informed man. In public
and political matters he took a keen interest, and was known as one of the
staunchest Democrats in his part of the state. Mr. McCorkle wrote much for
the newspapers and magazines, and in the local history and genealog\- of Rock-
bridge he was a recognized authority. His letter in behalf of a monument to
the Confederate dead of Botetourt is not only beautifully written, but is elo-
quent and is pervaded by an intense earnestness. Yet he was no mere book-
worm. He was a practical man, and managed the paternal homestead with
much success.

In 1898 S. II. Letcher resigned as State Senator to become Judge of the
Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. Mr. McCorkle entered the contest and secured the
Democratic nomination for the vacant place. His active canvass enabled him
to carry every county in his district except Highland. His majority was 322

290 A HISTORY OF ROCKnRItX'.E COUNTY, YIRGINMA

in Ilis home county and 5.W in the district. 1 he opposition party refrained from
putting forward a direct nominee. Hut the fears of some of his friends tliat
the excitement of a session of the Legislature would prove too much for his
physical condition turned out to be well founded. The journey to the capital
was itself a considerable tax on his strength, and he answered only two roll-
calls. After a short illness he died at Richmond, December 14, 1899, closing a
life that was useful and well spent and a blessing to his community.

In 1879 Walter L. McCorkIc took the degree of LL. B. from the I^w School
of Washington and Lee University. He at once began the practice of his
profession at Maysvillc, Kentucky, but in 1881 he sought a wider opportunity in
the city of New York. He was first associated with the firm of Miller and Peck-
ham, and later with Elliott F. Shepard. In 1886 he opened an office for
himself, his present business address being 100 Broadway. During his long
residence in the American metropolis, Mr. McCorkle has been concerned in
much important litigation. lie soon won a reputation as a trial lawyer, but for
some years has given his attention to corporation, financial, and equity matters.
As an organizer and counselor his industry, shrewdness, business foresight, and
genial personality have made him highly successful. He has been counsel,
ever since its beginning, of the Produce Building and Loan Association. During
four years he was president of the New York Southern Society. This is one
of the most influential of the city's social organizations. He is also a member
of the New York State Bar Association. Mr. McCorkle was married in 1888 to
Miss Margaret Qiescbrough. Their son, Robert C, is a graduate of l^fayette
College, and during the present war has been a junior lieutenant in the United
States Navy. He married Gertrude Schmidt, and has one child, Robert C, Jr.

Emmett W. McCorkIc was bom August 28, 1855. He was graduated from
Washington and Lee University in 1873, and from Union Theological Seminary
in 1878, his licensure as a Presbyterian minister t.iking pl.ice the same year.
In 1880 he was called to Clifton Forge, then a mission field with neither church
organization nor house of worship. When he left in 1902 there were more than
300 members, a church building free of debt, and a manse. There were also
organizations and church buildings at Lowmoor, Ix)ngdale, Iron Gate, and
Sharon. During the next eight years he was pastor at Nicholasvillc, Kentucky.
Since 191 1 he has been pastor of Bcthesda Cliurch in his native county. Doctor
McCorkIc is a very busy man, and his vacations are usually given to missions
for his church. He has visited Europe three times, once in 1888, as a dele-
gate to the Centenary of Foreign Missions in 1-ondon, and twice as a representa-
tive to the Pan-Prishyterian Council. On the last occa.<iion he traveled as far as
Egypt and Palestine, touring the Holy Land on hor.seback. He has served as
chairtn.in of imjiortant foreign missionary committees in both presbytery and
synofl. ami has been president of the Rockbridge County Sunday School Conven-
tion, bringing that organization to a high state of efTiciency. He has done much

THE M CORKLE FAMILY

291

evangelistic work, and has written The Scolch-Irish in Virginia, The Spirit of
Progress in the Presbyterian Symbols, and much else in church literature. In
1899, he was married to Miss Mary L. Bryant, an accomplished teacher and one
of the founders of the Clifton Forge Seminary. To them have been born one
son, Emmett, W., Jr.

Alice \\. McCorkle married John T. Dunlop, a Maryland soldier who set-
tled on a farm near Buena Vista and represented this country in the General
Assembly. Soon after his death, Mrs. Dunlop took charge of the Orphan's Home
of the American Inland Mission at Clay City, Kentucky. Since leaving this posi-
tion she has been doing very efficient work as pastor's assistant in the First
Presbyterian Church of Asheville, North Carolina.

William Howard McCorkle, born May 9, 1861, studied two years in Wash-
ington College, and in 1883 settled as a farmer and stockman in Fayette county,
Kentucky. At length he removed to Lexington, where he followed several years
the wholesale and retail mercantile business. A political career began in 1892.
He was then elecetd a member of the General Council of Lexington under
the administration of Mayor Henry T. Duncan, father of General George B.
Duncan of the present war. During this term he was chairman of the Ways
and Means Committee. Since then he has been almost continuously in public
life, serving as president of the Board of Aldermen, president of the Lexington
Chamber of Commerce, and a member of the Lexington Board of Education.
He was also a chairman of the County Board of Equalization. He was very
instrumental in inducing the American Tobacco Company to locate its first
warehouse in Lexington. This step has resulted in Lexington becoming the
largest loose-leaf tobacco market in the world. Under Mayor Skain, Mr.
McCorkle became superintendent of Public Works, and when Lexington adopted
the commission form of government in 1912, he was at once assigned to the
Department of Public Works, and this position he is still filling. He is also
Vice-Mayor. His popularity and efficiency are evidenced by the fact that when-
ever he has stood for the office of city commissioner he has run ahead of his
ticket. During his six years as Commissioner of Public Works, he has built
twenty-eight miles of improved streets, two large viaducts, and completed the
city's sewerage system. He has also constructed a modern sewage disposal plant
at a cost of more than $200,000. The city owns and operates its own street-
cleaning equipment, and is one of the first in the South to use a motor-driven
sweeper. The first wife of Mr. McCorkle was Sarah McMichael. In 1902
he was married to Mrs. Jean T. Miller, of Canton, Ohio.

Henry H. McCorkle was educated at Washington and Lee University. After
being admitted to the bar he went to New York, and since then has been asso-
ciated in the practice of law with his brother, Walter L. His wife was Bessie
Glasgow, of this county.

The MacCorkles have made a very honorable record in tlie American wars.

292 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

At least two of the three sons of Alexander the pioneer served under General
Morgan in th campaign of 1780-81, one as a licuetnant and one as an ensign.
The American loss in the brilliant victory of the Cowpcns was but eleven killed
and sixty-one wounded, ahiiough the British casualties were 784. James was
killed in that battle and John died of his hurt. Several of the next generation
served in the war of 1812. Alexander C. volunteered for the war with Mexico
and died in service at Monterey. In the war of 1861 five representatives of
the families were in the Rockbridge Battery alone. These were Baxter, Tazewell,
Thomas E., William Alexander, and William Adair. In the navy was I-afayette
Adair, Captain George B., of the Rockbridge Cavalry, was a brother to Wil-
liam D., who was wounded in the lungs, yet lived to become a shcriflF of
Rockbridge. Lieutenant Baxter McCorkle and William Adair McCorklc were
killed in battle, as was also James T., brother to George B. and William D.
Several of the MacCorkles were in the war with Spain, and Henry, son of Wil-
liam S., of Tennessee, fell at San Juan Hill. George, a son of Captain George
B., was also in that war. A number of the great grandsons of .\lcxander
have taken part in the late World War. One of these is Major Rice McN.
Youell, of General Pershing's staff, and he gave the order for American troops to
cross the German frontier. Others are Kdward Lane, a chaplain. Captain W.
M. McGung, of Alabama, Ensign Thomas of the Xavy, and Robert B. Morrison
of the ambulance unit of Washington and Lee University.

In the ministry are at least ten descendants of Alexander in the male line.
These are A. B., of Talladega, Alabama; Daniel, of Pueblo, Colorado; Emmett
W., of Rockbridge; Frederick, of Oxford, Mississippi; S. V., of Ocala. Florida;
Samuel, of Thyatira, North Carolina, another Samuel, of Indianapolis, Indiana,
still another Samuel, of Detroit. Michigan, Tazewell, of Lynchburg. Virginia, and
William P., of Martinsville, Virginia.

From the foregoing survey of the MacCorkles of Rockbridge, it will appear
that they arc distinguished for encrg>-, intcllcctu.olity, and public sjiirit. As
wealthy and influential planters they have stood second to no other family. They
have been greatly drawn to the professions, particularly law and the ministry.
But industrial and commercial pursuits have been preferred by some of the
connection. The Samuel McCorkle who went to Lynchburg was a very wealthy
and conspicuous citizen of that city. In their home county it is not too much to
say that they have Ix-en a backl)one element in all important public enterprises.
Those who have left l<f>ckbridge to carve a career elsewhere seem generally to
have liecn very successful in that undertaking. And last, but by no means least,
the MacCorkles as a family have been staunch Presbyterians, often filling official
positions in the church of their preference.

It remains for us to add that the MacCorkles of Ulster display the same
characteristics as their cousins in America. One of the name was a recent
mayor of Londonderry, the city that endured a notable siege in 1689.

XXXVI

ROCKBRIDGE IN THE WORLD WAR
Preliminary Stage — Activities Within the County

Until the summer of 1914 the opinion was widely accepted that military
invention had made warfare so terrible that never again was it likely to occur
among civilized nations. The events of the August of that year came as a
rude shock to the neutral world.

For a while the American people were particularly interested in the money
that was flowing across the Atlantic for the purchase of military supplies.
They were slow to realize that from the very first the nations of the Entente
were fighting a battle that belonged to us quite as much as to them. It at length
penetrated the American consciousness that Germany was an outlaw by her
own deliberate choice, and that until this criminal could be brought under control,
civilization itself was in peril and the world could not be a fit place to live in.
Yet there was a natural reluctance to believe the German government could
be so lost to truth, honor, and decency as to act the hypocrite and the villain
in the negotiations relating to its persistent disregard of American rights on the
high seas. For almost three years America was a spectator, hoping against
hope that it would not be drawn into the whirlpool, yet growing more and
more indignant at the diabolic manner in which Germany was carrying on the
war.

In February, 1915, the Lexington Gacettc quoted an Englishman as saying
that "the wrestling match between paganism and Christianity has continued
nineteen hundred years, and we are now at the last and final grip. The umpire is
America. America faces a far greater task than creating a republic or freeing
her slaves; that of imparting to all the nations a spirit of political freedom
and spiritual progress." In the same month the Rockbridge people noticed
that Doctor Latane explained a submarine blockade of Britain as almost certain
to bring America into the war.

Even after the dastardly sinking of the Lusitania, the diplomatic corres-
pondence with Germany was accompanied by a considerable measure of confi-
dence on the part of the American people, that war would not result. In October,
General Nichols spoke in Richmond on the subject of preparedness. He fav-
ored preparedness as a necessary means of enforcing peace. He urged an
adequate navy and standing army, a reserve corps of officers and enlisted men.
and a more generous action on the part of the national government in support-
ing the militia of the several states.

But until the United States entered the war in Aprfl, 1917, the Rockbridge

294

A niSTOKY OF KOCKBRIDCE COUNTY, \1KGINIA

newspapers gave little space to the conflict, except as to the telegraphic news on
the front page. As in 1861, the people of this county were not precipitant. Yet
they were quick to rise to the situation when the crisis did arrive.

Two months before tlic war definitely came to the United States, Doctor
Latane used these words in addressing the Democratic Club of Baltimore : "We
must fight. No sclf-i' nation can sit still while its ships arc l)cing kept

in port by a submarii nlc of a foreign power." Next month Congress-

man Flood spoke to the same cfTcct in Washington. In 1915 he had said
that "neither the President nor the United States are afraid of war when the
honor of the country is at stake."

A meeting was held in the courthouse at Lexington, March 26th, to discuss
the relations between our country and Germany. William A. Anderson called
the assemblage to order. E. L. Graham was made permanent chairman, and
J. W. McClung secretary. Doctor D. B. Easter spoke on the nature of the
government of Germany, Colonel R. T. Kerlin on the issues of the war. Doctor
F. I-. Riley on the failure of diplomacy, and General E. W. Nichols on what
the United States can and ought to do. The meeting was also addressed by
Colonel Hunter Pendleton, M. W. Paxton, and others. Numerous flags ap-
pcare<l on the courthouse, and the anti-German spirit of the audience was very
pronnunccd. The following resolutions were adopted by a unanimous vote:

Resolved: That we urge Congress and the President of the United States to put an
end to the present state of armed neutrality, assumed by this country towards the European
conflict, by declaring war, or that a state of war exists between this country and Germany,
and we furthermore urge the prosecution of such war with the utmost vigor, and with all
our national resources.

At Fairfield, April 11th, a national flag, eight by twelve feet in sire, was
raised on a flagstaff sixty-five feet high. A week later Congress declared war.
although the military aristocrats of Germany told their deluded countrymen
that the action of America could not have the slightest effect on the outcome.
These arrog.int taskmasters were to learn to their cost that .Xnieric.Tii'i Icirn
war with speed and prosecute it with unequalled efficiency.

The war activities of Rockbridge were in the hands of efhcient men and
were well organized. Particularly was this true of the filling in of the ques-
tionaircs required of the men called out by the selective draft. Whenever the
situ.ition required it. the professional and bu.sicnss men of the county gave their
whole time to these new duties.

Very speedily after the declaration of war a military camp was opened
by Washington and Lee University. Enthusiasm ran high, nearly every student
signifying his desire to take two years of training Before the close of'April
drilling was carried on every day. A committee of the f.nculty began enlisting
the talents and capacity of both faculty and students for such special services

ROCKBRIDGE IX THE WORLD WAR

295

as they might be called on to perform. The first unit to begin training was a
volunteer ambulance corps. In June, 1918, it was given the croix de guerre for
gallantry in the removal of wounded from the battle front. Had the war con-
tinued into 1919, military training would have been still further emphasized at
Washington and Lee. It was the purpose of its authorities to enroll every
student who was not physically disqualified. After October 1, 1918, all the
students of military age who were detailed by the War Department for instruc-
tion in the army training schools were placed under military control and discip-
line. Already, the Doremus gymnasium and Castle Hill had been offered as a
base hospital. Of the alumni of the university, 17.7 per cent, entered the mili-
tary service of their country.

At the Virginia Military Institute, as a matter of course, the military
feature was even more pronounced. The attendance was record-breaking.
This school sent out in all about 2,000 soldiers. Its parade ground was a scene
of great activity in drill. By April 25, sixty tents had been set up in front of
the barracks. Nearly 100 men were already in its training camp, and applica-
tions were coming in daily. At a meeting held in May by the \^irginia Council
of Defense, General Nichols counseled putting a stop to the further distillation
of alcoholic liquor from foodstuffs.

May 16, 1917, was Patriotic Day, and was fittingly celebrated in Lexington.
Over 1,000 men marched in the morning procession, which was followed at
one o'clock by a parade of 100 automobiles. At eleven o'clock in the morning
there were stirring addresses at the courthouse by President Smith and William
A. Anderson. A resolution introduced by Colonel Shields declared for conser-
vation and economy and an increase in production. The following Sunday,
Henry St. George Tucker gave an address on patriotism in the Methodist
Church of Lexington. At the end of the month. Miss Elizabeth McCullough,
of Missouri, arrived at Lexington to assume the duties of Woman Demonstrator
for Rockbridge.

The first registration day was June 5th, and was conducted by Sheriff R. L.
Morrison, Colonel A. T. Shields, and Doctor C. H. Davidson. The number em-
braced in the first draft, as estimated by the War Department, was 1650. The
actual number was 1283 whites and 236 negroes. In the same month, B. E.
Vaughan, president of the First National Bank of Lexington, accepted a call
to represent the Tenth Congressional District on a committee of the American
Bankers' Association for Virginia. The following citizens organized themselves
into a committee of solicitation for the placing of the first Liberty Loan:

Town of Lexington Major J. W. McClung, Chairman

Lexington District L. G. Sheridan, B. P. Ainsworth

Natural Bridge District E. T. Robinson, S. O. Campbell

296 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

BuiTalo District . . Benjamin Hugcr, P. M. Pcnick

Kerr's Creek District Frank Moore, S. M . Dunlap

Walker's Creek District D. E. Strain. A. P. Wade

South River District Dr. F. W. McCluer, F. L. McGung, J. McD. Adair

To the first Liberty Loan the subscription of the county was $207,666, the
trustees of Washinpton and Lee deciding to invest $20,000.

As early as July tlic Lexington Pirancli of the National League for Woman's
Service, working in a room on Washington street, sent off their fourth box,
containing bandages worth $100.

The first contribution fmm Rockbridge by the selective draft left l^xington
for Camp I^e, September 9th. It was made up of Qiarles P. Bragg, Howard E.
Giles, Qcm L. Ir\Mne. Stokes K. Reid, Henry Rooklin, Martin B. Shafer, Thomas
R. Simpson, Walter W. Thomas, and Samuel M. Wood. A second group of six-
ty-eight men went off September 20th. A third, of sixty, went out October 9th,
after being banqueted at the Hotel Lexington by the business men of the town.
A delegation of thirty colored men left October 27th. accompanied to the station
by a colored band and by hundreds of other persons both white and colored.

Already, there was a suggestion to perpetuate the name of the Rockbridge
Artillery of the war of 186L The plan struck a very responsive chord. Organ-
i/Jition was effected at the courthouse, July 7, in a meeting presided over by
W. A. Anderson and P. M. Penick, and addressed by General Nichols. So far
as possible, the membership of the battery was to be limited to the sons of
Confederate veterans. The company, 140 strong and commanded by Captain
Greenlee D. Ix:tcher, was mustered into service August 4, as a part of the
First Regiment of the N'irginia Artillery. It drilled at Camp McClcllan, .Annis-
ton, Alabama, and in October subscribed $12,750 to the Liberty Loan. The
command reached France the next July, and was to have taken a position on the
firing line, November 15. The armistice was signed four days too soon for this
expectation to be realized.

F-arle K. I'axton, county chairman on the con.servation of food, appointed as
local committee, William R. Kennedy, and Misses Elizabeth McCullough. Evelyn
Davis, and Elizabeth Barclay.

A large autliencc assembled in the auditorium of the Lexington High
{school to hear addresses on the war .savings drive by the Honorable D. P. Hal-
»cy, of Lynchlinrg. and Judge M P Burks, of tlie .Supreme CnurX of N'irginia.

I'or the ftr.st week of 1918. the three letter carriers in Lexington reported
selling Tlirift Stamps to the amount of $1560.16. The purchases by the white
pupils of Ixxington amounted to more than $1,000. The same month the Red
Cross Oiapter for Ixxington sent out as hospital suj)plies. fifty-two bcdsocks.
seventeen pajamas, fifty-five tray covers, eighty-nine washcloths, fifty-eight

ROCKBRIDGE IN THE WORLD WAR

297

comfort pillows, fifteen knitted squares, nine fracture pillows, eighty-four hand-
kerchiefs, 5,900 wipers, and a box of linen. 171 sweaters were also sent out
the same month. In February the membership of the Red Cross for Rockbridge
was 1,705, distributed as follows: Lexington, 944; Brownsburg, 143; Fairfield,
forty-one; Goshen, fifty-eight; Glasgow, sixty-six; New Monmouth, ninety-
three; Natural Bridge, seventy; Murat, forty-eight; Raphine, 137; Vesuvius,
sixty-nine ; Timber Ridge, thirty-six. About this time several lady teachers were
at work in the courthouse to assist in the draft registration.

In March the subscription for Camp Community Service was $932.73, the
mark being $1,000. At the end of the thrift drive for April, a large meeting was
addressed by the Honorable George E. Allen, Secretary of the American Bank-
ers' Association. Sales of $2,063.69 were reported from the three booths. The
ladies attending these were Dora Witt, Helen Campbell, Marion L. Beeton,
Harriet Edwards, Lucy Patton, Leslie L. Weaver, Nell Carrington, and Elizabeth
McCullough. John L. Campbell was the presiding officer.

April 6 was an ideal day for the Liberty Loan parade which then took
place. The chief marshal was Major M. F. Shields, of the Virginia Military
Institute, and he had fifty assistants. The number of visitors in Lexington was
5,000. The drive of the Third Liberty Loan closed May 4, Rockbridge being al-
lotted $246,200, and subscribing $326,700. In one week in April the Lexington
High School sold Thrift Stamps to the amount of $475.95. The county's quota
was thus distributed :

Lexington Town $123,300 Natural Bridge District $35,800

Buena Vista 79,300 Kerr's Creek District 4,200

Lexington District 5,600 Walker's Creek District 41,650

Buffalo District 6,050 South River District 31,300

In the summer of 1918 service flags were presented to New Providence
Presbyterian Church and to Trinity Methodist Church of Lexington, the stars
thereon numbering twenty-five and twenty-one, respectively. In the registration
of September 9, 2302 white and 305 colored men registered. October 1, the
Students' Army Training Corps began work with six tactical officers.

The ministers of Rockbridge agreed to preach sernmns on the thrift drive,
March. 24, 1918. The county has but a small representation among the non-
resistant religious organizations. Consequently the "conscientious objector" was
little in evidence. Neither were slackers conspiculously numerous, in compari-
son with other counties. As was the case elsewhere, selfishness and money-get-
ting were at the bottom of some of the claims for exemption from the draft ;
more so than a deficient sense of patriotic duty. In July, 1918, several men were
reported hiding in the Blue Ridge and in the Short Hills. The following Octo-
ber six deserters skulking in the Blue Ridge were brought in from Irish Creek.

298 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Another died from the gunshot wound inflicted by a constable, the nffirrr being
exonerated.

Throughout tl>e war period it was never possible not to observe at Lexing-
ton that the United States was in the throes of a mighty struggle. The injunctions
to conser\-c food, fuel, and clothing were well obscr\'cd, although in the winter
of 1917-18 wood was scarce and high at Lexington. Among the young men who
first went to the training camps, there was somewhat of a feeling that they
were destined for the shambles. This was due to an exaggerated idea of the
mortality on the European battle line, and it wore off considerably as the con-
test advanced. The epidemic of influenza, which appeared in the county before
the signing of the armistice, claimed a greater death toll among the people at
home than among the Rockbridge soldiers who faced German bullets and gas
bombs. The granting of furloughs had a salutary cfTcct. It could not but be
noticed that the young men in khaki were improving in carriage, physique, and
case of deportment.

As a center of military activity, Lexington had a number of visitors during
the war period. In September, 1917, Lieutenant J. J. Champcnois, of the French
army, visited the Virginia Military Institute as an adviser of the United States
Army. He spoke English fluently. Next May two crippled Canadian soldiers
gave very realistic lectures at Washington and Lee University. The same
month Lieutenant T. McP. Glasgow related his experiences in Europe to a very
large audience at the High School. At the end of August Thomas A. Edison
and Henry Ford were guests at Castle Hill.

The commendation of Company G, Second Battalion, at the OITicers' Train-
ing Camp, Plattsburg, New York, was of especial interest. All but six of the
146 members were from the \'irginia Military Institute. Out of 219 Virginians
present, only eighteen were not considered good material for commissioned of-
ficers.

XXXVII

SUPPLEMENTARY ITEMS
Material Received Too Late For Insertion in Other Chapters*

At the court of Orange for October 27, 1737, Benjamin Borden presented
by certificate thirteen wolf-heads, supplied by John McDowell, George Robin-
son and Robert McCoy.

The following, all heads of families, were presented by the Orange court,
May 24, 1739, for failing to give in on time their lists of tithables: Robert Mor-
phet, George Morphet, James Greenlee, John McDuel, Ephriam McDuel, Richard
Wood, William Wood.

John McDowell proved, February 28, 1740, the importation of himself,
Magdalene (wife), Samuel McDowell, and John Rutter, stating he came to
America in 1737, and that "this is the first time of proving his and their rights
to land." The proof for Ephraim, James, and Margaret McDowell was given in
by John, the parent being too infirm to travel to court.

WilHam Sawyer, was appointed constable in Borden Tract, May 23, 1740.

Benjamin Borden made oath, 1741, he was in fear of his life from George
Moffett. MoflFett was bound in twenty pounds.

Gilbert Campbell and Joseph Lapsley were constables in Borden Tract, 1743.

Peter Wallice, John Collier, and George Birdwell each bound in twenty
pounds to go to Williamsburg as witnesses of the killing of Andrew Hemphill by
Matthew Young, — 1745.

Prices (taken from chancery suits), 1741-43: handkerchiefs, 30c; muslin,
per yard, $1.00; one pair knitting needles, 5c; one fine comb, 41c; sickle, $1.50;
frying pan, 83c; broadaxe, $1.08; weeding hoe, $2.33; felt hat, 66c; one ounce
thread, 4c; one ounce cinnamon, 25c; Kcndale cotton per yard, 18c; calico per
yard, 72c; brimstone per pound, 12c; 500 feet plank, $7.50; lead, lie; two sows,
seven shoats, $5.67.

In Donoho v. Borden, Charles Donoho says Benjamin Borden had an order
of council to take up 100,000 acres on several conditions, one of which was that
Borden should have a patent for the same when he could prove 100 settlements
had been made thereon ; this in lieu of paying his majesty's rights for the land.
Immediately after obtaining the order, Borden set up several advertisements,
and continued to do so for upward of two years. To any person who would build

*Note: This appendix is largely from material supplied by Mr. Boutwell Dunlap,

of San Francisco.

300 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

a little log house, or make other small improvements, so that he might be ac-
counted one of the 100 settlers, Borden promised to give 100 acres adjacent to
such iniprovcment. and to sell as much more land as he would buy at the rates of
three pounds for each 100 acres. Such improvements were to be made by April
1, 1738. The settler was to pay for drawing and recording the deed, and was also
to pay eiglu sliillings for laying ofT each tract. If any person were to settle on
different parts of the grant he was to have a right to 100 acres for each separate
improvement. Donoho made three such settlements, but Borden entirely refused
to carry out his obligations.

Magdaicna McDowell gave bond March 24, 1743, as administratrix of John
McDowell. The appraisement of 112 entries totals 216 pounds, four shillings,
three and one-half pence, of which forty-nine pounds, sixteen shillings, ten
pence is cash. Ihcre arc fourteen horses, eighteen cattle, seven sheep, a. still,
and thirty gallons rye brandy valued at $12.50. There were two slaves and one
servant. The fall crop of wheat and rye was appraised at $10, the flax at $15.

The road by Stuart's Draft was the old pioneer route for people going
southwest, and at certain seasons there was an almost endless procession of
wagons. A part of the travel, however, went by Goshen. It was customary for
statesmen and politicians to make speeches in the towns lliey pa.<;sed through.
Many of them must have paused at Lexington. This circumstance, and also the
schools, probably made Rockbridge less provincial than most counties of the
antebellum South.

Of the twenty-four commissioners to report on the proposed University of
Virginia, all but three met in Rockfish Gap, August 1, 181S. Thomas Jefferson,
the chairman, presented a model of the state in cardboard and a long list of octo-
genarians to prove that Charlottesville was more centrally located than either
Staunton or Lexington, and also very healthful. All the fifteen commissioners
from east of the Blue Ridge voted for Charlottesville. Of the other nine, three
voted for Lexington, two for Staunton, and only one for Central College, at
Charlottesville. Washington Academy was the most dangerous rival, its property
being worth $25,000, and the Robinson estate believed to be worth $100,000.
The Cincinnati Society was at first hostile to Charlottesville.

According to a phamplet by Ilarman and Mayo, published in 1868, a hunting
party of Chcrokces was ordered out of the Little Calfpasture by the Shawnccs,
who claimed an exclusive right to it. The Chcrokces refused, and in the battle
that followed the Shawnees were defeated. But as the victors were fewer in
number, they threw up fortifications still visible and were besieged several days.
They then retreated in the dark, were pursued, and were driven through Goshen
Pass. The fighting was renewed on a more sanguinary scale on Walker's Creek.
Far above the yells of the warriors could be heard a wild shriek from the sum-

SUm.EMENTARY ITEMS 301

mit of Jump Mountain. An ajiparition with streaming hair and outstretched
arms was seen failing through tlie air and disappearing at the foot of the preci-
pice. The superstitious fears of the combatants were aroused. Both parties be-
lieved the Great Spirit was angry and had hid his face under a cloud. A council
was called, the pipe of peace was smoked, and the tomahawk was buried. Both
the Cherokees and Shawnees buried their dead in a single mound. Before the
fight the Cherokees sent their females some distance to the rear, except a pretty
maiden, whose interests in a young chief induced her to climb the mountain
and watch the battle. She beheld her lover fall at the hands of a Shawnee, and
then leaped to her death, the mountain henceforward being given the name of
the Jump.

We have given the substance of the above account for what it is worth,
which is very little.

The paternal grandfather of Joseph G. Baldwin was a native of Connecticut,
who set up in Rockbridge the first woolen and cotton mill in the Valley of Vir-
ginia. He wrote "Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi," dedicating it to
"the old folks at home in the valley of the Shenandoah."

W. A. Caruthers was well known in Savannah, Georgia, for his congenial
ways and his skill as a physician. He was an antiquarian and hoarded an old
tale or tradition as a treasure. He wrote "Cavaliers of Virginia," a story of
Bacon's rebellion, "The Kentuckian in New York (1834)" a humorous and
sociologically valuable narrative of early days, and "Knights of the Horse-
shoe." (1845.)

Archibald Alexander was perhaps the most influential man of his day in
moulding religious thought.

James C. Ballagh, a son of the Rev. James H. Ballagh, was born at Browns-
burg, October 10, 1868. His studies were completed at the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity where he specialized in history, economics, and jurisprudence, won prizes
and took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1895 he was made assistant
professor of history. He has travelled over the greater part of the world, and is
the author of numerous works, such as "The Scotch-Irish in Virginia" (1896,)
"North and Soutii in National Expansion" (1899), and "A History of Slavery
in Virginia." (1902).

John Lyle Campbell, a native of this county, died at Lexington, February 2,
1886, aged sixty-seven. He wrote "Mineral Resources of the James River
Valley" (1882), "Campbell's Agriculture," and was many years professor of
chemistry and geology in Washington and Lee.

Joseph Hamilton Daviess, born in Rockbridge March 4, 1774, was killed in
1811 at the battle of Tippecanoe. His wife was a sister to John Marshall, chief
justice of the United States. In being chosen to prosecute Aaron Burr, he became

302 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIm.k coi NTV, VIR(J1XIA

temporarily unpopular. Hence he published "A View of the President's Gjn-
duct Concerning the Conspiracy of 1806."

John I-"iniay, a j>oet, was born in Rockbridge January II, 1797, and died in
Richmond, Indiana, at the age of sixty-nine. He was the author of "The Hoo-
sier's Kcst and Other Poems."

Jolin Lcyburn, U. U., was born in this county April 25, 1814. He was edi-
tor of The Presbyterian, and was twenty years a pastor al Baltimore. He wrote
"The Soldier of the Cross," "Hints to Young Men on the Parable of the Prodi-
gal Son," and "Lectures on the Journcyings of the Giildrcn of Isreal."

John G. Paxton edited an interesting collection of letters written in camp
and field by his father, General E. F. Paxton. The work is prefaced by a memoir.

Givcns B. Strickier was a son of Joseph and Mary (Brown) Strickler, and
was born at Wilson's Springs, April 25, 1840. After serving in the Stonewall
Brigade, he completed his academic and theologic studies. After being thirteen
years pastor at Tinkling Springs and the same length of time in Atlanta, he
took the chair of systematic theology in Union Theological Seminary, from
which he was graduated. Doctor Strickler was one of the ripest scholars and
profoundest thinkers in the Presbyterian Qiurch.

The leading works of Bishop William Taylor are "Seven Years Street
Preaching in San Francisco," "The Model Preacher," "Reconciliation : or How
to Be Saved," "The Story of My Life," "Infancy and Manhood of Giristian
Life," "Qiristian Adventure in South Africa," "Four Years Campaign in India,"
"Pauline Methods of Missionary Work," and "The Flaming Sword in Darkest
Africa."

George A. Wauchope. a son of Joseph W. and Jane (.•\rm>troiig) Walkup,
studied in Harvard University and in Germany, made literary pilgrimages in
England and Scotland, and is a ripe scholar with critical powers of analysis. He
has lectured on the great English and American pofts, and since 1910 has been
professor of English literature in the University of \'irginia. Doctor Wauchope
has furnished numerous poems, essays, and short stories to the high class
perio<licals.

Charles McG. Hepburn, born in Rockbridge, August 19, 1858, has been
professor of law in Indiana University since 1903. He organized the American
Institute of Law at the city of New York, and is the author of several books
relating to his profession. His father, Andrew D. Hepburn, LL. D., was born
in Pennslyvania in 1830. After being pastor at New Providence he was presi-
dent (1871-73) of Miami University and of Davidson College (1877-85.)

Cliarles CamplK-ll, one of the historians of \'irginia. was a son of John W'.
Campl>ell of this county. The son was a l)ookscllcr at Petersburg.

Alexander Campbell, born 1750, died 1808, lived on Timber Ridge. He was

SUPPLEMENTARY ITEMS 303

a trustee of Washington College, county surveyor, and owned a half interest in
the Rockbridge Alum. He was the father of Harvey D. Campbell, Ph. D.,
professor in Washington and Lee, and grandfather of Prof. John L. Campbell.

The Rev. Adam Rankin went from this county to Kentucky, and the first
book published in that state was his volume, "A Process in the Transylvania
Presbytery." (1793.)

Before Rockbridge Alum was developed, people were allowed to camp there
and at Cold Sulphur Spring to use the waters. Cold Sulphur burned, and the
ground is now owned by the Alleghany Inn.

Two United States senators were elected November 5, 1918, from the Gay
and McCormick families. John H. Gay was the pioneer of the Gays in Mis-
souri. He was the father of William T., and grandfather of John B., the millions
aire. E. J. Gay, born in 1816, was worth $12,000,000.

"Jimmy" Blair was born in Augusta in 1761, and went to the Waxhaw settle-
ment in South Carolina. When nineteen years old he rode back as far as Fort
Defiance to arouse the patriots to meet Ferguson. His father was Colbert Blair,
a Quaker, who left Pennsylvania about 1750 to get away from military influence.
After 1771 the family moved south, but the four son's were in the Continental
army. Colonel James Blair was known in verse and story as the "Rebel Rider."
He settled in Habersham county, Georgia, and married a sister to Colonel Benja-
min Cleaveland.

The father of Davy Crockett kept a drover's stand on the road from Ab-
ingdon, Virginia, to Knoxville, Tennessee. Jacob Siler, a German, was moving
to Rockbridge with a drove of cattle, and hired Davy, then a boy and very poor,
to help drive the cattle to the new home, three miles from the Natural Bridge.
Davy was treated well and paid five or six dollars. Siler coaxed the boy to
stay, and he remained about five weeks, although distressed at being put in the
position of disobeying his father. Then three wagons, belonging to Dunn, who
knew the Crocketts, came along. The drivers promised to take Davy home if
he would join them at daybreak at a tavern seven miles ahead, and also promised
to protect him if lie were pursued. Tiie boy got up at three o'clock in the morning
and walked in eight inches of snow to the tavern, arriving in time.

Jesse B., daughter of Senator Thomas H. Benton, was born at Cherry
Grove, in 1824, and married General John C. Fremont. Siie wrote "Souvenirs
of My Time," "The Story of the Guard," "A Year of American Travel," and
"The Way and The Will."

Hugh Campbell Wallace, ambassador to France, is a scion of the Wallace
family of Rockbridge.

Richard G. Dunlap, a brother to William C. Dunlap, was minister to the
United States from the Republic of Texas. He was of the Calf pasture Dunlaps.

304 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. YIRr.INIA

Catherine Givens, who married James E. A. Gibbs. was a daughter of Sam-
uel Givcns, bom 1793. and twenty years clerk of Nicholas county, of which he
was also a sheriff. Robert, the father of Samuel, was born in Bath county.
1765, and was a member of the House of Delegates, lie married Margaret, a
daughter of Archibald and Sarah (Clark) Elliott, and was a son of William
Givens. bt>rn 1740. and his wife. Agnes Hratton. William was the youngest son
of Samuel the immigrant, who settled on Middle River.

John R. S. Sterrett was bom at Rockbridge Haths. March 4, 1851. which is
also the place of his burial. He was a son of Robert 1).. and Nancy S.. (Sit-
lington) Sterrett, and his education was completed in Germany where he took
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Munich. 1880. He was
professor of Greek at Miami University, the University of Texas, Amherst
College, and Cornell University. He conducted various archxological tours to
Asia Minor and Greece, and was one year at the head of the American School
of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece. Doctor Sterrett was a member of several
learned societies and wrote much on archa;ological subjects.

William McC. Morrison, D. D., was bom near Lexington. November 10.
1867. and was graduated from Washington and Lee and from the Presbyterian
Theological Seminary, of Louisville, Kentucky. In 18% he was ordained and
went as a missionary to the Congo Free State. He there exposed the atrocities
perpetrated on the natives by order of the king of the Belgians, and was very in-
stmmental in having the Free State placed under the direct control of the Bel-
gian government. In this cause he appeared before the British Parliament. On
his return to America in 1906 he edited a paper and further exposed the atroci-
ties. He was sued for lilxrl but acquitted. Doctor Morrison traveled extensively
in Africa, and was the first man to reduce the Baluha language to a written
form. Of this tongue he published a granunar and a dictionary. His wife died
in Africa in 1910.

ALEX.^^•DF.R MacN'UTT GLASGOW*

S(|uire Glasgow, as he was generally known, was bom on South River, five
miles east of I-cxington. on October 24. 1820, at the home of his father, where
he was brought up and lived all his life, as a planter, and died .August 4. 1894.

His father. John Glasgow, son of Arthur Glasgow — both of whom were
prominent citizens of Rrxkbridge — on March 9, 1815. married Martha MacNutt,
daughter of Alexander and Rachel Grigsby MacNutt.

*Thc remainder of Ihit chapter it contributed by hi* daughter. Elizabeth Glasgow
MarCorkle.

SUPPLEMENTARY ITEMS 305

Arthur Glasgow was born in 1750, a descendant of Earl Glasgow, of Scot-
land, from which country Arthur emigrated to this country.

Governor A. Gallatin MacNutt, whose two administrations as Governor of
Mississippi were marked by their efficient progressiveness, was an uncle on his
maternal side.

The old Glasgow home, "Tuscan \'illa," has been in the family since the
original grant and is one of the few in the county — if, indeed, there be any —
which remains in the possession of the heirs of the original grantee.

This is a part of a tract which was granted by the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia to his ancestor, John MacNutt, in 1768.

His grandfather, Arthur Glasgow, fought in the battle of Cowpens as a
Revolutionary soldier.

His grandmother, Rachael Grigsby MacNutt, was a woman of unusual
character and ability. She was left a widow at about forty years of age with
thirteen children, all of whom she reared and educated. Her sons reflected
credit upon her and upon their country. Her daughters married prominent men
and as wives and mothers reflected the sterling character of their mother.

His great uncle. Colonel Alexander MacNutt, was a gentleman of liberal
education, fine mind and sterling character.

King George H received Colonel MacNutt, who carried letters from Governor
Dinwiddle, of Virginia, and for his service and gallantry in the face of the
enemy, in the battle of Sandy Creek with the Indians, knighted him and present-
ed him with a dress sword. He was later Governor of Nova Scotia.

This sword is today retained in the possession of heirs of the subject of
this sketch.

When on his raid through the Valley and Lexington in 1864, General Hunt-
er and his forces took much property — silver and other property — from the old
Glasgow home, among which was this sword. Fortunately, years after the war,
it was located and Mr. Glasgow was able to recover its possession.

Mr. Glasgow entered Washington College, from whicli he was graduated
with the degrees of A. B. and B. L.

He was a gentleman of the old school, of unquestionable character, high
ideals, all his life a planter, and public spirited. He was active in all public mat-
ters, a great reader, and well informed.

As one of the first judges of Rockbridge county, he served with his associates,
with rare credit to his profession and his people. It is said of those first judges
who composed the County Court that they were governed, in rendering their
decisions by sound common sense, rather than by decided cases and technical
rules of evidence.

Appeals from their decisions were rarely ever taken, and their decisions
were usually affirmed if appealed from.

306 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

It was through this service that he came to be known as Squire Glasgow.

Being beyond an age for active service at tlic front in the Civil War, he
joined the Home Guard, in which he was commissioned captain. In addition to
his military service, he bent every effort in producing and supplying necessities
for the forces in the field.

Among liis private papers are orders from headquarters concerning the
movements of the Home Guards, receipts for supplies furnished the Army of
Northern \irginia. numerous reports and letters of historical interest — all evi-
dencing his spirit of service and i)atriotism.

Of rare interest, among his private papers is a pardon granted him by Pres-
ident Andrew Johnson. The pardon is signed by President Johnson, dated July
19, 18^)5, and sealed with the Great Seal of the United States.

Squire Glasgow had been convicted by the local carpel-bag administration
of an alleged violation of law in not giving freedom to a former slave. Upon a
review of the facts, the President granted the above pardon.

After his mother's death, to whom his life was affectionately devoted, he
lived many years as a bachelor, but late in life married I^ura B. Mackey, of
Rockbridge county, daughter of Henry Mackey, and Xaiicy Hamilton.

They had issue: Alexander MacNutt, Jr., John Henry, Klizabeth Vance,
Lucy G., Mary Thompson, and Otclia MacNutt.

His death left the young widow and children to be reared and educated.
Mrs. Glasgow possessed those talents of character and business which alone, in
adversity, enabled her to rear and educate her children.

The boys were educated at Washington and Lee, the girls at Mary Baldwin
Seminary in .Staunton, Virginia, and the State Normal School at Farmville,
Virginia.

Mr. Glasgow was a Presbyterian and an elder in that church at his death.

His life was an integral part of the history of Rockbridge, to whose people
and interests he was devoted.

it
-a

XXXVIII
ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS

The McCormick Reaper — Gibbs and His Sewing AIachixe — Othfr
Rockbridge Inventions

I. The McCormick Reaper.*

The first successful reaping machine and the prototype of all harvesting
machines now in use the world over was invented and constructed by Cyrus
Hall McCormick at the forge on his father's farm in Rockbridge County. The
McCormick homestead, "Walnut Grove," is situated on the northern edge of the
county near Steele's Tavern, and part of the farm extends over into the adjoin-
ing county of Augusta. In this remote community was invented the instrunienr
which wrought the greatest change in agriculture that has ever taken place, and
which has aflected profoundly the economic life of tlie world. Rockbridge
county has given birth to many distinguished men, but the one Rockbridge
name that has gone around the world, that is known today in every civilized
land, is that of Cyrus Hall McCormick, the inventor of the reaper. In every
country of Europe, in Asiatic Russia, in Persia, in India, in Australia, in South
Africa, and in South America, wherever the harvest is bountiful, the invention
of this Rockbridge boy is used in gathering it in.

The McCormicks were of Scotch-Irish stock, and Cyrus was of the fourth
generation in America. His great-grandfather came from Ulster to Pennsylvania
during the second quarter of the eighteenth centurj-, and his grandfather, who
moved to the Valley of Virginia, fought for American independence at Guilford
Courthouse. Cyrus's father, Robert McCormick, was a man of some education,
fond of reading and of astronomy, and greatly interested in mechanical pursuits.
He owned several farms, aggregating about 1,800 acres, two grist-mills, two
samniills, a distillery, and a blacksmith shop. He was a skilled worker in
wood and iron, and invented among other things a hcmpbrake, a bellows, and a
threshing machine.

Cyrus was born in 1809. He inherited his father's talents, and from his
earliest youth was associated with him in his mechanical experiments. John
Cash, a neighbor of the McCormick family, wrote in after years: "Cyrus was
a natural mechanical genius, from a child, as I have heard; from the time I knew
him he was working at mechanical things, and invented the best hillside plow
ever used in this country." At the age of fifteen he began his efTorts to solve

♦This portion of the present chapter was written by Doctor John H. Latan^, of Johns
Hopkins University.

308 A IIISTOBY OF ROCKORIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

the problem of harvesting grain by making for himself a cradle which he could
easily swing in the field. His attention was drawn to the problem of inventing
a reaping machine by his father, who began his experiments on a horse reaper
in 1816 when Cyrus was seven years of age.

The following description of the elder McCormick's experiments was pub-
lished originally in tlic Partners' AJfancc, a journal controlled by Cyrus, and was
therefore probably written cither by Cyrus or with his approval:

The elder McCormick (Robert) was the inventor and patentee of several valuable
nijchines, among which were those for threshing, hydraulic hemp-breaking, etc. In 1816 he
devised a reaping machine with which he experimented in the harvest of that year,
and when bafllcd and disappointed in his experiments, he laid it aside and did not take it up
again until the summer of 18J1. lie then added some improvements to it, and again tested
its operation in a field of grain on his farm, when he became so thoroughly convinced that
the principle u|>on which it was constructed could never be practically successful in cutting
any promiscuous crop of grain as it stands in the fields, that he at once determined to
abandon all further efforts at making it a success. The radical defect in his machine was
that it sought to cut the grain as it advanced upon it in a body, by a series of stationary
hooks placed along the front edge of the frame work, having an equal number of perpin-
dicular cylinders revolving over and against the edge of the hooks, with pins arranged on
the periphery of the cylinders to force the stalks of grain across the edges of the hooks, and
K> carry the grain in that erect position to the stubble side of the machine, there to drop it
in a continuous swath. These different separations of the grain at the different hooks along
the front edge of the frame work, for such subsequent delivery in swath at the side of the
machine, especially in a crop of tangled grain, were found to be impracticable."

In Cyrus's application of January 1, 1848, for an extension of his original
patent, he refers to his father's machine and says : "By his experiment in the
harvest of 1831 he became satisfied that it would not answer a valuable purpose
notwithstanding it cut well in straight wheat. Very soon after my father
abandoned his Machine I first conceived the idea of cutting upon the princijilc of
mine, viz : with a vibrating blade operated by a crank and the grain supported at
the edge while cutting by means of fixed pieces of wood or iron projections
before it (I think these pieces were of iron in 1831, but if not, iron was used for
them certainly in the harvest of 1832). A temporary experimental Machine
was immediately constructed, and the culling partially tried with success, in cut-
ting without a reel, a little wheat left standing for the trial; whereupon, the
Machine was improved, and the reel which I had in the meantime discovered —
attached and soon afterwards (the same harvest) a very successful experiment
was made with it in cutting oats in a field of Mr. John Steele, neighbor to my
father. The Machine at the time of this experiment contained all the essential
parts that were embraced in the patent of June 21, 1834. It had the platform;
the slraiijht sickle with a vibrating action by a crank; the ftnfjcrs. or stationary
supports to the cutting, at the edge of the blade, and projecting forward into the

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS

309

grain ; the reel; and the general arrangement by which the machine was (about)
balanced upon two wheels, perhaps (9/10) nine-tenths of the whole weight being
thrown upon the one behind the draught, thereby attaching the horses in front
and at one side without the use of a separate two-wheeled cart, for the purpose
of controlling the running of the Machine; and at the same time causing the
Maciiine (upon its two wheels) to accommodate itself to the irregularities of the
ground — which construction / claim, (and which Hitssey adopted)."

This statement of the connection between the labors of Robert and Cyrus
is borne out by the statements of various contemporaries and by the general tra-
dition in the community where the McCormicks lived. William T. Rush, an
intelligent neighbor, wrote out his personal recollections and impressions in 1885
as follows : "I have heard repeatedly all about Robert McCormick building a
reaper long before C. H. ever thought of it. The old gentleman was working on
it for quite a time. I never saw one of these old machines designed by Mr.
Rob't McCormick, but his son \Vm. S. (a brother of Cyrus) has often showed
me most of the main pieces and explained them to me so that I was quite familiar
with its plan and general build and operation. In the first place, it was pushed
forward by the horses harnessed behind it. It had a small platform to receive the
grain, but no reel, as a reel did not seem necessary to its plan. His cutting
apparatus was like this. He had a series of reaping sickles, half moon shape,
fastened to be stationary on a wooden bar. These sickles were supposed to do
the cutting and the grain was brought into contact with and pressed against them
by a series of perpendicular cylinders with spikes on their surface. These
cylinders got motion from the traveling wheel and when they revolved, the spikes
on their surface, which were fourteen inches long and somewhat curved or bent,
forced the standing grain against the edge of the stationary sickle hooks. I was
thirteen years old in 1833.

"This machine did not work, and was by himself pronounced a failure. The
old gentleman made successive attempts in vain, and William S. said he never
made any models, but built full sized machines without calculation. At last
Mr. Robert gave the matter up as impracticable. Cyrus then took it up, and
then the old gentleman gave up doing any more with it and left it all to Cyrus.
Cyrus first made a model on a small scale of the plan he designed, to see how it
would work.

"One day, after Cyrus had got his machine in good working shape, and had
begun to sell two or three of them, I was at the old Homestead and his father
was fixing up some gears (harness) that we might go out to set it at work, for
I acted as agent in selling and setting up the machines in the early days, and
we were talking together about its success, when the father made this remark:
'Well, I am proud that I have a son who could accomplish what I failed to do.'

310 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

These were his words, and he really was proud of his son's success. There is no
doubt that old Robert McCormick first conceived the idea of making a machine
to cut grain by horse power, and that but for this, C. H. perhaps would never
have thought of making a machine, and I am glad that in all that has been
ever written on this subject, this much credit has been given to Mr. Robert
McCormick. While this is true, it is also true that hut for the ingenuity and
pcr.severance of C. II. McCormick, there never would have been .-» McCormick
reaper, for, as I have said, his father's machine was a total failure."

The al)ove facts in regard to the connection between the work of Robert
and of Cyrus have been slated at some length, because half a century later
Leander J. McCormick, a brother of Cyrus, undertook to prove that the reaper
which Cyrus patented was really invented by his father Robert, and certain
memlxjrs of Leander's family have continued even to the present day to make
assertions to the same effect. No suggestion that Robert, and not Cynis. was
the inventor of the McCormick Reaper is to be found except in the statements
solicited by Leander after the dissolution of his partnership with Cyrus and
published after the death of Cyrus. Leander had developed a bitter and re-
lentless animosity toward his brother. This is clearly shown in his Memorial
of Robert McCormiek, published in 1885. the year after Cyrus died. This so-
calkd "memorial" is in reality an attack on the fame and character of Cyrus.
It undertakes to show that there was nothing very new after all in the machine
patented by Cyrus, that most of its parts were known before, and that Cyrus
merely brought together in successful combination features from the inventions
of others. The so-called affidavits collected by leander from neighbors and
contemporaries of Robert fifty years after the invention of the reaper may be
explained by the well known fact that Robert worked on a reaper for years and
did invent a machine that would cut straight grain on level ground under favor-
able conditions, but this machine was constnicted on a principle totally different
from that of Cynis. It was not a difficult task fifty years afterwards for I^.inder
to create a confusion in the minds of these old nrighlmrs of Robert l>etween his
efforts and the successful effort of Cyrus, and to get them to sign statements
to the effect that RoIktI invented the reaper patented by Cynis. Furthermore,
Robert superintended for several years the manufacture of reapers for Cyrus, and
no doubt some of Ixander's witnesses remembered seeing him at work on these
reapers. Cyrus left the community as a young man and visited it only for short
times and at rare intervals. He was more or less of a stranger in later years
in his own county, while Leander frequently visited his old home and went
alioiit the county looking up his oM friends and relatives. He reminded people
of the years his father had devoted to efforts to invent a reaper, and convinced
some of them that the father deserved the credit for whatever success the son
had achieved.

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIOXS

311

Leander was unable to produce a shred of contemporary evidence to sub-
stantiate his case. If there were the slightest truth in the contention that Robert
was the real inventor of the reaper, we would naturally expect to find some evi-
dence of it in the contemporary newspaper references to the reaper, but no such
evidence has been brought to light. On the contrary, the Lexington and
Staunton papers contained frequent notices of the reaper and long accounts of
field trials, and yet in none of these accounts do we find the slightest suggestion
of a doubt in anybody's mind that the machine was the invention of Cyrus.
In the various suits over the reaper the opponents of Cyrus denied the priority
of his invention and attacked its originality, but no one ever claimed that he had
fraudulently procured a patent for a machine invented by his father, when the
mere suggestion of such a thing would have served their purpose so well.

One of the serious difficulties in the way of inventing a reaping machine
was the shortness of the harvest season and the limited period of time during
which experiments could be made. Defects developed in one harvest could not as
a rule be remedied in time for the improvement or new device to be tested in
the same harvest. According to all the testimony, however, Cyrus constructed
and tested his machine in the same harvest in which his father's last machine
was tried and abandoned. Cyrus had been working with his father from child-
hood, had aided in the construction of his machine, and had noted all its defects
and witnessed its failure. The solution of the problem to which he had devoted
so much time and attention probably came to him quickly, and he lost no time in
putting it to the test. From his father's abandonment of his machine to the
end of the oat harvest he probably had not more than a month. He did the work
at his father's forge, though the cutting blade, one of the most important features
of the new machine, was made according to Cyrus's design by a skilled black-
smith, John McCown, who lived on South River. In connection with the Patent
Extension Case McCown made the following sworn statement December 31,
1847, in regard to iiis part in the construction of Cyrus's machine:

I reside some twelve or thirteen miles from the residence of Wm. S. McCormick, son
of Robt. McCormick, deed. During the harvest of Eighteen Hundred & Thirty-One, Cyrus
H., son also of Robt. McCormick deed., applied to me to make him a cutting blade for a
Reaping Machine, which he was then constructing to be operated by horse-power; and by
his directions I did accordingly make one about four feet long with a straight serrated or
sickle edge, with a hole in one end of it for the purpose of being attached — as I was told
and afterwards found to be the case — to a crank, which gave it a vibratory action. The
machine was accordingly put in operation that harvest as I was informed, but did not see it.
The present residence of Wm. S. McCormick was then the residence of his father and
family."

A small group of neighbors witnessed the first trial of the machine on the
McCormick Homestead, and several of these testified later as to the success of the

312 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUXTi-, V^RGIN1A

experiment. Among them was Dr. N. M. Hitt, who made th( following sworn
statement January 1, 1848:

During the harv-est of eighteen hundred and thirty-one, whilst boarmg at the house of
Mr. Jno. Steele, about one mile from the farm of Mr. Robt. McCoriiuk, deed., father of
C>Tus H., I had notice that a machine had been constructed by the lacr to cut wheat (or
other small grain) and that a trial of it could be seen on said farm oiiliat day. I, accord-
ingly, as well as Mr. and Mrs. Steele, went to Mr. McCormicks and di bn that day witness
probably one of the first experiments made of the operation of th' "Virginia Reaper."
This experiment was made in cutting a piece of wheat, without the "fiel." Othenvise, the
principles of the Machine, though imperfect, were, I believe, the same a afterwards patented
— that is, the cutting was done by a straight blade with a sickle edc, which received a
vibratory motion from a crank, the grain being supported at the ece of the blade by
stationary pieces or points of wood projecting before it. On one sid of the Machine the
gearing was attached by cog wheels which operated the crank, drive: -by one main wheel
running upon the groimd and supporting one side of the Machine — th^rank being attached
to the blade by a connecting piece.

From the frame work that supported the wheels, a pair of shafts ■vcrc extended forward
to which a horse was attached that pulled it— and the side of the Mchine extending into
the grain was supported by a small wheel.

The cutting was fully established, as I thought, by this experimer. This Machine was
further improved and a reel attached to it, and as I believe, thouh not present, was
exhibited the same season in cutting oats in a field of Mr. Jno. Steele.

This Machine had (of course) a platform behind the sickle for reoving and holding the
cut grain until a sufficient quantity was collected for a sheaf— more or ;ss. The "stationary
pieces" before mentioned are not by me distinctly recollected.

Such are the essential facts in regard to the invention if the McCormick
reaper. Makers of rival machines claimed later that McCrmick was not an
original inventor, that the various features of his machine hd been devised and
employed by earlier inventors, and that he merely combined; hem in successful
operation. The fact that there is a certain amount of truth i these claims does
not detract from McCormick's reputation nor from the credi due him as an in-
ventor of the first order. None of the earlier machines workd successfully, and
none of McCormick's rivals ever undertook to copy them, i: was his machine
that they borrowed from, and his patent that they fought inthe courts and on
the floor of Congress. One who has made a careful study f earlier machines
and compared their several parts with that of McCormick hs summarized his
conclusions as follows :

In all the art prior to the McCormick machine there is not tva a prototype which
could have developed into his machine by any improvement short of bsolutely rejecting its
fundamental plan of construction and starting on one of which it pve no suggestion. It
was a radical and most essential departure from all prior devices In lount the machine on
the master-wheel from which the power was derived and on which te machinery was sus-
tained, while a cutting blade and grain platform were carried belvcen that wheel and a
free grain wheel whose movement was independent of but parallel i hp m.^ster-wheel; to

C^ /¥. ?7lT(^i^^J:^

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 313

support a serrated cutting blade in the front edge of a platform between these two wheels
and rciprocate it between stationary forward projecting fingers by means of a crank con-
nection with the master-wheel; to combine with the blade and teeth between which it
reciprocated a reel which swept over the blade, bending the grain across it and between its
fingers, thence over the platform, and deposited the grain thereon, and the divider cooperating
with this reel and witli the reciprocating cutting knife to isolate the cut from the standing
grain and guide the former to the cutting knife; and to provide a reaper with a blade having
a serrated or sickle edge reciprocating between teeth in the front edge of a grain-carrying
platform. No machine having these constituents preceded it, and no machine lacking them
has survived. They are fundamental in the reaper of today, and have been in every suc-
cessful reaper. It may be said that reciprocating blades were not, in themselves, new;
front or side draft was not new; platforms were not new; reels were not new; driving
wheels were not new; teeth were not new — and all this may be conceded without diminish-
ing in the slightest degree the originality or the magnitude of the invention. All new ma-
chines are made up of elements which, individually considered, are old. Invention consists
in conceiving of some new method of organizing elements so as to bring them into success-
ful cooperation and work out a useful result which has not been accomplished by their
cooperation before. None of these elements had ever been so constructed and combined as
accomplish the result which they accomplished in this machine, nor had any combination of
elements been before contrived which operated together in the same manner or so as to
secure the same advantage.

It was a new machine in the broadest sense. As first constructed, it required many im-
provements and refinements in order to make it a commercial success, but its plan was such
as to qualify it for such improvements and refinements and to demonstrate that it was
worthy of them and that ultimate success was to be achieved by adhering to that plan and
from that starting point, rather than along other paths. It went steadily on, unchanged in
general character, but taking upon itself such subsequent improvements or adjuncts as the
further experiments of its inventor indicated to be desirable in order to deal with the various
conditions encountered in the field. Under the guidance of its author it matured into a
world-conquering machine, vindicated its right to a permanent possession of the fields and
the market, and has compelled those who were most eager to disparage it to pay if the
significant tribute of adhering with remarkable exactitude to the plan of construction which
it inaugurated.

In an article on reaping machines in Johnson's Universal Encyclopaedia.
prepared by the head of the Ag^ricultural Department of Cornell University, the
followinrj concise statement in regard to the McCormick reaper occurs: "In 1831
the machine of Cyrus H. McCormick was invented and successfully operated.
This machine for the first time was an organized instrument, containing practical
devices that have been incorporated in every successful reaper made since. As
built and tested in the fall of 1831 it contained the reciprocating knife moving
through fixed fingers to sever the grain, the platform which received the grain,
the reel to hold the grain for the knife, and to incline it upon the platform, and the
divider projecting ahead of the knife to separate the grain to be cut from that
left standing. The horses traveled ahead of the machine, and beside the standing
grain. It was mounted upon two wheels, and the motion to move the operating
parts was derived from the outer wheel."

314 A HISTORY OF ROCKnRIDGE COU>fTV, VIB^INIA

It was nearly tlircc years after the tests on the McCormick homestead and
the Steele farm before Cyrus McCormick applied for a patent, which was
granted June 21, 1834. A few months earlier Obed Ilussey, of Baltimore, took
out a patent for a reaping machine which embodied several of the most important
features of McCormick's machine. The knife, fingers, and general arrangement
of the cutting ajiparatus were similar. The system of granting patents at that
time was very lax. The Patent Act of 1793 then in force merely provided, "That
every inventor, before he can receive a patent, shall swear or affirm, that he docs
verily believe that he is the true inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, or
improvement for which he solicits a patent." The act further provided that if
upon a judicial investigation "it shall appear that the patentee was not the true
inventor or discoverer, judgment shall be rendered by such court for the repeal
of such patent." The act of 1836 was the first of the patent acts to require a
preliminary examination of the Patent Office records for the purpose of determin-
ing whether the claims of an applicant for a patent conflicted with the claims of
earlier patentees. The fact that a patent was granted to Ilussey before Mc-
Cormick secured his patent docs not imply priority of invention on the part of
Hussey. It did, however, lead to long and bitter litigation, which we shall refer
to again.

As soon as McCormick learned of Hussey's machine he denounced it as an
infringment of his rights in the following vigorous letter:

To the Editor of the Mechanics' Mai^azine :

Dear Sir. — Having seen in the April number of your MaRarinc .t nit and description of
the reaping machine said to have Ijccn invented by Obed Hiissey. of Obio, last summer, I
would a^k a favor of you to inform Mr. Hussey, and the pulilic. tbrougb your columns, thai
the principle, namely, cutting grain by means of a toothed instrument, receiving the rotary
motion from a crank, with the iron teeth projecting al)ove the edge of the cutter, for the
purpose of preventing the grain from partaking of its motion, is a part of the principle of
my machine, and was invented by me, and operated on wheat and oats in July, IMI. This
can be attested to the entire satisfaction of the public and Mr. Hussey, as it was witnessed
by many persons. Consequently, I would warn all persons against the use of the aforesaid
principle, as I regard and treat the use of it, in any way. as an infringment of my rights.

SM'rr ilir fir»t rr'><Tim<-!'t wns mnde of the performance of my m-ichine. I have, for the
n' been lalKiring to bring it to as much perfection as

tl: . ;t to the public. I now expect to be able in a very

short lime to give such an account of iu timplicity, utility, and durability ■« will give
general, if not universal, satisfaction.

The revolving reel, as I conceive, constitutes a very important, in fact, indisr>ensable. part
of my machine, which has the elTecI, in all cases, whether the grain be tangled or leaning,
unless below an angle of forty-five degrees to the ground, to bring it back to the cutter and
deliver it on the apron when cut.

Very respectfully yours, etc.,

Cvars H. McCotwiot.

I E

■ n

>.
U s

jsi

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS

315

At twenty-two Cyrus McCormick had forged the instrument which was to
revolutionize the agricultural industry of the world, but the battle was yet to be
fought. The revolution was to be accomplished only by a life-long struggle
against prejudice, against mechanical difficulties, against adverse decisions of the
patent office, and against rival manufacturers who unscrupulously embodied his
ideas in their machines. But McCormick combined with his inventive genius
what is very rare in his class — indomitable energy. Had he lacked this, or had
he invented his reaper later in life, it is probable that he would have died poor and
unknown and that some one else would have gathered the rewards of his genius.
Most men encountering the difficulties and discouragements that beset him would
have given up the fight, but he was a man of undaunted courage, of untiring
energy, and of unswerving purpose.

Having invented what he believed to be a successful reaper, Cyrus's next
task was to convince the farmers that it was a practical device and to persuade
them to buy it. As a means to this end the field test was introduced. After the
trial on the Steele farm the next public exhibition, the date of which is uncertain,
was given near Lexington, and this time the whole countryside turned out to
witness it. The machine was first taken to the farm of John Ruff, but as the
wheat to be cut was on a hill-side, the machine did poor work and scattered the
grain. Ruff, who is described as a plain-spoken, hot-headed man, interrupted
the performance by declaring in a loud voice that he did not want his wheat cut
and threshed at the same time, and "with considerable indignation, ordered the
machine out of his field." Fortunately for young McCormick there were some
men of greater vision present. Colonel William Taylor, who represented the dis-
trict in Congress, promptly stepped forward and, according to the statement of
J. W. Houghawout, many years afterwards mayor of Lexington, "offered to
give Mr. McCormick all the opportunity he needed to continue his operations on
his land. The machine was then taken into Colonel Taylor's field, only a little
ways off, and here it worked much better, and part of the time did good work. I
well remember how closely Mr. McCormick walked with the machine, watching
it and doing whatever was necessary when anything went wrong. He was
calm and quiet, indeed, said little, while most everyone had something to say,
such as, 'Oh, it will do, perhaps,' 'It will have to work better than that,' 'It is a
humbug,' 'Give me the old cradle yet, boys.' But as I said, Mr. McCormick him-
self had not much to say at the trial. There was no brag about him. He was a
plain and unassuming young man. At the close of the trial he was complimented
by the leading and influential men for what his machine had done."

This and other tests finally convinced the editor of the local newspaper
that the invention was of sufficient importance to be heralded in his columns.
The first newspaper mention of the McCormick reaper was the following editorial

316 A HISTORY OP ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

which appeared September 14, 1833, in The Union, a weekly paper published at
Lexington :

We have omitted until now to furnish our aRricultural friends with an account of a
machine for cutting grain, invented by one of our ingenious and respectable county-men.
Mr Cyrus H. McCormick. and which we witnessed operating in a field of grain during the
last harvest in the neighbourhood of this place. A large crowd of citizens were present at
the trial of it, and although the machine (it being the first) was not as jMrrfectly made as
the plan is susceptible of, yet we believe it gave general satisfaction. We have been fur-
nished with some ccrlificites from several of our intelligent farmers, which wc have ap-
pended to the following description of the invention.

This editorial was followed by a detailed description of the machine, which
proves conclusively that it embraced all of the basic principles of the later models.
There were added to the description testimonials from Archibald Walker, James
McDowell, afterwards governor of Virginia, who stated that he was so satisfied
with the reaper that he had bought one. and Ji>hn Weir, who said that he had
seen it in operation for two seasons and tliat it would cut "about twelve acres
per day, by being well attended."

The next year The Union published another editorial on the reaper in the
issue of August 9, 1834:

We have frequently heard of the grain cutting machine of Mr. Cyrus McCormick.
highly spoken of. but we never had the pleasure gratification of an ocular demonstration of
its utility*. We publish in today's paper two certificates from gentlemen of the highest re-
spectability, to which wc call the attention of our agricultural readers. It is presumable
from the general character of the machine, that it will ere long 5Ui>ersede in a great meas-
ure, the use of the cradle and the sickle; for it appears to cut both faster and with less
expense to the employer.

The cci^ificales referred to were as follows:

The undersigned having witnessed the operation of a "Horse Cradle" or m.ichinc. in-
vented by Mr. Cyrus McCormick. a young man of Rockbridge county, for cutting grain by
the application of horse power, cheerfully gave an assurance of their l>clicf in its usefulness
and value. The machine was tried, when they saw it, in the ncighlmurhood of Lexington,
upon a field of oats, and although the field was hilly, quite rough with clods, and the grain
in places thin and light, yet the cutting was rapid and extremely clear and scarcely a stalk of
grain being left, and little, if any, being lost by shattering from the working of the machine.
Some small quantity of grain was uncut where sudden turns of direction at sharp angles
had to be made, but it was altogether inconsiderable. Upon trial made for th.-it purpose,
they ascertained that this machine, drawn by two horses, with a boy to drive and a man to
collect the grain into sheaves for binding, cut. when moved at its ordinary speed, about the
third of an acre in ten minutes, and cut it, as they think, much cleaner than it could have
be«n done by hand. The forming of the sheaf, however, which has to be done by other
hands, was more difficult and less perfect, than might be desired. The cutting itself is done
by a steel blade having the edge of a sickle, fastened to the end of • double crank and most
ingeniously contrived to work horizontally.

•The editorship of the paper h^'\ rlianprH lisn.ls since the notice <-,( ^^rnimii.rr |4 1R33.

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 317

The experiment made in the presence of the undersigned, was not long enough to enable
them to judge whether this machine, which can be used only where the ground is without
stumps, is or is not liable from its structure, to occasional or to much disorder. They
witnessed its operations for an hour or two with much satisfaction, and cannot but regard
it as an invention of a most singular and ingenious kind, and one which is entitled to public
favor, as promising to introduce much additional expedition and economy into one of the
most expensive and critical operations of agriculture. As a first thought the machine is ad-
mirable, reflecting great credit on the mechanicle capacity of its youthful inventor, and when
improved in detail as experience shall suggest, will, as they confidently expect, be an acquisi-
tion of value and importance to the general husbandry.

Wm. C. Preston, of S. C.
J. McDowell, Jun.
The undersigned have seen in operation a reaping machine invented by Mr. Cyrus H.
McCormick, of Rockbridge County, Virginia. It was drawn by two horses driven by a boy ;
cuts six feet wide, smooth and clean, and is attended by a man who with a rake delivers
the grain in bunches ready for tying up. We were satisfied that the grain was cut cleaner
and saved with less waste than in the ordinary way. From an estimate in cutting a piece
of oats, we believe that it will cut an acre in half an hour over smooth ground. We consider
it a valuable acquisition to the agricultural community, and recommend it to the patronage
of the public.

Sam'l McD. Reid,
Hugh B.^rclay,
John Jord.\n,
P. P. Burton,
J. Alexander,
W. H. Carruthers,
Wm. Taylor,

J. W. Douglas, (except as to
the "estimate," which he did
not make.)

The signers of the first certificate given above were both men of national
prominence. James McDowell was later a member of Congress and governer of
Virginia, and William C. Preston was a United States Senator from South Caro-
lina. The signers of the second certificate were the most prominent men in
the community. Samuel McDowell Reid was clerk of the county court and prob-
ably the most popular and influential citizen of his day. William Taylor was a
meinber of Congress, and John Alexander was a brother of the celebrated Dr.
Archibald Alexander, of Princeton.

Cyrus secured his patent, as already stated, June 21, 1834, but there was as
yet no demand for reapers, and it was five years before he began to manufacture
them for sale. Meanwhile his father gave him a farm of 300 acres on South
River near Midvale Station, where with two of the family servants he made his
residence. His attention was soon diverted from farming to the deposits of iron
ore in the neighboring mountains, and he and his father formed a partnership
with John S. Black for the purpose of erecting a smelting furnace for the manu-
facture of pig iron. Having acquired some mineral lands, they erected a fur-

318 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

nace four miles north of Vesuvius and named the plant "The Cotopaxi Iron
Works," after the great volcano in South America. The price of pig iron
was then about $50.00 a ton, and so eager was Cyrus to get the enterprise started
that he helped in laying the stone to build the stack. The furnace had been in
operation about four years when the company failed. The financial panic which
began in the great commercial centers in 1837 was not immediately felt in this
remote section, but the price of iron finally fell. The furnace had been built
and the preparatory work begun while the country was in a state of prosperity
and prices high. The company had scarcely begun turning out its full output of
pig iron when the price fell fifty per cent, and the supply of ore from the mines
on which they relied began to fail. Debts began to accumulate, and under these
conditions the enterprise collapsed in 1839. Black had previously transferred his
prcipcrty to a relative for the benefit of his personal creditors, so that the entire
indebtedness of the company fell on the McCormicks. Cyrus relinquished his
farm on South River to pay his debts, and his father had a hard struggle for
several years to save the old homestead, "Walnut Grove." Every cent of the
indebtedness was finally paid. Later in life Cyrus said with reference to this
failure: "All this I have since felt to be one of the best lessons of my business
experience. If I had succeeded in the iron enterprise, I would perhaps never
have had suflicient determination and perseverance in the pursuit of tiiy reaper
enterprise to have brought it to the present stage of success."

Meanwhile Cyrus was still working on the reaper and endeavoring to im-
prove its several parts so as to be able to turn out a perfect machine. Im-
proved castings were made under his personal supervision in the foundry at
Cotopaxi. When the iron business failed father and son began the building of
reapers at the old forge at "Walnut Grove," and in order to promote the sale
field trials were again given, the first near Staunton, as appears from the follow-
ing advertisement in the Spectator of July 18, 1839:

At the rc<iucst of Mr. Joseph Smith and others the Subscriber will exhil>it his patent
reaping niacbine ctitlwiK oats on the Scott Farm of Mr. Smith on the l^xiuKlon Koad three
mile» Kiiith of Slaiitilon, on Tuesday the 23rd instant, at which time (say 10 or II o'clock)
•nd place, Per»on> to whom it may \>c convenient and who may be desirous of seeing the
machine operate, can have an op|>ortunity to do *o. The SubKril>er in consequence of other
en({aRrmenls and a failure in the crop of Rrain has done noihinK with the machine for
several years, until recently, since which he has made some im|Mirlanl improvements U|K)n
it lie has cut with it dum vent harvest almul 75 acres of wheal and rye and

thinks its i-erfrirmancc now ii ..il. It will cut one and a half or two acres an hour

with two hiirscs and two hands leaving the grain in sheaves ready for tying and will cut
and save the grain much cleaner than the ordinary mode of cradling, whether it be tangle
or straight. The machine is not complicated or liable to gel out of order, but is entirely
durable and will cost about $50.

C. H. McCoiwicK.

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 319

A week later Tlie Spectator published the following editorial account of the
field test, which shows that the machine worked much more smoothly than at the
earlier tests in the neighborhood of Lexington. General Kenton Harper, editor
of the paper, was one of those who witnessed the test. He wrote :

We have just returned from the exhibition of Mr. McCormick's Reaping Machine and
to say we were pleased with its operation would but poorly express the gratification we
experienced. It is certainly an admirable invention. It moves through the grain with speed
at a brisk walk, cutting a swath of about six feet without leaving a head. The machine
is fi.xed on truck wheels with a knife in front to which the grain is brought in by arms
fixed on a light wheel above and thrown on an apron behind from which it is raked off by
a person who walks along the side. The machine is quite simple and cheap, costing not
more than $50. A large number of gentlemen (farmers and others) were present, and as
far as we heard, all were delighted with its operation.

The exhibition on the Smith farm was witnessed not only by the farmers of
the community, but by many of the most prominent professional and business
men of Staunton. In The Spectator of August 1 there was published a long
account of the test, which begins: "The undersigned having witnessed the opera-
tion of Mr. Cyrus H. McCormick's improved patent Reaping Machine, in cutting
oats, on the farm of Mr. Joseph Smith, take pleasure in bearing testimony to
its admirable and satisfactory performance, and in recommending it to the at-
tention of all large farmers." This statement was signed by twelve of the most
widely known citizens of Augusta County — Abraham Smith, George Eskridge,
Joseph Bell, Joseph Smith, Wm. W. Donaghe, Silas H. Smith, Nicholas C.
Kinney, Edward Valentine, Kenton Harper, James Points, Benjamin Crawford,
and Solomon D. Coiner. This testimonial was published by Cyrus H. McCormick
as an advertisement in the Richmond Enquirer of December 12, 14, and 17,
1839, and January 25 and 28, 1840.

All of Cyrus's energies were now devoted to the manufacture and sale of
reapers. The following advertisement inserted by him in the Staunton Spectator
September 23, 1841, shows that his years of patient labor had not been without
results :

The Undersigned now offers his PATENT REAPING MACHINE to the public, upon
terms that cannot be unsafe to them, having now satisfied himself tliat after several years'
labor and attention in improving and completing the machine, he has triumphantly succeeded
in effecting his object with as much perfection as the principle admits of, or is now de-
sirable; performing all that could be expected, viz: the cutting of all kinds of small grain,
in almost all the various situations in which it may be found; whether level or (moderately)
hilly lands; whether long or short, heavy or light, straight, tangled, or leaning, in the best
possible manner, by a machine operated by horse power, with little friction or strain upon
any of its parts, and without complication, and therefore not subject to get out of order,
but strong and durable — that operates with great saving of labor and grain.

The same issue of The Spectator contains an interesting account of a field
test at Bridgewater, Rockingham county, the county adjoining Augusta on the

320 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

north, and the success of the experiment was testified to by a number of the
leading citizens. One of the witnesses, Colonel Edward Smith, wrote an account
of this test for the Soulhcni Planter, the leading agricultural journal of the
South, published at Richmond, and it appeared in the November issue, 1841. By
1842 the reaper had attracted the attention of farmers in all sections of the
state, and nuincrnus notices and advertisements appeared in the daily papers and
agricultural journals.

Meanwhile McCormick's principal rival, Obed Hussey, began selling some of
his machines in Virginia, and in the harvest of 1843 McCormick accepted a chal-
lenge from Hussey for a competitive test near Richmond. This was the first of a
series of contests which became a favorite method of promoting the sale of
reapers and afforded rare amusement to the farmers. Field contests between
different types of machines became especially popular in the West and were car-
ried to great extremes. In some instances machines were drawn by four horses
at a gallop through weeds, briars, brush, and saplings to see which could stand
the most abuse. The following notice of the first cnnipetitive field test appeared
in the Richmond Btiquircr of June 27. 1843 :

Farmers, ATTEND I

From the following challenge, we may look out for some "rare fun" — not on the
"battle" but on the "wheat" field. \Vc had expected *onie such trial of skill between the
two master spirits of reaping, Messrs. McCormick and Hussey: and for the sake of the
true farmer, as well as the amateur, we are glad that the sport is likely to come off to
soon. The present contest, will, in all probability, decide the merits of one or the other of
these labor saving machines; and we, therefore, invite a full attendance of the "Krights
of the Plow-share." Much good always follows such a struggle for sui)eriority, conducted,
as it will be, in the most friendly spirit. It will be a beautiful thing, to see these two grand
and i>owcrful machines moving at a quick pace, and in their course, mowing down oceans
of wheat. Should we, unfortunately, not be able to attend, we hope some of our farmer
friends will tend ut a sketch.

An account of the contest with the report of the committee appears in the
Enquirer, July 4, 1843:

On Friday last, according to the challenge given and accepted, the contest came off
between McCormick's and Hussey'* Reaping Machines. The Chamf de Mars was a wheat
field of Mr. Ambrose Hutcheson'i, near 4 miles from Richmond, under an equal sky and
a burning tun. The spectators numbered from forty to fifty: and principally consisted of
farmers, who took a deep interest in the events of the day. A committee of five were ap-
pointed Judges of the Lists — and after the action was over, they made up the following
rcpfirt, which we have l«een requested lo publish. We are also advised, that the two
machines will again l)e run together on the wheat fields of Tree Hill, the beautiful farm
of William H. Roan, Esq., where those who feel any curiosity on this interesting subject,
will have a fair opportunity of testing and comparing the operations of the rival Machines.
We are requested by the Proprietor to give a general invitation to farmers and others, to
attend this experiment on Wednesday, (tomorrow).

MIX HANK S M V(»AZL\E,

i;i'.(;i«»( If <M l\\K\T!'>N< \VI) IMI'KUV liMENTS.

4 fat* M. M 4waMt«.K • iMr«o\Lt> a4~in'e hicimiie.

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U

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 321

REPORT

The undersigned were called upon, at the farm of Mr. A. Hutcheson, to witness the per-
formance of the wheat reaping machines, invented by Cyrus H. McCormick and Obed
Hussey, and to decide upon the merits of the same. We are unanimously of opinion, that
both of them are valuable inventions, and richly merit the encouragement of the farming
community. They both performed most admirably. The committee feel great reluctance in
deciding between them. But, upon the whole, prefer McCormick's.

C. W. GoocH,
W. H. Roane,
James Pae,
Curtis Carter,
Francis Staples.

From 1839 to 1844 McCormick was engaged in the manufacture and sale
of machines at his father's farm. The sales were at first slow and discouraging.
The record of sales during the life of the original patent, which expired in
1848, is as follows: 1841, two; 1842, seven; 1843, twenty-nine; 1844, fifty;
1845, fifty; 1846, 190; 1847, 450; making in the aggregate 778 machines, on
which he received an average of $20.00 for his patent right.

In 18-14 seven orders had come for "Virginia Reapers'" from the West,
two from Tennessee, and one each from Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Ohio. These machines had to be hauled in wagons over the mountains to Scotts-
ville in Albemarle County, then sent by canal to Richmond, then down the James
to Norfolk, then shipped to New Orleans, then sent up the Mississippi by river
boat to various points, from which they finally reached the farmers who had
ordered them. Four of them arrived too late for the harvest of 1844 and two
of them were not paid for. Cyrus finally decided to go West where the land
was level and labor scarce. Setting out with $300.00 in his belt he went up
through Pennsylvania to Western New York, then to Michigan, Wisconsin,
Illinois, Missouri, and Ohio. On this trip he gave public exhibitions in the
harvest field of the machines he had sold, and on his return by way of Cincinnati
he made a contract for the manufacture of 150 machines in that city for the
harvest of 1845. From Cincinnati he went to Brockport, New York, where he
contracted for the manufacture of 200 machines, most of which were to be
shipped to the West through the Erie Canal. He also arranged for the construc-
tion of 100 machines at Chicago for the harvest of 1846, and for 100 more at
points west of Chicago. This trip through the West revealed a new world to
McCormick. He quickly realized that while the reaper was a luxury in Virginia,
it was a necessity on the great plains of the West. After a brief visit to Virginia
he returned to the West to superintend personally the construction of maciiines,
first at Cincinnati, and then at Brockport, both of which were convenient points
for the distribution of reapers. But with unerring judgment or intuition he

322 A UISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

soon concluded tliat Giicago was the strategic point for the creation of a great
industry. So in 184S he went to Giicago, tlicn a village of 10,000 people, with
muddy streets, stretching along the Lake front. Here he formed a i)artnership
with William B. Ogden, the first mayor of the town, who gave $25,000 for a
half interest in the business. The next year he bought out Ogden's interest for
$.50,000 and sent for his brother Leander to come out and supervise the machine
shops. In 1850 his other brother, William, was persuaded to come out to manage
the financial side of the business. He gave each of them an interest in the
enterprise. McCormick's choice of Qiicago was most fortunate for him, and
an event of great significance in the history of the West. The reaper industry and
the city grew up together.

In 1848 Cyrus McCormick applied for an extension of his original patent,
which was about to expire. The patent law at that time limited the term of
a patent to fourteen years, but provided that under certain circumstances the
inventor might make application for an extension of the patent for seven more
years. The law required that when such application was made the Commissioner
of Patents should cause to be published in one or more of the newspapers of
Washington and in such other paper or papers as he deemed proper, published
in the section of the country interested most adversely against the issue of the
patent, notice of such application and the time and place where it would be
consulered, and that any person might appear and show cause why the extension
should not be granted. The Secretary of State, the Solicitor of the Treasury,
and the Commissioner of Patents constituted the board to hear the evidence and
to decide for or against the extension. The patentee was required to submit under
oath a statement of all receipts and expenditures so as to show fully the profits
accruing to him from his invention. The law further provided that, "if, upon
a hearing of the matter, it shall appear to full and entire satisfaction of said
board, having due regard to the public interest therein, that it is just and
proper that the term of the patent shall be extended hy reason of the patentee,
without neglect or fault on his part, having failed to obtain in the use and sale
of his invention a reasonable renuincration for the time, ingenuity, and expense
bestowed upon the same and introduction thereof into use, it sli.-ill lie the duty
of the Commissioner to renew and extend the patent."

McCormick, acting in person and without the assistance of counsel, made
npi'lication for an extension of his patent, and Hussey apjuared to represent the
< j i Msition thereto. Hussey's patent, it will be rememl>ered, had been issued a
few months prior to McCormick's, and it expired the latter part of December,
1847. Ten or twelve days Ixrfore the expiration of Hussey's patent he applied
to the Commissioner of Patents for an extension, but as the rules of the Board
required that notice of an application for extension should be published at

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 323

least three weeks prior to the hearing, his application was not received. Hussey,
therefore, decided to make a fight against the extension of McCorniick's patent,
arguing that McCormick had been abundantly rewarded by sales of his patent
rights and by extensive sales of his machines, that the extension of the McCor-
mick patent would injure him, and that certain elements of the invention were
to be found in earlier foreign publications. As McCormick claimed that several
features of the Hussey machine had been invented and employed by him two
years before the issuance of Hussey 's patent, the Commissioner granted Mc-
Cormick 's request for a continuation of the hearing until he could take testimony
in substantiation of his claims. McCormick secured affidavits from Dr. N. M.
Hitt, John Steele, Jr., and from his mother and two brothers to the effect that
his machine was invented and used in cutting wheat and oats in the harvest
of 1831. The statement of his mother and brothers was as follows :

Walnut Grove, Feby. 17, 1848.
The undersigned, mother and brothers of Cyrus H. McCormick, do hereby state, each
for himself, (and herself) that during the harvest of Eighteen Hundred and thirty-one
said C. H. McCormick did have constructed and put into operation in cutting wheat on this
farm, and oats on the farm of Mr. Jno. Steele, (a near neighbor), a Reaping Machine for
which a patent was granted to him on the 21st day of June, 1834. When used in cutting
the oats at Mr. Steele's as aforesaid this machine we believe was essentially the same in
principle as when patented, as above. * * * The undersigned do further state that said
C. H. McCormick did make great efforts from time to time to introduce said machine into
general use, but found many difficulties to contend with, which caused much delay in
accomplishing the same. And they further state that they have no interest in the patent of
said Reaping Machine.

Wm. S. McCormick,
L. J. McCormick,
Mary McCormick.

These affidavits were submitted to the Board at its hearing February 24,
1848. As this testimony was ex parte, the Board ordered, "That the further
hearing of this application be postponed to Wednesday, the twenty-ninth day of
March next, and that the said McCormick be directed to furnish satisfactory
testimony that the invention of his machine was prior to the invention of a
similar machine by Obed Hussey, and that he be directed to give due notice to the
said Hussey of the time and place of taking said testimony."

McCormick then gave due notice to Hussey, and tlie latter appeared at
Steele's Tavern, where the signers of the affidavits above referred to were cross-
qustioned for two days by McCormick and Hussey, March 17 and 18, 1848.
When the Board met again March 29tli, they refused to grant the extension, and
the following entry was made on the record:

March 29, 1848— Board met agreeable to adjournment. Present: James Buchanan,
Secretary of State; Edmund Burke, Commissioner of Patents; and R. H. Gillct, Solicitor of

324 A IIISTOBY OF ROCKDRtDGE COUNTS'. VIRGINIA

the Treasury, and having examined the evidence adduced in the case, decided that iaid
patent ought not to be extended.

James Buchanan, Secretary of State.

Edmund Burke, Commissioner of Patents.

R. H. GiiXET, Solicitor of the Treasury.

Edmund liurkc, the Commissioner of Patents, stated later to a committee of
the Senate tliat the decision of the Board was not based on the merits of the case,
but on the fact that the testimony had been "informally taken." The only
redress open to McCormick was an appeal to Congress for an extension of his
patent, and this he promptly made. Such appeals were frequently made at that
time. But opposition to the extension of McCormick's patent was not confined
to Ilussey. Rival manufacturers of reapers and their paid attorneys urged the
farmers of the country to oppose the extension of McCormick's patent, and
Congress was flooded with petitions from farmers, protests of manufacturers,
and even resolutions from State legislatures. McCormick's fight for the pro-
tection of his patent rights was continued in Congress and in the United States
courts for fifteen years. It became, in fact, a cause celrbrc, and mnay of the
ablest lawyers of that period were engaged on one side or the other, .•\mong
them were Harding, Watson, Uickerson, Rcverdy Johnson, Douglas, Seward,
Staunton, and Lincoln. Toward the end of the fight in Congress the anti-
McCormick lobby became so active that Senator Brown, of Mississippi, made
the following protest on the floor of the Senate:

Why, Mr. President, if it were not for the parties out of doors — parties without in-
ventive genius — parties without the genius to invent a mouse trap or a fly kilter, who are
pirating on this great invention of McCormick's — speaking through their attorneys to the
Senate, there would never have been an hour's delay in gr.-iiiiing all that McCormick asks
in the bill. I know, and state here, in the face of the .-Xmcrican Senate and the world,
that these men have beset me at every corner of the streets with their papers and their
affidavits — men who have no claim to the ear of the country — men who have rendered it
no service, but who have invested their paltry dollars in the production of a manufacture
which sprang from the mind of another man, and now, for their own gain, employ lawyers
to draw cunning afrKlavit.s, to devise cunning schemes, and put on foot all sorts of machinery
to defeat this application.

The wide-spread and persistent opposition to the extension of McCormick's
patent is the most convincing evidence of the recognized value of the invention
and of the fact that experience demonstrated it to be essential to the successful
reaper.

Committees appointed by the Senate .tnd the House, respectively, after ex-
amining the matter, reported in favor of a special act .luthorizing the extension.
The report of the Committee on Patents of the Senate, March .W. 1852, which
was afterwards adopted by the corresponding committee of the House, February
23, 1855, stated that Husscy having appeared before the Patent Board to oppose

KOCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS

325

McCormick's application for extension, an order had been made that McCormick
should go into proof of priority of invention as between him and Obed Hussey."
The report further stated :

That such order of the board was based upon the fact that the patent of the said
Hussey bore date previous to the date of the petitioner's first patent, and thus, prima facie,
said Hussey appeared to be the first inventor.

That testimony was thereupon taken, in compHance with the order of the board ; and
by the proof submitted on the part of said McCormick, it appeared conclusively that he
invented his machine, and first practically and publicly tested its operation, in the harvest
of 1831. That no proof on the part of the said Hussey appears to have geen submitted
to the said board, as to the date of his said invention; but from the exhibits referred to
your committee, it appears that his machine was first constructed and operated in 1833.

The report of the .Senate committee also contained the following state-
ment from Edmund Burke, Commissioner of Patents at the time that McCormick
made his application for an extension :

I will now give my views with regard to the merits of the invention itself. I do not
hesitate to say that it is one of very great merit. In agriculture, it is in my view as im-
portant, as a labor-saving device, as the spinning-jenny and power-loom in manufacture.
It is one of those great and valuable inventions which commence a new era in the progress
of improvement, and whose beneficial influence is felt in all coming time; and. I do not
hesitate to say, that the man whose genius produces a machine of so much value, should
make a large fortune out of it. It is not possible for him to obtain during the whole exist-
ence of the term of his patent, a tenth part of the value of the labor saved to the community
by it in a single year. Therefore I was in favor of its extension.

There were, however, other reasons which induced me to favor its extension. One was
the fact that the machine was one which could be used only a few weeks in each year.
Therefore, for want of an opportunity to test it, its perfections must be a work of time
and tediousness. It is not like the steam-engine and other machines in common use. upon
which improvements may be at any time tested. Therefore, the invention and perfection
of a reaping machine must be a work of slow progress. And such was the case with
McCormick's machine. He was many years experimenting upon it before he succeeded
in making a machine that would operate, as the testimony before the board (although infor-
mal) clearly proved. In the next place it is a machine which was difficult to introduce into
public use. It was imperfect in its operation at first. It had to encounter the prejudice
and the doubts and fears of agriculturists. And it appeared in proof, that Mr. :NfcCormick
was not able to sell but very few machines, until two or three years before the expiration
of his first patent, which covered the leading original principles of his invention. Under that
patent he never received anything like an adequate compensation for the really great inven-
tion which he had produced. And I now repeat what I have always said, that his patent
should be extended. With regard to the conflicts of rights and interest between him and
Mr. Hussey, it is proper for me to remark, that when both of these patents were granted,
the Patent Office made no examination upon the points of originality and priority of in-
vention, but granted all patents applied for, as a matter of course. Therefore, it is no
certain evidence that, because an alleged inventor procured a patent before his rival,
he was the first and original inventor. It, in fact, was a circumstance of very little weight
in its bearing irpon the question of priority between the parties. Besides, the testimony of

326 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, Vnir.INlA

Mr. McComick presented to the board of extension clearly proved that he invented and
put in operation his machine in 1831, two years before the date of Hussey's patent.

The Senate committee went fully into the question of the amount of profits
derived from the patent and found tliat the whole amount was less than
twenty-three thousand dollars. The report concluded with the following sen-
tence: "It would seem that, havinp done something for himself, while doing
much for the country, his claims to the extension of the first patent, under which
he failed to realize adequate rcmnueration. in accordance with the provisions of
the law. should not be less than if he had done nothing for either."

Not only was McCormick denied an extension of his original patent, but he
was unable to secure an extension of his subsidiary patents of 1845 and 1847
for improvements on the machine. An extensive organization was formed
throughout the country to resist the extension and to bring to bear pressure upon
Congress for that purpose by petitions, by letters to their representatives, and by
resolutions of State legislatures. Circular letters were issued representing that
the cfToct of such extension of the monopoly would he to compel all manufacturers
and farmers to pay tribute to McCormick. The applications were denied, it
would appear, on grounds of alleged public policy, in reality as the result of
political pressure. The Commissioners of Patents could not refrain, however,
from paying their tribute to McCormick. Although denying the application
for an extension of the patent of 1845, Joseph Holt said (1859) of the appli-
cant : "He has been so fort imate as to link his name indisoluhly with a macliinc
which, unless outstripped in the race of progress, may endure as a proud
memorial, so long as the ripening grain shall wave over the boundless plains
of the West, or the songs of the reaper shall be heard in its har\'est fields."
In denying the application for the extension of the patent of 1847. D. P.
Hollow.ny, Commissioner of Patents, paid the following tribute to McCormick
(October 20. 1861): "Cyrus Hall McCormick is an inventor, whose fame,
while he is yet living, has spread lhr<mghriut the world. His genius has done
honor to his own country, and has been tlie admiration of foreign nations, and
he will live in the grateful recollection of mankind as long as the reaping ma-
chine is employed in gathering the harvest."

In the suit of McCormick v. Seymour, in the United States Circuit Court
for the Northern District of New York, involving the question of validity and
infringment of the McCormirk patent of 1845. the defend.nnts, in order to
disparage McCormick's invention, introduced a large ainotmt of evidence, in-
cluding the Husscy patent and the testimony of Hussey, other devices before
experimented with in this count rv, and evidence concerning a machine allgeed to
have been invented by Patrick Rell, described in Loudon's F,iirvclop,r(iia, ptihlished
in London in 1831, and there represented to have Ix-en built and experitnented

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 327

with in 1828 and 1829. The charge to the jury in this case was delivered by
Justice Nelson, of the United States Supreme Court. After speaking of the early
Bell machine as an experiment which had not been successful, Justice Nelson said
(3 Blatch. 216) :

In point of fact, therefore, it would seem, for aught that appears from the testimony
in this case, that notwithstanding there have been seven attempts, and six of those American,
to construct a successful reaping machine, but two out of the seven have ultimately become
beneficial and useful instruments for the purposes for which they were constructed —
that is, the machine of Hussey and the machine of McCormick. It appears, from the
evidence in the case, that Hussey and McCormick turned their attention to the construction
of a reaping machine very nearly at the same period — McCormick two or three years the
earlier. They have persevered from that time down to the present, and they have each of
them, it is conceded, brought out a successful reaping machine. .-Ml the others failed, failed
early, gave up the pursuit, and abandoned their machines.

In this case there was a verdict of the jury for the complainant awarding
$7,750.00 as damages, and judgment was entered in favor of complainant for
over $10,000.00. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United
States as Seymour v. McCormick, (19 How. 96). That court aiTirmed the
judgment below except with respect to the taxation of costs, and gave McCormick
the full amoimt of damages awarded.

In the subsequent suit of McCormick v. Manny and others for the infringe-
ment of the patents of 1845 and 1847, Justice McClean, of the United States
Supreme Court, after finding that no infringment was shown, concluded his
opinion as follows (6 McCIcan 557) :

Having arrived at the result, that there is no infringment of the plaintiff's patent by
the defendant, as charged in the bill, it is announced with greater satisfaction, as it in no
respect impairs the right of the plaintiff. He is left in full possession of his invention,
which has so justly secured to him, at home and in foreign countries, a renown honorable to
him and to his country — a renown which can never fade from the memory, so long as the
harvest home shall be gathered."

Although as the result of widespread opposition stirred up by rival manu-
facturers, neither the Patent Office nor Congress would grant McCormick an
extension of either his original or subsidiary patents, he succeeded, neverthe-
less, by sheer force of ability, in keeping ahead of all competitors. He did this by
continually improving his reaper through the adoption of new devices and by
the creation of business methods wliich carried his machine into every section of
his own country and into all the great harvest fields of the world. He sold his
machines on credit, and he made it a rule never to sue a farmer for the price of
a reaper.

It was shortly after the expiration of his first patent that his triumphs in the
way of formal recognition of the value of his invention began. In 1851 he was
awarded the silver medal of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, the gold

328

A III>li)K'» (IK KOCKURlIKiE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

medal of tlic Mechanics' Institute of Qiicago, the first premium of the Franklin
Institute of riiiladcl])liia. and the first premium of the State Agricuhural Society
of Wisconsin; in 1852 he was awarded the tirst premium of liic IVunsylvania
Sufc Agricultural Society and the gold medal of the New York Sute Agricuhural
Society. Hut his greatest triumi)h was the Council Medal of the World's Fair
at London, 1851, the first great international exposition. Here the reaper
created a veritable sensation. The London Times of September 27, 1851, said:

"It will be remembered that the American department was at first regarded
as the poorest and least interesting of all foreign countries. Of late it has justly
assumed a position of the first importance, as having brought to the aid of our
distressed agriculturists a machine, which, if it realizes the anticipations of com-
petent judges, will amply remunerate England for all her outlay connected
with the great exhibition. The reaping machine from the United States is the
most valuable contribution from abroad to the stock of our previous knowledge
that we have yet discovered, and several facts in connection with it are not a
little remarkable." Mr. Pusey, a member of Parliament, and one of the committee
of award, said in a letter to the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society:
"It's novelty of action reminded one of seeing the first engine run on the Liver-
pool and Manchester Railway in 1830. • ♦ ♦ It is certainly strange that
we shopld not have had it over before, nor indeed, should we have it now, but
for the great Exhibition, to whose royal originator the English farmer is dearly
indebted for the introduction of the most important addition to farming ma-
chinery that has been invented since the threshing machine first took the jilacc
of the flail."

Referring to the sensation created by McCormick's reaper at the London
Exhibition, William H. Seward, in an argument before the Circuit Court of the
United States in 1854, said : "The reaper of 1834, as improved in '45, achieved
for its inventor a triumph which all then felt and acknowledged was not more
a personal one than it was a National one. It was justly so regarded. No
General or Consul drawn in a chariot through the streets of Rome by order of the
Senate, ever conferred upon m.mkind benefits so great as he who thus vindicated
the genius of our country at the World's Exhibition of Art in the Metropolis
of the British Empire."

This was merely the first of a series of European triumphs achieved by
McCormick. A few years later he received the cross of the Legion of Honor
at the hands of the Emperor I-ouis Napoleon, and a similar decoration from
the Emjieror of Austria. He was elected corresjMjnding mcmljer of the French
A< ' f Sciences "as having done more for the cause of agriculture than any

otl • .; man."

Rcvcrdy Johnson said in 1859 in an argument before the Commissioner of

o
U

c
U

tiivriitiir of ilic Wilccix and (jilili> ScwiiiK Machine

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS

329

Patents: "He (McCormick) has contributed an annual income to the whole
country of fifty millions of dollars at least, which must increase through all time."

Some idea as to the tremendous significance of the reaper as an economic
factor in the life of the nation may be formed from the following expressions.
Edwin M. Stanton said: "The reaper is to the North what slavery is to the South.
By taking the place of regiments of young men in the Western harvest fields,
it releases them to do battle for the Union at the front, and at the same time
keeps up the supply of bread for the nation and the nation's armies. Thus,
without McCormick's invention I fear the North could not win, and the Union
would be dismembered." In the same address Stanton, pointing to a map to
prove his statement, said that "McCormick's invention in Virginia, thirty years
before, had carried permanent civilization westward more than fifty miles a
year." Seward once made substantially the same statement as to the effect
of the reaper in carrying the frontier westward at a rapid rate.

The reaper has made life easier for the toiling millions and enabled the
production of food to keep pace with the vast increase of population. The name
of Cyrus Hall McCormick is one that Rockbridge County may well hold in
proud remembrance.

JAMES E. A. GIBBS AND HIS SEWING MACHINE

In the latter half of the eighteenth century the more civilized nations were
slowly yet surely feeling their way toward an abandonment of the well-nigh ex-
clusive absence of labor-saving machinery which had been true of the world's
hi.story since time immemorial. The movement has been marked by a constant
gain in momentum, and by the middle of the nineteenth century the ultimate
dominance of machinery was an assured fact. This tendency of the age had
first to obtain a mastery over the stubborn conservatism which even yet influences
the greater portion of mankind. Thus the first practical sewing-machine, the
device of a French tailor, excited the rage of a furious Parisian crowd in 1841.
The little factory was wrecked and the inventor was nearly murdered.

Yet the French machine aroused very little attention in Europe. It was in
America that mechanical sewing was perfected. About 18.M, Walter Hunt, of
the state of New York, elaborated a machine with a vibrating arm, a curved,
eye-pointed needle, an oscillating shuttle, and a lockstitch action. But no patent
was sought, and no serious attempt was made to exploit the invention. An
Englishman saw his opportunity and patented the needle in 1841. The first
patent for a lock-stitch machine was taken out by Elias Howe, of Massachusetts,
in 1846. and yet the essential features in his device were present in Hunt's.
Allen B. Wilson came forward in 1850 with a rotary hook and bobbin combination
and a feed for making the cloth move after each stitch. Next year William O.

330 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUN-n*. VIRCINMA

Grovcr, a Boston tailor, patented his double chain-stitch action, and a differing
machine was patented by Isaac M. Singer. These four machines, the Howe,
the Wlicclcr and Wilson, the Grovcr and Raker, and the Singer, were holding
the field when James E. A. Gibbs appeared with his chain-stitch invention in
1856. All four were crude and noisy as compared with the artistic machines of
the twentieth centurj'. At first the apparatus was designed to lie on a table or
other support, and to be turned by the right hand. The foot-working .iti.ich-
ment came later.

Richard Gibbs, born in Connecticutt in 1788, became fatherless when only
(our years old, and was sent to \'ermont to be reared by a Mr. Allen, a great
uncle. The boy was a descendant in the male line of John Gibbs. an early settler
of the Nutmeg State. On the maternal side he sprang from John Burr, John
Talcot, one of the founders of Hartford, and Joseph Hawlcy. an ancestor of
the late United States Senator of the same name. Ab<Hit 1815 Richard Gibbs
came to Fairfax county in a wagon, bringing the first carding machinery yet
seen in the Old Dominion. A carding mill on Bull Run proved unsuccessful
because of the unfavorable influence of the slavery system. In quest of a more
favorable location, he came to Rockbridge, and thus secured somewhat of the
advant.nge which would have been his had he gone Westward rather than
Southward. In this county he spent the rest of his days, his death taking
place in 1858 at the age of seventy. In 1819 he was married to Isabella G.
Poagiie, of the Raphinc neighborhood. His health permanently failed, but he
followed the carding business until his mill was destroyed by fire in 1845.

James Edward Allen Gibbs, son of Richard and Isabella, was born near
Raphine, August 1, 1829. Until he was sixteen he carded in the summer season
and went to school in the winter. After the burning of his father's mill he
left home with no more than his mother's blessing and the clothes he wore.
For a while he continued to work at the carding trade. For a year or so he
operated a carding mill at Lexington, leasing it from the owner, but the experi-
ence threw him itito dibt. /MMiMt 1850 lie went to Huntersville, then the county
scat of Pocahontas, where he was taken into the carding business as a partner,
but the mill was not financially successful and he sold out his interest. He per-
ceived that carding was Ixring ab.sorlK'd by the large woolen factories that were
springing up. It was in this village that Gibbs originated his first invention,
which was an improvement in carding machinery. He was without the means
to follow up his discovery, and the machine was not patented.

The next fifteen years in the career of the young man mark a period of
vicissitude. He joined a surveying party in the woods of Randolph and cut
his right knee. His comrades bandaged the wound as well as thev could, left
him on a flat rock with ftKxI, water, rifle, and ammunition, and went fifteen miles

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS

331

for help and a stretcher. He was in some danger from the wolves, panthers,
and bears that haunted the unbroken wilderness, but there was no other harm than
the delay in a proper treatment of his hurt. Gibbs was taken to the house of
Alexander Logan at Mingo Flat, where he lay six months, crippled with a
white swelling. He had nothing with which to pay his kind entertainers, and
nothing was exacted from him. But when his circumstances had become easy,
he remembered William Logan, the young man who was his principal nurse, and
set him up in business at Midway.

After his recovery, Gibbs went to Nicholas county, and in the winter of
1851-52 built a saw and gristmill for Colonel Samuel Given. It was in this
household that he found a wife. He was married to Catharine Given, August
25, 1852. The father-in-law offered 500 acres of land and the other essential help
for a start in farming. Preferring to see what was going on in the world, Gibbs
went back to Pocahontas, where he worked three years as a carpenter. The
new trade was one he had never learned in any formal manner, yet he worked on
a new courthouse at Huntersville, and was the architect of several buildings
considered fine at that time.

It was during this episode at the carpenter's bench that the attention of Gibbs
was first drawn to the sewing machine. As yet he had never seen a sewing
machine of any description, and his only knowledge was derived from a woodcut
of a Grover and Baker machine. He studied the picture very much as the
men of his day used to study the rebuses which were a feature of the newspapers.
Yet Gibbs had the inventive insight to devise a successful revolving looper.
This feat appeased his curiosity for the time and he thought little more about
the matter. But several months later he saw a Singer machine and read the
Patent Office description of the Grover and Baker machine. He perceived that
his idea was new and patentable, but before securing his right, he took out two
patents on other features. Gibbs was still too poor to indulge personally in the
luxury of paying fees to the Patent Office, and to get himself "grub-staked," he
sold a half interest to John H. Ruckman.

The year 1857 was eventful. He visited Philadelphia to sell one of his
early inventions, and there met James Wilcox, finding in him not only a business
partner, but a lifetime friend. It was arranged that Gibbs should go to the
shop of Wilcox and construct a model of his machine. In October, the two
men entered into an agreement. The early patents were lost, but in June Gibbs
had been granted a patent on the revolving looper which is the distinguishing
feature of the Wilcox and Gibbs machine. Yet when the trial machine was nearly
ready, the Patent Office announced what is known in patent law as an inter-
ference. A Boston man instituted a lawsuit, and the priority of the Gibbs in-
vention was so bitterly contested that it was not decided in his favor for thirty-

332 A HISTORY OF KOCKBRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

three years. The Wilcox and Gibbs machine was placed on the market in Novem-
ber, 1859, llic (aclory iK-ing located at Trovidence, Rhode Island. Wilcox put
$25,000 into the business, but this did not prove enough. T. S. Arthur, then a
noted publisher of Philadelphia, came to the rescue with a loan which enabled
the enterprise to be pulled forward into comparatively smooth water.

There had hitherto been many attempts to perfect a machine using a
single tliread, but none had proved successful. Contrary to the belief of the
sewing machine exi)erts of that day, Gibbs was able to demonstrate that a
single thread would make the stronger and more durable stitch. But the four
companies already in the field were fighting one another in a short-sighted
manner. Each company controlled at least one feature that was needed by all
the others. Kufus Oioate, a famous attorney, induced the several companies
to live and let live. liach company was to use the patents of the others, so far
as necessary, paying a royalty on them, and reserving the control of its own
patent or patents. The invention of Gibbs was original, but as some of the
features of the older machines had to be used in the new one, it was necessary
to enter the combine. Several of the good points of the improved Wilcox and
Gibbs machines are due to Charles Wilcox, the son of James. Silent work, one
of the newer features, was a mania with the younger man.

Gibbs spent two years at Philadelphia an<l Providence, giving his time to
the successful launching of the new enterprise. Immediately after the news
of the firing on Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, he left Providence to live on the
farm he had purchased in Pocahontas. Matters political had a keen interest for
Gibbs. He was a Democrat, and in the state campaign of 1855 he had made
speeches in Pocahontas in favor of Henry A. Wise as a candidate for governor.
For the Lcwisburg Chronicle he wrote a parody in ridicule of the American,
or Know Nothing, party. In the present crisis his sympathies were with the
extreme Southern program. He went on the stump in advocacy of secession,
and went to Richmond to get arms and uniforms for the first company of cavalry.
These uniforms were sewed on two of his machines. Old guns and pistols were
repaired in his shop. He went out with the Pocahontas cavalry, hut his constitu-
tion was never strong, and in three weeks he was sent home, ill with typhoid-
pneumonia. The advance of a Federal army caused Gibbs to return as a refugee
to his native county and neighborhood. He bought the farm near ILiphinc which
became the nucleus of an extensive possession. In Rockbridge he was assigned
to the ordnance service to superintend the making of saltpeter. When General
Hunter approached, he was ordered out with his twenty men. and they fought
in the battle of Piedmont.

The return of peace found Gibbs in such financial straits that he was very
desirous of knowing about his interest in the sewing machine business. His wife
thought it unsafe for him to go North, yet he set out in June. ISTiS, after
borrowing a bro.idcloth suit from a broilicr-ln-l.Tw After leaving Virginia

ROCKBRIDGE INVENTIONS 333

he was shadowed all the way to the door of the sewing machine office by a detec-
tive who thought he was Gibbs of Louisiana, a man whose name was associated
with mortar guns. But when Gibbs entered the office of Wilcox, the detective
recognized that he had been trailing a man who was not known to have been
particularly harmful to the Federal cause. Wilcox received his partner with
open arms, and politics stood "adjourned." The conversation scarcely ranged
outside the sewing machine industry. The books of the company showed a
credit to Gibbs of $10,000. The inventor was now, at the age of thirty-six, and
for the first time in his life, a dweller on Easy Street.

In 1866 the partnership between Wilcox and Gibbs gave place to a stock
company. Of this, Mr. Gibbs was secretary and treasurer, and for some years
it was necessary to spend a large share of his time in the North. But in the
years immediately following the war he traveled extensively in the South, demon-
strating his machine and establishing local agencies. In 1869 and again in 1870,
he was called to the British Isles to defend his company in suits for infringment
of patent. He continued to work for the company until 1886, a considerable share
of his time being given to developing improvements in the machine. In all he took
out twelve patents. The company is still in business, and more than one million
of the Wilcox and Gibbs machines have been sold. The earlier patents have
expired, but there is an income from the stock owned by the heirs.

By 1874 Mr. Gibbs was in independent circumstances. After having seen
much of the United States and considerable of Europe, he became settled in
the opinion that no locality suited him so well as the one where he was born and
had spent his boyhood. In 1866 he spent $6,000 in improving his estate, which
he called Raphine. This word is derived from the Greek word raphis, which
means a needle. He had seen it used in "My Raphine," the title of a sewing
machine advertisement story. During tiie latter half of his life, Mr. Gibbs lived
very contentedly in the comfortable brown country house on the border of the
town of Raphine which is still occupied by his widow. When the Valley Rail-
road came along, he donated to it a right of way through his lands, the distance
being one mile and a fourth. The only condition he imposed was that he should
name the station and determine its site.

The only schooldays known to James E. A. Gibbs were those of the old
field school, and they came to a close when he was only sixteen years of age.
But there remained the impulse to intellectual improvement. He was not one
of those who are content if they never outgrow the world of their boyhood. So
he read and observed, and pondered on what he read and observed. He ended
his second visit to Europe by making a considerable tour of the Continent.
After he came to enjoy a comfortable income, he gradually provided himself a
good library, and was recognized as a cultured, well-informed gentleman, inter-
ested in lines of study quite outside the field of invention that gave him his

334 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COl'NTV, VIRGIKIA

wealth. His versatility was in thorough accord with his Connecticut ancestry,
lie could survey a new road or build a house of complex design. He could
suix-rinteiid a mill and unriddle many a mechanical problem. In 1861 he took
out a Confederate patent on a breech-loading firearm. His last invention was a
bicycle which he did not patent. Yet Mr. Gibbs was a man of very rural tastes,
and he was at home in the management of his farm. His memory was very
strong, and his power of concentrating his mind on a mechanical or other question
was very unusual. In his opinions he was very positive, yet he was affable and
tolerant. With the young he was popular, and he was an upholder of innocent
amusements. He was a member of the Presbyterian communion, and was
prominent in Sunday school work. Only once was Mr. Gibbs a candidate for
an elective office. In 1879 he was a nominee of the Kunder wing of the
Democratic party for a seat in the House of Delegates. But the Keadjuster
wing was in the lead in this county, and he was defeated by a majority of about
200 votes.

The first wife of Mr. Gibbs was the mother of his four children. She
died in 1887, and six years later he was married to Miss Margaret Craig, of
Augusta county. Florence V., the eldest of the family, married Benjamin C.
Rawlings, of Spottsylvania county ; Cornelia A. married Robert G. Davis, and
moved with him to Hot Springs, Arkansas; Ellabcl B. iliarried John C. Moore;
Ethel R. married first George E. Wade, and second. Lancelot C. Lockridge.
The last named lives near Raphine on a portion of the paternal estate. Captain
B. C. Rawlings, a native of Spottsylvania, was the first Virginian to volunteer
for the Confederate army, and the youngest all-the-war .soldier. He joined the
First South Carolina Regiment the first week in January, 1861, and sur-
rendered with General Lee at A|)pomattox when twenty years and three months
old. Before he was eighteen he was a lieutenant and commanded his company
in the battle of Fredericksburg. He came to Rockbridge in 1874 and died on his
farm near Raphine in 1908. His son. Doctor James E., of Florida, joined the
British Expeditionary Army in the present war.

Few other inventinns seem to have originated in this county. Samuel
Houston, a progressive farmer, as well as a divine of long service, patented a
thre.shing machine. Doctor William Graham, a nephew to the William Graham
who figures so largely in the founding of Liberty Hall .\cademy, invented a
fire extinguisher, the principle of which is the .same as that of the H.ibcock
and other well known extinguishers. In recognition of the fact that Graham
was first in this field, a patent was issued long after his death, and to his .nd-
minislrator. Giarlcs H. IjxhcT is the inventor of an aerial dump used in excava-
tion work. Probably the most striking of the inventive discoveries named in this
paragraph arc those by Michael Miley on color photography. They were pef-
{cctcd by himself alone.

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE
COUNTY, VIRGINIA

PART II

INTRODUCTION

In three of the author's earlier works on local history lines of descent were
traced from the original settlers, — so far as this could be ascertained, — and car-
ried far enough forward to include the adult living posterity. This was possible
only by reason of a small population and a comparatively small number of group-
families.

But family names in Rockbridge are exceedingly numerous. To trace the
lines of ancestry on the scale practicable in the other counties would have caused
an expense prohibitive to the getter-up of the book, and would have placed on
the book itself a price prohibitive to many prospective purchasers.

This department of the History of Rockbridge does not purport to be any-
thing more than a source-book. While collecting his material, the compiler put
down all the surnames he came upon, together with the accompanying fact in
each instance. In Sections II to XIII, inclusive, the names are classified accord-
ing to the source from which they are derived. Miscellaneous facts, such as
dates of birth, marriage, and death, lists of children, and sundry other particulars,
are given in Section XIV. A complete index of names is not given, for the rea-
son that all lists in Part Two are constructed in alphabetic order. The genealo-
gic index that does appear is in the nature of a cross-index, wherever a cross-
index is indicated. It also includes the genealogic particulars scattered through
the other divisions of the book.

