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 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FIRST SETTLERS, 
 
 AND 
 
 OTHER EMINENT CHARACTERS! 
 
 AMONG THE 
 
 MAGISTRATES, MINISTERS, 
 LITERARY AND WORTHY MEN, 
 
 IN 
 
 NEW-ENGLAND. 
 
 BY JOHN ELEOT, D.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 These were honoured in their generations, and were the glory of 
 their times. $on of Syra'ch. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY CUSHING AND APPLETON, SALEM, 
 
 AND EDVTaRD OLIVER, NO. 70, STATE STREET, BOSTON, 
 
 1809. 
 
 f . QLIVER, PRINTER. 
 
 i 4 $ * 4
 
 DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS— To -wit. 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the eighth day of September, in the 
 thirty fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, John 
 Eliot, junior, of the said district, has deposited in this office, the title of a 
 Book, the Right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in the words following — to 
 ivit : 
 
 " A Piographical Dictionary, containing a hrief account of the first settlers, 
 and other eminent characters among the magistrates, ministers literary and 
 worthy men. in New England. By John Eliot, D. D. Corresponding Secreta- 
 ry of the Massachusetts '-istorical Society. 
 
 These were honoured in their generations, and were the glory o their times. 
 
 Son of -ysach." 
 
 In conformity to the a .ct of the congress of the United States entitled, 
 " An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, 
 Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the 
 times the.ein mentioned ;" and also to an Act entitled " An act supplementa- 
 ry to an Act, entitled an Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing 
 the Copies of Maps Charts and Books, to the authors and Proprietors of «uch 
 Copies during the times therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits there- 
 of to the Arts of Designing, Engraving and Etching Historical, and other 
 Prints." WILLIAM S. SHAW, 
 
 Clerk of the District of MaisacbusetU, 

 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 i — — 
 
 F r 5 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 =asaa»©j^5;l®<H5i!L., iiiiw i 
 
 FOR the credit of human nature, some men have appeai'ed 
 in every age, who adorned their lives by good actions, or their 
 
 S-« ..." 
 
 publick stations by the dignity, virtue, and splendid excellencies 
 of their characters. Memoirs of such persons excite a lively inter- 
 est, and, trom admiring their extraordinary qualities, we desire to 
 see them in various attitudes, and to know the incidents of their 
 private life. Hence encouragement is given to works of biogra- 
 phy, which, in some form or other, are daily issuing from the 
 press. Even short sketches of eminent men have been thought 
 instructive, as well as entertaining. 
 
 The first discoverers of this quarter of the globe possessed the 
 cm spirit of enterprise in a very uncommon degree. The fathers of 
 New England were remarkable for their piety and moral worth, 
 and also for their active virtues. They were men of firmness and 
 resolution, ready to endure every suffering, for the sake of civil 
 and religious freedom. They had to level forests where savage 
 beasts, and savage men had roamed for ages, and to make com- 
 fortable dwelling places amidst barren deserts. By their sagaci- 
 ^ ty and prudence, their attention to the means of improving their 
 3 situation, they soon enjoyed the blessings of civilized and cultivat- 
 ^ed society. Among the first planters, we find men of genius and 
 » literary acquirements, who would have been conspicuous as 
 I statesmen in the courts of Europe, or as divines of the church of 
 "N*^ England. It is no wonder that their characters were so highly 
 esteemed by the puritans in their own country, or that they shone 
 as lights in the dark places of this American wilderness. Cot- 
 ton, Hooker and Davenport might well rank with the Lightfoots 
 and Owens of the age ; they had equal reputation as scholars at 
 the universities. President Chauncy, as professor of Greek, or 
 Hebrew, had no superiour, and might have had any preferment in 
 '-he national church, if he had become subssrvient to the views of
 
 iv PREFACE. 
 
 archbishop Laud. Norton wrote Latin with elegance and purity } 
 his name was celebrated in various nations of Lurope. Less is 
 said about Roger Williams before he left his native country. He 
 was young, and perhaps did not preach with the same force as he 
 wrote. All who peruse his works will wonder at the vast expan- 
 sion of his mind, and lament the eccentricities of his conduct. 
 
 The succeeding generation bore a resemblance to their fathers 
 in their character, but were not equal to them in erudition. The 
 writer of the Magnalia divides into three classes the eminent 
 preachers, who emigrated to New England. The first were irk 
 the exercise of their ministry when they came over. They were 
 educated either at Oxford, or Cambridge. The second class 
 comprehends those, whose education was unfinished, and had 
 only such advantages to complete it, as they could obtain in the 
 plantations. Mr. John Higginson, Mr. Sherman and Thomas 
 Thacher Were the most famous among them. The third con- 
 sisted of those who were ejected from the ministry, after the res- 
 toration of the monarchy, and establishment of the episcopal 
 church. These were pious and good men ; but in their literary 
 accomplishments they were not superiour to those who were 
 educated at Harvard College, which was the only seminary in 
 North America for many years. This institution could not vie 
 with the colleges in Europe for endowments ; but during the 
 civil wars of England, the universities lost their ablest professors, 
 and less attention was paid to the means of making eminent schol- 
 ars. We may well suppose that polite literature would fall pros- 
 trate with the laws of the realm. Few went to the pure fountains 
 of classical knowledge, though many Greek and Roman authors 
 were read. The works of their theologians, some of whom were 
 great and excellent men, displayed the stores of learning with- 
 out the skill and graces of composition. The quaint style and 
 manner, which then prevailed in England, was imitated by our 
 American divines. They were as much disgusted with the 
 works of the English wi iters,who lived in the reign of Charles or 
 of William, as the most famous authors in Great Britain, in those 
 reigns, were disgusted with the writings of the preceding age. 
 Cotton Mather, the most voluminous American author, and a man 
 of immense learning, has very little credit with the present gene- 
 ration, because his narrations are so piolix, and so many strange
 
 PREFACE. y 
 
 things occur in so strange a style. He was a man of unbounded 
 fancy, astonishing memory, but of no judgment. With his 
 marvellous stories he has, however, collected many facts, and it 
 would be unpardonable if the author of this work did not pay a 
 tribute to his memory. Every writer of the affairs of Massachu- 
 setts is much indebted to him for the use of his materials. 
 
 From the date of the new charter we find very few leading cha- 
 rac ters, who were not born and bred in the colonies . There was 
 no great encouragement for men, who had genius and talents, to 
 tome over to New England for the sake of gaining a subsistence. 
 At this time, it has been said, that learning was at a low ebb in our 
 country. A late writer has thus described the college at New 
 Haven : " The students had heard of a certain new and strange 
 philosophy in vogue in England, and the names of Boyle, Locke 
 and Newton had reached them, but they were not suffered to 
 think that any valuable improvements were to be expected from 
 philosophical innovations"* This description is much exagger- 
 ated by the prejudices of a party writer. One of the governours 
 of Connecticut had been the intimate friend of Mr. Boyle, and 
 was a principal founder of the royal society. Two of the corpo- 
 ration of Harvard College were fellows of the royal society at this 
 very time, and the mode of instruction was the same in both se- 
 minaries. Can we suppose that the Newtonian philosophy was 
 not adopted, or that the first characters in their churches and col- 
 leges were sitting so contentedly in the shades of ignorance ? 
 From our sketches it will appear, that we had at this period not 
 only students in the new philosophy, but scholars who excelled in 
 polite learning. Philological inquiries grew fashionable, and very 
 excellent productions appeared from the hands of gentlemen in civil 
 life, as well as from the clergy. It is true that these were dayso! 
 tranquillity, and such times are not favourable to great exertions. 
 If we except the disturbances, which were caused by Indian wars, 
 we can hardly conceive of a more happy state of society, that 
 New England exhibited for the first half of the 18th century. 
 The people were submissive to the laws. There was order In 
 the cities, peace in the villages, and religion in the temples . These 
 are not the times to display great talents any more than greaf 
 
 C/tandlcr's life of Dr. Johnson, president of King's College.
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 crimes. When occasion called forth the exertions of American 
 citizens, they discovered vigour, abilities, as well as patriotism, 
 strong and manly virtues with political skill, and all that energy 
 of character necessary for raising provinces into an empire. 
 During the course of the war, the officers of the American army 
 showed courage and magnanimity. They were brave, active, 
 with a spirit of ente uprise, and would have obtained distinction in 
 the armies of Europe. The members of the first congress were 
 viewed with admiration bordering on enthusiasm. Their abilities 
 as statesmen, and their political integrity, did honour to the United 
 States, and^gained them respect from the great men of other na- 
 tions. Tnt y certainly have a claim upon the gratitude of poster- 
 ity. If more particular attention have been paid to one part of this 
 biographical work, it is in doing justice to the characters of those 
 who lived between the peace of Paris, and the commencement of 
 the American revolution. The age of the writer made every 
 thing impressive. He was acquainted with those who were ac- 
 tive in our publick concerns, and has been favoured with written 
 accounts, that are strengthened by the opinion and conversation of 
 ihose who are still alive. Whenever he has recurred to the pub- 
 lications of the day, he has endeavoured to gain collateral evidence 
 to make the representation just, in writing biography we ought 
 to be very careful about tailing the character from newspapers. 
 Facts are not always to be depended upon; characters very sel- 
 dom. If the deceased had virtues they are exaggerated by his 
 friends ; and how often are particular delineations made by those 
 who knew not the man \ A pen is employed which is elegant, and 
 if the sketch is done in the best manner, there is no inquiry whe- 
 ther it be true ? If we had no other knowledge of men, but what 
 we get from newspapers, would there be a proper discrimination 
 between the good and bad members of society ? 
 
 A remark of a similar kind may be made upon funeral ser- 
 mons. If they are not in the style of eulogy they are not printed. 
 What the preacher says he doubtless believes ; but how often is 
 his opinion different from that of his audience ? How many fu- 
 neral orators paint nothing ? Such performances require a nice 
 and delicate pencil to finish; but,in general, they are the most un- 
 studied compositions of their authors. This is not, however, what 
 first excited the remark. Our objection is, that they are not pure
 
 PREFACE. vu 
 
 sources of information A preacher is to say nothing but good 
 of the dead ; a writer of lives nothing but the truth; for he exhi- 
 bits men as they were. The preacher is apt to give a general 
 view of the characters ; it is the object of the biographer to enter 
 into the most minute details. All funeral sermons, however, are 
 not liable to the same censure. Those preached upon the death 
 of ministers sometimes bring an obscure clergyman into view, 
 who preferred the shade, as the most agreeable situation, but 
 whose virtues and talents ought to be known, that others might 
 be stimulated by the example. On the other hand, preachers 
 often say better things of their brethren than they deserve ; 
 upon no occasion is friendship or flattery more indelicate- 
 ly manifested. The reputation of the deceased depends in 
 some measure upon the orator If his performance be admired* 
 strangers who read it will think highly of the subject. If the dis- 
 course be dull or inelegant, it perhaps is not printed, and ho cha- 
 racter published. However eminent the deceased was in life, he 
 is not known beyond the line of his near acquaintance, among 
 whom his reputation is long preserved by a most affectionate re- 
 membrance. 
 
 The author of this work has taken the freedom to mingle his 
 •wn observations with the documents received from others. His 
 taste always led him to collect curious mss. and ancient books ; he 
 was favoured with many letters of the Hutchinson and Oliver 
 families ; and had free access to the books and mss. of the Massa- 
 chusetts Historical Society. He has mostly written from one 
 general mass of information,which he has been many years in col- 
 lecting ; but where he has been indebted for principal facts he has 
 pointed to the main source of his intelligence. The original de- 
 sign was to give a view of eminent men in North America. The 
 difficulty of obtaining documents, or such peculiar notices as are 
 necessary for proper delineations of characters, induced the writi 
 erto confine himself to New Fngland Some articles in its pres- 
 ent form are omitted, which would be equally interesting as those 
 ■which appear. Certain notices, which he expected to receive, did 
 not arrive till it was too late for their insertion. He particularly 
 regrets the omission of judge Trowbridge of Cambridge, gov. 
 Jerks of Rhode Island, Mr. Hobart of Fairfield, Mr. Ellsworth, 
 Mr. Tracy, and several other gentlemen of distinction in Cotv 
 necticut.
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 In the beginning of the work, several lives are disproportionate 
 to the general scale, which obliged the author to compress the 
 articles in other parts, and under the last letters of the alphabet 
 to introduce no person who has died since the commencement of 
 the nineteenth century. Among those are several magistrates of 
 this state, president Willard and professor Tappan of Cambridge, 
 and several eminent clergymen. Memoirs of these gentlemen 
 have been published lately, and their characters ably and fully 
 delineated; but with the addition of such names, any work would 
 be materially improved. If the book should ever pass through 
 another edition improvements may be expected. 
 
 For the errors which the reader may find in the following pages 
 some apology ought to be made,especially for the transposition of 
 several names and the misplacing of figures in the dates. These 
 are corrected among other typographical errata. One name is in- 
 troduced, page 35 1, which ought not to appear among persons de- 
 ceased. Those who thought the information of his death correct, 
 are happy to learn that the gentleman still lives. 
 
 In the course of his proceeding the author has been indebted 
 to several friends for their suggestions, encouragement and assist 
 ance. Without their kind attentions his labour would have been 
 wearisome. The delicacy and warmth of their friendship 
 have excited sensations which are better felt than expressed ; 
 for their literary communications, as well as tokens of their es- 
 teem and affection, he begs them to accept his grateful acknowl- 
 edgements.
 
 NEW-ENGLAND 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 :ooo:« 
 
 ABBOT HULL, minister of the church ia 
 Charlestown,was a native of Massachusetts ; grad- 
 uated at Harvard College in 1720. Hewasamongthe 
 first students that were put upon Mr. Hollis's foun- 
 dation, and recommended by Mr. Mollis himself, as 
 a youth meriting the benefit of the fund for indi- 
 gent and good scholars. In 1 723 he was ordained, 
 colleague pastor with the famous Mr. Bradstreet, 
 and continued in the ministry till his death, 1774. 
 
 He left a few printed discourses, chiefly occa- 
 sional, and his character was respectable as a gen- 
 tleman and divine.* 
 
 Adams Matthew, is worthy of notice in an ac- 
 count of ingenious and literary men of Boston. In the 
 life of Franklin it is said, that he kindled the zeal and 
 encouraged the talents of that philosopher, who had 
 free access to his books; and Dr. Franklin speaks of 
 him with respect and acknowledged his attentions. 
 Mr Adams was only a mechanick, but with the ad- 
 vantages of a college education would have made 
 considerable progress in scientifick researches, and 
 been very useful at that period. He was one of the 
 Writers in the New- England Journal. The essays 
 
 * His printed discourses are, Artillery hlection Sermon, 8vo. 
 Boston, 1735. A Sermon upon the rebellion in Scotland, 8vo. 
 1746. A Sermon against profane swearing and cursing^ 8vo. 
 
 1747.
 
 ■2 ADA 
 
 lie contributed were received with marks of pub- 
 lick esteem, and reprinted in periodical miscellanies 
 of later date. Like many other ingenious men, 
 IVlr. Adams lived in depressed circumstances, and 
 died with a name and character rather than any 
 worldly estate. He left several children, who in- 
 herited his genius, one of whom was 
 
 John Adaj.is, minister of the church in Dur- 
 ham, New-Hampshire. His father laboured to give 
 him a liberal education, and he was graduated at 
 Harvard College in 1745, and in a few vears after 
 ordained at Durham, where he continued pastor of 
 the church more than twenty years. No town hi 
 NeW England was ever more disturbed by fanat- 
 icks than Durham. A spirit of opposition to the 
 order of the churches raged there. Every man 
 who received a liberal education, who wore a band 
 or black coat, and held a regular service on the 
 Lord's day, was called hireling, thief, wolf, and 
 any thing that would make him odious. They 
 after this manner insulted this pious minister, who 
 had not patience to bear it, and was often inveloped 
 in gloom, or ready to sink into despondency. This 
 misrht, in some measure, be owing- to the constitu- 
 tion of the man. For he was in his best days, and 
 when he was not exposed to peculiar trials of his 
 ministry, very much the sport of his feelings. 
 Sometimes he was so depressed as to seem like a 
 being mingling with the dust, and suddenly would 
 mount up to heaven with a bolder wing than any of 
 his contemporaries. 'I his would happen frequent- 
 ly in the pulpit, so that when he had been all the 
 week preparing a sermon* which was, according to 
 his own expression as dull as his feelings, he would 
 feel an exertion that would give him health, cheer- 
 fulness, and new life. It was his method to take a 
 new text, and give a flow to his sentiments and ex- 
 pressions, which were much better than he was 
 ever able to utter, with previous consideration. His 
 delivery then was as lively as his fancy. In these
 
 A D A 3 
 
 happy moments he was also a cheerful, instructive 
 and entertaining companion. He could write as 
 well as speak, like one who had cultivated a philo- 
 logical taste. A specimen of his abilities was ex- 
 hibited in a letter written to a committee of the 
 town of Boston, 1774, when the Port Bill had an- 
 nihilated their commerce * 
 
 Mr. Adams was obliged to leave Durham in the 
 year 1773., in consequence of other disturbances 
 than religious. He had been thought the most pro- 
 per minister to live with people so enthusiastick: as 
 the inhabitants of Durham : for he was himself, 
 from his animal frame and pious sentiments, inclin- 
 ed to enthusiasm ; had rather favoured than oppos- 
 ed the A'cw Lights in his youth, and preached the 
 gospel according to the strictest sect of our forefa- 
 thers ; but as one extreme succeeds another, the 
 most cold indifference to every thing of a religious 
 nature was visible in the inhabitants of Dm ham 
 during the latter part of Mr. Adams's pastoral rela- 
 tion ; and they grew weary of maintaining a minis- 
 ter, in addition to the demands of money, to carry 
 on the war ; a contention arose upon the most 
 frivolous pretences, and a council advised to a remo- 
 val. Me was soon invited to,settle at Washington, 
 in the county of York, Massachusetts. With this 
 nock he lived in more easy circumstances. jHe 
 died 1793. aged about 60 years. 
 
 Adams John Rev. a divine, a poet, a writer of es- 
 says, &.c. He was the son of the Hon. John Adams, of 
 Nova- Scotia, and was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1701. He died at Cambridge, 17 it. The fellows of 
 the College were his pall- holders, and the first charac- 
 ters in the state attended the funeral. His charac- 
 ter was very respectable, though doubtless the eulogy 
 in the Boston newspapers, was from the pen of one 
 strongly prejudiced in his favour — ** It deserves to 
 
 * There was a committee appointed to receive donations. The 
 letter was accompanied wfth a present from the inhabitants ot 
 Durham.
 
 4 ADA 
 
 be written in letters of gold on monuments of mar- 
 ble, or rather to appear and shine forth from some 
 genius of uncommon sublimity and equal to his 
 own. But sufficient are his immortal writings to 
 perpetuate his memory." His literary friends is- 
 sued proposals for publishing a volume ot his ser- 
 mons, but the subscription failed. They publish- 
 ed a volume of poems which discover a good 
 imagination and pure taste. They are equal to any 
 New-England poetry of this date, though not merit- 
 ing in the encomium passed upon his writings. A 
 second edition was never called for. The book is 
 very scarce, and ought to be preserved among the 
 rare works of American authors. 
 
 He published during his life, a poem on the love 
 of money, which is ingenious and satirical. It is 
 not contained in the volume. 
 
 Adams Amos, minister of the first church in Rox- 
 bury, was a very popular preacher, having a voice 
 uncommonly sonorous and plaintive. The energy of 
 his manner in the pulpit is often mentioned by those 
 who sat under his ministry. He was praised in other 
 churches, as a very accomplished preacher, but 
 many were disgusted with his plainness of speech, 
 the length of his discourses, and his very desultory 
 observations. All allowed him to discover some 
 knowledge of human nature, in the addresses he 
 made to his hearers. His preaching was calcula- 
 ted to prick the consciences of sinners, though they 
 wanted correct discrimination and smoothness of 
 period. His memory was tenacious, and his read- 
 ing very extensive. His publications never appeared 
 to satisfy the expectations of those who heard thm 
 from the pulpit. They want his animated delivery.* 
 
 * He printed several ordination sermons. A funeral sermon 
 upon the death of Madam Dudley. A Thanksgiving discourse, 
 1759. 
 
 The discourses which give him the most reputation were two 
 iifion r Hgious liberty ; and tivo upon the svfftrings of oar fathers., 
 whi< h were re-printed in England, not as sermons, but with the 
 title of a Concise History of J\cw-England % The evangelical jsen-
 
 ADA 5 
 
 Mr. Adams was graduated at Cambridge, 1752, 
 and died at Roxbury, October, 1778, to the inex- 
 pressible grief of his family and flock. At this 
 time a putrid dysentery ■ prevailed in the camp at 
 Roxbury and Cambridge, which spread more than 
 twenty miles in the environs of Boston. The peo- 
 ple of the first church in Roxbury were very much 
 scattered, but Mr. Adams was assiduous in his la- 
 bours, and not only visited his own flock, but the 
 soldiers who were stationed among the people of 
 his parochial charge. He himself soon fell a victim 
 to the disease. 
 
 Adams Samuel, a man celebrated in the an- 
 nals of America, was as remarkable for his piety 
 and puritanism, in younger life, as for his political 
 influence, during the contests of the Nmerican revo- 
 lution. He was born September, 1722, in Boston. 
 His ancestors were respectable, among the early- 
 planters of New- Kngland, but not sufficiently dis- 
 tinguished to be inserted in a genealogical list ; and 
 every kind of genealogy he affected to despise, as 
 a thing which gives birth to family pride. His ed- 
 ucation was liberal, having commenced his studies 
 at the South Grammar School, under the care of 
 Mr. Lovell. He entered Harvard College A. D. 
 1736. The honours of that seminary he received 
 in the years 1740 and 1743. He made a very con- 
 siderable progress in classical learning, the art of 
 logic, as it was then taught, as well as the elements 
 of natural philosophy. But his main object was the 
 study of divinity, as he was designed for the min- 
 istry. 
 
 He was always fond of systematic divinity, and 
 was a Calvinist, of the straitcst sect of that denomi- 
 nation. It was the belief of our fathers, and he nev- 
 er spake of them but with the greatest reverence. 
 
 tiraents are curtailed. We see little more then the dry bones 
 of a skeleton, not well hung together. All his printed discourses 
 are bound in two volumes, 8vo. which he presented to the Col- 
 lege Library. 

 
 6 ADA 
 
 The platform of the New- England churches, in his 
 view, contained every thing necessary or proper for 
 the order and discipline of ecclesiastical bodies, and 
 the Westminster assembly's shorter catechism, all 
 the articles of sound doctrine. 
 
 Why he did not engage in a profession, which 
 was so congenial to his views and habits, does not 
 appear ; but for many years he was uncertain what 
 line of life to pursue. He only engaged in a petty 
 kind of trafficking ; his business was small, his sit- 
 uation humble, and he seemed to walk in the vales 
 and descents of life, rather than to be formed for con- 
 spicuous stations or very active scenes. The same 
 political cast of mind then appeared, which influen- 
 ced his conduct afterwards. If he spake of men and 
 manners it was freely to canvass them ; his conver- 
 sation was in praise of old times, his manners were 
 austere, his remarks never favourable to the rising 
 generation ; and he would depreciate the talents 
 and services of those who held offices of honour 
 and public trust. No man ever despised more 
 those fools of fortune, whom the multitude admire ; 
 and yet he thought the opinion of the common peo- 
 ple iu most cases to be very correct. 
 
 As we have said his employment was humble, it 
 may be, proper to mention that his first office in the 
 town was that of tax gatherer ; which the opposite 
 party in politicks often alluded to, and in their con- 
 troversies would stvle him Samuel the Publican. 
 While the British regiments were in town, the lo- 
 ries enjoyed a kind of triumph, and invented every 
 mode of burlesquing the popular leaders : but 
 where the people tax themselves the office of col- 
 lector is respectable ; it was at that time given to 
 gentlemen who had seen better days, and needed 
 some pecuniary assistance having merited the es- 
 teem and confidence of their fellow townsmen. 
 Mr. Adams was ill qualified to fill an office which 
 required such constant attention to pecuniary mat- 
 ters ; and, his soul being bent on politicks, he pass-
 
 ADA 7 
 
 ed more time in talking against Great Britain than 
 in collecting the sums due to the town. He grew 
 embarrassed in his circumstances, and was assisted, 
 not only by private friends, but by many others 
 who knew him only as a spirited partisan in the 
 Cause of liberty. 
 
 From this time, the whigs were determined to 
 support him to the utmost of their power. He had 
 been always on their side, was firm and sagacious, 
 one of the best writers in the newspapers, ready 
 upon every question, but especially conversant with 
 all matters which related to the dispute between 
 Great Britain and the colonies. 
 
 The people in the north section of the town 
 were then more numerous than they have been 
 since ; and were by a very large majority on the 
 side of freedom. When Pownai was in the chair, 
 he favoured this party, and lifted several men to of- 
 fice whose merit was rather in their principles and 
 notions, than in their sagacity. It answered his 
 purpose, which was to defeat the schemes of Hutch- 
 inson : and it really had a surprising effect upon 
 the transactions of the town. 
 
 Mr. S. Adams was well acquainted with ever; 
 shipwright, and substantial mechanick, and they 
 were his firm friends through all the scenes of the 
 revolution, believing that to him more than any 
 other man in the community we owed our independ- 
 ence. This sentiment prevailed with many who 
 disliked his opinion of federal measures, and Mho 
 would not vote for him to be governor of the com- 
 monwealth. They would often say that he from 
 his age, habits and local prejudices, was not form* 
 ed to mingle with politicians of a later period, 
 whose views must necessarily be more comprehen- 
 sive, and whose object was to restrain rather than 
 give a loose to popular feelings. It was their opin- 
 ion, however, that he did worthily in those times, 
 when instead of building up a government suited 
 to the condition of a people, we had only to pull
 
 8 ADA 
 
 down a government becoming every day more ty- 
 rannical. When the stamp act was the subject of 
 conversation, of public resentment, and succeeding 
 tumults, Mr. Adams was one of those important 
 characters, who appeared to oppose it in every 
 step. He did not thiak it amiss -to pull down the 
 office, though he disapproved of the riotous pro- 
 ceedings which the same lawless men were guilty 
 of afterwards ; for every succeeding night witness- 
 ed the rage of an infatuated populace, and no man 
 in anv office whatever was safe in his habitation. 
 If a man had any pique against his neighbour it was 
 only to call him a few hard names, and his proper- 
 ty would certainly be destroyed, his house pulled 
 down and his life be in jeopardy. The authority of 
 the town put an end to this savage conduct by 
 calling out the militia ; and soon after the news of 
 the repeal of the stamp act quieted the minds of all 
 classes of people. 
 
 The taxes upon tea, oil and colours were still 
 more odious to the Americans than the stamp act ; 
 especially to the inhabitants of Boston, where the 
 board of commissioners was established. The peo- 
 ple looked to Mr. Adams, as one of the champions 
 of liberty, who must stand forth against every claim 
 of Great Britain, and deny the right of the parent 
 state to lay a tax ; nor were they disappointed. He 
 was so strenuous in his exertions to make the peo- 
 ple sensible of their charter privileges, that he ob- 
 tained the appellation of the patriot Samuel Adams. 
 
 The other members of the general court, from 
 the town of Boston, were Mr. Otis, Mr. Cushing, and 
 Mr. Hancock, gentlemen of the same political sen- 
 timents, and united in their opposition to the claims 
 of the British ministry. Mr. Adams had frequent- 
 ly delivered his sentiments in the publick pa- 
 pers ; and being a ready penman was often employ- 
 ed on committees to make reports, addresses, &c. 
 and to vindicate the acts of the legislature. He as- 
 sisted in writing most of the letters, which were
 
 ADA 9 
 
 sent to the secretary of state. One letter addressed 
 to the earl of Hillsborough was entirely his. His 
 draught was accepted by the house of representa- 
 tives, and, without any alteration, sent to that noble- 
 man, who was supposed to be most inimical to the 
 colonies of all the king's servants ; and whose name 
 was never mentioned in Massachusetts without re- 
 proach. 
 
 In the year 1769, the governor removed the 
 general court to Cambridge. The members con- 
 sidered it as an infringement of their rights. Mr. 
 Adams was on the committee to draw up their re- 
 monstrances, which were warm and urgent. For 
 several years the governor thus obeyed his instruc- 
 tions, to keep the assembly out of Boston. There 
 were some altercations among the representatives, 
 whether they would proceed or not to business ; 
 and when it was determined to go on, there was a 
 spirited protest, in which our politician took a very- 
 conspicuous part. During these sessions at Cam- 
 bridge, a difference of opinion arose, upon some se- 
 condary matters, between Adams and Hancock, 
 which cooled their friendship, and was succeeded 
 by an antipathy, that had an effect upon the minds 
 of the people, many of whom took a warm interest 
 in this personal animosity, though they agreed in 
 political sentiments ; and acted together in the great 
 affairs which arrested the attention of all the whigs. 
 The first impressions were unfavourable to Mr. Ad- 
 ams; for many of the high whigs thought him aus- 
 tere and rigid in his notions, that he was opinion- 
 ated, and that his object was as much to mortify 
 Hutchinson, and gratify his resentment against the 
 tories, as to serve the cause of freedom. Hancock 
 was the idol of the populace ; his spirit was gener- 
 ous, he enjoyed an affluence of wealth, which he 
 was ready to bestow on all publick occasions : he 
 was affable, condescending, and very engaging in 
 his manners. Mr. Adams preferred to be thought 
 a Cato rather than a Liiculhis. His friends were
 
 10 ADA 
 
 lessened in number, but they were the sternest re- 
 publicans ; and those, perhaps, who first dared to 
 view our independence as near. They called them- 
 selves the most consistent whigs. Others called 
 them the restless spirits of their party, who wished 
 not to have grievances redressed, but to sail upon 
 troubled waves, as their own political importance 
 depended upon the tumult of the people. They 
 mixed in public assemblies ; used a coarser style 
 of speaking in the streets ; and calculated upon the 
 future scenes which would open for the emancipa- 
 tion of the country. — The period soon arrived : 
 The battle of Lexington gave the moderate party a 
 zeal which blazed, and every man became a patri- 
 ot. Adams and Hancock were proscribed soon af- 
 ter by Gage's proclamation. This was all they want- 
 ed to raise their reputation to the highest pitch. 
 Before they could have known this, they had rea- 
 son to be satisfied with the triumph of the whigs, 
 and must have been fully persuaded they were safe 
 in any part of the country. These gentlemen were 
 at Lexington the very night the British troops left 
 Boston, and it was generally supposed that part of 
 the errand was to take them. They received such 
 intelligence as to be on their guard. A friend of 
 Mr. Adams spread a report that he spake with plea- 
 sure on the occurrences of the 19th of April. " It 
 is a fine day," said he, walking in the field after the 
 day dawned. " Very pleasant answered one of his 
 companions," supposing him to be contemplating 
 the beauties of the sky. " I mean," he replied, 
 ° this day is a glorious day for America." So 
 fearless was he of consequences, so intrepid in the 
 midst of dangers, so eager to look forward to the 
 lustre of events that would succeed the gloom which 
 then involved the minds of the people. Mr. Adams 
 had been a member of the continental congress the 
 preceding year. Mr. Hancock from ill health was 
 not a candidate for the same congress, but was pre- 
 sident of the provincial assembly which bore the
 
 ADA 11 
 
 name of provincial congress in Massachusetts. 
 They were both members of the congress which 
 sat at Philadelphia, A. D. 1775, 76, &c. 
 
 Among the southern whigs the character of Mr. 
 Adams was very high. He was looked upon as an 
 able politician, though less liberal hi his views, 
 less informed in great questions of national concern, 
 than several characters from these northern states : 
 but his republican sentiments were congenial to 
 the sentiments of many gentlemen of Pennsylvania 
 and Virginia, who quoted his opinion with respect. 
 There were, however, some southern members of 
 congress who called him an indifferent statesman, 
 a local politician, one whose thoughts were always 
 in Fanieul Hall, and bent upon establishing the cus- 
 toms of the Plymouth settlers ; or introducing the 
 laws of Massachusetts, instead of that enlightened 
 policy which was necessary to animate a great na- 
 tion ; a nation who had to form their government, 
 to adapt novel opinions to the prudence of old 
 laws, to execute some of the noblest schemes ever 
 designed by man, and which no other state of hu- 
 man affairs had ever given them an opportunity to 
 know and improve. 
 
 Mr. Adams was chosen secretary of the state of 
 Massachusetts in the year 1774, while the genera! 
 court were at Cambridge. The business was 
 performed by a deputy until the year that his seat 
 was vacated in Congress. He was never after- 
 wards a candidate for any office out of Massachu- 
 setts government. While he sat in Congress the 
 declaration of Independence was made, which he 
 urged with the utmost zeal. Also the articles of 
 the old confederation to which he was always much 
 attached. It was a favorite expression, which he 
 often gave as a toast in public companies and private 
 circles — "The states united 3 a.nd the states separate." 
 There was also another matter of importance which 
 took place in the autumn of 1777, when the British 
 troops marched to Philadelphia, it was given out
 
 12 ADA 
 
 that gen. Washington might have prevented them, 
 That, although an excellent and very amiable cha- 
 racter, he was too much a Fabius in the field. He 
 had, however, fought the battle of Brandy wine with 
 an army inferiour to the enemy ; and made an at- 
 tack upon Germantown which only wanted success 
 to make it add much to his military reputation ; it 
 being well planned, and the general discovering 
 great activity and courage in collecting troops who 
 had been so entirely dispersed a few days before. 
 
 An alteration was contemplated in the military 
 arrangements, and the public papers declared that a 
 majority of Congress had determined to advance 
 gen. Gates to a command which would imply a 
 censure upon the commander in chief. Although 
 this did not originate with Mr. Adams, he was 
 known to be unfriendly to Washington, and after 
 this he was not a favourite with certain military gen- 
 tlemen who had been his most active partizans. 
 Some of these officers had a conference with him 
 in Boston, and he declared that he never meant that 
 Gates, or any other officer who was not born in 
 America, should supercede Washington or be com- 
 mander in chief. Perhaps he only meant that there 
 should be separate commands, and the generals to, 
 be independent of each other, and of the same 
 rank, and to look to the Congress for the chief di- 
 rection, 
 
 Whether he was attached to the General, or 
 thought him the most proper person for the high 
 office of President of the United States, is a subject 
 of opinion, on which his fellow citizens differed. It 
 is certain that president Washington did not speak 
 of him with the highest respect. 
 
 It has been said in a European publication, that 
 Mr. Samuel Adams made the motion for Indepen- 
 dence, and that he sacrificed a large fortune in the 
 cause of his country. This is not true. But it is 
 true that he contributed to the Independence of 
 America, as much as any man, by his enterprising
 
 ADA 13 
 
 spirit at an early period of he contest, by his pat- i- 
 otic zeal, by his influence on the minds of the peo- 
 ple ; yet no individual ought to be styled the Father 
 of our Independence. For a nation to be born it 
 required all the mighty efforts of those bold, wise and 
 noble-minded statesmen, who adorned this era in 
 the annals of their country by their presence in 
 the first Congress. 
 
 From being secretary of the commonwealth of 
 Massachusetts, Mr. Adams was chosen a member of 
 the senate of ihe state after the government was 
 formed in the year 1780, and was placed at the head 
 of that respectable branch of the legislature. He 
 had been one the members of the convention which 
 formed the government, was a principal leader in 
 the debates, and eminently useful, from his knowl- 
 edge and experience, in the committee which made 
 the first draught ; as well as in the great body which 
 shaped it in its present form ; and styled it the Con- 
 stitution of Government for the state of Massachu- 
 setts. The address of the convention to the people 
 was composed by him, and another gentleman who 
 has since filled several offices of honour and trust in 
 the commonwealth. 
 
 Whilst Mr. Adams was president of the senate, 
 he was punctual in his attendance upon every part 
 of duty, and adhered strictly to all the regulations 
 and forms of proceeding ; till finding the infirmities 
 of age coming upon him, he was persuaded to re- 
 sign the chair, a place which required dispatch as 
 well as constant assiduities in business. He was 
 succeeded by Mr. Phillips, who afterwards suc- 
 ceeded him as lieut. governor of the state. 
 
 During the time of his influence in the senate, 
 there was an insurrection, which threatened the 
 overthrow cf the government. Whoever recollects 
 the popular phrensy will give due credit to the wise, 
 spirited and energetic measures which were then 
 urged, and carried into effect. The most direful 
 consequences were prevented, the tumult was soon
 
 U ADA 
 
 quelled, and the people as soon convinced of their 
 delusion. In this dark scene of adversity, when 
 even a civil war had commenced, no man was more 
 firm and intrepid than Mr. Adams. It was his con* 
 stant declaration, that republicks could exist only by 
 a due submission to the laws : that the laws ought 
 to be put in force against all opposition, and that a 
 government could be supported by the exertions of 
 a free, virtuous, and enlightened people. 
 
 The year after the insurrection the administration 
 was changed ; Mr. Bowdoin was succeeded by gov. 
 Hancock. This was contrary to the opinion of Mr. 
 Adam c . No man could have conducted himself in 
 this office better than the former gentleman, yet 
 many people in the commonwealth indulged the 
 idea, that Mr. H. having the confidence of the peo- 
 ple more than the other, might serve the common- 
 wealth more effectually at this time. Gen. Lincoln, 
 the officer who had quelled the insurrection, was 
 put into the office of lieut. governor. Perhaps this 
 might also chagrin the good old patriot. It was 
 evident that he disliked this choice, and the oppor- 
 tunity was improved to bring about a reconciliation 
 between two men whose friendship had been broken, 
 and succeeded by personal hatred, but who were 
 now to act like friends, and form a political union in 
 which the sentiments of the heart might have little 
 concern.— Soon after the insurrection, the conven- 
 tion met at Philadelphia to form a new constitution 
 of government for the United States. When the 
 constitution was completed, a convention was as- 
 sembled in Massachusetts to consider it ; and Mr. 
 Adams was also one of the twelve representatives of 
 Boston. In this body he was almost a silent voter. 
 In former assemblies he had spoken upon every 
 question that became an object of discussion, and 
 as he grew older was remarkable for his garrulity ; 
 yet here he seldom opened his mouth. He had said 
 so much against it in conversation prior to the meet- 
 ing of this body, that he well knew if he prais-
 
 ADA 15 
 
 ed it he would be charged with inconsistency, which 
 had been no part of his character through life ; and 
 if he spake against it, he was sensible of the odium 
 it would bring upon him ; for his constituents were 
 a strong phalanx in defence of it. The trade of the 
 town had been stagnant. The mechanicks were in 
 want of business, and from this they expected gold- 
 en dreams of prosperity. 
 
 Our politician voted for the adoption of the con- 
 stitution with amendments. He himself proposed 
 one amendment which was not adopted ; and which 
 he soon withdrew. It excited a strong resentment 
 at the time, and would have given still greater of- 
 fence, if he had not declared that it was far s from his 
 intention to excite a jealousy that the people's liber- 
 ty was to be infringed. — There are two different 
 opinions on this part of his conduct : one that it was 
 his design to prejudice the republican party against 
 the constitution : the other that he only wished to 
 have something originating from himself, and there- 
 fore proposed an amendment, which he had not well 
 considered, or not at all digested. From this time, 
 however, he was viewed as the leader of that party 
 which disliked the mixture of aristocracy said to ex- 
 ist in that form of government ; and looked with 
 pleasure at the things going on in France. It is 
 certain that all those who were styled antifederal- 
 ists supported his character and influence ; and that 
 those who disliked the administration of the govern- 
 ment under Washington and Adams, as well as 
 those who first disliked the constitution itself, united 
 their energies to exalt his reputation in his old age ; 
 to blazon his name among the first worthies of Amer- 
 ica, and to give him all the merit that could possibly 
 be due to his services. 
 
 Mr. Adams was chosen governor of the state of 
 Massachusetts in 1794, having been second in au- 
 thority and honour five years. He continued in the. 
 chair three years, and then resigned. 
 
 The last six years of his life he passed in retire-
 
 16 ADA 
 
 ment. At no time did party spirit rage with more 
 violence ; but he could only mingle his voice with 
 the friends who visited him. Some mortifications 
 every one must meet with. In public life great 
 men are not without their cares : in the evening of 
 their days when they seek for rest, every want of 
 attention in their old acquaintance is a thorn in their 
 pillow. Many of the old friends of gov. Adams who 
 had gone hand in hand with him during the revolu- 
 tion now forsook him, though he yet received the 
 respect, attentions and caresses of those, who thought 
 him not more venerable for age, than he was for his 
 attachment to republican principles. He was the 
 decided friend of the Jeffersonian administration. 
 Several letters which passed between him and pre- 
 sident John Adams discovered his opinion of the 
 politicks of the day, and his general ideas of govern- 
 ment. He died in a good old age, and in full belief 
 of those religious principles in which he had been 
 educated, and which he was free to defend even 
 against Thomas Paine himself. 
 
 The letter Paine wrote to him in answ T er to one, 
 ■which was certainly well meant, discovered that 
 man as much a stranger to good manners as to pure 
 sentiments, and moral worth. 
 
 His character may be summed up with saying, 
 that he was a respectable politician, though too 
 much influenced by local prejudices. He never ap- 
 peared to so much advantage in Congress as in Fan- 
 ieul Hall. He never liked the habits of the people 
 in the southern states. In the latter part of his life 
 he coalesced with their politicks, but the Puritans 
 of New England were the men to set an example to 
 the world. ' He never swerved from these ideas 
 which imbued his mind at a tender age. His moral 
 sentiments were ever mingled with his politicks, and 
 he perhaps thought too highly of the forms of reli- 
 gion. He was a poor man, who despised riches, and 
 possessed as proud a spirit as those who roll in af- 
 fluence or command armies. He had three topicks
 
 ADA 17 
 
 of conversation upon which he always dwelt — Bri- 
 tish thraldom — the manners, laws and customs of 
 New-England — the benefit of publick schools to the 
 rising generation. By publick schools he meant 
 such as there are in every town in Massachusetts, 
 which diffuse knowledge equally among all classes 
 of people ; for he set his face against academies. — 
 In his zeal he often repeated his opinion, and per- 
 haps in his conversation exhibited more the cha- 
 racter of a true New England man, than any one of 
 his contemporaries, on which account he was re- 
 vered still more by his old friends who cease not to 
 mention this, when they describe his worth, his tal- 
 ents, and his exertions in the cause of his country. 
 
 Adams Zabdiel, was minister of the church m 
 Lunenburgh and was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1759. 
 
 He was born at Quincy. His father was brother 
 to the father of the late president of the United 
 States, and his mother, whose maiden name was 
 Anne Boylstone, was sister to the president's mo- 
 ther. Mr. Adams was respectable for his abilities. 
 His sermons were sensible and plain, and he deliv- 
 ered them with animation. He also discovered 
 acuteness in managing a controversy upon a ques- 
 tion that was agitated in 1774. " Whether a nega- 
 tive -power be allowed to the pastor over the proceed- 
 ings of the people, in the formation of our churches.'''' 
 He took a position which could not be maintained 
 by the platform, or any just sentiments of religious 
 freedom, though many pastors of churches have 
 adopted it, and some reduced it to practice, viz. 
 That the pastor has a negative, in the proceedings of 
 the church, in the same manner as the governor of 
 Massachusetts negatived acts of the general court.* 
 He was provoked to write this pamphlet from an 
 attack made upon a sermon he had printed, by an 
 anonymous writer, who calls himself a neighbour. 
 
 * The governors under the crown had a complete negative. 
 
 D
 
 IS A D A 
 
 His antagonist answered Mr. Adams' book ; an4 
 gained the advantage, though lie was by no means 
 so fair a disputant. He had the voice of the people, 
 and common sense on his side ; vet he seemed to 
 
 9 * 
 
 prefer the glory of a parti zan to that of defending 
 the truth. He asserts that a minister is primus in- 
 ter pares ; or the moderator of a meeting, which 
 very term explains his power. And he was fortu- 
 nate enough to find a civil magistrate to answer 
 to this station. The governor of Connecticut has 
 no power of negativing, nor had the governor of 
 Massachusetts till the charter of William and Mary. 
 The old charter had been inhumanly murdered by 
 one of the Stuart race, all of whom were enemies to 
 civil and religious liberty. If ministers or ruling 
 elders, says this anonymous writer, have a negative 
 upon the brethren they must be a distinct branch, 
 or act in distinct bodies and branches, and then the 
 minister or eldership cannot have the moderatorship, 
 according to any acting bodies whatever, or accord- 
 ing to the reason and nature of things. The king 
 is not president, nor moderator of the house of 
 lords ; nor the governor of the province president 
 of the council in legislative proceedings, where he 
 is a distinct branch. Several ministers in the coun- 
 ty of Worcester adhered to the principles advanced 
 in Mr. Adams' book, and lost their parishes.* 
 Upon several publick occasions, Mr. Adams was 
 
 » From this militant state of Che churches arose contentions 
 and contests at our courts of justice. One of the clergy* who was 
 dismissed without calling a council, prosecuted for his salary. 
 The question was argued. John Adams defended the minister 
 in the supreme court. The question of negative power was not 
 introduced. The people had gone to another extreme in opposi- 
 tion to the platform : more so than the pastor they accused — 
 They meant to reduce it to a mere piece ot parchment, accord- 
 ing to the insurgent spirit that was then raging. The ravens of 
 discord were lei loose against all form and order. The state of 
 publick affairs prevented a final decision. Since the revolution 
 the question has been revived and urged in a more popular man- 
 ner; and several ministers lost their salaries when the opinion of 
 the court was unanimous in their favour.
 
 A L D 19 
 
 elected to preach discourses, and he always did 
 himself honour, and gratified the hearers. He 
 preached theDudlean lecture, 1794, upon Presbyte- 
 rian ordination : which was not printed, but in the 
 opinion of the president of the University, it was 
 one of the very best that had been delivered. He 
 died March 1," 1801, in the 62d year of his age, and 
 S7th of his ministry. 
 
 His printed discourses are, the election sermon, 
 1783. Several at the ordination of young men to 
 the ministry, in some of which subjects of contro- 
 versy are handled with independence of spirit, acri- 
 mony of speech and generous sentiments. He was 
 always highly esteemed by the more liberal part of 
 the clergy. 
 
 Addington Isaac, an eminent magistrate of 
 Massachusetts. He was one of those worthies who 
 opposed the administration of sir Eilmund Andross ; 
 and was appointed secretary of the province, by 
 those who adhered to the old charter. He also re- 
 ceived the same appointment from the crown when 
 the charter of William and Mary was brought over. 
 He was chosen for many years one of the council, 
 and was very active as a justice of the peace. He 
 died 1714, leaving a character very respectable for 
 integrity, wisdom and industry. 
 
 Judge Dudley, who was then attorney general, 
 and who married one of his daughters, took the 
 seals till Mr. Woodward the next secretary was ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 Alden John, one of the worthies who first came 
 over to Plymouth in the year 1620. He was then a 
 young man. He settled in Duxbury, on a farm 
 which is now the best in the town, and has been al- 
 ways in possession of one of his descendants. All 
 of the name are descended from him. And many 
 of his posterity have been useful and distinguished 
 members of society. This gentleman lived to the 
 age of 88. For many years he was one of the as- 
 sistan-ts in the old colony. Two of his grand chil.
 
 20 ALL 
 
 dren were living in 1774. Col. Alden who was 
 killed at Cherry valley, was his great grandson. His 
 father was capt. Samuel Alden, who was alive when 
 the revolution commenced. — He saw a new empire 
 peopled with three millions where his grandfather 
 saw nothing but a savage wilderness. Aldens Cent. 
 Sermon. 
 
 Allen Thomas, minister of the church in 
 Charlestown, was born in the city of Norwich, in 
 1608 ; was graduated at Caius College, Cambridge 
 University ; and ordained minister of St. Edmunds, 
 in the same city. In 1636, when the clergy were 
 squired to read the book of sports, he refused, and 
 lost his parish by order from bishop Wren. He 
 sailed from England, and arrived at Boston in 1638, 
 He was invited to settle at Charlestown, and con- 
 tinued their pastor till the year 1651. He then re- 
 turned to England and spent the remainder of his 
 days at Norwich, where the people highly respect- 
 ed him. Dr. Mather speaks of him as a pious and 
 laborious minister, and a vasRgreatly beloved; which 
 he says is the original of the name Allen, or Alivine, 
 as it is in the Saxon. 
 
 While he was in this country he composed a book 
 entitled an " invitation to thirsty sinners to come 
 unto their saviour," which was printed twice, and 
 prefaced by Mr. Higginson. He also composed 
 another, called " The scripture chronology" which 
 was printed in England, 1659. 
 
 Dr. Calamy mentions two other publications— 
 The " way of the Spirit in bringing souls to Christ," 
 and a number of sermons upon " the necessity of 
 faith." He is in the list of ejected ministers, 1862, 
 but he continued to preach till his death, Sept. 
 1673, etat. 65. Magnalia, page 215. Calamy' s 
 Account of ejected ministers, ml. II. 
 
 Allen John, first minister of the gospel in Ded- 
 ham, Massachusetts, A. D. 1737. 
 
 He is styled a courteous man by the author of 
 Wonder working providences, who says likewise that
 
 ALL 21 
 
 he was full of christian love, while he made such a 
 bold stand against the errors of the times. He di- 
 ed 1671, etat. T5, having beenatDedham 24 years. 
 
 Dr. Mather calls him a diligent student and good 
 scholar. It is evident that he had good abilities for 
 a polemical divine from his Defence of the nine pro- 
 position which were so many points of church disci- 
 pline. In this work he was assisted by Mr. Shep- 
 herd of Cambridge.* 
 
 In the synod of 1662, Mr. Allen made a very 
 conspicuous figure, and he wrote in defence of it 
 against the celebrated president Chauncy. Besides 
 these controversial pieces he printed a few discour- 
 ses which are not now to be met with. His friends 
 also, published the two last discourses he ever 
 preached, one from Canticles, viii. 5, and the oth- 
 er from John, xiv. 22. From their account we must 
 
 think his epitaph just. 
 
 JOHANNES ALLEN, 
 Vir sincerus, amans pacis ; patiensq ; laboris 
 Perspicuus, simplex, doctrine purus amator. 
 Allen James, one of the silenced ministers who 
 left England after the act of Uniformity, 1662. He 
 came to Boston, and was invited to preach at the 
 first church, as an assistant to Mr. Davenport. Hav- 
 ing continued with them six years he was ordained 
 their teacher, Dec. 9, 1668. He lived in the style 
 of a gentleman, built a stone house which is now oc- 
 cupied by his great grandson, the sheriff of Suffolk, 
 and which is probably the oldest house in the town. 
 It is said " that he had a farm of forty acres in Bos- 
 ton." He had certainly a very handsome estate, and 
 was kind and hospitable. He was very strongly 
 attached to the order of the churches, as defended by 
 
 * In the history of Cambridge (Hist. Coll. 7th vol.) we find 
 among the works of Mr. Shepherd, a discourse to clear up the 
 old way of Christ, in the churches of New-England. Mr. Cotton 
 speaks with respect of these divines. Shephai dus cum Allinio 
 fratre (fratrum dulce par) uti eximia pietate, et conditione non 
 rnediocri, atque etiam mysteriotum pictatis predicatione, &c° 
 Preface to A'orton'* aermoA.
 
 22 ALL 
 
 Dr. Increase Mather, his particular friend, and op- 
 posed those attempts to introduce innovations which 
 were made in more than one instance during his 
 ministry. He died Sept. 22, 1710, in the 78th year 
 of his age.* 
 
 His posterity have been respectable in Massachu- 
 setts. His eldest son James received a liberal edu- 
 cation, and Jeremiah his second son, was treasurer 
 of the province. They both filled several offices, 
 with ability and reputation. Calamy^s Account of 
 ejected ministers. Private information. 
 
 Allen James, the grandson of the Rev. Mr. 
 Allen, was elected a member of the house of re- 
 presentatives for Boston, 1759. At this time a 
 pointed opposition was made to the administration 
 of gov. Belcher, and the town of Boston took the 
 lead in it so as to change their representation.! 
 
 Mr. Allen continued in opposition to the govern- 
 ment while Shirley was in the chair, and was once 
 expelled the house for his freedom of speech. The 
 town immediately rechose him. The house refused 
 him his seat. The altercation lasted till the May 
 succeeding, when another house of representatives 
 was appointed, among whom Mr. Allen's name is 
 enrolled, and to which no objection could be made. 
 He continued a member of the general court till he 
 died, 1755. Independent Advertiser, 1749. 
 
 Allen John, one of the early graduates of Har- 
 vard College, having received the honours of that 
 
 • The printed works of Mr. Allen arc, " Man's reflection, a 
 means to further his recovery of his apostacy from God." 12mo. 
 
 2d The substance of a number of sermons upon the health of 
 
 the soul. Small quarto. The election sermon, 1679. 
 
 t The representatives from Boston, 1733, were Elisha Cooke, 
 esq. Oxenbridge Thacher, esq. Timothy Prout and Thomas 
 Gushing, jun. In 1739, Mr. Thacher and Mr. Prout were left 
 out, because they were Belcher's friends and adhered to his 
 measures — Mr. Allen and Mr. Kilby, who were his most violent 
 opposers, men of zeal in whatever they undertook, were elected 
 in their places. Mr. Bromfield who was likewise on the popular 
 side was a third in the new choice— Mr. Cooke had died previous 
 ta the election.
 
 ALL 23 
 
 infant seminary in 1643. He was settled in the 
 ministry at Great Yarmouth, in Old England, as a 
 colleague with Mr. John Brinsley ; and was silenc- 
 ed by the act of Uniformity, 1662. He afterwards 
 took a house at Goidstonc and often preached. He 
 preferred this place because it was out of the juris- 
 diction of the bishop of Norwich, who was an ene- 
 my to Independents. He died, A. D. 1675, after 
 passing the 50th year of his age. Calamy's contin- 
 uation^ page 67. 
 
 Allen James, first minister of the church in 
 Brookline was a native of Roxburv. He was srrad- 
 uated at Harvard College, 1710; was ordained 1718, 
 and died 1747, in the 56th year of his age, and 29th 
 of his ministry. " He was a pious and judicious di- 
 vine." He was one of the ministers who encouraged 
 the revival of religion in 1743, but afterwards, like 
 many other zealous brethren, expressed his disap- 
 pointment concerning its general effect upon the 
 churches, and on the morals of individuals. He lived 
 and died as a christian, and his publications do equal 
 honour to his hetid and heart.* Pierce's Cent, sermon. 
 
 Allen Ethan, was a man born for troublesome 
 times. In a tranquil state of society, and in rural 
 walks he might only have been distinguished for 
 his great bodily strength, or rude, boisterous beha- 
 viour. But opportunities were not wanting to dis- 
 play the peculiar genius of the man and his local 
 situation made him a warrior before he was called to 
 fight the battles of his country. The lands granted 
 by the province of New Hampshire to certain set- 
 tlers, were claimed by the state of New York. If 
 the people who held the lands had made this ac- 
 knowledgment, they must have purchased what 
 
 * He printed seven sermons. — 1. Thanksgiving sermon, Not. 
 1722 — 2. Upon the government of the world by a wise provi- 
 dence, 1727.— 3. The doctrine of merit exploded, 1727. — 
 4. Upon the great earthquake, 1727. — 5. A sermon to young 
 men, IT 3 I . — f; A funeral sermon upon the death of Mr. Aspin- 
 tvall,A 1733— 7. The election sermon, 1744*.
 
 24 ALL 
 
 they considered as their own. They disputed the, 
 title, and defended themselves by arms. Allen was 
 their leader, and he was declared an outlaw. As 
 soon as hostilities commenced between Great Bri- 
 tain and her colonies, these hardy soldiers of the wil- 
 derness, engaged fiercely in the cause of America, 
 and marched directly to Ticonderoga and Grown 
 Point, which places were garrisoned by British 
 troops. These garrisons were surprised and taken 
 May 10th, the former by Allen, and the other by 
 col. Seth Warner, one of the boldest of these moun- 
 taneers, who from this time took the name of the 
 Green mountain boys. 
 
 After this, col, Allen passed the lake with the 
 troops that gen. Montgomery commanded, and was 
 sent to the Canadians to give them information and 
 gain their influence, in which he met with some 
 success. This was during the summer months. 
 He went a second time in November. But attempt- 
 ing to take Montreal, he with his whole party of 
 Canadians, w r ere taken prisoners. He says, that 
 Brown first proposed this, but did not assist him ac- 
 cording to his promise. It was thought an impru- 
 dent action, and col. Allen, whose fame had been 
 trumpeted through the provinces, was now called a 
 Ci high flying genius" fearless as a man, but without 
 prudence for a superior officer. His courage did 
 not forsake him when he was taken, but he acted 
 and spake like one conscious of doing well, and de- 
 serving applause. He was put in irons and sent 
 over the Atlantick, was in prison in England, and 
 aboard a vessel, in Halifax and New York, and in 
 1771 exchanged for col. Archibald Campbell, who 
 had been taken with a battalion of Highlanders in 
 Boston bay in the summer of 1776. He published 
 a book the next year, which is styled " his narra- 
 tive" which makes him a hero in suffering as well 
 as action. 
 
 We hear but little of him during the last year of 
 the war, the historian not finding so many instances
 
 ALL 25 
 
 of his prowess as are related in the narrative. — He 
 might perhaps expect a separate command, which 
 some officers had who were inferior to him in the 
 date of their commisions, or had not been so early 
 in the field. He appeared after his exchange to have 
 been more of a politician than a warrior ; and en- 
 tered fully into all the debates about making the 
 green mountains a separate state ; and amused his 
 mind at the same time with theological enquiries. 
 With these, the publick were favoured. He print- 
 ed a book called the Oracles of Reason in which he 
 thought he had said enough to discard all revela- 
 tion. But he was not fortunate enough to convince 
 others that religion was a fable ; or that he was able 
 to manage a controversy in which men of much 
 greater ingenuity had failed. The book was equal- 
 ly bad in argument and style ; it was wretchedly 
 printed, very little read, and is now wholly forgot- 
 ten. 
 
 All in Kbenezer, also a green mountain boy, 
 was one of the first soldiers of the revolution. He 
 was in the party that went against Ticonderoga. 
 With forty men he went upon the hill Defiance, 
 and carried the fortress without loss of a man. He 
 also distinguished himself in the battle of Benning- 
 ton ; taking advantage of a breastwork of rocks, he 
 contended with the front of the enemy, till he caus- 
 ed a temporary retreat He was among those who 
 exerted themselves in making Vermont a separate 
 state, and lived to see not only the wilderness sub- 
 dued, where he first ploughed the ground, but the 
 places filled with inhabitants — The account of his 
 death is mentioned in the newspapers of the year 
 1805. 
 
 Allerton John, one of the number who arriv- 
 ed at Plymouth, 1620— he died the first winter. 
 
 Allerton Isaac, one of the first settlers, who 
 was employed as their agent in I n gland upon sev- 
 eral occasions In 1620 he went over to treat with 
 the adventurers and to obtain money and articles 
 
 2
 
 26 A M E 
 
 which were wanted in the plantation. The next 
 year he went again upon a similar errand, and Nov. 
 6, finished " the bargain with the company at Lon- 
 don, delivered his bonds and received their deeds." 
 In 1628 he returned to New England, and was sent 
 in the fall as the agent of those planters, that he 
 might get their Kennebeck patent enlarged, and 
 give some assistance to their friends at Ley den. He 
 returned the next year without accomplishing their 
 object, the enlargement and confirmation of the 
 Plymouth patent. Morton was his clerk in this bu- 
 siness, who came over with him, and proved a 
 scourge to the plantation, and also Mr. Rodgers an 
 independent minister, who proved insane, and whom 
 he carried back the year after according to the wish- 
 es of his brethren. They also commissioned him to 
 finish the business of the patent. He returned to 
 New England in the spring of 1630, and brought 
 over Ashley and others who had taken a patent for 
 Penobscot to trade with the natives in those eastern 
 parts. 
 
 We find no further account of his being employ- 
 ed upon publick business. It is most likely he 
 spent the remainder of his days with the people at 
 Plymouth, but the year of his death is not recorded. 
 
 Ames Dr. Nathaniel, of Dedham, Massachu- 
 setts, was eminent as a physician and mathemati- 
 cian. He published an almanack forty years suc- 
 cessively, which was so highly reputed, that no 
 other almanacks were saleable in this and the neigh- 
 bouring states. When he died, in the year 1765, 
 he had made the calculations for the ensuing year. 
 The almanack was published as his, and so attach- 
 ed were all classes of people to the name, that the 
 demand was great for all that were printed. This 
 worthy man descended in a direct line from the 
 Rev. William Ames, son of the famous Franequer 
 professor, who wrote the Medulla Theologies.* 
 
 * Mr. William Ames was likewise ejected from Wrentham, 
 and the next parish, Frostendon : Having been in the year 1648
 
 AME 27, 
 
 Ames Fisher, Esq. the son of the astronomer, 1 
 one of the most brilliant men this country ever pro- 
 duced, was born at Dedham, and graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1774, when he was only 16 years of 
 age. His compositions at this early period were 
 excellent and original. They discovered not only 
 a rich and glowing fancy, but correct taste and 
 judgment beyond what could be expected from a 
 youth. During the revolutionary war he was en- 
 gaged in no particular business, but dwelt in the 
 family mansion at Dedham, where he must have 
 adorned and enriched his mind with those stores of 
 knowledge which enabled him to give such delight 
 to his friends, and render such eminent services to 
 the community. 
 
 He was afterwards a student at law, and from ex- 
 ercising his profession a few years, he was introduc- 
 ed into a more extensive field of usefulness. In 
 1788 the convention met in Boston for the purpose 
 of deliberating on the constitution recommended by 
 the grand federal convention. He was sent as a 
 member to this body, from his native town, and 
 made a distinguished figure among the most elo- 
 quent speakers. A passage from one speech he 
 
 settled as co-pastor with his uncle Phillips, to the church of Christ 
 in Wrentham ; and likewise preaching one part of the Lord's day 
 at Frostendon for many years. And at that time, I suppose Mr. 
 Thomas King, after Mr. Phillips' great decay, supplied at 
 Wrentham. Mr. Ames died in the year 1689, in the 66th year 
 of his age. He was the son of the famous Dr. William Ames, 
 (who after having been twelve years pastor at Franequer, was dis- 
 missed from thence, in order to his being professor at Rotter- 
 dam, and died not in 1639, as has been represented by some, but 
 iti 1633 :) and when a child went over with his mother to New 
 England, where he had his education at Harvard College, and 
 became a graduate in 1645, and returned to Old England and 
 came to Wrentham in 1646. He was a very holy man, of the 
 Congregational persuasion, and in all respects an excellent per- 
 son. He hath a sermon in print entitled the " saints security 
 against seducing spirits ; or, the anointing from the Holy One the 
 best teaching ;" on 1. John, ii. 20 ; preached at Paul's,before the 
 lord mayor, aldermen, &c. Nov. 5, 1651. Calatmfs Continuation, 
 &c.vol. II.fifi.797, 798.
 
 28 A M E 
 
 made early in the session, was quoted with high ap 
 probation by a southern orator in their convention, 
 as being- the most forcible and animating description 
 of the spirit of democracy. The eyes of the people 
 were turned to him when they elected members of 
 Congress ; and he represented the Suffolk District 
 eight years. Amidst that constellation of worthies 
 he shone a star of the first magnitude. The latter 
 part of the time, his health was peculiarly delicate, 
 and his feeble frame would oiten sink under the 
 bold efforts made by a mind of superior native vi- 
 gour and wonderfully active. But although he was 
 able to pay less attention to publick concerns than 
 he was prompted by the ardent desire of his soul, 
 he delivered some of the best speeches ever heard 
 in an American assembly From this publick 
 sphere he went to the shades of retirement, where 
 he could enjoy his book, and his friends ; attend to 
 rural affairs or. as his health permitted, to the busi- 
 ness of his profession. 
 
 He was chosen into the council in the adminis- 
 tration of gov. Sumner, and when the legislature 
 met after the death of Washington, he was elected 
 by them to pronounce the publick eulogy. The 
 degree of Doctor of Laws he received from New 
 Jersey, and he was unanimously chosen president of 
 Harvard College, which honour he declined in a 
 polite letter to the corporation. His last days on 
 earth were painful from his bodily complaints, but 
 the vigour of his mind never failed ; many admira- 
 ble productions of a political nature came from his 
 pen, equally instructive and entertaining, full of vir- 
 tuous sentiments and true patriotick zeal. During 
 every period of his life, his splendid abilities were 
 guarded by his integrity and religion, and " adorn- 
 ed with the choicest flowers of eloquence :" and 
 even when the last breath lingered on his trembling 
 lips the recollection of his past life^armed him with 
 resignation ; and the pure principles of his religious 
 belief turned the shadows of deatn into the light of 
 the morning.
 
 APP 29 
 
 His funeral was attended in Boston by all classes 
 of people, and an eulogy was pronounced by the 
 hon. Mr. Dexter. His body was then conveyed to 
 Dedham to be deposited in the family tomb. The 
 publick earnestly desired that a subscription might 
 be brought forward for his works, which are to be 
 collected in a volume ; and v\ ith them will be given 
 a more complete biography than has yet appeared. 
 
 Appleton Nathaniel, D. D. minister oi the 
 church in Cambridge was the son of the hon. John 
 Appleton, esq. of Ipswich. He was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1712; ordained, 1717; and died 
 Feb. 9, 1784. His manner of preaching was plain, 
 practical and impressive. It is said, that in the 
 younger part of life he excelled as a publ'ck speak- 
 er. Many of the present generation remember him 
 as a man venerable for his piety, his prudence and 
 his age. " New England can furnish few instances 
 of more useful talents, and of more exemplary pie- 
 ty, united with a ministry equally long and success- 
 ful." 
 
 There was a cheerfulness mingled with the grav- 
 ity of his deportment ; such a disposition to make 
 every one hnppy around him, as rendered his soci- 
 ety acceptable to the rising generation ; and he re- 
 ceived peculiar tokens of respect from the inge- 
 nuous youth of the university. He often preached 
 when ministers were ordained ; and his discourses 
 were calculated to promote harmony, love and peace. 
 There w T ere times when he was obliged to exert all 
 his fortitude, prudence and candour to conduct so, 
 as not to give offence. 
 