The authorities are as follows : For Section II, the deed-books of Orange
and Augusta, and the chancery papers in the suit of Peck v. Borden; for Section
III, the books of the Virginia Land Office; for Section IV, the deed-books of
Orange, and Augusta, and Botetourt ; for Section V, the first will-book, Rock-
bridge county ; for Section VI, the personal property book on file in the Virginia
Sffate Library; for Section VII, order-book. Rockbridge county; for Section
VIII, the tax-list for 1917; for Section IX, the deed-books and will-books for the
years, 1778-1816, inclusive; for Section X, chiefly the order-books for the period
prior to 1860, but the McDowell roster is quoted from Waddcll's Annals of Au-
gusta; for Section XI, the roster on file in the oflice of county clerk ; for Section
XII, the return of the selective draft of 1917-18 for Rockbridge county; for Sec-
tion XIII, Orange order-book for 1739-41, Rockbridge order-books to 1886, Au-

338 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDT.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

gusta order-books to 1778. a petition to the General Assembly, a pamphlet his-
tory of New Monmoutii Qiurch, Footc's Sketches of Virginia, and Oulkley's
Digest of the Augusta Records; for Section XIV. chiefly the marri.ngc-bonds
and lists of marriages for Rockbridge, Augusta and Botetourt, the various
record-books of the aforesaid counties, and the newspaper files in the office of
the county clerk of Rockbridge.

It is hoped that the gleanings presented in this department may prove ser-
viceable to the investigator who wishes to trace out some given family line in an
exhaustive manner. It is easy to fill a book with a history of the descendants
of one pioneer. It is utterly impossible to do this in hundreds of such instances,
and still expect the results to be marshaled within the covers of a single volume.

By "group- family" is meant all the descendants of some particular pioneer.

SECTION I

Given Names and Surnames

The pioneers of this county did not use much variety in given names. The
favorite ones for each sex were not more than twenty. Perhaps not more
than one-twelfth of the population bore names outside of such a hst. Almost
innumerable were the men named Alexander, Andrew, Archibald, Charles,
David, George, Henry, Hugh, James, John, Joseph, Michael, Nathaniel, Patrick,
Richard, Robert, Samuel, Thomas, or William, and the women named Agnes,
Catharine, Eleanor, Elizabeth, Esther, Hannah, Isabella, Jean, Magdalene, Mar-
garet, Martha, Mary, Phoabe, Rachael, Rebecca, Sarah, or Susanna.

The larger share of the above names are taken from the Bible, bearing wit-
to the influence exerted by the Reformation upon the Ulster people. Those ap-
plied to the female sex are almost entirely scriptural. But Charles, George,
Henry, Hugh, Richard, Robert, and William are Norman-French. Alexander
and Archibald, names of Greek and Teutonic origin, respectively, have been great
favorites among the Scotch.

The various pioneer families had each their favorite names, and these were
handed down from generation to generation. This circumstance is of much help
to the genealogist.

Until little more than a century ago, middle names were infrequent. In a
group-family we are therefore likely to find a number of Samuel Wilsons, Thomas
Paxtons, or William Moores. And yet the woman named Mary in one place is
very probably the Jean of whom we find mention somewhere else. In such in-
stances, both the given and the middle name were not ordinarily used at the samo
time.

A middle name was more common among the German people than among
the British. But since a German family might include a John Adams, a John
George, and a John Michael, it was then the middle name which was in com
mon use.

Our forbears were unacquainted with our modern hurry, and abbreviated
names were rather less in use than among ourselves. They took time to say
Susanna and Lucinda, instead of Susan and Lucy. So it is rarely that Henry
Kirkham becomes Hen Kirkham, or that Patrick O'Brian becomes Pat O'Brian.
But Mary, Martha, Elizabeth, and Sarah very often assume the forms Polly,
Patsy, Betsy, and Sally, the styles prevailing to such an extent that oftentimes
the nickname was used to the exclusion of the proper term. In like manner Agnes
was often turned into Nancy. In some families, Martha was regularly pro-
nounced Marthew, and Susanna was clipped to Susann with the accent on the
last syllable.

340 A HISTORY OF KOCKBRIlX.i: COINTV. VIRc;iNIA

Middle names came into vogue after the establishment of the Federal
goviTiimcnt in 1789. The practice of giving two names grew with such rapidity
that within tifty years a single name had become the exception. The new fash-
ion was largely political in its origin. Partisan feeling and a new-born Ameri-
canism ran high in those days, and we often find the initials G. W., T. J., and B.
r., standing for Geurgc Washington, Thomas JetTerson, and Benjamin Frank-
lin. It was but a step further to name a boy for some respected minister or
some other man of local prominence. And the custom once established, middle
names were given to girls as well as boys.

Since the war of 1861, and particularly during the latter half of this period,
the American people have been living in a new era. In nothing is this more
evident than in the changed usage with respect to given names. The number in
fashion has very greatly increased, and it is not tliought to matter very much if
a name does happen to be unusual or peculiar. Much less often is a once favorite
name perpetuated in a family. Nathaniel and Susanna, and all other lung Bib-
lical names are now rare, but such names as James and Mary, also taken from the
Bible, continue very much in use.

As to surnames, the number in the RKckbridgc area is surprisingly large.
Not less than 1,500 come to light in a gleaning of documentary local history,
while the actual number is as a matter of course somewhat larger yet. .\bout
three-fourths of this total are now extinct, so far as this county is concerned.
In many an instance, it is true, the occurrence of a name is like a visit by a bird of
passage. A single family, or perhaps only an unmarried person, lived here a few
years and then passed on. In not a few instances, however, a family connection
remained here two or three generations, yet disappearing so long ago as to
leave but a faint memory behind. Others of the extinct families, like tlie Grigs-
bys and the Edmondsons, have figured very largely in the local annals. But the
tendency ceases only with the supply, and with each decade the old names be-
come fewer.

The heavy emigration from Rockbridge is the leading cause of the disap-
pearance of names. A subsidiary cause lies in the fact that posterity in the fe-
male line tends to grow in a more rapid ratio than in the male line. If a certain
John Smith has two sons and two daughters, all of whom marry and have each
two sons and two daughters, and if the same average rule holds for later genera-
tions, no cousin-marriages taking place within the connection, then out of the
256 great-great-grandchildren, only sixteen would Ik Sniiths. The other 249
would be Browns. Whites, Joneses, etc.

An inspection of the vast array of names occuring in the first century of
settlement shows an overwhelming predominance of the Scotch-Irish element.
But as was explained in an early chapter of this book, the Scotch-Irish is a

GIVEN NAMES AND SURNAMES

341

composite stock, its own elements being Scotch, English, Irish, French, and
\\"elch. Names originating in the Scottish Highlands are Celtic, and therefore
are peculiarly Scotch. But a dialect of English has been the speech of the Low-
lands for more than ten centuries. Ulster was colonized mainly from the south
of Scotland and the north of England. Many surnames are common to both
districts. Hence it is not always evident whether an Ulster surname has a Scot-
tish or an English source. Could all doubt be removed, it would unquestionably
show that the percentage of the English strain in the Ulster population is com-
monly underrated.

The Borden Tract was primarily settled by Ulstermen and by occasional
families from east of the Blue Ridge. Other Ulster people were as a rule the
original settlers of the remainder of the Rockbridge area. Yet in several in-
stances, notably in the conspicuous one of the Sailings, German families were on
the ground at a very early day. The German representation has increased,
relatively as well as absolutely, and is a considerable infusion in the present pop-
ulation. The German has been less dispersive than the Ulsterman and more
inclined to hold fast to good land. In Rockbridge he has been in the minority and
has lived in close social relations with his neighbors of British stock. The fusion
has therefore been quite complete. The clannishness seen in various counties
of Pennsylvania is fortunately absent, as is also the persistent clinging to a broken
down German dialect that serves no legitimate purpose whatever. Henry RufFner,
himself the grandson of a German immigrant, said of the "Valley Dutch" that,
"without an efficient school system in Virginia another century will pass away
before they become an intelligent people or adopt fully the language and manners
of our general population."

Among the German names in the list we have mentioned are the following :
Albright, Alnionrode, Altizer, Armentrout. Bosserman, Counts, Crist, Ents-
minger, Fulwider, Ginger, Harnsbargar, Heizcr, Hickman, Hite, Hostctter,
Hoylman, Isenhower, Mohler, Muterspaw. Ornbaum. Kader, Rapp, Replogle,
Ruffncr, Sailing, Shultz, Snider, Standoff, Stoner, Swisher, Swoope, Troxal,
Unroe, Wence, Wilheim, Windle, and Zollman. "

The Irish, French, and Welch names are few and appear with the Ulster
immigration. Among the Irish names are Eogan, Donoho, Dougherty, Flann.agan,
Ford, Kelly, McCafferty, McFadden, McMannama, Milligan, Murphy, O'Brien,
O'Friel, Ryan, Shaner, Shaw, Sloan, and Sprowl. French names are Coursey,
Defries, Dehart, Demasters, Estell, Flournoy, Larew, Lyie, Maupin, and Saville.
Welsh names are Davis, Doak (Doag), Evans, Guin, Hughes, Owens, Pritchard,
and Rogers.

The only Holland names we have noticed are Hull (Hohl), Sly, and Van-
sandt.

342 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Names that arc clearly English arc Abbott. Adams, Bagby, Baxter, Ben-
nington, Borden, Carter. Chandler, Chittum, Drydcn, Fulton, Goodwin, Grigsby.
Hadley, Harper, Nelson. Patton, Paxton, Taylor. Turpin. Ward. Watson, and
Youell.

For many years the spelling of proper names has become nearly "stand-
ardized." But in the colonial time spelling was by sound, and surnames not in-
frequently appeared in a guise more or less unlike the prevalent usage of today.
Notable instances arc the following:

Baggs— Beggs. Bciggs.

Braford — BrafTurd, Brawford.

Bunton — Buntin, Buntain.

Dale— Deal, Dial.

Drydcn — Dredin. Dreaddcn.

Eakin — Akin.

Edmondson — Edmiston.

Galbraith — Galbreath.

Houston — Huston.

Hutchinson — Hutchcson.

Kennedy — Kcnady.

I^gan — Loggan.

Poagu e — Poage

Sailing — Salley

Sawyer — Siars, Savers.

Summers — Sommers.

Telford — Talford. Tedford.

Walkup — \'ahub. Vachob. Waughub.

Weir — Ware.

SECTION II
CONVEYAN'CES IN BORDEN TRACT. 1741-1780

The name of purchaser is followed in consecutive order by the acreage, the
price, the year of sale, the description, — when definitely given, — and the first
transfer prior to the organization of Rockbridge. When it is not quite clearly
certain that the transfer is of the actual tract in question, a question mark is put
down. The original sales recorded in Orange are indicated by a star attached to
the date of purchase. All other sales are recorded in Augusta. P, s, and d are
abbreviations for pounds, shillings, and pence in the old Virginia currency. To
reduce pounds to dollars, add one cipher and divide by three. The shilling is
16 2-3 cents, and the penny is 1 7-18 cents. The name of a consort is in paren-
theses.

Adams, William— 360-^p— 1758— Moffett Cr.

Alexander, Archibald— 987— 29p— 1747— near Punchbowl — sold (?): to Samuel Cum-
mins of Chester County, Penn., 250 acres for 20p, 1763; to Joseph Alexander, 1765, 256
acres for 30p ; to William Alexander, 1769, 208 acres for 8p.

Alexander, Ebenezer — 312 — lOOp — 1748 — corner George Jemison.

Allison, John (Jean)- 291— 8p 10s— 1748— SW side North River, corner to Gilbert
Campbell and John Moore — sold to Joseph Walker, 1765, for lOOp.
Allison, John — 290 — 30p— 1768 — near mill of Andrew Hays.

Allison, Robert— 279 39-40— 8p 5s— 1747— North River near Halbert McClure.
Allison, Robert— 200— 30p— 1771— North River.

Anderson, Jacob — 350— lOii — 1750 — sold to Isaac Anderson, 1756, for 9p.
Baxter, Andrew — 200 — 6i) — 1742 — near patent line — sold by Andrew (Sarah) Steven-
son, 1766, to John (Mary) Paul for 50p. Stevenson was grandson to Baxter.

Beard, Thomas— 605 39-80— 33p, Ss— 1753— Moffett Cr. near John Roseinan— sold to
William Beard, 1760 for lOOp.
Beaty, John— 118— 5s— 1750.

Beaty, Francis — 265 — 17p 18s — 1751 — sold to Joseph Alexander for SOp in 1768, when
land cornered on John Kerr's "old place." Pieaty was then deputy collector of Mecklen-
burg county, N. C.

Berry, William— 145— 5s— 1746— Moffett Cr.

Berry, William— 130— 5p 10s— 1752.

Berry, Charles— 326— 12p— 1752— 140 acres sold to Robert Gamewell. 1753, for 20p Ss.

Bowyer, Michael— 226— Ip— 1758.

Boyle, Mary (widow) — 200 — 20p — 1768 — bank of North River.

Boyle, Charles— 180— lOp— 1770— corner to Low Todd.

Brown, Abraham— 482— 14p 8s 9d— 1754— W side North River.

Buchanan, John (Margaret) — 634 — \9p — 1742 — North River — sold to William Young,

1756, 100 acres for 20p; to James Anderson, 1757, 200 acres for 7Sp; to Jacob Anderson,

1757, 232 acres for 40p ; to Robert Allison, 1757. 83 acres for 25p.
Buchanan, John— 293^— Sp 18s— 1743.

Buchanan, John— 10a-3p— 1750.

344 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItX.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

BDchanan, John— 370— 10;>—I7SJ.

Huihaiian. Andrew— J50—7|i I0»— 1756— comer to Andrew McCoskey.

Buchanan, Andrew— 200— 25p— 1770— comer to Robert Kirkpatrick.

Buchanan. Jamcj — 415— 10|>— 1757— corner to Francii McCown.

Buchanan, William— 280— lOiv— 1758 — comer to James Miles on North River.

Hiiirlunan, Archibald — 406 — S|i — 1762— McCown's Kun.

liiKlunan, Samuel— 240— J7(y— 1770— corner to Robert Steele on Buffalo Draft.

Campl>ell. Gilbert— J89— lip Us 4d—17-»2— Woods Cr.

Campbell. James — 134 — 6 p IDs — 1756 — adjoining James Young.

Campbell. James— 115 — 30i>— 1768— Woods Cr.

Carr, John— 280— 7|>— 1743— Kerr's Cr.

Carr. David^k*— 30i>— 1750.

Caruthers. William— 340— 20i)— 1753— near Gray's 650-acre tract.

Caruthers, William— 96— 3i>— 1754.

Clements. E^ckiel— 400— 5s— 1746— South River.

Coaller, John— 212— 6p— 1753— Hays Cr.— sold. 1766. by James Coaltcr to Michael
Coalter for 40p.

Cooper, James— 112— 5i>— 1768— adjoining Joseph Kennedy.

Cousart, Richard— 333— lOp— 1742— corner Samuel ICakins— sold, 1752. to John Cun-
ningham and Hugh Wier for 30p. and in 1736 Cunningham sold his interest to Weir for lOOp.

Crowden, William— 200 7-40— 6p 2d— 1742— corner to William Smith.

Craighead. Alexander— S33—220i)— 1753— in 1765. Craighead, then in Mecklenburg
County. N. C, gave Archibald .Mexander a power of attorney to sell.

Culton. Robert— 368 133-U.O— 3 p lis— Moflett Cr.

Culton. Joseph— 5531-2— 17p 10s.— 1742— MofTatls Cr.— 100 acres— sold 1752, to John
Walker for 20s 6d.

Cunningham. Hugh (Sarah)— 281— 5s— 1748— sold to John McKee, 1770. for 300p
Cunningham was then in Botetourt.

Davis. James— 626— 18p 15$ 7;id— 1746.

Davis, James — 436— 165p— 1762— corner to William Todd.

Davis, Samuel (Mary)— 200— 5s— 1761— comer to James Anderson— sold to Samuel
Lyic, 1764. for 55p.

Davis, William— 100 5s— 1761— corner Francis Rennolds.

Davison, John— 353!-^— lip— 1747— Mill Cr., cornering on John Houston and John
Gray.

Donahy. Charles— 231 9-20— 2p 6s lld-1742— Moflfett's Cr.

Drydrii. David, tailor— 130 47-80— 3p 16s— 1747— corner to William Baskins. Bask-
ins went to the Carolinas.

Dunlap. Rol)ert ( Kliiabeth)— 18R 17-20— Sp 15s 3d— 1742— sold to John Wardlaw.
1757. for 20p.

Dunlap. Samuel— 559;4—16p 15» 9d— 1742— corner to John HouMon : 170 acres sold. 1750,
to David Dunlap for 23p; 3S9</, acres sold. 1753, to Thomas Beard, for 140p

Dtmlap. Samuel (MargarrD — 150— 2p— 175^>— K bank North River opposite island at
mouth of Hav»— sold to Patrick Wf>ods, 17fi9, for lOp.

Dunlap. John (Jennet-)— ISO— lip— 1766— SW side Hays Cr.— «old to Joseph Woods,
1769. for lOp.

Fjkin. Jame»— S22li— ISs— 13s 8d— 1742.

Edmislon. Matthew— 238— lOp— 1751— sold by John (Marf;.ircti Kdmoiid»on to Samuel
Patterson, 1764. for SSp.

CONVEYANCES IN BORDEN TRACT, 1741-1780 345

Edmiston, John (Margaret) — 448 and 609— 55p— 1753— sold, 1765 to Samuel Steele for
140p.

Edmiston, Robert — 24-1 — 7p lis 8d — 1746 — corner to Matthew Lyle.

Erwin, Robert— 20S—Ss— 1748.

Erwin, Robert— 100— 6i>— 1757— Kerr's Cr.

Evans, William — 249 — 7p 9s Sd — 1742 — patent line, corner to Thomas Wilson — sold by
Nathaniel Evans to William Ward, 1762, for 90p, and by Ward, 1769, to John McClung,
for SSp 10s.

Finley, William (Mary)— 500— Ss— 1742— part of 3143-acre tract.

Fitzpatrick, Andrew — 150 — 20p — 1765 — corner to Moran and to John Fitzpatrick.

Fulton, John — 200 — 6p — 1752 — Moffett Cr., adjoining Thomas Beard — sold to Thomas
Fulton, 1758, for 40p.

Gay, Robert— 100— 10s— 1765.

Gay, Samuel — <175 — 5s — 1747 — Timber Ridge, corner to John Mathews and John
Houston.

Gilmer, John— 250— Ss— 1748.

Gilmer, James (Martha) — 328 — 5s — 1748 — sold to Andrew McCampbell, 1764, for lllp.

Glasgow, John— 427— 15p 16s— 1748— sold to William Parris, 1753, for 66p.

Gray, Benjamin — 260 — 2Sp — 1767 — corner to William Taylor.

Gray, David — 100 — 5s — 1761 — corner to John Davidson.

Gray, David (Ruth) — 100 — 5s — 1761 — corner to James Greenlee — sold to James Mc-
Croskey, 1768, for 18p.

Gray, Isaac (Mary) — ^270 — 12p — 1751 — Mill Cr. — sold to Isaac (Jr.?) and Jacob Gray,
1752, for 18p.

Gray, Jacob — 450 — 15p 10s — corner to John Brown.

Gray, John— 203 i/<—^p 2s Id— 1742— \W side Timber Ridge.

Gray, Robert— 100— 10s— 1765— Moffett Cr.

Gray, Samuel — 650 — 2p — 1754 — at William Caruther's old corner.

Gray, William — 300 — 9p — 1754 — cornering on Beverly Manor line.

Greenlee, James — 200 — 5s — 1747 — cornering on John McDowell — sold to Samuel Green-
lee, 1763, for 50p.

Guin, William, yeoman— 132 119-160— 4p— 1743.

Hall, William— 353 11-40— lOp 10s— 1743— James River.

Hall, William (Janet)— 150— ?— 1761— corner to Halbcrt McClure— sold to William
Hall (.son), 1766, for 5p.

Hall. William— 346 — 26p — 1763 — adjoining homestead— sold to Nathaniel Hall, 1766,
for 40p.

Hamilton. James— 250— 7p 10s— 1751— sold to Robert Christian, 1753, for 70p.

Handly, John (Grosel) — 257— ISp — 1751— adjoining Joseph Kennedy— sold to William
Rhea, 1764, for 50p.

Harris, James — 200— 14p — 1767 — Hays Cr., near Francis Wilson.

Hays, Andrew — 717 (3 tracts) — 13p — 1754 — adjoining homestead.

Hays, Andrew— 200— 120p— 1763— on hill above mill.

Hays, Andrew — 100 — 20p — 1766 — Back Cr., adjoining Isaac -Anderson.

Hays, Charles— 189 9-16— 6p— 1742.

Hays, Charles— 165— 4p— 1766— Hays Cr.

Hays, Charles— 200— 6p— 1766— Hays Cr.

Hays, David— 124— 3p 15s— 1749.

Hays, David— 124-3p Ss— 1749.

346 A HISTORV OF BOCKBBItX-,E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

H«y», John (Rebecca)— 318 59-80— ?— 1746— Hay» Cr.— fold by widow: SO acres to
Charles (son), 1752. (or Sp; 258 acres lo John (son). 1752, for 50p-, each son given a half
intcrrsi in the mill and the 10 acres around it.

Hays. Patrick (Frank)— 254— 7p 12s 5d— 1742— Beverly line— sold to William Hays,
1759, (or lOOp — deed says this tract is part o( 854 acres held by Borden and Beverly.

Hazard, Samuel, gentleman- 220— 5p— 1756 — Beverly line.

Henderson, (ieorge, yeoman — 320 — 9p^l2s.

Hender.son, George — 282 — 6|) — 1750— Moffcit Cr., comer to John Roseman— sold to
HuKh Wardlaw. 1762, for 60p.

Henry, James (.Mary), blacksmith — 408 — 3|>— 1757 — surveyed by Robert Heno— comer
to .\ndrew Steele— 200 acres sold, 1759, to Robert Telford, joiner, for SOp; 508 (?) sold.
1762. to Robert Buchanan for 32p.

Hill. Thomas — 50 — 2\> — 1754— comer to Thomas Beard.

Houston, Robert— 306 51-80— 9p 3s lOd— N side Timber Ridge— 1742.

Houston, Robcrt—200— 6p— 1748— Timber Ridge.

Houston, John — 228 — 7p 10s — 1748 — corner to James Eakin.

Hunter, Elizabeth— 124— 3p 14s 5d— 1743— Moffcit Cr.

Kennedy, Joseph — 414 — 30p — 1752— corner to .Andrew Steele — sold to William Ken-
nedy, 1760, for lOOp.

Kennedy, Andrew and John — 341 — 20p — 1762 — Mill Cr., corner to Andrew Steele — sold
to James Wardlaw, 1765, for lOOp.

Kinner, Andrew — 252 — 40p — 1773— comer to David Hays.

Kirkham, Henry ( Margaret)— 198 73-16(^— 5p 19s 4d— Woods Cr.— sold to John Paxton,
1750, (or lOOp.

Kirkiatrick, Robert— 612— 37i>— 1750.

lackey, James — 200 — 30p — 1767— near Matthew Robertson.

Lam, Conrad— 212— lOp— 1757— part of 800 acres.

Upsley, Joseph-383— lOp 2s lOd— 1742— Woods Cr.

Lapsley, Joseph — 1 — 2s 6d — 1754 — patent line adjoining homestead.

Little. Joseph — 380 — 72p 105—1774 — corner to John Alphin and James McKee.
^-Lockridge, William (Agnes)— 265 71-160— 7p 19s 4d— 1742— sold to John Weir. 1765.
for 131p.

Lockridge, William — 250 — 4i>— 1755 — Halfway Cr., comer to Thomas Hill— 6 acres
sold. 1752. to Thomas Hill (or 5s l^d; 244 acres sold. 1762. to David Steele (or lOOp.

Logan, John— 262 — I5i> — 1753 — Kennedy's Mill Cr. — sold (?) to .Mexandcr Logan (son).
1755, 237 acres (or lOp.

l.ogan, John — 195 — 6p 15s — 1755— adjoining Thomas Beard.

IvTjwry, John, yeoman— 344'4—10|>— 1742— Moffetl Cr.

Lowry. John— 200— 6p— 1748.

1-owry, John— 170 — 3|> — 1757 — adjoining Steele and Henry Dunlap.

Lowry. Robert— 412— 15p 16»— 1753— sold (?) lo William Edmondson. 1759, 130 acres
for 34p lOs 4d.

Lusk. James — 170— Sp— 1749 — adjoining patent line and Samuel McCutcheon — sold by
James (Kleanor) Lusk, 1754. to James Trotter for 40p.

Lusk, James— 257 — 12i> — 17^>8— corner to Rol>crt Lusk and Hugh Mcl'adden.

Lusk, Rol)ert— 241 — 10|>— 1768— corner to Hugh McFaddcn.

Lu«k. William— 200— 5s— 1765— Mill Cr.

Lyie, Daniel— 257— 7p 14» M— 174.1 — corner lo Rnl)ert Houston.

Lyie. John— 734— 22p Ss— 1746— corner to Matthew LyIe.

CONVEYANCES IN BORDEN TRACT, 1741-1780 347

Lyle, Matthew— 300— 9p— 1742— SE side Timber Ridge.

Lyle, Matthew^Sl 47-160— 13p 10s— 1746— adjacent to Thomas McSpadden, John
Mathews, John Gray.

Lyle, Samuel— 23S—10p— 1751.

Lyle, Samuel — 100 — lip — 1767 — adjoining homestead.

Martin, James— 7S2—22p lis 3d— 1742— Moffett Cr.

Martin, Henry— 674— 16p 6s— 1747— corner to James McDowell— sold (?) to Benjamin
Borden, 1749, 624 4-5 acres for 80p.

Martin, Hugh— 500— 12p 10s— 1748— Back Cr.— sold (?); to Charles Hays, 1752, 250
acres for 55p; 250 acres to Andrew Hays, 1754, for 30p 5s.

Mathews, John— 295 9-20— 8p 18s 5d— near Timber Ridge, corner to John Gray.

McCallister, James— 150— ?— 1754 — patent line on Kerr's Cr., adjacent to Robert Er-
win — sold to Patrick McConnell, 1766, for 47p.

McCampbell, Andrew — 73 — 6p — -1765 — adjoining Samuel Norwood.

McCanless, William— 296— 8p 17s 6d— 1742— corner to John Moore— sold |?), 1768.
to Andrew Moore, 150 acres for 60p.

McCanless, William— 37— 2p— 1753,

McCaskery, John— 440— 5p— 1749.

McCaskery, Alexander— 200— 20p— 1750.

McChesney, Walter — 100 — lOp — 1775 — corner to Henry Campbell.

McClenachan, John— 359— 28p 12s— 1750.

McClary, Alexander— 147 1-20— Ip 8s 3d— 1742.

McClung, William — 314 29-32 — 30p 7s — 1746 — corner to Andrew Baxter.

McClung. William — 165 — Sp — 1754 — adjoining homestead.

McClung, James — 200 — 6p — 1754 — corner to John Mackey.

McClung, Henry — 70 — lip — 1764 — corner to Samuel Lyle.

McClung, John, Jr. — 40 — Ip ISs — 1775 — adjoining homestead.

McClure, Alexander — 266 — 7p lis — 1747 — Mill Cr., corner to Isaac Taylor.

McClure, Arthur— 153^— lOp— 1749.

McClure, Halbert— 203— 6p Is 6d— 1747.

McClure, Halbert — 300 — 25p — 1765 — corner to Moses Trimble.

McClure, John (Catharine)— 205— 8p— 1749— sold (?), 1751, 4;/. acres to Nathan
McClure for 2p.

McClure, Nathaniel (or Nathan) — 180 — 5p 6s 6d — 1747 — Worm Run, a branch of Mill
Cr.

McClure, Moses— 380— 2p— 1748— "Warar Run," a branch of Mill Cr.

McClure, Moses — 219 — 30p — 1771^on the river.

McClure, Moses — 110 — 3p 6s — 1755 — corner to Whiteside.

McClure, Samuel (Mary)— 282— lO]) 10s— 1752— 50 acres sold, 1752, to John Paxton for
2Sp; 232 to James Campbell, 1760, for 160p.

McColerath, Robert— 230-^Op— 1768.

McConnell, Francis — 328 — 3p— 1746.

McCorkle, Alexander, by power of attorney, to John Bowycr — 300 — 3p — west side
North River, corner to .Abraham Brown — 1761 — 150 acres sold, 1756, to Patrick McCorkle
for 2Sp.

McCown, John^t37— 12p 18s— 1750— Kerr's Cr.

McCown, Francis — 328 — 3p — 1746 — corner to Joseph Kennedy; barrens on S side of
creek.

McCroskey, John — 306^9p 2s — 1747 — adjacent to Isaac Anderson.

McCroskey. John — 284 — lOp — 1748 — corner to James Glasgow.

348 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

McCutchen, Samuel (Francej)— 600— 18|>— 1742 — Beverly line— JOO teres divided equal-
ly, 1768. I>clwccn Samuel McCulchrn. Jr.. and John McCutchen; consideration, good will.

McDowell. Kphraim— JOO— Si— 1747— M)ld to James McDowell, 1755, for Sp; by ihe
latter, 1755, to John Bowyer (or I75ii; hy Bowyer, 1763. to James McDowell for 200p.

ilcDowell, Samuel— 1J59— Is— 1755— WO acres of this (the John McDowell homestead)
conveyed to John Paul.

McElheny. Robert— 280-1 Ip 12s-1750.

McKlheny, Kobcn— 100-15p— 17(*-Kerr's Ct.

McKlwralh, Robert-230--«)p— 1768— Walker's Cr.

McGav«k. Alexander— 100— x1|>— 1763— Walker's Cr.

McKay. John— 390— 19i>—I7-47—\ side Mill Cr. corner to Baptist McNabb.

McKee, James (Lydia) — 310 — 5p— 1757 — comer to Samuel Norwood— sold to Thomas
Kirkpalrick, 1765. for 68p 10s.

McKee, James — 301 — 50(>^1 766— corner to John Lyie.

McMurray, Thomas — 250 — 35|) — 1750 — former to John Patton — sold to the Rev. John
Brown, 1755.

McNuti, .Mexander— 301— 9p— 1753.

McNutt. James— 185— lOp— 1753.

McMurtry, Samuel and John — 290 — 3p — 1759 — corner to Hall.

McPharrin, John— 319— Mp lis 6d— 1749.

McSpaden, Thomas— 106— Jp 3s 3d— 1744.

Miller, Alexander, blacksmith— 248 — 8|k^1744 — adjoining James McDowell— sold to
Alexander Telford, 1763, for 120p.

Montgomery, James— 654 — 3i>— 1746.

MonlRoniery. John— 247;i— 7p 6s— 1747 — comer to John Houston and Samuel Dunlap.

MontKomery, John— 150 — 4p 10s — 1754 — cornering on Beverly line.

Moore, James— J27—10p— Hays Cr— 1743.

Moore, John— 30K— 9p 2s 5d— 1743

Moore, John— 504^-1 2p— 1748 — corner to William Moore ani Joseph Lapsley— sold
to Robert Alexander, 1760. for 95p 10s.

Moore, Alexander— 200— 6|)—17.S0.

Moore. Alexander— 120 — lOp— 1764— comer to McChmg.

Moore. Alexander of Andrew — 250— 7p 10$ — 1754 — part of 700-acre tract.

Moore, Andrew, only son of Samuel— 250 — 4p— 10s— 1754 — part of 700.

Moore, David of Andrew— 250 — 6p— 1754 — (art of 700.

Moran, Dominick — 150 — lOp— 1763— corner to Samuel Davis.

Morehead, Matthew — 32 — 5p — 1771 — adjoining old survey.

Nesbitt, Samuel— 100— 17p — 1770 — adjoiniPK John Berry.

Norwood, Samuel (F.liial>elh )— 24.?— Ss— 1750— Kerr's Cr.

Norwood. Samuel— »0(>—<>d— 1760 — sold, 1765, to Roltert McElhanv, blacksmith for
ISOp.

Patterson. John, yeoman— 380!.il— lip 12i 6d— 1741— Moffett Cr.

Patterson. John— 420— 12p 12s— 1741- Mill Cr. adjoining Isaac Taylor. John Hender-
son. Israel Pickens, Robert Poage.

Patterson. James— 95— 12p lOs— 1776— adjoining James Cowden.

Patterson, Samuel— 95 — 30(>— 1776— adjoining James Patterson.

Patton, John— 200— 2r>p 1750.

Paul. John — 400— 12p— 1754— near Borden's home (Wrrf>ds Cr )

Paxton, Thomas, Sr. (Rebecca)- 500 -JOp- I74R— i,rar Punchbowl on patent line-
sold, 1764, to Samuel Paxton for 200p.

CONVEYANCES IN BORDEN TRACT, 1741-1780 349

Paxton, Thomas— 774— 52i)— 1769.

Paxton, Thomas, Jr.— 673— 18p— 1748.

Paxton, Thomas, joiner — 410— 12p— 1748.

Paxton, John — 32 — 3p — 1764 — corner to Joseph Lapsley.

Poage, Robert— 378— lip 10s— 1742— Poage's Run.

Pollock, William — 190 — 30p — 1765— adjoining Thomas Beard and John Montgomery.

Porter, William— 395'/'—12p— 1743.

Porter, William— 112— 4p— 1750.

Porter, William— 200— 16p— 1754— W side of North River

Porter, William — 110— 3i) — 1754 — adjoining homestead.

Quin, David— 210— ?— 1768— mouth of Rock Cr.

Randies (Reynolds), James— 2000— Ip— North River and Mill Cr.— sold, 1767, by
Richard (Elizabeth) Reynolds to William Ramsay for 130p.

Randolph, James— 200— 6p— 1749.

Reagh, William— 230— 7p— 1750— sold to .Archibald Reagh, 1769, for lOOp.

Reagh, Archibald— 200— 8p— 1753.

Reagh, Archibald, Jr.— 33— 5p— 1771— Walker's Cr.

Reagh, Robert, carpenter and joiner — 118 — 3p 10s 9d — 1754 — X side of Hays Cr.

Reynolds, Francis — 100 — 5s — 1761 — corner to James Anderson.

Robinson, James (Hannah)— 200 — 8]) — 1743 — Hays Cr. — sold to Arthur Graham, 1765,
for 76p.

Robinson, James — 216 — 5[) — 1760 — Hays Cr.— sold to James Wallace, 1767, for 137p.

Robinson, John— 300— 24p— 1753.

Robinson, Matthew — 100 — 32p — 1753 — sold to Henry Campbell and James Culton,
1763, 200 acres for 40p.

Robinson, William (Isabel?) — 124 — 6d — 1760 — Hays Cr. — sold by Isabel Robinson
and John Robinson (son), 1768, to Alexander Hindman for 60p.

Russell, David — 200 — 45p — 1777 — corner to Robert Cooper.

Scott, John — 100 — 5s — 1761 — corner to James Anderson and Trancis Reynolds.

Shields, John— 320— 9p 12s— 1742— sold to John Davis, 1756, for 9p.

Smiley, John — 440 — 5p — 1763 — W bank of North River.

Smiley, Walter, Jr.— 211— 7i>— 1775— forks of Hays Cr.

Smith, WiUiam- 999 99-160— 9p— 1742— sold (?), by William (Jean) Smith 711 acres
to Joseph Kennedy, 1749, for 60p.

Sprowl, John ( Margaret)— 250 — lOp — 1768 — corner to Andrew Steele and William
Alexander — sold to .'Mexander Wilson, 1769, for 40p.

Steele, Andrew— 463K>—?— 1750.

Steele, Andrew— 10— Ip 10s— 1755.

Stephenson, John (Jane)— 290— 12i)— 1751— Mill Cr.— sold to William Ramsav, 1753.
for 58p 13s.

Stephenson, Thomas— 248— 130p— 1780.

Stevenson, John— 149— 5p— 1750.

Stevenson. John— 199 141-160— 6p—6p— 1743— Falling Spring Br.

Stevenson. George- 200 — 6i>— 1750— sold (?) to Samuel Henderson. 1762. for 4p.

Stuart, Robert— 20O—6p— 1750.

Summers. John — 440 — 40p — 1768 — corner to William McKce.

Tate, John— 255— 20p— 1779— Beverly line.

Taylor, Isaac, Jr.— 600— 18p— 1746— Mill Cr. "by a scallopy hill"— sold : to George

350 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDC.E COl'NTY, VIRGINIA

Tiylor, 176J. 200 acres Jor 5p; to Andrew Taylor. 1765. 250 acrei for 40p; to William
Taylor. 1765. ISO acres for Sp.

Taylor. William — 2U0 — I2|i — 17o2 — corner to Isaac Taylor.

Telford. Robert— 250— 40p—176g— North River.

Telford. .\Jexaiidcr — 40 — 7p — 1770 — conicr to William Berry.

Thompson, John and James — 100 — 7p — 1769 — adjoining Robert Allison.

Trimble, James— 402— 12p Is 2d— 17-J2— Moffett Cr.— sold. 1754, to Joseph Kennedy for
3Jp lOf.

Tnmblc. Moses— S70-8p-17SO.

Nance. Thomas— 800— 64|)— 1765— North River.

Walker. Alexander- 161— 4p 16s 7d— 174J— Hays Cr.

Walker, Alexander — 170 — 6p— 1755— corner to John Robinson on Walker's Cr.

Walker, James — 321- lip lOs — 1743— corner to .Mcxander Walker.

Walker. John — 213— 6p lOs — 1743 — corner to James Walker.

Walker, John (Ann) — 190— 5p Us— 1755— Walker's Cr.— sold, 1765, to George Dun-
can for loop; by Duncan, 1760, to Samuel Lindsay for 102p 10$.

Walker, John, Jr.— 302— 27p 5s— 1753.

Wallace, John— 645 and 250— 27 p— 1755— Walker's Cr.— 322!j acres sold to James
Rutherford, 1755. for 20p.

Wallace. David— 200— 3p— 1757— corner to James McNal)l>— sold. 1765. to Henry Black
for 40p: by Black to .Nathan Peoples, 1769, for 40p.

Wardlaw. William— 343— lip 2s— 1752.

Wardlaw. Robert — 375— 20p — 1774— corner to James Moore.

Weir. Robert— 240— ?— 1754— Halfway Cr.

Weir. Joseph — 190 — 35p — 1765 — adjoining John Weir.

Weir. John— 201— 35p-1765.

Whiteside, Moses— 570— 8p— 1750.

Whiteside, Moses — 145 — Ip 6s— 1754 — adjoining homestead and Samuel McCroskey.

Wiley, John— 200— lip lOs— 1750.

Wiley. John— 236— 30p— 1770— Kerr's Cr.

Wilson. Samuel— 400— lOp— 1751.

Wilson. James— 382— 5p— 1760— Kennedy's Mill Cr.

Wilson. William— J77—5p—?— Kennedy's Mill Cr.

Woods. Richard— 570— 1 7p 2s— 1742— Woods Cr.

Woods. William— 382— lip 9s 2d— 1742— Woods Cr.. cornering on patent line and Jos-
eph Lapsley.

Woods, John— 504 33-«0— 12p— 1747.

Young. James (Sarah)— »015/,—12p lOs-1742— Whistle Cr.— 251 acres sold to Low
Todd. 1750. for 12p; 150! J acres sold. 1750. to Matthew Voung for 12p Todd sold to Hugh
Cunningham. 1760, for 78p.

Young, James — 440— ISp— 1747— moulh of Whistle cornering on John Allison— told.
1753, to Patrick Young for lOOp.

SECTION III
EARLY PATENTS OUTSIDE BORDEN TRACT

The following list of patents on the waters of the upper James between
the Blue Ridge and the North Mountain, and is carried forward to the year
when Botetourt county was organized. No attempt has been made to eliminate
those lying within the present border of Augusta or within the present limits of
Botetourt. With occasional abbreviation the descriptions are those of the records
in The Virginia Land Office. "Forks" is a shortened expression for "Forks of
the James," the district between the North River and the main stream. The
acreage is followed by the date of the patent.

Allen, Malcom: (1) 200— 1762— north side James nigh Half-Moon Bottom; (2) 285
— 1762 — small branch of James (3) 80 — 1765 — south side of James; (4) 90 — 1769 — Grassy
Bottom on James.

Allison, Robert: 285 — 1746 — southwest side James opposite the Narrows.

Allison, Hugh: 110— 1767— Forks.

Anderson, William: 100 — 1760 — James.

Armstrong, Robert: (1) 200— 1756— south Broad Creek; (2) 80— 1765— Forks.

Arnold, Stephen: 355 — 1752 — Taylor's Branch of Buflfalo.

Bailey, James: 175 — 1759 — Forks adjoining Samuel McDowell.

Bell, Robert : 380— 1756— head of Hays.

Beiggs, Alexander: 150— 1765— Mill Cr.

Berryford, John (1) 200—1760— Forks; (2) 350— 1760— both sides North Branch.

Borden, Benjamin: (1) 92,100 — Nov. 11, 1739 — on the north and southeast branches
of James between the Blue Ridge and the North Mtn; (2) 3553 — 1740 — west side of Blue
Ridge; (3) 400— 1740— near Spreading Spring Branch; (4) 400— 1740— in the fork made
by the North Branch and Buffalo; (5) 400 — 1740— under the foot of the Blue Ridge
and on a branch of James called the Mary (South River.)

Bowen, John: 100— 1755— Forks.

Brush, Blakely: (1) 234— 1769— adjoining his homestead in Forks; (2) 150—1769-
Brush Run.

Buchanan, John : 320 — 1767 — north side of James.

Buchanan, John, and William Thompson: 100 — 1765 — Forks.

Burton, Richard: 400 — 1748 — Buffalo adjoining Borden grant.

Carr, James: 235— 1749— Broad Creek of Buffalo.

Caruthcrs, Hugh: 86 — 1755 — branch of James

Cleek, Mathias: SO— 1769— North Branch.

Clements, John: 80— 1764— South River.

Collier, John: (1) 400—1746— Buffalo; (2) 277— 1756— Buffalo.

Cunningham, James: (1) 400— 1745— Tee's Creek (Kerr's): (2) 62— 1755— branch of
James between House Mountain and North Mountain.

Davis, William: (1) 100— 1762— adjoining the widow Davis' in Forks; (2) 160—1756.

Davis, Nathaniel: 115— 1763— Buffalo.

Davison, John: 350 — 1746 — both sides North Branch.

352 A IlISTORV OF ROCKBRItK.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Dale. Alexander: (1) 80— 1755— branch of Carr'j; (2) 110— 1760— branch of Carr's.

Dennis. Joseph: (1) 70— 17W— K.irk^ near homestead; (2) 60— 1709— gap on Short
Hill on Hulcheson's Branch.

Do*k. John: 400— 1746-James.

Donoho: 380— 176J— head of UufTalo and Dover's Lick.

Douclierty. Charles: 80 — 1756— Cunningham Creek between House Mountain and
North Xlountain.

Evans. Nathaniel: (1) 100— 1750— "on the South River alias the River Mary be-
tween the South Mountam and a high ridge on the west side of the river"; (2) — 1756—
west side of Mary; (3) 30— 1769— Forks.

Evans, William: 150 — 1756 — adjoining Borden's large tract on the south.

Finney. Michael: (1) 106— 1756— Forks; (2) 650— 1764— James

Gibson. Samuel: 90 — 1/63 — Buffalo adjoining homestead.

Greenlee, John: 140 — 1709 — Elk Creek, south side James.

Gtlmore, William: 67 — 1767 — branch of Tee's.

Greenlee, James: 100 — 1769 — south side James opposite George Sailing.

Hall, William: (1) 115— 1760— Todd's Spring in Forks; (2) 390— 1765— branches of
James; (3) 500— 1765— Cedar Creek.

Hamilton, Robert: 120— 1768— Forks.

Hannah, John: (1) 230—1756 — HufTalo; (2) 45— 1763— adjoining homestead in Forks.

Hargar, John: 225— 1768— Short Hill.

Harrison, John: 241 — 1746 — west end of Short Hill.

Hays. Andrew: 337 — 17(>0 — branches of James.

Holman. William: 320— 1759— Forks.

liouston. James: 120 — 1761 — Forks.

Hutton, James: 84 — 1755— branch of Buffalo adjoining William Todd.

Kemp, F'rancis: 92 — 1757 — Harrison's Branch in Forks.

Long. Joseph: 400—1746 — HufTalo, north side of Short Mountain.

Long. Samuel: 400 — 1746 — Buffalo, north side of Short Mountain.

Lugar, James: 180 — 1765 — Forks, adjoining John Gilmore.

Lusk. William: (1) 220— 1759— north side Buffalo; (2) 400— 1761— main branch of
James.

Mathews. John: (1) 296— 1749— northwest side North Branch opposite Philip Weav-
er's Bottom; (2) 350— 1755— Borden Creek.

XIathews, Sampson: 18 — 1760 — Borden Creek.

Mathews, Richard: 100 — 1767 — adjoining homestead in Fork*.

McClung. James; 50— 1760— Mary.

McClure, Moses: 165— 1750— Spreading Spring. so\ilh side North Branch.

McClurc. Samuel: (1) 190— 1759— Cedar; (2) 60— 1769— adjoining homestead in
Forks.

McClurc, John: (I) 233— 1756— southwest side John Allison's land on long "l>ent"
of Buffalo; (2) 140 — 1759— adjoining Bordrn tract.

McCorklf. Alexander: 80— 1768— Forks.

McCown. (McCime), Francis: (1) 3<0— 1743— Tee's: (2) 368— 1743— Tee's.

Mcf)owell, John: (1) 400— 1740— Big Spring Branch running into North Branch (2)
400-1747-branches of Cedar.

McDowell, Alexander: 350— 1745-Mary.

McDowell, James: (1) 400— 1750— Forks; (2) ISO— 1768— afljoming homestead.

McDowell. Samuel: (I) 340-1751-Forks; (2) 170-1 767-James.

EARLY PATENTS OUTSIDE BORDEN TRACT

353

McKemy, (McKemmy), William: 90— 1757— branch of Kerr's.

McMachon, William : 400— 1746— head of a north branch of Bufltalo.

McMurray, William: 85- 1769— Mary.

McNab, Andrew: 138— 1749— Back Creek of Tee's.

McNair (McEnere), Daniel: 400— 1743— Borden Creek.

Mills, John: (1) 400— 1744— Persimmon Branch of James; (2) 300— 1748— Buffalo.

Mitchell, David: (1) 220— 1744— Persimmon Branch; (2) 220— 1744— Persimmon
Branch.

Mitchell, John: (1) 400— 1744— Broad Spring Branch; (2) 400— 1746— branch of Buf-
falo; (3) 386— 1756— Buffalo.

Moore, James: (1) 325- 1748— northeast side North Branch below mouth of South
River; (2) 400— 1746— branch of Buffalo; (3) 400— 1756— north branch of Buffalo.

Moore, William: 80— 1764— Buffalo.

Moore, David: 95— 1768— Mary.

Morris (Mores), Hugh: 300— 1765— Forks.

Neely, John: 125 — 1769 — James.

Patton, James: (1) 70— 1746— branches of James; (2) 150— 1748— branches of James;
(3) 337— 1749— James; (4) 400— 1749— James; (5) 60— 1749— James; (6) 61— 1750— Buf-
falo adjoining Whitley's land; (7) 50— 1750— Buffalo ; (8) 140— 1750— branch of Buffalo;
(9) 104— 1750— Cedar; (10) 280— 1750— head of Buffalo; (11) 230— 1750— Broad Spring
of James; (12) 100— 1750— Poplar Bottom; (13) 120— 1750— McDowell's Meadow Run in
Forks; (14) 120— 1750— head of Cedar; (15) 185— 1740— Broad Creek in Forks; (16)
170—1750— head branch of Mill Creek; (17) 197— 1750— branch of James; (18) 400—1750
—adjoining Samuel Walker in Forks; (19) 220— 1750— Poage's Draft; (20) 207—1750—
branch of Cedar; (21) 220— 1750— Forks ; (22) 115— 1750— north side James; (23) 100
—1750— branch of Buffalo.

Poage, John: 214 — 1749 — Poage's farm on west branch of Cedar.

Poage, Robert: (1) 950— 1750— Mill Creek; (2) 218— 1761— Cedar.

Poage, William: 100— 1763— branch of Cedar.

Porter, Samuel: 300— 1748— below the forks of Buffalo.

Porter, William : 107 — 1755 — south side North Branch where it runs through the
mountains from the Calfpasture.

Preston, William: 32 — 1761 — north side James.

Rhea (Rea), Elizabeth: 98— 1766— North Branch.

Stuart, David: 50—1764 — Halfway Creek.

Renick, Robert: (1) 300—1749— Timber Plain on a head branch of Cedar; (2) 90—
1756 — Purgatory Creek.

Reynolds, Richard: 300 — 1765 — east side North Branch.

Robinson, Isabella: 280— 1769— Forks.

Rowland, Robert: (1) 241— 1755— James ; (2) 113— 1755— James.

Rusk, John: 100 — 1751 — northwest side Borden's big survey.

Sailing, John P. (1) 400—1746 (1741?)— east side North Branch; (2) 170— 1748— east
side North Branch.

Sayers, James: 100 — 1760 — cast side Buffalo.

Sharp, Edward: 335 — 1760 — Cedar.

Smiley, Walter: 104— 1769— James.

Steele, Samuel: ISO— 1768— Halfway Creek.

Stephenson, John: (1) 262— 1748— branch of Buffalo; (2) 180— 1759- Borden Creek.

Stuart, David; 50— 1764— Halfway Creek.

354 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItX.E COUNTY, VIRGI.NMA

Sluarl. Thomaj: 14S— 1760— Forks.

Tarr. George Telcr: 150-1700— North Branch.

Taylor, Isaac: 181 — 1756 — James.

Taylor, John: (1) 12-4— 1766— south side James; (2) 75— 1766— south side James; (3)
4 — 1769— north side James.

Thimble. James: (1) 400— 17^«0— Forks ; (2) 95— 1766— west side Camp Mountain;
(3) 230-1766— Forks; (4) 188— 17()9-Buffalo.

Trimble. David: 399— 1765— Forks.

Walker, James: 130 — 17o5 — adjoining Borden tract on west side.

Walker, Alexander: 154— 1769— Broad Creek of James.

Whitley, Paul: (I) 400-1746— branch of James; (2) 34— 1763— Buffalo.

Whitley, Solomon: 100— 1759— branch of BufTalo.

Wiley, (Willey), John: (1) 170— 1760— branch of Buffalo; (2) 70— 1765— BufTalo.

Williams, Thomas: (1) 400— 1749— Forks; (2) 65— 1749— opposite Anne Sailing's hill;
(3) 128 — 1749 — Poplar Spring, a branch of North River.

Williamson, David: 348 — 1754 — Halfway Creek on southeast side Borden tract and
adjoining David Mitchell.

Wilson, George, and Matthew Reed: 50 — 1769 — Forks, adjoining Edward McGee's
iurvey.

Wood, James: 400— 1746— both sides BufTalo.

Woods. Richard: 200 — 1756 — north branch of Collier.

Young. Robert: (1) 400— 1740— on a branch of BufTalo; (2) 112— 1749— Forks.

SECTION IV

Secondary Land Conveyances Prior to 1778

LIST A

(Recorded in Augusta County)

In the record of each transaction, the following particulars are given in
consecutive order: name of grantor, name of grantee, acreage, pnce, year of
sale and description. For an explanation of Virginia currency, see Section IL

kllison Robert-to Joseph Paxton-285-30^1748-opposite Narrows.

Allison; John (JaneO-to Charles Al.ison_195-25^1765-Mill Cr.. corner to John

^■'"Anderson. Samuel of West Nottingham, Chester Cottnty, Penn.-to John Moore-304

07 X? T^n 17S3 Cformerlv sold by Moore to Anderson).

''■'td^ron WiiLm (ELabeth)=Lto John Dealy-40a-200p_1765-North R.e^

Armstrong, John and Robert, of Greenville county, S. C.,-to John Moore-180-77a-

''"1? Stephen (Jane)-to John Poage-335-5^175S-Taylor;s Br. of Buffalo

Arnold, Stephen (Jane)-to George Campbell-120-40-1766_"at the Cove, James

^'""Bailey, James-to Benjamin Bennett, blacksmith-175-^0i^l761-adjoining Samuel

McDowell.

Bennett, Benjamin-to John McNutt-175-43i>-1762.

Bennett, Benjamin-to Isaac Ward-320-48i>-1767-ad,ommgW,lham Fowler.

Berrisford, John (Mary)-to James Edmondson-41^15p-1755-adjo.n.ng Samuel

^^'^Zt' Thomas (Esther)-to James Berry (son)-168-25p-1763-Kennedy's Mill Cr.

Berry, William-to Thomas Berry-«5-10p 5s-1753-Moffctt Cr.

Berry, William (Jane)-to John Trotter-210-?-1764-Moffett Cr., adjoining Wil-
liam Clark.

Berry, John-to William Berry— 427— lOOp— 1764.

Breckenridge, Robert-to James Simpson-242-35,>-17S8-Buffalo, opposite long

"""^Brown, William and Robert-to Robert Campbell-22a-30p-1751-corner to John

Anderson.

Buchanan, Matthew (Martha)-to James Wilson-711-161p Ss-1764.

Buchanan, Robert (Mary)-to William Alexander-208-100p-1765.

Burton, Richard (Ann), gentleman-to James Davis-400— 10i>-Buffalo adjacent to

Borden line. _,^ ^ ^.

Burton, Richard-to Sampson Mathews-400--17i>-1762-James River.

Campbell, William (Sarah) and Robert (Margaret) Gay-to Thomas Gillom-200 of
Campbell and Gay homestead— 20p— 1751— Calfpasture.

Campbell, James (Elizabeth)-to James Crawford-181-18i>-1756-North River ad-
joining Robert McElheny.

Campbell, George (Agnes)- to Arthur McClure— 190— 130p— Woods Cr.

Campbell, Robert-to Charles Campbell-220-20p-l 765— corner to Robert Erwin.

Campbell! John (Mary)— to John Carlile— 202 of where Jacob Clements lived— 7Sp—
1768.

356 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

Campbell. James (Elixabeth)— to James Crawford— 181— ISp— 1756— North River cor-
ner to Robert McElheny.

Campbell. James ( Elizabeth)— to Charles Kirkiatrick— 250— 92p— 1768— comer to Pat-
rick Voung.

Campbell. James (Letiice)— to Xfoses Bennett— 64— 28p— 1769— Korth River.

Campbell. Charles— to Joseph Walker— 18*— USp— 1769— Woods Cr.

Campbell. Samuel— to William Lockridge— 208 of 308— I Up— 1769— Calf pasture.

Carlile. James— to James Callison— 275— 30p— 1750— Little Calfpasture.

Carlilc. John (Mary)— to Thomas .\dam5— 1200— 117p— IDs- 1766— Calfjasture.

Carmichael. John (by Richard Buchanan)— to William Burks— 100 — ?— 1756— between
Thomas Lewis and Richard Burton. Carmichael in Roane County. \. C.

Carr. James— to John Bcaty— 235 — 28p — 1751— Broad Cr. of BufTalo.

Carr. John (Ann) — to Francis Beaty — 336 — 60p— 1753 — near head of Kennedy's Mill
Cr.. and adjanccnt to David Kerr and Robert Gray.

Caruthers. William — to John White — 187 — 30p— 1753 — adjoining John Gray, deceased.

Caruthers. William— to Nathan Peoples- 187!^— 30p— 1753.

Caruthers. William— to John White— 10— Ip— 1755.

Caruthers. William (Margaret) — to John Mackey — 361— 115p — 1756 — comer to John
White.

Chamberlain. Jeremiah of York County, Penn. — to John Neely — 400 — 26p— 1751 — James
River. ,

Clements. Jacob (Mary) — to John Campbell — 202 of homestead — 20p— 1751 — Calf-
pasture.

Cloyd, David (Margaret)— to James Cloyd — 400— 20p — 1760— head of north branch
of James.

Cloyd, David, Sr.— to David Cloyd. Jr.— 400— 20p— 1761— south branch of Cedar.

Cloyd. David— to Michael Cloyd— 400 and 262— 15p— 1761 — Persimmon Br.

Cochran. Peter (Margaret) — to James McAfee— 32 — 40() — l7(iS — N side James.

Collier. John (Sisly):— (1) to William Hall— 212— 6p—1750-on a branch of BufTalo;
(2) to John Summers — 44 (of patent for 277 acres, 1756)— 8p— 1759; (3) to Robert Huston
—95 of above patent— 25p—176(^— Collier's Cr. (4) to Moses Collier- 106— Sp— 1764.,

Cunningham, James — to Jacob Cunningham— 100 (patent of 1745)— 5p — 1753 — Kerr's
Cr.

Cunningham, William (Ciennet) — to Charles Kirk|>atrick — 90 — 14p— 1755 — head of
Moffett.

Cunningham. James, yeoman — to Isaac Cunningham — 128 of 400. patented 1745— lOp —
1756— Kerr's Cr.. corner to William Gilmore.

Cunningliam, John and Rol)ert Weir — to Hugh Weir — J33 — 100i>— 1763 — adjoining
James Fakin and William McCanlrss.

Cunningham. Hugh— to Jonathan Cunningham— 281— 5p— Kerr's Cr.. adjoining John
Carr.

Cunningham. Patrick— to Edward Erwin— 230 — 80p — 1766 — Thorny Br.

Cunningham. Hugh (Sarah) of Botetourt- to John McKee— 281— 300p— 1770— "Kerr's
formerly called Teazc's Creek, where Jonathan, deceased son of Hugh, formerly lived."

Davis. John (Judith)- to George Berry— 198— 13Sp— 1762— comer to John McPheeters
and on line of James Yoimg. deceased.

Davis. John of Roane County. N. C— to James Davis — 436— 62i>— 1769— Borden line,
adjoining William McKee (formerly land of William Todd and Robert Youhg).

SECONDARY LAND CONVEYANCES PRIOR TO 1778 357

Davis, James (Jean), gentleman— to John Davis— 350— 5p— 1762— Borden line at head
of Buffalo.

Davis, John and Sarah (relict of Nathaniel)— to Moses Cavet— 115, patented 1763—
3Sp— 1765— Buffalo Cr. „

Davis, William of Mecklenburg County, N. C— to Morris O'Friel— 160, patented 1756
—5s— 1768— Bell's Spring Run.

Davis, John— to Joseph Davis— 350— 1 Op— 1769— head of branch of Buffalo.

Davis, John— to Samuel Davis^OO—lOp— 1769— Buffalo adjoining Borden line.

Davison, John (Jean)— to William Henderson— 350— 30p— 1747— mouth of Buffalo.

Dickenson, John (Martha)— to William Thompson— 168— <J0p— 1767— Calfpasture and
Davis' Mill Cr. adjoining William Jameson.

Doughat (Douthat), Mary— to John Mackee— 170 — 40p— 1750.

Dryden, James — to David Dryden — 14-1 — 50p — 1765 — below fork in Buffalo.

Dunlap, David— to Hugh Beard— 170— 29p— 1757— adjoining John Cunningham and Wil-
liam Lockridge.

Dunlap, John— to Robert— 295 of 625— lOOp— 1761— Calfpasture.

Eakin, John— to James— 261— 120p— 1768.

Edmondson, John (Margaret): (1) to John Stewart— 132— 50p— 1765 ; (2) to John
Berry— 170— 5p— 1765.

Edmondson, James (Agnes)— to James Welch— 140 of homestead— 53p ISs— 1764.

Elliott, .^.rchibald- to Archibald Armstrong— 213— 55p— 1755— Little Calfpasture.

Evans, Nathaniel— to James Hay — 100— 4p — 1765— South River.

Evans, Nathaniel (Mary): (1) to John Hays— 161. patented 1759— 15p— 1761— "South
River alias river Mary"; (2) to Thomas Paxton— 190— lOOp— North River.

Finney, Michael (Catharine): (1) to John Collier— 106— 5p— 1759 ; (2) to Samuel
Moore— 335 of 700, homestead— 38p— 1761 ; (3) to William Foster— 365— 20p— 1764 — corner
to Samuel Moore and Samuel McClure ; (4) to James Bailey— 330— 31 p— 1764; (5) to John
Taylor— 320— 35p— 1764.

Fuller, Francis (Elenor)— to .Alexander Hamilton— 271— 90p 10s— 1766— Little Calfpas-
ture.

Gabbart, Jacob (Barbara)— to Frederick Hanger— 255, bought of McNabb — 60p — 1769.

Gay, James— to David Martin — 354 — 116p 10s — 1763 — Little Calfpasture, adjoining Wil-
liam Gay and William Elliott.

Gay, Henry (Martha)— to James Frazier— 100— lOp — 1769— Calfpasture, adjoining Fran-
cis Donally.

Gibson, George (Isabella)— to James Gilmore. Jr.— 200 — 150p— 1768 — north branch of
Collier.

Gilmore, James — to James Todd — 185 — 77p — 1756.

Gilmore, John, Sr.— to William Gilmore— 250 of 500— lOp— 1758— Kerr's.

Gilmore, John, oldest son of John, deceased — to Thomas Gilmore — 200 — 5p — 1760 —
"Tees alias Carr's Creek."

Graham, Robert— to John Graham — 307 — 20p — 1754 — Little Calfpasture.

Graham, Jane, executor of Robert— to Lancelot Graham— 307— 82p — 1763 — Little Calf-
pasture.

Graham, John: i\) to James Graham (son) 150 of 696 — 5p — 1763 — Calfpasture; (2) to
Robert (son)— 128 of 696— 5p— 1763— Calfpasture; \3) to John (son)— 28 of 696— 5p— 1763
— Calfpasture.

Gray, Samuel (Agnes) — to Joseph Reed— 241 — 20p — 1765 — adjoining William Caruthcrs.
Greenlee, John, eldest son of James, deceased: (1) to James Greenlee, Jr. — 250, pat-

358 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

ented 1745— 25p— 1763; (2) to David Grcciilcc— 400. patented by Thoniaj Williams. 1749—
lOp — 176J; (3) to Samuel Greenlee— 200— 50|) — 1*63 — adjoining James and Kphraim Mc-
Dowell.

Gwin, Robert. Jr.— to Joseph (brother)— 120 of 544— Sp— 1762— Calfpasture.

Hadley, Jeremiah, of Orange County. N. C. — to John Reed- 21S, patented by James
Patton— 42p 10s— 1762— N. side James.

Hall, William (Jean): (1) to .\ndrew Hall— 280— lOOp— 1758; (2) to Andrew Hall—
110 and mill— 50p — Whistle Cr.. where James Young formerly lived.

Hall, William (MarKarct) of N. C— to James Davis— 212— Wp— 1759— Buffalo adjoin-
ing John Collier.

Hall. William, Sr.— to William Hall(son)— 175 of 500 and 390. patented 1765— 20p-
1766— Cedar.

Hall. William— to William Logan— 300— 50p— 1768.

Hall. William (Jenny )— to John Hall— 415— lOp-1768— Cedar.

Hall. James (.Agnes)— to John Lusk— 100— 90p— 1767— South River,

Hamilton, John, of Newcastle, County, Penn. — to John Lowry — 300 — 35p— 1749 — North
River.

Hamilton, William (Elsie)— to Alexander Hamilton— 107— lOOp— 1767— Calfpasture.

Hamilton, .Mexander (Margaret)— to John Stephenson— 271— 90p— 1766— Little Calf-
pasture.

Hays. Andrew: ( 1 ) to Henry Miller— 231— 5p— 1762— MoflFett Cr. (2) to William Miller
— 337— 30i>-176S.

Hays. Andrew (Margaret)— to John Miscampbell (McCampbell)— 250— 50p— 1765.

Hays. Charles (Barbara) — (1 ) to John Hays— 160— 20p— 1765 ; (2) to Andrew Hays
— 90— lOp — 1765— adjoining James Anderson; (3) to John Hays— 160— 20j) — 1765.

Hay«, Patrick (Frances)— to Hugh Hays — »00—100p— 1765— comer to Robert Alex-
ander.

Henderson, (jcorge — to Hugh Wardlow— 284 — 60p — 1762 — MofTett Cr., comer to John
Roseman.

Henderson, William (Susanna)— to Nathaniel Evans — 350 — ? — 1761— North River.

Henry, James (Mary) — to Robert Buchanan — 508 — 32p— 1762— comer to Robert Tel-
ford.

Hodge, Samuel ( Elizabeth )— to William Kinkead— 350 of 700, patented by William
Beverly, 1743— 20i)— 1765— Calfpasture.

Houston. William — to Samurl Houston — 283 — 30p^l749.

Houston. John— to William Robinson — 198 — 46p — 1752— corner to Robert Kirkpatrick.

Houston. Rol>ert— to .Samuel .McDowell. John McClung, John Lyle, William .Mexan-
der, John Tomson. trustees of Timber Ridge meeting-house — 1 9-160^Si — Nov. 21. 1759.

Houston. James (Agnes) — to Henry Larkin- 120 — 30p — 1765.

Hution, William and John Cloyd, of Chester County, Penn., by David Henderson — to
William Henderson— 350— 60p— 1753— Buffalo.

Hutton, James (Ally)— to David Wallace— 84. formerly William Todd's— 6Sp 10s—
1765- Buffalo.

Johnston. John (Mary)— to Archibald Elliott— <21i—Sp— 1765— Little Calfpasture.

Jones, John (Elizabeih) — to Daniel Young— 260— Up 5s — 1764 — Snodon's Spring.

Kelly. William — to Anthony Kelly— 95^5p — 1765— comer to James Moore.

Kelly, John-to William Hill— 105— 27p-1767— Hays Cr.

Kennedy. Joseph— (1) to John Roseman— 230Vi — 45p 10s— 1752— MofTett Cr. (2) to
trustees New Providence meeting house — 3 59-80— good will— Aug. 21, 1754; (3) to Mat-

SECONDARY LAND CONVEYANCES PRIOR TO 1778 359

thew Buchanan— 711— 80p— 1755— adjoining Samuel Houston; (4) to James Wardlaw—
236— lOOp— 1761 ; (5) to James Wardlaw— 231— lOOp— 1765— corner to HuK'h Wardlaw.

Kennedy, Arthur (Jane)— to Thomas Berry— 168, purchased of David Kerr— 6p 12^s
— 1755 — Kennedy's MilJ Cr., adjoining Robert Gray.

Kennedy, William— to William Clark— 402— 120p— 1761.

Kennedy, James— to James McNutt—118j^—20p— 1763— Nut Cr.

Kerr, David (Katrine)— to Robert Gray— 200 of 368— 5s— 1753— McNutt Mill Cr. ad-
joining John Kerr and Joseph Kennedy.

Kinkead, Robert (Leona)— to Andrew Lockridge— 159!^ of 334 — 30p— 1767.

Kinkead, John of Penn.— to Samuel Griffin— 230>^—250p— 1769— Calfpasture adjoining
James Campbell and Andrew Hamilton.

Kirkham, Jean and Elizabeth (by Joseph Lapsley, guardian)— to William Cleghorn—
30 — 5s — 1757 — S side James.

Lewis, Thomas— to William Crawford— 370, patented 1753-48p— 1761— between first
and second runs in Forks.

Lockridge, James (Isabella)— to Moses McElvain— 260— 50p — 1763 — Calfpasture.

Lockridge, James — to Andrew (son) — 283 — 20p — 1764 — Calfpasture.

Lockridge, James of Greenville County, S. C, by John Poage — to John Dickenson —
168— 50p— 1767— Calfpasture.

Lockridge, Robert (Rebecca)— to David and John Kinkead of Albemarle — 520 — 90p —
1764 — Calfpasture.

Logan, Alexander (Rachael)— to James Kennedy — 237 — 35p — 1763 — Kennedy's Mill Cr.

Long, Joseph — to Samuel Gibson — 50 — ? — 1755 — Buffalo.

Long, Samuel— (1) to John Long— 15— lOOi)— 1764 ; (2) to Henry Long— 200— lOOp—
1764; to James Long— 185— 5s— 1764.

Lusk, William— to Hugh Lusk— 220, patented 1759— 5s— 1761— Buffalo.

Lusk, William (Elizabeth)— to Robert Breckenridge — 400— lOOp — 1762— James River.

Lyle, John's executors — to James Greenlee — 203 — 94p — 1757 — NW side of Timber Ridge,

Lyle, John — to James McKee— 210 — 35p — 1758 — corner to James Gray.

Mackey. John— to James McClung— 390— 120p— 1762— Mill Cr.

Martin, Hugh— (1) to Francis McCown— 227— 60p— 1751— Kerr's Cr. (2) to Charles
Hays— 250— 55p— 1752— Back Cr. (3) to Andrew Hays— 250— 30p 10s— 1754— Back Cr.

Martin, William (Jenet) — to John Davis — 198 — llOp — 1760 — adjoining James Mc-
Pheeters (formerly James Young's place) and Robert Campbell.

Mathews, John, yeoman— to William Caruthers, yeoman — 297 9-16 — 6Sp — 1748— Timber
Ridge.

Mathews, John (.Ann) — (1) to John Bcrrisford— 296— 25p— 1750- NW side North
River, opposite Philip Weaver's Bottom; (2) to Richard Mathews— 300— lOp— 1756— Mill
Cr. (3) to George Mathews— 300— lOp— 1765— ^rill Cr.

Mathews, John's executors — to William McBride — 306 — ? — 1767— corner to John
Mathews.

Mathews, Sampson — (1) to John Mathews — 180 — 5p — 1754 — E side North River cor-
ner to Henry Fuller: (2) to John Bowen— 400 — »7p— 1762— James River; (3) to Patrick
McCollum — 350 — 130p — 1763 — Borden Cr. near patent line.

Mathews, George — to James Wilson — 300 of 1600, patented by John Mathews —
130p— 1766— Mill Cr.

Mathews, Archer— to William Mathews— 299, willed to Archcr—lOOp— 1768— Mill Cr.

Maxwell, John (Mary)— to John Mathews, Jr.— 381— lOOp— 1753— Mill Cr.

McBride, William (Martha) — to Edward Erwin — 352, part of larger tract — SOp — 1769.

360 A niSTORY OF BOCKDRIDCE COUNTY, VIKCINIA

McCarroII. Janic*— to John Jones— 260— I2p— 1761— Snodon's SprinR.

McClrnachan. Robert— lo Robert Brcckcnridgc— 242- Sp— 1753— S tide Buffalo at
"WhiiWey Hill op|>ositc long bent."

McClung. William— to John McClung— 260— lOp— 1759.

McCliing. James (Mary)— (1) to Henry McClung— 150 of 393 (homestead)— COp— 1765;
(2) to William McClung-2I2-S0iv-I765-MiIl Cr.

McClure. John (Catharine)- to Nathan McClure — VA of homestead— 2i>— 1751— E side
North River.

McClure. John (Mary) — (1) to Moses McClure-J25—250i>— 1764— South River; (2)
to Alexander McClure— 11— 10i>— 17(4— James River; (3) to John Davis— 100. formerly
Robert Armstrong's deceased — 43p— 1766.

McClure, John— to Samuel McClure— 90— SOp— 1769.

McClure. Samuel (Mary) (1) to John Paxlon— SO— 25p— 1752; (2) to James Camp-
bell— 232— 160p— 1760; (3) to James Gilmore— 190— lOOp— 1760; (4) to Willi-im McClure—
274-1 OOp-1 769.

McClure, Moses (Isabel)— to Samuel Paxton— 165— 30i>— 1753— Spreading Springs.

.McClure. Nathan— to Alexander— 166V^—38p— 1756— corner to Francis Allison. North
River.

McClure. Alexander (Susanna)— to Thomas Drydcn— 163— 38p— 1756— North River.

McClure. Alexander— to John Allison— 370— UOp— 1761— North River.

McColgan. Edward (Marian)— to Hugh McFadden— 300— <^*I>— 1765.

XfcColm (McCoIlom). Patrick— to John McCoIlom— 168 of homestead— 20p— 1767.

McCown. Francis, yeoman— (1) to IIuRh Martin— 227 of 728— ISp— 1746— Kerr's Cr.
(2) to Robert Erwin- 200 of 728— 12p— 1746— Kerr's Cr. (3) to Samuel Norwood, yeo-
man— 300 of 72»— 901^1746— Kerr's Cr. (4) to Andrew Steele— 10 59 80— 3|>— 1749; (5)
to Robert Hamilton, late of this county— 237 of 728— 112p— 1753— Kerr's Cr.

McCown. Francis (Margaret) — (1 ) to John Maxwell— 250— ASp— 1755— Timber Plain
on Cedar Cr. (2) to Andrew Duncan— 317— 140p— 1757— MofTctt Cr.

McCown. James— to Francis McCown— 400— lOOp— 1752— on a timber ridge. S side of
North River.

McCown. James (Margaret )— to William Buchanan— 370— 90p— 1759.

XfcCown. .Malcolm. Jr.— lo Samuel Wilson— 150i^—IOOi>—17(.9— Whistle Cr.

XfcCrosWey. John. Sr. (1) to Samuel McCroskey— 440— SOp— 1754— corner to David
Lyle; (2) to David— 30O-50p— 1754.

McCutchen. Samuel (Frances)— to James Shields, cordwinder— 298!/J— 18p S»— 1746—
Moffetl Cr.

McCutchen. William— (1) to Thomas Meck-^10 of 895— 40p— 1755— Little Calf pas-
ture; (2) to Joans Hender«on^314 of 585. patented by Beverly— SOp— 1761— Smith's Cr.
of Little CalfpaMure; (3) to Francis Fulton— 271 of 585— <)2p 10s— 1761.

McDowell. Rev. Alexander, of Newcastle County. Penn.— to William McRorey— 350-
lOp— 1751— South River.

McDowell. James— to Joseph Lapsley— 400-^5p— 1752.

McDowell. James (F':iiMl>eth)— to John Bowyer— JOO-^WK)])— 1762; (2)^ to James
Templeinn— 300— 2S0p— 1767— Big Spring, a branch of James.

McDowell. James (Frances)- to Thomas Paxlon — 400. patented 1743— 250p.

.McDowell. James of James City County- to John Berry— 120— 52p 10»— 1768— S side
Jamri opposite mouth of Cedar.

McDowell. Samuel (Mary)— (I) to James McGavock-400. patented 1747— «)p— 1757—
Cedar Cr. (2) lo James McDowell— 400— lOOp— 1757; Dig Spring, a branch of North

SECONDARY LAND CONVEYANCES PRIOR TO 1778 361

River; (3) to James McDo\vell-400— lOOii— 1757; (4) to Walter Smiley— 200— 5s— 1761
—South River; (S) to Samuel McCIure— 400, patented 1741^5p— 1762; (6) to James
Welch— 200, patented 1741— lOp— 1761— Poke Bill Run, a branch of South River; (7) to
Christian Vineyard— 300, patented, 1742, by John McDowell— 60p— 1765 ; (8) to James Ed-
mondson— 178— lOp— 1768.

McDowell, Samuel— to John and Robert Moffett— 340, patented 1751— 20i>— 1764 — cor-
ner Lawrence Morren.

McGee (McKee?). William (Jane)— to William McDowell— 158— 60p— 1769— on Bor-
den line between Timber Ridge and Smith Cr.

McKorey (McCrory?), William (Margaret) — to Andrew Reed — 175 of 350, patented,
1745, by Alexander McDowell— 34p— 1752.

McMachan, John — to John Berry — 427 — 105p — 1762 — bought by McMachan of William
Davis (1).

McXahb. John- (1) to Baptist McXabb— 218— 70p 5s 16d— 1750— Mill Cr., (2) to Sam-
uel Lyle— 101— 5p— 1751.

McNabb, Andrew to John Gilmore — 138 — 5s — 1751 — Back Cr., a branch of Kerr's and
adjoining Borden's line.

McNair (or McEnaire), Daniel, gentleman — to James Trimble — 400 — 22p 10s — 1746 —
Borden's Cr.

McXair, Daniel — to James Sayers — 147 of 400, patented 1750 — 80p — 1756 — adjoining
Thomas Gardner and .Alexander Gibson.

McPheeters, John — to William Martin — 190 of homestead — 25p — 1754 — adjoining James
Young and James Berry.

Meek, Thomas— to James Risk— 200— lOp— 1760.

Miles, James — to William Morrow — 201 sold by Robert Renick — 26p 3s — 1753 — Buf-
falo.

Mills, John— to David Cloyd— 400— 20p— 1748— Persimmon Br.

Miller. Henry (Elener)— to Andrew Hays— 231— 550— 1765— forks of Walker's Cr.

Millican. Charles of Orange County, N. C, John Buchanan — to John McClelon — 297
— ? — 1761 — James River.

Millican, Charles — to John McClelon — 60, bought of James Patton — 65p — 1761.

Milliron, Christian Godfrey (Mary) — (1) to James Bailey — 16 of homestead — 5p 10s —
1767; (2) to Joseph Cooper— 124— 50p— 1768— North River.

Mitchell, John— to William (Margaret) Mitchell — 100 — lOp— 1746— Borden line.

Mitchell, John— to John McCollom— 119— lOp— 1764— Buffalo.

Mitchell, William (Margaret) — (1) to James McClung— 200— 16p— 1748— South River
(2) to Thomas Wilson — tOO, patented 1744 — 135p — 1752— Broad Spring Br. on Borden
line.

Mitchell, David, yeoman — to Thomas McFerran, son of John — 200 — 15p — 1753 — Per-
simmon Br.

Montgomery, John: (1) to Samuel Houston— 2 43-160— Ip 10s— 1758; (2) to James
Houston — ? — 40p — 1761 — adjoining Matthew Houston; (3) to Matthew Houston — 1 107-
160— lOp— 1768.

Moore, James (Jean) — (1) to Alexander McCIure — 163 (Nforris homestead) — 38p — 1751
— E side North River, "where Francis Allison now livcth" ; (2) to John Moore — 136 — SOp—
1762— Hays Cr.

Moore, William — to Francis Smith — 275 — 30p — 1763 — James River.

Moore, John — to Charles Campbell — 230 — 60p — 1764.

Neely, James — to Alexander Ingram — 245— 60p^l752.

362 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

NichoU. John of Frederick County, Va., by John Hardin — to Robert Alexander and
David TcKord-SOO-OOp— I7S7.

Norwood, Samuel — to John Gilniore — 300 of 728 — ? — 1746.

Norwood. Samuel (KHzabclh)— to Robert NfcKlhany, blacksmith— 400— 15(fp—176S—
Kerr'i Cr.

Park. John (Rcl)ecca)—lo William Kennedy— 143— 100i>— 1764— South River.

Patrick. William (Mary Chitlum) — to William McKlhany— 214 — Si\y — 1761 — adjoining
Robert Penick.

Patterson. Erwin— to John Maxwell — 381 — 35|« — 1750 — between Mill Cr.. and Ann
Sally's HilL

Palton, James— (1) to John Poage— 283— 30i>— 1750— branches of James (2) to Edward
McDonald— 140— 7p— 1753— BuflTalo; (3) to Maurice OTrccI— 400. patented 1750— lOp—
1753 — adjoining Samuel Walker.

Paxton. Thomas, Jr. — to John Robinson — 160 — 4p^l751.

Paxton, Thomas (Rebecca)- (1 ) to Matthew Robinson-^10—40p— 1763— South River;
comer Moses McClure (2) to James and Samuel McDowell and James Cowden — 378 — S2p
—1769; (3) to James McCampbell— 396— «0i)— 1767.

Paxton, Thomas (Elizabeth)- to John Paxton— 230— 100t>— 1768— S side James.

Paxton, Samuel's executors — to John Allison — 165 — 52p— 1763 — North River at Spread-
ing Spring.

Parris, William, weaver— to John McMachan, of Frederick county, Va. — 427 — 86p — 1753.

Poase. John (Mary)— to William Gcghorn, blacksmith— 214— i7p— 1752— 1753.

Poage, John (Elizabeth)— to James Gilmorc— 285— 30i>— 1755— head of Mill Cr.

Poage. John— (1) to Robert— 190-100?— 1765— BuflTalo; (2) to John. Jr.— 270— lOOp—
1765— BufTalo.

Poage. Robert (Elizabeth)— (1) to Robert. Jr.—104— Sp— 1753— Cedar ; (2) to John
Allison— 195— 50p— 1754— Mill Cr.. a branch of James: (3) to John Poage— 200— 25p— 1754—
Mill Cr. corner to John Mathews: (4) to John Mathews— 194— 30p— 1755— Mill Cr.

Poage. Robert— to John Bailey— 250. patented 1760— 50p— 1761— Cedar Run, a branch
of North River.

Poage. Robert (Jean)- to William— 104— 60p— 1762— Cedar Cr.

Porter. Samuel, schoolmaster, of I^ncaster County. Penn.. by John Mitchell— to James
Dryden— 300— 25p— 1765— below forks of Buffalo.

Pritchard. James (Abigail) of Orange County, N. C— to Joseph Borden— 1000— 90i>—
1761.

Ramsey, John (.Mary)— to John Gilmore, Jr.— 220 of 40(^145p— 1767— James River:
(2) to John While— 180— lOOp— 1768 — corner to James Gilmore. James River.

Ramsay. William (Jane)— to Moses Moore — 582— 2I0p— 1767— Little Calfpasture.

Renick. Robert, yeoman— (1) to James Miles— 201 of homestead— lOp— 1747— Buffalo;
(2) to Francis McCown— 300— 5s— 1751— Timber Plain at head of Cedar.

Reas, Eli/alx-th— to Henry I^rkin— 98— 30p— 1768— North River, comer to John Har-
ger and Alexander Baggt.

Ur\t:h, William— to Archibald Reigh— 230— lOOp— 1769

Kc.l.inson. George— to David Robinson— 400. patented 1746— 80p— 1749— Buflfalo

Robinson. William- to Patrick Denny— 80— 51p— 1765— Cunningham's Br. between
North Xfountain and House Xlountain.

Robinson. John (Margery)— to William Caruthers— 160. sold by Thomas Paxton— 43n
1756.

Roseman. John (Sarah)- to Robert Gay— 380— lOOp— 1765— Moffctt Cr.

Russell. William— to John Ramsay— 400— 5Sp— 1749.

SECONDARY LAND CONVEYANCES PRIOR TO 1778 363

Sailing, John Peter (Ann)— to Henry (Catharine) Fulton— 130— 20p— 1751— E side
North River; (2) to Sampson Mathews— 180— 24p— 175-1 — adjoining Fulton.

Sailing, John Peter— to Joseph (Mary Elizabeth) Burton— 200— lOOp— 1754— adjoin-
ing Fulton.

Sailing, George Adam, of Cumberland County, N. C. and John Sailing of Orange
County, i\. C— to John Paxton— 200 of 400, patented, 1741 (?) by John P. Sailing, de-
ceased — 120p— 1760 — "first fork of James."

Sailing, George Adam, of Orange County, N. C— to George Sailing, of Augusta— 200
— 170p— 1762.

Sailing, George Adam Sailing and Joseph (Mary E.) Burton— to Thomas Paxton,
millwright— 200— 180p— 1764— E side North River.

Scott, John (Catharine) and William (Mary) Davis— to William McCutchen— 200—
105p — 1765 — corner to Hays.

Sharp, Edward— to Robert Whitly— 335, patented 1761— 5p— 1768— Cedar.

Shields, John— to John Davis— 320— 9i)— 1756.

Smith, John (Mary)— to Andrew Lockridge — 200— 80p — 1768— Calfpasture.

Smith, William— to Samuel Houston— 283— ?— 1749.

Steele, Andrew — to Samuel Steele (son) — 240 — 60p — 1757 — comer to Robert Henry.

Steele, Samuel (Mary)— to Robert Steele— 34— 17p— 1765.

Stephenson, John — to Henry Kirkham — 262 — 30p — 1749.

Stevenson, George (Rebecca) — to Alexander Brown — 220, bought of James Patton —
35p — 1755 — Poage's Draft on Borden line.

Stewart, Thomas — to Thomas Jones — 145 — 2p — 1761 — corner to John Mathews.

Stewart, John (Mary)— to Samuel Steele— 148— SOp— 1765.

Taylor, Isaac, Sr. — to Isaac Taylor, Jr. — 70 — lOp— 1765 — Purgatory Cr.

Taylor, John (Mary) — to Benjamin Bennett — 320— 45p — 1765.

Todd, Low, of Bedford County — to Hugh Cunningham — 251 — 78p — 1768 — Whistle Cr.
corner to Matthew Young.

Todd, James— (1) to Joseph McBride— 185— 5p— 1761— Buffalo : (2) to James Mc-
Bride— 185— SOp— 1768— Buffalo.

Todd, William — to Samuel Todd — 400 — 40p — 1761 — head of north branch of Buffalo.

Todd, Samuel (Jane)— to William and John McKee — 400— 170p— north branch of Buf-
falo on Borden line.

Trimble, James (Sarah)— Alexander Beggs— 250— 2Sp— 1750— Buffalo.

Trimble, James — to Joseph Kennedy — 402— 133p lOs — 1754 — Moffett.

Walker, Alexander, planter— to Alexander Walker, wheelwright— 7 19-32— 3p 15s —
1752— Hays Cr.

Walker, James (Mary)— to Hugh Kelso— 74 43-160— Sp— 1763.

Wallace, Peter (Martha)— to Francis McCown—lS0j^—56p— 1757— Whistle Cr. corner
to Low Todd.

Ward, John— to Joseph Walkup— 276— ?— 1761— head of Grassy Lick Run, Calfpasture.

Ward. Joseph (Jenet)— to John Hay and Elizabeth Ray— 220, sold by Andrew Brown,
1753 — 37p — 1766 — Poage's Draft on Borden line.

Welch. James (Agnes)— to James Richey— 200— lOOp— 1765— "river Mary now known
as South River."

White, John, yeoman— to William Caruthers— 10— 21^^s— 1755.

White, John (Katherine)— to William Peoples— 187^^—28p— 1761— adjoining Nathan-
iel Peoples, William Caruthers, James Greenlee.

Whiteside, Moses (Margaret)— to David Gray— 109— 1 Op— 1762.

Wiley (Willey), John— (I) to Thomas VVilson— 70— 25p— 1766— BuflTalo; (2) to
Thomas Wilson— 170, patented 1760— lOOp— 1765.

364 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, YIRC.INIA

Williams. Thomas and Jane— lo James Greenlee — 400— 109p— 17S2.

Williams. Thomas— to John XIathews. Jr.— <<5— J6|>— 17SJ— W side North Kucr op-
posite Ann Sailing's place.

Wilwn. GcorRc— to Rcnjamin Watson— 173— 50i>—I75-J — Broad Cr.

Wilson. John— to William Khca— 6(10— 2-«5i>— 1767— Elk Cr.

Wilson. Thomas (Elizabeth)- to Nathaniel Wilson— 200 of 400— lOOp— 1769— North
River.

Wood. James, of Frederick County, Va.— to James Gilmore — 400. patented 1746-^20p
—1 752— Buffalo (1).

Woods, Richard (Elizabeth)— to Richard Woods (son-in-law)— 195— 25p— 1757— comer
to Borden patent line: (2) to George Gibson— 200— ?— 1758— north branch of Collier.

Woods. Samuel and William— to Benjamin Borden. Jr.— 265— 100p—175J— Woods Cr.

Woods. Richard— to Tclcr Wallace— 195— 60i>— 1760— Borden line.

Young, Robert— to William Tod(l^00—J2p— 1750— north branch of Buffalo.

Young. Robert (Mary)— to John Young— 112— Ss— 1767.

Young. James (Sarah) and Patrick (Isabella) Young— to .\ndrew Hall— lid with
mill— 50p— 1756— Whistle Cr.

Young. Daniel— to Samuel Beard- 260— 12i>— 1764 — Snodon's Spring.

LIST B
(Recokoeo in Botetourt)

Allison, James (Elizabeth)— to Samuel McCorkle— 165— yjp— 1770— North Kivcr at
Spreading Springs.

Berry. John— to George Doushcrly— 120— ?— 1775 — opposite mouth of Cedar.

Buchanan. John— to John Sommcrs— 100, patented 1765 — 15p — 1770.

Christian, William (Annie)— to Patrick Henry of Hanover— 1000— lOOOp— 1773— both
sides James.

Cowarden, John (Margaret)— to William Taylor— 200— 90p— 1772— North River.

Davis, James (.\Kncs)— (1) to Smith Williams— 18*— 120p— 1770— Buffalo adjoining
John Collier; (2) to John Collier— 24— 27p lOs— 1770— Buffalo.

Gibson. Samuel— to William Bates— 50— SOp—?— Buffalo.

Gibson, Samuel (Ruth)— to Joseph Gibson (son)— 70— JOp—1 773.

Little, David— to Joseph Snodgrass- 260— 1 SOp— 1770.

Long, Joseph. Jr.— to Michael Kirkham— 94 of 400— SOp— 1770— Buffalo— willed bv
Joseph Ix>ng. Sr., to Joseph Long, Jr., and John Long.

McAdams (McEdams). Joseph (Mary)— to John Ward— 96— 27p 12s— 1777-Elk Cr.

McHridc. William (Martha)— to John (Margaret) Cowarden- 154— lOOp— 1771.

McClcnachan. William (Sarah)— to Hugh Barclay— 204— SOOp— conveyed to Mc-
Clcnachan by William Poage.

McCorkle. Alexander— to Elizabeth Mcintosh— 80— lOp— 1770.

Patton. James's executors— to James Lawrence, Jr.— 150— 76p 5s M— 1770.

Renick. William (Sarah) (1) to James Gilmore— 173— 7Sp— 1771— sold to Renick by
r.rnjamin Watson; (2) to Henry Cartmill— 90— 40p— 1771— Purgatory ; (3) to Henry
C arlmill-210— 60|>— 1772.

Sharp. Edward's executors — to Joseph Jenkins — 144 — 72p— 18s — 1770 — Big Meadows.

Summers. John (Isabel)— to Mathias Clcek— 100-30p— 1774.

Walker, Alexander— to William Crawford— 154— 12|>-17(..';— Broad Cr

Wallace, Peter (Martha)— to Andrew Wallace— 170— 150p— 1775.

Watson. Benjamin— to William Renick— 173— 75p — 1770— sold to Watson by George
Wilson. 17M.

Wiley. John (Elizabeth)— to Samuel Davis— 280— 11 Op— ?— head of Buffalo.

SECTION V

TiTHABLES OF 1778

When there is more than one tithable in a home the number follows the name

Abit, Thomas
Alexander, Archibald
Alexander, Joseph — 2
Alexander, Samuel
Alexander, Thomas
Alexander, William — 5
Alexander, William
Allen, Benjamin — 2
Allen, Hugh— 3
Allen, James — 2
Allen, John — 2
Allen, Thomas
Allet, James — 2
Allet, William
Allison, John — 2
Altizer, Emorick
Anderson, Isaac — 5
Angelly, Peter
Arnold, James
Arnold, Stephen
Bagg, Alexander — 2
Bailey, James
Bambridge, James
Barclay, Hugh — 2
Barclay, Hugh
Barclay, John
Barty, James
Beach, Waldring
Beard, Hugh
Beard, David — 2
Beaty, William
Bell, George
Bennett, Benjamin
Berry, William — 4
Berryhill, John
Black, Henry
Black, Mary
Black. Robert
Blackburn, Benjamin — 4
Blackburn — 2
Blair, Daniel
Blair, James
Bogle, Barnabas

Bo wen, James
Bowyer, John — 9
Boyd, John
Boyl, James
Bradford, Samuel
Brown, Rev. John — 5
Brown, Patrick
Brownlow, James
Brush, Bleakly
Buchanan, James — 2
Buchanan, James
Buntin, Moses
Buntin, William
Caldwell, George
Caldwell, George — 2
Caldwell, Henry — 3
Caldwell, Isaac — 3
Caldwell, John — 4
Caldwell, Joseph
Caldwell, Joseph
Caldwell, Thomas
Caldwell, William — 3
Campbell, Charles — 2
Campbell, Charles
Campbell, George — 2
Carr, Thomas
Carson, John
Caruthers, John
Caruthcrs, Robert — 2
Caruthers, Samuel — 4
Caruthers, William
Casady, James
Christian, Israel
Christian, Sampson
Clark, Michael
Cleek, Jacob
Cleek, Mathias
Cleek, Palsor
Cloyd, David— 2
Colbrath, Andrew
Collier, Aaron
Collier, Alexander
Collier, Moses

Connor, Dinnis
Cooper, James
Cooper, John
Cooper, William
Cope, Adam
Corbit, James
Coulter, James — 2
Coulter, Michael — 3
Cowan, Andrew
Cowan, Samuel
Cowan, William
Craig, John
Crawford, James
Crawford, William — 3
Crawford, William
Crawford, William
Crocket, Alexander
Crocket, James
Cross, Samuel
Crump, Edmund
Culton, Alexander
Culton, James, Sr. — 2
Culton, James, Jr.
Culton, Joseph — 4
Culton, Robert, Sr. — 3
Cummins, John — 2
Cunningham, James — 2
Cunningham, Moses
Davidson, Samuel
Davidson, William — 2
Davis, Philip
Davison, John
Deal, Alexander
Dever, John
Dick, Abraham
Dick, David
Dillon, James
Dixon, James — 2
Donnald, Henry
Donnald, Matthew
Donnald, William
Donally, Henry

366

A HISTORY OK KOCKBKIDUE COUNTY, VIRC^INIA

Donally, John

l)uiiall>', Sarah

Dougherty, George

Dougherty, Jatnet

Dougherty, William— 2

Dr)<lcn, James — 2

Dr)<lcn, Natlianiel

Drydcn, William

Dunlap, John— 3

Dunlap, Robert— 3

Eakin, Andrew — Z

Ealcin, James

Eakin, John

Lakin, William

La»t. Josiah— 2

Ldniinson, David

Edminson, James

Elder, Andrew

Elder, Matthew— 2

Elliot, Capt. George

Elhot, Robert

Ewin, Edward

Ewin, Robert — 3

Ewin, Robert

Evans, Henry

Evans, John

Evans, Nathaniel

Fans. Robert (constable)

Paris, William

Fletcher, Robert

Foster, William

Francisco. Michael

Frazcr, John

Fuller, Daniel

Fuller, Francis — 2

Galbrath, Hugh

Gay, Henry— 2

Gay, James

Gay, John — 4

Gay, John

Gay. Margaret — 2

Gay, Robert— 2

Gill Prculey

Gill. Richard

Gilmore. James

Gilmore, John, Sr. — 2

Gilmore John. Jr.

Ciiltnore, John

(jiliiiorc, John (cotoncl)-

Gilmore, Sarah — 2
Goodbar, Joseph
Gooding, Abraham
Goul, George — 2
Gordon, James
Gordon, John
Graham, Arthur — 2
Graham, Michael
Graham, Rev. William — 3
Gray, David (captain)
Green, Joshua
Greenlee, John — 3
Greenlee, Mary
Greenlee, Samuel
Greenlee, William
Greer, Alexander
Grigsby, James — 6
Guffey. Alexander
Guttery, John
l^Iaddon, Thomas — 2
Hair, Henry
Hall. Andrew— 2
Hall, James (captain)
Hall, Nathaniel
Hamilton, Archibald
Hamilton, John
Hamilton, Robert
Hamilton, Samuel
Hamilton, William — 2
Hamilton, William
Hammon, Thomas
Hannah, Alexander
Hannah, John, Sr.
ILinnah, John. Jr.
Harkins, Edward
Harris, James
Harriston, Thomai
Harvey, Daniel
Hays, Andrew— 6
Hays, Charles— 4
Hays, Charles
Hays. James — 3
Hays. John (captain) — 2
Hickman. Adam
Hickman. John— 2
Hill. Climuel
Hill. John
Hill, Thomas
Hill. Thomas

Hindman. Alexander
Higgcns. Peter
Hiram. Frederic
Hodge. James — 2
Holdman, William
Houston, Henry
Houston, James— 2
Houston, John — 3
Houston, John
Houston. Samuel
Houston, William
Howell, Thomas — 3
Hoylman, Christopher
Hudson, Thomas
Huphman, Henry
Jack, .Mcxandcr
Jack, Samuel
Jack, William
Jamison, George
Jatnisun, William
Johnson, James
Johnson, Joseph
Johnson, Michael
Johnston, James
Jones. John
Jones, John
Kelly, Anthony
Kelly. George
Kelly, Samuel
Kelso, David
Kelso, Hugh — 3
Kelio. Moses
Kelso, Samuel
Kennedy, Ezekiel
Kennedy. James — 2
Kennedy. John
Keys. Benjamin
Keys, Roger
Keys, Samuel
Kilpatrick, Charles — 3
Kilpatrick, James
Kilpatrick. John
Kilpatrick. John
Kilpatrick. Thomas
Kilpart. Charles— 2
Kilpart, John
Kindred, Peter
KinRcry. Jacob
Kingery. Peter

TITHABLES OF 1778

367

Kingery, Tobias
Kirkham, Michael
Kirkpatrick, Patrick
Kirkpatrick, Samuel
Koontz, Henry
Lackey, Thomas
Lackey, Thomas
Lackland, Joseph
Laird, David
Laird, William
Lane, James
Lanthron, Reuben
Lapsley, James
Lapsley, Joseph — 6
Larkin, John — 2
Lawrence, Samuel — 2
Lehy, William
Letcher, John — 3
Liggett, Alexander — 2
Linneen, Cornelius
Little, David
Little, Joseph — 2
Lockridge, Robert — 2
Logan, David — 2
Logan, James — 2
Logan, James
Logan, Thomas
Logan, William
Love, James
Lowry, Robert
Lusk, John, Sr.
Lusk, John
Lusk, Samuel
Lusk, William
Lyle, Daniel
Lyle, David — 6
Lyle, James, Sr. — 3
Lyle, James (D. S.)
Lyle, John (captain)
Lyle, John (skinner)
Lyle, John
Lyle, Robert
Lyle, Samuel — 6
Lyle, William
Lyle, Stephen
Mackey, Mary — 2
Mackey, Robert
Martin, Jane — 2
Mathews, John

Mathews, Richard — 2
Maxfield, John
Maxfield, William
Maxwell, James
McBride, Joseph
McCallister, John — 2
McCallister, John
McCampbell, Andrew — 2
McCampbell, James — 3
McCampbell, James
McCampbell, John — 2
McCampbell, William, Sr.
McCampbell, William
McCappen, John
McCappen, Robert
McCartney, John
McCaskey, Ale.xander
McCaskey, David
McCaskey, John, Jr.
McCaskey, Samuel
McChesney, Samuel
McChesney, Walter
McClain, John
McClung, Henry — 2
McClung, James, Sr.
McClung, James — 2
McClung, James
McClung, John — 2
McClung, William, Sr.
McClung, William
McClure, Alexander — 3
McCIure, Alexander, Jr.
McClure, Arthur — 3
McClure, Daniel
McClure, Halbert
McClure, James — 2
McClure, John
McClure. John
McClure, John
McClure, Moses
McClure, Samuel — 3
McChire, William— 2
McCollum, John — 2

McCollum, Patrick — 4
McConnell, John
McConnell. Patrick
^[cCorkle, John
McCorkle. Samuel
McCorkle, William

McCowan, James
McCowan, Joseph
McCown, James
McCown, James
McCown, John, Sr. — 2
McCown, John, Jr.
McCown, John
McCown, Malcolm
McCrary, James — 2
McCrary, James
McCrary, Joseph
McCurdy, Archibald
McCurdy, Henry
McDowell, Elizabeth
McDowell, Samuel (colonel)
McElhany, William— 2
McElroy, William
McEntosh, John
^IcFaddin, Hugh
McGavock, William
McGee, Richard
McKee, James
McKee. John — 3
McKce, John — 3
McKee, Robert
McKee, William— 2
McKee, William
McKeharry, Robert— 3
McKemy, .Alexander
McKemy, James
McKcmy, John
McKemy, Robert — 2
McKemy, Samuel
McKemy, William
McKemy, William. Jr.
McKinney, John
McMath, James
McMath, William
McMullen, John
McN'ah, Samuel
McXight. John- 2
McXight, Timothy

McXutt, .Mexander
McXutt, John— 2
McSpadcn, John
McSpaden, Moses — 4
McSi)adcn, Samuel
McTeer, Samuel
Meath, Christopher

368

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Milltr. Henry— 2
Miller, Samuel
Milligan. juhii. Sr.— 2
Milligan, Juhn, Jr.
XI illigan. William
Mitchell. John— 3
Mitchell. John. Jr.
Montgomery, William
Moore. Alexander
Moore, Andrew (captain)
Moore, David
Moore. David
Moore, Hugh
Moore, James
Moore. James
Moore, John, Sr. — 3
Moore, John — 2
Moore, John, Jr.
Moore, John
Moore, Joseph, Esq,
Moore, Robert — 2
Moore, Samuel — 2
Moore, Samuel
Moore. William — 3
Moore, William — 3
Moore. William
XI orris, Thomas
Morter, William
Muclcleroy, James
Mucklcroy, William
Murphy, John
Necly, John
Necly, William
Ncfbitt. Samuel
Nevil, Henry
Nowling. John
O'Brian, James — 2
O'Diddle. James
Park. John
Parks, James
Patterson, Samuel
Patterson, William— 3
Patton. James
Patton. William
Paul, John
Paul. John. Jr.
Paxlnn. John— 2
Paxton. John — 6
Paxlon, John (captain)-

Paxton, Samuel— 2
Paxton, Samuel
Paxton, Thomas — 7
Paxton, Thomas
Paxton, William, Sr.— 5
Paxton, William
Peoples, John — 3
Peoples, Nathan
Peoples, William
Perkins, John
Pickens, James
Pine, James
Poage, James
PoaRe. John (captain) — 6
Poage. John
Poage. Robert
Poll<Kk. Samuel
Porter, John
Porter. William, Sr.
Porter, William, Jr.— 2
Prcssley, William. Sr— 2
Pressley, William, Jr.
Ramsay, Samuel
Ramsay, William
Ralliff, Thomas— 2
Rca.l. P3lrick-2
Reagh. Archibald— 2
Reagh, William
Rcah, John
Rcid. .Adam
Rcid, .Andrew. Esq. — 2
Rcid, Daniel
Reid, Joseph
Reid, Thomas, Sr.
Reid, Thomas
Reid. William
Right. John
Riley, Barnabas
Riley, John
Richey, David
Richcy, James
Richey, John
Roads, Christian
Roberts, Leonard
Ro)>inv<in, Alexander
Kiihin>nn. James
Robinson, John
Robinson. John
-2 Robinson, Matthew

Robinson. Robert— 2

Robinson, Thomas

Robinson. William

Rowan, William

Rush, John — 2

Russell, William

Saianter (?). William

Sally, George — 2

Sea, John

Sea, Martin

Scott, Andrew — 2

Scott, David

Scott, James

Scott, John

Scott, Samuel — 3

Shaw. Robert— 3

Shields. Patrick

Shields, Robert

Skecn, Henry

Skecn, Joseph

Skeen, Robert — 3

Skillern, William— 2

Smiley, Alexander

Smiley, Andrew

Smiley, John, Sr.

Smiley, John, Jr.

Smiley, Walter

Smith, James

Smithers, Andrew

Snodgrass, James

Snodgrass, Joseph — 2

SonicthinR. John

Spear, John

SjKnce, John

Spencer, Ninian

Sprague, Thoma>

Slalon, Thomas

Steele. Koliert

Steele. .Samuel (captain) — 2

Steele. Thomas

.Stejihenson, James

Stephenson, Joseph — 2

Stephenson, Robert

Stcrrell, Roliert— 3

.Stuart, Alexander

Smart, John — 3

Stuart, Robert (miller)

Tagart. James

TITHABLES OF 1778

369

Tate, James
Taylor, Andrew
Taylor, David
Taylor, Elizabeth
Taylor, Isaac
Taylor, Isaac
Taylor, James
Taylor, William
Tedford, James, Sr.
Tedford, James
Telford, Alexander, Sr. — 2
Telford, Alexander
Telford, David
Telford, George
Telford, Robert, Sr.— 2
Telford, Robert
Telford, William
Templeton, James
Templin, Terah
Terry, Stephen
Thompson, Edward
Thompson, John — 4
Thompson, John
Thompson, Joseph
Thompson, William
Thornham, Thomas
Todd, James
Todd, John
Todd, Samuel
Todd, William
Tolly, Christian
Townley, James
Trafford, Charles
Trimble, Isaac
Trimble, John — S
Trimble, Moses

Trimble, Moses, Jr.
Vernor, John
Vickers, Riley
Vickery, John
Vineyard, Christian
Walker, Alexander — 4
Walker, Alexander
Walker, James, Sr.
Walker, James
Walker, James
Walker, John, Jr.— 2
Walker, John — 2
Walker, John— 2
Walker, Joseph —
Walker, Samuel
Walker, William
Wallace, James — 3
Wallace, John — 2
Wallace, John
Wallace, Joseph
Wallace, Peter— 3
Wallace, Samuel — 3
Wardlaw, James — 2
Wardlaw, Robert
Wardlaw, William — 3
Welch, James
Welch, John
Whiteside, Moses — 2
Whitesto, Stephen
Whitley, James
Whitley, Jonathan — 5
Whitley, Solomon — 2
Wickenson, Benjamin
Wickenson, Peter
Wiley, Alexander
Wiley, John, Sr. — 7

Wilkenson, John
Wilkenson, John
Williams, Richard
Williams, Smith — 3
Williamson, Benjamin
Williamson, David
Wilson, Alexander
Wilson, David
Wilson, Ephraim
Wilson, George
Wilson, Hugh
Wilson, James — 2
Wilson, John — 3
Wilson, John
Wilson, John
Wilson, Nathaniel
Wilson, Samuel — 2
Wilson, Samuel
Wilson, Samuel
Wilson, Seth
Wilson, Thomas — 4
Wilson, William
Weir, George — 2
Weir, Hugh — 2
Weir, Hugh
Weir, John
Weir, John
Weir, Joseph
Weir, Samuel
Woods, Jass
Woods, David — 2
Woods, Elizabeth — 4
W'oods. Patrick
Young, Benjamin — 3
Young, William
Total— 997.

SECTION \ 1
Taxpaveks or 1782

TIjc names whicl> follow arc those of the houselioldcrs of Rockbridge in
1782. T stands for titliable, S for slave, h for horse, and c for cattle. Where there
is no mention of tithablcs there was no more than one in the home. The names
of women are those of widows. The personal property lists for the various
counties of X'irginia were used as a state census in 1782.

Abtx>t, Thoma»— 4h— ^

Adair, James — Oh— 14c

Adair — Sarah— Ih

Adair, Thomas — 3h — 3c

Alexander. Jane— IS— 8h— 20c

Alexander, Joseph— 3S—6h— 23c

Alexander. Morris— IS— 6h— 10c

Alexander, William— IIS— lOh— 38c

Allen. Hugh— SS— llh— 3c

Allen. John— 6h— 26c

Allison. John— 2h— 6c

Andcr»on, Isaac — 7S — I3h — 3Ic

Anderson. James — SS — 7h — 18c

Anderson, William — no mention

Archibald, Samuel — 3h — 6c

Bailey, James — 6h— 14c

Bambridge, James- Ih

Barclay, Hugh, Sr.- 7S-lIh— I9c

Barclay. Hugh, Jr.— »S— 9h-I5c

Barclay, James— 3h— 5c

Barclay, Willi.im- 3h— 5c

Barnes, George — Ih — Ic

Beach. Waldcn-4h— 9c

Bean, Robert— 6h—I0c

Beard. David— 4S—9h—I8c

Beard, Hugh-IS-«h-23c

Bealy, Arthor— 3h— 12c

Bennel, nriijamin — 5h — 9c

Berry, James — Ih

Berry. WillJam-2T-2S-«h-2Sc

Berryhill. John-IS-6h-16c

Black. Henry— 4h— 15c

Black. Robcrt-2h-«c

Black, Tliomas- Sh— lie

Blair, James (1)— 2h— 4c

Blair, James (2)— Ih

BoKm, Alexander— 2T — Sh — 28c

Bogle, James — Ih — 2c

Bogle, Joseph— 2T—3h— lie

Bolorpp, Philip^lh — 3c

Bousman, Henry — 5c

Uowcn, James — Ih — 5c

Bowen, William — 4h — Jc

Bowyer, John— 21 S — 17h — <7c

Boyles, Charles— 4h— 9c

Bradford. Hugh— 6S—7h— lie

Bradford, Samuel — Jh — I2c

Bradley, William — returned prisoner of

war.
Brads. Daniel- Ih— 2c
Brown. Esther — 3h — 6c
Brown. George — 3h — 7c
Brown. Patrick — 4h — 4c
Brown, William— 2S—6h— 8c
Bryan. James — 2h — Sc
Buchanan, .Mexandcr — Ih — 3c
Buchanan, James — 7h — 19c
Buchanan, James — 4h^>c
Budinot, libenczer — Ih
Bunion, Moses — Sh — 6c
Kunton, William — 3h — 5c
Burgess, Thomas — 3h — 10c
Byers, William— 9S—4h— 9c
Caddcll, Samuel— Ih
Caldwell, Gcorge-2.S-8h-I3c
Caldwell, Joseph-«h— 19c
Campbell, Alexander— 3T— IS— 8h— 21c
Campbell. Charles, Esq.— 2T— 9h— 30c
Campbell. George— 7h— 12c
Campliell, George^/ih — 17c
Campbell. Henry-2T— «h-ISc
Campbell. John — no mention
Campbell, John— 4c
Campbell, Joseph, Sr. — 2h— 4c
Campbell, Joseph, Jr. — 3h— lie
Carlock, Caroline — 6c

TAXPAYERS Oi^ 1782

371

Carlock, Catharine — 6c
Carson, John — IS
Carson, Robert — 2h — 3c
Caruthers, Anne — 2S — 6h — ISc
Caruthers, James — Ih
Caruthers, John— 2S—9h— 22c
Caruthers, WiUiam— 5h— 10c
Cashady, James — 3h
Cashady, Michael — 3h — 8c
Cashady, Peter — Ih
Chambers, John — 2h — 9c
Chanby (?), John— 2S
Clark, Nicholas — Ih

Clark, 4h— 18c

Cleek, Jacob— 5h— 18c

Cleek, Mathias— 9h— 18c

Cleek, Michael— 5h— 12c

Cleek, Falser— 2h— 8c

Cloyd, David— 2S—9h— 13c

Collier, Aaron — 4h — 13c

Collier, Moses — 4h — 6c

Colter, James — 3S — 8h — ISc

Coontz, Henry — 4h — 12c

Cooper, Ehzabeth — IS — 4h — 9c

Cooper, Jean — 4h — 10c

Cooper, John— Sh — 14c

Cooper, Thomas — 2h — 5c

Cornet, John — 2h

Coster, William — no mention

Cowan, Andrew and James — 7h — 8c

Cowan, Israel — 5h

Cowan. Samuel — 4h — 9c

Cowan, William — 3h — 8c

Craig, John — 4h — 10c

Crawford, James — 6h — 20c

Crawford, William — 2h — lie

Crawford, William — 5h — 8c

Crocker, George — 3h — 9c

Crocket, James — IS — 13h — 50c

Crocket, ifary- 3S— 9h— 17c

Croddy, John — 3h — lie

Cross, Samuel — 8h — 15c

Culton, Alexander — 2T — 15h — 26c

Culton, James — 6h — 13c

Culton, John — 2h — 7c

Cummings, George — 3c

Cummings, John — 8h — 9c

Cunningham, James — IS — 5h — 17c

Cunningham, Moses — 4h — lie

Cunningham, Thomas — 3h — 2c

Dalbridge, Robert— Ih^c

Dale, Alexander— 2T—10h— 17c

Dale, Peter— 2h— 3c

Davidson, Elizabeth— 2T—10h— 17c

Davidson, John (Smith) — Ih

Davidson, John (Collierstown) — 6h — 23c

Davidson, Samuel — 6h — 11c

Davidson, William, Sr.— 5h — Sc

Davidson, William, Jr.— Ih

Davies, Hugh, Sr.— 2T— lOh— 18c

Davies, James — 2h — 4c

Decker, Isaac — 3h — Ic

Defries, James — 3h — 9c

Dickson, James — 2T — 2h — 12c

Dillon, James — 2h — 7c

Donald, Matthew— 7h— 14c

Dooley, Valentine — Ih

Dougherty, .\nthony — 3c

Dougherty, James — 5h — lie

Dougherty, Thomas— 2T—2h — 4c

Dougherty, William — 4h — 9c

Drain, John — 3h — ic

Draper, Aaron — ih — 3c

Dryden, Agnes — 5h — 7c

Dryden, James — 6h — 15c

Dudding, Valentine — Ih

Duff, Roger— 3h— 6c

Dunlap, John— 3S— 20h— SOc

Dunlap, Mary— 4 S— 1 9h— 43c

Eakin, John — Ih

Eakin, Samuel — 2h — 8c

Eakin, William — Ih

East, Josiah — 2h — 4c

Eastham, Robert— 9S—4h— 9c

Edmundson, David — IS — 5h — 16c

Edmundson, Joseph — 7S — 6h — 18c

Edmundson, Robert — 3h — 6c

Elliott, George— 2S—6h— 12c

Elliott, James— 2S—6h— 20c

Elliott, Robert— 6h— 17c

English, Robert — 5h — 4c

Erwin, Edward — 3h — 10c

Erwin, Henry — no mention.

Erwin. Robert, Sr.— 2T— 3S— 8h— 19c,

Erwin, Robert — 2h — 6c

Erwin, Robert — 3h — Sc

Ferguson, Peter — 4c

Fields, John — 2h — 3c

672

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItX^E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Fiemjter, John — Ih

I-inlcy, John — Sh — 7c

Fleming, George — Ih — 4c

Fletcher, Joab— 2h— 32c

Fletcher. Robert— «h— 29c

Frame, John — 3h — 7c

Frame, William — 4h— 21c

Fraxicr, George — 3c

Fraiier, James — 2h — 6c

Fraiier, John — Sh — 8c

Fuller, Henry — 4h — 6c

Fulling, Francis— 6h — 13c

Gabbart, George— 2h — Sc

Gabbart. Mathias— «h— 18c

Gadbcrry, John — 2h — 4c

Galbrailh, Agnes — 4h — 7c

Galbraith, John — 3h — 4c

Galbraith, James — Ih

Garner, John — 2h — 3c

Gay, Elizabeth— 4h— 9c

Gay, Henry — 2h

Gay. John. F.sq.-7S— lOh— 26c

Gay. John. Jr.— 3h— 10c

Gay. Martha— IS— 2h— 9c

Gay. Robert— IS— 3h— 13c

Gay, Robert— 4h— 15c

Gay, William — Ih

Gaylcr, Edward — 4c

Gibson. James, Esq. — 4S — 9h — 23c

Gibson, William— 6h— 14c

Gilbert, John— Ih— Ic

Gill. Pressley- Ih

Gill, Richard— 2h— 3c

Gilmer, James— 2T—8S—17h— 36c

Gilmer, John, E»q.-JS— 9h— 19c

Gilmer, John, Jr. — Ih

Gilmer, John — 4h — 7c

Gittens, Evan — no mention

Given^. Thomas — 3h — Sc

Goodbar. Joseph— 3h— 12c

Gordon, John — 8h— 8c

Glasgow, Arthur — 3h — 7c

Glasgow, Joseph — 3h — 7c

GU«(f"w. Robert — 21» — Sc

Gotird, William— Ih — 4c

Goul. ficorRe— Sh— 18c

Graham. Arthur — 2h— ISc

Graham, Rev. William— 4S—6h—lSc

Grant. John— Ih

Gray, David, Esq. — 6h — 13c

Gray, John — no mention

Gray. William— 3h— 3c

Gray. William — 2h

Greenlee. David — 3S — 16h — 7c

Greenlee. John— 8S— lOh— 36c

Gricr, Alexander — IS — Sh— 16c

Grigsby, James — 3T — 8S— 4h — 12c

Grigsby. John— 9S—7h— 20c

Groves. William— 9S—7h— 20c

Groves, William — IS — 3h — 6c

Guffey. .Mexander — 3h — Sc

Guffey, James — 7h — 3c

Cwin. Morris — Ih

Haddon. Dorothy- Ih— 2c

Iladdon. William — 4h — 13c

Hall. Andrew— IS— 8h— 13c

Hall. James— lS-5h-12c

Hall, Nathaniel— 7h— 14c

Hamil. Robert— 2h—»c

Hamilton. Agnes — Ih — 9c

Hamilton. Archibald — Ih

Hamilton. James — .Ih — 8c

Hamilton. Robert— 3T—4h— 24c

Hamilton. William— «h— 18c

Hannah. .Mexander — 6h — 9c

Harkins. Edward — 3h— 9c

Harris, James — 4h— ^

Harrison, Thomas — 3h — 14c

Harvey. Daniel— 3h— 9c

Hay, David— 2h— 7c

Hays. Andrew— US— 9h— 27c

Hays. Charles— JS—3h-10c

Hays, James— 2S—10h— 4c

Hays, James — 2h — 7c

Hays, John— 6S—6h— 18c— 1 two-wheeled

carriage
Henderson. Alexander — 2T — 8h — 20c
Henderson, .Alexander. Jr. — 4h
Henderson, .Archibald — 3h
Henderson. Joseph— 6h — Ic
Henderson. William — 2h
Hickman. John— 2T—JS-«h— 22c
Hiers. Henry — Sh — 4c
Hill. John— 2h-«c
Himlman, .Alexander — Sh — 13c
Hodge. Flinrr— 2h
Hodge. James— 6h — 27c
Holdman. William— 4h— 9c

TAXPAYERS OF 1782

373

Holmes, Gabriel — 4h — 13c
Houston, James — IS — 6h — 12c
Houston, John, Esq. — 5h — 18c
Houston, John— 2T—12h— 18c
Houston, Mary— 1 S — 3h— 9c
Houston, Samuel — IS — 4h — 4c
Houston, William— 3h — 12c
How, Edward— 2c
Howell, Thomas — 5h — 16c
Hoylman, Stophel — 3h — 6c
Hudson, Thomas — 4h — Sc
Hughes, James — 4h — 6c
Jameson, Robert — 2h
Jameson, William — 7h — 39c
Jemson, John — 2h
Jarcht (?), Samuel — 4h — 7c
Jarcht, William— Ih— 2c
Johnston, James — 3h — 5c
Johnston, James — no mention
Jones, John — 2h — 7c
Jones, John — Ih — 4c
Jones, Richard — no mention
Jones, William — 2h — 2c

Kelly, George — 2h — 6c

Kelso, Hugh— 2S— 8h— 4c

Kelso, John — 2h — 4c

Kennedy, Andrew — 2S — 5h — 12c

Kennedy, James — 4h — 9c

Kerkham Rosana — 2h — 3c

Keys, Samuel — 4h — 6c

Keys, Sarah — 2h — 4c

Killavane, John — Ih — 6c

Kincade, Robert— 3T—7h— lie

Kincade, Thomas — 3h — 5c

Kinder, Peter— 7h— 23c

Kingery, Peter — 3h — 10c

Kirkpatrick, Charles— 3T—llh— 32c

Kirkpatrick, Charles — 3h

Kirkpatrick, John — 7h — 16c

Kirkpatrick, John — 2h — Ic

Kirkpatrick, John — 6h — 16c

Kirkpatrick, Robert— IS

Kirkpatrick. Samuel — 2h — 13c

Kirkpatrick. Thomas — 3h — 12c

Kirkpatrick, Thomas — Ih

Kingery, Jacob — 4h — 8c

Kingery, Tobias — 3c

Lackey. Thomas — 2T — 8h — 13c

Lackey, Thomas — 2h — 6c

Lackland, John — 2h — 2c
Lackland, Joseph, Sr. — 2h — 6c
Lackland, Joseph, Jr. — Ih — 4c
Laid, Morris — no mention
Lain, John — no mention
Laird, David — 6h — 10c
Lander, Reuben — 2h — 2c
Lane, James— 4h — 13c
Lane, James — Ih — 5c
Lapsley, Joseph, Sr. — 5S — 9h— 27c
Lapsley, Joseph, Jr. — 4h
Lapsley, Samuel — 6h
Laremore, John — 4h — Sc
Law Michael — 3h — Sc
Lawrence Samuel — 9h — 21c
Lawson, Isaac — Ih — 4c
Leek, John — 4h — 13c
Letcher, John — SS — 6h — 7c
Lewis, Daniel — no mention
Lewis, Joseph — 4h — 6c
Ligget, Alexander — Ih — lie
Ligget, James — 3h
Ligget, John — ih
Liptrap. Isaac — 4h
Little, Joseph— 5h— 13c
Little, Thomas — 3h — 6c
Lockhart. Thomas — Ih — 3c
Lockridge. Robert — lOh — 32c

Logan, David — 2S

Logan, James — IS — 4h — 8c

Logan, James (Gilmore's company) — Sh—
17c

Logan, Thomas — 4h

Logan, William — 2T — 3S

Lowry, Melvin — 4c

Lusk, Hugh— 2h— Ic

Lusk, John, Sr. — 4h — 8c

Lnsk, John, Jr. — Ih — 7c

Lusk. Samuel — Ih

Lusk. William — 3h

Lyle, Agnes — 6h — lie

Lyle. Daniel and James — 4h — 14c

Lyle, James-4S— 12h— 27c

Lyle, John (skinner) — 2h

Lyle. John— 6h— 9c

Lyle, Robert— Ih

Lvle. Samuel and Jame(son) — 8S — lOh-
41c

Lyle. James (same as above) — 3h

374

A HISTORY OF ROCKDRItX;E COUNTV, VIRGINIA

Lylc. William— IS— 2h—Jc
Lyon, Stephen — 6h — 16c
Martin. William— 5h—lSc
Marlon, Joel— 8h— 2Jc
Majonjohn. Jr— IS— 4h-«c
XJaion. Rober(— 2T— 2S— 9h— 2-k
XIastcrs, Thomas — Ih
Mathews. Frances — 3S— *h — He
Maxwell. John— 2S— lOh— ifc
McCallister. George — 2l> — 4c
McCamphell. .\ndrew— IS — 4h— 6c
McCampbell. Andrew— IS— 7h— 22c
McCamphcIl, James— 4S— 5h— 18c
McCampl>cll. James and Andrew (son) — Sh

—14c
McCampbell. John — 6h — 13c
Mcfamphcll. Robert— IS— 7h—lSc
McCampbell, Solomon — 3h
McCampbell. William-2S— Sh— ISc
McCappin, Robert — Jh- 7c
McCappin. Robert — 3h— ^
McCartney, James — Ih
McChesney, Isabella — 4h— 5c
McChesncy,James— SS— llh— 17c
McChesney, Samuel — 6S — 12h— 14c
McClain, John— 2h-6c
McClenachan, Alexander— IS— Sh— 14c
McClenachan. Reuben — 4h— 6c
McClunR. Henry— IS— Sh— 20c
McClunR, James— 2T—9h— 16c
McClunR. James — 4h — 13c
McClunR. John and William— SS—9h— 17c
McClimR. William— Sh— 12c
McClunR. William— no mention
McClure. Alexander— Sh— 10c
McClure. Alexander— 2S—7h—I6c
McClure. Arthur— 8h—2Ic

McClure. David— IS— Sh 8c

McClure. Halbert— 6h— 11c
McClure. I»abcl— IS— 4h— 12c
McClure. John— 6h— 20c
McClure. Samuel— llh— ISc
McClure. William— l.S— Oh— 16c
McClure, William— 2h— 6c
McColIam. John— Ih— 3c
McCollam, Patrick— 2T—2S—6h— 8c
McCollister. nenjamin— 3h— 5c
XlcCoIliiier, Jo»eph— 2h— 2c
McColloch. John. Sr.-- 4h— lie

.McColloch. John— Ih
XfcConncll. James— 5h— 15c
XlcConnelt. Patrick— 2h— 8c
McCorkle. Samuel— Sh— 10c
McCorklc. William— 3h— 8c
McCoskey. Samuel — 4h— lie
McCormick. Robert— IS — »h— 10c
McCown. .Alexander — 4h — 3c
McCown. James — <h — 12c
McCown, James — 3h — k
McCown. John. Sr.— 2T— IS— 5h— 21c
McCown. John, Jr. — Ih
McCown, Joseph — 3h — 6c
McCoy. Archibald— Ih
McCray. James — 3h— 10c
McCray, Joseph — 4h — Sc
McCrory. James — IS— lOh— 20c
McCroskey. David— 4h— 14c
McCroskey. John— 2T—Sh— ISc
McCruskcy. John — 3h — 2c

McCroskey. — Ih

McDonnell. Randolph — Jh- 7c
McDowell. i:iizatK-th— in.S_10h— 13c
McDowell. James— IS— Sh
McDowell. Samuel— 2T—4S—16h— 30c
McKlhany, John — 2h
McF.lhany. Robert— «S—Sh— 17c
McKlhany. Robert— Ih
McElhany. William— Sh—I2c
McFlroy. William— 2T-3h— 6c
McElroy. William— Ih
McF.ntosh. John — 4h— 9c
McGec. John — Ih — 3c
McC.ee. Richard— Sh— lie
McGlaughland, Edward— Ih— 7c
McFad.lrn. HuRh— ;h— 13c
MrFall. John— Ih— 2c
McFarlin. Rol>ert— IS— 7h— 12c
XfcFarlin, Thomas — no mention
McFarlin. William— Ih— 2c
McKee. Esther— lS-4h— 9c
McKee. James — 6h— Sc
McKee. John— 3T—SS—6h— 24c
McKee. I.ydia— 3S— 4h— 8c
MrKee. Mary— SS— 6h— 3Ic
McKee. Robert— Ih
McKee, William— IS— 8h-28c
McKemv. James — 2h
McKemy. John — 4h— 6c

TAXPAYERS OF 1782

375

McKemy, Samuel— Ih—lc
McKemy, William, William, Jr., and Alex-
ander— 3T—4h— lie
McKenny, John — 21i — 4c
McKinny, Daniel — Ih
McMath, James— 5h— 17c
McMullen, John— 3h— 18c
McNabb, Samuel— 2T—7h— 12c
McNeely, James — 2h— 3c
McNight— Timothy— 1 S—7h— 18c
McXut, Thomas— Ih — 4c
McNutt, Alexander — 2h
McNutt, John— 6h— 19c
McWilliams, David — 4h— 12c
Meteer, Samuel — 8h — 23c
Miller, Daniel— 3h— 9c
Miller, Henry— 2T—llh— 24c
Miller, Samuel — 2h — 8c
Millikan, John — 2h — 7c
Millikan John — 4c
Millikan, William — Ih— 8c
Mitchell, John— 2h— 13c
Mitchell, William — 4h— 6c
Mogotion (?), Benjamin — no mention
Montgomery, Alexander — 3h — 6c

Montgomery, James— Ih

Montgomery, Robert — IS— 7h — 10c

Montgomery, Robert — Ih

Montgomery, William (tanner) — Ih

Month, Christopher — Ih — 4c

Moor, Alexander— 2T— IS— 9h— 18c

Moor, Andrew, Esq. — IS— 6h — 13c

Moor, Andrew, Jr. — 2h

Moor, David— 3h— 8c

Moor, Hugh — 4h — 3c

Moor, James — Sh — 9c

Moor, John, Sr— 2T— IS— 15h— 27c

Moor, John— 2S— lOh— ISc

Moor, John — 2h— 2c

Moor, Joseph, Esq. — 4S — 12h — 20c

Moor. Samuel — 2h

Moor, Samuel, Jr. — 5h

Moor, Samuel (merchant) — 4S

Moor, William. Sr.— 3S— 7h— 16c

Moore, Andrew (attorney) — 3S — 3h — 4c

Moore, Samuel — 3T — 12h

Moore, William— 3T—12h— 17c
Morris. Mark — 2h — Ic
Morris. Thomas — 7h — 19c

Morris, Thomas — 4h— 18c
Murphy, John— 4h — 12c
Neely, James — 2h — 4c
Neely, John — 2h — 3c
Nelson, John — 2h — 4c
Kesbit, Samuel— 4h — 16c
Nesbit, William— 2h— 6c
Newells, Henry — 3h — 6c
Oldhauser, Emorty — 2h — 3c
Pagan, Nicholas — 3h
Parks, John— IS— 7h— 13c
Patterson, James — IS — 4h— lie
Patterson, Samuel — IS — 5h — 22c
Patton, John — 3h— 7c
Patton, William— 7h— 19c
Paul, John, Sr.— IS— 8h— 17c
Paul, John, Jr.— 3h— 2c
Paxton, John — IS — 5h — 22c

Paxton, John— IS— 7h— 18c

Paxton, John, Sr.— 5S— lOh— 26c

Paxton, Samuel — 4h — lie

Paxton, Samuel — 3h — lie

Paxton, Thomas— 7S—12h— 19c

Paxton, Thomas — 5h — 9c

Paxton, William— 9S—9h—32e

Paxton, William— 3S—9h— 10c

Peel, James — 2h — 3c

Peoples, John — 2S — 5h — 8c

Peoples, Nathan — 4h— Sc

Pctries, John — 2h

Pickens, John — 2h

Pickens, John — Ih

Poage, James — 4h — lie

Poage, John— 2T— IS— 4h— 12c

Poage, Jonathan — 2h

Pollock, James — 5h — 7c

Pollock, Samuel — Ih — 6c

Porter, John— 7h— 20c

Porter, William— IS— lOh— 41c

Pressly, William— 2T-^h— 12c

Pressly, William — Ih — 3c

Pusy ( Posey ~t. Robert— 5h— 4c

Ramsay, James — IS — 2h
Ramsay, Samuel — 6h — 6e
Ramsay, William— 7S—lSh— 18c
Randon (Rcardon), John — no mention
Ratliff, Thomas— lS—6h— lie
Reah, Archibald— lOh— 16c
Reah. William-lS-^h— 16c

376

A HISTORY OF BOCKBRnXIE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Rcitl. Adam— 5h— 16c

Kcid. Andrew-lS— ^1— 12c

Kcid. Daniel— 2h— 4c

Rcid. Elizabeth— 2h—lc

Kcid. Joseph- 7h— 14c

Kcid. Michael— 2h— 7c

Reid. PatricW- Ih

Reid. Thoma* — Ih

Rhodes. Robert— Ih

Riley. Barney— »h— lie

Riichey, James— 2T—Sh— 7c

Robertson, James — ZT — 5h — lie

Robertson. Matthew and James— 2T — 3h

Robertson. Thomas — 2h — 4c
Robinson, David— 3h — 5c
Robinson. Brition — 2c
Robinson, John— Jh — 7c
Robinson, John (jockey) — 5h
Robinson, William — Sh — lie
Rondoun. James — 3h — 5c
Rowan. William — 4h — 4c
Rush, John— IS— 6h— Ic
Russel. Thomas — 3h— 6c
Ruth, Joseph— 5h
Salley, GeorRe— 14h— 30c
Scott, Andrew— 2S—5h— 14c
Scott. David— 5h— lie
Sea. John — 4h — 13c
Sea. Martin— ^h— 23c
Senttibah. John — 5h — 13c
Shaw. John — 2h
Shaw. Robert— IS— 7h— 18c
Shiclc, Andrew— Ih — 4c
Simpson. Robert— 2h— 3c
Si.son. r.ilrb— SS— llh— 5c
Skean, Henry— Sh— 1 2c
Skean, Jonathan— 2h— 3c
Skean. Joseph— 3h— 4c
Skean, Robert— 5h—l(V
Slaton, Thomas, Sr— Jh— 5c
SUton. Thomas — 2h— 7c
Slaton. William— Ih— 4c
Smiley. Alexander— 4h— lie
Smiley. Andrew— 3h— 9c
Smiley. James— 2h— 5c
Smiley, John— 3h— 2c
Smiley. Walter, Jr.— 7h— 20c
Smith. Isabella— 3h— 10c

Smith. James — Ih

Smithcrs, Sarah — Sh — 8c

Snodffrass, Joseph — 3T — 8h — 16c

SnodKrass, Robert — 3h — 8c

Spear, John — Sh — 6c

S|)ence, John — 2h — 7c

Spence. William — 2h

Sprowl. William— 2h—I8c

Steel, David-Sh— 13c

Steel. Peter- 2S— 7h— 32c

Steele. Samuel— 2T— IS— 12h—2Ic

Steele. Thomas — 7h — 12c

Sterret, Jonathan — no mention

Stephen. John — 2h

Stephenson. James — 2S< — 7h — 23c

Stephenson, Joseph — lb

Stoop. Robert— 2h— 8c

Straban. Robert— 2h—Sc

Strickler. Joseph — 4h — I7e

Stnart. .Mexander. Esq — IS— lOh— 26c

Stuart, .Mexander — 2h — 6c

Stuart. James — 2h

StiLirt. John— 3S—I3h— 17c

Stuart. William— 2h— 14c

Tadc. James — Ic

Tate, Joseph — 3h — 6c

Taylor, Elizabeth— 7h—I9c

Taylor, GeorRe — I S — Sh — 7c

Taylor, James — 6h — 12c

Tavlor, James — Ih — 2e

Taylor. Robert— IS— Sh— 12c

Taylor. William— Sh— 9c

Tedford. Alexander. .Mexander. Jr . and

Daniel-3T-«h-20c
Tedford. David— fih— 14c
Tedford. GeorRe — Ih
Tedford. James— 2h
Tedford. James. Jr. — Ih
Tedford. John— IS— 2h— 8c
Tedford. Jfthn^^h- lie
Tedford. Robert. Sr— 4h— lie
Tedford. Robert— 6h— 9c
Tedford. William— 5h—7e
Templeton. James— JS—6h — 14e

Templeton. — JS— 2h— lie

Terry. Stephen — Ih
TTiompson. James— Ih
Thompson, James — Ih — 2c
Thompson, John — 15! — 7h — I7c

TAXPAYERS OF 1782

377

Thompson, John— 8S—8h— 24c
Thompson, Joseph— 5h — 8c— 1 tavern li-
cense
Thompson, William — 9h — 15c
Tolley, Christian— 3h— 15c
Trimble, Moses— 2T—3S—10h— 19c
Trimble, Isaac — 3h
Trimble. John, Esq.— IS— 4h— «c
Vance, John — 5h — 19c
Vance, Joseph — 3h — 4c
Vance, Patrick — 2h — 13c
Vernor, John — Ih — 4c
Walker, Alexander, Sr. — 4h — 6c
Walker, Alexander, Jr.— 6S— Sh— 21c
Walker, Alexander— 8h— 18c
Walker, James — 3S — 4h — lie
Walker, James (farmer) — 5h — 14c
Walker, James (smith) — 5h — 9c
Walker, John, Sr.— 2T— IS— 7h— 14c
Walker, John (smith)— 7h— 24c
Walker, John— 5h— 5c
Walker, John— 2h
Walker, John— 7h— 10c
Walker, Joseph, Esq. — 7S — 7h — 17c
Walker, Joseph, Sr. — Sh — 22c
Walker, Joseph, Jr. — Ih
Walker, Samuel — 4h — 15c
Walker, Samuel, Jr. — Ih — 26c
Walker, Samuel — no mention
Walker, William— 5S—5h— 27c
Walker, William— 5h— 8c
Wallace, James — llh — 13c
Wallace, John — no mention
Wallace, Peter— IS^lh— 12c
Wallace, Robert— IS— 9h— 15c
Wallace. Samuel— 2S—7h— 20c
Wallace, William— IS— 3h— 12c
Wardlaw, James — IS — 15h — 32c
Wardlaw, Robert — 4h — 16c
Wardlaw. William— 3S—13h— 36c
Wason, John — 4h — 6c
Wason, Robert— 7h— 8c
Walters, Jonathan — 2h — 3c
Weir, Abraham— IS— 7h— 16c

Weir, Hugh— 7h— 20c

Weir, James — 3h — 12c

Weir, Jeane— 2S— 5h— 9c

Weir, John — Ih — 3c

Weir, Joseph — no mention.

Welch, James— 2h— lie

Welch, Patrick— 3c

Welch, Samuel— 2h — 3c

Welch, Thomas— 2h— 10c

Whiteside, Moses — 7h — 20c

Whitly, Jonathan — 4S— 6h— 2Sc

Whittemore, Nathaniel — 2h — 2c

Wiley, Alexander — 5h — 6c

Wiley, John. Joseph, Andrew — 3T — 9h —

20c
Wiley, Peter— 2h— 7c
Williamson, Benjamin — Ic
Williamson, David — 3h — 3c
Williamson, Richard— 2h— 8c
Williamson, Smith — 3h — lie
Williamson, Thomas — Ih — 3c
Wilson, Abraham — 2h — 8c
Wilson, Alexander — 6h — 17c
Wilson, Daniel— 2T—9h— 20c
Wilson, Hugh— 3h— lie
Wilson, James — 7h — 12c
Wilson, John— 3S—7h— 14c
Wilson. John— 4h— 10c
Wilson, John— 3T—7h— 17c
Wilson, John — 4h — 7c
Wilson, John (farmer) — 2h— 2c
Wilson, Nathaniel — 4h — 8c
Wilson, Samuel— IS— 7h— 23c
Wil.-^on. Samuel, Jr.— IS— 5h— 16c
Wilson. Samuel — 5h — 3c
Wilson, Thomas— 4S—<)h— 25c
Wilson. William (Timber Ridge)— no

mention
Wilson, William— Sh— 11c
Winegar. John — 3h — 8c
Woods, Patrick— 3h— 9c
Woolf. ^fichael— 3h^<c
Yard. William— 4h— 14c

Whites — 771 — poll tax, 385 pounds. 10 shillings

Horses — 32.SO — tax. 325 pounds

Negroes — 503 — poll tax. 251 pounds. 10 shillings

Cattle— 1— tax, 10 shillings

Cart — 1 — tax. 10 shillings

Tavern license — 1 — tax. 5 pounds

Total tax, 1,060 pounds, 6 shillings, 9 pence— ($5,534.56.)

SECTION VII
TAxrAvms or 1841

The figures refer to the road precincts in which the persons lived. I'or a
description of tlic precincts, sec Appendix D.

Ackerley: Peter— 18; John P.— 20; William— 21 ; Stephen— 20

Adair: John and Samuel — 56; James and William — 68.

.•\danis; HuRh — 62; Captain James — 68.

Agnor: William — M; George, Jacob, Sr., Jacob, Little Jake, John, and John H. — 4J;
James — 56; Andrew — 63.

Ailslock : James — 93.

Albright: John— ^; Frederick- 73.

Alexander: Robert — 48; John — 57; Andrew, .'\rchibald V., and Keid--".^

Alphin: William — 36.

Amole : Henry and Jacob— 48.

Anderson: Thomas— 23; William H. — 31; John — M; Stephen — SO; Robert — 51; James
and Robert B.— 61 ; Thomas M— 72; Samuel B.— 81.

Archibald : Henry C. and Zachariah — 20.

Armcntroul : John — 38.

Armstrong: Quinton — 68; William J. — 70.

Atkins: Richard— 48.

Ayers: Henry C. — 57.

Baggs: James — 15.

Bailey: David. William (1), and Williiim (2)— 49; Samuel— 56.

Baldwin; Cornehus C— 14; Oliver P.— 63; Peter— 92.

Barclay : Alexander T. — 24.

Barger: George, John, and Peter — 1.

Bartlett: George— 55.

Barton: Robert R— 23.

Beale, John (free negro) — 51.

Bear: Jacob and Joseph— 93.

Beard: Archibald 0-24: PhiMp— 27: James M.— 56; David S., William. Sr., and
William— 70; David— «).

Deaty : George and Jamrt — RS

Beer»: William J.— 44,

Beefon : John — 92.

Bell: John— 12; Elizabeth- 22 : John M.-«9; Joseph and William H— 92

Bennington : Job^5.

Bethel: Samuel— 92.

lilark. Jamr«. John, and William B. — 23; Benjamin and William — 40; Joseph— 64.

Blesiinger : Michael — 65.

Bobbin : Oregon— SS.

Borden : Henry— 33.

Bousserman : Isaac— 94.

Brads: James (1). James (2), Jacob, Francis, and George — 36.

Brook*: William-21.

TAXPAYERS OF ISil 379

Brown: Nelson— 22; John W.^4S ; Jacob— 62; John of Jacob— 69; William of South
River, William J., and William S.— 74; William— 83.

Brownlee : James — 78.

Bryan: Mrs. Mary— 63 ; Matthew — 71.

Buchanan: William— 68; John — 85; George — 92.

Bunch: John — 51.

Burgess : George W. — 25.

Burks: Charles S.— 8 ; William L. and William T.— 23.

Byers : Fleming — 22.

Gaboon : John, Mark, and William — 18.

Caldwell: Thomas Y.— 3; Smith— 5.

Camden: Jesse — 15; James, John, and Washington — 75.

Cameron : Andrew W. — 58.

Campbell- Rev. Samuel D.— 1 ; Alexander— 64 ; John— 55 ; James T — 70,

Capper : Dennis — 47.

Carskaddon : Richard H. — 25.

Carter: John— 44 ; David— 52.

Caruthers: William H.— 58.

Cash: Benjamin and William M. — 20.

Caskey: Joseph— 7; Mrs. Grizzy — 11; Thomas — 23.

Chandler: John and Samuel T. — 46.

Charlton : Soborn — 24.

Childers : Andrew — 76.

Chittum: William J. — 44.

Christian: James — I.

Clark: Robert (stonemason)— 13 : Daniel and John— 34 ; James— 38; James, Joseph,
and Nelson — 96.

Clarkson : John — 27.

Clemer: Francis — 68.

Cloyd: Joseph — 1

Clybnrn : John — 62.

Cochran : Jamison — 62.

Collins: Columbus — 61.

Conaway : Lawrence — 61.

Cooper: William— 96; William (free negro)— 58.

Cornelius: George W. — 49.

Cotter: John, Sr.— 74

Cowan : Samuel — 96.

Cowman : William — 7i.

Cox: Spottswood A.— 9; Philip— 80; George— 95.

Craig: James — 12

Crawford: Robert — 81.

Crist : David — 63.

Croddy: John, Jr.. and William— 9; John and Christopher— 10.

Cross: John A. — 63.

Crossley : James — 4

Crouse : Abraham — 68 ; heirs of John — 85.

Culton : heirs of Alexander — 88.

Cumings : John A. — 42.

380 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItXiE COl'XTY, VIRGINIA

Cummingj: John S. — 48; Samuel— 73.

CunninBham: Jacob (millwright) and Thomas. Jr. — »S.

Currier: Jonathan— 68.

Curry: Peter-^W.

Daniel : James— 6.

Darst: Samuel — 14.

Davidson: Andrew B.— 24; James, James, Jr., and Madison— 54.

Davis: David, Richard, and Samuel \V.— 55; David and William— 89.

Day: William— 76; John and Solomon — 82.

Dealdni: William— 31.

Decker : Samuel — 57

Demasters: James — Zl \ Cornelius — 65.

Dcmpsey : William A. W.— 43

Dickey: William— 58; Robert— 75

Dietrick: Michael— 67

Dikcl : George — 24

Dixon: James and William — »9; James and William— 56; Samuel— 61 ; Thomas— 65.

Doak: Alexander F.— 80.

Donald: Mrs. Nancy — 73

Douglass: James and Robert M. — 8; William — 22.

Drain: James and William — 38.

Drawbone : Matthew — 69

Dryden : James and Thomas — ZS

Dunlap: Rof>crt— 58; Thomas— 76

F-bhard: Samuel— 91

Echols : Edward — 24

Edes : Jonathan W. — 13

Edmondfon : Thomas — 50

Elliott: Hugh— 24; William-J6; John— 55

F.ngleman : David — 70

Entsmingcr: Alexander, David, and Lewis — 37; David — 43

Eskew : Clarence — 74

Ewing: Daniel— 3; Rev. John D.— 12

Eyres : John — Jii

Falls: William— 62

FrrKUson ; William — 58

Figgat : William— 58

Finley: John M— 15: William— 26

Firebaugh: John— 68; Henry— 85; Hcnjamin F— 88

Fisher: Martin— 33; William — 44

Fitipatrick: Ford — 34; Alexander — 61

Fix: Adam — 57; Christian and John— 61.

Forbes. William, Sr.- 93

Ford: Jacol>— >53; Allison— 34; John— 38

Foster: Isaac N. and Joseph— II ; William R. — 74

Fruier: Henry and Samuel— 91

Fry: Matthew— 10; George— 93

Fulmider: John — I; Jacob, Jr. — 33

G«lbr*ilh : John— 2

TAXPAYERS OF 1841 381

Garrett: Albert— 23; John— 51

Gaylor: Dennis and Nathaniel — 52.

Gibson : John — 64

Gilbert: Leroy— 20

Gilliat: Albert^3

Gilmore : Paxton — 9 ; Addison — 34 ; Robert — 52

Ginger: Samuel — 10

Glasgow: Joseph — 15; Robert — 60

Glass : George W. — 1

Glover : John — 70

Gold : James and Robert H. — 33 ; Samuel — 64

Goodbar : John M. and Joseph — 36

Gordon : Alexander and John H. — 61

Gore : Samuel — 20

Goul: Mrs. Nancy — 57

Gouyne : Spencer — 58

Graham : Andrew — 92

Grant, Alexander — 13

Green: Joseph and Samuel — 36; Thomas — 70; Lawrence — 76; John — 86

Griffin, Archibald— 68

Grigsby : James S. — 16; Elisha — 22

Gue : Addison, Johnston, and Rosemary — 2

Guffey: David— 83

Gutridge : John — 24

Hall: Joshua — 31; John F., John, Jr., and William — 32; James, Jr. — 33

Hamilton; Alexander — 12; William — 31; Robert — 32; John, Sr. — 47; Galbraith and
William G.— 49 ; John W.— 51 ; James— 57 ; John— 65

Hanger: William: William— 93

Hardy : Henry and Wesley — 18

Harper: Hugh — 42; John, John M., and William — 56

Harris : Nathan — 58

Harris: James (1), James (2) and William — 63; Frederick and Samuel — 78; Robert —
90

Harrison: John — 14; Abner — 95

Harshbarger : William — 32

Hart : Benjamin A. and Rebecca — 4 ; James, Matthew — 44

Hartigan : David C. and James H. — 31

Hartsook : James — 50 ; John — 81

Haslip: Thomas — 72

Hatcher: Henry M. — 21; Jonathan C. — 23

Hayslett : Andrew, Ezekicl, George, John, and John of Zachariah — 35 ; Ezekiel, Jr.,
Henry, Robert, and William — 45.

Heck: Daniel— 1

Henderson : William — 32

Henry: Williamson — 49; Jason, (free negro) — 58

Hepler: John and Samuel — 91

Herrin: Walter— 61

Hickman : Jacob — 12 *

Hicks : John and William — 60

382 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDGE COUNTY. VlR(iINIA

llilrman: Daniel— 69

Hill: GcorRc. Samuel (1). and Samuel (2) — 1; George, James, and Samuel— fi :
Henry — 16; James H., Jonas, Madison, and William — 32

Hinkle: Henry and John — 45

Hite: Samuel — 2

HodKe : Henjamin. James, John H.. and Renix — 91

HdfTman: David S., and George, Jr. — IS

ll.'K'iic; John — 29

Holmes; Benjamin A. and Joseph — S: Alexander. Benjamin, and John — 13

Hopkins: William— 19

Hosteller : Andrew^-45

Houston: David G— 1; John D.— 6; Matthew and William— 21 ; William— 86

Hughes: Abner — 7; Eli — 23; Samuel — 40

Hull: Philip— J3; Peter and WilIiam-54

Hunt : Bernard and Hlisha — 9

Hutcheson, Robert — 86

Hulton: James — 33

Hyman ; Samuel — 95

Ingles: William— 58

Ingram: .Alexander, Hezekiah. John. Jonathan, and William — 91

Ireland: George and John M. — 65

Irvine; Robert — 24; Isaac — 28

James: George — 91

Jarv'is : Jeremiah— 91 ; William — 96

Joe: George — 91

Johnston: Nathaniel — I; Clifton O. — 7; Samuel — 22; James, Samuel, Thomas, William
G., and Zachariah — 24 ; Damascus and John— ^

Jones; Ambrose— 11; Lane, Sr.,— 27; John W. Lane, and William— 49; William — SO;
Richard F.— 67.

Jordan: John W.— 14; Peter — IS; Benjamin J. and John— 53

Judy: Jacob — 85; Henry— 1

Kai^n : John — 15

Kahle: Mrs. Rebecca— 1

Keffer : Henry— 6

Keizer : Jacob— 31

Keller: Peter, Jr.— 57; GeorRC. and Peter. Sr— 69— John— 61

Kelwj : Kwen, Joseph, and Walker — 89

Kennedy : Hugh — 83

Kerr: John-24; Charles M.-^2; Thomas— 44; David— 61

King: William— 5; George W — 42

Kinkaid: William-^0

Kinny : Madison — 28

Kirkpalrick : William— 26; Joseph— 86

Kirkwood : William — 4

Kurti ; Frederick — 24

lackey: John G. and Thomas, Sr.— 4 ; James — 52; James, Jr. and Thomas — 57;
Nathan and William — 65

Lair: Peter— 91

Laird: John— J. David— 51

TAXPAYERS OF 1841 383

Lam : John — 57 ; Matthias — 64

Lambert : Daniel — 19

Larew : Benjamin, John, and Reuben F. — 56; Jacob — 61

Lawhorn : Pleasant — 1

Lawson : John — 24

Lawton : Robert — 18; Lindsay — 56

Layman : John — 65

Layne : Henry A. — 15

Leech: James and John — 21; Adam, James, and John — 31; David, David, Jr., and
William— 33; Henry— 40

Lessley : Samuel — 33

Lewis : Joel — 1 ; William C. — 24 ; Elias B. and John — 61 ; Abraham— 63

Lindsay : James, James W., and Thomas — 56

Liggens : William — 50

Link: Daniel — 18; Catharine and John — 17

Littich : Cyrus J.— 19

Little: David and William— 92

Lowman : David — 44; David — 51

Luckess : William — 3

Lusk : Michael — 66

Lyle : Archibald, Major James, and Matthew — 65

Mackey : James S. — 25; Andrew — 27; Hugh W. — 40; William K. — 64

Martin: James T. — 15; Hudson and James — 65; Charles — 76; William— 90

Masterson : John — 24

Mateer: Martha and William — 23

Matheny : James — 24

Mathews: Mrs. Mary — 11

May : Joseph — 1

Mayse : Henry — 95

McAllison: Halbert— 60

McCalpin : Joseph — '12; John — 13; Samuel — 49

McCampbell : David — 41

McCauley : James — 94

McClain : John and William — 64; Samuel — 65

McCleland : John — 22; John — 41

McClintic : Shanklin — 40

McClung: William A. — 3; James — 19

McClure: Arthur and Robert C. — 3

McCluer : John and Robert — 6; Nathan — 22; Moses, Nicholas J., and William — 75.

McCown : Alexander — 24 ; James G. and Moses — 55 ; John H. — 56 ; John — 75

McCorkle: Samuel — 47; Alexander, Sr., Alexander (little), Benjamin, John, Thomas,
and William— 51 ; Samuel R.— 68

McCormick : Henry A. — 61; John B. — 62; Henry — 67; James and John T. — 68

McCoy : James — 68

McCray : Henry B. — 52

McCue : John — 24

McCulIy: Peter— 2

McCutchen: Albert— 67; Samuel— 89

McDaniel: Matthew— 15; Matthew, Sr.— 20; James— 29 ; William H. — 44

384 A HISTORY OF BOCKDRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

McDowell: Robert— 24; James— 47

McFarland: John— 44

McGiniiit : Nancy — 52

McHcnry: Edward— «S

McKcc: John T— 44; Samuel W.— 56

McKciny: John (1). John (2), and WiUiam— 6J

McKcnIy: David— 24

McKcrny: Nathan and Samuel — 20

McKiniey: WiUiam- 78

McLaughlin : Andrew S. and Edward S. — 92

McNcal: George — 55

McNutt: Elizabeth— 13

Miller: Samuel, Sr., and Samuel, Jr.— 5; Sarah— 15; James — 17; Thomas L— 18;
Andrew, George, and Samuel — 45; Joseph— 70, Jacob — 80; Jacob — 93

Mitchel: Henry— 15

MofTett: John— 3; William — 6

Moler: George and Philip — 56

Mohler: John and William K.— 57

Montgomery : Alexander and James — 40

Moore: Garland and Nathan G.— 3 ; Samuel R.— 23 ; Jordan— 34; Thomas S. — 41;
James C. and James C. C— 44 ; .\bner W. and Preadani— «S; John— 51 ; Samuel McD.
Mrs. Sarah— 76

Morgan: Henry C.—S2: John D.— 85

Morris: Henry E.— 82; John D.— 85

Morris: John and L'rias— 35; John. Sr.— 36; Thomas — J2; John (free negro)— 68;
Mack— 45

Morrison: Robert A.— 2; Robert, Jr.— 44; Robert, Sr— 57

Nash : William— 13

Nesbit : Andrew and John — ^92

Nevius: John— 78

Newcomer; William — 27

Nicely: Samuel— 16; David— 19

Nicholson: Archibald (free negro)— 16

Nick: Adam and John — 37

Norcross: William — 61

Northern : William — 3

O'Brian: Peter— 44

Ocheltrec: David— 5

Odcll: John— 1

Ornbaum : Michael — 79

On : Frederick — 65

Oyler : Alexander — 20

Painter: I'rederick— 12

Palmer : John — 4 3

Parker: Caleb-44

Patterson: James and Morris — 3; Jameslon. Jr — 88

Pallon : David and John — 61; Joseph— 64; David — 80

Paul: John— 73

Paxion; Peier— 12; Jarne*— 14; Jarnc*— 18: Samuel— 21 ; Jamet H. and William— 50;

TAXPAYERS OF 1841 385

Captain William — 68; AJexander, John of James, and John of Samuel— 74; David— 75;
Samuel — 79 ; John L. — 96
Penn; Richeson — 10

Peters : Samuel — 46

Pettigrew : William— 1 ; Eli J.— 18

Pinkney : Edmund O. — 8

Plott: Abraham— 52

Poage: Eli and John— 2; James M.— 6; John B.— 11 ; John and WilHam F.— 12; James
A.-33

Porter: Benjamin F. — 30

Potter: David and John— 61 ; Jacob— 70

Powers : Larkin — S3

Ptomy: John M.— 90

Pullen: William— 31

Ramsay: Anderson and Lewis — 56

Randal: Isham (free negro) — 16

Rapp : Anthony — 63

Ray: Hugh— 21

Reany: William— 87

Reid: Frederick— 68 ; Samuel McD.— 76; John— 86

Replogle : Jacob and John, Jr. — 25 ; John — 39

Reynolds : John A. — 8

Rhodes: Benjamin — 8

Riddle: George and John — 18 — Stephen — 89

Risk: Harvey and James — 68

Ristine : John C. — 24

Roach: William B.— 6

Roadcap : Chrisley and George — 92

Robertson : John H. — 61 ; William — 68 ; Anderson — 78

Robinson : Joseph — 39

Rodes : Aaron D. — 56

Rolison: Lang and heirs of Nathaniel — 19; Sylvanus — 20

RuflF, John— 24

Ruley: William T.-43

Runnels: William— 82

Sale : John, Jr. — 6

Sallis : George W.— 82

Sanford : James — 31

Scott: Thomas, Sr., Thomas, Jr., John, Sr., and John, Jr. — 33

Selph : Benjamin — 19; Thomas — 20

Shalter : Frederick — 85

Shaver : Jacob — 20 ; John — 40

Shaw: Daniel, James, Matthew, and William — 61; James — 73

Sheltmas : Jacob G. — 25 ; Mrs. Dorcas — 58

Shewey : David — 78

Shields: William— 18; William— 70; John— 75

Short: James and Robert — 19

Shieldtz : Jackson — 94

Siler: Jacob and Philip — 23

386

A IIISTORV OK kOCKUKIIKIE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

Siier: Fielding — I

Smiley: Alcxaii<lcr of Daniel, Daniel, and John— 73; Robert— 87

Smith: Tliomas (blacksmith)— 2; John C— 6; James— 25; John— 28: Jacob B — 61 ;
Robert— <>S: GcorKe \V .—«<); John. \Vi!Il.iin i s(illcr), and William P.— 93; Abraham— 95

Snider: David— 83

Snyder : Daniel — 72

Somewcll : William — 63

Spitler: Daniel— 91

Sprowl : Alexander— 61

Staton : Daniel—^

Steele: Dr. John M.— 3; Robert C— 86

Stciner: Alexander and William — 4

Sterrett: William B— 3

Stewart : Andrew— 61

Stoner • Jacob — 95

Strain: David— 70

Strickler: Daniel M— 67

Stuart: Alexander B. — 62; James. Jr. — 64; Captain John— 81 ; Henry — 84

Surfer: heirs of Christian — 70

Sweet : .-Mexander and William — 83

Swink : John — 57 ; Enos — 80

Swinney: John P. — 6; Robert — 22; James — 23

Swisher: Jacob. Jr. — 86

Swoope : George — 87

Syron : Nathaniel — 20

Tardy: Nathan C. — 9; James — 21

Taylor: Samuel— 19; John H.— 61 ; Mrs. Ann— 64; David .ind James— 77: Matthew— W

Temple : John — 81

Templeton : John, Jr., and Rol)ert — 68

Thomas : Archibald and Camp — 90

Thompson: William — 11; John — 49; George — 58; Horatio— 64

Tinsley: John H.— 15

Tolly: Christopher. Jr.. and Samuel — 8; Andrew. Joseph. William (I), and William
(2)— 37; Alexander-^

Tuck : Edmund — 81

Turpin : Josiah — 8

Tygrct: John W.— 8

Tyler : John — 61

Unroe: Adam and George — 39

Vance: Philip— 5; Thomas — 14

Varner: Charles — 24

Vets: Eli. George. Hiram, John. Samuel, Samuel H., and William — 36; Levi — 60

Walker: Joseph C— «22; Captain Alexander and .Mexander, Jr. — 81; William — 83;
Archibald B — 88

Walkup: Sanuiel— 41; James W. G— 45

Wallace: J..hn— 2: James S— 24 ; .\ndrcw— 46; John— 6«; Jesse D.— 73

Ward : John-24

Wankey, }«\m. Sr.. and John, Jr. — 1 ; William — 5

Watkins: William A.— 3

TAXPAYERS OF 1S41 . 387

Watts: Caleb— 9; James— 11

Weathers: George — 15: \'incent — 65; George, St., James, and William E. — 77

Weaver: William — 16

Webb, Michael— 49

Weir : William E. — 42

Welch: Benjamin uoopcr) — 1; Thomas — 2; Benjamin and John — 3; Robert — 28; John
—58; Samuel— 82

Welchance : William — 60

West : James, Sr. — 61

Wheat: William D.— 68

White : James, John, and Thomas — 55

Whitmer: John— 72: Peter — 80

Whitsel : Samuel — 65

Whitzel : Eli and Jacob — 76

Wilhelm : Jacob A.- ,i : Lewis — 18; William — 68

Wilmore: John H.— 22

Wilson: Thomas — 7; Hugh L. — 9; Deborah and William — 11; James, James, Jr.,
Thomas, and John — 16; Hugh, Jr., James J., Joseph, and Thomas — 29; Hugh and William —
39; James, James, of Walker's Creek, and Robert — 42; Edward — 19; David and James P.
—64; William M.— 67: Jame.-;— 76; John— 80; William— 96

Winn : Joseph — 59

Wiseman : Peter — 81

Withrow : John, Jr.. (free negro) — 68; Samuel — 70

Wood : John J.— 88

Worth: Spencer— 19

Wright: Cary, Charles, and Harden — 11; William — 73; Thompson .\. — 1; Robert — 68

Youel: James G. W.— 90

Zink : Samuel — 24

Zollman : Henry and William — 28

SECTION VIII
PRESENT SURNAMES

As shown in the tax list for tlic three years ending May 5, 1917.

Abbreviations: B — Buffalo; K — Kerr's Creek; L — Lexington; N -Xaiural
Bridge ; W — Walker's Creek ; S — South River.

Note: When there is more than one person to a name in a given district,
the number follows the initial letter. Thus, Adison — L, means there is one Adi-
son on the tax list in Lexington District, and as no other initial letter is given,
it consequently follows that there is but one such Adison in the county. Austin —
N, 8 means there arc eight Austins on the voting list in Natural Bridge District.

Ackcrly— L-N. 2— B, 3

Adair— L, 4— N— K

Adams — K

Adison — L

Agnor— L, 9— B, J— K, 2— W— S. S

Ailstock— B, 2

Ainsworth — L

AUwrtoli— N, 2

Alexander — L — S, 2

Algcr-S

AIlcn-N— W, 2— S. 4

Alphin-N— B, 2— K, 2— W— L

Alvit— W

Alwin— N

Anderson — L — B, 2 — K — W, 3

Archart— W— S, 9

Armcnirout— B, 2— K, 2— W, 2

Armstrong — B, 9 — S, 4

Arndt— N

Arthur— L

Ashburne — L

Aujtin— N, 8

Ayref— U-N— B. 4— K. 2— W— S

Bailey— B

Baldwin— N

llallard— B, 2

Balier— W. 4

Bane-B, g-K

I!arcl«y-^-S-N

Pare-L. 4— N. 3-W. 2

Barger— K, 7— B. 2

Bartirti— S

Rartly— S

Batman — K

Baync-W-S. 3

Baz/anella— K

Be»r-I^N

Beard— L—N—B—\V, 9

Beasley — L

Bcatty— K

Bcchtel— N

Beckner— \V, 3— S

Bccton — L, 2

Bell— N— W. 6-S, 2

Bender— N

Bennington — K, 3

Benson — \V

Berry— K. 4— W. 3— S

Besenfcldcr — L

Birmingham — N

Black— L—B, 2— N. 2— K. 3

Blackburn— N. 3

Blackwell-K, 3— W, 4

Bogan — B

Bolcn- W, 3

riclcy- L. 2— N

Booth— L

Bosserman — L, 2 — W

Bosworih— W. 2

Bowlin— B

Bowyer— B— S. 2

Bradley— S

Brads— N. i-B

Brady— N

Braford— N. 6

Branch— N

Breeden — N

Brredlovc — L

Brilton— W

HrcKkenbrough — N

Brogan- W, 4

Bronghman — B

Brown— L. 8— N, 2— B. 3— W, 6— S. 4

Bruce— L, 2

PRESENT SURNAMES

389

Bryan — K — S, 2

Bryant— N, 4— K

Buchanan— K—W, 6

Buckley— S

Burch— N

Burgess — L

Burke— S

Burger — N, 2

Burks— L—N, 3— W, 3

Burwell — L

Byers — W

Byrd— B— S

Bywaters — S, 2

Cale— W, 2

Camden — L — N, 7 — S, 3

Camper — W, 3

Campbell— L, 8— N, 6— K— S, 16

Carroll— W, 2

Carter— L, 2— N, 2— B, 6— K, 2— W, 2

Cash— N, 4— K, 2-S, 7

Catlctt— L

Champ — L

Chaplin— N—K, 3

Chapman — N, 5

Charleton — L

Childress — L

Chiles— N, 2

Chittum— L— N— B— K, 5— S, 5

Clark— I^N, 5- B, 12— S, 12

Clatterbaugh — N

Claytor— N, S

Clemmer — B, 4

Cleveland — N

Cline — S

Clinebell— L

Cobb— L— W

Coe — L, 3

Coffey— S, S

Coleman — N — B

Collins — N

Condon — W

Connor— L, 6-N— K. 4— W— S, 2

Cook— K

Cooper — L

Copper— K, 2— W, 2— S, 2

Cornelius — L, 2

Corse — L

Cowherd — K

Cox— L, 2— S, 6

Craft— W—K—L

Craig — S

Crawford — L, 3

Crigler — L

Crist— L—B—K—S

Critcher — W

Crutchf^eld— B

Culton— W— S

Cummings— L— B, 13— K, 2— W

Cummins — N, 6 — S, 2

Cunningham — K, 3

Cupp— N— W

Curtis— W

Dale— L—N, 2— K, 3

Damron — \V

Daniel— B, 2

Davidson— L, 4— N— K— W, 2— S, 3

Davis— L, 7— W, 8— S, 10

Day— L—N, 2

Deacon— L, 2— B, 11

Deaver — L, 8

Decker— N—S, 4

Deihl— S

Denison — S, 2

Derbyshire — L

Dice— W, 3

Dickenson — N

Dickey — L

Didawick — L

Dill— W

Dillon— L

Divine — L

Dixon— N—B, 2— K, 6— W. 3— S, 2

Dodd— N

Dold— L, 2

Donald— L, 3— N, 7

Douglas — W

Downey— N—B— K, 2

Doyle— W

Drain— N—B, 2

Drawbond — S, 3

Dudley— B— K—W

DuflF— S

Dunaway — W

Duncan — N

Dunlap— L, 4— B. 4— K, 5- S

Dunn — L

Durham — W

Eads— N. 2

390

A HISTORY OF ROCKBBIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Eakin— S

Earhart— S

iCarman — L

East-\V. 8

Easter— L

Ebeling— L. 2

Echols— N

Edwards — L

Effinger— N

Eichclbcrger — L

Ellinger— W

Elliott— N'—B

Emore — L — K — S

Englcman — L — K, 6— S

Ervinc— W

Eton-^-N

Ettingcr — L

Ewing — B

Fahrcnback — N

Fainter — N, 2

Fal!»-\V— S

Falwell-N

Farmer — S

Farror — L — N — S

Farrow — L

Fauber-W-S. 3

Ferguson — N, 13

Finney — N, 2

Firebaugh-L— N. 2— K— W

Fiich-L

Fitzhgcrald— N— S. 5

Fitzpatrick— K, 3

Fix- L. 6-\— B. 6— K— S, 2

Flint— N. 3

Flippo — S

•Hoyd-S. 3

Foliz— L

Forbe»-W

Ford-L. 2-N, 2-B. 2-K

Fo»ter-N-B. 2

Foul)!— K

Fox-L. 2-N-S

Frame — W

Frazier — B

Fridley— W

Fry-N-S

Ful„_N_S. 6

Fulwidcr-W-S. 4
Funkhoutcr — L. 2

Furr — L

Garrett— N, 2

Garrison — N

Gassman — L, 2

Gaylor— K, 4— W— S

Gibson- K. 2-\V— S

Gilbert- K

Gilkcrson — S

Gillespie — L

Gillock— L. S

Gilmore — L, 2 — N

Ginger — N, 2

Glasgow — L, 3 — S

Glass-N

Glendy— K— \V. 2

Glenn— N'—B

Glover — L

Goodbar— B, 12

Goodloe — W

Goodman — S, 3

Goodwin — B

Gordon — \V — S

Gorrell — L

Goulsby— N. 3— S. 3

Gound — N'

Gough — W

Graham— L. 4— \V. 2

Granger — L

Grant- E, IS

Graves — S

Greaver-L-B. 3-K— W. 2

Grecn-\, 2— S, 13

Grim— K. 3

GroKK-W. 2

Grove — W

Grow-I^N-S. 2

Guffcy— K— W

Giiinn — W, 4

Gunter— N'

Haistip — S

Hall-K, 2— B. 4— K. 10

n.ilicrman — S

Hamilton— N—B—K, 3— S. 2

Hancock — L

Hannah— N'. 2— B

Hardin-N. 2

Harlow-I^K-W

Harman-L. 3— W

Harold- N

PRESENT SURNAMES

391

Harper — L, I — K

Harrah— B, 2

Harris-L, 3— N, 5, K, 2— S, 9

Harrison — L, 3 — N, 3

Hart— K, 4— W

Hartbarger— K, 6

Ilartigan— L, 4— N, 3

Hartless— S, 2

Hartlej — L

Hatcher— X, I

Hatter— S

Hatton— K

Hawkins — L — N

Hawpe — L

Hays— B

Hayslett— L— X, 3— B

Heck— L

Heizer — S, 2

Helmick— W

Hemp— W, 2

Henderson — X' — B, 2

Henkle— K— W

Henry — S, 4

Herring — X, 2

Hess — L, 2 — S

Hickman— L—N, 6— B— W, 2

Higgenbotham — S

Higsens- L, 3— B— K, 2

Hileman — L — S. 4

Hill— X— W

Hilmore — S

Hinton — S

Hinty— L— X, 3

Kite— K, 2— W— S, 5

Hobson — N

Hockman — S, 2

Hodge— W

Hogan — N, 4

Hogue— B, 2

Holmes— W, 2

Hook— L

Hopkins — L

Horn— K

Hostetter- L— X— B, 9— K, 5

Hotinger— B, 3— K

Hoiiser — I, — S, 3

Howe — L

Howerton — L

Houston-L, 2— S

Hoyt— L

Huffman— N, 14— B, 3— \V, 2— S, 3

Huger — L

Hughes— X—B—K, 3— \V

Hull— B— K— W

Humphries— L, 2— W, 2— S, 4

Hunley — L

Hunt— X— S, 2

Hunter— K—S

Huske— K

Hutchens — W

Hutcheson— K, 2— W, 2

Hutton— L, 4 — B

Illig-L

Ingram — W

Irvin— L, 4— B, 6— K

Irwin — L

Jackson— L, 2

Jarvis— W— S, 2

Jeffress — S

Jenkins — X

Jennings — L

Jeter— L

Johenning — L

Johnson— L—X, 6— B, 7— K, 2

Johnston — L, 3 — X

Jones— L, 2— W, 3— S. 2

Judy— W, 2

Kahle— L

Kayton— K, 2

Keffer— L, 2

Kelso— W

Kendall— L

Kennedy — L

Kent— L

Kerlin — L

Kern — L

Kerr— L— K, 2

Kesler— K

Kesferson — S

Kidd— L, 2

Kincaid — K

King — L, 2 — S

Kinnear — L — S

Kirby— L, 3— K

Kirkpatrick— K, 10— W. 3

Kneighton — L

Knick— B, 14— K, 6

Koogler — S

3V2

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Kramer — L

Krause — L

Krcbb*— L

Kyger — L

Kyle— S

Lackcy-L, 2-N. 4-B. 2-K, 2-S. 7

Udy-L

Uir-N-W

Laird-K

Lam-K, 8-S

Lambert— N

Landers — S

Larew — S, 2

Largcn — S

Larrick — L

Uvelle— N. 2

Lawhom — S, S

Lawson — B, 2

Layne — L

Lee-L. 2— S, 2

Lecch-L, 2— N. 6-B. 4— \V. 3

LciKhton — N

Leslie— B

Letcher— L

Utiro— W

Lewis-N. 2-S. 4

Lilley— S

Lilley-N

Lincoln — N, 2

Lindsay — L, 4— K. 3

Link— N. 3

Linkswiler — K, 2

Liptrap— W

Ultle-K. 2— W. 2

LIoyd-N

I^an-W

I ochf r-N. 2

Lorke-L

LotkridRe— W

LoR;in-K-\V

I-ORWOOd — S

I^ng— L

I^ii,_U_\. 7_w. 2

Loveirrove — S

Lowman — K. 3

}jowe — S

I-oyall-L

LiH-a»- I^W, fr-S. 6

Lii.k-W

Ludwick — S, 2

L.msford— N— \V. 2— S. 2

Lyie— W. 3— S

Lynns — L, 4

Lytle— B

\fahray — S

Mackay— N. 2— S. 6

.\Liddox— W. 2

Mahood — N

Major — N

Malloo— L

Mangus — S, 2

\1anley — L

Manspile— N. 2— B, 6

NLiphis — S, 2

Marks— S

Marshall— N

Martin— L, 3— W— N. 4

Xfasters — L, 2

Xfason — S

Matccr— N

Mathew$-N, 2— S— L

May— X. 2

Mayo— N. 2

Mays— N-S. 3

McAlphin— N

McCabe— S

McCaulcy — S

McCIain— L

McClelland— K

McCluer— L

XJrClimR- L, 3— W. 5— S, 3

^^cClu^e— K-S. 2

McCorkle— N, 3— B. 5— K

Nfcrormick— L. 4— N, 6— W. 2— S, 6

McCown -K. 12

McCoy- L. 5

McCray-W. 2

McCrowry— S. 2

McCrum — L

MrCiilloiiRh- N. 6— K

McCiirdi-- K. 3

.".'rCutchcn— S

MrDanirl— N. 9

MrDonald— W

McDowell- L

McFlroy— K. t

Mrriwee- L

McFadden-^-N— W

PRESENT SXJRNAMES

393

McGuffin— K— S, 4

McKeever — W

McKemy — L — K, 3

McKenry— N, 2— B

McKinney — N

McLaughlin — W

McManama — N, 2

McMillen— N

McMuIlen— W

McNair — N

McNamara — N

McNeal— L

McNeil— N

McNutt— N

Meeks— L— W, 2

Miley— L, 5— S, 2

Miller— L, 7— N, 4— K, 11— W, 5

Milner- L— N, 2

Mitchell— L, 2— N, S

Mohler— N, 4— K, 4— W

Moneyham — S

Monroe — N, 3

Montgomery— L—B, 10— K, 4— S, 2

Moore— L, 10— N, 14— B, 4— W— S, 11

Moose — N, 3

Moran- N— W, 2

Moreland — L

Morris— N—B, 4-K, 3-S

Morrison — B, fi — K, 5 — S, S

Morter— W, 2

Moses — L, 4

Moxley — N, 2

Mundy — N

Murray — B

Muse — S

Muterspaw — L, 2 — K, 6

Myers— B, 3

Mynes — W

Newcomer — K, 3 — \V

Nicely— L, i-B. 11— K— S

Nichols — L

Nickel— N, 2

Noel— I^-W

Norcross — W

Nuckols — L

Nutty— K

Oakey— W. 2

Obenchain — K, 3

O'Conner — N

Ogawie — W

Ogden- N— S

Osborne — L, 2

Ott— S

Overby — W

Padgett— N, 7

Page— L

Painter— N, 2— B— S, 6

Palmer — L — S

Pappert — L

Parker— B, 2— S, 2

Parks— N, 2

Parrent— L, 2— S, 3

Parsons — L, 5

Patterson— N—B, 2— K, 5- W, S— S

Patton— L, 3

Paul— S

Paxton— L, 4— N, 4— W— S, 6— W

Pearce — N, 4

Peck— L— N

Peery— N, 4

Pence— K—W

Pendleton— L, 2

Penick— L, 2

Pennington — S

Pettigrew — L

Phillips— K, 3— W, 3

Pierce— N

Pleasants — S, 2

Plott— K— W, 2

Poague — L — S

Poindexter — N

Pole— L

Pollard— L

Potter— B, 10— K, 5— W, 4

Powell— N, 6— K— W— S

Preston — L

Price— N. 3— K, 4-W, 4

Pryor— N

Puckett— N

Pugh— N

Pultz-L. 4-S, 11— N

Quate— N

Quintin — W

Quiscnbcrry — L, 6

Rader— B, 2

Radford— N

Ralston— W, 2

Ramsay— W—S, 3

394

A lltSTOKY OF BOCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Randolph — L

Rapi>— n

Kathrfc— \V

KawliiiR} — S

Ivccccr— W. 3

Kced-N. 5-\V. 7-S, 2

Kfci-N. 3— \V. 6

Kcid-L-B. 8-K— S. 2

Kcmsburg — L

Kcvcrlcy — L

Kc.vnolds-.\. 2-B. 2-K, 5

Rhea— B

Rhode*— L—\. 3— B. 2— S

Rice— L. 2— N, 9

Richie— W—S. 3

Kilcy-L, 2— \— K, 8— S

Ritiker— K

Koadcap^W. 4

Roberts— N

Robertson— W. 3— S— 2

Robinson — L. 2 — B, 5^K, .

Roche— W

Rodenizer — B

Roger*— L, 2

Koop^L

Root— L

Ro»e— L

Ko»en-\V— S

Rosf— L, 2

Rosier — N

Rowan — S

Rowe— W

K'nwsey — B — S

Ruble— L

Riicker — K

Riidaiil— S

Ruff-L. 3— N. 2

Riiffner— L

Ruley— K. 3

Rtinkle— W, 2

Sale-S. 3

SanHrid({e — W

San(ord-W

Sarver — B, 3

Satmder* — S

Savillc-B, 7

Scoii-N-B. 7— S

Seal-L

Seale-L

Scay— B— 2

5>«cri«t— S

Seehert-K. 2

Selph— S

Senjabaugh- K, 11— W. 11

Scrrctt— VV. 2

Seymour — N

Shafer— N. 7— B

Shaner — X, 4

Shaw— K— S— W, S

Shchntan — S

Shchon— S

Sheppard — S, 2

Sheridan — L,

Shcwey — K, 2 — S

Shields— L. 3— S. 3

Shiffleit— L

Ship|) — L

Shoemaker — L. 2 — S, 2 — K

Short— B. 2— N, 4— B

Shoulder — X — K

Show-alter — L, 2

Shiicy — K

Siler— B-X

Simbrew — W

Simpson — L

Siron — B, 2

Slough — X, 6

Slusscr — L

Sniallw<x)d — W

Smcdlcy — L

Smiley— \V. 4— S. 2

Smith-L. 8-N. 7— B. 2-K. 6-W-S. 5

Smithson — L

Snead-W

Siiidcr-L. 4-K. 5-\V. 2— S. 6

Snow — L

Snyder— X—W. 2

Sorrells— L. 2— X— S. 2

Snulherland — W

Spicer — X

Spillman — L

Spitler— K

Starke— X, 2

Slalon— X— K— S. 3

Steele— L. 2-S. 2-X— K

Slerretl— X — K— S, 3

Steven* — L — X

Stone-W

Stoner-X. 2-K-\V-S '

Strain— W

Straiib— L. 6— S. 3

Straiisburg — K

Stryker— S

Siuarl-W. 3

Sullivan — L — X

Supingcr — X — W

PRESENT SURNAMES

395

Suthers — S, 5

Swann — W

Swan son — N

Swartz — N, 2

Sweet— S—W

Swink-L, 2— N— B, 5— W— S

Swisher-L-X-K, 3— W, 10-S, 2

Switzer — L

Swope — L — S

Tankersly — L, 2

Tardy— N, 3— B, 2— K

Taylor— X—B, 2— K— W, 2— S, 4

Teaford— K, S

Templeton— L — S

Terrell— W

Thomas— B, 2— L— N— W

Thompson— L, 3— N, 3— B, 3— K— W, 2

Thornhill— N

Tolley— L, 9— N, 3— B-K, S—W, 3

Toman — S, 2 — W, 2

Topping — S, 3

Trevey— N, 2

Tribbett— B, 5

Troxell— W, 4— K— S

Trolan — L

Truslow — L, 2

Trussell — K

Tucker — L, 2

TurnbuU — L '.

Turpin — B, 3

Tutwiler — W

Tyler— S

Tyree-S. 3— L, 2— K— W

Vaden — S

V'anDevaner — K

Van Devaner — B

Van Dervcer — K, 3 — W

\'an Leer— W

Vanness — B, 5

Varner — L, 2

Vaughan — L

Vess— B, 6

Vest— X, 2— K, 4— W, 2

Waddell-L

Wade— W, 11— S, 3— L, 2— B— K

Walker— L, 5-N, 2— W, 9

Wallace— N, 4— I^S

Walters— W. 2

Walton— S

Ward— W— S

Warficld-L

Warren— X, 2

Wash— K,

Watkins— N,

Watts— N, 12— W, 3— L

Wayland — L

Weade — B

Weaver— L, 2— W

Webb— B— W

Weeks— K, 2— S, 3

Weinberg — L

Weiss — S

Wells— N

Welsh— L, 2— S, 2— K, 3

West— B, 2

Wheeler— W

Whipple— W, 2

White— L, 6— B— W

Whitesell— X, 2— W, 2— S, 4

Whitmore— L, 3— X— K, 2— W— S, 3

Whitney — S

Whiteside — K

Wilfong— W

Wilhelm— B, 6— K, 8

Wilkenson — L

Wilkerson — L

Williamson — S, 2

Wills— L,

Wilmer— X— S, 2

Wilsher— N

Wilson— L. 2— X. 5— B. 3— K. 8— W, 2-

S, 5
Wines — L — N
Wise— S

Wiseman — W, 2 — S, 4
Withers— S

Wi throw— L. 2— W, 5- K
Witt— L

Womclsdorff— L. 3— W
Wood— B— 3
Woods— K
Woodson — N
Woodward — L, 2
Wool f oik— N
Worley— X, 2
Worth— B—N
Wray— L
A'ancey — S
Yarbro— K
Yost— N
Young — L, 2
Yowcll— S. 3
Zimmerman — W, 4
Zollman— L, 3— N, 3— B

SECTION IX
MILITIA OIFICERS. PRIOR TO 1816

Note: D— deceased; res — resigned; ref. — refused; v. — in place of. A star
following a date indicates the year of cnnimission. A date without a star indi-
cates nomination only, no record of suhsecjucnt qualification appearing in the
order-books. But nomination was usually followed by qualification.

Adams, James— captain v. John McCown, 1815.

Adams, Robert — ensign, 1807.

Alexander, Andrew— lieutenant of cavalry under Alexander Shields, v. William
Caruthers. 1803.

Alexander, James— captain in First Battalion, 1794.

Alexander, James of John — lieutenant under Campbell, 1809.

Alexander, John — lieutenant, 1799.

Alexander, Joseph — lieutenant colonel, 1793.

Alexander, William— captain in First Battalion v. James Finlcy, 1805.

Allen, James — lieutenant in First Battalion v. John Bratton, 1800.

Allen. Joseph — major v. Uavid Tcmpleton, 1811.

Anderson, Robert — captain v. Samuel Houston, 1803 — res. 1807.

Bailey. William L.— captain v. William Wilson, 1795— res. 1801.

Barclay, Klihu— captain v. Hugh Barclay, 1796— D, 1802.

Blair, Joseph— lieutenant v. John McMullcn, 1807

Bradford, Hugh— captain of new company in Second Battalion. 1794— res. 1806.

Brallon, John— captain in Second Battalion, 1793.

Bratlon, John — lieutenant in First Baltaliim, 1794.

Bratlon, Robert— lieutenant v. William Klliott, 1812.

Brown, Preston — captain of rifle company, 1797.

Brownlee, Isaac— lieutenant, 1806.

Brownlee, William— «najor in First Battalion, 1794 — res. 1796.

Buchanan. James — captain, 1784.

Burks. U-»nd<pn— ensign v. Joseph Paxton, 1815.

BnrkK, Samuel— Fnsign under John Croddy, 1812.

Burks, Samuel C— lieutenant under Henry Sailing, 1815.

Cail, David— ensign, 1812.

Campbell, Alexander— captain in Second Battalion, 1793.

Campbell. Alexander— lieutenant v. William Alexander, 1805

CamplKll. Alexander— lieutenant— rei. 1796.

Campbell, Charles — captain— 1784.

Campbell. Hugh— lieutenant v. Samuel Wilson, 1795

Campbell, Robert— ensign under John Dixon, 1809.

Carrick, Samuel— lie'itenant under Thomas Ocheltree, 1W10

Caruthers, Jame»— capuin, 1794— res. as major, 1805.

Caruthers. James — lecond lieutenant, 1815.

Caruthers, John— captain in Second Battalion, 1794

Caruthers, Joseph— lieutenant in Second Battalion v. James Cunningham, —res 1797
(1800).

MILITIA OFFICERS PRIOR TU 1816 397

Caruthers, William— lieutenant of cavalry, 1795 — res. 1803.

Caruthers, William, Jr.— ensign v. Matthew White, 1815.

Chandler, John — lieutenant v. John Alexander, 1801.

Cloyd, Andrew — ensign in First Battalion, 1793.

Chandler, Samuel — cornet v. Joseph Grigsby, 1803.

Cloyd, David — lieutenant — 1802.

Cloyd, Joseph — ensign under Thomas Ocheltree, 1805.

Crawford, Thomas — ensign in Second Battalion v. James Wilson, 1797.

Croddy, John — ensign under Henry Sailing, 1811.

Culton, Joseph — lieutenant under John Stuart, 1805 — res. 1815.

Culton, Patrick — lieutenant v. Henry Stuart, 1803.

Culton, Robert — ensign in Second Battalion, 1793.

Cummins, Samuel — ensign v. James McKnight, 1800.

Cunningham, Andrew — ensign v. Thomas Welch, 1797.

Cunningham, James — lieutenant in Second Battalion, 179-1 — res. 1797.

Cunningham, John — ensign v. Robert McCampbell, 1803.

Cunningham, William — captain, 1813.

Davidson, John — lieutenant, 1813 — res. 1815.

Davidson, Robert G. — captain v. Hugh Wilson, 1808.

Davidson, Robert G. — lieutenant v. William Logan, 1815.

Davidson, William — lieutenant, 1787.

Dixon, John — captain v. James McKnight, 1805.

Donald, Blair — ensign, 1805.

Donald, William B. — lieutenant under Dixon, 1806.

Dorman, Cornelius — captain — 1806.

Douglass, William — ensign, 1812.

Dryden, Samuel — lieutenant v. William Gilmore, 1802.

Dunlap, William — captain in First Battalion v. John Gay, 1801.

Edmondson, David — major in First Battalion, 1793.

Edmondson, David — captain in Second Battalion, 1794.

Edmondson, David — lieutenant in new company, 1812.

Elliott, James — captain, 1784.

Elliott, James — lieutenant v. James Allen, 1803.

Elliott, William — ensign under William Dunlap, 1806.

Finley, James — captain, 1803 — res. 1805.

Gay, Archibald — ensign, 1792.

Gay, John — major — res. 1803.

Gilkeson, Henry — ensign v. Andrew Hodge, 1803.

Gilmore, James — captain v. Thomas Ocheltree, 1809 — res 1815.

Gilmore, John — lieutenant colonel, 1778.

Gilmore, John — captain, 1784.

Gilmore, William — captain v. William Hutton, 1811 — res. 1815.

Gray, David — captain, 1784.

Greenlee, James — ensign in Second Battalion, 1794.

Greenlee, Samuel — ensign — res. 1802.

Grigsby, Elisha — cornet under Lyle, 1811 — res. 1815.

Grigsby, Joseph — cornet — res. 1803.

Grigsby, Reuben — captain of cavalry, Third Regiment, 1815.

Hall, James — captain, 1785.

398 A IIIMUKV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIKOI.MA

Hall. NaUunicI— €nsign— 1786.

Hall, William — lieutenant v. James Allen, 1801.

Hamilton, Archibald — ensign, 1787.

Hamilton, William^aplain, 1787.

Hanna, Alexander— lieutenant v. Isaiah McBride, 1805.

Harldnt, Samuel— captain v. David Lusk, 1805.

Harper, Samuel — lieutenant of new coni|>any in Second Battalion, 1796.

Hays, Qurles C. — third lieutenant, 1815.

Hickman, Jacob — captain — res. 1811.

Hodge, Andrew— ensign in Second Battalion v. Hugh Campbell, 1797.

HoflTman, Daniel — ensign v. Isaiah Kincaid, 1805.

Hoffman, captain, res. 1815.

Hopkins, David — ensign in Light Infantry, 1815.

Hostetter, John— ensign— res. 1815.

Houston, James — lieutenant in First Battalion, 1794.

Houston, John — ensign, 1805.

Houston, Rohcrl — captain of Flying Artillery, 1815.

Houston, Robert — ensign, 1812 — ref.

Houston, Samuel — major, 1803 — res. 1805.

Houston, William — lieutenant v. James Leech, 1805.

Hutchinson, David — ensign — res. 1815.

Hutchinson, Robert — enAign v. Hugh Stuart, 1800.

Hutton, William — captain — res. 1811.

Imne, John — lieutenant v. Andrew Wallace, 1815 — ref.

Jameson, John — captain v. William Hamilton, 1878.

Jameson, Robert— <nsign under William Dunlap, 1805.

Jenkins, William — lieutenant under John Davidson, 1815.

Johnston, James — lieutenant v. William Wilson, 1811.

Jjahnston, Zachariah — ensign — res. 1797.

Jordan, James — second lieutenant v. John McCampbcll. IRll

Jordan, John — first lieutenant v. Reuben Grigsby, 1815

Kennedy, James — ensign in First Battalion, 1794.

Keys. Samuel — lieutenant in Second Battalion, 179J.

Kincaid. Kaiah — captain v. Samuel llarkins. lWy>— res. 1811.

Kirkpatrick, Cliarles— <aptain v. Hugh Weir, 1795.

Lapsley, Joseph — lieutenant v. Alexander Shields. I7R8.

Leech, James — lieutenant of new company, 1797 — res. 1805.

I«ech, John — ensign v. John Hostetter, 1813.

Leech, John, Jr. — lieutenant under Hugh WiUnn v, Robert Davidson, 1806.

Letcher, John — ensign v. Sylvanus Rollison, 1815.

I.eyhurn, Jnhn— captain of artillery — 1806.

Lindsay, Rol>ert— lieutenant v. William Hall, 1802.

Lindsay, James — captain v. John Gilmore, 1815.

Lusk, David — lieutenant in Second Battalion v. Andrew Weir, 1797.

Lyie, Archibald— second lieutenant v. Andrew Alexander, 1797.

Lyie, James — major — 1813.

I.yle, William— ensign, 1803.

Mackey, Janie« — second lieutenant of l.iKht .\rlillcry— res. 1815.

Mackcy, William— lieutenant in Second Battalion, 1793.

MILITIA OFFICERS PRIOR TO 1816 399

Maxwell, Audley — lieutenant in Second Battalion, 1794.

McAllister, Charles — captain in First Battalion v. Preston Brown, 1797.

McBride, Isaiah^lieutenant v. Samuel Patterson, 1800.

McCalpin, Robert — icaptain v. Jacob Hickman, 1811.

McCampbell, James — captain in First Battalion, 179-1 — res. 1797.

McCampbell, John — second lieutenant in Lyle's cavalry, 1806 — res. 1811.

McCampbell, Robert — lieutenant v. William Hutton, 1803.

McCampbell, Samuel — ensign in Second Battalion, 1794.

McClung, Benjamin — ensign v. James Paxton, 1813.

McClung, Henry — captain of artillery v. Thomas L. Preston, 1812.

McClung, James — captain, 1798 — res. 1803.

McClung, Joseph — lieutenant v. James Lyle, 1800.

McClung, William— lieutenant— 1788.

McClure. John of John — lieutenant v. William Walker, 1815.

McCorkle, Alexander— captain v. James Tenipleton, 1811.

McCorkle, Samuel — ilieutenant v. William Paxton, 1812.

McCown, John — captain v. Robert .\nderson, 1807 — res. 1815.

McCrory, William — lieutenant, 1798.

McCue, Cyrus — ensign v. Robert Houston, 1812.

McDowell, James — colonel commandant, 1796

McDowell, Samuel — colonel, 1778

McElheny, John — major, 1785.

McKee, John — captain in First Battalion, 1793.

McKee, John — lieutenant of Rifles, 1794.

McKee, John T.— lieutenant, 1808.

McKee, William — colonel commandant — res. 1796.

McKnight, James — captain v. James McClung, 1803 — res. 1805.

McMullen, John — captain of light infantry v. William Wallace, 1807.

McXabb, Samuel — lieutenant, 1787.

McN'abb, William — lieutenant in Second Battalion, 1794.

Miller, Henry — captain v. James Gilmore, 1815.

Miller, Samuel — ensign v. William Gilmore, 1811.

Montgomery, John — lieutenant v. Robert Bratton, 1815.

Montgomery, Robert — lieutenant in First Battalion, 1793.

Montgomery, Robert — ensign in Second Battalion, 1794.

Montgomery, Samuel — second lieutenant of light artillery v. James Mackey, 1815.

Moore, Alexander — lieulciiant in Lyle's rifle company, 1801 — res. 1813.

Moore, Andrew — lieutenant colonel, 1787.

Moore, David — lieutenant — 1786.

Moore, Hugh — ensign, 1805.

Moore, John — ensign under Hugh Wilson, 1806.

Moore, Joseph — captain, 1785.

Moore, Samuel — captain, 1795— res. 1797.

Moore, Samuel McI). — ensign v. James Taylor. 1815.

Moore, William — captain, 1784.

Moore, William — ensign v. John Hostcttcr, 1815.

Moorhead, John — ensign v. William Wallace, 1806.

Ocheltree, Thomas— captain v. Elihu Barclay, 1803 — res. 1809.

Patterson, Samuel — lieutenant v. .Mexander Wardlaw, 1797.

400 A mSTORV OK BOCKDRIDCE COL'NTV, VIKGINIA

Patton, Alexander — ensign v. William Alexander, 1803.

Paxlon. Alexander— second lieutenant, 1815.

Paxton, Jaine»— captain of rifle company v. James Lyie, 1813.

Paxton, James— ensign — res. 1815.

Paxton. John— captain. 1784— D. 1787.

Paxton, Jonatlian^nsign v. John Letcher. 1815.

Paxton, Joseph— caiitain, 1812 — res. 1815.

Paxton, Joseph — ensign v. Samuel C. Uurks, 1815.

Paxton, Joseph, Jr. — lieutenant v. Joseph Walker, 1806.

Paxton, Thomas — lieutenant v. Alexander Campbell, 17%.

Paxton, William — major in Second Battalion, 1794.

Paxton, William — captain in new company, 1812.

Poage, Jonathan — captain in First Battalion, 1793.

Poague. Jonathan — lieutenant in Second llattalion, 179A.

Porter, William— lieutenant. 1803.

Preston, Thomas L. — captain of artillery v. John Leyburn, 1806.

Reid, Samuel McD— captain v. Daniel Hoffman, 1815.

Rhea, James— ensign, 1815.

Robinson, William — captain v. Hugh Bradford, 1805.

Rogers, Allery — lieutenant v. Samuel Wilson, 1812.

Rogers, .Andrew — ensign v. Allery Rogers, 1812

Rollison, Sylvanus— ensign, 1811 — res. 1813.

Ruff, John— ensign, 1809— ref.

Sailing. Henry — captain v. Joseph Paxton. 1815.

Sailing, Hugh— ensign v. Hugh Paxlon, Jr., 1806.

Scott, Andrew — lieutenant in Second Battalion, 1794.

Scott, Jesse— ensign v. William B. Donald, 1806.

Seacott, Charles — captain in Second Battalion v. Elihu Barclay, 1802.

Shields, Alexander — captain of cavalry. 1795.

Shields, David — lieutenant v. John McKee, 1798.

Shields, William — cornet v. Elihu Grigsby, 1815.

Simons, John — lieutenant, 1797.

Sissons, James — lieutenant under Thomas Ocheltree, 1803.

Sloan, John — ensign v. Joseph Blair, 1807 — res. 1815.

Smiley, Daniel— lieutenant v. .Mexandcr Moore, 1813.

Steele, William-colonel, 1788.

Stuart, Hugh— lieutenant v. .Alexander Walker, 1800.

Stuart. John— captain in First Battalion. 1794 — res. 1800.

Stuarl, John — ensign v. William Walker, 1796.

Stuart, John, Jr.— lieutenant in Second Battalion. 1793.

Stuart. Walker — lieutenant v. Joseph Culton, 1815.

Tate, John — ensign v. John Taylor, 1809.

Taylor James — ensign — res. 1815.

Taylor, William — lieutenant, 1815.

Tedford. James — carrtain in First Battalion v James McCampbell. 1797— res. 1803.

Tedford, John— captain, 1784.

Tedford, Robert — lieutenant in Second Battalion, 1793.

Trmplelon. David— major v. James Carulheri, 1805— res. 1811.

Templeton. James— captain v. David Templeton, 1805 — res. 1811.

MILITIA OFFICERS PRIOR TO 1816 401

Walker, Alexander — captain v. John Stuart, 1800.

Walker, John— ensign, 1809— ref.

Walker, John C — ensign v. Walker Stuart, 1815.

Walker, John M. — lieutenant under Jacob Hickman, 1806.

Walker, Joseph — ensign under Jacob Hickman, 1809.

Walker, William, Jr. — lieutenant v. John McCown, 1807 — res. 1815.

Wallace, Andrew — lieutenant v. Daniel Hoffman, 1811 — res. 1815.

Wallace, William — lieutenant under Samuel Harkins v. Isaiah Kincaid, 1806 — D, 1807.

Wardlaw, Andrew — lieutenant in First Battalion, 179-1 — res. 1797.

Weir, Andrew — lieutenant under Windle, 1795 — res. 1797.

Weir, Hugh — captain in Second Battalion — ^res. 1795.

Welch, Benjamin — ensign, 1815.

Welch, John — ensign, 1802.

Welch, Thomas — ensign in Second Battalion, 179.1 — res. 1797.

White, Matthew — ensign v. David Hutchinson, 1815 — ref.

White, Nathaniel — first lieutenant, 1815.

White, Robert — first lieutenant v. Henry McCIung, 1812.

Wiley, Joseph — ensign v. Samuel McCampbell, 1797 — res. 1801.

Wilson, David — major v. Samuel Houston, 1805 — res. 1813.

Wilson, David — ensign in First Battalion — res. 1795.

Wilson, Hugh — captain of new company, 1797 — res. 1805.

Wilson, Hugh of Thomas — lieutenant v. William McNabb, 1795.

Wilson, James — captain in First Battalion, 1793.

Wilson, James — ensign in Second Battalion, 179-^ — res. 1797.

Wilson, John — major in First Battalion v. William Brownlee, 1796.

Wilson, John — ensign v. Thomas Wilson, 1812.

Wilson, Joseph — ensign, 1813 — res. 1815.

Wilson, Samuel — lieutenant, 1786 — res. 1795.

Wilson, Samuel — lieutenant v. Alexander Hanna, 1811.

Wilson, Thomas — ensign v. Joseph Wilson, 1815 — res. 1815.

Wilson, William — captain in Second Battalion, 179-1 — res. 1803. ,

Wilson, William — captain v. James Allen, 1811.

Wilson, William — ensign, 1815. ,

Windle, captain— 1795.

Withrow, John — ensign in Grenadier Company, 1794.
Woods, James — lieutenant v. John Dixon, 1805.
Woods, James — ensign under Thomas Ocheltree, 1809.
Young, Andrew — ensign v. Alexander Hanna, 1805.
Young, James — lieutenant v. John Dixon, 1805.

SECTION X
SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION

Backhouse, Joseph — died in service. 1777 — Thomas Steele, executor.

Beattie, John— killed at Knig's Mountain, 1780.

Berry, Thomas — in ex|Kdition against the Cherokees, 1778.

Borden, James — Judith, widow, had pension o( 10 |>ounds, 17%.

Bradley, William— bom, 1759 — sergeant in Seventh Virginia under Buford— had 13
wounds in the Waxliaw massacre — pension of $00 a year, 1788 — many signers to his
application for increase, 181 S.

r.unton, Alexander— given pension, 1787 — living in Ohio, 1812.

Caldwell, John— disabled and drawing pension of $^0, 1788.

Campbell, James.

Carr. Richard — Margaret, widow, was drawing $40 a year. 1792— ^letitions Assembly
for increase — children: David (born 1775), Margaret (born 1777), Robert (born 1779).

Caruthers, John — lieutenant

Cuddy, James — in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

Davidson, John.

Dryden, Nathaniel- killed at King's Mountain.

Dunn. James — married Martha Long— came to Rockbridge about 1762 — in Clarke's ex-
|)edition, 1778.

Dunn, Samuel — son of above — captain.

Edmondson — three of this name killed at King's Mountain.

Erwin (or Ervine), John — born about 1755 — in Fourth Virginia under Colonel Haws —
in Vorktown campaign — served against the Indians, 1781-3 — in 1818 asks a balance due him.

Fcnter (or I'liider). Frederick — l)orn 1700 — served under Uuford — wounded at G'.iil-
ford— asks Assembly for pension, 1816.

Forehand, John — died 1R3K — wife, Rebecca, whom he married 1785, was born 1756.

Fulton, Andrew — 13 wounds at Guilford, but lived to old age and served in Assembly.

Fulton, Hugh — major — in battle of Guilford.

Gilmore, James— captain.

Gray, Captain.

Graham, William — captain.

Greiner, John — captain in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

Grigsby, William — wounded at Guilford.

Hall. James— captain.

Hays, John— captain.

Henderson. Samuel — under Greiner in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

Hosteler. I'Irich— born 1749— pensioner, 1832.

Houston, Samuel, Sr. — major.

Houston, Samuel— in battle of Guilford.

HiiKhcs. John— i>en»ioner — clied 1851 — children: Cynthia (Giles county, Tenn.), Hannah
(Floyd county), Edward <Ohio), Polly, Rcl>ecca, Susan, and Wildcy in Rockbridge. Cyn-
thia and Haniuh married Tankersleys, Susan, a McCrory.

Kinir, John — born 1765— thigh broken at Yorktown, where he was serving under Captain
Chartei Calloway — ask* for pension, 1818,

SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 403

Kirkpatrick, Samuel — born about 1759 — wounded at Guilford.

Logan, James — three years in Twelfth Virginia under Colonel Wood.

Lyle, William — lieutenant.

Lyons, William — killed in service — wife, Mary — children: William (born 1776), John
(born 1778), Peter and Paul (born 1781), Ephraim (born 1783).

Malcolm, James — servant to Andrew Alexander.

Mathews, Sampson — colonel.

Mathews, George — colonel.

McClure, Robert — in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

McCorkle, James — ensign — killed at Cowpens.

McCorkle, John— ensign — died of wounds received at Cowpens.

McCown, Joseph — served against the Indians, 1777-8, and in Yorktown campaign — asks
for pension, 1818.

McDowell, Samuel, Sr. — colonel.

McGier, Samuel — in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

McKee, William.

McLaughlin, James — in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

McNutt, Robert — mortally wounded at Cowpens.

McNutt, Alexander.

McNutt, William.

McNutt, George — said to have been in battle of King's Mountain.

Moody, William — born about 1743 — in Eighth Virginia Continentals — wounded near
Amboy and at Brandywine, captured at Charleston — asks Assembly for relief, 1812, Dr.
Campbell saying he is "a good deal cut and hacked" — General James Wood says he is entitled
to land bounty.

Moore, William.

Paul, Audley, Sr. — in military service from 1745 to the close of the Revolution and re-
ceived no pay — .'\udley, Jr., his youngest son, asks for pension, 1839.

Plunkett, Thomas — came out of the Revolution with his constitution impaired — keep-
ing a small shop, 1816, and through ignorance of the law, fined for selling liquor — quit selling
it, but cannot pay his fines without selling his house in Lexington — petition to .Assembly has
many signers — granted $60 a year pension, 1817 — wife Polly — died 1831.

Reardon — under Captain .^dam Wallace in Seventh Virginia — six wounds at Waxhaw —
six children and asks, — about 1815, — for an increase in pension above his present allowance
of $40.

Ritchy, William — in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

Robinson, John.

Russell, Samuel— <died 1832 — wife Hannah, horn 1787.

Stuart, Alexander — wounded at Guilford.

Taylor, John — killed in service.

Taylor, Caufield — taken prisoner.

Thomas. James — clerk to Captain Greiner in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

Valentine, James — in Cherokee expedition, 1778.

Vineyard, George.

Wallace, Adam — captain in Buford's Continentals— killed at Waxhaw.

Wallace, Andrew — captain — killed at Guilford.

Wallace. died of smallpox in service.

Ward, William.

404 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Waikins, William — »er\-cd under Captain William A rmi stead— asks (or pension, 1&28.

Watkins, John — died 1IU8 — children: Harriet, Poly. Paulina, Eliia. married, respectively,
Isaac Thomas. John Wilchcr, Lewis Collins, James Withrow. Harriet lives on the Kanawha.
Paulina in Last Tennessee.

Wier (or Wear), Samuel— bom about 1750— married Mary Thompson— at King's
Mountain.

Wilhelm, Michael — came from Germany alx>ul 1764. at the age of seven — witnesses in
pension claim : Adam Unroe, Richard Morris. William Winti.

Wilson, James — right arm nearly stiff from wound received froir. the Mohawks in 1763
— volunteered in 1777 — had 10 jtounds pension a year under colonial rule, but lost it after
independence came — petitions Assembly, 1811.

SECTION XI
ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

The following officers and men were mustered into the service of the Con-
federate States at Staunton, Va., on the 11th day of May, 1861:

Capt. W. N. Pendleton, Brigadier General. Chief Artillery A. N. V., paroled at Appo-
mattox.

1st Lieut. J. B. Brockenbrough, wounded 1st Manassas, Capt. Baltimore Artillery
A. N. V.

2nd Lieut. Wm. McLaughlin, Capt. Lieut.-Col. Artillery.

2nd Lieut. W. T. Poague, Capt., Lieut.-Col. Artillery A. X. V., wounded at 2nd Cold
Harbor, paroled at Appomattox.

1st Serg. J. McD. Alexander. Lieut. Rockbridge .'\rtillery, entered Cavalry.

2nd Serg. J. Cole Davis, Lieut. Rockbridge .A.rtillery, wounded Port Republic, paroled at
Appomattox.

3rd Serg. Arch. Graham, Lieut and Capt. Rockbridge .\rtillery, paroled at Appomattox.

PRIVATES

Agner, Jos. S., killed at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862.
Ayres, Jas., discharged for physical disability, Aug., 1861.
Ayres, N. B., deserted, went into Federal Army.
Anderson, S. D., killed at Kernstown, March 23. 1862.
Beard, John E., killed at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862.
Beard, W. B., died from eflfects of measles, summer of 1861.
Bain, Sam'l.

Brockenbrough. W. N., Corp., transferred to Baltimore Light Artillery.
Brown, W. M., Corp., Serg., Lieut., wounded and captured at Gettysburg.
Bumpus, W. N., Corporal, paroled at Appomattox.
Conner, Geo., arm broken by stallion, absent after winter of 1861-2.
Conner, Jas. A., wounded at Sharj)sburg and Gettysburg, took the oath in prison —
joined Federal Army and fought in northwest.
Conner, John C, paroled at Appomattox.
Coffee, A. W.

Craig, John B., paroled at Appomattox.
Crosen, W.

Curran, Caniel, died of disease in summer 1862.
Davis, Mark, deserted.
Davis, R. G., died from disease in 1861.
Doran, John, wounded at Malvern Hill 1862, disabled.
Dudley, R. M.

Ford, Henry, discharged after one year.
Ford, Jas. A., wounded.

Gibbs, J. T., Jr., wounded at Port Republic. June 22, 1862, died from disease.
Gold, J. M., captured at Gettysburg and died in prison.
Gordon, W. C.
Harris. Alex., captured at Gettysburg, died in prison.

406 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIROIN'IA

Harris, Bowlin, captured at Gettysburg, kept in prison.
Hetterick, Ferdinand, discharged after one year,
licnrr, N. S., Corporal, Scrg., paroled at .\p|>oinattox.

Hughes, \Vm., discharged.

Hostetter, G. W., transferred to Infantry.

Johnson, Lawson, died in summer of 1861.

Johnston, \V. F., Corporal, Q. M. Serg., paroled at Appomattox.

Jordan, J. \V.. wounded at 1st Manassas, Corp., Scrg, Lieut., paroled at Appomattox.

I-eopard, Jas., transferred to Car|)enlcr's Battery.

Lewis, Henry P., transferred to Cavalry in spring of 1862.

Lcyburn. John, Lieut. Kock. Arty., Surgeon on Privateer.

Martin. Thomas, wounded, captured at Gettysburg.

McCamiibell, D. .^., died from disease at J. Poague Lackey's, Oak Bank, Rock. Co., Va.,
Dec. 11. 1864.

McCanipbclI, \V. H., paroled at Appomattox.

McCluer. Jno. G . Cor|>oraI Rock. Arty., transferred to Cavalry.

McCorkle, J. B.ixtcr, Corp., Scrg., Lieut , Kock. .\riy., killed .11 Fredericksburg.

Montgomery, W. G., killed at 1st Fredericksburg.

Moore, D. E., Corp., Serg.. w'd Winchester and Malvern Hill, paroled Appomattox.

Moore, Jno. D., Q. M. Scrg., captured after Gettysburg, prsnr. till close war.

Moore, Sam R., mortally wounded at Sharpsburg.

Morgan, G. \V., sick and absent most of time.

O'Rourke, Frank, wounded at Malvern Hill, deserted.

Faxlon, J. Lewis, Serg., lost leg at Kernstown.

Phillips, James.

Pr«jMon, Frank, lost an arm at Winchester, May 2S. 1863. Capt. V. M 1. Co.

Raynes, A. G., detailed as miller.

Rader. D. P., wounded at Fredericksburg. Dec. 13, 1862.

Rhodes, J. K., discharged over age.

.Smith. Joj. S., transferred to cavalry, killed in battle

Smith, S. C, Coriwral. Serg., paroled at .\ppomattox

Smith, Adam, discharged after one year.

Stricklcr, Jas.

Strickler, W. L.. Corporal, Serg.. paroled at Appomattox.

Silvey, James, paroled at Appomattox.

Tharp. Benj. F., transferred to Cavalry in spring of 1862.

Thompson. Jno A., paroled at Apiiomattox.

Thompson, S. G.

Thompkins, J. F., Corporal, detailed in Ordnance Department.

Trevy. Jacob, wounded at Getlv^burg. paroled at Appomattox.

Wallace. John, killed at Kernstown. March 23. 1861

Wilson. S. A.. di*charKed for phv>iral di^.■lbilily. Aug.. '61. joined cavalry.

The following joined the battery after May 11, 1861, dates of enlistment beine given
•« far as known.

Adams. Thos. T., enlisted 1863. discharged, afterwards kil'ed in battle.

Adkins. Blackburn, paroled at Appomattox.

Agner, Oscar W., paroled at Appomattox.

Agner. John, enlisted July 21, 1861.

Agner. Jonathan, En. July 29. 1861. killed at Ut WincheMer May 25. 1862.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

Agner, Sam. S., En. Fall of 1862.

Alexander, Edgar S., En. Sept. 2, 1861, lost an arm at Fredericksburg, 1862.

Alexander, Eugene, Enl. Aug. 23, 1861, w'd at 2nd Manassas, transf'd to Cavalry.

Armistead, Chas. J., paroled at Appomattox.

Arnold, A. E., En. Sept. 1, 1861, Corporal, Asst. Surgeon.

Bacon, Edioe P., paroled at Appomattox.

Bacon, Edloe P., Jr., paroled at Appomattox.

Baldwin, Wm. Ludlow, paroled at Appomattox.

Barger, Wm. G., paroled at Appomattox.

Barton, Dav. R, Enl. June 27, '61, Lieut, in Carpenter's Battery, killed.

Barton, Robert T., Enl. March 7, '62.

Bedinger, G. R., July 9, '61, transferred to Inf. Kid. at Gettysburg, Capt.

Bealle, Jerry T., Enl. Nov. 21, 1861.

Bell, Robert S., Enl. Nov. 19, 1861, killed at Rappahannock Station.

Black, Benj. F., paroled at Appomattox.

Blain, Daniel, Enl., May 21, '61. detailed in Ord. Dept., paroled Appomattox.

Blackford. L. M., enl. Sept. 2, '61. Adjt. 24th Va. Inf.

Boiling, W. H., enl. March 10, '62, Corporal

Boteler, A. R., Jr., enl. March 1, '62, wounded May 25, '62.

Boteler, Chas. P., enl. Oct. 23, '61, transferred to Cavalry.

Boteler, Henry, enl. Oct. 10, '61, Corporal, paroled at Appomattox.

Boyd, E. Holmes, enl. June 28, '61. Transferred to Ord. Dept.

Brooke, Pendleton, enl. Oct. 28, '61, discharged for physical disability.

Brown, H. C, enl. 1862, detailed in Signal Corps.

Brown, Jno. L.. enl. July 23, '61. killed at Malvern Hill.

Brown, Jno. M., enl. Mar. 11, '62. w'd Malvern Hill, paroled .\ppomattox.

Bryan, Edward, enl. Nov. 22, '61.

Burwell, Lewis P., enl. Sept. 21, '61, transferred.

Byers, G. Newton, enl. Aug. 23, '61, Corporal, paroled at Appomattox.

Byrd, W. H., enl. Aug. 15, '61, killed at Kernstown, Mar. 23. '62.

Carson, Wm.. enl. July 23, '61, Corporal, paroled at .Appomattox.

Caruthers, Thornton, enl. Dec. 21, '62.

Chapin, W. T.

Clark, Jas. G., June 15, '62., transferred.

Clark, J. Gregory, enl. July 16, '62, transferred.

Cook, Richard D., paroled at Appomattox.

Compton, Robert K., enl. July 25, '61., paroled at Appomattox.

Conner, Alex., enl. July 23. '61, wnd. May 25, '62 at Winchester, par. Appomattox.

Conner Daniel enl. July 27th, '62.

Conner, Fitz. G.

Conner, Henry G., paroled at Appomattox.

Cox. W. H., enl. July 23, '61.

Craig. Joseph E., enl. March 2, '63.

Crocken, Francis J., enl. March 21, '61.

Dandridge, A. Stephen, enl. i?62, paroled at .'vppomattox.

Darnell, Andrew M., captured at Deep Bottom.

Darnall, Henry T., enl. July 23, '61 , paroled at Appomattox.

Davis, Chas. W., paroled at Appomattox.

Davis M. M., paroled at Appomattox.

407

408 A HISTORY OF ROCKDRtDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

Davif, John E., died from disease June 1864.

nix..n, W. H. H . cnl. July 23, '61, wnd. Dec. \i. '62, paroled at Appomattox.

Dull), C. XJ., cnl. March 3, '62, wnd at Newtown. I'arolcd at .•XpiKjnialtox.

1 ihntjcr, W. H., wdn. at SharpshurR. Transferred to Engineers.

Limiictt. Michael J., cnl. June 15, '61. Wnd. and captured at Gettysburg.

Eppes, W. H., wnd. Sept. "62.

Estill, W. C, paroled at .Appomattox.

Fairfax. Randolph, cnl. .Aug. 10. 'Ol, wnd. at Malvern Hill, killed Ist Fredktg

Friend, Ben. C. M., paroled at Ap|>oniattox.

Fuller, Jno.. enl. July Z3. '61. wnd. at Mai. Hill, killed at 1st Frcdkbg.

Garnett, Jas. M., cnl. July 17, '61, Lieut, on Staff.

Gerardi, Edward.

Gibson, Henry B., enl. May 13. '62.

r,;t^,,n, Jno. T., cnl. Aug. 14, '61.

(ill on, Robert A., paroled at .\ppomatlox.

Gilliam, \Vm. T.

Gilnjer, James M.. paroled at Appomattox.

Gilmore. J. Harvey, cnl. March 7. '62, chaplin.

Ginger, Geo. A., enl. March 6, '62, wnd. at Newtown, paroled at Appomattox.

Ginger, W. L.. enl. March 6, '62. wnd. and captured at Gettysburg, prs. till end war.

Gold. Alfred, enl. July 23, '61. wnd. at 2nd Frcdkbg.

Gooch. Jas. T.. transferred from Engineers 1863, paroled Appomattox.

Goiil, Jno. M., cnl. June 14, '61. Chaplin A. N. Va.. died of fever in service.

Gray. O. P., enl. .Mar. 21, '62, killed at Kernstown Mar. 23. '62.

GrcRory, Jno. M., enl. Sept. 7, '61, wnd. May 25, '62. Capt. in Ord. Dept

Green, Thos., cnl. 1862, transferred

Green, 2^ch, enl. 1862, transferred.

Gross. Chas., enl. July 27. '62.

Hall. Jno. F.. enl. July 23. '61. Died near Richmond. '62.

Hciskcll. J. Campbell, enl. Feb. 9. '62. wnd in 64 paroled at Appomattox.

Hcrndon, Francis T., enl. Mar. 21, '62. killed at Mai. HiM.

Hither. Jno K., cnl. Mar. 17. '62. wnd.

Holmes. Jno. A., enl. March 11. '62.

Houston, Jas. Rutherford, enl. July 23. '61.

Houston. M. W.. enl. Aug. 10. '61. Chaplin A. N V.

Hughes. \Vm.. enl. July 23. '61.

Hummerickhouse, John R., enl. Mar. 28. '62.

Hyde. Edward H., enl Mar. 28, '62, paroled at Appomattox.

John.»on, Thos. E.

Jones, Beverly R., enl. July 3, '61.

Kean, Otho G., cnl. after capture at Vicksburg, paroled at Appomattox.

Kean, \Vm. C, enl. fall "61. transferred

Knick. Wm.. enl. Aug. 11, '62, mortally wnd. at 2nd Frcdkbg.

I^cy, Richard D.

Ucy. Wm. S., enl Mar. 17, '62, detailed Sig. Service. Chaplin.

Ijw«on. Jo«eph, enl. July 20, '63.

I.aw«on, Wm.. cnl. July 20. '63.

I.«athrr>. John P.. paroled at Appomattox.

Ijickey. Jno. H.. enl. July 23. '61. transferred to Cavalry

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 409

Lee, Robert E., Jr., enl. Mar. 28, '62, Lieut, on Staff and Capt.

Lee, Jas. M., paroled at Appomattox.

Letcher, Sam. H., paroled at Appomattox.

Lewis, Jas. P., enl. July 23, '61, wnd.

Lewis, Nicholas 11., enl. June 17, '6L

Link, David, transferred from Rice's Battery.

Luke, Williamson, enlisted Oct, 7, '61, soon transferred to Cavalry.

McAlpine, Jos., enlisted March 3, '62, mortally wounded at 1st Fredericksburg.

McCauley, Jno. E., enlisted July 23, '61, Serg., paroled Appomattox.

McCauley, Wm. H., transferred from Infantry. Corp., killed April 7, '65.

McCIintic, W. S., enlisted October 4, '61, wounded, paroled at Appomatox.

McCorkle, Tazewell E.. enlisted in Hampden-Sidney Co. '61, captured at Rich Mountain,
joined Battalion '64.

McCorkle, Thos. E., enlisted March 9, '62, paroled at .Appomattox.

McCorkle, Wm. A., enlisted July 23, '61, paroled at .Appomattox.

McCrum, R. Barton, paroled at .Appomattox.

McGuire, Hugh H., Jr., enlisted March 10, '62, transferred to Cavalry, Capt.

McKim, Robert B., enlisted July 6, '61, killed at Winchester May 25, '62.

Macon, Lyttleton S., enlisted June 27, '61, Corp., Serg., discharged.

Magruder, Horatio E„ paroled at .Appomattox.

Marshall, Jno. J., paroled at Appomattox.

Marshall, Oscar M., enlisted March 6, '62.

Massie, John Livingston, enlisted May 15, '61. Capt. Artillery, killed.

Mateer, Sam. L., enlisted January 11, '63, paroled at Appomattox.

Maury, Magruder, enlisted in fall of '61, transferred to Cavalry.

Maury, Thos. B., enlisted in fall of '61, detailed in Signal Service.

Meade, Francis A., enlisted November, '62, paroled at .Appomattox.

Merrick, Alfred D., enlisted December 30, '61.

Minor, Chas., enlisted Noveinber 16, '61, transferred to Engineers.

Minor, Carter, N. B. Enlisted July 27, '61.

Minor, Launcelot, wounded Cum. Church.

Moore, Edward A., enlisted March 3. '62, wounded at Sharpsburg, twice at 2nd Cold
Harbor, paroled at Appomattox.

Moore, Jno. H., transferred from Rockbridge Rifles in spring of '61, paroled at
Appomatox.

Moore, Jno. L.. enlisted July 23, '61, wounded.

Mooterspaugh, Wm., enlisted '62, paroled at Appomattox.

Montgomery, Ben. T., transferred from another Battalion, paroled at .Appomattox.

Myers, Jno. M., paroled at Appomattox.

Nelson, Francis K., enlisted May 17, '61, transferred to Albemarle Light Horse.

Nelson, Kinlock, transferred from .Albemarle Light Horse. Disabled by caisson turn-
ing over on him.

Nelson, Phillip, enlisted July 27, '61, discharged by furnishing substitute.

Nicely. Geo. H., enlisted March 7. '62. died from disease, '64.

Nicely, Jas. W., enlisted March 7, '62, deserted.

Nicely, Jno. P., enlisted July 23, '61, wounded at Port Republic.

Otey, Wm. M., enlisted '62, transferred soon after.

Packard, Jos., enlisted July 7, '61, Corp.. Lieut. Ordnance Dept.

Packard, Walter J., enlisted October 23, '61, died summer of '62.

410 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDC.E COUNTY, VIKGINMA

P«Be. Richard C. M.. cnliMed July U, '61. transferred, Capt., Major, Artillery.

I'aKr. K. I'owcll. enlisted May 1, '64, detailed to CoL Carter.

Paine. Henry M.

Paine. Henry R., enlisted July 23, "61. Corp., Scrg., killed at 2nd Manassas.

Paine, Jas. A.

Paxion, Sam. A., enlisted March 7, '62.

Pendleton, Diidlev D, enlisted June 19. "61, Capt. and A. A. Gen. .^rtiIlcry \. N. Va.

Pleasants. Robert A., enlisted March 3, '62.

Pi)llard, Jas. C. Jr., enlisted July 27, '64, paroled at .^ppo^1attox.

Porter. Mouina Ci , enlisted September 24, '61, detailed courier.

Phillips. Chas., detailed in Signal Service.

Pugh, Geo. \V., enlisted March 6. "62, paroled at .Appomattox.

PuRh, Jno. A., paroled at .Appomattox.

Rawlings, Jas. M.

Rentzell. Geo \V.. enlisted July 23, '61, wounded at Kemstown and disabled.

Rohcrtfon, Jno. W., paroled at Appomattox.

Robinson. Aulhiir, enlisted March 28, '(<2. niort.illy wounded at 1st Fredericksburg.

Root, Eraflus C, paroled at .Appomattox.

Ruffin, Jefferson, transferred from another n.ittalion, paroled at .Appomattox.

RuiledRc. Chas. A., enlisted November 3, '61. transferred.

Sanford, Jas., paroled at Appomatox.

Saville, Jno., enlisted July 23. '61. Tr.insferred to Cavalry, died in service.

Shaner. Jos., enlisted July 23. '61, woMntlcfl 1st Fredericksburg, paroled at .Appomattox.

Shaw, Campbell A., paroled at Appomattox.

Shoulder, Jacob M., paroled at Appomattox.

Sinpleron. Wni. F. enlisted June 3, '61, wounded and captured at Fort Republic.

Schammerhom, Jno. G.

Smith, J. Howard, enlisted September 2, '61, Lieut. Ordnance Dept.

Smith, Jas. P.. enlisted July 9. "61, Lieut, and CapL on Staff of Gen. Jackson.

Smith. Jas. Morrison.

Smith. Sun'mcrfield. enlisted September 2. '61, died from disease.

Siu.iri. J. W. C. enlisted M.iv 13. '62. wounded May 25, '62, killed 2nd Fredericksburg.

Strickler, Jas., paroled at Appomattox.

Stuart. W. C. wounded 2nd Cold Harbor, paroled at Appomattox.

Swan. Minor \V . enlisted August IS, "63. p,'>roled at .Appomattox.

Swan, Robert W.

Swi<her, Sam S , paroled at Appomattox.

Swi»her, Geo W.. enlisted March 3, "62. wounded May 25, '62, paroled at Appomattox.

Swi'hrr, Sam. S . paroled at Appomattox.

Tale. Jas. F, paroled at Appomattox.

Taylor. Chas. F.

Taylor, Stephens M , paroled at Appomattox.

Thompson, Ambrose, died July, '64.

Thompson, Lucas P.. enlisted .August 15, '61. p.iroled at Appomattox

Tidball Thos H., enlisted March 3, '62. paroled at Appomattox.

T - Francis H.

T Jas. W, enlisted July 2.1. '61.

Trirr. I^roy F., paroled at Appomattox.

Truehart. Chas. W., enlisted October 24, '61, Corp. Asst. Surgeon

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 411

Tyler, D. Gardner, paroled at Appomattox.

Tyler, Jno. Alex., enlisted April, '65, paroled at Appomattox.

Van Pelt, Robert, enlisted July 23. '61.

Veers, Chas. O., enlisted September 10, '61, transferred to Cavalry soon after.

Vest, Andrew J., enlisted July 23, '61. Discharged.

Wade, Thos. M., enlisted March 7, '62, paroled at Appomattox.

Walker, Geo. A., enlisted July 23, '61, transferred to Carpenter's Battery

Walker, Jas. S., enlisted July 23, '61, transferred to Carpenter's Battery.

Walker, Jno. W., enlisted July 23, '61, transferred to Carpenter's Battery.

Whitt, Algernon S., enlisted August 8, '61, Corp., paroled at Appomattox.

White, Wm. H., paroled at Appomattox.

Williams, Jno. J., enl. July 15, '61, transferred to Chew's Battery.

Williamson, Thos., wnd. at Gettysburg, escaped at Appomattox with cavalry.

Williamson, Wm. G., enl. July 5, '61, Capt. Engineers.

Wilson, Calvin.

Wilson, Jno., enl. July 22, '61, prisoner after Gettysburg, took the oath.

Wilson, Sam. A., enl. Mar. 3, '62, wdn. at Gettysburg, '62. captured, died in prison.

Wilson, Wm. M., enl. Aug 12, '61, Corporal

Winston, Robert B, enl. Aug. 25, '61.

Wiseman, Wm., enl. March 10, '62.

Withrow, Jno., paroled at Appomattox.

Woody, Henry, transferred from Infantry, '64, deserted.

Wright, Jno. W., enl. '64, wdn. and disabled at Spottsylvania Court House.

Young, Chas. E., enl. Mar 17, '62.

SECOND ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

The company was organized at Fairfield, July 10, '61, with Rev. John Miller, captain,
Samuel Wallace, J. A. M. Lusk, and J. C. Dickinson as Licuts., in the order named. At
the reorganization of the army. May 1, '62, J. A. M. Lusk was made captain and W. K.
Donald, Samuel Wallace, and A. J. Hayslett, Lieuts., in the order named. Captain Lusk
resigned June. '63, on account of ill health. W. K. Donald was made captain and served
as such until the end of the war. A. J. Hayslett prior to May 1, '62, served as company
surgeon, and in 1863 wasi made surgeon of the Battalion, and Wm. T. Wilson, then a
member of the Danville Blues of the Eighteenth Virginia Infantry, was selected lieutenant
and served as such till the surrender. After the promotions in consequence of Capt.
Liisk's resignation, Daniel Paxton was elected Lieutenant and continued as such till close
of the war. The battery did much hard service and ranked inferior to none in the
faithful discharge of duty. Owing to capture of a large number of the members of
the company on the morning of April 2, '65, where the Confederate line was first
broken, near the P. & W. R. R., there were only about forty of the company who
surrendered at Appomattox.

The following members served as non-commissioned officers.

Sergeants

Wilson, S. W. Bowman, Jno. Wallace, Ed.

McCormick, Thos. R. Paxton, J. L. Wilson, Jno. A.

Paxton. Jas. P. Strickler, Arch W.

412

A HISTORY OP ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRUIN'IA

Campbell. M R.
Coffey. P. J.
Campbell. Nimrod M.
Hint). Win. U.

Alexander. \V. P.
Allen. \Vm.
Allen. Jas. G.
Barnell. B. F.
Beard. Hugh S.
Bartlcy, Wm.
Bowman, John
Campbell. M. B.
Campbell, Jas. .\.
Campbell, VV. A., Jr.
Campbell, N. M.
Cash, W. H
Cash, Wm.
Coffey, Wm. M.
Crist. Wm. M.
Culton. Z. J.
Culton, Jas. B.
Cupp. J. W.
Decker. H. W.
Doyle. Jno. F.
Drayton. J. E.
Drawbond, J. L.
Durham. Kugene
lutein. J. M.
Drain. L. C.
Ford, Jno. T.
Ford. Wm. A.
Ford. Jas P.
Gaylor. — —
Cash. J. VV.
Cash. John
Cash. B. D.
Cash, Joseph
Cash. Jas. P.
Carver, Valentine
Cave, John
Chandler. Win.
Clemmer. W. L.
nine. Dcwill
Tochran, A. A.
Coffey. P. J.

Corporals

Clemmer, Wm. L.
Jarvis, J. E.
Heslep. Jos. E,
Humphries, Jas. H.

List of Members

Coffey, Marvel
Lawhorn. Wm.
Long, Wm. M.
Lovegrove. Wm.
Ludwick. J.
Lynn. J. C.

Moore,

!k(ann, J. A.
Moran, Nat.
Morris. Dudley
Miller, S. S.
Miller. D. L.
Miller. John
Miller. R. S.
Mecks, J. P.
McCormick, Thos. M.
McCrory. Ed. H.
Goolsby, Wm. C.
Goolsby. Jas.
Gordon. Thos.
Griffm, A. J.
Hamillnn. W. L.
Hamilton, Harvey
llaniillon, Jno. F.
Ilimilton, J. J
ilatiiiltnn, Henry
Hamilton, Geo. J.
He.slep. Joseph
Hcider. Ed. N.
Hite. Jno. M.
Hite. Samuel
Hite. W. N.
Hite, W P.
Hint), W. H.
Holyiian, John B.
Holler, Jacob B.
Mumphries. Jat. H.
Hoylman. George .
Hudhes. J. P.
Hnuchen, ^^^—
iliighes, K. M.

Miller, Richard S.
White. Robert
Hughes. E. M.
Patterson. Wm. D.