 While Mr, Whitefield was in the zenith of his 
 popularity, the president, and other instructors of 
 the college bore their testimony against him on ac- 
 count of the uncharitable and slanderous reports he 
 made of the state of that seminary. He addressed a 
 letter in reply, which was answered by the professor 
 of divinity. Many pastors of the churches in Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut, also testified against the
 
 30 A P P 
 
 errors and disorders which then prevailed. Dr. Ap« 
 pleton was censured tor his moderation, which was 
 then a very unfashionable virtue, and he was re- 
 quested by many zealous members of his own 
 church, and by some of his brethren in the ministry, 
 to admit that wonderful preacher into his pulpit. 
 He continued steadfast, however, in supporting the 
 interest and honour of the college. Mr. Whitefield 
 was sensible of his error, when riper years had tem- 
 pered the fervour of his youthful spirit, and with 
 christian candour he publickly acknowledged his 
 fault. When Harvard Hall was burnt in 1764, he 
 solicited benefactions in England and Scotland, and 
 his kindness met with a grateful return. Every at- 
 tention was paid him by the president and fellows 
 of the university, on his last visit to America, and 
 Dr. Appleton invited him to preach in his church. 
 The scene was interesting : Mr. Whitefield was 
 uncommonly affectionate in speaking of the aged di- 
 vine in his prayer, and in his address to the people 
 of his charge. His text was 1. Cor. iii. 11. Several 
 ministers who had always attended Mr. Whiteneld's 
 preaching observed, that he never displayed more 
 eloquence, or delivered a more correct discourse. 
 
 Dr. Appleton's prudence was exercised in a tri- 
 al of a different nature some years preceding the re- 
 volutionary war. He was as true a Whig in his 
 political, as he was a Calvinist in his religious prin- 
 ciples. But several of his hearers were on the oth- 
 er side of the question, and had rendered them- 
 selves very unpopular in their publick stations. 
 They had been among his particular friends, and 
 while they blamed him for his opposition to the go- 
 vernment, others who were with him in his poli- 
 ticks made severe remarks upon his complaisance 
 to Tories. None, however, could ever accuse him 
 of " speaking unadvisedly with his lips." 
 
 Dr. Appleton was fellow of the corporation of 
 Harvard College from the year 1719 to 1779. He
 
 AND 31 
 
 then resigned on account of his age. He sat at the 
 board with five presidents. He delivered funeral 
 discourses upon three, Leverett, Wadsworth and 
 Holyoke. Another discourse he also printed when 
 Mr. Flint died, who had been more than 60 years a 
 fellow and tutor of the college.* 
 
 Andross Edmund sir, governor of New- York, 
 New- England and Virginia, carne to New- York, 
 anno, 1074, with a commission as governor, hav- 
 ing only the title of major Andross, being sent 
 by the duke of York, after he had obtained a 
 grant of the land from the king of England. His 
 administration began with lenient measures, the 
 effect rather of his policy than clemency, or he 
 soon discovered a temper, cruel to individuals 
 and unfriendly to the state. One instance of this 
 was, his quarrelling with Carteret who then exer- 
 cised jurisdiction over New Jersey. By an exer- 
 tion of power he threw him into prison for which 
 it is said he was deprived of the government ; but 
 did not lose the favor of the duke, to whom he was 
 a compleat sycophant, making himself subservient 
 to all his arbitrary designs and superstitious de- 
 vices. 
 
 He was appointed governor of New England in 
 1686, and arrived in Boston on the 29th day of De- 
 cember. The first commission which was granted 
 by James after he came to the throne was to Dudley y 
 as president of a council of twenty eight ; of this 
 council Randolph was secretary. But this was of a 
 
 * Dr. Holmes bus given a list of Er. Appleton's publications. 
 The wisdom of God in the redemption of man, 1728, 12mo. 
 Dlsccuiseson Romans viii. 14, 12mo, 1743. Eight funeral ser- 
 mons. Six ordination sermons. Two fast sermons. Two 
 thanksgiving sermons. A sermon at the artillery election, 
 1735; general election, 1742; convention of ministers, 1743; 
 on the difference between legal and evangelical righteousness, 
 1749; at the Boston lecture, 1763; against prbphane swear- 
 ing, 17G5. He also preached the Dudleian lecture sermon, 
 1758, upon the validity of Presbyterian ordination.
 
 32 AND 
 
 short duration ; and more extensive powers were 
 given to Sir Edmund, as he was then styled and eve- 
 ry vestige of the old charter was obliterated. His 
 prejudices were strong against the people of Massa- 
 chusetts, and the puritanism of New England, these 
 prejudices he discovered when governor of New 
 York and they were confimed by Randolph, who is 
 handed down to us as one of the most despicable 
 wretches that ever held an office in our government. 
 In the year < 638, this governor of Massachusetts, 
 and of all New England, received another commis- 
 sion, by which New York was added to his juris- 
 diction. This was said to be done in order to unite 
 the colonies and make them more formidable to the 
 French ; but the true reason of it was to abridge 
 their liberties and to annihilate even idea of their 
 own importance, and in a particular manner to de- 
 prive them of those privileges which were founded 
 upon former claims, the freedom of the press was 
 restrained, and no book could be printed without 
 the license* of Mr. secretary Randolph. This was 
 an early instance of his ill will to the people and was 
 followed by a restraint upon marriages He exact- 
 ed bonds from all who entered into the matrimoni- 
 al state, to be forfeited if there should be afterwards 
 found any lawful impediment. The congregation- 
 Hi teachers were considered as laymen, and the fa- 
 thers of New England considered marriage as a 
 mere civil contract ; the magistrates also might le- 
 gally perform the ceremonies. This was not con- 
 sonant to the ideas of the church of England or of 
 Rome, an address was therefore sent to the bishop 
 of London, begging that no marriage should be 
 deemed lawful unless the ceremony was performed 
 
 • It has been observed, that a complaint of this kind was rather 
 inconsistent, as it implied that the press was perfectly free before. 
 This was not the case, it had been under restraint during former 
 administrations , the only change was in the licenser — Randolph 
 prevented every publication which did not suit his own humour 
 and prejudice.
 
 AND 33 
 
 by a minister of the church of England* The 
 Congregational societies were to be taxed for the 
 maintenance of the Episcopal clergy. The people 
 were threatened with having their meeting-houses 
 taken from them, or that their mode of worship 
 should not be tolerated. This we have from Hutch- 
 inson, who was indeed attached to the forms of the 
 New England churches, though, like Dudley, he 
 often sacrificed his religious prejudices at the shrine 
 of worldly honour. 
 
 The people swelled with rage at having their civil 
 and religious liberties trampled upon by an arbitra- 
 ry governor. The loss of their freeholds was now 
 added to their distresses ; and they might well con- 
 sider whether their lives were to be long secure. 
 They were roused to exertion, and sent Dr. Increase 
 Mather. who was then president of Harvard College, 
 as their agent to England. He was ordered to re- 
 present things as they actually were, and to make 
 this rational request — that the right which they had 
 to their freeholds might be confirmed ; and that no 
 laws be made, or monies raised, without an assembly. 
 
 While their civil affairs were thus conducted, sir 
 Edmund was called upon to display his military 
 talents. To stop the incursions of the Indians, who 
 had burnt several of the eastern settlements, he 
 marched a thousand men into their country in the 
 depth of winter ; by which he shewed more prow- 
 ess than judgment. The governor was much blam- 
 ed ; for he might have been informed by the hunt- 
 ers, that the aboriginals always retired into the woods 
 
 * In one of Randolph's letters he writes, " I press for able and 
 " sober ministers, and we will contribute largely to their mainte*- 
 M nance ; but one thing will mainly help, when no marriages shall 
 " hereafter be allowed lawful but such as are made by the minis- 
 " ters of the church of England." 
 
 In another letter to gov. Hinckley, quoted by Hutchinson, he 
 says, " perhaps it will be as reasonable to move, that your colony 
 " should be rated to pay our minister of the church of England, 
 " who now preaches in Boston, and you hear him not, as to 
 '.' make the Quakers pay in your colony.
 
 34 AND 
 
 to spend the winter, where the most alert scouting 
 parties would hardly find them. He returned to 
 Boston with a part of his army, having put the re- 
 mainder into winter quarters in two forts which he 
 built, viz. one at Sheepscot and the other at Pejep- 
 scot falls. These were the only fruits of his cam- 
 paign. 
 
 The revolution which placed William and Mary 
 upon the throne proved most fortunate for New En- 
 gland The friends of this court were the friends of 
 the colony ; and were also disposed to reverse the 
 proceedings under the late king, especially where 
 an attack had been made upon the freedom of the 
 subject. As soon as it was rumoured, that the 
 prince of Orange had prevailed in England, the in- 
 habitants of Boston assembled; sounding the trum- 
 pet from the north, every part of the town was in 
 commotion. To prevent any extravagance among 
 the insurgents, the old magistrates put themselves 
 at their head, and endeavoured to keep things calm 
 and regular till advices could be received from the 
 old country. Sir Edmund retired with his friends, 
 and several members of the council, to the fort in 
 Boston. A summons was sent to him upon the 
 18th of April, 1689, signed by the former governor 
 Bradstreet, Mr. Stoughton, and others, to whom he 
 surrendered. The violence of the people, who had 
 come in from the country, could scarcely be restrain- 
 ed. They insisted upon his being chained as a 
 traitor. It became necessary, in order to gratify 
 this vindictive spirit, and in fact for his own person- 
 al safety, to keep him under confinement in the fort. 
 When the news came, that William and Mary were 
 proclaimed king and queen, it was received with joy 
 by the inhabitants of New England. Soon after, 
 sir Edmund demanded his liberty ; but the repre- 
 sentatives resolved that he, with several others, could 
 not be admitted to bail, and they were kept in pri- 
 son until bv orders from the kinsr thev were sent to 
 England. The king gave assurances that he should
 
 AND 35 
 
 be removed, and promised Mr. agent Mather that he 
 should be made to answer for his mul-conduct. Com- 
 plaints against him were laid before the privy coun- 
 cil ; and at the same time he preferred a charge against 
 the colony for rebellion, imprisoning the king's gov- 
 ernor, &c. The next day they were all discharged ; 
 and upon a report made to his majesty in council, 
 the matter was dismissed by both parties. 
 
 Andross was afterwards made governor of Vir- 
 ginia, and arrived there in Feb 1 692. He brought 
 over the college charter. Whether he had become 
 more mild by age, more wise by experience, or 
 found it to be more for his interest, there was a 
 change in his measures, and his administration is 
 spoken well of by the historians of the province. He 
 gave encouragement to agriculture, manufactures, 
 and the arts. Fulling mills were erected by act 
 of assembly in his time, the cultivation of cotton 
 he particularly favoured. He loved method and dis- 
 patch in all kind of business. During his adminis- 
 tration the state house was destroyed by fire, togeth- 
 er with many of the original patents, records, and 
 deeds of land, &c. He was very assiduous in sort- 
 ing such as were saved, and caused them to be regis- 
 tered in a better manner than they had been before. 
 He offered to rebuild the state house several times ; 
 and it was thought, that much of the expense which 
 attended the rebuilding of it would have been saved 
 if he had continued in the u;overnment. But he 
 was removed in 1698, and was succeeded by Fran- 
 cis Nicholson, esq. From that time there was an 
 end of improvement in manufactures, towns and 
 trade. Sir Edmund Andross died in London, Feb. 
 24, 1713— U.* Smith's Hist. N. Tork. tied. 
 Cook's letter. Beverly's Hist, of Virginia. 
 
 * Bevcly relates an anecdote of sir F.dmund which deserves 
 o be repeated, as shewing a trait in his character, though wc 
 do not vouch for its truth. — Being upon a journey, he stopped at 
 a poor man's house in Stafford county and asked for a drink of 
 water. An ancient woman came out to him, with a brisk lively 
 lad of about 12 vears of age. The lad was of a ruddy and fair 
 complexion, emd excited the governor's curiosity so much, that he
 
 36 ASH 
 
 Ashurst Henry sir, Massachusetts agent at the 
 court of Great Britain, was the son of Henry 
 Ashurst, esq. who was a member of parliament, 
 and friend to New England. It is said that he had 
 a " great hand in settling the corporation for pro- 
 pagating the gospel among the Indians in New En- 
 gland, and the parts adjacent." The father and 
 son were both favourable to the dissenters ; yet the 
 latter was made a baronet by Charles the 2d, his 
 lady being the daughter of lord Paget, and himself 
 a favourite, which may seem strange, as he was a 
 man more remarkable for his uprightness, his at- 
 tachment to religion, and friendly propensities, than 
 brilliant parts. He had, however, great influence 
 at court, and yet very often relieved dissenting mi- 
 nisters when they were fined, or sent to prison. Mr. 
 Hutchinson says, that the family of Ashurst had al- 
 ways been favourable to these plantations ; and, 
 therefore, sir Henry was chosen agent. The first ad- 
 dresses that were sent from Massachusetts, after the 
 restoration, went through his hands, as the medium of 
 communication with the king. When Dr. Increase 
 Mather appeared at the British court to obtain re- 
 dress of grievances, and favour for Massachusetts 
 colony, he engaged sir H. Ashurst to make appli- 
 cation, in the character of their agent. He continued 
 in this relation to the colony for several years, and 
 his services were acknowledged with gratitude. At 
 length, a different influence prevailed among the 
 members of our general court ; and as they 
 
 proceeded to ask some questions respecting him. To his great 
 surprise he was assured that he was the son of this woman, at 76 
 years of age. His excellency smiling at this improbable story, 
 enquired what sort of a man had been his father. The good wo- 
 man made no reply,but ran and led her husband to the door, who 
 was above an hundred years old. He confirmed what the woman 
 had said. Notwithstanding his great age, he was strong in his 
 limbs and voice, but had lost his sight. The woman had no 
 complaint and retained a vigour uncommon at her years. Sir 
 Ldmund was pleased at this extraordinary account ; made him- 
 self known to her, and offered to take care of the lad ; but the old 
 folks would not part with him, However, he made them a present 
 of twenty pounds,
 
 AU C 37 
 
 could not make him subservient to their party zeal, 
 he was dismissed from the agency, without receiv- 
 ing even the pecuniary reward to which he was 
 justly entitled. This excited his honest resentment, 
 and showed how much republicks want gratitude. 
 He died in 1710. 
 
 His brother, sir William Ashurst, possessed supe- 
 rior talents. The party in opposition to Dudley 
 chose him agent, but he refused the office, " being 
 well acquainted with the slights put upon Ins bro- 
 ther." He recommended Jeremiah Dummer, who 
 was afterwards chosen. 
 
 Auchmuty Robert, an eminent barrister dur- 
 ing the administration of Belcher and Shirley. He 
 was one of the directors of the Land Bank, and was 
 sent to England, 1741, being joined with Kilby in 
 the agency. His particular business was to settle 
 the Rhode Island dispute concerning the line. 
 While he was in England, he laid the plan of an 
 expedition to Cape Breton. He wrote a letter to 
 the ministry, dated, Cecil street, 1744. 
 
 The latter years of his life he was judge advocate 
 of the court of admiralty. 
 
 He left two sons, and one daughter, whom Mr. 
 Pratt married, who was afterwards chief justice of 
 New York. The sons were eminent in their pro- 
 fession. Samuel the eldest was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1742, was minister of the Episcopal 
 church in the city of New York. He received a 
 degree of doctor in divinity from the university of 
 Oxford. 
 
 Auchmuty Robfrt succeeded his father in his 
 line of business ; had not a college education, but 
 was a most agreeable speaker at the bar; his tongue 
 was mellifluous, and his manner very interesting 
 to the jury. In legal knowledge he was doubtless 
 inferior to several of his contemporaries, but in all 
 important causes, where addresses were to be made 
 to the jury, he was applied to, and was generally 
 successful. He was appointed judge of the admi- 
 
 b
 
 53 BAG 
 
 rally, 1768. But, upon one occasion, he appeared af- 
 ter this, as a pleader at the bar. He was council 
 with Mr. Adams, for capt. Thomas Preston, and 
 perhaps no plea was ever more admired, though the 
 tide of prejudice was much against his cause. It 
 has been since handed round in mss. but at this day, 
 in the reading, it falls far short of the delivery. 
 
 Judge Auchmuty was a zealous royalist, and left 
 America, (776, and died in England. 
 
 Avery John, of New Sarum, came to New 
 England in 1635. The people of Marblehead de- 
 sired him to be their minister, but he declined ; 
 because the church was not gathered, and wen to 
 Newbury i with a view of fixing his habitation in that 
 town. In the course of the year he had pressing 
 solicitations trom the inhabitants of Marblehead, 
 to sit down with them, and Mr. Cotton, with other 
 eminent men, advising him, he consented to go 
 there. He embarked on board a pinnace, ugust 
 11, 1635. The company consisted of twenty 
 three, among them Mr. Antony Thacher and 
 family, and Mr. William Eliot, who also came 
 from New Sarum in the same ship. On the 
 14th day of the month, they met with a vio- 
 lent gale which overset the pinnace. Mr. Avery 
 was washed by a wave upon the island called 
 Thacher'' s Woe, from this melancholy circumstance, 
 several of Mr. Thacher's family being shipwrecked 
 upon it. Mr. Thacher also named the rock upon 
 which they stood, Avery's fall, because he fell 
 from it, and perished in the waters. It bears the 
 name to the present day. 
 
 Backus Isaac, pastor of the first Baptist church 
 in Middleborough, is eminent among the divines, 
 and historians of New England. 
 
 He had not the advantage of a university educa- 
 tion, but his reading was extensive, his memory te- 
 nacious, his mind strong. He was a zealous 
 preacher, an eager disputant, upright in his con- 
 duct, though his speech and manners were rough.
 
 B A C 39 
 
 Mr. Backus was born at Norwich, Connecticut, 
 1724; was ordained over a Congregational church in 
 Middleborough, 174:^ ; became a convert to the 
 sentiments of the Antipedobaptists, 1756. He was 
 active in forming a church of that persuasion, and 
 the same year was installed as their pastor, which re- 
 lation was continued until his death in the year 1806. 
 
 The town of Middleborough chose him one of 
 their delegates in the convention which adopted 
 the federal constitution, and he made a speech in 
 favour of it. This speech he read, though he al- 
 ways preached extempore. He never missed an 
 opportunity to censure the custom of carrying notes 
 into the pulpit, and the latter part of his life ex- 
 pressed his chagrin, that so many of his own de* 
 nomination should imitate the common practice. 
 
 He was, however, a very industrious man in 
 writing upon many subjects both of theology, and 
 the antiquities of the country. 
 
 The history of the Baptists is in three volumes. 
 The two first, he afterwards abridged in one smaller 
 octavo volume. 
 
 This work contains many facts, much important 
 information, and would be read with more interest, 
 had it been written with less party spirit. This may 
 give a zest to logical essays ; it is always expected 
 in theological controversies, but it tarnishes the 
 pure and serene lustre of the historick page.* 
 
 * His other works would (if hound together) make several vo- 
 lumes. They consist ot pamphlets which are contiovcrsia! 
 pieces, essays, sermons, and many of them phillipicks against the 
 oppressive acts of the legislature of Massachusetts, and also 
 against the tyranny of the Congregational churches. 
 
 Upon this subject he also wrote many fugitive pieces in the 
 newspapers. 
 
 The Historical Society were benefited by his labours. He 
 wrote a history of Middleborough which is published in a third 
 volume of their collections. He also contributed other commu- 
 nications, being very exact as to dates, and accurate in correcting 
 topographical errors. 
 
 There was no funeral sermon printed after his death, but a 
 short sketch of his character is giyen in the Baptist missionary 
 magazine, Feb. 1307;
 
 40 B A I 
 
 Bailey John, one of the ejected ministers, 1662, 
 went to Limerick in Ireland, and then found it ne- 
 cessary to remove to New England. He was assist- 
 ant minister of the first church in Boston from the 
 year 1693 to 1697, the year of his death. He was 
 54 years old when he died The members of the 
 church were desirous he should settle as colleague 
 pastor with Mr. Allen, but he declined. Mr. Meal 
 mentions his being minister at Watertown, as well 
 as his brother Thomas, who left Ireland at the same 
 time, and who was, afterwards, minister of the 
 church in that place. They both took up their re- 
 sidence in Watertown, but Mr J. Bailey only 
 preached occasionally there, as in other churches, 
 until he became assistant to Mr. Allen after the 
 death of Mr. Oxenbridare. The author of the 
 Magnalia celebrates his piety in several pages. He 
 was among his greatest favourites. His own works 
 also praise him. His printed address to the people at 
 Limerick, which he wrote in 1684, is full of good 
 advice ; it is sensible and pathetick. He says he 
 was not allowed to preach a farewell sermon to 
 them, and therefore sends a long letter. he also 
 wrote a book upon the glory oj God ; and the way in 
 ivhich his people may glorify him. 
 
 He was buried in the common burial place, near 
 the old alms-house, and around the spot lie many 
 of his descendants. Of his posterity now living are 
 two grand children ; three great grand children ; 
 and several of the filth generation. These are in 
 the female line, and bear the name of Willis or Bel- 
 knap. 
 
 Bailey Thomas, minister of Watertown, also 
 one of the ejected ministers. He preached chiefly 
 to the people in that town ; but was a man very 
 acceptable to people in other places. A traveller, 
 who was in New England in their time, says he vis- 
 ited the brothers, J. and T. Bailev. in Boston. He 
 calls them ministers of Boston ; which has led some 
 to doubt the correctness of his relation in other 
 parts of his book.
 
 B Ai, 41 
 
 Among the curious mss. in the cabinet of the 
 Historical Society, are a number of Latin odes or 
 poems in different kinds of verse, by Thomas Bailey, 
 all dated, 1668, at Lindsay. 
 
 Balch William, minister of the second church 
 in Bradford, was born at Beverly, 1704. He possess- 
 ed strong powers of mind. Few of our New England 
 divines have surpassed him in clearness of percep- 
 tion, comprehension of understanding or soundness 
 of judgment. The simplicity of his manners was 
 peculiar, and he had a softness and benevolence in 
 his disposition, which he discovered on occasions 
 where most men would have been irritated. He 
 was graduated at Harvard College, 1724, ordained, 
 1728, and died, 1792. 
 
 The first years of his ministry were spent in peace 
 and harmony with his people and the neighbouring 
 churches. At length a spirit of disorganization pre- 
 vailed in many places, especially in the towns near 
 the river Merrimack. Nine members of Mr. 
 Balch's church declared themselves dissatisfied with 
 the preaching of their minister, and made a formal 
 complaint to the brethren. The church thought 
 the complaint unreasonable ; and refused to act 
 upon it. Hence the aggrieved party applied to a 
 neighbouring church to admonish their pastor and 
 brethren, according to the direction of the platform, 
 by the third, ivay of communion* The church voted 
 to call a council of the neighbouring churches and 
 the result was signed by the moderator, the vene- 
 rable John Barnard, minister of the first church in 
 Andover, blaming the conduct of those who com- 
 plained, and approving the doings of the church, 
 Mr. Balch published the whole proceedings in a 
 quarto pamphlet, containing the letters that passed 
 between him and the first church in Gloucester, and 
 the transactions of both churches, till the dispute 
 was settled. This was printed 1744. Two years af- 
 
 *Chap. 15. 
 o
 
 42 B A L 
 
 ter the parochial difference, Messrs. Wiggleswortb 
 of Ipswich, and Chipman of Beverly, made a seri- 
 ous attack upon their brother Balch for propagating 
 Arminian tenets, and wrote an able defence of the 
 doctrines of Calvin, which were generally the sen- 
 timents of the New England planters. Jt seems the 
 former controversy began in 1744, by a declaration 
 of the aggrieved brethren, that "their pastor propa- 
 gated doctrines, not agreeing with the confession of 
 jaith of these Congregational churches ;" and also 
 that the church " neglected the proper means of 
 convicting said pastor of his errors." The gentle- 
 man who wrote against him in 1746, had been as- 
 sisting those who had complained : and they were 
 not satisfied with the result of the council. Their 
 work, however, had no other effect than to draw 
 from Mr B. a most able reply in which he mani- 
 fested a temper that, with ail his meekness, could 
 feel rebuke. There is much keen satire mingled 
 with sensible remark and solid argument. 
 
 The separatists in Bradford, after this, built a 
 meeting house for themselves, and the disaffected 
 members of other churches. Mr. B. lived to a 
 good old age. His own ilock esteemed and loved 
 him, and when he was advanced in years settled a 
 colleague. He lived retired and was fond of hus- 
 bandry ; and the fruit of his orchard was said to be 
 the best in the countv of Essex. He was fond of 
 the company of young men of talents, and had fine 
 colloquial powers, especially in discussing theologi- 
 cal subjects. Being very desirous to read every 
 thing new upon ethicks, and metaphysicks, he made 
 many enquiries which discovered freedom of Thought, 
 and proved the energy of his mind did not fail him 
 in those years when " our strength is labour and 
 sorrow."* 
 
 * His publications are—a Discourse upon self righteousness in 
 which he declares what are fal*? coijiaences. from the parable of 
 the pharisee and 'publican, 1742 — Election sermon, 17-1-9 — His 
 account of tin.- proceedings of, the council and his reply to Messrs. 
 \V. and C. make two pamphlets of more than fifty pages.
 
 BAR 43 
 
 Barn ap d Jo hn, minister of the first church in 
 Marblehead, was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1700, and ordained, 1716. He was appointed chap. 
 lain of the army sent in 1707 to reduce Port Royal, 
 now Annapolis, and left a particular account of the 
 expedition in mss. Afterwards he went to England 
 with capt.Wentworth,the gentleman, who, in 1717, 
 was appointed lieut. gov. of New Hampshire. He 
 was in habits of intimacy, during his residence in 
 London, with many eminent ministers ; and a curi- 
 ous spectator of those busy scenes, which were open- 
 ed by the trial of Dr. Sacheverel, in the latter part 
 of queen Anne's reign. When he arrived in Boston 
 he expected to have been fixed in a church then 
 building ii. North street; but Dr. Mather's influ- 
 ence in favour of another young man prevented this 
 connexion. This he always felt as a cruel disap- 
 pointment. He was a member of the old Noitli 
 Church, and the new society proceeded from it ; 
 he looked up to Dr Increase Mather as his father ; 
 he was therefore wounded by his nearest friends. 
 
 Another kind of prejudice prevented his settling 
 at Roxbury, and which shows how unpopular the 
 character of Dudley Avas in the neighbourhood where 
 he dwelt. He paid some particular attentions to 
 Mr. Barnard, which is the reason given why the 
 people would not have him for their minister. r l he 
 inhabitants of Marblehead not having any political 
 bias, nor any personal prejudice, gave him the pre- 
 ference of several candidates who were preaching 
 upon robation, according to the New England 
 phrase, which perhaps is peculiar to our churches. 
 He was a burning and shining light for many years, 
 and his praise was in all the churches. His own 
 people reverenced him as their father and friend, 
 and he seemed like a high priest among the clergy 
 of the land. He walked erect in his 88th year, re- 
 taining the vigour of his imagination and tone of 
 voice, as one sensible of the importance of his cha- 
 racter. He spake with energy upon every subject
 
 44 BAR 
 
 as though he would impress the rising generation 
 that grey hairs were the mark of wisdom, not of 
 Weakness. Such instances are rare, where minis- 
 ters increase their influence in old age ; but those 
 who now recollect Mr. B. often mention the digni- 
 ty of his appearance, and the great respect shown 
 him by all classes of people. His bodily constitution 
 Was so strong that, except once, he never was con- 
 fined by sickness, till the year of his death, 1770, 
 etat. 89. He left no children, and his estate was 
 given for pious and charitable uses. 
 
 In a Certain mss. with the college catalogue, against 
 his name is Harvardini Collegii benef. munificus. 
 
 In his diary, certain improvements in the police 
 of the town are said to have arisen from his advice 
 and exertions. He first gave a spring to that com- 
 mercial enterprise which changed the town of Mar- 
 blehead from a fishing place, to the second rank of 
 any town in Massachusetts. He even instructed 
 them in ship building, and military tacticks. He 
 certainly had a great mechanical genius, and was as 
 industrious, as he was enterprising. In the year 
 1745 he was chosen chaplain of the troops that 
 went to Louisbourg, but he declined on account of 
 his age. 
 
 He was unfortunate in thinking himself a poet, 
 because, from this mistaken idea, he published a 
 version of the psalms, which was never adopted in 
 any other church than his own. The vanity of this 
 good man appeared in his fondness for his own pro- 
 ductions on a variety of subjects. He was willing 
 to publish whatever he wrote, and it seems from his 
 memoirs that he was partial to himself in some other 
 fespects. 
 
 His theological publications do him much hon- 
 our, and have been very useful in comforting and 
 tdifying pious minds. They consist of several oc- 
 tavo volumes bound, and many pamphlets and ser- 
 Ihons.* 
 
 * The imperfection of the creature, a number of sermons on
 
 & A R 45 
 
 Barnard Thomas, minister of the first church 
 in Salem, was the son of the rev. John Barnard of 
 Andover,and respected as one of the most profound, 
 liberal, and excellent men of his profession. Hfc 
 was graduated at Harvard College, 1732, ordained 
 at first over a church in Newbury, Jan. 31, 1738, 
 but was disturbed by fanaticks who went about to 
 Expose unconverted ministers, and make divisions 
 in societies. A letter addressed to Joseph Adams, 
 one of the most zealous of these eccentrick preach- 
 ers, by Mr. Barnard, gives a just state of the disor- 
 ders in the country at that time. Mr. Barnard was 
 the object of peculiar animosity, as he was a man of 
 superior talents and acquirements ; and they had a 
 strong prejudice against human learning, being ve- 
 ry ignorant themselves, and owing their importance 
 to the ignorance of the people. He Was dismissed 
 from the church at Newbury at his own desire, and 
 many were grieved, not only of his neighbours and 
 friends, but of those who thought losing such a man 
 from the ministry was an injury to the cause of 
 pure, rational, and evangelical piety. 
 
 After leaving Newbury, he studied law, and was 
 a practitioner at the bar. He was representative to 
 the general court from Newbury, but his mind was 
 more bent on theological studies than upon affairs 
 Of civil life. His abilities were conspicuous in all 
 kinds of business, but his friends were fully per- 
 suaded he would be more happy and more useful 
 as a preacher of the gospel. Hence he accepted an 
 invitation from the first church in Salem to be their 
 pastor, upon the death of the rev. John Sparhawk. 
 He was installed, Sept. 18, 1755. It was much to 
 the honour of Mr. Barnard that the gentleman who 
 
 Psalm, cxix, 9, 8vo. 1747. — Mercy to sinners by the gos- 
 pil, a vol. 8vo. on Acts xvi, 3<>, 1750. — The election sermon, 
 1734. — Convention sermon. — Dudlean lecture upon the evidences 
 of Christianity, 1756. 
 
 His various printed discourses, without those above mentioned, 
 ttiake four octavo Volunpes in the college library.
 
 46 BAR 
 
 first addressed the church in his favour was one, who 
 adorned the supreme bench as chief justice, and 
 would have been an ornament to any profession ; 
 his affection for the place of his nativity made him 
 naturally care for their state. More literary charac- 
 ters were members of this church than of any in the 
 province ; and their eyes were turned towards a 
 gentleman whose talents were known, as he would 
 have so good an opportunity to exert them This 
 very respectable society had reason to be satisfied 
 with the choice they made. As long as he lived, 
 he was esteemed and beloved by the wisest and best 
 part of the community His manner of preaching 
 was grave, slow and distinct. He had not sufficient 
 animation in his delivery, but his sermons were ra- 
 tional and judicious, calculated for hearers of 
 thoughtful minds, without that unction, popular 
 preachers have, and which seems necessary to give 
 a charm to public discourses. It was observed al- 
 so by men of good sense, that Mr. Barnard's style 
 of preaching was not the most perspicuous. His 
 favourite author was bishop Butler, whose writings 
 are more remarkable for masterly reasoning, than 
 fine turned sentences. In the deistical controversy 
 Mr. B. was superior to most divines, and he often 
 made it the subject of his pubiick discourses 
 
 In his sentiments he was considered as a follower 
 of Arminius rather than Calvin ; he was a semi- 
 Arian of Dr. Clarke's school. 
 
 He suffered much from paralytick complaints the 
 last years of his valuable life. His memory left him, 
 and he could only read his notes by close attention 
 to the writing. In 1772, Mr. Dunbar, a young 
 preacher of extraordinary genius, w r as settled a col- 
 league ; but Mr. Barnard continued to preach till 
 within a few weeks of his death. He died, August 
 15, 1776, aged 60 years. The late Dr. A. Kfiot 
 preached the funeral sermon, at the desire of the 
 church. The\ * ere long acquainted, and sincere- 
 ly loved each other, and the discourse spoke the
 
 BAR 4V 
 
 language of the heart, while it gave just conceptions 
 of the character of his friend * 
 
 Barnard Edward, minister of Haverhill, was 
 the younger son of Mr. B. of Andover, and a most 
 accomplished preacher. He was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1736, and ordained at Haverhill, 1743. 
 His popular talents were not eminent, but his dis- 
 courses were correct and excellent composition, and 
 highly relished by scholars and men of taste. He 
 was a fine classical scholar, and excelled in poetry 
 as well as prose. It was much regretted that he 
 did not publish more, as what he did publish was so 
 acceptable. His sermon upon the good man would 
 do honour to any divine. He preached the election 
 sermon, 1766; the convention sermon, 1773, which 
 was printed, and an ordination sermon when Mr. 
 Cary was settled at Newbury. 
 
 The expectations of his friends were excited, when 
 proposals were issued to publish a volume of ser- 
 mons in 1774, the year of his death ; but the revo- 
 lutionary war commenced before they were com- 
 mitted to the press, and during those years there 
 was no encouragement for any thing, but what bore 
 an aspect upon the times. 
 
 Oi his poetry nothing is to be found except a po- 
 em upon the death of Mr Abiel Abbot, his friend, at 
 college, who tool: his degree, 1737. 
 
 Baptlett Josiah, governor of New Hamp- 
 shire, was born at Amesbury, in the county of Es- 
 sex. Massachusetts, 21st Nov. 1729. His ances- 
 tors, came from the south of England, and fixed at 
 Newbury. The rudiments of his education he re- 
 ceived at Amesbury, at the town school ; and hav- 
 ing a thirst for knowledge he applied himself to 
 books in various languages, in which he was assist- 
 ed by a neighbouring clergyman, the rev. Mr. 
 
 * His publications are, a sermon before the society for promot- 
 ing industry, 1757 ; a funeral sermon on rev»P. Clark, Danvers, 
 1763 ; sermon at the Dndleian lecture, 1768; also, election ser- 
 mon, artillery election, and three ordination sermons.
 
 48 BAR 
 
 Webster, of Salisbury, an excellent scholar as well 
 as judicious divine. Mr. Bartlett had the benefit of 
 his library and conversation, while he studied phy. 
 sick with a gentleman, who was a practitioner in his 
 Bative town. At the age of 21, he began the prac- 
 tice of physick in Kingston, and very soon became 
 very eminent in the line of his profession. In 1764, 
 a field was open for the useful display of his skill. 
 The cynanche maligna became very prevalent in ma- 
 ny towns of New Hampshire, and was a fatal disease 
 among children. The method of treating it was as 
 a highly phlogistick complaint ; but he was led 
 from 'his own reason and observations to manage it 
 differently. He made use of the Peruvian bark, as 
 an antidote and preventative, and his practice was 
 successful. This afterwards become general among 
 physicians. 
 
 In 1765, Dr. Bartlett was chosen a member of 
 the legislature, and from this time was annually 
 elected till the revolution. He soon after was made 
 justice of the peace. In 1770, he was appointed 
 lieut. col. of the 7th regiment of militia. These 
 commissions he was deprived of in 1774, on ac- 
 count of the active part he took in the controversy 
 with Great Britain. This was a time when " the 
 clashing of parties excited strong passions, which 
 frequently gained the mastery of reason." The 
 governor and council of New Hampshire saw 
 fit to dissolve the house of assembly, supposing that 
 a new one might become more flexible, or be more 
 subservient to their wishes. In the mean while, 
 col. Bartlett, with several others planned a kind of 
 authority which was called a committee of safety. 
 They met at Exeter, and in the course of events, 
 were obliged to take upon themselves the whole ex- 
 ecutive government of the state. When a pro v in. 
 cial congress had again organised the government, 
 col. Bartlett received a new appointment as justice 
 of the peace, and col. of the 7th regiment. 
 
 The first members who were, chgsejx %q represent
 
 BAR 49 
 
 the state in congress were col. Bartlett and Mr. 
 Pickering of Portsmouth. This was in 1774. — 
 They were both excused from going to Philadel- 
 phia ; and Mr. Folsom, and major Sullivan were 
 elected. Col. Bartlett was prevented from accept- 
 ing this honourable trust by the unhappy condition 
 of his domestic affairs; his house having been burnt, 
 his family were obliged to seek a shelter without 
 any thing but the clothes they had upon them. He 
 was elected member of the second congress which 
 assembled at Philadelphia the next year, and also 
 attended his duty in the same station, 1 776. He 
 was the first that signed the declaration of indepen- 
 dence after the president. 
 
 In 1777, col. Bartlett and gen. Peabody were ap- 
 pointed agents to provide medical aid and other nec- 
 essaries for the New Hampshire troops, who went 
 with gen. Stark, and for this purpose repaired to 
 Bennington, a spot distinguished by a battle very 
 important in its consequences. In April, 1778, he 
 again went as a delegate to congress with John 
 Wentworth, esq. of Dover. — He returned in No- 
 vember, and would no longer appear as a candidate 
 for that office. 
 
 When the state of New Hampshire was organized, 
 under a popular government, col. Bartlett was ap- 
 pointed judge of the common pleas ; in June, 1782, 
 a judge of the supreme court ; in 1788, chief jus- 
 tice. 
 
 In June, 1790, he was elected president of the 
 state, which office he held till the Constitution abro- 
 gated the office of president, and substituted the ti- 
 tle of the chief magistrate, governor. He was then 
 chosen the first governor of New Hampshire since 
 the revolution. He resigned the chair in 1794, on 
 account of his infirm state of health, ahd then retir- 
 ed from publick business. 
 
 He had been the chief agent in forming the medi- 
 cal society of New Hampshire, which was incorporat- 
 ed in 1791, of which he was president, till his public 
 
 H
 
 50 BAS 
 
 labours ceased, and when he resigned, he received a 
 warm acknowledgment of his services and patronage y 
 in a letter of thanks which is upon the records of the 
 society. He was always a patron of learning and a 
 friend to learned men. Without the advantages of a 
 college education he was an example to stimulate 
 those who have been blessed with every advantage in 
 early life, but cannot exhibit such improvement of 
 their talents, or such exertions in the cause of lit- 
 erature. It was his opinion that repub icks cannot 
 exist without knowledge and virtue in the people. 
 
 He received an honorary degree of doctor of med- 
 icine from Dartmouth University, and was an hono- 
 rary member of the Agricultural Society. 
 
 Gov. Bartlett did not live long after he resigned 
 his publick employments. His health had been de- 
 clining a number of years. In 1789 he lost his 
 wife, a very amiable lady, with whom he had lived 
 happily ; it affected his spirits and increased the 
 lassitude of his frame ; paralytick affections follow- 
 ed, and by a paroxysm of this complaint he died sud^ 
 denly, May, 1795. 
 
 Bass Edward, bishop of the Episcopal church 
 in Massachusetts, was born at Dorchester, Nov. 23, 
 1726, and was graduated, 1744; in 1752, he was 
 invited to settle at the episcopal church in Newbu- 
 ry, and was ordained by that great man, Dr. Sher- 
 lock, then bishop of London. During the revolu- 
 tionarv war, when most of the episcopal churches 
 were left destitute, he continued to preach, and by 
 his prudence, mildness, peaceable and inoffensive 
 behaviour, he gained the esteem and affection of 
 people who were very different in their politicks. 
 In July, 1789, he received a diploma of Doctor of 
 Divinitv from the university of Philadelphia. In 
 1796 he was elected unanimously, by the conven- 
 tion of the protestant episcopal churches in Massa- 
 chusetts, to the office ol bishop of that churchy He 
 was consecrated in Christ church, 7th May, 1797, 
 by the bishops of the episcopal churches in Penn- 
 svlvania, New York and Maryland. He was also
 
 B E A 51 
 
 elected bishop of the churches of the same denomi- 
 nation in Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. 
 
 44 Bishop Bass was a sound divine, a critical 
 scholar, an accomplished gentleman, an exemplary 
 christian. On the iGth of September, 1805, after 
 an illness of two days, he died as he had lived, full 
 of piety, resignation and humility." Historical 
 Collections, vol. IX. 
 
 Beach John, an eminent writer in defence of 
 the doctrine and government of the church of Eng- 
 land, was graduated at Yale College, 172 I, and 
 officiated some years as a congregational minister at 
 Newtown, Connecticut. He declared his conform- 
 ity to the church of England in 1732, and many of 
 his people conformed with him. The same year 
 he went to England for orders, and was appointed 
 their minister. He continued to preach to this 
 people, and the church at Reading, till the revolu- 
 tionary war. Mr. Beach was well respected among 
 the several denominations for his learning and pie- 
 ty. When Dr. Johnson died, who had been presi- 
 dent of the college in New York, it was expected 
 he would deliver the funeral sermon. He was un- 
 able, on account of his ill state of health, to attend 
 the funeral, but afterwards preached and printed a 
 discourse, which is said to be a just tribute of re- 
 spect to his friend, the most zealous supporter of 
 the episcopal claims ever known in New England. 
 Mr. Beach was a very sensible and evangelical 
 preacher. Among other sermons he printed, is one 
 upon *'* the inquiry of the young man in the gospel.'' 
 His controversial pieces are — " A vindication of the 
 professors of the church of England against the 
 abusive and fallacious argumentations of Mr. Noah 
 Hobart, 1750. To this Mr. B. replied in a second 
 address to the members of the episcopal separation, 
 &.c. Mr. Beach then published a continuation of 
 the calm and dispassionate vindication of the profes- 
 sors of the church of Lngland, &.c. 1756. 
 
 The dissenters were ready to acknowledge Mr,
 
 52 BEL 
 
 Beach to be the most able of the episcopal writer* , 
 who engaged in the controversy with Mr. Hobart, 
 but against such a disputant, their church could not 
 gain the ground they expected : his addresses 
 were read with interest and high estimation by men 
 of all denominations. In England Mr. Hobart was 
 called the very ablest controversial writer New En- 
 gland had to boast of. Chandler' 's life of president 
 Johnson. Mr. Hollis^s letters. 
 
 Belcher Andrew, one of his majesty's council 
 for the province of Massachusetts, and father of 
 gov. Belcher, was himself one of the famous men in 
 those times. He is called " an ornament and bless- 
 ing to his country." He was the most opulent 
 merchant in the town of Boston ; a man of integri- 
 ty and honour ; a friend to religion and learning. 
 He died, October 31, 1728 r aged 71. 
 
 Belcher Jonathan, governor of Massachu- 
 setts and New Jersey, was born in Boston, 1681. 
 His father was desirous he should have the best 
 education the country afforded, and then to travel 
 over Europe. It was a great pleasure to have a son 
 of so promising a genius, upon whom the hopes of 
 the family depended. The youth was an excellent 
 scholar, and was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1699. The class which he w r as a member consist- 
 ed of twelve ; and it is worthy of notice that the 
 four first were as distinguished characters, as New- 
 England has produced.* Three held the highest of- 
 fices of their country ; and the fourth was a divine 
 who would have been an honour to any age or nation. 
 
 Mr. Belcher did not incline to enter upon pro- 
 fessional studies, but went into the mercantile line 
 of business. To increase his commercial corres- 
 pondence, as well as to expand his mind, he spent 
 several years in Great Britain, and upon the conti- 
 nent, and gained testimonies of esteem from some 
 of the greatest and best characters. He was intro- 
 
 * Jeremiah Dummer, J. Belcher, Edmund Quincy, and John 
 Buckley.
 
 BEL 53 
 
 duced to the princess Sophia, and became acquaint- 
 ed with her son the elector of Hanover, who was af- 
 terwards king of England. When he returned to 
 Boston he enlarged his business as a merchant, and 
 became a candidate for publick honours. From be- 
 ing a member of the legislature for his native town, 
 he was chosen one of his majesty's council, where 
 he was very respectable for his knowledge of man- 
 kind, his zeal and activity in serving the interest of 
 the province. In the year 1728, he was chosen 
 agent at the court of Great Britain. The circum- 
 stances of this election, as related by Mr. Hutchin- 
 son, are not so favourable to him, but ought to be 
 mentioned in a biographical sketch, where we look 
 not for eulogy, but the just traits of every man's 
 character. Mr. Belcher had been closely attached 
 to gov. Shute, and to his measures, the same that 
 Burnet pursued ; but he suddenly went over to the 
 other party, and " was thought the most proper per- 
 son to join with Mr. Wilks, who had been very- 
 friendly to Mr. Cooke in his agency, and upon sever- 
 al occasions had interested himself in favour of New 
 England, and had therefore been the first object of 
 their choice." They jointly represented the state 
 of the province, shewing " the people were averse 
 to a compliance with the instructions given to gov. 
 Burnet, which he had communicated to the house." 
 The result of their petition is well known. 
 
 Two years after he was appointed agent for the 
 people, he had a commission from the crown to be 
 their governor, and he possessed some admirable 
 qualities for the station. His fine person, engaging 
 address, urbanity of manners, and splendid mode of 
 living, made him the most popular man in Massa- 
 chusetts. The part he had lately acted fixed an 
 opinion, that he would not perplex the legislature 
 with those instructions which had produced such 
 contests with his predecessors When the news of 
 his appointment reached New England, all classes 
 of people rejoiced, especially those who had been
 
 54 BEL 
 
 in opposition to Shute and Burnet : but as soon as 
 they learned that similar instructions were given, 
 and that no change of measures would follow from 
 having such a man in the chair, most of these popu- 
 lar leaders became his active enemies He arrived 
 at Boston, August, 1730. New Hampshire was 
 included in his commission. At the first meeting 
 of the general court, he proposed to have his salary 
 fixed acccording to the instructions he had receiv- 
 ed. This did not occasion any altercation at first ; 
 but when he refused his assent to a bill passed for 
 his support, he found them unmoved by his persua- 
 sions, and determined to support the views of for- 
 mer legislatures. He endeavoured to persuade the 
 house of representatives to send word to their 
 agents in hngland, that he might be permitted to 
 receive the grants, which being obtained, it put 
 an end to the controversy. 
 
 There were three events, however in the ; dmin- 
 istration of gov. Belcher which excited an opposi- 
 tion to him, and in the end caused his removal from 
 the government. In 1733, upon application from 
 the court for a new emission of paper bills, when a 
 very large nominal amount was in circulation, he 
 refused his consent ; and urged that the old emis- 
 sions should be first redeemed. This gave offence 
 to the party whose views were to be answered by 
 the new emission. 
 
 It seems that merchants' 1 notesh^ been issued by 
 a confederacy of merchants, who had formed them- 
 selves into a company, and these notes were to be 
 redeemed at a certain rate of silver per ounce. The 
 excess of the public bills made silver rise ; and in 
 consequence of it, the notes were hoarded up. 
 
 Another thing, which occasioned great uneasi- 
 ness to the governor was, the dispute between Mas- 
 sachusetts and New- Hampshire, relative to their 
 respective boundaries. This came under conside- 
 ration of commissioners appointed by the crown. 
 The conduct of the governor towards New-Hamp-
 
 BEL 55 
 
 shire was not pleasing to the leading characters of 
 that province ; and they solicited a government of 
 their own, distinct from Massachusetts. 
 
 A third event, which happened, while Mr. Bel- 
 cher was in the chair, was the bringing forward a 
 Land Bank, or scheme of Manufactory. This was 
 not an act of the government ; but a large majority 
 of the court, and some eminent lawyers of Boston, 
 favoured it, and many were subscribers to it. 
 The governor's opposition to it, and his ex- 
 ertions to suppress it, which were successful, 
 brought upon him the ill will of a great part of the 
 people. Some of the politicians of those days took 
 methods to injure him, which would astonish those, 
 who are not much conversant with human artifice 
 and deception. The Land Bank was such an abomina- 
 ble kind of speculation, that honest men in Jt.ngland 
 as well as America, spoke of it with disgust. The 
 enemies of the governor represented him to be the 
 greatest friend to this scheme, which they knew he 
 abhorred ; but there was no bearing up against the 
 poison of the slander. After he had fallen a victim 
 to it, the truth was clearly manifested. 
 
 He received another commission, as governor 
 of New Jersey, and he rendered such useful servic- 
 es to that state, that they now speak of him with 
 admiration and love, aud his. name will be had in 
 everlasting remembrance. There he passed the 
 evening of his life, and the scene around him was 
 gilded with calm and pure lustre. Peaceable days 
 succeeded a troublesome season, and he had an op- 
 portunity to do immense service in promoting the 
 cause of religion and learning. 
 
 He was the friend and patron of the college at 
 Princetown. Under his fostering care it grew and 
 flourished, and became a rich and extensive blessing 
 to the community. 
 
 He lived to the ageot 76, and died Aug. 31, 1757. 
 No governor ever died more siwcereiv lamented. 
 A funeral sermon was preached upon the occasion
 
 56 BEL 
 
 by president Burr, who in a few days followed his 
 friend to the silent tomb. The discourse was pub- 
 lished without the corrections of the author, but is 
 a suitable testimony of respect to a magistrate, 
 whose energies and virtues a:ave him celebritv a- 
 mong the best characters. 
 
 Gov. B. never lost his attachment to his native 
 soil, or the place of his education. He left a request 
 to have a monument erected in the burial ground 
 at Cambridge, with a particular order for defraying 
 the expence. By some neglect it was never finish- 
 ed. It is true of certain gentlemen, that they inher- 
 it the fortune without the spirit and industry of 
 their ancestors. And his eldest son did not follow 
 his steps. 
 
 In writing an account of gov. B. the religious 
 part of his character ought not to be omitted. He 
 was truly pious, though he might be inclining to 
 enthusiasm. The wits of Massachusetts made 
 sport of this, and suggested that he appeared to 
 greater advantage in Whitefield's journal than in 
 our political annals. He did not want, however, the 
 sagacity ol a statesman, and was a man of uncom- 
 mon industry ; he was as strict in his morals, as 
 pious in his walk and conversation. It is a no- 
 ble kind of enthusiasm which leads a man to pro- 
 mote every literary and religious institution, and 
 to do all the good in his power. 
 
 That gov B. loved his country, all were ready to 
 allow. That he had New England prejudices, es- 
 pecially in favour of the churches, is readily grant- 
 ed ; and it is as evident that, under his administra- 
 tion, the province enjoyed as much peace and pros- 
 perity, as in the same number of years during that 
 century. 
 
 The strength of intellect which marked the cha- 
 racter and proceedings of Burnet ; that extensive 
 knowledge of law and government, and readiness to 
 dispute with a host of representatives, were not so 
 liberally granted to his successor. Mr. Belcher
 
 BEL 57 
 
 had only an American education, but his talents 
 were above mediocrity, and he exercised them in a 
 manner which secured reputation, esteem and re- 
 spect. He felt the lashes of satire from his oppo- 
 nents, who were witty and severe in their remarks ; 
 but he had the support of his integrity ; he possess- 
 ed a noble, generous disposition ; and might make 
 a demand upon the gratitude of his country for the 
 sacrifice of a large property to serve its best inter- 
 est. 
 
 Gov. Belcher left two sons, who were educated 
 at Harvard College, and made some figure in life. 
 Andrew, the eldest, was graduated, 1724. He 
 held several publick offices, and was one of his ma- 
 jesty's council. He possessed a handsome proper- 
 ty, without much patriotick zeal, or literary taste. 
 He died before the revolutionary war.* Hutch. 
 Hist. vol. II. Evening Post, 1740. 
 
 Jonathan Belcher, chief justice of Nova Sco- 
 tia, was also the son of gov. Belcher ; was educated 
 at Harvard College, and received the honours of 
 of that seminary, 1728. He had also a degree of 
 master of arts from the university of Cambridge, 
 and from Dublin. He applied himself to the study 
 of law, and went to Chebucto among the first set- 
 tlers. The spot received the name of Halifax in 
 honour of one of his majesty's principal secretaries 
 of state. Ivir. Belcher was one of their magistrates, 
 and rose to be chief justice of the province, and for 
 some years was lieut. governor. He was a man of 
 excellent habits, prudent, upright, of great political 
 
 • His seat at Milton was consumed, 1776, in the night, by an 
 accident. His widow, with the old lady, gov. Belcher's widow, 
 who resided with her, hardly escaped the flames. They were 
 carried into the barn, put into the family coach, and forgotten 
 till all was over. The barn was near the house but was preserv- 
 ed, there being little or no wind stirring. The writer of this ar- 
 ticle recollects taking tea with the ladies in this barn, which was 
 fitted up for a temporary reception They conversed with cheer- 
 fulness upon the publick changes, and the changes in their own 
 circumstances.
 
 58 BEL 
 
 integrity. His prejudices were much in favour of 
 New England, which, in a measure, lessened that 
 respect which the subjects of his British majesty 
 were, otherwise, disposed to pay him during the 
 revolutionary war. 
 
 His name and character, however, are held in no 
 small reputation by the people of the present gene- 
 ration. 
 
 Belknap Jfremy, D. D. holds a distinguished 
 place among the literary men of this country. His 
 publications are as much read, and as likely to at- 
 tract further notice, as any books of the kind. They 
 have certainly excited a grateful esteem for the au- 
 thor. 
 
 He was born in Boston, June 4, 1744, and had 
 the rudiments of his education under the care of 
 the celebrated Lovel, who has been styled the 
 Busby of New England. 
 
 He earlv discovered the marks of genius, and en- 
 tered Harvard College in 1758. His mind was 
 there cultivated with care ; he made considerable 
 progress in classical literature, and was master of a 
 great variety of knowledge, before he took his first 
 degree. At the commencement, A. D. 1762, he 
 received the honours of the college. From this 
 time, till he became a preacher of the gospel, he ap- 
 plied himself closely to his studies, and discovered 
 such talents for composition, so much taste and 
 sentiment, that several of the best scholars among 
 the clergy predicted his future excellence. Some 
 part of this time he employed in instructing youth ; 
 and amidst other pursuits, he wrote several fugitive 
 pieces, which were not known to be his, but were 
 read with pleasure, as effusions of a fertile fancy, or 
 the labours of a student, who had more than com- 
 mon parts and learning. 
 
 Whilst Mr. Belknap indulged himself in philo- 
 logical inquiries, and studied various branches of 
 science, he had very serious impressions of divine 
 truth ; and the more he turned his thoughts to the-
 
 BEL 59 
 
 ology, the more he was captivated with the beauties 
 of religion. He no sooner became a preacher than 
 his praise was in the churches. His sermons were 
 excellent ; and his grave manner, just emphasis, 
 and distinct articulation, were more striking to 
 well-informed hearers, than those graces of elocu- 
 tion, which render some preachers popular, or 
 which make the fanatical multitude admire. He 
 was ordained at Dover, New- Hampshire, when he 
 was a young man. There he passed several years 
 of his valuable life, with the esteem and affection of 
 his flock ; in habits of intimacy with ministers and 
 other gentlemen of the neighbouring places, all of 
 whom regretted his departure from the state. He 
 received marks of attention and respect from the 
 first characters of the community, who persuaded 
 and encouraged him to compile a history, which 
 does much honour to our country, and which has 
 given the author a name and distinction among the 
 first literary characters of the age. 
 
 The only publications which appear with the 
 name of Dr. Belknap, while he was a minister in 
 New Hampshire, beside the first volume of his His- 
 tory, are — a sermon upon military duty, dedicated 
 to sir John Wentworth, then governor of the pro- 
 vince ; a sermon preached before an association of 
 ministers, which has since been reprinted by the 
 society for propagating the gospel, &c. and the 
 election sermon, in the year 1785. 
 
 He wrote other pamphlets and several political 
 speculations in the New Hampshire Gazette, upon 
 the controversv between Great Britain and the Col- 
 onies. He also wrote in the Boston newspapers, 
 against the African slavery. An ingenious young 
 man in this town, at the desire of a West India mer- 
 chant, had written in favour of the African trade, 
 using all the arguments which can be gathered for 
 the lawfulness of slavery, from the scriptures and 
 the practice of nations. He took the signature of 
 John Mars/iam, and seemed to court the contro-
 
 60 BEL 
 
 versy, as one able to maintain his ground and con- 
 fute his opponents. These essays being published 
 in the newspapers, were answered through the same 
 channel, by several able and ingenious hands. 
 Among the best pieces were those which proceed- 
 ed from the pen of Dr. Belknap. When the Co- 
 lumbian Magazine was published in Philadelphia, 
 he was solicited to become a writer ; and in that 
 work may be seen the first sketches of the Ameri- 
 can Biography. 
 
 Dr. Belknap removed to Boston, A. D. 1787. 
 The church in Federal-street, which had been es- 
 tablished upon the Presbyterian model, had agreed 
 to form themselves upon Congregational principles, 
 and they invited him to be their pastor. Nothing 
 could have been more agreeable to the ministers 
 and people of the other churches, and to all who re- 
 garded the interests of the university at Cambridge, 
 with which he became officially connected ; being 
 fully confident that he would be a great instrument 
 in promoting the cause of religion and learning. 
 As an overseer of the college, he was attentive to 
 the concerns of the institution ; always taking a 
 lively interest in every thing that respected its wel- 
 fare. During the eleven years of his ministry in 
 this, town, the religious society with which he was 
 connected grew and flourished. The attachment 
 was strong and mutual. While they admired his 
 diligence and fidelity, he received from them every 
 testimony of respect, which marks the character 
 of a kind and obliging people. He was very ac- 
 tive in encouraging those books, which are design- 
 ed for the use and benefit of children ; for he was 
 their sincere and affectionate friend ; and verv affa- 
 ble and kind with all classes of people. He gave 
 advice with cheerfulness, and with an attention to 
 the concerns of his acquaintance, which invited 
 their confidence. 
 
 The friends of Dr. Belknap were numerous. 
 He became a member of manv literary and benevo*
 
 BEL 61 
 
 lent societies ; and he was active in promoting the 
 good of every association to which he belonged. 
 Wherever he could be of service, he freely devoted 
 his time and talents. 
 
 Of the Historical Society he was not only a dili- 
 gent and laborious member, but may be consider- 
 ed as the founder. While he was in New- Hamp- 
 shire, he collected a great number of facts, dates 
 and circumstances, and most valuable compilation 
 of manuscripts, which might give information and 
 entertainment to persons who desire to know the 
 history of their own country. The letters which 
 passed between the admiral and general at Louis- 
 berg had been copied in a lair hand, to serve for a 
 document of historick information. Col. Sparhawk, 
 who married the daughter of Sir William Pepperell, 
 not only obliged Dr. Belknap with the perusal of 
 them, when he was writing the history of New- 
 Hampshire, but expressed a desire that he would 
 deposite them in some cabinet, where they might 
 be read by others, and be useful in future. This 
 idea led Dr. Belknap to devise a plan for multiply- 
 ing copies of this and other manuscripts, as the on- 
 ly way to preserve them from fire or any accidents. 
 He was the more impressed with the propriety of 
 this, as he was witness to the destruction of Mr. 
 Prince's valuable collection, which had been depos- 
 ited in the steeple of the Old-South meeting-house. 
 When he came to Boston, he sua:s:ested this to sev- 
 eral of his acquaintance. In this town he met with 
 a friend, Mr. Thomas W r alcut, a worthy citizen, 
 now living, who had conceived the same idea of 
 multiplying copies of old books, which he himself 
 had of manuscripts, and who had made a great col- 
 lection to keep them for the service of future gene- 
 rations. Dr. Belknap often mentioned to the wri- 
 ter of this memoir, that what Mr. Walcut suggest- 
 ed, of preserving books, and his own desire to pre- 
 serve the letters of Sir William Pepperell, were the 
 foundation of the Historical Society : an institution
 
 62 BEL 
 
 at first supported by the labours of a few, not suffi- 
 ciently favoured by the publick ; but now claims a 
 very considerable reputation among the literary in- 
 stitutions of America. 
 
 As an author, Dr. Belknap appears with great 
 reputation. No one has been more justly celebrat- 
 ed on this side the Atlantick. ') he history of 
 New -Hampshire is full of good information, well 
 arranged, and written in a very handsome style. 
 The Foresters, a work which mingles wit and hu- 
 mour with a representation of the manners of the 
 American people, he wrote in his leisure hours. It 
 has passed through a second edition. The American 
 Biography is a monument of his talents, his indus- 
 try, and his knowledge. He lived to publish one 
 volume, and to prepare another, which has been 
 printed since his death ; and it has been well ob- 
 served, that this event put a stop to the progress of 
 a useful and interesting work, for which the pub- 
 lick voice pronounced him peculiarly qualified, and 
 which the world of letters hoped he might extend 
 through the successive periods of his country's his- 
 tory. 
 
 Other publications of Dr. Belknap did much 
 credit to his character, as a minister of the gospel ; 
 but it is as a historian, biographer, and promoter of 
 general knowledge, that he holds so distinguished 
 a place among eminent characters. As a theolo- 
 gian, he had his equals ; and though his sermons 
 were well composed, and filled with useful observa- 
 tions, yet we have been used to read such discours- 
 es ever since the American wilderness has been cul- 
 tivated by pious hands, or become a part of the 
 Lord's vineyard. But very few have excelled as 
 fine writers, historians, philosophers, poets, like the 
 scholars of the European schools. We have been 
 led, therefore, to set no small value upon the lives 
 of such men as Dr. Belknap and the late Judge Mi- 
 not, who would have been eminent in any literary 
 society ; men, who wrote not so much for the love
 
 BEL 63 
 
 of fame, as a desire of being useful ; yet who gain- 
 ed a celebrity of character, and will be held in ever- 
 lasting remembrance. 
 
 Dr. Belknap was subject to paralytick complaints, 
 some years before he died. These he considered 
 as indications of a speedy dissolution. He died 
 suddenly with a return of this disorder, in June, 
 1798. 
 
 Bellamont earl of, arrived at Boston 26th of 
 May, 1699, being appointed to the government 
 of Sew York and iMassachusetts Bay. He was in 
 the chair fourteen months, and by the urbanity of 
 his manners, and his obliging disposition, he render- 
 ed himself as amiable in piivate life, as he was, in 
 his station, the object of publick esteem. The gen- 
 eral court made him grants, for his services, while 
 he remained in this province, to the value of 1 875 
 pounds sterling, a much larger sum than his pre- 
 decessor, or any of his successors obtained. Dur- 
 ing his administration, harmony subsisted among 
 all branches of the legislature ; for he knew how to 
 secure the friends of Mr. Cook, and the enemies of 
 Dudley He died at New York, ten months after 
 he had left Massachusetts, March 5th, 1701. 
 
 Bellamy Joseph, D. D. one of the most cele- 
 brated divines of New England, was born in the 
 county of New Haven, Connecticut. He was 
 graduated at Yale College, .735, being then six- 
 teen years old. When he was eighteen he became 
 a preacher. He was ordained at Bethlehem in 1740, 
 then an obscure village, but such a retired situation 
 as would suit a person devoted to his studies. In 
 1742, his zeal blazed in the cause of the great re- 
 vival of religion, and he could not be confined to 
 one spot of the vineyard, but went from place to 
 place to encourage the work. He preached in dif- 
 ferent parts of Connecticut, Massachusetts and New 
 York, every day ; and several times a day as occa- 
 sions offered. Those ministers who were blessed 
 with a good voice, an easy utterance, a sensibility
 
 64 BEL 
 
 that would glow, and a zeal that would burn, were 
 sure of crouded auditories ; and were followed, by 
 multitudes, for private instruction. Mr Bellamy, 
 with many others, indulged lively hopes of success ; 
 and were ready to think the day of glory dawned 
 upon a dark and deluded world. But the prospect 
 was soon clouded, and all their expectations were 
 frustrated. " Many ignorant and vuin pretenders 
 to uncommon attainments in religion, set up for 
 publick teachers ; divisions and separations were 
 multiplied ; the religious awakenings declined fast ; 
 the enemy triumphed ; and the friends of Zion 
 mourned." Satan upon this occasion acted a dou- 
 ble, as well as wicked part, according to the senti- 
 ments of a pious writer, from whom the sentence 
 above is quoted. He first " attempted to put a stop 
 to this good work by open opposition, and at length 
 transformed himself into an angel of light. This 
 produced a flood of enthusiasm and false religion, 
 under various names.''' Mr. B. soon retimed to his 
 stated labours at Bethlehem, finding that he could 
 not be useful as an itinerant ; and applied his mind 
 to writing a book, which he called " true religion 
 delineated," which was much read, passed through 
 several editions, and certainly marks the writer as a 
 man of very discriminating judg nent, and high the- 
 ological attainments. The first edition was printed 
 in Boston, 1750. 
 
 In his sentiments, he was a supralapsarian Calvin- 
 ist, one of the first and most eminent divines of the 
 sect, called frequently Kdwardians, Hopkintonians, 
 and in some places by his own name. Wherein 
 they differ from the old Calvinists, is not the place 
 of a biographer to point out, but the subject is dis- 
 cussed in the histories of our churches, and con- 
 troversies which have arisen from Dr. Bellamy's 
 writings. 
 
 Besides " true religion delineated," he wrote 
 " dialogues on Theron and Aspasio, by Paulinus," 
 "sermons on the divinity of Christ," "the mille- 
 
 *s.
 
 BEL 65 
 
 mum, and the wisdom of God in the permission of 
 sin," "essay on the gospel," ''the great evil of 
 sin," " the law our schoolmaster," ■' early piety re- 
 commended;" these were single sermons. 
 
 He also published several pieces on " creeds and 
 confessions ; on the " covenant of grace ;" and on 
 " church covenanting." 
 
 Nir. Bellamy was fond of preaching upon doctri- 
 nal subjects, and diffusing the peculiarities of his 
 own belief. His manner of preaching was grave, 
 solemn and impressive. He had not a melodious 
 voice, but it was strong and manly. When he was 
 a young man he was doubtless very popular, which 
 was not the case in his declining years, owing either 
 to less concern upon people's mind about religion, 
 or to his own failure in delivery. He was frequent- 
 ly heard to mark the difference of times and man- 
 ners, when the aged ro^e up before him, and when 
 the rising generation would pay little respect to his 
 grey hairs. Serious people always regarded him, 
 especially men of speculative inquiry. Many had 
 profited by his works, and among the ministers of 
 Connecticut, who have a high reputation in their 
 profession, several received their education from 
 him. He kept a school for theological students at 
 his house after they had passed their college exer- 
 cises, and entered upon the study or profession of 
 divinity. 
 
 Among the correspondents of Dr. Bellamy, was 
 Dr. John Krskine, of hdinburgh, a man who has 
 done much honour to the cause of religion, and 
 given of his abundance to pious and charitable uses. 
 This gentleman had a very high opinion of Mr. 
 Bellamy's talents and usefulness, and through his 
 influence, a diploma from Aberdeen of doctor in 
 divinity was presented to him ; which at that time 
 must have been honourable as a distinction, it be- 
 ing among the first if not the very first doctorate in 
 the colony. But it was still more honourable to 
 
 K
 
 66 BEL 
 
 Mr. Bellamy, as it gave satisfaction to the friends 
 of learning and religion. 
 
 It would be wrong if no particular mention were 
 made of the friendship between president Edwards 
 and Dr. Bellamy. He drank deeply of his spirit, and 
 though not so profound a reasoner as that great 
 man, in metaphysical researches, who may be just- 
 ly called the Locke of America, was eminent as a 
 logician ; and an able divine. Their intimacy con- 
 tinued till the death of Mr. Edwards. 
 
 Dr. Bellamy died, March 6, 1790, in the 72d 
 year of his age, and 50th of his ministry. Rev. Noah 
 Benedict'' s juneral sermon. 
 
 Belling ham Richard, governor of Massachu- 
 setts Bay, under the first charter, was a lawyer of 
 some celebrity, and a very learned man, compared 
 with his contemporaries in New England. He ar- 
 rived at Boston, 1635, and was chosen lieut. gov- 
 ernor, Mr. Haynes being the same year introduced 
 to the chair. From this year, he was chosen a ma- 
 gistrate (Mr. Winthrop succeeding, 1636, to his 
 place as lieut. governor) till the year 1641, when 
 he was elected governor by a majority of six votes. 
 The inhabitants of the province who lived at a dis- 
 ance from Boston were much displeased at the con- 
 duct of Bellingham's friends, and when the general 
 court met, it was voted not to make the grant of 
 06' 100, which had usually been made. The next 
 year gov. Winthrop resumed the place. Mr. Bel- 
 lingham was continued a magistrate till the year 
 1666, when he succeeded gov. hndicot. 
 
 He was strongly attached to the freedom, civil 
 and religious, which the people of New England 
 enjoyed. The commissioners, who came to in- 
 quire into the state of the province when Charles 
 11. was on the throne, looked upon him, therefore, 
 with a jealous eye. By their representation, he, 
 with four other gentlemen, were required to answer 
 for their conduct before the king. The ostensible 
 reason was, that they were best able to give a true
 
 BER 67 
 
 account of the province, but it was well known they 
 were odious to the commissioners, and had been pre- 
 sented to the court of Great Britain as men disaffect- 
 ed to his majesty's government. It seems from the 
 history of those times, our general court discover- 
 ed some political craft upon the occasion. They 
 pretended to be of a doubtful mind concerning the 
 king's letter. But if it were genuine, it expressed 
 only a desire to know the state of the colony ; and 
 every thing appertaining to publick affairs, or their 
 internal state, could be communicated without 
 sending away such a number of useful magistrates. 
 The debates of the house became very earnest. 
 Some thought it necessary to obey the king's order, 
 others said it would be injurious to their privileges. 
 The measure was violently opposed, and the gen- 
 tlemen never left New England. Mr. BeHinejhani 
 was elected governor of the province this same 
 year, and continued in the chair till he died, which 
 event took place, Dec. 7, 1672. As a man he was 
 benevolent, upright and active in business ; as a 
 christian, he was devout, zealous, attentive to ex- 
 ternal forms as much as M to the hidden man of the 
 heart." As a governor, he loved the people, and 
 maintained the honour of his station. He leaned 
 rather to the democratick side of politicks, which 
 is not to be wondered at, considering the arbitrary 
 measures of the court when he left England. 
 
 By his will, governor Bellingham left his large 
 property at Rumney Marsh for pious and charita- 
 ble uses. The general court set aside the will. 
 Hutchinson } s History, 
 
 Bernard Francis, governor of Massachusetts, 
 was descended from a respectable family, educated 
 in the university of Oxford, and was a proctor, or 
 solicitor at doctors commons when chosen to suc- 
 ceed governor Belcher as governor of New Jersey, 
 in 1753. He was removed to Massachusetts in 
 1760, and arrived at Boston in the month of Au- 
 gust. The commencement of his administration
 
 68 BER 
 
 was favourable ; but in the course of it was preg- 
 nant with evil to the community. In his first 
 speech to the general court he says, " my duty as 
 the king's servant, my inclination as an Englishman 
 conspire together to form the strongest obligation, 
 that I should be most careful in preserving not only 
 your general rights, but also those particular privi- 
 leges which have been granted by vour charter." 
 At this session they granted ,£1300 as his salary for 
 the current year ; and presented him with an island 
 called Mount Desert, the title to which was after- 
 wards confirmed by the king. There was no great 
 subject of altercation between the governor and 
 house of representatives, until the peace of Paris in 
 1763. It was a period of glory and triumph for the 
 British nation of which the remote parts of the em- 
 pire paitook. The people of North America had 
 made preat exertions in the common cause, and 
 ■were fully sensible of it. The provincial soldiers 
 deserved well for their courage and activity ; a 
 pleasing idea was indulged of lasting harmony and 
 friendly intercourse between the parent country and 
 her colonies ; unfortunately this was soon disturb- 
 ed, and the governor of Massachusetts was one of 
 the instruments in bringing on such political de- 
 bates as caused the most troublesome animosities. 
 He was always obedient to the mandates of a minis- 
 try, unfriendly to the interests of the colonies ; and 
 became the dupe of their crafty policy and ambi- 
 tious designs. In 1764 restraints were laid upon 
 the trade of the plantations by certain acts of the 
 parliament of Great Britain ; which were succeeded 
 by a direct tax upon the colonies. Nothing could 
 have given greater offence to the people on this side 
 of the Atlantick, than the stamp act, which Mr. 
 Grenville introduced into the house of commons 
 towards the close of this year. It is true, however, 
 that before the stamp duties were laid, the minister 
 called a meeting of the agents, and requested them 
 to propose any other tax as. a substitute for the
 
 BER 68 
 
 stamp act, to which he affirmed that he was not 
 particularly attached ; but they remonstrated against 
 this, and every kind of direct tax whatever, as a 
 measure to which the colonists would never sub- 
 mit. When it was known in America that such an 
 act had passed, and was to be put into immediate 
 operation, it arrested the attention of every class of 
 people ; it roused a spirit of resentment which me- 
 naced every man in power ; and alienated the af- 
 fections of the colonists from a country, to which 
 they had hitherto looked with reverence as the land 
 of their fathers The friends of prerogative became 
 peculiarly obnoxious, and in particular the crown 
 governors. It was natural indeed to suppose that 
 if the agents of the colonies had been consulted, 
 that these immediate servants of the government 
 must have had their share of influence. Bernard 
 was of an arbitrary disposition, and had always been 
 hostile to the freedom which was enjoyed in New 
 England. Upon several occasions he had treated 
 the people with contempt ; the house of representa- 
 tives with arrogance, and even the council with dis- 
 respect, though several of this body were his friends 
 and favourites, and supported his measures, when- 
 ever they could do it without risquing the highest 
 resentment of their constituents. The stamp act 
 was repealed in 1766; this was a cause of great 
 joy to the people ; but the wiser statesmen in the 
 plantations were still dissatisfied, for the very ad- 
 ministration which had repealed this obnoxious act 
 had passed another declaratory of the right of par- 
 liament to tax all parts of the empire ; this was de- 
 signed as a mere declaration and a salvo for the 
 honour of parliament ; but another ministry were 
 not content with this. It was said to be necessary 
 thatthere should be some acknowledgment or acqui- 
 escence at least on the part of America tothiseffect, 
 or the act was nugatory and lifeless. Charles Town- 
 send was employed to put a soul into it, which he 
 did by bringing forward a duty upon oil and co*
 
 70 B ER 
 
 lours, upon tea, &.c. These taxes were to be levi- 
 ed in the colonies, and a board was constituted call- 
 ed the commissioners of the customs and placed in 
 Boston : Charles Paxton, a most odious creature of 
 government, was one of the commissioners. He 
 wrote to Great Britain and solicited that troops 
 might be sent over for their protection. The gov- 
 ernor also, was favourable to this scheme. Troops 
 soon after arrived in 1768 ; this afforded a subject 
 of controversy between the governor and the inhab- 
 itants of Boston, about providing quarters for them. 
 The letters which he wrote to criminate the town, 
 discover his temper, and his views. These were 
 procured by the generous care of William Bollan, 
 esq. through whom they presented their defence, 
 in answer to the slanderous aspersions of the gov- 
 ernor, and at the same time acknowledged to Mr. 
 Bollan the grateful sense they had of his services. 
 
 From this time the newspapers were filled with 
 sarcastick remarks upon the character and conduct 
 of gov. B. with satirical descriptions of his domes- 
 tick habits, and with essays upon law and govern- 
 ment, in opposition to sentiments delivered by him. 
 In one of his addresses to the council, he com- 
 plained of a piece in the Boston Gazette, which 
 ended with these lines, 
 
 " And il such men are by God appointed, 
 " The devil may be the 1 ord's annointed." 
 
 Upon which the council resolved, that the piece 
 was scandalous and blasphemous ; which stimulated 
 the writer to explain himself in a still more except 
 tionable manner. 
 
 In Feb. 1769, the house of representatives sent 
 a circular letter to the other American colonies, 
 which gave great offence to the governor. He de- 
 manded of the next general court that they should 
 rescind the vote by which their predecessors had 
 authorized this letter to be sent ; this was refused, 
 but 17 members oul of 109 voting for it. 
 
 In August, following, he dissolved the general
 
 BER 71 
 
 court, finding them not subservient to his will. 
 Upon which, votes were passed in most of the 
 towns in the province, which were published in the 
 newspapers, declaring him a traitor and an enemy 
 to the country. 
 
 His adminibtration had now become so odious, 
 burdensome, and vexatious ; and there were such 
 constant altercations between him and the general 
 court, that it seemed necessary he should be re- 
 moved from the government. A petition to the 
 king was forwarded, to request this might be done, 
 but it had no effect. He was in high favour at the 
 court of Great Britain, where his administration was 
 the subject of praise, and his services were reward- 
 ed with a title. He was now sir Francis Bernard, 
 baronet of Nettleham, in Lincolnshire. He soon 
 after obtained leave to return to England, and in 
 the month of August, 1769, he sailed from Boston 
 in the Rippon man of war ; and never returned to 
 the province. 
 
 Gov. Bernard left but few friends in the place, 
 where he passed ten years of his life. He was not 
 calculated to gain the affections of the people ; and 
 such as had a political attachment to him, soon 
 lost their regard, after he had laid down his au- 
 thority. Such men never have those friendships 
 which give a charm to social life. It is worthy of 
 remark, that those of his own household were of 
 the number who afforded amusement, by furnishing 
 the most ridiculous representations of his parsimo- 
 ny, and domestick meanness. There were, however, 
 some respectable traits in his character, and these 
 ought to be mentioned. He was sober and tern- 
 perate ; had fine talents for conversation, if the sub- 
 ject pleased him. He had an extensive knowledge 
 of books, and memory so strong as to be able to 
 refer to particular passages, with greater facility 
 than most men of erudition. He would sometimes 
 boast that he could repeat the whole of the plays of 
 Shakespeare. He was a friend to literature, and in-
 
 72 BLA 
 
 terested himself greatly in favour of Harvard Col* 
 lege, when Harvard Hall with the library and phiio- 
 sophick apparatus, were destroyed by fire. After 
 which, he presented to it a considerable part of his 
 own private library. The building which now bears 
 the name of Harvard is a specimen of his taste in 
 architecture ; and while it was building, he would 
 suffer not the least deviation, from his plan, to be 
 made. He was a believer in the principles of 
 Christianity, which was the effect of study as well as 
 education, and was regular in his attendance upon 
 publick worship ; attached to the church of Eng- 
 land, but no bigot. When he resided in the coun- 
 try, he seldom rode to Boston upon the sabbath, 
 but commonly attended service at the nearest con- 
 gregational church, which was in Brookline, though 
 his house was within the boundary of Roxbury. 
 He gave also as a reason for this preference, that the 
 preacher in Brookline was shorter in his services 
 than most puritanical divines, and in particular than 
 the Roxbury minister. After his return to England 
 he printed several pamphlets, chiefly letters, or such 
 as had the form of letters, to men in power, which 
 contained his principles of law and policy while in 
 America. He wrote several pieces of the elegiac 
 kind in greek and latin, which are printed in a col- 
 lection made at Cambridge after the death of George 
 II. and the accession of the present monarch to the 
 British throne. The collection is stvled " Pietas et 
 Gratulatio," &c. which was printed, in 1761, with a 
 dedication to the king from the pen of lieut. gover- 
 nor Hutchinson. 
 
 Blackman Adam, was a minister in Derby- 
 shire, but came to New England with the early 
 planters. He makes one of the first class, as Dr. 
 Mather calls them ; men who were in the actual ex- 
 ercise of their ministry when they left England. He 
 was settled first at Guilford, then at Stratford, in 
 Connecticut, and was so good a preacher, that the 
 famous Hooker made a speech of this kind, ** If he
 
 B OL 7 
 
 a 
 
 ni'urht have his choice, he would live and die under 
 Mr. Blackmail's ministry. 
 
 The epitaph upon Melancton is applied to him 
 by the author of the Magnalia. Book III. page 95. 
 
 Cui niveus toto regnabat pectoie candor ; 
 Unum cui Coelum, cura laborq ; fuit : 
 Num lloi^iius, qua sit clictus raiione Melancton ? 
 Scilicet Ruxinum, qua ratione vocant. 
 
 Boll an William, agent for Massachusetts at. 
 the court of Great Britain, was born in England and 
 came over to Boston with Shirley, when he was ap- 
 pointed governor. In 1743, he married his excel- 
 lency's second daughter, who died at the age of 25 
 years. She was a most amiable and accomplished 
 lady. Mr. Bollan was a lawyer of eminence in his 
 profession, and was advocate general, when he was 
 chosen agent for the province, and sent to England 
 to solicit the reimbursement of the charge in taking 
 and securing (ape Breton. In obtaining this he 
 discovered as much address as fidelity ; he acted 
 like a wise man, who would persevere till he gained 
 his object. When the other agent was willing to 
 compromise for a sum which would redeem the bills 
 at their depreciated value, he set the matter in a 
 clear light, and " made it evident that the deprecia- 
 tion of the bills was as effectually a charge borne by 
 the people as if the same proportion of bills had 
 been drawn in by taxes ; and refused any accom- 
 modation without the full value of the bills when is- 
 sued "* 
 
 Of his services in this business, and in all affairs 
 of the province, the people were fully sensible, but 
 he was not a man whom the general court of Mas- 
 sachusetts wished to keep in office. His relation 
 to Shirley, his belonging to the episcopal church, 
 and being an Englishman, created prejudices in the 
 
 * Mr. agent Bollan arrived in Boston, Sept. 19, 1740, with 
 653.000 ounces of silver and ten tons of copper : which makes 
 175.000 pounds sterling, granted for reimbursement ol the Cape 
 Breton expedition. Independent Advertiser. 
 
 1.
 
 74 B O L 
 
 minds of many in the house of representatives. 
 These were the men who opposed Shirley, a man 
 averse from the habits of New Kngland, and who 
 endeavoured to introduce a more arbitrary system 
 of government, than his predecessors conceived, or 
 the body of the people would submit to. They 
 were friends to Pownal, who professed himself a 
 high whig, and afterwards became the pointed ene- 
 mies of Bernard. Mr. Bollan even gained so much 
 influence as to be sent again to England after he had 
 returned with the money. Several attempts were 
 made to displace him when Shirley left the province. 
 His services, his knowledge of provincial business, 
 his faithfulness had been a security. In 1762, he 
 was dismissed, and Mr. Mauduit succeeded him, 
 a worthy man, but whose only merit to raise him 
 to this station was, his being a leading character of 
 the dissenters. He soon resigned, confessing him- 
 self unequal to the business. The house of repre- 
 sentatives chose Richard Jackson, and then Mr. 
 Debert ; but Mr. Bollan was employed by the coun- 
 cil, and in this capacity continued to serve the pro- 
 vince. In 176.8, he obtained a copy of the letters 
 written against the town of Boston by gov. Ber- 
 nard, gen. Gage, &c. and from this time he became 
 a most popular man amongst those who once could 
 not view him with any complacency. Mr. Hancock 
 declared in the house of representatives, that there 
 was no man to whom the colonies were more indebt- 
 ed, ard whose friendship had been more sincere. 
 In 1775, he was active in promoting the interests, 
 and honour of the mother country ; by seeking for 
 conciliatory measures, which he pressed with all his 
 influence, and much care and concern. We hear 
 nothing of his publick character after this year, and 
 the year of his death is not to be found in any obit- 
 uary of our American newspapers.* 
 
 • His printed works are, Importance and advantage of Cape 
 Breton truly stated, London, 1746 ; Colonic Anglican* illustra- 
 <*, 4to. London, 1762 ; Ancient right to the American fishery
 
 BOW 75 
 
 Bowdoin James, governor of Massachusetts, 
 was born in Boston, 1727. His father rose from 
 common life to an eminence among the merchants 
 of the town, and was supposed to leave the greatest 
 estate which ever had been owned by any individu- 
 al of Massachusetts. His ancestors were French 
 refugees, who left their country after the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantz They first went to Ire- 
 land, and then came to New- England, 1688. 
 
 The subject of this memoir was the youngest 
 son, who, discovering some proof of early genius, 
 was sent to the grammar school of his native town, 
 of which Mr Lovel was preceptor. He finished 
 his education at Harvard College, where he was 
 graduated, 1745. He very soon became a distin- 
 guished character among the citizens of Boston ; 
 was chosen a representative to the general court, 
 1756 ; and from this year continued in publick life 
 till the year 1769, when he was negatived by gov. 
 Bernard, on account of his being the most leading 
 whig at the council board. He was, the next year, 
 sent representative from Boston ; chosen a counsel- 
 lor ; and accepted by Mr. Hutchinson, because he 
 thought his influence less prejudicial " in the house 
 of representatives, than at the council board." He 
 was one of the committee that drew the answer to 
 the goverour's speeches where he asserted and en- 
 deavoured to prove, by strong arguments, the right 
 of Great Britain to tax America. For this he had 
 the honour of being negatived by gov. Gage, in 
 1774, who declared that " he had express orders 
 from his majesty to set aside from that board, the 
 hon. Mr. Bowdoin, Mr. Dexter, and Mr. Win 
 throp." 
 
 During this memorable year, delegates were 
 chosen to meet at Philadelphia, which was the first 
 congress of the United States. Mr. Bowdoin was 
 
 examined and stated, 4to. London, 1764; Freedom of speech 
 and writing upon publick affairs considered, 4to. London, 1770.
 
 76 BO W 
 
 the first member of the Massachusetts delegation. 
 He was prevented from attending his duty by his 
 ill state of health. Mr. Hancock was afterwards 
 chosen in his place. In 1775, when the town of 
 Boston was blockaded, Mr. Bowdoin was modera- 
 tor of the meeting, when the inhabitants agreed to 
 give up their arms to gen. Gage, on condition of 
 their being permitted to leave the place with their 
 property, and without disturbance. In this busi- 
 ness he conducted with great prudence and firm- 
 ness, and was one of the first who went out of 
 Boston after the agreement. It is well known how 
 shamefully the promises of the British command- 
 ers were violated. Mr. Bowdoin took his place as 
 chief of the Massachusetts council at Watertow r n, 
 and was of the fijteen, who by the charter were to 
 act in the room of the governour, when the office 
 was vacated. In 1779 — 80, the convention for es- 
 tablishing a state government for Massachusetts 
 met at Cambridge, and afterwards at Boston. Of 
 this body, Mr. Bowdoin was president. During 
 the years of 1785 and 1786 he was governor of 
 the state. When the constitution of the United 
 States was planned, and the Massachusetts conven- 
 tion met to consider whether it should be adopted, 
 Mr. Bowdoin was at the head of the Boston delega- 
 tion, ?11 of whom voted in favour of it. He made a 
 very handsome speech upon the occasion, which may 
 be read in the volume of their debates. From this 
 time, he changed the tumult of publick scenes, for 
 domestick peace, and the satisfactions of study. 
 
 He always had been a student. He was an excel- 
 lent scholar at college, and afterwards pursued phi- 
 losophical studies, having left his mercantile busi- 
 ness, that he might enjoy otium cum dignitate. His 
 letters to Dr. Franklin have been published. When 
 the American academy of arts and sciences was insti- 
 tuted, he was appointed the first president, and con- 
 tributed several papers which were printed in the 
 first volume of their transactions. He also pro-
 
 BOW 77 
 
 nounced an oration, " upon the benefits of philoso- 
 phy ," which was printed in a pamphlet, and also in 
 the volume, with the proceedings of the society. 
 His literary reputation was not confined to his own 
 country. He was a member of several foreign soci- 
 eties for the promotion of agriculture, arts and com- 
 merce. He was also fellow of the royal society, 
 London. He received a diploma of doctor of laws 
 from several universities of r.urope, and from Phi- 
 ladelphia, as well as his Alma Mater at Cambridge. 
 It was a great acquisition to this seminary, to have 
 him connected with their government. Asa mem- 
 ber of the council he was ex officio, one of the 
 overseers. And he was elected a fellow of the cor- 
 poration, which office4ie executed with great judg- 
 ment, honour and fidelity, but which he resigned 
 when he was chosen governor of the Commonwealth. 
 He was a munificent friend to the college. Beside 
 his donations to the library, and philosophical ap- 
 paratus, he left £ 400 Massachusetts currency to 
 be appropriated to certain purposes, as mentioned 
 in his will. His large and valuable library was 
 given to the academy of arts and sciences. 
 
 In other walks ©f life Mr. Bowdoin was conspic- 
 ous and useful. When the humane society was 
 instituted he was chosen the first president. He 
 was always ready to promote every literary, benev- 
 olent and religious institution. He exhibited the 
 virtues of social life in all their engaging lustre, and 
 he also breathed a christian spirit. 
 
 His mind was imbued with religious sentiments, 
 by his education, and formed to the love of good- 
 ness : he was fond of theological inquiries amidst 
 the course of his other studies. Few men, who are 
 not of the profession, have studied divinity with more 
 earnestness, or greater desire to obtain knowledge of 
 the scriptures. He early in life became a commu- 
 nicant at the church in Brattle-street. When the 
 people of this society took down their ancient build- 
 ing, it was the desire of many to rebuild their church
 
 78 BOY 
 
 in a more eligible situation. Mr. Bowdoin offered 
 a spot, which is now one of the most valuable es- 
 tates in the town. The majority preferred the 
 place where their fathers had worshipped- His of- 
 fer being declined, he contributed largely towards 
 erecting the present noble and superb edifice. That 
 religion which had supported him through various 
 scenes of his life, was the source of consolation, du« 
 ring a long course of sickness, owing to a frame 
 naturally delicate. He recommended to the rising 
 generation to read bishop Butler's analogy, from 
 which he had derived much to strengthen his own 
 principles. He died universally lamented, Nov. 6, 
 1790. He left one son, the lion. J. Bowdoin, late 
 plenipotentiary at the court of Madrid, and one 
 daughter, the lady of sir John Temple, late consul 
 general of Great Britain in the United States Pern- 
 berton y s Mss. Private information. 1 hac her'' s Sermon. 
 Boylston Zabdiel, F. R. S. was born in 
 Brookline, 1681. He had the advantage of only a 
 common education, but rose to be the most emin- 
 ent medical practitioner in the town of Boston. 
 What gave him peculiar distinction was, his suc- 
 cess in inoculation fur the small pox. In 1720, 
 he introduced this practice, and is known to be the 
 first physician in the British dominions that dared 
 to do it. It was risquing his reputation and life. 
 The famous Dr. Cotton Mather recommended this 
 method from an account of inoculation at Constan- 
 tinople, which he had seen in the philosophical 
 transactions. He first communicated it to Doug- 
 lass, a Scotchman of more learning than true wis- 
 dom, who treated the proposal with ill nature, and 
 contempt.* 
 
 * Dr. Ramsay, in his Review of Medicine, in the 18th century, 
 gives great credit to the clergy for their exertions at this time. 
 '1 he fact is, a clergyman first recommended it, and that Dr. 
 Boylston was supported by them through all his embarrass- 
 ments. Dr. I olmam, as well as Dr. Mather, wrote in favour of 
 it ; as a body, the Boston Association united to stop the tor- 
 rent of prejudice, which bore down all before it. Some of the
 
 BOY 79 
 
 He then made application to Dr. Boylston, a man 
 of more sagacity and moral worth, who gave it to 
 his own children and others ; and met with won- 
 derful success. Douglass became a convert, when 
 he had made use of every method to injure his 
 brother physician, whom he called a bold and ig- 
 norant quack," many years after this. By this new 
 mode of treating the small pox in Boston, 274 per- 
 sons were inoculated by Dr. B. 1721, and very few 
 died. The practice was very soon introduced in 
 the Island of Great Britain, and with equal success. 
 Every attention was paid to Dr. Boylston while 
 he was in England ; among other honours he was 
 chosen fellow of the Royal Society, which was a 
 reward of merit, sufficient to balance the rough 
 compliments of his professional acquaintance, the 
 canting abuse of persons righteous overmuch, and 
 the coarse epithets which issued from the foul 
 mouths of the vulgar. 
 
 He wrote several papers in the philosophical 
 transactions of London. We know not of any 
 other publications, except the pamphlet he printed, 
 on the " benefit of inoculation." 
 
 After a long period of eminence and skill in his 
 profession he retired to his patrimonial estate in 
 Brookline to pass the remainder of his days. He 
 died there on the 1st of March, 1766; and was in- 
 terred in his own tomb, which bears the following 
 plain, appropriate, and just inscription." 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of Dr. Z. Boylston, esq. 
 
 clergy received personal injury, others were insulted in the 
 street, and were hardly safe in their houses. The people were 
 not willing to hear them on Sunday, till the success of the prac- 
 tice made them think it was the hand of Providence in their fa- 
 vour. The newspapers were filled with arguments for and a- 
 gainst it. The Courant, printed hy the Franklins, was under the 
 influence of the Physicians, who abused the clergy for their in- 
 terference in the matter. Every bad consequence was painted in 
 livelycolours by these learned editors, who thought inoculation un- 
 favourable to the health of people, even if they had the small pox 
 more favourably than common, &c. Sec. Acw England Courant, \7 2 1
 
 
 80 BRA 
 
 physician, and F. R. S. who first introduced the 
 practice of inoculation into America. Through a 
 life of extensive beneficence, he was always faith- 
 ful to his word, just in his dealings, affable in his 
 manners ; and alter a long sickness, in which he 
 was exemplary for his patience and resignation to 
 his Maker, he quitted this mortal life, in a just ex- 
 pectation of a happy immortality, March L, 1766." 
 Thac/ier's Memoir. Pierce's Sermon 
 
 Bradford William, go\ oi F;) mouth colo- 
 ny, was born in a village caned Ansterfietd, 1588. 
 When he was eighteen years old he went over to 
 Zealand, where he was taken up by an officer, as 
 a deserter from England, but soon released, havin 
 given a good account of himself. He then pro- 
 ceeded to msterdam, and served his time till he 
 was of age, in " working of silks." He became a 
 man of industry in his business, converted the es- 
 tate he had in England into money, and behaved 
 with great prudence among those religious people 
 who had left England to enjoy peace of conscience ; 
 with whom he continued till the church at Ley den 
 agreed to transport themselves to America. When 
 they reached Plymouth, he lost his wife, which was 
 a most melancholy event, and attended with aggra- 
 vated circumstances of grief, as she accidently fell 
 from the vessel, and was drowned. After governor 
 Carver died, he was unanimously chosen governor 
 of the plantation. No man could discover more 
 prudence and fortitude than Mr. Bradford. In 
 those times, when their souls were tried with every 
 difficulty, he was not cast down with the discour- 
 aging state of their affairs, or by the clouds which 
 covered their future prospects. He found it nec- 
 essary to manage things differently from what had 
 been proposed. For, in order to resemble the 
 primitive church, the planters had a common stock. 
 He was of opinion that to encourage industry each 
 individual should be master of Ms own properl ; 
 and they all soon perceived the advantage oi the 
 measure.
 
 BRA 81 
 
 He was required to exercise his wisdom in anoth- 
 er matter, which threatened evil to the plantation, 
 and where the religion they held so dear was wound- 
 ed in the house of its friends. Every account of 
 the settlement of Plymouth mentions the conduct of 
 Lyford who attempted to disorganize their church, 
 and who was detected by the vigilance of the gov- 
 ernor. Mr B had afterwards a hard task to exculpate 
 the colony from a charge of dissembling with his 
 majesty in a petition, wherein they declared that 
 their church discipline did agree with the reformed 
 churches in Europe. His answer to this charge 
 is ; that they had kept to their agreement, had 
 been falsely accused, and denied that they were 
 Brownists, or, like those Sectaries, renounced 
 the church of England. Mr. B, was a good writ- 
 er, compared with others of those times, though 
 his style may seem uncouth to modern ears. He 
 understood several languages ; latin, greek and he- 
 brew ; French and Dutch he spake ; and was con- 
 versant with theology. He was in the chair above 
 thirt;- years, and died, May 9th, 1657, aged 69. 
 Mr. Winslow was elected governor, 1633, 1636 9 
 1644, and Mr. Prince, 1634, 1657. Every other 
 year the old governor was elected. Magnolia, Book 
 II page 5. 
 
 Bradstreet Simon, was of Emanuel College, 
 Cambridge, whence he removed to the family of 
 the earl of Lincoln, as his steward, and afterwards 
 he lived in the same capacity with the countess of 
 Warwick. He married one of Mr Dudley's 
 daughters, and after her death, a sister of sir George 
 Downing. He lived to be the Nestor of New En- 
 gland ; was born in the beginning of the century, in 
 1603, and wanted but two or three years of com- 
 pleting it. 
 
 This gentleman, one of the fathers of Masschu- 
 setts, was a magistrate many years, and, in 1662, 
 was sent to England as agent, at a time of peculiar 
 difficulty, when it required more wisdom than he 
 
 M
 
 32 BRA 
 
 possessed, though he was a prudent and worthy 
 person, to answer the expectations of the people. 
 Mr. Norton was his assistant. Their business was 
 to represent the colony as his majesty's loyal sub- 
 jects, when it was well known that they were actu- 
 ated by republican sentiments, and were puritans of 
 a strict denomination, with no kind of reverence for 
 bishops or nobles. They met with a more favour- 
 able reception than their friends in England had an- 
 ticipated ; and returned with a letter from the king, 
 which caused much joy ; and led the agents to sup- 
 pose that they had done their duty completely ; and 
 that their business was successful. But when the 
 general court met, and the whole subject of the let- 
 ter was discussed, it appeared to some of the mag- 
 istrates, and to the leaders of the populace, that 
 their charter privileges were invaded, for they were 
 required to send their laws to be reviewed in Eng- 
 land, and such as might be found contrary to the 
 king's authority to be annulled. There was also a 
 violent attack upon their religious prejudices, and 
 upon the habits and customs of the plantations ; 
 for liberty was given to every man to use the com- 
 mon prayer, and that all of honest lives and conver- 
 sations should be admitted to the sacrament ot the 
 Lord's supper, and their children to baptism. 
 
 When the resentment of the people was excited, 
 it did not fall upon Mr. Bradstreet so much as 
 Mr. Norton, who had to defend himself against the 
 religious bigotry of the age. But neither gentle- 
 man could retain his popularity, nor resist the pub- 
 lick obloquy. Mr. N. died, it was said of chagrin, 
 while JVlr. Bradstreet continued to discharge the 
 duties of his other station, being conscious of rec- 
 titude, or feeling a cold indifference towards the 
 opinion and the clamours of the multitude. Every 
 impartial person who now recurs to those transac- 
 tions will rather wonder, that, at such a court as 
 Charles II. they could obtain so much, than think 
 that they were worthy of blame. In 1679, Mr. B.
 
 BRA 83 
 
 was chosen governor. Hutchinson represents him 
 as the head of the moderate party while he was in 
 office. The deputy governor, Mr Danforth, led the 
 popular side : Stoughton, Dudley and Brown of 
 Salem were inclined to the royalists. They fell in 
 with the governor, and were afterwards disposed to 
 go beyond his measures When Mr. Dudley was 
 appointed to be the head of administration, Brad- 
 street was appointed counsellor, and refused the 
 commission. He opposed with earnestness An- 
 dross's arbitrary proceedings. And when the peo- 
 ple put down his authority, they made choice of 
 their old governor for their president ; he continued 
 their first character till the arrival of sir William 
 Phipps, with the new charter, and then the venerable 
 old charter governor resigned the chair, which ex- 
 cited the sympathy of many, who remembered an- 
 cient times, and beheld the scenes now opening, and 
 which were to introduce more prosperous days, 
 with the sigh of regret, and emotions which they 
 could not express. Governor Bradstreet died at 
 Salem, March 27, 1697, aged 95. He had been a 
 magistrate, secretary, agent, commissioner for the 
 United Colonics, and governor of the province. 
 Not the most highly esteemed by any party, but 
 despised by none ; upright as well as moderate in 
 his principles. "Medium est virtus tnjod tenuisse ju- 
 vat." This is good as a lesson for children, and 
 agrees well with the christian religion. But it op- 
 poses the views of enterprising men, the turbulent 
 spirit of the ambitious, and the zeal of those who 
 delight in controversy. Hutch, vol I. page 18. 
 
 Brattle Thomas, treasurer of Harvard Col- 
 lege, was graduated at that seminary, to which he 
 was always a munificent friend, 1676. And was 
 chosen treasurer, 1693 ; which office he retained till 
 his death. 1713. 
 
 He was an eminent merchant of the town of 
 Boston, a benefactor to the poor, and a useful, as 
 well as opulent citizen. From him, one of tke
 
 84 BRA 
 
 streets took its name ; and he was the principal 
 founder of Brattle- street church. He was equally 
 distinguished for his good sense and good breed- 
 ing ; his liberality of sentiment, his genius and 
 learning ; and his zeal for the publick prosperity. 
 He was obliged to engage in a controversy with 
 certain of the clergy and laity, too much attached 
 to the platform of the New England churches, when 
 he proposed the plan of the new church ; but he 
 behaved with equal spirit and honour : and having 
 obtained the consent of Dr. Colman to be pastor^ 
 who was ordained in England, the society grew 
 and flourished under his care ; and has ever been 
 considered as one of the most respectable upon the 
 congregational establishment. 
 
 There was another occasion of exerting his tal- 
 ents, When the country was under the strangest de- 
 lusion, and a number of innocent persons suifered 
 an ignominious death, from a suspicion of witch- 
 craft. Mr. B. wrote an account of those transac- 
 tions, which was too plain and just to be published 
 in those unhappy times, but has been printed since ; 
 and which cannot be read without feeling sentiments 
 of esteem for a man who indulged a freedom of 
 thought becoming a christian and a philosopher. 
 He, from the beginning, opposed the prejudices of 
 the people, the proceedings of the court, and the 
 perverse zeal of those ministers of the gospel, who, 
 by their preaching and conduct, caused such real 
 distress to the community. They, who called him 
 an infidel, were obliged to acknowledge, that his 
 Wisdom shone with uncommon lustre. 
 
 Mr. Brattle is recorded among the benefactors of 
 Harvard College, and when he died they lost one of 
 their best and most useful officers. 
 
 Though Mr. B. w r as the author of several fugi- 
 tive pieces, we have have nothing under his name 
 but the work to which allusion has been made, and 
 which is styled, " a full and candid account of the 
 delusion called witchcraft which prevailed in New
 
 England ; and of the judicial trials and executions 
 at Salem, in the county of r.ssex, for that pretended 
 crime, in 1692. Est. Coll vol. V. page 61—80. 
 
 .o rattle William, minister of the church in 
 Cambridge, was the brother of Thomas, and born 
 at Boston, 1662. Was graduated 1680; and cho- 
 sen tutor and fellow of the corporation. 
 
 In the year 1696, he was ordained, and still kept 
 up his connection with the college, though he left 
 the immediate government and instruction. He was 
 active in promoting every thing which would ad- 
 vance the interest and prosperity of that literary so- 
 ciety. His benevolent disposition stimulated him 
 to give largely to indigent students, and he be- 
 queathed a handsome legacy, which is now employ- 
 ed for their benefit. 
 
 He was himself a very accomplished scholar, 
 a great logician, a philosopher, a writer of philolog- 
 ical taste, as well as eminent in theological learning. 
 
 As a preacher, he was pathetick, soft, melting 
 and persuasive. A son of consolation ; for his spir- 
 it dwelt not in fire, nor could it ride in the storm. 
 He was the particular friend of pres. Leverett, Dr. 
 Colman, and Mr. Pemberton, three of the most el- 
 egant men of New England in their manners, as 
 well as the cultivation of the mind. Mr. Brattle 
 had also an extensive correspondence abroad, and 
 was fellow of the royal society of London. 
 
 Mr. Agent Dummer in one of his letters gives an 
 exalted character of the Cambridge minister in a 
 few descriptive lines. " I think the modern ser- 
 mons which are preached, and printed, are very lean 
 and dry, having little divinity in them or brightness 
 of style ; I am sure they are no way comparable to 
 the solid discourses which Mr. Brattle gives you 
 every week." 
 
 This excellent man died Feb. 15, 1717, aged 55. 
 The inscription on his tomb is given by Dr. Holmes 
 in his history of Cambridge. Many particulars of 
 his life and preaching are also recorded.
 
 86 BRE 
 
 Dr. Column preached a funeral sermon upon Mr, 
 Brattle, which may be read as a most beautiful eu- 
 foo'v from the hand of a wise and judicious friend. 
 
 Mr. Brattle published a compendium oi logick, 
 "secundum principia D. Renati cartesii plerumque 
 eftbrmatum, et cate chistice propositum." I his 
 passed through several editions. It was studied in 
 college till the year 1765, and is now valued by men 
 of learning as an excellent compendious system ; 
 but is found only among rare and curious books. 
 
 Brewster William, a distinguished character 
 among the first planters, was born, 1560. He was 
 educated at the university of Cambridge. When 
 queen Elizabeth made a league with the states of 
 Holland, she sent Davison, as her ambassador, who 
 carried Mr. Brewster with him, as his secretary, in 
 whom he placed the greatest confidence, and who 
 gained the esteem of that people. The keys of 
 Flushing were committed to him while the negotia- 
 tion was pending, and when the business was fin- 
 ished, he received from the states a golden chain, as 
 a reward of merit. The ambassador was afterwards 
 disgraced, owing to the capricious humour of his 
 mistress, who always laid her own faults upon her 
 courtiers. His faithful secretary adhered to him, like 
 the true friend, in the time of adversity. The same 
 integrity Mr. B. manifested in all his affairs, and 
 through all the changing scenes of life ; for his pi- 
 ou^ zeal operated upon the virtuous affections of his 
 soul. He was so highly respected in the church 
 of Ley den, as to be chosen their ruling elder ; and 
 he acted like a shepherd in leading the flock through 
 the paths of the wilderness. He would not accept 
 the office of pastor, but preached to the people who 
 came over with him to Plymouth, and performed 
 most part of a minister's duty. The church were 
 benefitted by his labours, and would have been hap- 
 py if he had consented to administer the ordinances, 
 lor he was wise, learned and prudent. By his in- 
 fluence he might have prevented those disorders
 
 B R I 87 
 
 which sprang from the gifted brethren, who, were apt 
 to speak ; and from those ignorant or designing men, 
 who took upon themselves the pastoral office. 
 
 Elder Brewster was as bold in defending the 
 plantation against the Indians, as he Was meek and 
 humble when diffusing the light of truth, or describ- 
 ing the offices of love. He lived to be 84 years old, 
 and his usefulness increased with his years. He 
 was able to work in the field and preach to the peo- 
 pleNill he was called out of the world, April 16, 
 1644. Morton, Prince, Belknap. 
 
 Bridge Thomas, pastor of the old or first 
 church, was born at Hackney, in England, 1657; 
 had a liberal education, and, as a man of business, 
 travelled over different parts of Europe ; and from 
 being a merchant of integrity and honour, he be- 
 came a pious and useful minister of religion. From 
 the Mediterranean sea he made a voyage to the West 
 Indies. He first preached at Jamaica ; from that 
 island he went to New Providence, and while he 
 resided there was the principal man in the place. 
 Thence he proceeded to Bermuda, and was remark- 
 ably assiduous in a time of pestilence and great 
 mortality. It is said he preached twenty nine times 
 in one month. His first place of residence in North 
 America was West Jersey, and he came to Boston 
 about the year 1705. He was ordained in May, of 
 the same year, being invited to the pastoral care of 
 a flock, whose famous predecessors were to be suc- 
 ceeded. "The light was mow fixed in a candle- 
 stick, 1 ' according to the language of Cotton Math- 
 er, " and shone for eleven years together, some of 
 the rays of which we have in his printed composi- 
 tion."' He died, Sept. 26, 1715, aged 58. 
 
 He has been thus characterised by a Avriter more 
 elegant, though less learned, than Dr. Mather, as a 
 man upright and conscientious, meek, mild, quiet, 
 gentle ; not the brightest and most active of his 
 brethren, but a goodly speaker; his gravity and 
 composure were neither frigid, nor austere ; prayer
 
 83 BUC 
 
 was his gift, the bible was his library.* Colman's 
 funeral sermon. 
 
 Buckminster Joseph, minister of the church 
 in Rutland,, was educated at Harvard College. He 
 received the honours of the seminary, 1759 ; was 
 ordained at Rutland, 1742 ; and continued a faithful 
 and laborious pastor of that church above 50 years. 
 He was highly respected by the neighbouring clergy, 
 for his piety and usefulness, and as much esteemed 
 by his flock. He was in principle a sublapsarian 
 Calvinist. In defence of these sentiments he en- 
 gaged in a controversy, and his writings discover 
 solidity and strength of mind, attention to theology, 
 and an ardent desire that all men should believe 
 what he supposed the doctrines of the scriptures. 
 In 1719, Mr. Foster, of Stafford, printed a sermon, 
 in which he held forth a twofold, justification ; and s 
 ¥■ a remedial law, or law of grace, whose precepts 
 are brought down to a level with the fallen sinner's 
 abilities ;" according to which they are able to do 
 well, and so ensure their future felicity. This was 
 judged a heretical sentiment by the ministers in 
 Worcester county, and Mr. B. printed a pamphlet 
 on Rom. x. 4, which is an answer to Mr. Foster, 
 and for which he received a vote of thanks from the 
 association, signed by Nathan Fisk, scribe. Mr. 
 F. replied, and several pamphlets were written. 
 
 Mr. Buckminster also published dissertations up- 
 on gospel salvation, Kphes. ii. 9, 10, 11. In these 
 he holds the doctrine of election against the Armini- 
 ans ; but on the other hand in opposition to the su- 
 pralapsarians, he says, ' 6 The decrees havevho di- 
 rect positive influence upon us. We are determin- 
 ed by motives, but act freely and voluntarily. They 
 lie in the foundation of the divine proceedings, and 
 compose his plan of operation. They infer the cer- 
 tain futurition of things, but have no influence ab 
 
 * His printed discourses are, 1. The mind at ease. 2. What 
 faith can do. ?. Jethro's counsel, 4. A sermon to the artillery 
 company.
 
 BUL 
 
 extra to bring them to pass. Whom God chooses, 
 he calls ; Vet choosing is one thing, and calling 
 another," 8<.c. And although Mr. B. allows " no 
 promises of special favours to the unregenerate ;" 
 yet he will grant " that encouragements are given 
 as grounds of hope ; and which carry the nature of 
 a promise." 
 
 Mr. B. died in the 73d year of his age, Nov. 27, 
 1792.* He left a son in the ministry, rev. J. Buck- 
 minster, D. D. of Portsmouth, whose son, the rev. 
 J. S, Buck minster, is minister of the church in 
 Brattle street, Boston 
 
 Bulkley Peter, the first minister of Concord, 
 MassachusectSyWas the son of Edward Bulkley ,D D. 
 an eminent minister in Bedfordshire, whose name 
 is mentioned with respect in the book of the mar- 
 tyrs. At the age of sixteen years he was admitted a 
 member of St. John's college, Cambridge, and while 
 he was junior bachelor, was chosen fellow ; and then 
 proceeded bachelor of divinity. He came to New 
 .England, 1635: resided at Cambridge some months, 
 and then preferred a place in the more interior part 
 of the country. The spot was pleasant, and from 
 being one of the towns of the first planters, has 
 since become one of the most flourishing in the 
 county of Middlesex. It still bears the name of Con- 
 cord, which he gave it; and the twelfth church was 
 gathered here, which had been founded in the colo- 
 ny. He possessed a handsome estate ; and it is also 
 reported of him that he gnve away a number of 
 farms to several persons who became good hus- 
 bandmen. Some of them had been his servants, and 
 became respectable men among the yeomanry. Dr. 
 Mather says he was a most excellent scholar, a per- 
 son of extensive reading, who gave advice to young 
 students. He was also a benefactor to Harvard 
 
 * His publications are, an ordination sermon, a sermon upon 
 family religion, paraphrase on Rom. x. 4, dissertations on Kphes. 
 ii. 9, 10, 11, and a sermon upon the covenant made with Abra- 
 ham, he.
 
 90 BUL 
 
 College at the beginning of that literary institution. 
 Having a handsome library of his own, he endowed 
 the publick library at Cambridge with a considera- 
 ble part of it. He was a man of hasty spirit, and 
 quick at shewing resentment ; disposed likewise to 
 make severe remarks in his sermons : was one of 
 the strictest of the puritans, and had given offence 
 on this account to some of the moderate party in the 
 old country, as well as to the enemies of the dis- 
 senting interest. 
 
 During his ministry the pastor and ruling elder 
 had a dispute, and it ended in requiring the elder to 
 abdicate his seat. They called an ecclesiastical 
 council, and this was the advice. The improve- 
 ment he made of this unhappy contention may be 
 profitable to ministers in other places, some of whom 
 meet with trials from false brethren ; or those who 
 are wise in their own conceit. Mr Bulkley learned 
 from it, to " know more of God, more of himself, 
 and more of men." 
 
 This worthy man died, A. D. 1658, aged 77. 
 He was an author of uncommon reputation, and 
 wrote handsomely in Latin or English. The first set- 
 tlers of Massachusetts were in general excellent lat- 
 in scholars, and many of them made a figure in the 
 universities of Europe. It seems Mr. Bulkley was 
 a poet ; he wrote poems when he was above 72, 
 which have been praised by scholars of the next age.* 
 
 The year before he died he composed the follow- 
 ing epigram, 
 
 Pigra senectutis jam venit inutilis etas, 
 Nil aliud nunc sum quam fere pondus iners. 
 
 * He printed several books ; one upon the covenant ; several ser- 
 mons upon Zee. ix 11 Concerning these, Mr. Shepherd of Cam- 
 bridge, says, ' The church of God is bound to bless God, for the 
 holy, judicious and learned labours of this aged servant oj Christy 
 who has taken fiain* to discover, and that, not in words and allego- 
 ries, but in demonstration and evidence of s/iirit, the great mystery of 
 'fodliness tvrafit ufi in the covenant ,
 
 BUR 91 
 
 Da tamen, alme Deus, dum vivam, vivere laudi 
 
 Eternum sancli nominis usque tui. 
 
 Me vivam (potius nioriar !) nil utile agendo 
 
 Finiat opto magis, mors properata dies. 
 
 Vel doceam in sancto cxtu tua verba salutis, 
 
 Calestive canam cantica sacra choro 
 
 Seu vivam, moriarve, tuus sum, Christe, quod uni 
 
 Debita vita mea est, debita morsque tibi. 
 
 Bulkley John, minister of Colchester, Con- 
 necticut, is mentioned by Dr. Chauncy as one of 
 the greatest men of New England. He knew him 
 when he himself was a young man, and often spake 
 of him in company with his brethren ; relat- 
 ing things astonishing of his memory. In a written 
 account of him, in a letter to Dr. Stiles, he says, 
 " that Mr. Dummer and he, who were cbssmates at 
 college, were accounted the greatest geniuses of the 
 day. The preference was given to Dummer in regard 
 oi quickncss,brilliancy and wit ; to Bulkley in regard 
 to solidity of judgment and strength of argument." 
 
 Mr. Bulkley was the son of the rev. Gershom 
 Bulkley, and grandson of Peter Bulkley of Con. 
 cord. He was graduated at Harvard College, 
 16J9, and died, suddenly, June, 1731. 
 
 In 1729, he printed an account of an impartial 
 debate at Lyme, ' k upon the subjects of baptism, 
 the mode of baptising, and the maintenance of min- 
 isters." No other publication appears with his 
 name. 
 
 Burnet William, esq. governor of Massa- 
 chusetts, son of Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Sa- 
 rum, was born at the Hague in March preceding 
 the revolution, and named William after the illus- 
 trious prince of Orange, who was his godfather. 
 
 The great part which his father had in the acces- 
 sion of that prince to the British throne, and his 
 steady attachment to the Hanoverian line, brought 
 him early into the notice of the court. In the year 
 1 720, he was in the post of comptroller of the cus- 
 toms, which he exchanged for the government of 
 New York and New Jersey. He arrived at New 
 York, Sept. 19. The first speech he made, disco v-
 
 92 BUR 
 
 ered the abilities of an elegant scholar, and the man- 
 ners of a gentleman. " I serve a prince, the best 
 that ever was, from whom I may expect the most 
 gracious acceptance of my labours ; I succeed a 
 gentleman who left this province in a flourishing 
 state, and is still ready to declare for its interests ; 
 1 meet a council and assembly who concurred with 
 him, and assisted him in those great and good mea- 
 sures, that are now confirmed by his majesty, and 
 have been so effectual to secure publick credit, and 
 the peace of the province." His administration was 
 very acceptable to the people, till an opposition 
 arose from the merchants of the city, on account of 
 an act passed against the sale of goods to the French, 
 which were proper for the Indian trade. This law 
 was advantageous to the province ; but enterprising 
 speculators, and the importers of merchandize, did 
 "not regard the general good so much as their own 
 advantage. They discovered their malevolence 
 against the governor, and being able to bring some 
 censure upon him, because, as chancellor, he had 
 given decrees, in several instances, contrary to a le- 
 gal process, owing to a quick decision, from the 
 sensibility of his temper, they were able to do him 
 considerable injury. Whether it was owing to this, 
 or what Hutchinson suggests, to gratify a favourite 
 who wanted the government, he was removed from 
 this place, to Massachusetts, on the accession of 
 George II. We are told that with reluctance he 
 kit New York ; he had many friends among the 
 wise and patriotick, who equally regretted the loss 
 of such a ruler. 
 
 In his first speech to the Massachusetts assembly, 
 he informed them of his instructions to insist upon 
 a fixed salary. The assembly voted a sum equal 
 to 1000 pounds sterling, which was more than any 
 governor had received ; and also made him several 
 handsome grants towards his support, and the ex- 
 pences of his journey. These he accepted, but re- 
 fused the salary. He had now to resist the argu-
 
 BUR 93 
 
 rnenta of the legislature, and the tumult of the peo- 
 ple. The people of Boston, from their love of free- 
 dom, were against a permanent salary. They dis- 
 cussed the subject at the town meeting ; on this 
 account the governor adjourned the court to Salem. 
 
 The general court, directed their agent, Francis 
 Wilks, esq to make application to his majesty to 
 afford them relief. Mr. Belcher was joined with him 
 in the agency, and they procured all the aid in their 
 power. In the mean time the house became impor- 
 tunate for their pay ; but the governor withheld his 
 warrant from the treasury ; not having received any 
 himself, he thought they might as well go without 
 theirs. 
 
 The election for counsellors, A. D. 1729, was 
 held at Salem. During this session, the beginning 
 of August, the governor communicated to the house 
 the result of their address to the king, which was 
 unfavourable to their wishes. The same month he 
 adjourned them to Cambridge. This was styled a 
 grievance ; but the death of the governor put an 
 end to all further disputes. 
 
 The 31st of August he was taken with a shiver- 
 ing fit after some time spent in fishing on Water- 
 town pond ; he did not confine himself; paroxisms 
 of fever succeeded, which terminated in a coma. He 
 died, Sept. 7, 1729. The pall bearers, at his fune- 
 ral, were lieut gov. Dummer, col. Taylor, coL 
 Winslow, col. Hutchinson, col. Brown, and col. 
 Fitch. The rev. Mr. Price preached the funeral 
 sermon, from Eccles. ii. 17. 
 
 " Gov. Burnet was large in stature, he had a ma 
 jestick port and countenance, mixed with a great 
 deal of sweetness ; he was frank and open in his 
 manners ; his sagacity penetrating ; of ready wit, 
 and sound understanding; his learning, in books 
 and manners, which he had improved by travelling 
 over 1 urope, enabled him to suit himself to the 
 tempers and conversation of all men. He was a 
 christian upon principle, having studied under such
 
 94 CAB 
 
 men as his father and sir Isaac Newton. In his 
 youth he had inclined to infidelity, but afterwards 
 become a scholar in sacred as well as profane stu- 
 dies." 
 
 From an account of him in Chandler's life of pre- 
 sident Johnson, we should suppose he was an in- 
 quirer of some liberality. He persuaded Johnson 
 to read Whiston, and Dr. Clark's works, ** so that 
 he was in danger of becoming an Arian, which the 
 governor wished him to be." But according to 
 other accounts there appears an inconsistency. For 
 while he was governor of Jersey he prepared a 
 bill that fixed a penalty upon all who denied the Sa- 
 viour's divinity, or the truth of the scriptures. This 
 was more pious than judicious. It might have pass- 
 ed in some of the provinces, but here the Quakers 
 had an influence which was exerted against it. 
 
 In the year 1724, he printed an " essay on 
 scripture prophecies," which is a work of ingenui- 
 ty as well as piety, the result, perhaps, of his in- 
 quiries when he was under the care of sir Isaac 
 Newton. 
 
 While he was governor of Massachusetts, he an- 
 swered a letter of a popish priest in Canada, which 
 contained a reflection upon the first reformers. 
 
 These works praise him, are really curious and 
 worth preserving. 
 
 Cabot Sebastian, who first discovered the 
 continent of North America, was the son of John 
 Cabot, an enterprising navigator, a Venetian, was 
 bom, 1467. When he was a youth he made seve- 
 ral voyages with his father, and brothers. In 1552, 
 he projected the plan of the first voyage of the En- 
 glish to Russia, and laid the foundation of that ex- 
 tensive commerce which has ever since been carri- 
 ed on between the two nations. He was also the 
 first who took notice of the variation of the needle. 
 He died, i557.* 
 
 * This spring, 1496. John Cabota, a Venetian, sails with two 
 ships from England, steers westward, discovers the shore of the
 
 CAL 95 
 
 Calef Robert, merchant, in the town of Bos- 
 ton, rendered himself, famous by his book against 
 witchcraft, when the people of Massachusetts were 
 under the most strange kind of delusion. The na- 
 ture of this crime, so opposite to all common 3ense, 
 has been said to exempt the accusers from observ- 
 ing the rules of common sense. This was evident 
 from the trials of witches at Salem, 1692. Mr. Ca- 
 lef opposed facts in the simple garb of truth to fan- 
 ciful representations ; yet he offended men of the 
 greatest learning and influence. He was obliged to 
 enter into a controversy, which he managed with 
 boldness and address. His letters and defence were 
 printed in a volume in London, 1700. Dr. Increase 
 Mather, was then president of Harvard College ; he 
 ordered the wicked book to be burnt in the col- 
 lege yard ; and the members of the old north church 
 published a defence of their pastors, the rev. Increase 
 and Cotton Mather. The pamphlet printed on this 
 occasion has this title page, '* Remarks upon a scan- 
 dalous book, against the government and ministry 
 of New England, written by Robert Calef," &c. 
 Their motto was, truth will come off conqueror^ 
 which proved a satire upon themselves, because Ca- 
 lef obtained a complete triumph. The judges of 
 the court, and jury confessed their errors ; the peo- 
 ple were astonished at their own delusion ; reason 
 and common sense were evidently on Calef's side ; 
 and even the present generation read his book with 
 mingled sentiments of pleasure and admiration. A 
 new edition was printed at Salem, 1796. It is wor- 
 
 new world, in 45 degrees, north latitude, sails along the coast, 
 northward, to 60, and then southward, to 38, some say, to Cape 
 Florida, in 25, and returns to England. Prince. 
 
 Dr. Belknap, also, supposes J Cabot made the discovery which 
 the European writers generally ascribe to his son Sebastian. He 
 gave a good reason, that Sebastian was only 20 years old ; hence 
 it is improbable he should have such a command. Sebastian and 
 two brothers sailed with their father several voyages. It may 
 be that he discovered the coast while aboard of his father's vessel, 
 and hence the credit has been given of making the voyage of 
 discovery.
 
 96 ■ C A L 
 
 thy of observation that Hutchinson, who was near- 
 ly related to the Mather family, speaks of R. Calef, 
 as a man of a fair mind, who substantiated his facts. 
 
 Callender John, minister of a Baptist church 
 in Newport, was born in Boston ; educated at Har- 
 vard College, where he received his degree, 1723. 
 He was ordained at Newport, 1731, and continued 
 a faithful pastor many years ; and still appears with 
 great lustre among the worthies who have lived in 
 this country. His u history of Rhode Island," is 
 full of information. As a writer he is liberal, candid 
 and faithful ; christians of all denominations may be 
 edified by his pious remarks, and all who read, for 
 the sake of instruction, may gain knowledge and re- 
 ceive entertainment. This work was first preached as 
 a century sermon, 1738. He then made great addi- 
 tions, and published it as an " historical discourse.'' 1 ' 
 The book is now very scarce. He also printed an 
 excellent " funeral sermon," which he preached af- 
 ter the death of Mr. Clap, the venerable pastor of the 
 Jirst Congregational church. 
 
 Mr. Callender was grandson of Ellis Callender, 
 who joined the first Baptist church in Boston, 1669 ; 
 and was a leading character among them when their 
 meeting was nailed up by authority, 1680. He was 
 invited to the pastoral office, 1708, and died in 17 IS. 
 Elisha Callender his son, uncle to Mr. C of New- 
 port, who was graduated atHarvard College, 17 10, suc- 
 ceeded him, and died, 1737. He was ordained by 
 the Congregational ministers of Boston.* Church 
 Records. Backus History. 
 
 * In the account of Boston, 4th vol. Historical Collections, tht 
 writer, who is generally very accurate and belonged .o this soci- 
 ety, has not given an exact statement of the first ministers, it Mr. 
 Backus' history he correct, which we suppose is the case. — Com- 
 pare Backus' abridgement, Sec. page 144. There is however a 
 considerable mistake in Mr backus where he saith, Mr Elisha 
 Callender joined the church in 1713, "after which he went to 
 Harvard College," Sec. There is no lilisha Callender in the 
 college catalogue, except, 1710.
 
 CH A 97 
 
 Carver John, governour of New Plymouth, was 
 one of the most active, useful and pious men of Mr. 
 Robinson's church while they were at Leyden ; and 
 as praiseworthy while he lived with the pilgrims who 
 first planted this part of North America. Carver 
 and Cushman were the aarents to aoree with the 
 Virginia company, and make provision for their 
 voyage. The particulars of this voyage and of the 
 settlement of the first colony in New England are 
 preserved in extracts from Bradford's ms. history, 
 which Mr. Prince made, and which have become 
 more valuable as the ms. is lost. Mr. Carver was u- 
 nanimously elected governour as soon as they reached 
 the shore. The instrument is dated, Nov 1 1, L 620, at 
 Cape Cod. N o man could have conducted more wise- 
 ly than he did in this office ; he was firm, prudent 5 
 zealous for the good of the settlement, and to pro- 
 mote virtue and piety among the planters. Unhap- 
 pily for those who valued him so highly, and were 
 allured and stimulated by his example, this worthy 
 man and excellent magistrate lived a short time on- 
 ly with them. He finished his pilgrimage state, and 
 entered into his rest, 5th of April, 1630. " He was 
 buried with all the honours which could be shown by 
 a grateful people. The men were under arms, and 
 fired several vollies over his grave. His affectionate 
 wife, overcome by her loss, survived him but six 
 weeks. One of his grandsons lived to be 102 years 
 old. In 1755, he, his son, his grandson, and great 
 grandson were one day working in the field togeth- 
 er." A town in the county of Plymouth has late- 
 ly had the name of Carver given to it. Prince, 
 Be/knap. 
 
 Chauncy Charles, president of Harvard Col- 
 lege, who is styled in the Magnalia, Cadmus Ameri- 
 canus, was born in Hertfordshire, educated in the 
 school at Westminster, and at the university of 
 Cambridge. He there took the degree of B. D. 
 Being intimately acquainted with archbishop Ush- 
 er, one of the finest scholars in Europe, he had more 
 
 o
 
 9& C H A 
 
 than common advantages to expand his mind, and 
 make improvements in literature. A more learned 
 man than Mr. Chauncy Mas not to be found among, 
 the fathers of New England. He had been chosen 
 Hebrew professor at Cambridge, by the heads of 
 both houses, and exchanged this branch of instruc- 
 tion to oblige Dr. Williams, vice chancellor of the 
 university. He was well skilled in many oriental 
 languages, but especially the Hebrew which he knew 
 by very close study, and by conversing with a Je\v r 
 who resided at the same house. 
 
 He was also an accurate Greek scholar, and was 
 made professor of this language when he left the 
 other professorship. In Leigh's critica sacra, there 
 is a latin address to the author by a friend, C. C. 
 who is called Viv doctissimus, Sec. It is a commen- 
 dation of the work in a handsome style. This un- 
 common scholar became a preacher, and was settled 
 at Ware. He displeased archbishop Laud, by op- 
 posing the book ol sports,and reflecting upon the dis- 
 cipline of the church. In Rush for tit's collections, 
 there is this passage. " Mr. Chauncy using some 
 expressions in his sermons which were construed to 
 his disadvantage, ex : g : That idolatry was admit- 
 ted into the church ; that the preaching of the gos- 
 pel would be suppressed ; that there is as much a- 
 theism, popery, arminianism and heresy crept in, 
 &c." This bein^ viewed as a design to raise a fear 
 among the people, that some alteration of religion 
 would ensue, he was questioned in the high com- 
 mission ; and by order of that court, the cause 
 was referred to the bishop of London, being his or- 
 dinarv, who ordered him to make a submission in 
 Latin. 
 
 This worthy man came over to New England, in 
 1638, arriving at Plymouth, Jan. 1st. 
 
 He was soon after ordained at Scituate. — One 
 thing is worth mentioning to shew the spirit of the 
 man, and the quaint manner of expression then in 
 use. His text was, Prov. ix. 3. Wisdom hath sent
 
 C H A 59 
 
 forth her maidens, and alluding to his compliance 
 with the high commission court, he said with tears, 
 Alas ! christians, I am no maiden, my soul has 
 been defiled with false worship ; how wondrous is 
 the free grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, that I 
 should still be employed among the maidens of wis- 
 dom ! When a stop was put to the Laudean persecu- 
 tion he was invited back by his former people at 
 Ware ; and it was his intention to spend the re- 
 mainder of his life in his native councrv. At this 
 
 J 
 
 time, the chair of the president was vacant at Har- 
 vard College. He was requested to accept it, 
 and for a number of years performed the duties of 
 that office with honour to himself, and to the repu- 
 tation of that seminary of learning. "How learn- 
 edly he conveyed all the liberal arts to those that sai 
 under his feet, how constantly he expounded the 
 scriptures to them in the College hall, how wittily 
 he moderated their disputations and other exercis- 
 es, how fluently he expressed himself unto them, 
 with Latin of a Tercntian phrase, in all his discours- 
 es, and how carefully he inspected their manners, 
 will never be forgotten by many of our most wor- 
 thy men, who were made such by their education 
 under him." When he made his oration on his 
 inauguration he concluded it thus, " Doctiorem, 
 eerte prasidem, and huic oneri ac stationi multis 
 modis aptiorem, vobis facile licet invenire ; sed 
 amantiorem, et vestri boni studiosiorem, non inve- 
 nietis." 
 
 He was very industrious, and usually employed 
 his morning hours in study or devotion. He con- 
 stantly rose at 4 o'clock, winter and summer. In 
 the morning he expounded a chapter, in the old tes- 
 tament, unto the students assembled in the chapel; 
 and in the evening expounded a passage in the new 
 testament. Every Sunday he preached a sermon 
 instead of the morning exposition. Yet with all 
 his zeal, attention to his business and to his private 
 studies, with his amazing application to every thing
 
 lOO C H A 
 
 that was before him, he lived to be famous, and 
 preached to much acceptance at an age, to which 
 few reach, and they complain " their strength is la- 
 bour and sorrow." When his friends advised him 
 to remit his publick labours, he answered, " oportet 
 imperato mori stantem." 
 
 At lengthy on the commencement, of 1771, he 
 made a solemn address, a kind of valedictory ora- 
 tion ; and having lived to some good purpose, he 
 prepared to die in peace, like a good servant who 
 expected his reward. He died the end of this year 
 etat 82, having been about 16 years pastor of the 
 church in Scituate, and 17 years president of Har- 
 vard College. 
 
 He was a man Very hasty in his temper : of this 
 he was sensible and took great pains to govern it. 
 
 President Oakes, who was minister of the church 
 in Cambridge and succeeded him as head of the 
 same literary society, preached his funeral sermon, 
 and makes some apology for the quickness of his 
 temper, — " the mention thereof was to be wrapped 
 up in Elijah's mantle." 
 
 President C left six sons, all of whom were ed- 
 ucated at Harvard College. They were all preach- 
 ers. Some of them very learned divines. Dr. 
 iViather says, they were all eminent physicians, as 
 their lather was before them. In a new country, 
 where there are no physicians, a minister who is a 
 scientifick man, may render himself eminently use- 
 ful if able to practice physick ; but we are not of 
 the opinion of this gentleman that there ought to be 
 no distinction between physick and divinity. One 
 man had better not be engaged in more than his 
 own profession, he may be learned in one thing, 
 and superficial in another — a learned theolo- 
 gian and a quack doctor, as we have seen in modern 
 times. 
 
 The epitaph of president C. upon his tombstone is 
 in the Magna! ia.
 
 CHA 101 
 
 i 
 
 Condi turn 
 
 hie est Corpus 
 
 Caroli Chauncei 
 
 S. S. Theologiac Baccalaur. 
 
 Et 
 
 Collegii Harvardini Nov. Angl. 
 