Hughes. Calvin
Jarvis, Jas. E.
Johnston, R. W.
Keffer, Henry
Kerr, L. D.
Kerr, W. D.
Jenkins, Churchville
leech. L T.
Leech. J. C.
Sly. Alfred F.
Sly, Adolphus
Smiley, Wm. A.
Lawhorn. Preston
Smiley, Jno. B.
Sorrels, Jos.
Sorrels, Geo.
Steele, Jas. E.
Stricklcr. Arch W.
Taylor, J. Ed
Taylor, Jos.
Taylor. Geo. W.
Tcmpleton, Wm. P.
Templelon, Benj.
Thorn, Job.
McCown, Jas H.
McDowell, Thos. P.
McGuffui, Wm. W.
McGiiflin. S. R.
McManama. Thos. P.
McNutt, Robert
Ott, D. A.
O'Brien, L.
McCrory, Wm. T
Orenbaum. Wm
Painter. Jas. H
Paul, A. J.
Patterson, Wm D
Patterson. Wm. A.
Patterson. John
Paxton, S D
Paxton, Jas. T.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

413

Paxton, Jas. P.
Paxton, Jno.
Paxton, Wm. H.
Paxton, Jas. H.
Paxton, Thos.
Potter, Samuel
Pearl, John
Pugh, Wm.
Pugh, Jas. H.
Risk, John W.
Risk, Jas. P.
Ramsey, Dabney
Selvy, Wm. H.

Shewey, Franklin
Shields, Wm. C.
Shover, Franklin
Sloan, Cooke
Tribbett, R. R.
Tribbett, F. M.
Wallace, .^llbright
Wallace, J. W.
Wallace, Ed.
White, Geo.
White, Robert
White, L. M.
White, John

List of Casualties

Whitesel, J. W.
Whitesel, Z. T.
Wiseman, E. M.
Wine, Jas. A.
Wilson, Jno. A.
Wilson, S. W.
Wilson, Jos. M.
Vess, Mathew
Vess, C. D.
Womeldorf, J.
Wood, Geo.
Withers. Cyrus.

Killed — J. H. McCown, Alleghany Mountain, Dec. 12, '61 ; W. P. Templeton, J. Lud-
wick. Cross Keys, June 8, '62; Adolphus Sly, Chancellorsville, May 3, '63; Preston Law-
horn, Robert Coffey, Bristow Station, Oct. 14, '63 ; Geo. Holyman, Wm. J. Bartley, Geo.
White, Gettysburg July 3, '63; Cyrus Goolsby, Petersburg, July 30, '64; Thos. X. Mc-
Cormick, and John T. Ford, Petersburg, date unknown; John L. Drawbond (the time and
place cannot be recalled) ; James T. Paxton, Franklin Shover and Lieut. Samuel Wallace,
Petersburg, April 2, '65.

Died from wounds — W. H. Paxton, wounded at Strasburg, June 1, '62;

Houchens and — Gaylor, wounded at Cross Keys, June 8, '62; Jas. P. Risk and Jas.

B. Culton, wounded at Petersburg, Va., Oct. 14, '63; A. J. Grillin, wounded at ."Mleghany
Mountain, Dec. 12, '61.

Died from disease — Wm. .'Mien, Jos. Cash, John Cash, Wm. Cash, Marvel Coffey,
Sam Hite, W. N. Hite, Cooke Sloan, and Benj. Templeton. at Staunton, in '61 ; Eugene
Durham, '64 ; Jas. Goolsby, '61 ; Thos. Gordon, '61 ; W. L. Hamilton, at Petersburg, in '65 ;
Ed. N. Heizer, at Charlottesville, June, '65; Wm. Lawhorn, at Staunton, '62; S. S. Miller,
Thos. P. McDowell, at Gordonsville, '62; Wm. Orenbaum, '61; James P. Paxton, in
prison in '63; John Paxton, at Richmond in '62; Jas Steele, at Point Lookout, April, '65; Jno.
White; Cyrus, at Richmond, '62; J. Womeldorf, '61.

Wounded and recovered — Hugh S. Beard, Chancellorsville, May 3, '62; Cooke Sloan,
Alleghany Mountain; Jas. P. Cash and Wm. H. Cash, Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, '62; Wm.
M. Crist, Petersburg, April 2, '65, (lost leg) ; H. W. Decker, '62 Jas. P. Ford, Petersburg,
July 30, '64; Geo. J. Hamilton, Petersburg, April 2, '65; Robert W. Johnston, Petersburg.
'64; Robert McNutt, Spottsylvania, May, '64; D. A. Ott, Strasburg, June 1, '62, (lost arm) :
Thos. Paxton, Strasburg, June 1, "62; Franklin Shewey, Bristow Station, Oct. 14, '63; C.
D. Vess, Cross Keys, June 8, '62, (lost leg) ; Allbright Wallace, Alleghany Mountain,
Dec. 12, '62; Robert White, F. M. Wiseman (lost foot), W. P. Alexander, Valentine
Carver, J F. Doyle. J. J. JIamilton. John M. Hite, J B. Holler, L. D. Kerr, L T. Leech, S.
S. Miller, Arch Strickler, Lieut. W. T. Wilson, Lieut. W. K. Donald, Chancellorsville,
May 3, '63.

ROCKBRIDGE 1ST DRAGOONS, COMPANY "C" 1ST VA. CAVALRY

The following is a list of the dead and living who at any time during the war served
in the company:

Captains. — Matthew X. White, Charles F. Jordan.

414

A HISTORY OK ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

Licuts— John S. Cummings, C. H. Burks, Chas. J. Cameron, L. C. Davidson, John W.
Moore

Scrg.— James P. Goul, W. D. McCorkle, John W. Moore, Samuel C. Mackey, James M.
Lackey, \Vm. B. I'oindexter, S. F. Patterson.

Corporals.— Charles Michie, D. H. Ford. R. K. Estill, N. H. Lackey, James Compton.
Isaac Bare, John M. Dunlap, Robert Barton

Adair, \Vm. H.
Agiior, Samuel
Alixandcr, J no. McD.
Armentrout, Cornelius
Armentrout, Henry
Armentrout, John
Arnold, Harry
Barger, \Vm.
Barclay, ILhhu H.
Bare, Adam
Bare, George
Buckner, K. P.
Bowlin, John P.
Bowlin, Wra. H.
Brockenbrough, \Vm. S.
Chandler, Norborne E.
Chandler, S. T.
Cameron, John H.
Cameron, Geo. H.
Campbell, William
Cooper, Robert
Crigler, Daniel
Cummings, Frank
Davidson, Givens B.
Davidion, Robert G.
Davidson, VVm.
Dixon, Geo. D.
Dixon, J no. J.
Ertingcr, Geo. Wm.
Klhart. Adolph
Figgatt, James S.
Figatt, Chas. M.
Fijher. Jno. .^.
Floyd, Robert K.
Ford, Robert
Fuller, Sam. B.
Gilbert, Ezrkiel
Gilbert, John

PiJ\'ATtS

Glover, Andrew Y.
Gold, John W.
Gold. S. McD.
Goul, Sam.
Graham, E. L.
Greenlee, R. B.
Greenlee, James S.
Greenlee, Marshall
Greenlee, Wm. Wood
Grigsliy, Lucian P.
Gilmore. A. J.
Gold, J as.

Hanger. Augustus T.
Hamilton. John G.
Hamilton. W. W.
Harlan, G. Boyd.
Harlan, Hunter.
Harlan, Silas
Harlan, J. Scott
Harlan, Wilkie H.
Harris, Jas. F.
Hartingan, Wm. P.
Hanger, James R.
Hanger, Michael
Har|)cr, Calvin
Hill. John
Holden. John S.
Holden. Sam. Xt.
Holden. Thos. W.
Johnston, Thos. C.
Johnston, W. J.
Johnston, J. Montgomery
Jordan. I-'rank
Jordan. John J.
Kelly, Jeremiah
Kelly. Jos.
Lam, A. C.
Lackey. Isaac Caruther*

Lackey, James T.
Uird, D. E.
I^ird, John Ewing
Laird, Henry RutTner
Laird, Sam. McKee
Lavellc, Abraham
Leake, Robert Sharp
Leybum, Alfred
Mackey, Philander
Martin, A. J.
Martin, Geo.
Marks, W. H.
McCIintic. John H.
McCorkle. W. P.
McCown, R. McD.
Meade, W. T.
Miller, Benj. F.
Moore. Sam. R.
Moore. Harry E.
Moore. Richard L
Montgomery, Thos. L.
Montgomery, John
Montgomery, B. S.
Montgomery, J. G.
Morrison, R. Culton
Morrison. Robert H.
Morrison, Henry Ruflfncr
McClung, J. McD.
McFaddin. W. H. C.
McGravy. Dennis
McGovern. Thos.
McNutt, Jas M.
Myres, Henry H.
My res, John D.
Nicely, Herckiah
Parry, John McK.
Patton, John A.
Poague, James E.

Note: Thi« list it given without rearrangement or other change from the original m the
ofTice of county clerk at Lexington.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

415

Poague, Jas. W.
Powers, Oliver B.
Pulse, Chas,
Pulse, Jacob
Pulse, Levi
Rader, Zebulon
Rhodes, Jacob N.
Robertson, John W.
Root, Iverson S.
Ruff, Jas. W.
Ruff, John A.
Robinson, Andrew
Sale, Wm. H.
Supinger, Jacob A.

Shafer, Sam. J.
Supinger, Robert
Schindel, Charles
St. Clair, Wm. C.
Scott, T. Lackey
Taliaferro, Peachy R.
Taylor, Wm. H.
Thompson, A. A.
Trevy, A. S.
Trevy, Cyrus A.
Trevy, David A.
Tribbett, W. W.
Turpin, Jas.
Turpin, Nash

Casualties

Unroe, Adam
Wash, Wm. Jas.
Welch, Wm. Luckess
White, Thos. S.
West, John
Wilson, Robert K.
Wilson, Sam. A.
Wilson, Sam. L.
W'ilson, Jos. S.
Wilmore, Jacob H.
Withrow, Jas. M.
Witt, David H.
Wright, John W.
Zollman, John W.

Killed — Wm. H. Adair, at Gettysburg, Pa., July, '63; Wm Barger, at High Bridge,
April, '65; John P. Bowlin, at Gettysburg, July 3, '63; John M. Dunlap, at Gettysburg,
July 3, '63; Jas. S. Figgatt, at Mt. Jackson, Nov. 22, '64; Kzekiel Gilbert at Cannons Farm,
'64; Samuel McKee Laird, at Hawes Shop, '64; Jas. W. Ruff, at Columbia Furnace, '64;
Thos. McGovern, at Buckland, Va., '63 ; Peachy R. Taliaferro, at Hawes Shop, '64.

Wounded — Wm. H. Bowlin, at 1st Manassas, July 21, '61 ; Adam Bare, at Hanover,
Pa., June 30, '63; Geo. H. Cameron, at Mt. Jackson, Nov. 22, '64; Norborne E. Chandler,
at 1st Manassas, July 21, '61 ; Givens B. Davidson, Wm. Davidson, Geo. D. Dixon, at Mt.
Jackson, March 7, '65; D. Houston Ford, Hartwood Church, March '63; S. McD. Gold,
Tom's Brook, '64; Lucian P. Grigsby, at 1st Manassas, July 21, '64; J. Scott Harlan; J. M.
Johnston, at Spottslyvania C. H., May '64 ; Isaac C. Lackey, at Chancellorsville, May '63 ;
N. Harvey Lackey, at Spottsylvania C. H., May, '64; John W. Gold, at Mt. Jackson, March
7, '65; Joseph Kelly, at Kelly's Ford, '63; Robert Sharpe Leake, at Shepherdstown, '63;
Samuel R. Moore, at Front Royal, Aug. 16, '64; W. H. C. McFaddin, near Salem, Fau-
quier Co., '62; John H. McClintic, at Five Forks, Va., April '65; A. J. Martin, at Flint
Hill, Va., '62; Harry E. Moore (twice) at Todd's Tavern, '64 and Mt. Jackson, '64; Jas. W.
Poague, (mortally) Spottsylvania C. H., May 7, '64; A. S. Trevy (mortally) at Yellow
Farm, '64; Robert K. Wilson, at Spottsylvania C. H., March '64; Jacob H. Willmer, at
Front Royal, Va., Aug. 16, '64; Robert K. Estill, at Hawes Shop, '64; Lieut. Jno. S.
Cummings, at Mt. Jackson, Nov. 22, '64; Lieut. Jno. W. Moore, at Tom's Brook, '64; Capt.
C. F. Jordan (twice) at Kelly's Ford, '62; and Tom's Brook, '64; Wm. D. McCorkle, at
Spottslyvania C. H., '64; Wm. B. Poinde.xter, at Munson's Hill, Fairfax Co., '61; Sam. F.
Patterson at Front Royal, Aug. 16, '64; and Robert Barton, at Tom's Brook, '64.

Captured — Jno. McD. Alexander, at Gettysburg; Robert G. Davidson, at Tom's
Brook, '64 ; John A. Ruff, at Tom's Brook, '64 ; Geo. Wm. Effuiger, Rockbridge Co., Va., "64 ;
Jeremiah Kelly, John Ewing Laird, Flint Hill ; Robert Floyd, Mt. Holly, Pa.. Dr. E. L. Gra-
ham, at Spottslyvania C. H.; Jno. W^ Robertson, at Gettysburg; A. J. Martin, at Flint
Hill; H. H. Myres, at Chancellorsville; Isaac Bare, at Hanover, Va. ,

Died of disease — John Armcntrout, '61; John Gilbert, James F. Harris; John Hill, at
home; Sam Goul, near Louisa C. H., '62; Jas. Gold, at Staunton, '61; Philander Mackey,
at home, '62; Hczekiah Nicely, at home; John McKee Parry, at home, '65; Zebulon
Rader, at home, '62; W. P. McCorkle, at Manassas, July, '61; Nash Turpin, at Richmond,
'62; Jos. F. Wilson. Sept., '62; Wm. Wash, at Charlottesville. '62; and Jas. P. Goul. at
Lexington, Va.

416

A HISTORY OF ROCKBKIDCE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

ROCKBRIDGE 2ND DRAGOONS-COMPANY H., UTH VA. CAVALRY

This company was organiied in the lower end of Rockbridge, principally in the
vicinity of Brownsburg, previous to the war, and was mustered into service, April 21, '61.
The ofliccrs at that tunc were: John R. McNutt, Capt. : Robt. McChcsney, 1st Lieut.; John
A. Gibson, 2nd Lieut.; Dr. Z. J. Walker, Jrd Lieut. They were ordered to West N'irginia,
(then \'a.), where Lieut. McChcsney was killed, probably the first N'irginian killed on
\'irginia soil. His tragic death occurcd near St. George, Tucker County. Lieutenants Gib-
son and Walker were promoted to 1st and 2nd Liculs. by the vacancy, and John Y.
Anderson, was made Jrd. Lieut.

At the reorganization in '02, after the first year's service, John A. Gibson was made
CapL; James A. Strain, 1st Lieut; James Archibald Lyie, 2nd Lieut., and James Lindsay,
Jrd Lieut. The company was then doing service in Major William L. Jackson's battalion,
composed of the following companies : Churchville Cavalry, from Augusta County,
Charlotte Cavalry from Charlotte County, and Rockbridge 2nd Dragoons, from Rock-
bridge County.

The Uth Va. Cavalry was organized in January, '63, at Salem, Va , and these three
companies were assigned to it, the Dragoons becoming Company "II." Capt. John A. Gibson
was made Lieut. Col. and promotions were made in the Dragoons as follows: James A.
Strain, Capt.; James Lindsay, 1st Lieut.; William M. Sterrett, 2nd Lieut.; Z. J. Culton,
Jrd Lieut., who died in Salem while the regiment was in winter quarters near that town,
the winter of '62-'6j. A. B. Mackcy was elected to fill Lieut. Culton's place. Lieut.
Lackey was killed near Moorcficid, Hardy County, on the retreat from the burning of
Chambcrsburg, in '64. Wm. N. Wilson was elected to supply the vacancy caused by
Lieut. Mackcy's death. At the surrender the company officers were as follows: Capt.
A. Strain: 1st Lieut. James Lindsay; 2nd Lieut. Wm. M. Sterrett; Jrd Lieut Wm. N.
Wilson.

This company holds undisputed the unique position of having had probably the first
and the last N'irginian killed on N'irginia soil. Lieut. Robert McChcsney was the first,
being bush-whacked in West Va., and James Wilson, and Samuel A. Walker were killed
at ApiKjmatlox on the 9lh of April, "65. In the last charge where the last two named
members of the company "H" were killed, the Federal line was broken and a part of a
battery of Federal artillery captured.

Adams, William
Anderson, W. A. L.
Anderson, Jas. Y.
Anderson. John Y.
Anderson, Jacob H.
Anderson, Robert
Bagley. H. W.
Balser, John
Black, D. S.
Btackwell, William
Rrown. A. M.
liuchanan, Charles B.
Rrownlee, William
Brecdlove, James

LIST OF MEMBERS

Chiltum. Wm. T.
Chittum, John J.
Culton. Z J.
Cullon, Jos. A.
Campbell. John
Davis, Archibald
Davis, J. Wm.
Davis, L. P.
Dice, David
Dice. George W.
Dice, John
Frvin. Andrew
FircbaiiK'h. Henry
Firebaugh. James B.

I'ircbaiiKh. James W.
Ford. Taylor
Ford, Alexander
Fox, James B.
Friend, Isaac
Fiilwiler. Kol>crt
Gibson, J. W.
Gibson, John A.
GibFon, J. Sam.
Glendy, James L.
Green. Henry A.
Green. C. P.
Griener. John H.
Griener, C. C.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

417

Griener, Granville
Hanger, John
Hill, Lorenzo
Houston, W. Howard
Hull, N. B.
Huffman, James H.
Huffman, John
Irvine, Chas. W.
Johnston, John
Kennedy, Joseph
Kennedy, Hugh
Kennedy, David
Kinnear, Joseph P.
Kirkpatrick, John M.
Lackey, W. R.
Lackey, H. A.
Leech, W. B. F.
Lindsay, James
Lindsay, H. T.
Lowman, John
Lyle, Jas. A.
Lyie, Wm. A.
Lyle, John A.
Lockhridge, J:.mes
Letts, Isaac
LuJvvick, Jacob J.
Mackey, A. B.
Mackey, John W.
Mackey, Geo. A.
Mackey, Henry (little)
Mackey, John Henry
Marks, Gideon
Mines, Sam. S.
Morter, John L.
Miller, Ananias J.
Moore, John K.
Moore, A. H.
Moore, A. A.
Morrison, H. Rudd
McBride, J. J.
McClung, B. F.
McClung. D. B.
McClung, James A.
McClung, John T.
McClung, A. A.
McChesney, Robert

McCluer, N. B.
McCutchen, Wm. A.
McCray, David H.
McKensey, John
McMasters, Samuel C.
McNutt, John R.
New Ion, Chas.
Norcross, Geo.
Norcross, Willoughby N.
Ott, James W.
Ott, Frank A.
Palmer, Chris.
Patterson, Cyrus
Parrent, Marion
Patterson, H. W.
Patterson, John
Patterson, Nimrod
Patton, Franklin
Panent, Wm. H.
Patterson, W. L.
Pettigrew, Sam. G.
Piiltz, David
Pa.\ton, Wesley
Paxton, Abner
Paxton, John A.
Piiikerton, Brainard
Pinkerton, Tay
Payne, Harvey
Runnels, W. W.
Runnels, James
Reed, John H.
Rhea, Sam. T.
Strain, Jas. A.
itrain, Sam. P.
Sandridge, William A.
Shaner, Jacob H.
Stoner, John N.
Stoner, D. H.
Sale, W-n. M.
Sale, P. B.
Short, Sam. W.
Sheridan, John
Snider, John N.
Sni'jc, James H.
Scnsab.i'igh, Thos.
Smallwood, Wm. W.

Smiley, James
Smiley, Andrew
Stuart, Alexander
Stuart, S. W.
Stuart, J. G.
Sterrett, Robert
Sterrett, Wm. M.
Sterrett, Sam. W.
Swisher, Daniel
Swisher, James
Taylor, Arch
Taylor, Wm.
Templeton, F. H.
Terrill, H. L.
Terrill, Jas.
Thompson, H. H.
Tribett, John F.
Trevy, Jos.
Vines, Wm.
Wilson, (;. E.
Weir, A. H.
Wilson, Wm. N.
Wilson, 'i hos. M.
Wilscn, M. D.
Wilson, ^am. N.
Wil.uin, John Edgar
Wheal. John W.
Withers, Tames
Withers, H. A.
Whitemore, John H.
Wrigiit, Wm.
Wright, John R.
Wilson, J. Alpheus
Wilson, H. Robert
Welch, John
White, Matthew X.
Walker, William A.
Walker, Cyrus
Walker, Dr. Z. J.
Walker, Alexander Stuart
Walker, Sam. A.
Weir, Sam. H.
Withrow, Arch.
Wilson, Jas.
Wilson, J. Howard

418 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Killed — A. A. Moore: Robert McChesney, bush-whacked, ne«r St. George, Tucker
County, in '61 : Andrew Ervin, at Uratton's Farm ; W. Howard Houston, at Ccdarville,
Va., in '64; Wm. W. Smallwood, at Kich Mountain, W. \'a. ; James Lockridgc, near
\Villianisi>ort, in '6J; Lieut. A. U. Mackcy, at Moorcficld, \V. V°a., in '(A; Sam. A. Walker
and James Wilson, April 9, '65, at A|>i)omattox C. H. ; M. X. White, shot by Hunter's
command near Lexington, while a prisoner, in '64.

Died of disease — William Adams, Samuel B. Anderson, Robert Anderson, Chas. B.
Buchanan, Lieut. Z. J. Culton, (in Salem, Va.) ; J. Wm. Davis, at Monterey, Va.; Wm. B.
Fircbaugh, Henry Firebaugh, Jos. P. Kinnear, Robert Sterret, Alexander Stuart. The
following died in prison: H. W. Patterson, Cyrus Patterson, John Henry Mackc),
Gideon Xiarks, Wm. Brownlee, Franklin Patten, Wm. Blackwell, and John Campbell.
Wesley Paxton, was drowned in the Kanawha Kiver, in '62.

Wounded — Lieut. Wm. N. Wilson, John J. Chittum and Chas. W. Irvine, at Brandy
Station: Lt. Col. John A. Gibson, at Monacacy in 'M; S. H. Weir, Racine, Ohio: Lieut.
Jas. Lindsay, Lieut. Wm. M. Sterrett, Wm. L. Patterson, L. P. Davis, at Cedarville, Va. :
D. B. McClung. near Gordonsville, \'a., Dec. 22, '64; Abner Paxton and Isaac Friend,
near St. George, Tucker Co., W. Va. ; Geo. W. Dice, Jas. Withers and John N. Snider,
storming fort at North Mt. Depot, W. Va. ; B. F. McClung, at Shepherdstown. W. Wi.

COMPANY "C" I4TH VA. CAVALRY

This company was formed in '62 and was made up largely of enlisted men who had
seen service in West Va., as members of the Rockbridge 2nd Dragoons and the
Churchville Cavalry, of Augusta County. These companies exceeded in number army
regulations and it was deemed to form another company of the surplus. This will ac-
count for the fact that some names will appear on the roll of Company "C" and also on
that of Company "H." The Churchville Cavalry was raised in West .\ugusta and '.n
Hithland County.

The following is a list of the dead and living, who at any time during the war served
in the company :

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

Captain William A. Lackey, Rockbridge.

1st Lieut. L. H. Stephenson, of Highland.

2nd Lieuts. Samuel Cochran, of Augusta, and Granville Regar, of Barbour Co., W. Va.

3rd Lieuts. William Allen, of Augusta Co., and .\ndrcw W. Cameron, of Rockbridge.

Orderly Sergeant, .Arthur J. Shafer, of Rockbridge.

Second Sergeant, S. Brown Allen, of Augusta.

Third Sergeant, J. E. Stuart, of Highland.

Fourth Sergeant, J. R. McCuichen, of Rockbridge.

First Cor|>oral, Abe Hoover, of Augusta.

Second Corporal, Jos. M. Runkle, of Augusta.

Third CoriKjral, Jas. W. Spitler, of Augusta.

Fourth Corporal, Irvine W. Runkle, of Augusta.

PRIVATES FROM ROCKBRIDGE

Anderson, Wm. Baltimore, John H. Campbell, William

Ackerly, David CamplKll. R. Granville Dryden, Phil E.

Ackerly. Shanklin Clark. John Fitz|atrick, John

Balscr, John Campbell, Sam. Flint, Jos.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

419

Glover, Andrew
Green, Sam.
Gatcher, W, L.
Hite, John
Houston, William
Irvine, James
Irvine, Maslin
Irvine, John
Irvine, T.
Knick, Alexander
Knick, Richard M.
Kirkp?trick, G. McD.
Kirkpatrick, Jas. L.
Kirkpatrick, Sam L.
Kennedy, Jos.
Kirkpatrick, John A.
Lawhorn, Mat.

Anderson, Perry
Anderson, Edward
Anderson, Wm.
Albright. Andrew
Burton, W.
Cline. Sam.
Echard, Wm.
FLshborne, Geo. W.
Horn, Tas.

Arbogast, Dr. J. E.
Arbogast. John W.
Beverage, Wesley
Cruikshank, John
Cruiksliank, Sam.
Flo>d, Wm. H.
Movd, Edward
Fox, Cha-!. H.
Golt, Levi.
Gum, John E.

Lackey, H. A.
Lackey, Robert
Lackey, J. W.
Lackey, Thos.
Lackey, T. S.
McChesney, Jas. Z.
McHenry, Sam. A.
McMasters, Sam. C.
Marks, Gideon
Xicely, Chas.
Nil ely, Marion
FCeynolds, John
F.anisey, Thos.
.S'lider, John Jack
Snider, .A.ndrew
Snider, Jas.
Snider, John D.

Snidfr, Jos.
S-nid"'. David
.Sheri'lan, John
Teaford, Daniel
Tnbhett. John F.
Tribett, Mat.
Vest, Sam.
Vest, John
Wilson, J. Howard
Wilson, Thos.
Wilson, Frank
Wilson, Jas.
Wilmore, Jas.
Wilmore, Andrew
Wilson, Alfred
West, James
Zollman, Alex.

PRIVATES FROM AUGUSTA

Jones, John H.
Spitler, Jas.
Spitler, B.
Spitler, P.
Spiilc-r. S.
Lon.-T, Jas. C.
Landes, David
McCutchen, Robert
McCutchen, Wm.

Mann, John
Mann, Chas.
Newlin, Chas.
Newman, Lot
Sillings, Dick
Stoier, John
.Ste'vart, John
Sillings, John
Van I ear, John

PRIVATES FROM HIGHLAND

G'vyn, William
Grog. Ami
Hidy, Jacob H.
Keriroft, — —
McClung, Silas B.
McClung, Louis M.
Murphy, John
Ktwms.i, Andrew T.
Newman, Salsberry
Newman, J. S.

Pool, John
Selvcr. John A.
Sipe, John E.
Stephenson, E. Tyler
Stephenson, Oscar A.
\Vilirer, Andrew
Wymer, Cornelius
Wayhright, Andrew J.

FROM OTHER COUNTIES

Faris, Robert. Pendleton Co., W. Va.
Faris, Jacob, Pendleton Co., W. Va.
GofF, John, West Virginia.
Long, John, West Virginia.
Parsons, , West Virginia.

420 A UISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

CASUALTIES

Killed— John F. Tribett and Jas. Wilmorc, at Monocacy, Maryland, in '64; Lieut Allen,
of Augusta, al Gettysburg; Maslin Irvine, killed or lost near Washington, D. C.

Wounded — Thos. Ramsey, at Charleston, W. Va. ; Jas. L. Kirkpatrick, at Monocacy,
Md.; Jas. C. Long, at Georgetown, D. C, Louis M. McClung, at Winchester, (lost leg);
— — — Parsons, at Greenbrier River, W. Va. ; Jolin Long, at Meadow Bluff, W. Va.;
Ir\ine W. Runkle, at Pond Gap, Va.

Died of disease — Lieut. Sam. Cochran, of Augusta Co., John Balser, died in prison ;
Jot. Flmt, Chas. Nicely, and Jas. Wilson; Gideon Marks, while a prisoner at .Mton, III.

COMPANY -G" 14TH VIRGINIA CAVALRY

This company was largely composed of men already in the service who had re-cn-
listed before the passage of the "Conscript Law" in April, '62. It was organized some time
that summer. Its membership was drawn from the "Stonewall Brigade," principally
from the 4th regiment. Nineteen were from Rockbridge, fourteen of whom were niem-
bcts of the Rockbridge Grays.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

Captains — Walter R. Preston, of Montgomery Co., was the first Capt., and resigned
and was succeeded by .Mcxander M. Peck, of Montgomery Co., who held the olTice until
tbe surrender.

Lieutenants — Ist. Chas. Norvell, of Lynchburg; 2nd, Chas. KeifTer, of Pulaski Co.,
(who never did much service with the company, being aide to Gen. Jenkins) ; Jrd. William W.
Comett, of Grayson Co., who acted in that capacity until the close of hostilities.

Sergeants — 1st, John P. Tribett, of Rockbridge; 2nd, John Jameison Bunch, of Rock-
bridge; 3rd, John A. Bourn, of Grayson; 4th, John S. Perkins, of Grayson; 5th, David B.
Davit, of Montgomery. ,

Cor|>orals— Ist. John W. Smalt, of Rockbridge; 2nd, Geo. W. Barnett, of Montgomery;
3rd, Byrd Anderson, of Montgomery.

NAMES OF MEN FROM ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY

Ayret, J. W. Johnson, Jas. Sloueh, B. Augustus

Agncr, Sa. McD. kfillcr, .'ohn W. Su!li\-fc.i, John

Armentrout, C. H. Moore, J. Scott Tri.leit, G. G.

Dirge-. John J. Moore, Wm. W. \ cM, P. G.

DonaK', Jat. C. Northi rn, R. L. Weob, Wm. D

Iicnslcy, John G. Prilch^rd, John F.

NAMES OF MEN FROM MONTGOMERY. ROANOKE, AND PULASKI COUNTIES

Austin, Isaac Dudley, Thos. Ctordon, Chat. H.

Barnett, Jat. D. Dooley, A. M. Graige, Gilet

Barnett, Sam. G. Deyerle, T. JefTerton Hammert, Jot.

Brown, Henry Deaton, Griffith Hatcher, R. E.

Brown, John Deaton, Chat Heslip, G. W.

Bonet. Jat. Fjriy, J Heslip, G. W. R.

Davit, S. H. Fulwiler, R. W. Layne. R. P.

Deyerle, Abe Gillespie, W. E. McConkey, Jat.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 421

Moses, Jas. Preston, J. P. Thomas, Montgomery

Milholland, A. J. Smith, J. H. VVaskey, James

Murray, John F. Stoner, B. E. W'atterson, Sam

Peck, Jas. Taylor, Jos. VVaskey, W. C.

Phillips, Sam. Thomas, William H. Wills, W. G.

Preston, Jas. Thomas, Jas. Womack, Allen

NAMES OF MEN FROM GRAYSON COUNTY

Cornetf, Foy Jones, Ceph. Rliiidy, Jas.

Cornett, K. C. McLean, Joe' Sloiie, William E.

Cornett, Wint. Perkins, Rufus Wripht, George

Hale, Maslin Rhudy, Floyd Wriijht, Jeff.

Hale H. Rhudy, Fred VVyatt, Arche

Casualties — The survivors of Company "C" are so widely separated by distance, and
their post offices unknown, that it is impossible to get an accurate list of the killed and
wounded.

One of the most disastrous fights in which the company participated was when Milroy
was driven out of Winchester, in '63. The company was doing picket duty on the Valley
pike between Middletown and Cedar Creek. When the order came to advance the picket
line, Company "G" and Captain Raison's Company of the First Maryland Cavalry slowly
moved down the pike. They had gone about a mile when a battery of the Federals op-
posed further progress. A charge to capture the battery, was made. On each side con-
cealed behind rock fences were two regiments of Pennsylvanians (infantry) who rose
up when the Confederates were in thirty feet of them, and delivered a deadly fire. .Agree-
ably to Harry Gilmore's book, Four Years in the Saddle, five men were killed dead, nine
wounded, and twenty-three captured. Of Company "G." Lt. Norvell, J. Scott Moore, Sam.
H. Davis, Sergeant Bunch, Griffith Deaton, and William Taylor were wounded, somi'
slightly, and some badly. Sergeant Bunch was shot in the throat and twenty years after-
wards expelled the bullet in a paroxysm of coughing. The captured were Lt. Norvell, Sam.
H. Davis, J. Scott Moore. W. W. Moore, R. E. Hatcher, Sam C. Harnett, and James Waskey.

Chas. Deaton was killed near Charleston, Va. ; Lt. Chas Keiffer, Serg. John Brown,
Abe Deyerle, Griffith Deaton, James McConkey, Serg. John Perkins, and John J. Barger,
were wounded in the Valley — (unable to give places and dates.) J. Scott Moore was again
wounded at Brandy Station, V^a. Byrd Anderson and Sam C. Barnett and Serg. John P.
Tribbett, were captured near Petersburg, in April '65. R. L. Northern was wounded in
the forehead.

THE ROCKBRIDGE RANGERS

This company as now recalled is as follows :

L. C. Davidson, Captain; Geo. Hordan, 1st Lieut.; John H. Cameron, 2nd Lieut.; Rev.
W. F. Junkin, 3rd Lieut.; Albert Davidson, Orderly Serg.; J. W. Haughawout. 2nd Serg.;
Ed. L. Graham, 3rd Serg.; Cornelius Armcntrout, 4th Serg.; Robert Bradford, Corporal.

PRIVATES

Anderson, Wm. L Craig, Robert S. (Aug. Co.) Jlarr's, Jas. II.

Bell, J. C Campbell, Wra. Hami'ton, A. J.

Branham, Dr. H. M. Dodd, Robert Hartsook. M. M.

Bowyer, John H. Figgatt, Jas. Johnson (son of Douglass)

Brafford, James E. Glfndy, Jas. L. Jenkins, Philip

Copper, T. J. Hall, Jas. C. Lackey, Wm. A.

422

A lllsTORV OF ROCKBRfDCE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

Lackey. Jas. M.
Leech, Miller
Leech. W. C.
Leech. W. B. F.
Ltickr5S, Wm.
\'. ■.!-.>n. R. L.
\\u-.,n. J. C
\Vil»on. John B.
WilMiii, Wm. S.
Williams. Rev.
Miller. Betj. F.
Mackey, Jas. S.
Mann, William A.

Mann. GcorKC
McCorklc. W. Philander
Moore. Wm. T.
XIcMastcr. Sam. C.
Moore. Richard

Ncwcome,

Patterson. John M.
Poague, J. Wilson
Rhea. Sam
Shafer. Arthur J.
Shafer. Sam.
Sandford. Jas.
Steele, Wm.

Tribbett. W. W.
Turnin. Nash
Tindall. Thos. A.
Thomas. Jas.
Trcvy, David
Trcvy, Cyrus
Vess, John A.
Wilson, Jas.
Wilson, John
Wilson, Jas. Brown
Young, Jacob

LIBERTY HALL VOLUNTEERS, COMPANY I, 4TH VA. INFANTRY

This company was composed almost exclusively of those then connected with the Wash-
ington College and recent graduates, more than one-half of whom were professors of re-
ligion and about one-fourth candidates fur the ministry.

The roll as called on the College campus June 8lh was as follows:

Capt. Jas. J. While.

1st Lieut. John N. Lyie.

2nd Lieut. Joseph L. Sherrard.

1st Serg. Wm. A. Anderson: 2nd Serg. D. E. Ruff; 3rd Serg. E. A. Mitchell: 4th Serg.
Chas. W. Bell : 5th Serg. Chas. F. Nelson.

Ist Cori)oral G. B. Slricklcr; 2nd Corp. Frank T. Brooke; 3rd Corp. Wm. L. Paxton:
4th Corp. Wm. F. Meade.

Anderson, J. M.
Arnold, J.-icob W.
Amolc. J. P.
Arnold. J. Harry
Barclay. A. Tedford
Bird, John A.
Brooks. Andrew
Bell, Wm. J.
Bradley. Ben. J.
Brooks. Wm.
Davidson, Givens K.
Goodwin, Thos. J.
Gw>-nn, Brnnson B.
Hallett, Robert J.
Jones, John H. B.
Johnston. S. A.
Jordan, Harry
Kahle. Matthew S.
Paxlon. Alex S.
Paxton, Horace A.
Ramsey, Alex. B.
Raymond, Jo*. S.

PRIV.\TES

Reiley, John W.
Reed, Thomas H.
Roberts, Thos. H.
Richardson, Wm. E.
Rollins, Thc!. S.
Redwood, J. T.
Stickler, Cyrus D.
Suddarlh, Jas. L.
Thompson, Wm. J.
Turner, Thos. M.
Uti, Calvin
Varner, John A. R.
Watson, John G.
Williams, Chas.
Wilson, Wm. N.
WiNon. John T.
White, liuRh A.
Wilson, H. L.
Woods. J Watson
Laird, FL R.
Lam, C M.
LyIe, Sam. H.

Logan, N. B.
Lightner, John P.
Lightner, Sam. M.
Lackey, Geo. W.
Mackey. Jas. S.
Meade, Fverard
Moore, J. Julius
Morrison, H. R.
Moore, Sam. R.
Myers, Henry H.
McKce. John T.
McCoughtry, Jack W.
Neel, Cyrus F.
Ott, W. B.
Page, Copeland R.

Anderson, John R.
Amole. T. F.
Anderson. Robert M.
Almond. R. R.
BaiiT, George
Bare, George

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

423

Brooks, Moffett
Bacon, A. S.
Bartley, H. A.
Benson, H. M.
Brooks, Chas.
Brown, VVm. L.
Buchanan, J. W.
Bryan, J. H.

The following names
wit :

Adair, Alex.
Day, Sam. M.
Dunlap, S. M.
Diinlap John
Echard, W. K.
Ervine, John H.
Gaylor, Jas.
Glasgow, A. M.
Green, Thos.
Gross, John
Gordon, F.
Guy, John R.
Gwynn, Worth O.
Hodge, J.
Hall, A. H.
Holt, P. W.
Helmick, Wm.
Hutton. Gardner P.
Irvine, J. C.
Johnson, R. J.
Johnson, Wm. M.
Jackson, J.
Lackey, Nathan A.
Lam, M. H.
Lackey, J. T.
Link, A. T.
Lewis, Edward
Larew, M. F.

Burke, T. N.
Bushong, Abraham
Cash, G. R.
Culton, J. B.
Chapin, Geo.
Coffman, J. H.

RECRUITS

Chester, Jos. T.
Crist, G.
Copper, J. M.
Clyce, G. A. E.
Carr, E.
Clifton, Robert
Day, W. E.
Dunlap, R. K.

were added to the original at different times during the war, to-

Lackey, Wm. H.
Lackey, Thos. T.
Lunsford, Wm.
Miley, John W.
Myers, John D.
McCray, J. C.
McCalpin, R.
McChing, A. A.
Moore, Wm.
McCurdy, Wm. T.
McClung, Chas. B.
McNutt, Benj. F.
McClelland, Wm. A.
McFaddin, Joseph
McCraw. J. W.
Moore, W. Dorman
Moore, John F.
Moore, John P.
Ott, Henry
O'Brien, Dennis
Patterson, W. L.
Paxton, J. Mc.
Preston, W. C.
Pettigrew, J. M.
Pettigrew, Sam.
Roadcap, D. L.
Rollins, W. R.
Rozen, D. H.

Rowsey, Lafayette
Shields, Geo. W.
Sheckle, Danl.

Shelton,

Smiley, W. S.
Snyder, D.
Snyder, A.
Steele, Wm.
Sterrett, J. D.
Spohr, James W.
Stoner, G. H.
Stoner, W.
Stratton, Thos.
Taylor, I. M.
Trevy, David
Welsh, John H.
White, Thos. S.
Wilbourn, Wm. R.
Whitmore, G. W.
Whitmore, David
Wilhelm, Sam. H.
Wilson, J. Edgar
Withers, Marion H.
Youell, Wm. A.
Zollman, Madison
Williams, S. P.

The following is a list of the officers of the Company during the war, in the order
in which they succeeded each other:

Captains: — James J. White; Henry Ruffner Morrison: Hugh A. White, and G. B.
Strickler.

1st Lieuts : — John X. Lyie, G. B. Strickler, and Sam H. Lyle.

2nd Lieuts.: — Joseph L. Sherrard, and J. H. B. Jones.

3rd Lieuts.: — James B. Culton.

1st Sergs. : — William A. Anderson, and J. S. Raymond.

2nd Sergs. : — D. E. Ruff, and Alexander S. Paxton.

424 A HISTORY OF ROCKnRIDCE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

3rd ScrRs:— E. A. Mitchell. Joseph T. Chester, and J. J. Moore.

4th Sergs. :— Chas. J. Bell, J. W. Arnold, and S. A. Johnson.

Sth Serg. : — Chas. F. Nelson.

1st Corp. :— H. H. Myers, and Worth O. Gw)Tin.

2nd Corp. : — Wm. T. Meade, G. K. Davidfon, and J. Mc. Paxton.

3rd Corp. :— Wm. L Paxton. Thos. J. Godwin. C. R. Page, and J. T. McKee.

4th Corp.— F. T. Brooke, S. R. Xloorc, and Geo. W. Lackey.

A. Ted ford Barclay, a mcinber of the company served as ensign of the regiment,
with honors.

CASUALTIES
1. 1st Manassas.

Killed: Serg. Chas. W. Bell. Corp. W. L. Paxton. Benj. A. Bradley. W. B. Ott. Calvin
Ulz, H. L. Wilson, and Cyrus D. Strickler.

Wounded: .Scrg. W. A. Anderson, Corp. G. B. Strickler, Sam H. Lightner, H. A. Pax-
ton deft hand), C. F. Neel, and Bronson B. Gwynn.
2. — Kemstown.

Killed: Serg. Chas. F. Kelson.

Wounded: W. J. Bell.

Captured: Capt. H. R. Morrison, Andrew Brooks, John N. Lyle, Corp. John T. McKee
Horace A. Paxton, John A. R. X'anicr. J. Watson Woods, and A. B. Ramsey.

3. Ist Winchester.

Captured : Worth O. Gwynn.

4. 2nd Manassas.

Killed: Capt. Hugh A. White. Jack W. McCoughtry. W. C. Preston.
Wounded : Chas. Brooks. Robert K. Dunlap. Everard Meade. J. Mc. Paxton. David
E RufT, Lieut. G. B. Strickler, and John T. Wilson.
Captured : James L. Suddarth.

5. Sharpshurg.

Woimdcd : Corp. S. R. Moore.

6. Kearneysvillc.

Killed: W. Dorman Moore.

Wounded: Serg. J. S. Raymond, Corp. S. A. Johnson, Corp Givens K. Davidson.

7. Chancellorsville.

Killed : Nathan A. Lackey, Sam Day. and Andrew Brooks.

Wounded: J. P. Amolc. H. M. Benson, Geo. Chapin, R. K. Dunlap, Bronson B. Gywnn,
Corp. T. J. Godwin. Lieut. S. H Lyle, John P. Moore, Alex. S. P.-ixlon, (left leg),
Alex B. Ramsey. W. D. Gywnn. Geo. H. Stoner. Isaac k(. Taylor. H. A. Bartley, and
John T. Wilson.

8. Gettysburg.

Killed: Alex. Adair.

Wounded: T. K Atnole, Thos. J. Goodwin. Wm H Lackey. Corp. J M. Paxton. and
H. A. Paxton (right foot.)

Captured: Sam M. Dunlap. Thos J. Godwin. W D Gwynn. R. J. Johnson. Wm. H.
Ijckey. John F. Moore. J. Julius Moore. John T. McKee. I. Mc. Paxton. Serg. J. S.
Raymond, Capt. G. B. Strickler, W. S. Smiley, Jai. L. Suddarth, Isaac M. Taylor.
Tho» XL Turner, and John A. R. Vamer.

9. Bealton Station.

Woimdrd: H. A. BariJey, Alex. B. Ramsey, and Serg J S Ra>Tnond.

10. Mint Run.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

425

Killed : Geo. Chapin.

Wounded : Lieut. S. H. Lyie, J. P. Amole, A. B. Ramsey, and A. S. Paxfon.
11 Wilderness.

Wounded: Lieut. J. H. B. Jones, S. A. Johnston, John M. Miley (died), Jas. S. Mackey,
Horace A. Paxton (left hip broken), A. B. Ramsey, and Ensign A. T. Barclay.

12. Spottsylvania C. H.

Killed : Serg. Joseph T. Chester, and William Steele.

Wounded : John P. Moore, Wm. E. Day, and Wm. A. McClelland.

Captured : J. P. Amole, Ensign A. T. Barclay, W. M. Johnson, Lieut. S. H. Lyle, Wm.
A. McClelland, Thos. H. Roberts, J. S. Raymond, Thos. S. Rollins, Jas. S. Mackey, and
Geo. W. Whitmore.

13. Monocacy.

Wounded and captured : T. F. Amole.

14. 2nd Winchester.

Wounded : Geo. W. Lackey, and A. T. Link.
Captured : A. T. Link.

15. Bell Grove.

Wounded : J. H. Coffman, Jas. W. Spohr.
Captured: A. B. Ramsay.

16. Fort Steadman.

Killed : Robert Anderson, N. B. Logan, Geo. H. Stoner, and Marion H. Withers.

Wounded : John H. Ervine, J. Hodge, Wm. L. Patterson, and John H. Welsh.

Captured : .Abraham Bushong, Shelton, Wm. R. Wilbourn, Wm. L. Patterson,

and J. H. Coffman.
17 Petersburg.

Killed: John P. Moore.

Wounded : Serg. A. S. Paxton, and J. Edgar Wilson.
18. Hatcher's Run.

Killed : Wm. A. Youell, and Madison Zollman.

Wounded : M. H. Lam, and Wm. L. Patterson.

DIED OF DISEASE

Anderson, Jos. M. Lightner, S. M. McCraw, J. W.

Anderson, John Larew, Milton F. Reed, Thos. H.

Brooks, Wm. Lightner, John P. Richardson, W. E.

Brooks, Moffett Mitchell, Edward A. Smiley, Wm. S.

Clifton, Robert Thompson. Wm. J.

Jordan, Harry Wilhelm, Sam H.

ROCKBRIDGE GRAYS, COMPANY "H" 4TH VA INFANTRY
STONEWALL BRIGADE

This company when organized had as Captain, Jas. P. Updike: First Lieut. Alex. M.
Hamilton; Second Lieut. William Patton ; Third Lieut. Clifton C. Burks.

Sergs.— First, A. J. Hamilton; Second, A. H. Cummings ; Third, John W. Small;
Fourth, John S. Moffett; Fifth, George Baxter McCorklc.

Corporals.— First, Hugh N. Burks, Second, John D. Cox, Third, Wm. J. Garrett;
Fourth, LaClaire A. Marstella.

With these officers it was mustered into service, but there were quite a number of

426

A IiKTf.Pv ,,y ROCKDRlDCiE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

changes in a short time. The death of Second Lieut. \Vm. Patron, at Winchester, July 16. '61.
created a vacancy. Third Lieut. Clifton C. Burks was on July 27, made Second Lieut.
On June Jrd, .Andrew Jackson Hamilton, First Serg , was discharged on Surgeon's cer-
tificate on account of disability and promotions followed among the non-commissioned
officers. Andrew H. Cummings being made Orderly Serg.

March 20, '62, Capl. Jas. G. Updike tendered his resignation on account of con-
tinued bad health, which was accepted April 20th. By order of General Winder, com-
manding the Brigade, the cc^ip^ny was reorganized and the following officers were
elected:

Captain, Alexander M. Hamilton: A. H. Cummings, 1st Lieut.; Geo. B. XlcCorkle, 2nd
Lieut.; Robert A. Glasgow, Jr., Jrd Lieut.

Capt. Hamilton resigned in "(J, owing to bad health, and Lieut. McCorkle was made
Captain. The Liculs. were; 1st C. C. Burks; 2nd Patrick Hogan ; 3rd Wm. A. Sterrett;
First Lieut. .Andrew Cummings was killed and 3rd Lieut. Robert A. Glasgow died in '62.
With these exceptions the al)ove named officers surrendered at .ApiKimatlox. .April '65.

The following is a list of those who served at any time in the Company, not repeating
the names of officers:

Ackcrly. J. P.

Ford. A. D.

M.irstella, L. A.

AilMock. C. P.

Garrett. W. J.

McUin. G. W.

Anderson, J. B.

Glasgow. Robert A.

XfcCorkle. Jas. T.

Anderson. T. A.

Goolsby, J. M.

Moxley, Benj. P.

AiUtock. T. P.

Hartsook. Newton B.

Major. Joshua B.

Part-cr. D. W.

Hall. R. H.

McDaniel. M. T.

P.rKCr. J. J.

Hicks, J.

McClure, W. G.

Berrv. W. C.

Hite. R. F„

XfcManama. J. A.

Black. J. T.

Hcnsley, Jas. G.

Miller. John W.

Brownlee, J. A.

Helms. Jas. W.

Moore. Wm. W.

Bryant. A. W.

Hogan. Patrick

Mullen. Jas. B.

Bunch. J. J.

Haves. B. H.

Mofl^clt. Wm. B.

Bunch. W. H.

Hail. J.

Korlhcrn. R. L.

Burks. H. N.

Harris, Peter

Nicely. Dudley

Camden. Oscar

Henderson, R. D.

Paxlon, Jos. M.

Camden. W.. Jr.

Hcnsley. John D.

Pu(fh. Jas. H.

Clark. R. G

Hill. B. F.

Prilchard. John F.

Cox. J. J.

Heffron. Fdward

Pleasants. J. J.

Cox. S. J.

Imboden, Sam. W.

Rapp. Beni. F.

Drnlon. W.

Johnston, F.dwin

Rogers. Wm. H.

Donald. J. C.

Johnston, Jas.

RpvLolds. L. F. C.

r>avis. Jno. D.

Kennedy. F., F.

Rirketts. Jas.

Fads. J, M.

Ijwson. J. EL

Rapp. .Sam. C.

Fjds. R H.

Ijckey. Wm. A.

Reynolds. J. F.

F.dmondson. David T.

Leech. J A.

Rngcri, G. M.

Flliot. S. P.

Lilly. Miller M.

Selby. W. A.

Elliot. J. M.

I.ewis. G. S.

Slough. B. A.

Farrow, Wm.

Lewis. J. D.

Spencc. Jos,

Fainlrr. lai, A.

Iji Bree. Jos.

Sterrett. Wm. A.

Fi'her. Henry

I^iirk, C. E.

Srlby. J F.

Fisher. Wm. R.

Lilly. John A.

Shewpy. Wm.

Fiugcrald. J. C

Leech. F. A.

■^'oiigh. Jas. W.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 427

Sullivan, John S. Thompson, W. H. Wilson, S. P.

Small, John W. Tomlinson, R. Withers, Jas. E.

Slough, Baxter Tharp, Hiram Wihmith, Wm. A.

Tribbett. John P. Vest, Philip G. Withrow, J. R.

Turner, J. J. Vest, T. R. Wills, Elisha

Tomlinson, M. Wallace, A. A. Witt, William E.

Tribbett, J. F. Webb, Wm. D. Webb, J. A.

Tribbett, Wm. U. Wilson, Thos. J. Webb, Jas. H.

CASUALTIES

The battle of Manassas, July 21, '61, was the first time the company was under fire.
They were commanded by Capt. Updike and from a company report made August 30th of
the same year it is noted that sixty-four went into action and out of this number five
were killed and fourteen were wounded, nearly one-third of the whole number engaged.
The killed were: Serg. John S. Moffett (shot through the brain), Jas. T. McCorkle, Jas.
McManama, John M. Goolsby, Sam. R. Wilson.

Wounded — Lieut. C. C. Burks, J. D. Cox, L. A. Marstella, Thos. Anderson, W. C.
Berry, David T. Edmondson, John Fitzgerald, B. E. Hite, John W. Miller, William Selby,
Alexander A. Wallace, J. B. Wilson, J. E. Withers, and Benj. Moxly.

Lieut. Andrew H. Cummins, and W. H. Selby, killed at second battle of Manassas,
Capt. Hamilton and fifteen wounded; Jos. La Bree, W. R. Fisher, Edwin Johnston, William
W. Lackey, and Jas. W. Slough, were killed and W. E. Witt, wounded at Gettysburg;
Thos. J. Wilson, killed at Sharpsburg; Sam. G. Rapp, killed at Malvern Hill, '62; Sam. J.
Cox, killed in battle at Payne's Farm, in '64; Reuben D. Henderson, killed at Chancellors-
ville, May 2, '63; Benj. F. Rapp, wounded in '63; Jos. Spence, wounded in '62; J. F. Trib-
bett, wounded and died.

DIED DURING THE WAR

Mason Tomlinson, died on the way home from prison in '65; Lieut. Robert A.
Glasgow, died at the residence of Jas. Bumgardner, .'\ugusta County, May 11, '62, of
typhoid fever; John M. Elliot, and George S. Lewis, in '63; Lieut. Wm. Patton, died in
Winchester, July 16, '61; Jas. Ricketts, died at Mt. Jackson, March 24, '62; Jas. H. Pugh,
died at Point Lookout prison in '64; Benj. Hite, died in hospital at Winchester; R. G. Clark,
died at Swift Rtm Gap in 63; J. J. Pleasants, died in hospital; Wm. H. Rogers, died in
'63 ; Baxter Slough, died at Fort Delaware.

THE VALLEY REGULATORS
COMPANY "K" IITH VIRGINIA INFANTRY

The following are the officers and men from Rockbridge :
Captains — Andrew M. Houston, and Thos. D. Houston.
1st Lieuts. — Andrew M. Houston, and Thos. D. Houston.
2nd Lieuts. — Thos. R. Gilniore, and Thos. D. Houston.

3rd Lieuts. — Robert Campbell, Edward T. Dixon, Jas. T. Hardy, E. H. Walker, and
Wm. M. Walkup.

PRIVATES

Agner. Geo. W. Black, J. L. Brown, Jas. N.

Agner, David Boggs, Daniel Brown, Richard

Austin, John Bradford, M. Carr. John

Austin, Jos. Brafford, Philander S. Cash, J.

428

A HISTORY OF ROCKnRIDr.R COL'NTV, VIRC.INIA

Crawford, Dill Dick
Canipltcll. \Vm.
Campbell, Sam
Campbell, Jat.
Coyle. Peter
Ferguson, Eli
Ferguson, Ja$.
Ferguson, \Vm.
Fitzgerald, J.
Fortune, John
Gorman, John
Grady, W'm.
Hardy. \Vm.
Houston, E. M.
Hutson, Thos.
Hutson, Robert
Hunt, Barney
Hughes, Jonathan
Isaacs, George

Isaacs, John
Johnston, Luther
Johnston, J.
Jones, Wm,
Kerr, John
Kidd, John W.
McClelland, Alfred
McClelland, Wm.
McClelland. Jos.
McClelland, George
McCullough, Jos. C.
McCullough. Wm.
McCulloiiRh, John S.
Oyler. Jno. M..
Painter. Jas. M.
Parks. Chas.
Parker. Hezekiah
Powers. John
Powers, Jas.

Ray, John
Kaylon, John W.
Ray, Jas. H.
Rice. Benj.
Rice, William
Reed. Stuart
Reed. Wm.
Reed, Jas.
Shorter, Wm. H.
Shindle. John
Shindle. Sam.
Walker. J. M.
Watkins. J. K.
Wilcher, Jas. T.
Walkup, Sam Houston
Walkup, Jas. D.
Walkup, Matthew

KILLED AND WOUNDED FROM ROCKBRIDGE

Killed — J. Cash and Thos. Hut?on, at Frazier's Farm ; Lieut. Robert Campbell, 2nd
Manassas: Lieut. Jas T. Hardy, at Drury's Bluff; Lieut. F.dward T. Dix, at Malvrm Hill:
Wm. Hardy, at Gettysburg; Wm. McCullough, at Drainsville ; Chas. Parks and Baniey
Hunt, at Gettysburg: Jas. M. Walker and Wm. Hutson, at Williamsburg; and Wm. Hardy.

Wounded — Jas. H. Ray. 1st Manassas: J. I- Black. DrainsxHlle; John Shindle and
John S. McCullough, at Drury's Bluff: Capt. Thos. D. Houston, and Capt. Andrew M.
Houston, at Gctty>burg: Rill Dick Crawford and James Walkup, First Manassas: James
Ferguson, at Gettysburg; John Isaacs, at Yorklown, Va.

Died of disease — Hezekiah Parker, at Manassas Junction, soon after the first battle
of Manassas.

ROCKBRIDGE GUARDS. COMPANY "H" 2STH VA. INFANTRY
LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEN

Captains

Curry. David P.. wounded and taken prisoner at Rich Mount., July 11, '61.
Whitmore. Jacob J , killed at battle of NfcDowell. May 8, '62.

Stuart, R. E. A., wounded at battle of .McDowell. Mav 8, '62. Captured at Si>ott»vIvanin,
May 12. 64.

Lieutenants

Buchanan. Jno. R.. wounded and captured at Wilderness.
Culton, Jas. B., honorably discharged, June 7, '61.
Hamilton, Geo. J., captured at Rich Mount, July II, '61.

Hoover, Henry L, captured at Rich Mount, July 11, '61. Returned June, '63. Captured
at Wilderness and imprisoned.

Stuart, Wm ^^ , mortally wounded at McDowell, May 8, '62.

Wil»/in, J. Alpheus, transferred to cavalry in '62.

McKemy, Jas. L, captured in Wilderness, May 5, '64. Died since the war

Massic, Edwin B., joined late '62, went to artillery fall. '6J.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 429

First Sergeants

Perry, Erasmus L., captured at Rich Mountain, July 11, '61. Captured a second time at
Wilderness, May 5, '64. Died since the war.

Anderson, Jas. D., wounded at battle of McDowell, May 8, '62.

McKemy, Robert A., wounded at Alleghany Mountain. Captured at Wilderness,
May S, '64. Died since the war.

Alexander, Tzvelle, captured at Aldie, wounded at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, '62. Cap-
tured at Spottsylvania, May 12, '64.

Sergeants

Rice, John, killed at battle of McDowell, May 8, '62.

Mainwaring, George, captured May 12, '64. Died since the war.

Dixon, J. Wm., captured at Spottsylvania, May 12, '64. Died in Illinois, '90.

Bryan, Jas. E., wounded at Rich Mount. Died since the war.

Wilson, J. Howard, transferred to cavalry.

Corporals

Campbell, John A., captured at Wilderness, May 5, '64.

McCutchan, John F., captured at Alleghany Mountain, Dec. 13, '61, and captured at
Wilderness, May S, '64.

Teaford, Jacob P. S., captured at Wilderness, May 5, '64.

Thompson, John W., died since the war.

Via, Wesley T., wounded at McDowell, May 8, '62, captured at Wilderness, May 5, '64.

Privates

Adams, Hugh, wounded at Rich Mountain, died since the war.

Allen, Leroy, wounded and captured at Petersburg. Died since the war, '99.

Anderson, John Y., surrendered at Appomattox.

Beaty, William, captured at Rich Mountain, May 5, '64. Exchanged and died in camp
at Monterey.

Bosserman, William, captured at Rich Mount., and exchanged. Died in '94.

Bosserman, Henry B., captured at Rich Mount., and exchanged.

Benson, Jacob, wounded with a spent ball at McDowell, May 8, 62.

Benson, John G., captured at Wilderness, May 5, 64. Imprisoned at Point L.

Benson, John W., sent to hospital sick, and never returned.

Benson, Preston, wounded at battle of McDowell, May 5, '62.

Balser, Benj., left the army May 1, '64, and never returned.

Balser, Sam., wounded at battle of Fredericksburg. Died since the war, April 13,
1900.

Brownlee, Wm. J., captured at Rich Mount., wounded and captured at Gettysburg, died
in '86.

Brownlee, H. H., captured at Rich Mount., again at Petersburg. Died since the war,
March 8, '96.

Brownlee, R. A., captured at Rich Mount, again at Petersburg, March 25, '65. Wounded
at Wilderness May 5, '63.

Blackwell, Meredith, discharged soon after the McDowell Battle. Died since the
war. May 10, 11.

Bare, John, belonged to Mt. Crawford Company and assigned to this company after
Battle of Rich Mount.

430 A HISTORY OF ROCKDKtDGE COt'NTY, VIKGINIA

Childress, D. D., captured at Spott5}lvania May 12, 'M. Died since war.

Conner, George, captured at Kich Mount, exchanged. Still living in 1900 in State of
Ohio.

Clifton, John M., captured at Rich Mount, exchanged. Captured again at Wilderness
May S, 'M, sent to Point Lookout.

Campbell, K. Granville, wounded and captured at Petersburg. Died since the war, '94.

Cravcr, John, died since the war.

Decker. Wni. C, wounded at McDowell May 8, "62.

Decker, Samuel, wounded at McDowell May 8, '62, and captured at Wilderness.

Day, Columbus C, wounded and captured at Wilderness. Died since the war.

Dixon, Tobert A., captured at Wilderness May S. 'W. Still living in Mi!>»ouri.

Deaver, Thos. A., died since the war.

Dickey, W. Telf., mortally wounded at battle of McDowell May 8. '62.

Forbes, Jasi>cr, left the company in '62 ana never returned.

Forbes, Sam, killed at battle of McDowell May 8, '62.

Fulwiler, Robert D., transferred to Cavalry and wounded.

Fix, Jas., captured at Rich Mountain, exchanged. Captured at Wilderness May 5, '64.

Firebaugh, Robert D., captured at Rich Mount, exchanged and afterwards enlisted in
Co. "1" 62nd Infantry.

Gordon, Jas., cai>tured at Wilderness May 5, '63. Imprisoned at Point Lookout and
afterwards at Elmira, N. Y.

Glee, Isaiah, captured at Wilderness and died at Point Lookout Prison Aug., '64.

Graham, D. E., captured and died at Elmira, .\. Y., April 11, '62.

Hodge. Henry, killed at battle of McDowell May 5, '62.

Hite, Geo. W., died during the war in the hospital.

Jarvis, John, cajitured at S|K>tlsylvania May 12, '64.

Jarvis, William, died since the war, '99.

Kelly, Win. H., wounded at Fredericksburg, '63.

Kelly, Sam M., killed at Rich Mountain in '61.

Kennedy, Moses W., wounded at McDowell and Fredericksburg. Died since the war.

Kerr, Sam. A., died since the war.

Kerr, J. McD., wounded and captured at Gettysburg. Died in prison at Point Lookout.

Kelly, John, sent home sick from Greenbrier River, never recovered sufliciently to
return.

Kirkpatrick, R. D., survived the war and died in Ray County, Mo., 1902.

Kirkpatrick, C. W., captured at Wilderness May 5, '64, and imprisoned at Point Lookout,
Md., and Elmira, N. Y.

Kirkpatrick, W. H., crippled in feet and discharged during the war.

Kirkpatrick, Jno. A., wounded at Hatcher's Run, died since the war.

lawman, Wni. II., wounded at Fredericksburg and Alleghany Mt. and captured at Wil-
derness May 5, '64.

Lowman, John F., killed in battle of McDowell May 8, '62.

LiKas. Jno. F., captured at Wilderncs« and imprisoned at Elmira, N. Y.

Lucas, Andrew, died in camp at Greenbrier River.

Ltica*, Peter, died since the war at Greenville, Augusta Co., Va., '99

LiKai, Andrew, — — — —

Lucas, David, died since the war, '90.

Xfarki. )a^ , died in Lynchburg since the war.

Moneymaker, John C., captured at Wilderness, sent to Elmira. Died in prison at Elmira,

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 431

N. Y., Dec. 10, '64.

Moneymaker, Arch, captured at Wilderness and sent to Elmira, N. Y.

Muck, Jos.,

Matheny, John, captured at Wilderness, took oath and sent to fight Indians.

Matheny, Arch,

Matthews, Jos., died in camp at Greenbrier River.

Moneymaker, Daniel, died during the war at Monterey, '62.

Myers, J. H., captured at Spottsylvania May 12, '64. Died in prison at Point Lookout
June 23, '64.

Myers, A. J., captured at Spottsylvania May 12, '64. Died at Point Lookout.

Mackey, Henry, mortally wounded at 2nd battle of Manassas and died in Aldie Hos-
pital

Mays, Jos., died since the war.

McCown, Wm. M., captured at Wilderness, imprisoned at Elmira, N. Y.

McLaughlin, J. M., transferred to Confederate Navy. Died since the war.

McCauley, Wm. H., transferred to Artillery and killed at High Ridge a day or two
before the surrender.

McCutchan, Jas. H., captured at Wilderness May 12, '64, and imprisoned at Point Look-
out and Elmira ; slightly wounded six times ; now in Los Angeles.

McKemy, Wm. D., wounded May 10, '64, at Spottsylvania C. H. Captured at Spottsyl-
vania C. H. May 12, '64, and imprisoned at Point Lookout and Elmira.

McMullen, George, accidentally wounded in camp at Greenbrier River.

McCurdy, Alfred A., wounded at Hatcher's Run, Feb. 6, '65.

Norcross, Thos. J., captured at Gettysburg July, '63.

Nicely, Salome, wounded in left leg in battle of Alleghany Mt. Dec. 13, '61.

Nicely, John A., died during the war.

Nuckols, John, died since the war.

Nicely, Marion, wounded at Alleghany Mountain.

Patterson, Jas. A.

Perry, W. W., wounded at Hatcher's Run. Sick in Richmond Hospital when the army
surrendered. Died since the war.

Ramsey, Jas. A., captured at Wilderness May 5, '64, and imprisoned at Elmira.

Ramsey, Wra. G., captured at Wilderness May 5, '64, and imprisoned at Elmira.

Rapp, Wm. A., wounded at Gettysburg.

Rosen, D. H.,

Rosen, W. T., wounded at the battle of McDowell May 8, '62.

Reid, F. S., died during the war Sept. 21, '63.

Reid, Jas. W., died during the war at Brandy Station Nov. 31, '63.

Rippetoe, Adam,

Sensabaugh, Sam., captured at Spottsylvania (Horse Shoe Bend) May 12, '63, imprisoned
at Point Lookout, knocked down with shell at Gettysburg 2nd day's fight.

Sensabaugh, Jacob, died since the war, '65.

Sensabaugh, John, captured at Wilderness May 5, '64, and imprisoned at Elmira.

Sensabaugh, David.,

Snider, John Mack, wounded at the battle of Gettysburg. Died since the war.

Snider, John Joe, captured at Wilderness May 5, '64. Died in prison at Point Lookout
Aug. 3, '64.

Snider, Jacob S., mortally wounded at the battle of McDowell May 6, '62.

Snider, Abram. killed in battle at Rich Mount, July 11, '61.

432 A HISTORY OF BOCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIBGINIA

Snieder, John Jack, wounded in the battle o( Allegliany Dec. 13, '61.

Snider, Ja»., ^^^-^^^—^

Snider, Jas. C, wounded at Hatcher's Run Feb. 6, '63.

Snider, David, '

Snider, Daniel, captured at Hatcher's Run Feb. 6, '65.

Stricldcr, Jat., captured at Petersburg and imprisoned at Point Lookout. Died since
the war.

Strickler, Jacob, died since the war, "97.

Strickler, Sam. killed in battle at Rich Mount July 11, '61.

Strickler, David, wounded and captured at Gettysburg.

Sclby, \Vm. H , died in camp at Monterey, '61.

Sweet, John W., captured at Wilderness and took oath and sent to the frontier to fight
the Indians.

Sherman, Geo. F.

Shipplett, John^

Taylor, J. Ballard.,

Taylor, H. H.,

Teaford, John H., captured at Wilderness and died m prison at Elmira Sept. 24, '64.

Thomas, William, wounded at McDowell May 8, '62.

Tooman, Wm. H., captured at Wilderness, took the oath, and sent to fight the Indians.

Via. C. C,

Walker, John F.. captured at Wilderness. Died in prison at Elmira, K. Y.. Oct. 8, '64.

Wilson, John T., survived the war and died at Wilson Springs Oct. 9. 1901.

Welsh, R. Alex., captured at the Wilderness Battle, imprisoned at Point Lookout and
then taken to Elmira, N. Y.

Wiseman, G. W., captured at Wilderness. Died in Harrisonburg, Va., '63, retuniin/i
from prison.

Whiimore. David H.. captured at Battle of Wilderness and died in prison at Elmira
Dec. 12. '64.

Whitmorc, John B.. captured at Wilderness and imprisoned at Elmira. N. Y. Died since
the war.

Wiihrow. J. W.. captured at Wilderness May 5, '63. Died in prison at Elm'ra, N. Y.

Wiilirow. H. J. v.. captured at Petersburg March 28, '65. and imprisoned at Point
Lookout and released June 19. '65.

West, Robert D., killed in battle at Rich Mountain.

Wilson. Thos. M.. transferred to cavalry.

Lucai, Andrew ^^^^-^^— ^

ROCKBRIDGE RIFLES. COMPANY "H" 27TH \A. INFANTRY
STONEWALL BRIGADE

List of the Rockbridge men, as hcyl left l^xington April 18. '61.

Captain— S. H. Letcher, afterward Colonel 58th Va. Infantry.

First Lieut.— E» F. Paxlon, afterward Brigadier — General Stonewall Brigade, killed
at Chancclloriville, May 3, '63.

Second Lieut.— J. K. Edmondson. afterwards Colonel 27th \'a. Infantry. lost arm at
Chanccllorsville.

Third Lieut— W. W. Lewis, afterward .\diulant 27th Va. Infantry.

Quartermaster— R. C. Turpin, D. L. Hopkins, clerk.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

433

First Serg. — J. C. Boude, afterward captain ot the company, and lost a leg at Chancel-
lorsville.

Second Serg. — John H. Reeton.
Third Serg. — Geo. W. Chapin.
Fourth Serg. — J. J. Hileman.
First Corporal — A. S. Wade.
Second Corporal — Frederick Davidson.
Third Corporal — R. H. Campbell.
Fourth Corporal — Jos. H. Marston.

Breedlove, J. W.
Bailey, G. W.
Bowyer, D. G.
Boogher, E. N.
Charlton, Sam C.
Charlton, John A.
Campbell, Jas. M.
Criser, J. H.
Campbell, Sam J.
Donald. Benj.
Davidson, P. A.
Donald, John A.
Edmondson. John M.
Fuller, S. B.
Fonshill, J. H.
Gaither, G. W.
Gillock, Jas. W.

(afterward Lt.)
Gordon, S. A.
Green, \Vm. L.
Hanger, M. R.
Hite, Caleb V. M.
Houston, W. H.
Heilbroner, Henry

PRIVATES

Hutcheson, J. H.
Helm, M. E.
Haney, J. R.
Jessup, Edward
Jordan, R. A.
Kahle, W. H.
Kelly, Thos.
Kelly, Jerry
Laird, D. E.
Lokey, W. R.
Lynch, Ed.
Middleton, J. W.
Mullen, T. B.
Moore, J. H.
Miller, Adam
Moody, W. T.
McCluer, A. D.
McCown, R. McD.
McCampbell, S. J. N.
McClucr, A. C.
McCullough, Sam S. _
AfcXamara. Lawrence
McAleer, Robert E.
Norgrove, E. W.

Northern, E. Y.
Nefif, Joel
Parrent, F. M.
Paine, Robert
Ruflf, J. W.
Reilley, C. A.
Rollins, C. A.
Rickett, R. M.
Spears, J. W.
Smith, Henry D.
Sizer, Chas.
Snider, John
Smith, Jas. S.
Tanquary, J. S.
Thomas, J. S.
Thompson, J. S.
Varner, A. W.

(afterward Lt.)
Webb, P. M.
Wallace, J. W.
Wallace, H. H.
Wright, W. G.

Volunteers in the Rockbridge Rifles after the company left Lexington April 18, '6L

Adams, Chas.
Agnor, Thos. B.
Ayers, Matthew
Ayres, A. G.
Bell, Robert
Barger, Jno. A.
Camden, Jos.
Charlton. W. C.
Campbell, R. G.
Claircborne, Alfred
Conner, David
Crawford, Henry

Dickenson, J. C.
Drumheller, John
Drumheller, Wm.
East, Jas.
East, John
Eskew, Wyatt
Evans, Jas. S.
Garrison, N'ewton M.
Gordon, Thos.
Greiner, Erastus
Hayslett, Andrew
Harrison, W. H.

Hite, John
Halk, A. G.
Hartigan, John W.
Higgans, Jos.
Hileman, Daniel
Hook, N. D.
Hartman, Henry
Kramer. John
Kirkpatrick, Thos.
Marks, Wyatt L.
Hfifchell, Wm.
Miller, Alfred

434 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Miller, Geo. W. Robinson, Levi. Senjeny, Ja$. M.

Moore. J. Scott Sidcrs, \Vm. Smith. Alphonso

Mullen. Jack Shields. Jas. IL Smith. Jacob

McGowan. Robert Shields. Wm. Standoff. Henry

Parks, Joshua, Jr. Seal. Morgan Tra.Nson, Wm.

Patterson. Alex. Shclton. M. H. Vanpelt. Jesse

Patterson. John fihocmaker, N. M. N'arner. C. V.

i'atton. Wm. Slough. A. A. P. Wash. Thos. H.

Radford. Calvin Slough, Jas. M. Wilhelm, John

CASUALTIES

Falling Waters— Wounded, Arthur D. McCluer and Lawrence McNamara.

1st Manassas — Killed, Frederick Davidson and A. C. McCluer; wounded— David
G. Browcr, skull broken, wounded badly >n the leg and shot in the right side; P. A
Davi.'son. W. H. Kahle. W. T. Moody. Adam Miller. D. M. Reilly. Chas. RolHns. J. W.
Ruff. Wm. J. Speers. J. J. Hilcman. Joel Ncff. li. Y. Northern, Joshua Parks. Jr.

Kcrnslown — Mortally wounded, John Drumhcllcr. died in Staunton; wounded, J. W
Hartigan.

Honcywood Mill, or Dam No. S — Killed, Joshua Parks, Jr.

Port Republic— Mortally wounded, .Mfonso Smith, died July, '62; wounded. Henry
Hcilbroner and Wm. Mitchell.

Malvern Hill— Killed. Arthur D. McCluer.

2nd Manassas — Wounded. Serg. J. C. Uoudc and Robert Gowan.

Chanccllorsville— Killed, General E. F. Paxlon and E. W. Norgrove; wounded. Col.
J. K- Edmondson. lost arm; Capt. J. C. Boude. lost leg; Joseph Higgans. badly; S. J. H.
XlcCampbcll. wounded in mouth and throat

Gettysburg — Killed. W'. H. Kahle, Joseph Camden, J. S. Thomas, and Jack Mullen;
wounded, Lieut. Andrew W. Varncr, who commanded company, lost arm and captured ;
J. Hileman. shot in thigh.

Spottsylvania C. H — Killed, .Mfrcd Claiborne and John M. Edmondson, J. W. Wallace.

Mine Run— Wounded. T. B. Mullen and Geo. W. Miller.

Near Richmond— Wounded. S. C. Charlton.

Fort Steadnian — Wounded and captured. R. G. Campbell.

SlauRhlcr Mountain — Killed. David Conner.

Duffield Depot— Wounded. J. S. Thomas.

In front of Petersburg — Killed. I-evi Robinson. Harris Hill; wounded. W. H. Harrison.
Cf)MPANY "E" 52ND VIRGINIA INFANTRY 4TH BRIGADE

Roll of the company :

Capt. Thos. H. Walkins; Lieut. Jos. S. Paxton. Lieut. Wm. V. Knick. Lieut. M. 0.

Campbell; S. W. Paxton, First Serg.; Second Serg; G W. Ackerlv.

Third Serg; J. A. Fisher. Fourth Serg.; W. S. Newcomer; First Corporal; J. H. Shafer,
Second Corporal ; — Third Corporal ; Fourth Corporal.

PRIVATES

Arthur. Joi. D. Black. A. H. Cash. Jos.

Barger. Joel Black. A D. Drain. David

Beard. W. S. Byers. W. C. Dixon. W. A.

Black. John Camden, Layne Eiit>.minger. J.

Black, Jas. Camden, John Fisher, Jos. S.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

435

Ford, W. A.
Glenn, Jos.
Gilbert, A. J.
Gilbert, J. M.
Gilmore, A. J.
Gilmore, Sam. C.
Glenn, Jas.
Griffith, Wm.
Grossly, S. W.
Hall, H. L.
Hall, W. T.
Hamilton, A. C.
Harris, John
Hayslett, B. F.
Hayslett, R. M.
Hayslett, Wra.
Hayslett, S. McD.
Hicks, W. H.
Hostetter, L. J. M.
Hostetter, Henry
Hogue, Wm. M.
Hughes, Lewis
Hughes, D. E.

Ayres,

Bradshaw, A.
Camden, Jas.
Clark, J. A.
Clark, J. D.
Hayslett, B.
Hughes, R. H.
Johnston, R. M.

Hughes, J. Frank
Irwin, Geo.
Jenkins, J. A. J.
Jones, Oliver
Knick, Jas. C.
Kidd, J. P.
Lackey, W. H.
Lawhorn, J. K.
Lawhorn, Sam.
Long, J. M.
Long, W. P.
McManamy, W. C.
Muterspaw, Daniel J.
Miller, J. P.
Miller, Jas. H.
Miller, Jos.
Aloore, B. F.
Ochiltree, D. L.
Patterson, J.
Parsons, W. A.
Phillips, J. S.
Reed, W. H.
Robinson, A. D.

RECRUITS

Zacy or Lang, Robert
Lam, Jos.
Miller, B. F.
Ochiltree, T. A.
Paxton, M. L.
Reese, J. A.
Reed, J. A.
Selph, W. J.

CASUALTIES

Ruly, J. F.
Scott, C. A.
Self, B. D.
Scott, T. F.
Shafer, R. P. G.
Shepherdson, A.
Simpson, J. J.
Simpson, W. D.
Smith, Ananias
Smith, J. W.
Smith, Josephus
Syron, Simon
Tinsley, Geo.
Tygret, Robert
Wallace, J. M.
West, Wm.
White, J. M.
White, W. W.
Whitten, J. W.
Wilhelm, Wm.
Woody, H.
Zollman, A.
Zollman, J. W.

Smith, J. A.
Shafer, S. J.
Silvey, Jas.
Simpson, C. A.
Tucker, G. L.
Wiseman, J. A.
Wood, J. A.

At McDowell— May 8, '62.— Killed, W. H. Hicks and Alfred Shepherdson; wounded,
John A. J. Jenkins.

At Cross Keys — Wounded — R. M. Hayslett, Ananias Smith and John W. Zollman.

At Port Republic — Wounded, Jos. Knick and Wm. Hayslett.

At Gaines' Mill — Wounded, Sylvester W. Grossly (lost leg), S. D. Gilmore, Wm. B.
Beard, John W. Zollman, W. L. Paxton, B. F. Miller, W. S. Newcomer and J. A. Wiseman.

At Slaughter's Mountain — Killed, Lieut. Wm. Knick, John Black, and Jos. Smith;
wounded, Serg. J. A. Fisher, (lost arm), R. P. D. Shafer.

At Winchester, J. Y. W.— Killed, W. C. McManamy and Jas. W. Smith.

At Winchester, Sept. 19, '64— Killed, W. L. Paxton.

At Sharpsbnrg — Killed, A. H. Black; wounded, Joseph Phillips.

At Cold Harbor— May 30, '64— Killed, Lieut. Col. Thos. H. Watkins, Jas. S. Fisher,
B. F. Self and Wm. Wilhelm; wounded, Jos. S. Paxton.

4J6

A HISTORY OF ROCKBBIOCE COUNTY, VIBCINIA

At Spottsylvania— Killed. Jas. Black, W. A. Parsons, Geo. Tinslcy; wounded, Capt
S. W. Paxioii, Win. M. Hogue.

At Gelt) iburg— Killed. J. M. Gilbert.

At Middlclowii— Wounded, J. A. J. Jenkins. J. P. Miller, and J. A. Reese.

At the Wilderness— Killed. A. D. liUck.

At Fort Stcadnian — Wounded. Capt. S. W. Paxton.

DIED OF DISEASE

La)-ne Camden, John Camden, David Drain, W. T. Hall, Lewis Hughes, Oliver Jones,
John Xlulers|>aw, David L. Ochiltree, T. A. Ochiltree, T. K. Scott, and John W. Whitten.
KEKkS CREEK CONFEDERATES— COMPANY "G" 58TH VA. INFANTRY

The original organization was as follows:

Ofticers — James D. Morrison, Captain, John Chaplin, 1st Lieut. J. Preston Moore,
2nd Lieut. Geo. W'. Teaford, Ut Scrg. ; Perry Farrow, ind Serg. : John S. Lam, Jrd Serg. ;
Jas. W. Montgomery, Alh Serg.; Jas. W. Lam, 3rd Corporal; Joseph C. Deacon, 4ih
CorporaL

Alexander, John F.
Archer, John T.
Ailstock, Absalom
Agnor, John
Ailstock, Geo.
Bennington, Nelson
Blackburn, Richard
Blackwell, Richard
Brown, Sam A.
Bennington, John L.
Crist, Hector C.
Campbell, John A. J
Conner, Fitzallen
Crist, Richard A.
Fchard, William
Ford, Joseph
Fitzgerald, Sam.
Hayslett. Jas. M.
Fisher, John A.
Gaylor, Jas. M.
Graham, Andrew J.

Ailtlock, Joseph
Archer, Peter
Archer, Joi. B.
Brads, John A.
Bane, Sam
Carter. John A.
Donald. Robert A.
Hall. Sam F.
Hoslelter. George
Hinklc. Preston D

PRIVATES

Grant, Andrew J.
Grant, Seaton L.
Hamilton, Robert S.
Hardbarger, I-'rederick
Harris, Daniel W.
Hattan, Mark
Hayslett, Andrew J.
Hayslett, Andrew
Hayslett, Ezekiel
Higgans, Chas.
Hinklc, Adam
Irvine, John M.
Kelly. John H.
Layman. Henry
Linkswiler, Sam.
Linkswilcr, Franklin
lawman, Sam.
McDanicI, Jas. H.
Mulrr.«i)aw, George W.
Miller, Andrew
Miller, Sam H.

RECRUITS

Hauber, Rufus
Miller. Henry M.
Morris, Elihu B.
Miil'Tspaw. William C.
Mohler, Winston P.
McKemy, Sam.
Plott, Wm. M.
Plolt, Joieph N.
Plott, John A.
Ruly. Robert

Mohler. Jas. H.
Mohler, Wm.
Montgomery, John C.
Morris. Jas. D. W.
Morris, Xlark
Nuckols, Silas H.
Plogger, Jas. M.
Ramsay, Nathaniel
Kowsey, Marion
Shaw, Sam D.
Shaw, Henry W.
Sheppard, Chas.
Smith, Benj. F.
Smith, Thos , Jr.
Smith, Thos., Sr.
Tolley, Chas. W.
Thomas. Levi.
Vess, Harvey
Waiidless. Stephen H.
Wiseman, Andrew

Stein. Nimrod
Smith. John H.
Stanley, Lewii
Sprouse, Joseph L.
Thompson, Alex.
Thompson. Thos.
Vess, Jackson
Wiieman. John A.
Wilhclm. John H

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 437

The following were the officers of the company during the war :

Captains: Jas. D. Morrison from Aug. 1, '61, to May 1, '62; J. Preston Moore, from
May 1, '62 to Aug., '64, (Capt. J. Preston Moore being permanently disabled by wounds
received in battle, was retired from field service, with his rank and pay, under act of
Congress, and assigned to duty as Commandant of the Military Post at Lexington, Va.) ;
Mark Hatton, from Aug. '64 to close of war, April 9, '65.

First Lieuts. : John Chaplin, from Aug. 1, '61, to May 1, '62; George W. Teaford, from
May 1, '62, to June 10, '62; H. R. Morrison from about April, '64, to about May 10, '64.

Second Lieuts.: J. Preston Moore from Aug. 1, '61 to May 1, '62; Jas. W. Montgomery
from about Dec, '62, to ; Mark Hatton from about Dec, '63, to Aug., '64.

Third Lieuts. — 'Rev. J. C. Richardson, from about March, '62, to May 1, '62.

Chaplain: Rev. J. C. Richardson, from Aug. 1, '61, to March, '62

Note : Above are commissioned officers.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

1st Serg. : Geo. W. Teaford and Perry Farrow.

2nd Serg. : Perry Farrow and J. C. Deacon.

3rd Serg. John S. Lam and Mark Hattan.

4th Serg. : Jas. W. Montgomery and John S. Lam.

5th Serg. : Wm. H. Mohler.

1st Corporals: Jas. W. Lam and F. Linkswiler.

2nd Corporal: J. C. Montgomery.

3rd Corporals : Michael C. Reynolds and Jas. M. Plogger.

4th Corporals : Jos. C. Deacon and Mark Morris.

KILLED AND WOUNDED

McDowell, May 8, '62: Wounded, J. A. J. Campbell (died), Franklin Linkswiler and
Henry Miller.

Harrisonburg. June 6, '62: Killed, John A. Fisher and Marion Rowsey; wounded,
Perry Farrow, J. C. Deacon, Jno. S. Lam, Jas. M. Gaylor, Fitzallen Conner, and Sam. A.
Brown.

Port Republic, June 9, '62; Wounded, Captain J. Preston Moore, Lieut. Geo. W. Ted-
ford (mortally.)

Seven days' battle around Richmond, June, '62; Killed, Sam Linkswiller; wounded, J.
C. Montcionipry, Jos. B. Archer, A. J. Grant, D. W. Harris, Jno. A. Brads, Geo. Ailstock, and
Silas N. Nuckols.

Second Manassas, Aug. 27, '62; Killed Mark Morris; wounded, Geo. Ailstock (mortally)
and Henry Miller.

Sharpsburg, Sept. 17, '62: Wounded, Jno. H. Smith (mortally.)

Fredericksburg, Dec 13, 62: Killed, Jas. H. Mohler; wounded, Jno. F. Alexander,
Winston P. Mohler, John A. Carter, and Richard A. Crist.

Chancellorsville, May, '63: Wounded, John Agnor and Robert Ruly.

Wilderness, May 6, '64 : Wounded, Jas. H. McDaniel, Jas. M. Plogger, and Jos.
Ailstock.

Spottsylvania C. H.: Killed, A. J. Grant.

Second Cold Harbor, June 27, '64: Wounded, Henry Layman, Sam, Lowman (mor-
tally.)

Winchester: Wounded, Mark Hattan and Wm. Muterspaw.

Lynchburg: Killed, Jos. Ailstock.

438

A itlSTOBY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Near Winchester : Killed, Andrew J. Wiseman, Wm. Echard and John A. Wiicmin
(Ust named su|>ixj»ed to have been killed — was never heard ol afterwards.)
Near New Market : Wounded, Alexander Thompson.
Hatcher's Run, Feb. 6, '65: Wounded, Capt. Mark ilattan.

DIED OF DISEASE

Lieut. H. R. Morrison, Jas. W. Lam, Jas. M. Hayslett, Ezekiel Hayslett, Levi Thonuis,
Stephen H. Wandless, Thos. Smith, Sr., S. L. Grant, Chas. W. Tollcy, Thomas Smith, Jr.,
John H. Kelly, Jno M. Irvine, Kufus Hauber, and Henry W. Shaw.

"THE BOY COMPANY- (JUNIOR RESERVES) IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
FROM ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY

Chas. W. Freeman, Captain; Ducan C. Lyie, First Lieut.; .Mexander F. Laird, Second
Lieut.; John C. Paxton, Orderly Serg. ; Jas. Daly, Serg. ; Nathan Stricklcr, Serg. ; David
Black, Serg.; Milton Swink, Corporal; H. T. Wilson, Corporal.

PRIVATES

Ford, Jas. A.
Garland, Wm.
Gold, John W.
Henslcy, George
Jcssup, Henry
Johnston, Thos.
Kahle. Jacob P.
Kirkpatrick, Sam. L.
I-am. J. Calvin
Leech, Isaac
\jOX\g, Amos
McClimg. J. kfoffett
McCown, Robert E.
McCown. Sam.
McCiiIlou(fh, John
McCutchen, Frank
Nutty, John W.

Baldwin, Jos.
Bell, Jas. B.
Black, Calvin
Campbell, Isaac N.
Campl)ell, John T.
Cash, John R.
Cash, Schuyler B.
Childress. J. Sam.
Coffman. Taylor
Dixon, John
Drain. Jas. C.
Drawborid. Wm. H.
Dunlap, Wm. M.
Dixon, Sam.
Fdwards. Thos.
FiRRat, Robert H.
Firebaugh, John

In M.iy precrdiPR the orRaniration of the forcRoing company, the Reserves of
RockbridRe. both senior and junior, were called in service to aid in checking the advance
up the valley of the Fedrral army under Major-General D.ivid Hunter, and the name of the
following boys are recalled as having rendered service at that lime :

Parsons, John Steele
Paxton, Adolphus
Poaguc, Wm. Gordon
Pring, J. Calvin
Robertson, Alfred
Robertson, John A.
RufI, A. Wallace
Swarti. Jos. G.
Short, Jas. M. M.
Smith, John P.
Stuart, J. Gerard
Tyler, D. Gardiner
Wilson, H. T.
Wilson, Jas. A.
White. Wm H

Black, David S.
Barger, Alexander
Coflman, Taylor
Drawbond, Wm. H.
Daniels. W. C
Freeman, Chas. W.
Gold. John W.
Hensley, George

Laird, A. F.
Montgomery, J. C.
Moore, Warren
Moore, Sam P.
Presser, (a student)
Paxton, John C.
Smith. John P
Swink. Milton

Strider, John P.
Sanderfer, J. C.
.Smith, Mac.
Tyler, Gardiner
WriRht, Sam.
Watts, Thos.
Wilson, Horatio

Wright, Schuyler B.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY 439

The following named senior reserves were in service in May '64 :

Bacon, Capt. A. S. Miller, Andrew Templeton, Capt. John M.

Boone, Abram Montgomery, Robert Turpin, R. C.

Boone, Lewis W. Moore, VV. T. Wilson, William

Hill, George Moore, Abner W. Wright, Wm. G.

Hosteller, George Ramsey, Calvin Wallace, Charlton

Lackey, Andrew H. Shaw, William Wallace, Sam.

McCaleb, J. Wesley Sweet, Jacob Webb, Jas. M.

MISCELLANEOUS

The following named persons from Rockbridge County, Va., were soldiers in the
Confederate Army, but did not serve in companies from the county, to wit:

Lieut-General Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall), wounded at Chancellorsville, Va.,
May 2, '63, died May 10, '63.

Francis H. Smith, Colonel 9th Virginia Volunteers Provisional Army.

William Gilham, Colonel 21st Virginia Infantry.

R. E. Colston, Colonel 16th Virginia Volunteers — afterward Brigadier General C. S. A.

J. T. L. Preston, Lieut-Colonel 9th Virginia Volunteers, Provisional Army — after-
ward on Stonewall Jackson's staff.

S. Crutchfield, Lieut-Colonel 9th Virginia Volunteers, Provisional Army, succeeded
Col. Preston and afterward Colonel and Chief of Artillery Stonewall Jackson's Corps,
killed at Sailor's Creek.

John D. H. Ross, 1st Lieut, of Engineers on Gen. Loring's Staff, afterward Lieut.
Colonel of S2nd Va. Infantry, twice wounded at Cross Keys, Va.

Jas. W. Massie, Lieut. Colonel 51st Virginia Volunteers.

R. H. Catlett. Lieut. Colonel Gen. Echol's Staff.

Thomas H. Williamson, Lieut. Colonel and Chief Engineer Staff of Gen. Holmes.

A. S. Pendleton, Lieut. Colonel and Adjutant General of General Thos. J. Jackson's
Corps — afterward of Early's Corps.

Scott Shipp, Captain Provisional Army, Adjutant General Camp of Instruction at
Richmond, Major 21st Virginia Infantry and afterward Lieut. Colonel C. S. A.

Daniel Truehart, C. S. A., Major Artillery.

M. B. Hardin, Major 9th Virginia Volunteers (provisional Army), afterward Major
C. S. Artillery.

Jas. C. Paxton, Major and Quarter-Master C. S. A.

Major Jas. B. Dorman, Quarter-Master C. S. A.

Capt. William C. Williamson, Engineer Corps, C. S. A.

Marshall McDonald, Captain and Ordnance officer at Vicksburg.

John McCausland, Brigadier General, C. S. A., Cavalry Brigade.

John P. Welsh, Captain Co. B., 27th Va. Infantry.

Chas. A. Davidson, Captain Co. E. 1st Va. Infantry Batallion.

Greenlee Davidson, Captain Letcher .Artillery, killed at Chancellorsville.

Otho Alexander, Captain 20th Va. Cavalry.

William, Walker, Captain in Wright's Brigade.

Frank C. Wilson, Captain Monroe Guards, 27th Va. Infantry.

Capt. Robert L. McCullough, Danville Grays.

Robert McFarland, Captain in General Morgan's Cavalry.

O. C. Henderson, Captain 1st Va- (Irish) Battalion Army Northern Va.

4^ A HISTORY OF ROCKDKIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

W. H. Morgan, Captain 21 $t Va. In{antr>', killed al Cedar Mountain
J. H. i!orrijon, Lieut. Pemberton's Staff.

T. Xi Scmmcs, Lieut, and Adjutant Rust's Arkansas Regiment.

John H. Lackey, Lieut, in 26th Va. Cavalry.

\Vm. H. Norgrove, Lieut, in Botetourt Artillery, died from wounds received at Port
Gibson, Miss., in '63.

Albert Davidson, Lieut. Staff of General Robert Preston.

Robert L. Brokenbrough, Surgeon of SSlh Va. Infantry, afterward Chief Surg, of
Early's Division.

Dr. Sam. Temple Chandler. Assistant Surgeon in hospital at Farmville. L)nch-
burg and Culpejier C. H.

Dr. Henry G. Davidson, Surgeon of 3rd and 5lh Va. Infantry, and afterward in hospitals
at Danville, Richmond, Va., and Corinth, Miss.

Dr. Sam. M Dodd, Asst. Surgeon in hospital in Richmond and Lexington, Va.. and
Wilmington, N. C

Dr. John Alexander Graham, Surgeon Sth and 42nd \"a. Infantry and Medical
Director of the Artillery of the .\rmy of Northern Va.

Dr. R. L. Madison, Surgeon in hospital at Orange C. H.

Dr. Eusebius H. Strain.

Anderson, W L., Co. F, 27th \'a. Infantry, captured May 12. '64. exchanged and
captured again at Hare's Hill, a few days before the fall of Petersburg, Va.

Agner. W.. 11th Va. Cavalry.

Agner, Oscar, Co. E., 11th Va. Cavalry.

Anderson, Francis T., Jr., Cadet in service around Richmond, was not at New Market.

Arehart. , Co. , llth \'a. Cavalry.

Ackerly. Wm.. Co. E, 27th Va. Infantry.

Byrd, Rowland. Co. E., llth Va. Cavalry.

Bell, A. D., Co. K., 14th Va. Cavalry.

Bowyer, John, Co. E.. llth Va. Cavalry.

Bell, A. N.. Co. K., 14th Va. Cavalry (afterward in Bryan's Battery.)

Brard. John E. Co. E., llth Va Cavalry.

Brown, A. G, 27th Va. Infantry (Shriver's Co.)

Bennington, Frank. Petersburg .^rtillery.

Brooks, Jas., Co. E., 3rd Engineer Regiment, C. S. A.

Black. Rice. Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Black, W. L. Co. E. 27th Va. Infantry.

Black, J. L., Co. E.. 27th Va. Infantry.

Brooks. John F.. Co. F.. 14th Va. Cavalry.

Bell, Robert B , Co. E.. 27ih Va Infantry.

Black. R. T., Co. 27th \'a Infantry.

Bare, N. M., Co. F_. Sth Va. Infantry.

Bumpis, Jas. J., Capt. Kurtz Co, Sth Va. Infantry

Bird, John, Co F., 27th Va. Infantry (killed.)

Banker, Van, Carpenter's Battery.

Barger. Chas F.. Co. D.. ISth Va. Cavalry.

Carter, Jas. M.. Co. E., 27ih Va. Infantry.

Copper. John D.. Co. E., 20th V'a. Infantry.

Conner Filzallen.

Cooly. J F.. Co. E.. 27th Va Infantry

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

441

Cummings, Jas., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.
Campbell, A. D., 19th Va. Cavalry.
Charlton, Jas., Capt. Kurtz' Co., Sth Va. Infantry.
Cummings, Robert, Co. E., 20th Va. Infantry.
Chittum, Jas. A., Co. C, 6th Va. Cavalry.

Davidson, Jas. G., Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry (killed at Wilderness.)
Donald, Alex., Co. C, 20th Va. Infantry.
Daniel Robert, Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry (killed.)
Deacon, W. D., Co. E., 3rd Engineers Reg't, C. S. A.

Day, \Vm. H., Co. L., (West Augusta Guards) Sth \'a. Infantry (wounded).
Davidson, C. H., Co. K., 22nd Va. Infantry.
Davis, Chalkly, Co. B., 27th Va. Infantry.
Echard, John, Co. C, 20th Va. Infantry.
Ewing, John Mc, Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry.
Ewing, Jas. A., Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry.
Fuhvider, Jas., 20th Va. Battalion.
Ford, Jas. Preston, Co. F., 1st Va. Cavalry.
Painter, William, Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry.
Figgat, Ford, Carpenter's Battery.
Green, Zack, Co. E., 11th Va. Cavalry.
Green, Jas., Co. E., 11th Va. Cavalry.
Gibbs, Chas. W., Courier to Gen. Forrest,
Goodbar, Harvey, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.
Goodbar, George, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.
Gibbs, Geo. S., Alabama Cadets.
Greever, Adam, Co. E., Sth Va. Infantry.
Gibbs, Major John T., Quarter-Master, C. S. A.
Gaylor, Thos. M., Co. C, 26th Va. Cavalry.
Hotinger, -Abraham, Co. D., 27th Va. Infantry.
Higgans, Jas., Co. B., 27th Va. Infantry.
Harrison, Howard M., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.
Hardy, Geo. W., Co. D., 14th Va. Cavalry.
Hull, Wm. M., Co. K., 22nd Va. Infantry.
Hull, Jno. M., Co. K., 22nd Va. Infantry.
Hall, A. D., Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry.
Hall, J. C, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.
Hanger, Z. F., Orderly Serg., Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry.
Huffman, P. I., Co. G., 27th Va. Infantry.

Hanger, G. M., Co. C, 27th Va. Infantry, killed at Sharpsburg, Sept. 17, '62.
Hite, Robert, Co. E.. Sth Va. Infantry.
Hileman, Philip C, Co. B., 27th Va. Infantry.
Hattan, Jacob, Co. E, Sth Va. Infantry.

Hart, John H., Co. B, 27th Va. Infantry, wounded at Gettysburg and captured at
Williamsport, Md.

Irvine. Wm. H., Co. I. 27th Va. Infantry, and Co. I, 20th Va. Cavalry.

James, Sam, Co. E., 11th Va. Cavalry.

JefTrics, David, H., 17th Va. Cavalry.

Johnston, Chapman, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Johnson. George. Co. F.. 27th Va. Infantry. (South Buffalo.)

442 A HISTORY OF ROCKnRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Johnson, J. Henry, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Johnson. (icorRC Co. K.. or D.. 27th Va. Infantry, (South River).

Johnson. Reuben A., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Leech. W. P., Co. K.. 22nd Va. Infantry.

Leech. David. Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Leech. Jaj M.. 20ih \',i. Battalion.

Lockridffe. E. F., 20th Va. Cavalry.

Leech. \Vm. A., 27th Va. Infantry.

Leopard, Jas . Carpenter's Battery.

Lackey. John F.. Co. D., 27th Va. Infantry.

Letts, Frank, Carpenter's Battery.

Little, Jas. H., Co. B., 27ih Va. Infantry, wounded and leg amputated.

Martin, Reuben, Carpenter's Batteo".

Miley. A. J., Co. C, Sth Va. Infantry.

Myres, Allen, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Miley. Jacob, Co. D.. 27lh Va. Infantry.

Mortar, John J, Co. A., llth Va. Cavalry.

Moore, John N., Co. C, 27th \'a. Infantry.

MontRomery, Sam.. Co. K.. 22nd \'a. Infantry.

Miley, Michael. Co. C, 27th Va. Infantry.

Miller. Sam., (Pl.ink Road.)

MofTett, \V. LeRge, Co. D., I4th Va. Cavalry.

XfofTctt. John F.. Co D., 14th Va. Cavalry, (killed at Cedarville, Warren Co., Nov.
12, '64.)

Mackey, John M., Carpenter's Battery.

Miller, Alfred, Co. E., 27lh Va. Infantry.

Martin, William, Co. I., llth Va. Cavalry.

McClung, Chas. B., Co. A., llth Va. Cavalry.

McCown. Jas. L., Kurtz Co., Sth Va. Infantry.

XfcCoy, M H.. Co. B. 4th Va. Cavalry.

McDaniel, Matthew W , Co. F., 27lh Va. Infantry.

McChcsney, Jas. 7... Co. F., (Bath Squadron) 17th Va. Battalion, afterward became llth
Va. Regiment

McFaddin, Abraham, Co. El,, 27th Va. Infantry.

Kuckols. William, Co. F, 27lh Va. Infantry. (Killed).

Ochiltree, Sam, Co. D, 14th Va. Cavalry, (killed at Cedarville. Warren Co., Nov
12, '64).

Pierce, Daniel E., Co. A., llth Va. Cavalry.

Poague. Wm., Co. C, 27th Va. Infantry.

Poague, Sam., Co. C, 27lh Va. Infantry.

Poague, John E., Co. K.. 22nd Va. Infantry.

Patterson, John M., Co. K., 22nd Va Infantry.

Paxton, Wm. Henry, Hayi La. Brigade.

Parmer, Josiah H., llth Va. Cavalry, Rotier'i Brigade, wounded at battle of the
Wildemesi.

Rhodes. J. J., Co. K, Sth Va. Infantry.

Robinson, John H. H . 27lh Va. Infantry.

Reid. Sam., Co E., 27ih Va Infantry.

Eeid. John A., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

ROCKBRIDGE ARTILLERY

443

Robinson, W. F., Co. K., 22nd Va. Infantry.

Reynolds, O. B., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Ruly, B. W., Co. E., 3rd Engineer Regiment, C. S. A.

Reed, Alexander, Co. I., 52nd Va. Infantry.

Risque, John W., 1st Serg., Charlottesville Artillery.

Reece, Jas. G., Co. G., 27th Va. Infantry, Stonewall Brigade.

Reed, Jas. F., Co. H., Sth Va. Infantry.

Smith, John, Co. E., 11th Va. Cavalry.

Showalter, Sam., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Saville, John, Co. B., 27th Va. Cavalry.

Smiley, Jacob, Co. D., 27th Va. Infantry.

Short, Telford, Co. A., 11th Va. Infantry.

Shortee, Jas. F., Co. E., 3rd Engineer Regiment, C. S. A.

Sterrett, Jas. R., Capt. Avis Co. of Provost Guards, at Staunton, Va., serving the great-
er part of the time as Clerk in the Provost Marshall's Office.

Scott, T. L., Co. K., 22nd Va. Infantry.

Sorrels, T. J., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Shafer, S. J., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Smith, Hezekiah, Lynchburg Guards.

Siler, P. M., Co. , 27th Va. Infantry.

Sanford, Henderson, Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Seebert, Jacob F., Co. K., 22nd Va. Infantry.

Wilson, Jas. C, 10th Va. Cavalry.

Wilson, John B., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Wilson, Jas. W., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Wilson, John M., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Webb, Chas. W., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Walker, Sam. S., Carpenter's Battery.

Walker, John, Carpenter's Battery.

Walker, Geo. M., Carpenter's Battery.

Wade, J. B., Co. E., 27th Va. Infantry.

Welsh, Joseph, Co. E., 11th \'a. Cavalry.

Welsh, Sa., Co. E., 11th Va. Cavalry.

Wade, Benj. F., Co. C, 19th Va. Infantry.

Winn, Wm. J., Carpenter's Battery.

White, John S., Cadet Battalion. New Market.

Watkins, G. W., Co. F., 27th Va. Infantry.

White, Joseph, Cadet Battalion, New Market.

Zollman, Jas. M., Capt. Dabney's C. Heavy Field Artillery.

The following named persons from Rockbridge County, Va., served in the Con-
federate States Navy: Dr. John Lcyburn, Surgeon on the Privateer Tallahassee. Jas.
N. Brown, Marine on Albemarle. J. L. Adair, Marine on Tallahassee.

SECTION XII
SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

NoTC: This list is corrected to October, 1919. Names followed by a star are those of
the volunteers. The addresses in the mar({in at the right arc (or \'irginia unless otherwise
specified. In the correction of this list, Captain Greenlee D. Letcher and other citizens of
Lexington have given very valuable assistance.

WHITE

Ackerly, John Lexingo,!

Ackcrly, Otto C Rapp's Mill

Ackerly, William* Lexington

Adair, Edwin G Lexington

Adair. J. M. — dentist — 1st Lieut. Lexington

Addison, William M Lexington

Agnor, Blair M Covington

Agnor, Charles W Lexington

Agnor. Emmctt M— IIS Prav. Co.

Kerr's Creek
Agnor, George G. — U. S. Navy

Kerr's Creek

Agnor, Gilmore L. ?

Agnor, John W. — Co. A, 39th

Infantry Kerr's Cr;ek

Agnor, Owen M Murat

Agnor. Robert I- Mur.Tt

Agnor, Robert R Lexington

Agnor, Thomas Lexington

Allen, Frank L Aqua

Allen, John L. .^<|ua

Amick, Eldon A Lexington

Anderson, Charles B Lexington

Anderson, Chastain McC.

Rockbridge Rnths

Anderson, J. Kyle* — Lieut Murat

Anderson. Stewart W.* — Lieut of

Engineers Mur.tt

A/idcrion, W. B. A. — Lieut. Col.

Armenlroul. Ira L Kerr's Creek

.Arm»lronR, Hampton Lexington

Arnold. lister D.* Lexington

Am. Charles R '.. Buena Vista

Au«tin, F.dwin C Greenlee

Austin, James L. v Greenlee

Austin. John L Green'ee

Austin, Sherman L Greenlee

.Avers. Calvin Rapp's Mill

Ayers, Edgar Rapp't Mil_

.•\ycrs, George H Aqua

.Ayers, James H.— 24th Co., 6th

Training Bn Kerr*! Creek

Ayers, John G.* Collierstown

Ayers, Percy C* Lexington

Ayers, Peter R Collierstown

Ayers, Wilmer Collierstown

Balser. Albert E Buena Vista

Balser, David E Rockbridge Baths

Bane, James F. — U. S. Engineers —

died at Camp Humphreys Lexington

Barclay, W. Houston* LexinRton

Bare, Eugene W.* Lexington

Bare, James E Lexington

Barger. Ch.irles W I^xincton

Rarklcy. Robert P Buena Vista

Bartlett, Roy Buena Vista

Barlow. Fred P Lexington

Beard. .Admiral D Rapliine

Beard. Chas. C Raphine

Beard. T. R Raphine

Beekner. Albert M Rockbridge Baths

Beeton. Robert B. L Lexington

Bell, Albert S Lexington

Bell. Edward P Goshen

Bell. Henry I Goshen

Bennington. .Alhrrt S Lexington

Bennington. H.irry S Lexinpton

Berry. Ollie G Kerr's Creek

Bibb. William H.* Glasgow

Blarkwell. Ray D Fairfield

RIackwell. Roy L Brownsbtirg

Blelcher. Frank O Lexington

Bnlrn. Hiiph R. W Lexinirton

Boiling, Robert W Lexington

SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

445

Bock, Paul L Lexington

Bond, Robert H Lexington

Booth, Ray P Lexington

Bowyer, Ertel V Lexington

Boykin, H. P. — Lieut. V. M. L, Lexington

Bradds, J. Albert Collierstown

Bradds, John B Fancy Hill

Bradds, Richard L Cornwall

Bragg, Chas. P Marlbrook

Bragg, Emmet H Marlbrook

Branch, Alpheus Lexington

Branch, William R Greenlee

Britton, John N Walker's Creek

Brogan, Herbert H Lexington

Brooks, George M.* — Lieut. Col.,

Lexing[ton

Brooks, William N Greenlee

Brown, Ambrose McC* ....Buena Vista

Brown, Briscoe B. — Lieut Goshen

Brown, Coray S Lexington

Brown, Leonard I Mural

Brown, Nelson L Lexington

Prown, Percy Lexinj'ton

Brown, Robert C Buena Vista

Brown, William P Buena Vista

Bruce. Richard B Lexin,^t^n

Bryant, Ashby G Glasscw

Bryant, Herbert Buena v-sta

Bryant, Homer S Lexington

Bryant, Percy A Rockbridge Alum

Bryant, Rufus Buena VistH

Buchanan, Clyde B.iena Vista

Buchanan, Cyrus H Aqua

Puchanan, Guy H Bro vnshuru;

I"iichanan, James O P-r-wnsbui.i

Buchanan, James W. — U. S. Infantry —

died at Camp Lee, Oct. 16, 1918

Brownsburg

Burger, Henry I Natural Bridge

Burger, Luther J Buena Vista

Burgess, George G Buena Vista

Burks, Clifton — U. S. Infantry — killed in

action, Oct. 13. 1918 Fancy Hill

Camden, Abb — 38th Infantry, Regulars —

killed in action, July 18, 1918 ..Glasgow

Camden, Ashby D Glasgow

Camden, Clarence Glasgow

Camden, James Glasgow

Camden, Willie H Buena Vista

Campbell, A. C. — U. S. Regulars

Lexington

Camden, Edwin D Lexington

Campbell, Herman H Irish Creek

Campbell, John H., Jr Lexington

Campbell, Paul Goshen

Campbell, William E Raphine

Carter, Herman W Goshen

Carter, William Collierstown

Cash, Charles W Lexington

Cash, James Rockbridge Baths

Cash, James H Aqua

Cash, John E Buena Vista

Cash, Lewis E Greenlee

Cash, William D Rockbridge Baths

Cephas, Samuel Rockbridge Baths

Cephas, William Rockbridge Baths

Chaplin, Charles P. — U. S. Navy — died in

Norfolk, Oct. 14, 1918 Lexington

Chaplin, Emmett H. ...Rockbridge Baths

Chaplin, Malcolm Rockbridge Baths

Chaplin, Robert C Buena Vista

Campbell, C. F Glasgow

Chandler, Stuart A Lexington

Chapman, John W Natural Bridge

Chaplin, H. H Rockbridge Baths

Cheatham, Edward W Buena Vista

Chayne, William E Lexington

Chittum, Elmer W Fairfield

Chittum, Emmett W Fairfield

Chittum, Graham Glasgow

Chittum, Harrell — ^2nd Lieut.

Timber Ridge

Chittum, Otho H Buena Vista

Clark, A. L Irish Creek

Clark, Benjamin H Alto

Clark, Bligh N Collierstown

Clark, Emmett M Collierstown

Clark, Erskine E Natural Bridge

Clark, James P Cornwall

Clark, John H Collierstown

Clark, Leonard L Collierstown

Clark, Milton Irish Creek

Clark, OIlie A Cornwall

Claytor, Fountain C Glasgow

Clements, Aubrey W Cornwall

Clemmer, Herman L. — U. S. Infantry —

killed in action, July 22, 1918,

Brownsburg

44'

A HISTORY OK ROCKDKIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Clifton, Ru$sell R. Fairfield

Clincbclt. Charles M Buena Vista

Clincbcll, Roy L East Lexington

Coc, Frank D., Jr., — Lieut Lexington

Coflcy, Waller L. Buena N'ista

Coffey, William H Buena Vista

Collins, James W. J Natural Bridge

Connor, Bolivar — died at Washington,
D. C. Jan. 25, 1917 ..Koclcbridge Baths

Connor, Charles W Koclcbridge Baths

Connor, Frank B Lexington

Conway, Lusticc R. Lexington

Coorman, M. D. — Capt Lexington

Copenhaver, Marcus L. . . Natural Bridge

Cooper, Benjamin F Buena Vista

Cooper, Hugh C Buena Vista

Cooper, John D Buena Vista

Cooper, Montry J Buena Vista

Cornelius, Percy Lexington

Cox, Frank B Kaphine

Cox, Lewis B. — Lieut Lexington

Cox, R. T Lexington

Crabill, H. M Buena Vista

Crist, Charles S Lexington

Cruthirds, Archie B Lexington

Cunimings, Addison G Lexington

Cumnuiigs, John W Buena Vista

Cummings, George L Natural Bridge

CuNhniaii, Lawrence C Lexington

Darden, Avery H Gilmore's Mill

Dale, Walter Lexington

Dameron, Wickam D Goshen

Davidson, KIbert L — 317th Artillery-
died of wounds in France, Oct. 8, 1918,

Buena Vista
Davidson, Herman P. — Lieut. Lexington

Davidson, Howard D Buena Vista

Davidson, James M Buena Vista

Davis, Albert W Buena Vista

Davis, Emory F Buena Vista

li.i\'.\, Kdward P.— Lieut Lexington

Ii..w\, I'ranlclin li. Goshen

I)avii, Franklin L Goshen

Davis, John L. Goshen

Davis, John L. I Lexington

Davis. Noranda Lexington

Davis. Samuel Lexington

Davis, Samuel C Goshen

Davis, William P Buena Vista

Deacon, Claude B Murat

Dcvine, Charles J — Lieut. Surgeon

Lexington

Dixon, Floyd C Lexington

Dixon. Irvin B Lexington

Dixon. James E. Lexington

Dixon, Percy G Midvale

Dodd. Ashton T Buena VisU

Donald. Lyie B Glasgow

Drain. Napoleon* Collierstown

Drenner, C. T Lexington

Driscoll, John W Buena Vista

Dudley, Thomas J Kapp's Mill

Dudley, Willie L Brownsburg

Duff, George W. . . . Natural Bridge Sta.

Duff, Mitchell Midvale

Dunaway, Frank S Brownsburg

Duncan, Stanley Lexington

Dunlap, Charles W. R. Lexington

Dunlap, W. Algie Collierstown

Dunlap, Wallace E Fairfield

Dunlap, Walter* — Lieut. — Gilmore's Mill

I:jds, William F Glasgow

Kbcling, Andrew A Lexington

Echols. Frank Glasgow

lixhols, Ralph Lexington

r.RKleston. Kolley A Buena Vista

Kllis. Enimctt Natural Bridge

Engleman. Russell C— C. O. C . 317lh In-
fantry — transferred to S. A. T. C,

Baltimore, Md Kerr's Creek

Entsminger, Fremont M Collierstown

Entsminger. Marion F Lexington

Eubaiiks, Palmer* Lexington

■'.ills. Raymond H Buena Vista

Farmer. Emmett O Lexington

Ferguson, Joseph C Natural Bridge

Fitzgerald, Harry N Vesuvius

F'ltzgerald, James E. Murat

Fitrgcrald, Willie H Vesuvius

I"ii7|>.ilrick. John H Lexington

I ii/i..ilrick, Willie E.* Lexington

Fix. Adam D Lexington

Fix. Decker R Lexington

Fix, Howard A Lexington

Fix, Samuel G Lexington

Fix, William M ?