 Per XVII Annorum spatium 
 
 Praesidis Vigilantissimi, 
 
 Viri plane lntergerrimi, 
 
 Concionatoris Eximii, 
 
 Pietate 
 
 Pariter ac Liberari Eruditione 
 
 Ornatissimi. 
 Qui obiit in Donino, Feb. xix. 
 
 An. Dom. MDCLX.XL 
 Et Etatissux, LCLXXXIl.* 
 Chauncy Charles, pastor of the first church in 
 Boston, was a great grandson of president Chauncy, 
 and had much of the genius and spirit of his ancestor. 
 He was born, Jan. lbt, 1705. His father, the youngest 
 son of the rev. Isaac Chauncy, Berry street, settled 
 in Boston, as a merchant. Charles was only seven 
 years old when his father died ; but had friends, 
 who were disposed to give him every advantage of 
 education. At twelve years old he was sent to Har- 
 
 * President Chauncy's sons were settled in different parts 
 of the world. Isaac, the eldest, was pastor of the church 
 in Berry street, London. Dr. Watts was chosen his as- 
 sistant in 1698, and succeeded him in 1701. Ichabod the 
 second son, was chaplain of a regiment at Dunkirk These 
 sons were graduated, 1651. Nathaniel was minister of Hat- 
 field, and Israel of Stratford They were graduated, 1661. 
 Also Elnathan who was a preacher, but never settled It is pro- 
 bable that he and his brother Barnabas who took his degree, 1657, 
 died young. Israel lived longer than the others ; he was the 
 youngest son, and died after the commencement of the eighteenth 
 century. His ordination has generally been siyled the leather 
 mitten ordination, and much ridicule has been thrown upon it by 
 Episcopal writers. The fact was, that when he was settled the 
 faymen of the council insisted upon their right " of laying on 
 hands,'* and one of the brethren forgot to take off his mitten j 
 hence it has been made to appear as a ludi< rous circumstance to 
 lessen the solemnity of the Congregational mode of separating 
 ministers. It was hot long after this, that in Connecticut and 
 Massachusetts, the clergy deprived the brethren of this privilege* 
 But could we now refuse them if they insisted upon it ?
 
 102 C H A 
 
 vard College ; was graduated, 1721, and considered 
 as one of the best scholars who hud ever received 
 the honours of that seminary. It afforded great plea- 
 sure to wise and good men of those times to see a 
 descendant of that president, who had done so much 
 honour to New England, come into life with such 
 high recommendations ; and their hopes were high- 
 ly gratified when he made divinity his study. \s soon 
 as Mr.Wadsworth was removed from the first church, 
 to preside at Cambridge, the eyes of that people were 
 fixed upon this young man, ami he was associated 
 with Mr. Foxcroft in the work oi the ministry. He 
 was ordained, 1727. Mr. Foxcroft and he were 
 colleague pastors for about 40 years. After the 
 death of his colleague, he performed the whole pa- 
 rochial duty nearly ten years. In June, 1778, the 
 rev. Mr. John Clark was settled with him, whom he 
 treated as a son, and who was alwavs sensible of his 
 paternal regards. Dr. Chauncy was one of the 
 greatest divines in New England ; no one except 
 president Edwards, and the late Dr. Mayhew, has 
 been so much known among the literati of Europe, 
 or printed more books upon theological subjects. 
 He took great delight in studying the scriptures. 
 Feeling the sacred obligations of morality, he im- 
 pressed them upon the minds of others in the most 
 rational and evangelical manner. When he preach- 
 ed upon the faith of the gospel, he reasoned of right- 
 eousness, temperance and a judgment to come. It 
 was said that he wanted the graces of delivery, and 
 taste in composition. But it was his object to ex- 
 hibit the most sublime truths in simplicity of speech, 
 and he never, therefore, studied to have his periods 
 polished, or his st\ le adorned with rhetorical figures. 
 His favourite authors were, Tillotson of the episco- 
 pal church, and Baxter among the puritans. For 
 he preferred the rich vein of sentiment in the ser- 
 mons of the English divines, to that tinsel of French 
 declamation so fashionable in our modern way of 
 preaching. Upon some occasions, however, Dr..
 
 C H A 103 
 
 Chauncy could raise his feeble vioce, and manifest 
 a vigour and animation, which would arrest the at- 
 tention of the most careless hearer, and have a 
 deeper effect, than the oratory which is thought by 
 many to be irresistibly persuasive : at all times, he 
 was argumentative and perspicuous, and made an 
 admirable practical use of the sentiments he deliv- 
 ered. 
 
 But it is as an author we are chiefly to view Dr. 
 Chauncy in this biographical sketch. His clear 
 head, his quick conception, and comprehensive view 
 of every subject enabled him to write with ease and 
 propriety. However quick, and sudden, and un- 
 guarded in his expressions when discussing things 
 in conversation, he reasoned coolly in all his con- 
 troversial writings. His ideas were so well arrang- 
 ed, and he had such a command of them, that he 
 managed every subject with equal candour, liberali- 
 ty, fairness and skill. In the episcopal controversy 
 he obtained great celebrity. He first began this in 
 a " sermon upon the validity of presbyterian ordina- 
 tion ."preached at the Dudleian lecture, at Cambridge, 
 1762. In 1767 he wrote his remarks upon a ser- 
 mon of the bishop of Landaff. In 1771 he printed 
 a complete view of episcopacy, " the two first centu- 
 ries." Beside these, he had a particular controversy 
 upon the subject of the American episcopate ; he 
 wrote " an appeal to the publick answered in be- 
 half of non episcopal churches" when Dr. Chandler 
 of Elizabethtown, offered his "appeal to the pub- 
 lick," in favour of episcopal churches ; to this Dr. 
 Chandler wrote an answer styled, " the appeal de- 
 fended,'' &c. Dr. Chauncy made a reply to the 
 appeal defended, and to this Dr. Chandler also re- 
 plied in another large pamphlet. 
 
 In the IVkitcfiddian controversy, Dr. Chauncy dis- 
 covered more zeal than in his other works. In 1742 
 and 1743 he published a " sermon on the various 
 gifts of ministers ;" one upon " enthusiasm," and 
 another on the " outpoiuings of the Holy Ghost ;"
 
 104 CHE 
 
 he also printed an cc account of the French prophets," 
 and " seasonable thoughts on the state ofreligion." 
 i\t the time of the great revival of religion, there 
 were certain things of a dangerous tendency ming- 
 led with it, which the Dr. saw fit to correct It 
 makes an octavo volume in five parts, and by the 
 list of subscribers, we find he was encouraged by 
 many worthy ministers who differed from him in 
 their doctrinal sentiments. His other large works 
 are, " twelve sermons on seasonable and important 
 subjects," chiefly upon justification, in opposition 
 to the opinion of Robert Sandiman, 1765 ; the 
 fi mystery hid from ages, or the salvation of all 
 men ;" M dissertations upon the benevolence ol the 
 Deity ;" these were printed 1784, and the next year 
 he printed a volume " on the fall of man and its 
 consequences " 
 
 In 1 742, he received his diploma from the univer r 
 sity of Edinburgh, the first from that seminary tQ 
 an American divine He was also one of the Lon- 
 don boa»d of commissioners for propagating the 
 gospel among the Indians ; and a corresponding 
 member of the board in Scotland. His health, 
 cheerfulness, activity and the powers of his mind 
 continued to old age. He died, Feb. 10, 1787. Mr. 
 Clarke preached his funeral sermon.* 
 
 Checkley John, minister of the Episcopal 
 church in Providence, was born in Boston, of Eng- 
 lish parentage. He had no brother, and only one 
 sister who died at the age of 1 7. The early part of 
 his education he received at the grammar school in 
 
 • In the life of literary men, there are few incidents very re- 
 markable. The notice of them must be an account of their 
 works, the progress of their studies, and the fruits of their labour. 
 Such a memoir of Chauncy would make a volume, and we hope 
 will soon be given to the publick by the pastor of the first church, 
 a gentleman who is very able to delineate the characters of his 
 predecessors. The Dr. printed many occasional sermons. Ten 
 upon funeral occasions ; several at the ordination of ministers ; 
 a sermon at the annual convention, 1744 ; the election sermon, 
 £747. He also left a number of mss. upon theological subject?.
 
 CHE 105 
 
 Boston, then under the care of the famous Ezekiel 
 Cheever. but afterwards he was sent to England, 
 and finished his studies at the university of Oxford. 
 He travelled over a great part of Europe, and col- 
 lected some valuable curiosities, such as paintings, 
 mss. Sec. He procured a valuable Hebrew bible, 
 elegantly written on vellum, which, if it could now 
 be obtained, might be of some use, as well as an 
 object of curiosity. When he returned from Eng- 
 land he married the sister of the rev. Dr. Miller, 
 episcopal missionary at Braintree, by whom he had 
 two children, John and Rebecca. After this he went 
 to England for orders. The bishop of London re- 
 fused to ordain him, on account of his being a non- 
 juror^ and a remonstrance against him, signed by 
 several of the clergy of New England, who repre- 
 sented that he was rather an eccentrick character, 
 than a man of serious deportment. He received or- 
 dination some years after, and in the year 1739 was 
 fixed at Providence, having under his care the 
 church in that town, and the small assemblies at 
 Warwick and Attleborough, to whom he preached 
 once a month. He was a very excellent linguist ; 
 was well acquainted with four languages besides the 
 vernacular, Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Indian, which 
 rendered him a companion for learned and curious 
 men, all of whom were fond of the company of John 
 Checkley, though some were offended with his 
 opinions ; and others thought him too much of a 
 wag, for an intimate acquaintance. Anecdotes con- 
 cerning him were constantly repeated by people of 
 the last generation, when a company wished to be 
 entertained with witty stories, or ludicrous tricks ; 
 many of the.^e were, doubtless without foundation, 
 but they mark the character of the man. One thing 
 is true attested by his own writing. He was tried 
 at the supreme court, held in Boston. Nov. 27, 
 1724, for " publishing and selling a false and scan- 
 dalous libel," for which he was fined fifty pounds, 
 to stand committed until sentence be perform-
 
 106 CHE 
 
 ed.* Upon this trial he made a speech in defence 
 of himself, which he afterwards published in Eng- 
 land. In this pamphlet, he also printed "the ju- 
 ry's verdict ; his plea in arrest of judgment and 
 the sentence of the court." The conclusion of his 
 plea is these words, " The dissenters are affirmed to 
 be no ministers ; to be schismaticks, and excommu- 
 nicate by the laws of England, which are part of the 
 -law of the land ; and therefore to say the same things 
 of them, I humbly hope shall not be deemed a libel.'''' 
 After Mr. Checkley resided at Providence, his 
 character was respectable as a divine, as well as a 
 
 * Tho book alluded to, had this title, " A short and easy meth- 
 od with the Deists. To which was added, a discourse concerning 
 episcopacy, in defence of Christianity, and the church of Eng- 
 land, against the Deists and Dissenters." 
 
 The latter part was his own work, in which he made a viru- 
 lent attack upon the clergy, and people of New England, and 
 threw some rude glances at the family on the throne of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 In the diary of Mr. Barnard of Marblehaad, he says, a letter 
 Avas written to Bishop Gibson, declaring the true character of 
 John Checkley, " that he was a bitter enemy to other denomina- 
 tions, a non-juror, and that he had not a liberal education. He de- 
 sired Mr. Newman, our province agent, to acquaint the gentle- 
 man that he never would ordain a person disagreeable to the peo- 
 ple, but would fix at Marblehead a good man, loyal to the 
 government, and of a catholick temper.*' The letter was sign- 
 ed by Mr. Barnard, and Mr. Holyoke, ministers of that town, 
 where Mr. Checkley meant to fix his residence. "The bishop 
 of London read this letter to gov. Shute, and inquired of him, 
 concerning the state of New England, who confirmed all which 
 had been written. The bishop of Exeter afterwards ordained 
 Mr. Checkley, and he was sent to Narragansett." 
 
 A pamphlet was printed, 1727, in Boston, called a modest: 
 " proof of the order of the churches," This gave rise to the 
 first controversy upon the subject of episcopacy, was anony- 
 mous, but supposed to be written by J. Checkley. Dr. Wiggles- 
 worth, professor of divinity, answered it by " sober remarks up- 
 on modest proof." There was also another answer by Martin 
 Mar, Prelate. 
 
 Besides these pamphlets, Mr. Checkley wrote a small tract 
 upon predestination, against the general ideas of the people of this 
 country. Mr. Thomas Walter, a young man, an intimate friend 
 of Checkley, wrote an answer to it, and defended the Calvinis- 
 tick doctrine. These pamphlets were published in the year 1715
 
 CHE 107 
 
 scholar ; he was, however, bigotted to his own no- 
 tions, and took pleasure in making puritans of vari- 
 ous denominations feel his satirical goads. He was 
 likewise of the opinion that a prince of the Hanove- 
 rian line ought not to sit upon the British throne ; 
 and also that no one could be completely virtuous, 
 if he were not a high churchman. He died 1753, 
 aged 7S. 
 
 Mr. C. had two children. A son who was grad- 
 uated at Harvard College, 1738 ; he studied divini- 
 ty with his father, went to England for orders, and 
 died of the small pox. His talents were excellent 
 and he was a most amiable youth. The daughter 
 married Henry Paget, an Irish gentleman She left 
 three children, two of them are living at this time, 
 united to very respectable connexions. 
 
 Cheever Ezekiel, preceptor of the latin gram- 
 mar school, Boston, came to New England, A. D. 
 1637. He kept a grammar school in this country 
 above seventy years. He in the first place fixed at 
 New Haven ; was then invited to Ipswich, in Mas- 
 sachusetts ; he removed from this place to Charles- 
 town ; and from the year 1670, to his death, was 
 preceptor of the school in Boston. He died, A. D. 
 1708, aged 94. Many of the sons of Harvard Col- 
 lege received the rudiments of their education from 
 him. His accidence was taught in most of the 
 schools till the revolution. In 1768, the twentieth 
 edition was printed. He published also, 1 a book 
 " upon the scriptures prophecies," which is now 
 very scarce. His praise was in all the churches ; 
 he was highly respected by the magistrates of the 
 colony, and venerated by the people. Dr. Cotton 
 Mather preached his funeral sermon. 
 
 Cheever Samuel, minister of Marblehead, was 
 son of the preceptor. He was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1659; ordained at Marblehead, 1684; 
 and died 1724, aged 85. His colleague speaks of 
 him among the celebrated divines of New England, 
 " A man furnished with good abilities, both nature 
 al and acquired ; a constant and zealous preach-
 
 108 CHU 
 
 er."# The family were remarkable for longevity. 
 Thomas, the second son of the famous preceptor, 
 lived to the age of 93. He took his degree, 1677, 
 and was pastor of the church at Rumney Marsh, 
 now called Chelsea, Suffolk county. 
 
 There were several other branches of this family, 
 who arrived at ninety or above four score years. f 
 
 Church Benjamin, a celebrated commander of 
 the New England forces, was born at Duxbury, 
 1639. His father, whose name was Joseph, came 
 into this country for the sake of religious freedom. 
 Benjamin was the eldest of three sons, of a vigorous 
 constitution, brave as a soldier, and a well disposed 
 member of society. When the country was alarm- 
 ed with the preparations of Philip of Mount Hope 
 he was one of the most active and vigilant of those 
 who opposed his measures, and headed the party 
 which surrounded that bold sachem when he was 
 killed. 
 
 In his own simple manner he relates the circum- 
 stances which led him into the field when he was 
 appointed to a command. " I was then building 
 and beginning a plantation at a place called by the 
 Indians Sogkonate, and since by the English, Little 
 Compton. I was the first Englishman that built up- 
 on that neck, which was full of Indians. My head 
 and hands were full about settling a new plantation 
 where nothing was brought to ; no preparation of 
 dwelling house, or outhouses, or fencing made. 
 Horses and cattle were to be provided, ground to be 
 cleared and broken up, and the utmost caution us- 
 ed, to keep myself from offending my Indian neigh- 
 
 * Historical Collection, vol. X. 
 
 f A daughter of Mr. Cheever, of Chelsea, died in Boston, 
 1778, at the qge of 88. She was the wife of Mr. Benjamin Burt, 
 goldsmith. They had two sons ; Benjamin, who followed his 
 father's business, and John, who had a college education, was 
 graduated, 1736, and ordained at Bristol, Rhode Island. He was 
 sick when that town was burnt by the British men of war, and 
 attempting to escape the danger, he fell down dead in his field.
 
 CHU 1 09 
 
 hours all around me. While I was thus busily- 
 employed, and all my strength laid out in this labo- 
 rious undertaking, I received a commission from 
 the government to engage in their defence." He 
 kept a journal of his military exploits, which is a 
 very good history of the war, so far as he was en- 
 gaged in it. This was published afterwards in a 
 quarto pamphlet by his son ; a second edition of 
 which appeared in 1772. Hutchinson speaks of 
 colonel Church as a "fortunate officer;" Hub- 
 bard had before described him, " both prudent and 
 brave." The account is very entertaining, which 
 is given of his skilful mode of fighting, and the 
 various attacks he made upon the enemy. Philip 
 was a formidable adversary to the New England 
 settlements ; he had great address in stirring up the 
 resentment of all the Indian tribes against the white 
 people, and was always ready to expose his life 
 when it could be of any advantage ; but he was 
 hunted upon the mountains and through the for- 
 ests, and was never able to meet the English in a 
 regular battle. He is represented as cruel, treach- 
 erous, subtle, full of malice, but his enemies bring 
 this account ; he had no friend to give a narrative 
 of his exploits. Could he speak, he might tell of his 
 brave actions, his zeal for his nation whom the white 
 people oppressed, till they drove him to extremity. 
 The last account of him is, " that after a years ab- 
 sence he returned to Mount Hope, where the In- 
 dians were gathering to him, but he soon lost his 
 friends, his family were taken prisoners, and he him- 
 self escaped by running into a swamp*" There he 
 was killed, August 12, 1776. Capt. Church com- 
 manded the party, but he was shot by one of his 
 own men whom he had offended, and who had de- 
 serted from him. After peace was made with the 
 Indians, capt. Church resided at Bristol, and then 
 settled at Seconet. 
 
 In 1692, he was again called into service. He 
 was sent against the eastern Indians, took a number
 
 iio chu 
 
 of prisoners, and burned their fort on Kennebeck 
 river. Four years after this he commanded five hun- 
 dred men, and sailed from Portsmouth for Penob- 
 scot, and not finding the enemy, he reconnoitred 
 the coasts, and took a view of Nova Scotia, but 
 upon his coming to Chignecto, the French inhabi- 
 tants fled, and the English plundered and burnt 
 their houses. This was said to be done without 
 the consent of the commander. It was his object 
 rather to pursue the Indians. He was superseded, 
 and the command given to col. Hawthorne of Sa- 
 lem. This was resented by Church, and Mr. 
 Hutchinson speaks of it as an impolitick measure. 
 In 1704, there was another expedition against No- 
 va Scotia, and the command given to col Church, 
 the bravest and most experienced officer in Massa- 
 chusetts colony. 
 
 This expedition was a favourite measure of gov. 
 
 Dudley, and in his speech to the assembly he says, 
 
 that " it struck a terror to the Indians, and w r as 
 
 the means of preserving the frontiers." But he 
 
 was blamed for it. It is one of the articles of 
 
 charge against him in a letter to Dr. Mather, wrote 
 
 to him, 1710.* Col. Church lived the rest of his 
 
 days in easy circumstances. He died Jan. 17, 
 
 1718, having a fall from his horse, which broke a 
 
 blood vessel. He lies buried in Little Compton,, 
 
 On his tomb stone is this inscription. 
 
 Here lies interred the body 
 
 of the honourable 
 
 Col. Benjamin Church, Esq. 
 
 who departed this life, 
 
 Jan. 17, 1717, 18, 
 
 in the 78th year of his age. 
 
 His character is thus given by those who knew 
 him well. " A man of integrity, justice and up- 
 rightness, of piety and serious religion. He was a 
 member of the church of Bristol at its foundation. 
 
 *JSee 4th vol. Hist. Coll. where the letters to the governor are 
 nrinted from the original mss. of Dr. Increase and Dr. Cotton 
 
 Matht'L
 
 CHU 111 
 
 Constant in family worship, exemplary in observ- 
 ing the sabbath, and attending the ordinances of the 
 sanctuary. He lived regularly, and left an exam- 
 ple worthy the imitation of his posterity. He was 
 a friend to the civil and religious liberties of his 
 country, and greatly rejoiced in the revolution. 
 He was col. of the militia in the county of Bristol. 
 The several offices of civil and military trust, with- 
 which he was invested from time to time, through 
 a long life, he discharged with fidelity and useful- 
 ness." History of war with Philip. Hutchinson' 's 
 History of Massachusetts bay. 
 
 Church Benjamin, physician in the town of 
 Boston, was graduated at Harvard College, 1754. 
 He rose to eminence in his profession, while he 
 made a figure among the leading whigs, in the years' 
 preceding the revolution. He had genius and taste, 
 and was an excellent writer in poetry and prose. Of 
 his poetical pieces there remain some which are now 
 read with pleasure. The " elegy upon Dr. Ma- 
 hew," who died 1766. And the " elegy upon Mr. 
 Whitefield," 1770, are serious and pathetick. The 
 •• elegy upon the times" printed in the year 1765, 
 is rather satirical ; but breathes the spirit which an- 
 imated the patriots of that day. The poem No. 
 XI. in the collection, styled " Pietas et Gratula- 
 tio," in the opinion of the monthly reviewers, had 
 the preference of the others. His prose writings 
 were mostly essays of a witty and philological kind, 
 which are scattered in ephemeral publications, 
 though some of them, perhaps, are known by those 
 who were contemporary with him. The oration 
 on the 5th March, which he pronounced before the 
 town, 1773, discovers a rich fancy ; it is certainly 
 one of the very best of the " Boston orations." 
 When the war commenced in 1775, his character was 
 so high, that he was appointed physician general of 
 the army. This place was first offered to Dr. War- 
 ren, but he chose a more active scene, and had a
 
 112 CLA 
 
 commission as major general. Dr. Church was 
 thought the next meritorious character for that sta- 
 tion. But while he was performing the duties as- 
 signed him, he was suspected of a correspondence 
 with the enemy. Certain letters in cypher, were 
 intercepted which he had written to a relation in 
 Boston. He was dismissed from his post, impris- 
 oned and tried. At his trial he made a defence 
 which required talents to write, but which gave no 
 satisfaction to the people.* 
 
 Nothing indeed could then stem the torrent of 
 their prejudices. Individuals, however, were in 
 doubt whether he meant evil, and nothing very trea- 
 cherous appeared in the letter. The crime was in 
 holding such a secret correspondence. 
 
 In the year succeeding, he obtained leave to de- 
 part for the West Indies. No intelligence has ever 
 been received of the vessel in which he sailed. 
 
 Clap Nathaniel, minister of the first Congre- 
 gational church in Newport, a descendant from one 
 of the first planters of Massachusetts, was born in 
 Dorchester, 1668. He was graduated at Harvard 
 College, 1690, and while he was young, his praise 
 was in the churches for his piety, learning, and ex- 
 cellent pulpit talents. He began to preach in New. 
 port, 1695, and in the midst of many discourage- 
 ments became the pastor of the first Congregational 
 church, planted in Rhode Island. Few of this de- 
 nomination had settled in that colonv. All the lead- 
 ing characters were either Quakers or Baptists ; and 
 their prejudices were strong against the order of the 
 churches, and the ministers, of Massachusetts. 
 Mr. Clap had a zeal to do good, and so very little 
 of a party spirit, that he gained the esteem and af- 
 fection of the inhabitants of the town, although dif- 
 fering in religious opinions. The Congregational 
 church, however, was not formed till the year 1720. 
 He was ordained their pastor, Nov. ^d, of the same 
 
 * This speech is published in the first volume of the collections 
 of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
 
 CLA 113 
 
 year. A few years after, a young man of talents 
 preached among them, who became remarkably po- 
 pular, so as to draw away the majority of the people. 
 They would have consented that Mr. Clap should 
 remain as the senior pastor ; but he chose to leave 
 them rather than to have an associate whom he 
 could not approve. Another church was built in 
 the town, with whom he continued the remainder of 
 his days. The interest the people of Newport took 
 in his favour during his trouble was very lively. 
 The ministers who went from Boston, and caused 
 the separation of the society, met with a cold recep- 
 tion ; they were sensible afterwards of their error,and 
 wished the result of council had been different. To 
 be sure, there were oddities in the disposition of 
 Mr. Clap, which may be imputed to his state of ce- 
 libacy. He indulged some peculiarities, which ex- 
 cited remark, and which might be exceptionable, 
 where the character was less prominent for excel- 
 lent traits. The great Dean Berkeley was very fond 
 of Mr. Clap. He often spoke of his good deeds, 
 and exemplary character. He said he was struck 
 with the gravity of his deportment. In a conversa- 
 tion, while he was in Boston, he .said, " Before I 
 saw father Clap I thought the bishop of Rome had 
 the most grave aspect of any man I ever saw, but 
 really thg minister of Newport has the most venera- 
 ble appearance. The resemblance is very great.' y 
 Mr. Clap died October 30, i745,etat 78. Mr. Cal- 
 lender, minister of the Baptist church, preached the 
 funeral sermon, in his usual excellent and liberal 
 manner of writing. " There are two things," said 
 he, in which he excelled so much, that I must not 
 omit them; his care about the education of children, 
 and his concern for the instruction of servants. He 
 abounded in contrivances to do good by scattering 
 books of piety and virtue, not such as minister 
 questions and strife, but godly edifying ; and put 
 himself to a very considerable expense that he might, 
 in this method, awaken the careless and secure,
 
 114 C L A 
 
 comfort the feeble minded, succour the tempted, 
 instruct the ignorant, and quicken, animate and en- 
 courage all." Callend. serm. Private information. 
 Clap Thomas, president of Yale College, was 
 born in Scituate, 1703 ; graduated at Harvard Col- 
 lege, 1722; ordained at Windsor, Connecticut, 
 1726, and continued a faithful and laborious pastor 
 over that church, about fourteen years. He was 
 then chosen rector of the college at New Haven* 
 Mr. Williams resigned in 1740, and he was imme- 
 diately elected to the office. The title of rector was 
 soon after changed for that of president. Mr. Clap 
 was one of the most learned men of New England* 
 As a theologian he was well versed in ecclesiastical 
 history, the writings of the fathers, the sermons and 
 controversies of modern divines. He was a Calvin- 
 ist according to the Westminster confession of faith, 
 attached to the principles of our fathers, and he set 
 his face against every innovation in doctrine, or the 
 discipline of the New England churches. Hence 
 he bore his testimony against Mr. Whitefield, and 
 that itinerant kind of preaching which succeed- 
 ed his visiting these American provinces. After 
 this, many separations were caused between minis- 
 ters and their people, and gifted brethren rose up 
 who despised the ministry, and made themselves 
 conspicuous by their boasting. President Clap 
 wrote several pamphlets on this subject. He after- 
 wards wrote a book which he styled a defence of the 
 New England churches against the Arminians, who 
 were spreading their doctrines over Connecticut. 
 In 1752, he drew the scheme of the new divinity, 
 as he calls it ; or sums up the errors collected from 
 several authors, viz. Chubb, Taylor, Foster, Hutch- 
 eson, Campbell and Ramsay. At a general associ- 
 ation of the ministers of the county, 1755, this book 
 of president Clap, was approved ; and they recom- 
 mend it to the associations " to insist much on the 
 doctrines contained in this defence, and bear their 
 testimony against prevailing errors ;" it was signed 
 by Jared Eliot, moderator.
 
 CLA 115 
 
 Mr. Clap wrote a history of Yale College, which 
 contains many precious documents, and biographi- 
 cal sketches. As the head of that seminary he was 
 indefatigable in his labours, both secular and scien- 
 tifick, to promote the benefit of the society. This 
 is the language of Dr. Stiles, and to have his com- 
 mendation is " laudari a vire laudato." The doc- 
 tor says, likewise, that he studied the higher branch- 
 es of mathematicks, and was one of the first philos- 
 ophers America has produced ; "that he was equalled 
 by no man, except the most learned professor Win- 
 throp." When Dr. Stiles viewed the character of 
 his predecessor^ it must relate to the time he was 
 at the zenith of his reputation. In his latter days, 
 he grew unpopular with the leading characters of 
 the state ; and lost the affection of the students at 
 the college. It was said he was hard and unyield- 
 ing in his temper, opinionated and stiff, as well as 
 contracted in his notions ; that he would not suffer 
 any improvement in the means of education, and 
 that the college, though it had produced many of 
 the first characters in the land, did not make that 
 progress in literary reputation which it might, be- 
 cause he would admit of no alteration in the mode 
 of teaching and government, being so much afraid 
 of innovation, and determined that every thing 
 should remain as it had been. One or more pamphlets 
 were written containing pointed remarks ; but how 
 easy is it to hurt the reputation of persons by wit 
 and satire ! The most eminent men, especially in 
 old age, may be wounded by arrows sharp pointed, 
 or dipped in venom, when young men are in sporty 
 or irritated with or without a cause. 
 
 If those things were true in any measure, Mr* 
 Clap differed from his successors. Even since Dr. 
 Stiles was inducted into the office of president, 
 they have made many alterations, and increased 
 their plans of instruction ; a high reputation has 
 been given to this ancient seminary, which has 
 thrown a lustre upon its officers.
 
 116 CLA 
 
 President Clap resigned the chair, 1764, and 
 died at Scituate, the next year. 
 
 Clarke Peter, pastor of a church in Danvers, 
 was a profound and learned divine, and an author 
 of no small reputation. He was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1712, and ordained June 5th, 1717 ; 
 died June, 1768. Above half a century he preach- 
 ed to this people ; he was never taken oft' from his 
 publick labours, till within a few months of his 
 death. He applied diligently to his studies, and 
 was such a redeemer of time, that every hour when 
 he was not in his study, he endeavoured to im- 
 prove to the good of others, allowing himself very 
 little for his own relaxation. Mr. Barnard of Sa- 
 lem, preached his funeral sermon, and observes, 
 he was well acquainted with ancient and modern 
 learning. "His style was pure, nervous and clear, 
 cool and pathetick, as his subject required ; and by 
 means of his conversing much with the best 
 modern authors, more elegant and pleasing to 
 the politer world than most of his equals in age. 
 His printed works will be evidence of this, which 
 are somewhat numerous upon every public occa- 
 sion, and will do his memory honour. 
 
 His controversial writings have been often quot- 
 ed by others, who have written on the same side 
 of the question. He wrote several books in de- 
 fence of original sin,* and in favour of infant bap- 
 
 * This gentleman engaged in the controversy of original sin 
 in 1758. What led to it was a pamphlet, called the ''winter even- 
 ing conversation,upon the doctrine of original sin between a min- 
 ister and three of his neighbours." Mr. Clarke wrote the " sum- 
 mer morning conversation" in answer to it. This was also by 
 way of dialogue. The author of the " winter evening's conver- 
 sation replied to Mr. Clarke ; and lie then wrote a reply in which 
 he took a large view of the doctrine by the disciples of Calvin — 
 8vo. 200 pages. There were other pamphlets published, and 
 upon opposite states of the question. Sucha controversy was very 
 interesting at this time ; but they are little known by the present 
 generation. The same subject has been handled by greater men, 
 such as Taylor, and president Edwards. Mr. Clarke preached 
 the artillery election sermon, 1736; convention sermon, 1745 ; 
 Dudleian lecture sermon, 1763.
 
 CLA 117 
 
 tism. The famous Dr. Gill entered the lists with 
 him upon the latter subject. To whom Mr. Clarke 
 replied, making 1 some candid observations on his 
 severe remarks. They both understood their sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Clarke John, D. D. pastor of the first church 
 in Boston, was born at Portsmouth, in New- Hamp- 
 shire, April 13, 1755; graduated at Harvard College, 
 1774 ; and was ordained July 8, 1778, as colleague 
 with the late Dr. Chauncy, with whom he lived in 
 the most intimate and respectful friendship about 
 nine years ; and afterwards continued, assiduously 
 and faithfully labouring in the service of the church, 
 until the Lord's-day, April 1, 1798; when, in the 
 midst of his afternoon sermon, he was suddenly seiz- 
 ed with an apoplexy, fell down in the pulpit, and ex- 
 pired in less than twelve hours, having almost 
 completed the 43d year of his age, and the 20th of 
 his ministry. 
 
 Descended from respectable parents, he dis- 
 covered in early life the signs of genius and in- 
 dustry. At the university, he was distinguished 
 by a close attention to classic and philosophic 
 studies, by a strict obedience to the laws, and 
 by irreproachable morals. In the office of pre- 
 ceptor, he was gentle and persuasive, beloved by 
 his pupils, and esteemed by their friends. As a 
 public preacher, his compositions bore the marks 
 of penetration, judgment, perspicuity and ele- 
 gance. Faithful to the interest of religion, he 
 deeply examined its foundation and evidence ; and 
 persuaded of the truth and importance of the chris- 
 tian system, he recommended, by his publick dis- 
 courses and private conversation, its sublime doc- 
 trines, its wise institutions, and its salutary pre- 
 cepts. 
 
 Though fond of polite literature and philosophic 
 researches, yet he considered theology as the proper 
 science of a gospel minister. To this object he 
 principally devoted his time and studies, and was
 
 118 COB 
 
 earnestly desirous of investigating every branch of 
 it, not merely to gratify his own sacred curiosity, 
 but that he might impart to his hearers the whole 
 counsel of God. He was habitually a close student ; 
 and it is not improbable, that the intenseness of his 
 mental application proved too severe for the deli- 
 cate fabric of his nerves. 
 
 His devotional addresses were copious and fer- 
 vent ; and his intercessions strong and affectionate J 
 discovering at once the ardor of his piety, and the 
 warmth of his benevolence. In the private offices 
 of pastoral friendship, he was truly exemplary and 
 engaging. His temper was mild and cheerful ; his 
 manners easy and polite ; and the social virtues of 
 an honest heart gave a glow to his language, and 
 enlivened every circle in which he was conver- 
 ' sant.* 
 
 Cobbet Thomas, pastor of the first church in 
 Ipswich, was born, 1608, at Newbury, in England, 
 was a pupil of the famous Dr. Twiss, who was 
 
 • This account of Dr. Clarke is in the 6th vol. of Historical 
 Collections. It was written by the late Dr. Belknap, who re- 
 quested the compiler of this dictionary to undertake it ; but who 
 only supplied certain documents, while he preferred to have the 
 character of his friend delineated by an abler hand. 
 
 Dr. Clarke was a member of the American academy of arts 
 and sciences from the foundation of the society ; also a member 
 of the historical society, a trustee of the humane society, one of 
 the first founders of the Boston library, a corresponding mem- 
 ber of the board of commissioners in Scotland for propagating 
 the gospel among the Indians ; and of the Massachusetts socie- 
 ty for the like purpose, extending the privileges to others, as 
 well as the aboriginals. 
 
 His publications were four sermons. One upon the death of 
 N. W. Appleton, an excellent young man, physician of Boston, 
 'who died 1795^ one upon the death of Dr. Cooper; one upon 
 the death of Dr. Chauncy ; a sermon before the humane society, 
 1793. An answer to the question, " why are you a christian," 
 which has gone through several editions in Boston and London. 
 Letters to a student at the university of Cambridge. Since his 
 death, a volume of sermons, upon miscellaneous subjects ; and a 
 tolume ot ermons to young men. They are written in an ele- 
 gant, neat and correct style, in which he excelled most other wri * 
 tcrs, and are filled with pious sentiments.
 
 COB 119 
 
 highly esteemed in this country. His works, 
 though now scarce, were in high estimation with 
 former generations, especially those who were at* 
 tached to the doctrines of the Geneva school. Mr. 
 Cobbet was sent to Oxford, where he finished his 
 studies, and received his master's degree. He 
 could not be persuaded to conform to the rites and 
 ceremonies of the episcopal church, and on this ac- 
 count, being persecuted by the men in power, he 
 came over to this American wilderness. Mr. Da- 
 venport and Mr. Cobbet came over in the same 
 vessel. As soon as he arrived at Boston, he was 
 invited to settle with Mr. Whiting, in Lynn, where 
 he continued from the year 1637 to 1656. Be- 
 ing invited to take charge of the church in Ips- 
 wich, he accepted the call, *and there passed the 
 rest of his days. He died 1686. It is an evidence 
 that he possessed extraordinary qualifications for 
 the pastoral office, that he was chosen to succeed 
 two such eminent divines as Mr. Norton, and Mr. 
 Rogers, one of whom removed to Boston to stand 
 in the place of the great Cotton, while the 
 other was called to dwell in his everlsting hab- 
 itation. Mr. Cobbet found his temporal cir- 
 cumstances meliorated by the change in his 
 situation;* and he certainly moved in a more 
 extensive sphere of usefulness. He excited great 
 attention to religion in the people of that town ; was 
 fervent in spirit, persevering in duty, while he adorn- 
 ed his profession by his example. 
 
 His works which were highly praised in those 
 times have not come down to us of this generation ; 
 nor do we know whether they were printed in Old 
 or New England. He published more books than 
 
 * The town of Lynn, though in a flourishing condition, con- 
 ceived themselves unable to support two ministers, except they 
 used great economy ; and reduced their salary to £ 30 a year. 
 The year this was voted, the town suffered a loss of £ 300 by 
 a disease among their cattle. Dr. Mather observes, that this 
 ought to be considered as a penalty for their parsimonious con- 
 duct.
 
 120 COD 
 
 his contemporaries ; they are described very minute- 
 ly in the Magnalia. He first wrote a book " upon the 
 fifth commandment," then " upon the first," also 
 " upon the second ;" he also printed upon " tolera- 
 tion and the duties of the civil magistrate ; " to these 
 tracts he added " a vindication of the government 
 of New England against their aspersors,who thought 
 themselves persecuted by it." He also wrote " a 
 defence of infant baptism," which is commended by 
 Mr. Norton. 
 
 Of all his books, that upon prayer is said to be 
 most excellent ; hence the inscription on the tomb- 
 stone. 
 
 Sta Viator ; Thesaurus hie jacet 
 
 THOMAS COBBliTUS 
 
 cujus 
 
 J\osli jireces fwtentissi?nas i ac Mores firobatissimos , 
 
 Sies Nov Anglus. 
 
 Mirare, si /lie tat em colas ; 
 
 Sequere, si fdicitatem o/Ues. 
 
 Coddington William, governour of Rhode- 
 Island, one of the first planters of Massachu- 
 setts, was chosen assistant in England, and came 
 over in the Arabella. He was of Lincolnshire. He 
 fixed himself at Boston, and was a leading member 
 of the first church, and every year chosen assistant 
 as the counsellors were then called. He sometimes 
 was a popular character in Boston ; at other times 
 lost his influence. Gov. Winthrop mentions, that 
 in the year 1634, they met to choose seven men " to 
 divide the town lands, and contrary to expectation 
 left out Mr. Coddington, and other of the chief 
 men." This however was owing to a democrat - 
 ick spirit as Mr. Cotton and gov. Winthrop told 
 them. Thev were afraid that the richer men would 
 not give the pooier sort their proportion. Winthrop 
 was chosen by one or two votes only and refused to 
 serve, " telling the people that he was much griev- 
 ed that Boston should be the first who should shake 
 off their magistrates, especially Mr Coddington, 
 who had always been so forward for their enlarge- 
 ment."
 
 COD 121 
 
 In the controversy with Mrs. Hutchinson, 1637 5 8, 
 Winthrop and Coddington took different sides, the 
 one being inclined to support her pretensions to pi- 
 ety, and all her extravagancies of opinion, the oth- 
 er joined in the censure passed upon her at her tri- 
 al, when the court saw fit to banish her from the co- 
 lony. The politicks of our little commonwealth 
 were not a little mingled with that spiritual quixot- 
 ism which disturbed their tranquillity. Vane, Cod- 
 dington, and others, were opposed to Winthrop and 
 Dudley. The country people were the friends of 
 Winthrop ; the inhabitants of Boston were with 
 Vane, whose interest sunk, when the familists were 
 banished. Mr. Coddington would not even sit 
 with gov. Winthrop, in the seat provided for the 
 magistrates, but went and took his place with the 
 deacons, and soon after this, he went to Aquetneck, 
 an island in Narraganset. He had a large property 
 in Boston, was a merchant of the first character, and 
 had been treasurer of the colony. He built the 
 first brick house in this metropolis. When the 
 people had incorporated themselves as a body poli- 
 tick, they chose him governour. He continued in 
 this office till the island was incorporated with Pro- 
 vidence plantations, seven years after their removal 
 from Boston. In 1647, he assisted in forming their 
 new constitution, and was chosen governour the 
 next year, which office he refused. 
 
 In 1 65 1 "he had a commission from the supreme 
 authority in England to be governour of the island, 
 pursuant to a power reserved in the patent : but the 
 people being jealous the commission might affect 
 their lands and liberties as secured to them by the 
 patent, he readily laid it down on the first notice 
 from England that he might do so ; and for their 
 further satisfaction and contentment he, by a writ- 
 ing under his hand, obliged himself to make a for- 
 mal surrender to all right and title to any of the 
 lands more than his proportion, in common with the 
 other inhabitants, whenever it should be demand- 
 ed." r
 
 122 COL 
 
 This account is from Mr. Callender's historical 
 discourse, who was prejudiced in his favour from 
 the sacrifices he made, his zeal to promote their inter- 
 ests, especially the general toleration of religious 
 opinions, which was allowed in no other part of 
 New England, and perhaps, we may extend our ob- 
 servation by saying, at that time, no part of Christ- 
 endom. 
 
 He retired from publick business a number of 
 years after this patriotick exertion, but in his latter 
 days was again a candidate for the honours of his 
 country. In 1678, he died governour of the colo- 
 ny. He was then 78 years of age.* 
 
 The honourable Mr. Coddington who was a ma- 
 gistrate of the colony, 1738, and highly esteemed 
 for his fidelity and other virtues, was a grandson of 
 the first governour. 
 
 Collins John, minister of the gospel, was grad- 
 uated at Harvard College, A. D. 1649. He was 
 elected fellow of the corporation, and continued. 
 
 He became a celebrated preacher in London, 
 having a sweet voice and most affectionate manner 
 in the pulpit. He was chaplain to gen. Monk, when 
 he marched out of Scotland into England ; was one 
 of the lecturers at Pinner's hall, and died Dec. 3d, 
 1687, universally lamented.! 
 
 *On the 24th of March, 1637,8, the Indian sachems signed the 
 deed or grant of Aquetneck, &c. and the English not only paid 
 the gratuities, to the sachems, but many more to the inhabitants 
 to remove off, as appears by receipts still extant. 
 
 The settlement began at Pocasset, the east end of the island, 
 since called Portsmouth. In 1644, they called it, Isle of Rhodes, 
 or Rhode Island. When the island was first incorporated, they 
 chose a judge to do justice and judgment and preserve peace. 
 This was Mr. Coddington. In 1740, they voted he should be 
 called governour. W. Brentonwas chosen deputy governour; 
 N. Easton, J. Coggeshall, William Boulston and John Porter 
 were chosen assistants. 
 
 t In the Magnalia, we are told that when Mr. Collins laid sick, 
 Mr. Mead prayed so affectionately for him that there hardly was 
 a dry eye in the great congregation at Pinner's Hall, where he had 
 been a lecturer. Dr. Mather, in allusion to Mr. Collins's ser-
 
 COL 123 
 
 He had a son who was educated for the ministry 
 at Utrecht, who was afterwards minister of one of 
 the churches in the city of London. 
 
 His publications are a sermon in the morning ex* 
 erases, upon this question — How are the religious 
 of a nation the strength of it ? a sermon, Jude, 3d v. 
 a prefatory epistle before Mr. Venning's remains, 
 also, one before the treatise of eternal glory, written 
 by Mr. Mitchel of Cambridge. 
 
 Collins Nathaniel, pastor of the church of 
 Middleton, Connecticut, was the younger brother 
 of John, both were the sons of deacon Collins of 
 Cambridge. The younger brother was graduated, 
 1660, and he died, Dec. 28, 1684. 
 
 He united in his character all the qualities of ex- 
 emplary piety, extraordinary ingenuity, obliging 
 affability ;" and was a very excellent preacher. 
 
 Hie pius pastor, quo non prsstantior unus 
 Qui faciendo docet, quse facienda docet. 
 
 Colman Benjamin, D. D. minister of the 
 church in Brattle street, Boston, was born in Bos- 
 ton, 1674. His parents came from London, not 
 many years before this excellent son of theirs was 
 born. Young Colman received his education at 
 Harvard College, was a studious youth, though of 
 
 mon in the M. E. says, the nation weakened by his death, would be 
 a geod running title for his funeral sermon. 
 
 Of Nathaniel Collins, that there were more weunds given to 
 Connecticut by his death, than Caesar received in the senate house. 
 
 He says likewise that he should have written some verses up- 
 •n his death, but he recollected the clause in a certain gentleman's 
 will, mentioned by Thuanus, that they should not burden his 
 hearse with bad funeral verses ; and because that sacred thing 
 verse has been, by the licentious part of mankind, so prostituted, 
 that whatever is now offered, becomes suspected. Nevertheless 
 the merits of Mr. Collins were such, that his life must be written, 
 or at least so much of it as this, that "he deserved highly to have 
 his life written." 
 
 The Dr. consoles the colony of Connecticut, lest they should 
 be too much depressed by the loss of a faithful minister, with a 
 saying whereby the mother of Brasides was comforted. Vir bonus 
 est Brasides, et fortis, sed habet multos Sparta similes. So were 
 then living in Connecticut a number of very good preachers \ 
 
 i « »
 
 124 COL 
 
 a very infirm constitution. He was graduated, 1 692, 
 and commenced preaching, but did not incline to 
 settle in the ministry till he gained wisdom by age 
 and experience. When he arrived at the age of 21, 
 he had a strong inclination to visit the land of his 
 fathers, and his friends supposed that he would fix 
 his abode in England. He suffered during the pas- 
 sage, the voyage being perilous, and the vessel be- 
 ing attacked by an enemy, a French privateer, which 
 captured them after a severe engagement. Mr. Col- 
 man was on the vessel's deck during the fight, and 
 received unkind usage from the enemy on account 
 of being a protestant priest. When he was in 
 France, it was a satisfaction to the grinning multi- 
 tude to insult a man, who was an heretick, and 
 preached against the pope of Rome. But in every 
 place there are humane people, who look with pity 
 upon people in distress ; and among christian na- 
 tions those who visit the prisoner. They resist the 
 spirit of bigotry, and oppose the demon of persecu- 
 tion, whether clothed in the garb of the saint, or 
 raging with the sword of violence. From having a 
 wisp of straw to lie upon, in the gloomy vaults of 
 a prison, Mr. C. received kindness from persons 
 he never knew, and who only considered that he 
 was a stranger. When there was an exchange of 
 prisoners, he went to London, where he had many 
 friends. He preached to great acceptance in that 
 city, became acquainted with Dr. Bates, Dr. Cala- 
 my and Mr. Howe, the most famous ministers among 
 the dissenters, and received many marks of their es- 
 teem.* He was introduced by them to several 
 
 * Dr. Colman was present with the London ministers when 
 they presented their address of condolence to king William upon 
 the death of the queen. Dr. Bates presented it. The composi- 
 tion is beautiful, but when delivered, it had a surprising effect. 
 The courtiers said they never saw the king so moved, and con- 
 fessed that they never knew the power of eloquence equal to it 
 upon themselves. Dr. Colman in his manner of speaking and 
 writing endeavoured to imitate Bates's excellencies. The same 
 observation was made of the late Dr. Samuel Cooper concerning 
 his method of sermonizing.
 
 COL 125 
 
 churches, and having been so highly recommended, 
 they earnestly requested his continuance. His in- 
 clination might have led him to stay in Great Bri- 
 tain, had he not received a more pressing solicita- 
 tion to return to Boston, and take the pastoral charge 
 of a new church, which some of the principal inhab- 
 itants of the town had then erected. '1 he London 
 ministers, with whom he had associated, ordained 
 him. the latter part of the year 1699. He arrived 
 in Boston the next season, where he met with a most 
 cordial reception from the people of his society. 
 There were, however, many hurt by the proceed- 
 ings of the society in Brattle street. The church 
 was built in opposition to the Cambridge platform. 
 Ministers, venerable for their age and wisdom, such 
 as Mr. Higginson and Mr. Hubbard, bore their tes- 
 timony to the order of the churches, and one of 
 them in a letter to Dr. Mather, calls it a " presbyte- 
 rian brat;" nor would any of the churches hold 
 communion with Mr. Colman for some years. But 
 he continued the faithful, and beloved pastor of this 
 flock, until the summer of 1747, and then died at the 
 age of 73. As a preacher, he obtained great celeb- 
 rity for his elocution. He had a lively animation 
 without much fiery zeal. He allured men, instead 
 of driving them into right paths. His manners were 
 soft and obliging ; so ready was he to overlook frail- 
 ties and praise excellencies in others, that he was 
 called a flatterer ; but this was owing to his civility 
 and good breeding. Polite men are not always 
 guilty of simulation, nor duplicity. 
 
 Dr. Colman received a diploma of doctor in di- 
 vinity from the university of Glasgow, 1731. He 
 was elected president of Harvard College, 1724. 
 He was fellow of the corporation during the time, 
 that president Leverett, and his successor, were in 
 the chair. He was at the head of the clergy after 
 the death of Dr. Cotton Mather. One of the best 
 discourses he ever published was, an eulogy upon 
 that great scholar. They had been long at variance,
 
 126 COO 
 
 but their friendship was renewed several years be* 
 fore Dr. Mather died, and then they wondered how 
 they could so long disagree. 
 
 Dr. Colman had an extensive correspondence, 
 which he made subservient to useful and benevo- 
 lent purposes. He obtained many donations, for 
 the indian missions, from affluent gentlemen in 
 London. Through him the Hollis family laid their 
 liberal foundations for two professorships at Har- 
 vard College. What president Holyoke said of 
 him, in an oration pronounced the commencement 
 after his death, was considered as correct sentiment 
 rather than panegyrick. " Vita ejus utilissima in 
 rebus charitatis, humanitatis, benignitatis, et benefi- 
 centise, nunquam non occupata est." 
 
 Mr. Turell, son in law to Dr. Colman, wrote 
 " memoirs of his life and writings," in an octavo 
 volume. His publications are numerous. They 
 are upon theological subjects, except one in favour 
 of " inoculation for the small pox," in 1721. He 
 printed a volume of excellent sermons, upon " the 
 parable of the ten virgins," 
 
 Cooke Elisha, physician in the town of Bos- 
 ton, was a great politician at the time the charter 
 rights of Massachusetts were disputed ; and agent 
 of the province, when the charter of William and 
 Mary was obtained. He was a popular leader in 
 the general court more than 40 years. In 1681 he 
 was one of the representatives, who were zealous 
 for colonial freedom, and '* opposed sending over 
 agents, or submitting to acts of trade," &c. In 
 1684 he was chosen one of the assistants. When 
 Dr. Mather was sent over as agent, and with Mr. 
 Oakes signed the petition for a new charter, Mr. 
 Cooke refused ; saying, " the old charter or none." 
 He was the opposer of all the governours, but the 
 pointed enemy of Dudley, and never missed the 
 opportunity of speaking against his measures, or 
 declaring his disapprobation of the man. On the 
 other hand, Dudley negatived him as often as he
 
 COO 127 
 
 was chosen into the council, till the year 1175, when 
 he approved of his election; the same year, one was 
 deprived of the government, and the other died. 
 Mr. Cooke was this year 78 years old. Hutchinson. 
 Cooke Elisha, son of the former agent, early 
 bent his mind to politicks, which enabled him to 
 lead the debates in the house of representatives. 
 Before the arrival of gov. Shute he was not distin- 
 guished as the head of a party. He was a popular 
 man in the town of Boston, had been one of their 
 representatives to the general court, and was chos- 
 en a counsellor; he had the clerkship of the supreme 
 court, which Shute took from him ; and from that 
 time he was his open enemy. He commenced a 
 most violent attack upon his administration, and 
 the next year was set aside from the council. There 
 had always been two parties in the general court. 
 Those who were old chartermen ; and the governour's 
 friends. The former had all the democratick spirit 
 of ancient times, and were called the patriots of that 
 day. They rested the ground of their opposition 
 against the governour on his application for a fixed 
 salary. Upon this Shute insisted, according to 
 his instructions. And here Mr Cooke directed his 
 lethalis arundo, till he wounded the side of the 
 chief magistrate, and made him quit his place. 
 He went to England to make his complaints against 
 the province ; but would never return, though he 
 was offered the government again, and justified in 
 all his proceedings. Mr. Cooke was sent to the 
 court of Great Britain as agent for the people of 
 Massachusetts, but failed in his application, and ob- 
 tained little of that respect and honour which he 
 had in his own country. He returned to Boston, 
 1726. At the next election he was appointed 
 counsellor. He was on the side of the controver- 
 sy, which opposed gov. Burnet, but not so violent 
 as in former days, when his political resentment was 
 stimulated by personal feelings. He was the warm 
 friend of Beleher, who went over to the popular par-
 
 128 COO 
 
 ty before Burnet died. And when he was in the 
 chair, appointed his friend a judge of the common 
 pleas. He died in the year 1737. Mr. Hutchin- 
 son, though the great friend to Dudley, Burnet, and 
 other governours on the side of prerogative, uni- 
 formly gives praise to the Cookes. He says, they 
 were both fair, honest men, open in their conduct, 
 and acted from a love to their country. It is some 
 credit to him as an historian, that he should delin- 
 eate so fairly the characters of men who certainly 
 were the most zealous republicans, who ever acted 
 their parts in Massachusetts bay. 
 
 Cooper William, pastor of the church in 
 Brattle street, Boston, was one of the most fervent 
 preachers of the age. In the character given of him, 
 by a brother minister, he was " an interpreter, one 
 among a thousand." He was graduated at Harvard 
 College, 1712. In the year 1715, began to preach, 
 and was invited to settle as colleague pastor with Dr. 
 Colman. At his request, his ordination was defer- 
 red a year. But on May 23, 1716, he was separat- 
 ed to the work of the ministry ; and continued to 
 preach to this society with increasing vigour, zeal 
 and activity, till his death, Nov. 13, 1743. He was 
 then in the 50th year of his age. It is said, that he 
 had an uncommon talent at explaining and enforc- 
 ing the sublimest truths of the gospel, and making 
 them familiar to the meanest capacity. When Dr. 
 Colman preached, the people went away highly gra- 
 tified, talked ol the excellencies of the discourse, 
 and of his charming delivery. But when his col- 
 league had performed the pulpit exercises, he had 
 such a way of addressing the heart, and giving a so- 
 lemnity to their spirits, that each man had a look of 
 concern, and went home silent as the grave. Death, 
 judgment, and eternity, were the subjects of his 
 preaching. 
 
 His character as a learned man was very respect- 
 able. In the year 1737, he was chosen president of 
 Harvard College, which honourable trust he declin-
 
 COO 129 
 
 cd accepting, in a letter addressed to the over- 
 seers.*" Col man'' s funeral sermon. 
 
 Cooper Samuhl, D. D. one of the most cele- 
 brated divines and politicians of New England, was 
 the son of the rev. William Cooper ; and his suc- 
 cessor at Brattle street church. 
 
 When he was young he discovered genius and 
 taste, and was a fine classical scholar before he en- 
 tered college. At the seat of the muses he coml 
 posed in poetry and prose in a style beyond his 
 years. He had charming oratorical powers, which 
 he displayed on several occasions before the publick. 
 As his memory was very tenacious he could at any 
 time repeat the orations he then delivered ; the 
 style was rather Virgilian than an imitation of the 
 Roman orator. Horace and Virgil were his favour- 
 ite authors of the ancient classicks ; Addison and 
 Atterbury of latter days. When his father died he 
 was deeply affected ; he lost his companion and 
 friend at the time he most needed advice and di- 
 rection. He was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1743, the year this melancholy event took place. 
 The eyes of the people were fixed on him to take 
 the pastoral care of the church in Brattle street. 
 Dr. Colman was so earnest to have him for a col- 
 
 • Works. — Four sermons upon predestination, which were 
 reprinted in London, 1765. Another edition has been lately 
 emitted from the press of E. Lincoln, Boston. 
 
 In 1723, Dr Colman and Mr. C, printed two sermons to young 
 people ; in 1736, Mr. C. printed a sermon at the ordination of the 
 rev. Robert Breck, which gave rise to a large controversy between 
 him and certain ministers in the county of Hampshire. They 
 printed a " narrative of the proceedings of the council ;" an "an- 
 swer to the Hampshire narrative" was printed in Boston. They 
 published « a reply to this answer," impute it t# Mr. Cooper, and 
 make severe remarks upon his conduct. Mr. Cooper engaged 
 in another controversy with Mr. Ashley afterwards on account of 
 a sermon he preached upon charity. The newspapers were fill- 
 ed with this dispute for some months, besides the numerous pam- 
 phlets it occasioned. The other publications of Mr C. are a 
 sermon upon the death of gov. Tailor, one upon the death of rev. 
 Peter Thacher, 1739, and two sermons upon the revival of reli- 
 gion, 1741. 
 
 S
 
 130 COO 
 
 league, that he urged him to preach at this tender 
 age, aud before he had read those books of theology 
 which are thought necessary for preparatory stu- 
 dies. He gave up his own inclinations to the 
 pressing solicitations of his friends, but requested 
 the same indulgence they had granted to his father, 
 that his ordination might be deferred for some time. 
 This request was complied with. He preached oc- 
 casionally, but was not ordained till May 25, 1746. 
 His venerable colleague delivered a discourse upon 
 this occasion, and performed one part ot the day, till 
 he was called to receive the reward of his labours. 
 He then dropped his mantle for the benefit of the 
 younger prophet. Mr. Cooper had from this time 
 the care of a church which was very large, and had 
 been wisely instructed by great and learned divines, 
 who had "the gift and art of preaching;" but he did 
 not frustrate the expectations of the people. He 
 appeared like the rising light, shining more and 
 more unto his meridian splendor. The same beau- 
 ties of style, engaging delivery, and devotional spir- 
 it, which they admired in their aged pastor, drew 
 their attention, and allured their affection to Mr. 
 Cooper, His diction was more chaste and correct, 
 and his gift in prayer peculiar, and very excellent. 
 With a great flow of language, he had an admirable 
 facility of mingling scriptural phrases in their pro- 
 per places. 
 
 His religious sentiments were liberal, and he was 
 a friend to free inquiry. In discoursing upon reli- 
 gious topics in conversation he discovered the same 
 elegance and propriety of speech which distinguish- 
 ed his pulpit exercises. He had fine colloquial 
 talents and would have made a great figure in speak- 
 ing extempore had he used himself to it in a pub- 
 lick assembly. His erudition was rather extensive 
 than deep, but his ready mind, fine brilliant imagi- 
 nation, and quickness of recollection enabled him 
 to shine in company where gi eater scholars, and 
 much more profound theologians, listened to hear
 
 COO 131 
 
 him, to whom, however, he would give up an opin- 
 ion, when they thought it not correct. If in any- 
 thing he was obstinate in his own sentiments it was 
 upon the politicks of the day. His eulogist hand- 
 somely describes this part of his character so that 
 no one can object to his becoming a politician. 
 " He well knew that tyranny opposes itself to reli- 
 gious as well as civil liberty ; and being among the 
 first who perceived the injustice and ruinous ten- 
 dency of the British court, which at length obliged 
 the Americans to defend their rights with the sword, 
 this reverend patriot was among the first who took 
 an early and decided part in the politicks of his 
 country." 
 
 He was, however, a political writer earlier in life 
 than any threatening of British thraldom. In the 
 year 1754, he wrote the Crisis, a pamphlet against 
 the excise act, which our general court contemplat- 
 ed. He certainly was at all times a leading charac- 
 ter among the American whigs. And from the 
 time of the stamp act to the revolutionary war, some 
 of the best political pieces in the Boston Gazette 
 were the effusions of his pen. The letters from gov. 
 Hutchinson to Whately which were printed in Bos- 
 ton were sent to Dr. Cooper ; whether by Dr. 
 Franklin or Mr. Temple is not ascertained. Thev 
 were put into his hands to read, to communicate to 
 certain friends, but under a strict injunction not to 
 have them published. They were published by a 
 gentleman to whom they were communicated upon 
 his promise of returning them " uncopied." The 
 Doctor was not to blame, and was much grieved at 
 the consequences of the publication, which were a 
 «iuel between Mr. Whately and Mr. Temple, and 
 loss of the office of postmaster-general to Dr. 
 Franklin. Mr. Temple was never satisfied with 
 the apology of Dr. Cooper for what he thought a 
 breach of confidence. 
 
 In the spring of 1775, Dr. Cooper, with other 
 patriots, was lampooned by the British officers in an
 
 132 COO 
 
 oration pronounced in State street. He afterwards 
 met with insults, and it was happy for him that he 
 left the town before Lexington battle, as he was ve* 
 ry obnoxions to the authority then in Boston. He 
 was a warm friend to the independence of his coun- 
 try, 1776 ; and joined heartily in promoting the al- 
 liance with France. " The great friendship sub r 
 sisting between him, Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams 
 was one means of his being known in France ; and 
 the gentlemen coming from that kingdom were ge- 
 nerally recommended to him by those ambassadors. 
 When the fleets of his most Christian Majesty 
 adorned our harbours, he was always the confiden- 
 tial friend of the gentlemen who commanded ; and 
 many officers and subjects of that august monarch 
 were received by him with great cordiality that was 
 pieasing, and highly endeared him to them."* It 
 is true that he was much devoted to the French go- 
 vernment, more so, than was agreeable to his pious 
 friends, and several, who had been his political 
 friends, blamed him for his sanguine views of their 
 friendship. Franklin, though a great philosopher, 
 was not so great a statesman as the other gentlemen 
 who made the peace in 1783. They saw through 
 the policy of the French court, and prevented the 
 interests of the New England states from being sac- 
 rificed. 
 
 Dr. Cooper was a member of several societies, 
 for pious and literary purposes ; he promoted them 
 with all his influence. For a number of years he 
 was fellow of Harvard College. In the year 1774, 
 he was chosen president. He was the first vice 
 president of the American academy of arts and sci- 
 ences, instituted by the general court of Massachu- 
 setts, 1780. His diploma of doctor in divinity was 
 presented by the university of Edinburgh. 
 
 He enjoyed his vigour of mind, his activity, and 
 his cheerfulness till he was seized with his last ill- 
 
 * Character written by James Sullivan, esq.
 
 COT 13S 
 
 ness ; this was an apoplectick turn, which continued 
 only a few days. He expired, Dec. 23, 1783.* Dr. 
 Clarke preached a sermon at his funeral. 
 
 Cotton John, was born at Derby, A. D. 1684. 
 His parents were persons of considerable quality 
 and good reputation. Their condition, as to the 
 good things of this life, competent. They were 
 wise enough to employ their means to good pur- 
 poses ; and educated their son so as to make him 
 eminent and useful. Their solicitude for this ten- 
 der plant was well rewarded when they saw him, 
 like a tree of life, feeding thousands with the doc- 
 trines of Christianity ; and to them also the fruit of 
 his lips was sweet. 
 
 After leaving the grammar-school at Derby, he 
 was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. His 
 industry was great, and his proficiency uncommon. 
 From Trinity he was admitted to Emanuel, where 
 he was soon made a Fellow, When he was elected, 
 he was strictly examined. The portion of scrip- 
 ture, chosen to prove his knowledge of the Hebrew 
 tongue, contains more hard words than any other 
 in the Bible, Isaiah iii. Wherein the prophet de- 
 claims against the haughtiness of the daughter of 
 Zion. But so good an Hebrewician could not be at 
 a stand ; it rather gave him an opportunity to show 
 his ability and attention to that language. Being 
 thus advanced, he was in a place for improvement ; 
 he was surrounded with characters, who were prop- 
 er objects of emulation ; the glow of genius appear- 
 ed in his manner of giving and receiving instruc- 
 tion, and all his powers and faculties were quicken- 
 ed to attempt a resemblance of those who had the 
 
 * His publications, besides tbose abovementioned, are, artillery 
 election sermon, 175 1 ; sermon bei'ore the society for encourag- 
 ing industry, 1753; election sermon, 1756; sermon at the ordi- 
 nation of Joseph Jackson, 1760 ; thanksgiving sermon on the con- 
 quest of Quebec, 1759 ; sermon on the death of George II. 
 1761 ; at the Dudlcian lecture, 1774 ; a sermon before the gener- 
 al court, October, 1780, being the day of the commencement of 
 the constitution and inauguration of the new government.
 
 134 COT 
 
 highest reputations for erudition. He soon ren- 
 dered himself famous by his funeral oration for Dr. 
 Some, Master of Peter- House, Cambridge. In this, 
 he discovered a purity of style with the ornaments 
 ofrhetorick. The fame of his learning increased 
 from his next publick performance, which was a 
 University sermon, and he was often invited to 
 preach in the same place. When he had been at 
 Boston, in Lincolnshire, some months, he proceeded 
 bachelor of divinity, and preached a Concio ad Lie- 
 rum, in Latin, which was greatly admired. His 
 text was Mat. v. 13. He appeared also to great ad- 
 vantage in answering a very acute opponent, Mr. 
 William Chappel, who disputed with him. 
 
 For several years he preached to his people with- 
 out any opposition, but when he urged his dislike 
 of the ceremonies, he was brought before the court 
 of the bishop of Lincoln for his non- conformity ; 
 from which he was advised to appeal to a higher 
 court, and employing Mr. Leverett (who was af- 
 terwards one of the ruling elders in the church of 
 Boston, New-hngland) he was, through his means, 
 restored to his church, who had much occasion to 
 rejoice in his labours. He was so much in favour 
 with Dr. Williams, the bishop of Lincoln, that 
 when he was Lord Keeper of the great seal, he went 
 to King James, and begged that a man of so much 
 worth and learning might have liberty of preaching 
 without interruption, though he was a non- conform- 
 ist. 
 
 The earl of Dorchester, also, being at old Bos- 
 ton, was much affected when he heard him deliver 
 a discourse upon civil government, and stood his 
 friend in times of great opposition. These are the 
 times to try and prove friendship. From men of 
 urbanity and good nature the civilities of social life 
 are readily granted ; but how few among the rich 
 men of the city, and nobles of a kingdom, think of 
 virtue in distress ! There were some, however, a- 
 mong the gentlemen and noblemen in England,
 
 COT 135 
 
 who exerted themselves to serve worthy Puritan 
 ministers, and kept them from prison and from pen- 
 ury, while bigots ruled the nation, and the vilest . 
 aspersions were cast upon all those who were sus- 
 pected of non-conformity. 
 