Flint, Jesse Glasgow

Floyd, Charles R.* Buena Visu

SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

447

Floyd, James I Buena Vista

Ford, Charles F Lexington

Ford, James H. — Supply Co., 317th

Infantry Kerr's Creek

Ford, William A Natural Bridge

Fox, Harry Buena Vista

Fox, J. M Buena Vista

Fox, John H Rockbridge Baths

Fultz, Isaac Fairfield

Fulwider, Carl C Rockbridge Baths

Gallo, Vincenzo Natural Bridge

Garing, Robert*— Lieut Lexington

Garrett, Ashby C Buena Vista

Gaultieri, Francisco Natural Bridge

Gibson, Samuel F.* Cornwall

Gilbert, Elmer E Natural Bridge

Gilbert, John L Natural Bridge

Gilbert, William C Natural Bridge

Giles, Howard E Buena Vista

Ginger, Warren Natural Bridge

Glasgow, Charles Lexington

Glasgow, Thomas McP. — Lieut. Lexington

Glenn, Guy B Murat

Glickstein, J. M Lexington

Glover, Emmett B Bell's Valley

Goldsby, Robert G. — 38th Infantry, Regu-
lars — killed in action, July 15,

1918 Buena Vista

Goodall, Yancy H Lexington

Goodbar, Howard W CoUierstown

Graham, Edward L., Jr., Capt , Lexington

Graham, John A.* — Lieut Lexington

Graham, Mercer — Lieut Lexington

Graham, Samuel M Lexington

Grant, Alexander C Irish Creek

Graves, Hugh R Aqua

Gray, John H Goshen

Green, Eillie F Greenlee

Green, Homer G Cornwall

Green, Edward E Midvale

Gridley, Webster G Lexington

Groah, Robert Vesuvius

Grogg, Harry W Goshen

Groome, Grover* Aqua

Grovcr, Paul Lexington

Grow, Aubrey L Buena Vista

Grow, Hansford McC. — officially reported

as died of wounds in France

24, 1917 Buena Vista

Grow, John H Buena Vista

Guffey, Lester* Lexington

Hall, Harry H Lexington

Hall, Roy F Rockbridge Baths

Hall, William R.* Kerr's Creek

Hallman, E. B.* Lexington

Hamilton, Mack D Buena Vista

Hamilton, Robert E.* Kerr's Creek

Harlow, Hampton Lexington

Harper, Andrew F Buena Vista

Harper, John E Lexington

Harper, John S Lexington

Hall, L. K Kerr's Creek

Harris, Emmett E.— Co. D., 110th

Infantry Kerr's Creek

Harris, Floyd W Lexington

Harris, Harry G. — Co. D, 305th Motor

Supply Train Kerrs Creek

Harris, Oliver E.— Co. C, 18th

Infantry Kerr's Creek

Harris, Willis G Fancy Hill

Harrison, Arthur F Lexington

Harrison, Gordon P Lexington

Harrison, John G Buena Vista

Harrison, Lee* Buena Vista

Hart, Freeman H Lexington

Hart, John McC* Rockbridge Baths

Hart, Surry C. — Corporal, Battery D,

57th Heavy Artillery, C. A. C, 31st

Brigade Kerr's Creek

Hartigan, James S Lexington

Hartless, Harry A.* Lexington

Hartless, Hite Buena Vista

Hartless, Howard P.* Lexington

Hartless, John A Lexington

Hartless, William D. E Buena Vista

Hatton, Jacob H.— Battery F, 111 F. A.

29th Division Kerr's Creek

Hawkins, Ira S Lexington

Hayslett, Andrew J Natural Bridge

Hayslett, Clarence E Glasgow

Hayslett, James A Natural Bridge

Hayslett, James W Lexington

Heck, Preston L Fancy Hill

Henklc, Andrew CoUierstown

Henkle, Clem CoUierstown

Henklc, Homer S Brownsburg

Hcnson, Jack H Buena Vista

Hartwcll, Benjamin W.

448

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIUGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Hepncr, John F Lcxinglon

licrtidon, Kobcrt G Greenlee

Hernngtoii, Stuart McC. — J8lh Infantry,
Regular — lulled in action, July 15,

1918 Oakdale

Iletlip. Graham C •....Fairfield

Ileslip, Hunter L. Fairfield

tiess, Kobcrt — Corporal Lexington

Hick, Preston L. Fancy Hill

Hicknian, Charles Lexington

Hickman, Henry S Timber Kidge

Ibcknian, Lacy Glasgow

Hickman, Nathan A.* Glasgow

Hiezcr, lioyd Lexington

I^iggens, Charles Lexington

Higgens, G. W Lexington

Higgens, Robert H Lexington

Hileman, Ernest N.* Timber Ridge

Hileman, Samuel P. ...Rockbridge Baths

Hill, Cecil C Buena Vista

Hinty, Cecil Lexington

Hite, Ellet B Vesuvius

Hite, Daniel H Montebcllo

Hockmaii, Oscar L. Fairfield

Holt, Lawrence G Buena Vista

Holtz, Henry C Raphine

Holtz, William R.— Died at Camp Grant.

Oct. II, 1918 Collicrslown

Hopkins, William S.* Lexington

Hoslcttcr, Clarence A Lexington

Hostetter, James M. — U. S. Engineers —

died at Camp Humphreys, Oct.

12. 1918 Collierstown

Hostetter, John A Collierstown

Hostctlcr, Mays* Lexington

Hostctter, Milton* — Corporal ..Lexington

Ho^tettcr, Randolph C Lexington

HufTman, Herbert Natural Bridge

Huffman, Thomas R.* Buena Vista

Humphreys, Ewing S.* — Lieut., Lexington

Humphreys, Robert L. Buena Vista

Huinpliris, Curtis L. ....East Lexington

Huiiklce, Elmer Rockbridge Baths

Hunklc. R. R K<Kkbridge Baths

Hutcheson, Robert S.*-— Lieut.

Rockbridge Baths
Hutton, Alfred C— Lieut., Veterinary

Corps Lexington

Ingram, Albert B Goshen

Ingram, Andrew P Goshen

Ingram, Preston Bell's Valley

Irvine, Brownie E Lexington

Irvine, Bud R. Lexington

I rvine, Clem L. Collierstown

Irvine, Eldride C Glasgow

Irvine, Lawrence Lexington

Irvine, T. M Lexington

Irvine, William D.— .317th Infantry— died

at Camp Lee Lexington

Irwin, George* Lexington

Jackson, Holland H.* Goshen

Jackson, Houston L. Goshen

Jackson, John L Goshen

Jarvis, Harry L Timber Ridge

Jarvis, John J Brownsburg

Jarvis, Levi H Brownsburg

Jenkins, James T Buena Vista

Jennings. Elmer L. Buena Vista

Jennings, William L Lexington

Johnson. Benjamin W.* Lexington

Johnson, Clide E Buena \'ista

Johnson, Earl Lcxinglon

Johnson, Horace E Buena Vista

Johnson, James C Greenlee

Johnson, James T Greenlee

Johnson, Tulley H.* Buena Vista

Jones, John W Lexington

Jones, Lemon S.* Natural Bridge

Jones, Sidney Brownsburg

Juiikin. Edward L. — Lieut Lexington

Junkin, William McC* Lexington

Kane, Frederick C Lexington

Kcife, Lcland G Lexington

Kcllry. Emmett Buena Vista

Kendall. George W Buena \'ista

Kesler, .-Xrchie A Lexington

Kesler, William W* ...Lexington

Kester, Walden* Lexington

Key. Jamei E. Buena Vista

Kicklighter. Ebeneier C* ....Lexington

Kicfe. Lcland G* Natural Bridge

Kinnear, John A Lexington

Kinncr, lackey McC. — Captain. .Lexington

Kinnear, William A Lexington

Knapp, Fred D Lexington

Knick, Amos S. — Co. P., 4th Regiment

Kerr's Creek
Knick. Calvin Collierstown

SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

449

Knick, Jesse M. — Aviation Section

Kerr's Creek

Krebs, Robert H.* Buena Vista

Kennedy, W. T Lexington

Lackey, William K Buena Vista

Lair, Hugh M Goshen

Lam, Edgar* Rockbridge Baths

Lam, George H.* Lexington

Lam, William B. — U. S. Infantry— died of

wounds, Oct. 7, 1918. .Rockbridge Baths

Lane, Ide R.* Buena Vista

Lane, William Gilmore's Mill

Lannum, Joseph A.* Buena Vista

Lawhorn, Arthur T Buena Vista

Lawhorn, Charles Z Buena Vista

Lawhorn, J. M Riverside

Lawhorn, Lester W Midvale

Lee, P. H Fairfield

Lee, You Chu Lexington

Leech, Frank McC Murat

Leech, Harry T Lexington

Leech, Loyd L.* — Captain of Marines

Lexington

Leighlon, Christopher Greenlee

Leighton, Cecil H Greenlee

Leighton, <

Letcher, Christopher Greenlee

Letcher, Greenlee D.* — Captain, Battery

F, 111 F. A. (Rockbridge Artillery)

Lexington

Lair, Hugh M Goshen

Lilley, James Cornwall

Lindsay, Paul C Lexington

Lipscomb, William Glasgow

Liptrap, James H Bell's Valley

Little, Jesse F Rockbridge Baths

Locher, Bailey J.* Glasgow

Locher, Charles L. — Regular Army —

accidentally killed in France, Nov.

12, 1918 Glasgow

Logan, Earl L Goshen

Lotta, William A Brownsburg

Lowman, John* Rockbridge Baths

Lunsford, Walter I Raphine

Lycias, Robert L Raphine

Lyons, Harry Lexington

Mack, James C* Lexington

Magann, Ernest T Buena Vista

Major, Floyd H.* Buena Vista

Manspile, Albert L Rapp's Mill

Manspile, Leo. S Rapp's Mill

Marchann, Bernard W Lexington

Marcum, Alonzo Natural Bridge

Alarks, Eston S Timber Ridge

Marks, Henry T Fairfield

Marshall, Amos A Natural Bridge

Martin, Earl D Goshen

Martin, Emmett B Natural Bridge

Martin, Frank Lexington

iMartin, Oriel B Lexington

Mason, Frank Lexington

Massie, Roy E Buena Vista

Mattingly, Earl S Lexington

Mays, Earl B Midvale

Mays, Edward F.— 20th Prov. Co.

Kerr's Creek

Mazingo, William E Buena Vista

McAlphin, Charles M.* Glasgow

McBride, Stuart* — Lieut Lexington

McCabe, Charles R Buena Vista

McCabe, Daniel S Buena Vista

McCabe, John W Buena Vista

McClain, James Lexington

McCorkle, Thomas A.* Lexington

McCormick, Edgar L Lexington

McCormick, Emmett W Lexington

McCormick, Marion L Lexington

McCormick, Wallace Fairfield

McCown, Albert S.* — Lieut. ...Lexington

McCoy, Kenton H Lexington

McCoy, M. S Lexington

McCoy, Richard H Lexington

McDaniel, James L.* ....Natural Bridge

McDaniel, John L Buena Vista

McDaniel, John W Fancy Hill

McDaniel, William W. ...Natural Bridge

McGuffin, Charles N Fairfield

McKcever, William Lexington

McKinney, Sydney S.* Lexington

McKinon, Angus* — 1st Lieut. ..Lexington

McNair, John W.* Lexington

McNair, Stuart H.* Greenlee

Mceks, William L Goshen

Mctz, Charles R Lexington

McClain, James Lexington

McCown, Samuel W Lexington

McDaniel. John L Buena Vista

McKeever, Burnett H Lexington

450

A HISTORY OF KOCKDKIDGE COUNTY, VIRGIN'IA

XicKcniy. Harry S Kcrr'j Creek

McNair, John W Natural Bridge

Miller. Aloiuo C* Lexington

Miller, Eldered G Brownsburg

Miller. Hcrl>crt G Rockbridge Baths

Miller, Luther K Lexington

Miller, Walter D Brownsburg

Miller, Houston L Timber Kidge

Millner, Samuel M.*— Lieut. ...Lexington

Mitchell, Samuel A.» Natural Bridge

Moncure, James A Lexington

Monroe, Robert M Lexington

Montgomery, Joseph B Lexington

Montgomery, Melven R Lexington

Moomaw, Clovis* — 1st Lieut. ..Lexington
Moore, A. Marshall* — Lieut. ..Lexington

Moore, C. D Buena Vista

Moore, Carl C Raphine

Moore, liarl* Collicrstown

Moore, George U Natural Bridge

Moore, Harry* Raphine

Moore, Harry C Lexington

Moore, John A Raphine

Moore, John E.* Fairfield

Moore, John S Lexington

Moore, John W.* — Captain ...Lexington

Xfoore, Paul M Lexingotn

Moore, Stuart Lexington

Moore, William G Lexington

Moore, William R. Raphine

Moran, Nubie W Brownsburg

Morris, D. E.— U. S. Inf.— died at
Camp Lee Sept. 28, 1918 ..Collicrstown

Morris, Fred S Lexington

Xiorrit, J. Leon* Lexington

XJorris, O. M Collicrstown

Morris, Robert G.* Lexington

Morrison, George E. Lexington

Morrison, R. B.* Murat

Moses, Jesse H Lexington

Moses, Noah D Lexington

Moxley, Hiderbnrki Glasgow

Musgrove, l.cwi» S Buena Vista

Muirrtpaw, Clarence E. — 33d In-
fantry Kerr's Creek

Mutcrtpaw, Jack Lexington

Mulers|>aw, Raphael E, — 29th Engi-
neers, I9th Divition Kerr's Creek

Myers, Graham H Murat

Myers, Harry G Murat

Newcomer, John W. ...Rockbridge Baths

Newland, Preston S.* Buena Vista

Nicely, Guy C Murat

Nichols, E. H.* Lexington

Nichols. II W.— General, V. M. I.

Training Camp Lexington

Niswander, Carl D Lexington

O'Connell. Stuart A Buena \'ista

Ogden. Hamilton McK. Buena Vista

Ogdcn. John M Buena Vista

Ordeman, George F.* Lexington

Ott. William A.* Fairfield

Padgett. George T Natural Bridge

Page. J. Alexander* Glasgow

Page, Roy* East Lexington

Painter, J. Henry I^xington

Painter, Samuel W Vesuviiu

Painter, William T. — U. S. Array
— died at Camp Lee, Jan. 16,

1918 Rapp's Mill

Palmer, Frank H Lexington

Parker, Carah E.* Greenlee

Parker, George D Glasgow

Parker, William F Lexington

Parsons, Lewis R Natural Bridge

Patterson, Stuart* Brownsburg

Palton. John XI.. Jr Lexington

Paxton. Frank L Lexington

Paxton. H. M Fairfield

Paxton. Matthew W. — Lieut. ..Lexington

Paxton, P. L. Lexington

Paxton. William A Fairfield

Paxton. William McC Fairfield

Pearce. Charles C* Glasgow

Pendleton. K. Morgan* Lexington

Pendleton, R. Tucker* — Captain,

Regular .Army Lexington

Phillips, J. Henry Collicrstown

Phillips. Robert L.— Infantry— of-
ficially rcfxirted as killed in ac-
tion. Nov 2^('>). 1918 Goshen

Phillips, Tnbias C— Lieut I^xington

Phillips. W. Martin Collicrstown

Pickens, Paul* Lexington

Pierce, Charles C Glasgow

Plogger, Alexander J.^^. A — re-
|K>rtcd killed in action July IS,
1918 Collicrstown

SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

451

Plogger, Edward W Kerr's Creek

Plogger, Frederick — Regular Army —
first Rockbridge soldier reported
as killed in action; July 15,

1918 Kerr's Creek

Plogger, William H. ...Rockbridge Baths
Plott, Wallace M.— 317th Infantry. .Goshen

Plott, William L Goshen

Poague, Henry G.* — Captain. . .Lexington
Poague, W. Thomas — Captain. . .Lexington

Poe, Arthur Buena Vista

Poindexter, Emmett W Lexington

Pole, Gwyan* Lexington

Pollard, J. W. H.— Lieut.— sur-
geon Lexington

Pooley, William S Lexington

Poston, William C Buena Vista

Potter, George L CoUierstown

Potter, L. Letcher — National Army
— died at Camp Greene, Jan. 21,

1918 CoUierstown

Powell, Charles M Natural Bridge

Preston, N. W Lexington

Pruthirds, Ardie E.* Lexington

Pugh, Horace Buena Vista

Pugh, Morris J Buena Vista

Pultz, Leslie W Lexington

Purcell, John A Lexington

Quigley, E. M Lexington

Quisenberry, John E.* — 1st

Lieut Lexington

Ramsey, Lomonie Buena Vista

Ree, Rodney C Rockbridge Baths

Reece, C. B Lexington

Reece, W. E Brownsburg

Randolph, D. W. — Major Lexington

Reed, Stokes N Lexington

Rees, Robert H Lexington

Reid, H. Money Lexington

Reid, Rodney C* Rockbridge Baths

Reid, Wallace W Murat

Reynolds, Joseph R Glasgow

Reynolds, Willie G CoUierstown

Rhineholt, John R.* Buena Vista

Rice, William M Greenlee

Riley, Franklin* Lexington

Riley, Herbert A Lexington

Riley, Herbert L Fairfield

Riley, Robert C Rockbridge Baths

Riley, Walter H.* Lexington

Roadccap, Walter S Goshen

Roberdeau, Horace L Lexington

Roberts, E. F Lexington

Roberts, William T Lexington

Robertson, Absalom W.* Major

Buena Vista

Robinson, James K Lexington

Robey, Harry R.* Buena Vista

Rodenizer, C. H Murat

Roderick, C. Garland* Lexington

Rogers, John D.* — Captain ....Lexington

Rogers, Loyd R Buena Vista

Robinson, H. E. — U. S. Engineers —
accidentally killed at Aberdeen, Md.,

Aug. IS, 1918 CoUierstown

Rocklin, Harry Buena Vista

Root, Philip W Lexington

Root, Philip* Lexington

Rose, Benjamin F' Lexington

Rosser, Loyd H Glasgow

Rowsey, Charles L.* Lexington

Rowsey, Grover L. — Naval Reserves —
died in Norfolk, Feb. 25,1917

House Mountain

Rowsey, Harry E Buena Vista

RufT, Will O. L.*— Rockbridge Artil-
lery—died at Camp McClellan, April

22, 1918 Natural Bridge

Ruffin, Thomas E Lexington

Ruffner, David F. — Captain, Field

Army Lexington

Ruffner, Richard* Lexington

Ruffner, Percy* Lexington

Runkle, Elmer Rockbridge Baths

Runkle, Robert R Rockbridge Baths

Ryman, Ernest W.* Buena Vista

Sales, William E.* Fairfield

Sandridge, Charles W Raphine

Satterficid, Frederick M Lexington

Saville, Charles S Murat

Saville, Harry L Murat

Saville, William O Lexington

Scott, Charles H Natural Bridge

Scott, Roy* Natural Bridge

Seal, Elwood H.* Lexington

Scarson, Walter C Raphine

Seay, George B. — U. S. Army — officially
reported killed in action, Dec. 15, 1917
Natural Bridge
Sccrist, Otho H Buena \''ista

452

A HISTOBY OF ROCKBRIIX.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Sedwick, J. H Lexington

Sceberl. Joseph £.•— Lieut —surgeon

Lexington

Scchert. Walter D.» LexinRton

Scri^r.ba-iKh, KInier C. ..Rockbridge Baths

.h, Frank Rockbridge Baths

>... :,;li. John W Brownsburg

Serpen, Robert Lexington

Shafer, Jerry B Natural Bridge

Sliafcr. Martin B Natural Bridge

Shaner. Joseph C* Lexington

Shaw. Marry H Rockbridge Baths

Shaw, Homer L. Lexington

Shaw, James T Bucna Vista

Shepherd. Harvey T Bucna Vista

Shields, Lewis C Fairfield

Shields, William R "Lieut Lexington

Shipley. Howard V Lexington

Shipp, Arthur M.* — Lieut Lexington

Shirey, Hugh M Buena Vista

Shircy. Walter H» Buena Vista

Shoemaker. Fdward O. ..East Lexington

Shorter, Claude M Rapp's Mill

Silven, Richard H Natural Bridge

Simpson. Thomas R Buena Vista

Slough, Edgar S Glasgow

Smiley, Henry C Fairfield

Smiley, James D Moffatts Creek

Smith, Edgar" — Corporal Lexington

Smith, Emmett E Fancy Hill

Smith, Frank M Buena Vista

Smith. J. Henry — died at Camp Zachary

Taylor, Dec. 6, 1918 Lexington

Smith, John T Lexington

Smith, Lige Cornwall

Smith. Marcus L. East Lexington

Smith. Mark H Kerr's Creek

Smith. Olt Natural Bridge

Smith, Porter H East Lexington

Smith, Reid H Bucna Vista

Smith. Rot>ert G I^xinglon

Smith, Sidney A.* Buena Vi»ta

Smith. Walter J Lexington

Smith, Will A Lexington

Smith, William O .' Lexington

SorrctU, Clarence J Midvale

SorrelU. Henry H Riverside

SorrrN. Ro(>crl W. — LieuL-CoI. I^xinalon
Souder, Xfack E. Bucna Vista

Staton, Baron O Bucna Vista

Staton, Brown H Rockbridge Baths

Staton, Chester A Vesuvius

Steele, Frank C Fairfield

Stcrrelt. William R.» ..Rockbridge Baths

Sloner, John Natural Bridge

Sloner, John B Lexington

Story, David C Lexington

Stratton, Charles* Buena Vista

Straub, Lurty F Lexington

Slraub, Robert" East Lexington

Su;)inger, Bolivar" Raphine

Superinger, Clyde C Raphine

Surber, Francis F." Bucna Visia

Surber, Thomas F Buena Vista

Swi.sher, XL B Moffatts Creek

Swisher, Thomas G. . . Rockbridge Baths

T.irdy, Houston Murat

Tardy, Jackson" — 38th Regular Inf. —
killed in action, July 15, 1918

Taylor, Charles A Raphine

Taylor, Oliver P Lexington

Taylor, Samuel" Aqua

Taylor, Walter W Fairfield

Taylor, William Aqua

Teaguc, C. C." Lexington

Terry, Calvin Cornwall

Thomas, Walter W.— Headquarters

Troop, 3rd Division Collierstown

Thompson, Frank Lexington

Thompson, Joseph D Fairfield

Thompson, Harry L." Murat

Thompson, Laird Lexington

Thompson, Prentiss .\. — Corporal,
]ieadquarters Troop, 3rd Divi-
sion, U. S. Infantry — died in

France, Dec. 3, 1918 Goshen

Thompson, W. F Lexington

Thompson, William Murat

Tindle, Bird Goshen

Tolley, Emory W." Lexington

Tolley, James R Buena Vista

Tolley, Joseph H Natural Bridge

Tolley, Oscar L Riverside

Tomlin, Emmett B Buena Vista

Trolan, William A Lexington

Truslow, George L. Buena Vista

Tnrker. A. S. J — Major,
Regular Army Lexington

SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

453

Tucker, Harry St. G.* Lexington

Tucker, Herbert S Lexington

Turner, Herbert S Natural Bridge

Tucker, Hunington M Lexington

Tyree, Houston S Buena Vista

Tyree, Leo H Buena Vista

Tyree, Philander L Cornwall

Tyree, Warren B.* Buena Vista

Updike, Andrew R Buena Vista

Van Devender, Letchard*

Rockbridge Baths

Vaughan, Fort F Lexington

Vest, Benjamin F Buena Vista

Vest, George A Buena Vista

Vest, Harry A.— Cor. Co., 116th Inf.

Kerr's Creek
Vest, Herbert M. — killed in action at
Chateau Thierry, June 6, 1918

Buena Vista

Vest, Houston L Buena Vista

Vest, Mackson Buena Vista

Vest, Obie Buena Vista

Viar, Clarence H Buena Vista

Viar, Joseph E Buena Vista

Viar, Roland Glasgow

Wade, Frank H Lexington

Wade, Roy B Brownsburg

Wagner, George W Glasgow

Wagner, George M.* Glasgow

Walker, Douglass* Buena Vista

Wn Iker, James E Jump

Walker, Floyd A.* Jump

Walker, Samuel F Lexington

Walton, Jesse L* Lexington

W'arren, Howard L Fancy Hill

Warren, James R Lexington

Ward, Carroll R Lexington

Watts, Ernest J Buena Vista

Watts, William J Natural Bridge

Weeks, Joseph T.* Lexington

Wc-ever, R. C Lexington

West, Harrington K.* Lexington

White. George W.*— Captain ..Lexington

White, Graham A Lexington

White, James Lexington

White. Thomas P.* Lexington

Whiteside, Clarence G Buena Vista

W'hiteside, Glossie O Buena Vista

Whiteside, John H.* Buena Vista

Whitesell, Robert L Buena Vista

Whitmer, Raymond* Raphine

Whitmcr, William H Lexington

Widdifield, Barnum M Lexington

Wilbourn, Raymond A Raphine

Willjourn, Arthur* Lexington

Wilhelm, Herbie C— 486th Motor

Truck Co Kerr's Creek

Wilhelm, Homer M Collierstown

Wilhelm, O. McK Collierstown

Williams, Harry B Lexington

Williams, W. T Lexington

Willis, Walter B Buena Vista

Wilson, Estill Collierstown

Wilson, George W. — Headquarters Co.,

135th. Field Army Kerr's Creek

Wilson, James H Raphine

Wilson, M. Lorenzo* Lexington

Wilson, Samuel B.— 317th Inf.— died of
wounds received at Buzancy, Nov.

4, 1918 Raphine

Wilson, Walter S Raphine

Wilson, William O Kerr's Creek

Wise, David C Buena Vista

Winston, William A Lexington

Wise, David C Buena Vista

Withers, Martin B.* Lexington

Withrow, Ernest L Lexington

Witt, Robert R.* Lexington

Womelsdorf, Bruce D.* Lexington

Womclsdorf, Joshua C Lexington

Womelsdorf, Raymond* Lexington

Wood, George W Cornwall

Wood, Joseph D Cornwall

Wood, Reas W Cornwall

Wood, Samuel M Goshen

Wood, Will H Cornwall

Woodson, Gille N Buena Vista

Woodson, Herman J Buena Vista

Worth, C. E Lexington

Worth, J. Estill Natural Bridge

Worth, Owen A Natural Bridge

Wright, James* Buena Vista

Youell, Rice* Lexington

Vouell, William A.* Lexington

Young, Danzel R Glasgow

454

A HISTORY OF ROCKDRIDCE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

COLORED

Ailslock, Howard Raphine

AiUtock. Scolt Raphine

Alexander, Robert Raphine

Anderjon, Leo G Glasgow

Anlhony, llickerson Glasgow

Baker, Will O Buena Vista

Banister, Lucian CoUierstown

Barber, Eniest J Lexington

Beal, Forrest W Mural

Bolcn, Lewis Lexington

Booker, James M Buena Vista

Borgas, Brown C Lexington

Bowycr, William L Lexington

Brown, Douglass — reported to have
died of disease in France, Dec. 19,

1917 Brownsburg

Brown, William F Brownsburg

Brown, William L Brownsburg

Carter, Samuel G Buena Visla

Carter, Frank Lexington

Chambers, Acres Timber Ridge

Chandler. John D Natural Bridge

Chandler, Stuart A Lexington

Clark, Nelson Lexington

Clark, Robert L Lexington

Clark, Walter Lexington

Cobbs, James H Buena Vista

Cosby, John Lexington

Craney, Glasgow Brownsburg

Cuff, Purcell E I^xington

Dandridgc, Frank Buena Vista

Dandridge, William P Buena Vista

Davit, Allen B Goshen

Dickenson. Wade A Fairfield

Diggs, Clarence Lexington

Dillard. Malcolm A Glasgow

Dixon. J.-»tnc» O Natural Bridge

Dixon. Rol>crt 1! Natural BridKC

Ellit, Emmelt Natural Bridge

Ellit, Richard Natural Bridge

Evans, William R. Lexington

Fields, Robert Buena Vista

Franklin. Andrew M, . .« GLugow

Franklin, Nelson Lexington

Gilmore, Walter L Natural Bridge

Ginger, Warrcnl Natural Bridge

Gooch, Mitchell D.— U. S. Army— died at

Camp Greene, N. C. Oct. M, 1918

Lexington

Green, George L. Buena Vista

Green, Henry L Buena Vista

Green, Robert J Buena Vi«U

Hale, Jackson Lexington

Hallhurion. Howard Brownsburg

Harris. J.imes A Lexington

Harris. Isaiah Lexington

Hawkins. Ira J. S I>exington

Hawkins. Nathaniel S Lexington

Henderson. John C Rockbridge Baths

Hinton. Preston Lexington

Hinton, William Lexington

Holtz, Harry C Raphine

Holtz. Henning Jump

Holtz. William R.— <lied at Camp

Grant, Oct. 17, 1918 CoUierstown

Hughes, Samuel Lexington

Hunt. Guy A Natural Bridge

Hunt, Morris Natural Bridge

Irving. Boyd P Buena N'ista

Jackson. Lance Lexington

Jackson, Percy A Buena Visla

Johnson, Lacy E Lexington

Johnson. Robert* Buena Vista

Jones. Elmer* Lexington

Jones. Ferdinand Lexington

Jones, Preston C Lexington

Jones. Sidney Brownsburg

Jordan. John Glasgow

Keir. Harry H Rockbridge Baths

Kiley, Silas G Goshen

Kings, John Goshen

Kinney. Sherman O Lexington

Lee. Benjamin Brownsburg

Lewis. Frederick H Raphine

I^gan, Lester P . . . I-exington

I^gan, Nathaniel Lexington

Lyie, John L. Fairfield

Lyie, Walter W Lexington

Madison. Nickerson Glasgow

Madison. Sylvester A Lexington

Massie, Roy C Fairfield

Massie. William A Fairfield

Mathews, John Lexington

Merchant, Garrett M CoUierstown

SOLDIERS OF THE WORLD WAR

455

Miller, James M Goshen

Miller, Rufus O Lexington

Minor, Alonza Goshen

Minor, Harris T Goshen

Nichols, Walter L Goshen

Nowlen, Frank Bnena Vista

Nowlen, Joseph J Buena Vista

Pa>-ton, Bruce Lexington

Peters, Fred F. D Brownsburg

Pettigrew, Wonderful P Lexington

Pleasants, Glasgow Brownsburg

Pleasants, Oscar Lexington

Powell, David Buena Vista

Pryor, John Lexington

Randolph, Thomas Lexington

Rhoades, Lacy E Raphine

Richardson, Reid Buena Vista

Robinson, Colonel Buena Vista

Ross, Robert Buena Vista

Rowland, Alvie Lexington

Rowland, Fenton H Lexington

Sadler, Harry Natural Bridge

Sanderson, Sidney Buena Vista

Sanderson, Thomas P Buena Vista

Sanderson, Walter L Buena Vista

Scott, Charles H. — U. S. Army — died in
N. Y., Aug. 5, 1918 ....Natural Bridge

Scott, Jacob R Raphine

Scudder, George Natural Bridge

Sholtz, Albert Lexington

Sholtz, Charles W Brownsburg

Sholtz, Robert S Brownsburg

Stuart, Roy Brownsburg

Swinley, Lorenzo Buena Vista

Thomas, Jesse J Goshen

Thomas, John E Goshen

Thompson, Isaac Buena Vista

Tindle, Bud Goshen

Tindle, John Goshen

Tinsley, Listras Lexington

Toles, Robert N Goshen

Turner, Ferdinand Lexington

Twitty, James C Buena Vista

Walker, Cyrus A Brownsburg

Walker, Early Buena Vista

Warrick, James E Glasgow

Washington, Andrew Lexington

Watts, Robert L Natural Bridge

Waugh, Fulton Baltimore, Md.

White, Preston A Lexington

Williams, Harry B Lexington

Wilson, James A Buena Vista

Winfield, Douglas Lexington

Woods, Horace Glasgow

SECTION XIII
VARIOUS LISTS

iMroiTATioNs. 1739-1740— Naturaiizations Peios to 1886— Road Wobkms, 1752-53— Com-

ML-N-ICANTS AT TiMBU RiDCE, 1753 — SETTI-EaS OF Kur's CREEK AND VlaSITV — HeMP

CErriricATES — New Monmoi'tii Memdessiiip. 1790— Residents of Lexington,
1790— Tavern -Keepers — Locations and Arrivals — Reports of Processioners

"IMPORTATION'S." 1739-1740

A list of Augusta settlers who "proved their importation from Great Britain
at their own expense," in order to become entitled to enter public land. These
proceedings were before the county court of Orange.

The name of the wife is not always explicitly stated. In such instances it
is presumably the first female name in the household.

Februarv 28, 1739

Patrick McCafld:»n; for him<clf and Samuel Givens

William I.rdnc rwood ; for himself and Agnes. Martha, Jane. I'l'^iier. William, James.

Kobtrt Mi-Dowcll; for himself and Martha, Jane, MarRarct, William.

John ^(cDowcll : also for XIagdalene (wife), Samuel (.••on), and John Rutler.

June 26, 1740

Robert Young; for himself and Agada, Julia, Samuel, James.

John Smith; also for Margaret (wife) and .\braham, Henry, Daniel, John, Joseph; Mid
for Robert McDowell.

James ncll ; for himself and John, Margaret, and Eliwhcth Bell, John Mulhollen. Jane
Mc.Megant, Agnes Reed, William and F.liiabcth McCanlos.

John Trimble; for himself and .\nn, Margrrt, Mary.

John Hay; for himself and Rebecca, Charles, Andrew, Barbara, Jane, Robert.

Morris O'Friel ; for himself and Catharine (wife.)

Patrick Hays; for himself and Frances, Jean, William, Margaret, Catharine, Ruth.

Patrick Camiil>ell : for himself and FJizabclh, Charles, William, Patrick, Jr., John.
Marv, Fli7al>clh, Gennet.

Robert Patterson; also for Mary (wife), and Thomas. Mary, Elizabeth.

David Logan: also for Mary (wife) and William.

Robert Poague; alto for Elizabeth (wife) and Margret, John, Martha, Sarah, George,
Mary Elizabeth, William, Robert.

John Anderion; for himself and Elizabeth (wife) and William, Margret, John, France*.

Ji;ly 2425, 1740

John WiUon: (or himself and Martha, Matthew, William, John, Sarah, Elizabeth.
Jame« XtcClure; alto for Agnes, John, Eleanor, \ndrew, Jane, James, Jr.
John Davi«on; also for James. George, Thomas. William, Samuel.
William Hiitcheson; alto for John, Sr., John, Jr., Margrft, Mary.
Motet Thompson; also for Jane, William, Robert, John, and for Jane Cox.
John Maxwell: for himself and Margaret, John. Jr., Thomas, Mary, Alexander.

VARIOUS LISTS 457

James Davis; also for Mary, Henry, William, Samuel.

Patrick Crawford; also for Ann, James, George, Margaret, Mary.

Francis McCowen ; for himself and Mary (wife) and Markham and Elizabeth.

David Edmiston ; for himself and Isabella, Jesse, John, William, Rachael, David,
Moses; and for Jesse and James Daley.

James Robinson ; for himself and Jean, William, George.

George Hutcheson ; for himself and Eleanor (wife) and Jennet; also for Joseph Carr.

William Johnston; also for Ann, Elizabeth, John; and for Samuel Brawford.

John Carr; also for Lucey (wife), and Margaret and Matthew Glaspey, her children.
This entry is dated April 27, 1740.

NATURALIZATIONS PRIOR TO 1866

When the year of naturalization is not followed by a star final papers were
taken, otherwise only first papers. The year of birth is indicated by b. When
such date is only approximately known, it is followed by a c.

James Caskey — 1807.

James McCroskey — 1808.

Hugh Laughlin — from Ireland — b. 1774c — 1815.

Samuel Henderson — from Scotland — b.l7S5c — 1815.

James Farley — from Scotland — b.l781 — 1815.

Michael McAleer— from Ireland— b.l815— 1841*.

Edward Really— 1844*.

Josiah Day— 1844*.

Daniel Phalby— 1844*.

John R. Maben— 1845*.

John Rrcen— 1844*.

Patrick Kaine- 1851*.

Seligman Schwartz — from Bavaria — 1851*.

Francis Jenks — from England — 1851*.

Henry Rice — from Ireland — 1851*.

John B. Ricardi — from Sardinia — 1851*.

Patrick McAndrew— from Ireland— b. 1829—1852*.

John Callaghan— b.l830— 1852*.

Michael Godfrey— b.l822c— from Ireland— 1852*.

Dennis Cronan — from Ireland — b 1812c — 1852*.

John Masterson- from Ireland— b.l801c—1852*.

Dennis Lary— from Ireland— b. 1821c— 1852*.

Daniel Brion— from Ireland— b.l819c— 1852*.

John Cadagan— from Ireland— b.l824c— 1852*.

John Doil— from Ireland— b.l831c— 1854*.

Patrick Minitor— from Ireland— b.l828c— 1852.

William Hagan— from Ireland— b.l828c— 1852*.

Thomas Martin— from Ireland- b.l827— 1852*.

Patrick Haylcy— from Ircland—b 1818— 1852*.

Jerry McCarfy— from Ireland— 1852*.

David Shutterley— from Baden— b.l825c— 1852*.

John Chapin — from England — 1852*.

George Chapin — from England — 1852*.

Samuel Kahn — from Germany — 1852*.

458 A IIISTORV OF ROCKBRIDGE COCNTV. VIRGINIA

James McCool— from Ireland— b.l8Il—1853».
William Welch— from Ireland— b.l82S— 1853*.
Thomas Junes — from EnRland— *.1831 — 18S3*.
Thomas Caset— from Ireland— b.l830—1853».
Martin Casey— from Ireland— 1).1832—1853».
Max Schwarlx— from Bavaria— t 1822— 18S4*.
John Kremer — from Prussia — b.l828 — 1859.
Michael McNamara— from Ireland— b 1825— 1857.
Malcck Kearney— from Ireland— b.l830— 1855*.
John Fiugerald— from Ireland— b.l813 — 1855.
Andrew Cunningham — b.l8J4 — 1855* — from Ireland.
John McNamar— from Ireland— b.l82a— 1855*.
Patrick O'Brian- b.l812— from Ireland— 1857.
Patrick Cusack- from Ireland— b 1816— 1855*.
Michael Cusack— from Ircland—b 1816— 1855*.
Joseph Labree— from Canada— b.l818—I8S8.
William Mason — from EnRland- 1855*.
Francis Jenks — from England — 1855*.
John Rcid— from Ireland— b.l795— 1855.
Patrick GrcRory— from Ireland— b.l832—18S6».
Michael Murphy— from Ireland— b.l83J— 1856*.
James Martin— from Ireland— 6.1828— 1856*.
John Chapman, Jr. — from England — 1858.
Carl M. Stephani— from Prussia— b.l831— 1860*.
Daniel Cruden— 1865*.

ROAD WORKERS. 1752-3

Tithablcs required to turn out to build a road ordered September 27. 1752.
from James Young's mill to John Buchanan's mill :

William Akry Robert McClenon

John Hartley James McCorkle

John Berry Alexander McFeeters

John Brigham William McFeeters

John Buchanan James Moody

John Campt>ell William McN'ab

Jamet Clark Maurice O'Friel

Andrew Cowan George Peary

Robert Davis Thomas Peary

Cornelius Donaho James Phillips

Samuel Downing Thomas Rcid

Frencit Dunn Josias Richard*

James Gilmer Robert Scott

Thomas Kirkpatrick Major Scott

William Lcdgerwood Adam Thompson

Patrick Martin John Trimble

William Martin John Vance

William XlcClinlock Samuel Wallace

John Black Hugh Young

John Jameson James Young

VARIOUS LISTS

459

Tithables to build a road from Joseph Long's mill to James Ycung's mill,
thence to the great road on James Thompson's plantation. Order given in
1753. Overseers, Joseph Long and James Young.

James Boils
William Brown
Thomas Barton
James Campbell
John Carr
John Collier
Gilbert Crawford
George Gibson
Samuel Gibson
William Hall

John Hanna
James Huston
James Moore
John Ruckman
James Todd
William Todd
William Wadington
Solomon Whitley
James Young
Patrick Young
Robert Young

COMMUNICANTS AT TIMBER RIDGE, 1753
The names in this list are those who signed a call for the Reverend John

Brown :

Alexander, Archibald
Allison, Francis
Allison, Robert
Beaty, Francis
Berry, Charles
Berry, Thomas
Berry, William
Borden, Magdalena
Buchanan, Samuel
Caruthers, William
Coulter, James
Davis, Samuel
Davis, William
Davison, John
Douglass, John
Dryden, David
Dryden, Thomas
Dunlap, Samuel
Eakin, James
Eakin. Walter
Edmiston, John
Fitzpatrick, Andrew
Gamble, Robert
Gaor, Edward
Gray, Jacob
Gray, Samuel
Gray, William
Greenlee, James
Hamilton, William

Hawely, John
Hay, Joseph
Hay, Samuel
Hearken, Edmund
Henderson, George
Henry, Robert
Hill, Thomas
Houston, John, Sr.
Houston, John, Jr.
Houston, Matthew
Houston, Robert
Houston, Samuel
Kennedy, Joseph
Kerr, John
Keys, John
Keys, Rodger
Kirkpatrick, Robert
Lockridge, William
Logan, John
Lowry, John
Lusk, James
Lusk, William
Lyie, Daniel
Lyie, John
LyIe, Matthew
Lyie, Samuel
Macky, John
Martin, Agnes
M'Anelly, Charles

460

A HISTORY OP BOCKBRIDCE COUNTY, VIBCINIA

M'Clung.
M 'Clung.
Xi 'Clung.
M'Clucr,
M'CIucr,
XrClucr.
M'CIucr,
M'Crosky

Jr.

Jame*
James,
widow
.Mcxander
John
Nathaniel
Halbcrt
, John, Sr.

(1)
(2)

M'Crosky, John, Jr.
M'CrosUy, Alexander
XrCutchcn, Samuel
M'Dowell, James
M'Dowcll, Samuel
M'Gliilcr. Ncal
M'.Murry, Thomas
M'Nabb, Baptist
M'Nabb, John
M'Speden, Thomas
Miller, Alexander
Xlilchell, John
Montgomery. John
Moore, Alexander
Xfoorc, John
Patton, John
Paxton, Samuel
Paxton, Thomas
Peoples, Nathan
Reagh, Robert

Other persons who contributed to the pastor's salary in the same year:
At New Providence. John Handly, Edward McCoIgan, and Patrick Porter;
at Timber Ridge. John Bowycr and Thomas McSpaden.

SF.TTLF.RS OF KERR'S CREEK AND VICINITY

Mentioned, November 18. 1760. as debtors to the estate of Jacob
Cunningliam :

Reagh, William
Robertson, Robert
Robinson, James
Robinson, John
Robinson, Xiatlhew
Robinion, William
Roseman, John
Sayer, David
Shields, John
Smiley, John
Smith, William
Sprowl, John
Steele, .^ndrcw
Steele, Samuel
Stuart, John
Thompson, James
Trimble. James
Trimble. Xloses
Walker, .Mcxander
Walker. Alexander
Walker. James
Walker. John
Wardlaw. William
Weir. Robert
Whiteside. Moses
Whiteside. William
Winiston, John

John Berry
Edward Bevill
James Brains
Richard Brush
John Coler
James Cunningham
William Dacis
Jamct Davis
Alexander Dcel (Dale)
John Dunlap
Edward Feari*

Samuel Gibson
John Gillmor
James Gilmor
William iiall
Robert Hamilton
Samuel Ilorad
James XtcCalester
Neaiell XlcCIislcr
Halbcrt XtcClure
Francis XtcCown
Robert XfcHcney

VARIOUS LISTS

461

Alexander Miller
Robert Moor
William Olley
Francis Randell
Daniel Lvlf
Samuel Lvle

Matthew Lyle
John Scot
David Tallford
James Trimble
Patrick, Young
Robert Young

HEMP CERTIFICATES

The persons named below were among the leading hemp growers of Augustr
for the years indicated. The figures following the name: ;..v '.or tue pwr..idi of
dry, winter-rotted hemp, for which certificates were isstied by the county court :

1766

Alexander, William — 1400
Allison, John — 1354
Anderson, James — 164
Beaty, John— 1328
Campbell, James — 1528.
Crawford, Andrew — 328
Cunningham, Jonathan — 824
Evans, Nathaniel — 2659
Finlay, John — 124
Frazier, John — 27
Frazier, Patrick — 457
Frazier, Robert — 362
Gilmore, William — 994
Hutchinson, John — 1157

Alexander, Joseph — 2600
Alexander, William — 1866
Allison, John— 1700
Beaty, John— 1905
Culton, James — 490
Culton, Robert— 866
Dryden, David — 479
Dunlap, John— 1300
Dunlap, William— 462
Edmondson, James — 390
Gay, James— 1000
Gilmore, James — 2548
Greenlee, James— 2141
Hays, Charlcs-1972
Kerr, William— 1814
Kirkpatrick, Thomas — 1784
Lyle, Matthew— 1884
Lyle, John— 379
Maxwell, William— 499
McClung, James — 440
McClung, John — 621
McClung, William— 730

McCampbell, Andrew — 393

McClure, Moses — 2392

McDowell, James — 853

McDowell, Samuel — 694

McElheny, Robert— 1328

Paul, Audley— 1179 ("11 cwt, 3 quarters,

4 pounds")
Paxton, John — 4442
Paxton, Thomas — 5426
Ramsay, William — 435
Smiley, Walter — 546
Telford, James— 785
Walker, Joseph— 1340
Whitley, Paul— 810

1767

McClure, Andrew — 1832
McCorklc, Alexander— 1712

McCullough, Thomas — 1540

McCown, James — 100
McDowell, Matthew— 162
McDowell, Samuel— 2090
McElheny, Robert— 967
McGavock, James — 1740
McKee, William — 631
McKemy, William— 960
McN'abb. Baptist— 1330
Mitchell, John^)63
O'Frield, Maurice — 419
Pavton, John— 8772
Paxton, Samuel — 832
Robinson, Reed — 250
Reah, William— 1650
Simpson, James — 420
Wallace, Peter— 3039
Willcy. John— 1875
Woods, Richard— 1402

462

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

NEW MONMOUTH XiEMBERSHIP. 1790

Names of persons who had
Septeinf)cr 5, 1790:

Blakcly Brush
John Cooper
James Cuiiiiingham
Lhzabeth Dale
F^ i>ert Erwin
James Uiimo^e
John Gilmorc
Joseph Goodbar
Morris Gwin
Andrew Hall
John Hamilton
Kobert Kinkaid
Charles Kirkpatrick, Sr.
Charles Kirk|>.iirick, Jr.
John Kirkpatrick
Robert Law son
James Logan
Samuel McCampbel!
Aim McCampbcIl
Kobert McCam|>bcll
Joseph McCown

RESIDEN
James Blair
James Gold
Jacob Fuller
William Tidd
James Hopkins
Arthur Beaty
Isaac Whitaker
John Thompson
Bernard Katon
George ICdgar
Hugh McAllister
Andw. Alcxamlcr
John Dalton
Kathan Shields
Isaac Caruthen
Wm. Gregory
Jno. Shields
Christian \'arner
William Hiltis
Dan. Armstrong
Anthony Geigcr
Jatnes Williams
Alexr. Stare
James Gamble
Samuel L. Campbell

taken seats in the Old Monmouth meeting house,

William McKee
John McKee
James McKee
John McElheny
Kobert McElheny
James McMath
James Moore
John Moore, Sr.
John Moore, Jr.
William Priestly
Henry Skeen
John Thompson
George Townsley
Robert Wason
Hugh Weir
Alexander Wiley
John Wilson
Samuel Wilson
James Wilson

TS OF LEXINGTON,

1796

John Hopkins
Thos. Margrave
Daniel Windall
M. Hanna
Alexander Shields
Jno. Galbrailh
Cornelius Dorinan
Robert Scott
James Carulhcrs
James Bailey
John Caruthers
Josias Anderson
Henry Williams
Benja. Darst
Jno. M'Mullin
William Caruthers
George Mitchel
Saml. Il-irkins
Arthur Walkup
David Shield*
Wm. Jones
Kot>eart L. McDowell
John Newcomer
John Cox
Smith TTiompson, Jr.

VARIOUS LISTS

463

HOLDERS OF TAVERN LICENSE, 1778—1864

When there are two dates the second is the latest one in which we find
mention of the person as tavern-keeper.

Albright, John, at Fairfield— 18-10-1849

Alexander, William— 1779, 1784

Anderson, Josiah— 1792, 1793

Anderson, Robert B.— 1845

Athon, Joseph— 180S, 1807

Bacon, A. S. & Co., at Lexington 1850

Bailey, William S.— 1802

Barclay, Hugh, Jr.— 1784

Barton, Philip B.— 1830

Bay, Jeremiah — 1799

Beers, William— 1795

Bell, Joseph— 1826

Bell, Alexander N.— 1836, 1831

Bett, Horatio— 1817

Bow, Levi— 1796, 1798

Brown. William, at Lexington — 1779

Burk, Elizabeth— 1818

Campbell, Isaac— 1778, 1779

Campbell, James and Addison H. at

Alum Springs — 1837
Cress, George — 1837
Cress, George— 1797, 1800
Darst, Benjamin- 1804
Darst, Samuel — "Blue Ridge Canal

Inn"— 1838
Daughcrty, James — 1787
Dietrick, Jacob at Fairfield — 1826
Donaho, Thomas U.— 1848
Douglass, William— 1832
Douthat, William H.— 1831
Eastham, James at Lexington — 1785
Edgar, Thomas — 1786
Eisenhower, Jacob B — 1818
Ellis, Humphrey— 1795
Evans, Abraham — 1788
Ewing, Robert— 1780
Falconer, Alexander — 1851
Firebaugh, John — 1864
Fultz. Uriah— 1845
Gilmore, James — 1780
Glyce, Christopher— 1796, 1810
Grigsby, James — 1779
Hanna, Matthew at Lexington — 1796
Hartley, Peter— 1800
Hatcher, Henry M.— 1855

Z8ZI— sau'Ef 'ujoijiMEH
Hillis, William— 1793
Houghton, Joseph — 1795
Hutchinson, George W. — 1835
Johnson, George W.— 1861, 1863
Jordan, William— 1849
Kelly, Joseph, at Brownsburg — 1852
Kerr, Andrew, at Brownsburg — 1796
Kerr, Zachariah H. — 1851
Keys, David— 1798
Kirkpatrick, John— 1778
Kirkwood, Robert— 1801
Mackay, John — 1796
Manson, Robert E. — 1835
Maxwell, John— 1788
McCaul, William— 1850
McChesney, George W., at Brownsburg —

1837
McConkey, Samuel — 1793
McCorkle, John— 1839
Miles, Francis — 1801
Miller, Samuel— 1825. 1845
Miller, John A.— 1849, 1850
Mitchell, John B.— 1821
Moffett, William— 1835, 1849
Moore, Samuel-'1798, 1803
Newcomer, John — 1804
Niblack, William— 1801
Northern, William— 1849
Payne, Ambrose— 1792, 1793
Porter, Edwin— 1851
Roads, George— 1803
Ruff, Jacob— 1789, 1792
Russell, Samuel— 1821
Scott, Andrew .\L— 1826
See, Charles P., at Natural Bridge— 1850
Shaner, Mary — 1861
Shaw, Matthew— 1837
Shields, Alexander— 1802, 1820
Siler, Jacob— 1841, 1850
Sloan, Alexander T., the "Jefferson Hotel"

—1841
Spriggs, Joseph — 1841
Spring. Nicholas— 1801, 1803
Steele, Samuel— 1795

464 A HISTORY OF KOCKORIDOE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Stuart. Alexander— 1778 Walkup. Andrew— 1796. 1809

TedJord. Jacob— 18SS. 1862 Wallace. Samuel, at Lexington— 1778. 178S

Templeton. John— 1780 \N elcli. Uenjamin. at "lancy Hill Tavern"

Trcv). Jacob— 1809 — 18JS

Trevy. Joseph Y.. at the "Red House"— West. James— 18JS. 1826

1836 Whiteside. Thomas-1791. 1802

Vamer. Christain. at Lexington— 1796 Windte, Daniel— 1790. 1801

LOCATIONS AND ARRIVALS
The present list includes some facts relating chiefly to the arrival or loca-
tion of various settled families. A date without comment means that there is
documentary mention of the person in Rockbridge in the said year. A name
in parentheses is that of a consort.

Allen, James (.\lary) — sells on Kerr's Creek. 1780.

Allen. Benjamin (Margaret) — liufTalo, 1779.

Allison. MarKarct (John)— near Stuart's Mill, 1780.

Anderson. William (Elizabeth)— 1778.

Archer. Sampson— settled at Gilmore's Spring on James.

Archibald. Samuel (Catharine)- 1784.

Bane. Robert, late of Augusta — buys. 1780, of James (Mary) .Mien.

Beach. Waldron — Kerr's Creek, 1778.

Beats. James (Jane)— end of Short Hill, 1778.

Bcaiy. Arthur (Llcanor)— about 1780.

Bennett, Benjamin — North River, 1779.

Bennett, Moses — place on North River sold, 1778.

Blackburn. Benjamin (Mary) — 1781.

Bradford, Samuel, Jr., of /XuKtista — buys of George (Agnes) Berry, 1777.

Brown. George (Margaret) — 1782.
Brownlee. Alexander — came. 17J9.

Bunion, William (Sarah) — about 1778.

Bunton. Moses and William — buy of James (.^nn) Harris. 1778.

Cassady, James (Elizabeth)— Buffalo, 1786.

Cleghorn. Robert (Mary) — l^xington, 178S.

Corbett, James (Margaret)— 1779.

Crawford. William ( Margaret)- Collier's Creek. 1786.

Crawford. Kobrrt. shoemaker— near Steele's mill. 1767.

Cunningham. Moses — Kerr's Creek, 1786.

Cunningham. Muses ( Hannah)— Collier's Creek. 1777.

Dale. Rol>ert (.Sarah)— Kerr's Creek, 1779.

Davidson. William (Sarah)— 1786.

Davidson. Roliert G. — Kerr's Creek. 1822.

Davidson, John— buys on Collier's Creek. 1779.

Davis. Samuel (Jean)— 1778.

Defries. James (Mary) — South River, 1783.

Dougherty. George (Agnes) — sells, 1779.

Dougherty, Henry, oldest son of Michael — Cedar. 1782.

Dryden, William (Mary)— Borden Tract, 1778.

Edmondson. Matthew (Margaret) — 17SS.

Erwin, Robert— Kerr's Creek, 1822.

VARIOUS LISTS 465

Evans, Nathaniel (Mary) — 1779.
Fulton, Hugh — came, 1739.

Gabbert, Matthew (Christina) — opposite mouth of Buffalo, 1781.
Gadberry — plantation on Buffalo mentioned, 1805.
Galbraith, John (Barbara) — Lexington, 1782.
Gibson, George — near House Mountain, 1768.
Gilmore, James (Martha) — 1764.
Goodbar, Robert — buys on Kerr's Creek, 1779.
Graham, Arthur (Mary) — Walker's Creek, 1787.
Gray, David (Ruth)— 1784.
Gray, Samuel (Agnes) — 1764.

Grigsby, James (Franky)— buys on Mill, 1778, and on Buffalo, 1779.
Guthrie, Robert— Cedar, 1788.
Hall, Nathaniel (Elizabeth)— 1786.

Hall, James— neighbor to William Murphy, Robert Skeen, Elijah Forsythe, Robert
Clark, George Cress — 'Collier's Creek, 1780.

Hannah, Alexander (Isabel) — Buffalo, 1784.

Hannah, John — has mill license on Collier, 1768.

Harper, James — Collier's Creek, 1802.

Henderson, Samuel, Sr. (Mary McClure) — 1780.

Hill, Thomas (Elizabeth)— 1780.

Houston, John (Sarah) — Hay's Creek, 1788.

Houston, William (Jane)— 1786.

Howell, Thomas (Ann)— Buffalo, 1784.

Hoylman, Stophel — buys of Isaac Taylor, Jr., 1777.

Jack, Samuel — north side North River, 1780.

Kelly, Samuel (Catharine) — Walker's Creek, 1779.

Kelly, Anthony (Elizabeth)— Walker's Creek, 1779.

Kelso, Moses (Jane) — Dry Run, 1779.

Kennedy, William — came, 1772.

Kidd, Daniel (Christina L.)— 1785.

Kingery, Jacob— buys of Andrew Taylor, 1777.

Kirkpatrick, John— Buffalo, 1778.

Lackey, Thomas, wheelwright — 1788.

Laird, James — South River, 1805.

Leech, John — from Cumberland county, Pa., 1778.

Liggett, Alexander (Jean) — 1784.

Logan, David (Mary)— Buffalo, 1778.

Logan, James (Martha) — Collier's Creek, 1779.

Long, Joseph (Elizabeth)— Buffalo, 1778.

Lusk, John (Isabella)— South River, 1778.

Lusk, William — came 1744.

Lyle, John (Frances)— 1780.

Magec, Richard (Sarah)— Buffalo, 1780.

Martin, William (Mary)— Collier's Creek, 1787.

Mathews, Richard (Eleanor)— Mill Creek, 1778.

McCallistcr, George (Sarah)— Buffalo, 1785.

McCallister, John — buys on James, 1779.

McCalpin, Robert— Buffalo, 1777.

466 A HISTORV OK RUCKUKIIX^E CUUNTY, VIKUNIA

McCampbell, Samuel (Martha)— Back Creek, 178J.
XlcCampbell, Jamc»^<amc about 1759.
McCatnpbcll, William — came about 175J.
McChejney, Janic* (Sarah) — Borden Tract, 1784.
McCheMicy, Samuel (Juaima, — Hays Creek, I77K.
McClung, John— came in fall of 1744.
McClure, Moses (Isabella)— South Kiver, 1777.
McClure, Alexander, Sr. (Martha) — North Kiver, 1778.
McConnell. Patrick (Judith)— Buffalo, 1780.
McCorkIc, Patrick— sells to Samuel Lyic, 1778.
McCown, James (Jane) — came, 1747, sells on Cedar, 1779.
McCown, John — bought of Thomas Kindcll on Kerr's Creek.
McCullough, Thomas — South River, 1805.
McFadden, Hugh (Elizabeth)— Kerr's Creek, 1785.
McKce, John and James— <amc in summer of 1754.
McKee. John— Buffalo, 1779.
WcKemy, John (KUry)— Buffalo, 1784.
McNear, Robert (.Margaret)— Collier's Creek, 1778.
McNecly, David ( Martha )— Borden Tract. 1781.
McSpadin, Moses (Jean)— 1780.
Milligan, William (.Martha)— Broad Creek, 1778.
Mitchell, John— Buffalo, 1789.
Ncely, John (Elizabeth)— Buffalo, 1786.
Nesbitt, Samuel (Mary)— 1788.
Patterson, James (Isabella) — 1787.
Patlon, William— came 1750.

Paxton, Thomas^amc 1744, but prospected two >ear5 earlier.
Pickens, James— Buffalo, 1788.
Pine, James — buys on Collier, 1779.
Poaguc, Robert (Margaret)— 1779.
Pollock, James (Margaret) — Great Kiver, 1786.

Porter, Samuel — improvements on Buffalo valued, 1751, at ?J78J9 by John Poage
and James Davis.

Pullin, Joseph— buys on Buffalo, 1787.

Ramiay, Joseph — buys on Buffalo, 1787.

Ramsay, Samuel — opi>osile mouth of Whistle and just below .\ndrcw Hall, 18(X).

Robertson, John (Sarah)— V/alker's Creek. 1786.

Robinson, Robert — Ixjught of William Snodon, about 1747.

Robinson. Robert ( Elizabeth)— Broad Creek, 1779.

Robinson, John (Mary) — 1780.

Sawyers, David— lived with Solomon Moffett. 17(j2.

Siler, Philip— buys on Walker's Creek. 1781.

Smiley, John (Elizabeth)- North River, 1779.

Snodgrass, James (Jean) — 1780.

Steele, Roljerl (Agnes) — 1787.

Meele, Samuel— came 1739.

Stevenson. James (M.irgaret) — Little River. 1787.

Stiun, Archibald— Kerr's Creek, 1822.

VARIOUS LISTS 467

Summers, John (Agnes) — 1788.
Tate, Joseph— 1781.

Telford, Hugh — settled at Falling Springs.
Todd, James (Susannah) — Buffalo, 1777.
Todd, Samuel— Whistle Creek, 1767.
Vance, Patrick (Mary)— 1787.
Vanmaple, John (Jean) — 1786.
Walker, John, blacksmith— 1784.

Wallace, James (Elizabeth) — Walker's, "formerly Hays" Creek, 1785.
Ward, Isaac (Elizabeth)— Buffalo, 1781.
Ward, John (Mary)— Elk Creek of James, 1779.
Wardlaw, James — came 1745.
. Wasson, Robert — Kerr's Creek, 1820.
Weir, Samuel (Margaret)— sells to Thomas Steele, 1780.
Whitley, Jonathan (Sarah)— Buffalo, 1784.
Whitley, Paul — settled on Cedar.
Williamson, Richard (Ann) — Collier's Creek, 1780.
Willson, Thomas— near House Mountain, 1805.
Wilson, Abraham (Catharine) — sells, 1778.
Wilson, James — Borden Tract, 1779.
Woods, Joseph (Mary)— Borden Tract, 1781.
Woods, Patrick (Margaret)— 1782.
Woods, Samuel (Jane) — 1783.
Woods, Stephen (Martha)— 1783.

REPORTS OF PROCESSIONERS

in 1747, Joseph Long and Richard Woods were ordered to procession in the Forks
of James; .Alexander McChire and Robert Houston from the North Branch of James
to Andrew Baxter's, thence, on a straight line to the mill of John Hays, "joining the
North Mountain" ; Francis McCown and John Montgomery from the North Branch of
James on a straight line from the Hays mill to the upper end of Beverly Manor.

Houston and McClure reported for the following settlers, April, 1748:

Andrew Baxter (present, Nathaniel Evans), William Givins, John Gray, William
Hall (present, Robert Allison), Charles Hays (present, .Andrew Hays), Robert Huston,
Matthew Lyle (present, John Lyle,) Alexander McCleary (present. Moses Whiteside),
John McNab (present. Baptist McNab), John Paul (present, Roger Keys), John P. Paul
(present, Michael Finney), John Stevenson (present, Andrew Stevenson.)

Montgomery and McCown reported for these :

James Archer, Samuel Anderson, Thomas Berry, William Berry, William Cowden,
Joseph Coulton, Robert Coulton, Samuel Dunlap, Robert Dunlap, Patrick Hays, George
Henderson, John Lowry, Nathan Lusk. William Lockridge, William McCanlcss, William
Mitchell, Francis McCown (present, John Downey), James Moore. Samuel McCutchen.
James Martin, James Robinson, James Shields, Jihn Shields, James Trimble, Alexander
Walker, John Walker.

In 1764, John Paxton and Abraham Brown processioned between North River and
the Buflfalo for the following:

James Allison, James Bailey, Andrew Brown, .Abraham Brown. Edmund Crump,
James Campbell, George Campbell, James Davis, James Edmiston, William Foster, Wil-
liam Hall, William Holeman, Joseph Lapsley, Robert Morre, John Moore, Samuel Moore,

468 A HISTORY OK KOCKUKIIN.i: CUINT^. \1K(.IMA

Samuel McClure. John McKiiight. John McCoIlom. I'airick McCollom. Christian MilHron.
Jamet McLang, William I'axlon. John Paxlun, John Sommcrj, John Taylor, James
Trimble, Joseph Walker, Richard Woods, James Welch, Peter Wallace.

A lart u< the precinct of I'axton and Urown was processioned by Alexander
Collier and Andrew Miscampbell (McCampbctI) for the following:

John Ucaty, Archibald liuchanaii. James Cainpl>cll, Moses Cunningham, liugh Cun-
ningham, Margery Crawford, Alexander Deal (Dale), James Davis, Robert Krwin. Ed-
ward Fairies, George Gibson, John Gilmore, William Gilmore, William Hall, Robert
Hamilton, John Hanna, John Huston, James Hutton, Henry Kirkham. William Mc-
Catney, John McKce, Robert McKec, John McMurtry, James McCalsler, George McConne,
(McCown), John McConne, RolKrt McKelhenny, Robert McHcnry, William Moore,
William Porter, John Somers, Robert Talford, David Talford, Solomon Whitley, John
Wylie, John Wylie, Jr.. James Young, Robert Young.

In the s.ime year, Andrew Hall and James, son of William Buchanan, processioned
for the precinct between North River and the Beverly line, and between North Mountain
and the great road leading from Captain Uowyer's to the courthouse. The men they
visited were these :

Rol)ert Allison, John Allison, Isaac Anderson, James Anderson, Jacob Anderson,
William Berry, Reverend John Brown, .^ndrew Buchanan, James Buchanan, Jasjier
Buntin, William D.ivies. Samuel Dunlap, Andrew Kil/patrick. James Greenlee's heirs,
Andrew Hays, John Lyle's heirs, William Lusk, James McLang. Henry Mcl^ng. Alex-
ander McCroskey, David McCroskey, John McCroskey, Captain Samuel McDowell, James
McKee, William Patton. Samuel Robinson, Kdward Tarr, Alexander Telford, James
Thompson, William Young.

in. 1767, Jamc!i Simpson and John Mitchell processioned for the following, between
the Buffalo and the James:

Charles Allison, .Mexander Baggs, William Crawford, John Davis, David Drcaddcn.
James Dreaddin (Dryden), James Gilnv>re, John Gilmore, John Hickman, Richard
Mathews, William Mathews, William McBridc, Arthur McClure, James McGavock,
Robert Xfiller, John Murray, John Paxton, John Poage. George Sailing, John Thompson,
John Walker, Benjamin Wattson, John White, Rol>crt Whittle.

SECTION XIV
MISCELLANEOUS DATA

The material in this section is taken from will-books, deed-books, marriage
lists, and other miscellaneous sources of information. The given names which
are grouped under the various surnames are arranged alphabetically, and are
numbered in consecutive order, except where all the given names belong to a
single household. All statements following a given number and ending at the
next higher number belong to the name following the first number. Surnames
are ordinarily spelled according to the usage of the present time, but unusual or
doubtful names follow the original spelling. In those instances where the docu-
mentary spelling differs from the present, the former is also given. The spelling
of given names usually follows that which is found in the records. In certain
instances, two or more persons named John or Mary may be one and the same
individual, and probably are. But since the evidence in hand is not conclusive,
we have thought it best to treat such names as those of distinct people.

The special abbreviations used in the present section are these :

admr — administrator k — killed in battle

Aug. — Augusta county m — married

b — born New P. — New Providence

bro. — brother n. c. — no children

c — about or nearly unknown — whereabouts unknown

C — children Rbg — Rockbridge county

d — died s — unmarried

dau. — daughter post. — unborn at death of father

dy — died in youth w — wife

g'son — grandson

A date without special mention, as in "John — 1775," means we have nothing
more than the solitary fact that the John is incidentally spoken of in connection
with the year 1775. A date followed by c, as "1816c," means that the date is
approximate and not necessarily exact. A date preceded by by, as "by ISIO,"
means that the occurrence preceded 1810, perhaps by a considerable number of
years. The question mark is used in cases of uncertainty. Thus, "C(?)":
means that the children whose names follow the semicoln appear to be of the
couple just previously mentioned. "John( ?)Smith" means that a man, known
to be a Smith, is believed to have had the given name Johii. The word "others."
coming just after a list of children, means that there were still other children in
the family, but that their given names are unknown. Such a name as "Mary
Kirk White," refers to a widow, whose first husband was a White.

470 A HISTORY OF ROCKllKllx.K C<H NTV, \IK<.IMA

Aekfrly.— John P.— d. 1&Z7— m. Sarah Miller— C: John P.. William. Peter. Stephen.

Mary (m. Daniel Carr, 1817), Pegjo' (m. — Almonrode), Elizabeth. Sarah. Barbara.

Magdalene (m. Wiley H. Beckett, 1813). Ama.

.■Idair — 1. Betty (m. James G. Paxton). 2. Elizabeth — m. Samuel Snodgra»s. 1792.

3. George — m. Peggy Ramsay. 1808. 4. James— m. Jane . S. Johnson o( 4 — b. in Pa.,

1781. d. 1856. 6. John— m. Mary O'Donnell by I77J. 7. John— m. Polly McCorkle, 1808.
8. Martha— m. Daniel Lyie, 1801.

Aditms. — 1. Hugh— m. Nancy Ward, 1799, d. 1831 — C: Williamson. Rebecca. John. Jame«,
Hugh. Rachel. 2. James— son of 4— C : Robert. John, Joseph. Hugh (b. 1820. d. 1880. m.
Amanda J. McCormick, 1845), Patsy, Xlary J., Nancy. 3. James — m. Eleanor Ewin, 1813.

4. John— d. 1837— m. (1) Jean Hutchinson, (2) Margaret McElheny, 1809— C; Robert H,
Hugh(s), Pully, James (m. Sarah McCroskey), Patsy (m. Robert Rea), Betsy (m. David
Rea), James (m. Joseph Trevy), John (b. 1802), Martha. 5. Rebecca — m. John H. Hoflfman,
1817. 6. Thomas— 1766.

Agnor. — 1. James Agnew — m. Elizabeth Ochcltrce, 1801. 2. John— d. 1833 — C: Susanna

(ra. Sydcrs), George, Christina (ni. Muterspaw). 3. Margaret — dau. of G.

and S b. 1769, d. 1859 — m. Jonathan Ingraham. 4. Mary — m. John Fordan. 1814.

Albright. — Frederick— m. Betsy Ornbom — C: John (m. Sarah Phillips. 1807). Hannah
(m. George Griffin, 1813).

Alexander. — 1. ,'\ndrcw — m. Isabella Paxton. 1800.

2. Andrew — m. Nancy (or .\nna D.) .\ylctt. 1803.

3. Archibald— m. (1) Margaret Parks. 1734. (2) Jane McClure, 1757— C: William.
Phoebe; by 2d w.— Mary (b. 1760. m. John Trimble). Margaret (s), John (b. 1764. d. 1838),

James (m. Martha Telford), Samuel (m. X(cCoskie), Archibald (m. Isabel Patton,)

Jane (b. 1773. m. John W. Doak).

4. Elizabeth— d. 1756— m. John Paxton.

5. Elizabeth— m. Samuel Tate. 1785.

6. Elizabeth— m. Henry McClung. 1802.

7. James— m. Martha Telford. 1794.

8. James— m. Peggy Lyle. 1801.

9. James — m. Mary Cowen, 1804.

ID. James — estate. $462, Botetourt, 1776.

11. John— m. Jinny Ocheltree, 1803.

12. John— m. Elizabeth Lyle.

13. John— m. Bet»y Reid, 1815.

14. Margaret— m. Samuel W. Lyle.

15. Margaret— m. William Scott. 1790.

16. Martha— m. Benjamin H. Rice, 1814.

17. Mary— dau. of John and Phtrbe— b. 1787, d. 1859— m. William Preston.
17x. Mary — fn. William Carson, 1795.

18. Mary C— «n. James G. McClung.

19. Nancy— m. William Turner, 1806.

20. PhcriK— <lau. of 3— m. John Paxton by 1787.

21. Thomas— 1765.

22. William— d. 1740c— C: Archibald (h. 1708), Robert (.1 1787), William (d 1755.
m. Xfartha ), EHzalicth (m. John McClung, 1754c).

23. William— *on of 22— b. 1738, d 1797. m. Agnes A. Reid— C : Margaret (m. Edward
Graham. 1792). Archibald, Sarah (m. Samuel L. Campbell, 1794), John. Nancy. Phrrbe.
Elizabeth. Martha.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 471

24. William— d. 1825— m. Elizabeth Campbell, 180S— C : Margaret, Sarah, Elizabeth.

25. ■ — m. Esther Beard by 1799.

26. m. Xancy McCluer by 1821.

27. m. Agnes Brewster.

Allen.— I. Cornelius— m. Jane Weir, 1785. 2. Hugh— d. 1744. 3. Hugh— d. 1796— m.
Jane C: John, Joseph, William. 4. Jane — m. John Walkup, 1816. 5. Jean — m. Wil-
liam Murphy, 1796. 6. John — uncle to Elizabeth Steele. 7. John — d. 1830 — m. Jean

— C: Robert, Polly (m. Hanger), Betty, James, Benjamin, William, Martha (m.

Kelso), Jane (m. > Walkup), Montique, Thomas. 8. John — m. Margaret

Moore, 1787. 9. John— ni. Elizabeth Poague, 1801. 10. Joseph— m. Jenny Poague, 1808.
13. m. Elizabeth Logan by 1821. 14. in. Eleanor Steele.

Allison.— I. Charles— 1765. 2. James— mill license, 1747. 3. John— d. by 1780— m. Mar-
garet . 4. John — m. Janet here by 1755. 5. John — m. Sally Woods, 1815.

6. Lydia — m. Samuel Ginger, 1817. 7. Mary — m. Francis Nash, 1787. 8. Patsy — m. Henry

Ginger, 1817. 9. Robert — m. Hannah McClure — C: James, Mary (m. .— Davidson),

Agnes, Robert, Francis, Halbert, Janet.

Alphin. — Richerson— d. 1839 — m. Elizabeth C: William, George, Nancy, (m.

Hartigan). Frances (m. Gifford), Elizabeth, Catharine, Palina, Lucius,

Thomas, Julian, Mary F.

Anderson. — 1. Betsys m. James W. Steele, 1818. 2. Catharine — m. John McNutt.
3. David — m. Catharine Wence, 1808. 4. Esther — m. George Parsons, 1805. 5. Isaac — m.

Martha d. 1749— C: John (k. by Indians before 1749), Isaac (b. 1730), William,

James (m. Jane Allison), Jacob (m. Esther Baxter), Mary (m. James Bayless), Eliza-
beth (m. William Gilmore). 6. Isaac — son of 5 — m. Margaret Evans— C : William (m.
Nancy McCampbell, 1779), Martha (m. James McCampbell, 1774), Mary (m. Andrew
McCampbell), Esther (m. John Edmondson. 1794), Jeanette (George McNutt), Margaret
(m. James Harris), Rebecca. 7. James ("Deaf Jaines")— d. 1798 — C: James, Jacob, John,
Isaac, Martha, Jean, Margaret, Robert. 8. James — son of 7 — presented, 1802 — C : John,
James, Henry, Robert, Nancy. 9. Jane — m. Nathan Lackey, 1819. 10. Jean — m. James
Ellis, 1799. 11. Jennet— m. James Baggs, 1787. 12. John— m. Mary McKinzie, 1819.

13. Joseph — in. Margaret Brown, 1792. 14. Josias — m. Margaret by 1797. 15. Nancy

— m. Alexander Jordan, 1814. 16. Nancy — m. Isaac Lawson, 1815. 17. Polly — m. Christo-
pher Bradley, 1816. 18. Robert— ni. Margaret Walker, 1791— C: Isaac, William. 19.

m. Patsy McCroskey by 1839.

Andrews. — 1. Moses — d. 1784 — C: James, Mary, Robert, Elizabeth, Dougald, Campbell.

2. Polly — m. Solomon Keys, 1795.

Artncntrout. — 1. Ann. — m. Andrew Miller, 1817. 2. Charles — b. 1770c — m. Elizabeth

. 3. Charlotte — n. Solomon Syders, 1809. 4. George — b. 1775c — m. Margaret

Standoff. 5. George S.— b. 1815, d. 1879— m. Elizabeth Bare. 6. Henry— d. 1877— C :

Charles, Molly (m. Haslet), George, Henry, Christiana (m — Unrow), John (has 5

children by 1826). 7. Henry— m. Nancy Moore, 1819. 8. Jacob— m. Margaret Stout, 1798.
9. Mary— m. Dennis Conner. Jr., 1819. 10. Molly— b. 1781, d. 1853, m. Andrew Haselet,
1802. 11. Polly— m. Mathias Circle, 1818.

Armstrong. — I. Archibald — Little River, 1755. 2. Benjamin — m. Pus.sy Evans. 1815.

3. James — m. .Ann Forsythe, 1819. 4. John— m. Catharine McDonald by 1757. S. John —

m. Mary Kirkpatrick, 1791. 6. John — m. Elizabeth Nick, 1815. 7. John — m. Jane

— m. d. 1839 — C: Quinter. Deborah (m. James McCray), Rebecca, Mary (m. Robert
Smiley), Jane (m. William Reaney). 8. Mary — m. Joel Hampton, 1797. 9. Rachel — m.
(William Nick, 1816). 10. Thomas— son of Robert— b. 1778, d. 1858, m. Betsy Mc-

472 A HISTORY OF ROCKnRIDT.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Campbell, 1792— C: Robert. II. Thomas— m. Margaret Harris, 1809. 12. — m.

I'cKK)' Jamejon, by 1797.

/fmoM.— James — m. Agnes by 1779. 2. Stephen— m. Jane by 175S.

3. m. Sophia Welch by 1821.

Aslon.—\. Ann— m. Joseph Black, 1808. 2. Esther— m. .^^a Bennen, 17'*. 3. Jane- b.
1726 c — m. Thomas Paxton.

Alkinion. — 1. Catlurinc — m. Samuel Paxton, 1791. 2. Eliza — ni. William Paxlon
(cousin). 3. George — m. Sally McCalpiii, 1794. 4 Susan — m. 1800c — m. Samuel Paxton.
S. William H— m. Elizabeth Wallace by 1836.

AHld.—\. John— m. Catharine Forsythe, 1807. 2. Nellie— m. William Forsythe. 1809.

Ayr(s.—\ Betsy— m James Smith, 1817. 2. Catharine— m. William Gill. 1793. 3.
Charles— m. Martha Skcan, 1812. 4. Charles— m. Polly Kiplogle, 1816. 5. Daniel Eyres—
m. Hannah Kiplogle. 1S16. 6. Elizabeth .\ircs— m. David Morris, 1789. 7. Henry — m.
Isabel Keid, 1788. 8. John— m Rachael Gill. 1793. 9. John— m. Rachel Entsmiiiger, 1817.
10. Nancy Eyres— m. William Fink, 1807. 11. Polly Eyres— m. William Campbell, 1812.

12. Rebecca Eyres— m. Joshua Marcus, 1809. 13. Sally— m. John Brown, 1810. 14.

Samuel Eyres — m. Elizabeth Hyman, 1798. IS. m. Elizabeth Jones, 1801.

AyUlt. — I. Nancy— m. Andrew Alexander, 1803. 2. Rebecca — m. Joseph Lapsley, 1804.

/^av^.V.— 1. Elvira— m. Joseph PiM<'n. 1815. i. .Martha— m. .Nathan D. Terry, 1815.

Bangs. — 1. ARncs — m. Joseph Hickman, 17W). 2. Alexander — d. 1786 — in. Ann

— C: Jean, Margaret, Martha (m. Jonathan Poague, 1794), Frances, Thomas (m. Ann
Whitley, 1786), James (m. Jennet Anderson, 1787), Mary (b. 1770, d. 1860, m. John
Hamilton, 1794). 3. David— m. Isabella Scott, 1790. 4. Elizabeth— m. Frederick Painter,
1815. S. Fanny— m. Mordecai Cross, 1801. 6. Isabella— m. Andrew Reid, 1798. 7. Jane—
m. John XlcClung, 1814. 8. Sarah— Samuel Whitley, 1787. 9. Thomas— m Mary Santon,
1801. 10. m. Andrew Bailey, 1809.

Pailfy—X. Andrew— m. Baggs 1809. 2. George- m. Peggy Elliott. 1819. 3.

John— m. Peggy Cusack, 1819. 4. Martha— ni. William Patton, 1803. 5. Mary— m. Samuel
Montgomery, 1814. 6. Peggy — m. James Walker, 1815. 7. Sarah— m. Thomas Caskcy, 1806.
8. William— m. Polly Greenlee, 1809. 9. William S.— in. (1) Elizabeth .Mackey, 1788. (2)
Jane Elliott, 1814,

!iakfr.—\. Catharine— m. Alexander McKemy, 1799. 2. Eliza— m. Robert T. Dickson,
1799. 3. Margaret— m. John Lyie. 1789. 4. Rcbecca-m. William Sprowl. 1800.

Baldwin. — I. Clark — m. Rhodema — • . 2. Cornelius C— m. Margaret Paxton, 1837—

C: John (b 1838, d. 1881), Aurelia (m. .Mexander M. Garber), Joseph S. (m. Nannie
Bissell). Charles C. C. (dy). Cyrus B.— 5on of Clark— b. 1783. d. 1855. 3. Samuel— m.
Mary With, 1778.

lianf.—l. Robert— m. Jane C: Prudence (b, 1775, d. 1853). William (m

Mary Harper, 1804). 2. Susan (m. William Young, 1818).

lianninii — Aia — C (?): Abagail (m, Henry Rippy. 1797), Hannah (William Aston,
1800), Elizabeth Black. 1797), Thomas ( Keziah Gallifee, 1801).

Barclay.— ]. .Mexander T.— son of 2— m. (1) Nancy Poague, 1819, (2) — ,

(3) Mary E. Paxton. 2 Elihti— d. 1803— m. Sarah Telford. 1796. 3. Elihu H.-son of
1— b. 1846, d. 1902. 4, Hannah— m. James Moore, 1791. 5. Hugh. Sr.-<1. 1806— C ; Polly.
P'Wy. Rachel, Hannah, Elihu. 6. Polly— m. Alexander Culbertson, 1799. 7. Rachel — m.

John Crawford, 1790. 8. — m. Sarah F.dmond»on, by 1796. 9. ' — m. Jinny

Walker by 1818. C: Alexander T., Hugh, Flihu.

Bari]fr.— \ Caty— m. Motes Garrett, 1813. 2. Jacob— m. Polly Bowman, 1809. 3.
Peter— m. Ann Peltigrew. 1816.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

473

Banictt.—\. John— m. E C: Sally (b. 1782, d. 1858, m. J Smiley).

2. m. Ann Clemens by 1759.

Baxter.— I. Andrew— b. 1670, living 1747. 2. m. Mary Sare by 1788.

5(7a(r/i.— Waldron— d. 1792c— C: Elizabeth (m. John Gilmore, 1791), Pheby (m.
Robert Clark, 1795), Sarah (William Priestly, 1787), Samuel (Hannah Haslet, 1797).

Bt^ar. — 1. Jacob — m. Elizabeth Blosser — C: Esther (b. 1781, m. Daniel Hite), Joseph

(b. 1783, m. .Ann Hite), John (m. Frazier), Barbara (s), Susanna (m. Clyce),

Elizabeth (b. 1791, m. James Dunlap, 1813), Jacob (b. 1793, m. Susan Clyce), -Anna (m.

Thomas O'Kane), Fronica (m. Shank). 2. Elizabeth — b. 1837 — m. George S. Armen-

trout. 3. Joseph — son of 1— C : John (s), Mary (s), Ann (b. 1811, m. Rev. James Hill),
Joseph (m. Martha McCarthy), Rachel (s), Fannie (m. Samuel H. Decker), Noah (m.
Frances Shank), Samuel, Elizabeth (m. Philip Ebberd).

Beard— I. Dickey— m. Peggy Taylor, 1800. 2. Hugh— son of 5— d. 1807— m. Sarah

, d. 1811 — C: Robert (has Nancy and Sally by 1806), Ann, Jane, Alexander, Sarah

(m. Andrew Kennedy, 1797), Esther (m. Hoffman), Thomas. 3. Hugh — m. Esther

McCoskey, 1797. 4. Jonathan— im. Betsy Whealiss, 1819. 5. Thomas — admr, Alexander
Smiley, 1749— d. 1769— C: Jane, Hugh, Esther (m. Robert Alexander), William, Elizabeth

(m. Mitchell), Mary (m. Dunlap), (Robert Ramsay), — the last four have each

a Thomas. 6. Thomas — m. Sarah Jameson, 1785.

Bealy. — 1. Elizabeth — m. Thomas Bowyer, 1806. 2. Isabella — m. David Campbell,
1782. 3. James— m. Isabella Paul, 1789. 4. John— on Kerr's Cr., 1750c to 1772c— C: David
(b. 1752c), John (k. 1780), Agnes (m. James Dysart, 1775). 5. John— m. Elizabeth
Morris, 1798. 6. Sarah— m. Edward Ballin, 1808. 7. Sarah— m. Joseph Little, 1788.

Beaver. — 1. Abraham — m. Margaret Harnest, 1816. 2. David — m. Peggy Thomas, 1808.
3. John — m. Esther Thomas, 1810.

Beers.— I. Mary D.— m. Patrick Neil, 1800. 2. Mary— m. Dennis Connor, 1808.
Beets. — 1. Adam — m. Mary Rowlinson, 1801. 2. Catharine — m. Christopher Wise
(Weir?), 1813.

Bcli. 1. David — ^m. Henderson by 1770. 2. Elizabeth — m. Valentine Dooly, 1784.

3. James— m. Elizabeth Hindron, 1804. 4. John— <i. 1792c— C: Martha Lettite, Betsy. 5.
John — m. Mary Cloyd, 1787. 6. Joseph — m. — — Henderson by 1770. 7. Joseph — at Goshen,
1830. 8. Lettice— m. Joseph Walkup, 1803. 9. Margaret— ward of John Moore, 1751.

Bennett. — 1. Benjamin — heirs, 1779; Mary (m. John Beresford), John (m. Mary Ward),
Margaret (m. John Robinson), James (m. Agnes .\rnold), Ezekiel (m. Jane Kenady), Lydia
(Frances Beresford, and (probably) Benjamin, Jr. 2. Richard — fahter of 1 — d. intestate,
1743, before getting deed to 300 acres in Beverly Manor — Martha, widow, later m. William
McNabb— William Thompson, brother-in-law to Richard.

Bennington. — 1. John — m. Elizabeth Morris, 1818. 2. Thomas — m. Rachel Watkins,
1812.

Berrxsford. — John — d. by 1765 — m. Mary C (?): see Bennett.

Berry. — 1. Charles — on bond with John Pattison, 1746. 2. George — m. Agnes Hal! by
1777. 3. James — d. 1751c — C: John (b. 1743), George, others. 4. James — guardian of
children of 3. 5. Jean — m. John G. Ustick, 1804. 6. John — d. 1771c — .Alexander Walker,
wheelwright, and William Edmiston, admr. — C: James (has John), William (has John,
Mary. Elizabeth), Francis, (has John), Charles (has Elizabethl, Mary, Rebecca. 7.
Nancy— m. Solomon McCampbell, 1782. 8. Thomas — m. Elizabeth Walker, 1788. 9.

William — d. 1793 — m. Jane C: James, William, Jane Mary. 10. — m. Betsy

B. Walkup by 1834.

Berryhill. — 1. Agnes — m. James Patterson, 1794. 2. John — d. 1818 — m. Rachel C:

474 A HISTORV OF ROCKBRtW.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

John. Jamci. Alexander, William, Rarhcl, Polly. 3. John— d. 1&2S — bro. lo William Berry-
hilt «nd Rachel Cassady, of Ohio, and to Polly KiiKaid, »li" w.i» James ami l\ai.ih 40
acre* left to Amy Be%-erly, colored .

Piby. — Nancy, orphan of Thomas — 1801.

Blade. — 1. .Mexandcr— m. Susanna Garrison. 1797. 2. Benjamin— m. Jean Clark,

1804. 3. GeorKe— m. Jenny Standofl. 1802. 4. Henry— m. Martha — C : John.

James, William, Joseph, Benjamin. Elizabeth (m. John Banning, 1797), Jane R. S. James
— m. Margaret Moore, 1818. 6. Jean- m. William Ruth. 1801. 6.» John— m. Margaret
Ford. 1793. 7. Joseph— m. Ann Acton. 1818. 8. Samuel— m. Polly Letcher. 1806. 9. Wil-
liam — m. Ruth Evans, 1798.

Blair. — 1. Betsy — m. Jcseph Ford. 1813. 2. Betsy — m. James Paxlon, 1814. 3. James
— ra. Elizabeth Wilson, 1786. 4. Jane— m. Andrew Wallace, 1812. 5. Joseph— Elizabeth
P.ixion, 1812 6. Mary— b. 1726, d. 1821, m. John Paxton. 7. Mary— in John Houston's
household, 1748.

Bodkin. 1. Jamei- R, 1807. 2. Mary— m. Edward Brown. 1806. 3. Thomas— m Cath-
arine Bannington, 1817. 4. William — m. Jean Steele, 1808.

Bogan. — 1. Andrew — m. Nancy Dickson, 1799 — d. 1825^uncle to Jenny Wallace — bro.

10 Sally, Smith (Roanoke Co.), (m. James Wallace). 2. Betsy — m. George Saville.

1808. 3. William Bogins— m. Elizabeth Pullin. 1801.

Boils. — 1 Charles — m. Mrs. Rebecca Rollin by 1794 — C: Mary. 2. Mary— m. John
Poague, 1796. 3. m. Jain Ritchy by 1797c.

Bordfti. — 1. Benjamin — m. Zeruiah — d. 1742 — C: Benjamin. .Abegal (m. I

Worthington, 2. James Pritchard), Rebecca (m. Branson), Dcbourah (m. —

Henry), Hannah (m. Edward Rogers), Lidy (m. Jacob Peck, 1745), Elizabeth (m.

Nicholas — d. 17SSc), Marcey (m. William Feamley). John, Joseph.

2. Benjamin — son of 1— in. Mrs. Magdalene Woods McDowell. 1744c — d. 1753 — C:
Martha. Hannah, one other.

3. Henry — stonemason — Collierstown, 1787 and later.

4. Joseph — son of 1 — m. Jane d. 1803. Iredell Co., N. C.

5. .Martha — dau. of 2 — m. Robert Harvey. 1779c.

6. Mary— dau. of 3 (?)— m. John Bracklcy. 1789.

7. son of 3 (?)— «n. Judith Miller, 1795.

Bossrrman. — Sarah — servant to Joseph Weir, 1779.

Bou-ycr. — 1. John — son of Michael — m. Mrs. Magdalene Borden — C: Fmnces ( —
George Poindexter). 2. John — d. 1806 — bro. to Michael — uncle to Luke and to Polly

Caldwell— m. Mary . 3. Phanny — tn. William Bedford, 1797. 4. I'olly— m. James

Caldwell, 1797. 5. Thomas— m. Elizabeth Beaty, 1806.

Boyd.— ]. Nancy — m. Charles Kirkpatrick, 1791. 2. Peggy — m. Joseph McNutt, 1807.

Bnys.—\. Daniel- m. Sally Rynes, 1801. 2. John— m. i.sabella Campbell, 1793.

Both. — 1. Charles — in. Mrs. Rebecca Rollin by 1794— C: Mary. 2. Mary— m. John
Poague, 1796. 3. ^ m. Jain Ritchy by 1797c.

Bradley. — 1. Christopher — m. Polly .^nderson, 1816. Hannah — m. Benjamin Eaton,
1794. 3. William — b. 1759 — m. Mary Carlock, 1791 — mentioned in will of John Jameson,
1790.

Braddi. — 1. James — >on of Daniel and Mary— ^». 1774, d. 1860. m. Barbara Nicely.
1807. 2. James— m. Elizabeth Garrison. 3. John— son of 2— b. 1778. d. 1853. m. Mary
Fowlyer. 1808 4. Polly— m. John Clark. 1809.

Brady.— \. McCord Brady— in. Mary Trimble. 1795. 2 Nancy— m. John Kenny. IROR.

Braford.—\. Ann— m. Samuel Harper, 1801. 2. Elizabeth— tn. Samuel Drydcn. 1803.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

475

3. Hugh— bro. to James — d. 1817— m. Polly C: Jane (m. James Staples, 1809),

Spottswood, Belinda. 4. James— m. Sarah S. Davis, 1793. 5. James— m. Nancy Wilson,
1810. 6. James— b. 1784— boatman and tanner. 7. Polly— m. Joseph Dilliard, 1803. 8. Samuel
— w. a Wallace? — C: WilHam, James.

Bratton.—l. Robert— b. 1712, d. 1785, m. Ann McFarland Dunlap, 1745— C: James,
John, George, Adam (m. Elizabeth Feamster), Agnes (m. William Given), Mary(s).
2. James— son of 1— b. 1746, d. 1823, m. Rebecca Hogshead, 1774— C : Robert. William,
John (m. Polly G. Berry), David, Margaret (m. William Crawford), Rebecca (m. John Mc-

Clung), — (m. John Porter), Andrew (m. Mary J. T. McKee, 1829), Lewis (m. Martha

B. Dunlap). 3. Robert— son of 2.— m. .Ann Dunlap, 1800.

Brice. — William — son of Elizabeth Close — d. at Lexington, 1818.

Brozi'n.—l. Abraham— constable below Brushy Hills in Forks, 1755. 2. .Me.xander— m.

Elizabeth Gay, 1784. 3. Alexander— m. Coaltcr by 1818. 4. .'Xnn- m. Joseph Patton,

1810. S. Betsy— m. Henry McClelland, 1787. 2. Daniel— .m. Betsy Caruthers. 181 Sc. 7. Ed-
ward— m. Mary Bodkin, 1806. 8. Jacob— m. Betsy Lewis, 1815. 9. Jacob J.— m. Jean Mc-
Caleb, 1803. 10. James— m. Isabella— d. by 1777— C: Rebecca. 11. James— m. Sarah
Hinton, 1794. 12. John— m. Sally Ayers, 1810. 13. John— m. Rachel McKeever, 1818.
14. Margaret— m. Joseph .Anderson, 1792. 15. Margaret— m. John Lawson, 1816. 16. Mary
— m. .Alexander Humphreys, 1788. 17. Mary— m. William Long, 1803. 18. Mary— m. Peter
McKeever, 1794. 19. Nancy— m. John Hamilton, 1796. 20. Polly— orphan of William, 1797.

21. Samuel — ^d. 1749 — bro. to Henry, Daniel, David — m. Mary . 22. Samuel — b. 1766,

d. 1818, m. Mary Moore, 1798— minister— 11 C. 23. Stephen— m. Mary Miles, 1804. 24.
William— m. Peggy McBride by 1819. 25. William— m. Walker by 1836.

Broiviilee. — 1. Alexander — m. Prudence Hays by 1786. 2. Mary — m. John McCleland,

1788. 3. Moflfett Bronlee- m. Margaret Kirkpatrick. 1819. 4. William— left Rhg by 1798.
Brush.— \. Blakely— m. Janet — C(?): John (m. Agnes Cowen, 1803). Rachel

(m. William Riley, 1796), Elizabeth (m. Robert Wauson, 1790). 2. Richard— d. by 1763.

Bryan.— \. Cornelius— Buffalo, 1753. 2. Edward— m. Polly Parker, 1790. 3 Edward— d.
1838— m. Polly Shaw, 1819.

Buchanan. — 1. David — m. Margaret Steele, 1789. 2. George — m. Nancy Casady. 1803.

3. James — m. Isabella d. 1797. 4. James— ib. 1739, living 1806. 5. Jean — m. James

Parks, 1786. 6. John — m. Margaret has mill, 1752. 7. John — m. Martha Wilson,

1789. 8. Peace W.— m. Samuel Petticrew, 1812. 9. Rubena— in suit, 1747. 10. William— d.

1836— bro to John (w. Rhoda). 11. m. Jane Walker by 1816. 12. m.

Isable Hall by 1772. 13. m. Susanna Weir, by 1779. 14. m. Isabella Mont-
gomery.

5m)i^»i.— 1. Alexander— in Ohio, 1812. 2. John— m. Elizabeth Reed, 1809. 3. John—
m. Lavinia Jones, 1811. 4. Polly — m. Adam Cochran, 1809.

Burgess. — Thomas — m. Catrin — C(?) : Elizabeth (m. Samuel Crosby, 1792). Samuel (m.
Barbara Peters, 1800).

Burks. — 1. John — m. Elizabeth • — C: Nathaniel D., Samuel C. (m. Pamclia

Hunter, 1811), Arthur L., Elizabeth M. (m. Robert Irvine, 1815). Charles L.. David J.
2. Sarah P. — m. W'illiam Paxton.

Burton. — 1. Joseph — m. Mary E. Sailing. 2. Richard — m. Ann by 1748.

Butt.—]. Richard— m. Mary Dickey, 1797. 2. Sally— m. Joseph Lyic, 1791.

Byers. — 1. Fleming— b. 1766. d. 1853, m. Famiy McClure, 1804. 2. Hyram— m. Eliza-
beth Camden, 1806.

Caldu;'ll.—l. James— m. Polly Bowyer. 1797. 2. Joseph— m. Susanna Duflf, 1797. Polly
— m. Samuel Ogle, 1811. 4. Sarah — m. .Mexandcr Fulton. 1787.

476 A HISTUKV (PI KDiKHKIlH.E COUNTY. VIRGINIA

CallafOH. — Hannah and Sarah, bound servants to Robert Hamihon, 1786.

CamdfH. — 1. Elizabeth — ni. Hiram Byers. 1800. 2. Jcsic — b. 1780c — m. Jane, James.
3. John— m. Shields by laZS-C : Rachel.

Campbell — 1. .Abraham— m. R]iza>>cth McCormick, 1793.

2. .Mexander— <1. 1758 — C : William. .Mexander. Florence. Mary. James.

i. .Mexander— m Janet Smith, I78fr— C; Samuel R. (doctor), William G. <b. 1799. d.
1881. had James and .Xddison).

4. Alexander— d. 1822— bro. to Klizabeth (Ullliam Alexander. I80S). Mary (m.
David Doak. 1802).

5. Ambrose — m. Rhoda Chittum. 1817.

6. Andrew^^irphan of Moses, 1800.

7. Ann — m. Solomon Hushes. 1817.

8. Charles — m. Margaret Buchanan — C: William.

9. Charles— b. 1741- d. 1826— son of 20— m. Mary A. Downey— C: Rachel (m. Anniel
Rogers), John W., Samuel L.. (m. James McCIuur).

10. David— rendered a bill. 1759. for maintaining and burial of Martha, w. of Robert
Cunningham, whom Robert had turned out.

11. David— m. Isabella Bcaty. 1782.

12. Dougal — d. 1795 — C: Joseph. Duncan, James, .Alexander. Mary (m. James

Finlay ) .

13. Duncan — d. 1813— m. Margaret C: Alexander (see 4), Elizabeth, Mary.

14. Elenor — m. John DuddinR. 1796.

15. Eliza— m. John Ramsay, 1792.

16 Elizabeth— m. William Alexander. 1805.

17. Elizabeth— m. Michael Kenear, 1786.

18. George— blacksmith— Big River, 1755.

19. Gilbert— levy-free. 1765.

20. Gilbert— d. 1750— C: Prudence (m. Hays. 1750c). Sarah. Ehiabeth— (or

Leilice) — (b. 1743 — m. Woods), James, (jcorge, Charles — sons were minors. 17S(^—

personalty, $176.42.

21. Gilbert- m. Mary Crawford, 1797.

22. Isaac — went from Lexington to Montgomrrv t n. hrtnrc I77h.
22x. Isaac — m. Sarah Lapslcy of Joseph, 1773.

2i. Isabella— m. John Boys, 1793.

24. James— b. I(i82c, d. 1753. m. Margaret C: Daniel. John, (m.

White), — (m. Samuel Steele).

25. James — admr Jacob Clements. 1759.

26. Jame»— personalty, 1777, $1272.11.

27. James— m. Sarah Trotter, 1793.

28. James— m. Martha Patloii. 1800.

29. Jean — m. James lackey. 1808.

30. Jean— m. Nathan Pallon. 1809.

31. Jenny — m. Henry Thompson, 1788.
i2. Joel— m. Fjsther Shaw, 1809.

a. John— d. 1750c— C: John. James. Mary, Martha.

34. John-Mary Smith. 1788

35. John— m. Elenor Ocle. 1797.

36. John— m. Nancy McCarty, 1815.

37. John— m. Catharine Woods, 1816.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 477

38. John T. — m. Reubenia B. Paxton.

39. Magdalene — d. 1830 — sister to Margaret Gray of Ky.

40. Malcolm — d. 1763 — C: Archibald, William, Elizabeth, Mary, Jean, Rebecca.

41. Margaret — m. Robert Grier, 1786.

42. Mary — m. James Jones, 1787.

43. Mary — m. George Vineyard, 1790.

44. Mary J. — m. ."Vbner W. Moore.

45. Nancy — m. Henry Winegar, 1815.

46. Patrick — d. 1778 — bro. to Isaac and James — m. Anne Weir — C: James.

47. Pegg) — m. John Kirkpatrick, 1808.

48. Robert— in Rbg, 1741— C: Hugh, John, Charles (see 9).

49. Robert — d. 1777 — m. Sarah ' — C: Sarah (m. Hugh Fulton'), Mary (m.

— Ritchie), Martha (m. William Kenady), Isabella (m. James Brown).

50. Robert— b. 175Sc— m. Martha Pa.xton.

51. Robert S. — son of Alexander — m. Mary J. Paxton, 1814 — C: Alexander P., John
L., James D., Samuel B., W.lliam A.

52. Robert— m. Donoho by 1789.

53. Robert- m. PoUy Sylor, 1812.

54. Samuel L.— son of 9— b. 1766, d. 1840. m. Sarah .Mexander. 1794— C: Charles R,
William M., Sanaiel D., John A.

55. Sarah — m. Alexander Foster, 1795.

56. Seley — m. James Cash, 1811.

57. Sophia— m. Robert McCluer, 1816.

58. Thomas— m. Elizabeth Hardbarger, 1801.

59. William — son of 8 — b. 1745, d. 1781 — general^a daughter m. General Francis
Preston of S. C.

60. William— m. Polly Eyers, 1812.

61. m. Richard Poston.

62. m. Thomas Tate.

63. m. Nathaniel C. Calhoun (minister).

64. m. Taylor (captain).

65. m. John S. Wilson.

66. m. Agnes McClure by 1779.

67. ni. Rebecca Wallace by 1782.

68. m. Elis Wilson by 1804— C : James.

Carlock. — Catharine — C: Barbara (m. John Jameson), Mary (m. William Bradley),
1791.

Car(/i#.— Miles— d. 1794— C: Sarah.

Carper. — 1. Adam — m. Susanna Knicely, 1799. 2. Catharine — m. Joseph McAlpin, 1815.

Carr. — 1. Daniel — m. Mary Ackerly, 1817. 2. John — m. Rebecca Glasgow, 1814, 3. Rich-
ard — m. Margaret , d. after 1809. 4. Robert — m. Christina Hoylman, 1798.

Carson. — 1. James — m. Isabella Gibson, 1789. 2. Jinny — m. William West, 1792. 3. Sam-
uel — d. 1839 — C: James, Jane, Isabella. Samuel, John, David, .Andrew, Sally, Hannah.
4. William— m. Mary Alexander, 1795. 5. William P. — son of Robert— d. 1833 — m. Betsy
Rogers, 1810.

Carter. — 1. Tiddy — m. George Sally, 1791. 2. William — m. Nancy Shaw, 1819.

Cartright. — 1. Anthony — m. Hannah McCaleb, 1811. 2. Charles — m. Betsy Paxton,
1812. 3. Dicic Cartright— m. Thomas Paxton. 1818c.

Ciiruthi-rs. — 1. Esther — m. William McCrory, 1797. 2. Isaac — ^m. Ann Poague by I7(y0.

478 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

3. Jame»— b. 1759. d. 1828. m. Hannah M. Paxton. 1793— C; John (tn. .\nn R. While).
William H. (b. 1797. d 1879), Franklin (s). Samuel (m. .Ann Backus), Jamej (s), Mary
(m .Adolphus Ware). MarKaret (m. James M. Woods). Belsy (m. Daniel Brown), Madi-
»on. 4. John— d. 1882— m. (2d w?) Sally McConkey, 1815— C; Isaac. William (has Julia
and .Ann E.), Phoebe (m. .Alexander Shields. 179(i). 6. Margaret— m. William McPhcetcrs,

1789. 7. Nancy— dau. of William and Ann— b. 1799, d. 1857, m. Wilson. 8. Peggy—

m. William Wilson. 1811. 9. Robert— m. .Ann C: William (only son), Margaret.

Phily. Esther. Hannah, Nancy. 10. Sally — m. William Thompson. 1798. 11. Samuel — d.

1779— m. Rebecca C: James — bro. to Robert, John. James. Rachel. 12. William —

m. Phebe Alexander, 17%. 13 William— m. Jinny Wilson. 1798. 14. William— m. .Ann
C: Nancy (b. 1779. d. 1857, m. Wilson).

Cash. — 1. James — m. Seley Campbell. 1811. 2. Thomas — b. in .Amherst. 1766. d. 1856.

Caskey. — 1. Archibald — m. Rhoda Thomas, 1819. 2. Eliiabeth— orphan of Archibald,
1807. 3. John— m. Griizy Greenlee, 1811. 4. Joseph— m. Elizabeth Wallace, 1819. S.Thomas
— m. Sarah Bailey, 1806.

Cassady. — 1. James — m. Elizabeth — C(?): Barbara (m. William McFadden,

1809), James (m. Mary McClung. 1812). Mary (m. Jacob Hostater, 1801), Xancy (m.
George Buchanan, 1803) — James. Jr., has a James. 2. Peter — m. Mary McClung — C: Sam-
uel, John, Alexander A. (b. 1800. d. 1880). George W.. James. 1 other son and 6 dau.
3. Samuel — son of 2 — b. 1795, d. 1876, m. Esther McFarland.

Casteel. — 1. Elenor — m. Joseph McFaddin, 1795. 2. Elizabeth — m. William Walker,
1795.

Cauffll.—\. Catrine— m. Oorge A. Bright, 1794. 2. Mary Cawful— m. Mathias RufT,
1796.

Chambfrt. — 1. Agnes — m. Andrew McCampbell, 1782. 2. Katly — named in will of
Elizabeth Steele. 3. Robert— m. Elizabeth McKnighl. 1797.

Chandler.—]. John— m. Polly Darst. 1802. 2. Polly— m. James Hopkins. 1817. 3.
Richard W.— m. Catharine Shields. 1819. 4. Samuel- m. Salome Hoffman, 1793. 5.
Samuel— m. Lucy Chandler, 1819.

Childrfst.— l. KlizalKth— m. John Paxton, 1818. 2. John— d. 1839— C: John A., Polly.

Chiltum.—\. Nathaniel— b. 1798, d. 1894, m. (1) Deason. (2) Kepler— son

of John (m. Sly), an Knglish immigrant — C: 8 by 1st w, 4 by 2d. 2. Rhoda — m. .Am-
brose Campbell. 1811. 3. Sally — m. Joshua Householder, 1816. 4. Stephen G. — m. Betsy
Green, 1819. 5. William — m. Matilda Green, 1813. The last is styled "Chillim," seemingly a
slip of the pen.

Clark.— \. Charles— m. Nancy Dean. 1809. 2. James— m. Nancy Clark, 1809. 3. Jean— m
Benjamin Black, 1804. 4. John— m. Mary Harless, 1804. 5. John— m. Polly McCampbell.
1806. 6. John— m. Polly Bradds. 1809. 7. Nancy-«n. Joseph Garvcn. 1808 8. Polly— m.
William Tharp. 1813. 9. Rebecca- m. George Elwood. 1806. 10. Robert— m Pheby, 1795.
11. Ro»)ert— m. Jane b. 1796. d 1873.

Clfck. — 1. John — m. Elizalteth Jacobs, 1797. 2 m. Sophia — C: Jacob

(d. 1825), Elizabeth

Cleghorn. — ^Robert — m. Mary —— —Lexington, 1785.

CUmfnlj—\. Jacob — d. 1759— Big River— C : Ann (m. Bamett), Rachel (m.

Raniett), Mary (m. McKnighl). .Sarah. Margaret. Elizabeth, Rebecca, Ruth. Isabel.

2. m. Mary Campbell by 1754.

('lo\d.—\. Cynthia — b l7Wlc, d. I8.K) — gives to foreign missions and other church
work. (550 and 5 shares of stock in Bank of the Valley.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

479

2. David— d. 1792— m. Margaret C; James, David, Michael, Flizabcth (m.

James McDowell), Margaret (m. Templeton).

3. David— son of 2— m. Elizabeth d. 1789— C: David (d. 1808), Andrew,

Joseph, James, Martha (m. Matthew Houston), Margaret (m. Houston), Mary (m.

David McClung, 1803), Betsy (m. John Stephenson, 18C8), Cvnthia (see 1).

4. James — son of 2 — m. Elizabeth d. 1797.

5. John— d. 1760c— C : Mary, John.

6. Mary— m. Joseph Bell, 1787.

7. Michael — son of 2 — C: Betsy and 8 sons.

Clozi'ney. — James L. — d. in Tenn. 1833 — m. Delia Hannah, 1805 — C : Samuel C,
Martha M., Esther A., Mary A. E.

Clyce.—l. Adam— m. Eva Cooper, 1804. 2. Elizabeth— m. David Dryden, 1800. 3.
Mary E. — m. Joseph Cool, 1811.

Coalter. — 1. David — d. 1818 — C: David, Isabel — Isabel or a sister is the w. of Alex-
ander Brown. 2. Dorcas — m. George Hamilton, 1814. 3. George — m. Polly Paxton, 1809.

4. James — d. 1784 — m. Margaret — C: Michael, Elizabeth (m. VVardlaw),

Agnes (m. Steele), Mary (m. Wardlaw), Sarah (m. Samuel Paxton), Jennet

(m. Loggan). 5. Samuel — d. 1800c — C (minors) : Nancy, Mary, Nelson.

Cochran. — 1. Adam — m. Polly Buntain, 1809. 2. Charles — m. Nancy Tenant, 1799. 3.
David— d. 1818— bro. to Charles.

Cohenour. — 1. Catharine — m. William Ruly, 1813. 2. Polly — m. Hiram Vess, 1819.
3. m. Margaret Dice by 1830 — ^C : Isaiah.

Collier. — 1. John — d. 176-) — m. Sisely — C: Alexander (m. Sarah ), John,

Jean, Moses, Aaron (m. Margaret ), Margaret; admr : Frederick .^rmentrout. .Augus-
tine Price.

Collins.— I. James— m. Polly Wilson, 1804. 2. Lewis— m. Pauline Watkins, by 1838.
3. Peggy— m. Stoddard Neil, 1807.

Connor. — 1. Dennis — m. Mary Beers, 1808. 2. Dennis, Jr. — m. Mary Armentrout, 1819.
3. Elenor — m. John Gaylor, 1800. 4. John — m. Catharine Standoff, 1810. 5. Patrick — m.
Sarah Clark, 1796. 6. Thomas— m. Elizabeth Standoff, 1803.

Cook.— I. Elizabeth— m. Jacob Nicely, 1817. 2. John— m. Elizabeth Miller, 1811. 3.
Joseph — m. Mary E. Clyce, 1811. 4. Patrick — d. 1784 — C (minors) : Mary, John.

Cooper. — 1. Elizabeth — m. Conrad Kyme, 1793. 2. Eve — m. Adam Clyce, 1804. 3.
James — d. 1781 — personalty, $208.33 — brother-in-law to John and James McKemy — m. Jean

C : Agnes, Thomas, James, John. 4. John — m. Margaret Wiley, 1809. 5. Joseph —

b. in Aug., 1774, of Robert and S , d. 1859— s. 6. Martha— m. Robert Wiley, 1794. 7.

Mary— m. John Wiley, 1791. 8. Robert— im. Martha Steele, 1789. 10. William— d. 1782—
personalty, $190.50— w. and C.

Coursi'y.—\. James— m. (1) Winifred Riddle, d. 1777, (2) Mary Gay Dunlnp. 1785—
C (by 1): James, Mary (m. Jacob Peck), William (,S. C), Elizabeth (b. 1768, m. Wil-
liam Diinlap, 1790), Lewis (S. C), (m. Mr. Stirber), Joanna (m. Eastham),

Winifred (m. James Frazier), 2 others. 2. James — son of 1 — b. 1761 — m. Mary Frazier — C-
William R., Julia F. (m. George A. Armentrout).

Cou'on. — 1. Agnes — ni. John Brush, 1802. 2. .'\ndrew — son of 9 — d. Ifv36 — m. Susan

— C: Samuel, William A., David T., Esther, Eliza, Andrew H., James B., Joseph K. 3.
Betsy— m. Joseph Defrics, 1789. 4. George — m. Caty Eplcy, 1810. 5. James — m. Poggj
Wright, 1806. 6. John— m. Margaret Weir, 1796. 7. John— m. Sally Paxton, 1815. 8. Mary

— m. Biickridge, 1795. 9. Mary — m. James Alexander, 1805. 10. Samuel — ni. Mary

-C: Andrew (see 2), David. Mary, Isabella. Sarah M. (d, 1818). Elizabeth, Jenny,
Rebecca (m. Thomai Wauson, 1803).

480 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV. VIRGINIA

Cotcdfti. — 1. James — lias stone house near Samuel McDnwell's 2 William — d. 174h

— m. Jan« — will witnessed by Waller l-lakin, Samuel and Alexander Moore — C

(minors): John. William.

fox.— 1. Abraliam— m. Mary Mulerspaw, 1809. 2. G«orge — m. Elizabeth —in

suit, 1764. 3. Nathaniel Cox— m. Mary Steele. 1812. 4. m. Eve Stoner by 1826.

Croig.—\ Charic*— m. Mary Graham. 1790. 2. James B.— m. Polly Tooly. 1815.

Cravtn.—\. Jane T.— m. Matthew Garvey. 1812. 2. Sarah— m. Bamct Rupe. 1789.
Crawford.— \. Alexander— <1. \7bSc—(S: Rebecca (b. 1752), .Mexander, Robert. Sam-
uel (b. 1759). 2. Alexander— J. 18J0— m. Mrs. Elizabeth McClure. 1796— C: Polly.
Catharine, Betsy (m. Willuim Logan). Robert, James. 3. Kliz.ibeth — ni. William Staincr.

1801. 4. James— <1. 180}- m. Catharmc . d. 1815— C: Mary A.. Martha {m. Mont

gomery),_Elizabcth (m. Thomas Leech. 1792). Sarah (m. John Walker. 1797). Rachel
(m. Thomas Mitchell. 1799). Margaret (m. Alexander Harris. 1790). Mary (m. William
McNabb, 1787), Michael. Thomas — one son seems to have m. Patsy Leech, the other

Eleanor . 5. James — 1749. 6. Jane — b. 1781 — m. Thomas Paxton. 7. Jean M. — m.

John Coleman. 1808. 8. John — m. .Margaret Holmes by 1819. 9. John — m. Sarah Rowlison.
1818. 10. John— m. Rachel Barclay, 1790. 11. Mary— m. Gilbert Campbell, 1797. 12.
Robert — shoemaker near Steele's mill. 1767. 13. Robert (see 2) — C: Nancy. 14. Thomas
— son of l^Iichacl and bro. to James — d. 1824. IS. Thomas — m. Jenny Todd. 1794. 16. Wil-
liam— <1. 1783^m. Mary C: Elenor. Isabel. Mary. Elizabeth. William. George. John.