 Mr. Cotton was not able to stem the tide of party. 
 He was ordered before the high commission court, 
 who were disposed to pour out the bitterness of 
 their wrath upon his head ; but they were disap- 
 pointed of their aim, and, through the influence of 
 those who were weii disposed, he escaped and came 
 to New- England. ' It was observed, that he did not 
 fly from the profession of the truth, but unto a more 
 opportune place for the profession of it. 
 
 When Mr. Cotton came over to this country, 
 they were busy in settling the affairs of the churches 
 and commonwealth. In both of which he took an 
 active part. Being requested to preach before the 
 general court, his text was Haggai ii. 4. '* Yet 
 now be strong, O Zerubbabel, saith the Lord ; and 
 be strong, O Joshua, son of Josedech the high 
 priest ; and be strong, all ye people of the land, saith 
 the Lord, and work ;, for I am with you, saith the 
 Lord of hosts." 
 
 It was a usual thing for the magistrates to consult 
 with the ministers, and Mr. Cotton was appointed, 
 with gov VVinthrop, to draw an abstract of the jit*- 
 dicial laws of the Mosaick system, so far as they are 
 moral. It was his advice to establish a Theocracy. 
 
 Mr. Cotton began the sabbath on Saturday even- 
 ing. He gave religious instructions, read the 
 scriptures, and then retired into his study. He 
 spent the sabbath day either in his study or in the 
 pulpit. He was a very accomplished preacher ; his 
 voice had melody in it, and was sonorous ; his ser- 
 mons pathetick, and his critical acumen uncom- 
 mon. This was discovered in his frequent expo- 
 sitions, and dissertations upon passages and whole 
 books of the scripture. He was considered as a 
 great poicmick divine ; yet upon two occasions,
 
 136 C O T 
 
 when his talents were exerted this way, he was un- 
 der no small disadvantage. In his controversy with 
 Roger Williams, he had an opponent who not only 
 possessed talents which would have made him great 
 in any school, but had bent the force of his strong 
 mind to the very subject which then employed 
 their attention. In England, Mr. Cotton had writ- 
 ten in favour of toleration, and against the power 
 of the magistrate in matters of religion. Here he 
 had to oppose the sentiment he had formerly de- 
 fended, and to write against the principles which 
 the dissenting ministers in England then thought 
 evangelical, and have, ever since, supported ; and 
 which are necessary to vindicate their separation. 
 
 He was accused of holding a bloody tenet by 
 Williams, and the title of his answer was, The 
 Bloody Tenet washed in the Blood of the Lamb. 
 
 In the general commotion of the country concern- 
 ing the Antinomian sentiments, our celebrated di- 
 vine lost much of the dignity of his character, and 
 his influence in the churches. He did not go to 
 the extreme which would please his friends ; 
 some of them compared him to a light in a dark 
 lantern. The other side were bitter in their ani- 
 madversions upon his conduct. At the synod, in 
 1637, he had to oppose the whole body of minis- 
 ters, and some of them were disposed to vex him. 
 Once he became so unhappy as to threaten to leave 
 the plantation. The latter part of his ministry was 
 less irksome. He enjoyed some years of rest after 
 being tossed on the troubled sea. His labours were 
 edifying to the people ; his abilities and character 
 were equally respected by the magistrates and his 
 elerical brethren, who all lamented his death when 
 he was sixty-eight years old, and mourned for the 
 loss which the country as well as his people had sus- 
 tained. He died Dec. 23, 1652. His disorder was 
 of a pulmonary nature, owing to his passing a ferry 
 and getting wet, and then preaching in a neigh- 
 bouring church. He was seized while he was de-
 
 COT 137 
 
 livering the sermon, and was never afterwards free 
 from the complaint ; yet he continued to labour, 
 and a few weeks before his death he took for his 
 subject the four last verses in 2d epistle to Timo- 
 thy ; giving as a reason why he chose several vers- 
 es, that he-should not live to finish them if he were 
 more particular. He dwelt chiefly upon these words, 
 Grace be with you all. When he could preach no 
 longer, he was visited by his pious friends, to whom 
 he administered consolation and good instruction. 
 He died in peace, and the last words he uttered 
 were pious and benevolent wishes to a friend who, 
 was endeavouring to soften the pillow of death ; 
 and which caused others to say of him, that he ivas 
 a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 Mr. Cotton married twice, and left a number of 
 children. His descendants have spread over the 
 country, and though no one has appeared equal to 
 him in a rich variety of learning and popular talents, 
 yet several of them have been eminent as preachers, 
 and among the civilians of our country. He pub- 
 lished many works ; some in Latin. These were 
 printed in London, and they have since been re- 
 printed in New- England. Among them we find 
 milk for babes, and meat for strong men, accord- 
 ing to their power of digesting the spiritual food. 
 
 Some difference has appeared in the opinions ex- 
 pressed of this celebrated man. It has been sug- 
 gested, that his character was blazoned beyond its 
 merit ; for his biographers were Mr. Norton, his 
 friend, who succeeded him as teacher of the old 
 church, and Cotton Mather, his grandson. But his 
 character was high before he came to this country* 
 We have taken our account from books which were 
 not published by any near relation, nor by men who 
 were much prejudiced in his favour. His learn- 
 ing was allowed by all his contemporaries ; his pi- 
 ety and zeal none could doubt, for he sacrificed his 
 ease, his interest, and his country, to enjoy the or- 
 dinances of religion. His candid spirit wa& not al- 
 
 7
 
 138 C R A 
 
 ways in exercise. In the phrenzy of his imagina- 
 tion he blamed worthy men, and censured those 
 who had great claim to his respect and affection r 
 yet governour Winthrop, one opposite in sentiment 
 upon politicks and religion, says of him, that he de- 
 livered himself in a gentle manner upon a subject 
 which interested his feelings, and though he cen- 
 sures his opinions, speaks with respect of the man. 
 Others, as strong in their own sentiments, allow 
 him candour and forbearance. 
 
 In those instances where he discovered intolerance 
 and the spirit of bigotry, a zeal for ecclesiastical 
 power, he only manifested the inconsistency of hu- 
 man nature. It is a true observation, that when 
 men begin to taste of christian liberty themselves, 
 they forget that other men have an equal title to en- 
 joy it. 
 
 Such flagrant instances of inconsistency are so 
 evident among christians, of all denominations, that 
 it cannot be imputed as a reproach peculiar to any 
 sect. Instead of disturbing the ashes of our ancestors, 
 by repeating that the '* very men who had fled from 
 persecution became persecutors," we had better 
 imitate their virtues, throw a mantle over their fail- 
 ings, let instruction spring from their graves, and 
 hope to meet them in that better world where just 
 men are made perfect. 
 
 Cradock Matthew, one of the principal un- 
 dertakers of the New- Lngland settlements, was an 
 opulent merchant in London ; they first chose him 
 their governour, May 23, 1628 ; but afterwards they 
 determined to choose into office only those, who 
 went to America, with the patent. Therefore he re- 
 signed the place to Mr. Winthrop. " He was more 
 forward in advancing out of his substance than any 
 other, being the highest in all subscriptions. He 
 continued, divers years, to carry on a trade in the 
 colony, by his servants, but never visited the plan- 
 tation." Hutchinson.
 
 C U S 139 
 
 'Cranfield EDWARD,governour ofNew Hamp- 
 shire, was an English gentleman and received his 
 commission, 1682 He exchanged a profitable of- 
 fice at home to better his fortune in New- England. 
 As soon as he came over, he exercised his power in 
 an arbitrary manner, and acted the same part in that 
 province which sir Edmund Andross did in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 He came to Boston the year after his appoint- 
 ment, and pretended a regard to the colony, but 
 led them into measures which hurried the second 
 warrant against their charter. He represented to 
 the court of iMassachusetts, that 2000 guineas to be 
 given to lord Hyde, " for his majesty's private ser- 
 vice," would be of great advantage to the province, 
 and afterwards made sport of their credulity, and 
 his own artifice and deception In a letter which 
 Dudley wrote to gov. Bradstreet, he tells him, 
 " Truly, sir, we are ridiculed, by our best friends, 
 for the shame Cranfield put upon you. His majes- 
 ty told my friend, that he represented us as disloy- 
 al rogues." 
 
 In New Hampshire, Cranfield assumed so much 
 power, that the publick grievances became insup- 
 portable. They chose an agent to make their com- 
 plaints at the court of Great Britain. In the mean 
 whilethe governour was atalosshowto raise money 
 for himself and the necessary publick expences. He 
 called an assembly in 1682. and the same year dis- 
 solved them. He then ventured upon a project of 
 taxing the people v ithout their consent. But he 
 found " all his efforts ineffectual, and his authority 
 contemptible." The complaint was taken up by 
 the lords of trade, and decided against him. He 
 lost the government after enjoying a kind of honour 
 a few years without the profits he had calculated up- 
 on ; and was glad afterwards to be appointed col- 
 lector of Barbadoes. Belknap. Hutchinson. 
 
 Cushing Thomas, speaker of the house of re- 
 presentatives, 1746, was the son of the hon. Tho-
 
 140 C U S 
 
 mas Gushing, one of his majesty's council. The 
 father was among the New England worthies, and 
 the son as much celebrated for his goodness as his 
 superior abilities. Mr. Prince speaks of him, as A 
 man of excellent acquired gifts and natural under- 
 standing, well acquainted with affairs of the world, 
 with men and things, with our civil and ecclesiastical 
 constitution, with human nature and divinity. " My 
 acquaintance," says he, "began with the table con- 
 versation. 1 found, with surprise and pleasure, that 
 in a small feeble, relaxed body, there dwelt a great» 
 a lively, a strong and well composed soul. Our en- 
 tertainments were an agreeable variety of divinity, 
 history, civil and religious matters, or natural phi- 
 losophy ; or observations on present occurrences 
 and transactions, either in town or land, or other 
 parts of. the world ; as various subjects happened to 
 occur, with a candid freedom ; his genius inclining 
 him either to unbiassed reasoning, or agreeable ob- 
 servations '' 
 
 This excellent man was born in Boston, 1693 ; was 
 graduated at Harvard College, 1714. He acquired 
 considerable property, beside what he received from 
 his father, to whose business he succeeded. He very 
 soon distinguished himself, as one of the best speakers 
 in the town meeting ; and in 1729, was one of their 
 committee to draw up the instructions- for their re- 
 presentatives. In ITS 1 he was chosen representa- 
 tive for the town, and continued in this office as 
 long as he lived. During Belcher's administration^ 
 when the town saw fit to change three of their re- 
 presentatives, he was the one who claimed their re- 
 spect, and all the votes were in his favour He once 
 was elected treasurer of the province, which trust 
 he could not accept on account of the multiplicity of 
 his other business. In 1 73 9 he was appointed agent of 
 the province to the court of Great Britain, but his in- 
 firm state of health prevented him from taking the 
 voyage. He was speaker of the house of represen- 
 tatives, A, D. 1742, and was chosen annually till he
 
 C U S 141 
 
 died, 1746, in the 53d year of his age. The loss 
 was felt by the publick, as he was in the midst of his 
 usefulness. Mr. Gushing married a daughter of 
 the hon. Edward Bromfield, and left two daughters 
 and one son,* 
 
 C u s h i n g T h o m a s , lieut. governour of Massachu- 
 setts, was the son of Mr. speaker dishing, and rose 
 to higher offices in the state than his father or grand- 
 father, each of whom had been distinguished with 
 peculiar honours. He had good talents, and was a 
 very useful man in many departments, though he 
 had not their splendid abilities. He was graduated 
 at Harvard College, 1744 ; engaged in mercantile 
 business, but his mind was turned much to political 
 affairs. The father enjoyed the affluence of wealth 
 with all the honours his councry could bestow upon 
 him : the son was fonder of publick life, and paid 
 too little attention to pecuniary considerations. He 
 was sent representatative from his native town for a 
 number of years, and, A. D. 1763, when the gov- 
 ernour negatived Mr. Otis, who had been chosen 
 speaker, he was elected in his place ; and he con- 
 tinued to fill the chair, till he was chosen one of the 
 members of the congress which met at Philadelphia, 
 1774. He was then commissary general, but the 
 province was in such a state, that there was no great; 
 call for a person in this office, nor did any material 
 profit attend it. In 1779 Mr. Cushing declined go- 
 ing to Congress; and the government of Massa-- 
 
 • Mr. Bromfield, the father of Mrs. Cushing, according to Mr. 
 Prince, was one of the distinguished worthies of New England, 
 whose names will appear in characters of honour in the annals 
 of our church and state. His son, E. Bromfield, esq. who died, 
 1756, was one of the Boston representatives, 1739. He was on 
 the popular side when the prejudices of the town were so strong 
 against gov. Belcher. In the house he acted in concert with 
 Cushing, Allen, Sec. " the firm, uncorrupted patriot, careful to 
 assert the just prerogative of the crown, and to defend the inval- 
 uable liberties of the people." He was for many years selectman 
 and overseer of the poor, which offices he discharged. He was 
 a gentleman in high esteem while he lived, and his death was 
 greatly lamented.
 
 142 C U S 
 
 chusetts being then organized, he was elected to the 
 second office in the state He was lieut. governour 
 from the time he was chosen till his death, 1788. 
 
 There was a time when Mr. C. was considered 
 in Great Britain as the leader of the whigs in this 
 country. He was not esteemed so in Boston. He 
 had less political zeal than Otis, or Adams, or Han- 
 cock ; but by his pleasant temper, his moderation, 
 Jlis conversing with men of different parties, though 
 he sometimes was lashed by their strokes for want 
 of firmness, he obtained more influence than either, 
 except Mr. Hancock. The reason of his being 
 known so much in the mother country was, that his 
 name was signed to all the publick papers, as speak- 
 er of the house. Hence he was sometimes exposed 
 to the sarcasms of the ministerial writers In the 
 pamphlet of Dr. Johnson, called, u Taxation no 
 Tyranny," one object of the Americans is said to be, 
 
 to adorn the brows of Mr. C -g with a diadem." 
 
 He had a rank among the patriots, as a sincere friend 
 to the publick good, and he was also a friend to re- 
 ligion, which he manifested by a constant attendance 
 upon all pious institutions. He was also very at- 
 tentive to the affairs ol the college, an example to 
 others of the overseers, being often chairman of 
 committees, and always present at the board ; he 
 was also fellow of the corporation from the year 
 1785, in which Mr. Bowdoin resigned. He re- 
 ceived a diploma ol doctor of laws from the univer- 
 sity. 
 
 Mr. Cushing left a number of children ; one of 
 jhis daughters married John Avery, esq. who for 
 many years was secretary of the commonwealth.* 
 
 * Mr, Avery was graduated at Harvard College- 1759 ; succeed- 
 ed Samuel Adams as secretary. 1780, and died, June, 1806. He 
 was secretary of the Massachusetts Humane society He was 
 buried on the day of their semi annual meeting. Their orator, 
 in the midst of his discourse, alludes to the funeral knell which 
 then called them to piy their respects to their worthy officer, an 
 **fearly, active and important member of the society."
 
 eus i4s 
 
 Cushman Robert, one of the original planters 
 of New England, was a member of Mr. Robinson's 
 church at Ley den. He was chosen agent, with Mr. 
 Carver, to treat with the Virginia company, when 
 our fathers hud fixed their purpose to make a settle- 
 ment in North America. The object of their mis- 
 sion was to obtain certain privileges, if they lived 
 in the British dominions, especially the rights of 
 conscience. They met with great discouragements, 
 and did not succeed. The next year he was sent 
 upon the same business with Mr. Bradford A let- 
 ter from Mr. Cushman, May 8, 1619, represents 
 the affairs of the Virginia company as being in great 
 confusion. It was on account of introducing Kd- 
 ward Sandy in the place of secretary, in the room of 
 sir Thomas Smith, of whom there is a minute ac- 
 count in hmith's history of Virginia. In autumn 
 of this same year the Ley den agents procured a pa- 
 tent, confirmed by the company's seal, When these 
 religious adventurers set sail, Mr. Cushman was in 
 the smaller vessel, which proved leaky and was con- 
 demned, but afterwards he sailed for New England 
 in the ship Fortune and arrived at Plymouth, Nov. 
 10, 1621. He returned to hngland, and died in the 
 year 1626. The news oi his death reached the new 
 settlement at the same time they heard ol the loss of 
 their venerable pastor Mr. Robinson. Among the 
 bitter ingredients mingled in their cup, they sor- 
 rowed most of all, that they should see their faces 
 no more.* 
 
 * A sermon of Mr. Cushman which he preached to the Ply- 
 mouth settlers upon srtj-lwe, was printed in England, 1622, and 
 reprinted in Boston, 1724. Another edition of it was printed in 
 Plymouth, 1785. Memoirs of Mr. Cushman are annexed* 
 handsomely written by judt>;e Davis, who was then an inhabitant 
 ol that town. This account makes one of the lives in the Ameri- 
 ©an Biography. The dedication of this sermon is curious. It is, 
 To liis loving friends the adventurers for New England, together 
 with all well-willers and well-wishes thereunto, grace, peace, Sec. 
 He describes New England, " as an island, about the quantity of 
 England, being cut out of the mam land in America, as England 
 is of hurope." A parliamentary speaker, in 1774, speaks of the 
 
 island of New England
 
 144 CUT 
 
 Cutler Timothy, rector of Yale College and 
 minister of Christ Church, Boston, was gradu- 
 ated at Harvard College, 1701 ; was ordained* 
 at Stratford, (Conn.) 1710, according to the or- 
 der of the New England churches. He was ap- 
 pointed rector of the college in New Haven, 1719, 
 which was, as has been said, an auspicious event to 
 that institution, for he was a man of profound 
 learning and presided with dignity, usefulness and 
 general approbation. In 1723, he conformed to the 
 church of England. Being joined by several of the 
 tutors and neighbouring clergy, and himself the 
 first scholar in the colony, it was a great shock to 
 the congregational establishment. A church was 
 built for him in Boston of which he was rector from. 
 1723 to 1765, the year of his death. He did not 
 publish any thing except a few single sermons. His 
 powers were rather solid than brilliant, and he was 
 too much of a scholar to allow any thing superficial 
 to come from his hand. It was in this language he 
 spake of most publications ; those which were writ- 
 ten by ministers of the episcopal church, and those 
 whose sentiments and mode of worship might pro- 
 voke sarcastick remarks. He was naughty and 
 overbearing in his manners ; and to a stranger, in 
 the pulpit, appeared as a man fraught with pride. 
 He never could win the rising generation, because 
 he found it so difficult to be condescending : nor 
 had he intimates of his own age and flock. But 
 people of every denomination looked upon him with 
 a kind of veneration, and his extensive learning ex- 
 cited esteem and respect where there was nothing 
 to move, or hold the affections of the heart. 
 
 Dr. Stiles calls him the greatest oriental scholar 
 after Thomas Thacher, the first minister of the Old 
 South, and the great president Chauncy. No man 
 in New England, he tells us, had such knowledge 
 $£ the rector and those gentleman. All which may 
 be true. We have sufficient documents to show T 
 that they understood Hebrew? and no one who re-
 
 DAN 145 
 
 collects Dr. Cutler will doubt of his being " well 
 skilled in logkk, metaphys ; cks, moral philosophy^ 
 theology and ecclesiastical history." 
 
 His diploma of doctor in divinity, was presented 
 to him when he was in England. His correspon- 
 dence with other doctors or with bishops, wai never 
 carried on with so much zeal, spirit and persever- 
 ance as we find mentioned in the biographical sketch- 
 es of his brethren ; nor do we read of any produc- 
 tion of his, among the controversies between epis- 
 copalians and dissenters, during his long ministry. 
 Vet they all looked up to him as a father, and he 
 certainlv was more eminent as a scholar than those 
 
 m 
 
 who served their cause by their writings. 
 
 Mr Hooper of Trinity church preached the fu- 
 neral discourse and gave the character of this dis- 
 tinguished missionary of their church, with much 
 justice and his usual eloquence. 
 
 1) an forth 1 h om as, deputy governour of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, was elected a magistrate in 1659, 
 From this} ear he was assistant till 1679, when Mr. 
 Bradstreet being put into the chair, he succeeded 
 him as deputy. He had a great share ol duty upon 
 him, and with resolution and firmness conducted 
 the public's, affairs in the most difficult times, 
 Mr Hutchinson, speaking of three parties during 
 sir Kdmund Andross's administration and the times 
 preceding, says, »* the head of those on the side of 
 royalty were Dudley, Stoughton, &c. Mr Brad- 
 street, the governour. by the voice ol the people, was 
 the head of the moderate party. Danforth led the 
 opposition, assisted b) Cooke " Though he con- 
 ducted with prudence he would yield no privilege 
 which the charter gave them. Hence he was ob- 
 noxious to Randolph, Andross, and to the ministry 
 of Great Britain For the same reason he was the 
 idol of the populace in New England. He acted as 
 president of the council when the people took the 
 government from Andross, and had it not been for 
 his influence, they would have gone to greater ex-
 
 146 DAN 
 
 travagancies. The extracts of his letters which are 
 preserved show that he had prudence and wisdom 
 in conducting measures, though he was fierce in 
 opposition to arbitrary mandates. When the officers 
 of the old government were restored to their places, 
 Mr. Bradstreet was again governour and Mr. Dan- 
 forth the deputy.*. They held their offices till the 
 charter of William and Mary arrived. He was then 
 deprived of his place, and his name was not suffer- 
 ed to remain as one of the counsellors, although the 
 agents expressed a particular desire to have it. The 
 people received the intelligence with surprise and 
 grief; but it was easy for politicians to account for 
 the omission, as he was against receiving any other 
 charter than that which the fathers of Massachusetts 
 held sacred. We hear nothing more of him in 
 publick life. He passed his days in the town of 
 Cambridge. His only son, Samuel, who died in 
 England, was graduated 1771 ; was fellow of Har- 
 vard College, and a fine scholar. The name of 
 Danforth In another line is preserved, and few 
 names have exhibited more literary characters, 
 Mather. Hutchinson. 
 
 Danforth Samufl, minister of Roxbury, came 
 into New England, 1134, with his father, Nathaniel 
 Danforth, was graduated at Harvard College, 1643, 
 was chosen a fellow of the corporation, and instruct- 
 ed a class ; he was very respectable for his knowl- 
 edge of the sciences and theology. Being invited to 
 
 * The ancient magistrates and elders, although they strenu- 
 ously advised to further waiting for orders from England, and 
 discouraged any attempts of that nature. k ' as far as they had op- 
 portunity, yet were they now compelled to assist with their pre- 
 sence and councils for the preventing of bloodshed, which had 
 been most certainly the issue, if prudent councils had not been 
 given to both parties." Danforth* s letter to agmt Mather. 
 
 When Mr Danforth was appointed deputy governour, he had 
 likewise another commission, president of the province of Maine, 
 to govern under the Massachusetts.the lords proprietories,and to 
 be accountable to them ; thither he repaired, 1779, appointed offi- 
 cers held courts, &c In that station also he opposed Andross's. 
 usurpation.
 
 DAN 147 
 
 settle colleague pastor with Mr. Eliot at Roxbury, 
 he was ordained, 1650. He died, 1674, in the midst 
 of his life and usefulness. Dr. Mather says he wrote 
 as a scholar, yet " was very affectionate in his man- 
 ner of preaching, and seldom left the pulpit without 
 tears." He married the daughter of Mr* Wilson, 
 the first minister of Boston, and was blessed with 
 twelve children, some of whom died before him* 
 Two of his sons were distinguished among the di- 
 vines of this state. One of Dorchester, and the 
 other was settled at Taunton. One of his daughters 
 married the lion. Mr. Bromfield, of Boston.* 
 
 * When Mr. D, died, old Mr. Eliot wrote verses and Mr. 
 Weld likewise. It was then very common. The Dorchester 
 but -hi ground is famous for the epitaphs on gravestones, many 
 of which were written by Mr. D. the minister of that town. 
 If we regard the spirit rather than the metre, we might be edified 
 by reading them. But lest the rising generation should •' play 
 with the beard of their fathers" which the author of the Mag- 
 nalia says is a wicked thing, it is best that most of them should 
 be buried with the mouldering stone. A Latin epitaph upon the 
 Roxbury divine may excite pleasure with remarks. 
 Non dubium, quin eo iverit, quo stellaj eunt 
 Dariforthus* qui stellis semper se associavit. 
 
 This epitaph alludes to the studies of Mr. D. " Several of his 
 astronomical composures have seen the light of the sun," says 
 Dr. Mather. He published a particular account of the comet, 
 1664. He observed the motions of it, "from its first appearance 
 in (Jorvus, whence it crossed the tropick of Capricorn, till it ar- 
 rived at the maintop sail of the ship, and then it returned through. 
 Canis Major, and again crossed the tropick of Capricorn," See. 
 There is no theological publication of lus, except we consider 
 his election sermon as such, which is a recognition of Aew Eng- 
 land's errand into the wilderness. It was delivered 1670. 
 
 The rev. Samuel Danforth, of Taunton, was born, 1666 ; gradu- 
 ated, 1683 ; died, 1727. He preached the election sermon, 1714. 
 
 The rev. John Danforth was born, 1664 ; graduated, 1677 ; or- 
 dained, at Dorchester, 1682 ; died 1730. " He understood math- 
 ematicks ; had a taste for poetry and various learning." His 
 printed works are, a sermon on parting with friends ; a sermon 
 on contentment ; a sermon on Rom. i. 21, 1710 ; a funeral ser- 
 mon on Mr. Bromfield ; two sermons on the earthquake, 1727 ; 
 a fast sermon, Exod. ix, 33, 34. 
 
 The hon. Samuel Danloi th of Cambridge was the son of Mr. 
 Danforth of Dorchester, He was president of his majesty's-
 
 148 D A V 
 
 DAVEKfoRf JoHtf, minister of the first church 
 in Boston, died suddenly of an apoplexy, March 15, 
 1670 He was a celebrated divine in Kngland as 
 Well as this new region of the earth, where he lived 
 from the year 1637 to the time of his removal to a 
 better world. 
 
 Dr. Mather quotes a saying of the learned, con- 
 cerning Sulmasius, and applies it to him, Fir mm- 
 qii'im satis laudatus, nee tenure sine laude nomu 
 nandus." 
 
 He was born, A. D. 1597, at a place called Co- 
 ventry. His parents were respectable and gave him 
 a good education. At the age of fourteen he was a 
 student of Brazen Nose College, Oxford, where he 
 received a degree of B. A. and though a youth, im- 
 mediately began to preach. He preached constant- 
 ly in the city of London in the time of the plague, 
 and visited his flock as a faithful minister, which 
 gained him great credit among those who knew 
 how to estimate worth that was then as rare, as it 
 was pure. For what can prayers signify, if a minis- 
 ter does not mingle offices of humanity with his pi- 
 ous walk ; this gives a perfume to the sacrifice. 
 He afterwards received the degrees of A. M. and 
 bachelor of divinity, 
 
 About the year 1626, there was a plan devised to 
 make a purchase of impropriations, and with the 
 profits of the same to maintain a number of minis- 
 ters who would assist in reforming abuses. Mr. 
 Davenport was m connexion with Dr. Sibs, Dr. 
 Gouge, and several laymen, one of whom was lord 
 mayor of London. But archbishop Laud took um- 
 brage at it, as favouring nonconformity and obtain- 
 ed a bill to be exhibited in the exchequer chamber, 
 when the court condemned the proceedings, and 
 pronounced the gifts, feoffments and contrivances to 
 be illegal ; and confiscated the money to the king's 
 use. 
 
 souncil several years. In 1774, he was appointed one of the 
 mandamus council. He died 1777. aged 81. He was suid to be 
 a great natural philosopher and chymist. - -
 
 D A V 14$ 
 
 Soon after this Mr. D became so much of a non- 
 conformist, as to be an object of publick notice, and 
 in consequence of it, he resigned his pastoral office 
 in Colman street, and passed over into Holland. 
 This was about the end of the year 1633. 
 
 He soon opened a controversy with the Dutch di- 
 vines upon the subject of baptism, and tried to in- 
 troduce the practice which he wrote so much in fa- 
 vour of afterwards, and which has been a controver- 
 sy in New England ever since he came into the 
 country, viz. '* Whether the children of communi- 
 cants only should be admitted to the ordinance?" 
 
 He went back again to England, 1635 He was 
 one of those by whom the patent of the Massachu- 
 setts colony was made out, though his name was 
 not among the patentees. He did this before he 
 went to Holland, and there hearing of the progress 
 and prosperity of New England, he resolved to come 
 over and make a settlement, which he did, being 
 considered as one of the fathers of New Haven colo- 
 
 ny " 
 
 He arrived at Boston, 1637, with Mr. Hopkins, 
 
 two London merchants, and several other worthies, 
 who did not incline to settle within the jurisdiction 
 of Massachusetts. They were offered any spot they 
 might fix upon, and urged to unite with the people 
 of this colony, but they were disposed to form a 
 new plantation. Mr. Davenport was, however, in- 
 vited to sit with the synod at Cambridge. And Dr 
 Mather tells us, his learning and wisdom did con- 
 tribute more than a little to dispel the mist of errors 
 which then overspread the country. While he was 
 minister of New Haven, he was invited to join the 
 Westminster Assembly with Mr. Cotton and Mr. 
 Hooker, and he had an inclination to cross the At- 
 lantiek, but the other gentlemen did not suppose it 
 would answer any special purpose, or thought less 
 of the honour ; nor were his church willing to part 
 with him. It certainly was more proper for him to 
 lead the few sheep in this American wilderness.
 
 UQ 13 A V 
 
 than to display his gifts amidst so much wisdom, a& 
 was collected in that part of the kingdom. If he 
 had gone to England he might have been as zealous 
 as Hugh Peters, who went over as agent for Massa- 
 chusetts about this time. In this country he acted a 
 part which made him almost as obnoxious to Charles 
 II. He concealed two of the regicides in his own 
 house, and instigated the people of that government 
 by his publick preaching,* to protect these untortu- 
 nate men, and not suffer the king's commissioners 
 to execute their purpose. 
 
 Mr. Davenport was threatened with the vengeance 
 of regal authority for concealing traitors, and had 
 reason to dread the consequences of his democrat- 
 ick zeal, mingled as it was with motives of humani- 
 ty. Upon this gen. Whaley and Goffe offered to 
 surrender, and appeared publickly in several places. 
 It is supposed they would have done this rather 
 than Mr. D. should suffer on their account. But 
 when he was no longer exposed to any particular 
 danger, and the commissioners had manifested their 
 resentment otherwise, they again concealed them- 
 selves. 
 
 In 1667, Mr. D. left the people at New Haven 
 and came to Boston to succeed Mr. Norton, the min- 
 ister of the first church. This caused great grief to 
 his own people, and divided the Boston church. 
 Dr. Mather quotes an observation that " it is ill 
 transplanting a tree that thrives in the soil." He 
 might have said that a tree should never be trans- 
 planted which has past its growth. It will die be- 
 fore it will yield much fruit, however rich the soil 
 in which it is fixed. His making this exchange of 
 
 * " About the time the pursuers came to New Haven, or a 
 little before, and to prepare the minds of the people for their re- 
 ception, Mr. Davenport preached publickly from this text, Isaiah, 
 xvi 3, 4. Take counsel, execute judgment, make thy shadow as 
 the night in the midst of the noon day, bewray not him that wan- 
 dereth ; let mine outcasts dwell with thee. Moab, be thou a 
 covert for them, from the face of the spoiler. This doubtless had 
 its effect," &c. Stiks's history of the judges.
 
 D I X 151 
 
 situation was unhappy for himself as well as the 
 churches. It was too late in life to form new con- 
 nexions ; and to leave old friends, whose hearts had 
 been tried by many scenes of adversity, was a wound 
 to his own sensibility, especially a> they were hurt 
 by his conduct. 
 
 He died, March 15, 1770, of an apoplexy, aged 
 72 years * Magnalia. 
 
 Denison DaniUm major general, was an in- 
 habitant of the town of Ipswich. He was the au- 
 thor of a treatise called the Ireriicon. " His parts 
 and abilities were well known amongst those with 
 whom he lived, and might justly place him among 
 the first three, having indeed many natural advan- 
 tages above others for the more easy attaining of 
 skill in every science." Mr. Hubbard, from whom 
 this quotation is made, says concerning the Irenicon, 
 which was found among his papers " that it would 
 be ingratitude to withhold it from the publick view." 
 It might suit other times. 1st. It takes into con- 
 sideration the publick maladies. 2d. The occa- 
 sion of them. 3d. The danger. 4thly. The blame- 
 able causes. 5thly. The cure. He died Sept. 
 20, 1682.t 
 
 Dixwell John, of New Haven, was one of the 
 Regicides, and after the restoration of Charles 2d, 
 
 * Works — The saint's anchor hold, a book recommended by 
 Mr. Caryl and Mr. Hook ; demonstration of Jesus Christ to be 
 the true Messiah ; elecrion sermon, 1669 ; a treatise of the pow- 
 er of Congregational churches ; a discourse upon civil govern- 
 ment, in a new plantation, whose end is religion, A volume of 
 sermons upon the Canticles was transcribed for the press but ne- 
 ver published. 
 
 t The funeral discourse by Mr. H. minister of Ipswich, is 
 from Isaiah, 3 chap. 3 first verses To which is annexed Ireni- 
 con, or a " salve for New England's sore, penned by the said 
 inajor general, and ltft behind him as his farewell and last advice 
 to his friends of the Massachusetts." 
 
 Mr. Denison pastor of the church in Ipswich died 1679, 
 What relation he bore to the general I have never been able to 
 know, nor when he came into this country. His name is not in 
 $he College catalogue and the church records are lost.
 
 152 D I X 
 
 came over into America. He went to Hanaw in 
 the first place, and was made a Burgess, but in 
 1664, he visited Whallev and Goffe at Hudley. He 
 went the same year to New Haven and there he 
 resided till his death. 
 
 Though he took the name of John Davids, yet he 
 was known to many; but they were his friends, and 
 would not betray him. It is supposed that Ran- 
 dolph had some suspicion of it, and communicated 
 the thought to sir E. Andross. For that govern- 
 our once stopped at New Haven on the Sabbath, 
 and attended Mr. Pierpont's meeting. Dixwell 
 was there in the morning, but did not appear in the 
 afternoon. Sir rCdmurid asked who that venerable 
 old man was ? and was told he was a merchanc of 
 such a name ; he replied, *' that he knew he was 
 not a merchant, and became very inquisitive about 
 him."* Col. Dixwell was an officer, who received 
 a commission from the parliament, and was too 
 much of a republican to bow the knee to Cromwell. 
 When he sat among the judges, it was rather by- 
 persuasion, than his own wish to condemn the mon- 
 arch. He died in New Haven, March 18, 1688, in 
 the 82d year of his age. His son took the name of 
 John Dixwell, was one of the founders of the church 
 in North-street, and chosen deacon, afterwards of- 
 ficiated as ruling member. He died 1721. His 
 posterity are chiefly in the female line, but the name 
 is not extinct. — Ludlow. Stiles. 
 
 * There is a story told which is somewhat characteristic^ o* 
 New Lngland. When sir Edmund attended worship, the deacon 
 read a psalm which offended him very much, as he thought it 
 pointed. The first verse is, 
 
 Why dost thou tyrant, boast abroad, 
 
 Thy wicked works to praise ; 
 
 Dost thou not know there is a God 
 
 Whose mercies lead always ? 
 They told sir Edmund- that it was a psalm in course, but Dr. 
 Stiits thinks if they read psalms in course, it is likely the deacon 
 selected this to toucli the feelings of the governour. A question 
 arises concerning the fact ; whether they sung the psalms ol 
 Sternhold and Hopkins at that time in NJew-En^huid ? "they dic^ 
 not in Msssachusctts or the Old Colony. The psalm is 52d of 
 <heir version. 
 
 %
 
 DO(J 15$ 
 
 Douglass William, M. D. a native of Scot- 
 land, came into America when he was a young 
 man, fixed himself in the north part of Boston, and 
 was a writer upon politicks, historical occurrences, 
 and medicine. When Dr. Mather communicated 
 to him the success of Timonius in inoculating for 
 the small pox, he treated the account with contempt, 
 though recorded in the transactions of the Royal So- 
 ciety of London. When Dr. Boylston, in the year 
 1721, inoculated many of the inhabitants of Boston, 
 and met with the greatest success, he still raved a- 
 gainst Timonius and Mather, as well as this brother 
 physician. He was a man of great learning, but 
 wanted judgment and taste; whatever he published 
 was in a very slovenly style. He wrote many po- 
 litical essays, in the newspapers, which were gener- 
 ally filled with sarcastick remarks upon the magis- 
 trates, the clergy, the physicians, and the people of 
 New England. His "summary," or "historical 
 account of the British settlements," was published 
 in 1748, and 1753. This is a collection of things 
 which came into his head, whether they related to 
 his family, his private squabbles, or the affairs of 
 the publick. He would not take pains to arrange 
 his materials, or to inform himself of particular 
 facts. He was so opinionated that he never 
 would correct his mistakes. When Cape Breton 
 was taken, it frustrated many of his printed de* 
 clarations. He had ridiculed it, because it was a 
 measure of Shirley's administration, and called that 
 place the Dunkirk, which such forces would 
 never dare to assail. But though the plan succeeded, 
 it did not make any difference in his views. In- 
 stead of having his pride wounded, he, porcupine 
 like, wrapped himself in his own down, and darted 
 his quills at others. He said he was right in his 
 conjectures, but fortune would always wait upon 
 blunderers and quacks ! 
 
 Douglass was a mathematician ; in 174-3, 44, he 
 published an almanack, which was useful at the 
 
 w
 
 154 DOW 
 
 time, and is now valuable for its list of chronologi- 
 cal events ; and also the account of all the sove- 
 reigns of Europe and their families. It was called 
 " Mercurius Novanglicanus," by William Nadir, 
 S. X. Q. He also published a dissertation upon 
 V the Cynanche Maligna," when that disorder pre- 
 vailed in the town, in 1735, 36.* 
 
 Downing George, one of the first class of 
 graduates, at Harvard College, was a preacher among 
 the Independents in England, during the usurpation 
 of Oliver Cromwell. He was chaplain to col. 
 Okey's regiment, whom he afterwards betrayed to 
 recommend himself to the court of Charles 2d 
 
 He was ready to serve any master that would em- 
 ploy him, and to commit any act of treachery for the 
 sake of a reward. The protector sent him as his 
 agent into Holland, and gave him this recommen- 
 dation, "George Downing is a person of eminent 
 quality, and alter a long trial of his fidelity, probity, 
 and diligence in various negotiations, well approved 
 and valued by us. Him we have thought fit to 
 send to your lordships," Sec. 
 
 He vvas sent likewise by Charles II. as his agent 
 or ambassador to the states, and received the hon- 
 our of knighthood from his majesty. Here he laid 
 a scheme to seize several of the regicides, at the 
 same time declaring he had no commission to do it, 
 and that they were in perfect safety. Ludlow speaks 
 of it as a thing more flagitious in the Dutch nation, 
 than in this renegado politician. For they were un- 
 der no obligation to deliver them up, and had pro- 
 mised to protect them. About the year 1672 
 Downing met with some reverse of fortune. The 
 king was displeased with him, and put him in pri- 
 
 * Dr. Douglass abuses Cotton Mather very frequently ; one 
 thing in particular he tells makes him an object of ridicule. The 
 Doctor had said, " that cats may have the small pox," or a disor- 
 der like it. Now says Douglass this is weak beyond description, 
 because " the small pox is peculiar to mankind." Ought not 
 some writer of the present day to give Cotton Mather due credit. 
 How is it that cows have the small pox ?
 
 D tJ t> 155 
 
 son. It is said that he was confined in the same 
 room where col. Okey had been kept before his exe- 
 cution, once his friend and benefactor, but whose 
 death must bring to his conscience accusations of 
 every crime a treacherous courtier could commit. 
 He was again received into favour by Charles, and 
 conducted himself with more prudence and mode- 
 ration than he had done in former times. Ludlow, 
 and others, who had expressed their surprise that 
 George Downing should succeed such a man as sir 
 William Temple, ambassador to the states, yet 
 allow that he did some things well. And Hutchin- 
 son says, that he was a friend to New England, and 
 did every thing in his power to serve this country, 
 when many enemies were active in exciting the re- 
 sentment of the king against it. He was brother in 
 law of gov. Bradstreet, and held a correspondence 
 with him, and other gentlemen in Massachusetts. 
 He died in the year 1684. 
 
 Dudley Thomas, one of the first settlers of 
 Massachusetts, who came over in the Arabella, was 
 the only son of capt. Roger Dudley. In 1597 he 
 was at the siege of Amiens, under Henry IV, hav- 
 ing a captain's commission trom Queen Elizabeth. 
 Mr. Hutchinson says, he became a sober noncon- 
 formist from hearing Dodd, Hildersham, and other 
 puritan divines. He certainly was a zealous man in 
 whatever he undertook as appears from Winthrop's 
 journal; and upon some occasions he discovered ve- 
 ry warm passions. That he was a very prudent man 
 appears, however, from his good conduct in the 
 management of the estate of the earl of Northamp- 
 ton, which was committed to his care. He sat un- 
 der Mr. Cotton's ministry, before the planting of 
 Massachusetts. When he came over in the Ara- 
 bella, he was 54 years old, but his strength of body, 
 and health of mind, fitted him for any hardships. 
 The company in England chose Mr. Winthrop 
 governour and Mr. Humphries deputy governour 
 of the plantation. Mr. Humphries did not embark
 
 156 DUD 
 
 as was expected, and Mr. Dudley was chosen in 
 his place. In 1634, he was chosen governour, and 
 also several times afterwards. He was the second 
 in authority seven or eight years, sometimes under 
 "Winthrop, and once under ndicot He was ap- 
 pointed major general in 1644 ; this was a new of- 
 fice in the plantation. He was continued in the magis- 
 tracy from the time of his arrival to his death, which 
 happened, July 31st, 1653, in the 77th year of his 
 age. 
 
 He was upright and honest in his disposition, 
 blunt in his manners, and withstood magistrates 
 and ministers when he thought them worthy of re- 
 proof. Nor would he yield to any popular opinion 
 to gain honour and authority. A serious dispute 
 took place between him and governour Winthrop, 
 which required the interposition of their friends 
 among the clergy and laity. He was more firm in 
 the Hutchinsonian, or Antimonian controversy, than 
 any of the magistrates, and even accused Mr. Cot- 
 ton of departing from the faith ; and without preju- 
 dice or attachment from prior connexions, required 
 an explanation of his principles and conduct. En- 
 dicot also found him an opponent that was not to 
 be moved when he dissented from the general opin- 
 ion of the magistrates, or wished to introduce some 
 novel things in their proceedings. Mr. Dudley was 
 not a man of learning equal to Winthrop or Belling- 
 ham, but in this respect was not inferior to Endicot. 
 ^Neither Endicot nor Dudley possessed what, in the 
 present age, would be called liberality of sentiment^ 
 or urbanity of manners. Mr. D was such an ene- 
 m\ to toleration that he not only spoke against it, but 
 left a number of lines which the friends of rational 
 religion must wish he had never written, as they are 
 not to the credit of his poetry or his charity, but 
 being written, and handed down, are quoted to give 
 a just view of the character of the man : 
 
 Let men of God, in courts and churches waioh 
 O'er such as do a toleration hatch ;
 
 DUD 157 
 
 Lest that ill egg bring forth a cockatrice 
 To poison all with heresy and vice. 
 If men be left, and otherwise combine, 
 My epitaph's, I die no libertine. 
 
 Dudley Joseph, son of T. Dudley the veteran 
 magistrate of Massachusetts, was educated at Har- 
 vard College, and received the honours of that se- 
 minarv, A. D. 1665.* 
 
 He was early made a magistrate, and supposed to 
 be on the side of loyalists, who were willing to give- 
 up some charter privileges. It is evident that he 
 loved the principles and practices of the New Eng- 
 land planters, though to keep his place he often sac- 
 rificed those, and was subservient to men in power. 
 Randolph in one letter speaks of him as a man 
 " opposed to the faction." At other times, he calls 
 him a " man of a base, servile, and antimonarchical 
 principle." In 1686 several gentlemen of the coun- 
 cil were appointed to take the administration of the 
 government of Massachusetts; Mr. Dudley received 
 a commission as president. The year before, he had 
 been left out of the magistracy, having rendered him- 
 self unpopular by some acts which were thought 
 pleasing to the enemies of New England. His 
 short administration was not grievous to the people. 
 They had expected Kirk to be appointed gover- 
 nour, and were disposed, from dread of his coming, 
 to receive any other man with apparent cordiality. 
 Mr. Dudley, says Hutchinson, considered himself 
 as appointed to preserve the affairs of the colony 
 from confusion until the governourarrived, anda rule 
 of administration should be more fully established. 
 
 When sir Edmund Andross was appointed gover- 
 nour of the several colonies, Dudley was president 
 of the council, also chief justice of the province. 
 He was upon the circuit at Narraganset when An- 
 dross was made prisoner, and was seized at Provi 
 
 * He is second in the class, Benjamin Eliot, son of the apostle 
 Eliot, being first. As they placed the students according to their 
 parentage, why was not the son of a governour the first ?
 
 158 DUD 
 
 dence as one of the governour's party. For some 
 time he was confined to his house at Roxbury. He 
 was more obnoxious than any other person, and was 
 treated even with inhumanity during his imprison- 
 ment, reviled by the very soldiers that guarded him, 
 and deprived of the very necessaries of life. He 
 had been so conversant with Andross and Randolph, 
 that he was ranked with them as an enemv to the 
 country, and the resentment was raised the higher 
 because he w r as born in New England ; that which 
 they could bear from a stranger, they thought in- 
 sufferable from an inhabitant of the country. By 
 the order of king William, he embarked for Eng- 
 land in February, 1689. He was the next year ap- 
 pointed chief justice of New York ; but his proper- 
 ty, his friends, and his heart were in Massachusetts. 
 It was said, he made use of all his influence to in- 
 jure gov. Phips, expecting to succeed him in the 
 government if he could be provoked to leave it„ 
 For this purpose he went to England, paid court to 
 his majesty's ministers, and was patronized by no- 
 blemen of name and character. The agents oppos- 
 ed the appointment, and obtained their wish, which 
 was to have lord Bellamont sent over. Dudley was 
 not popular enough at New York to have any de- 
 sire to go there, nor were the emoluments of a place 
 on the bench very alluring. He preferred to be 
 lieut. governour of the isle of White, lord Cutts be- 
 ing the governour, a nobleman who had inter- 
 ested himself very much in his favour. When lord 
 Bellamont died, in 1701, he again solicited for the 
 government of Massachusetts. He was then mem- 
 ber of parliament, and lieut, governour of the isle of 
 White, a more splendid, as well as more easy con- 
 dition, than any office in New England ; but he had 
 such " a passion for his native country, as would 
 have done honour to the ancient Athenians" — sir 
 Henry Ashurst opposed the appointment. The dis- 
 senters in England, and even Cotton Mather, in 
 New England, joined in promoting his interest and
 
 DUD 15$ 
 
 reputation. He came over in 1702, and was received 
 with tokens of respect by men who had always been 
 his political opponents, and some ol them his per- 
 sonal enemies. He, however, maintained the side 
 of the prerogative ; he had, therefore, in opposition 
 to him most of the friends of the old charter, and 
 some whose ideas did not glide with the popu- 
 lar stream, were filled with zeal against his ad- 
 administration. The first seven years were spent in 
 debates with the house of representatives, or in pri- 
 vate disputes with men who ceased not to accuse 
 him of artifice and deception ; of arbitrary conduct ; 
 of enmity even to those privileges which they had 
 obtained by the new charter. Dr. Increase and 
 Dr. Cotton Mather, wrote him severe letters of re- 
 proof, which he answered, copies of which are pre- 
 served.* He had many friends, however, who 
 considered him as a great friend to the churches of 
 New England, as well as an excellent governour, 
 among them were president Leverett, Mr. Brattle, 
 and Dr. Colman, who were fellows of the college, 
 to which seminary gov. Dudley ever manifested a 
 verv warm attachment. 
 
 The last years of his administration were more 
 tranquil, and when his interest and ambition were 
 not thwarted by the opposite party, his polite and 
 engaging deportment, his love for his country, his 
 eminent abilities, and very extensive information, 
 made him a prominent character among the very first 
 men of that generation. He was succeeded by gov. 
 Shute, 1716, and died, 1720, aged 73. 
 
 Dudley Paul, F. R. S. chief justice of Massa- 
 chusetts, was the son of gov. Joseph Dudley. He 
 was born at Roxbury, 1673, graduated at Harvard 
 College, 1690 ; and having read law some years in 
 this country was sent to England to finish his stu- 
 dies at the Temple. In 1702, he came over to 
 Massachusetts with a commission from the queen, 
 as attorney general, which office he held till he war 
 
 • Vide Historical Collection, vol. iii.
 
 160 DUD 
 
 appointed judge of the superiour eourt. When he 
 was a young man he was zealous on the side of pre- 
 rogative, and acted with those who endeavoured to 
 abridge the privileges of the colony. Hence he was 
 very unpopular on this side the water, and provok- 
 ed the resentment of many who had looked with 
 candour on his father's proceedings, as well as those 
 who had always been in opposition to his measures. 
 Some very severe charges are made against him by 
 Dr. Increase Mather, whose friendship tothegover- 
 nour had been once of service to him. Mr. 
 Dudley, however, grew in the esteem of the people. 
 He conducted so well in the line of his profession, 
 and in every station, that whatever might have been 
 his sentiments when he was in England, he was re- 
 garded as one who loved his country, and was ac- 
 tive in serving its interest and prosperity. He was 
 chosen representative to the general court for his 
 native town, and was promoted to a seat at the coun- 
 cil board. He appeared to great advantage in eacli 
 situation, but it was on the bench he shone with the 
 greatest lustre. " Here he displayed his admirable 
 talents, his quick apprehension, his uncommon 
 strength of memory, and extensive knowledge ; and 
 at the same time his great abhorrence of vice, to- 
 gether with that impartial justice which neither re- 
 spected the rich, nor countenanced the poor man in 
 his cause. 1 hus while with pure hands and an up- 
 right heart he administered justice in his circuit 
 through the province, he gained the general esteem 
 and veneration of the people. As his presence al- 
 ways commanded respeet, so it might justly be said 
 of him, that he scattered iniquity with his eyes, 
 which struck with awe the most daring offenders. 
 "When he spoke, it was with such authority and pe- 
 culiar energy of expression, as never failed to com- 
 mand attention, and deeply impress the minds of 
 all who heard him ; and his sentiments of law and 
 evidence in all cases before the court, had general- 
 ly a determining weight with those who were
 
 DUD 161 
 
 charged with the trial of them."* He was first ad- 
 vanced to the supreme bench in 1718, and when 
 judge Lyndes died he was appointed chief justice. 
 Judge Dudley was one of the few Americans who 
 have been honoured by an election to the royal so- 
 ciety of London. He wrote several ingenious pie- 
 ces relative to the natural history of New England, 
 which were published in "their philosophical trans- 
 actions, 1720, 1721." He was also a very learn- 
 ed theologian, and wrote a book upon " the mer- 
 chandize of souls," being an exposition of certain 
 passages in the book of Revelations. In the latter 
 part of his life he became a puritan of the straitest 
 sect of the fathers of Massachusetts. By his will 
 he established a lecture at Harvard College, and 
 specified four subjects : First, " upon natural reli- 
 gion ;" second, " upon revealed religion ;" third, 
 "upon the corruptions of the church of Rome;" 
 fourth, " upon the validity of Presbyterian ordina- 
 tion." He died the last week in January, 1751. 
 
 Dudley William, Esq. was the youngest son 
 of gov. Joseph Dudley, and educated at Harvard 
 College. Having received the honours of that se- 
 minary in 1704, he applied himself to the study of 
 law, but did not incline to enter upoh the business 
 of his profession. In a retired spot of the town of 
 Roxbury he built an elegant house, and cultivated 
 his form. He soon became a candidate, however, 
 for publick honours. His father sent him to Cana- 
 da to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. Among 
 those whom he brought away was the venerable Mr. 
 Williams of Deerfield, who had been captured with 
 his family, some of whom never returned. It was 
 said, young Dudley managed the business with no 
 small address, and by his manner of negotiating 
 kept the frontiers from being pillaged. This was 
 doubtless the policy of his father, but he gained 
 credit by the execution. Charlevoix speaks of the 
 
 * Character by judge Sewal, who succeeded him as chief jus- 
 rice. , 
 
 X
 
 162 DUD 
 
 whole negotiation as a piece of political intrigue. 
 He says the Massachusetts government had no. 
 no design of coming to a treaty. Mr. Dudley was 
 afterwards appointed justice of the common pleas 
 and col. of the first regiment in Suffolk. He was 
 also a representative for Roxbury in the general 
 court. He always had great influence in a publick 
 assembly, being an admirable speaker, and possess- 
 ing strong intellectual powers as well as a brilliant 
 fancy. The opposition to his father's administra- 
 tion felt the weight of his talents. He could ren- 
 der himself very popular, and was for several years 
 speaker of the house of representatives. In 1729 
 he was chosen one of his majesty's council, and was 
 very serviceable to the community. Douglass says 
 that he was more acquainted with provincial affairs 
 than any other man, especially that he understood 
 landed property better. 
 
 Col. Dudley distinguished himself as a military 
 character. He was an active officer in the expedi- 
 tion which was so successful against Port Royal, 
 and deserved the promotion which he received in 
 succeeding years. But he was called off the stage 
 in the midst of his usefulness, and with all his hon- 
 ours thick upon him. He died, August 10, 1743, 
 before his elder brother. His children possessed 
 the fine estate which had always belonged to the 
 family. Judge Dudley leaving no children, it came 
 into possession of col. William's eldest son, being 
 thus entailed to the first male heir. He had two 
 sons, Thomas and William ; their mother was the 
 amiable daughter of Addington Davenport, judge of 
 the superiour court, and one of his majesty's coun- 
 cil. Thomas was graduated at Cambridge, 1750, 
 and William the year succeeding. The younger, 
 having no prospect of wealth, was educated for the 
 bar. He brought the property into some dispute, 
 and procured a certain part of the inheritance. 
 
 These brothers acted differently from what might 
 be expected from their education, and the exam-
 
 DUM 163 
 
 pies they had to stimulate them. They were very 
 unlike their ancestors. Instead of preserving the 
 honour and dignity of a family which had been il- 
 lustrious for more than a hundred years, they seem- 
 ed to prefer the manners of ordinary life, and very 
 soon were mingled with the people who make up 
 the common mass of human society. Hutchinson, 
 Private information. 
 
 Dummer Richard, one of the fathers of Massa- 
 chusetts, came into the country, 1635, and was 
 chosen a magistrate. He warmly espoused the 
 cause of sir Henry Vane, and when that gentleman 
 was left out of the government he was no longer 
 chosen assistant. He left the town of Boston, and 
 retired to his own estate in Newbury, where he liv- 
 ed many years highly respected. No man deserved 
 more the praise of doing well. He was very rich, 
 and equally benevolent. When gov. Winthrop lost 
 such immense property by the fraudulent conduct 
 of his bailiff, Mr. Dummer gave 100 pounds towards 
 making up his loss. He contributed greatly to the 
 improvement and growth of that part of Newbury 
 where he dwelt. The lands upon which the acade- 
 my is built, and were left for the support of this lite- 
 rary institution, were formerly his plantation. He 
 left children, some of whom passed their lives on 
 the estate he possessed. One son came to Boston, 
 was a worthy magistrate of the county of Suffolk, 
 and the father of the famous Jeremy Dummer, the 
 province agent at the court of Great Britain. Hutch. 
 Dummer Jeremy, was born in Boston, and in 
 1699 was graduated at Harvard College, and de- 
 signed for the ministry. The president of the col- 
 lege, when he was student, was the celebrated Dr. 
 I. Mather, who declares in a preface to a publica- 
 tion of Mr. Dummer's, that when he left college, 
 he was bv far the best scholar that had been there ; 
 which his succeeding reputation evinced to be a just 
 encomium. 
 
 His reputation was as high at the university of
 
 164 D U M 
 
 Ley den, as it was at Harvard College. Witsius was 
 professor of theology when Mr. D. was a student 
 there. This professor spake of the accomplish- 
 ments of Mr. Dummer, and gave his opinion that 
 he would be useful to the churches, as he was so 
 eminent for his knowledge in divinity as well as phi- 
 losophy. The university presented him with a de- 
 gree of doctor philosophiae, which answers to A. 
 M. in other seminaries. 
 
 It appears evident that he had a preference for 
 Europe, and perhaps intended to settle as a minis- 
 ter in some part of England. Whether he was so 
 popular as a preacher, as he was excellent for his 
 scholarship, is (doubtful. Dr. M says he did not 
 meet with encouragement to settle in this country, 
 and laments that, for want of it, he was constrained 
 to go away. 
 
 While he was in England he turned his mind to 
 jurisprudence and politicks, and wrote, in defence of 
 the New England charters, an admirable pamphlet, 
 when their privileges were threatened. He was in- 
 defatigable in serving the interests of the colonies, 
 being well qualified by his knowledge, prudence 
 and zeal, as well as by his influence which was con- 
 siderable, and which he acquired by an intimate ac- 
 quaintance with many of the best characters, and 
 some of the most brilliant luminaries of the English 
 nation. He was chosen agent for the province, 
 1710, when sir William Ashurst declined to serve. 
 Contrary to the expectation of his countrymen and 
 constituents, he devoted himself to the persons in 
 power, was employed by lord Bolingbroke in cer- 
 tain secret negotiations, and had assurances of pro- 
 motion to a place of honour and profit ; but the 
 death of the queen blasted all his hopes. His ac- 
 quaintance with that profligate nobleman not only 
 banished all his religious sentiments, but lessened 
 the effect of his moral principles. He was guilty of 
 much artifice and deception in hispublick concerns, 
 and run to excess of licentious manners. His pri-
 
 DUM 165 
 
 vate diary, kept in his youth, shows that he was 
 influenced by pious sentiments in every action ; 
 he is the humble suppliant at the divine mercy 
 seat, and every thing wicked touches with horror the 
 devout sensibility of his heart ! — It was not without 
 pain, that he overcome the impressions of his edu- 
 cation ; he often struggled against their influence. 
 He could only bring his views to a state of forlorn 
 scepticism, and was never able to fix his mind in in- 
 fidelity. Amidst scenes of dissipation, he hud some 
 reflections which prevented him from enjoying what 
 commonly gives delight to the sons of men, and con- 
 fessed to a friend that he wished to feel what he 
 once experienced, when he was a pious man in New 
 England, without any great expectations, and had no 
 other desire than to settle in the ministry of the gos- 
 pel. His sentiments on political subjects were al- 
 ways very correct, and he was through all the chang- 
 es of life a steady consistent friend of his country. 
 But he had not always the happiness to please his 
 constituents, though he speaks of having mens 
 conscia recti for his support. 
 
 In 1721 he was dismissed from the agency, the 
 very year in which he wrote in defence of the chart- 
 er. It was sufficient to ruin his popularity that he 
 was friendly to the govtrnour. In one of his let- 
 ters, he thus speaks : 
 
 "• 1 expect no thanks from the assembly for this 
 service, as I had none for the counterfeit bills sent 
 over last spring, though I thought it an important 
 service. It is a hard fate, when I am doing the 
 provinee and the gentlemen in it all the honour and 
 justice in my power, that some persons in the low- 
 er house should take equal pains to lessen and ex- 
 pose me. I wish they may not prejudice your minds 
 in the end by it No matter what becomes of me." 
 He was afterwards employed occasionally in the bu- 
 siness of the province. He was disgusted that they 
 put no more confidence in him, for even while they 
 held his abilities eminent, the general court of
 
 166 D U M 
 
 Massachusetts appointed others to act with him. ; 
 whose opinions were more demoeratick, and who 
 were more faithful to their party than to the truth. 
 This great man died in 1739, at Plastow, May, 3d 
 week. His publications have gone through seve- 
 ral editions. They are extremely well written. 
 
 In 1704 he printed a sermon " upon the holiness of 
 the sabbath." In a latin dissertation printed when 
 he was in Holland, certain expressions dropped 
 which made some think him an Antisabbatarian,but 
 in this sermon he brings proof for the sanctification 
 of the day : and it is so well written, that a new 
 edition of the discourse has been given since his 
 death. 
 
 " His letter to a noble lord concerning the Canada 
 expedition, was printed in London 1712." It is an 
 able vindication of Massachusetts, against the charg- 
 es made by the leaders of this romantick expedition 
 under, gen. Hill. They were under a necessity of 
 recurring to some cause of blame, or take it upon 
 themselves. Mr. D. makes it evident Massachu- 
 setts were great losers, having sunk an immense 
 sum, and performed their part, or more than was re- 
 quired. 
 
 These, with extracts from his letters, and " vin- 
 dication of the New England charters," are all the 
 publications known to be his. 
 
 He was skilled in most languages ancient and 
 modern, was a graceful speaker, and polite man. 
 He had a fine memory, a communicative disposi- 
 tion, and was very beneficent, his company was 
 sought after eagerly by all lovers of good sense and 
 humanity. He retired from business a few years 
 before he died, and enjoyed himself with his books 
 and friends. Daily Advertiser , Lon. 1719. Hutch- 
 mson and private mss. 
 
 Dummer William, lieutenant governour of 
 Massachusetts, was born in this province, but went 
 over to England, and was at Plymouth holding an 
 office there, as one of the commissioners, when he
 
 DUM 167 
 
 was appointed, through the interest of sir William 
 Ashurst, to be lieut. governour, in 1716. He was 
 a friend of the Dudley family, and firmly supported 
 the administration of gov. Shute. Hence he was not 
 the favourite of the popular party ; nor of those 
 who promoted private banks, but was highly res- 
 pected by all parties, when their prejudices did not 
 operate. He maintained a most respectable charac- 
 ter for virtue and talents, especially during his ad- 
 ministration as the chief magistrate. Douglass al- 
 ways styles it, " the wise administration of Mr. 
 Dummer." He was a man of such correct judg- 
 ment and steady habits, such a firm and temperate 
 conduct, when he supposed himself right, that the 
 vessel of state was secure though exposed to the 
 dangeis of a tempestuous sea For the opposition 
 continued as the adherents of Mr. Shute, and the 
 minds of people were agitated by the subjects of 
 dispute, continually brought forward in the house 
 of representatives. 
 
 There was only one part of his conduct which 
 gave offence to the British administration ; but this 
 was a matter no way worthy of reproof, and it tend- 
 ed to give him popularity in this country. Had he 
 not assented to it, he certainly would have lost the 
 favour of a very pious and respectable part of the 
 community. In the year 1726, the convention of 
 the clergy passed a vote to hold a synod. As this 
 is a subject purely ecclesiastical, the lieut. govern- 
 our fell in with it ; or granted his consent. But 
 the jealousy of the episcopal party was excited, and 
 such representations made to the bishop of London, 
 that an instruction came from the ministry to stop 
 all proceedings. Douglass has preserved the copy 
 of the reprimand sent to the chief magistrate for not 
 sending the " account of such a remarkable trans- 
 action." Lieut, gov. Dummer was in the chair, 
 from Nov. 1722, to July 19, 1728. Upon gov. 
 Burnet's death, Sept. 7, 1729, he was again in the 
 chair, till the arrival of gov. Belcher, April 8, 1730,
 
 163 DUN 
 
 Mr. Tailer who had been in the office, before Mr. 
 Dummer, but was afterwards collector, was then 
 appointed lieut. governour. And Mr. Dummer 
 retired to a more private station. He lived to old 
 age enjoying otium cum dignitate. It is true that 
 for some years he held his seat at the council board, 
 and took his rank as the first ; but upon some pop- 
 ular question, where he acted with his usual inde- 
 pendent spirit, he gave oifence, and he was left out 
 of the number at the succeeding election. His 
 house was in Nassau street, afterwards owned by 
 Mr. Powell. He was one who contributed to build 
 the church in Hollis- street. For many years that 
 part of the town, now so populous, was very sparing- 
 ly settled. When Mr. D. died, the funeral sermon 
 was preached by Dr. Byles the minister of this 
 church from its foundation to the revolution. 
 Hutchinson. Douglass. 
 
 Dunster Henry, president of Harvard College, 
 came over in 1640 to Massachusetts ; he was a man 
 •of an excellent spirit, as well as famous for his liter- 
 ary acquirements. He is recorded as the first pres- 
 ident of the college, though Dr. Eaton was placed 
 at the head of the institution before him. This 
 man was set aside, by order of the general court, on 
 account of his severity ; he, indeed, wanted every 
 qualification, except learning, for the office. The 
 same man afterwards went over to the old country, 
 conformed to the church of England, and was a 
 bitter enemy to Massachusetts, during the reign of 
 Charles 2d ; but his power and influence were 
 small, compared with his malicious humour. Mr. 
 Dunster was mild and amiable in his temper. His 
 faculty of governing the students, and mode of in- 
 struction, gave him a great share in the esteem and 
 affection of all who were interested in the reputation 
 of the college. He continued in the chair from the 
 year 1640 to 1654; and then resigned on account of 
 a difference of opinion, between him and the other 
 governours of the college, upon the subjects of bap-
 
 EAT 169 
 
 tism. Mr. Dunster was persuaded in his own mind 
 that infants ought not to be baptized, though he 
 would not separate himself from the churches who 
 baptized their children. He thought liberally, but 
 allowed others the same freedom of opinion without 
 any interruption of church fellowship. He died at 
 Scituate, A. D. 1657. And left tokens of his affec- 
 tion to those friends who had advised him to leave 
 Cambridge. The ministers and magistrates of the 
 colony were very desirous of his continuing in the 
 station, if he could be persuaded not to propagate 
 his peculiar opinion, but he was equally conscien- 
 tious and candid, and preferred retirement to a sit- 
 uation where he might give offence. 
 
 The New England psalms were revised by pre- 
 sident Dunster who was a great Hebrewician, and 
 had more taste for poetry, than the divines who first 
 undertook to make the version. It is said that till 
 they were corrected by him, they were not fitted to 
 be sung in the churches. These psalms passed 
 through many editions, and till very lately were 
 sung in some of the churches.* Magnalia. 
 
 Eaton Theophilus, governour 01 New Haven 
 colony, was the eldest son of the Rev. Mr. Eaton, 
 minister of Stratford in Oxfordshire, who after- 
 wards removed to Coventry, and there also per- 
 formed the duties of a parish minister. Mr. Daven- 
 
 * In " New England's first fruits" a scarce and curious book 
 4to. London, 1643. It is said, over the college is master Dun- 
 ster placed as president, a learned considerable and industrious 
 man, who has so trained up his pupils in the tongues and arts, 
 and so seasoned them with the principles of divinity and Chris- 
 tianity, that we have to our great comfort (and in truth) beyond 
 our hopes, beheld their progressive in learning and godliness al- 
 so. The former of these has appeared in their publick decla- 
 mations in latin and greek disputations logical and philosophical, 
 which they have been wonted (besides their daily exercises in the 
 college hall) in the audience of the magistrates, ministers and 
 other scholars for the probation of their youth in learning, upon 
 set days constantly once every month to make and uphold : the 
 latter hath been manifested in sundry of them by the savourjf 
 breathings of their spirits in their godly conversation, &c.
 
 170 E A T 
 
 port, the father or the famous preacher of that name, 
 was mayor of that city. The families became inti- 
 mately acquainted. Young Mr. Eaton pursued 
 the mercantile line of business, and his friend stud- 
 ied divinity. The one was diligent, and grew rich, 
 and the other made a shining figure in his profess- 
 ion. Their friendship, which began in the old coun- 
 try, was increased by the circumstances which led 
 them both over to the American wilderness ; and 
 was uninterrupted till death parted them. Mr. Ea- 
 ton was among the most opulent men who came in- 
 to this country. He arrived at Boston in the year 
 1637. He had been a patentee of Massachusetts 
 colony, but had no idea of leaving England, until 
 Mr. Davenport was compelled " to seek a refuge 
 from the storm in these cold and rude corners of 
 the earth." 
 
 This company preferred to be a distinct colony, 
 and purchased a large territory, where they built a 
 town, and called it New Haven. It has ever since 
 been considered among the fairest places in the 
 plantations. Mr. Eaton was chosen governour of 
 this new colony, and continued in the office, being 
 annually chosen, until his death, A. D. 1657. 
 
 •< It was the admiration," saith Dr. Mather, " of 
 all spectators to behold the discretion, the gravity, 
 and equity with which he managed all publick af- 
 fairs. He carried in his countenance a majesty 
 which cannot be described, and in his dispensations 
 of justice he was a mirror for the most imitable par- 
 tiality." He also quotes a saying of his whichevinc- 
 es the correctness of his mind. " Some account it 
 a great matter to die well, but I am sure it is a great 
 matter to live well. All our care should be while 
 we have our life to use it well, and so when death 
 puts an end to that, it will put an end to all our 
 cares. 
 
 Dr. Trumbull, author of the history of Connecti- 
 cut, speaks highly of gov. Eaton's character. 
 " There was no man, among the first planters of
 
 EDW 171 
 
 New England, who had a more general acquaint- 
 ance with publick business, or who sustained a 
 fairer character." He says likewise that his monu- 
 ument is in good preservation at this time, with lines 
 upon it, expressive of his worth and usefulness. 
 
 Gov. Eaton was one who signed the confedera- 
 tion of the united colonies in 1643. And his name 
 appears to all their acts and proceedings till the lat- 
 ter end of the year 1657. In this assembly he had 
 an opportunity to exert himself for the good of New 
 England, which he failed not to improve. In these 
 records, which make the chief part of the 2d vol. of 
 Hazard's Collections, are precious documents for 
 historians, and very great displays of wisdom. The 
 first characters of each colony were honoured with 
 this commission. 
 
 Gov. Eaton was twice married, his first wife di- 
 ed young; she left two children. The second was 
 the daughter of the bishop of Chester. She left 
 New England after the death of her husband. He 
 educated one son at Harvard College, who was gra- 
 duated 1649, and died a few years before his excel- 
 lent father. Magnalia. Trumbull. Hazard, 
 
 Edwards Jonathan, presidenc of Princetown 
 College, in New Jersey, was the son of the rev. 
 Timothy Edwards, pastor of the church in Wind- 
 sor, Connecticut. He was born, 1702; graduated 
 at Yale College, 1720 ; he was soon chosen tutor, 
 for which office he was well qualified ; being then 
 distinguished for his abilities and learning. While 
 he resided at college, he applied his mind closely 
 to the study of divinity ; and very soon after he be- 
 gan to preach, he was invited to settle at Northamp- 
 ton. Mr. Stoddard, who was then minister of the 
 church, was his grandfather, and had lived to old 
 age. It gave the highest satisfaction to that vene- 
 rable man, to have one for his colleague and suc- 
 cessor, whose gifts and graces were so extraordina- 
 ry ; and for whom he must naturally care more than 
 any other candidate whom the people might
 
 172 E D W 
 
 call. Mr. Edwards was, indeed, as a son with a 
 father, the staff of his age, as well as a blessing to> 
 the people. Mr. Stoddard died, 1729. The church 
 had been in peace and harmony. Both their minis- 
 ters were highly esteemed at home and abroad. 
 The practice of baptising children of persons mak- 
 ing a profession of religion, who did not join in 
 full communion, had not been called in question. 
 Unhappily for the town of Northampton, a differ- 
 ence of opinion arose upon this subject ; Mr. Ed- 
 wards was fully persuaded in his own mind, that 
 none but the children of communicants have a right 
 to baptism ; and it was his desire to bring the church 
 over to the same way of thinking. He had thought 
 much upon the subject, and in 1748 he published a 
 quarto pamphlet, entitled, " an humble inquiry in- 
 to the rules of the word of God concerning the 
 qualifications for a full communion in the visible 
 christian church." The rev. Solomon Williams 
 wrote an answer to this ; to which Mr. Edwards re- 
 plied. The dispute occasioned many divisions in 
 churches, and the contention was so great in the 
 church at Northampton that it issued in a separa- 
 tion. A council was called, which advised to a dis- 
 mission. He resigned the pastoral office in 1750, 
 and had an " honourable quietus." He was then 
 invited to settle in the church at Stockbridge. The 
 minister of that town was supported from the funds 
 of the London society. Mr. Sargeant had been 
 their missionary to the Indians ; they elected Mr. 
 Edwards to succeed him, and the inhabitants of the 
 town joined heartily in the invitation. In this re- 
 tired situation he made himself useful to the people 
 both Indians and English, who sat under his minis- 
 try ; and he had a fine opportunity to indulge his 
 mind in those profound speculations, which had 
 given him a distinction among the greatest men of 
 the age. 
 
 When president Burr died, he was chosen to 
 "Succeed him. He had good reasons for not accept-
 
 EDW 173 
 
 ihg the place, but a sense of duty prevailed over 
 every other consideration, and he removed to Prince- 
 town in New Jersey. In this station, which he 
 adorned by his reputation, and where he might have 
 been very useful if it had pleased Heaven to spare 
 his life, he continued but a short time. He died 
 of the small pox, Feb. 23, 1758. His death was 
 universally lamented. Though many differed from 
 him in theological opinions, yet all respected his 
 piety and learning. As a preacher he was pathct- 
 ick, serious, experimental ; he had a small voice, 
 and therefore was not popular among that class of 
 people who think that to be zealous, and to cry 
 aloud, is the same thing. But his performances in 
 the pulpit were peculiarly acceptable to persons of 
 serious views. They were^ plain, practical and 
 adapted to the various capacities of his hearers ; 
 which is very remarkable, considering how much- 
 he wrote and thought upon doctrinal subjects. He 
 was certainly a great controversial writer ; most of 
 his writings discover this turn of mind, and he has 
 written very largely and ably upon many theologi- 
 cal subjects. His book upon the " freedom of the 
 will" is the most celebrated ; this gives him a name 
 among the greatest metaphysicians. " Several pro- 
 fessors of divinity in the Dutch universities sent 
 him their thanks for the assistance he had given 
 them in their inquiry into some doctrinal points, 
 having carried his own further than any author they 
 had ever seen." This book is written in opposition 
 "to Arminian principles ;" and the "Pelagian her- 
 esy;" Dr. Priestly, however, speaks highly of it, 
 and says he should suppose an Arminian wrote it. 
 The doctor is well known to be a high Supralapsa- 
 rian, or Necessarian, which he will not allow to be 
 a sentiment exclusively confined to Calvinistick di- 
 vines. President Edwards' book is not so clear 
 upon the subject as some others upon that side the 
 question. The style is somewhat intricate, but it 
 is a book of deep research ; it discovers great appli-
 
 174 ELI 
 
 cation of mind, with uncommon strength of inteL 
 lectual powers. This has been said of it, that it not 
 only proves him a man of great genius, but ** the 
 superiour force of argument has baffled all opposi- 
 tion." His u treatise upon the affections" is ano- 
 ther work of great celebrity, and has been read more 
 than his "essay on the freedom of the will " He 
 published many works, and left many in mss. Since 
 his death have been printed, " his defence of the 
 doctrine of original sin ;" a volume upon the " na- 
 ture of virtue ;" the " history of redemption," &c. 
 All his works have been collected lately, in eight 
 volumes, of which there is a very good American 
 edition, with " memoirs of his life." 
 
 President Edwards left ten children. Of his pos- 
 terity there are now several who are very con- 
 spicuous among the literary and famous men of 
 New England. 
 
 Edwards Jonathan, D. D president of Sche- 
 nectady College, was the son of the rev. president 
 Edwards of New Jersey. He was educated at Jer- 
 sey College, and graduated in 1765. He was settled 
 at New Haven, and continued a number of years in 
 the ministry ; but left the place some years before he 
 was chosen president of Union College, in which of- 
 fice he died. He was an author of very considera- 
 ble reputation. His most celebrated publications 
 were, an answer to Dr. Chauncy's book entitled, 
 " salvation for all men," which proved him to be a 
 critick and a scholar ; and a reply to the *' essays 
 upon liberty and necessity," written by Dr. Samuel 
 West, of New Bedford, which shows much logi- 
 cal acuteness, and is more luminous than what his 
 father wrote upon the subject. 
 
 Eliot John, commonly called the apostle to the 
 Indians, exhibited more lively traits of an extraordi- 
 nary character than we find in most ages of the 
 church, or in most christian countries. He, who 
 could prefer the American wilderness to the pleas- 
 ant fields of Europe, was ready to wander through
 
 ELI 1*5 
 
 this wilderness for the sake of doing good. To be 
 active was the delight of his soul ; and he went to the 
 hovels which could not keep out the wind and rain, 
 where he laboured incessantly among the aboriginals 
 of America, though his popular talents gave him a dis- 
 tinction among the first divines of Massachusetts, 
 at a time that the magistrates and all the people 
 held the clergy in peculiar honour. 
 
 We know but little of his connections before he 
 left his native country. He was born in England, 
 A. D. 1604. There is nothing related of his par- 
 ents, except that they gave him a liberal education, 
 and were exemplary for their piety ; — for this their; 
 memory is precious. 
 
 " 1 do see," says this excellent man, ''that it was' 
 a great favour of God to me that my first years 
 were seasoned with the fear of God, the word and 
 prayer." Is there not sufficient encouragement to 
 educate ingenuous youth, and impress the tender 
 heart with lessons of wisdom, to think they will,, 
 shed tears of grateful sensibility on our sepulchres ? 
 
 When Mr. HJiot left the university of Cambridge, 
 he himself became a teacher ; and while he Jed 
 children and youth into the paths of virtue, acquir- 
 ed also an acquaintance with the human heart. At 
 this time he had an opportunity of hearing the ven- 
 erable Hooker, and never lost the serious impres- 
 sions which he received under his preaching ; to 
 him he was always attached, as well as to his mode 
 of administering the order of the churches. 
 
 In the year 1631, Mr. Lliot arrived at Boston ; 
 and the succeeding year, Nov. 5, 1632, was settled 
 as teacher of the church in Roxbury. Gov. Win- 
 throp says, " Mr. John Eliot, a member of Boston- 
 congregation, whom the company intended present- 
 ly to call to the office of teacher, was called to be a 
 teacher to the company at Roxbury ; and though 
 Boston laboured all they could, both with the con- 
 gregation at Roxbury and with Mr. Eliot himself, 
 alledging their want of him, and the covenant be-
 
 176 E L I 
 
 tvveen them, yet he could not be diverted from ac- 
 cepting the call at Roxbury ; so he was dismissed." 
 
 When Mr. Eliot came to Boston > the preceding 
 year, there was no minister at the first church. Mr. 
 Wilson had gone to England, and the religious ser- 
 vice was carried on by gov. Winthrop, Mr. Dud- 
 ley and Mr. Nowel, the ruling elder. Mr. Hubbard 
 says these men accepted the charge, ** knowing 
 well that the princes of Judah, in king Hezekiah's 
 reign, were appointed to teach the people out of the 
 law of God." 
 
 Mr. Wilson left Boston the latter end of March, 
 1631. Mr. Eliot arrived November following, 
 with the governour's lady and sixty other persons, 
 in the ship Lyon, He immediately joined the first 
 church, and preached with them till he settled at 
 Roxbury. Had he accepted the call from the first 
 church, it might have been happy for the people ; 
 but most probably the great work which he after- 
 wards undertook, would not have been devised, and 
 for this he was very peculiarly qualified. But had 
 the connexion taken place, those animosities might 
 have been prevented, which afterwards divided the 
 church, banished the christian spirit from their 
 councils, and disturbed the whole community. Mr. 
 Cotton, who was called to be their teacher, was a 
 learned and excellent man, but opinionated ; he 
 countenanced Wheelwright, Mrs. Hutchinson, and 
 others, who were spreading antimonian errors 
 through all the churches. The pastor, Mr. Wil- 
 son, gov. Winthrop and Mr. Dudley, supported and 
 defended the principles and practices of the church- 
 es, before this fanatical woman, Mrs. Hutchinson, 
 came into the country. With them were the min- 
 isters and people of the other congregations ; but 
 Vane was governour, a hot-brained enthusiast, and 
 under his wing Mr. Cotton carried on the opposi- 
 tion against the pastor ; the church was divided ; 
 mutual censures passed between the brethren, and 
 every tiding, especially their ecclesiastical affairs,
 
 ELI 177 
 
 wore a most gloomy aspect. Amidst this melan- 
 choly kind of embarrassment, the prudence and 
 good sense of gov. Winthrop were conspicuous. 
 
 Such abilities and so much candour as he possess- 
 ed were absolutely necessary for the times. 
 
 The prior engagement of Mr. Eliot to settle with 
 the people at Roxbury, who came over with him in 
 the same ship, and to whom he was warmly attach- 
 ed, was sufficient to satisfy his friends of the church 
 in Boston, and they gave him a regular dismission. 
 He was accordingly united with the church at Rox- 
 bury as their teacher, and Mr. Welde was called the 
 next year to be their pastor. They lived in much 
 harmony ; and under their ministry the town grew 
 and flourished ; — it still retains a rank of distinction 
 among the best places in the environs of the me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 He certainly was the most successful missionary 
 that ever preached the gospel to the Indians. His 
 prudence and zeal, his patience, resolution, activity 
 and knowledge of mankind, were equally conspicu- 
 ous. Many have done worthily in this benevolent 
 work ; but if we unite an apt method of applying the 
 truths of Christianity to the minds of the heathen 
 with the success of his labours, he far excelled them 
 all. He likewise claims a very peculiar character, 
 as being the first Protestant minister who diffused 
 the beams of evangelical truth among the wild na- 
 tions of this benighted part of the globe. The tribes 
 that roamed through the desarts become dear to 
 him, like his own people, and he often forsook the 
 charms of civilized and cultivated society, to reside 
 with men, who were not only unacquainted with 
 every thing called urbanity, but who wanted com- 
 fortable means of subsistence ; with whom he would 
 associate days and weeks to instruct them in din- 
 vine things — and also acquaint them how they could 
 improve their condition upon the earth. He partook 
 with them their hard fare, with locks wet with the 
 dews of the night, and exposed to attacks from tb<* 
 
 z
 
 178 ELI 
 
 beasts of the forests ; or to their spears and arrows 
 who were fiercer than wolves, and more terrible in 
 their howling. None of these things moved him, 
 but he was more collected as he was in the face of 
 danger ; like a brave soldier, he fought the good 
 fight of faith, bearing every suffering with cheerful- 
 ness, and every pain with resignation. 
 
 When our Indian apostle began his mission, 
 there were about seventeen or twenty tribes within 
 the limits of the Knglish planters. But these tribes 
 were not large, and hardly to be distinguished ; for 
 their manners, language and religion were the same. 
 
 The Massachusetts language, in which he trans- 
 lated the bible and several practical treatises, would 
 serve the purpose of a missionary. The first thing 
 he did was to learn this language of the people, and 
 then he could preach without the medium of an in- 
 terpreter, which is likely to cause mistakes — and 
 sometimes in material points. An old Indian, who 
 could speak English, was taken into his family, and 
 by conversing freely with him he learnt to talk it, 
 and soon was able to reduce it to some method, and 
 became at last so much master of it, as to publish a 
 grammar, which is printed in some editions of the 
 Indian bibles. 
 
 From his contemporaries, and from his writings, 
 we learn, that he always preached in a plain man- 
 ner, but had a happy facility of communicating his 
 ideas upon subjects adapted for his people. He was 
 warm and diffusive, tender and pathetic, rather co- 
 pious than correct in his language ; but though his 
 style was not varied with much art, his publick per- 
 formances were acceptable in all the churches. His 
 method was natural, his expression easy, his voice 
 audible, and his manner very interesting. Out of 
 the abundance of his heart his mouth spake, in 
 preaching and praying ; and no pastor of New En- 
 gland saw more of the fruit of his labours. His dis- 
 courses are without those quibbles, gingling words, 
 and quaint turns, which mark the false taste of the
 
 ELI 179 
 
 age ; but were as common in English, as in Ameri- 
 can sermons. This strain of preaching was intro- 
 duced here by scholars educated in European semi- 
 naries, and too successfully imitated by the sons of 
 our college. The author of the Magnalia abounds 
 even with puerile conceits, and on this account has 
 not received that tribute of respect from literary 
 men of this generation, which he deserves, for pre- 
 serving many facts, or such minute circumstances 
 of events, as are entertaining to read, without his 
 peculiarities of style ; and are of infinite service to 
 all who would know the affairs of their own coun- 
 try. To this author, who was intimately acquaint- 
 ed with Mr. Eliot, we are indebted for an extract 
 of a sermon upon the heavenly conversation, which 
 exhibits the preacher in his common attitude ; for 
 the words were taken as they dropped from his 
 mouth, without his supposing that they would ever 
 appear in print. We certainly can form a more cor- 
 rect opinion of the preacher's talents than from the 
 description in his biography, where he tells us, that 
 " lambs might wade into his discourses, on those 
 texts and themes wherein elephants might swim.'* 
 
 As to his moral and christian character, it was 
 as exemplary as his ministerial qualifications were 
 excellent. His mind was governed by a sense of 
 duty, and not a mere ease and complacency of hu- 
 mour, which makes a man good-natured when he is 
 pleased, and patient when he has nothing to vex 
 him. He brought his religion into all his actions. 
 A stranger to artifice and deceit, he disliked the 
 appearance of them in others. He felt equal obliga- 
 tions to perform the duties of piety, virtue and be- 
 nevolence. Such was the man. He clothed him- 
 self with humility as with a robe. Literally speak- 
 ing, he wore a leathern girdle about his lions. Per- 
 haps this might show too strong a prejudice against 
 dress ; but all his actions discovered a temper free 
 from vanity, and a desire to be humble, rather than 
 to gain the praise of men. He was very temperate :
 
 180 ELI 
 
 one dish was his homely repast. When he dined 
 abroad, he would not indulge himself in the luxu- 
 ries of the table. He drank water, and said of wine, 
 " it is a noble, generous liquor, and we should be 
 humbly thankful for it, but, as I remember, water 
 was made before it." His maintenance was a free 
 contribution, or raised upon pews, and the people 
 of Hoxbury cheerfully supported two ministers. It 
 was his request, to give up his salary when he could 
 no longer preach. " I do here," said he, " give up 
 my salary to the Lord Jesus Christ ; and now, 
 brethren, you may fix that upon any man that God 
 shall make a pastor." But the society, in their an- 
 swer, told him, that they accounted his presence 
 worth any sum granted for his support, even if he 
 were superannuated so as to do no further service 
 for them. The youth of the congregation called 
 him their father and their friend, and their affection 
 chased away the gloom so apt to hover around the 
 evening of life. Such attentions from the rising 
 generation, are like medicine to the spirit of a man 
 sinking within him. The reflection of a life well 
 spent, and the kindness of his friends, made his old 
 age pleasant. 
 
 In domestick life, Mr. Eliot was peculiarly happy. 
 His lady was an excellent economist, and by her 
 prudent management enabled him to be generous to 
 his friends, and hospitable to strangers. It ought 
 to be mentioned to the credit of this excellent wo- 
 man, that with a moderate stipend and her prudence, 
 he educated four sons at Cambridge, who were a- 
 rnong the best preachers of that generation. A small 
 salary, where a proper arrangement is made of the 
 expenses, and the wife looks well to the ways of her 
 household, may answer generous as well as necessa- 
 ry purposes : But when frugality is despised, and 
 prudence called a nigavdly virtue ; when the frag- 
 ments which might be gathered are lost, it is not 
 the income of the most lucrative stations, much less 
 the salaries of pastors of churches, that will maintain 
 people in ease and independence,
 
 ELI 181 
 
 By the influence of Mr. Boyle, his honorable 
 friend, Mr. Eliot was allowed fifty pounds, annually, 
 from the society de propagandfi&e. This enabled 
 him to gratify his benevolent propensities ; the poor 
 Indians, to whom the gospel was preached, shared 
 the most of the donation. His character is thus ce- 
 lebrated by one of his biographers : — " It was a 
 brilliant star in the constellation of his virtues, and 
 the rays of it were various and extensive. He gave 
 largely from his own income to the poor, and pro- 
 moted all kinds of useful distributions, especially if 
 he could serve the cause of religion. When his 
 age unfitted him for publick employment, he re- 
 flected that he did good as he had opportunity. 
 " Alas I" said he, " I have lost every thing. — My 
 understanding leaves me, my memory fails me, but 
 I thank God my charity holds out still * 
 
 It becomes necessary to mark the minute circum- 
 stances of a person's character, if we would obtain 
 just views of his temper and actions. Hence bio- 
 graphy differs from history, whose province is tc 
 describe great events which elevate the mind ol the 
 reader ; and which recmire a dignity of manner witt 
 the glow of sentiment. But in the narrative oi pri- 
 vate life, we survey the man in all his various atti- 
 
 * So great was Mr. Eliot's charity, that his salary was often 
 distributed for the relief of his needy neighbours, so soon aftet the 
 period at which he received it, that betore another period arrived 
 his own family were straitened for the comforts ot life. One day 
 the parish treasurer on paying the money for salary due, which 
 he put into a handkerchief, in order to prevent Mr. i Hot from 
 giving away his money before he got home, tied the ends of the 
 handkerchief in as many hard knots as he could. The good man 
 received his handkerchief, and took leave of the treasurer. He 
 immediately went to the house of a sick and necessitous family. 
 On entering, he gave them his blessing, and told them God had 
 sent them some relief. The sufferers with tears of gratitude 
 welcomed their pious benefactor, who with moistened eyes began 
 to untie the knots in his handkerchief After many efforts to get 
 at his money, and impatient at the perplexity and delay, he gave 
 the handkerchief and all the money to the mother of the family, 
 saying with a trembling accent : " Here, my dear, take it ; I be- 
 lieve the Lord designs it all for you."
 
 182 ELI 
 
 tudes, frequently without a design to point a moral : 
 We follow him through the vales and descents of 
 his situation, and fetl interested in everything which 
 concerns him, till, by dwelling upon kindred ima- 
 ges, he grows into a familiar acquaintance. 
 
 Most men have their oddities and strange hu- 
 mours. Among the prejudices of Mr. Eliot was 
 one very strong against wearing wigs. He preach- 
 ed against it ; he prayed against it ; he thought all 
 the calamities of the country, even Indian wars, 
 might be traced to this absurd fashion. Many 
 things have been told by the people of Roxbury, 
 which were handed down to them by their ances- 
 tors,, that seem only like amusing stories, of the 
 good man's resentment. And in the written ac- 
 count by Cotton Mather, it is said that he thought 
 it a " luxurious, feminine protexity for men to wear 
 their hair long." Especially, a shame for minis- 
 ters of the gospel to " ruffle their heads in excesses 
 of this kind." The doctor touches lightly upon 
 this subject, for he himself wore a wig ; and he 
 nakes a judicious observation — " Doubtless," said 
 he, " it may be lawful in us to accommodate our 
 hair to the modest customs which vary in the 
 cuurch of God ; and it may be lawful for them, 
 who have not hair of their own, enough for their 
 health, to supply themselves according to the sober 
 modes of the places where they live. Mr Eliot 
 lived to see the prevalence of the fashion, to see ma- 
 ny an orthodox minister wear a great white wig, 
 and it is reported that he gave over the utterance 
 of his grieved spirit, saying only as a last word of 
 complaint that the "lust was insuperable." 
 
 His prejudices were as strong against the use of 
 tobacco. He thought it was a sacrifice of precious 
 time — a silly amusement, disgusting in itself; that 
 christians ought not to become slaves to such a per- 
 nicious weed, and besotted by its influence. But 
 he might as well have preached to the moon, as to 
 resist the tide of fashion ; or fought with the stars
 
 ELI 185. 
 
 in their courses, as to struggle with the pride of o- 
 pinion, or the appetites of sense ; and try to per- 
 suade men not to use a weed which carries a charm 
 with it for its intoxicating quality ; — which equally 
 tends to exhilarate their spirits and amuse their lei- 
 sure hours. 
 
 The use of ardent spirits was then hardly known. 
 Hugh Peters, a friend of his, and contemporary 
 writer, says : He never saw a man, woman, or child, 
 drunk in the streets of Boston — nor recollects hear- 
 ing an oath. Stern virtue had a dominion or au- 
 thority which she has lost since, and it may be long 
 before we recur to the practices or principles of 
 the New England planters. 
 
 Our Roxbury divine has been accused by some 
 of versatility in his opinions and conduct : By 
 others, of being too set and rigid in his notions. If 
 there is an inconsistency in this, it is what we see 
 every day. Persons think themselves right and are 
 warm in defending a sentiment. — The same sensibil- 
 ity of mind may be manifested after they have altered 
 their way of thinking. Hutchinson quotes a letter 
 of Hooker, where he says : " A copy of Mr. Vane's 
 expressions at Roxbury, I desire to see and receive 
 by the next messenger. I have heard that my bro- 
 ther Eliot is come about to this opinion : 1 have 
 writ to him — I would fain come to a bandy with 
 him, where I might be a little rude in the business, 
 for I do as verily believe it to be false, as 1 do be- 
 lieve any article of my faith to be true." From his 
 behaviour at the trial of Mrs. Hutchinson, we rather 
 think Mr. Hooker was misinformed. He never was 
 a partizan of Vane, but always adhered to gov. 
 Winthrop. 
 
 His setness of opinion was also manifested in 
 controverting with the great Dr. Owen the proper 
 observation of the sabbath, but he thought the doc- 
 tor's name and character, might carry more weight 
 than his arguments had intrinsic excellency. 
 
 His political opinions more than once brought
 
 184 ELI 
 
 him into trouble. He spake with freedom against 
 the Indian treaty, and was obliged to recant before 
 the magistrates. Roger Williams and he were of 
 the same opinion, but the one was convinced, and 
 confessed his error ; the other was not so easily mov- 
 ed or convinced. 
 
 This was in the year 1636. Afterwards he dis- 
 covered more of a democratic spirit, by writing a- 
 gainst monarchy, when it was not safe for puritan 
 divines to speak of the ruling power, and the re- 
 publicans in the mother country had their tongues 
 locked in silence. Hutchinson tells us, in the first 
 book of his history, that the governour and coun- 
 cil, in the year 1660, took notice of a book pub- 
 lished by Mr. Eliot not long before, intitled, the 
 Christian Commonwealth, full of seditious princi- 
 ples and notions, in relation to all established gov- 
 ernments in the christian world, especially against 
 the government established in their native country. 
 Upon consultation with the elders, their censure 
 was deferred until the next general court, that Mr. 
 Eliot might have an opportunity, in the meantime, 
 of making a publick recantation. At the next ses- 
 sion, Mr. Eliot gave in his acknowledgment to the 
 court : 
 
 "Understanding, by an act of the honoured 
 council, that there is offence taken at a book pub- 
 lished in Kngland by others, the copy whereof was 
 sent over by myself about ten years since, and that 
 the further consideration thereof is commended to 
 this honourable general court, now sitting in Bos- 
 ton. Upon perusal thereof, I do judge myself to 
 have offended ; and, in a way of satisfaction, not 
 only to the authority of this jurisdiction, but also 
 to any others that shall take notice thereof, I do 
 hereby acknowledge to this general court, that such 
 expressions as do manifestly scandalize the govern- 
 ment of England by king, lords, and commons, as 
 antichristian, and justify the late innovator, 1 do 
 sincerely bear testimony against, and acknowledge
 
 ELI 185 
 
 it to be true, not only a lawful, but eminent, form 
 of government. 
 
 ** 2. All form of civil government deduced from 
 scripture, I acknowledge to be of God, and to be 
 subjected to, for conscience' sake ; and whatsoever 
 is in the whole epistle or book inconsistent here- 
 with, I do at once most cordially disown." Johu 
 Elio 
 
 t. 
 
 The books were ordered by the court to be call- 
 ed in, and this acknowledgment to be posted up in 
 the principal towns of the colony. 
 
 During the war with the sachem Philip, 1675, 
 our Roxbury divine appears in a character very in- 
 teresting to the community. The traces of war 
 are blood and slaughter. The people of Massachu- 
 setts, in their phrenzy, would have destroyed the 
 praying Indians with the savages whose feet were 
 swift to spread destruction in every path. Mr. El- 
 iot was their advocate and friend. They were put 
 under a kind of duress, which was injurious to them 
 if they were innocent, but which was more aggra- 
 vating because they took a decided part against their 
 own nation ; this they bore with patience, or a ve- 
 ry faint expression of complacency. Mr. Eliot was 
 not only persuaded that they were friendly, but 
 that they were of great service to the English, with 
 whom they would live or die, rather than mingle 
 with heathens. Being assisted by gen. Gookin, he 
 defended their cause, and protected them against 
 those men of violence who were less in the image 
 of God than those poor outcasts of human society ; 
 men, who lost their reputation, as christians, be- 
 cause they gave way to the fury of their passions. 
 Every thing was said against the minister and ma- 
 gistrate which could be uttered by the foul mouth 
 of the vulgar, or from the lips of some whose edu- 
 cation was liberal, and whose religion ought to have 
 made more candid ; but who stimulated the bitter 
 sarcasms of the multitude. Nothing could shake, 
 the resolution of such men, conscious of rectitude ; 
 
 a a
 
 186 E L I 
 
 and we never behold the subject of these memoirs to 
 more advantage than he appears when he pleads the 
 cause of these poor, friendless beings. It is no 
 wonder, therefore, that having shown his abilities 
 and firmness, he acquired such an influence over 
 the various tribes as no other missionary to the In- 
 dians could ever obtain. We can overlook a mul- 
 titude of errors, where such divine charity throws 
 the purest lustre upon the character. We can ex- 
 cuse such prejudices, which by themselves seem 
 like effusions of human 'weakness, when, in the same 
 life, we see the charms of virtue; nor let us blame 
 even an obstinacy of humour if mingled with a 
 firmness that gives dignity to human nature. Hav- 
 ing mentioned certain oddities in his disposition, or 
 a few singularities, or puerile antipathies against 
 new customs, which in the present day would cause 
 a smile of ridicule, let these be balanced by the hon- 
 esty and frankness of his manners He was as te- 
 nacious of truth and justice as of his own opinion. 
 He must also have possessed some of those rare 
 qualities which conciliate popularity, an uncommon 
 affability to gain an influence in society which could 
 never be acquired by ministerial gifts and graces, 
 although these might make him an ornament to the 
 pulpit. 
 
 There is a story which perhaps should not be 
 omitted. It is related by one fond of the marvel- 
 lous, (Cotton Mather.) Mr. Eliot was in a boat, 
 that was overset by a vessel running against it. A 
 profane wretch, one who clamoured for the extir- 
 pation of the praying Indians said, he wished the 
 man of God had been drowned. In a few days this 
 man was drowned in the very place where Mr. El- 
 iot had received his deliverance. 
 
 After living eighty-six years in this world of tri- 
 al, the spirit of this excellent divine took its flight 
 to a better world. For many years he had his con- 
 versation in heaven ; his faith seemed to be swal- 
 lowed up in vision, and his hopes in fruition. He
 
 ELI 187 
 
 lost his most amiable companion two years before. 
 He was then sick and expected and longed for his 
 own departure. Their children they had followed 
 to the grave, and had comforted each other as they 
 drank the bitter ingredients from the cup of adver- 
 sity. He died in the year 1690. 
 
 Few of his family were alive to lament his death ; 
 but he was lamented by the whole family of virtue, 
 and by all the sincere friends of religion. The poor 
 church at Nai'ick not only joined with those who 
 dropped a tear upon his dust, but streams of sorrow 
 flowed from the heart. Though he lived many 
 years they were filled with usefulness ; succeeding 
 generations mentioned his name with uncommon 
 respect ; his labours were applauded in Europe and 
 America ; and all who now contemplate his active 
 services, his benevolent zeal, his prudence, his up- 
 right conduct, his charity, are ready to declare his 
 memory precious. Such a man will be handed 
 down to future times, an object of admiration and 
 love ; and appear conspicuous in the historiek page 
 when distant ages celebrate the Worthies of JSe-iv 
 England.* 
 
 * Works. — The true commonwealth ; tears of repentance, &c. 
 harmony of the gospels ; an Indian grammar ; Indian psalter; 
 the whole bible in the same language. 
 
 Of Mr. Eliot's four sons, the eldest, John Eliot, was graduated 
 at Cambridge in 1656; was settled at Newton, the spot where the 
 first assembly of praying Indians were assembled. He was a 
 preacher to the aboriginals, and probably assisted his father in 
 translating the scriptures Mr Homer in his history of Newton 
 has given a very interesting view of the character of this excellent 
 divine. He died. 1668, in the 33d year of his age. 
 
 Joseph, the second son, was graduated at Harvard College, 1653. 
 He was minister of the church at Guildford, in Connecticut, above 
 30 years. He died, 1694. 
 
 Samuel, the third son,was graduated, 1660 ; was a tutor and fel- 
 low of Harvard College ; a candidate for the ministry. He died ear- 
 ly in life, " a young man eminent for learning and goodness." 
 
 Benjamin, the fourth son, was graduated, 1665 ; was ordained 
 colleague with his father,but died before him : upon which the au- 
 thor of the Magnalia makes this reflection, after G Nazianzen. 
 " The father having laid up in a better world a rich inheritance lor 
 his children sent a son of his before to take possession of it."
 
 188 ELI 
 
 Eliot Jared, pastor of the church at Killing- 
 worth, Connecticut, was the son of the rev. Joseph 
 Eliot, of Guildford, and born, Nov. 7, 1685; he 
 was graduated at Yale College, 1706. He proceed- 
 ed master of arts ; and had the degree also present- 
 ed from Harvard College. He was minister of 
 Killingworth till his death, April, 1763. In Chand- 
 ler's life of president Johnson, we are told, that Mr. 
 Eliot once doubted of the validity of presbyterian 
 ordination. He afterwards acknowledged that he 
 had been too precipitate in forming and communi- 
 cating his opinion. From the account of the epis- 
 copal writers one would suppose that the clergy and 
 people of Connecticut, at that period, were very il- 
 literate ; or that none but the rector of Yale, and 
 those young gentlemen who had declared in favour 
 of the episcopal church were conversant with books, 
 or had any reputation for knowledge. By other 
 accounts, especially by certain letters sent to the 
 ministers of Boston, it appears, that there were 
 other men of talents in the government of the col- 
 lege ; and that, in this very controversy with the 
 rector, they were able to convince three, who made a 
 great figure in their profession, that their ordination 
 had been valid. Mr. E. had been among those 
 who were the most strenuous. He, and Mr. 
 Johnson had not only expressed doubts, but a full 
 persuasion, that there was no ordination except from. 
 the hands of bishops in a line from the apostles. It 
 is agreed on all sides that the six young gentlemen 
 who signed the declaration, were excellent scholars, 
 and of irreproachable morals ; but the opinion which 
 suine had of the rector was very different from what 
 bis friends have represented. " He was an episco- 
 palian many years while minister at Stratford ;" he 
 accepted the chair of Yale College when " he knew 
 he was guilty of dissimulation ;" he acted a Jesuit- 
 ical part in seducing young men of talents from the 
 paths they and their fathers had walked ; and was 
 such a bigot as to declare before the trustees, that
 
 ELI 189 
 
 he believed " there was no salvation out of the epis- 
 copal church." These things were said by the 
 trustees of the college ; perhaps their prejudices 
 might give a tone of severity to their censure of 
 his conduct when he first delivered his sentiments 
 in publick.* 
 
 Mr. Eliot was a member of the corporation of 
 Yale College from the year 1730 to 1762. 
 
 In 1752, president Clap wrote his defence of the 
 New England churches. At a general association 
 of the ministers of the county this book was appiov- 
 £d, and signed by Iared Eliot, moderator 
 
 Whether he ever published any sermons or theo- 
 logical treatise, we have not been able to ascertain, 
 except a " sermon upon the taking of Louisburg, 
 1745." He was distinguished for his skill in natu- 
 ral philosophy, and made some physical experi- 
 ments which were useful as well as ingenious. As 
 a botanist he was certainly the first in New Eng- 
 land, and his " agricultural essays" have passed 
 through several editions. f 
 
 Eliot Andrew, D.D. was born in Boston ; had 
 the rudiments of his education at the south gram- 
 
 * How is the gold become dim, and the silver become dross, and 
 the wine mixt with water I our school gloried and flourished un- 
 der the first rector, the rev. Mr. Pearson, a pattern of piety, a 
 man of modest worth, of solid learning, and sound principles, 
 free from the least arminian or episcopal taint ; but it suffered a 
 decay for some years, because of the want of a resident rector. 
 But who could have conjectured, that its name being raised to 
 Collegium Yalense from a Gymnasium Saybrookense, it should 
 groan out Ichabod in about three years and a half, under its se- 
 cond rector, so unlike the first, by an unhappy election set over it, 
 into whose election or confirmation, or any act relating to him, 
 the senior subscriber hereof (though not for some reason through 
 malice bruited about) never came. — Extract of a letter to the 
 Boston ministers, signed, John Davenport, Stamford S. Buck- 
 ingham, Sec. 
 
 t By the kindness of gov. Trumbull, part of the information 
 concerning Mr. Eliot was obtained from his son George Eliot, 
 esq. of Kdlingworth — Concerning the family of the apostle, he 
 differs from the author of the Magnalia — Benjamin was not the 
 fourth sor — there was one named Aaron, ntxt to Samuel, who 
 died young. Mr. E. also relates that his great grand father, the 
 apostle Eliot, was born at Nasin, Essex county.
 
 ISO 
 
 thl 
 
 mar school under Dr. Williams and Mr. Lovel j 
 was graduated at Harvard College in 1737 ; and 
 ordained pastor of the church in North street, April 
 14, 1 742. To delineate his character may not be 
 proper for the compiler of this work ; such facts 
 will be mentioned only, as are necessarily connected 
 with the notices of his life. He had a strong attachment 
 to the constitution of the New England churches ; 
 was zealous in promoting the interest and reputa- 
 tion of the college, and active in serving the pur- 
 poses of all humane and pious as well as literary in- 
 stitutions. He was a member of the London soci- 
 ety for propagating the gospel among the Indians, 
 and when a board from Scotland was constituted in 
 Boston, he was appointed one of the first members. 
 He joined with others in getting an act through the 
 general court to establish a similar society in Mas- 
 sachusetts, which was negatived by gov. Bernard ; 
 and a large subscription lost, that was designed as 
 a fund for the institution. If he ever manifested en- 
 thusiasm, it was in the persuasion of the great good 
 which would aiise horn the missions to the various 
 tribes of the aboriginals. The result, however, 
 did not answer his expectations ; and the latter part 
 01 his life he often expressed his concern that such 
 lively hopes were defeated, and vast sums expend- 
 ed to so little purpose.* 
 
 • The circumstances preceding the war might occasion this 
 disappointment. The Indians were wrought up to a different 
 temper by other persons, from what the preachers of the gospel 
 oi peace effected. Sir William Johnson it is supposed had an 
 influence over them, who was prejudiced in favour of the church 
 ot England and the measures of the British administration By 
 certain letters which passed between gov. Hutchinson and this 
 gentleman, it seems the society desired the governour to write, 
 and remonstrate against his conduct, which he very highly resent- 
 ed. Another thing ought to be considered as the £Teat hindrance 
 of the success of the missionaries. That they did not first civil- 
 ize them. It was generally believed that the first object should 
 be to convert them ; and civilization would follow of course. 
 This was a favourite sentiment of the board in Scotland. It met 
 the opinion also of Dr. Chauncy, and several gentlemen in Bos-
 
 ELI 191 
 
 In 1765, Dr. E. was chosen fellow of the corpo- 
 ration of Harvard College. He had been some years 
 secretary of the board of overseers ; and was one of 
 the committee to obtain donations after the old col- 
 lege was burnt. Many of the present generation 
 remember his exertions to procure the present li- 
 brary and apparatus. He did not confine his appli- 
 cation to gentlemen in the provinces. Several val- 
 uable presents were made to the library at his par- 
 ticular request by his correspondents in England. 
 When that venerable man, president Holyoke, rest- 
 ed from his labours, it was the publick expectation 
 that he would succeed him, but as he could not 
 think of breaking the connection with his people, 
 who were unwilling to part with him, he declined 
 standing a candidate for the office. Afterwards, 
 when the chair was again vacant by the resignation 
 of another president, he was one of three fellows of 
 the college, elected by the corporation. This he 
 opposed, but his opinion was overruled. It appear- 
 ed to him, as to many other persons in the province* 
 a deviation from the line of decorum for gentlemen 
 of the same body to choose each other into office, 
 for the sake of the honour, when it was well under- 
 stood they would not accept it. 
 
 There were other events in his life, which are 
 worthy of a relation, as they manifest how much his 
 aim was to be useful. When lieut. gov. Hutchinson's 
 house waspillaged, and pulled to pieces by an infuri- 
 ated mob, his books and mss. were thrown into the 
 streets, and were in danger of being completely 
 destroyed. Dr. E,. made every exertion to save 
 them. Several trunks of mss. among them the se- 
 cond volume of the history of Massachusetts Bay, 
 
 ton. The method the societies now practice is, to teach them 
 the arts of lite ; and some tribes feel the necessity of cultivating 
 their lands, of acquiring manual employments, are sensible of 
 the benefit of early instruction for their children, so that the pros- 
 pect is fair of their improving the means of religion while they 
 enjoy the blessings of social life.
 
 192 ELI 
 
 were preserved by his care and attention, and he 
 spent much time in assisting to arrange them. 
 
 Another thing may be mentioned as manifesting 
 how much he was influenced by a sense of duty. 
 He remained in Boston during the blockade from 
 April 19, 17V 5, to the March of the succeeding 
 year. His friends, his family, and most of his con- 
 gregation had left the town, but the inhabitants who 
 could not leave their dwellings were many, and 
 they constituted a very large religious society. He 
 shared with them in their affliction, preached every 
 Sabbath, and paid every attention which is ever ex- 
 pected from a pastor to his flock. He often ob- 
 served, that although he never passed a season, 
 when his own feelings were more tried, yet he ne- 
 ver had an opportunity to be more useful. Others 
 have said, his preaching was uncommonly impres- 
 sive For several months Dr. Mather and he at- 
 tended the Thursday lecture, but finding it incon- 
 venient, they agreed to bring it to a close, and a 
 farewell sermon was preached upon an occasion 
 which many circumstances concurred to render ve- 
 ry solemn and affecting. When the people of the 
 town returned, this lecture was again opened ; gen. 
 "Washington and the officers of the American army 
 attended ; a fuller assembly has been seldom 
 known ; Dr. E. preached from Isaiah xxxiii. 20, 
 and gave a very interesting view of the state of the 
 town. The latter years of his life, he appeared to en- 
 joy a good degree of health, had the same animation 
 in the pulpit, and vivacity in his conversation, but he 
 was subject to bodily complaints which he supposed 
 to be indications of a speedy dissolution. In the 
 summer of 1 778, he complained more than usual, but 
 did not confine himself to the house till the first 
 week of September, and died the 30th day of the 
 month. He had been 36 years in the ministry and 
 was in the 60th year of his age.* 
 
 • Works. — He was never fond of printing sermons. When he 
 was desired to publish any single discourse which had gratified
 
 END 193 
 
 Endicot John, governour of Massachusetts,' 
 was from Dorchester in England, and one who 
 purchased of the council of Plymouth that part of 
 New England three miles to the south of Charles 
 river, and three miles north of Merrimack from the 
 Atlantick to the South sea. In the summer of 
 1628, he was sent over to Naumkeake with a com- 
 pany who considered him as governour of the plan- 
 tation, because all the affairs of this infant settle- 
 ment were committed to his care. He was a man 
 peculiar in his notions, rigid in his religious princi- 
 ples, eager and ardent in all his views. One of his 
 odd opinions was, that women ought to wear veils 
 that their faces may never be seen in the church ; 
 
 his people ; his answer was, that he intended to collect ■ <• num- 
 ber, which he would publish in a volume after some years. This 
 volume of twenty sermons was printed in the year 1774. The 
 other discourses which appeared at different times, were five 
 "ordination sermons;" one upon the '-inordinate love of the 
 world ;" a sermon after " the death of Mr. Webb ;" a fast ser- 
 mon, 1754 ; one upon the thanksgiving, 1759 ; the election ser- 
 mon, 1765 ; a sermon at the Dudleian lecture, 1771 ; also, a ser- 
 mon " upon the thief on the cross." He wrote several pieces in 
 the episcopal controversy, particularly " remarks upon the bish- 
 op of Oxford's sermons," extracts of which were published in 
 England, by Dr. lilackburn ; his friends there also printed an 
 edition of his election sermon. In the memoirs of T. Hollis, esq. 
 of London, there are several pages filled with the letters he 
 wrote to that gentleman. A letter from a friend of his will close 
 the account of his writings. " 1 well remember two (I believe 
 there were three pieces) of your father's, which I copied at his 
 desire and carried for publication, saying nothing, save that they 
 were written by a worthy friend. To say they were excellent 
 would be superfluous. One of them on prelatical ordination was 
 much spoken of and admired. Old justice Dana in particular 
 was abundant ; I need not say that he was loud in his praises. 
 How many others he wrote, of which he was willing to be known 
 as the writer, I am not able to say." The gentleman who wrote 
 the above, was his particular friend* Their intimacy, which be- 
 gan in youth, and was founded on mutual esteem, increased with 
 their years ; death separated them for a while, but a most affec- 
 tionate remembrance of the good qualities of his deceased friend 
 is still lively in the breast of the survivor. 
 
 • Hon. Samuel Dexter. 
 
 b b
 
 191 END 
 
 and this matter he disputed with Mr. Cotton at a 
 lecture in Boston. He acted so viotent a part in 
 executing his plan of church government, that we 
 are told, the "friends of the colony in England 
 wrote a reproof to him, and that he never recover- 
 ed his reputation in England.''* He also gave 
 great offence to the civil power in the plantation, 
 by cutting the cross out of the colours. He consid- 
 ered this as a piece of Romish superstition, being 
 influenced by the opinion of his minister, Mr. Wil- 
 liams, who, with many prominent traits of a great 
 character, was very zealous and opinionated. T hey, 
 however, carried their point. For though the mi- 
 litia first refused to train with colours that were so 
 defaced, the cross was very soon left out by the 
 general expression of the publick sentiment. Mr. 
 Endicot was, at the time, censured by the people^ 
 as well as the government, and the succeeding year, 
 1635, left out of the magistracy. " They adjudg- 
 ed him worthy of admonition, and to be disabled 
 for one year from bearing any publick office ; de- 
 clining any heavier sentence, because they were 
 persuaded he did it out of tenderness of conscience 
 and not of evil intent." 
 
 Mr. E. was chosen afterwards an officer to com- 
 mand fourscore men, against the Pequods ; but not 
 succeeding in making an attack upon them, he was 
 much blamed. According to the best accounts he 
 acted with prudence ; for winter was approaching, 
 and he must have followed them through the woods 
 wherever they fled ; his object likewise was to make 
 a bolder attempt to subdue them the next season. 
 He soon acquired more ascendency in the civil af- 
 fairs of the colony ; and in 1641 was chosen depu- 
 ty governour, which office he held the two succeed- 
 ing years, and was placed in the chair of government 
 in 1644, Winthrop being the deputy. A new of- 
 fice was created the same year, that of major gene- 
 
 * Bcntley's description of Salem.
 
 end m 
 
 Sfal, and given to Mr. Dudley. He had the sole 
 command of the militia, as the governour was at 
 the head of the civil department. In 1645, Mr. 
 Dudley was chosen governour, and Mr. Endicot 
 appointed major general. After gov.Winthrop died, 
 Dudley and Endicot were the candidates for the 
 chief seats. In 1649, Mr. E. was in the chair, at 
 the head of the magistrates, and signed a declaration 
 against wearing wigs, ** as a thing uncivil and un- 
 manly, whereby men do deform themselves, and 
 offend sober and modest men, and do corrupt good 
 manners. " He was chosen governour every year 
 from 1655 to 1660. No governour since the set- 
 tlement of the country has been for so many years 
 chief magistrate. He was 16 years governour of 
 the colony, and in the office when he died, 15th of 
 March, 1665. 
 
 Though he was more rigid in his notions, and 
 
 bigotted in his religious principles than any other 
 
 of the magistrates, yet he was very acceptable to 
 
 the people when they had advanced him to the chief 
 
 places. The opposition he made to gov. Winthrop, 
 
 and the discordant proceedings attending it, might 
 
 arise in some measure from jealousy and envy. He 
 
 had been a kind of sub- governour in the plantation 
 
 before the gentlemen came over in the Arabella. 
 
 They were his superiors in property, character and 
 
 influence. Though he was one of the assistants, it 
 
 did not satisfy him. There was another ground of 
 
 rivalship between the settlement at Naumkeake, 
 
 and the towns that were situated upon the banks of 
 
 Charles river, which place should be the capital. 
 
 This caused bitter altercations, and had a political 
 
 influence, especially upon the choice of magistrates. 
 
 Boston being such a convenient mart for business, 
 
 and other circumstances concurring to increase its 
 
 population, soon obtained the preference ; and has 
 
 continued unto this day to be the metropolis. 
 
 Mr. Endicot being in the chair of government, 
 and having moved to Boston, had every inducement
 
 196 FAN 
 
 to promote the general harmony and peace of the 
 community. The change of government in Eng- 
 land, when Charles II. came to the throne was 
 grievous to all the people of New England, but to 
 no individual more than to Mr. Endicot. He had 
 every thing to try his fortitude and his prudence. 
 Several of the regicides had been protected under 
 his government, who fled from Massachusetts when 
 the proclamation issued against them, reached these 
 shores. He afterwards made exertions to secure 
 them. His duty, as a publick officer, stimulated 
 him to act thus, whatever might have been his 
 friendship for the persons. The commissioners 
 sent over by the court of Great Britain, to inquire 
 into the state of the colonies, always gave unfa- 
 vourable accounts of Massachusetts and their gover- 
 nour. Such was their representation of his conduct 
 that the secretary of state wrote, " The king would 
 take it well, if the people would leave out Mr. En- 
 dicot from the place of governour." But no other 
 power than death removed him ; his body was buri- 
 ed in peace, and his name is mentioned among 
 those who did honour to their country. 
 
 Faneuil Peter, esq. presented the market- 
 house, to the town of Boston. — At a meeting of 
 the inhabitants, it was unanimously voted, that the 
 town do with the utmost gratitude receive and ac- 
 cept his most generous and noble benefaction, and 
 that a committee of 2 1 gentlemen be appointed to 
 wait on him in the name of the town to render him 
 their most hearty thanks for so bountiful a gift, 
 with their prayers thai this and other expressions of 
 his bounty and charity may be abundantly recom- 
 pensed by the divine blessing. 
 
 In testimony of their gratitude they named it 
 Faneuil Hall. They also voted that the picture of 
 the said Peter Faneuil, esq. be drawn at full length, 
 and placed in the hall at the expence of the town. 
 He died, 1742.
 
 FIR 197 
 
 Firmin Gyles, physician in New England, 
 preacher at Stratford, in Great Britain, was born hi 
 Suffolk, 1614, 15, educated at Cambridge univer- 
 versity, a*nd is mentioned by Dr. Calamy among the 
 ejected ministers, 1662. He was in Boston early in 
 life, being of the puritan stamp, and not finding re- 
 ligious freedom in his native country. Soon after he 
 came to New England, he was chosen deacon of the 
 church in Boston. He was one of the synod at Cam- 
 bridge, 1637, and a great opposer of the Antinomi- 
 ans. In Hutchinson's collection of papers there is' 
 a letter of his, addressed to gov. Winthrop, in 1642, 
 soon after the treachery of the governour's servant, 
 who defrauded him of his property. He expressed 
 his sympathy upon this occasion, and then proposes 
 a settlement for himself and others upon Shawsin 
 river. 
 
 At the end of the civil wars he returned to Eng- 
 land, left the profession, though not altogether the; 
 practice of physick, and settled at Stratford, or 
 Strawford. He was 40 years of age when he was 
 ordained. He continued to preach as long as they 
 would suffer him ; and when ejected by that arbi- 
 trary mandate which threw so many excellent men 
 into straits and misery, he retired to Redgwell, a 
 little village, where he continued till his death. 
 April, 1697. 
 
 It is said he continued longer preaching than most 
 dissenting ministers, on account of the favour of 
 the neighbouring gentry and justices of the peace, 
 who applied to him as a physician, and saw how 
 much the poor were benefited by him, whom he 
 was ready to serve gratis. He lived to be above 
 fourscore, and enjo\ ed a fine state of health, to 
 which change of climate, and active life in subduing 
 the wilderness doubtless contributed. He was emi- 
 nent for his parts and learning. His skill in phy- 
 sick and surgery was uncommon. He under- 
 stood the oriental tongues ; had read the fathers, 
 schoolmen and church history ; had a logical acu-
 
 198 F I S 
 
 men which he discovered in disputing with Papists, 
 Socinians, Arminians, &c. but especially with Epis- 
 copalians. His own sentiments brought him to a 
 middle way between the Presbyterians and Inde- 
 pendents. He states in his book, " the conformist 
 and non- conformist compared," that there ought to 
 "be several elders in each church, of which the teach- 
 ing elder is president. This was the opinion of 
 many of our fathers, and was practised in a large 
 proportion of the churches, but is now set aside for 
 very good reasons, which were not so forcible in 
 early times of the plantation. His most famous 
 work, " the real christian or a treatise on effectual 
 calling," has been printed several times in Boston* 
 and few works were read more by serious people of 
 the last generation. As a man he was not rigid nor 
 morose, but peaceable, quiet and inoffensive ; he let 
 his moderation be known, and was a lover of good 
 men of all denominations.* 
 
 FiskJohn, educated at Emanuel College, Cam- 
 bridge, came to New England, 1637, preached 
 three years at Salem, then removed to Wenham, 
 where he resided fourteen years. In 1656, he, with 
 the greatest part of his church, removed to Chelms- 
 ford. He died, Jan. 14, 1676, aged 75. 
 
 He was an able physician as well as a useful 
 preacher. When he was silenced in England on 
 account of his nonconformity, he studied physick, 
 
 * His publications were numerous. He printed, 1651, Ques- 
 tions whether baptism should be administered to the children of 
 persons notoriously wicked. In 1658, a treatise upon the schism 
 of parochial congregations in England. In 1673, his most fa- 
 mous work, the real christian or a treatise upon effectual calling. 
 In 1 68 1, Questions between a conformist and non-conformist tru- 
 ly stated, 8cc. Beside these, he published Presbytt rian ordination 
 vindicated ; the plea of children of believing parents for their in- 
 terest in Abraham's covenant, their right to church membership, 
 and several other treatises upon infant baptism ; remarks on 
 Dr. Crisp's writings; weighty questions discussed, 1. About 
 the interposition of hands. 2. About teaching ^elders and the 
 members meeting in one place, 4to. 1692.
 
 FIS 199 
 
 and after a proper examination, he obtained a lu 
 cense for publick practice. While he was at Salem 
 he was an instructor of youth ; among his scholars 
 was the famous sir George Downing, whose father 
 had made his settlement in that town. 
 
 Mr. Fisk published a catechism which he enti- 
 tled, " the olive branch watered,'* which was said 
 to be a useful work ; yet he chose the assembly' 's cate- 
 chismfor his publick expositions, which he went over 
 in discourses before his afternoon sermons on the 
 Sabbath. He died of a complication of ails, and 
 is compared on this account to Calvin, who was 
 troubled with as many infirmities, as in different 
 subjects might have supplied a hospital. 
 
 Mr. Fisk left several children. One was set- 
 tled in the ministry at Braintree. This gentle- 
 man was graduated at Harvard College, 1662 ; 
 he had a son who was graduated, 1708, who was 
 invited to settle in the new church, Summer street, 
 Boston, but the division was so great, that he de- 
 clined their call. The ministers of Boston were 
 very desirous Mr. F. should be fixed in the 
 town. He afterwards was minister of the first 
 church in Salem ; ordained, 1718 ; was dismissed 
 from the ministry, 1745, and died, 1770, aged 81. 
 He was father of the late gen. Fisk. Magnalia. 
 Bentley^s description of Salem, 
 
 Fisk Nathan, D. D. was born at Weston, 
 Sept. 6, 1733 ; graduated at Harvard College, 
 1754 ; and ordained pastor of the third church in 
 Brookfield, May 28, 1758. He received his diplo- 
 ma of D. D. 1792. He was a critical and learned 
 divine ; his discourses were calculated to give in- 
 struction, and allure men to the love of religion. 
 They are among the best that have been published 
 in this country. Though he was not a popular 
 preacher, yet his manner was pathetick, and he 
 gained the affections of his people while he grew in 
 their esteem. He was an example of the virtues he 
 preached to others, and all who knew him loved
 
 200 F R A 
 
 him. In simplicity and godly sincerity he had his 
 conversation in the world. Had he not been so 
 modest and unassuming, he would have made a 
 greater figure among the celebrated characters of 
 the age. In the circle where he moved he had great 
 influence ; all the neighbouring clergy looked up 
 to him as a father and a friend. Among the stars 
 of the churches he appeared with a pure and serene 
 lustre. His path was that of the " rising light which 
 shinethmore and more unto the perfect day." This 
 text was chosen by him for the last discourse he ever 
 preached, and it mustbe peculiarly impressive to those 
 who knew the character of the man. Alter preach- 
 ing on the Lord's day, Nov. 24, 1799, he passed 
 the evening in company, appeared cheerful and in 
 good health, went to bed apparently well, but dur- 
 ing his sleep, death came as a friend to remove him 
 to the mansions of eternal rest. 
 
 Dr. Fisk did not confine himself to theological 
 publications ; he wrote a number of essays in the 
 Massachusetts Spy under the title of the " Worces- 
 ter speculator," and also under the signature of a 
 •* Neighbour ;" and in the Massachusetts Maga- 
 zine under the title of the " General Observer;" 
 also, the philanthropist in twenty numbers.* 
 
 Franklin Benjamin, LL.D. F. R. S. was 
 born in Boston, January 27, 1706. His father was 
 in a humble occupation, but industrious, sober and 
 very respectable among his fellow citizens. The 
 newspaper which announces his death, represents 
 him as modest and unassuming. " Though he 
 courted not the admiration of men, yet all who 
 knew him admired him." He constantly attended 
 
 * His other printed works are, an historical sermon on the 
 settlement and growth of Brookfield, 177 5 ; a fast sermon, 1776 ; 
 a funeral sermon on Mr. Joshua Spencer, 1778 ; an oration on 
 the capture of lord Cornwallis, 1781 ; a sermon at the funeral of 
 Mr. Josiah Ilobbes, who was killed by lightning. April 24, 1774 ; 
 a volume of sermons on various subjects, 1794; the Uudleian 
 lecture sermon, 1796. All hi* essays were collected and publish- 
 ~d in two volumes, styled, the Moral Monitor, 1801.
 
 FRA 201 
 
 publick worship, and brought up his children in 
 the ways of piety. He had a particular desire to 
 give Benjamin a college education, but wanted the 
 means. He therefore put him as an apprentice to 
 the elder brother, J. FranUin, who then published 
 the Boston Gazette. B. Green had printed the Bos- 
 ton Newsletter from April 24, 1704. Franklin 
 printed the first No. of the Gazette, Dec. 21, 
 1719. The very next week Bradford published 
 the Mercury at Philadelphia. These were the first 
 newspapers printed in America. Soon after this, 
 Franklin delivered over to S. Kneeland the Gazette, 
 and emitted another paper, called the Courant, which 
 became famous from the literary effusions of his 
 brother Benjamin. When he was only a lad, he 
 wrote essays which were sprightly and satirical, and 
 of a tendency to gain subscribers. Young Frank- 
 lin was fond of books, and acquired more know- 
 ledge than is common at that age ; and according 
 to the account which he gives of himself, was as 
 wise in his own conceit, as he was in the estima- 
 tion of others. The life of an author written by 
 himself generally displays more vanity than wisdom. 
 Such talents, however, as Franklin possessed could 
 not be concealed, had he not been disposed to 
 trumpet his own fame. He not only brought him- 
 self into notice by his writings, but distinguished 
 himself among the wits, free thinkers, and merry 
 wags of the town. By this conduct he forfeited 
 the friendship of several gentlemen who were dis- 
 posed to serve him ; who loved his family, but 
 were the friends of virtue and religion. He was al- 
 ways the head of every deistical club, with whom 
 he associated. His zeal against the religious part 
 of the community, as well as his superiour genius s 
 gave him a claim to the first place of distinction. 
 While he remained in this country, his chief com- 
 panion was Ralph, who afterward went to England, 
 and became a celebrated political writer. Pope 
 gives him a rank among dunces; but lordMclcombe 
 
 c c
 
 2052 F K A 
 
 speaks of him. as holding the best pen among the 
 opposers of the administration The literary repu- 
 tation of Ralph is buried with him : but Franklin 
 shines among the most brilliant characters of the 
 age. His works have given his name uncommon 
 celebrity ; and his publick services will never be 
 forgotten in his own country. While he shines with 
 such a peculiar lustre, we regret that his principles 
 and moral sentiments in early life were not more 
 worthy of praise. One lesson is to be learned from 
 his memoirs : never to put great confidence in a 
 man's friendship and promises, who is destitute of 
 religious principles. The conduct of his bosom 
 friends, who were libertines and without religion, 
 almost persuaded Franklin to be a christian. In 
 every instance, where he trusted them, they de- 
 ceived him, and he gives a warning to others from 
 his own sad experience. He left Boston when he 
 was only 17 years of age. He went to Philadelphia, 
 and was introduced to gov. Keith, who seemed dis- 
 posed to patronise him. By his advice he took a 
 voyage to England, that he might complete himself 
 in every part of his business. The governour as- 
 sured him of his assistance, which the young man 
 vainly hoped would be greatly to his profit ; but in 
 this he was disappointed. The governour was a 
 man of the world, obliging in his manners, but with- 
 out fidelity in his dealings. Finding therefore that 
 he must depend upon his own exertions, young Mr. 
 Franklin would not be idle, nor had he a disposi- 
 tion to sink under misfortune. His mind was al- 
 ways active, and with such a spirit of industry and 
 capacity for every kind of work, it is no wonder 
 that he met with success, if not equal to his wishes, 
 yet beyond what common men would expect He 
 deserves the greater credit when we view him a 
 youth, in a strange land, fond of pleasure, and 
 exposed to every kind of temptation. In 1726, he 
 returned to Philadelphia. He soon obtained em- 
 ployment, and by his prudence and economy, as
 
 F R A 203 
 
 well as habitual industry, gained a subsistence, and 
 in a very few years increased his property. In this 
 city, he instituted a club for the discussion of po- 
 litical and philosophical questions, which were well 
 calculated to try and improve their minds. These 
 are printed in his works. In 1732, he published 
 " poor Richard's almanack." This is full of pru- 
 dential maxims, economical hints, and good advice. 
 We see in every page something congenial to the 
 humour of the man. How far such maxims influ- 
 ence the generality of readers, is not easy to say. 
 If they prevent youth from being extravagant or 
 idle, they are useful ; but they hang on the lips of 
 some, as an excuse for their avarice. Profusion is 
 not generosity, nor should a prudent man be parsi- 
 monious. The wise sayings of " poor Richard," 
 have been repeated, and copied, and printed in ma- 
 ny works. They appear in another form, from 
 their author, in a book entitled. " The wav to 
 wealth." 
 
 Mr. Franklin was chosen master of the post of- 
 fice in Philadelphia in 1737. The year before he 
 had been clerk to the general court. He was em- 
 ployed in much publick business, and in many use- 
 ful projects. In 1731, he founded the famous li- 
 brary of Philadelphia. In 1738, he improved the 
 police of the city, by organizing companies to se- 
 cure their property against fire. It is said this 
 was the origin of all the fire clubs which are now in 
 every city. His patriotick zeal was also discover- 
 ed in the year 1744, when a very serious dispute 
 happened between the proprietary interest, and that 
 of the people, concerning the forces which were to 
 be raised for their common defence. He proposed 
 a method which seemed well calculated to end the 
 dispute. It was a voluntary association ; and ten 
 thousand joined in it as subscribers. Other remark- 
 able services might be mentioned which gave Dr. 
 Franklin a high character among philanthropists. 
 But as a philosopher he gained the most notice,
 
 £04 FRA 
 
 and applause from mankind. He began his " elec- 
 trical experiments" about the year 1747. These 
 manifested an inventive genius, and he had all the 
 activity and perseverance necessary for any investi. 
 gation. From studying the properties of nature he 
 discovered a resemblance between lightning and 
 the electrick fluid. He placed pointed metallick 
 conductors upon the tops of houses with rods that 
 Went into the ground, that the passing clouds might 
 discharge their fire, and do no injury to the build- 
 ing. Some physical reasons, and certain religious 
 scruples, were at first raised against their use ; but 
 soon the metallick conductors became common in 
 North America, and were adopted in other coun- 
 tries. 
 
 His other meteorological observations are also 
 Valuable, and are proofs of industry, as well as gen- 
 ius. He could readily turn his mind to any thing 
 useful, and delighted to make his philosophical ex- 
 periments subservient to the convenience of com- 
 mon life ; in which he is as much to be praised, as 
 for enlarging the bounds of science. 
 