Crfsj (Cross?).— 1. Betsy — m. William Hint, 180J. 2. Henry — m. Christianna Bay.
1794. 3. Jacob— m. Elizabeth Linn. 1802. 4 Margaret— m. George F. Moats. 1817. S. Mary
— m. John Upton, 1808. 6. Mordecai — m. Fanny Baggs. 1801.

Croctflt.—\. Alcx.iiidcr— <1 1781— had mill— i>crsonalty (1784). $77067— m. Mary

— C: Robert, John. Margaret. Elizabeth, Mary. Martha. 2. Robert — m. .Ann — C;

Hannah (m. 1, Irwin, 2 James Logan). 3. Robert — m. Mary Hodge, 1804. 4. m.

Polly Dunlap. 1808.

Croddy.—\. Elizabeth— m. Charles Roach. 1804. 2. John— d. 1838— C: John (has

John and George). Christopher. William (m. Polly ). Ann (m. S.imuel Ginger),

Elizalieth ( m. Roach). .'Xchillcs. Margaret 3. Margaret— dau. of 2 — d. by 1838 — m.

Garret Peck, 1810.

Culton.— \. Alexander^^. 1827— m. Rebecca Woods. 1782 — C: Joseph. Nancy (m.

Samuel Porter), Peggy (m. Rodgers), Alexander. 2. James — d. 1824 — C: James,

Patrick. Priscilla (m. Walker), Robert. Joseph W. 3. Nancy— m. Alexander Walker.

1797. 4. Patrick— m. Mary Hutchinson. 1807— Tcnn. 5. Polly— m. David Porter. 1803. 6.
Polly— ni. J.)hn McCown. 7. RoIkM- tn. Elizal>eth Kelso. 1783. 8. Robert -<1. 18W>-C:
Mary. 9. R<)t)crl— <l. by 1824— son of 2— C : James. 10. Robert— d. 1781— |)ersoiialty.
$442J5 — C : James. Alexander. Robert. 2 dau.

Cummins. — 1. Elizal>elh — m. .Andrew McKnight. 1793. 2. Esther — m. John L. Paxton.
1812. 3. Gabriel- m. Jean Walker, 1787. 4, James— <1. 1831— C: William, Samuel (has
James), John A. 5. John A.— m. Ann C. Shields, 1818. 6. Martha — m. John Scott, 1814.
7. Polly— m. Charles Tooly. 1805. 8. Robert— m. Leity Ford, 1810. 9. Samuel— m. Sally
Paxton. 1809. 10. William— m. Sally Cunningham. 1818.

CunniHgham. — 1. Hugh— m. Sarah — <1. in Botetourt. 1772 — C: John (m. Mary

McKce). l»il»el. (John Voutig) — estate, 5I.V)5.42 — James Davis, stepson — witnesses to

will : James McMath. Michael Johnson. Rol>ert Hamilton.

2. Isaac— d. by 17(>0 — m. Jean — C: John.

3. Jacob— <1. 1759 — admr: Hugh and John — C: James.

4. Jamc»— m. Margaret — C: Mosrt (m. Hannah ). Jacob (see 3), Jamr*.

Isaac, John. Mary. Elizabeth.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 481

5. James — son of 4 — m. Agnes Moore ( ?) — C : Agnes (b. 1776), William, Peggy, Taylor,
1807), Elizabeth (b. 1780, d. 1856, m. John Moore, 1801), John (b. 1782, m. Betsy Cun-
ningham, 1801, Margaret Kirkpatrick, 1803), Nancy (m. John Taylor, 1806), Isabella (m.
Isaac Lackey, 1807), Polly (m. William Hutton, 1807), Patsy (m. David Ford, 1813),
James (m. Polly Leach, 1818), Jacob (m. in Botetourt).

6. James — d. 1807 — C (minors) : Isabella, Martha, Jacob.

8. James— ni. Mary Weir, 1781.

9. Jane (widow)— d. 1819— C: Ollner (m. Gilmore), Polly (m. Hull).

10. Jane — m. Thomas Dougherty, 1811.

11. Jean — m. Samuel Smith, 1806.

12. John— C: Patrick, Robert (b. 1739, d. 1813), John, David, several dau.

13. John — d. 1765 — C; Moses, Hugh, Elizabeth, James, Jacob, Mary, Anna.

14. John — m. Jane Garner, 1808.

15. Margaret — b, 1740, d. 1837, m. Robert .-Xrmstrong of S. C. — her mother a McKemy.

16. Martha— b. 1730c— m. Matthew McClung.

17. Richard— m. Esther Mitchell, 1810.

18. Robert — guardian of Martha Campbell, 1747.

20. Robert— m. Kilpatrick, by 1772.

21. Sally — m. William Cummins, 1818.

22. Samuel — d. 1746c — m. Mary , who m. Andrew Mitchell, 1747 — C: Margaret.

23. Thomas— d. 1806— C : William, Isabella, Betsy, Jenny.

24. Walter — son of John and Sarah — 1773.

25. William— m. Rosanna Welch, 1801.

26. William— m. Peggy Taylor, 1807.

27. m. Polly Welch by 1821— C : Jean, \ancy, Sally.

Curry.— \. George— m. .\gnes Hamilton. 2. James— m. Hannah .\rchibald, 1798. 3.
Jean — m. Andrew Harper, 1794.

Dale. — 1. Isabella— m. James Lawson, 1791. 2. Hannah— m. David Lawson, 1793. 3. Re-
becca — m. Andrew K. Lawson, 1817. 3. Samuel — 1792.

Dalton.—\. Benjamin— d. 1802c— C: Polly. 2. Benjamin— m. Sally Payne by 1804.
3. Benjamin — m. Hannah B. d. 1835 — C: Samuel, Benjamin — d. by 1835. 4. Ben-
jamin — son of 3 — C: John, Benjamin, Thomas. 5. Benjamin — m. Elizabeth Welch, 1810.

6. Samuel — son of 3 — C: Lucy W. (m. Jordan), Sarah (m. Dunkum),

Esther A., Benjamin F., Robert, Francis, Mildred, SeHna. 7. Thomas W.— b. 1817, d. 1882—
son of 5 — m. (1) Margaret Miller, (2) Margaret Glendy — C (by first w.) : Thomas C, 4
others.

Davidson. — I. .Andrew — m. Susan Dorman, 1807. 2. .Andrew B. — b. in Botetourt, 1780,
d. 1861 — minister. 3. Ann E. — m. John Wilson, 1796. 4. Anna — m. Robert Kirkpatrick,
1799. 5. Elizabeth— m. Henry McKay, 1795. 6. Elizabeth— m. William H. Letcher, 1810.

7. James— m. Polly Gilmore, 1808. 8. James— son of 20— C: Madison G. (b. 1817c, d. 1895,

m. Martha McCutchen), C H. 9. James D. — son of 1 — m. Hannah McD. Greenlee,

1836. 10. John— d. 1762— m. Elizabeth . 11. John— d. 1835, "far advanced in life"— C:

John, William, Joseph, Phebe, Patsy (m. William H. Letcher, 1810), Mary (m.

Rogers). 12. John— m. Sally McCrea, 1801. 13. John— m. Elizabeth Erwin, 1807. 14. Joseph
— m. Jinny Wilson, 1805. 15. Matthew— m. Elizabeth Gordivare, 1807. 16. Robert— m.
Christina Fink, 1808. 17. Robert G.— m. Lucinda D. Hyde, 1819— Kerr's Cr. 18. Robert-

d. 1751— m. Ann C: John, Mary (m. Huston). 19. Sally— ni. William—

m. Elizabeth bro. to John, .^nn (m. McAmey). 22. William — m. Elizabeth

Vance, 1790. 2i. William— m. Elizabeth McCrea, 1792. 24. William— m. Jinny Davidson,

482 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIV^K OH-NTV, VIkC.INIA

1799. 25. William— m Martha Gilmore. 1811. 2b. (n\. Mary Willson by 1823).

27. (m. Mary McClure. 1740c). 28. (m. Martlia HuHon).

Davis. — 1. Benjamin— m. Catharine Thomas, 1808. 2. Bowling — d. by 181S — C
(minors) : Elizabeth, Maria, Bowling. 3. Uaiiiel — m. Susannah Shaw, 1816. 4. David —
m. Polly Willson, 1810. 5. Eleanor— 1746— C: Samuel. 6. Elizabeth— m. I^rkin Tungit.

1816. 7. Hugh— d. 1786— m. Frances C: Hugh. Jamv, Janet (m. Doalc).

Kosannah (m. Thompson), Mary (m.S< ^"'^ \ ^K<)waiij? Nancy, John, Nathaniel.

Josiah. 8. Hugh — son of 7 — d. 1786c — has land on Salt Lick, tributary of Ohio, surveyed
for John Davis, Jr., July 20, 1773, and .sold to Hugh. 9. James K. — merchant at Fancy

Hill, 1839. 10. James— m. Mary Todd's Cr., 1788. 11. Jesse— m. Nancy Paton,

1806. 12. John— m. Mary Presly, 1788. 13. Joseph Daviess— tn. Jean, sister to Mrs
Margaret McKee. 14. Judy — m. James Shaw, 1817. IS. Kcziah — m. James Ramsay, 1798.
16. Iveanna— m. John Dunfield, 1810. 17. Maria — m. Thomas Harris, 1815. 18. Mary — m.
Edmund McCoy. 1817. 19. Nancy — m. Andrew Graham, 1819. 20. Peggy — m. Daniel
Wright. 1799. 21. Polly— g'dau. of Mary Mackcy. 1810. 21. Kel)ecca Daviess— in. John
Scott. 1816. 2i. Richard— m. .Mary Wilson. 1803. 24. Robert— neighbor to Halbert McCIure.
1787. 25. Sarah S — tn. James Braford. 1793. 26. William— m. Elizabeth Martin. 1795. 27.
William— m. Priscilla Dawson. 1801. 28. William— Forks, 1768.

Paveson. — 1. William — m. Dinah McCormick, 1795. 2. Priscilla— m. William Davis.
1801.

Deal (Dale). — 1. George — m. Susanna Whiteman, 1809. 2. Samuel — m. Isabella Lawson,
1793.

D<an.—\. Charles— m. Rachel Smith. 1818. 2. m. Elizabeth Letshaw. 1819.

3. John— b. 1759. 4. Samuel— m. Nancy McDonnel. 1803.

Denniton. m. Elizabeth Goodbar — b. 1775c.

Dial (Dale).— 1. Catharine— m. John Riddle. 1909. 2. Catharine Dyal— m. Charles
Walker. 1798. 3. Mary M.— m. Elijah Walker, 1800.

Dickty.—\. Adam— m. Hannah Dougherty, 1810. 2. Jenny— m. I'rtcr Hull, 1805.

3. John — m. Mary Walker. 1801. 4. Joseph — in. Margaret Johnston. 1804, 5. Margaret— m.
William Martin, 1801. 6. Mary— m. Richard Butt, 1797. 7. Nancy— m. William Duncan.
1801.

Dingltdint. — 1. Balsor — m. Susannah Hoilinan, 1812. 2. Elizabeth— m. John Moore.
1817.

Dickson. — 1, Agjjes^b. in Pa., 1785c— m. James Moore. 2. David — m. Susanna McNutt.
1790. 3. James— d. 1797 — C: Samuel, Patrick. Agnes (m. Telford). James, Robert.

4. James — m. Martha d. 1811 — C; Thomas. John, James. Martha. Nancy. 5. James

— m. Nancy Douglass. 1804. 6. John — brother-in-law to James (.\gnes) Paxton. 7. James
— m. Nancy Douglass. 1800c. 8. Nancy — m. .Andrew Rogan. 1799. 9. Patrick — son of 3 —
d 1802 10. Palsy— m. Robert Templclon. 1809. 11. Robert— m. Eliza Baker. 1799. 12.
Robert— son of .^— C : Nancy. 13. Samuel — m. Mary Tedford. 1789. 14. Thomas— m. Sarah
Paxton. 1809. Thomas.

Doak.—X. Ann — b. 1784, d. 1866, m. Hugh, M. Guffcy. 2. James — m. Jane Dunn. 3. John

W. — b. 1770c — m. Jane McClure. 4. Robert — immigrant — m. Brcckenridge. ^iNlrr to

Robert — C: James fsee 2). 5 Samuel — brother to John— admr. David Steele. 1747. 6. .Sam-
uel — immigrant — m. (on voyage) Jane Mitchell.

Dodt. — 1. .Alexander Dod»— d. 1823— m. Peggy C: John. .Alexander. 2. Chris-

tana— m. William Moore, 1812 3. Jenny— m. Benjamin Becton, 1812. 4. John— Lavina
Rowlinion, 1816.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA • 483

Dold. — Samuel M. — merchant, 1831.

Donnald. — 1. James — Nancy Paxton, 1813. 2. John — Betty Pa.xton. 3. Margaret — m.
William Keys, 1802.

Donaho.—\. Dennis— m. Anness Moody, 1787. 2. Hugh— in Ky(?), 1789— C:

— m. Robert Campbell of Aug. 3. John Donihoo — m. Martha M. Walker, 1811. 4. Nancy
Donohoe — m. James Ky, 1811. 5. Susnna Donahow — m. Thomas Rowan, 1789. 6. W'illiam
Donahy— m. Betsy Wine, 1808.

Dorman. — 1. Charles P. — m. Amanda McCue. 2. James B. — son of 1— b. 1823, d. 1873,
m. Mary J. White Newman, 1871. 3. Susan — m. Andrew Davidson, 1807.

Dougherty. — 1. Ann — ^m. Jacob Leece, 1802. 2. Anthony — d. 1792 — C: Rebecca, Jacob.
3. Charles — family k. by Indians, 1759. 4. Hannah — m. Adam Dickey, 1810. 5. John — m.
Hannah Letcher. 6. Nathaniel Douherty — m. Sarah Wise, 1812. 7. Polly — m. James White-
side, 1796.

Douglass. — 1. Alfred — m. Agnes .\. Paxton. 2. Elizabeth — m. John Jameson, 1807.
3. Elizabeth— m. Matthew Wilson, 1811. 4. James— d. 1811— m. Elizabeth— C: William (m.
Agnes McClure, 1803), John (m. Sally Hickman, 1810), Agnes, or Nancy, (b. 1783, d. 1855,
m. James Dickson, 1804), Elizabeth, James (m. Elizabeth Hamilton, 1819), George, Robert.
5. Joice A. — m. William Viers, 1818. 6. Patsy— m. Jacob Mathews, 1819.

Douthat.—\. Mary J.— m. Corbin Lackland, 1819. 2. William H.— Natural Bridge, 1830.

Drummond. — George — servant to Samuel McCIure, 1779.

Drydcii. — 1. David — d. 1772 — C: Thomas, James, David, Eliner, Jane, Elizabeth, Na-
thaniel, William. 2. David — d. 1787c — m. Dorothy McClure — C: Thomas, Nathaniel, Wil-
liam. 3. David — m. Esther Glasgow, 1792. 4. David — m. Elizabeth Clyce, 1804. 5. James —
m. Catharine Windell, 1796. 6. Margaret — m. Thomas Reyburn, 1803. 7. Nathaniel — m.
Mary McClure, l78S. 8. Polly— m. William McClung, 1810. 9. Samuel— m. Elizabeth Bra-
ford, 1803. 10. Thomas — ^m. Rebecca Poague, 1803. 11. Thomas — oldest son of 2 — d. by
1787— C: Nathaniel.

Duff. — 1. Mary — m. Isaac Thompson, 1786. 2. Roger — d. 1789 — m. Mary — C:

Jean (h. 1786), Susanna, Isaiah. 3. Roger — d. by 1797 — C; Susanna (m. Joseph Caldwell,
1797).

Dunlap. — 1. Adam — m. , 1761.

2. Alexander — d. 1744 — m. Ann McFarland — C: John, Robert, Alexander, Elizabeth
(m. 1. William Warwick, 2. Andrew Sitlington).

3. Alexander — son of 2 — b. 1743 — m. Agnes Gay.

4. James— m. Agnes by 1751— k. 1758— estate, $200.

5. John^son of 2— d. 1804— m. Ann Clark of James, 1761— C: Elizabeth (b. 1762,
m. James Gay), Alexander (m. Jane Walkup), James (b. 1766, m. Elizabeth Bear, 1813),
Ann (b. 1768, m. Robert Bratton, 1800), Mary (m. 1. Samuel Hodge, 2. Robert Crockett),
John (b. 1770, m. Dorcas Dowell).

6. Madison — son of Robert, immigrant — b. 1808 — m. Martha H. McKee — C: Robert K.,
John McK., Margaret J. (m. Dr. D. E. Strain), Bailey M., Samuel McK., William M.,
Walter W., Ophelia.

7. Preston^jm. Jane Moore.

8. Robert— son of 2— b. 1740, k. 1781— m. Mary Gay of William, 1763— C: Anne (b.
1765, m. David McKee), William (b. 1767, m. Polly Coursey), Alexander (b. 1768, m. Jane
Alexander), Margaret (m. William Deniston), Robert (b. 1772. m. Martha Graham), John
(m. Hickman, Bath Co.), Agnes (b. 1779, .\L Samuel McCulchcn).

9. William— son of 8— d. 1834— C: Elizabeth. Alexander, Robert (b. 1791), Winifred
(m. J. Fulton Whitlock, 1810), James C, William, Mary G. (m Robert? Houston), Preston
L. Elizabeth.

484 A msToRV of kockhkiih^e county, vibcinia

10. m. Mary Beard.

DuHH.—Jitnci — came to Kbg, 176^— m. Martha Long — C: Samuel (m. Eleanor
Brewster.

£<i*i»i.— 1 Jame»— d. 1785— C: Klizabcth (m. Thomas Paxlon. 17S8c), others. 2. Peggy
m. George Ford, 1805). 3. Robert— m. Mary Martin, 1778. 4. Samuel— m. Mary Moore.
1787.

Eaton. — 1. Benjamin — m. Hannah Bradley, 1794. 2. Valentine— servant of John Paxton,
17SS.

iVAo/j.— Edward-b. 1817. d. 1874, d. Susan H. .

EdingloH. — 1. .^nn — m. Evan Day, 1801. 2. Sarah — m. Charles Kirkpatrick. 1791.

Edify. — V. David — m. Elizabeth Lawrence, 1787. 2. Nancy — m. Robert Sjtence, 1816.
3. Polly— b. 1805c— m. Thomas Paxlon. 4. Sally— m. .^^thur McCoy, 1807.

Edmondson. — 1. .•\braham— <m. Elizabeth Smith, 1818. 2. David — son of James and
Agnes— <1. 1821.

Elliott. — v. .Archibald — ni. Phcbe Jemison, 1802. 2. Hannah — m. .\ndrew Johnston,
1808. 3. Hugh— m. Nancy West, 1808. 4. James— <1. 1799— m. Marth.-i Elliott— C : Mary,
Jean, ?Iannah, Margaret (m. — • Kennedy). Martha (m. — McClurc), James, John,
William. 5. James— ni. Phcbe McCorkle, 1809. 6. Jane— m. William S. Bailey, 1819. 7.
John— m. Sally Taylor. 1798. 8. Jane — servant of Thomas Tate, 1756. 9. John — admr.
William, 1771. 10. Martha— m. Alexander McClure. 1795. 11. Moses— m. Isalwlla Mackcy,
1810. 12. Peggy— m. George Bailey, 1819. 13. Phcbe— g'dau. of Mary Little .Mackcy. 1810.

14. William — d. 1771 — m. Jane — C: James, William, .^rchibald, Lancelot. 15.

William— d. 1795— C: James (has William). 16. William— b. 1769, d. 1856— son of Archi-
bald and Sarah of Pa. 17. William — m. Hanna Johnston, 1808. 18. ■ — m. Jean
McClure by 1779. 19. m. Sarah Taylor by 1807. 20. . Phebc Taylor by 1818.

Elu-ood.—v. George— m. Rebecca Clark, 1806. 2. Robert— m. Anna Clark. 1806. 3.
Sally— m. William Patton, 1802. 4. William— in. Ann Nichols, 1804.

Enlsminijcr. — 1. Andrew— m. Mary Plott, 1791. 2. Catharine— m. Henry Plolt, 1791.
3. David— m. .Mary Clark. 1790. 4. John— «n. Elizal>cth Haslet, 1798. 5. John— m. Sarah
Kfiick, 1818. 6. John H. — blacksmith, Cowpaslurc Kivcr, 1768. 7. Jonathan — m. Klirabeth
Gabberl. 1794. 8. Katrine— m. William Sutherland, 1789. 9. Philip— m. Mary Wauson, 1792.
10. Rachel— m. John Ayres, 1817. 11. Sally— m. James Morris, 1817.

Eplty. — 1. Caty — m. George Cowan, 1810. 2. Margaret — m. Alison Tapscote, 1812.

Erwin. — 1. Edward, Sr., (immigrant) — C: John (m. Jane Williams). Robert (m. Ann

Crockett). Andrew (m. Ann ), Edward (ni Mary Curry), Francis (m. Jane Curry).

2. Edward — m. Rosanna 1 — — d. 1796^C: Hannah. John. Jonah. 3. Elizal>eih — M.

John Davidson. 1807. 4. Robert— <1. 1789— C: Kol.ert. Hannah (m. Logan), Benja-
min, Jonas, Joseph. S. — m. Mary Hamilton by 1786.

Evans. — 1. Agnes — niece of John Murphy, 1809. 2. Andrew — m. Mary Plott. 1791. 3
Dmvid— m. Mary Clark. 1790. 4. Isaac— d. 1786— C: John. Abraham, Elizabeth. Martin.
Rebecca, Rachel. 5. John— m. Rebecca Parks, 1780c. 6. John— nn. Elizal>eth Haslet. 1798.
7. John— m. Sarah Nick, 1818. 8. Jonathan— ni. Elizabeth Gabbert, 1794. 9. Catharine—
b. 17IS, d. 1818. m. John White 10. Mark— d. 1748-estalc. $99.75— Daniel, admr. 11.
Mary— m. David Moore, by 1750. 12. Phillii>— «n. Mary Watson. 1792. 13. Pussy— m.

Benjamin Armstrong. 1815. 14. Ruth— m. William Black. 1798. IS. m. Margaret

Rilchey, by 1780.

Ewing. — 1. Anne — m. David Moore. MOO. 2. Eleanor— m. James Adams. 1813. 3. Peggy
m Thomas Patton. 1805 4. m. Drusilla Tate— b. 178.V.

Forii (Farris).— Edward— orphan of William, 1754— Francis XlcCown. guardian.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

485

Fenter.—\. Frederick, Jr..— m. Rachel Mappins, 1814. 2. Nancy— ni. John Riddle.

Fiiik.—\. Christiana— dau. of Timothy— m. Robert Davidson, 1808. 2. William— m.
Nancy Eyers, 1807.

Fi»i/o'— 1- Andrew— m. Jane Lyie, 1812. 2. Betsy— m. Michael Ocheltree, 1798. 3.
Eliza L. S.— b. 1808, d. 1876, m. James Johnston. 4. James— m. -^ Campbell by 1790.

5. John— m. Anna Letcher, 1816. 6. John T.— m. Mary J. Greenlee by 1844. 7. Michael—

d. 1821— C: Polly (m. Sanuiel Patterson, 1797), Elizabeth (m. Scott). 8. Polly— m.

James Smiley, 1802. 9. Sarah— m. Hugh Wilson, 1793. 10. m. Jane Lyle by 1815.

11. John (m. . Doak by 1738.)

Fleming. — John — servant to John Paxton, 1756.

Firestone.— I. Madalene— m. John Renn, 1800. 2. Susanna— m. Philip Hoylman, 1800.

Fletcher. — Agnes — orphan of Job, 1802.

Flint. — 1. James — m. Margaret E. Sylor, 1809. 2. John — orphan of John, 1815. 3.
John— m. Elender Deen. 1817. 4. Thomas— m. Betsy Mitchell 1812. 5. Thomas— m. Eliza-
beth Deen, 1817. 6. William— m. Betsy Cross, 1808. 7. m. Betsy McKinsey— C

(1824) : Polly, John, Betsy, Daniel.

Ford.—l. Allison— m. Eliza Tate, 1803. 2. David— m. Patsy Cunningham, 1813— n. c.

3. David— d. 1825— bro. to Patrick (N. Y.), Robert (Ireland), James, George, Elizabeth
(m. Darst). 4. Elizabeth — m. John Skeen, 1798. 5. George — m. Peggy Aken, 1805.

6. James— m. Ann Standoff, 1800. 7. James— d. 1826— C : William, David. Jacob. Peggy.
Betsy, Polly. 8. Jacob— m. Ann Scott, 1813. 9. Jacob-^n. Betsy Blair, 1813. 10. Letty— m.
Robert Cummins, 1810. 11. Margaret— m. Alexander Black, 1797. 12. Polly— m. Adam
Hosteler, 1812. 13. William— m. Rachel Clark, 1801.

Forehand. — 1. Elizabeth Foran — m. Thomas Thompson, 1807. 2. John — d. 1838 — m.
Rebecca , 1785, b. 1756 — C: Polly (m. Stephen Brown), Rebecca (m. Francis Hat-
ton, 1819), Peggy (m. John Smith), (Monroe Co.) 3. Margaret — m. Nathan Gaylor, 1801.

4. Polly — m. William Smith, 1814. 5. Sally — m. Zachariah Woods, 1814. 6. John — m. Mary
Agnor, 1814.

Forsythc. — I. Ann — m. James .Armstrong. 1819. 2. Catharine — m. John Auld, 1807. 3.
Elijah — d. in Ohio, 1829c. 4. Samuel — m. Jinny Moore, 1802. 5. William — m. Nelly
Auld, 1809.

Fortune (Forchan). — 1. John m. Sarah Forchan, 1806, 2. Robert — m. Rachel Fuller,
1809. 3. Timothy — m. Jimmy Garvin, 1816.

Foster. — Alexander — m. Sarah Campbell, 1795. 2. Mary — m. James Pinkerton, 1788.
3. William — m. Mary Gilmore by 1780.

FoM/c— David— b. in Md. 1773, d. 1858— s.

Fozflcr.—l. Andrew— m. Hannah Lapsley, 1812. 2. Mary— b. 1782, d. 1858, m John
Bradds — dau. of Joseph and Betsy.

Frazier. — 1. George — m. Margaret Johnston, 1788. 2. James Phrasher — m. Margaret

Walker by 1786. 3. John — levy-free. 1765. 4. John Frashcr — m. Gay by 1779. 5. Joseph

Frazer alias McAdams — m. Polly Houston, 1811. 6. Thomas W. — b. in Rbg, 1780, d. in
Tenn., 1847.

Frush.—\. Eleanor— m. Robert Wilson, 1815. 2. Henry— m. Polly Siders. 1818. 3.
Prudence— m. Matthias Hillyard. 1815. 4. Rosanna— m. John Hillyard. 1810.

Fuller.— \. Betsy— m. Eli Parent, 1818. 2. Esther— m. William Whitley, 1770c. 3.
Henry — m. Catrin Sailing by 1755. 4. Margaret — m. Samuel R. Smith, 1818. 5. Polly
m. William Young, 1805. 6. Rachel— m. Robert Foreman, 1809. 7. William— m. Jane Mc-
Queen, 1812.

FuUon.—\. Alexander- m. Sarah Caldwell, 1787. 2. Andrew— m. Elizabeth Hall, 1780c

486 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRItX-.E COUNTY. VIR(.I.N'1A

3. Hugh— b. 1729 b. living. 1806. 4. Hugh— m. Mrs. John Tate. I78jc. 5. Jimti—d \7SS—

C; Hugh. James. William. David. Thomas, Eluabcth, Kleaiior. Jane. 6. Jane— m Risk,

1813. 7. John— d. by 176+— C: Elirabelh. b 1748. 8. John— <1. 1804— m. Jean • C:

David, John, Robert, Mary, Sarah, Jean, Klizabcth (m. Reed). Martha (m. George

Reid, 1792). 9. Robert- son of 8.— d. 1815.

Cahbfri. — Sfalhias — d. 1798 — m. Christena — C; Hannah, Michael (m. Rachel

Reed, 1786). Rebecca (m. Benjamin Hart. 1787). Peter. Eliz.il>eth (m. Jonathan liiits-
minger. 1794). John (m. Judith Tuley. 1792). Sarah, Christina (m. Peter Gabbert. 1803.

Calhrailh.—\. Kleanor— <m. Mark H. Goshen, 1810. 2. Elizabeth— m. Jacob Ware,
1817. 3. Jean— m. Thomas McCleland, 1795. 4. Jean— m. Daniel Hutcheson, 1807. 5. John

— 1746. 6. John— ^. 1815— m. Barbara — C: George, John, Peggy (m. John l^ng,

180.1), Ellen (sec 1), Joseph, Nancy (m. Nathaniel Warren, 1815), Jane (see 3), William
(d. by 1815) 7. Peggy— m. John Leech. 1800. 8. Polly— m. Anderson Wallace. 1809. 9.
Sallv— m. John Henry, 1818,

Camftirll. — William — merchant, 18(X).

GorditKT.— 1. Francis— m. Polly Hinkic, 1797 2. James— m. Mary Shirley, 1788. 3.
Nancy— m. James Lowther, 1803.

Carnrr. — 1. Jane — m. John Cunningham, 1808. 2. Susanna — m. James Smiley, 1805.

Garrisoti.—]. Priscilla— m. Thomas Patterson. 1794. 2. Susanna— m. .Mexander Black.
1797.

Cart>fy.—\. John— d. by 1809— C (minors) : Matthew. John. 2. Matthew— m. Jane T.
Craven, 1812.

Carfin.—\. Jinny— m. Timothy Forchan. 1816. 2. Joseph— in. Nancy Clark, 1808. 3.

Mary— m George Smith, 1803. 4. Thomas— <d. 1803— m. Sarah C: Joseph, David.

John, Rebecca.

Gay. — 1. Agnes— b. 1745 — dau. of 6.— m. Alexander Dunlap. 2. Ann — m. Richard B.

Paine, 1810. 3. Elizabeth— m. Alexander Brown. 1784. 4. Henry— d. 1760— m. Mary .

S. Henry— <i. 1779-m. Marthew , d. 1785— C: Samh, Ann. Martliew. Rebeckah,

Sarah; 4 of whom m. John Gay. John Frasher. .t Gillc*.pie. a Moore.

6. James— son of 18— d. 1758— m. (1) Sarah Matton of Matthew. (2) Elizabeth Dun-
lap, (3) Mrs. Mary Kirtley Barnes — C: John, Agnes, Jane, James, Martha, Samuel,
Robert.

7. Jane (widow) — sister to Hannah, Martha — C: Robert, Martha, Samuel.

8. Jean— dau. of 6. — m. Samuel Stevenson. 1771.

9. John — son of 18— d. 1776c— m. Jean Rains.iy- C: John, Mary, Elizabeth, Jean (m.
Humphrey Montgomery).

10. John — son of 9 — m. Agnes McKee — Ind.

11. John— son of Henry— d. by 1759— C; Henry.

12. John — ^son of 6.— b. 1740 — m. Sarah Lockridge.

13. Polly-m. John M. Cale, 1815.

14. Robert — m. Hannah Moore, 1793.

15. Robert (g'father to Agnes Reagh)— m. Mrs. Sarah Jameson, 1750c.

16. Robert— d. 1816— m. Sarah — C: Martha. .\nn (see 1). Mary (m.

Gilkeson).

17. Thomas— m. Miry Swearingen. 1791.

\fi. William (immigrant)— C : William. John. James. Robert. Samuel. Eleanor (m.
William Kincaid).

19. William— son of 18 — d. 1755— m. Margaret Walkup— C : Mary (m. Robert Dun-
lap, 1763), Agnes (m. Robert Clark), John (s), Robert (s).

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

487

20. William— TO. Mary Craig, 1788.

21. William— orphan of William, 1767.
22. m. Jean Kirkpatrick by 1777.

Gaylor.—\. Catharine— m. Michael Pearman, 1792. 2. Edward Gealor— m. Barbara
— C: John (b. 1772, d. 1857, s). 3. Edward— m. Barbara Nicholas, 1739. 4. Esther

— m. James Riley, 1791. 5. John— m. Eleanor Connor, 1800. 6. Xathan— m. Margaret
Foran, 1801. 7. Nelly— m. John Smith, 1791.

Gecrhart.—\. Catharine— m. Jacob Keller, 1803. 2. Elizabeth— m. Christian Trout,
179.S. 3. Henry— m. Barbara Young, 1794. 4. Lewis— m. Pheby Jacob, 1807. 5. William— m.
Sarah Morris, 1801.

Gibson.— I. Eleanor— m. George Guilenger, 1806. 2. Daniel— d— 1751— C : Alexander.
3. George— m. Eleanor Lowry, 1798. 4. Mary-im. John McCrea, 1788. 5. Robert— d. 1760

— m. Isabella C: Robert, George, John. 6. Rosey— m. James Sweet, 1792. 7.

William— m. Elizabeth McCormick, 1794. 8. William— d. 1820— m. Lettice C:

John, Sarah, Alexander, Patrick. 9. Jane— m. Nathaniel Paxton.

Gilkeson.—'Rcmy—A. by 1820— to. Mary Gay— C : Sally. James, Hugh, Mary H.

Gill.—\. Elizabeth— m. James Peel, 1800. 2. James— m. Sophia Kinging, 1810. 3.
Presly— m. Sarah Butt, 1798. 4. Rachel^m. John Ayres, 1793. 5. Rachel— m. Theophilus
Smith, 1797. 6. William— m. Catharine Ayres, 1793.

Gillespie.— \. James— d. 1769— bro. to John— C : John, James, William, .\gnes, Elizabeth.
2. Martha— g'dau. of Martha Kilpatrick, 1823. 3. William— m. (1) Anne Houston, 1794,

(2) Isabella Houston Henderson— C : Polly (m. S. Bird), Betsy (m. Abram Bird),

James (Peggy Houston), John (m. Patsie Houston), Robert, Nancy.

Gihnore.—\. Archibald— m. Jane C: Robert (b. 1780, d. 1855, m. Martha — )

2. James— d. 1782— C: Joseph, William, Samuel, John, Mary (m. William Foster), Mar-
garet (m. Anderson), Martha (m. Hall), James.

3. James — m. Sarah Davidson by 1802.

4. James — im. Polly Grigsby, 1813.

5. Jane — m. Thomas Lackey, 1813.

6. John — d. 1759 — admr, Thomas.

7. John d. 1838 — w. already d. — C : Thomas. William. Saiah, Martha (James Lecky),
Magdalene.

8. John — b. 1758 — orphan of Thomas — John, guardian.

9. John — d. 1781 — m. Elinor Cunningham — C; James, John.

10. John— m. Elizabeth Beach, 1791.

11. John— m. Polly Orbison, 1808.

12. John— m. Elizabeth Wallace by 1779— C: Martha.

13. Joseph — bro. to Thomas of Kerr's Cr. — m. Susanna Paxton, 1793 — C; Madison
(b. 1794, d. 1859, m. Janetta M. Houston), Paxton (m. Sarah P. Irvine), Mary, James P.
(s), Eliza, Thomas, Joseph.

14. Martha — m. William Davidson, 1811.

15. Mary— m. Jesse Rowland, 1819— (see 13).

16. Mary — ^m. Joel Layne by 1828.

17. Nancy — m. Andrew McCampbell, 1817.

18. Pollj — m. James Davidson, 1808.

19. Robert— d. 1779c.

20. Robert— m. Martha Paxton, 1818.

21. Thomas, Jr. — k. 1763 — m. Jennie admr, James and John.

22. Thomas — 'xn. Margaret Leech, 1815.

488 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGF. COUNTY, VIRGINIA

23. William-Kerr's Cr.. ItUi.

24. m. Sally Holbrook by 1826.

25. — tn. Polly Moore by 1838.

Cingfr.—\. Henry — m. Pat»y Alison, 1817. 2. Ludovick — d. 1812— m. Anne C:

Henry'. SlamucI, and others, both texes. 3. Samuel — ni. Lydia Aliton, 1817. 4. Samuel — m.
Ann Croddy, by 1838.

Clasgottl.—}. Arthur— d. 1822— m. Rebecca McN'utt McCorkle, 1782c — C: Joteph.
Robert, John, PcRgy. Rebecca (m. John Carr. 18(M). Nancy (m. ThomasMcCleland, 1804).
2. Esther— m. David Drydcn, 1792. 3. Jenny— m. Thomas Patlon. 1805. 4. John— son of
1— C: Arthur (b by 1819). 5. John— m. Patsy McNutt. 1815. 6. Joseph— son of 1— C :
Rebecca J. (b. by 1819). 7. Joseph— m. Nancy Glasgow. 180S.

Glass.— I. Robert— m. Jean Dalton, 1817. 2. m. Daniel I.yle by 1807.

Co/d.—Jamcs— Lexington, 1796— C (?): Peggy (m. Adam Bicklc. 1817), Robert (tn.
Margaret Hall, 1795).

Good. — Polly, orphan of John Good, 1801.

Goodbar. — 1. Elizabeth— b. 1777, d. 1853, m. John Davidson — dau. of Joseph and Nancy.

2. Joseph, Sr.— d. 1807— m. .^gncs — , C: John (Rachel Hosteler, 1809). Mary, Elizabeth

(m. Robert Irvin, 1800), Joseph (m. Mary Irvin, 1806).

Goodvnn.—X. Byrd— m. Polly Sally, 1804. 2. Cornelius— m. Hannah Paxton, 1796. 3.
m. Mary Reed by 1816.

Gordon. — 1. John — m. Mary Strange, 1813. 2. Sarah — m. Thomas Brown, 1786. 3.
Sarah A. — m. William Jones, 1812. 4. Nancy — m. George Strickleather. 1807. 5. John. Sr.
— d. 1825— C: Peggy (m. Joseph White), Nancy, Betsy, Sarah (see 3), William, Polly,
James, Robert. 6. James — .son of 5 — d. by 1821 — C: Jane, James. John, Samuel.

Gore. — 1. James — m. Rebecca Ross, 1790. 2. Jane — m. William Lowe. 1811. 3. John
— m. Nancy Taylor. 1790. 4. m. Priscilla Sare by 1788.

GouL — 1. Christian — d. 1839 — C : Betsy A., William, John. James. 2. (jeorge — m.

Elizabeth 1 1782. 3. Margaret E.— m. Peter Nicholas, 1783. 4. d. 1841—

m. Nancy McCown.

Graham. — 1. Andrew — C: Andrew (b. 1782, d. 1855). 2. Andrew — m. Nancy Davis,
1819. 2x. Christopher — d. 1748c — C; ■ (m. Joseph Walkup), probably also Koltcrl

(m. Jean Hicklin). 3. Edward — m. Margaret .Mexaiider. 1792. 5. George— m. Rel>ecca
Patterson. 1803. 5. James — orphan of Willijim Grimes, 1801. 6. James — m. Isal>elU Hart
leu by 1820. 7. James — m. Margaret Whiteman, 1815. 8. Jane — in. John McClcnahan.
1812. 8x. John— C: Lancelot. John (b. 172b,m — Walkup), Robert (m. Elizabeth Lock-
ridge), Florence (m. James Graham, 1762), Elizabeth (m. Robert .Armstrong). Jane (m.
Andrew Lockridge). Anne (m. John Kinkead), Rebecca. 9. Margaret— m. John Wallace.
1785. 10. .Martha— d. 1796-C: Ann. 11. Mary-m. Isaac Trimble. 1787. 12. Michael-m
Elizabeth Lyle, 1786. 13 Nancy— ni. Charles Craig. 1790. 14. Polly— m. Thomas Booz.

1817. IS. Sally— m. William S. Ucy. 1816. 16. Samuel— d. 1815— m. Betsy

nephew to John of Montgomery Co. 17. Samuel B.— m. Sally Paxton. 1816. 18. William

— d. 1748— iti. Jane C: James, David— admr., John. 18. William— <1. 1797— C:

Jchab, Jenny, Polly, Susanna, Peggy. William, James. 19. William— bro. to 8x— m. Jane
Armstrong— C: David (m. Jean Walkup), James (b. 1741, m. Florence Graham. 1762).

20. William— m. Polly Sample, 1811. 21. m. — Mackey by 1810-C : James,

William. 22. m. Mary W alker by 1797.

Grant. — William— «nerrhanl ne.ir Rcid Alexander's mill. 1835.

Gray.—\. Agnes— witness in sint, 1747. 2. Ann— m. James McClung. 175Sc. 3. Jacob-
witness for Borden, 1752. 4. John— d. 1752— tn. Agnes C: Jacob, William, David.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

489

Joseph, Benjamin, Ann. 5. Margaret— in Ky., 182-) — sister to Magdalene Campbell. 6.
Thomas— orphan of Joseph, 1784. 7. William— levy-free, 1764 — guardian of Benjamin
of John, b. 1745. 8. — i m. Agnes McClung, 1750c.

Crccit.~l. Betsy— m. Stephen G. Chittum, 1819. 2. Henry— m. Rebecca Taylor, 1799.
3. Matilda— m. William Chittum, 1819. 4. Milly— m. Samuel Biddle, 1800. 5. Samuel— ni.
Elizabeth Ciders, 1814.

Greenlee. — 1. Griselda — m. John Caskey, 1811.

2. David — m. Hannah Grigsby, 1818.

3. James— d. 1762c.— m. Mary E. McDowell— C : John, Robert, James, Grace (m.
Charles McDowell), Mary (b. 1745, m. Hugh Hays), David, Samuel, Margaret.

4. James — son of 3 — d. 1813.

5. James— b. 1769, d. 1840, m. Mary Paxton. 1812— son of 9— C: Hannah McD.
(m. James D. Davidson, 1836), Mary J. (John F. Finley), John F. (b. 1817, d. 1915, s),
Sarah A. E. (m. James L. Watson). Martha T., William P. (m. Lizzie Foster, 1850),
Frances. 6. James — m. Betsy Campbell.

6. James — m. Sarah Caskey, 1805.

7. James— m. Polly Paxton, 1798.

8. John — son of 3 — b. 1734c — d. 1810c — m. Jane Grigsby — n. c.

9. John — son of 4 — m. Sarah McClenahan.

10. John M.— m. Mary Greenlee, 1810.

11. Polly— m. William Bailey, 1809.

12. Robert— b. 1736— son of 3— Tenn., 1772.

13. Samuel — b. 1743 — son of 3 — m. Mary Ky. 1796.

14. — tg'dau. of 3 — b. 1776 — m. Ephraim McDowell.

Greer. — .1. Alexander — d. 1815 — m. Mary admr., Samuel Eakin. 2. Robert —

d. 1828— m. Margaret — • . 3. Mary — m. Joseph Kennedy, 1793— C: Alexander.

Grigsby.— 1. Betsy — m. David Templeton, 1818.

2. Hannah J. — m. David Greenlee, 1818.

3. James— C: Benjamin (b. 1770, d. 1810).

4. James — m. Mrs. Rebecca Wallace, 1785.

5. Hugh B. — son of Benjamin (see 3).

6. Jane— m. Robert Pettigrew, 1818.

7. John— b. 1720, d. 1794— m. Elizabeth • C: John, Charles (m. Elizabeth Wal-
lace, 190), William (m. Sally McClure. 1790), Sarah (m. 1 Welch), Jane (b. 1769, d.

1832, m. William Paxton, 1787). Rachel (ni. Alexander McN'utt, 1790), Martha (m. .Alex-
ander Trimble, 1793), Elizabeth, Frances (m. Thomas Beckham, 1800), Joseph, Elisha,
Reuben.

8. John— m. Phebe Paxton, 1815.

10. Phoebe— m. Robert Trench, 1817.

11. Polly — m. James Gilmore, 1813.

12. Polly— m. Andrew Weis, 1793.

13. Reuben— b. 1780, d. 1863, m. Virlinda .\. Porter.

Groves. — 1. Elizabeth — m. Thomas Pullen, 1809. 2. Mary — m. n.micl Miller, 1785.

Guinn.—l. Anne— m. William Morris, 1799. 2. Daniel— m. Betsy Picket, 1819. 3.
William Gywnne — d. 1772.

Gutherie. — ^1. Robert — d. 1789 — m. Esther • — — C : John. Phoebe (ni. John Gad-
berry, 1791), Mary, Sarah, Richard (m. Elizabeth McEntosh, 1790), Robert- John King.

8*800.

Hall. — 1. Alexander — m. Mary Howard, 1786.

490 A IlISTOBV or SOCKBRIDOE county, VIRGINIA

2 Alexandfr L— m. Jane L. Paxton, 1818.

J. Andrew — d. 1798 — m. a dau. of William . a Borden purchaser — C: (n.

Samuel Houston), Jenny (m. John Houston, 1788), Margaret (m Robert Gold, I79S).

Nancy T. (m. James Steele, 1798).

4. Andrew— m. Isabella McClure, 1799.

5. Betsy — ni. Thomas Houston, 1802.

6. Eliza— dau. of John— 1804.

7. Edward- m. Eleanor Stuart— C : Elizabeth (m. .Andrew Fulton. 1780c).

9. Elizabeth— John Raredon, 1797.

10. Elizabeth- m. Henry Leech. 1815.

11. Gncc—i. 1823.

12. James- m. Patsy Leech, 1816.

13. James— <1. 1816— C: William. Elizabeth (m. Houston). Martha b. 1807,

(m. James MontRomcry ), Nancy. Isabella, Pegg)'. Polly, Sally, James.

14. John— bro. to 11— C: George, Grace— 1823.

15. John— m. Sally Wilson. 1790.

16. John— m. Rachel Hopkins, 1795.

17. John— m. Jean Smith, 1796.

18. Mary A— m. Robert McCormick. 1808.

19. Nancy— m. James Robertson. 1804.

20. Nancy— m. James Kinkade, 1819.

21. Polly— m. John Leech. 1815.

22. Sally— m. Nathan Leech. 1817.

23. William— m. Jean— C: William (1766)— other C (?): Andrew (Margaret)
Nathaniel.

24. William— same (?) as 23— d. 1772c— C: Andrew. Sr. (has William. Joseph)

Agnes (m. — •— Berry). John. Sr.. Isabel (m. Buchanan), William, Nathaniel, James,

George.

25. William-m. Isabella Hunter. 1792.

26. William— m. Sally .Moore. 1799.

27. — m. Margaret Thompson by 1798 — C: Nancy.

28. m. Sarah Moore by 1821.

HamilloH. — 1. .Mexander— m. Eleanor Robinson, 1812.

2. Alexander— b. 1801, d. 1868.

3. Andrew— Isabella— 1812.

4. Andrew — witnesses will of Jacob Clements, 1759.

5. Galbraith— son of James and Jain— b. in BerWely. 1781. d. 1857— ni. \aiicv .

6. (jeorge— m. Dorcas Coalter, 1814.

7. James — d. 1805— m. Margaret C: James, Robert.

8. James — m. Peggy Robinson, 18(M.

9. John— miller, 1798.

10. John— b. 1765c — m. Mary Baggs.

11. Polly-ff-dau. of Mary Mackey-1810

12. Robert — d. 1788— m. Margaret — C : William. Joseph. Jennet. Marv (ni.

— — Erwin). Miriam. Magdalen; also 5 others who d. in massacre of 1759.

13. Robert— "late of this county"— 1753.

14. Rol,ert-1813.

14x. Robert— m. Sallie Letcher— C . Narcissa B. Mary H., John L. (m. Mary A.
HancrKk), Owen W. (dy). Cynthia A. (m. RoUrt T. Marshall). Isaacc M., James F.

15. Samuel— m. Eliiabeth McCorkle. 1811.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 491

16. William— d. 1839— m. Poll y — C : William, Jane (m. McCown),

(m. William Lecky), Eliza (m. James Douglass, 1819), Julia, Nancy (m. Mackey),

Mary, Alfred, John — bro. to John.

17. William— m. Elizabeth by 1781.

18. William— m. Polly McCorkle, 1800.

19. William — m. Mary Thompson, 1815.

Hammond.— I. Enos— m. Margaret Keith, 1797. 2. Joel^in. Hanna Keith, 1800. 3.
Thomas — m. Keys, by 1781.

Hampton. — 1. Joel— m. Mary Armstrong, 1797. 2. Mary — m. Stephen Yeats, 1803. ,

Hamil. — Robert — m. Jean — 1781.

Haniicr.—\. Frederick— d. 1836c. 2. -^ m. Polly Allen by 1825.

Hannah. — 1. Elizabeth— im. James McCormick, 1784. 2. Elizabeth — m. James Mcllvain,

1784. 3. Mary— m. Neal East, 1791. 4. Matthew— d. 1815- m. Martha , d. 1821 —

C: Agnes (m. John McKee, 1806), Elizabeth (m. Wilson), Martha (m. John

Parry, 1797), Delia (m. James L. Clowney, 1805), Polly (m. Daniel Blane, 1797).

Hardbarger. — 1. Elizabeth — m. Thomas Campbell, 1801. 2. Mary — m. John Speer,
1792.

Hardy. — 1. Dennis — m. Jemima ■ by 1788. 2. Harvey — m. Mary Defries, 1789.

Hartlcss. — I. Mary — m. John Clark, 1804. 2. Nancy — m. Joseph Jervis, 1804,

Harncsl. — 1. Anna — m. Samuel Downey, 1801. 2. Margaret — m. Abraham Beaver,
1816. 3. Susanna — m. John Williams, 1804.

Harnsbarger. — 1. Abraham — m. Jane Vines — b. 1764c. 2. Elizabeth of Bath Co. — m.
Stephen Hook, 1808

Harper. — 1. Andrew — d. 1830 — m. Jane Curry, 1794 — C: George C, Jane, Eliza, Peggy,
Hugh, James W., Andrew, William C. 2. Christina — ni. Benjamin Holmes, 1796. 3. Hugh

— m. Nancy McCampbell, 1807. 4. James — d. 1802 — m. Elizabeth — C : Mary (m.

Dr. .'\ndrew Morton), James, William. 5. James — nephew to 4. 6. James — son of 4 — C:

Elizabeth. 7. James — bro. to Andrew— d. 1806 — m. Elizabeth — ■ C (mostly minors) :

John, Martin, Sophia (m. Parker), James, Mary, William. 8. James F. — merchant,

1838 — m. Patsy Moore — C: Calvin M., James H ., Eliza J. (m.''^^-^'" Rowa n), Esteline M.

(m. Brown), Amanda C. ( Oates). 9. Sally (widow) — m. William Ayres, 1818.

10. Samuel— m. Ann Brawford, 1801. 11. Thomas— m. Polly Stewart, 1817, 12. William
m, Elizabeth Wilson, 1813.

Harris. — 1. .■\lcxander — m. Margaret Crawford, 1790. 2. James Hares — m. Margaret
Anderson, 1790c. 3. Margaret — m. Thomas Armstrong, 1809. 4. Reuben — m. Betsy

Welch, 1818. 5. Thomas — m. Maria Davis, 1815. 6. — m. Deborah McCune by

1814— C: John, Mary.

Hart.— I. Betsy— im. Philip Potter. 1804. 2. Christiana— m. William Strickland, 1812.
3. James — m. Polly Null, 1801. 4. John B. (m. Julia Lyie). 5. Nancy — m. Richard
Simmons, 1812. 6. Polly— m. Robert Skeen, 1817. 7. Valentine— d. 1792— C: Leonard,
Moses, Benjamin (m. Rebecca Gabbert, 1787), Valentine (m. Polly Standoff, 1795), 8.
William— d. 1760c.

Harvey. — 1. Elizabeth — m. John Fletcher, 1791. 2. James — m. Agnes Pines, 1788. 3.
James— m. Elizabeth Reed, 1789. 4. John— m. Abigail Taylor, 1789.

Halton. — 1. Elizabeth — m. Robert Young, 1795. 2. Francis — m. Rebecca Foran, 1819.
3. William — m. Rebecca Lawson, 1817.

Hays. — 1. Andrew — ^admr, Isaac Anderson, 1747 — d. 1786 — miller — C; John, Charles

James, Prudence (m. Brownlee), Joseph, David, Mary.

2. Charles — m. Margaret by 1778.

492 A inSTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGIN'IA

3. Charles — m. Rarhara admr, William Paul. 1757.

4. GcorRc— d. 1747c— m. Sarah C: James (b. 1738).

5. Hugh — m. Mary Greenlee. 1760c.

6. James— ton of 7 — m. .^(fnes — Colliers Cr., 1782 — C : James.

7. John — pioneer— <1. 1751 — m. Rebecca ■ — C: Charles (see 2), .Andrew (see
1). Barbara, Jcnette (m. Mills). Robert. James

8. John— <1. 1808 — m. Anne — C: Michael. John, .^ndrew, Campbell.

9. Mary— m. Robert Piper. 17<)5.

10. Patrick — pioneer. South River. 1747— <1. 1761 — m. Frances ' —C: William.

11. John — m. Nancy McCampbell, 1789.

12. Robert — nephew to 7.

13 Samuel — admr. James Cuttland. 1759.

14. m. Prudence Campbell by 1750.

Ilayslet. — 1. Andrew — m. Molly .^rmcntroul. 1802. 2. Elizabeth — m. John Kntsminger.
1798. 3. Hannah — m. Samuel [?e.ich. 1797 4. James — m. Nancy McCormick. 1798 5. Jean
— m. David Drain. 1801. 6. Mary — m. John McFarland. 1799. 7. Nancy — m. John Mc-
Clenalun. 1800. 8, Nancy— m. Joseph Ford. 1813. 9. Robert- m. Ellen Henkle, 1799
10. Thomas— m. Utty McFall. 1799.

Hrt*^r.— Hezekiah— b. 1808. d. 1879, m. Lucy J. . b. 1830. d. 1893.

Hfiidfrson. — 1. James — m. Prudence Campbell. 1786. 2. John (or CieorKe?^ — m. Isabella

Houston — C: William (m. Susan Gillespie). Jane (m. Matthew Russell), Susan (m.

McCullough). 3. William— improvements valued, 1751. 4. William— b. 1693c. d. 1770—
C: William, David. John (has Susanna). Martha (has Finley). James: also dau. m. to
David Bell. Joseph Bell. John Leeper. 5. m. Rebecca Wilson by 1804 — C: James.

Uftiry.—X. John— m. Sally Galbraith. 1818. 2. Mary .\.— m .James McClung. 3.
Samuel — m. Sarah Thompson by 1786. 4. William — witness in suit. 1747. 5. William —
m. Eleanor Morrison, 1787.

Ilfflfr. — 1. John — m. Harness — C: Jacob, John, Polly (m. Peter Weaver). Kaic

(m. Samuel F.bberd). Samuel (b. 1785). 2. Samuel — son of 1 — m Kale I^ird — C: Elir.ibeth
(m. .Mexandcr Dunlap), John (m. MarKarrl Miller). Isaac (m. Mary E. Williams). Priscilla
(ni. David Burner).

HfrroH.-'l. Walter— b. 1768. d. 1845. 2. «n. McCampbell by 1823.

Ifukman.—] Adam — b. 17S2c — m. Peggy . 2. George — m. Sophia Walter. 1812.

3. Hugh— m. Rebecca McNutt, 1816. 4 Jacob— m Agnes Baggs. 1786. 5. John— d 1784—
bro. to 1. 6 Nancy (widow)— b. 1759. d. 1826. 7 Sally— m. John Douglass. 1810.

Hicks. — 1, Hannah — m. James Wilson. 1809. 2. Joseph — m. Polly Campden, 1812 3.
Mary— m. Robert Uwson. 1800. 4. Mary— im. David Hosteler, 1808.

UifTs— Samuel— 1 800.

IIUI.— I. Joseph— m. Margaret .Mc.Millen. 1799. 2. Thomas— m Elizabeth— by 1780.

3. William— b in N. J. 1767, d. 1853 — son of James and Sarah— m. Hannah . 4.

William — d 1749 — m. Mary — C: Sarah. James, Mary, John. Joseph. Hannah.

Rachel. Elizabeth.

Hilliard. — 1. John — d. 1813 — m. Rosanna Frush — C; Amos. 2. Matthias — m. Prudence
Fru.h, 181.5.

milii. — 1. Abigail — <ti. Jacob Houglrmonl. 1811. 2 Mary — m. Hugh l^ughlin. 1805.
3. William— C: (m. William Young by 1795).

Hindi.— \. Agnes— «n. Thomas Dougherty. I8(X). 2. Sally— m. John Ixjwe. 1811

Ilitf — I. .\nn — h. 1782 — dau of Daniel (Appalonia Keller) of Shenandoah Co-m.

Joseph Bear Ix. Daniel— bro. to 1 — ni. Esther Bear. 1802 — T: Levi im. > Alexander),

Mary (in. William Dunlap), Susannah (m Wardlaw), Elizabeth (m. fkoit).

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

493

2. George— d. 1838— C : Joel, William P., Tillman (.m. Elis Holmes, 1813). 3. John— m.
Betsy Riley, 1815 4. John— m. Sally Mitchell, 1819. 5. Magalin— m. William Jones, 1816.
6. Peter— m. Catharine Fowlyon, 1815. 7. Samuel— m. Betsy Wilson, 1792.

Hodge— \. Eleanor— m. John Robinson, 1786. 2. James— d. 1809— m. Mary — ,

d. 1810— C: John, Moses (d. 1813), WiHiam, James (d. 1816), Renick, Betsy, Andrew,

Martha (m. Gilliam), Catharine. 3. Mary — m. Robert Crockett, 1804. 4. Samuel D.—

son of and Mary Dunlap— b. 1800c. 5. WiHiam— d. 1824— m. Drusilla C

(minors) : John, Martha, William F.

Hogshead.—!. John— m. Kilpatrick by 1772. 2. Rebeckah Hogset— m. Thomas

Paxton, 1790.

Hotbrook.--EzTA—d. 1829— m. Judith C: Selah, Thomas E., John S., Sally

(m. Gilmore).

Holman.—l Jean — m. John Leech, 1808. 2. Salley — m. Thomas McCoy, 1798.

Holmes. — 1. Benjamin — m. Christina Harper, 1796. 2. Benjamin — m. Jenny Welch.

1806. 3. Christopher— d 1829— m. Ehzabeth — — C: Mary, John. 4. Gabriel— d. 1810—

C: Rebecca (m. Peter Sailing, 1787), Benjamin (d. by 1799), Margaret (m. John Crawford).
S. Elis— m. Tilman Hite, 1813.

Hopkins. — 1. Ann — m. John McFilton, 1807. 2. David— m. .\nn Scott, 1818. 3. James

— d. 1810 — m. Kancy , who went to Ohio after 1810. 4. James — m. Polly Chandler,

1817. 5. Rachel— m. John Hall, 1795. 6. William— m. Betsy Patton, 1805.

Horn.—\. Betty— m. Solomon Letshaw, 1802. 2. Edward — m. \ancy Tolly, 1809. 3.

H m. Barbara Kahle— b. 1783c. 4. Jacob— b. 1786, d. 1874, m. Elizabeth — ,

b. 1794, d. 1857.

Hostetter.—\. Adam— m. Polly Ford, 1812. David— m. Mary Hicks, 1808. 3. David— m.
Margaret Standoff, 1816. 4. Elizabeth — m. Jacob Wilhelm, 1817. 5. Jacob — m. Mary Cas-
sady, 1801. 6. Jacob— m. Peggy Plot, 1814. 7. Mary— m. Seth Smith, 1804. 8. Rachel—
m. John Goodbar, 1807.

Houston.— \. John— b. 1689, d. 1755, m. Margaret , 1717c — C : James (dy)

Robert (b. 1720c, m. Mary Davidson), Isabella (m. William Gillespie), Esther (m. John
Montgomery), John, Mary (m. Blair), Samuel, Matthew.

2. Robert — son of 1 — C: John, Samuel, Bettie (m. James McClung), Margaret (m.
James Hopkins), Esther (m. James McKee), Mary (m. John Letcher).

3. John— son of 2— m. Anne Logan, 1769— d. 1809— C: Robert, William, Elizabeth
(m. Samuel Goodman, 1803), Esther (m. John Scott. 1795), .■\nne (m. William H. Scott,
1804), Mary (m. John Speer, 1797).

4. Samuel — son of 2 — d. 1806 — m. Elizabeth Pa.xton — C: Paxton (s), Robert (s),
James, John, Samuel, William, Isabella (dy), Mary (m. 1. Matthew Wallace, 2. William
Wallace), Eliza (m. Moore).

5. John— son of l^b. 1726, d. 1798, m. Sarah Todd— C: James, John. Samuel, Wil-
liam (unknown), Robert, Matthew, Alice (m. William Stephenson), Margaret (m. 1|
Alexander McEwen, 2. Samuel Doak), Esther (m. Joel Wallace).

6. James— son of 5— b. 1754, d. 1810, m. Elizabeth Weir— C: Polly (b. 1779, m.
Andrew Irvine), George (s), William, ,Hugh W., John (dy).

7. William— son of 6— b. 1786, d. 1868, m. (1) Elizabeth H. Finley, (2) Susan Weir
— C: James (unknown), Ann E. (m. George White), George W. (m. Anetta L. Wilson),
Elvira, Mary J., John F., William H. (m Elizabeth H. Irvine).

8. George W.— son of 7—C: Finley W. (m. Grace A. .Mcxander), Marv (m. G

W. Row), William E., Ann E.

9. William H.— son of 7—C: Charles (k. 1864). Margaret C, William H., Sutan.

494 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COfNTY. VIRGINIA

10. Samuel— »on of 5— b. 1768. d. 1839. m. (1 ) tluabclh Hall. (2) Margaret Walker.
179^ — C: Eliiabcth S (m. James Paxlon). Maria T. (m. Samuel Walkup). Jamietia .M.
(m. Madison Gilmore). Matilda R. (ra John H. Myers). Elvira M. K. (m. John J. Moor
man), Samuel R.. John D.

11. Samuel K— son of 10— b. 1806— m. (1) Mary R. Rowland. (2) Margaret P.
Paxton)— C: Rutherford R. (m. Xlaggie Steele of 111.) William P., Samuel A.. A. Coray.
Mary M.. Helen A.. Elizabeth M., Janet H., James B.. Hubert T.

12. William P.— son of 11— b. 1843. d. 1918. m. (1) Edith J. McClung. (2) Hannah
M. Barclay.

13. John D— son of— 10— b. 1809. d. 1878, m. (1) Martha Wilson. (2) Lizzie Steele.
111.— C: Samuel W., Margaret W.. Mary R.. Bettie S.. Horace. Ella M.. Janelta M.,
Jennie C Martha H.. Leroy D., Robert B.. .\nna L., Matilda P.. John, Mabel.

14. Matthew— son of 5— b. 1762, d. 1847, m. Patsy Cloyd— C; Sophia C, Emily H.,
Andrew C, David G., Matthew H., Cynthia M.

15. Samuel— son of 1— b. 1728c, d. 1797, m. Elizabeth MsCroskie, 1753— C : John
(m. Martha Jones), James (m. 1. Esther Houston. 1780, 2. Pollie Gillespie. 1791), Robert
(m. Elizabeth I^ockard, 2. Martha Blackburn), William (m. Mary Black). .Matthew (b.
1772. m. Martha Lyle>, Elizabeth (b. 1789 of 2d w).

16. William — son of IS— C: John (m. James McNeely). Polly (m. Nelson Wright).
Rebecca {m. Jefferson Young). Hettie (m. John Nichols).

Other Names: — 1. Alexander— d. 1836— C: John. W'illiam. 2. Anne — m. William
Gillespie. 1794. 3. James — m. Phoebe McClung, 1790. 4. John — m. Margaret McClung.
5. James — 1746. 6. John — m. Jennie Hall. 1788. 7. John — m. Nancy Snodgrass. 1815. 8.
Polly— m. Joseph Frazier alias McAdams. 1811 9. Robert— 1742. 10. Samuel— 1749. 11.
Thomas— m Betsy Hall. 1812. 12. William— m. Polly Poagc. 1805— <1. 1814— C: 2 13.
m Mary D. Dunlap by 1834.

Hou-ard.—). Elizabeth— m. William Peel. 1797. 2. James— in. Sarah Myers. 1811.
3. John— m Sarah Lawless, 1797. 4. John T — m. Sarah Willson. 1799. S. Nancy— m. Alex-
ander Hall. 1786.

Uoylmon. — 1. Christina — m. Robert Carr. 1798. 2. Christopher, or Stophel— <1. 1812

m. Christianna C: Philip. Christianna; a dau. in. .\brahain Troxal. 3. Daniel

— m. Diannah Trevy by 1825. 4. Philiji — son of 2 — d. 1811 — m. Susanna Firestone. 1811

— C: Daniel, Betty, Sally. 5. Pliilii> — m. Mohler. 6. Simon — m. Polly Thompson.

1808. 7. Susanna — in. Balson Dinglcdine, 1812.

Huffman.—}. David— b. 1766. d. 1872. 2. John— <1. 1817— m. Elizabeth-C: Elizabeth
m. James Wallace. 1801). Mary (m. Hezekiah Jordan. 1807), John (m. Jean McOuilten.
1809). Joseph (m. Betsy Windle. 1811), David. Sally (in. Adam Shultz. 1815). Salome (ni.
Samuel Chandler. 1793). Daniel. Christopher (in. .Mary Windlr. 1804). Rachel (in. David

Lusk. 1794), dau. (m. Shields). 3 John H— »ii. Kcbccca Adams. 1817.

4. m. Esther Beard by 1811.

Hull.—]. Daniel— m. Sarah Winegar, 1812. Ix. Peter— m. — Linkenfeller— C :

John (m. .\my Strickland). 2. Peter— tn Jenny Dickey. 1805. 3. Philii>— m. Elizabeth New-
comer, 1816. 4. ■ — m. Polly Cunningham by 1818.

Humphreys. — 1. Alexander — m. Mary Brown. 1788. 2. Meriwether .\. Hiimphris — b.
18n6. d. 1878. 3. Samuel— m PcKKy Moore. 1812.

Hunter.— \. I»al>ella— m, William Hall. 1792 2. Jean— m. Abraham Care. 1790. Mary—
m. David Kingca. 1792 4. Pamelia — ni. Samuel C. Burks. 1811. 5. Sarah — m. Samuel

Steele. l7?Sc 6 William— d 1741c — m, Elizabeth C: dau (m. Green,

l7S0c)

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 495

Hutchinson.—!. Mary— m. Patrick Ciilton, 1807— dau. of Robert. 2. Robert- d. 1806—

C: Martha (m. Stewart), Susanna, Nancy, Mary, Robert, Jean (m. John Adams).

3. Robert— b. 1776, d. 1842— New P. 4. S — m. Margery Paxton.

Hutlon. — 1. Gardner P.— m. Mary Potter — 11 C. 2. James C. — m. (1) Nancy Mont-
gomery, (2) Martha Davidson — C: Gardner P. (see 1), Mary V. (m. McCorkle).

3. WiUiam— m. Polly Cunningham, 1807 — C: James C. (see 2), others.

IIymcs.—\. Andrew— m. Mary Hoff, 1806. 2. John— m. Mary Kisor, 1809.

Ingraham. — Jonathan — b. 176Sc — m. Margaret Agnor.

Irvine. — 1, Alexander — m. Sophia W. Houston, 1818. 2. John — merchant of Lexington,
1807-1815. 3. John M.— son of Hugh and Sarah— b. in Ireland, 1786, d. 1853— m. Elizabeth

. 4. Mary — m. Joseph Goodbar, 1806. 5. Nancy — m. Isaac Groove, Sr., 1794. 6. Nancy

— m. Robert Crawford, 1819 7. Robert— d. 1822c— m. Esther C: Hugh (m. Sally

Ripley, 1818), George, John (m. Ann Orendorf, 1813), Robert (m. Elizabeth M. Burks,

1815), Nancy (m. Samuel Darst, 1811), Sally (m. Robert Gilmore, 1807). Tina (m. —

Gilmore). 8. m. Polly Houston by 1806.

Isenhower. — 1. Catharine — m. John Webb, 1807. 2. George — m. Jennet Walker, 1810.
3. Jacob — m. Ann Robinson, 1808.

Jackson. — 1. James — m. Hannah Shaw, 1795. 2. Margaret — m. Daniel Lambert, 1803.
3. Nancy — m Henry Miller, 1810. 4. Thomas— cousin and admr, Joseph Paxton. 1756. 5.

William — d. 1828 — m. .-^gnes C: William, Mary, Margaret (see 2), Jane (m.

Tardy).

James. — ^Jane — b. 1780, d. 1853, m. Jesse Camden — dau. of Samuel and Elizabeth.

Jameson. — 1. John — d. 1790 — m. Barbara Carlock — C: John, Jean, Cathrin, John.

2. John — d. 1813 — m. Martha McClure, 1800; widow m. James Hughart. 3. John — m.
Elizabeth Douglass, 1807 4. Phoebe— m. Archibald Elliott, 1802. 5. Sarah— m. Thomas

Beard, 1785. 6 William— d. 1797— m. Rachel C: John, William, Robert, Peggy

(m. Armstrong), Phese. 7. William — d. 1753c — C: George, Andrew. William. 8.

m. Nancy Patton by 1822.

Johnson. — 1. Jane — m. John Sharpe. 1812. 2. John — m. Sarah Worley, 1803. 3. Peggy —
m. Samuel Wilson, 1804. 4. William — m. Nancy Montgomery, 1807.

Johnston. — 1. Abraham — d. 1834 — C; Douglass, Robert, Thomas (m. Adaline ),

Martha, Marget. 2. Anderson — m. Nancy Windell, 1810. 3. Andrew — m. Hannah Elliott,
1808. 4. Hannah— m. William Elliott. 1808. 5. Jackson-<d. 1818— C: James, John. Eliza-
beth (m. ' McChesney), Zachariah, Ann (m. White), Thomas. .'Mexander,

Margaret (m. Robert White, 1802), Jenny (m. Sharp). 6. James— b. 1780, d. 1835.

m. Jean Montgomery, 1807 — m. Sally Boyd — Samuel (m. Mildred Wilson), James (b. 1811.
d. 1880, m. Eliza L. S. Finley, 1841), Ale.xander (m. Ellen Wilson). Polly M. (m. Samuel
McHenry), Robert (b. 1818, m. Laura E. Criss), Margaret, Humphrey. Sally (b. 1826, m.
Addison Rapp), Chapman, Jean (b. 1830, d. 1864, m. Lafayette Sehorn). 7. James — son of 6
— C: William F. (m. Margaret Campbell), Matilda J. (m. John M. Wilson), James M. (m.
Martha E. Patterson), Mary E., Roberta A. 3. Margaret — m. George Fraiser, 1788. 9. Mar-
caret — m. George Dickey, 1804. 10. Nancy — m. Joseph Wilson, 1802. 11. Nancy — ni. David
McCampbell, 1808. 12. Thomas— m. Susan McMath— b. 1774c. 13. Zachariah— b. 1743. d.

1800, ni. Ann — C: Thomas, George, Zachariah, Alexander, John, Elizabeth (m.

Robert McChesney, 1792), James.

Jones.— I. Elis— m. Moses McClure, 1812. 2. Blackburn— m. Sarah J. Windle, 1809.

3. Elizabeth — m. Eyers, 1801. 4. James — m. Mary Campbell, 1787. 5. John — m. Mrs.

Mary Berry, 1752c. 6. Lavinia — m. John Bunton, 1811. 7. Mary — m. Lewis Minick, 1801.
8. Mary A.— m. William Kenny, 1815. 9. Michael- d. 1831— C: William. Nicholas. Sally (m.

Martin). Nancy (m. McDanicI). Lavinia (see 6). Winston, Susan (m.

McAliton).

496 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV. VIRGINIA

Jordan. — I. Alexander — m. N'ancy Anderson, 1814.
2. Catharine — b. l"80c — ni. James I'axtou.
i. Hciekjah— in. Tolly Huffman. 1807.

4. James K.— b. 181W. d. 18o2— doctor.

5. John— b. 1777. d. 1854. m. Lucy Winn, 1802— C: Edwin J. (in. M«ry J. Paxton.
1827). Samuel F., John W. (m. Rachel Davis). William M. Mary W.. Ira F. (Mary
Skeen), Lucy A. (m. Evans Christian), Isaac L.(s). Cjcorge W.(s), Charles, Hezelciah K.

(m. 1. Mattie Skecn, 2. Penn). Benjamin J. (m. Elizabeth A. Paxton). Jcssee.

Robert S.(s).

6. Lewis — m. Mary Trimble. 1785.

7. Samuel K.— b. 1805— m. (1) Hannah Davis, (2) Elizabeth Liebert of Philadelphia
8. m. Lucy W. Darst by 1835.

Kr\th.—\. Daniel— d. 1821— m. Elizabeth Ruth. 2. Hanna— m. Joel Hammer. 1800.
3. Margaret — m. Enos Hamer. 1797. 4. m. Liscy McColpin by 1789.

KelUr—\. Joseph— m. Catharine Gecrheart, 1803. 2. Peter— b. 1778. d. 1857- son of
Lewis and Sarah of Rockingham — m. Mary ■ .

Kelly— I. Alexander— 1761. 2. Palsy— m. George Waskey. 1811.

Kelso.— \. Betsy- m. Robert Culton, 1783. 2. Hugh— d. 1813— m. Mary Walker— C:
Joseph, William. James. Charles. Hugh (m. Fanny Moore. 1794). 3. James — b. 1761 —

went to Bath. 4. Kclty— m. Joseph Walker. 1794. 5. Peggy— m. Walker by 1809.

6. m. Jane Walker by 1816. 7. ■ — m. X{artha Allen by 1825.

Kender.—\. Peter — d. 1749c— C: Sarah, Peter. Catharine. 2. in. Dolly See

by 1806.

Kennedy. — I. .\ndrcw — d. 1821 — m. Margaret •— — C: Janet (m. William McKee),

Ehzabcth (m. William Mackey, 1801 ». Ann (m. Michael Wardlow. 1802). Margaret (m.
James Young. 1802), Joseph (m. Mary Greer, 1793), William, Hugh, Rachel. 2. Andrew —
m. Sarah Beard, 1797. 3. Ezekicl — n>. Jane Bennett by 1779. 4. Michael— m. Eleanor
McCaflferty, 1786. 5. William— «n. Martha Campbell by 1777. 6. William— merchant,
1787. 7. m. Margaret Elliott by 1797.

Kerr. — 1. Daniel — b. 1782c — m. Margaret Black. 2. Daniel— <m. Kilpatrick by

1823— C : Robert, William, Nancy, Elizabeth, James, Thomas. 3. John — neighbor to David,
1753. 4. Thomas — d. 1825 — bro. to James of O. and Samuel (who has Thomas and
Samuel in Bedford Co., Pa.) 5. ■ — m. Isabella Robinson by 1789.

Keys. — 1. Andrew — m. Sarah Beard, 1797. 2. Anthony— 1803. 3. Joseph— m. Mary
Greer, 1793 (?). 4. Michael— m. Eleanor McCaflferty, 1786. 5. Roger— d. 1791— m. Sarah

C: Benjamin, (m. Thomas Haman). 6. Samuel — d. 1803 — blacksmith — tn.

Esther — C; John, William, Samuel, Andrew R., Jane, Betsy, Polly.

Kidd—Pcggy-C: Betsy (b, 1800c).

Ktddy.—]. Jacob — m. Sarah Nicely, 1808. 2 Mary — m. .^dam Summers, 1802.

Kigfr.—\. Anthony— d. 1806c— C: Sally. 2. Eve— m. George Linn, 1807. 3 Henry-

m. Elizabeth Smith, 1807. 4. Jacob— d. 1804c— C : Benjamin. 5. — m. Rebecca

Reed by 1816.

KtlfalrUk. — 1. Charles — d. 1772c — m. Elizabeth —' — — C: Roger, Alexander, Eliza-
beth; (iau. are m. to John Hogshead and Robert Cunningham. 2. John — d. 1823— m. Kathar-
ine C: Betsy, Samuel, Margaret (m. Reid), James, .\ndrew. 3. Martha —

widow — d. 1823— <C : Elizal)elh (m. ■ McCutchen), James, Mary ( ni. John Armstrong,
1791). (m. Gillespie). (m. Daniel Kerr »

Kineaid. — 1. Isaiah— d. 1824 — m. Dolly C: Joseph. Iseah. Samuel. Rachel (m.

Thomas Patton. 1817). Jinny (m. Wilham Skeene, 1822), William, James. 2. Jame»— «n

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 497

Nancy Hall, 1819. 3. Jean — m. David Kelsey, 1791. 4. William — ward of Thomas Fulton,
1753.

Kiiig.—\. John— g'son of Robert Guthrie, 1788. 2. Robert— d. 1749— m. Catharine

— C : John, Sarah, Elizabeth, Katharine.

Kingcn. — 1. David — m. Mary Hunter, 1792. 2. James — m. Sophia Pullen, 1797.

Kinncar. — 1. Andrevif — d. 1813 — m. Susanna ( C: Hannah (m. Andrew Stuart,

1794), Andrew. 2. Givens— merchant at Fancy Hill, 1838. 3. John— d. 1829— C : John,

Nancy, Paulina, Givens, Margaret (m. Wilson). Andrew, Susan, Hannah, Eliza,

Martha. 4. Margaret — m. David Wilson, 1819. 5. Michael — m. Elizabeth Campbell, 1786.
6. Susanna — sister to Andrew — ^m. Michael Kirkpatrick, 1797.

Kinney. — 1. John — m. Nancy Brady, 1808. 2. William — m. Mary A. Jones, 1815.

A'lV/t.-William— orphan of Thoitias, 1799.

Kirkham. — 1. Henry — d. 1765c — m. Mary (or Margaret) — estate, $629.50 —

C: Robert, Samuel. Michael, John (b. 1749), Henry, Jane, Margaret, Elizabeth, post. 2.
Michael — d. 1746c — Robert and Henry Kirkham and Richard Woods, admr. 3. Michael —

son of 1 — apprenticed to learn hatter's trade, 1763. 4. Robert— d. 1749 — m. Sarah

— estate, $150.75 — C: Henry, Nancy, Elizabeth, Margaret, Sarah.

Kirkpatrick. — 1. Charles — d. 1795 — m. Agnes — C: John, Charles, Elizabeth.

2. Charles— son of 1— C : Mary. 3. Charles— m. Polly Patton, 1806. 4. Elizabeth— m.
Alexander Wiley, 1806. 5. James — m. Elizabeth Cunningham, 1815. 6. John — m. Peggy
Campbell, 1808. 7. Margaret — m. John Cunningham, 1803. 8. Mary — ni. John Armstrong,
1791. 9. Mary— .m. James Moore, 1797. 10. Isabella— b. 1800c— 'm. William Paxton. 11.
Michael — d. 1825 — m. Susan Kinnear — C : Nancy, Joseph, Peggy, James, Andrew, Margaret
(m. MoflEett Brownlee, 1819). 12. Nancy — m. John McTear, 1806. 13. Peggy — m. James

Reid, 1818. 14. Peggy— m. Joseph Smith, 1818. 15. Robert— d. 1780— m. Margaret

— C: Jean (m. Gay), Elizabeth (m. — I iStevenson), Hannah (m. Hilton).

16. Robert — m. Rebecca Thompson, 1816. 17. Samuel — m. Jean Kirk[)atrick, 1803. 18. Sam-
uel— m. Jean McLaughlin, 1812. 19. William— m. Betsy Kline, 1817.

Kirkivood. — 1. Catharine — m. Standly Seisson, 1796. 2. Nancy — m. Charles Seacot,
1796.

Klemvicr. — George — d. 1828 — m. Modlena r— — -C : George L., Andrew, David,

Mary (m. Jacob Brosius), John, Elizabeth (m. Reuben Lunceford), Peggy, Polly (m. Wil-
liam McCormick).

Lackey. — 1. Eleanor — m. William Wilson, 1791. 2. Isaac — m. Isabella Cunningham,
1807. 3. James — C: Samuel, Thomas, Nathan, 1814. 4. James — m. Jean Campbell, 1808.
5. James — m. Martha Gilmore by 1838. 6. Jean — m. Matthew Walker, 1802. 7. Nathan — m.

Jane Anderson, 1819. 8. Thomas — wheelwright — m. Agnes 1 — — C: Thomas (see

3). 9. Thomas— m. Martha Leech, 1800. 10. Thomas— m. Jemima Taylor, 1801,— d. 1827—

C: Thomas, James, (m. Matthew Walker), Isaac, Nathan, William, Martha.

11. Thomas — m. Jane Gilmore, 1813.

Lair. — 1. Andrew— m. Catharine Rhoads, 1803. 2. John — d. 1803 — m. Barbara

C: David, John, Elizabeth (m. Christian Roadcap, 1802), Barbara, Mary, Ann, Catharine,
Magdalene, Susan.

Laird.— \. Ann— dau. of H. H.— b. in Botetourt, 1778, d. 1854— m. Daniel Taylor.
2. David— b. 1797, d. 1869, m. Mary . 3. Elizabeth— m. Thomas Edmondson, 1814.

4. James — South River, 1805. 5. Jatnes — d. 1827 — C: John, Sarah (m. — > Hannah),

Polly (m. John McNutt, 1807), Elizabeth (m. Thomas P. Edmondson, 1814). David.

5. John— b. 1778, d. 1854. 6. John C— C: John H. (b. 1836), Samuel McK.. Henry R.

(m. Sarah H. McCluer), Agnes J. (m. J P. Moore), Alexander R. (m.

Moore), Mary E. (m. Samuel R. Moore), James M., William R.

498 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Lamhtrl. — 1. Daniel— m. Margaret Jackson, 1803. 2. Rebecca — m. John Linkswiler,
1816. 3 Tobias— d. 1823— ni. MaRilaline C: Joseph.

Lancr. — 1. Nancy Lants — m. Kichard Parsons, 1805. 2. Peter — in. Margaret Rowlin-
son by 1839.

Lafslcy. — 1. Hannah — m. Andrew Fowler. 1812. 2. John — levy-free, 1765. 3. Joseph
d 1788— m. Sarah Woods— C ; Joseph, John, others. 4. Joseph— m. Rebecca .\ylett, 1804—
minister. 5. Martha — m. William McBride by 1782. 6. SamtKl — m. Betsy Winegar, 1814.
7. William— 1780.

Lareu.—\. Benjamin— m. Jean Rca. 1808. 2. Jacob— b. 1793, d. 1875— m. Margaret
Gay, d. 1904.

Larkin. — 1. Henry — d. 1773 — m. Jean — C: James, Henry. John, Mary, Eliza-
beth, David. Thomas. 2. James — m. Mary Tudor, 1804.

LaughliH.— Hugh— b. in Scotland, 1774c— m. Mary Hillis, 1805.

Lau'.— Michael— d. 1784— m. Rebecca C: Rebecca (m. John Lincki, 1787),

Mary (m. Simson Sturgcn. 1793), Sarah (m. Henry \'ance. 1803).

Lawrence. — 1. Elizabeth — m. David Ediey, 1787. 2. James — m. Grace Smith, 1811.
3. m. Mary Logan by 1791.

Lau'son. — 1. David — d. 1823 — C: David, Ann. Jane, Susan A., Hannah, .Alexander.

2. Isaac— d. 1821— m. Agnes C: Jane R.. Robert (m. Mary .McCampbell, 1792).

Isabella (m. Samuel Deal, 1793), Elizabeth (m. John Murphy, 1799). David (m. Hannah
Dale. 1793), .^gnes, Isaac (m. Nancy Anderson, 1815), James (m. Mary Taylor, 1810),
Rebekka (m. William Hutton. 1817), Andrew K. (m. Rebecca Dale, 1817), Jean R.

3. Nancy — m. Samuel Miller, 1808. 4. Susanna — ; Justin McCarty. 1815.

Lffch.—l. Ann— m. John Miller, 1812. 2. Eleanor— m. Michael Crawford. 1799. 3.

James — d. 1822 — m. Martha — C: John. Patsy (m. Crawford). Susannah.

Nancy. Jane (m. Steele), David (m. Margaret Miller, 1788). Thomas (m. Eliza-
beth Crawford. 1792), James (m. Isabella Steele, 1800), Henry (m. l.sabella Hall, 1815).

Willam, Adam (b. 1853. s). 4. John — m. Montgomery. 5. John — m. Martha

McComb— BufTalo— C : James (m. Isabella Steele, 1800). 6. John — m. Peggy Galbraith,
1803. 7. John— m. Jane Holman, 1808. 8. John— m. Elizabeth Sivell, 1814. 9. John— m.
Polly Hall. 1816). 10. Margaret— m. Thomas Gilmore, 1815. 11. Martha- m. Thomas
Uckey. 1800. 12. Nathan— m. Sally Hall. 1817. 13. Patsy— m. James Hall. 1816. 14. Polly
— m. James Cunningham, 1819.

LcisUr. — James — d. 1769— Samuel McDowell witnesses will — C: John. Jean. Martha.

Letthtr.—\. John— d. 1793c— m. Mary Houston, d. 1820— C: Hannah (m. John
Dougherty, 1799), Sally (m. Robert Hamilton. 1808), William H. (m. Elizabeth Davidson,
1810). Isaac A. (m. Julia A. Babb), Polly (m. Samule Black). James. Giles.

2. John — son of 4 — m. Mary S. Holt of .Augusta Co.— C : William H.. Elizabeth S.,
Ann H.. Andrew T., John D., Mary K.. \'irginia 1... I-'annic P., Greenlee D. son of 4.

3. Isaac A. — son of 1 — C: John, William II.. Giles P.. Robert K. Julia K. Jacob J.

4. William H— C: John (see 2), Maty H. (m. John C. UUckwell). William M..
Samuel H.

5. John— m. Montgomery by 1827.

Lttthatv.—\. Elizal>eth— m. Decn, 1819. 2. Polly— m. George Danner. 1818.

Lm-it — X Betsy— m- Jacob Brown, 1815. 2 Elias— m. Mary Whiteside, 1795. 3. Eph-
niim— m. Plicbe Whiteside. 1810. 4. Eleanor — m. William Jamewn, 1818

Lryburn. — 1. George — m. Jane Ocheltree. 1815. 2. George— d. 1810 — bro. to William
in Scotland— C: William, John. 3. John— d. 1831— C Mary S. (m. William W Watts.
1319), Alice X(.. George W.. Jane. John. Alfred (doctor), Alice M 4 John— b. 181S. d.
1893, m Vlary L Mercer — n. c. — minister.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 499

Liggett. — 1. Stephen Leget — m. Margaret Newcomer, 1791. 2. William Leget — m.
Hanna Scott, 1792. 3. William — son of James A. of Londonderr> — to Ohio, 1806 — C :
John (m. Mary McCormick).

Lindsay.— I. Andrew— b. 1809, d. 1883— m. (1) Sallie Davidson, 1834, (2) Mary T.
Gilmore — C (by 1st w.) : William, James, Mary, Sally; (by 2nd w.), Marion, Charles,

Warren, Bruce. 2. James — b. 1773 — m. Agnes McCampbell, 1797 — C: Jane (m.

Renwick), William(s?), Sophia (m. Kirkpatrick), James W., Andrew (see 1),

Agnes (m. Lacky), Mary (m. Mateer), Thomas M. 3. John — m. Betsy

Willson, 1791. 4. Robert— estate, 1772, $112.50. 5. Robert— Sali Logan, 1797.

Linn. — 1. Christina — m. Charles Wimer, 1806. 2. Jacob Lyn — d. 1818 — m. Rheua

— C: Peter, Jacob, Betsy (m. Jacob Cress, 1802, d. by 1816), Susanna, George (m. Eve
Kiger, 1807).

Little. — 1. Abraham — ni. Elizabeth Mc.Mpin, 1801. 2. David — m. McCalpin by

1789 — levy-free, 1801. 3. David — m. Peggy McCalpin, 1801. 4. David — m. Ann McCalpin,
1811. S. Joseph — m. Mrs. Mary Mackey, 1785 — C (1782) : Elizabeth, Margaret, Joseph.
6. Joseph — m. Sarah Beatty, 1788. 7. Margaret — m. Thomas Dougherty, 1791. 8. Peggy

— m. How, 1810. 9. William— ni. Agnes McCalpin, 1787. 10. William— m. Rebecca

Smith, 1805.

Lockhart. — 1. Thomas — d. 1783 — m. Margaret — C: Charles. 2. Walter Lock-

ard— m. Jane Otty, 1814.

Lockridge. — 1. James — levy-free, 1748 — m. Isabella — C: Andrew (m. Jean

Graham), Sarah (m. John Gay), Elizabeth (m. 1. Robert Graham. 2. Samuel Gwin.)

2. William — ^bro. to 1 — m. Agnes — C : Elizabeth (m. John Eakin), Eleanor (m.

Cunningham), Samuel, John, William. 3. — m. Ann Rhea by 1777.

Logan. — 1. Jane — k. 1763 — m. John McKee, 1744. 2. James d. 1825 — m. Hannah

— C: Ann (b. 1767, d. 1856, s), Benjamin, Erwin. John, Robert, .Alexander (m. Jean
McCampbell, 1796), James, Joseph, Peggy (ni. James McCampbell, 1791), Elizabeth (m.

Allen), Mary (m. John Welch, 1809). 3. Sally— m. Robert Lindsay, 1797. 4.

Stephen — m. Agnes , by 1785. S. William— d. 1791 — m. Elizabeth C: John

(has Hugh), Thomas (has Hugh), Mary (m. Lawrence), David, Ann (m. Houston,

William. 6. William — son of 5 — m. Sarah C: William (only child). 7. Elizabeth

— m. John Paxton, 1789.

Long. — 1. James — m. Sally Mackey. 1794. 2. John — m. Peggy Galbraith, 1803. 3. Mary
— m. John Putnam, 1795. 4. William — m. Mary Brown, 1797

Love.—\. Alsa— m. John Marshall, 1790. 2. John— m. Sally Hinds, 1802. 3. Thomas
— m. Rosanna McClure, 1789.

Lowry. — 1. Eleanor — m. George Gibson, 1798. 2. John — d. 17S9c. 3. Lydia — m. Samuel
Wallace, 1804. 4. Peter— d. 1799— C: Nelly, Lydia, Mary, Peter (m. Peggy Taylor,
1806). 5. Polly— m. William McVey, 1805. 6. Robert— d. 1780— estate, $2,281.67.

Luckess.—\V\\\\zm—h. 1773, d. 1859.

Lusk.—\. David— m. Rachel Hoffman, 1794. 2. Isabel— m. David M. Dougherty, 1803.

3. James — m. Eliner — witnesses will of William Cowden, 1749. 4. John — b. 1672,

living, 1744. S. John — C: Robert (ward of Andrew Hays, 1751). 6. John — b. 1712, living,
1784. 7. Mary— m. William McCampbell, 1791. 8. Nancy— m. Richard Tankersly, 1800.

9. Nathan — d. 1748 — m. Elizabeth C: John, James. Agnes (m. Matthew Young).

10. Robert— d. 1778— m. Elizabeth estate. $139.67. II. Samuel— m. Sarah

1750. 12. William— m. Elizabeth d. 1771— C: John. William. Mary (m.

Phillips), Joseph, Elizabeth, Sarah. Margaret. 13. William — sponsor for .-Xgncs Gray in
suit, 1747. 14.— m. Crawford — C (1815) : James, Margaret, Martha, Mary

500 A HISTORY OK RUCKDKIIM.E COUNTY, YIRGINIA

LyU.—\. Daniel— 111. Martha Adair. 1801.

2. Daniel — m. Glass— in Dunmore war.

3. Daniel — m. Paxlon.

4 David— m. MarRarct Scott. 1819.

5. Klizal>cth— m. Michael Graham. 1786.

6. Hither — ni. Joseph P.-ixton. 1787.

7. Ksther — witness in suit. 1747.

8. Hannah— ni. William McLean, 1819.

9. James — d. 1791— m. Hannah C: Joseph, .Archibald, Jane. Matthew. Eliza-
beth. Peggy. John.

10. James— d. 1802c— C: William.

11. Jane — m. James Kamsay, 178(».

12. Jane — Andrew Finley, 1812.

13. Jenny— m John McClung, 1797.

14. John— <1. 1758— m. Jean — C: John, William. Martha. Elizabeth, Sarah,

Esther.

15. John— b. 1746, d. 1815— m. Flora Reid— C : John, Jane (see 12). Martha (m.

McCutchen), Joel R., William.

16. John— b. 1757.

17. John — d. at 86— <!: Samuel W. (m. Margaret .Mexandcr), James G. (m. Elvira
X(cClung). William A. (s), John B. (s), Elizabeth (m. John .\Jexander). Sarah M. (m.

Henry Ruffner, 1819, d. 1849), Martha A. (m. Archibald Graham), Elizabeth H. (m. B

M. Hobson).

17. John— TO. Margaret Baker, 1789.

18. John— m. Frances by 1780.

19. John — son of m. lsal>ella Paxtoii — b. 1742.

20. Joseph— m. Sally Butt. 1791.

21. Mary P. — son of 19 — m. James McDowell.

22. Matthew — d. 1774— C: James. Elizabeth (m. William Lyle of William). Martha; a
dau. m. Matthew Donald.

23. Matthew — m. Sarah Lyle. 1794— minister.

24. Pegg)' — m. James Alexander. 1801.

25. Samuel — d. 1796 — m. Sarah McCluiig. 1751 — C: William James (m. Margaret
B:^er), Mary (m. John Dalhouse), Jane <ni. John Ramsay), Elizabeth (tn. Michael
Graham). Sally (m. Rev. Matthew Lyle, 1794).

26. Samuel- immigrant — C: James, Robert.

27. William— son of 25— b. 1752c— m. (1) Julia A. Stuart, (2) (Elizal)eth Lyle, 1796),
9C.

28. William— m. Susannah Walker, 1807.

29. William-d. 17H2— cuatc, f2,24047.

/.yoH.— William— k 178,V:-m. Mary C: William (b. 1776), John (b). (1778).

Peter and Paul (I.. 1781), F.phraim (b. 1783).

Ma(key.— \. Elizabeth- m. William S. Hailey, 1788. 2. Elizabeth— b. 1769, d. 1853.
3. Esther- m. Arthur Walkup, 1797. 4. Isal)clla— m. Moses Elliott, 1810. 5. James— m.
Mary Macky 1801. 6. James S— b. 1780c— m. Nancy McMath. 7. James L.— m. Sarah
Wilson, 1807— C: Hugh W. 8. John— d. 180fr-C: Isabel, Seragh, Mary. John. James. Jane.
Betsy 9. John— m. Peggy Wilson. 1810. 10. Jean— m. William WilUon. 1806. 11 Sally
— m. James 1-ong. 1794. 12. Samiicl C— 1810. 13. William — m. Elizabeth Kennedy. 1797
14. m. Mary Porter Little. 1785. 15. m. Nancy Hamilton

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

501

Margrave. — Thomas— d. 1804c — C: Anne (m. Alexander McCorkle, 1805), Sally (m.
John Pryor, 1812), Nancy, Elizabeth (Valentine M. Mason, 1804).

A/a;(i(i.— 1. Andrew— d. 1749c— estate, $218.79— admr, Patrick. 2. David— d. 1778—

estate, $2,302.08— m. Jean , d. 1801— C: Ann, William, James, Jacob, David, Jean,

Thomas, Elizabeth (m. William Davis, 1795), Margaret (m. Perry). 3. Elizabeth—

m. John Solomon, 1789. 4. Ephy— m. Peter Mines, 1783. 5. Hugh— levy-free, 1752— d.
1766; 6. Hugh— d. 1749c— admr, Patrick. 7. Isabella— m. Andrew Moore — d. 1777. 8. Jacob
— admr, Moses Moore, 1758. 7. James — m. Ann McClung, 1791 8. John — m. Polly
Troxel, 1815. 9. John O.— m. Sarah McNabb, 1789. 10. Joseph— m. Polly McCreery, 1813.

11. William — m. Margaret Dickey, 1801. 12. William — son of 5. 13. — m. Sally

Jones by 1831.

Mallicti's. — 1. .-Vrcher — d. 1786— m. Letitia , who as widow m. Joseph Keyser

and died ISlSc.

2. Daniel— ni. Esther Shaw, 1801.

3. Elizabeth— m. Isaac Otey, 1789.

4. George— b. 1739, d. 1812, m. Polly (or Ann) Paul.

5. Jacob — m. Patsy Douglass, 1819.

6. James W.— bro. to Joseph — d. 1834 — m. Polly G. — C (all in Greenbrier) :

Mason, Thomas, Nancy (m. Weir), Elizabeth.

7. John — d. 1757 — m. Betsy Ann Archer — C: Sampson (see 11), John (see 8),
Joshua (see 9), George (see 4), Archer (see 1), William, Jane, Rachel, Elizabeth.

8. John — himself, wife, and 6 C. murdered, 1764c.

9. Joshua— d. 1767c— C: Anne, Elizabeth (b. 1753).

10. Ruth— m. Beverly Ligan, 1796.

11. Sampson — d. 1807 — m. (1) Mary Lockhart, (2) Mary Warwick.

12. William— see 7— d. 1772— m. Frances estate, $669.04— C : Ann, Eliza-
beth, John, Joseph, James.

Maxwell.— 1. Audley— 1761. 2. John— d. 1788— estate, $367.72.

Mays. — 1. Ann — widow ; Jacob Bailor, 1818. 2. Samuel^m. Polly Russell, 1811.

Mc Adams. — Thomas — shoemaker, 1789.

McAllister. — 1. Benjamin — m. Hannah McDonald, 1789. 2. Patsy — m. David Kylcr,
1812.

McBridc.—\. John— b. 1745, d. 1821— C; Isaiah (b. 1777. d. 1830), Jane (m. Andrew
Young, 1799), Peggy (ni. William Brown). 2. Thomas — d. 1765c — C: Joseph. 3. Wil-
liam— m. Martha Lapsley— k. (?) at Blue Lick, 1782.

McCaleb. — Enos — d. 1803c — C: Enos, Jean (m. Jacob J. Brown, 1803), Joseph, Sam-
uel, Hannah (m. Anthony Cartright, 1811), Eli.

McCulpin. — 1. Elizabeth— m. Abraham Little, 1795. 2. Isabel— m. John Shaw, 1816.

3. Mary— m. William Smith, 1799. 4. Robert- d 1791c— m. Elizabeth C: Robert,

Joseph (b. 1778, d. 1855), — m. Catharine Carper, 1815), James John. 5. Robert— d. 1790—

C: Robert, William, Peggy (m. David Little, 1801), Nancy, (m. William Robinson).

6. Robert — m. Grizzy Spcnce, 1811. 7. Sally — m. George Atkinson, 1794. 8. William — d.
1802— C: William, Robert. Mary, Esabella. 9. William— m. Sarah Wear, 1807.

McCampbcU. — 1. Andrew — Kerr's Cr. — d. 1786.

2. Andrew — d. 1799 — m. Nancy — C; John, Polly, Rachel, N'ancy, Betsy.

3. Andrew — m. Agnes Chambers, 1782.

4. Andrew — m. Nancy Gilmore, 1817.

5. Ann— m. John Scott, 1812.

6. David— d. 1778— estate, $878.58.

502 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINMA

7. David — m. Nancy Johnston, 1808.

8. David— m. Jane XJcElhcny, 1817— C: Elinor.

9. Elizabeth — m. Thomas Armstrong, 1792,

10. James — m. Margaret LoRan, 1791.

11. James — m. Mary McCampbclI, 1797.

12. Jean (widow) — d. 1827— C ; Mary (m. Wiley), .Affnes (m. James Lindsay,

1797), Hannah (m. John McKemy, 1803), Jane (m. James Lackey, 1808), (m.

Heron).

13. Jean — m. .Mexander Logan, 1796.

14. John— m. Martha Bennett, 1786.

15. John — m. Susanna Weir, 1789.

16. John— m. Mary Pinkcrton, 1797— d. 1811— C: a dau.

17. John— m. Polly Rcid, 1806.

18. John— m. Mildred Moore, 1806.

19. Mary— m. Alexander Tadford. 1787.

20. Mary— m. Robert Lawson, 1792.

21. Nancy — m. William Anderson, 1777.

22. Nancy— m. John Hais, 1789.
23 Polly-m. John Clark, 1806.

24. Robert — d. 1815— C: James, Betsy, .\ndrew, Judy. Sally, Nancy (m. Hugh Harper,
1807).

25. Samuel— Back Cr. 1783— m. Martha .

26. Sarah— m. Robert Weir, 1791.

27. Solomon — m. Nancy Berry, 1782.

28. William— <1. 1822 — m. Jane — C: John. William, Mary (m. Joseph Wiley,

1791), Agnes (m. James Lindsay, 1797), Hannah (m. John McKamy, 1803), Jenny (m.
James Lccky, 1808).

29. William— m. Mary Lusk. 1791.

30. William— m. Elizabeth Porter, 1804.

31. William— m. Elizabeth Orbison, 1807.
32. m. Thomas Orbison by 1827.

McCondless. — William — b. 1713 — m. Elizabeth — surety (or .\nn Rogers as

admr, 1760.

hIcCarly. — 1. Betsy — m. Robert Simpkins, 1798. 2. Justin — m. Susanna Lawson, 1815.
3. Nancy— m. John McCampbell, 1815.

SIcCotkey. — 1. Andrew — servant to Robert Caruthers. 2. David — m. Grizzle by

1785.

SI(Chfsnty.— \. James — b. 1795, d. 1846. m. Frances .\. . 2. J E. — m.

Thomas W. D. Steele, 1818 3 Mary— m. James B. McClung— b. 1785c. 4. Mary— m. Wil-
liam Archer, 1782. 5. Robert — m. Elizabeth Johnston, 1792. 6. — C: James (m.

Sarah Patterson), Hugh (m Joanna lianan). Robert (m. Jane Hall), Martha (s).

McClain. m. Isabella Wasson by 1832.

McCUary. — .\lexander^-d. 18.'i2 — ni. Xlargaret — C: Rachel.

SicCltlloHd—X. Anna— m. William WiKon, IROS. 2 Henry— m. Betsy Brown. 1787.
3. Jean— m. Nathaniel Steele. 1802. 4. John— son of Stanhope— b. in Pa. 1769, d. 1855
5. John— m. Mary Brownlec. 1788. 6. Polly— m William Jones. 1791. 7. Polly— Jesse
Jarrett. 1812. 8. Thomas— m. Jean Galbraith. 1795. 9. Thomas— m. Nancy Glasgow. 1804
10. William-m. Polly Wilson. 1809.

M<CUnachan. — 1. Hannah — dau. of Elijah — m. John Greenlee. 2. John — m. Nancy
Hayslet. 1800. 3. John— m. Jane Graham, 1812. 4. Polly— m. Thomas Poague.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

503

McClintic. — 1. Elizabeth — m. John Moore, 1793. 2. William — m. Rosanna Sloan, 1796.

McClung.—l. C: John (b. 1731, d. 1817), Matthew (Del.), James,

(Del.), dau. (m. Alexander), Mary (m. Samuel McDowell).

2. David— m. Mary Cloyd, 1803.

3. Elizabeth— b. 1724, d. 1773, m. Thomas Paxton, 1746.

4. Elizabeth — m. Alexander Telford, 1797.

5. Elvira — m. James G. Lyle.

6. Henry— b. 1739, d. 1784, m. Esther Caruthers — C; William, James, Samuel, Mar-
garet, Easther, Henry.

7. Henry — m. Elizabeth Alexander, 1802.

8. James — C: James (m. Mary ), William (d. 1784), Hugh (m. Frances ),

Charles (Pa.), Mary (Pa.), Matthew (Pa.), John (m. Sarah Laughlin), Margaret (m.
John Houston).

9. James (see 8) — C: Henry (see 6), William (d. 1793, m. Jane ), James (m.

Bettie Houston), Agnes (m. Gray).

10. James — son of 9 — d. 1813 — C: Mary (m. Peter Cassady, 1812), Agnes (m.

Snodgrass), Jane (m. Samuel Patton, 1784), Anne (ni. James Martin), Easther (m. John
McColloch, 1802), James (m. Mary A. Henry), Samuel, Margaret (s), John (m. Jane
Baggs, 1814).

11. James — d. 1798 — m. .'\nn C: Rebecca, William, Elizabeth, Samuel, James.

12. James — bro.-in-law to William Patton, 1824.

13. James W. — m. Phoebe A. Paxton — n. c.

14. Janet — m. David Moore, 1782.

15. John — son of 1 — ni. Elizabeth .Mexander, 17SSc — C: Margaret (m. Robert Tate),
William (b. 1758, m. Susan Marshall), John (m. Mary Stuart), Archibald (s, d. at 84),
Elizabeth (m. Robert Stuart), Phoebe (m. James Paxton), Rebecca (m. William Steele),
James (doctor), Joseph (b. 1775, d. 1867), Esther (s), Polly (s).

16. John — son of IS — d. 1830 — C: Elizabeth, Benjamin. Isabalah. Synes, Mary, Jos-
eph, Archable, James.

17. John — d. 1836 — C: James, Sarah, Samuel, John Elihu, William.

18. John— m. Jenny Lyle, 1797.

19. Joseph— m. Hettie McClung, 1814.

20. Mary— in suit, 1747.

21. Nancy — m. William Moore, 1770c.

22. Phoebe — m. James Houston, 1790.

23. Rebecca— m. William Telford, 1798.

24. Sarah — m. Samuel Lyle, 1751c.

25. William— d. 1784— C; Sarah (see 24), James, John.

26. William — son of 8 — C; Elizabeth (see 3), Matthew (m. Martha Cunningham),
William (Del.), Sarah (see 24), Mary (m. Samuel McDowell). James (m. .^nn Gray).

27. William — b. 1761, d. 1837, m. Euphemia Cunningham — C: Phoebe (see 22), Re-
becca, Elizabeth (see 4), Matthew (m. Betsy Curry), John (see 18), Samuel, David (see
2), Mary (m. Hamilton), James G. (m. Mary C. .Mexander).

28. m. Jean Paul, d. 1826— C: James A. J.

McClure. — 1. Agnes — m. William Douglass, 1803.

2. Alexander — d. 1790 — m. Martha C: Halbert, Nathaniel. Alexander. Sam-
uel, John, \tartha, Susanna (all minors but Halbert).

3. Alexander— m. Martha Elliott, 1795.

4. Alexander T.— m. Betsy Paxton, 1808.

504

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

S.
6.
7.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Alexander, Sr. — m. Martha

—1751.

.■\rtluir — Nancy ICdmoiicUoii, 1798.

.Arthur— III. Frances Mc.Nabb?— C: Arthur (b. 17S2c, m. Isabella McCorklc).

Catharine — m. James Taylor, 1808.

David— m. Rhoda Jones, 1819.

David — m. Eleanor Steele — had Halbert, David.

Elizabeth — m. Jacob Morgan, 1807.

Halbert — d. 1754 — m. Agnes C: Alexander, Nathaniel, Motet.

Halbert— b. 17J7c.

Halbert— b. i;54— d. I&30c— m. Steele.

Isabella— m. Andrew liall, 1799.
James — pioneer — b. 1690c — m. Agnes
ander, 1757), others.

17. John— <1. \BZ2—m. Agnes C

(m. Samuel McCorklc, 1804), Nancy (m. -

' : John, Jane (m. .Archibald Alex-

: Arthur, John J., Nathan, Robert, Catharine
Alexander), Fanny (m. Flemin Byers.

1804), Jane (d. by 1821, m. John McClure. 1808).

18. John — m. Nancy L., si.slcr to Sally (John McCorkle)— d. 18J5— C: Eglantine
(m. Addison J. Henderson by 1836), John T. (d. 1835).

19. John— m. Jane C: Jenny J. (b. 1786, d. 1855, m. James Lackey).

20. John— <1. 1778, C (minors) : Samuel, Alexander, Mary, .Agnes, Jennet. Malcolm,
Hannah, Rebeckah, John, Halbert, Moses, Nathaniel.

21. John— b. 1750c, d. 1822- m. Nancy Steele, 1775c— C; Arthur (sec 6), Paxton(s),
David (s. doctor). Sally (m. William Mc(:iure, Jr.), Robert C. (d. 1881, ni. Mary Parry).

2. John— m. Isabella H.nll. 1799.

23. John— m. Ann McFall, 1801.

24. John— m. Jenny McClure. 1808.

25. Malcolm— m. Ehiabeth McClure. 1787— C: John. Mary (m. W.ilker Stuart)— d.
1791 — widow m. Alexander Crawford, 1796.

26. Martha — m. John Jameson, 1800.

27. Matthew— in Mecklenburg, N. C, 1751.

28. Mary — m. David Tcmplcton. 1791.

29. Mary — m. Nathaniel Dryden, 1785.

30. Mary — m. Henderson by I7R2.

31. Moses— son of 12— d. 1778— m. l.sabella Steele— C: Halbert (see 13) David (m.
Eleanor Steele), Moses, Alexander H. (see 3).

32. Motes — son of 14 — d. 1829. m. I-"li/alKth Jones — C: Alexander, Nicholas J., Mary
S., Xfoset P., David K.. William P.

33. Nancy (widow)— d. 1837— C: Thomas.

34. Nathan— .same as Nathaniel? — 1746.

35. Nathaniel— d. 1761— estate, $800.31— Mary. admr. d 1767— C : Halhcrl (b. 1740c, d
1771, m. Mary Henderson), Mary (m. Joseph Reed). James. Nathaniel, Dorothy (m?

David Dryden), Hannah (m. John Smiley), Thomas (b. 1753), Margaret (h. 1756, m.

!«), Mote, (b 1759).

36. .Nathaniel — ni. Jean Porter.

37. PlKTbe— dau. of Alexander T— »i 1805c— m. Thomas P. Paxlon.

38. Robert- ni Sofihia Cainplfil. 1816.
.40. Sally— m. WiHian, Grigsby. 1790.

40. Sally— m. John McCorklc by 1836— titter to Nancy U

41. Samuel — d. 1779 — m. Mary C: Samuel, Alexander, William, Elizabeth,

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 505

Anna, Agnes 'm. Campbell), Hannah, Mary (m. Ratliff), Jean (m. —

Elliott).

42. Susanna — m. Joseph Stephenson, 1794.

43. William — son of 41 — d. 178S — m. Jean Trimble — C: Samuel, Agnes, James(s),

William (m. Mary Shields, 1790), Samuel, John (d. 1834), m. Jane , 2. Nancy

), Sarah, Mary, Alexander.

44. m. Catharine McColm by 1784.

45. m. Jane Porter by 1803.

46. m. Elizabeth Stuart by 1823.

47. m. Agnes McCorkle by 1833.

48. m. William McCorkle.

McCollcm. — 1. Catharine — m. McClure by 1784. 2. John — m. Jane McNabb,

1785. 3. Margaret — m. Isaac Fencher, 1785. 4. Patrick — d. 1784 — C: James, Margaret (m.
McCorkle), John, Catharine (see 1).

McComb.—\. Martha— m. John Leech, 1775c. 2. William— d. 1808— ni. Martha

— C: Mary (m. James Price, 1808), Sarah (ni. James Cosby, 1819), Elizabeth, Samuel, Jane,
Hugh, William (m. Martha Parks, 1806).

McConkcy. — 1. John — d. 1813 — m. Sarah , bro. to Jacob, Samuel, .Xnah, Marthew,

Mary (m. Ramsay). Margaret — m. Aaron Robinson, 1793. 3. Sally — m. John

Caruthers, 1815.

McCormick. — 1. Ann — m. Philip Stoops, 1789.
1.x. Cyrus H. — son of 14 — C; Cyrus H., Mary V., Robert, Anita, Alice P., Stanley R.

2. Dinah — m. William Dawson, 1795.

3. Elizabeth— m. John Watt, 1790.

4. Elizabeth — m. Abraham Campbell, 1793.

5. Henry A.— b. 1796, d. 1877.

6. Isabella — m. John Spence, 1786.

7. James — d. 1789— bro. to Hugh and William of Ireland— C: Peggy.

8. James — m. Elizabeth Hannah, 1784.

9. Lydia — m. William McManamy, 1802.

10. Margaret — m. John Thompson, 1798.

11. Nancy — m. James Hayslet, 1798.

12. Nancy— m. William Tate. 1809.

13. Robert— b. 1737. d. 1818, m. Martha Sanderson — C; George (m. Jane Steele),
James (m. Irene Rodgers), William (m Mary Steele), Elizabeth (m. William Gibson),
1794), Martha (m. Richard Briant), Robert (see 14).

14. Robert— b. 1780, d. 1846, m. Mary A. Hall, 1808— C : Cyrus H. (b. 1809, d. 1884,
m. Nettie Fowler, 1858), Robert (dy), Susan J. (dy), William S. (b. 1815, d. 1865, m. Mary
A. Grigsby, 1848), Mary C. (b. 1817, d. 1888, m. James Shields, 1847), Leander J. (b. 1819,
m. Henrietta M. Hamilton, 1845), John P. (. 1820, d. 1849), Amanda J. (b. 1822, d. 1891.
m. Hugh Adams, 1845).

15. Robert— m. Hannah Paxton, 1817.

16. Samuel- d. 1802— C : Lydia, Esther.

17. William— m. Polly Klemmcr by 1819.

McCroskey. — 1. Alexander — son of 9 — d. 1812. 2. Andrew — servant to Robert Caruth-
ers. 3. Ann— Searight Woods, 1797. 4. David— son of 9— C (1797) : John, Maty, Ann,
Easthcr. Nancy. 5. Esther- m. Hugh Beard, 1797. 6. George- m. Eleanor Harkins, 1796.
7. James— m. Jean Price, 1808. 8. Jane— m. James Tedford, 1789 9. John— d. 1758— m.
Elizabeth C: Samuel, David, Alexander, James, William, John, Elizabeth; also

506 A HISTORY OF ROCKHRIDT.E COrNTY, YIRGINIA

the wive» of William Caruthers, Samuel Iloutton, James Hope — estate. $55.95. 10. John-
son of 9— <1. 18ia-C: Joseph and others. 11. John— b. 1715. living 1805. 12. Joseph— <1.

iaJ9— m. Martha C: Sally (m. Adams), Betsy (m. Wilson). Patsy

(m. Anderson, Polly. Jane. Hugh, David. 13. Mary (or Jean) — m. James Tedford,

1785. 14. Polly — m. Hugh Weir, 1811. 15. m. .\nn Montgomery. 16. m.

Samuel Alexander, 1790c

McCoy— \. .Arthur— m. Sally Ediey, 1807. 2. Daniel— m. Sarah Slaughter, 1814. 3.

Edmund— m. Mary Davis. 1817. 4. Thomas— ni. Sally Holman, 1798. S. — m.

Eleanor Walkup by 1828.

McCrory. — 1. James — d. 1817 — C: James (m. Esther Caruthers. 1797). John, Samuel
2. James — son of 1— C; James. 3. m. Susan Hughes by 1851.