 Among the writers upon politicks, and the per- 
 sons who have acted an important part in the revo- 
 lution of their country, Dr. Franklin has been high- 
 ly esteemed, and conspicuously distinguished. He 
 preferred the busy tumult of the world to the •' calm 
 delights of mild philosophy." In 1747, he was chos- 
 en representative for the city of Philadelphia. In 
 that assembly he exerted all his influence in oppo- 
 sing the proprietary claims. In 1754, he proposed 
 a plan for the general government of the colonies, 
 which did not meet the approbation of the British 
 court ; nor of several eminent characters on this 
 side the Atlantick. In 1757, he was sent to En- 
 gland as agent for the province of Pennsylvania, and 
 he succeeded in his application to the British court, 
 that the proprietary lands should be taxed for the 
 publick service. He was also employed in the a- 
 gency for Jersey, Maryland and Georgia. At this
 
 FRA 205 
 
 time he was elected a fellow of the royal society of 
 London ; and received the degree of L L. D. from 
 several universities. He was a member of all the 
 celebrated academies of arts and sciences in Europe, 
 and was also elected president of the philosophical 
 society in Philadelphia. In 1762, he returned home, 
 and received thanks for his services ; but was again 
 appointed agent. We read of his conversation with 
 Mr. Grenville concerning the stamp act, and his 
 exertions to prevent any act passing in the parlia- 
 ment of Great Britain to raise a revenue from the 
 colonies. When the stamp act was repealed, he 
 had more leisure than he had enjoyed for many 
 years, and spent the time in travelling over several 
 parts of Europe. 
 
 In 1774, Dr. F. was employed by the house 
 of Massachusetts to present a petition, that the 
 governour and lieutenant governour might be re- 
 moved from their offices. According to his own 
 account, the privy council were not disposed to do 
 justice to himself, oi his cause. Mr. Bollan, who 
 was agent for the council of Massachusetts, and had 
 been a lawyer of eminence in this country, desired 
 to be heard ; but was silenced because he was only 
 agent for the branch which did not join in this pros- 
 ecution. Finding that Mr. Wedderburne appear- 
 ed for the governours, he desired to have council ; 
 but at the same time, was willing their lordships 
 should give a decision merely from the papers with- 
 out having a word said upon the subject. The bu- 
 siness was deferred till another day, and he then ap- 
 peared with Mr. Dunning and Mr. Lee, who did 
 all in their power to support the petition. Mr. 
 Wedderburne on the other hand, threw every kind 
 of abuse on the house of representatives, and their 
 agent, mingled with encomiums upon their gov- 
 ernours. " The favourite part of his invective," 
 says the Dr. " was levelled at your agent, who 
 stood there the butt of his ribaldry and invective 
 for near an hour, not a single lord adverting to the 

 
 206 F R A 
 
 indecency or impropriety of treating a publick mes- 
 senger in so ignominious a manner, who was only 
 as the person delivering your petition, with the con- 
 sideration of which no part of his conduct had any 
 concern "* After his return to America, he was 
 chosen a member of Congress. In this body he 
 did not make any great figure. But he was sent in 
 a publick capacity to France, and signed two 
 treaties of alliance and commerce with that nation, 
 one dated Jan. 30, the other Feb. 6, 1778. 
 
 He was one of the commissioners who signed the 
 provisional articles of peace in 1783. It was fortu- 
 nate for New England that Mr. Adams and Mr. 
 Jav were with him. Their talents as statesmen, 
 and their particular services at this time saved these 
 parts of the union from poverty and humiliation. 
 This, the best friends of the old sage were obliged 
 to acknowledge. 
 
 In 1785, Dr. Franklin returned to Philadelphia, 
 and was appointed president of the supreme execu- 
 tive council. 
 
 He was one of the members of the convention 
 who framed the constitution of the United States. 
 He mingled not in the debates, but made a speech 
 at the close of the business, which did not discover 
 his talents as a statesman. It was time for him to 
 retire from publick business. He had arrived at an 
 age when human infirmities increase, and the " ve- 
 ry strength is labour and sorrow." He died, April, 
 1790, aged 84. 
 
 Dr. Franklin never professed any religion. His 
 friend president Stiles pressed him upon the sub- 
 ject, and wished to have him say he was a believer 
 in Christianity, but the philosopher evaded the ques- 
 tion. He said that he had been led to think favoura- 
 bly of the sentiments of Dr. Kippis, Dr. Priestley, 
 
 * Letter to Thomas Cashing, esq. speaker of the house of re- 
 presentatives, Feb. 15, 1774, in Historical Collections, volume iii. 
 See also Dr. Priestley's letter, giving a particular account of 
 Wedcterburne's speech, of which he was a hearer.
 
 FUL 207 
 
 and others, with whom he had been acquainted in 
 England. Their opinions did not bear the puritan- 
 ick stamp, and he doubtless respected them more 
 as philosophers than ministers of the gospel. 
 
 Dr. Franklin never published any large work ; 
 but his various tracts make up three large octavo 
 volumes. It is said that in society he was senten- 
 tious, but not fluent ; a listener rather than a talker; 
 an informing rather than a pleasing companion ; im- 
 patient of interruption. He often mentioned the 
 custom of the Indians, who remain sometime 
 silent before they give an answer to a question they 
 have heard attentively, unlike some of the politest 
 societies in Europe where a sentence can scarcely 
 be finished without interruption. 
 
 He made certain bequests and donations by his 
 will, which discover his peculiarity of temper, and 
 a mind swayed by vanity, as well as under the in- 
 fluence of minute calculation. 
 
 His epitaph is an instance of oddity, but is inge- 
 nious* He made it to be put on his tombstone. 
 
 The body of 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, printer, 
 
 (like the cover of an old book, 
 
 its contents torn out, 
 
 and btript of its lettering and gilding) 
 
 lies here food for worms : 
 
 yet the work itself shall not be lost, 
 
 but will, as he believed, appear once more 
 
 in a new 
 
 and more beautiful edition, 
 
 corrected and amended 
 
 by 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Fuller Samuel, one of the worthies who came 
 ©ver to New Plymouth. He was chosen deacon of 
 Mr. Robinson's church, with Mr. Carver, who was 
 afterwards governour of the plantation. As it was 
 determined that the pastor should remain at Ley- 
 den, they sent Mr. Brewster, their elder, with the 
 two deacons, who were qualified to instruct the 
 people, and lead in the publick services. Mr. Ful-
 
 208 FUL 
 
 ler sailed from Holland, July 21, 1620. He took a 
 servant boy with him, who died on the passage, 
 Nov. 6, a few days before they made the land of 
 Cape Cod. When gov. Carver died, they chose 
 another deacon, but Mr. Fuller's services were in 
 very special demand, both for the souls and bodies 
 of the people. Beside his duty in the church, which 
 he was active in performing, he was eminently use- 
 ful as a surgeon and physician. Nor did he con- 
 fine his benevolent offices to the inhabitants of New 
 Plymouth, and to the aboriginals of the country, but 
 readily gave his assistance to the people of Naum- 
 keake after Mr. Endicot came to that part of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay. Several of the people died of " scur- 
 vys and other distempers,'' and many were subject- 
 ed to diseases arising from unwholsome diet and 
 want of proper accommodations. Having no phy- 
 sician among themselves, it was happy for those 
 planters that Plymouth could supply them with one 
 so able as Mr. Fuller, who visited them at the re- 
 quest of Mr. Endicot, and met with great success 
 in his practice. According to Mr. Prince, he went 
 there more than once. He says, •* gov. Bradford and 
 Mr. Morton from him, seem to mistake in blend- 
 ing the several sicknesses atNaumkeake of 1628 and 
 1629 together, and writing as if Dr. Fuller first 
 went thither to help in the sickness introduced 
 there by the ships in 1629 ; whereas by gov. Endi- 
 cot's letter of May 11, 1629, it appears that Dr. 
 Fuller had been there to help them, which was 
 above a month before the ship arrived in 29." 
 
 When he returned from Salem to Plymouth Mr. 
 Endicot wrote to gov. Bradford a letter of thanks, 
 speaking highly in praise of the physician, and also 
 his. hearty concurrence with their church in its form 
 and discipline. From which it is evident that the 
 conversation of Dr. Fuller had some effect upon his 
 religious opinions, for there was a difference of sen- 
 timent before this interview, and a jealousy lest the 
 Plymouth church should exercise a jurisdiction, 
 over the church in Salem.
 
 GAG 209 
 
 Gage Thomas, governour of Massachusetts, 
 1774 and 1775, was brother of lord viscount Gage, 
 and an officer of distinction in the British army. 
 He came into America as a lieut. col. of Braddock's 
 forces, and when that unfortunate general was 
 wounded, he, with another officer, carried him off the 
 field. He acquired some credit by this action, be- 
 cause the confusion was so general, and the flight 
 so disorderly, that the body might have been man- 
 gled by a savage enemy, or exposed to every kind 
 of indignity. In 1758, Mr. Gage had a colonel's 
 commission. In 1760, after the reduction of Can- 
 ada, he was governour of Montreal; and the ten 
 succeeding years was commander in chief of the 
 British forces in North America. The greater part 
 of the time, he resided in the city of New York. 
 He paid a visit to Boston in the autumn of 1768, 
 where the 14th and 29th regiments were stationed, 
 with a view to know the state of the town, and to 
 see that proper accommodations were made for the 
 troops. A handsome address from the members of the 
 council was presented to him, in which they say, 
 " it affords a general satisfaction that your excellen- 
 cy has visited the province. Your own inquiries 
 will satisfy you, that though there have been disor- 
 ders in the town of Boston, some of them did not 
 merit notice, and that such as did, have been mag- 
 nified beyond the truth." To this address he gave 
 a polite answer ; but at the same time wrote to the 
 ministry a bitter invective against the council, the 
 people of the town, and province. His answer to 
 the address of the council is dated Oct. 28 ; the let- 
 ter to the ministry, Oct. 30. This letter is totally 
 destitute of that candour, which the people had al- 
 ways connected with the general's character. At the 
 date of it, he had been in town about a fortnight ; 
 at which time from his own knowledge and obser- 
 vation, he could not gain such an acquaintance with 
 the character and disposition of the council, and of 
 the people in general, as to authorize him to sav so 
 
 d d
 
 210 GAG 
 
 many harsh things concerning them, which at the 
 same time are as unjust, as they are rash and pre- 
 cipitate. The similitude of sentiment in this letter, 
 and the letters of Bernard, leaves no room to doubt 
 whence the matter of it was furnished. 
 
 Such are the remarks made by our whig politi- 
 cians on the general's letter.* It was also observed 
 that, as the general thought proper to step out of 
 his line, and give characters, a regard for the pub- 
 lick, and especially for himself should have induced 
 him to srive such as were consistent with truth. 
 
 In the year 1774, it was his fortune to succeed 
 Hutchinson in the government of Massachusetts ; 
 and to command the troops quartered in the pro- 
 vince, to force the people into a compliance with 
 unconstitutional and oppressive acts of parliament. 
 If there had been no prejudice imbibed against 
 the man, they could not but feel resentment at 
 having a governour appointed with such authori- 
 ty over them. It is no wonder therefore that their 
 opposition to his administration was so fixed and 
 violent. His polite address and easy manners, 
 however, gained him friends ; and it was fre- 
 quently observed that in good times, he would 
 have made a worthy governour. This might be 
 the case ; but the opinion could not be formed by 
 observations upon his managing the affairs of the 
 province. He acted with the advice of men who 
 wished to deprive the people of all their civil privi- 
 leges, and to make the governour of Massachusetts 
 as despotick as the Dey of one of the Barbary pow- 
 ers. The port bill was under consideration of the 
 Boston town meeting when governour Gage arriv- 
 ed; and it was more particularly the province of the 
 admiral to put this into execution. 
 
 But what were the prominent traits of his admin- 
 istration ? 
 
 * Letters of gov. Bernard, gen. Gage, his majesty's council to 
 the earl of Hillsborough, with an appendix, containing diverse 
 proceedings referred to in said letters.
 
 GAG . 211 
 
 " He negatived thirteen provincial counsellors 
 chosen at the first election after his arrival. 
 
 " Adjourned the court to Salem, that he might 
 reduce them more easily to his arbitrary measures. 
 
 " He summoned the mandamus council to their 
 seats, in violation of the provincial charters. 
 
 " He attempted to put in execution an act of 
 parliament "for regulating the government,'' which 
 entirely altered the charter constitution of the pro- 
 vince ; and another act, authorizing the governour, 
 in case any person is indicted for murder or any 
 other capital offence in aid of magistracy, &c. to 
 send such person (if the governour approves not of 
 their having a trial in Boston) to any other colony, 
 or to Great Britain to be tried. 
 
 " He issued a proclamation, forbidding any of 
 the inhabitants of the province from signing a paper 
 called a solemn league and covenant for the pur- 
 poses of non- importation and non-consumption of 
 British goods. 
 
 " He sent troops to seize the provincial powder 
 in the magazine at Charlestown. 
 
 " He tried to prevent the Essex county meeting 
 at Salem ; and ordered troops from the village to as- 
 sist in dispersing said meeting. 
 
 " He broke up the ground on Boston neck, for 
 entrenchments and fortifications, which was an im- 
 pediment to passengers going to, and coming from, 
 the country towns. 
 
 "By a proclamation he discharged the members 
 of the general court, to deprive the province of a 
 representative body. 
 
 " He sent troops to Marshfield and Salem ; and 
 attempted to seize cannon and other military stores. 
 
 " The several avenues to the town of Boston he 
 ordered to be guarded by centinels from his troops, 
 and reduced the town to the state of a garrison. 
 
 " He altered the terms of agreement with the 
 town, as a condition of the citizens removing out of 
 it, after they had complied with their part of the
 
 212 GAY 
 
 condition ; and detained articles he had previously 
 promised should be removed by the owners, and 
 caused many impediments in the manner of their 
 removal. 
 
 " In the month of June, 1775, he proclaimed 
 Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion, the 
 provincial congress having in the month preceding 
 renounced the government of gen. Gage. In his 
 proclamation he proscribed the patriots, S. Adams 
 and Hancock. 
 
 " Under his orders Bunker Hill battle was fought, 
 and Charlestown burnt," &c. &c. 
 
 All these transactions took place during his short 
 administration. 
 
 Having obtained leave to depart from America, 
 he sailed from Boston, October 10th, 1775, and 
 passed the remainder of his days in retirement. 
 We hear of no peculiar honours conferred upon 
 him in his own country ; and here, if men did not 
 feel an abhorrence of his conduct, it was because 
 they viewed him with contempt. 
 
 Gay EbEiNEZer,D. D. pastor of the first church 
 in Hingham, was born in Dedham, of parents, who 
 descended from the first settlers of that ancient 
 town. He made early progress in literature, and 
 was sent from the town school to Harvard College, 
 where he was graduated, 17 14. He was ordained over 
 the church in Hingham, 1718. When he was a young 
 man he obtained the notice of gov. Burnet, who 
 was a good judge of characters, and particularly 
 fond of men of letters. It is a saying of his, handed 
 down from the last generation, that among the cler- 
 gy of Massachusetts, Mr. Bradstreet of Charles- 
 town, and Mr. Gay of Hingham had the most eru- 
 dition. One of these left no publication as evidence 
 of his talents. The other printed many sermons, 
 chiefly occasional. During the long life he passed 
 on earth, very few works, except sermons, were 
 emitted from the presses of New England. What 
 encouragement could be given to talents in a coun-
 
 GAY 213 
 
 try just rising into notice ? Many a flower has 
 dropped its leaves in this American wilderness, 
 which, transplanted in some fair garden, would 
 have grown and flourished. The clergy of this 
 country were formerly very dependent, though 
 treated with great respect by their people. They 
 had to labour hard in the fields of this world, as 
 well as to do their duty to God's husbandry, that 
 souls li might not wither, but have their fruit in love 
 and good works." They were, however, happy and 
 contented with their lot : though not in easv or af- 
 fluent circumstances they were above want. If 
 they had a thirst for knowledge, they suffered, be- 
 cause few men had libraries, nor were many books 
 imported upon any subject but law, physick and 
 divinity. If no professional men were in their par- 
 ishes, they could not gain much information. Dr. 
 Gay was as well situated as most of his brethren ; 
 and he had great resources in his own mind. Among 
 his parochial connections were several gentlemen in 
 conspicuous stations, and capable of improving the 
 minds of each other. When he was 85 years old, 
 he preached upon this text, Joshua, xiv. 10, mark- 
 ing the number of his years — " I am this day four- 
 score and five years old." He says, sixty three 
 years have I spent in the work of the ministry 
 among you. One hundred and forty six years ago, 
 your forefathers came with their pastor and settled 
 in this place. I am the third in the pastorate of this 
 church which has not been two years vacant. Scarce 
 any parish but hath had more in the office in the 
 same space of time. The peopleof this town have been 
 steady to their own ministers living to old age ; 
 have not been given to change, nor with itching 
 ears have heaped to themselves teachers. I bless 
 God who disposed my lot among a people, with 
 whom I have lived in great peace eleven years 
 longer than either of my predecessors. I have only 
 to wish that my labours had been as profitable as 
 they have been acceptable to them. I retain a grate-
 
 214 GAY 
 
 ful sense of the kindnesses (injuries I remember 
 none) I have received from them. While I have 
 reaped of their carnal things to my comfortable 
 subsistence, it has been my great concern to sow 
 unto them spiritual things, which might spring 
 up in a harvest of eternal blessings. That their af- 
 fections to me, as their pastor, have continued from 
 fathers to children, and children's children, hath been 
 thankfully observed by me ; and should have been 
 improved as an advantage and incentive to do them 
 •(in return of love for love) all possible good. It is 
 but little I can do now in the work to which I am 
 kept up so late in the evening of my days," &c. 
 This sermon is styled the " old man's calender ;" 
 and is a very interesting discourse, though not 
 equal in composition to those he printed in young- 
 er life. <: His election sermon, 1745 ;" the sermon 
 " before the convention of ministers, 1746," and at 
 " Dudleian lecture, 1759." have been much cele- 
 brated. The funeral sermon " upon Mr. Hancock," 
 father of the late governour, and two upon "the 
 death of Dr. May hew" are among the best occa- 
 sional discourses. 
 
 Mr. Gay received his diploma of doctor in divin- 
 ity, in 1735, from the university where he had his 
 education. 
 
 This great and good man died, Sabbath day, 
 March 8, 1787, in the 91st year of his age, and 
 69th of his ministry. The vigour of his mind con- 
 tinued to this remarkable age. He was preparing 
 to go through the labours of the day when he died. 
 " His indulgent Lord, as it has been well expressed, 
 " when he was about to enter upon the service of his 
 sanctuary here below, called him to the more sub- 
 lime enjoyments of his temple above."* 
 
 * His publications, beside those mentioned above were, a ser- 
 mon at the ordination of Mr. Joseph Green, May 12, 1725 ; 
 there was a high encomium upon this sermon by Mr. Foxcroft of 
 Boston ; a sermon upon the arrival of gov. Belcher, 1730^; a 
 sermon at the ordination of Ebenezer Gay, jun. at Suffield, 1742 ;
 
 GEE 215 
 
 Gee Joshua, rev. minister of the second church 
 in Boston, was colleague with the famous Cotton 
 Mather. He was born in Boston, the son of a rep- 
 utable tradesman, and graduated at Harvard Col- 
 lege, A. D. 1717; ordained in November, 1723. 
 His talents were not of the popular kind, though he 
 was fervent in spirit, zealous in promoting the great 
 revival of religion in 1742, 3. His genius was pro- 
 found; his learning considerable; his theological at- 
 tainments very superiour. His sermons are well 
 composed and argumentative, and they, who were 
 intimate with him, speak ol his talents for conversa- 
 tion as very uncommon. He indulged a kind of 
 literary indolence, and preferred to converse rather 
 than to write Yet he never delivered in the pul- 
 pit any thing like an extemporaneous address ; and 
 was reluctant to print his discourses, when urged, 
 because he must finish them with some labour. He 
 was bigotted in his opinions, which were in favour 
 of high supralapsarian doctrines. He was some- 
 what bitter in controversy. This appears by his 
 attack upon the convention, which gave a testimony 
 against the errors prevailing in 1745, and the spirit 
 which had been too much encouraged, when itinerant 
 preachers and fanatical priests disturbed the church- 
 es. His passions led him to imprudence in his 
 ministerial conduct. During his ministry a divi- 
 
 of Dr. Mayhew at Boston, 1747 ; Mr. Derby at Scituate, 1751 ; 
 Mr Carpenter at Swanzey, 1753; Mr. Kawson at Yarmouth, 
 175 5 ; Mr. Bunker Gay at Hinsdale, 1763 ; Mr. Gannet, Cum- 
 berland, Nova Scotia, 1768; a sermon at the annual thanksgiv- 
 ing, 1770. 
 
 In a note of Dr. Shute's sermon at his funeral, is an account of 
 the ministers of Hingham. — Rev. Peter Hobart, who came from 
 England with his church, was the first minister, and settled, 
 1635, and died, Tammy 20, 1679. Rev. John Norton, ordained, 
 Nov 27, 1678 ; died, October 3, 1716. Vacant one year and six 
 months. (During this time the church invited Mr. Samuel Fiske 
 to be their pastor, who gave an answer in the negative, expecting 
 then to be settled in the New South, Boston.) June 11, 1718, 
 Dr. Gay was ordained. Three ministers in 152 years, and 
 through the whole of the time, vacant hardly a year and six 
 months.
 
 216 GIB 
 
 sion was made in the church : nearly one half sep- 
 arated with his colleague. (Mr. Samuel Mather,) 
 and built a church in the neighbourhood, where the 
 latter continued till his death in 1785. Mr. Gee 
 died, 1748, May 22, having been consumptive seve- 
 ral years. 
 
 His printed discourses were, a small volume up- 
 on Luke xiii. 24 ; a funeral sermon on Dr. C. Ma- 
 ther, &c. He also printed observations on the con- 
 vention of ministers, beside several political pam- 
 phlets. 
 
 Mr. Gee married the daughter of the rev. Mr. 
 Rogers of Portsmouth. She was a most amiable 
 and accomplished woman. She died, 1730, aged 
 29. A beautiful sermon was printed upon the oc- 
 casion by rev. P. Thacher, the only discourse that 
 great man ever published, except the election ser- 
 mon, 1726.* 
 
 Gibbons Edward, major general, was one of 
 the first planters of Massachusetts Bay. He was 
 one of those enterprising young men, who settled 
 at Mount Wollaston, but whether he joined with 
 Morton in all his mad pranks, we are not able to 
 say. Most probably he went to Salem for the sake 
 of better company. He was at the ordination of 
 Mr. Higginson, and it affected him so much to see 
 a church formed, and a whole congregation wor- 
 shipping God in the beauties of holiness, that he ex- 
 pressed a desire to join with them. They chose to 
 have some evidence of his sincerity, but encouraged 
 his good intentions. He went afterwards to Bos- 
 
 * This biographical sketch of Mr. Gee was written before Dr. 
 Chaunc'y's list of famous men was published. The Dr. shows 
 much candour to a man who in his writings and conversation en- 
 deavoured to injure his character,and was bitter against every one 
 who had liberal views of Christianity. One observation ought 
 perhaps to be mentioned, which the late Dr. Chauncy ofien made, 
 and which is to be found in a letter to an eminent correspondent, 
 " that it was happy Mr. Gee had an iudolent turn ; for with such 
 fiery zeal and such talents, he would have made continual conten- 
 tion in the churches.
 
 GIB 217 
 
 ton, joined Mr. Wilson's church, and became one 
 of the most useful, active and worthy men in the 
 colony. In the year 1644, when the militia was or- 
 ganized, he was chosen commanding officer of the 
 regiment in Suffolk. There was a regiment for 
 every county ; one in Suffolk, one in Middlesex, one 
 in Essex, and one in Northfolk, which included the 
 towns of Haverhill, Salisbury, Hampton x &c. on the 
 banks of the Merrimack, or beyond it. The chief 
 officer instead of having a colonel's commission, was 
 styled only sergeant major. A major general, was 
 appointed over the whole, as related in the life of 
 Mr. Dudley, who was the first in the office ; then, Mr. 
 Endicot, and the third was major Gibbons. In 
 Johnson's annals of Massachusetts for 1644, after 
 mentioning the several regiments, over each of 
 which " the commander is only a sergeant major," 
 the first chosen to the office, says he, was major 
 Gibbons, now major general, a man of resolute 
 spirit, bold as a lion, being wholly tutored up in 
 New England discipline, very generous and for- 
 ward to promote all military matters, his forts are 
 well contrived, and batteries strong and in good re- 
 pair, &c* 
 
 • Johnson's annals, are continued to the year 1 652. The book 
 is called " wonder working providences of Sion's Saviour in New 
 England." Mr. Prince discovered their author to be Mr. John- 
 son of Woburn. The book contains much valuable information of 
 the early settlement of Massachusetts. And he is very particu- 
 lar in narrating the organization of the militia in 1644. As the 
 book is scarce and curious it may gratify some persons to know, 
 who were officers in the first regiment in Suffolk, which shall be 
 given in his style and manner. 
 
 After speaking of major Gibbons having his forts in good re- 
 pair, his artillery well mounted and cleanly kept, half cannon, cul- 
 verins and sakers, as also field pieces of brass very ready for ser- 
 vice, he says, " his own companyjed by capt.lieut.Sarag, are very 
 complete in arms, and many of them disciplined in the military 
 garden, beside their ordinary trainings ; the captains under him 
 are capt. Humphry Atherton of the band in Dorchester; a very 
 lively courageous man, with his stout and valiant lieut. Clap, 
 strong for the truth ; of the band of Roxbury, capt. Pritchard and 
 ensign Johnson ; of the band of Weymouth, capt. Perkins, and 
 
 E e
 
 218 GIB 
 
 Gen. Gibbons was not only high in military rank, 
 but was also one of the assistants ; to which place 
 he was elected in 1644, and continued many years. 
 In 1645, he was sent, at the head of the New Eng- 
 land forces, against the sons of Canonicus, who did 
 not inherit their father's prudence, but were op- 
 pressive and arbitrary, and caused contentions among 
 the neighbouring tribes. They were, however, so 
 frightened at the preparations of war, when they 
 found the white people in hostile array, that they 
 sent a certain number of their chief nobility to the 
 commissioners of the united colonies, who were 
 then sitting at Boston, to treat concerning a peace. 
 The commissioners took advantage of their situa- 
 tion, and made them pay a part of the charges which 
 such preparations had occasioned ; and to give four 
 of their sons, for hostages, till they had paid what 
 was demanded. 
 
 Major general Gibbons was in the office till he 
 died, and was succeeded by major Sedgwick. We 
 would observe, however, that this high command- 
 er was chosen annually by the freemen, while the 
 other military officers were chosen for life. The 
 
 his proper and active lieut. Torrey ; of the band of Hingham,. 
 capt. Allen ; of the band of Dedham, capt. Lleazer Lusher, one 
 of a nimble and active spirit, strongly affected to the ways of 
 truth ; of the bund of Braintree, capt. William Tyng ; these be- 
 long to the regiment of Suffolk." He then goes on to describe 
 the regiment of Essex under sergeant major Robert Sedgwick, 
 stout and active in all the feats of war, nursed up in London's ar- 
 tillery, and furthered with sixteen years experience in New Eng- 
 land's exact theory, besides the help of a very good head piece, 
 being a frequent instructor of our artillery men, &c. He says 
 likewise, " that surveyor general Johnson, one well qualified for 
 the work, overlooked the whole, and often reminded the general 
 court to keep a good supply ;" that several persons contributed 
 largely to provide ammunition ; the rev. Dr. Wilson gave gene- 
 rously a thousand pounds, 8cc. that a castle was built on an island 
 upon a passage into the bay : as the country had no lime, but 
 what is burnt with oyster shells, it fell to decay a few years after. 
 It was built again at the expence of the six towns, the rest of the 
 country furnishing a small matter towards it. The first com- 
 mander was one capt. Davenport, &c.
 
 GOO 219 
 
 people assembled once a year to elect a governour, 
 lieut. governour, assistants and major general. Ve- 
 ry few alterations were made in their arrangements 
 till officers were appointed by the crown, and the 
 old charter taken away. 
 
 Gookin Daniel, major general, was at first a 
 planter in Virginia, but preferred to spend his days 
 in New England, where he found a people more 
 congenial to his views, principles and manners. 
 He became a freeman of Massachusetts in 1644, 
 and had a captain's commission in the regiment of 
 Middlesex. " He had formerly been a Kentish 
 soldier, and a very forward man to advance marshal 
 discipline, and withal the truths of Christ."* 
 
 In 1652, he was chosen assistant, and was as 
 ready to execute justice and maintain peace in the 
 province, as to fight the enemies of his country. 
 In 1656, he left Mew England, and visited Crom- 
 well's court, who employed him to persuade the in- 
 habitants of Masssachusetts to remove and settle 
 Jamaica, which had lately been taken from the 
 crown of Spain. In this he met with no success. 
 In 1662, he was appointed one of the licensers of the 
 printing press in Cambridge. He was of the high 
 republican party in politicks, and stood firm to the 
 old charter, unwilling to yield the rights and liber- 
 ties of the people, when they were required to do it, 
 by the arbitrary measures of king Charles II. He 
 would rather face the storm and risque every dan- 
 ger. He gave his reasons in writing, which were 
 lodged in the publick records. Mr. Gookin was as 
 conspicuous for his piety as his morals. He set a 
 high value upon the religious freedom, which the 
 first settlers enjoyed, and for which they had left 
 their own country to dwell in an American wilder- 
 ness. Perhaps, he was too rigid in his notions ; 
 perhaps, his religious and political sentiments were 
 tinctured with party spirit ; but his lively and ac- 
 tive turn stimulated him to noble and generous ac- 
 
 * Johnson.
 
 22(7 GOO 
 
 tions. We ought always to distinguish between 
 enthusiasm and fanaticism. The one will stimulate 
 a warrior to destroy villages, and even the lives of 
 men ; the other will rouse the patriot, and excite 
 the philanthropist or christian to do benevolent ac- 
 tions. Such a zealous, such an upright magistrate 
 was gen. Gookin. In 1675, he boldly stepped for- 
 ward to support the cause of the praying Indians, 
 whom the people hated and despised, merely be- 
 cause they were Indians ; and whom the magistrates 
 were ready to persecute even unto death. Major 
 Gookin endeavoured to calm the ebullition of their 
 passions. He was assisted by Mr. Eliot ; and they 
 both suffered every thing from the obloquy and 
 scorn of those, who ought to have respected their 
 good intentions, and who were convinced after- 
 wards that they acted a wise and honest part. 
 
 Major Gookin had been superintendant of all the 
 Indians, who had submitted to the provincial gov- 
 ernment. He knew more about them than all the 
 other magistrates. So far from joining in the war 
 against the English, many of them were objects of 
 pity, and some were brought into distress by their 
 friendship for them, and attachment to Christianity. 
 
 Mr. Gookin was the last major general under the 
 old charter. This post of honour was continued 
 under the charter of William and Marv ; but the 
 officer was not chosen by the freemen. After Dud- 
 ley, Endicott and Gibbons had adorned the station, 
 major Sedgwick was chosen. Major Atherton suc- 
 ceeded him ; then Daniel Dennison, John Leverett 
 and Daniel Gookin. 
 
 Our worthy magistrate appears very respectable 
 as an author. A considerable work of his is 
 published in the first volume of the collections of 
 the Massachusetts historical society. It is a very 
 particular account of the Indians in New England, 
 with a biographical sketch of the writer from an ac- 
 curate pen, to which we are indebted for several 
 facts. He had prepared a much larger work, the
 
 G O R 221 
 
 history of New England, which was left in mss. but 
 which probably is lost. 
 
 Gen. Gookin died in 1687, an old man, whose 
 days were filled with usefulness. He left no estate ; 
 his widow was in such indigent circumstances, 
 that Mr. Eliot solicited the hon. Mr. Boyle to be- 
 stow upon her ten pounds.* He left a number of 
 children. His eldest son, Daniel, who graduated 
 in 1669, was minister at Sherburne, and a preacher 
 to the Indians at Natick. His second son, Nathan- 
 iel, who graduated, 1675, was minister of Cam- 
 bridge, and fellow of Harvard College. He died, 
 August 7, 1692, in the 34th year of his age, and 
 tenth of his ministry. Mr. G. minister of Hamp- 
 ton, was the son of the minister of Cambridge. He 
 was graduated. 1703. He also had a son, Nathan- 
 iel, who graduated, 1731, who was settled in the 
 same town, in a parish called North Hill. And a 
 grandson capt. Daniel Gookin, who was an officer 
 in the American army during the revolutionary 
 war. Collections of Historical Society. Hutchinson. 
 
 Gorges Sir Ferdinando, governour of the 
 fort and island of Plymouth in Devonshire, and one 
 
 * The following extract from the " Journal of the commission- 
 ers of the united colonics," shows Mr, G. received something 
 during his life from the corporation de propag. fide. It is a let- 
 ter dated, London, March 7, 1663, 4» 
 
 " We do much rejoice that captaine Gookin has proued soe 
 usefullan instrument amongst the Indians as in governing theire 
 children in learning ; and as many other thinges of like nature 
 which wee highly approve off as alsoe of youer allowance of IS 
 pounds made to him towards his expenses Lhe yeare past ; and 
 wee are uery willing that you should make the same unto him 
 another yeare ; and we are glad to heare that the Indian youthes 
 at Cambridge have made so good proficiency in learning and wee 
 are not without hopes but that the Lord will use them as instru- 
 ments in his hand to preach and promote the gospel of Christ 
 amongst their own countrymen. To this end and for the better 
 carrying on thereof wee desire that care may be taken that they 
 retaine theire native language; and as for those five Indian 
 youthes att inferior schooles wee desire that all incouragement 
 may be given them according to theire capassities and attain- 
 ments in learning, 8tc. Hazard's Collections, vol. ii, page 492.
 
 222 G O It 
 
 of the first arid chief promoters of the New Eng- 
 land plantations. He was the intimate friend of sir 
 Walter Raleigh. They were both men of enter- 
 prizing genius, with a similar turn for adventure, 
 and promoted some of the most important voyages, 
 which never would have been undertaken without 
 their assistance. In 1604, Gorges was appointed 
 governour of Plymouth. Obtaining a patent from 
 king James, of making settlements in America, he 
 fitted out a ship, August, 1606, for discovery, which 
 was seized and carried to Spain. The next year 
 he, and sir John Popham, sent over two ships, with 
 100 men, who landed at the mouth of Kennebeck 
 river on a peninsula, where they built a fort. When 
 the ships departed, only 45 persons were left. It 
 was the month of December, and thev had to bear 
 the cold of a North American winter. They had 
 but a poor shelter from the storm, and to add to 
 their misfortune, their store house was burnt, with 
 a large part of their provisions. Other melancholy 
 circumstances concurred to make them sick of the 
 place, and^they left it with disgust. This was the 
 first settlement in New England. It was begun and 
 ended in less than a year. Gorges was not discou- 
 raged ; but with other associates, after the death of 
 sir John Popham, who contributed the most to help 
 the first adventure, he planned several voyages to 
 New England, which were executed with more or 
 less success. He probably would have been dis- 
 couraged, if the church at Leyden had not formed a 
 settlement at New Plymouth ; but this gave a new 
 animation to his spirits, and strengthened him in his 
 schemes. In 1623, a settlement was begun at Pis- 
 cataqua, in which sir Ferdinando Gorges was con- 
 cerned, and this led him into speculations that were 
 afterwards injurious to the people of Massachusetts ; 
 for he joined with Mason in certain projects, 
 equally detrimental to their freedom and interest. 
 'J hey endeavoured to bring the whole country, from 
 St. Croix to Maryland, under one form of govern-
 
 GOR 223 
 
 ment, and because Massachusetts charter stood in 
 their way they tried to get it revoked. This was 
 about the year 1635. A quo warranto was issued 
 against the charter and order for the establishment 
 of the general government, but the commotions in 
 Great Britain prevented it being completed. Gor- 
 ges obtained in 1639 a confirmation of his own 
 grant, which was styled the province of Maine, of 
 which he was made lord palatine. He was on the 
 royal side in the civil war, but died soon after it 
 commenced. Belknap. 
 
 Gorges Robert, son of sir Ferdinando, was 
 active and enterprising, but had not the persever- 
 ance of his father. He obtained of the council a 
 patent of a tract of land in the north east of Massa- 
 chusetts, 30 miles long, and 10 in breadth, and had 
 a commission to be lieut. general and governour of 
 New England. He came to Plymouth, 1623. This 
 was the first essay for a general government ; but 
 he met with so little assistance that he returned to 
 England in the course of the year. Hutchinson 
 says he conveyed his title to sir William Brierton, 
 who afterwards became an adventurer in the Mas- 
 sachusetts corporation. 
 
 Gorces Ferdinando, esq. son of John Gor- 
 ges, and grandson of the governor of Plymouth, was 
 heir to the estate and title of his grandfather. He 
 says, that he was appointed by his grandfather with 
 col. Norton and others to settle a plantation upon 
 " the river Agamentico ;" and that they obtained a 
 patent of 12000 acres on the east side, and then 
 12000 to the west, and that " they had hopes of a 
 happy success." His controversy with the govern- 
 ment of Massachusetts is rather a subject for the 
 history of the country, than a biographical sketch 
 of the man. When Charles II. came to the throne, 
 he expected to have no more dispute about his 
 claim, calculating upon the friendship of the family 
 to the royal cause, and the enmity of the king to 
 the New England puritans. But while he met with 

 
 224 GOR 
 
 court favour, he found himself involved in difficul- 
 ties with the settlers of Agamenticus, and that in- 
 stead of receiving large profits from the possessions 
 of these lands, they were a bill of cost continually, 
 beside other discouragement from the depredations 
 of the savages. He was glad therefore to sell his 
 whole interest in the province of Maine, which he 
 did for 1250 pound sterling. It included the coun- 
 ties of York, Cumberland and Oxford. 
 
 Mr. Gorges published a book concerning New 
 England. His grandfather compiled it, but it was 
 much enlarged by him : it is entitled, " America 
 painted to the life ; a true history of the original 
 undertakings, of the advancement of plantations in- 
 to those parts, with a perfect relation of our Eng- 
 lish discoveries, shewing their beginning, progress 
 and continuance from the year 1628 to 1658, de- 
 claring the forms of their government, policies, re- 
 ligion, manners, customs, military discipline, wars 
 with Indians, commodities of the countries, a des- 
 cription of their towns, havens, the increase of their 
 trading, with the names of their governours and 
 magistrates, written by sir Ferdinando Gorges, 
 knight, governour of the fort and island of Ply- 
 mouth, in Devonshire ; and published by his grand- 
 child, F. Gorges, esq. who hath much enlarged it 
 and added several curious descriptions of his own." 
 gmall 4to, Lond. 1658. This is a curious and 
 scarce book. Hutchinson and Belknap have made 
 great use of it. 
 
 Go r ham Nathaniel, esq. was born in Charles- 
 town, May 27, 1738. He had the advantage of a 
 good school education, and possessing uncommon 
 talents, he always appeared to advantage in compa- 
 ny with literary men. He settled in business at the 
 place of his nativity, but seemed to be formed more 
 for publick life than to succeed in mercantile pur- 
 suits. He was chosen representative for Charles- 
 town in 1771, and every year till the commence- 
 ment of the revolutionary war. He was a very
 
 G O R 225 
 
 assiduous attendant on the house of representa- 
 tives, was a leader in all their debates, and pre- 
 served independence enough openly to dissent 
 from measures, which he disapproved. On this 
 account he did not escape the obloquy of some 
 ignorant, narrow-minded persons, whose zeal was 
 only the ebullition of their passions, and who con- 
 founded all who had any moderation, with those 
 who were unfriendly to the cause of liberty. He 
 spent some years in retirement ; but returned to 
 Charlestown in 1779, and was again sent to the gen- 
 eral court. The same year he was elected a dele- 
 gate of the convention, which formed the present 
 constitution of this commonwealth. In 1788, he 
 was chosen a senator for Middlesex county. He 
 also served his country with diligence and respec- 
 tability as a magistrate, and was several years judge 
 of the court of common pleas. In 1784, he was ap- 
 pointed one of the house of representatives, and being 
 delegated by this state to be a member of congress, 
 was elected president of that honourable body. 
 
 He was one of the convention which formed the 
 present constitution of the United States, and he ob- 
 tained a high reputation among the southern mem- 
 bers for his knowledge and integrity. He stood high 
 with all parties for his wisdom and prudence as well 
 as skill in managing debates. He was on this ac- 
 count one of the most influential members of the 
 state convention which adopted it. He died, June 
 11, 1796. Dr. Thatcher preached a funeral ser- 
 mon ; the town also appointed an orator to deliver 
 an eulogy upon their deceased friend, and most use- 
 ful fellow citizen. In compliance with their request, 
 Dr. Welch paid this tribute to his remains ; and 
 the town testified their acknowledgments, by a vote 
 of thanks, and by publishing the discourses. 
 
 Gorton Samuel, the head of a sect who made 
 much noise in New England, came to Boston in 
 1636. He had been a citizen of London, but was 
 too unsteady to remain in one place, or was stimu- 
 li f
 
 226 G O R 
 
 lated to change his situation for the sake of spread- 
 ing his wild fantastick notions of religion. He did 
 not give any particular offence while he remained in 
 Boston, or was artful in explaining his senti- 
 ments ; for those who inquired could not determine 
 whether they were heretical or not. But he soon 
 went to Plymouth where he acted the same part, as 
 Wheelwright and Mrs. Hutchinson did in Massa- 
 chusetts. Not being permitted to stay in the old 
 colony, he went to Rhode Island in 1638: but even 
 in this land of freedom, he rendered himself obnox- 
 ious, and, by order of the governour, Mr.Codding- 
 ton, was imprisoned and whipped. In 1640, he 
 went to Providence, where he was treated by Ro- 
 ger Williams with the greatest humanity, though 
 he disliked his principles, and blamed his con- 
 duct. He set down in this section of the coun- 
 try, and mixing with others, who were fond of 
 novelty, they fixed at Patuxet, where they not only 
 indulged their spiritual Quixotism, but were very 
 troublesome as neighbours. A charge was brought 
 against them that they seized the estates of people, 
 who held them in quiet possession. The governour 
 of Massachusetts ordered Gorton to answer to the 
 complaint, and he refused to obey the summons be- 
 cause he was out of their jurisdiction. He treated 
 the message in the most contemptuous manner ; 
 upon which he was apprehended and brought to 
 Boston. It is said he had a fair trial, and that he 
 was then banished the colony. But he thought 
 othewise about the trial. And Mr. Hutchinson 
 says the sentence was cruel. Gorton was or- 
 dered to be confined to Charlestown ; there to be 
 kept at work, and wear such bolts and irons as 
 might prevent his escape. 
 
 After being confined one winter, he, with others, 
 was banished the jurisdiction. They obtained an order 
 from the king, August 19, 1644, that they should 
 peaceably enjoy their lands, which were incorporat- 
 ed by the name of Providence plantations in Narra.
 
 G R E 227 
 
 ganset bay. They named the chief town Warwick, 
 in honour to the earl of Warwick, who was a great 
 friend to them. Gorton was again in Boston, 1648, 
 and threatened with punishment ; but he soon after 
 returned to his plantation, where he lived to a great 
 age. He wrote a letter, June 30, 1669, to Mr. 
 Morton, author of New England's memorial, ac- 
 cusing him of the grossest slanders in the account 
 which he gives of him and his followers, which is 
 printed by Mr. Hutchinson. It is evident that he 
 was not so bad a man as his enemies represented ; 
 that his principles of religion were different from 
 those notions generally ascribed to this sect ; and 
 that so far from being illiterate he was able to write 
 well. From this letter it appears* that he was a 
 preacher, and that he understood the scriptures in 
 their original language. We ought never to judge 
 any man's opinions from the consequences we draw 
 from them. This was the case wherever the Gor- 
 tonists were described. But they were able to give 
 their reasons, which we should hear before we con- 
 demn them. 
 
 Gosnold Bartholomew, an Englishman, dis- 
 covered a promontory on the American coast, in 
 lat. 42, to which he gave the name of Cape Cod, 
 from the multitude of fishes he caught. He landed 
 on several islands, and named them Elizabeth isles. 
 He built a small fort ; but the same year returned 
 to England. This was in the year 1602. It was the 
 first voyage to this part of America, since called 
 New England. Josselyn speaks of the first colony 
 of Plymouth in 1602. He must mean this attempt 
 to settle the islands in the bay, upon which Gos- 
 nold landed, but could not persuade his men to 
 stay. 
 
 Green Samuel, the first printer in New Eng- 
 land, was an inhabitant of Cambridge, and kept his 
 press in that town above forty years, and then mov- 
 ed to Boston. We are indebted to the rev. Mr. 
 Joseph Glover for this great blessing to the country,
 
 228 ORE 
 
 a printing press. It is not likely our fathers would 
 have been so soon favoured with it, had he not ex- 
 erted himself to serve them. In the year 1638, he 
 took his voyage to these plantations, but died on 
 his passage. He brought out with him one Daye, 
 a printer, and every thing necessary in the typo- 
 graphical art. The first thing which was printed 
 was the freeman's oath ; the next was Pierce's al- 
 manack ; and then the New England psalms. Great 
 pains have been taken to procure one of the first 
 edition of these psalms, but without success.* It is 
 not probable that one remains. We know but lit- 
 tle about Daye ; but we know that Mr. Green had 
 this press in 1 639, and every book that was publish- 
 ed had his name in the title page. When he was 
 employed to print the Indian bible by the society 
 for propagating the gospel, they sent over Marme- 
 duke Johnson as his assistant, whose character was 
 very much against him, being an idle, dissipated 
 youth, though he afterwards set up for himself, and 
 did very well in his business. f Mr. Green was a 
 printer in Boston the latter end of the century, and 
 lived only afewyears after his removal. Hewas arnan 
 of piety, the strictest probity, of good abilities in his 
 profession, and considerable of a literary character. 
 Green Bartholomew, the son of Samuel 
 Green, who succeeded him in his line of business, 
 
 * These psalms have gone through twenty three editions. 
 
 t It pleased the honored corporation to send over one Marme- 
 duke Johnson a printer to attend the worke on condition as they 
 ■will enform you ; whoe hath carryed heer unworthyly of which 
 hee hath bine openly convicted and sencured in some of our courts 
 although as yett noe execution of sentence against him ; pecu- 
 liar favour haueing been showed him with respect to the corpo- 
 ration that sent him ouer ; but notwithstanding all patience and 
 lenitie used towards him, he hath proued himself very idle and 
 nought and absented himself from the worke more than half a 
 yeare at one tyme ; for want of whose assistance the printer by 
 his agreement with us was to have the allowance of 2 1 pound, 
 the which is to be defalcated out of his sallary in England by the 
 honoured corporation there,'' &c. — Letter from the commission- 
 ers in Boston to the hon. Robert Boyle, Sept. 10, 1662. Haz« 
 ard's Collections,
 
 G R E 229 
 
 emitted from his press the first newspaper in Amer- 
 ica. Several of the first numbers are on the files of 
 the historical society. It was called the Boston 
 Newsletter. The first number is dated, April 24, 
 1704. It was continued by him during life. Mr. 
 Green also published another paper, called the 
 Weekly Newsletter, which was afterward combin- 
 ed with the other, and then it was styled the Boston 
 Weekly Newsletter. He died in December, 1733, 
 in the 65th year of his age. " He was one of the 
 deacons of the old south cnurch; printer to his ex- 
 cellency the governour and council, and to the hon- 
 ourable house of representatives ; and generally 
 known and esteemed as a humble and exemplary 
 christian, one who had much of that primitive Chris- 
 tianity in him, which has always been the distin- 
 guishing glory of New England." 
 
 His descendants were printers in Boston till the 
 revolution. The present printers of that name in 
 Connecticut are of his posterity. Daye's press is 
 said to be still in use in Vermont. A printer 
 now in Boston says he has worked at it. This 
 seems incredible ; perhaps a -certain part is kept, 
 as a curiosity. 
 
 Green Joseph was born in Boston, 1706; re- 
 ceived the rudiments of learning under Mr. Wil- 
 liams, the preceptor of the south grammar school ; 
 and was graduated at Harvard College in 1726. 
 
 He was a man of wit and humour, a celebrated 
 poet, classical scholar, and writer of fugitive piec- 
 es. When he left college he turned his attention to 
 mercantile affairs, and, by his diligence in business, 
 acquired a handsome property. He was respecta- 
 ble for a very comprehensive knowledge of things 
 relating to commerce, and for his integrity, punctu- 
 ality, humanity and generosity. To these virtues 
 he added good breeding, politeness and elegance. 
 He was not fond of high life, nor of large compa- 
 nies ; but among a few friends would indulge in 
 social mirth, and by his original strokes of humour,
 
 ±30 GRE 
 
 and pleasant vein of satire, afford peculiar gratifica- 
 tion to those who enjoyed his society. His wit, 
 taste, and learning might have connected him with 
 persons eminent for their influence in the commu- 
 nity, or given him any distinction an ambitious man 
 would seek after ; but he never would accept of a- 
 ny publick office, preferring a retired situation, and 
 the happiness of domestic scenes. In 1774, when 
 an act passed in the parliament, depriving Massa- 
 chusetts of their charter, a new list of counsellors 
 was appointed by mandamus, among the most re- 
 spectable of whom was the hon. Joseph Green, esq. 
 but he declined accepting the place. As soon as he 
 received the summons from gov. Gage, he went to 
 Salem and gave in his resignation. 
 
 Of the poetical pieces he published, the "elegy on 
 Mr. Old Tenor," and the " satire upon the procession 
 of Free M asons, ' ' have passed throu gh many editions, 
 and are still read with keen sensations of delight. Dur- 
 ing the W hitcfieldian controversy, there was a club 
 of sentimentalists who spake what they thought,and 
 wrote what they pleased : though the authors were 
 not always distinguished, as the pamphlets were e- 
 xnitted from the press, it was easy to conjecture 
 what parts Mr. Green composed, especially if a line 
 of poetry was introduced. The same circle ol litera- 
 ry friends took a zealous part in politicks. They be- 
 gan by attacking the administration of gov. Belcher. 
 JLveiy speech he made was put into rhyme ; and 
 mimy parts of his conduct exposed to ridicule. 
 They could joke in prose and verse* 
 
 During the administration of Shirley, they en- 
 gaged in a more serious opposition, not so much 
 against the governour, as the general court who in- 
 troduced the excise bills, which was very obnoxious 
 
 • Siste Viator, here lies one, 
 
 Whose life was whim, whose soul was pun ; 
 
 And if you go too near his herse 
 
 Hell joke you both. in prose and verse. 
 
 Epitaph made for Mr. Green, 174S,
 
 GRE 231 
 
 to the people. But Shirley did not sign it. In the 
 controversy with Great Britain previous to the rev- 
 olution, most of these gentlemen, who had written 
 so freely against arbitrary measures in their own 
 government, joined the party of loyalists, conceiv- 
 ing that the high toned conduct of the whigs would 
 bring ruin upon their country. Mr. Green left 
 Boston in the year 1775; passed the rest of his days 
 in England, and there died. 
 
 It is the wish of many that his poems and prose 
 writings, which are now scattered, might be col- 
 lected, and put into a volume. 
 
 Green Nathaniel, major general, was a na- 
 tive of Warwick, in the government of Rhode Island, 
 where he lived and was engaged in commercial pur- 
 suits till the commencement of the American war. 
 He was proprietor of the iron works in that town, 
 where the manufacture of this article was carried on 
 to much advantage. He had not a college educa- 
 tion, but was highly esteemed among the sensible 
 men of that colony. He was a man of more than 
 common sagacity in business, early famed for politi- 
 cal wisdom, and inclined to the study of military 
 tacticks. Having arrived at considerable proficien- 
 cy in this science, and being a good parade officer, 
 the governour selected him to command the first 
 troops which were raised to resist Great Britain af- 
 ter the battle of Lexington. While the army was at 
 Cambridge he commanded a brigade, stationed on 
 Winter Hill. He led part of the army to New York, 
 when head quarters were moved in 1776, and made a 
 conspicuous figure in all the succeeding campaigns. 
 His actions make some splendid pages in the history 
 of the American revolution. In 1776, he was appoint- 
 ed major general. The American army met with 
 a series of defeats, and were in a manner driven 
 through the Jersies by lord Cornwallis, who was as 
 superiour in numbers, as in discipline. At this 
 time gen. Lee was taken, which struck the people 
 with the greatest sorrow, as they had placed great
 
 232 G R E 
 
 confidence in his military skill'; but it answered one 
 good purpose at the time, for it brought our own 
 officers into more notice, and whatever credit they 
 obtained was undivided. The battle of Trenton 
 was gained by the American generals, Washington, 
 Sullivan and Green. Thev succeeded also in 
 gaining advantage of the British forces by making 
 a rapid march to Princeton, which gained them im- 
 mortal honour, while it appeared the only way of 
 saving the army. " When we lay at Trenton, after 
 the crossing the Delaware a second time, the ene- 
 my advanced from Princeton with a 'force nearly 
 double to ours. Our outguards were repulsed, and 
 the enemy entered one part of the town, while we 
 remained in possession of the other. There was 
 now only a small branch of a river between us over 
 which there \yas a bridge ; this, though well secur- 
 ed, would have been of little advantage to us, as the 
 stream was fordable in every part. Our army was 
 drawn up in order of battle, waiting their approach. 
 But the day being far spent, a stop was put to their 
 making the attack that night. This was the most 
 critical moment our bleeding country ever beheld. 
 The fate of this extensive continent was suspended 
 by a single thread. Happy for us, and for unborn 
 millions that we had a general who knew how to 
 take advantage of every thing, and by a masterly 
 manoeuvre frustrated the designs of the enemy. A 
 general battle would have ruined us. But the 
 march to Princeton proved the salvation of the 
 country."* In both these engagements gen. Green 
 distinguished himself; as he did afterwards in the 
 battle of Brandy wine and Germantown in the fall 
 of 1777. In 1778, he commanded the right wing 
 of the army at the battle of Monmouth. His con- 
 duct that day gave much pleasure to gen. Wash- 
 ington, who had been very much chagrined at the 
 misbehaviour of gen. Lee. That famous officer had 
 beenexchanged; he had received ever honoui this 
 •oimtry could bestow upon him; but from this day 
 • Maior Shaw's rms.
 
 GRE 233 
 
 he lost their confidence and esteem. He demanded 
 a court martial, and was disgraced. Gen. Green 
 was one of the court, whose attachment to him, 
 previously to this, had been very strong. 
 
 It shows the consequence of gen. Green in the 
 army of the United States, that, while he acted as 
 quarter master general, he did every kind of milita- 
 ry service. He was better qualified, on account of 
 his activity and mercantile ideas, to provide for the 
 army, than any other man ; but such an officer could 
 not be spared from the field. And he would not ac- 
 cept of the place of quarter master general, except he 
 retained his right to command in action. His milita- 
 ry skill and prudence were manifested in drawing off 
 the American army from Rhode Island, when the 
 French fleet left the harbour. This happened, Au- 
 gust, 1778. It was a time of great expectation : 
 but the hopes of the people were cut off, and the 
 military sensibility of the soldiers much wounded. 
 Had the army been supported according to promise ; 
 had the French fleet, or our militia remained with 
 them, they would in all probability have taken the 
 island. 
 
 When major Andre was taken, October, 1780, 
 gen. Green was president of the court martial 
 which tried and condemned him. 
 
 We are in the next place to view our general as 
 commander of the southern section of the army. 
 He there reaped the greatest laurels, and reflected as 
 much lustre upon his country as upon himself. The 
 success of our arms from January, 1781, when the 
 battle of Cowpens gave a new turn to affairs in South 
 Carolina,to the conclusion of the war,may, in a great 
 measure, be imputed to his wise measures for re- 
 moving difficulties among the people, conciliating 
 their affections, and stimulating their exertions 
 against the common foe. Great credit is due to 
 Morgan, who fought at Cowpens. This victory 
 was of infinite advantage to the commander in chief. 
 But he discovered his own wisdom and virtue in 
 
 g g
 
 234 Q K E 
 
 making use of the best talents in his army. And 
 when he had made preparations for a general en- 
 gagement, he boldly met lord Cornvvallis, fought a 
 regular battle, near Guildford court house, and was 
 near gaining a victory- Had the militia stood firm, 
 like the soldiers of the army, the British troops must 
 have retreated. Lord Corn wall is acknowledged it 
 was a " hard fought action," and that the American 
 army behaved admirably well. They lost one of 
 their best officers, col. Webster of the guards, and 
 manv of their officers as well as soldiers fell. The 
 wounded were left to the care of the humane. Nei- 
 ther Green nor Cornwallis could remain upon the 
 spot, but were under the necessity of abandoning the 
 hospital. These unfortunate men found friends. A 
 body of quakers were in the neighbourhood : to 
 them gen. Green recommended the sick and the 
 wounded, acquainting them that he also was of their 
 religion, which required them to perform every 
 kind office, especially to strangers. To the honour 
 of these men be it spoken, that they did every thing 
 necessary for their ease and comfort. Gen. Green 
 afterwards attempted to reduce the fort at Camden, 
 where lord Rawdon commanded. His lordship was 
 brave, sallied out, and a battle was fought, 25th 
 April ; but Green saw fit to retreat. He lost in the 
 action about the same number as fell on the side of 
 the British troops. It had this effect to make lord 
 Rawdon quit his post. 
 
 In May our general began a siege of fort "Ninety 
 six. He made an attack upon the garrison, and 
 was repulsed with the loss of 150 men ; in conse- 
 quence of which he retreated over the Saluda. In 
 this gloomy situation, when he was advised to leave 
 the state, and retire with the remaining forces to 
 Virginia, he replied, I will recover the country, or 
 die in the attempt. We learn this from Dr. Ram- 
 say's history of the revolution in South Carolina, 
 one of the first and best works of that distingushed 
 writer. He enters into a minute description of the
 
 GOR 23; % 
 
 battles fought in that state, and gives a just account 
 •of ail the proceedings of the southern army. On 
 the 19th of September Green made an attack upon 
 the enemy at Eutaw springs. In this engagement, 
 as we are informed by the author above mentioned, 
 the American army lost 500, the British 1100 men. 
 The congress presented gen. Green with a British 
 standard, and a gold medal emblematical of his suc- 
 cess, *■* for his wise, decisive and magnanimous con- 
 duct in the action at Eutaw springs ; in which, with 
 an inferior force, he obtained a most signal victo- 
 ry." The historian informs us that during this time, 
 there was a plot laid by certain mutinous characters, 
 among his own troops, to deliver up to the enemy 
 this brave and fortunate commander, which was 
 providentially discovered. All the very active ope- 
 rations of the army were over in the beginning of 
 1782. In October, 1781, lord Cornwallis, with 
 his army at Yorktown, surrendered. The rumour 
 was, that the city of Charleston was to be evacuat- 
 ed, which would end the disturbances in South 
 Carolina. It was officially announced, August 7tb. 
 The olive branch was soon displayed in the hand 
 of Britannia, and peace was established the next 
 year. Among the warriors who left the field to 
 retire to their own habitations, we mav now look at 
 sren. Green, and behold him one of the best of cit- 
 izens, as he was in his military character one of the 
 best of our generals* 
 
 In 1785, he removed his family to Georgia, and 
 he there cultivated a larcre plantation, which the £ren- 
 eral assembly of that state had granted him, as are- 
 ward for his publick services. He died suddenly, 
 it was supposed by a coup de soleil, June 19th, 
 1786. Every honour was paid to his remains by 
 the citizens of Savannah, where his body was car- 
 ried that the funeral procession might be more re- 
 spectable. The congress voted to have a monu- 
 ment erected at the seat of the federal government, 
 with the following inscription,
 
 236 GRI 
 
 SACRED 
 to the memory of 
 NATHANIEL GREEN, esq, 
 who departed this life 
 the nineteenth of June, MDCLXXXVl. 
 Late major general 
 in the service of the United States, 
 and commander of their army 
 in the southern department. 
 The United States, in congress assembled, 
 in honour of his 
 patriotism, valour and ability, 
 have erected this 
 MONUMENT. 
 Greenwood Isaac, a mathematician, was 
 graduated at Harvard College, 1721 ; elected pro- 
 fessor of mathematicks, and natural philosophy, 
 1728 ; he continued in the professorship ten years, 
 and was then dismissed. 
 
 Mr. Greenwood was the first professor in these 
 branches on this side the Atlantick ocean. Mr, 
 Thomas Hollis, of London, a man famous for his 
 munificence, laid the foundation of it, and the offi- 
 cer is styled, Hollis professor of mathematicks and 
 natural philosophy. When the news of Mr. Hollis's 
 death reached America, Mr. Greenwood published 
 " a philosophical discourse concerning the mutabili- 
 ty and changes in the material world," in which 
 great respect is paid to their benefactor. It was 
 read, April 7, 1731, and concludes in the following 
 manner : 
 
 " As in the vegetable kingdom, it is with a supe- 
 riour pleasure and expectation, that we consider the 
 revival of such plants as have always been distin- 
 guished by the delicacy or plenty of their fruit, so 
 with the earnest desires and hopes we should wait 
 for the day when we shall behold the resurrection of 
 such, as have distinguished themselves by acts of 
 charity and bounty." 
 
 Grid ley Jeremiah, attorney general of the 
 province of Massachusetts Bay, member of the 
 general court, colonel of the first regiment of mili- 
 tia, president of the marine society, and grand mas-
 
 H A K 237 
 
 ter of freemasons, died at Boston, Sept. 7, 1767. 
 In 1725, he took his degree at Cambridge ; was as- 
 sistant in the grammar school in Boston, and a 
 preacher of the gospel. But soon turned his atten- 
 tion to the law, and became one of the most emi- 
 nent of the profession. In 1732, he was editor of 
 a newspaper, called the Rehearsal, and filled the first 
 page with an essay, either moral or critical, besides 
 writing political paragraphs. His manner of writ- 
 ing is handsome, and his speculations ingenious : 
 at the bar his speech was rough, his manner 
 hesitating, but energetic, and his words forcible by 
 a peculiar emphasis. His opinion was always given 
 even to the judges with a magisterial air; his le- 
 gal knowledge was unquestionable. 
 
 He was on the side of the whigs ; and in the house 
 of representatives, where he was a member some 
 years, from Brookline, he opposed the measures of 
 Great Britain ; but in a question on search war- 
 rants, his speech as attorney general, contains sen- 
 timents, incompatible with freedom, which was 
 confuted by Otis. Both speeches are preserved in 
 Minot's history. When Trowbridge was promoted 
 to the bench of Judges, Gridley was appointed at- 
 torney general. He died poor, because he despised 
 ivealt/i. 
 
 Hakluyt Richard, one of the corporation of 
 adventurers for the prosecution of discoveries in 
 North America, was born in London, 1553, and 
 educated at Westminster School. In 1582, he pub- 
 lished a " collection of voyages ;" and in 1587 
 translated into English a French account of Florida 
 by capt. Loudcnnier, which he dedicated to sir 
 Walter Raleigh. In the same year he published an 
 improved edition of Peter Martyr's book " de novo 
 orbe." He was nominated by Raleigh, and chosen 
 one of the corporation of counsellors and assistant 
 adventurers ; and was very active in collecting ac- 
 counts, and prosecuting voyages. In 1589, he pub- 
 lished " the principal navigations, voyages and dis- 
 coveries of the English nation made by sea or over
 
 238 HAN 
 
 land," folio, three volumes. These books contain 
 the narratives of two hundred and twenty voyages. 
 The last volume was printed in 1600. He also 
 published a translation from the Portuguese of 
 " Antonio Galvino's history of discoveries," 4to. 
 
 In 1605, he was appointed a prebend in West- 
 minster ; with this he had a rectory in Suffolk. He 
 was in more easy circumstances than he had been ; 
 and in 1609 published a translation of " Ferdinand 
 de Soto's description of Florida." He died, 1609. 
 
 Purchas made great use of his papers, mss. as 
 well as books that were printed. 
 
 That famous navigator Hudson, named a promon- 
 tory on the continent of Greenland, Hakluyt's 
 Headland. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Hancock Thomas, merchant in the town of 
 Boston, was the son of the rev. Mr. Hancock of 
 Lexington,* was born, July 3d, 1703 ; and died 
 suddenly, August, 1764. 
 
 He left I O00 pounds for founding a professorship 
 of the Hebrew and other Oriental languages ; 1000 
 pounds for the society for propagating the gospel 
 
 * The rev. John Hancock, of Lexington, was venerable for his 
 character, and great abilities in his profession ; he had such an 
 influence among the ministers, that he was called bishop. He 
 was graduated at Cambridge, 1689, and in the year 1698, ordain- 
 ed over a society,which then made part of the town of Cambridge, 
 called the Farms. It is now Lexington, being incorporated in 
 1711. Mr. H. died, 1752. 
 
 This worthy minister left three sons ; John, Thomas and 
 Ebenezer. The eldest son was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1719. He died, 1744, etat. 42. He was minister of the church 
 at Braintree, a very elegant and accomplished preacher. He 
 published several volumes, and a pamphlet in the controversy con- 
 cerning the proceedings of the convention of ministers in the 
 year 1743. It is entitled, " a reply to Mr. Gee's remarks on the 
 printed testimony of pastors in Boston against several errors and 
 disorders in the land." Mr. Hancock was one of the committee 
 that formed this testimony. Thomas, the second son, served his 
 time with col Henchman, a stationer in Boston; but having a turn 
 for more extensive business, became one of the principal mer- 
 chants in New England. Ebenezer was graduated, 1728; was 
 settled with his father six years, and died, Januarv 28, 1739, 4C* 
 etat. 29.
 
 HAN 239 
 
 among the Indians. Upon this his heart was very 
 much set ; but the design was frustrated. Such a 
 society was instituted by the general court, but the 
 act was negatived by the governour. He also left 
 600 pounds towards a hospital for the reception of 
 persons deprived of their reason ; and two hundred 
 for carrying on the linen manufacture. 
 
 While he lived he was a most useful member of 
 society ; active in every office, a patriot full of pub- 
 lick spirit. He was often employed in the service 
 of the town, and for many years a member of his 
 majesty's council. As a merchant he exhibited the 
 strictest probity. " He never fell short of his en- 
 gagements to any, and his humanity often prompted 
 him to go beyond them." 
 
 " His house was the seat of hospitality, where all 
 his numerous acquaintance, and strangers of dis- 
 tinction, met with an open and elegant reception." 
 