McCuUough. — 1. George — m. Jane Paxlon. 2. John— m. Rachel Shields by 1808. 3.
John— m. Elizabeth Teal. 1791. 4. John— m. Mary McClung. 1794. 5. John— h. Esther
McClung. 1802. 6. Robert— d. 1804— bro. to Abel and John. 7. Thomas— <1. — C: John
W (m. William Murphy), dau. (m. — • Campbell), 8. Thomas — m. Jean Mc-
Clung. 1800. 9. . Susan Henderson.

McCuichtn.—\. Eleanor— 1824.

2. James — m. Elizabeth Hunter, 1786.

3. James— b. I77S, d. 1852. ni. Elizabeth . by 1780. d. 1822.

4. Jane — m. Thompson Edmondson. 1810c

4x. John — son of 16 — C: Samuel (b. 1773). Margaret (m. Robert Jameson). Robert,
Eleanor (b. 1780. m. John McClung). Joseuh (m. Nancy Youell, John (m. Elizabeth
Youell, 1810). William (m. Rebecca Mcknight), Elizabeth L (b. 1792, m. William Wilson),
James (b. I79S, m. Ellen Benson).

5. John— m. Elizabeth Youell. 1810.

6. John — m. .Agnes Porter. 1789.

7. John. Jr.- m. Betsy Robinson. 1824.

8. John— M. Isabella Patrick. 1797.

9. Joseph — m. Nancy by 1824.

10. Joseph — m. Jane Searight. 1785.

11. Margaret — m. James McClung, 1800c.

12. Margaret — m. Robert Jemison. 1795.

13. Manha — m. Madison G. Davidson — b. 1820c.

14. Priscilla— John Stuart. lR23c.

15. Rebecca— m. John Black. 1788.

16. Rol)ert 1805— C: John (b. 1750. m. Elizabeth Hodge of Samuel). Joseph. Jonas.

Robert, (m. Mary McKnight), James. Margaret (m. Moore), Sanmrl H.innah (m.

Joieph Henderson), Mary, William.

17. Samuel— son of John and Betl>-— b. 1772. d. 1857.

18. Samuel— m. Mary Patrick, 1792.

19. Samuel — m. Catharine .Mmonrode, 1818.

20. Sarah — m. Isaac Morris, 1787.

21. William-m. Jane Finley. 1794.

22. William— <1. 1789 — m. Janet — bro to Jaiiin Rohrrt, Samiirl Tolm each

except John having a William.

23. m. Elizabeth Weir by 1779

24. m. Martha Lyie by 1815.

25. m Elizabeth Kilpalrick hv 1823

26. m. Nancy Youell by 1829.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

507

27. William— k. by tree, 1757.

McDonald.— 1. Bryan— d. 1757— m. Catharine C: Catharine (m. John Ann-
strong), Prisla, Richard, James, Edward, Joseph, Rebecca (m. Bean), Mary (m.

Smith). 2. James— m. Jean McCorkle, 1805. 3. John— d. 1764— C: Mary (b. 1748). John
(b. 1750), Francis, Hugh, Rebecca, William, Elizabeth, Samuel. 4. Mary— m. William
Millirons, 1787. 5. Nancy— m. Samuel Deal, 1803. 6. Randal— d. 1810— C : John (m?
Hannah Caskey, 1805), Samuel (m ?Ann Wise, 1812), William (m? Hannah Whiteman,
1799), Matthew (m? Elizabeth Whiteman, 1802), Hannah (m. Benjamin McCallister,
1789), Jenny (m. Philip Walker, 1795).

McCu>ie.—l. John— d. 1820— bro. to Deborah Harris. 2. m. Elizabeth Paxton,

1775c.

McDozi'cU. — 1. Charles — m. Grace Greenlee, 1760c.

2. Ephraim— b. 1672— C : Mary, John, James (m. Mary McClung).

3. James— son of 7— b. 1738, d. 1771— m. Elizabeth Cloyd— C: Sarah (m. John Mc-
Dowell), Elizabeth (m. David McGavick), James.

4. James— son of 3— b. 1770, d. 1835, m. Sarah Preston, 1793— C: Susan (m. William
Taylor), Elizabeth (m. Thomas H. Benton, 1821), James.

5. James— son of 4— b. 1796, d. 1851, m. Elizabeth C: Sally C. (m. John Mil-
ler), Mary B. (m. Ross, Md.). Frances (dy). Sophonisba (m. James W. Massic)

Lewis M. (dy), Susan P. (m. Charles W. Carrington), Margaret C. (m. Charles S. Ven-
able), Thomas P. (m. Constance Warwick), Eliza P. (m. Bernard Wolf).

6. James — m. Sarah Withrow, 1788.

7. John — son of 2 — k. 1742 — m. (1) , (2) Magdalene Woods — C: Samuel,

James, Martha — or Sarah (b. 1742, m. George Moffett).

8. John— m. Isabella Lyle, 1798.

9. Joseph — m. Margaret Moffett, 1786.

10. Magdalene — b. 1770c — m. Andrew Reid.

11. Mary E.— dau of 2— b. Nov. 17, 1707, d. March 14, 1809— m. James Greenlee.

12. Robert — m. Margaret Moore, 1792.

13. Robert— m. Patsy Dold, 1798.

14. Samuel— son of 7— b. Oct. 27. 1735, d. 1817— m. Mary McClung. 1754.

15. Thomas— d. 1822c— m. Sarah Patton — C: William, Margaret.

16. Ephraim — m. Greenlee.

17. m. Elizabeth Paxton, 177Sc.

McElheny.—v. Elizabeth— m. Christian Good, 1820. 2. John— m. Barbara Walkup,

1807. 3. Peggy— m. John .\dams. 1,S09. 4. Robert— d. 1799— m. ^[ary . d. 1812— C:

Robert, Ann (m. Robert Moore, 1787). Jenny (m. Harrison), Mary. Eleanor, Peggy.

Isabel. 5. Robert— m. Mary McKnight. 1794. 6. Strothcr L. — m. Jane Stoops. 1817— C:

John. 7. William— 1761. 8. James— 1755. 9 C: Ellinor (d 1831). Isabella. Polly.

Pegg>-, Jane Cm. David McCampbell, 1817'). Strother L. (see 6). (m. Thomas Arm-
strong), John (d. by 1828: C: Polly), Robert.

il/f£/roj'.— Jame.";- went from Rbg. to Ky. 1788.

Mf£/ztrf.— Michael— m. Piddie De Xfott- C: Nellie (m. Robert P. Toomey). Michael
(m. Mary Payne of Lekis), William, George (m. Elizabeth Dunlap), John (m. Betsy Payne
of Lewis), Sallie (s).

McFaddcn.—\. Elizabeth— m. Samuel Dnld, 1820. 2. Jacob— m. Betsy Dice. 1823. 3.
John— bro.-in-law to James Young, 1828. 4. Joseph— m. Elenor Castcel, 1795. 5. William
— b. 1745c. 6. William— m. Barbara Casady. 1809.

McFarland.-\. John— m. Mary Hayslet. 1799. 2. Margaret— dau. of Robert— m.

508 A HISTORY OF ROCKHRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Nathaniel White. irS>Oc. 3. Pcrr)— m. Isaiah Kincaid, 1820. 4 Robert— d. 1798— tn. Either
C: Thomas, Rachel, William. Rebecca. 5. Rebecca (m. Robert Roach. 1787).

UcGff. — Jamc*— <J. 1759— Erwin Patterson, admr.

McGuffiH.—\. Polly— m. Joseph McUughlin, 1821. 2. Richard— b. 1769, d. 1841. m.
Jane . b. 1784, d. 1843.

Mclifxry. — 1. Baniabas — b. 1715, k. at Great Meadows. 1754. 2. James — m. Deborah
Crasley. 1793. 3. John — m. Jean Wilson, 1801. 4. John— M>n ol 1 — b. 1740 — m. Susanna
Viney — bro. to Robert, Samuel.

Mcllvain. — Moses— m. Margaret Hodge of Samuel, d. 1773— C: William {m. Sarah
Gay of John).

ktcKamitv. — 1. Daniel— m. Isabella Lemon, 1801. 2. John— m. .\nn Thomas, 1801. 3.
Polly— m. Thomas, 1810.

McKay. — Henry — m. Elizabeth Davidson, 1795. 2. Robert and Moses — sworn to as
being Quakers, 1752. 3. Rol>ert— d. 1746 — bro. to Zachariah. James.

.\fcK,u:—\. Robert— b. 1692. d. 1774. m. .Agues , b. 1700, d. 1780— C: William. John.

2. William— son of 1— b. 1732. d. 1816, m. Miriam McKce, 1766— C: John (b. 17()7,

m. Polly Patton. 1797), Nancy (m. James Wilson, 1788), William (m. Mrs. Davis, a

relative), Samuel (b. 1774, d. 1826, m. Martha Robertson), Mary W. (m. John A Laps-
ley). David L (ni. Betsy B. Letcher), Hugh W. (m ), James (b. 1790, d. 1866. m.

Mary C. Upsley, 1818)

3. John— son of 1— m. Esther Houston— C: John (»). Robert (s), William, N'ancv
(m. John Gay)— d. 1788.

4. John— bro. to 1— b. 1707, d. 1792, m. (1 ) Jane Logan, 1744. (2) Rosatma Cun-
ningham, 1765— C: Mary (b. 1746, m. Hugh Weir), Miriam (b. 1747. d. 1796, m. William
McKee, 1766), James L., Robert (m. Margaret Hamilton), William (m. Jane Kenady.
1790). David (m. Ann Dunlap, 1788). John.

5. James L.— son of 4— b. 1752. d. 18.12, m (1) Jane Tedford. 1782. (2) Mrv Nancy
Scott. 1807).— C: John T., Jane T. (b. 1807, m. Matthew H. Parry). Samuel W. (m Ma-
ry A. Davidson), Martha H. (h. 1811. m. Madison Dunlapt, Mary S. (m. John C. Laird).

6. John — son of 4— b. 1771— m Susanna Simonds. 1798, n. c.

7. William— ton of A — C: James (m. Rachel W. MofTctt), Margaret (m. John Car-
son.

8. James — son of 7—C: James M., Ellen J. (m. I. .Mcxander Smiley, 2. James
Berry).

9. William— bro. of 1— C: James.

10. James- son of 9— d. 1778— m.Lydia C: William, Alice. Martha. Mary,

Samuel (ni Betsy Lowry), Robert, John.

11. John T.— son of 5— b. 1783, d. 1857. m? Nancy Hanna. 1806— C: Susan M.
Martha H.. Jane T., Samuel W.

12. Jame»-k. 1758.

13. Jame* — m. Jane Reed. 1797.

MtKffVfr.—\. Peter- m. Mary Brown. 1794 2. Rachel— m John Brown, 1818.

M(Kfmy.—\. Alexandcr-m. Catharine Baker. 1709 2 James— d. 1826— m. DeNirah

C: Madison, .Sally, Margaret, Polly, John. Betsy (m. Mitchell). Joseph K

3. James and John— brct-in-law to James Cooper. 4. John— m. Hannah McCampbell. 1803

5 William E— b. 1782. d. 1848, m. Elitabeth . b. 1805. d. 1865. 6 m. Polly

Montgomery by 1837.

AfcKrnry—\ Betty— m Arrhelaus Mitchell. 1819 2. Edward-m, Polly Montgomerv.
1821. 3. John— m. Lucy Mitchell, 1821.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 509

McKinney. — 1. Alexander — m. Mary McClure, 1795. 2. John — m. Margaret Wallace,
1785. 3. Mary— m. Francis Doty, 1788.

il/cA'iH-o'— Daniel— d. 1824— C: Polly (m. John Anderson, 1809), Betsy (m.— Flint).

McLauylilin. — 1. Charles — in. Elizabeth Young, 1810. 2. Dorothy — m. Charles Wright,
1812. 3. Edward— m. Jane Hughart of James, 1796. 4. Edward J. b. 1788, d. 1858— m.
Elizabeth Nesbitt, 1814— C : William (b. 1827, d. 1898). 5. Elizabeth— m. Frederick Oyler,
1802. 6. Hugh— d. by 1772— C: Hugh (b. 1758), James. 7. Jean— m. Samuel Kirkpatrick,
1812. 8. Joseph— m. Polly McGuffin, 1821. 9. Martha— m. John Wright, 1810 10. Thomas
— b. 1774 — bound to Thomas Lackey, 1788. 11. William — m. Sarah Turner, 1812.

McMght.—l. John— b. 1729, d. 1801. 2. m. Betsy Paxton by 1827. 3. Timothy

— b. 1739 — m. Eleanor Griffin — C: John (s), Robert (m. in Mexico), Thomas (m. 1. Fanny
Scott, 2. Cornelia Hempstead), William (m. Elizabeth Meek), Jane (ni. Dudley Jones),
Nancy (m. John Youell), Mary (m. Robert McCutchen), Margaret (m. William Jameson),
Rebecca (m. William McCutchen).

McManamy. — 1. Ann — m. William Goul, 1820. 2. James — m. Sophia Wyant, 1815.
3. Polly — m. Christian Brownfield, 1820. 4. Sarah — m. Thomas Stanage, 1797. 5. William
— m. Lydia McCormick, 1802. 6. • m. Sally Welch by 1821.

McMatli. — 1. James — d. 1794 — C: William, Sarah, Jenny, Mary, Susan. 2. Xancy — m.
James S. Mackey, 1822. 3. Polly— m. Samuel Carrick, 1804. 4. Sally— m. John Winst, 1793.
5. Susan — dau. of 1 — b. 1774, d. 1857, m. Thomas Johnston. 6. William — m. Sally Scott,
1810.

McMillen. — 1. Daniel — m. Elenor Ferguson, 1795. 2. John — m. Polly Lefler, 1791.
3. Margaret — m. Joseph Hill, 1799.

McMullen.—l. Edward— m. — , 1759. 2. Peggy— m. James Plunkett, 1815.

3. lived near Robert Stuarts mill, 1745, in which year a dau. was ni.

McMurray. — Saniuel C. — b. Ireland, 1767, d. 1855, s.

McMurtry. — Samuel — b. 1759 — orphan of Alexander — Matthew Lyle, admr.

McKabb.—\. Alexander— m. Mary Siders, 1819. 2. Catharine — in suit, 1747. 3. James—
d. 1810 — C : John, .Alexander, Mary, Rebecca, Saly, Isabel, one other dau. 4. Jane — m. John
McCoUem, 1785. 5. John — m. Elizabeth Skeen. 1804. 6. Martha — m. John Moore, 1791.
7. Mary — m. Gabriel Morgan, 1795.

McA'aH/on.- John— d. 1798— m. Mary Taylor. 1791— C: Elizabeth (m. Taylor).

McXutl. — 1. Alexander — s — bro to 11. Ix. Alexander — 1748. 2. Alexander— in. Rachel
Grigsby, 1790. 3. Elizabeth — m. Thomas P. Edmondson, 1820c. 4. Elizabeth— m. David
Williams, 1793. 5. Elizabeth — m. John Hamilton, 1816. 6. Francis — proves importation,
1771— C: James, John, Francis, Agnes, Isabella 7. George— m. (1) Isabella Callison. (2)
Katharine Kain, (3) Jeanette Anderson — C: Isabella (b. 1780, m. Moses White), William,
Jennie (m. John McFarland), Rebecca (m. John Webb), Nannie (b. John Jack), Asenath
(m. Robert Lindsay), James (m. Mary Fleming), Mary (b. 1793, dau. of 2d w., m. William
McFarland), George. 8. George — son of 7— b. 1798 of 3d w. — m. Malinda Houston. 9. James
—estate, 1749. $133.10— C: James, Robert. 10. James— officer under Matthew Arbuckle.
11. John— d. 1818— m. Mary —bro. to Joseph, Benjamin. William (has John), Alex-
ander (has Ruth), Elizabeth (see 3). 12. John— m. Catharine Anderson— C: Alexander
(father of Alexander G.). 13. John — m. Polly Laird, 1807. 14. Joseph — m. Peggy Boyd,
1807. IS. Patsy— m. John Glasgow, 1815. 16. Peggy— m. Elisha Paxton. 1809. 17. Susanna
— m. David Dickson, 1790. 18. William— son of 7— b. 1783, d. 1842, m. (1) Elizabeth B.
Dewitt, (2) Margaret V. Gillespie. 19. William— bro. to 7.

McPhcelcrs.—]. Betsy— m. James McClung, 1791. 2. John— m. Mary Anderson, 1787.
3. Rebecca— m. Robert Culton, 1796. 4. William— b. 1775c— m. Rachel Moore— C: Rachel

510 A HISTORY OF ROCKilRItM;E COUNTY. VIRGINIA

(m. John LoK>n. 1797). 5. William— tanner. 17S9. 6. William — m. Xlar^aret Carutheri,
1789. 7. William— m. Elizabeth Wardlow, 1795.

McQufan.—l. Jane— ni. William Fuller, 1812. i Sally— iti. Thomas Jarvis, 1816.

McQuilliH.—}. Jean— m. John }lof!man. 1809. 2. Margaret— m. John Weeks. 1808.

SIcSfadfn. — Thomas — admr. (or Robert Edmondson, 1750.

ifcTtfr. — 1. Samuel — m. Mary d. 1810 — C: Samuel, Betsy, Mary. Sarah. James.

William. 2. William— m. Nancy Kirk|>atrick. 1806.

■Mcl'ey. — 1. Samuel — m. Jane Faxton, 1794. 2. Samuel^^n. Margaret Stephens, 1820.
3. William— m. Polly Lowry, 1805.

M ftk.— }o\\n — d. 1774^ni. C: Henry (has land in Botetourt), William.

Michael. — 1. Ann — m. John Walker. 1810. 2. George — m. Catharine Rust, 1816.

MiUs. — 1. John — m. Elizabeth Tooly. 1806. 2. Margaret— m. Hugh Keys, 1791. i. Mary
— m. Stephen Brown. 1804.

.\IHfy—}icoh—h. 1807, d. 1882— m. Lucy . b. 1809. d. 1886.

Miller.— \. Agnes— m. William McKnight, 1812.

2. Andrew — m. Jean Archibald, 1798.

3. Andrew— m. Elizabeth Plott, 1805.

4. Andrew — m. Ann Armentrout, 1817.

5. Betsy— m. Randolph Ross, 1810.

6. Catharine — m. Frederick Dice, 1818.

7. Daniel — m. Mary Groves, 1785.

8. Deborah— ni. James Davis, 1786.

9. Eleanor — m. John Shaver, 1822.

10. Elizabeth— in. John Cook. 1811.

11. Elizabeth— m. William I'axlon, 1803.

12. Elizabeth— m. Archibald Burford, 1804.

13. George — m. Uasha Downs, 1820.

14. Henry— d. 1797— m. Rebecca C: John, Rebecca, Samuel, 4 other dau.

15. Henry — d. 1826— m. Catharine Montgomery, 1816 — C: Joseph, Matilda, Lavinia,
Jacob. Betsy.

16. Henry — m. Nancy Jackson. 1810.

17. James— m. Sally Trimble. 1820.

18. Jean— m. Thomas Ocheltrec, 1796.

19. John— m. Jean Ncely. 1795.

20. John — m. Ann Leech.

21. Joseph— m. I'olly Booker, 1812.

22. Judith— m. James Bordin. 1795.

23. Margaret— m. David Leech. 1788.

24. Mary— <n Rolnrrt Martin. 1791.

25. Nancy- m. Reuben Ross. 1810.

26. Oliver — m. Jennet Youcl. 1793.

27. Palsy— m. James Holmes. 1822.

28. Polly — m. Adam Solomon. 1815.

29. Rachel— m. John Alexander. 1791.

30. Rebecca— m. Wjlli.ifn Ramsay. 1798.

31. Rcl>ecca— m. John Richry, 1801.
3Z. Rel>ecca— m. Samuel Russell, 1811.

33. Robert— m. MarR.-iret A. Simonds, 1823.

34. Robert— m XUrgarct Brown, 1799.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

511

35. Samuel — d. 1816 — m. Elizabeth C Susanna.

36. Samuel — m. Nancy Lawson, 1808.

37. Samuel — m. Ann Brawford, 1786.

37x. Sarah— b. 1771, d. 1858, m. John P. Ackerly.

38. Sophie — d. 1836 — C Isaac.

39. Susanna — d. 1831 — sister to Samuel, John, James.

40. Susan — m. Thomas Clifton, 1818.

41. Thomas L.— m. Elizabeth Miller, 1817.

42. William— b. in Pa. 1753, came to Rbg, 1770c, living. 1832.
43. m. Anne Welch by 1821.

44. — m. Catharine Montgomery by 1837.

Alitlikiii.—l. Charles— in X. C, 1761. 2. John— m. Isabella Doak, 1786. 3. Robert— m.
Betsy Wiley, 1809. 4. William— m. Nancy Fatten, 1812. 5. William— d. 1796c— m. Martha
C: Elizabeth (d. 1815), Mary, James, Rachel, John, William (has Eliza, 1815).

Mills.— I. John— m. Priscilla Madison, 1780. 2. Weston— m. Polly Taylor, 1806. 3.
-m. Janette Hays by 1751.

Mitchell. — 1. Alexander — d. 1822 — C: George, James, Polly.

2. Andrew — m. Mrs. Andrew Cunningham, 1747c.

3. Archelaus — m. Betsy McKenry, 1819.

3x. Andrew — m. Elizabeth Snodgrass, 1811.

4. Andrew — m. Polly Orenbaum. 1822.

6. Betsy— m. Thomas Flynt, 1812.

7. Eleanor (widow) — lived near John Tate, 1747 — C : John.

8. Elizabeth— ra. Henry Shields, 1790.

9. Esther — m. Richard Cunningham, 1810.

10. Hannah — m. Ezra Tankery, 1797.

11. John — d. 1771— m. Elizabeth C: Thomas, Robert, John, James, Eleanor (m.

Wilson), Mary (m. Wright). Elizabeth.

12. John — d. 1790 — m. Margaret C: Thomas, William, Hannah, John, Mary,

Jane, Margaret.

13. Lucy — m. James McKenry, 1821.

14. Mary — m. Andrew McClure, 1789.

15. Samuel — m. Hana Gillis, 1792.

16. Samuel — m. Catharine Litten. 1807.

17. Thomas — m. Rachel Crawford, 1799.

18. Thomas — ni. Margaret Callison, 1788.

19. Thomas— m. Ann Calbraith, 1798.

20. William — m. Agnes Brownlee, 1785.

21. William — m. Margaret McDowell by 1753.
22. m. Elizabeth Beard by 1769.

23 . Hutchinson (woman) by 1806 — C: Robert.

24. m. Margaret Porter by 1780.

Moffett.—\. James— m. Mary Stuart, 1789. 2. Jane— m. Joseph Culton. 1795. 3.
Magdalene — m. James Cochran, 1793. 4. Martha— m. Robert Kirk, 1786. 5. Rachel— m.
James McKee, 1820. 6. Solomon— Moffetts Cr. 1740. 7. William— m. Mary McClcnachan,
1791.

Mohler.—\. Frederick— d. 1834 — C: Betsy, Joseph, Frederick, John. Jacob, Philip,

(m. Philip Hoilman), Mary (m. Paul Butler, 1808). 2. Jacob— m. Ella. b. in Loudoun.
1777, d. 1856. 3. James B— b. 1830c— g'son to Frederick. Sr. 4, John— b. 1772, d. 1830,

512 A IIISTOKV OF RUCKBRItX.E COUNTY. VIR(,INIA

m. MaRdalena Ryanback, 1799. S. John— m. Elizabeth Amick, 1810. 6. Samuel— ro. Margaret
Shucy. 1821.

MoHfymakrr.—Leyiiit—i. 1812— C: Jacob, Mary (m Strickler), John, Betsy,

Saly, Daniel, Christianna, William, Uoley.

Monlgomfry.— ]. Catharine — m. Henry Miller, 1816.
2. Klizabelh — m. Thomas J. Floumoy. 1819.

J. Humphrey— d. 1798— m. Jean Gay— C : Polly (b. 1781, d. 1859, m. John Mc-
Corkle, 1800), Jean (m. James Johnston, 1807), Khzabeth (m. Cathey Sehorn, 1812x,
Samuel (b 1791, d. 1861, m. Mary Bailey, 1814, Sarah Haynes, 18J9,. Patsy (»t. Molly
(b. 1798).

4. Jame*— m. Martha Hall, 1807.

5. John — ra. Esther Houston^!: John, Mollie (m. Edmondson), Ann (m.

McCroskey), James (m. Xlargarct Weir. 1779), Dorcas (m. Lowry), Jane (m.

Samuel Newell), Robert (m. Colville), Esther (m. Samuel Doak), Alexander (un-
known), Isabella (m. Buchanan).

6. John— son of 5— b. 1752. d. 1818, m. Agnes llughart. 1782— C: Esther (m. James
C Wilson). John, Thomas (m. Juliet Dalhousc). William H. (d. 1826), Isabella (m.
Eugenio Irvine), Hughart (d. 1844). Estelline (s).

7. John— son of 6— b. 1788, d. 1829, m. Elizabeth Nelson.

8. Nancy — m. William Johnson, 1805.

9. Nancy — m. James C. Hutton.

10. Robert — d. 1827 — m. Martha Crawford? who d. 1837 — C: Thomas, .Samuel, James,
Alr.vander (m. Margaret ), Catharine (see 1), Polly (m. McKemy),

Davis by 1809).

11. William — m. Margaret Greenlee — C: James, Alexander, Mary (m. William Davis
by 1809).

Moody — 1. Anness — m. Dennis Donoho, 1787. 2. Betsy — m. Joseph Pullen. 1801. 3.
Catharine — m. Thomas Robertson, 1808. 4. Mary — m. Samuel Cain, 1798.
Moore. — 1. Agnes? — m. James Cunningham by 1780.

2. Alexander— d. 1766.

3. Alexander— b. 1728, living. 1805— bro. to David of Borden Tr.nct.

4. Alexander — d. 1749— seems to be bro. to Alexander, Samuel, James, John, Wil-
liam.

5. Andrew — d. 1791— m. Martha — C: William, Mar)-, Samuel, Sally (m.

John M. Wilson), 1 other dau.

6. Andrew— C: William (b 1701 ( ?), d. 1771, m. Mary ( ). D.ivid (b. 1722. d.

1783, m. Mary ), John, Quintain, James, Samuel, Alexander (ni. Margaret , b.

1729. d. 1784).

7. Anna-4n. Robert Allen. 1805.

8. Betsy— m. Smith Scott. 1801.

9. David— C: David (orphan, b. 1752).

ID David— m. Mary Evans— C : William (b. 1748c, d. 1841, m. Mary McClung). An-
drew (b. 1752).

11. David — d. 1748 — bro. to Mary (m. Edmondson..

IZ David— 1768— <i, father to Henry Gay.

13. David— d. 1783 — m. Mary C: Ual>ell, Sarah, Mary, Jennet, David.

14. David— m. Janet McClunu, 1782.

15. David— m. Jane DePrir.t, 1788.

16. David— m Anna Ewing, 1600.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 513

17. David— m. Elizabeth Porter, 1820.

18. Elizabeth— m. Jessee White, 1820.

19. Eliazbeth — m. Samuel McCown, 1803, Samuel.

20. Isabella — m. Moses McCown, 1823.

21. James — m. Jane Walker — C: James.

22. James — son of 21 — m. Martha Poage — k. 1786^C; Mary (b. 1777, d. 1824, m. Samuel
Brown, 1798).

23. James — d. 1791 — m. Jinet C: John, James, Joseph, Mary, Rachel, Jean.

24. James — orphan of David, 1803.

25. James — d. 1813 — m. Mary C: James, Samuel, John, Sarah (m. William

Hall), Elizabeth (m. Smith Scott, 1801), Hugh. William.

26. Jaines — son of Samuel, 1808.

27. James — d. 1826 — m. Mary ■ bro. to Robert, William, Elizabeth (m. Jesse

White, 1823), Addison C, Sarah, Margaret (m. Robert McDowell, 1792).

28. James — m. Hannah Barclay, 1791.

29. James — m. Mary Kirkpatrick, 1797.

30. James — m. Barbara Taylor, 1797.

31. Jenny — m. Samuel Forsythe, 1802.

32. Jenny — m. Hugh Kelso, 1794.

33. Jenny — m. Thomas Orbison, 1807.

34. John— in Ohio, 1812.

35. John — d. 1838 — m. Elizabeth Cunningham, 1801 — C: James C. C. (m. Jane Gilmore),
William T. (m. Nancy W. Wilson), Abner W. (m. Mary J. Campbell), Jane (m. Preston
Dunlap), Polly (m. William C. Gilmore), Patsy (m. James F Harper).

36. John — witnessed will of Robert Kirkham, 1748.

37. John, Sr. — d. 1802 — C; James, Robert, Jean, (m. Florence ).

38. John— m. Margaret Steel, 1787.

39. John— m. Martha McNabb, 1791.

40. John— m. Elizabeth McClintock, 1793.

41. John — m. Elizabeth Dingledine, 1817.

42. John — m. Margaret Moore, 1788.

43. Joseph— Ky., 1801.

44. Juliana— m. Hugh Paxton, 1798.

45. Margaret — m. Robert Logan.

46. Margaret — m. John .■\llen, 1787.

47. Margaret — m. James Black, 1818.

48. Mary — m. Samuel Pa.xton.

49. Mary — m. Samuel Eakin, 1787.

50. Mary— m. Hugh Wilson, 1806.

51. Mildred— m. McCampbcll, 1806.

52. Moses- m. Risk— 1766.

53. Moses— d. 1758.

54. Nancy— m. William W. Chittum. 1821.

55. Nancy— m. Henry Armcntrout, 1819.

56. Peggy — m. Samuel Humphreys, 1812.

57. Peter- m. Sally McCray, 1823.

58. Polly— orphan of James, 1791.

59. Polly— m. Hugh Fulton, 1812.

514 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

60. Prudence— m. Jamcj Finley. 178S.

61. Rebecca— m. William li. Weir, 1823.

62. Robert— witncised will of Robert Kirkham, 1748.

63. Robert— <1. by 1800— m. Elizabeth . d 1801— C: Sarah, John, Robert, William.

James, Peggy (m. Robert McDowell, 1792).

64. Robert— m. Ann McEIhcny, 1787.

65. Robert— m. Sarah Pollock, 1793.

66. Sally— m. Thomas .\ndcrson, 1819.

67. Sally— m. William Hall, 1799.

68. Samuel McD— b. 1796, d. 1875— son of Andrew of 10

69. Samuel— d. 1753— C: Elizabeth, David.

70. Samuel— d. 1808c— bro. to Mary {see 59), Sally. Martha, William.

71. Samuel- m. Phebe Paxlon. 1790.
75. Samuel— m. Mary Thomas, 1801.
7i. Samuel— m. Sally Scott, 1800.

74. Samuel — m. Elizabeth Snodgrass, 1806.

75. Samuel- m. Ann Hayslctt, 1820.

76. Samuel R.— m. Mary S. Wilhon, 1823.

77. Sarah— m. John A. Chiiham, 1823c

78. Thomas— k. 1757.

80. Thomas— m. Mary Grouse, 1810.

81. Timothy — son of Andrew— b. 1784, d. 1858, m. M .

82. William — d. 1791— C: John, William, Quiiitin. Samuel, Jane. Mary, Margaret.

83. William— d. 1799— m. Sarah C: William, Samuel. Sally. Margaret, John.

Nancy, Julian (dau.).

84. William— m. Agnes 1786.

85. William — son of 10 — C: Samuel, David, John, Eliab, Jane, Isabella, KIizal)eih
Nancy.

86. William— m. kCargaret McCown, 1795.

87. William— m. Nancy Jack. 1801.

88. William— m. Sassandra Paxton. 1808.

89. William— m. Christena Dods. 1812.

90. William— m. Sally Scott. 1818.

91. William— m. Mary Norris, 1820.

<ll m. Jane Walker by 1797.

Moran. — Dominic — m. Elizabeth by 1780.

Slorehtad. — 1. John— <1. 1834c — had C. 2. James — m. Jane Paxton, 1820.

Storijan. — 1. Andrew— <1. 1820 — son of Francis — C: Benjamin, William, Frances (m.
Nathaniel Wells), John. 2. Charily — m. George Cress, 1790. 3. Gabriel — m. Mary .Mc.N'abb.
1795. 4. J.-icol>— m. Elizal>eth McClure, 1807. 5. John— b. Elizabeth Smith. I7W 6. John
— m. Peggy Vance, 1809. 7. Luther— m. Nancy Dold, 1798. 8. Sarah— m. John McBride,
1799.

Morris.— \. Alexander- m. Peggy Till, 1802. 2. David— m. Elizabeth Aires, 1780.
3. Elijah— m. Jean Vansandl, 1801. 4. Elizabeth— m. John nealy. 1798. 5. Elizal>elh— m.
John Bennington, 1818. 6. Isaac — m. Sarah McCulchen, 1787. 7. James— m. Sally Ents-
minKcr, 1817. 8. John — m. Agnes Ward, 1792. 9. John— m. Elizal>elh Highman. 1792.
10. Mark-b. 1781. d. IKS7, m. Margaret Hinkle. 1801-son of Mark and Ann. 11. Mary—
m Jculnia N'iiLzant, 1794. 12. Peggy — m Heyburn Rowlinson. I TOT 1.1 Pollv— m Jacob

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 515

Henkle, 1811. 14. Sally— m. Peter Nick, 1817. IS. Sarah— m. William Geerhart, 1801.
16. Thomas— ni. Nancy Nick. 1807. 1^. Thomas— m. Rachel Sn.ith, 1823. 18. R-'charcl- pen-
sion -.vitness, 1832. 19. William— m. Anne Guinn, 1799 20. David— m. A. Bickett, 1823.
21. Patsy— m. John Plaugher, 18?3.

Alornson. — 1. Eleanor — m. William Henry, 1787. 2. James — m. Frances Brown, 1820.

3. James D. — b. 1833, d. 1902, m. Laura Chapin — son of William — C : William, Kenneth,
Isaac.

Morter.—]acoh—d. 1838— m. Katharine Replogle, 1809— C : David, John, Sarah, Polly,
Barbary A., Katharine, Elisa.

Morton. — Andrew — m. Mary Harper by 1802 — doctor.

Murphy. — 1. James — m. Susannah Harper, 1785 2. John — d. 1809 — uncle to John and to
.Agnes Evans. 3. John, Joseph, William — orphans of Hugh Allen, 1805. 4. John — m.
Elizabeth Lawson, 1799. 5. Joseph — m. Belinda Wall, 1815. 6. Nancy — m. Robert Evans,

1792. 7. William — m. Jean Allen, 1796. 8. WilHam — m. Culloch — neighbor to James

Hall, 1800— C: John.

Muterspaw. — 1. F m. Christiana Agnor by 1824. 2. George — son of Philip and

Nancy — b. in Md., 1781, d. 1856 — m. Tiny . 3. Catharine— m. Henry Siders, 1810.

4. Mary— m. Abraham Cox, 1809

Myers. — 1. Francis — m. Rebecca Wyse, 1803. 2. James — m. Polly Wilson, 1800. 3. John
— d. 1787. 4. Sarah— m. James Howard, 1811.

McCown. — 1. John — ^d. 1783 — m. Agnes C: John, James (m. Jane ), Mal-
colm (s), Mary (m. Black), Agnes (m. Sloat), Elizabeth (m. Mayse) ;

will names Walker, James, Agnes, Sloat, Eales, John.

2. John — son of 1 — b. 1755, d. 1817 — m. (1) Nancy Kinnear, (2) Eleanor McCampbell,
1794 — C: John, Moses, Nancy R. (m. 1. David Orbison, 1817, 2. Christian Goul, 3. James
Wilson), Andrew (m. Margaret .-\nderson), .\nn G. (m. James Wilson, 1822), James G.

3. John— son of 2— b. 1784, d. 18S0c— m. Mary Culton, 1810— C: John K., Robert C.
(s), Nancy K. (b. 1815, d. 1894, m. Joseph K. Kirkpatrick, 1834), Jane E. (b. 1822, d. 1900,
m. John H. Stuart, 1835).

4. John K.— son of 3— b. 1811, d. 1892. m. Mary M. Wilson, 1835— C: John W. (s),
Sarah J. (m. Samuel W. Wilson, 1879), Mary A. (s), Martha E. (s), William H.
(m. Ida K. Niswander of Rockingham Co.), Samuel W. (m. Anne K. McClure), Emma M.
(m. John A. McNeil).

5. Moses — son of 2 — d. 1854 — m. Isabella Moore, 1823 — C: William M. (m. 1. Sarah
McCurdy, 2. Nancy Matheny).

6. James G. — son of 2 — b. 1804, d. 1874. m. Mary Sprowl — C: Andrew G., Nancy A.,
Jane E., James W., John A., Samuel T.

Other Names: 7. Alexander — 1752. 8. Francis — d. 1761 — m. Margaret — C

(minors) : George, Francis, Malcolm, James, Margaret. Katrine, Isble, Agnes. 9. George —
Lincoln Co., Ky., 1811. 10. George — m. Sarah McCulloch, 1811. 11. James — b. 1731, living,
1805. 12. James— m. Mary Trotter, 1789. 13. Joseph- soldier, 1777. 14. Moses— bro. to

John — m. , 1765. 15. Margaret — m. William Moore, 1795. 16. Patrick — m.

Nancy Stevens, 1789. 17. Patrick— d. 1772c. 18. Samuel— m. Elizabeth Moore, 1803. 19.
Samuel — b. 1763, d. 1853. 20. m. Jane Hamilton.

Neely.—l. John— 1751, 1786— m. Elizabeth . 2. William— d. 1782— m. Hannah

C: James, Elizabeth, post.

Neil. — 1. Hamilton — in Greene Co., Tenn., 1816. 2. Isabella — m. Samuel Patterson,

1802. 3. Patrick— d. 1802— m. Mary C: Mackinion, James, Patrick (Mary D.

Beers, 1800), Hamilton, Hulker, Isabella (m. Paten), Daniel, Graham. 4. Stod-
dard — m. Peggy Collins, 1807.

516 A niSTORV OP BOCKBRIDCE COUNT^-. VIRGINIA

NeUon. — 1. Elizabeth — b. 1790c — m. John Montgomery. 2. James — m. Agnes Henry,
1787. 3. John— m. Janet . by 1787.

Nethii.—l. Samuel— b. 17S4. 2. William— d. 1794— m. Margaret C: William.

John, Andrew, Mary, .\gncs, Margaret, Jean, Elizabeth.

\fuxomrr.— \. Elizabeth— m. I'hilip Hull, 1816. 2. Margaret — m. Stephen Legel. 1791.
3. William— m. Elizabeth Smith. 1820.

A'ftrr//- 1. Henry— m. Patsy by 1787. 2. Margaret— <lau. of Robert— m. Duncan

Campbell by 1812. 3. Samuel — m, Jane Montgomery — b. 1760c.

AVu/oft.- 1. Betsy— m. David White, 1817. 2. James— m. Phcrbe Paxton. 1818.

Xicholas. — 1. Barbara — m. Edward Gaylor, 1789. 2. Elizabeth — in. John Price, 1810.
3. Peter— m. Margaret E Goul, 178J. 4. m. Magdalene Coswell by 1805.

Xi(fly. — 1. Barbara— ^au. of Jacob and Margaret — b. in Shenandoah. 1782, d. 1856— m.
James Bradds. 2. David— m. Peggy Wetter, 1812. 3. Jacob— m. Elizabeth Cook. 4. Mich-
ael— m. Elizabeth Sizer, 1808.

SUhols. — 1. John — m. Elizabeth Hogshead, 1798. 2. Selina— m. John Irvine. 1821.
3. William — m. Ann Mecklenburg Co.. X. C. 1779.

Knucklfs—\. Rosanna- 1789. 2 William— b. 1783.

Ocheltret. — 1. Elizabeth — m. James Agncw, 1801. 2. James— <1. 1803 — C: Janet, John,
James, Thomas, Nancy, Clency, Martha (m. William Ramsay. l796). 3. James — m. Caty
Paxton, 1818. 4. Jane — m. George Lcybum, 1815. 5. Jinny — m. John .Mexander, 1803.
6. Michael— m. Betsy Findley, 1798. 7. Thomas— m. Jean Miller, 1796.

O'FrUl. — Daniel— son o( Morris — m. Agnes by 1804.

Ogdrn. — I. Cornelius — m. Susanna Diehl, 1799. 2. Joseph — m. Sarah U'lars, 1806.
3. Sarah — m. Christian Roads, 1809.

Oglf.—l. Eleanor— m. John Campl)ell, 1799. 2. Samuel— m. Polly Caldwell, 1811.

Orbijon.—}. David — m. Nancy K. McCown, 1811. 2. Eleanor M.— m. William M.
Wilson— b. 1812c. 3. Elizabeth— m. William McCampbell, 1807. 4. Polly— m. John Gil-
more, 1808. S. Thomas — m. Jenny Moore, 1807. 6. Thomas — son of 7 — C: Cassandra (m.

Mansfield), David, Samuel, William, Elizabeth, James. 7. John — d. 1829 — m.

Elizabeth C: Thomas (m. McCampbell), Henry.

Ornbaum. — Lewis- d. 1818 — m. Eve — C: George, Andrew, James, Michael,

Henry, Lewis, Polly (m. Andrew .Mitchell, 1822), Betsy (m. Frederick .Mhright).

Olfy.—\. Isaac— m. Elizabeth .Matthews, 1789. 2. Jane— m. Walter Lockard, 1814.
3. Nancy— m. James Kemsey. 1807. 4. Nancy^rphan of William— 1807. 5. Thomas — d.

1828 — C: Panina, Joshua, Phebc. Solomon, Ruth, Hannah (m. Bratton). 6. Thomas

— m. Peggy Shuey, 1814.

Ou'fnj.— \. Peter— m. Polly Watkins. no date. 2. Peter— m -Nancy Patterson, 1819.

Oy/<T.— 1. Frederick— m. Elizal)eth McGlockland, 1K02. 2. Poliiia— m William Wil-
moth, 1820.

/'ai«»fr.— I. Frederick— m. Elizabeth Beggs, 1815. 2. George- m. Mary Sorrels, 1820.

Palmfr.—\. John— m. Nancy Crawford, 1790. 2. John— m. Mary Rodes, 1802. 3. Robert
— m. Polly Gregory, 1817.

Paint. m. Ann Gay by 1815 — C: William, Robert G.

Paris— \. James— TO. Jean Buchanan. 1786. 2. John— b. 1714. d. 1793— m. Rebecca
McCim-.twII >— C : Margaret (m. Steele), Rebecca (m. Evans). 3. Joseph

— Davis. 1795. 4 Joshua— m. Dorky Sweet. 1816. 5. Martha— m. William
M<' *<. 6. Mary— m. Abraham Evans, 1788.

Parker— I. Elizabeth— m Xiatthew Sliaw. 1791. 2. George— doctor, 1793. 3. Polly—

m Edward Bryan, 1790. 4. m. Sophia Harper by 1806.

ParioHj.—\. David— m. Jean Pettigrcw. 1817 2 Elizabeth— m. John Fitzgerald, 1819.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 517

3. George — m. Esther Anderson, 1805. 4. Nancy— m. Sylvanus Rowlinson, 1813. 5. Richard
— m. Nancy Lants, 180S. 6. Richard— m. Jane Rowlinson, 1815.
Patterson. — 1. Abigail — m. Jacob Caulk, 1793.

2. Adam — m. Sophia Jones, 1795.

3. Andrew — 1764.

4. Frances — m. Peter Bratton, 1794.

5. Isabella — ni. John Dixons, 1794.

6. James — m. Agnes Berryhill, 1794.

7. Jane — m. John Patterson, 1794.

8. Jamiston, H.— m. Polly Hight, 1821.

9. Jinny — m. Lewis Quigley, 1814.

10. John— d. 1749— m. Agnes , related to Joseph Lapsley— C : John, Agnes,

George.

11. John A. — bro.-in-law to James Willson, 1837.

12. Joseph— m. Jean Walker, 1791— Cedar Co., Ky., 1810.

13. Mary — m. Alexander Stuart.

14. Nancy— m. Peter Owens, 1819.

15. Patty— m. William Watkins, 1816.

16. Robert T.— 1864.

17. Sally— m. John Craig, 1795.

18. Sally— m. John Silling, 1798.

19. Samuel— d. 1803— C : William, James, Samuel.

20. Samuel F.— son of Samuel— b. 1799, d. 1874— N. C

21. Samuel— b. 1769, d. 1841.

22. Samuel — m. Polly Finley — C : Finley, .Andrew.

23. Thomas— m. Precilla Garrison, 1794.

24. William — m. Rebecca Campbell, 1823.

25. William— m. Sally Steele, 1795.

26. William— b. 1765, d. 1842.

27. m. James McChesney.

28. m. Mary Martin by 1770.

Patton.—\. Betsy— m. David Wilson. 1799.

2. Elizabeth — m. Benjamin McFall, 1794.

3. Isbel — m. Archibald Alexander, 1795

4. James— d. 1814— m. Sarah Wilson— C: John (d. 1802), Matthew, William (d.

1837), James, EHzabcth (m. Wilson), Nancy (m. Jameson), Margaret (m.

David Wasson, 1811), Isabella (m. Ireland), Mary (m. Nathaniel Taylor, 1791),

Sarah (m. Thomas McDowell, 1808, d. 1820c).

5. John— d. 1757— m. Agnes C (minors) : William, James, Margaret, Isabel,

Agnes.

6. John— d. 1809 — m. Martha 'C : Jane, Nathan, John, Thomas, Nancy. Na-
thaniel, Patsy, Polly.

7. John— m. Phebe Taylor, 1812.

8. Joseph — m. Ann Brown, 1810.

9. Joseph M.— m. Elizabeth Patton. 1818.

10. Martha— m. James Campbell, 1800.

lOx. McClung— b. 1795, d. 1865— m. Elizabeth .

11. Mary— m. John McKcc, 1797.

12. Nancy — m. Jesse Davis, 1806.

13. Nancy— m. William Milligan. 1812.

14. Nancy — m. Joseph Wilson, 1820.

518 A HISTiiRV OK ROCKURIIHjE COtNTV, VIBGINIA

15. Nathan— m. Jean Campbell, 1809.

16. Nathaniel— m. Polly Robison, 1797.

17. Patsy— m. William Hopkins. 1805.
la Polly— m. Charles Kirkiatrick. 1803.

19. Samuel— m. Jenny McClung. 1789.

20. Sarah— m. Thomas McDowell, 1808.

21. Thomas— m. Peggy Ewin, 1805.

22. Thomas — m. Jenny Glasgow, 1805.

23. William— d. 1830— m. Nancy C John, Joseph d. 1837), Isabel (see 3).

James, William, Matthew, David, Ann, Nancy. Polly (d. 1820c), Samuel, Margaret (m.
Gung).

24. William— b. 1743, living, 1806.

25. William— d. 1793— m. 1740c, Mary Bcaty in Ireland— C: John.

26. William— m. Sally Elwood, 1802.

27. William— m. Martha Bailey, 1803.

28. m. Isabella Neil by 1802.

29. m. Rachel Kincaid by 1824.

Paul.—}. Andrew— d. 1833— C: James 2. Ann— b. 1758, d. 1828— ni. (1 ) James Taylor.

176R. (2) William McCorkle, 1802. 3. Audlcy— b. 1731, d. 1800c— C: Ann (see 2),

(m. George Taylor), Audley, Jr. 4. Audlcy — snn of 3 — b. 1770c, living 1839 — m. .\gnes
Cochran by I80S. 5. Elizabeth- m. Archer Dcfries, 1796. 6. Esther— 1828. 7. GcorRe M.— ni.
Sally Wilson. 1810. 8. Hugh— b. 1707— m. Jane Lynn— C: John. Audley (see 3). Polly (m.

George Mathews). (m. John Stuart of Greenbrier). 9. Isabella — m. James Bcaty.

1789. 10. Jean— d. 1826— m. McClung. 11. Jenny— m. James .\nderson. 1806. 12.

John— m. Elizabeth Reed. 1823. 13. John— Agnes , b. 1763. d. 1795. 14. Samuel— m.

Ph<rl)c Bates. 1796. 15. William— d. 1757— exr— Charles Hays. James Moore. 16.

m. Nancy Porter by 1794.

I'dxion. — 1. James — d. 1745 — m. Elizabeth .Mexander — C: John. Joseph (d. 1755*5), Sam-
uel, Thomas, William.

2. John— son of lb. 1716, d. 1787— m Mary Blair, 1742c— C ; John. Isabel (m. John
Lyie), Joseph (m. Margaret Barclay). William. Elizabeth (m. Samuel Houston). Hannar
M. (m. James Caruthcrs, 1793). Mary (ni. Thomas Conn. 1787). James.

3. John— son of 2— b 1743. d. 1787. m. Phofbe Alexander. 1767— C: John (b. 1768. m.
Elizabeth Ix)gan. 1789). James. MarRarcl (»). .Vrchibald. William (m. Nancy I^gan). Joseph
(m. Elizabeth Paxlon. 1804). habella (m. Hugh Paxlon, 1802), Polly (b. 1784. d. 18!;9, m
William Paxton), Alexander (s).

4. Jamc»— ton of 3— b. 1770. d. 1838. m Nancy Dickson, 1808— C : Thomas N..
Sarah A. (m. — ^— Risk), Elizalicth, Lucinda.

5. Samuel— son of 1— b. 1730. d. 1756, m. Mary Moore— C : Samuel (h. 1754, d 1824.
m. Margaret Thompson.

6. Thomas— son of 1— h. 1719. d 1788, m. (1) Elizabeth McClung. 1746. (2) Mary

Barclay. 1774 — C: John. Samuel. William, James (m? Edmondson), Thomas (m.

Rebecca Hogshead. 1790). Sarah (David EdmonHson), Mary (m. John Ted(ord). Jean (m.
Andrew Cummings), Joseph (d. 1817): by 2d w.— Joseph (s). Hugh (m. Isabella Paxton.
1802), Hannah (m. Conielius Goodwin, 1796), David. I»aac. Elizabeth (m. Joseph Paxlon,
1804), Rachel (m. Joseph Blair).

7. John— son of 6— b. 1747, d. 1832, m. Sarah Walker— C : Elixabelh (m. David
Hall. 1794). Thomas. Nancy (m. John Donald. 1813). Joseph (m. Sarah Fdmondson.
1803). Mary (m. David Rice, 1804). Sarah (m. John Cowan, 1815). John D (b 1784, d.
1868. m. 3 times). Samuel. James H. (m. Elizabeth S. Houston).

8. JoKph— son of 7—C: Thomas P.. David P. (»). John W, Joseph W.. Samuel H..
James T. (m. in Ky). William F (d. 1862).

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

519

9. Thomas P.— b. 1803, d. 1893, m. (1) Phoebe McCluer, (2) Elizabeth H. Sterrett—
C: Sarah P. (by 1st w.), Alexander S. (m. 1. Mamie Hall, 2. Mary F. Tapscott), Joseph
McC, Emma L. (m. Robert L. McCulloch), James H. (m. Fannie C. Jones, David E. (m.
Carrie L. Boyd), Reubenia A. (m. John T. Campbell).

10. Samuel— son of 6— b. 1748, d. 1807— m. (1) Sarah Coalter, (2) Jane Smiley— C
(all by 1st w.) : William (b. 1803, d. 1879, m. Sarah P. Burks), Frances J. (s), Agnes A.
(m. Alfred Douglass), Hannah E. (m. William Crawford, 1829).

11. William— son of 6— b. 1757, d. 1838, m. Jane Grigsby, 1787— C : Joseph (m. Elvira
Bagby, 1815), Elizabeth (m. Alexander T. McClure, 1808), Martha (m. Joseph Steele),
Phoebe (m. John Grigsby), Sally (m. Robert Templeton, 1829), Rachel (s), Thomas, John
(s), Samuel (s), Benjamin P., William, Frances J. (s), Agnes A. (m. Alfred Douglas),
Hannah E. (m. William Crawford, 1829).

12. Hugh — son of 6 — C: Lucinda (m. 1. Thomas C. Poague, 1821, 2. William B. Ster-
rett, 1830), Aurelia R. (m. 1. Peter A. Sailing. 2. Jacob Mohler), Mary J. (m. Edwin
Jordan), Margaret (m. Cornelius C. Baldwin, 1837), Hannah, John A. (b. 1819, m. Hannah
McClelland), Elizabeth A. (m. B J. Jordan).

13. William — son of 1 — b. 1733, d. 1795, m. Eleanor Hays — C: Joseph (m. Esther

Lyle, 1787), Polly (m. Samuel Greenlee. 1798), Sarah (m. N Prior), John, Susannah

(b. 1772, m. Joseph Gilmorc, 1793), Elizabeth (m. David Sawyers, 1794), Isabella (m.
Andrew Alexander, 1800), William, James, Elisha.

14. William— son of 13— b. 1777, d. 1853, m. Polly Paxton, 1804— C: Archibald S. (s),
Mary E. (3d w. of Alexander T. Barclay), James H.. Phoebe A. (m. James W. McClung),
Margaret P. (b. 1817, d. 1892, m. Samuel R. Houston), William B. (m. in Ky).

15. James H.— b. 1812, d. 1902, m. Katharine A. Glasgow, 1862— C: Nellie, Kate G.,
Archibald H., Robert, William T., James H., J. Gordon.

16. James — m. Catharine Jordan. 1817 — commandant of arsenal.

17. Elisha— m. Margaret McXutt, 1809— C: James G. (b. 1822, d. 1870), William H.,
Alexander McN., Andrew J.. John G., Rachel G. (m. Buckner), Elisha F.

18. Elisha F.— b. 1829, d. 1863— C : Matthew W. (m. Mary L. Hopkins), John G.,
Frank.

18. William— son of 2— b. 1751, d. 1817, m. Elizabeth Stuart, 1773— C: John (d. 1874),
James, Elizabeth, William (m. Sarah G. McDowell), Jean (m. .'Mexander S. Hall), Joseph
(m? Sarah Edmondson).

20. James— son of 19— b. 1790— m. (1) EHzabeth Blair, 1814, (2) Eliza Poague Gibson
— C (by 1st w.) : William (m. Julia Moffett, 1835), Elizabeth S. (m. John B. Poague, 1835),
Jean A. (m. David Guthrie), Elvira H. (m. John F. Shields), James (s), Robert S. — by
2d w. — Adaline (m. John Guthrie), Amanda R. (m. Thomas Mann), Isabella C. (m. John
R. Guy), John H. (k. 1863). Margaret C. (m. in Miss.), Emma L., Horace A. (s). Rice
P. (s).

21. Joseph — son of 2 — widow m. Gilliland — C: Cassandra (m. William Moore,

1808), Mary (m. George Coulter. 1809), Hannah (m. David Edmondson), Harriet (m.
Horatio Philpot).

22. James— b. 1762, accidentally k. by David Grinstead, 1788— m. Phoebe McClung, 1786
— C: James A. (b. 1788, d. 1825, m. Maria Marshall).

23. Thomas— bro. to 1— b. 1690c. d. 1762— m. Sarah C: Thomas, Elizabeth,

Samuel, Elizabeth (m. Eakin).

24. Thomas — son of 23 — h. 1713c. m. Jane Eakin — C: Martha (b. 1753, m. Robert

Crawford), Margaret (m. D McGregor), Elizabeth (m. McCunc), Thomas (b.

1769, m. Jane Crawford, 1800c.

25. Elizabeth — dau. of 23 — m. (1) Thomas Taylor, (2) Nathaniel Robinson.

26. Samuel- d. 1756 — m. Mary C: Samuel, 1 other.

520 A lIISTUkV OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

Other Names:— 27. Beljy— m. Charles Cartright. 1812.

28. Catharine— tn. James Ochellree, 1818.

29. Catharine— m. Malachi Staley, 1818.

30. Elizabeth— m. Joseph Blair. 1812.

31. Elizabeth— m. John Stephenson, 1788.

32. Hannah — m. Cornelius Goodwin, 17%.
3J. Hann.ih— ni. Robert McCormick. 1817.

34. Hannah— m. John Moore. 1797.

35. Hugh — m. Julian Moore, 1798.

36. Hugh— m. Ibby Paxton. 1802.

37. Jane— m. Samuel McVey. 1794.

38. Jane L.— m. .Mexander L. Hall. 1818.

39. John L. — m. Esther Cummins. 1811

40. John— m. Martha Blair, 1730c.

41. Jonathan— b. 1777. m. Nancy Gilmorc. 1799— C: Marlh.^ (m. Robert Gilmorc, 1818).

42. Joseph — son of William — C. Hester (m. Benjamin HiRgenbothami. Mary J (b.
1791. m. Robert S. Campbell, 1814). Sallie (m. Samuel Cummings, 1809).

43. Joseph— <i. 1756 — cousin to Thomas Jackston — see 1.

44. Joseph— m. Jane McClure. 1792.

45. Joseph— m. Nancy .Scott. 1801.

46. Nancy— m. Samuel C. Whiteside, 1818.

47. Nath.inicl — son of 23^ — m. Hannah — C: Nathaniel (m. Jane Gilmore),

John, Samuel, Andrew.

48. Nathaniel— son of 47— C : James G. (m. Betty Adair). Sarah (m David Hart).
Nathaniel fm. Margaret Hart), Jane (m. George McCullough).

49. John — son of 47—4. 1784. m. Mary — C: Isaac. Sarah. T. Fergus. John.

Xfary (m. Samuel Fergus), Martha (m. John Paxton). William.

50. Samuel— son of 47— m. Agnes C : Mary. Samuel. Margaret, Jean.

51. Andrew — son of 47 — C: James (m. Biggerhead).

52. Patsy— m. Jacob Steel. 1817.

53. Patsy— C (1801): Martha. Phdbe

54. Phoebe— m. Samuel Moore. 1790

55. Phccbe — m. Joseph Newton. 1818

56. Polly— m. John Corbil, 1798.

57. Polly — m. James Greenlcr. 1812.

58. Polly— orphan of John. 1804

59. Sally— m Samuel B. Grah.iin, 1816.

60. Sally-m. John Shaw, 1796.

61. Samuel— C: Thomas. John (m Jane Wilson, 1797). David. Marg.irri im Moses
Whiteside, 1797), William (m. Elizabeth Wilson).

62. 5Umuel— m Rachel C: John, .Samuel. Thotnas

63. John— son of 62— C : Nathaniel (m. McF.irland).

64. Samuel— m. Rachel Whiteman, 1798 — C: Samuel (m Esther Wilson)

65. Thomas— son of W— b? 1739— m. (1) Isabella Quate. (2t Martha White— C :

Roert (m. Adoris Arche--). Isabella (m. John Ramsay). Nancy (m. Smith), Margery

(m. S Hutchinson). Jane (m. Owen Todd). Betlie (m. John Donnell). .Sarah (m

Robert Orr). Mary (m. David Snider), Rebecca (m. Silas J. Jack), Samuel (m.

Weller). Thomas (m. Barbour) : by 2d w.— Jane, Isabella, Nathaniel. Hugh. George.

Benjamin, Robert. Moses. David, Joseph. Grizel. Sarah (m. Whitman). Mary (m

John Torhel).

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

521

66. Thomas— son of 61— b. 1764, d. 1839- m. Martha Steele, 1781— C: Thomas (b. 1801,
d. 1885, m. Polly Ediey), Samuel (m. Nancy McCorkle, 1825), John S. (m. Margaret
Steele of Monroe Co.). William (m. Isabella Kirkpatrick), Martha (m. Samuel D. Smiley),
Jane (m. James Morehead, 1820), Phoebe (m. James Newton). Alexander (m. Nancy W.
Switcher, 1836), David (m. Jane Paxton).

67. Samuel— m. Catharine Atkinson. 1790— b. 1766, d. 1841.

68. Samuel— m. Rachel Whiteman, 1798.

69. Samuel— m. Isabella Taylor, 1800.

70. Samuel — m. Susanna Smiley, 1816.

71. Samuel — m. Agnes 1781.

72. Samuel — d. 1834 — m. Jean C: James, Samuel, David C, WilHam, John

W., Sarah (m. Thomas Dixon), Betsy (m. McKnight).

73. Samuel— d. 1763.

74. Samuel — b. 1736 — son of Thomas.

75. Samuel — b. 1766 — son of Elizabeth.

76. Sarah — m. Thomas Dixon, 1809.
n. Sarah — m. Thomas Dunaway, 1792.

78. William— m. Elizabeth Miller, 1803.

79. William— m. Jean Grigsby. 1787.

80. William— m. Elizabeth Miller. 1803.
81. . Daniel Lyle.

Peck. — 1. Garret — m. Peggy Croddy. 2. Jacob — m. Coursey by 1814 — C: Jacob.

Peebles. — 1. Thomas — m. Simpson, 1800. 2. William — m. Elizabeth Edmondson by
1761 — neighbor to Nathan, or Nathaniel.

Pcerman. — 1. Michael — m. Catharine Gavlor, 1792. 2. Michael, Jr. — m. Polly Riley,
1817.

Peery.—\. Thomas— k. 1761. 2. m. Margaret Martin by 1801.

Parry.— \. Esther m. William Watkins, 1801. 2. James— m. Polly Smith, 1799. 3. Mar-
tha— m. Hannah by 1815. 4. Mary— m. Robert C. McChire— b. 1820c.

Peters. — 1. Barbara — m. Samuel Burgess, 1800. 2. Catharine — orphan of Jonas, 1801.
3. Catharine — m. Christopher Rader, 1801. 4. John^ — m. Sally Steele, 1821. 5. John — m.
Nancy Liptrap, 1821. 6. Mary — ni. .Adam Seaglor, 1788. 7. Polh — m. James Littel, 1823.
8. Sally— m. Alexander McCorkle, 1822.

Pettigreiu. — 1. Ann — m. Peter Barger, 1816. 2. Betsy — m. James Kent. 1806. 3. James

— d. 1795 — m. Jean — C: James, Samuel, Robert, William, Elizabeth. 4. Jane — m.

David Parsons, 1817. 5. Robert — m. Martha McCalmon, 1806. 6. Robert — m. Jane Grigsby,
1818. 7. Samuel — m. Peace W. Buchanan, 1812. 8. Samuel — m. Hannah Gamble, 1817.

Phillips.— \. Sarah— m. John Albright. 1807. 2. m. Mary Lusk by 1771.

Pine.—\. Agnes— m. James Harvey. 1788. 2. Edward— m. Polly Watts. 1788. 3. Robert
— m. Mary Cammock, 1795.

Piiikertoii.—\ Elizabeth— m. Walter Currice. 1810. 2. James— m. Mary Foster. 1788.
3. Mary — m. John McCampbell, 1797.

Ptott.—l. Abraham— m. Polly Gaylor, 1823. 2. Elizabeth— m. Andrew Miller. 1805. 3.
Henry — m. Catharine Entsmingcr, 1791. 4. Joseph — 1803. 5. Mary — m. .Xndrcw Entsminger.
1791. 6. Peggy— m. Jacob Hosteler, 1814. 7. Polly— m. Gasper Thomas, 1823.

Pl,inkeH.—\. James— m. Peggy McMullen. 1815. 2. Mary— m. Thomas Rickett, 1811. 3
Thom.is- d. 1831— m. Polly •

Poaguc. — 1. Anne — m. Alexander Wood, 1789.

2. Elizabeth- m. John Allen, 1801.

3. Isabella G.— m. Richard Gibbs. 1819.

4. James — m. Anne by 1770.

522 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIIXIE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

5. Jamo— m. N»ncy Hogshead ?—<l. 1817— C; Amy, John G., Thomas, William, James

\\.. F.li, Rcbcckah (m. Thomas Dryden. 1803).

5. James— m Mary Henry. 1793.

6. Jean— m. Matthew Whilcinan, 1806.

7. Jenny — »i>tcr to 16 — in. Jo»e|>h Allen, 1800.

8. John — m? Mary Crawford, 1751 — Forks.

9. John— ^. I8U5 — C : William. GriscI, James, Thomas, Rebekah.

10. John— m. Martha Rankin, 1798.

11. John— m. Rachel Barclay Crawford. 1792.

12. John— m. Mary Boils, 1796.

13. John B.— m. Elizabeth S. Paxton. 1835.

14. Jonathan — m. Martha Baggs, 1794.

15. Nancy— m. .Mexandcr T. Barclay, 1819.

16. Polly— m. William Houston, 1805.

17. Rebecca— m. Thomas Dryden, 1803.

18. Robert— m Martha Crawford, 1791.

19. Robert— d. 1779— m. Margaret .

20. Robert, Sr.— m. Elizabeth 1753.

21. Robert- m. Jean Soniers— C : Jonathan, .^nn (m. Isaac Caruthers), Martha (m.
James Moore), 7 others.

2Z. Sally — m. Thomas Lackey, 1820.

23. Thomas— 1765.

24. Thomas— son of Robert (immigrant )—m. Polly McClenahan — C: Elijah, Robert.
William, Elizabeth, Ann, Polly, Agnes, John fsee 11).

25. Thomas C— m. I.ucinda Paxton. 1821— d. 1773— n. c

26. C: William d. by 1813), John (d. by 1813; C: Rebecca. Sarah). James

(has Ann), Jonathan (has John, James. Jonathan).

Pollock. — 1. James— C: James, William, , Isabella (m. Handly). 2. James

— son of William (above)— b. 1742 — C: Isabella (see Poague, 31. 3. James— m. Margaret
1786. 4. Sarah- m. Robert Moore. 1793.

Porler. — 1. Agnes — m. John McCutchen, 1789.

2. Alexander, Sr. — d. 1811— m. Mary C: Elizabeth, Agnes, Martha. Mary.

Sarah, David, Rebecca.

3. David— m. Polly Culton, 1803.

4. Elizabeth— m. David Moore, 1820.

5. Elirabeth— m. William McCampbell. 1804.

6. James— b. 1727c, living, 1798.

7. Jean— m. Nathaniel McClure, 1795.

8 John — d. ISO."!— m. Hannah C: Nancv (m. Paul), Jane (m.

Wilson), William, John.

9. John— m. Rebecca Stuart, 1809.

10. I-ctty— m Andrew Wilson, 1789.

11. Robert— m. Elizabeth Blair, 1790

12. Samuel— m. Nancy Culton by 1826.

13. William— d. »782— m. Gene — C: John, William. Margaret (m.

Mitchell), Mary (m. Mackey).

14. William-d 1804— m. Mary C: Agnes (sec 1), William. Jean (see 7).

Mary (m. Sharp). Lilly (m. Wilbum). John. Da\Hd. Charles, Elizabeth.

Joseph. Stephen, Samuel, Ross.

15. William— m. Fanny Tharp, 1796.

16. William— m. Esther McCorkle. 1799.
17. m. Esther Mackey by 1810

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 523

P Otter. ~\. Barbara— m. James Smiley. 1823. 2. David— m. Susanna Ballard, 1822. 3.
John— m. Lucy Sharp, 1803. 4. Margaret- d. 1819— C: Patty, Letty, Eve, Barbaray,

Charles. S. Philip— d. 1834— m. Kathine C: David (b. 1783, d. 1855). Sophy (m.

Mais). 6. Philip— m. Betty Hart, 1804.

Pressly.—\. Mary— m. John Davies, 1788. 2. William— d. 1801— m. Mary C:

William (has William, Samuel), James, Eliner, Nancy, Patsy. 3. William— m. Sarah
Beach, 1787.

Price.— \. Jean— m. James McCroskey, 1808. 2. Sally H.— m. Robert Scott, 1805. 3. Wil-
liam— d. 1818. 4. m. Elizabeth Campbell by 1754.

Pryor.—\. John— m. Sally Margrave, 1812. 2. N m. Sally Paxton by 1796.

Pullin.—l. Elizabeth— m. William Begins, 1801. 2. Joseph— m. Betsy Moody, 1801.
3. Sophia — m. James Kingan, 1797. 4. Thomas — m. Elizabeth Grove, 1809.

Quigley.—l. Jane— m. John Wallace, 1817. 2. Lewis— m. Jinny Patterson, 1814.

Rader.—\. Christopher— m. Rebecca Xeece, 1801. 2. Christopher— m. Catharine Peelers,
1801.

Ram-fay.—l. Hugh— m. Frankey Shepherd. 1803. James— m. Jane Lyie— doctor.
3. James— m. Keziah Davis, 1798. 4. James— d. 1759c. 5. James— m. Mary Kerr, 1794.
6. Jennett— m. Edward Crjden, 1786. 7. John— m. Elizabeth Campbell, 1792. 8. John— in

court, 1803. 9. Peggy— m. George Adair, 1808. 10. Robert— d. 1759. lOx. Robert— m.

Beard by 1812. 11. Sally— m. John Hogan. 1809. 12. Sarah— m. James McKehen, 1795.
13. Samuel— m. Polly Ramsay, 1819. 14. William— m. Polly Carter, 1798. 15. William— d.

1789— m. Jane C: William, Samuel, James, Fanny Cm. Scott), Jane (m.

Lyle), Sarah, Elizabeth, Mary. 16. William— m. Martha Ocheltree, 1796. 17. Will— m.

Rebecca Miller, 1798. 18. m. Mary McConkey by 1812.

Rapp.—l. .•\nthony— b. 1798, d. 1835, m. Sarah J. . 2. Anthony— m. Polly Holden,

1822. 3. John— m. Elizabeth Oiler, 1796. 4. Mathias— d. 1818— m. Margaret C:

Henry, George, Joseph.

Realty. — William — m. Jane Armstrong — C (1837) : McKec, Martha J., Rebecca A.,
Mary, John A.

Reardon.— John— b. 1757c— m. Elizabeth Hall. 1797— C 1815c): 6.

Reed. — 1. Alexander — d. 1816 — m. Martha — C: Robert, James, Hugh, Nancy.

Mary (m. Goodwin), Barbary, Rebecca (m. Kiger), Betsy. 2. Daniel^d.

1815 — m. Margaret — C: Daniel. Andrew W., Ann (m. Taylor), Adam,

Elizabeth (m. Bunten), James. William, John, Nancy (m. Willey), Daniel.

3. Joseph — d. 1798 — m. Mary McClure — C: Thomas, James. Jean. 4. Manuel — m. Catharine

Dice by 1830. 5. Peter— m. Sally Miller, 1799. 6. Philip— d. 1819— m. Mary C:

ImmanucI, Philip, Betsy, Susannah. 7. Robert — m. Isabella Walker, 1790. 8. Robert — m.
Sarah Notfield, 1790. 9. Thomas— m. Polley Smiley, 1799. 10. William— uncle to James—
d. 1819— m. Agnes . 11. m. Elizabeth Fulton by 1799.

2. Adam— d. 1789— m. Barbara C. William, Daniel, Katron (m. Wil-
son) ; Adam, a g'son.

3. Andrew— m. Magdalene McDowell— C : Magdalena, Ann A., Sally (m. Moore).
Elizabeth, Alexander (has Agnes). Margaret M. (m. William H. Venable, 1823), Mary
(m. John McCampbell), Samuel McD , 1 other son, 2 dau.

4. Andrew— C: Agnes .\. (m. William Alexander).

5. Betsy — m. John Alexander. 1815.

6. Catharine — m. Robert Smith. 1796.

7. Daniel— m. Lctitia Scott, 1816.

8. Downey— m. Ailse Dihart, 1788.

9. Flora — m. John Lyie.

10. Frederick— .son of Jasper and E b. in Pa., 1759, d. 1855.

524 A HISTOBY OF ROCKUKIIX.E COUNTY. VIBGIKIA

11. George — m. Martha Fulion. 1792.

12. Itabel— til. Henry Ayrcs. 1788.

13. Jame*— m. Peggy Kirkiairick, 1818.

14. Jane— m. Samuel W. \'cnable, 1821.

15. John— m. Mary Scott. 1819.

16. Martha— m. .\braham Smith, 182J.

17. Michael— d. 18J2— m. .\im K. C: Benjamin. Elizabeth (m. Wiseman).

18. Philip— m. Mary Scott. 1819.

19. Polly— m. John McCampbell. 1806.

20. Sally— m. .\ndrew Trout. 1821.

21. Samuel McD.— son of 3— ni. Sarah K. Hare— C ; Mary L (m. James J. While).
Agnes (m. J. DeHart Ross. Culpepcr)— b. 1790. d. 1869.

22. Thomas — d. 1821 — uncle to Thomas.

23. m. Betsy C: Gasper (d. 1825). Christopher. Polly, .^ndrew. Wil-
liam, Sally.

24. m. Margaret Kilpatrick by 1823.

RfHick.—\. Robert— k 1757— C: William. Robert, Thomas. Joshua. Betsy, 2 others.

2. Samuel — m. Jane Lindsay. 1823.

Rfplo!}lf.—liz\ic,r — d. 1810 — m. Barbara — C: Elidabelh, Mary (m. Charles

Ayres, 1818), Catharine, Hannah (m Daniel Eyres, 1816). Susanna (m. James .Anderson.
1814), Sarah. Barbara, Margaret (m. John Carter, 1821). David. Jacob. John.
2. Catharine— dau. of 1— b. 1788. d. 1858. m. Jacob Morter. 1809,

Rfynolds.—\. James— d. 1749. 2. Johnson— m. Eliiabcth Rlair. 1821. 3. Polly— m.
William Armentrout, 1820. 4. Michael— m. Nanry Tools. 1798. 5 Richard— m. Elizabeth
by 1767.

Rhfa.—\. .\rchibald — d. 1776c— C: William. Hugh. John. 2. Archibald— m. .\nn Hum-
phries. 1798. 3. Elizabeth— m. Richard M. Wilson, 1807. 4. Elizabeth— m Martha Koiner.

1792. 5. George— m. Mary , 1816. b. 1794. 6. Hugh— m. Rebecca Smiley, 1796.

7. Jane — m. Abraham Dick, 1782. 8. Jean — m. Benjamin Lartw, 1808. 9. John — m. Sally
StandofT. 1809. 10. Martha— m. Samuel Workman. 1785. 11. Robert — . Patsy .^dams.

1818. li William— d. 1777— m. Elizabeth C: John (m. Turk of Thomas).

Alexander. Nancy (m. Joseph Rilchy). Elizabeth (m. Robert Rhea). James (out of
county), Thomas, Margaret, Hannah, Polly, Martha. Jane, .^rchi^)ald (see 1). Ann (m.
I.ockridge). 13. m. Mary Gay 1781 — C: .Agnes.

Rhodes. — 1. Abraham — m. Elizabeth Thomas, 1810 2. Catharine — m. George Gale, 1800.

3. Catharine-. Andrew I-air, 1803. 4. Christian— m. Sarah Ogden. 1809. 5. Eve — m. Philip
Sylcr. 1790. 6 Jean— m. George Good. 1799. 7. Margaret— b. 1758, d. 1830, 8 Mao— m.
John Palmer. 1802.

Rice.—\. Benjamin H.— m. Martha .Mexander, 1814. 2. David— m. Polly Paxton.
1804-C: Catharine, .Sally.

Richardinn. m .Arnot (woman) — Clarke Co., Ky,, 17."Wc,

Kick f 11— \. John— m. Elizabeth Hall, 1804. 2 .Sally— m. William Haislet. 1R2.V 3
Thomas— m. Mary Plimkelt. 1811.

Riddlf.— l. John— m. Catharine Dial. 1809 2. John— m. Nancy Fcnter. 1816. 3.

— 111. George Campbell. 1789.

Rilry.—]. Barbara— m Zarhariah Woods. 1B23, 2. Betsy— m, John Might. IRIS, 3,
Elizabeth— m. James Sweet. 1807 4. Margaret— m. James Elder. 1790. 5, Mary— m,
Andrew Rrnson, 1790, 6, Nancy— tn. Robert McPherson, 1801. 7, Pollv— m. Michael
Pearman. Jr. 1817.

Riplry—\. Belly— m John Waskev. 1801, 2. Catharine- m. (rtorge Barger, 1807, 3.
rhri.ilan-M, Polly Watkcy, 1807. 4, Henry— m. Abigail Banning. 1797 5, John— m.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 525

Mary Waskey, 1802. 7. Matthias— d. 1814— in. Barbara , d. 1824— C (partly minors in

1812) : Jacob, Betsy, John, Polly, Catharine, .\nn, Sally, Peggy, William, Valentine.

Risk— I. Elizabeth— dau. of William and M b. 1775, d. 1855. 2. James— m.

Elizabeth Risk, 1785. 3. James— m. Jane Fulton, 1813. 4. John— m. Jannett Brown, 1786.

5. John— m. Sarah Henderson, 1796. 6. Mary— m. John Lynch, 1795. 7. — m. Sarah

A. Paxton by 1839.

Ritchey.—\. Abel— m. Mary Wasson, 1806. 2. James— d. 1797c— m. Jain C:

(m. John Smith), Margaret (m. Evans), Jain (m. Boils), Mary (m. Me-

cartin). Able, Ann, James. 3. James— b. 1777, d. 1826. 4. James— m. Isabella Crawford.

1798. 5. John— d. 1812— m. Rebecca C: Robert (in Botetourt), Nancy (m. John

Moore), Jenny (m. William Greenwood), Peggy (m. Duncan McCahan). 6. John — d. 1780
—estate, $423.68. 7. John— m. Rebecca Miller, 1801. 7x. Joseph— m. Xancy liliea by 1777.
8. Mary— m. Andrew McCaslin, 1790. 9. Robert C— m. Ann Richey, 1797. 10. William.
Sr., and Jr.— 1769. 11. m. Mary Campbell by 1777.

Roach. — 1. Charles — m. Ehzabeth Croddy, 1804. 2. Robert— m. Rebecca McFarland,
1787. 3. m. Betsy Ptomey by 1833.

Robertson.— \. Elizabeth— m. William Stuart, 1804. 2. James— d. 1754— Martha, admr
— C : George, Alexander, post. 3. John — m. Xancy Hall, 1804. 4. Thomas — m. Catharine
Moody, 1808.

Robinson. — 1. .\nn — m. Jacob Icenhower, 1808.
2. Eleanor — m. Alexander Hamilton, 1812.

3 Eleanor — d. 1826 — sister to Elizabeth McCutchen — cousin to William Willson, Jr.,
Uriah Gillam, Betsy McCutchen (dau. of Samuel), Betsy, Willson, Betsy Benson, Betsy
(m. John McCutchen, Jr.), Xancy (m. Samuel McCutchen), Xancy (m. Joseph Mc-
Cutchen), Catharine Hodge, Drusilla Hodge. Polly Hodge, Eleanor McCutchen.

4. James— d. 1748c — m. Hannah — James, admr.

5. John — d. 1789 — m. Sarah C: John, David, Isabella (m. Kerr), Mary,

Rebecca, Sarah, Jean, Hannah.

6. John — m. Margaret Bennett by 1779.

7. John — d. 1817 — m. Eleanor C : Sally, John, David, (m. James Rob-
inson), Mitchell.

8. Margaret — m. Stephen Worley, 1812.

9. Mary— m. William Hutson, 1785.

10. Xathaniel— m. Paxton by 1762.

11. Peggy — m. James Hamilton, 1804.

12. Polly— m. Nathaniel Patton, 1797.

13. Polly— m. James Oliver, 1807.

14. Rachel— m. Robert Short, 1811.

15. Samuel — d. 1822 — bro. to Thomas.

16. Samuel — m. Hannah — Washington Co., 1779.

17. Thomas — m. Xancy Paxton — b. 1805c — g'son of Matthew.

18. William— d. 1765— m. Isabella— C: John.

19. William— m. McCalpin by 1789.

20. m. Margaret Wallas— C (1779): William.

Rogers. — 1. Anniel— m. Rachel Campbell by 1826. 2. Betsy — m. Carson, 1810.

3. David— d. 1809— m. Elizabeth C: Jeremiah, 4 "darters." 4. David— m. Eliza-
beth Olingar, 1798. 5. Irene— m. James McCormicI;. 6. James— d. 1760— .Ann, admr.
Walter Smiley on bond— estate, $114.42. 7. John— d. 1813— C: Thomas, Irene, Margaret.

8. Milly— m. William Griffith, 1822. 9. Robert— ni. Sally Starke. 1796. 10. m. Peggy

Culton by 1826. 11. m. Mary Davidson by 1834.

526 A UISTURY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

RoUin.—Juau — stepson to Charles Boylcj, whu married the widow, Rebecc*, by
1794.

Hoss.—l. Randolph— m. Betsy Miller. 1810. 2. Rebecca— m. James Gore, 1790. 3.
Reuben— m. Nancy Miller, 1817.

Rowan. — 1. Thomas — m. Susanna Donahow, 1789. 2, William — m. lilizabeth Occro-
man, 1814?"3. m. Mary Davies by 1786.

KowlUoH.—l. Heyburn — in. Peggy Morris, 1799. 2. Jane— m. Richard Parsons, 1815.

3. Nathaniel— d. 1839— C: 1-ang, Uvina (m. John Dold. 1816). Rachel (m. Short).

Margaret (m. Peter Lance), Mary (b. 1781, d. 1859, m. Adam Beats, 1801),— m. Ann .

4. Sylvanus — m. Mary Parsons, 1813. 5. Sylvanus — m. Mary Smith, 1822. 6. William — d.
1836 — . Kcziah — C; .^scriah, lilscy (dau.1 Ann, Jane, Sylvanus.

Ruff.— I. Catharine— m. David Hall, 1794. 2. Elizabeth- m. John Dalton. 1796. 3.
Jacob — d. 1799c — C (by 1st w.) : Peter, Henry, George, John, Peggy, 5 other dau— (by
2d w.) : Andrew, Jacob, Sally. 4. John— son of 3— b. 1783, d. 1858, m. Hennetta .

5. John— m. Martha Wallace— C( 1836) : Samuel W., Ainanda (m. Jacob G. Sheltman).
Jacob M., Rebecca (m. Henry Imboden), Magdalen C. (m. Joseph Spriggs), 1-llizabcth G.,
ilartha. Susan P., Jane, John A., William. 6. Malhias — ra. Mary Cawful, 1796. 7. Sally—
m. Peter Eagle, 1809.

Rulfy.—\. Jacob— C (1821): 5. 2. Jacob T.— m. Sarah Marlin, 1805 3. Jacob T.— m.
Ann Irvine, 1821. 4. Matulda— m. Ann Hart. 1821. 5. William— m. Catharine Cohcnowcr,
1813. 6. William W.— b. 1816, d. 1876-m. Rebecca G. Thomas. 1840— C: John F.. Nancy
J., Burtnoy W., Sarah E., Zachary .\., William ]., James A., David K., Hugh P., Thomas
M.. Julia A., Robert L. -,. ^^

Rutsell. — I. Florence — m. William Brooks, 1798. 2. James — m. Margaret Wilson,
1791. 3. Joshua— m. Elizabeth -Xgcr, 1822. 4. Martha— m. James Brown. 1786. 5. Mary-
James Roljerlson. 1789. 6. Malthcw— m. Jane Henderson, 7. Polly — m. Samuel Mays, 1811.

8. Samuel— m. Rebecca Miller, 1811. 9. Samuel— d. 1832— m. Hannah , 1827. 10.

Stephen— m. Sally Dean, 1818. 11. William— 1778.

Ruil.—\. Catharine— m. George Michael. 1816. 2. Philip— d. 1808— ra. Mary .

3. m. Elizabeth Coswell by 1805.

Ryan.—\. Charles— m. Sally Griffith. 1822. 2. Sally— m. Daniel Baggs, 1801.

Sailing. — 1. George — d. 1788 — ni. Hannah C: William. Henry, George, John.

Peggy. 5 other dau. 2. George — m. Tilly Carter, 1791. 3. Henry— 1. 1834c— m. Lucy Darst.

1815. 4. John— g'son of 5. John P.— 1. 1755 — m. Ann C: George .\., John. Cairinr

(m. Henry Fuller by 1751), Mary E. (m. Joseph Burton, 1755). 6. Magdalen— m. John
Booker. 1797. 7. Peter- m. Rebecca Holmes, 1787. 8. Polly— m. Byrd Goodwin, 1804.

Saunders— \. Jacob— m. Malinda Douglass. 1820. 2. Mary— m. William Williams,
1811. 3. Nancy— m. Thomas McCullongh, 1820.

5'ati7/c.— 1. Abraham— m. Martha Kecbler— C : George (m. Betsy Bogan, 1808). Robert
(m. Martha Skccn. 1810). Abraham (m. Elizabeth J. Whiteman, 1817). Joseph (m. Polly
Skeen, 1822), William (m. Jane Skecn. 1816), Samuel (m. Ann Saville, 1816), Jacob (m.
I. Phel)c Skeen. 1818. 2. Susanna Leech, 1823, 3. Nancy Snaler, 1828), Mary (m. John
McHenry).

2. George— son of 1— C : John (m. Sue Shafer, 1832).

3. Jacob— son of 1— C: Susan (by 2d m ) : by 3d m.— .Margaret A., Sarah E.. I.ianna.
Nancy M., Man' K.. Martha J.. Emily. Driisilla, Hannah V.. John L.. William, Joseph.
Jacob.

4. Joseph — son of 8 — C; William. J. .Sidney, Charles, Narcissa. Janeiia. Francis C,
Virginia.

5. Margaret— ro. I^wrence Roberts. 1803.

6. Nancy— m. William Leighion, 1812.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 527

7. Patsy— m. William Struthers, 1816.

8. Robert— son of 10.

9. Robert— son of 1— C : Abraham (m. 1. Elizabeth Deisher, 1842, 2. Harriet Deisher),
Joseph (m. Frances M. Circle, 1846), Samuel (m. Mary Turpm), William (m. out of
county), Robert (m. Jane A. Wilson, 1856), John (m. out of county), Mary (m. Mathias
Rapp, 1834), Martha (m. J. Frank Wilson, 1851).

10. Samuel— C: Abraham (see 1), Robert.

Sayers.—\. David— m. Elizabeth Paxton, 1794. 2. John— d. 1789— m. Elizabeth

— C: William, Mary (m. Bater), Priscilla (m. Gore). 3. Robert— d. 1756— bro.

to David — C ; Robert. 4. m. Susanna Thomas by 1827.

Scott.— 1. Andrew— d. 1824— C: John, Jesse (has Andrew, Mary), Jean (m. Aron
Beaty), Robert (has Nancy), Elizabeth, Andrew F.), Andrew.

2. Andrew— son of 1— C: Polly, William, David.

3. Andrew — m. Agnes Leach, 1791.

4. Ann — m. Jacob Ford, 1813.

5. Ann — m. David Hopkins, 1818.

6. Hannah— m. William Lyet, 1792.

7. Hugh— d. 1807— C: Hendray, Moses, Xancy, Sally, Ebley, Ann, Hannah, Molly.

8. Isabella— m. David Bagges, 1790.

9. Jacob — b. 1748 — orphan of John.

10. Jane— m. John Smith, 1821.

11. James— d. 1818— m. Mary .

12. John— m. Esther Houston, 1795.

13. John — m. Martha Cumins, 1814.

14. John — m. Rebecca Davies, 1816.

15. John — m. Ann McCampbell, 1816.

16. Joseph— d. 1808— C: John, Hannah, Patsy.

17. Margaret — m. Addison Gihnore, 1823.

18. Margaret — m. Thomas Leech, 1810.

19. Margaret— m. David Lyle, 1819.

20. Mary— m. Philip Reed, 1792.

21. Mary- m. John Reid, 1819.

22. Matilda— m. John Sprowl, 1820c.

23. Nancy— m. James McKee, 1807.

24. Nancy — m. Joseph Paxton, 1801.

25. Phoebe — m. Benjamin Kirkpatrick, 1792.

26. Robert— m. Sally H. Price, 1805.

27. Sally— m. William M. McMath, 1810.

28. Sally— m. Samuel Moore, 1800.

29. Sally— m. William Moore, 1818.

30. Smith— m. Betsy Moore, 1801.

31. Thomas— d. 1797— m. Sarah C: Andrew, Sarah, Margaret, John, Harri-
son, Smith, Thomas.

32. Thomas— m. Rebecca Leech, 1822.

33. Thomas— m. Elizabeth Mullen, 1807.

34. William — m. Margaret Alexander, 1790.

35. William— m. Nancy Bogle, 1793.

36. William H.— m. Ann Houston, 1804.
37. m. Fanny Ramsay by 1789.

528 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

38. m. Elizabeth Moore by 1808.

39. m. Betsy Fiiiley— C (1816): Betsy, Mary.

SfO.—l. George — d. 1752 — estate. $530.62. 2. James — d. 1759— appraisers, Jatnes Mc-
Cowcn, Isaac ,\iidcrson, Jacob Anderson, Alexander Walker. 3. Martin— <1. 1807 — m.

Margaret Stokes, 1785 — C (by l$t w.) : John, Dolly (m. Render), Mary (m.

Lemons), John Nalus Coonrod, George.

Sfacolt.—\. Charles — m. Nancy Kirkwood. 1796. 2. Peggy — m. Mark Jacobs, 1796.

Sehorn.— Cathy— b. 1789. d. 1831, m. Elizabeth Montgomery, 1812— C; Martha (m.

McClintic), .Marion (b. 1817, M. Kebecca Wallace). Masillon (m. Jane Kapp),

Montgomery (s), Lafayette (b. 1825, m. 1. Jean Johnston, 2. Sarah M. Johnston).

Shainor. — William — son of George and Elizabeth — h. in Pa., 1774, d. 1858 — m. Elizabeth
Crawford, 1801.

Sharp.— I. Joseph— <1. 1803c— C: Lucp. 2. m. Mary Porter by 1803. 3.

— m. Jenny Johnston by 1818. 4. m. Polly Welch by 1821.

Sliavfr.—] Dolly— m. William Bargar, 1822. 2. John— m. Christiana Troxall. 1806.
3. John— m. Eleanor Miller, 1822. 4. Polly— m. John Croddy. 1822.

Sliatf. — 1. Catharine — m. Richard Paltison, 1795. 2. David — m. Margaret West, 1789.
3. Esther — m. Daniel Matthews, 1801. 3x. George — m. Nancy Maiss, 1796. 4. James — m.
Judy Davis, 1817. S. John— m. Sally Paxton. 1796. 6. John— m. Isal>el McCalpin. 1816.
7. John L.— m. Sally Davidson, 1803. 8. Polly— m. Edward Bryan, 1819. 9. Susanna— m.
Daniel Davis, 1816.

Shellman. — 1. Jacob G. — Amanda RufT. 2. Sarah — m. John .Smith. 1817.

Shields. — 1. Alexander — m. Phebe Caruthers, 17"X>— C: George W., John N., Ann C,
Mary.

2. Ann — m. Peter Larew, 1795.

3. Ann C. — m. John A. Cummings, 1818.

4. Catharine— m. Richard W. Chandler, 1819.

5. Elizabeth — m. James Creag. 1792.

6. Esther — m. James Barclay, 1795.

7. Henry— m. Elizabeth Mitchell, 1790.

8. James — d. 1749c — estate, $337.51 — m. Jane C: John, ward of John.

9. James— <1. 1808c-m. Rachel C: Rachel (m. John McCullock). John (has

Rachel), Patsy, Joseph, Sally, William. Polly (m. John Sloan); a dau. m. John Camden.

10. James — m. Kizia Bane, 1811.

11. James— m. Rachel Anderson, 1786— <1. 1808c— C : Rachel (m. John McCullock).
John (has Rachel), Patsy. Joseph. Sally, William T., Polly (m. John Sloan); a dau. m.
John Camden.

11. John— m. .Margaret d. 1775— C (1749): John, William. Thomas. Robert,

Patrick (?) Mary.

12. John — m. Pamela Camden, 1822.

13. Patsy— m. Robert Moderwill, 1809.

14. William— ffl. Eleanor Black, 1787.

15. William— ni. .Mary Thompson. 1797.

16. man— m. Hoflman— C (1817): Catharine.

ShirUy.—\. Elizabeth— m. Samuel Patterson, 1787. 2 Mary— m. James Gardner
1788.

Short.— \. Adam— m. Elizabeth Asly. 1798. 2. John— m. Nancy Downs, 1820. 3
Robert— m. Rachel Robinson, 1811. 4. m. Rachel Rowlinson by 1839.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 529

67iK//r.— 1. Adam— m. Sally Hoffman, 1815. 2. Henry— m. Elizabeth Nephews, 1819.
3. m. Mary Stoner by 1826.

Simonds. — 1. John — m. Rebecca Thompson, 1798. 2. Magdalena G. — m. Rebecca Miller
1823. Alargaret, Sr. — d. 1815. 4. Richard — m. Nancy Hart, 1812. 5. Susanna — m. John
McKee, 1798.

SissoH. — 1 Caleb — d 1807 — w. and C. 2. Stanley — m. Catharine Kirkwood, 1796.

Sicer. — 1, Catharine — m. Conrode Siders, 1811. 2. Elizabeth — m. Michael Nicely, 1808.
3. Margaret— m. John Wilhelm, 1819.

Skeen.—l. Elizabeth— m. John McNabb, 1804. 2. Henry— d. 1810— C : Polly, Peggy,
Matty. 3. James — m. Matty Millikin by 1815. 4. Jane — m. William Saville, 1816. 5. John
m. Elizabeth Ford, 1798. 6. Martha — m. Charles Ayres, 1812. 7. Matty — m. Samuel
Mateer, 815. 8. Phoebe— m. Jacob Sabille, 181S. 9. Polly— m. Joseph Savill, 1822. 10.

Robert — d. 1795 — m. Barbara — C: William, Henry, Joseph, Jonathan, Martha,

Robert, Elizabeth (m. Spear). 11. Robert— m. Polly Hart, 1817. 12. William— d. 1817

— C; Robert, William, Jonathan, Joseph, James, Samuel (b. 1802c), Rhoda, Martha (m.

). 13. William— m. Elizabeth Priestly, 1790. 14. William— d. 1831— m. Jane Kincaid,

1822 — bro. to Robert — C : James, Isaiah, Samuel.

Sloan. — 1. John — d. 1830 — m. Polly Shields — C: Alexander, James, Mary, Robert,
Jackson, Rachel, Matthew, John. 2. Mary — dau. of James and Rachel — b. 1784, d. 1857, s.
3. Rosanna — m. William McClintic, 1796.

Sly. — 1. Henry — m. Rachel Tankersly, 1822. 2. Jonathan — m. Ann Good, 1811.

Stnilcy. — 1. Alexander — d. 1748c — m. Mary — minor C. 2. Eleanor — m. John

Winegar, 1812. 3. J m. Sally , b. 1782, d. 1858. 4. James— m. Barbara Potter,

1823. 5. James — m. Polly Finley, 1802. 6. James — m Susanna Garner, 1805. 7. Jane — m.
Samuel Paxton. 8. Jean— m Richard Denton, 1791. 9. John— m. Jean Steele. 1809. 10.
John — m. Hannah McClure — b. 1750c. 11. Mary — widow — 1784. 12. Polly — m. Thomas
Reed, 1799. 13. Rebecca— m. Hugh Rhea, 1796. 14. Robert— m. Mary Armstrong by 1837.
15. Susan — b. 1790c — m. Samuel Moore. 15x. Samuel D. — m. Martha Paxton. 16. Susanna

— m. Samuel Paxton, 1816. 18. Walter— d. 1817- m. Ann , d. 1823— C: Walter,

James, Archibald, Rebekah (see 13), .'\mi, Polly m. Rhea), Eleanor (see 2) —

Daniel, admr.

Smith.— \. Abraham— m. Polly Gore, 1822.

2. Abraham — m. Juliet Lyie by 1793.

3. Barbara— m. Charles Keller, 1789.

4. Edward— m. Harriet Allen, 1821.

5. Elizabeth — m. William Newcomer, 1820.

6. Elizabeth — m. Abraham Edmondson, 1815.

7. Francis R. — m. Peggy Holmes, 1822.

8. George — m. Mary Garvin, 1803.

9. George — m. Rachel Church, 180.

10. Grace — m. James Lawrence, 1811.

11. James — m. Caty Letshaw, 1821.

12. James — m. Betsy Ayres, 1817.

13. Jennet — m. Alexander Campbell, 1786.

14. Jeremiah — m. Rachel Parrat, 1805.

15. John— d. 1802c— C (minors) : Grace, John, William

16. John — m. Peggy Forehand, 1820.

17. John— m. Richey by 1797.

18. John— d. 1822— m. Elener C: Henry, James, Thomas.

530 A niSToKV OK ROCKBRJlXiE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

19. John— m. Jane Scott. 1821.

20. John— ni. Peggy Gore, 1822.

21. John— m. Nelly Gaylor, 1791.

22. John— m. Sarah Shcltman, 1817.

23. Joseph— m. Peggy Kirkpatrick, 1818.

24. Levi — in. Ann Counes, 1814.

25. Martha-m. Hugh Barclay, 1792.

26. Mary— m. James Bridget, 1786.
Z}. Mary— ni. John Campbell, 1788.

28. Nancy — m. Sylvanus kowlinson, 1822.

29. Nancy— m. James Willson, 1823.

30. Rachel (widow)— m. William Adams, 1821.

31. Kachcl— m. Thomas Morris, 1823.
il. Rachel— m. Charles Uean, 1818.
a. Robert— m. Catharine Reid, 1796.
34. Robert— m. Catharine Rcid, 17%.

34. Sally— m. Enoch Keller. 1821.

35. Samuel- m. Jean Cunningham, 1806. ,

36. Samuel— m. Mary Dunn, 1808.

yt. Samuel— m. Elizabeth Thornton, 1810.

38. Samuel R.— m. Margaret Fuller, 1818.

39. Scth— m. Mary Uostctter, 1814.

40. Theophilus— m. Rachel Gill. 1797.

41. Thomas— k. 1757— C: John (captive).

42. William— m. Mrs. Steel— d. 1756— C: Post.

43. William— m. Hannah Mould, 1787.

44. William — m. Nancy Taylor, 1799.

45. William— m. Mary McCalpin. 1799.

46. William— m. Polly Foran, 1814.

47. m. Mary McDonald by 1757.

48. m. Nancy Paxton.

Snidtr.—\. David E.— b. at Winchester, 1770, d. 1855. 2. Frederick— 1833. 3. Isaac—

m. Lee Watkins, 1806. 4. John— d. 1838— m. Barbara C: John, Daniel. Elizabeth

(m. Jacob Kern), Rebecca, Mary .\. 5. Susan — m Daniel Werner, 1808.

Snndgrajs. — 1. Elizabeth — m. Samuel Moore, 1806. 2. Elizabeth — m. Andrew Mitchell,

1811 3. Nancy— m. John Houston. 1815. 4. Robert— d. 1795— m. Elizabeth C:

Robert, Elizabeth, 1 other. 5. Robert — m. Mary White. 6. Samuel — m. Elizal>eth .\dair.
1792. 7. m. Agnes McClung by 1812.

Solomon.—}. Adam— m. Polly Miller, 1815. 2. John— m. Elizabeth Martin. 1789.
3. Mar)'— m. Peter Dagger, 1794.

Sptfr.—\. Jenny— m. William Keller, 1820. 2. John— m. Mary Marbarger, 1792. 3
John— m. Mary Houston. 1797. 4. Robert — m. Agnes Williams, 1795.

.S><-ii<-<-.— 1. Esther— d. 18(J8. 2. Grizzy— m. Robert McCalpin. 1811. 3. John— m.
Isabella McCormick, 1786. 4. Robert— m. Nancy FjIIcv. 1816 5. William— m. Policy
Anderson, 1793.

Sfrotvl. — I. James — m. Catharine by 1786. 2. William— m. Rebecca Baker,

1800. 3. William— d. 1798-m. Elizabeth C 4. William— m (1) Jane . 1757.

(2) Susanna . 1773— C (by 1st w) ; James, Alexander (m. Jane Heard. 1781), Wil-
liam; (by 21 w.— Joseph, Oliver, John (m. Matilla Scott, 1820c), CItarles. Samuel. Jane

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

531

(m. John Weir, 1793), Silney (m. Joseph Beard, 1799), Mary (s), Martha (m. Robert
Hutchinson), Fanny, Nancy. 5. C (1806) : William, James, Joseph, Elizabeth.

Standoff. — 1. Ann~m. James Fori, 1800. 2. Catharine — m. John Connor, 1810. 3.
Elizabeth — m. Thomas Connor, 1800. 4. Jenny — m. George Black, 1806. 5. John — m. Mary

C: Hannah (b. 1780, d. 1855, m. George Armentrout), 6. Margaret — m. David

Hosteter, 1806. Polly— m. Valentine Hart, 1795. 8. Sally— m. John Ra, 1809.

Starke.— \. John— Polly Whiteside, 1802. 2. Sally— ni. Robert Rogers, 1796.

Steele.— \. Adam— m. Christina Wyand, 1798.

2. Andrew— C (1749) : Samuel (b. 1738).

3. Catharine — m. John Thompson, 1787.

4. David — d. 1747 — C : Robert, Nathaniel. Martha (m. Teas), Jane, Isabella

(m. Moses McClure, 1745c, d. 1797), Rebecca, Janet.

5. David — d. 1809 — C : Samuel, Joseph, Isaac.

6. David — in Washington Co., 1777.

7. David — m. Agnes Trimble, 1789 — C: Joseph.

8. Eleanor— m. John Allen, 1790.

9. Elizabeth— m. John Martin, 1798.

10. Jacob— ni. Patsy Paxton, 1817.

11. James— b. 1735, d. 1802, m. Sarah Wright— C: Andrew (b. 1766, d. 1832, m.
Elizabeth Tate, 1795), Sarah (s) Martha (m. Daniel Henderson), Samuel (m, Fanny Hun-
ter), John (s).

12. James— m. Nancy T. Hall, 1798.

13. James W. — m. Betsy Anderson, 1818.

14. Jane — dau. of David of 28 — m. George McCormick.

15. Jean— m. John Smiley, 1809.

16. Jean— m. William Bodkin, 1808.

17. Jean — m. Bernard Kayton, 1794.

18. Jenet — m. Richard Cowden, 1799. i

19. Jenny — m. Peter Alexander, 1787.

20. John — m. Mary Morris, 1791.

21. Margaret — m. David Buchanan, 1789.

22. Margaret — m. John Moore, 1787.

23. Martha— m. Robert Cooper, 1789.

24. Mary — m. Nathaniel Cox, 1812.

25. Nancy — m. John McClure, 1775c.

26. Nathaniel — d. 1796 — m. Rosanna C: Eleanor (m. David McClure), Ro-

sanna (m. Samuel McClure. 1782), Mary (m. Halbert McClure), (m. Archibald

Blackburn), Martha (m. Robert Cooper, 1789), Nathaniel (d. 1802).

27. Nathaniel— m. Jean McCleland, 1802.

28. Robert— son of 2— d. 1800— C: Mary, Eleanor (see 8), Martha (m. Thomas Pax-
ton), John (had John), William, David (b. 1755c, m. Mary Steele of Samuel).

29. Robert— m. Jane by 1768.

30. Robert— m. Elizabeth Johnston, 1823.

31. Sally— m. John Peters. 1821.

32. Sally— m. William Patterson, 1795.

a. Samuel — m. Campbell by 1753 — C: James.

34. Samuel — m. Sarah Trimble by 1816 — C: John.

35. Samuel— d. 1808— C: Robert, Samuel, William, Polly (m. Beard), Margaret

(see 21), Sally (see 32).

5j2 a history of rockbbidce county, vibginia

36. Samuel— <L 1821— bro. to Joseph — m. Betsy L C: David T.

37. Samuel— m. Sally Gum, 1811.

37x. Samuel— b. 1/W, d. 1790, m. Fulton— C: James (»ee 11), Samuel (b. 1736.

d. 1808— m. Sarah Hunter), Andrew (b. 1743, d. 180(1, m. Mary ), Mary (m. Da%-id

Steele, see 28), Margaret (see 21), Martha, Sarah.

38. Thomas — Giles Co. Tenn., 1802 — C : Samuel, Jane, David.

39. Thomas W. D.— m. J E. McChesney, 1818.

40. Thomas— d. 1761c— C: David.

41. William — m. Rebecca McCIung — C: Elizabeth.
42. m. Agnes Coaltcr by 1784.

43. m. Margaret Parks by 1793.

44. m. Jane Leech by 1821.

45. m. Elizabeth Taylor by 1828 — C : Ann.

Sltphemon. — 1. Andrew — m. Sarah by 1766. 2. James — m. Jane? . 3.

John— m. Elizabeth Cloyd, 1830. 4. John— m. Elizabeth Paxton, 1788. S. Joseph— m.

Susanna McClurc, 1794. 6. (Man) m. Walkup by 1787— C: Joseph, Jean, Mary.

Margaret.

Sterrett.—]o\\n—m. Polly Mayiiought, 1795. William B.— in. Lucinda Paxton. 1830— C ;
Isabella (m. Joseph G. Steele, Jr.), Knialine (m. Charles Dodd), William (ni. Lizzie Mc-
Corkle), Aurelia (m. Douglass McCorkle).

Stevenson. — 1. John — m. Martha Warwick, k. by Indians— C: Thomas (k. at Blue Lick,
1782), Samuel. 2, Samuel — son of 1 — b. 1744 — m. Jean Gay— C : James (b. 1772), John.

Stighlealher. — 1. George — m. Nancy Gordon, 1807. 2. Peter— <1. 1821— m. Eve ,

d. 1828.

Stonrr — Henry— d. 1828 — m. Eve — C: Jacob, Betty (m. Snider), George,

Katharine (m. Stricklin), Eve (m. Cox), Mary (m. Shultz).

Sloops.— X. Betty— m. John Clyburn, 1815. 2. David— m. Abigail Williams, 1795. 3
Jane (or Ann)— m. Strother L. McElheny, 1817. 4. Philip— m. Ann McCormick. 1789. 5.
Rachel— m. Patrick Naylor. 1798. 6. Robert— d. 1797— m. Rachel Milor, 1786— C: Thomas.
Betsy, Nancy, James, David, John, Robert, post.

Strickland. — 1. Mary— m. William Carpenter, 1786. 2. William— m. Christiana Hart,

mZ. 3. m. Nancy Tody by 1804. 4. m. Catharine Sloner by 1826. 5.

Strickler — m. Mary Moneymaker by 1812.

Strother.— I. James— m. Elizabeth Savile, 1819. 2. William— m. Patsy Savile, 1816

Stuart.— \. Alexander- m. Polly Walker by 1797.
~^ Afexander — m. Mary Patterson by 1763.

3. Alexander B.-b. 1796, d. 1886, m. Elizabeth A. .

4 Archil..-il(l— d. 1759— m. Janet Brown— C : Thomas (b. 1732), Alexander (b. 1735),
Eleanor, Benjamin.

5. Benjamin — son of 4— C: Archibald (b. 1757, d. 1831), Robert, Alexander. James.

6. Elizabeth— b 1755, d. 1826, m. William Paxton.

7. Elir-"!.-'!.— 'widow)— <1. 1825— C: J<>hn, Walker, (m William Walker)— Ann

E., a g'dau.

8. Janir%— servant to John McKee, 1779.

9. James— m. Montgomery by 1779.

10. John-m. Elizabeth Walker by 1797.

11. John — Jane McCown.

12. John — m. Jenny Wardlaw, 1790.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 533

13. John— d. 1831 — m. Elizabeth Walker — C : James, John, Robert, Margaret, Hugh,
Alexander, Walker, Mary — a dau. m. William Walker — Ann E., a g'dau.

12. John— b. 1740, living, 1806c.

13. Julia A. — b. 17SSc — dau of Thomas — m. William Lyle, 1784.

14. Mary— m. John McClung, 1788.

15. Mary — m. James McLaughlin, 1786.

16. Mary b. 1732— m. John Hamilton, 1748.

17. Mary P.— d. 1834— a sister to John M., Betsy (m. McClure).

18. Polly— m. Edward Hull.

19. Polly (widow)— d. 1838 — sister to w. of 11 and .Me.xander Walker.

20. Rebecca— m. John Porter, 1809.

21. Robert — m. Betsy McClung — son of 5— C: John, (m. William Walker)

Walker, Dolly.

22. Robert— d. 1827— C : .Mexander, Mary P. (see 16), Elizabeth (m. Mc-
Clure), Jane, Isabella.

23. Robert— m. Polly Armstrong, 1792.

24. Susanna — g'dau. to Andrew Kinnear — 1809.

25. Thomas— m. Margaret Wasson, 1804.

26. Walker — m. Mary C: Mary, John, Alexander, James, William.

27. William— m. Elizabeth Robertson, 1804.
28. m. William Lyle, 1770c.

Summers. — 1. Adam — m. Mary Kiddy, 1802. 2. Jane Somers — m. Robert Poage. .

Sutton. — 1. Hugh — merchant, 1790. Martin — m. Mary Smith, 1787.

Sweet. — 1. Dorcas — m. Joshua Parks, 1816. 2. Elizabeth — m. Thomas Hatfield, 1812.
3. James — m. Rosey Gibson, 1792. 4. James — m. Elizabeth Riley, 1807

Szfisher. — 1. Henry — m. Susan Trout. 1812. 2. Jacob — son of George and N of

Aug. Co. — b. 1780, d. 1857, m. Catharine S. . 3. Nancy W. — m. Alexander Paxton,

1836.

Swoope. — George — son of Peter — b. in Pa. 1776, d. 1853.

Syders. — 1. Conrad — m. Catharine Sizcr, 1811. 2. Elizabeth — dau. of Frederick — b.
1779, d. 1860, m. John Tribbett. 3. Henry— m. Catharine Motherspel, 1810. 4. John— m.
Margaret .'\igner, 1811. 5. Xancy — m. .Mexandcr McNabb, 1819. 6. Polly — m. Henry
Frush, 1818. 7. m. Susannah Agnor by 1824.

Sylor.—\. Margaret E. . James Flint, 1809. 2. Philii>— m. Eve Rodes, 1790. 3.

Polly— m. Robert Campbell, 1812. 4. Sarah— m. William Tidd, 1802.

Tapley. — Elizabeth — servant of James Greenlee, 1750.

Tapscoll.—l. Allison— m. Margaret Epiy, 1812. 2. Robert— m. Jane Taylor, 1810.

Taw*<T.r/r.V.— Richard— d. 1821— m. Nancy Leech, 1800— C: Polly, Rachel.

Tale.— I. Eliza— m. Allison Ford, 1803. 2. John— k. 1781— m. Sarah , who later

m. Hugh Fulton— C: Thomas, John (m. Jane ). 3. John— b. 1752, d. 1834. 4. Mary — m.

John Fnllen, 1809. 5. Robert— m. Margaret McClung — C: Ellen, Phoebe, Rebecca. 6.

Samuel — m. Elizabeth Alexander, 1785. 7. Thomas— m. Campbell, 1780c. 8. William —

m. Nancy McCormick, 1809.

Taylor. — 1. Aaron — m. Elizabeth Maupin, 1821.

2. Abigail — m. John Harvey, 189.

3. Abigail- m. John Tolly, 1809.

4. Andrew — m. Ann Wilson, cousin — C : Nathaniel.

5. Andrew — orphan of Daniel, 1810.

6. Andrew— b. in Ireland, 1795, d. 1879.

534 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRinC.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

7. Archibald— m. Nincy McCorkle. 1812.

8. Barbara — m. James Ucx>re, 1812.

9. Daniel — d. 1809 — uncle to John and William— m. Mary — C: Andrew,

Isaac

10. Daniel— b. i;75c— m. Ann .

11. Daniel— d. in Ohio. 1815c.

12. David— d. 1825— C: James. David, Peggy (m. Dickey Beard. 1800).

13. David-b. 1785. d. 1827.

14. Elizabeth— «'dau. of Mary Mackey. 1810.

15. Elizabeth (widow)— d. 1799— C: Jemima. Isabella. William, Thomas (d. 1799).

16. Elizabeth — m. Andrew .\micc. 1810.

17. Fanny — m. .\mos Thomas, 1808.

18. George— <1. 1801 — m. Letty bro. to Susanna and Nancy — C : Mark, Silas

George, Sally. Betsy, Polly (b. 1780c), Nancy.

19. Hugh P.— bro. to Elizabeth Steele. Nancy Thomas— 1834.

21. Isabella — witness. 1747 — surety. Isaac.

22. Isabella— m. Samuel Paxton, 1800.

23. James — m. Catharine McClure, 1800c.

24. James— d. 1801— ni. Annfl Paul, 1768— C: Nathaniel (same as 38?), James (see
2Sx). William M. (Tenn.), Phctbc (m. John Patton, 1812), Nancy (b. 1788, d. 1833. m

Amos Thomas), .\udlev. Cauflcld. Elizabeth (m. Steele). Hugh P. (s), Stuart

Tenn?).

25. James— son of 38— (1) Ann Reid. 1801. (2) Elizabeth McCorkle. 1805. (3)
(see 50), John (see iZ). Rebecca (see 45), .\rchibald (see 7), Andrew, Catharine McClure,
1806.

26. Jame-s— son of David and Grace— b. 1778. d 1858.

27. Jane— m. Robert Tapscott. 1810.

28. Jemima— m. Thomas Lackey, 1801.

29. John— d. 1777— estate, $50.

30. John — m Nancy Cunningham. 1806.

31. John— m. Esther d. 1770— C: John. 10 others.

32. Mary — m. James Lawson. 1810

33. Mary — m. John McNaughton. ITT

34. Nacy— m. John (Jore. 1815.

35. Nancy— m. William Smith, 1799.

36. Nathaniel— b. 1772. d 1816— «on of 4— m. Mary Patton, 1791

37. Patsy— m. John Nowel. 1808.

38. Peggy— m. William CuniiinRham, 1807.
39 Peggy— m Peter Lowry. 1806.

40. Phoel>e— m. John Patton. 1812.

41. Polly— m. Charles Bodkin. 1820.

42. Polly— m. Weston Mills. 1806

43. Rebecca— m. Henry Green. 1799.

44. Robert— m. Agoes McCroskey. 1795.
45 .Sally— m. John Elliott, 1798.

46. Sally-m. William Tollry. 1800.

47. Samurl— m. Catharine Walker. 1793.

48. Stewart- »on of 24— h. 1795, d. 1874-m Martha E. Hickman, 1819— C: William.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 535

Mary, Eliza J., James, Archibald. Rebecca, Andrew, Hulda, Rachel, Christy A., John.

49. Thomas— k. by tree, 1749c— estate, $105.33— m. Elizabeth Paxton.

50. William — m. Susan McDowell.

51. William— d. 1807— ni. Ruthy C: John, William, Polly, Peggy, Betty,

Sarah (see 45).

52. William— d. 1768— C: Isaac. William, James, 1 minor son— will mentions An-
drew, Martha, Esbel, Jemima.

53. William— m. Jean Guffey, 1792.

54. William— m. Elizabeth Bodkins, 1819.

55. Capt. m. Campbell, 1790c.

56. m. Ann Reed by 1815.

57. C: George (m. Paul), James (m. Ann Paul), William Caufould,

John (see 31).

Tedford.—l. Alexander— d. 1793— m. Mary C: James, Elizabeth, Robert,

William, David, Alexander, Jean (m. James McKee, 1782).

2. Alexander — m. Mary McCampbell, 1787.

3. Alexander— d. 1781— bro. to John— m. Jane C (minor) : Sarah.

4. Alexander — m. Elizabeth McClung, 1797.

4x. Andrew Telford — m. Priscilla Robertson, 1777.

5. David— d. 1784— m. Eleanor C: James, John, Agnes.

6. Hugh — at Falling Springs, 1740c.

7. James — b. 1763 — son of .Alexander.

8. James — m. Maty McCroskey, 1785.

9. James — m. Jane McCroskey, 1789.

10. James — m. Agnes Dickson by 1797.

11. Martha — m. James Alexander, 1794.

12. Mary — m. Samuel Dickson, 1789.

13. Robert— d. 1791— m. Sarah C: George. James, Robert, Mary.

14. Sarah — g'dau. to James Edmondson, 1782.
16. Sarah — m. Elihu Barclay, 1796.

16. Samuel— m. Elizabeth Cull, 1786.

17. William— m. Rebecca McClung, 1798.

Temple— \. Boston— d. 1830— m. Mary A. C: Peter, Catharine, Elizabeth, Mary

\.. Eve M., George. Henry, John, Boston, William. 2. John— m. Jenny Wardlaw, 1790.
3. John— b. 1795, d. 1841.

Templctoi\.—\. David— m. Mary McClure, 1791. 2. David— m. Betsy Grigsby. 1818.
3. David— d. 1824. 4. Ellen— m. Rudolph Hawp, 1819 5. James— d. in Henry Co., Ind.
1829. 6. James— m. Elizabeth Edmondson, 1792 7. John J.— b. 1785, d. 1857. m. Sally

Wilson. 8. Robert— son of John and M b. 1781, d. 1857— m. Sarah . 9. Robert

— m. Patsy Dickson, 1809. 10. Sarah— m. Jemison Cochran, 1821.

Tennant.—\. Elizabeth— m. Elijah West, 1798. 2. Mary— m. John Marshall, 1803. 3.
Nancy — m. Charles Coehorn, 1799.

Tharp.—l. Fanny— m. William Porter, 1796. 2. William— m. Polly Clark, 1813.

Thomas.— \. Amos— m. Fanny (or Nancy) Taylor. 1808— C: Elvira (m. Coleman
Dempsey), Elizabeth (m. Charles Daniels), Lorissa (m. James Reed), Polly (m. James
Rowsey), Ann (m. John Bowycr), Rebecca G. (m. William W. Ruley, 1840), Rachel

(m. Joseph Milan), James. 2. Casper— d. 1828— in Magdalene C: Peter, Susanna

(ni. Sayer), John, Elizabeth (m. .Vbraham Roads, 1810). Rebecca (m Beaver),

Esther (m. John Beaver, 1810). 3. Catharine— m. Benjamin Davis, 1808. 4. Gasper— m.

536

A HISTORY OP ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Polly Plott. 1811. S. Is*ac— m. Harriet Watkins by 1838. 6. Mary— tn. Samuel Moore.

1801. 7. Peggy— m. David Beaver. 1818. 8. m. Polly XfcKamon, 1810.

Thomf'soH.—\. Dolly— in. Samuel Kinncrly, 1812.

Z F.lizabelh — ni. James Riley, 1795.

3. Harriet— m. .^d.•lm Holdcn, 1819.

A. Henry — m. Jenny Campbell, 1788.

5. Isaac— m. Mary Duff, 1786.

6. James— d. 1795— m. Elizabeth C: Thomas, Mary, Rebecca.

7. John — d. 1802— ni. Jean C: Thomas. Rebecca (m. John Symonds. 1798).

8. John— d. 1807— m. Catharine .

9. John— m. Catrcnc Steele, 1787.

10. John— m. Margaret McCormick, 1798.

11. Xfary — witness in court, 1747.

12. Mary— m. Samuel Weir, 1779c.

13. Xfao— m. William Blain, 1797.

14. Mary — m. Thomas Brown, 1792.

15. Mary— m. William Shields, 1797.

16. kfary— m. William Hamilton. 1815.

17. Polly — m. Simon Hoylman, 1808.

18. Rachel— m. Alexander Berryhill, 1786.

19. Rebecca— m. Robert Kirkpatrick. 1816.

20. Susanna— m. John Evans. 1807.

21. Thomas— d 1810— m. Dolly son of John, who d. before 1804.

22. Thomas— d. 1760.

23. Thomas — m. Elizabeth Forcan, 1807.

24. William— b. 1735, d. 1800.

25. William — d. 1801 — m. Margaret — C: John. William, James. Mary, .^gnes.

26. William— son of 25-b. 1783, d. 18S5-m. Nancy B.

27. William— Riiardian of Martha Campbell. 1747.

28. William— m. Sally Caruthers, 1806.
29. m. Ro!ianiia Da vies by 1786.

30. m. Rel>ccca Gay by 1785— C: Henry.

31. m. Margaret Cloyd — C: David. James.

Thornton. — 1. Coals — m. Mary King, 1787. 2. Ebenezer — murdered 1807 — m. Elizabeth
Hamilton, 1807. 3. Elizal>cth— m. Samuel Smith, 1810. 4. Samuel— m. Nancy Cook. 1806.

rWrf.— 1. Charle»— b, 1820c. 2. William-m Sarah Sylers, 1802.

Todd. — 1. Jenny — m. Thomas Crawford, 1794. 2. John — m. Agnet Todd. 1794. 3.

Maria— K'dau. to Joseph Walker, 1818. 4. Samuel— m. Jane — C William. 5.

Sarah — m. John Houston.

Totlfy.—\. Abl)e— dau. of James and NCiry— b. 1786, d. 1857. 2. Christopher— d. 1806

m. Patience — C: Samuel. John, Josei)h. Christopher. 3. Elizabeth (widow)— d.

1805— C: Nancy (m. Stricklin), George. John. Charles. 4, Elizal>eth— m. James Tag-
girt. 1809. 5. James P.— g'son to Joseph. 1832. 6. John— m. Abigail Ta>lor. 1809 7
Joseph— d. 1833 — C : Joljn, Elizabeth. Fzekiel. Oirislopher V., 2 others. 8. Polly— m. John
Nick. 1822. 9. William-m. Sally Taylor, 1800

Tnolry.— \ Charles— m Polly Cummingt, 1805 2 Elizabeth- m. John Miles, 1806.
3. Judith— m. John Gabberl, 1792. 4 Nancy— m. Thomas Eubanks, 1795. 5 Polly-
James n. Craig. 1815 6 Sally— m. James McColgan, 1822

T-^^mf,- (Piomey),— 1. Jane— m. Moses Keys, 1810. 2. John P.— d. 1823— C : James

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

537

N., Polly, William, George, Michael, John (m. Rebecca Beason, 1822c), Alexander (m.
Mary Timberlake, 1816), Betsy (m. Roach. 3. Robert P.—. Xellie McElwee.

Trevy.—l. Joseph— b. 1760, d. 1825— m. Susanna , b. 1761, d. 1831— C : Jacob,

Joseph Y., Susan, Diannah (m. Daniel Hoylman), Adam, Andrew. 2. Joseph Y.— son of

1.— b. 1795, d. 1859, m. Rebecca . (m. Andrew McCartney), Lydia (m. Jacob Hig-

gins, 1820).

Trimblc.~\. Alexander— d. 1817— m. Martha Grigsby, 1793— C: (by 1st w.) Jane (m.
William. McCIure), James, Rachel (m. Joseph Caruthers), Agens (m. David Steel, 1789),
Sarah (m. Samuel Steele).

2. Isaac — m. Mary Graham. 1787.

3. James— d. 1776c— m. Sarah Kersey— C: John (d. 1783), Agnes— or Jean— (m.
McCIure), Sarah, Isaac, James, Moses. Alexander, William, Rachel— estate $566.25.

4. John— son of 3— m. Mary McCIure, 1780c— d. 1783— C: James.

5. Mary — m. Lewis Jordan, 1785.

6. Mary— m. McCord Bready, 1795.

7. Moses— d. 1784c.

8. Moses— d. 1821— m. Mary C: James, Susanna, Elizabeth, Sally (m.

James Miller, 1820).

Trotter— \. Mary— m. James McCown, 1789. 2. Sarah— m. James Campbell, 1793.

Trout.— \. Andrew— m. Sally Reid. 1821. 2. Christian— m. Elizabeth Geehart, 1795. 3
Susan — m. Henry Swisher, 1812.

Tro.ra/.— Abraham— d. 1812— m. Anna E, Hoylman. 1794 — C: John, Margaret, Sally.

Turk. — Anthony — slaveholder — d. 1837.

Turner.— \. Mahala— m. Archibald Beard. 1822. 2. Martha— m. James McMuUon.
1788. 3. Robert— m. Mary Thompson, 1787. 4. Sarah— m. William McGlothlin, 1812. 5.
Susanna — m. George Wens, 1810. 6. William — m. Nancy Alexander, 1806.

Underwood. — John — m. Mary related to Mary Whiteside — 1756 — C (?) Elizabeth.

Joseph.

Unrezv. — 1. Jacob — d. 1829 — m. Catharine Wilhelm. 1816 — C: John, Jacob. 2.

m. Christina by 1826.

Utter. — Valentine — m. Mary — servants of John Paxton, 1756 — set free for

$40.

Vance. — 1. Catharine — m. Henry Spitzer, 1793. 2. Elizabeth — m. William Davidson,
1790. 3. HuRh— m. Sarah Law, 1803. 4. Patrick— b. 1780— son of Dr. Patrick— m.
Keziah Robertson.

Vansandt. — 1. Jean — m. Elijah Morris. 1801. 2. Joshua — m. Mary Morris, 1794. 3
Mary— m. Wilham McCoy. 1803.

Venable.—\. Samuel W.— m. Jane Reid, 1821. 2. William H.— m. Margaret M. Reid,
1822— C: Magdalena.

Verner.—\. Charles— m. Sally Wallace. 1820. 2. Christian .*\.— m. Barbara RuflF, 1796.
3. William— m. Elizabeth Edmiston, 1817.

Vernon.— \. Elizabeth— m. John Boyd. 1787. 2. John— m Elizabeth Hunter. 1782. 3.
John— m. Elizabeth Mathews, 1797. 4. Lydia— m. Law<;on ^fcCullouI;h, 1790.

Vineyard. — 1. George — m. Mary Campbell, 1790. 2. John — d. 1758 — Barbara, admr.

\VaddeU.—\. David— m. Sally Edsal. 1802. 2. James— m. .\nn Stephenson, 1786. 3.
Jane— m. Edward Erwin. 1791. 4. John— m. Elizabeth Erwin, 1791.

Wade.— George W.— b. 1789. d. 1876, m. Mary .

Walker.— \. Alexander- d. 1820— m. Jane — C: Archibald. Jane (m.

Kelso), Frances (m. Ficklin), Mary. .Alexander, Margaret, John, Joseph.

538 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

2. Alexander— d. 1771— bro. to John, Martha (in. Minerly).

3. Alexander— d. 1777— m. XIartha . who later m. Grimes— C ; Jane,

Kliiaheth.

Janet — C: Alexander, Joseph, Jean, Ketrane.

... - . . . i ...'.■ r ,( .

5. Alexander— d. 1785— m. Jean C: Eleanor. John, Rebecca, Joseph.

6. Alexander— d. 1794— C: Isabella (m. Robert Reed. 17'>3). Barbara, Margaret (m.
Thomas Conolly).

7. Anderson — m. Willson by 1805.

8. Andrew — m. Elizal>cth Huuston, 1810.

9. Ann E.— g'dau. of Elizabeth Stuart, 1825.

10. Archibald— son of 1— C (1816): Eleanor, Klizabelh. Priscilla. Melinda.

11. Archibald— colonel. 1840.

12. Catharine — m. Samuel Taylor, 1793.

13. Charles— m. Catharine Dyal. 1798.

14. Elijah— m. Mary M. Dial, 1800.

15. Elizabeth— m. Thomas Berry, 1788.

16. James — in. Mary 1763.

17. James — m. Mary , d. 1802 — C: Mar\ (in Hiicli KeUol. Jean fm. Moore).

Elizabeth (m. John Stuart).

18. James— m. Peggy Baily, 1815.
18x. James — m. M.irgarct Woods, 1773.

19. Jane— m. Samuel Barclay, 1795.

20. Jane— m. .^ndrew. 20. J.inc — ni .\ndrew McMahan, 1793.

21. Jean— m. Gabriel Cummings, 1787.

22. Jean — m. Joseph Patterson, 1791.

23. Jennet — m. George Icenhower, 1810.

24. John — m. Catharine Rutherford — C: John, James, Samuel, .Mexander. Joseph.
Jane (m. James Moore), 1 other.

25. John-b. 1748.

26. John — d. 1814 — m. Margaret C: Alexander, John, William. Hugh. Thomas.

Peggy. Betsy (m. Hugh Stuart), Polly (m. .Mexander Stuart).

27. John— d. 1816— bro. to Joseph, William, Jane, Polly, Besty.

28. John — d. 1797— m. Margaret — C: William. .Mexander. Joseph, John (d.

by 1797), Samuel, Mary (m. Graham). Margaret (m. Phresher), Jean (b.

ReaKh— d. by 1797).

29. John— d. 1800— mother living— m. Mary C: Alexander, John (d 1816).

James, Joseph. William. Jenny. Polly. Betsy.

30. John-d. 180I-m. Mary C: Charles. Elijah. Philip

31. John — m. Ann 1746.

32. John— m. Ann Michal. 1810.

33. John— m Sally Crawford. 1799.

34. Joseph— son of 24— b. 1722— m. Nancy McClung. 1749— C: Sarah (b. 1750. d
1R39, m. John Paxton). Margaret. Janet, Betsv, Joseph (b. 1759), Nancv, Suckey, James
(b. 1766), Samuel (b. 1768).

35. Joseph— d. 1815— m. Jean Moore— C: Margaret (b 1771, d 18.';4. m. Samuel Hous-
ton. 1794). Jinny fm. Samuel Barclay). Polly (m. Richard Bernard. 1798). Martha M (n;
John Donihoo. 1811).

36. Joseph— m. Kitty Kelso. 1794.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 539

37. Joseph — m. Mary Hayse, 1789.

38. Margaret (widow?)— d. 1827.

39. Margaret — m. Robert Anderson, 1791.

40. Mary— m. John Dickey, 1801.

41. Matthew— m. Lackey by 1825.

42. Xancy — m. Isaac Hughes, 1818.

43. Philip— m. Jean McDaniel, 1795.

44. Polly— m. Isaac Hughes, 1818.

45. Polly— m. Stuart— sister to Capt. Alexander and Mrs. Betty Stuart— 1838.

46. Sally— dau. of John— m. William Cunningham by 1821.

47. Susan— m. William Lyle, 1807.

48. William— m. Walker by 1825.

49. William— d. 1837— C: John. Joseph, James, Pegg>-, Ann E.— a dau. m. William
Brown.

50. William — m. Mary . who later m. James Stuart — 1757.

51. William— m. Mary C : William, George, John, Betsy (sec 15) Jane (m.

Buchanan), Susanna (see 47), Hugh (d. had Mary. William).

52. m. Priscilla Culton by 1824.

S3. m. Esther McCroskey by 1797.

54. C: Margaret (d. 1287). Alexander, Thomas H., Polly (see 45), Hugh.

Walkup.—\. Andrew— d. 1817— m. Nancy Willson, 1795— C: Eleanor (m. Mc-
Coy), Margaret (m. Benjamin Logan, 1822), Eliiiabeth, Pegg>', James.

2. Arthur— d. 1834— m. Esther Mackey, 1797— C: Mary M., James, Betsy B. (m.
David D. Berry, 1821c), Samuel.

3. Barbara — m. John McElheny, 1821.

3x. John— m. Margaret Fulton Blair— C : William (m. Sarah McCoy), Joseph (b.
1778), Jane (m. Jesse Paxton), Martha (m. David Stewart), Isabel (m. David Chambers'),
Margaret (s), Jane (m. Alexander Dunlap), Rebecca (m. John Sims), John.

4. John — m. Jane .Mien, 1816.

5. Joseph — d. 1787 — m. Graham of Christopher — (m. Margaret Risk), C: John

Christopher, Robert (has Nathaniel), Jean, Ann R., Margaret; a dau. m. William Elliott
— Matthew, Christopher, Robert, are g'c.

6. Joseph— m. Lettice Bell. 1803.

7. Joseph — m. Eleanor Wilson, 1810.

8. Matthew— d. 1785— estate, $150.96.

9. Sall\ — m. William Dixon, 1823.

10. Samuel — m. Maria T. Houston, 1821 — C: Samuel .\. (Louisa E. Banks. Pittsyl-
vania Co.), John A., Joseph W. (m. in Richmond), Matthew H. (m. in Monroe Co.).
James D. (Tenn.), S H. (m. in Richmond).

11. m. Jane Allen, by 1825.

Wallace. — 1. .Anderson — m. Margaret Calbreath, 1796.

2. Andrew — son of lOx — m. Jane Blair. 1812 — C: William \.. Samuel A., Susan W.
'm. James Ward).

3. Andrew — m. Elizabeth Graham — C: John (b. 1784. d. 1853, m. Elizabeth Graham,
1809).

4. Elizabeth— m. John Caskey. 1819.

5. James — m. Betsy Hoffman, 1801.

Sx. James— m. Bogan by 1825 — C: Jenny.

540 A HISTORY OF SOCKBRnx;E COUNTS', VIRGINIA

6. John— <1. 178.'— m. Kcbckah C: James, Rcbtkah (m. Ctmpbell).

Robert.

8. John— m. Margaret Graham, 1785.

9. John— m. Jane QuiRley. 1817.

10. John— b. 1807, d. IK/Oi, ni. N'ancy .

lOx. John— son of 12— d. 1786— ni. Kcbckah C: Eliiabcth, Martha, James.

William, Andrew, post-
11. Margaret- m. John McKenny, 1785.
12. Peter— d. 1784— m. Martha Woods— C: Andrew (k. 1781). Samuel, John, James.

Malcolm, Adam (k. 1781), Janet, Susanna. Elizabeth (m. John Gilniore).
13 Robert— m. Margaret HuRhes. 1800.

14. Robert- m. Elizabeth Mcrriam. 1815.
12x. Rebecca— m. James Grigsby, 1786.

15. Sally-m. Qtarlcs Vamer, 1820.

16. Samuel — son of 12 — d. 1786c— in. Rebecca — C: James, .\ndrew (see 2),

Elizabeth (m. Charles Grigsby). Martha (m. John Ruff), William (s). .\ndcrson (post).

17. Samuel— d. 1746c— m. Elizabeth .

18. Samuel- m. Jane 1758.

19. Sa»>ucl— m. Mary Tate, 1794.

20. Samuel— m. Lydia Lowry, 1804.

21. William A.— son of 2— b. 1816, d. 1899, s— "Big Foot."

22. William Wallace— d. 179S— bro. to Margaret (m. Robinson), Martha. Fran-
ces. Samuel, dau. (m. Brawford).

H'orrf— 1. John— m. Agnes 1761 2. John— m. Mary Bennett— Elk Cr 1779. 3.

John- m, Sally Coots, 1792. 4. William— m. , 1761. 5. William— m. Rebecca

W'allis. 1800.

li'nrdlau:—l. Elizabeth— m. William McPheelers. 1795. 2. Elizal>«th— in. David Mc-
Master, 1818. 3. Hugh— m, Elizabeth Culton? 176J, 4. James— b. 1745. 5. Jenny— m. John

Temple, 1790. 6. Robert— 1793. 7. William-d. 1762— m. Jcannot C: John, James.

Hugh, Joseph, W'illiam. Margaret, Robert. 8. William— h. 1747, d. 1819, m. Mar>- , b.

1751. d. 1808— C: Jenny Cm. John Stu.-jrt, 1790). Joseph, Timothy, Betsy, Margaret. Hugh.

If'flrtnVt.— William— m. Elizabeth Duiilap— C: Jean (m. James Gay), Martha (m.
John Stevenson), John (m. Eleanor Crouch). Jacob (m, Vance of John).

fl'aAfy. Margaret . d. 1817—0: John (m. Betsy Ripley, 1801). Gcorgr

(m. Patsy Kelly, 1811). Christopher (m. Polly Ripley, 1807), Nancv (m. Kepler hv

1811). Polly (m. John Ripley, 1802).

U'atJon.—\. Alexander— m. Elizabeth Pairy, 1791. 2. David— m. Marsaret Patton,

1811. 3. Fllen-I. 1772. d. 1857, ». 4. John— d. 1832— m. Ellin C: Man' (m. Abel

Ritchrv, 1806), James, Isabella (w. McClain). lane (m. Shipley). David, Sam-
uel, E^ther (m. Willson), Matthew 5. Margaret— m. Thomas Stuart. 1804. 6. Mary

— m. Philip Entsminger, 1792. 7. Sarah— m. William Morley, 1796 8. Thomtt— m. Re-
becca Cowan, 1803.

H-'o/Hw/ — 1. Betsy— m. Coleman Clavton. 1818 2. Henry M.— m. Martha Thompson.
182.1 3. John— d. lR38f— C: Harriet (m. Isaac Thomas), Polly (m John Wilchcr). Paul-
ina (m. Ivcwis Collins). Eliza Cm. James Withrow). 4. I^ea— m Isaac Snider, 1816. !>.
P..l|v-m Peter Owens. 6. Rachel— m. Thomas Bennington, 1812. 7. William— m. Esther
Perrv, 1801. 8 William— m. Polly Patterson. 1816.

M'<i»inn— I Elizabeth— ffl. George Till. 1802. 2. James L. — m. Sally Greenlee— doc-

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 54J

Watts.— \. Polly— in. Edward Pines, 1788. 2. William W.— m. Mary S. Leyburn by
1831.

H'cuvcr. — 1. George — m. Jane Wilbur, 1822. 2. Henry — m. Susanna Winters, 1817. 3.
Polly— m. Obadiah Rinehcad, 1823. 4. Sarah— d. 1835— sister to Hannah, Seibert, Mrs.
Margaret Davis, Mrs. Lydia Gorgas — aunt to Mary Simpson.

IVebb. — 1. John — m. Catharine Icenhowcr, 1807. 2. Sarah — m. George Karnes, 1819.

Weeks.— \. James— m. Catharine Hogg, 1817. 2. John- m. Margaret McQuilten, 1808.
3. Margaret— m. Patrick McCorkle, 1804.

Weir. — 1. Adolphus — m. Mary Caruthers — n. c.

2. Andrew — d. 1822— m. Polly Grigsby, 1793 — C: Patsy, Andrew, Benjamin G. (m.

Catharine S. ), Adolphus G., Frances (m. in Miss.), Mary A., Hannah M., Martha

K. (m. in Ky).

3. Andrew — m. Patsy Weir, 1814.

4. Anne — m. Patrick Campbell by 1777.

5. George — d. 1781 — m. Jean C: Thomas.

6. Hugh — d. 1779 — estate, $1290.67 — C: Jonathan, Abraham, Jamei, George, Hugh,
John, Joseph, Samuel, Jean (m. James Cunnini^ham), Margaret (ni. James Montgomery,
1779), Mary (m. Walker), Susanna (m. Buchanan). John has a son, John.

7. James — m. Campbell by 1777.

8. James — m. Montgomery by 1785.

9. James — d. 1801 — m. Mary C : Robert, James, Ketron, Roanna.

9x. James — m. Mary Telford, 1799.

10. Jane — m. Cornelius Allen.

11. John — m. Jane Sprowl, 1793.

12. John— d. 1800— m. Mary C ; John, Polly, Nancy.

13. John — m. Agnes 1787.

14. Margaret — m. John Cowan, 1796. *

15. Mary— m. McKee— d. 1822.

16. Mary— m. John Wilson, 1817.

17. Polly — d. 1830 — sister to John, aunt to Hugh and Samuel.

18. Sarah— m. Joseph Ogden, 1806.

19. Sarah— m. William McCalpin, 1807.

20. Susanna — m. John McCampbell. 1789.

21. William E.— nephew to 17— b. 1798, d. 1852, ni. Rebecca Moore.

22. C: Hugh (m. Mary ), Aaron (has Hugh), Polly, Elizabeth (m.

Houston), John (has William).

17x. Robert— m. Sarah McCampbell, 1791.

23. m. James Montgomery — b. 17o0c

24. m. Nancy Mathews by 1834.

Welch.— I. Benjamin— b. 1792, d. 1797.

2. Betty— d. 1822c— m. Henry Decker, 1797.

3. Elizabeth — m. Reuben Harris, 1818.

4. Elizabeth — m. Benjamin Darst, 1800.

5. Jenny — m. Benjamin Holmes, 1806.

6. John— m. Sarah Wilson, 1799.

7. John— m. Polly Logan, 1809.

8. Milly— m. Alexander McCorkle, 1793.

9. Nancy— m. William McCorkle, 1799.
10. Rachel— m. Thomas Wilson, 1810.

542 A lllMuhl i>t- KMi KllKll>oh COLNTV, VIRGINIA

11. Robert — TO. Susanna Apt, 17V4.

12. Rosanna — nt. William Cuniiiiigham, 1801.

U. Samuel— <1. ia22— m. Naiiny C: Mildred (see 8). Bett>' (»ee 4), John,

.•\njic (m. Miller), Polly (m. Cunningham).

U. Thomas— m. Phcbe Dean, 1817.

15. m. Sarah Grigsby by 1792.

16. m. Mary Logan by 1821.

H'fHif. — 1. Catharine — in. David Anderson, 1808. 2. George — m. Susanna Turner, 1810.
J. John — m. Sally McMath, 179J. 4. Sophia — m. James .Anderson, 1811.

H'esl.—\. Ehjah— m. Elirabeth Tennant, 1798. 2. John— m. Sally Cools, 1791. 3.
.Margaret— m. David Shaw, 1789. A. .Nancj— m. Hugh Elliott, 1808. 5. Polly— m. Peter
Kcrlin, 1811. 6. William — m. Jenny Carson, 1796.

U'hitf. — 1. .\nn H.— m. William H. Carulhers, 1805c. 2. Ann K.— in. John P. Caruthers,
1S23. '. David— in. Ucl^y Newton, 1817. ■». Hofel— d. 1760c. 5. Isaac— m. Campbell by
1754. 6. Jesse — m Elizabeth Moore, 1823 7. John— m. Katharine Evans, 1740c — C: Robert,
John (b. 1757, d. 1793), James, William. .Nathaniel (m. Margaret .McFarland), Mary
(m. Robert Snodgrass), Rebecca (m. William McFarland), Margaret, J.ine, Esther. 8.

Joseph— d. 1816, going to Ky. — m. .^nn — C (minors) : John, Zachariah, Ann (m.

Caldwell), Hannah, Eliza, William. 9. Joseph — m. Peggy Gordon by 1821. 10. Robert

— b. 1775, d. 1851. m. Margaret Johnston, 1802— C; James .N. (dy), Zachariah J., Robert
L. 11. .S-Trah— in. Lawrence Green, 1820. 2. William — servant of David Hays, 1754.

H'hilfmon. — 1. Elizabeth — m. .Abraham Sa\itle, 1817. 2. Matthew — m. Jean Poage,
1806. 3. Xancy— m. Isham Thomas, 1820. 4. Samuel — d. 1817 — C: Nancy (m. William
XicDonnel. 1799), Elizabeth (m. Matthew .McDonald. 1802), Sarah. Jain, Samuel P. (m.
Elizabeth Woods, 1805), Robert, Rachel (m. Samuel Paxlon, 1798), .Margaret (m. James
Graham, 1815). 5. Susanna — m. John Deal, 1809.

ll'iiittsidc. — 1. James— in Rutherford Co., N. C. 1782. 2. James — m. Polly Dougherty
by 1796. 3. John — in Jean Hopkins, 1788. 4. Mary — ni. Ephriam Lewis, 1795. S. Moses —

d. 1795 — m. Margaret C: Thomas, Mosrs. John, James, Mary, Margaret, 1 other

dau. 0. .\Io<ies— m Margaret Paxton, 1797. 7. Phoebe— m. Elias Lewis, 1810. 8. Polly—
m. .\nn Thompson, widow, by 1761.

lVhilUy.—\. Ann— m. Thomas Baggs, 1786. 2. Jonathan— m. Sarah Cunningham, 1773.
m. John Starke, 1802. 9 Samuel C— m. .Nancy Paxton, 1818. 10. .Samuel P. -in Elizabeth

Thonws, IK22. II. William— m. Mary , related to Richard Burton— 1756. 12. William

3. Samuel— m. Sarah Ilaggs, 1782. 4. Paul — d. 1772— m. Jane C (minors) : Michael,

Sarah, Mc)>cs. Thomas, Anna, Samuel. Paul. 5. Sarah — in. James Fallen. 1772 0. William
— b. in Rbg, 1749, k. 1813-m. Sarah Fuller.

U'iggfnjoH. — Peter — given Icitacy by David .Martin, 1789.

II •lfy--\. Alcrjiider — d. 1804 — C: John, others. 2. Alexander— in. illizabelh Kirk-
IKilrick. 1806. 3. James— m. Polly Smith, 1802. 4. John— d. 1748— C: George, Jean, Mar-
garet. S. John — d. 1802— m. Jinny C: Margaret, Kohcrt. .Andrew, John, Josejih.

6 John— m. Xlary Cooi>er, 1791. 7. Joseph— m. Mary .McCampt>cll, 1791. 8. .Margaret— m.
John Cooijcr, 1809. 9. Nancy— m. James Adams, 1823. 10. Robert— m. Martha Cooper,
1794.

Il'ilhflm.—l. Adanwd. 1823— m. Elizabeth C: John (m. Margaret Sizer, 1819),

Adam, George, Jacob (m. Elizabeth Hosteler, 1817). Michael (in. Susanna Unrow, 1819).
2. Catharine- m. Jacob Unrow, 1816 3. Elizabeth— m. John Egner, 1820. 4. Michael— b
1757, living, 1832.

li'illiomj.—\. Agnes— m. Robert Speer. 1795. 2. David— m. Flizahnh McN'ull, 1793.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 543

3. John— m. Susanna Harnest, 1804. 4. William— d. 1821— C: William. 5. William— m. Lilly
Teller, 1789. 6. William— m. Mary Saunders, 1811.

ll-illiamsoii.—l. John— d. 1801— estate, $112.25. 2. Richard (.'Knn)— CoUierstown, 1783.

Wilson. — 1. Agnes — m. Andrew Walkup, 1795.

2. Andrew — uncle to Pheby A., James C. — d. 1837.

3. Andrew— ni. Lettie Porter, 1789.

4. Betty— m. Samuel Hight, 1792.

5. David— d. 1793c— C: Seth.

6. David— m. Betsy Patten, 1799.

7. David — m. Margaret Kinnear, 1819.

8. Eleanor — m. Joseph Walkup, 1794.

9. Elizabeth — m. William Paxlon.

10. Elizabeth— m. James Blair, 1786.

11. Elizabeth— m. William Harper, 1813.

12. Elizabeth — m. John Lindsay, 1791.

13. Elizabeth— m, William Withrow, 1802.

14. Hannah — orphan of William, 1802.

15. Hannah (widow)— d. 1822— C: Elizabeth (m. ), Sally (m. James L.

Mackey), Robert.

16. Hugh— d. 1828 — m. Sarah C: William, John, James, Hugh L., Thomas.

17. Hugh— m. Elizabeth Miller, 1792.

18. Hugh— m. Mary Moore, 1806.

19. James — d. 1824 — C: James, John, Peggy (m. Mackey), Jenny, (m. Jo-
seph ).

20. JaiTies — C: Mary (d. 1834), James, Xancy (m. Walkup), William (has

Mary E.

21. James — son of 20 — C: John P., Eleanor.

22. James Willson — d. 1838 — M. Patterson — bro. to Nancy — C: William, Janetta,

Margaret, Isabella, Cynthia A., James A., John P.

23. James— b. 1740c, living, 1811.

24. James — d. 1809 — m. Rebecca C : Matthew, .Andrew, Sarah, Robert, Sam-
uel, David, Elis (m. Campbell), Rebecca (m. Henderson), William (has James,

b. 1800c), John, Moses, Thomas, James (d. 1800c).

25. James — m Martha 1781.

26. James— d. 1814 — C: James, Elizabeth, Policy, William, James

20x. James— C: John (d. 1817), James, William (has Mary E.), Xancy (m. .An-
drew Walkup), Mary (d. 1834), Martha (m. Hastings, Ireland), Eleanor (d. by

1817).

27. James — m. Ann McCown.

28. James — m. Xancy Smith, 1823.

29. James — m. Agnes McKee, 1788.

30. James— m. Hannah Hicks, 1809.

31. James— m. Sally McCorkle, 1814.

32. James C. — m. Esther Montgomery — n. c— mini.ster.

33. Jane — m. Henry McCormick, 1821.

34. Jean— ni. John Henry, 1801.

35. Jenny — m. John Paxton, 1797.

36. Jinny — m. William Cariithcrs, 1798.

37. Jinny— m. Joseph Davidson, 1805— C: Sally William.

544 A UISTOBY OF RUCKUBIOGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

in. John — rn. Sarah Alexander, 1786c.

J9. John — d. 1754 — m. Aiuu Adair.

40. John— d. 1814— C: Folly, Elly. William. Jamc*.

41. John — m. Anna (2d w.) — C (minors) : Mar>, Sarah, James, William.

42. John — servant to Francis Beaty, 1746.

4J. John— d. 1740c— C: Martha, Matthew, William, John, Sarah, Elizabeth.

44. John— <1. 1826— C: James C. (has Kachcl). Samuel (has John and others), Eliza-
beth (m. McClung).

45. John— m. Elizabeth Miller, 1792.

46. John— 111 Sally Miller, 1795.

37. Jinny — m. Joseph Davidson, 1805— C: Sally, William.

4«. John— m. Mary Aschcw, 1803.

49. John— m. Mary Weir, 1819.

50. John M.— b. 1782, d. 1851, m. Sally Moore, 1809-C : William M. (b. 1811, m.
Eleanor .M. Orbison, 1835), Mary M. (m. John K. McCown, 1833), .-\ndrew J. (m. Jane E.
McGiiflin, 1842), Samuel (iii. Drusilla 1". Larew), Jolin.

51. Jonathan — m. Ncsbilt, 1812.

52. Joseph — m. Mary Johnston, 1802.

53. Joseph— m. Betsy Wilson, 1819.

54. Iklargaret — m. James Russell, 1791.

55. Martha — m. John Buchan.vi, 1796.

56. Mary— m. Richard Davis, 1803.

57. Mary (widow)— d. 1820 — C : Sally (m. Alexander Johnston), Robert (m. Bets\
, (has Mary).

58. ilary S. — m. Samuel R. Moore, 1823.

59. Matthew— witnessed will of Nathan Patterson, 1752.

60. Matthew— d. 1830— m. Nancy C: Phoebe A., .\nn C.

61. Matthew— m. Elizabeth Douglass, 1811.

62. Moses— d. 1826— m. Elizabeth C: Thomas, James, Matthew, John, Wil-
liam.

63. Nancy — b. 1779, d. 1857 — dau. of William and Ann Caruthers.

64. Nancy — m. James Bradford, 1810.

65. Nancy W.— m. William T. Moore.

66. .Vathaniel— <1. 1818— m. Eleanor — C: Elizabeth. David, Thomas, Jenny.

Rhoda, Nathaniel, Matthew, Polly, Sally, Robert, Samuel, Eleanor. Kcbeckah, William.

67. Nathaniel— m. Mary WiLson, 1801.

68. Pcggy-m. John .Macky. 1810.

69. Polly— niece to Robert Weir, 1828.

70. Polly— James Mayers, 1800.

71. Polly— m. James Collins. 1804.

72. Polly— m. David Davis, 1810.

73. Polly— m. William McClelland. 1809.

74. Richard M — in. Elizalxrlh Rca. 1807.

75. Robert— m. EliialKlh Wilson. 1801.

76. Robert— m. Eleanor Frush, 1815.

77. Sally-d. 1829.

78. Sally— m. John Hall, 1791.

79. Sally— m. John Tcmplcion, 1814.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 545

80. Sally— m. George M. Paul, 1810.

81. Samuel — bro. to Robert, cousin to Samuel and Thomas.

82. Samuel — m. Eleanor Alexander, 1790c.

83. Samuel— d. 1808— m. Mary C: Robert, Betty (see 12), Sally (m.

Johnston), Hugh.

84. Samuel— d. 1826— C : Elizabeth (see 13), John, Thomas (w. and C), Samuel, Mary
(m. Davidson), Sarah (see 79), Jane (see 33).

85. Samuel — m. Peggy Johnson, 1804.

86. Samuel— m. Betty Hanna, 1806.

' 87. Sarah— m. John T. Howard, 1799.

88. Sarah— m. John Logan, 1792.

89. Farah- m. James Macky, 1807.

90. Sarah— m. John Welch,' 1797.

91. Seth— orphan of David, 1794.

92. T.'iomas- d. 1818— ra. Peebles — came from Cowpasture.

93. Thomas— b. 1794, d. 1857, m. Elizabeth , b. 1801, d. 1854.

94. Thomas— d. 1773c— m. Martha C: Matthew, Samuel, Nathaniel, Rebecca,

Martha, Elizabeth, Rhoda, Sarah.

95. Thomas— m. Ann R. Johnson, 1823.

96. Thomas — m. Jennet Wallace, 1788.

97. Thomas — m. Peggy Caruthers, 1811.

98. Thomas— m. Rachel Welch, 1810.

99. William — d. 1808 — C : Joseph, William, Thomas, James, Peggy, Samuel.

100. William — m. Eleanor Lackey, 1791.

101. William— m. Ann McClelon, 1805.

102. William— m. Jean Macky, 1806.

103. William H.— m. Jean McCampbell, 1811.
104, m. Eleanor Mitchell by 1771.

105. ■ m. Agnes Kirkpatrick— C 1777) : Lettie.

106. m. Mary Mackey by 1810.

107. m. Katron Reid by 1787.

108. m. Esther Wasson by 1832.

109. m. Elizabeth Hannah by 1815.

110. m. Betsy McCroskey by 1839.

IVindte. — 1. Betty — m. Joseph Hoffman, 1811. 2. Catharine — m. James Dryden, 1796.

3. Mary — m. Christopher Hoffman, 1809. 4. m. Mary , d. 1815 — C: Andrew,

Matilda, Nancy (m. Anderson Johnston, 1810), Sally (m. Blackburn Jones), William,
Catharine (see 2), Mary (see 3).

Winegar. — 1. Betsy — m. Samuel Lapsley, 1814 2. Henry — m. Nancy Campbell, 1815.
3. John — m. Elenor Smiley, 1812. 4. Moses — m. Patsy Wilson, 1823. 5. Sarah — m. Daniel
Hull, 1812.

lyintcrs. — 1. Nancy — m. John G. Young, 1821. 2. Susanna — m. Henry Weaver, 1817.
IVise. — 1. Ann — m. Samuel McDonald, 1812. 2. Christopher — m. Catharine Beets, 1813.
3. Christopher— m. Elizabeth Hamilton, 1818. 4. Hugh— m. Polly McCroskey, 1797. 5. Re-
becca — m. Francis Myers, 1803. 6. Sally — m. John Woods, 1811. 7. Sarah — m. Nathaniel
Doughorty, 1812.

H'ithrow. — 1. James — m. Eliza Watkins by 1838. 2. Jane — m. J^amcs M. Beard, 1821.

3. John— b. 1804. d. 1878. m. Sarah . 4. William— m. Elizabeth Wilson, 1802.

Wood. — 1. Elias — m. Franky Chesham, 1822. 2. George — m. Jenny Curry, 1791.

546 A HISTOKV OK KOCKDKIIX.E COUNTY, VIRGINIA

U'oods.—\. Catharine— in. John Campbell, 1810. i. Charles— d. 1761— C (minori) ;
Samuel, Arthur, Elizabeth, i^sthcr- wards of Kichard Woods and Magdalena McDowell.
3. Elizabeth — m. Samuel Whiteinan, 1805. 4. James M.— m. Margaret Caruthers, 1815c.
S. John — d. 17U5 — Samuel McDowell, admr. 6. John — m. Elizabeth Campbell by 1750. 7.
John— ra. Sally Wise, 1811. 8. John— ni. Sarah Christ, 1819. 7. Magdalena— m. (1) John
McDowell, (2) Dcnjamm Uordcn, Jr. (3) John liowyer. 8. Michael- m. Esther Caruthers,
179S. 9. Rebecca— m. Alexander Culton, 1782. 10. Richard— d. 1778— csUte, $4,545— m.

Jenny C: Benjamin, Samuel. 11. Kichard — m. Elizabeth — C: (m.

Richard Woods). 12. Richard- in Green Co., N. C. 1791. 13. Sally— ro. John Allison, 1815.
14. Scaright— m. Ann McCoskey, 1797. 15. Samuel— d. 1804c— m. (?) Jane Green, 177»—
C: John, Elizabeth. 16. Zachariah — in. Sally Foran, 1814. 17. Zachariah — m. Barbara

Riley, 1823. 18. C: Magdalena (see 7), Martha (m. Peter Wallace), Sarah (m.

Joseph Lapsley.

H'orUy. — 1. Caleb— d. 1791c — Caleb, Malcom, admr. 2. Sarah — ra. John Johnson, 1803.
3. Stephen — m. Margaret Robinson, 1812 — C: James W.

U oodsfll. — John — d. 1763^ Samuel McDowell, admr.

lynghl.—l. Ann— m. William Arnold, 1787. 2. Charles— m. Dorothy McGlothlin, 1810.
3. Daniel — m. Peggy Davis, 1799. 4. Fanny — m. Samuel Frazure, 1823. 5. John — m. Martha

McGlothlin, 1810. 6. Peggy— in. James Cowan, 1806. 7. Thomas— d. 1814. 8. m.

Mary Mitchell by 1771.

ii'yaiil. — 1. John — m. Sally McMath, 1793. 2. Sophia — m. James McManamy, 1815.

)'fals. — 1. Stephen — m. Mary Hanipion, 1803. 2. William — m. Peggy Hampton, 1803.

youcll. — William — d. 1834 — m. Elizabeth C: John (m. .\gnes McRnight), Jane

(m. Robert Miller), Xlargaret (m. William Allen, 1808), Nancy (m. Joseph McCutchen),
Elizabeth (m. John McCutchen, 1810), Christiana (m. .\ndrcw Lockridge). Note: The will
of William Youell mentions Christian, who married an Anderson.

i'ouny. — 1. Alexander — m. Catharine Redy, 1803.

2. Andrew — m. Jenny McBride, 1799.

3. Elizabeth— m. Charles McLaughlin, 1810.

4. George— d. 1829.

5. Hannah— m. William Cosby, 1792.

6. James — d. 1760c— m. Sarah C: James (b. 1755). Robert.

7. James — d. 1829 — m. Margaret Kenady, 1802 — C: Suanah, Jane, James, Thomas,
Robert.

8. Jean— m. William Allison, 1789.

9. John— d. 1747c — bro. to James.

10. John G.— m. Nancy Winters, 1821.

11. Margaret— m. Robert Anderson, 1786.

12. Patrick— d. 1761c— m. Isabella C: Sarah (b. 1751), James (b. 1752),

Jennet, Else.

13. Polly— m. John Agnor, Jr.. 1822.
14 Polly— m. Jamcj Allen, 1788.

15. Robert-b. 1744.

16. Robcn — d. 1765c — in. Agnes C: William, HiikIi. loscph.

17. Robert— m. Iiabclla Hutton, 1795.

18. William-m. Hillis by 1795.

19. William— m. Peggy Fuller, 1805.

20. V, n, Susan Banc, 1818.

/.ollir. .in>— d. 1804— ni. Mary C (minor*) : Henry, Alexander, AdAm,

Charles, James M., Margaret C.

c^PPENDICES

ROCKBRIDGE ATTORNEYS

The date following a name indicates the year in which we first find mention
of the attorney in the order-book. When the date is starred, it shows the year
in which he qualified.

Alexander, William A. — 1852
Allen, John— 1794
Baldwin, John B.— 1852
Baldwin, Robert C— 1853
Barclay, Elihu— 1822
Bell, Henderson M.— 1849
Booker, Samuel — 1812
Bowyer, John Jr. — 1792
Bowyer, Henry M. — 1825
Bowyer, John C— 1826
Brockenbrough, John B.— 1860
Caldwell, Joseph \V.— 1848
Caruthers, Madison — 1817
Coaller, George — 1807
Davidson, James D. — 1831
Davis, Abram W.— 1836
Dickenson, Henry C. — 1852
Dilworlh, Joseph— 1805
Dorman, James B. — 1845
Doyle, John— 1839*
Eskridge, Alexander P. — 1829
Fisher, John S.— 1845
Frazier, William — 1835
Glasgow, William A. — 1845
Glasgow, Joseph — 1845
Hancock, John— 1785*
Harman, William H.— 1859
Hays, Andrew— 1817
Lee, Richard H.— 1817
Letcher, John— 1839*
Letcher, Samuel F.— 1850*
Loving, John — 1794
Lyle, James Jr. — 1792

Martin, Frederick A. — 1854

Massie, James W. — 1851

Mayers, James — 1804

McCampbell, James — 1794

McCampbell, William— 1828

McUughlin, William— 1851

Moore, David E. — elected prosecuting at-
torney, 1843

Moore, Andrew — 1854

Patterson, David M.— 1822

Paxton, John G.— 1843

Paxton, Elisha F.— 1848

Poague, William T.— 1861

Preston, Thomas L. — 1805

Richardson, William S.— 1832

Risque, James — 1794

Shafer, Jacob K. — 1845

SkiUern, WiUiam P.— 1801

Steele, Joseph G. — 1853

Sterrett, John D.— 1851

Stuart, Thomas J.— 1817

Stuart, Alexander H. H.— 1828

Tate. Caleb— 1805

Taylor, William — resigned as prosecuting
attorney, 1843

Tidd, Saniutl— 1811

Trimble, James — 1801

Tutwilcr, Thomas H. — 1864

Walker, Alexander— 1804

Wilson, William A.— 1856

Woodward, .-\ugusta E. B. — 1794

Yelliott, Coleman— 1865

AN APPR.\ISEMENT OF 1761

Appraisement of Patrick Young's personalty by Richard Woods, William
Mall, John Paxton, John Willy (Wiley), June 9. 1761 ; recorded, August 1, 1761.

one Gray horse — 12p
one sorrel Mare — 6p — 10s

548 A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COfNTV, VIRGINIA

oue Dark Bay Marc — 4p

one clicslmil young Mare— 4p — Ss

one While Mare — 6p

one Ucll and Coler — 2s — 6d

one Koand horse — 5p

one Soral Mare — 2p

one colt — Ip

one Brown Cow & Calf — 2p

one sorcl Colt — Jp

one Brindled Cow & Calf — 2p

one Kcd & White Cow & Calf— 2p

one Vouiig Black Cow — Ip — ISs

one Black Bull— Ip

one large Year old Steer — Ip

one Red Steer — Ip^IOs

one Brown haffcr two Year old — Ip

one Year old haffcr — 12s

Two Sows & nine pigs — Ip

one Cow Bell & Coller — 6s

172 pounds of iron at AYid per pound — 3p — At — 6d

one Set of Cart boxes — Ss

One Weaver Loom and tacklings — 12s

One Riffcl Gun— 2i)— 10s

One Smal Round Bored Gun — 12s

One skillct-Js— 6d

Three pails — 2s — 6d

Nine I'latcs & Six Spoons — 6s

3 old Basons and one Smal Dish — 7s

Ten Smal Tins — Ss

One Iron Candlestick — 6d

One Spinning wheel — 3i

One flower Cask & one Riddle & Sieve — 2s — 3s

One old Bible & two old Testaments — 2s — 6<i

One fring pan 2-6 one faling ax 4- and one Mattock 4 lOj — 6d

two old Sickcis 1- and one hilling hoe 3- — 4s
8 (Kiund of Wool 8- and one Barrel 1-3 — 9s — 3d
1 Sadie and one Bridle — Ip
ten |M>unds of flax — 6s — 3d
1 Chest— 4p

1 Bed & Cloaths— Ip— Ss

2 jiair of Shoes and one pair of buckels — Ss
I patorn for a jacot and Buttons— 6s

two pair of Stockings and one pair of Leggins & Razor— 4s — 3d

one fine hat — 8s

old Body Cloths— 2p

one Chum — 4s

plow Irons — Ip

Six old Sheep & four Lambs — 2p — ISs

APPENDICES 549

1 Deer Skin— 2s

Seven Acres of Grain — Sp

Cash — 2p

One Smal Bel

ten dozen of Yarn — 12s — 6d

600 weight of flower — 3p

four bags — 14s

five Bushels and a half of Rye — 8s — 3d

Six Acres of Rye and Barley — 3i) — 12s

one grinding stone — 12s

one pair of Sadie Bags — 7s — 6d

one Raw Hyde — 2s

one hilling hoe — 3s

Insolvent— 8 p— 14s— lOd

against Mathew Young Insolvent — lOp

against Halbert McClure, Solvent — ISs

Book Debt— 7s

THE PATENT FOR BORDEN'S GREAT TRACT

George the second by the grace of God, of Great Britain France and Ireland King
Defender of the Faith & etc.

To all to whom these presents shall come greeting KNOW Ye that for divers good
causes and considerations but more especially in consideration that Benjamin Borden late
of the Province of East Jersey now of the County of Orange in Virginia hath lately caused
to be imported and settled on the land hereinafter mentioned one family for every 1000
acres WE HAVE given granted and confirmed and by these presents for us our heirs and
successors do give grant and confirm unto the said Benjamin Borden and to his heirs
and assigns forever One certain Tract or parcel of land containing 92,100 acres situate
lying and being on the west side of the Blue Ridge in the county of Augusta and on the
north and northeast branches of James River between the Blue Ridge and North Mountain
and bounded as followeth (to wif)

Beginning at three hiccories and four red oaks on the west side of the northeast
branch of James River it being a corner to Beverly Manor Tract and running from the
said corner south 73 degrees west 84 poles near a white oak southwest 140 poles to a hiccory,
southeast 48 poles to a white oak on the east side of the road to John McDowell's southwest
1108 poles crossing two branches of James River southeast 40 poles southwest 466 poles
to a black oak, white oak and Spanish oak saplings on both sides of the road northwest
64 poles southwest 166 poles crossing a branch to a large black oak a hiccory saplin and a
black oak saplin south 25 degrees east 68 poles to a black oak south 13 degrees east 206 poles
to a hiccory and black oak west 45 poles to a black oak and white oak saplins north 55
degrees west 166 poles to a black oak and hiccory south 66 degrees west 397 poles crossing
two branches to a white oak north 30 degrees west 78 poles to a large black oak and white
oak saplin on the south side of the bark cabin branch north 30 degrees west 34 poles to a
black oak on the side of a hill south 50 degrees west 350 poles to an Ash and a poplar
on the east side of the Wood's Spring branch then down the branch south 18 degrees east
508 poles to a white oak near a spring east 52 poles to a white oak and a hiccory saplin
south 18 degrees east 220 poles to a hoopwood and two sugar trees on the west side of
the northeast branch of James River then down the said branch as followeth south 60

550

A HISTORY OF ROCK llRltM.F COl'NTV, VIRGINIA

drsrccs west J.M pole* south JO degrees east A(, jwles south 20 deffrees west 82 poles south
60 dcRrees west 14 poles to a sycamore and while walnut tree on the east side of the said
branch south rt) degrees west 330 poles to a black oak on the edffe of a bottom south 30
decrees east 68 poles to two black oaks on the side of a ridge south SO degrees west 374
poles to a pine south 70 degrees west 310 poles to white oak saplin and a hiccory saplin in a
bottom south 27 poles to two while oaks south 80 degrees west 195 poles to a black oak
and white oak near a spring branch south 44 poles to a white oak and two black oaks south
SS degrees went 196 poles to a gum and two white oaks near a spring in a bottom north
30 degrees west 24 poles to three poplars on the east side of the north branch of James
Kiver about 100 poles below where the northeast branch comes into the north branch of the
said river then crossing the said river north 30 degrees west 129 poles to a white oak and
a hiccory on a ridge south 70 degrees west 56 jxjles to a hiccory and white oak north 40
degrees west 14 poles north 70 degrees west 608 poles crossmg Borden's Creek and three
other branches to three white oaks .<oiith 20 degrees west 182 i>oles to a black oak and a
hiccory north 60 degrees west 84 poles south 75 degrees west 350 poles to three white
oaks on a hill south 30 degrees west 178 poles crossing a branch of Wood's Creek to two
white oaks on hill south 60 degrees west 148 poles to a mulberry and a hiccory north 78
degrees west 462 poles north 30 degrees east 320 poles to a black oak and two white oaks
north 43 degrees west 540 poles south 85 degrees west 202 poles crossing two branches of
BufTalo Creek to a white oak gum and hiccory north 43 degrees west 220 poles to a chestnut
oak and a hiccory on a ridge north 20 degrees cast W>8 poles crossing four branches to
two hiccory saplins and two white oak saplins on a spur of the House Mountain north
40 degrees east 1944 poles crossing nine branches to a pine and black oak south 50 degrees
east 110 poles to three black oaks north 40 degrees east 908 poles crossing the river to three
hiccories north 50 degrees west 52 poles to a chesttiut oak and a dogwood 200 degrees
east 354 poles to five chestnuts out of one stump northeast 156 poles crossing a branch to
two white oaks and two poplars north 20 degrees east 108 poles to a dogwood and poplar
on a branch north 80 degrees east 112 poles to two black oaks on a high ridge on the west
side of Hays Creek northeast 288 poles north 47 and '^ degrees east 930 poles to a white
oak and a Spanish oak on the side of Hay's Creek east 640 poles crossing the said creek
to three white oak saplins north 20 deirrees east 230 poles crossing a branch of MolTett's
Creek to a black oak and a chestnut north M degrees east ISO poles to a blazed while oak
north 20 degrees east 104 poles near a while oak north 80 degrees east 436 poles crossing
a branch of Sherando to two while oaks in Beverly's line south 1840 poles crossing four
branches of James River to two hircorirs two chestnuts and a while oak near a spring of
James River smiih 56 degrees east 6.V) poles crossing a branch of Sherando lo a Mark oak
north 56 degrees east 322 poles crossing two branches of James River and south 56 degrees
east 232 poles to the l>eginning. with all woods underwoods swamps marshes low grounds
meadows feedings and his due share of all veins mines and quarries as well discovered as
not diKovered within the bounds aforesaid and being part of the said nuantity of 92.100
acres of land and the rivers waters and water courses therein contained together with the
privileges of hunting hawking fishing fowling and all other profits commodities and heridi-
tamenti whatsoever to the same or anv pan thereof belonging or in wise appertaining to
have hold possess and enjoy the said tract or parrel of land and all other the before granted
premises and every part thereof with their and every of their appurtenances unto the said
Bepjatnin Borden and to his heirs and assigns forever lo the only use and behoof of him
the said Benjamin Borden his heirs and assigns forever to be held of us our heirs and
(urcessors as of our Xfanner of east Greenwich in the county of Kent in free and common
socage and not in Capite or by knights service pelding and paying unto us our heirs and sue-

APPENDICES 551

cessors for every 50 acres of land and so proportionably for a lesser or a greater quantity
than 50 acres the free rent of one shilUng yearly to be paid upon the feast of St. Michael
the Arch Angel and also cultivating and improving three acres part of every fifty of the
tract above mentioned within three years after the date of these presnts provided allways
that if three years of the said fee rent shall at any time be in arrear and unpaid or if the
said Benjamin Borden his heirs or assigns do not within the space of three years next
coming after the date of these presents cultivate three acres part of every fifty of the tract
above mentioned then the estate hereby granted shall cease and be utterly determined and
thereafter it shall and may be lawful to and for us our heirs and successors to grant the
same lands and premises with the appurtenances unto such other person or persons as we
our heirs and successors shall think fit in witness whereof we have caused these our letters
patent to be made witness our trusty and well beloved William Gooch Esquire our Lieuten-
ant Governor and Commander in chief of our said colony and dominion at Williamsburg
under the seal of our said colony the sixth day of Xovember one thousand seven hundred
and thirty nine in the thirteenth year of our reign.

William Gooch.

ROAD PRECINCTS OF 1841
(As Described by the County Court.)

1. County line at George Barger's to Cedar Creek.

2. Cedar Creek to Eli Poage's.

3. Eli Poage's to bridge on Buffalo.

4. Stage road near Matthew Houston's to county line near John McNight (Skid-
more's Ferry road.)

5. Galbraith's to Natural Bridge.

6. Back road near William Shield's, crossing stage road near William Moffett's, to
the Bridge Road.

7. Natural Bridge to Gilmore's mill on James River.

8. James River at Greenlee's Ferry up Arnold's Valley to county line.

9. Gilmore's mill to county line near Richard H. Burk's.

10. Alexander Paxton's on James River to Gilmore's mill.

11. Wallace's mill to Boatyard mill on Buffalo.

12. Fancy Hill to Weaver's Forge and mills.

13. Stage road at east end of John Moffett's lane to Falling Spring church.

14. Boatyard to head of the canal.

15. Mouth of Buffalo to ford above Bunker Hill mills.

16. Ford at Bunker Hill mills to stage road at Douglass's.

17. Back road at Miller's to stage road near Laird's.

18. County line on Back road to Captain William Shield's.

19. William Shield's to John P. .\ckerley's smith shop.

20. Stage road at William L. Burk's to .\ckerley's on back road.

21. John P. Ackerley's smith shop to Buffalo at Zollman's mill.

22. Redbud in Opossum Hollow to center Buffalo bridge.

2i. Zollman's mill to top of the hill on the stage road at Elliott's.

24. Redbud in Opossum Hollow to town limits.

25. James S. Mackcy's on Back road to Bolivar Mills.

26. Stage road in Bowyer's lane, passing McKee Harper's to Buffalo ford.

27. Bolivar Mills to Lindsav's ford on Buffalo.

552 A HISTORY OF KOCKBSJOUE COUNTV*. VIRGINIA

28. Forks u{ the road south of A. B. Davidson's to the fork of Buffalo Creek, and
u|i the creek to the intersection of the Dagger Sprinft road near Zollman's field.

29. Lindsay's ford on Buffaln to Joseph Wilson's.

30. Thomas Wilson's mill, passing B. F. Porter's, to John Chandler's.

31. Joseph Wilson's up north fork of Buffalo to county line.

33. Bolivar Mills to Henry McCorklc's store.

34. Ford at McCorklc's to Tolley's sawmill.

35. Addison Gilmore's ford to Hickiel Haysletr*.

36. From turnpike crossing Collier's Creek and up the creek to Thomas Goodbar'i.

37. Fork below Tribbett's on Collier to Adam Hick's.

38. Ford by way of Gravelly Hill to Hall's mill.

30. Turnpike al Shanklin McClintic's (Scott's old place) to Adam Unroe's.

40. Mackcy's on turnpike to Lindsay's ford on BufTalo.

41. Town limits to Campljell's and Karley's mill.

42. Turnpike al Robert Wilson's, passing Weir's, to Kerr's Creek road at James
Wilson's.

43. N'athanicI Gaylor's to Cumings and Carter's, intersecting Gilmore's road.

44. Campbell and Karley's mill to Kerr's Creek turnpike.

45. Kerr's Creek turnpike to Henry Hayslett's.

46. Town limits to John Chandler's.

47. Town limits to stake in Steele's lane,

48. Fork of road at John Thompson's to stake in Steele's lane.

49. Fork of road at John Thompson's to North River at Boatyard.

50. Fork at John Thompson's, passing Ben Salem, to Jennings' old ford.

5L Ford at Hart's Bottom, (excepting ro.nd from fork at Colonel Paxton's to ford
at Jennings' old place,) to junction at Boatyard road near Samuel McCorklc's.

52. Kerr's Creek road at John T. McKee's to Robert Gilmore's.

53. Town to North River, and from the fork below the spout to the bridge

54. Xfoore and Dunlap's store to Peter Hull's.

55. Bryan's Forge to Rock Forge.

56. Kerr's Creek road above S. W. KfcKee's to Lindsay's ford.

57. Barley's mill to landing on North River down Kerr's Creek.

58. Top of j>oorhou»e hilj to North River bridge, and to make the route alonp
Slerretl's fence at the en<l of Lyle's old lane above the turn.

59. .Spout at the stage road passing Winnis to McCorklc's road.

60. Cooficr's shop at Contention Falls, crossing South River, to Robert Glasgow's
sawmill.

61. Potter's lane to top of poorhouse hill,

62. Brownsburg to Potter's.

63. Bridge a( North River to Patton's smith shop.

64. Patton's shop to George Ireland's.

65. Ireland's to William R. Morris's smith shop.

66. Moore's shop to county line.

67. Samuel Lyle's mill to Lindsay's.

68. Fairfield to Whiimer's mill.

69. hrownsburg road, by John .^. Cfois'*. to Fairletd road.
70 Beard's lane on Augusta line to Brownsburg.

71. Tye River turnpike to Archibald McClung's.

72. Whiimer's mill to Strickler'i Springs.

APPENDICES

553

7i. Strickler's Springs to mouth of John Taylor's lane.

74. Taylor's lane to North River.

75. Top of mountain at White's Gap to McClure's milt.

76. McClure's mill to Raid's mill.

77. Reid Alexander's mill to Timber Ridge meeting house.

78. Mrs. Patton's at signpost to Augusta line.

79. Fairfield to McClung's mill.

80. Brownsburg, by Samuel Wilson's mill, to ridge road on Nevius's land.

81. Brownsburg to Captain Alexander Walker's mill.

82. Whitmer's mill to Walker's mill.

83. Walker's mill up Walker's Creek to .\ugusta line.

84. Whitmer's mill to stage road near Norcross's.

85. Cedar Grove to mouth of Robert Hutcheson's lane.

86. Mouth of Hutcheson's lane, next to Culton's. to Moflett's Run near New Provi-
dence church.

87. White's house, by Swoope's, to Walker's Creek. (New road).

88. Mouth of Walker's Creek to White's mill.

89. Weaver's Bell farm to Augusta line, passing Joseph Kelso's.

90. Mrs. Davis's to Tree Road at Sea's old place.

91. Weaver's turnpike up the big river to the county line.

92. Bath line to Augusta line on the Tree Road.

93. Mouth of Bratton's Run to Millboro turnpike.

94. Panther Gap to James McCutchen's on Big Calfpasture.

95. Midway, by Kennedy's mill, to New Providence and Moffett's Creek.

96. Reid Alexander's mill to top of mountain at Irish Creek Gap.

PRICES, 1745-1853
(Period 1745-1775)

Muslin, per yard $2.50

Cambric, per yard 1.50

Osnaburg, per yard 17

Velvet, per yard 3.33

Linen, per yard SO to 1 .25

Ribbon, per yard 32

Bed Ticking, per yard 39

Calico per yard 42 to 1,04

Broadcloth, per yard 3.00 to 3.58

Cotton Cloth, per yard 50 to .83

Sacking, yer yard 25

Tablecloth 1.33

Bed Sheet 2.08

Thread, per pound 26

Wool, per pound 11 to .33

Silk, per hank 11

Blankets 208 to 2.50

Dutch blanket 1.25 to 1.67

Kid Gloves 58

Buckskin gloves .44

Greatcoat 6.25

Quilted petticoat 1.45

Flannel Gown 2.85

Woman's hood 85

Woman's jacket 1.75

Shoebuckles, silver 3.33

Shoes 1.25

Pumps 2.0O

Stockings 83 to 1.17

Broadcloth coat S.7S

Silk bonnet 1.83

Quilt 1.33

Leggings 1 .04

Boy's hat 83

Plaid hose 33

Club 50

Fine hat 6 67

Bonnet 15.00

Morocco shoes 1.75

Umbrella 8.00

554

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTV, VIRGINIA

Indian gaiters, belt, and p>i<' °f

moccasins •'•"

Flour, per barrel 2.67 to 8.00

Middlings, per barrel 2.54

Tea J-S8 lo 200

Coffee 24

Bottled honey. 1 lb 31

Butter *

Bacon 07

Beef C2'A to .14

r. •.i^^e.'s, per bu. "

\;: c. per lb 1.08

I'epiKT. per lb Jl to .58

Cinnamon, per ot 42

Cloves, per lb 42

NutmcRs. each -02 to .05

Madder, per lb 42

IiidiRo. per oz 17 to .25

Kye brandy, per gal 33

Rum. per gal 75

Whiskey, per gal 50

Gunpowder, per lb 46 to .67

Uad. per lb 12'/ to .50

Shot, per lb 08 to .10^4

Flint V per doz 10J4

P.iiil'ling a house 30.00

I-iying a barn floor 2.50

Splitting rails, per 1000 5 00

Making and nailing clapboards per

i.noo 1.46

Making table with 4 divisions in

the drawer 2.50

Comnion labor, per day J3

Horse hire, per day 17

2 horse shoes and putting them

on 42

V "■ I husking com, per day .25

I lie. i>er day 58

M.iiniciiain:e per day while driving

cattle 10'/,

Door l«k and putting it on 71

Hauling com. man and 2 horses,

per day 50

r)rr«»ing a deerskin J3

Biifk«kin 1^5

Bringing tali from Richmond, per

bu 33

Cooking and washing, per mo 1.00

Burial charges •* '^

Lining a coat and jacket '5

l-abor. per mo 6.67

V.aKon 13J3 to 18.00

I riiii-looth harrow 200

Scythe . 1-25

liroad.iv ' —5

SaddU 1 ' "

Comnii'M .\xc ^

GrinHMi.iie 1-00

Gimlrt 12V4

Hammer .25 to J3

Sickle -29

Bell and colUr 1 25

Steelyards 2.X1

Brass candlestick "'

Iron Candlestick H

.A uRcr. '4 inch 25

Iron, per lb 05'4

Ten iicnny nails, per 1000 1.50

Fight penny nails, per 1000 ... I 10

Four |>enny nails, per 1000 46

.ShinRlev per 1000 3.71

Cupboard hinges, per pair 50

Window lights, per dot 2.00

I-oom 5.00

Trunk .■ 5™)

Tumblers, per doz. . ^i3

Glasses, per doz. . 100

Comb 1 ''

Tliimble "*

1 roil Pot 1 ' "

Nutmeg grater "'■

Sauceivin ...

Brass kettle 2 .'^0

Mortar and pestle ' -~

Spinning wheel 1 '•''

Silver tea<p<ion A2

F!.1l:r<.-i 17 tn .50

Inniicl 50

Feather l>ed . . 7 50

looking glass W to 1 42

Pepper mill "^'^

Frving pan '''

China plates, per dof, . 4 50

Pewter plate 20

Knives and forks, per doz. 1 46

Pewter porringer S.I

APPENDICES

555

Brass wire and riddle 55

Needles, per doz 16

Pins, per 1000 33

Large Bible 5.00 to 7.50

Testament 33

Bradley's Dictionary, 2 vol 3.00

Pine plank, 100 feet 1.04

Large still and worm 123.59

Gingseng, per lb 25 to 1.25

Candle mould 12

r.rinistone, per lb 17

Pewter, per lb 17

Tobacco, per lb 07K' to .WA

Paper, per quire 42

Penknife

Beaver skin

Tallow, per lb

Candles, per lb

Bearskin

Saltpeter, per lb

Camphor, per oz

1 acre standing wheat

Cutlass

Cowhide

Xecklace

Turpentine, per bottle

.10^

.83

.02

.08

.67

.24

.33

.83

.41

.80

.33

.55

Razor 50

Period 177S-182S

Copper boiler, 100 gal 75.00

Fanning mill 15.00

Loom 10.00

Robinson's History of .America . . 3.75

History of Virginia 1.00

Pike's Arithmetic 1.00

Wesley's Sermons 92

To Richmond and return, 1802.. 21.40
Butter, per firkin (56 lb.) .... 4.83

Straw bonnet 1.67

Broken flax, per lb 04^

Wheat, per bu 67

Rye, per bu 55

(."orn, per bu SO

Flour, per barrel 3.54

Cassimere, per yd 2.00

Domestic plaid, per yard 20

Red flannel, per yard 23

I.etter paper, per quire 20

l:rcakfast plates, per doz 50

Loaf sugar, per lb 20

Calico, per yd 20

Gunflints, per 100 60

Wineglasses, per doz 60

Plow and doubletree 6.00

Coflfee 30

Cinnamon, per lb 75

Ginger, per oz 17

Broken chocolate, per oz 04

Rice, per lb 04

Handsaw file 22

Brass knife and fork 21

Packsaddle 50

Pocketbook 33

Basin 37i^

Bill and collar 1.25

Horseshoe 17

Thimble 11

Casteel soap, per pound 33

Calomel, per oimce 67

Court plaster, per roll 33

Chalk, per pound 1.00

Frying pan 1.25

Goose 42

Fishhooks, per dozen 12

One beaver skin 83

China bowl 33

Making a jacket 1.00

Blanket 3.67

Tobacco, per pound 10 to .14

LYNCHBURG MARKET, 1853

Bacon 08

Sugar 07 to .12

Butter 13

Wheat 75

Flour, per 100 lb 75 to .80

Mountain Whiskey 30

556

A HISTORY OF ROCKBKJDGE CdlNTY. VIRGINIA

MINISTERS IN ROCKUKIDGE

(Thojr QualifyinK ricfore the County Court Prior to the War of 1861)
Baker, John 1'— Presbyterian— 18S8
BaldridRe. William— 1795.
Blain, Daniel— 1817.
Brown. John— 1785.
Brown, Samuel — 1797
Brown. Henry — Presbyterian — 1830
Buckin^hain, Nathan E. — Methodist — 1847.
Campbell. John— 1793
Edwards, Francis M.— Methodist— 1861
McCarthy, Florence— Baptist— 1858
Graham. William— 178S.
Houston, Samuel — 1789.
Landslrcct, John— Methodist— 1851.
I.inn, Joseph H— 18J8
Marshall, Robert T.— Methodist— 1857
Mason, Gilbert— Baptist— 1853
Mason, Emmet T. — Baptist— 1857
Filler, Samuel — Lutheran— 1843
McCorkle, Alexander B.— Presbyterian— 1836
XfcCune, Robert L.— Presbyterian— 1858.
Moore, John H— Baptist— 1864
Preston, Thomas L. — Presbyterian — 1861
Ramsay, John B. — Presbyterian — 1854.
Reid. Joseph- Presbyterian— 1807
Richardson. John C. — Baptist — 18SS
Smith, Edward— Mclhodist—1826.
Taylor. Rol>ert J— Presbyterian— 1852
Trimble, William M.— Presbyierian- 1844
WaRRoner, John— 1801.
WalWiip. Joseph W— Presbyterian— 1863
Yotin(f. John — 1794

(Native* of .\ugu»ta; AccordinR to a T.isi Compiled by William G McDowell)

Alexander. Archibald. D. D., LI-. D.
Arnold. Edward P.
Baxter, Joseph F.
Ilrard, W. S.
Ulain. Samuel W.
Prravn. Jamo M., D. D.
Brown. Joseph, D. D.
Brown. .Samuel. D. D.

Brown, William, D. D.
Brown. Henry
Brown, Cyrus G.
Cimpbell. W G
Campl>ell. Samuel D.
Campbell, .Samuel B.. D, D.
Campbell. Isaac N.
Campbell. Jamct T.

APPENDICES

557

Campbell, Robert F.

Campbell, W. A.

Crawford, Edward

Davidson, Andrew B.

Finley, David H.

Freeman, Adam

Gilmore, J. Harvey

Gilmore, Robert C.

Glasgow, Samuel McP.

Goul, John M.

Graham, Jacob

Greenlee, James F.

Grigsby, Benjamin F.

Hendron, John, D. D.

Houston, James

Houston, Matthew

Houston, Samuel

Houston, Samuel R-

Houston, W. W.

Junkin, Daniel P.

Laird, Henry P.

Laird, Alexander F.

Laird. W. R., D. D.

Lapsley, Joseph B.

Leyburn, John, D. D.

Leybum, George W.

Leyburn, Edward R.

Lockridge, Andrew Y.

Lyle, John (1)

Lyle, John (2)

Lyle, Matthew

McClung, James C.

McCorkle, Alexander B.

McCorkle, Enimett W., D. D.

McCown, J. Harry

McCown, John \V.

McCutchen, John S.

McMastcrs, Robert B. McK.

Miley, William H., D. D.

Morrison, William W.

Buchanan, R. C. A.

Dolly, William L.

Fultz, Robert L.

Green, S. H.

Hamilton, Alexander L., D. D.

Morrison, William McC, D. D.

Myers. Harry W., D. D.

Ochcltree. William H.

Paine, James

Paine, Henry H.

Paxton, John. D. D.

Paxton. Thomas R.

Paxton. James H.

Paxton, James T.

Pinkerton. John D.

Pittman, Francis W. L.

Poague, James W.

Preston, Thomas L., D. D.

Preston. John A.

Price, Joseph J.

Ramsay, Samuel G.

Reveley, John G.

Revcley, William A.

Ruff, Andrew W.

Ruff, John

Ruff, William W.

Ruffner, W. Henry, D. D., LL. D.

Smith, Jacob H., D. D.

Smith, James H.

Smith, Josiah M.

Strickler, Givens B., D. D., LL D.

Stuart, Robert

Stuart, Ebenezer

Taylor, Robert J.

Templeton, Alexander

Thomas, Joseph A.

Thompson, William McQ.

Walker, Robert C.

Walkup, Joseph W.

Wilson, William

Wilson, Robert

Wilson, James P.. D. D.

Wilhelm, William F.

Womelsdorf, Carlyle R.

Methodists :

Mitchell, John W.
Taylor, William— Bishop
Taylor, Andrew
Vanderslice, George C.
White, G. Dorsey

558

A HISTORY OK KOCKBRIIK^E COLNTY. VIRdNIA

Cam|>t>cll, William S.
Uavidion, Charlcj B.
Gibbs, George

Ceach. William It.
Harri», J. H.
Margrave, William

hjUSCOI-ALlAKS:

.McDowell. William G.
Moore, James

Baptists:

.McLaughlin. J. T.
Richardson, J. C.
Root, Erastu5 C.

MiNiSTEBs Reporting Marriages, 1782-1818, I.s<.xt'sivE

The first date is that of the first marriage reported. The second is that of the
latest marriage. The numbers following are those of the number of marriages reported
by the various ministers.

Baldridge, William. 1796-1809 109

Baxter. George A.. 1799-1817 224

Bell, John. 1817 1

Blain, Daniel, 1801-1812 266

Brown. John, 1782-1797 166

Campbell. John P., 1793-179S 21

Carriclc, Samuel, 1786-1791 25

Crawford, Edward, 1785-1791 15

Cree, John, 1799-1803 23

Cumings. Charles, 1793 2

Damcron, William, 1795 1

Davidson, A. B., 1815-1817 55

Duncan, William, 181 1 2

Ewing, John D., 1813-1818 11

Graham, William, 1785-1797 132

Graham, J. U 1812 1

Hammond, Benjamin, 1811 I

Hariwr, James, 1801-1803 22

Hemphill, Andrew, 1806 1

Heron, Andrew, 1817 S

Holmes, John, 1801 1

Houston, Samuel, 1790-1818 319

Lanier, Kdmund, 1809 1

Lindsay, John, 1791 1

Lyie, Matthew, 1796 ... .'

.McConnell. James, 1787 J2

Miers, J. W., 1811 I

Mitchell, Edward. 1792 2

Montgomery, John, 1800-1805 7

Kcid. Jo.seph. 1808-1810 8

Shanks, William, 1816 1

Vansandt, Elijah, 1794-1805 39

Ward, James, 1801 (Xlethodist) 1

Wilson, Rolwrl, 1814 1

Voung, John. 1796-1799 .30

ROCKBRIDGE LEGISLATORS

Other counties forming a scn.ilorial district with RcKkbridgc are the follow-
ing: 1778-1818, .\iiKiista, KmkinKJiam, and ."^licnandoah. PcndlctKn and Bath
l)cing added in 1788 and 1790, respectively; 1818-18.W. .\ug\ista and rendlcton ;
18.W-1852. Augu.sta; 1852-1865. Hath and Highland; 1865-1869. Nelson; 1869-
-187'>, AlIcRhany and Haih; 1879-1904, .Mlegh.my. Bath, Botetourt, and High-
land; since 1904, Bedford. The fullowing is a complete list of the senators.

177R-178I— Samp»on Mathewt
1783-1786-Thomat Adams.
1786-1789-Alexandcr St. Clair.

APPENDICES 559

1790-1791— Simpson Mathews

1792-1793— Alexander St. Clair.

1794-1796— John Oliver

1797-1800— Archibald Stuart

1800— Andrew Moore

1800-1806— James Allen, Moore having resigned to become a United States marshal
in 1801.

1806-1810— Daniel Smith

1810-1826 — Chapman Johnson

1827-1839— David W. Patterson

1839-1845— John H. Peyton

1845-1847— Samuel McD. Moore

1847-1851— William Kinney

1852-1858— James H. Paxton

1859-1861— James G. Paxton

1861-1865— WiUiam Frazier

1865-1867— David S. G. Cabell

1869-1873— William A. Anderson

1873-1877— John L. Eubank

1877-1880— Joseph H. Sherrard, Jr.

1881-1884— William A. Glasgow

1885-1896— Charles P. Jones

1897-1898— S. H. Fletcher

1899-1900— C. E. McCorkle. Mr. McCorkle died December 14, 1899, and A. Nash
Johnson was chosen to fill the vacancy.

1901-1904— George A. Rivercomb

1904-1906 — J. Lawrence Campbell

1908-1910— J. Randolph Tucker

1912-1914 — W. T. Paxton and J. Randolph Tucker

1916-1918— .'>k. Willis Robertson

DELEGATES

Alexander, Andrew*,— 1798-99, 1800-01, 1801-02, 1803-tH, 1804-05. 1805-06, 1806-07,
1818-19, 1819-20, 1820-21, 1821-22. Mr. .•\lexander became surveyor in 1806 and was suc-
ceeded by Thomas L. Preston.

Anderson, Francis T.— 1861-62, 1862 (.^pril and September), 1863 (January)

Anderson, William A.— 1883-84, 1884 (August), 1887-88, 1918

Anderson, William C— Convention 1901-02.

Armcntrout, Charles, 1874 (January), 1874-5.

.Arnold, Jacob W.— 1885-86, 1887 (March).

Barclay, E. H.— 1899-1900.

Bowycr, John. 1778, 1782, 1784-85, 1785-86, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795,
1796, 1799-1800, 1800-01, 1801-02, 1810-11, 1812-13, 1814-15, 1815-16, 1816-17, 1817-18, 1818-19.
1819-20, 1820-21, 1821-22, 1822-23, 1823-24, 1824.

Campbell, Charles— 1781-82, 1783, 1788.

Caruthers, James— 1798-99.

♦Whether the following dates are to be shared between an elder and a younger |

ro.u ;.: lint tiinvi'ii ivith romniler. And so with Other instances in the list. f

Andrew is not known with compiler. And so with other instances in the list

560 A UISTORY OF KOCKBRIDGE COL'NTV, VIRGINIA

Carulhers, John — 1796.

Craig. J. S.— 1895-96. 1897-98. 1908.

Donald, William A.-1871-72. 1872-73.

Dormaiv Cliarlcs P.-183J-34, 1834-35. 1835-36. 1836-37. 1839 (January). 1839-40.
1840-41. 1841-42, 1846-47. 1847-48.

Dorman. James B.— Convention. 1861; House. 1848-49. 1849-50. 1850-51.

Doylc. Robert L.— 1855-56.

Dunlap. Koben K.— 1881-82.

Dunlap, John T.— 1891-9i

Edmondson. J. K.— 1893-94.

Fra/icr. James .\.-1877-78. 1879-80.

Frazier. James B.— 1881-82.

Gilmore. Joseph, 1852 (January).

(iold. William M— 1845-46.

Graham. A.— 1865-66. 1866-67. 1869-70. 1870-71

Grigsby. Joseph— 1804-05. 1805-06. 1806-07. 1807-08. 1808-09.

Grigsby. Reuben-1811-12. 1812-13, 1813-14, 1815-16.

Har|>er, James F.-184S-46, 1846-47. 1847-48.

Hays, John— 1784-«5.

Johnston, James M.— 1889-90.

Johnston. Zachariah— 1792. 1797-98.

Jordan. Charles F.— 1885-86. 1887 (March).

KirkiMitrick. John— 1853-54. .

Udy. John B.— 1877-78. 1879-«0. 1881-82.

Ucch, W. B. F.— 1875-76, 1876-77. 1881-82, 1895-96. 1899-1900.

Utcher. Greenlee D.— 1889-90. 1891-92.

Utchcr. John— 1875-76. 1876-77.

Lcyburn, Alfred— 1835-36, 1838 (January), 1839 (January), 1839-40. 1840-41. 184M2.
1852 (January).

McCampbcll. John— 1809-10.

McClelland. Thomas S.— 1802-03. 1803-04.

McDowell. James— 1796.

McDowell. James-1K30-31. 1831-32. 1832-33. 1833-34. 1834-35, 1838 (January).

McDowell. Samuel. 1778. 1780-81.

McKee. John T.— 1887-88.

McKee. William— 1779. 1886-87. 1787-88. 1788, 1789. 1790. 1791. 1793. 1794.
Mcljiu«1ilin.W.— 1869-70.

Massic. Jamc» W.— 1857-58.

Mitchell, R. G.-1904. 1906.

Moore. Andrew-1780-«1. 1781-82. 1782. 1783. 1785-86. 1786-87. 1787-88. 1799-1800.

Moore. David K.— 1842-43, 1843-44, 1844-45.

Moore. Samuel McD.-1825-26. 1826 27. 1827-28, 1828-29. 1829-30, 1830-31. 1831-32.
1832-33. 1836-37.

Morrikon. James D— 1874 (January). 1874-75.

Morrison. S. B.— 1869-70. 1870-71.

Patterson. Andrew— 1849-50. 1850-51. 1855-56- 1859-60. 1861 (January).

TaxtiMi. J. G.— 184«.49. 1857-58.

r.iTt..i,. Matthew W — 188.?-*4. 1884 (Augiist).

I'axu.n. K. G.— 1893-94.

APPENDICES

561

Paxton, William— 1816-17, 1817-18.

Poague, William T.— 1871-72, 1872-73.

Preston, Thomas L.— 1806-07, 1807-08, 1808-09, 1809-10, 1910-11.

Quisenberry, John M.— 1901-02.

Reid, Samuel McD.— 1859-60, 1861 (January), 1861-62, 1862 (April and September),
1863 (January), 1863-64, 1864-65.

Rogers, Andrew— 1813-14, 1814-15.

Stuart, Alexander, 1779.

Taylor, James McD.— 1853-54, 1865-66, 1866-67.

Taylor, William— 1822-23.

Waddy, Charles W.— 1901-02.

White, Hugh A.— 1910, 1912. 1914, 1916.

White. Robert— 1823-24, 1824-25, 1825-26, 1826-27, 1827-28, 1828-29, 1829-30, 1842-43,
1843-44, 1844-45.

Wliite, Robert J.— 1863-64, 1864-65.

Wilson, John— 1797-98.

Winborne, R. W.— 1897-98.

Remarks : W. McLaughlin resigned, 1869, and was succeeded by A. Graham. S. B.
Morrison resigned in 1869. In 1881 R. K. Dunlap was unseated in favor of J. A.
Frazier, and W. B. F. Leech in favor of J. B. Lady.

Hugh W. Shetifey was President of the Senate, 1863-65.

Thomas Lewis and Samuel McDowell represented Augusta in the State Convention
of 1776.

William McKee and Andrew Moore represented Rockbridge in the Convention of
1788, which ratified the Federal Constitution.

In the Constitutional Convention of 1829-30, Rockbridge was represented by Samuel
McD. Moore; in that of 1850-51, by John Letcher.

Samuel McD. Moore and James B. Dorman represented Rockbridge in the Secession
Convention of 1861.

William McLaughlin represented Rockbridge. Bath, and Highland in the State Con-
vention of 1867-68; William A. Anderson and J. W. Gilmore in that of 1901-02.

CENSUS FIGURES AND VITAL STATISTICS

(Population by Decades)

1790 6,548 I860 17,248

1800 8.945 1870 16,058

1810 10.318 1880 20.003

1820 11,945 1890 23.062

1830 14,244 1900 21,799

1840 14,284 1910 24,416

1850 16,045

In 1790 there were, of all ages, 3,069 white males and 2.756 white females. The number
of those not less than sixteen years of age were 1.517 males and 1.429 females. The totals
were 5,825 whites and 72i blacks.

302

A HISTORY OF KOCKBRIIM'.E COINTV. VIRGINIA

(From (he Census of l&SO)

Whites WfiAS

Slaves 4.197

Families 1,972

Dwellings 1908

Births among the white and free col-
ored 290

Births among the slaves 95

White marriages 105

Deaths of whites 97

Deaths of slaves 60

Public schools 18

Teachers in the same 2\

Pupils in the same 430

School funds, public $1,352

School funds from

other sources $5,329

Total of school funds $6,681

Colleges 2

College teachers 16

College students 186

College funds, endowment $14,610

College funds, public $75,000

College funds, other than en-
dowment or public $3,000

Total of college .'unds $93,110

Attending school, males 800

Attending schools, females 679

Foreigners none

Illiterate adults, white males 110

Illiterate adults, white females .... 126

Illiterate adults, native born 221

Illiterate adults, forriKn born 15

Libraries, other than private 2

X'olumcs in such libraries 3,200

Wheat, bushels 198,553

kje, bushels 10,017

Corn, bushels . ...372.705

Barley, bushels 2^5

Buckwheat, bushels 2,019

White potatoes, bushels 14,226

Sweet potatoes, bushels S>80

Flax fiber, pound 8,925

Flaxseed, bushels 657

.^cres in farms 104,638

Acres unimproved 155,233

Farms, cash value $3,207,030

Farm machinery, cash value $99,346

Horses 3,071

Mules and asses 189

Working oxen 94

Milch cows 3,453

Sheep 1,262

Hogs 2t).937

Livestock, cash value $436,149

Hay, tons 7,626

Tobacco, pounds 78 J98

Butter, pounds 178.384

Cheese, pounds .... 17.051

Maple sugar, pounds 1,728

Honey and wax, pounds 6,298

Livestock, cash value $436,149

N'aluc of animals, slaughtered ...$89,525
Homemade manufactures, value
of output $22,018

(From the Census of 1860)

Kcal pro|«rty $8,290,943

Personal property 6,170.188

Total of real and personal

Property $14,461,132

Families 2 J79

Free jiopulation 13,263

(From the Census of 1870)
People not less than 70 years of age :

White males 83

While females , 100

Colored males 26

Colored female* -^2

Total of males 109

Total of females 132

Grand total 241

APPENDICES

563

Persons between the ages of 5 and 21 :

White 4,369

Colored 1,492

Total 5,861

Total negro population 3,890

Towns. Districts, etc., 1890 and 1910

1890 17,931

5,131

White population.
Colored population, 1890

Buffalo District, 1890 3,072

Kerr's Creek District, 1890 2,757

Lexington District, 1890 4,418

Natural Bridge District, 1890 4,539

South River District, 1890 3,977

Walker's Creek District, 1890 3,255

Lexington (town) 3,059

Buena Vista

Glasgow

Goshen, 1900 253

1910 20,471

1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910 .

3,944
2,617
2,238
4,378
4,182
4,096
3,660
2,931
3,245
405
165

(From the Census of 1910)

Males 12,095

Females 12,321

Dwellings 4,767

Families 4,954

Males of voting age 5,922

Ilhterate voters, white 622

Illiterate voters, colored 345

Persons of foreign birth 59

Persons of foreign or mixed

parentage 133

Naturalized voters of foreign birth 15

Aliens of voting age 9

Foreign born with first naturalization
papers only, or naturalization sta-
tus unknown 10

Natives of Scotland 5

Natives of Italy 4

Natives of Austria 4

Natives of Greece 3

Natives of Hungary 2

Natives of other countries 4

Farms 1,944

Acres improved 161,710

Land value, per acre $12.96

Horses 6,607

Mules 141

Cattle 14,073

Sheep and goats 14,817

Hogs 10.659

Wheat, acres of 23,661

Wheat, bushels 284,703

Oats, acres of 2,548

Oats, bushels 40,098

Corn, acres of 22,978

Corn, bushels 658,402

Hay, acres of 17,163

Hay, tons 15.857

Potatoes, acres of 492

Potatoes, bushels 55,258

Percentage of farms operated by

tenants 21.7

Value of all farm property, includ-
ing implements and animals $9,779,232

According to the returns on file in the oflice of the County Clerk, there were, for
the period 1913-1916 inclusive, a yearly average of 188 deaths among the white people
and fifty among the negroes. For the whites the rate is not quite 92 per 1,000 of popu-
lation. For the colored people it is about 12.5 per 1,000, the mean for the two races being
about 9.6.

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

During the years 1915 and 1916, diseases of the respiratory organs caused 122 deaths,
tuberculosis being responsible for 57 and pneumonia for 50. Aflfections of the cerebral
system occasioned 45 deaths, J7 being due to apoplexy or paralysis. From disorders of
the circulatory systrni the deaths were 51, 41 being attributed to diseases of the heart.
There were 49 deaths from urinary complaints and 25 from diseases of the digestive or-
gans. Diseases |>cculiar to childhood caused 57 deaths, constitutional ailments 27, female
disorders 16, old age 4, and accidents 8. There were 19 stillbirths and in 31 instances
the cause of death was not known.

In 1915, 4 deaths were reported from gunshot wounds and 4 from grip. In 1916,
cancer was the cause of 14 deaths and blood poisoning of 5. In 1915, 44 of the deaths
were of children less than a year old; 36 were of |)crsons between the ages of 1 and 21;
84 were of persons between the ages of 21 and 70. 48 men and women died between the
ages of 70 and 80, 25 between the ages of 80 and 90, while 3 whites and 1 negro were 90
years old or upward, the oldest, 98 years of age, being a white.

COUNTY OFFICERS

Coi;ntv Ci.£>ks

Andrew Reid— 1778-1831

Samuel McD. Reid, son of .\ndrew

Reid-1831-1852
C. Chapin-18S2-1863
James K. Edmondson — 1863-1865

.■\ndrew .^gnor — military ap-

iwintec— 1865-1870
J. P. Moore-1870-1893
Inilioh to bt x«/>/'/i>(f— Shields— 1893

Andrew Reid— 1809-1831
Samuel McD. Reid— 1831-1858

James McDowell— 17781785
.Mexandcr CamplHrll — 1785
Andrew Alexander — 1806
William Paxton— Resigned, 1831

Cucvrr Ci^aKS

J. G. Steele— 1858-1864

J. C. Boude— 1864-1865 and 1870-1893

Si'tvr^'oss

IMward ). McUughlin— 18,11-1845
James C. C. Moore— 1845-1852
Andrew M. Lusk— 1858-1864

Shuiffs

Archibald Alexander— 1778
John Bowyer— 1779
Samuel McDowell— 1780
John Greenlee — 1785
John Houston — 1786
Joseph M.M.re— 1788
Jame« Hiichanan — 17'Jl
Joseph Walker- 1792
James Gilmore— 17'>4
William Moore— 1795
Samuel Keys — 1796
David Fdmondson — 1798
Matthew lIanna-1800

James Caruthers— 1802
Alexander Shields— 1806
Charles Campbell-1809
John Wilson— 1811
James McDowell— 1812
William Lyie— 1813
John I-eyburn — 1816
William M.x.re— 1819
Jainr* Caruthers — 1R20
Joseph Gilmorc — 1824
James Moore — 1826
Joseph Allen— 1828
John McClelland— IR30

APPENDICES

565

Robert White— 1832
John Alexander — 1834
William Paxton— 1836
Joseph Cloyd— 1839
John McCorkle— 1840
John Bowyer— 1842
James Davidson — 1844
Joseph Bell— 1845

Reuben Grigsby — 1845

John Ruflf— 1850

Elective
John T. Shields— 1852-1854
John A. M. Lusk— 1854-1858
William F. Poague— 1858-1860
David J. Whipple— 1860-1864

Justices, 1778-1852

Note. — A star following a name shows that there is no express statement that the person
qualified. A star following a date shows that the person was in commission later than the
year given.

Alexander, Andrew — 1826
Alexander, Archibald — 177?
Alexander, John— 1807-1827*
Allen, Joseph— 1807-1827*
Anderson, Robert B.*— 1850
Barclay, Alexander T.— 1829
Barclay, Hugh— 1838-1851*
Barton, Robert R.— 1829
Bell, Alexander N.— 1836
Bell, Joseph, Jr.— 1817-1843
Bowyer, John— 1778-1827*
Buchanan, James— 1778-1801c
Campbell, Addison H.*— 1842
Campbell, Charles— 1778-1801*
Campbell, John— 1798
Campbell, Robert L.— 1829
Caruthers, James— 1790-1827
Caruthers, John — 1791
Caruthers, John T.— 1830
Cloyd. Joseph— 1807-1827*
Compton, James* — 1850
Culton. Alexander— 1809
Cumings, John A.— 1827-1843*
Davidson, James — 1809
Davidson, John — 1806
Davis, William C— 1848
Edgar, Thomas — 1784
Edmondson, David— 1784-1801*
Kdmondson, David — 1839
Finlay. Andrew — 1803
Gay. John— 1778-1801*
Gilmore, Addison* — 1840
Gilmore, John— 1778-1801*
Gilmore, Joseph — 1804
Gilmore, Paxton— 1839

Gilmore, William*— 1827
Glasgow, -Mexander M. — 1843
Gold, William M.— 1838
Greenlee, John— 1778-1801
Grigsby, Joseph— 1797-1801*
Grigsby. Reuben— 1817-1827*
Hanna, Matthew— 1789-1801*
Harper, James F.*— 1840
Hays, John— 1778*
Houston, John— 1778-1801
Houston, William— 1837
Ingles, William— 1834
Johnston, Alexander* — 1840
Johnston, James — 1817
Jordan, Samuel F. — 1837
Keys, Samuel— 1784-1801*
Lackey. William— 1840
Leech, John S.*— 1835
Lewis, William C— 1840
Leyburn, Alfred— 1834
Leyburn, John— 1802-1827*
Lusk, William— 1829
Lyle, Johii-1778
Lyle, Samuel- 1778
Lyle, William— 1802
McChesney, Zachariah J.* — 1827
McCleland. John— 1807-1827*
McClung. Benjamin — 1827
McConkey, John— 1797-1801*
McCorkle. John— 1809
McCutchen, William M.*- 1850
McDowell. James— 1791-1827*
McDowell, James. Jr.*- 1827
McDowell, Samuel— 1778
McGufhn, Jamison D.*— 1840

506

A lIlSTdHN fil KorKURlDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

McKff, William— 1 "78- 1?>7*
Millclaiid. John-1807
Munlgomery, John — 1817
Moore, Andrew— 1797-I801*
Moore. Jame»— 1807
Moore, Joseph— 1778-1801*
Moore, WillUm— 1784-1801*
M.Hjrc, William K.— 184.1
Patterson. Samuel— 1817-1827*
Patlon. William— 1836
Paxton. Joseph (!)•- 1806
Paxtoii. Joseph (2)»— 1806
Paxton. Thomas— 1837
Paxton, Thomas L.»— 1842
Paxton. Thomas S.»— 1850
Paxton, William (I) — 1778
Paxton. William (2)— 1807-1827*
Poague, James .\.»— 183S
Reid. Andrew— 1778
Ruff. Jacob M.— 1843
Ruff, John— 1828
Shields. Alexander— 1793-1827*

Stevens. William— 1836
Stoncr, George — 1838
Stuart. .Mexander— 1778
Stuart. Hugh*— 1806
Templeton. David— 1807
Todd. Samucl-1782
Trimble, John— 1778
Walker. Archibald B.— 1834
Walker. John M *— 1806
Walker. Joseph-1778-1801*
Walker. Thomas H.*— 1827
Wardlaw, Hugh B.*— 1827
White. Joseph— 1810
White, Robert— 1807-1827*
White, William G.*— 1850
Wilson. David*— 1806
Wilson. John— 1795-1801*
Wilson, Samuel M.*- 1840
Wilson, Thomas— 1839
Wilson. William— 1802
Withrow, John*— 1806

Justices, Elective
1852
The starred names are of those present on opening day. July Sth.

Barton, Robert R.*
Brown, Daniel*
Bryan, Matthew*
Cummings, John A.*
Eubank, John S.
Gilmore, Addison*
Gilmore, William C.
Gold. William M.*
Hamilton, John G.*
Hamilton, John G.*

Brown, Daniel
Davidson. James G.
Davidson, Lewis C.
Gilmore, Paxton
r,.,1.|. William M.
llamillon. Andrew J.
HariH-r. Jamrt F.
Hatcher. Henry M.
Humphrey », Meriwether A.

Harper, James F.*
Uckey. William*
Leech. John S.*
Uwis, William C*
Lindsay, .^ndrew*
Luster, John*
.\Iatkcy. HuKh W*
.McKcmy, John*
Moore, William R*

1856

Johnston, Samuel

Jordan, William (resigned)

Lickey, William

I ewi*, William C.

Lindsay. Andrew

Lusk, William (president)

Mackey. Hugh W.

Mackey. John P.

McClintic, Shanklin M.

Poague, William K *
Steele, Joseph (president)
S . Moses*

Sterrett, Robert*
Vanier, Charles*
Walker, Joseph*
White. William*
Wilson, Thomas*
Wilson, William B *

McCorkle. Theodore M.
McCutchrn. William M.
McKemy, John
I'axton. William
Poague, William F.
\'arner, Charles
Walker. Joseph
White, William (resigned)
Withrow, Andrew

Jamrt Campbell wa> elected in place of White in 1857. and William Dold in place of
Varner in 1859.

APPENDICES

567

Bradley, Schuyler
Brown, Daniel
Campbell, James
Chapman, John P.
Davidson, Lewis C.
Echols, Edward
Gibson, John A.
Hamilton, John W.

1860

Johnston, Samuel
Kirkpatrick, William M.
Laird, John G.
Lewis, William C.
Lusk, William (president)
Mackey, Hugh W.
McClintic, Shanklin M.
McCutchcn, William M.

McKemy, John
Moore, Nathan G.
Poindexter, George B.
Updike, James G.
Walker, Joseph
Willson, William B.
Wilson, James W.
Wilson, William A.

In 1861, William C. Gilmore was elected vice Laird, Hobsoii Johnson vice Echols, and
William R. Moore vice Lusk. In 1862, William A. McDonald was elected vice Bradley, John
S. Leech vice J. W. Wilson, and James Compton vice Jacob M. Ruff, who seems to have
filled an earlier vacancy. William C. Lewis was president, 1862.

Brown, Daniel
Campbell, James
Dold, William
Donald, William A.
Forsythe, William E.
Gibson, Henry S.
Gilmore, William C.
Hamilton, John W.
Hatcher, Henry M.

1864

Johnston, Samuel
Kinnear, John A.
Kirkpatrick, Thomas M.
Kirkpatrick, William M.
Lenter, John
McClintic, Shanklin M.

(resigned)
McKemy. John (president)

Moore, Nathan G.
Patterson, Robert T.
Patterson, Andrew
Pettigrew, James M.
Sandford, Henderson
Templeton, John M.
Updike, James G.
White, William

George W. Houston was elected vice Templeton, deceased, 1864. William F. Poague
was elected vice McClintic, 1865.

Reorganized Court, 1865

First District: Hugh Barclay, William Dold, Samuel Vanderslice, William White.

Second District: Samuel Cowan, John W. Hamilton, Henry M. Hatcher, James C. C.
Moore.

Third District ; James Campbell, John Luster, Nathan G. Moore, William F. Poague.

Fourth District: Charles Armentrout, James J. Hill, Thomas McCorkle, Robert T. Pat-
terson.

Fifth District: William C. Gilmore, William Kirkpatrick, John McKemy, William A.
Wilson.

Sixth District: Daniel Brown, Samuel A. East, William M. McCutchen, and James A.
Walker.

Seventh District : James S. Gibson, H. F. Lyle, J. W. Mackey, James T. Patten.

Brown and McKemy were refused commissions. The oath was administered by Wil-
liam White, one of the commissioners to hold the election.

568 A IIISTURY OK ROCKDRin<:F < iilVTV. Vim. IMA

A DEGREE FROM WASHINGTON COLLEGE IN 1841

PR.\ESES ET CURATORES

COLLEGII WASHINGTONIENSIS

IN VIRGINL\

OMNIBUS SINGULISQUE HAS LITERAS LECTURIS

SALUTEM IN DOMINO

NOTL'M SIT, Quod. Secundum Institutum ab aiitiquis Collegiis derivaium, alumnos
di^ciplinae suae bene merilos adoraiidi insiftnibus eruditionis et doctrinae, et eo modo eos
secerncndi a rudibus AKTIUM LIBERALIUM:

NOBIS PLACET, aucloriiale. Kcpublica \'irKiiiicii>i nobis commisa MITCHI'.t-I. D
DUNLAP cadidatum. PKIML'M IN ARTIBUS GKADIM a nostro CoIIcRio c..mi>ctcntum.
examine sufikiente previo approbatum, titulo graduque

ARTIUM LIBERALIUM BACCALAUREI

adornarc: cujus sigillum commune huic membraiue affixum, nominaque nostra subscripta.

tcsiamonium sint.

Datum COLLEGII WASHINGTONI EN SIS.

viscccimo-quarlo die Junii, .^nno Domini Henry Ruffncr Praeses

MDCCCXLI

John D. Ewisc
A. T. Bahclav
Andw. Alexander
A. B. Davidsqn
RoBT. White
Sam. MrD Rfjd
J. Alexanoei
R. GmosBY
Horatio Thompson
Jas. MrDovvFXL
James Morrison
Wm. Tavixjr
Rob. R. Barton
(Seal)

SUPPLEMENTARY ITEMS

Brownsburg was established on the land of Robert Wardlavv and Samuel McChesney
by act of assembly, November 23, 1793. In 1798 lot owners were given five mere years in
which to build, and in the same year the Brownsburg Library Corporation was incorporated.

Fairfield was established December 24, 1800. The original trustees were James McDowell,
Samuel Keys, John McClung, Samuel Preston, Samuel Moore, Isaac Robinson, and Andrew
Scott.

An act of January 22, 1810 authorized John Jordan and James Moorehead to bridge
North River and to charge the following tolls : man on horse, 6% cents ; sheep or hog, one-
half cent; cart or turmoil, twenty-five cents; riding carriages, per wheel, 6% cents.

The Lexington arsenal was established by 1819, and in 1824 a roofing of zinc was ofdered.

Elizabeth Preston Allan, wife of Colonel William Allan, was born at Lexington, Decem-
ber 22, 1848. She wrote stories for children, edited Sunday school literature for the Southern
Presbyterian Church, and the Life and Letters of Margaret J. Preston, her stepmother.
Colonel Allan wrote The Army of Northern Virginia, Jackson's Valley Campaign, etc.

William McCutchen Morrison, son of James L. and Mary A. (McCutchan) Morrison,
was born November 10, 1867, was graduated from Washington and Lee 1887. and in 1896 was
ordained and sent to Luebo on the Congo. One of his journeys in that river valley was of
700 miles. He reduced the Baluba tongue to writing. On behalf of the Congo natives he
appeared before the British Parliament. He was sued for libel, but acquitted.

Thomas Plunkett was pensioned $60.00 a year in 1817, and Samuel Kirkpatrick $120.00 a
year in 1818.

Hans Peter Stalley arrived in America 1732. He was then under sixteen years of age.

ERRATA

Several errors of very little importance arc not included in the list below :
Page 65, line 9 — For "precii>ating," read "precipibating."
Page 62, line 12 — Supply "were" after "burials."

Page 90, line 5 (above lH>lloin) : For "phonographic," read "phonoloKic."
Page 92, line 10 (alwvc bottom) : .\fter "English," read "and neither could his son,
Crforge II."

Page 96, lines 9 and 12 (above bottom) : Omit brackets.

Page 96, line 12 (above bottom): For "not known" read "know that."

Page 178, line 12 (above bottom) ; .\fter "Lewis" supply "son of."

Page 178, line 9 (ab<ive bottom) : For "chapel of care," read "chapel of case."

Page 179, line 6 (above bottom) : For "Beth Heron," read "Beth Horon."

Page 182, line 21 : At end of line supply "oaths."

Page 191, line 24: After "Hogc" supply "Houston."

Page 240, line 5: For "com|)etent" read "component."

Page 259, line 3 : For "Dockor" read "Samuel R."

Page 339, line 13 (above bottom) : For "Adams" read ".\dam."

Page 405: Under "Section XI" fupply "Roster of Confederate Soldiers."

GENERAL INDEX

NOTE: Since the arrangement of lists in this book is alphabetical, any
particular name may readily be found, except so far as cross-indexes might be
used.

Academies 188, 212

Agriculture 38, 109, 168

Alexander, Archibald 244, 301

Alexander Family 229, 244

Alexander, Robert 188

America in 1716 16, 17

Anderson Family 245

Anderson, Isaac 229

Anderson, William A 245

Animals, Wild 5

Ann Smith Academy 207

Appendices 547

Augusta, subdivision of 76

Augusta Resolutions 1775 95

Balcony Falls 9, 165

Baldwin, John C 246

Baldwin, Joseph, Jr 301

Ballagh, James C 301

Baptists in Rockbridge 178

Baxter, George A 246

Buclay. Elihu H 246

Bell, John 229

Ben Salem 176

Benton, Thomas H 230, 303

Bethesda 176

Blair, James 303

Booms of 1889-90 136, 153

Borden, Benjamin, Jr 28

Borden, Benjamin, Sr 22

Borden, Joseph 31

Borden Litigation 30, 32

Borden's Great Tract 26,343

Botetourt, formation of 76

British Invasion, 1781 97

Brockenbrugh, John W 246

Brown, John 247

Brown people 146

Brown, Samuel 247

Brounlow, William G 2i0

Brownsburg 156

Buena Vista, town of 153

Cadets, V. M. I '.23, 121, 203

Calf pasture Families 83

Calfpasture Land Grant 86

Calfpasture, settlement of 87

Campbell, Alexander 302

Campbell, Charles 302

Campbell, John L 301

Campbell, Samuel R 268

Caruthers Family 248

Caruthers, William A 249, 301

Church Buildings, Sundry 179

Churches of Lexington 149, 176, 177

Civil Government 45

Classes, Social 33

Climate 3, 4

Cold Sulphur Spring 160, 303

Collierstown 157, 176

Conditions, 1844 109

Confederate Soldiers, roster of ..125, 405

Convention of 1861 119, 120

Cornstalk, murder of 78

Costello, Fannie K 230

Costume 25, 106

Council of War, 1756 67

County Court 47

Courthouses 148

Crockett, Davy 303

Crystal Spring 11

Deeds SO

Dale, Samuel 22S

Davidson, Andrew B 249

Daviess, Joseph H 301

Deserters 131

Disestablishment 105

Donally's Fort, relief of 81

Dorman, Charles P 249

Dunlap. Alice W 291

Dunlap Family 249

Dunlap, Richard G 303

Dunmore War 74

A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. VIRGINIA

Dye» 107.135

Early Sctilcnunt 23. 27. 28. 36. 37. •4<>4

Echols. Kdward 251

Edmondson Family 252

Education SI

Emancipation 143. 146

Emigration from Rockbridge 224

Episcopal Church 178

Estill Family 226.252

Fairfield 157

Falling Springs 176

Fancy Hill 158

Fanning, early .38

Federal Incursions 127

Fmcastle Resolutions, 1775 94

Finlay. John 302

Fire of 1796 148

Flax and Hemp 38. 107. 168. 461

Forts, pioneer 66, 158

Franklin Society .... .. 190. 214

Free School System 184

Free Negroes 143, 145

Xfoorc, S. McD 120. 268

Froiilirr. American 18

Gardens 108

Garfield, death of 137

Gray Family . . 253

Genealogic Data .... 470

Geology 3

German Duke, visit by 109

Gibhs. J.imc<. E. A 229. 304

Glasgow Family ... . .253. .W4

Glasgow, town of . . . 155

Goshen 1 57

Goshen Pass 9

Graham. William 254

Greenlee Family . 254

Greenlee. John F. . . . 255

Greenlee, Mary . . 254

Grigtby Family 256

Hardships, 1861-1865 131

Hardship* in Revolution . 101, 104

Health 4

11. > M. G 302

II - 10

Houses, pioneer 37

Hnuston Family 258

Houston, Rev. Samuel 258

Houston. Gen. Samuel 256

Houston, Samuel R . 258

Hunter's Raid 129

Indian Meadows 37,63.161

Indian Mounds .* 61, 300

Indian Occupancy 61

Indian Paths 161

Indians, relations of with settlers.... 63

Inventions, sundry 334

I ronworks 170

Jackson, Gen. T. J 233

Johnson, James 230

Jordan, John 259

Jump Mountain . 10

Junkin. George 260

Kerr's Creek Names 460

Kerr's Creek Raids 69

Laird Family 260

Land Grant Methods 26

Laws, colonial 49

Lee, George \V. C . . 261

Lee, Henry 238

Ixe, Robert E. 239

Lee. Sarah P 2C1

Letcher. John .'(■!

Utter of 1781 152

I-cwi$, John 19, 20

Lexington .\rsenal 199

Lexington, disturbance at, 1861 121

Lexington, founding of 147

Lexington Gazette 217

Ixxingtnn in Middle and Recent

Periods 149, 150

Lexington, residents of, 1796 462

Leyhuni, John 262. 302

IJberty Hall ... 189

Liquor Habit .. 180

Living 108

Locher. Charles H 231, 262

Log Houses . . .17. 107

I»gan, John A. 231

Long Hunters 74

Lusk, William 263

Magisterial Districts 5

Manufactures , 169

Marriage Procedure SI

Mass.-icre at Middle River . 66

Maury. Matthew F 263

McCorkle. Charles E. 289

McCorklc. Fjnmelt W " .290

GENERAL INDEX

573

MacCorkle Family 278

McCorkle. Henry H 291

McCorkle, Walter L 280

MacCorkle, William A 287

McCorkle, William H 288,291

McCormick, Cyrus H 229, 307

McCoy, Daniel 231

McDowells, coming of 21

McDowell Fight 64

McDowell, James L 265

McDowell, James, Jr 265

McDowell, John 264

McDowell Family 263

McXutt, Alexander 266

McXutt, Alexander G 266

McNutt Family 266

Meetings, 1860-1861 115,118,121

Methodism 177

Middle and Recent Periods 104

Middle Period, features of 104

Midway 157

Miley, Michael 231

Military Organizations, 1861-1865. .124, 125

Militia Officers 396

Militia System 221

Mills 40, 168

Money 52

Montgomery, Humphrey 267

Moore, Andrew 267

Moore Family 268

Morrison, James D 268

Morrison, William M. C 304

Mountains 1, 2

Mount Pleasant Academy 188

Mulberry Hill 190

Muster Days 223

Names, geographical 5

Natural Bridge 6, 160

Naturalizations 456

Negro Property 146

Nelson, Alexander L 268

New Monmouth 175, 462

New Providence 173

Newspapers of 1804 217

Newspapers, extracts from, 1860-

1861 115, 116, 118. 120

Nichols, Edward 268

Old Field Schools 183

Old Providence 183

Order, public 41

Order-books, Augusta, extracts

from 54, 299, 458

Order-books, Botetourt, extracts from 59
Order-books, Orange, extracts

from 54, 299, 456

Order-books, Rockbridge, extracts

from 81, 132

Ordinaries 52, 463

Oxford 176

Padget, Frank 252

Parsons, Henry C 269

Pastures, the 85

Patents and Conveyances for Land,

early 343, 351, 355

Patterson, S. F 231

Paxton, Alexander S 270

Paxton, Elisha F 270

Paxton Family 269

Paxton, James 199, 269

Paxton, James H 269

Paxton, John D 269

Paxton, John G 302

Pension Statistics, 1832 101

Pennsylvania, colonial 17, 21

Pennslvania Road 36

Petticrew Tragedy 110

Plant Life 4

Poague, William T 270

Politics, colonial 45

Politics Since 1865 137

Pontiac War 68

Posey, Thomas 232

Position, Size, and Form of County.. 1, 5

Postal Rates 163

Presbyterianism 172

Presidential Campaign, 1860 114

Preston, John T. L 270

Processioning 50, 467

Railroads 166

Rankin. Adam 203

Raphine 158

Reaper, the McCormick 306

Recent Period, changes in 138

Reconstruction Period 136

Reid Family 271

Reid, Samuel McD 271

574

A lllMciK^ (11 K(K KI1K1IN.K COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Remick Affair 67

Resources, Natural S

Revolution, causes of 92

Roads, public 162, 164, 300

Robinson, John 271

Rockbridge; Act Establishing County 77

Rockbridge Alum 159, 303

Rockbridge Uaihs 159

Rockbridge County News 220

Rockbridge Notables 225

Rocky Spring Church 87

Rosters, Military 66

Ruffncr, Henry 196, 271

Ruffncr, William H 272

Sailing, John 1' 19, 272

Saville Family 273

Scenery 6

Schools of Lexington 149

Schools, pioneer 87

Servants and Indentures 33

Sewing Machine, the Gibbs 329

Slavery 141, 145

Smith, Ann 208, 210, 211

Smith, Francis H 201,274

Society, frontier 35, 36, 39. 41, 42, 52

Soils 3

Soldiers of Revolution 402

Spottswood's Kx|icditioii 18

Sports and Frolics . ,, 108

Springfield 157

Suunton 40, 48

Sterrctt, John D 2i2

Sterrctt, John R. S 304

Strathclydc niid Ulster 12-16

Stories 40, 108

Streams 2

Stricklcr, Given* B 302

Stiurt Family 274

Surname*, Prevent 388

Surnames, Rockbridge 340

Taxpayers. 1841 378

Taylor Family ... 274

Taylor, Stuart 275

Taylor. William 275.302

Teachers, early 184. 186

Temperance Societies 181, 182

Timber Ridge 175, 189, 459

Tin Mine 171

Tithablcs, 1778 365

Tithables. 1782 370

Toleration, religious 51

Toryism and Disaffection 100

Tucker. Henry St. G 276

Tucker. John R 276

Turnpikes 163

Valley Star 218

Values, colonial 42

\'cstry 48

Vethake, Henry 277

Virginia in 1716 17

X'irginia in the Revolution 96

N'irginia Military Institute, history of 201
N'irginia Military Institute, organiia-

tion of 200

Virginia Military Institute, restora-
tion of 206

Wallace, Hugh C 303

Wallace. William A 277

War, French and Indian, incidents of 68

War of 1861, causes Ill

War of 1861. beginning of 123. 131

War of 1861. close of 136

War of 1914. causes 139, 293

War of 1914. Local Incidents 294

Washington Academy 193

Washington and Lee University 197

Washington College 194

Washington College, presidrnls

of .195. 300

Waterways 165

Wanchope. George A 302

White. Robert 277

Whitley, William 226

Wills 41, 44, 176

Wilson's Spring 158

W'olvei 39

Woods Family 277

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