 The procession at his funeral was very great, and 
 the mourning of the inhabitants sincere. They felt 
 the magnitude of the loss, especially vast num- 
 bers of industrious men whom he constantly em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Hancock John, governour of Massachusetts, 
 was the son of the rev. John Hancock, of Braintree. 
 He lost his excellent father when he was young, but 
 had every advantage of a virtuous and liberal edu- 
 cation from the care and kindness of his uncle, the 
 hon. Thomas Hancock, esq. He was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1754, and went into the mercan- 
 tile line, serving an apprenticeship with his uncle, 
 who then was in the midst of his prosperity, and 
 did more business than any other man in Boston. 
 He was regarded by his friends as an amiable young 
 man ; but discovered no prominent traits of char- 
 acter which should lead his acquaintance to prog- 
 nosticate the conspicuous figure he was afterwards 
 to make in society. The hon. Thomas Hancock 
 died suddenly in 1764. The property he left 
 was very great. In the imagination of the people
 
 240 HAN 
 
 it was immense. It was the subject of conversa- 
 tion in every street, and by every fire side, while 
 all lamented the loss the publick had sustained. 
 But they soon turned their attention to him who 
 was the heir of his fortune, and appeared disposed 
 to imitate his virtues. He was promoted to every 
 office which a man fond of publick life could expect 
 or desire. His manners were pleasing. He was 
 polite, affable, easy and condescending, and what 
 was greatly in his favour did not appear to be lifted 
 up with pride. Such an elevation to prosperous 
 circumstances would make some men giddy, and 
 cause others to despise the neighbour, poorer 
 than themselves. He was, for several years, se- 
 lectman of the town; and in 1766, representative to 
 the general court. He there blazed a whig of the 
 first magnitude. Otis, Cushing, and S. Adams 
 were the other three, who represented the capital, 
 men of name in the revolution of their country. 
 Being fond of publick notice, he was flattered by 
 the approbation of the people, with their marks of 
 confidence, and the distinction he had in the gene- 
 ral court. He was generally chosen on committees, 
 and was chairman upon some occasions, when the 
 most important concerns of the country were the 
 subjects of the report. How far he was engaged in 
 drawing these reports is not to be ascertained ; but 
 they contained his sentiments upon publick affairs. 
 He often gave his opinion when questions were be- 
 fore the house, and mingled in the debates, but 
 possessed no great powers as a parliamentary speak- 
 er. He never made a long speech, either in the 
 style of declamatory eloquence, or the masterly 
 reasoning of a great statesman. The vivid and ener- 
 getick orations of Otis were the theme of admiration. 
 The political sagacity of Adams, the publick spirit 
 and patriotick zeal of Hancock, also gave a lustre to 
 the Boston seat. Perhaps there never was a time 
 when the representatives of the capital had such an 
 influence in the affairs of the province. There was
 
 HAN 241 
 
 a collision of sentiment among the leading whigs 
 about the removal of the court to Boston. Hutch- 
 inson offered this upon certain conditions, which 
 the majority of members saw fit to comply with. 
 Mr. H. voted with them A.dams was against the 
 measure, and expressed his sentiments in opposition 
 to his friend and colleague. Mr. Hancock was a 
 man impatient of contradiction, and, upon some oc- 
 casions, indulged a petulant humour. He could not 
 bear the opposition of Mr. Adams on this question. 
 It was one cause of the alienation between them. 
 That gentleman was cool and determined, hard and 
 unyielding, as well as bold in his argument. He 
 sometimes was sarcastick. in his replies ; but upon 
 the subject which then divided the house, he observ- 
 ed the utmost delicacy, and seemed to dread the 
 consequence of this political difference. These 
 gentlemen had different views, though equally zeal- 
 ous in their opposition to the mother country. Or 
 else one looked further than the other. Mr. H. was 
 not against a reconciliation, if Great Britain would 
 repeal all her unjust acts, and pay due respect to 
 the rights of the colonies. Adams did not wish the. 
 ancient friendship should be renewed. From the 
 time of the stamp act, he saw that hostilities would 
 commence, and the American colonies become a 
 nation by themselves. He was desirous of being 
 an actor in the most important scenes, and have his 
 name handed down to posterity among the patriots, 
 who were to form a new era in the revolution of 
 empires. 
 
 The division of these two leading characters made 
 parties among the whigs, especially in the town of 
 Boston. Mr. Hancock was the idol of the people. 
 His generosity upon all publick occasions, and 
 kindness to individuals, were the theme of continu- 
 al and loud applause. It was said that his heart was 
 open as the day to acts of beneficence : that he sunk 
 his fortune in the cause of his country. This was 
 the prevailing idea, and it gave a perfume to the 
 
 h h
 
 242 HAN 
 
 sacrifice. What bounds could be given to the peo- 
 ple's affection to a man, who preferred " their lov- 
 ing favour to great riches V* 
 
 He was certainly the most popular man in the 
 community. Nor was his popularity a transient 
 thing. At future periods of our revolution, when 
 attempts were made to depreciate him ; when other 
 characters were brought forward whose merit was 
 conspicuous ; and even when he was accused, in the 
 publications of the day, of wanting qualifications for 
 administering the government, he still retained his 
 influence in the community. It is well known, that 
 some of our greatest and wisest and best men have 
 solicited his concurrence in their measures, from 
 the full persuasion that the popular voice was so 
 much in his favour. 
 
 In the year 1774, Mr. H. was chosen to deliver 
 the publick oration in Boston on the 5th of March, 
 to commemorate the massacre of 1770. It is a ve- 
 ry handsome composition, and was very well deli- 
 vered. During the course of this year his health 
 declined. When the general assembly of the pro- 
 vince elected members of the first congress, he was 
 so ill, as to be unable to attend publick business. 
 The ensuing winter was favourable to his health ; 
 he recruited his spirits and activity. He was one 
 of the provincial congress, and, for a time, their pre- 
 sident. He was then elected a member of the gen- 
 eral congress, that was to meet at Philadelphia in 
 1775. This year was the most remarkable of any in 
 the annals of the British nation. The revolutionary 
 war commenced, April 19. The battle of Lexing- 
 ton was succeeded by a proclamation from the gov- 
 ernour, declaring the country in a state of rebellion, 
 and proscribing Hancock and Adams, as the chief 
 leaders, whose behaviour was too flagitious to be 
 forgiven. This only served to give importance to 
 their characters ; to fix them in the esteem and af- 
 fection of their country. There were men in these 
 states who coveted such a mark of distinction ; ma-
 
 HAN 243 
 
 ny, who would have given all their wealth, and run 
 any risk of consequences. 
 
 This year Mr. Hancock married Miss Dorothy 
 Quincy, the daughter of one of the magistrates of 
 Boston, and descended from one of the most ancient 
 families in New England. 
 
 In 1776, July 4th, his name appears as president 
 of the congress which declared the colonies indepen- 
 dent of the crown of Great Britain. The name of the 
 president alone was published with the declaration, 
 though every member signed it. It was a mark of 
 respect due to Massachusetts, to have one of their 
 members in the chair, which had been filled with a 
 member from South Carolina and Virginia. Mr. 
 H. had those talents which were calculated to make 
 him appear to more advantage as chairman, than in 
 the debates of a publick body. He excelled as mo- 
 derator of the Boston town meetings, as president of 
 the provincial congress, and state convention; and, as 
 head of the great council of our nation, he was much 
 respected. He discovered a fine address,, great im- 
 partiality, sufficient spirit to command attention, 
 and preserve order. His voice and manner were 
 much in his favour, and his experience, in publick 
 business, gave him ease and dignity. 
 
 In 1779, Mr. Hancock resigned his place in con- 
 gress. He was chosen a member of the convention 
 that formed the constitution for this commonwealth. 
 He was not one of the committee to draw up the 
 plan. Many were earnest to have him president ; 
 but the majority were for Mr. Bowdoin. He at- 
 tended his duty, however, very regularly, and 
 sometimes expressed his sentiments. He dissent- 
 ed from those, who would have given more power to 
 the governour,and more energy to the constitution. 
 
 From 1780 to 1785, Mr. Hancock was annually 
 chosen governour of the commonwealth of Massa- 
 chusetts. He declined being a candidate for the 
 office the ensuing year, and was succeeded by the 
 hon. James Bowdoin, esq. During the administra-
 
 244 HAN 
 
 lion of Mr. B. there was an insurrection in the 
 state, which was happily quelled. Every thing was 
 done in themost judicious manner by the governour, 
 and the legislature, yet a part of the community ap- 
 peared to be discontented with the administration, 
 and, in the year 1787, Mr. Hancock was again plac- 
 ed in the chair. The friends of Mr. Bowdoin were 
 disappointed. They consisted of a large number 
 of respectable characters in the commonwealth ; 
 men of property and wisdom, who felt the injury 
 that gentleman had received, as a deep wound giv- 
 en to the body politick. The present governour 
 could not escape their censure, and his administration 
 was attacked by certain political writers, who expos- 
 ed his faults with the keenest satire, and excited 
 prejudices against him. A more friendly disposi- 
 tion was excited towards him, when the constitution 
 of the United States was offered to the people. His 
 conduct in the state convention during the discussion 
 of it, gained him honour. The opposition to this 
 excellent form of government was great. It was 
 said that the majority of the convention would be 
 against the adoption ; and that the governour was 
 with the opposers. He was chosen president of the 
 convention, but did not attend the debates till the 
 latter weeks of the session. Certain amendments 
 were proposed to remove the objections of those, 
 who thought some of the articles deprived the peo- 
 ple of their rights. He introduced these amend- 
 ments with great propriety, and voted for the 
 adoption of the constitution. His name and influ- 
 ence doubtless turned many in favour of the fede- 
 ral government. When the president of the United 
 States visited Boston, there was some obliquity or 
 peculiarity in his behaviour, which renewed the old 
 prejudices against him. It was thought he failed 
 in certain attentions to that illustrious character, and 
 he was in some danger of losing his popularity ; 
 for all classes of people looked upon Washington 
 as the first of men.
 
 HAR 245 
 
 The latter years of his administration were easy 
 to him, on account of the publick tranquillity. The 
 federal government became the source of so much 
 prosperity that the people were easy and happy. 
 The two patriots, Hancock and Adams, were recon. 
 ciled. When lieut. gov. dishing died, gen. Lin- 
 coln was chosen, as his successor. This gave great 
 offence to Mr. Adams, and it was very disagreeable 
 to the governour. They joined their strength to 
 support the same measures, as well as renewed their 
 friendship. The next year, Lincoln was left out of 
 office, and Mr. Adams chosen lieut. governour. 
 This gentleman succeeded Mr. Hancock, as gover- 
 nour of the commonwealth, after his death. He di- 
 ed, October 8, 1793. 
 
 The death of such a man was interesting to the 
 people at large. The procession at his funeral was 
 very great. Dr. Thacher the minister of Brattle street 
 church, preached his funeral sermon the next Sab- 
 bath. To this society, he had been a great benefac- 
 tor ; he subscribed very largely for the building of 
 this superb edifice, and was always liberal in his 
 contributions upon other occasions. He was very 
 friendly to the clergy of all denominations. Born 
 and educated among them, he was never weary of 
 assisting them. He did a great deal also to promote 
 the cause of learning as well as religion. The li- 
 brary of Harvard College will give an exhibition of 
 his munificence. His uncle expressed his inten- 
 tion of subscribing 500 pounds sterling towards fur- 
 nishing a new library and philosophical apparatus, 
 when Harvard Hall was burnt in 1764, but died 
 suddenly and this was not expressed in his will. 
 The heir made no hesitation about granting it; and 
 the name of Hancock, in golden letters, now adorns 
 one of the alcoves of the library room, and is upon 
 the records of the university among her greatest 
 benefactors. 
 
 Harvard John, pastor of the church at Charles- 
 town, came over to America in the year 1636, 7.
 
 246 HAW 
 
 He died of a consumptive complaint soon after his 
 arrival, greatly lamented, being a very excellent 
 man, and worthy minister. By his will, he bequeath- 
 ed about 800 pounds to promote the cause of litera- 
 ture in New England. The general court had given 
 400 pounds towards a publick school at Newtown; 
 and the institution found encouragement from seve- 
 ral other benefactors. But because the memorable 
 John Harvard led the way, by a generosity exceed- 
 ing the most of them, his name was justly eternised, 
 says the author of the Magnalia, by its having the 
 name of Harvard College imposed upon it. 
 
 Hawthorne William, one of the fathers of 
 Massachusetts, came over to Dorchester; but when 
 Hugh Peters was minister of Salem, he removed to 
 that place. He became one of their most useful 
 citizens, and their representative to the general 
 court. Johnson says, that he was the most eloquent 
 man in the assembly. He was a friend of Winthrop, 
 and often opposed to Lndicot, who glided with the 
 popular stream. It was Mr. Hawthorne's opinion, 
 which he publickly advanced and supported, that 
 none but men of property were qualified for civil of- 
 fices. He was also of opinion that the council 
 ought to be permanent. This political tenet was the 
 subject of a treatise, which Mr. Saltonstall wrote, in 
 1642. His book was highly censured. Mr. Nor- 
 ris, the minister of the church in Salem, answered 
 it. The reply is handsomely commended by gov. 
 Winthrop. In 1650, Mr. Hawthorne was chosen 
 speaker of the house of representatives, and is the 
 first upon record. He certainly was very influen- 
 tial in all the affairs of the province for many years, 
 and whatever his former opinions had been, he 
 drank deeply of the republican spirit of New Eng- 
 in his latter days. For he was one of the obnoxious 
 characters, which king Charles II. required to oe 
 sent to England. He mentioned five gentleman 
 who were to answer for the conduct of the colony. 
 And the letter expressed two of their names, Mr.
 
 HAY 24T 
 
 Bellingham and Mr. Hawthorne. The court of 
 Massachusetts did not send them. It was the opin- 
 ion, however, of many of the first characters in the 
 province, that it would be best to comply with the 
 order of the king. But their conduct was censured. 
 The governour called the court together, and desir- 
 ed that the elders might be present, who gave their 
 advice against it.* 
 
 Mr. H. was as reputable for his piety as for his 
 political integrity. He was a friend to the consti- 
 tution of the New England churches, and, whenever 
 occasion required, was ready to defend the privileg- 
 es of the brethren against the encroachments of the 
 elders. Major Hawthorne was a magistrate in 1676. 
 He died the latter end of the century. Several 
 families of the name are in the state ; and some of 
 his descendants are respectable inhabitants of the 
 town, where their ancestor was so well esteemed and 
 made such a conspicuous figure. Hutch. Bentley: 
 
 Haynes John arrived at Boston, A. D. 1633. 
 The next year he was chosen assistant, and in 1635 
 advanced to the chair of government. He removed 
 from Massachusetts to Connecticut, and was, for 
 many years, their most distinguished character. 
 Had he continued in Massachusetts, he would have 
 been a rival to gov, Winthrop. His property, which, 
 combined with any considerable qualifications, will 
 always give a man influence, was equal to a thou- 
 
 • Among the magistrates, some are good men and well affect- 
 ed to his majesty, and would be well satisfied to have his authori- 
 ty in a better manner established ; but the major part are of dif- 
 ferent principles, having been in the government from the time 
 they formed themselves into a commonwealth. These direct and 
 manage all affairs as they please ; of which number are Mr.Lev- 
 erett, governour, Mr. Syraonds, deputy governour, Mr. Danforth, 
 Mr. Tyng, major Clarke, major Hawthorne, who still continued a 
 magistrate, though commanded by his majesty upon his allegi- 
 ance to come into England, yet refused, being encouraged in his 
 disobedience by a vote of the court, not to appear,upon some rea- 
 sons best known to themselves. These, with some few others 
 of the same faction, keep the country in subjection and slavery, 
 backed with the authority of a pretended charter. Randolph'* 
 letter to the lords of the privy council.
 
 248 H I G 
 
 sand pounds a year in his own country ; but when 
 Mr. Hooker came over to New England, he joined 
 the company. They resided at Newtown, with a 
 number of families from the county of Essex. 
 They were, most of them, farmers, and wanted more 
 extent of land to cultivate. Dr. Trumbull says, 
 " that the growing popularity of Mr. Haynes, and 
 the fame of Mr. Hooker, who, as to strength of gen- 
 ius, and his lively, powerful manner of preaching, 
 rivalled Cotton, were supposed to have had no 
 small influence upon the general court in giving 
 liberty to this company to remove to Connecticut. 
 There, it was judged, they would not so much 
 eclipse the fame, nor stand in the way of the pro- 
 motion and honour of themselves and friends. Mr. 
 Haynes was chosen governour of Connecticut ; and 
 his great integrity and wise management of all af- 
 fairs so raised and fixed his character in the esteem 
 of the people, that they always, when the constitu- 
 tion would permit, placed him in the chief seat of 
 government, and continued him in it until his death. 
 
 The fathers of Connecticut, according to the his- 
 torian above mentioned, were Mr. Haynes, Mr. 
 Ludlow, Mr. Hooker, Mr. Warham, Mr. Hopkins, 
 Mr. Welles, Mr. Willis, Mr. Whiting, Mr. Wol- 
 cott, Mr. Phelps and Mr. Webster. These were 
 the first class of settlers ; and all, except the minis- 
 ters, were chosen magistrates, or governours of the 
 colony. 
 
 Dr. Trumbull says, the name of Haynes has be- 
 come extinct in this country. There are several 
 families of Haynes' in Massachusetts ; but whether 
 they came from the same parts of old England can- 
 not be ascertained. 
 
 Gov. Haynes died in the year 1654. 
 
 Higginson Francis was educated at Emanuel 
 College, Cambridge ; proceeded master of arts, and 
 was settled in the ministry at Lancaster. He had a 
 very pleasant voice ; was very courteous and oblig- 
 ing in his behaviour, and so popular, that the people
 
 H IG 249 
 
 flocked from all the neighbouring towns to hear him 
 preach. For some years he conti~i*ed in his con- 
 formity to the rites and ceremonies of the episcopal 
 church, but afterwards became a sincere convert to 
 the doctrines and manners of the puritans. His ac- 
 quaintance with the famous Hildersham, and Mr. 
 Thomas Hooker, brought about this alteration of 
 his opinions. They had studied the controversies, 
 which then divided the churches of the reformation, 
 and persuaded him to indulge the same spirit of 
 free inquiry. He acknowledged, that he could find 
 no foundation for many things, which had been in- 
 troduced by the church of Rome, and still continu- 
 ed in the church of England ; and he was a man of 
 too much simplicity and godly sincerity to practise 
 them after he was convinced from what source they 
 came. Hence he offended the ruling party, and was 
 not allowed to exercise his ministry in his own par- 
 ish church. The people, however, procured the 
 privilege of his preaching a lecture one part of the 
 Sabbath for them ; and the other part he preached 
 for an aged minister, who needed his assistance. 
 
 He was maintained by a voluntary contribution, 
 which came easily from his hearers, because he was 
 so well beloved. The ministers of the episcopal 
 church were also so fond of him, that they opened 
 their churches to him, as long as they could do it 
 with any safety. Happily for them, they were in 
 the diocese of one of the most exemplary and sweet 
 tempered bishops that ever filled an episcopal see. 
 This was Dr. Williams, whom bishop Laud, with 
 the fierce spirit of bigotry, hated, because he had so 
 much evangelical charity. The rods of his wrath 
 were shaken against Mr. Higginson, among the 
 other favourites of the good bishop of Lincoln. He 
 could not, however, destroy the work which Mr. 
 Higginson had done. It pleased God to give lus- 
 tre to his character, and success to his ministry. 
 
 Before Mr. H. became a non-conformist, he ap- 
 peared to manifest more regard to discipline in his 
 
 i i
 
 250 H I G 
 
 church than was common, though nothing more 
 than the rubricks required. He publickly declared 
 that ignorant and scandalous persons were not to be 
 admitted to the Lord's supper. After preaching- 
 upon this text, " Give not that which is holy unto 
 dogs," a man, who was a common drunkard and 
 swearer, approached the chancel. He said to him, 
 before the whole assembly, that he was not willing 
 to give the Lord's supper to him, until he had pro- 
 fessed his repentance, to the satisfaction of the con- 
 gregation The man was full of resentment, but 
 could not resist the commanding influence the man 
 of God had, as much by the virtue of his character, 
 as the sacredness of his office. Another instance is 
 mentioned in the Magnalia, which may be related in 
 the words of the author, as it is less accompanied 
 with marvellous circumstances, than are generally 
 combined with his biographical sketches. " A fa- 
 mous doctor of divinity, prebend of a cathedral, and 
 chaplain to his majesty, then lived at Leicester. 
 This gentleman preached but very seldom ; and 
 when he did at all, it was after that fashion, which 
 has sometimes been called gentleman-preaching j 
 after a flaunting manner and with such a vain osten- 
 tation of learning, and affectation of language as ill 
 became the oracles of God ; the people generally 
 flocking more to the edifying preaching of Mr. H. 
 than to these vain harangues. Our doctor so ex- 
 tremely resented it, that both publickly and private- 
 ly, on all opportunities, he expressed his indigna- 
 tion against Mr. H. and vowed that he would cer- 
 tainly drive him out of town. Now it so fell out, 
 that the sheriff appointed this doctor to preach at the 
 general assizes there, and gave him a quarter of a 
 year's time to prepare a sermon upon that occasion. 
 But in all this time he could not provide a sermon 
 to his own satisfaction, insomuch that a fortnight 
 before the time was expired, he expressed to some 
 of his friends a despair of being well provided. 
 Wherefore his friends persuaded him to try, telling
 
 HIG 251 
 
 him that if it came to the worst, Mr. H. might be 
 procured to preach in his room ; he was always rea- 
 dy. The Dr. was wonderfully averse to this last 
 proposal, and therefore studied with all his might 
 for an agreeable sermon ; but he had such a blast 
 from heaven upon his poor studies, that the very 
 night before the assizes began, he sent his wife to 
 the devout lady Cave, who prevailed with Mr. H. 
 to supply his place the day ensuing ; which he did 
 with a most suitable, profitable and acceptable ser- 
 mon ; and unto the great satisfaction ol the audito- 
 ry. When the lady Cave had let this matter be 
 known, how this thing, which was much wondered 
 at, came about, the common discourse of the town 
 so confounded the doctor, that he vowed he would 
 never come into it again. Thus Mr. Higginson 
 was left in the town, but, I pray, who was driven, 
 out?" 
 
 The high reputation of Mr. Higginson procured 
 him the offer of some of the best livings in the 
 island, but his principles of non-conformity operat- 
 ing upon a mind imbued with the love of truth, he 
 sacrificed every worldly consideration, and trusted 
 in providence for the means of support. He edu- 
 cated a number of youths, who were afterwards good 
 scholars at the universities, and shone as lights in 
 the christian church. From the benevolence of his 
 disposition, he forwarded every pious, useful and 
 charitable work ; but his generous sympathy was 
 peculiarly remarkable towards the protestant exiles, 
 who came from Bohemia and the Palatinate, when 
 the French had burned their cities, and they had be- 
 held their dulcia arva changed to fields of blood. 
 
 In the year 1628, the company of Massachusetts 
 bay in New England began a plantation. It was 
 their decree, that none but honest and godly men 
 should go over to settle. Mr. Higginson was a man 
 admirably calculated to manage their design of pro- 
 pagating what they styled reformed Christianity. 
 He complied with -their request ; for he thought
 
 252 H I G 
 
 their invitation a call from heaven to which he must 
 listen. They set sail from the isle of Wight, May, 
 1629, and when they come to the land's end, Mr. 
 Higginson calling up his children and other passen- 
 gers of the ship, said, " We will not say as the 
 separatists were wont to say at their leaving of En- 
 gland, Farewell Babylon ! Farewell Rome ! But we 
 will say, Farewell dear England ! Farewell the church 
 of God in England, and all christian friends there ! 
 "We do not go to New England as separatists from 
 the church of England, though we cannot but sep- 
 arate from the corruptions in it, but we go to 
 practise the positive part of church reformation, and 
 propagate the gospel in America." 
 
 This company arrived at Salem harbour 29th of 
 June. There were only six houses, beside Mr. 
 Endicot's. The same voice was then heard in 
 this American wilderness, which had charmed the 
 crowded cities of Europe. Mr. Skelton being asso- 
 ciated with Mr. Higginson, in the work of the min- 
 istry, a day of religious preparation was observed. 
 Mr. Higginson's church considered the two arti- 
 cles, which had been agreed upon between Mr. En- 
 dicot and Mr. Fuller, of Plymouth, who, though 
 laymen, were deeply interested in the ecclesiastical 
 affairs of the plantations, viz. " That the church of 
 Salem would not acknowledge any ecclesiastical ju- 
 risdiction in the church at Plymouth. And that 
 the authority of ordination should not exist in the 
 clergy, as in the protestant churches, but, as the 
 unqualified sense of the reformed churches, should 
 entirely depend upon the free election of the mem- 
 bers of the church, and that there should be a re- 
 presentative of this power continually in the church." 
 We are told that Mr. Endicot had explained his 
 views to the church at Plymouth ; and that Mr. 
 Higginson consented. He drew up likewise a 
 cl confession of faith," with a scriptural repre- 
 sentation of the " covenant of grace," applied to
 
 H I G 253 
 
 iheir purpose, whereof thirty copies were taken for 
 the thirty persons, who gathered the church. 
 
 This ancient church was organized, August 6th, 
 
 1629. Mr. Skelton was chosen pastor, Mr. Hig- 
 ginson teacher, and other officers, according to the 
 regulations they had adopted. 
 
 After this, many others joined, whose good con- 
 versation and conduct were amply testified. The 
 first winter our fathers were exercised with many 
 trials, and more than one hundred of the inhabi- 
 tants of Salem died. Mr. Higginson also fell into 
 a hectic fever, but continued preaching for some 
 time. The last sermon he preached was upon this 
 text, " What went ye out in the wilderness to see. 11 ' 
 Matt. xi. 7. It was occasioned by the arrival of 
 many persons from Europe to settle in different 
 places of New England. Finding himself near his 
 dissolution, he conversed freely upon it. He said 
 " that although the Lord called him away, he was 
 persuaded God would raise up others, to carry on 
 the work that was begun, and that there would be 
 many churches in this wilderness." He died August, 
 
 1630, leaving a widow and eight children.* 
 
 He lived long enough, however, to secure the 
 foundation of his church, to deserve the esteem of 
 the colony, and to provide himself a name among 
 the worthies of New England. 
 
 Mr. Higginson wrote an account of New Eng- 
 land, which is printed in the first volume of the col- 
 lections of the historical society. It is styled, " A 
 short and true description of the discoveries and 
 commodities of the country. Written in the year 
 1629, by Mr. Higginson, a reverend divine, now 
 resident there. London, 1630, third edition." 
 
 Higginson Francis, eldest son of Mr. H of Sa- 
 lem, was educated by his father in England, and was 
 an excellent scholar. He kept a school in this country ; 
 but having a desire to visit some European univer- 
 
 * This is the time mentioned in the Magnalia. Mr. Bentley in 
 his history of Salem, says it was 15th March.
 
 254 H I G 
 
 i 
 
 sity, he went to Leyden, where he finished his stu- 
 dies. He settled in his native country, and was minis- 
 ter for many years at Kerby- Stephen, in Westmore- 
 land. In this place, the quakers early made their 
 appearance. He wrote a book against them. It 
 was entitled, " the irreligion of northern quakers," 
 which is said to be the first thing written against 
 the people of that persuasion. He also published a 
 treatise, " De quinque maximis Luminibus ; De 
 luce increata ; De luce creata ; De lumine naturae, 
 Gratiae et Glorias." 
 
 He died, in 1660, in the 55th year of his age. 
 
 Higginson John, was born in England, 1616, 
 and came over with his father to this new world. 
 When his father died, he, like his brother Francis, 
 had no other means of support but the fruit of his 
 knowledge. By his diligence and industry, he 
 was able to acquire learning, and to assist the fami- 
 ly in their destitute state. He kept school at Hart- 
 ford in Connecticut, and afterwards accepted an in- 
 vitation to be chaplain of the fort at Saybrook. He 
 must have been there in 1639 : for we find his 
 name as witness to the articles of agreement be- 
 tween the settlers at Guilford in Connecticut, and 
 the Indians concerning the lands, which were then 
 purchased.* That excellent and upright man 
 George Fenwick was then at the fort. He gave to 
 the planters a large tract of land, on condition they 
 would accommodate Mr. Whitfield, his particular 
 friend, according to his mind. 
 
 This Mr. Henry Whitfield was the first pastor 
 of the church in Guilford, and he led this little flock 
 into the wilderness. He was also a wealthy man, hav- 
 ing considerable possessions in the old country; and 
 at Guilford, he built, at his own expense, a large stone 
 house, which was a defence against the Indians. 
 He was " a well bred gentleman, a good scholar, a 
 great divine, and excellent preacher." When he 
 
 * Ruggles account of Guilford, vol. iii. of historical collec- 
 tions.
 
 HIG 255 
 
 had continued with his people about twelve years, 
 he went to England, leaving the care of his flock to 
 Mr. Higginson, who was his son in law. This gen- 
 tleman had preached at Guilford some years. He 
 removed from Say brook about the year 1643, was one 
 of the seven pillars of the church of Guilford, and 
 assisted Mr. Whitfield in the pulpit. He never was 
 ordained at Guilford, but took care of the flock till 
 the year 1659, when he purposed to go with his 
 family to England. The vessel in which he sailed, 
 put into Salem harbour on account of the weather, 
 and he was persuaded to settle in the church, 
 which his father had planted. He was ordained their 
 pastor, August, 1660. "Major Hawthorne, with the 
 deacons, imposed hands upon him in the presence of 
 the neighbouring churches and elders." 
 
 As a minister. Mr. Higginson was highly respect- 
 ed. That he was very popular in all the country 
 appears from a paper which Chalmers published in 
 his" political annals. It is supposed to have been 
 written by Randolph who, being employed as a 
 spy, sent a minute account of the state of Massa- 
 chusetts. One question was, Who are the most 
 popular clergymen ? Answer. Thacher, Oxen- 
 bridge and Higginson. Dr. Cotton Mather says, 
 likewise, that even when he was eighty years old, 
 he preached with such a manly, judicious, pertinent 
 vigour, and with so little decay of his intellectual 
 abilities, as was a matter of just admiration. Af- 
 ter speaking thus highly of him, he says, that he 
 should praise him still more, did he not recollect the 
 saying of a German divine, Auferte ignem, &c.i. e. 
 " Oh, bring not the sparks of your praises near me, 
 as long as I have any chaff left in me." He is 
 afraid of receiving such a check from his reverend 
 father of Salem ; but he comforts the good man by 
 telling him that he must soon die, and then com- 
 plete justice would be done him in all the churches. 
 This was written in 1696; but Mr. Higginson liv- 
 ed a number of years after: he died in 1708, aged 93
 
 256 H O A 
 
 He preached the election sermon in 1663. He also 
 published other occasional discourses, and several 
 prefaces to devotional books. His name, with Mr. 
 Thacher's, is affixed to the commendation of " Mor- 
 ton's memorial." He also wrote the attestation to the 
 church history of New England, Magnalia Ameri- 
 cana, &c. wherein he gives a particular narrative of 
 the Mathers. Of the author of that work he thus 
 speaks, " As I behold this exemplary son of New 
 England, while thus young and tender, at such a 
 rate building the temple of God, and in a few 
 months dispatching such a piece of temple work as 
 this is, a work so notably adjusted and adorned, it 
 brings to mind an epigram upon young Borellus : 
 
 Cum juveni tantam dcdit experientia lucem, 
 Tale ut promat opus, qilai-> d bit ilia seni ? 
 
 As to myself, having been, by the mercy of God, 
 now above 68 years in New England, and served 
 the Lord and his people in my weak measure, 60 
 years in the ministry of the gospel, I may now in 
 my old age, say / have seen all that the Lord, hath 
 done for his people, and have known the beginning 
 and progress of these churches unto this day ; and 
 having read over much of this history I cannot but 
 in the love and fear of God, bear witness to the truth 
 of it." 
 
 The last work which appears with Mr. Higginson's 
 name is, the "Testimony to the order of the gospel in 
 the churches of New England, left in the hands of the 
 churches. By the two most aged ministers of the 
 country, Mr. H. of Salem, and Mr. H. of Ipswich." 
 
 Hoar Leonard, M. D. president of Harvard 
 College, was elected into that office, July 13, 1672, 
 and inaugurated the 10th of September. 
 
 This gentleman was graduated at the college, over 
 which he afterwards presided, in 1650. He went to 
 England, and was a preacher of the gospel ; he also 
 studied physick, and received from the university of 
 Cambridge, the degree of do tor of medicine. He 
 returned to New England to accept of an invitation
 
 H O L 257 
 
 he received from the Old South church in Boston 
 to be their pastor. Upon his arrival he was chosen 
 to succeed president Chauncy at the college ; but 
 thou Hi possessed of sufficient learning, he wanted 
 a proper spirit of government, and some other qual- 
 ifications, to make himself respectable in the office. 
 Prejudices were excited against him. The stu- 
 dents all left the college, and the doctor resigned 
 the chair, March 15, 1675, which had been truly a 
 thorny seat. " Sceptrum ilium scholasticum plus 
 habet solicitudinis quam pulchritudinis, plus curac 
 quam auri, plus impedimenti quam argenti."* 
 
 His mind was much affected by this alteration in 
 his situation, and he died a broken-hearted man, 
 Nov. 24, the same year. 
 
 Dr. Hoar married a daughter of Lord Lisle, who 
 came over the Atlantick to share his troubles. She 
 exhibited, in her life, the. charms of virtue, and the 
 practice of piety. Magnalia. 
 
 Holyoke Edward, president of Harvard Col- 
 lege, was born in Boston, had the rudiments of his 
 education at the north grammar school, and gradu- 
 ated at Cambridge, A. D. 1705. He was chosen 
 tutor, 1712, and the next year a fellow of the cor- 
 poration. " These stations he filled with reputa- 
 tion to himself, and advantage to the society with 
 whose interests he was so nearly concerned." He 
 was invited to the pastoral office in Marblehead, 
 1716. That ancient church divided, and made two 
 distinct societies. Mr. Barnard and Mr. Holyoke 
 were the preachers : the one was settled at the first 
 church, the other in a church built for him. Here 
 Mr. Holyoke officiated till the year 1737, and he 
 was then elected president of the college. 
 
 Father Barnard says,f " that he went to gov. Bel- 
 cher, and asked him why they chose one Boston 
 minister after another, and neglected the man who 
 was most qualified to fill the chair of that seminary, 
 
 * Melchior Adam, as quoted by Cotton Mather. 
 t Mss. pencsme.
 
 25$ HOC 
 
 his worthy brother Holyoke. His excellency an- 
 swered, that it would be agreeable to him if he were 
 assured of his orthodoxy, but suspicions had been 
 spread of his being liberal in his sentiments. He 
 told him, that he was more acquainted with him 
 than any other person, and he knew him to be sound 
 in the faith." Mr. Holyoke continued in the chair 
 above thirty years. The college flourished under 
 his government. He mingled prudence with a just 
 and noble spirit, and was a gentleman in his man- 
 ners. His erudition was considerable ; but he 
 chiefly excelled as a mathematician and classical 
 scholar. It was seldom he could be persuaded to 
 commit any thing he wrote to the press. The con- 
 vention sermon, which he printed in 1741, is an ad- 
 mirable discourse. He preached the first discourse 
 at the Dudleian lecture, soon after the death of the 
 founder ; but would not publish it. Nor would he 
 often appear in the pulpit upon publick occasions. 
 President Holyoke died the first week in June, 
 1769, in the 80th year of his age. He was buried 
 with every mark of distinction due to such a re- 
 spectable character. Gov. Hutchinson, treasurer 
 Hubbard, two members of the corporation, and two 
 ministers of the board of overseers, who were not 
 of that body, supported the pall. Professor Sewall 
 delivered a funeral oration in latin ; and the next 
 Lord's day a sermon upon the occasion was preach- 
 ed by the rev. Dr. Appleton, which was printed, 
 with a character of the president annexed, drawn by 
 one of the gentlemen in the immediate government 
 of the college. 
 
 Hooker Thomas, the renowned pastor of the 
 church in Hartford, Connecticut, was born at Mar- 
 field, Leicestershire, in 1586, educated at the 
 university of Cambridge, and elected a fellow of 
 Emanuel College. He was, in 1626, a lecturer in 
 Chelmsford, Essex street, but not being willing to 
 conform to all the rites of the church of England, 
 he was obliged to Jay down the ministry. He af-
 
 HOO 259 
 
 forwards kept school, and had for his usher, John 
 Eliot, who, in America, was afterwards styled the 
 Indian apostle. Finding himself still prosecuted by 
 the spiritual court, in 1630, he went over to 
 Holland. He there became intimately acquainted 
 with the celebrated Dr. Ames, who declared, that 
 although he had been acquainted with many scho- 
 lars of divers nations, yet he never met with Mr. 
 Hooker's equal for preaching, or for disputing. 
 Dr. Mather savs, that Mr. Hooker and Mr. Cotton 
 were the Luther and Melancton of New England : 
 he meant to describe their different genius. It is 
 difficult for us, at this day, to know which was Me- 
 lancton, or how either resembled him. 
 
 Mr. Hooker arrived at Boston, Sept. 4, 1633, in 
 the Griffin, gov. Haynes, Mr. Cotton and Mr. Stone 
 being his fellow passengers. In October Mr. H. 
 was ordained pastor of the church in Newtown. In 
 June, 1636, he went with his church above a hun- 
 dred miles, and settled upon the banks of the river 
 Connecticut. Here he was the chief instrument of be- 
 ginning another colony. Had this divine been call- 
 ed to the church in Boston, and Mr. Haynes had no 
 rival in gov. Winthrop, it is most probable they 
 would have continued with their people in Massa- 
 chusetts. He often visited Boston ; and whenever 
 he preached, his great fame drew crowded assem- 
 blies. This great man died, July 7, 1647. Mr. 
 Cotton said, that he did " Agmen ducere et 
 dominari in concionibus, gratia spiritus sancti et 
 virtute plenis;" and that he was " vir solertis et 
 acerrimi judicii." A very full memoir of Mr. 
 Hooker has been written by the grandson of Mr. 
 Cotton, who calls him the light of thewestern church- 
 es. It makes part of the Magnalia, and is also 
 printed in a separate volume. 
 
 Many volumes of Mr.Hooker's sermons were print- 
 ed ; most of them are now out of print. One volume 
 on John xvii. is yet preserved among us, and certain 
 of his polemical writings. His most famous work is
 
 5260 HOP 
 
 the survey of church discipline: the firstcopy was sent 
 to England in a vessel which was lost. The copy 
 which we now have, wants the finishing hand of the 
 author, but is a work of great merit and research. 
 He was a friend to the consociation of churches. He 
 also gives more authority to the elders than was 
 ever allowed by our fathers of the Massachusetts 
 colony. 
 
 Hooper William was born and educated in 
 Scotland. After he arrived at Boston, he was em- 
 ployed as a private tutor in a gentleman's family a 
 few miles from the town. His oratory at his first 
 setting out as a preacher gained him vast applause. 
 A number having engaged him to settle with them 
 as their minister, built a house for publick 
 worship at New or West Boston, and ordained him 
 the pastor of it. But upon a vacancy happening in 
 Trinity Church in Rnston, hp disgusted his parish- 
 ioners by accepting an invitation from that church, 
 and asking a dismission from his own : they howe- 
 ver granted it. He embarked for England, and 
 having received episcopal ordination he returned to 
 Boston, and officiated as minister of Trinity Church 
 till his death in 1 767. 
 
 Hopkins Edward, governour of Connecticut, 
 born at Shrewsbury, A. D. 1600, was brought up 
 a merchant in London, and lived in that city in a 
 handsome style, with the esteem and affection of 
 the people. He married the daughter of Theophi- 
 lus Eaton, esq. with whom he removed to New 
 England ; and when the company went from Mas- 
 sachusetts bay to Connecticut river, he was one who 
 fixed at Hartford, and became a pillar and ruler of 
 that colony. 
 
 He was exemplary for his piety, integrity and 
 charity. In his publick character he did every thing 
 to maintain peace, as well as to execute justice. 
 He had to combat with many evils, not only in sub- 
 duing the wilderness, but with others, which gave a 
 wound to the spirit ; an incurable dementia had
 
 HOP 261 
 
 seized the brain of his wife, at the same time that 
 he was subject to pulmonary complaints. The lat- 
 ter he could bear with resignation; for what are the 
 infirmities of the body compared with the trials of 
 the heart! "I promised myself," said he,'- too much 
 content in this relation and enjoyment ; and the 
 Lord will make me to know, that this world shall 
 not afford it me." 
 
 Upon the death of his elder brother it was ne- 
 cessary that he should return to England, and he 
 was there a favourite of the ruling power. He was 
 soon appointed warden of the fleet, commissioner 
 of the admiralty, and also chosen member of par- 
 liament. His friends in New England were un- 
 willing to lose such a man from their plantation j 
 but they derived much benefit from his services in 
 the mother country. He was eminently qualified 
 for every publick employment ; was the friend of 
 learning and religion ; and having enjoyed the luxu- 
 ry of doing good while he lived, his virtues blos- 
 somed on his sepulchre. He died in the month of 
 March, 1657, leaving a large estate in New England 
 for pious and charitable uses. After mentioning 
 certain legacies in his will, he bequeathed the re- 
 mainder to " encourage hopeful youths in a way of 
 learning, both at the grammar school, and at col- 
 lege, for the publick service of the country in fu- 
 ture times." 
 
 He also gave 500 pounds out of his estate in Eng- 
 land •* for the promoting the kingdom of the Lord 
 Jesus Christ in these remote parts of the earth.'"' 
 This donation was, by a decree of chancery, 1710, 
 paid to Harvard College. The interest given in 
 New England was estimated at 1000 pounds ster- 
 ling, and has been appropriated to the support of 
 the grammar schools in New Haven, Hartford and 
 Hadley. A certain part of the income at the disposal 
 of the corporation of Harvard College is given to the 
 master of the schools in Cambridge, according to 
 the number of grammar scholars ; a certain part in
 
 262 HOP 
 
 books to the best scholars of the university ; but 
 the greatest part of it to students in divinity, who 
 reside at the college, bachelors of arts, upon this 
 condition, that each one should read four theological 
 dissertations in the course of the year. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins was elected governour of Connect- 
 icut while he was in England. He was in the of- 
 fice the year he died. He was also one that form- 
 ed the union of the New England colonies, 1643. 
 His name is signed to the articles of the confedera- 
 tion. Gov. Winthrop was the first president. In 
 1644, the hon. Edward Hopkins of Connecticut. 
 Hazard's Collection. 
 
 Hopkins Samuel, D. D. was born at Water bu- 
 ry, Connecticut, educated at Yale College, which 
 he entered in the year 1737, being then 16 years 
 old. Having received the honours of that semina- 
 ry, he was settled at a place on the Housatonick 
 river, since called Great Barnngton, the 28th of 
 December, 1743. He continued the pastor of the 
 church in this place 25 years, and was afterwards in- 
 vited to Newport by the people of the first congre- 
 gational church ; was ordained their minister, 1770, 
 but was obliged to leave the place in 1776, when 
 the British troops took possession of Rhode Island. 
 From this time to the year 1780, he travelled over 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts, preaching to desti- 
 tute flocks, as his local situation admitted. When 
 his flock returned to Newport, he also returned 
 with them, and preached to their edification even to 
 old age. He died the latter end of the year 1803. 
 
 Dr. Hopkins was a man of great abilities in his 
 profession, a profound metaphysician, eminent as a 
 writer of polemick divinity, but more eminent as 
 the head of a denomination of christian professors, 
 which have greatly increased in New England. 
 From his own account of them, "they are the most 
 sound, consistent, thorough Calvinists, who in gen- 
 eral sustain as good a character, as to their morali- 
 ty, preuclung and personal religion, as any set of
 
 HOW 263 
 
 clergymen whatever, and are most popular where 
 there appears to be the most attention to religion : 
 and at the same time are the most hated, opposed 
 and spoken against, by arminians, deists and per- 
 sons who have no religion." We may allow some- 
 thing, perhaps, for his own prejudice as well as the 
 prejudices that have gone out against them. They 
 certainly may reckon in their number some of the 
 most ingenious and celebrated divines of our coun- 
 try.* 
 
 Howard Simeon, D. D. was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, A. D. 1753. Soon after receiving 
 the honours of that seminary, he was elected to the 
 tutorship, for which place he had peculiar qualifica- 
 tions. He was an excellent scholar, had a pleasant 
 manner of giving instruction, and mingled conde- 
 scending manners with a proper spirit of govern- 
 ment. He was invited to take charge of the west 
 church in Boston, after the death of the great Dr. 
 May hew. His ordination was 6th of May, 1768, 
 and for a course of years he diffused his light for 
 the edification of a people, who gave him lively to- 
 kens of their affection, and to whom his memory is 
 dear. He was an example of that simplicity and 
 godly sincerity which his preaching made essential 
 to the life of a christian. His sermons were me- 
 thodical, full of good sentiments and judicious re- 
 marks j perspicuous and evangelical. He had not 
 
 * His various publications are three sermons, Rom. iii. 5, 6, 
 " sin an advantage to the universe, and yet this no excuse 
 for sin, or encouragement to it," 1759 ; " an inquiry concerning 
 the promises of the gospel," 1765, 8vo. ; a sermon upon " the 
 high and glorious character of Christ," Heb. iii. 1, 1768 ; a ser- 
 mon Rom. vii. 7 ; ditto John i. 13, same year. The true state 
 and character of the unregenerate, &c. 1769, 8vo. ; animadver- 
 sions on Mr. Hart's dialogue, &c. 1770, pamphlet, 31 pages; 
 " an inquiry into the nature of true holiness, with an appendix 
 containing replies to Mr. Hart, Mr. Mather, Mr. Hemmenway," 
 1773 ; "a dialogue concerning the African slavery," 1776 ; "an 
 inquiry concerning the future state of the wicked," 1783 ; " Bo- 
 dy of divinity, 2 vols. 8vo. 1793. 
 
 Sketches of Dr. HopkiiK* life. Ilari's semw.
 
 264 HOW 
 
 the striking talents which draw crowded auditories, 
 nor an ease and grace in delivery, but he had weight 
 and dignity in his composition, and "spoke as to 
 wise men." Upon certain occasions he could man- 
 ifest spirit and animation, or an energy which 
 made the subject interesting and arrested attention. 
 He grew in reputation as he advanced in years, 
 which is a remark not often made upon ministers 
 in the decline of life, but applies to the character 
 of this worthy man. 
 
 Dr. Howard was a member of many societies for 
 the promotion of learning, piety and humanity. Of 
 several he was an active and useful officer. He was 
 fellow of Harvard College, from the year 1780 to 
 1804; and secretary to the board of overseers. A 
 member of the American academy of arts and sci- 
 ences ; of the society for propagating the gospel 
 among Indians, and others, in North America ; vice 
 president of the humane su^ltty ; also one of the 
 counsellors of the congregational society for minis- 
 ter's widows. Whatever he undertook he per- 
 formed with fidelity ; wherever he was known he 
 was highly esteemed. He died August 12, 1804. 
 President Willard, his particular friend, preached 
 a discourse the afternoon of his funeral.* 
 
 Howe Sir William, arrived in Boston in May, 
 1775, with Generals Burgoyne and Clinton, to 
 take an active part in the war. The British troops, 
 by order of Gen. Gage, had fought Lexington bat- 
 tle, April 19. He began his military exploits, the 
 next month after his arrival, with the battle of Bun- 
 ker hill. He never made any fuither progress in 
 Massachusetts. In March 1776, he departed lor Hali- 
 fax, with all his forces ; thence he went to x - ew- York, 
 and for several years conducted the American war. 
 « 
 
 * His publications were fe»v. Though often solicited to print 
 his discourses, he was prevailed upon only in certain instances ; 
 an artillery election sermon. 1773 , tin ele< tion sermon, 1779 ; 
 a/sermon after the death of bis wife \ me up th death oi Dr. 
 Winthrop of Cambridge j and a discourse addressed to the tree- 
 masons.
 
 HOW 265 
 
 having obtained a temporary possession of Philadel- 
 phia, he embarked for England, in the spring of 1778, 
 leaving the further prosecution of the war to Sir 
 Henry Clinton. 
 
 Gen. Howe succeeded to the chief command of 
 the British army in America, on the departure of 
 gen. Gage, and had a commission to be governour 
 of the province of Massachusetts. 
 
 A letter from gen. Lee, while he was a prisoner 
 at New- York gives the following account of this 
 officer. 
 
 " From my first acquaintance with Mr. Ho\ve 
 I liked him. I thought him friendly, candid, 
 good natured, brave and rather sensible than oth- 
 erwise ; but a corrupt, or more properly no edu- 
 cation, the reigning idolatry of the English, espe- 
 cially the soldiery, for every sceptred calf, wolf, 
 hog or ass, have totally perverted his understanding 
 and heart, that private friendship has not force suf- 
 ficient to keep the door open for the admittance of 
 mercy towards political heretics. — He is the most 
 indolent of mortals, never took further pains to 
 examine the merits or demerits of the cause in 
 whii h c had engaged, than merely to recollect that 
 Great Britain was said to be the mother country, 
 George the third, king of Great Britain ; that the Par- 
 liament was called the representative of Great Bri- 
 tain ; that the king and parliament formed the su- 
 preme power ; that a supreme power is absolute 
 and uncontroulable ; that all resistance must con- 
 sequently be rebellion ; but above all he was a 
 soldier and bound to obey in all cases whatever ; — 
 these were his notions, and this his logic. — Never 
 poor mortal thrust into station, was surrounded by 
 such fools and scoundrels. McKenzie, Balfour* 
 Galloway, were his counsellors,, they urged him 
 to all his acts of harshness, they were his scribes. 
 All the vile stuff which was issued to the as- 
 tonished world were theirs. I believe he scarcely 
 ever read the letters he signed. J can assure vou 
 
 lI
 
 266 HUB 
 
 as a fact, that he never read the curious proclama- 
 tion issued at the head of Elk, till three days after 
 it was published. He is naturally good humoured, 
 complaisant, but illiterate, indolent to the last de- 
 gree, except as an executive soldier, in which 
 capacity he is all fire and activity ; and brave and 
 cool as Julius Caesar. His understanding is rather 
 good than otherwise, but was utterly confounded 
 and stupified by the immensity of the task imposed 
 on him. He shut his eyes, fought his battles, drank 
 his bottle, &c. advised with his counsellors, receiv- 
 ed his orders from North and Germaine, one more 
 absurd than the other, took Galloway's opinion, 
 shut his eyes, fought again, and I suppose is now to 
 be called to account for acting according to his in- 
 structions. I believe his eyes are now opened, and 
 he sees he has been an instrument of wickedness 
 and folly.* 
 
 Hubbard William, was in the first class of 
 graduates at Harvard College, 1642. In the book 
 of " Wonder-working providences" mention is 
 made of William Hubbard, one of the representa- 
 
 * How just this observation,when we consider the reception he 
 met with in Great Britain ! Lord Germaine laid all the ill success 
 of the campaign in 1777 upon him ; and his friend Galloway was 
 the chief evidence against him. Israel Mauduit, the secretary of 
 Germaine, was also employed to write virulent pamphlets to ren- 
 der the general's character odious Howe had advocates in the 
 house of commons ; his old friends in the minority, who blamed 
 him for serving in America, took his part against the minister ; 
 lord Germaine's orders and instructions were the subject of their 
 philippick, and they were powerful enough to make that minister 
 retire. In the examination before the house of commons, how- 
 ever, the general's conduct did not appear much to his credit. A 
 man may make an excellent captain of grenadiers, who has no 
 talents to command an army. If one half of Galloway's evidence 
 ■were true, he was the most unfit man to bring America into sub- 
 jection they could have chosen. What is a little remarkable, a 
 private letter of a British officer when the army was in Boston, 
 has this expression, ' k Gen. Howe don't seem as if he wanted to 
 conquer America." This agrees with Galloway's account, 
 though nothing can excuse the perfidy of that man, the satellite 
 of the minister of war, whose own ignorance and gross absurdi- 
 ties, were more glaring than gen. Howe's.
 
 HUB 267 
 
 lives in the general court, from the town of Ipswichp 
 It is said, he was among the most able speakers in 
 the assembly 1637. One gentleman from Salem 
 was allowed to be more fluent, but none more solid 
 and argumentative. This gentleman is supposed 
 to have been father to the subject of this article, 
 who was teacher of the church in Ipswich till his 
 death. The year of his ordination I have never 
 been able to obtain ; the records of the church 
 of Ipswich not being preserved. His gravestone 
 is not to be found, and none of the present gen- 
 eration can recollect much about him. The 
 oldest men in the town, who tell of those form- 
 er divines that were contemporary, such as 
 Rogers, Norton, Cobbet, &c. whose manner of 
 preaching they have heard their fathers describe, 
 have no impressions made upon their minds of 
 the character of Mr. Hubbard, who certainly 
 was for many years the most eminent minister 
 in the county of Essex ; equal to any in the 
 province for learning and candour, and superiour 
 to all his contemporaries as a writer. Perhaps he 
 was not so fervent a preacher as some. He might 
 want a voice and manner, or that animation in the 
 pulpit which some preachers have, and which will 
 be more talked of, than the still sound of wisdom. 
 Or perhaps he lived too long for his reputation. 
 When a man's life is cut short in the midst of his 
 days and usefulness, the excellencies of his name 
 and character are the subjects of remark for many 
 generations. If another continues to old age, and 
 mental imbecilities succeed the more vigorous in- 
 tellect, he is remembered only in the last stage of 
 life, and he drops into the grave without emotions 
 of sorrow. His name is seldom mentioned in the 
 neighbourhood where he dwelt ; but those at a 
 distance, who have heard of his fame when he ap- 
 peared upon the stage with engaging virtue, or read 
 his works with delight, wish to know what were 
 the more minute parts of his character.
 
 268 HUB 
 
 Whether these observations apply generally or 
 not, they certainly apply to the subject of this me- 
 moir. He has been quoted by all who give ac- 
 counts of New- England, but few, very few notices 
 of him are in the records of the town, where he 
 spent his days.* 
 
 In the year 1676 Mr. Hubbard preached the 
 election sermon, which is among the very good 
 ones published during that century. He was one of 
 the seventeen ministers who bore testimony against 
 the old church in Boston, when they settled Mr. 
 Davenport ; also, when the general assembly ap- 
 proved of the act of the first church, and censured 
 the proceedings of the third church, commonly 
 called the Old South. The division excited upon 
 this occasion interested the passions of the people 
 at large, so as to give a new complexion to pub- 
 lick affairs. Most of the deputies, who had so 
 severely censured the brethren who built the Old 
 South church, for their spirit of innovation, and 
 leaving the good old path of their fathers, were left 
 out, and new members chosen. The town of Ips- 
 wich took an active part in this matter ; and Mr. 
 Hubbard's influence had considerable effect upon 
 their proceedings. 
 
 In 1682, Mr. Hubbard is brought to view as the 
 historian of Massachusetts. He received some re- 
 ward from the publick for his useful work. The 
 following vote is copied from the records of the 
 general court, October 11. 
 
 " Whereas it hath been thought necessary and a 
 duty incumbent upon us 9 to take due notice of all 
 occurrences and passages of God's providence to- 
 wards the people of this jurisdiction, since their 
 first arrival in these parts, which may remain to pos- 
 terity, and that the rev. Mr. William Hubbard hath 
 taken pains to compile a history of this nature,, 
 which the court doth with thankfulness acknowledge, 
 and as a manifestation thereof, do hereby order the 
 
 * See Mr. Frisbie's letters. Hist. Coll. vol. x, page 35.
 
 HUN 269 
 
 treasurer to pay unto him the sum of fifty pounds 
 in money, he transcribing it fairly into a book, that 
 it may be the more easily perused, in order to the 
 satisfaction of this court." 
 
 In 1684 Mr. Hubbard presided at the commence- 
 ment. This was after the death of president Ro- 
 gers. But though Dr. Increase Mather was in the 
 neighbourhood, the Senatus Academicus saw fit to 
 send for a minister from the county of Essex ; so 
 respectable was his character among the literary 
 men of his profession. 
 
 The publications of Mr. Hubbard were not very 
 numerous. They consist of several volumes in 
 duodecimo ; of which arc a narrative of the In- 
 dian wars ; Memoirs of major gen. Dennison, &c. 
 But his chief attention was paid to his ms. history, 
 which was composed upon the plan of Winthrop's 
 journal. For some reason or other neither of these 
 mss. were permitted to be seen by the publick, till 
 lately the journal has been printed. In all his his- 
 tories Mr. Hubbard appears a steady friend to the 
 constitution of the churches. He expressed indig- 
 nant feelings at the erection of the church in Brattie- 
 street, upon a more liberal plan than our fathers 
 were willing to adopt, 
 
 There is nothing of this said in his ms. history, 
 which only comes down to 1680, but he speaks 
 pointedly in his private letters to several gentlemen, 
 and in the last thing he published, his Dying testi- 
 mony to the order of the churches, which he wrote 
 jointly with Mr. Higginson of Salem. He died 
 Sept. 24th, 1704, aged 83. 
 
 Huntincton Samuel, governour of Connecti- 
 cut, was the son of Nathaniel Huntington, esq. of 
 Windham, and descended from an honourable and 
 respectable family. His early years were distin- 
 guished by indications of an excellent understand- 
 ing and a taste for mental improvement. Without 
 the advantage of an education at any university, or 
 *he assistance of professional studies, he acquired a
 
 270 H U M 
 
 competent knowledge of law, and having fixed at 
 Norwich, he in a few years became eminent in his 
 profession. In 1764, he was a representative to the 
 general assembly, and the year following attorney- 
 general. In 1774, he was appointed assistant judge 
 in the superiour court. In 1775, he was elected a 
 counsellor and a delegate to congress. In 1779, 
 he was president of that illustrious body. When 
 the time expired for which he was chosen into the 
 national councils, he resumed his seat upon the 
 bench. In 1784 he was appointed chief justice of 
 the state and lieut. governour. He succeeded gov. 
 Griswold as chief magistrate in 1786, and was an- 
 nually re-elected until his death, Jan. 8. 1796. 
 
 " His natural disposition was mild and amiable, 
 the whole tenor of his conversation ingratiating and 
 exemplary. The prosperity of the state during his 
 administration, the flourishing condition of its civil 
 and military interests, are unequivocal testimonies 
 of the wisdom and fidelity with which he presided. 
 
 As a professor of religion, a constant attendant 
 upon the institutions of Christianity, he manifested 
 an unvarying faith in its doctrines and joyful hopes 
 in its promises." 
 
 The governour left no children. Mrs. H. died, 
 June 4, 1794, in the 56th year of her age. She 
 was the daughter of the rev. Ebenezer Devotion of 
 Windham. Strong"* s sermon. 
 
 Humphrey John was early engaged in the settle- 
 ment of the New England plantations. He was one 
 of the original patentees Irom the council of Ply- 
 mouth. He married the lady Susan, daughter to 
 the earl of Lincoln, and brought her with their chil- 
 dren to Massachusetts bay in 1632; and was im- 
 mediately chosen assistant. He fixed his habita- 
 tion at Lynn, or Saugus. The spot of ground 
 which he cultivated lies on the old road between 
 Boston and Salem. In 1640, he was about remov- 
 ing to the Bahama islands, but altered his purpose 
 upon hearing that New Providence was taken by
 
 HUT 27i 
 
 the Spaniards. Having met with some losses by 
 fire, and his estate being otherwise impaired, he re- 
 turned to England. Lady Moody purchased his 
 plantation at Saugus.* Hutchinson. 
 
 Hutchinson Thomas, governour of Massachu- 
 setts Bay, was a descendant from one of the most 
 ancient and honourable families in New England. 
 Several of the name held offices of honour and trust 
 under the old charter ; others were of his majesty's 
 council under the charter of William and Mary. 
 The hon. Thomas Hutchinson, esq. father of the 
 governour, a distinguished merchant of Boston, was 
 colonel of the first regiment in Suffolk, and a coun- 
 sellor from 1714 to 1739, the year of his death. He 
 was the man who seized the famous capt. Kidd 
 when he resisted the officers of justice sent to arrest 
 him. His son gives a brief delineation of his cha- 
 racter in saying " I wish that many of his posterity- 
 may so justly deserve the character of true friends 
 to their country. Regardless of the frowns of a 
 governour, or the threats of the people, he spoke 
 and voted according to his judgment, attaching 
 himself to no party any further than he found their 
 measures tend to the publick interest." Col. Hutch- 
 inson left several children. Neither of them dis- 
 covered talents or ambition except the eldest, who 
 Is the subject of this memoir. This gentleman 
 passed through strange vicissitudes ; at one time 
 he was the most popular character in Massachusetts, 
 at another the object of publick abhorrence. 
 
 Mr. H. received the rudiments of his education 
 at the north grammar school, and was admitted into 
 Harvard College when he was only 12 years of age. 
 His progress in literature was the subject of notice 
 and applause. In 1727 he was graduated; butin- 
 
 • This lady made herself notorious in the early settlement of 
 the country. She was member of the church in Salem, but ve- 
 ry soon renounced infant baptism. She was admonished, and 
 still persisted in her opinion. To avoid further trouble she re- 
 moved to one of the Dutch plantations.
 
 272 H U T 
 
 stead of following his studies and entering one of the 
 professions, as was expected, he applied himself to 
 merchandize. It seemed to be the most ardent de- 
 sire of his soul to acquire property. Ambition and 
 avarice frequently agitate the same breast ; and he 
 might attach an importance of character to wealth, 
 which would enable him to gain any distinction he 
 wanted as he advanced in life. He did not succeed 
 in his commercial pursuits, but rather diminished 
 than augmented to his patrimony. His fellow towns- 
 men regarded him more for his probity and honour 
 than for his mercantile skill ; they thought him ca- 
 pable of transacting publick business, and by their 
 favour he was stimulated to bend his mind wholly, 
 to the study of history and political constitutions. 
 He was chosen a selectman of Boston in 1738, and 
 conducted with so much prudence and fidelity, that 
 he was appointed by the town their agent to man- 
 age very important business in Great Britain, which 
 he undertook, and settled to their satisfaction. 
 When he returned from London, he was chosen one 
 of the representatives of Boston for the general 
 court, and was annually elected to the same office, 
 till he was advanced to the council board. In the 
 house of representatives he acquired great reputa- 
 tion. He had the charms of oratory beyond any 
 man in the assembly. There was equal fluency and 
 pathos in his manner; he could be argumentative 
 and smooth. He was active, diligent, plausible, 
 and upon all occasions seemed to be influenced by 
 public spirit more than selfish considerations. Some 
 who admired him for his good qualities were after- 
 wards of a different opinion, and wondered how he 
 could conceal his views under the veil of hypocrisy, 
 or with the mask of dissimulation. In 1747 he was 
 chosen speaker of the house ; but had the same in- 
 fluence among the members as when he led in their 
 debates. At this period the country was much 
 embarrassed by the publick debt. The nominal 
 value of which was above 2,000,000 pounds, and
 
 HUT 273 
 
 the provision made for redeeming it less than200,000 
 pounds. All classes of people, except speculators, 
 suffered beyond description. Especially the cler- 
 gy, and widows, or orphans, whose paternal inheiv 
 itance had been sunk by the depreciation of current 
 money. All complained, but none could suggest 
 a method to do justice, till Mr. H. pointed out a 
 way of serving the publick, which made him con- 
 ceive himself to be the prince of politicians. The 
 ** abolition of old tenor," and " introduction of a 
 fixed currency," he relates in his history without 
 sparing any account of his own exertions. He pro- 
 posed the plan to gov. Shirley, who approved it I 
 He then offered the same to the members of the 
 house, who were too shortsighted to comprehen4 
 it ! Out of respect to the speaker, they appointed a 
 committee to examine what it might be ! The plan, 
 however, which their most experienced members 
 were disposed to reject, which the most politick 
 thought ridiculous, which seemed impracticable 
 by men engaged in commerce, was at last by his 
 exertions adopted, and found upon trial to be wise 
 and judicious. The monster of frightful mein was 
 soon changed to the fair form of benevolence, hold- 
 ing in her hands the fruits of industry ; or riches to 
 individuals, and honour to the community. The 
 bill passed in the year 1749. At the succeeding 
 election, Mr. H. was chosen a member of his ma- 
 jesty's council ; but was still an advocate for the 
 cause of the people on some occasions, though gen- 
 erally on the side of prerogative. When the ex- 
 cise act passed the house of representatives, and 
 was confirmed by the council, Mr. Hutchinson, 
 with that excellent man, chief justice Sewall, op- 
 posed it with all their influence. In the pamphlet 
 called " the monster of monsters," which was a sa- 
 tirical description of the speeches made upon the 
 excise act in the general court, Hutchinson is char- 
 acterised as the friend of liberty. He is styled 
 Madame Gracchia : for the assembly is suppos§<£ 
 
 % m
 
 21A H U T 
 
 to consist of ladies, old and young, orators fair faced 
 and fair spoken, with a goodly number of scolds. 
 The act was so unpopular that Shirley negatived it, 
 though it was well known that in his heart he ap- 
 proved the thing. Mr. H. maintained his popularity 
 some years after this, He was then judge of pro- 
 bate, having succeeded his uncle Edward Hutchin- 
 son, who died in 1752. His conduct in this office 
 had endeared him to many. He was tender and 
 compassionate, had a generous sympathy with the 
 children of affliction, and often wiped the tear from 
 the eye of the mourner. In 1758, he was appoint- 
 ed lieut. governour, which gave pleasure to all 
 classes of people : his deportment gave him a 
 further interest in their affections. He was affable 
 and condescending in his manners, yet upon pub- 
 lick occasions he appeared with great dignity, and 
 stepped with majesty and grace. In 1760, he was 
 appointed chief justice. This raised a popu- 
 lar clamour : it gave offence especially to one of the 
 most brilliant families of the province, who had 
 merited a large share of the publick esteem. The 
 branches of this family were high whigs ; one of 
 them had been promised a seat on the bench the 
 first vacancy, and now saw his expectations frus- 
 trated. They shook the rods of their wrath against 
 all who were in the government, and threaten- 
 ed the man who was the instrument of their disap- 
 pointment.* 
 
 * The 29th day of April, 1775, the writer of this memoir pass- 
 ed the afternoon with the late venerable judge Trowbridge at his 
 house in Cambridge. It was a time of very earnest and anxious 
 expectation. The judge made this observation alter a very sol- 
 emn pause; "It was a most unhappy thing that Mr. H. was 
 
 ever chief justice of our court. What (3 • said, ' that he would 
 
 set the province in flames, if he perished by the fire,' has come 
 to pass. He, poor man ! suffers ; and what are we coming to ? 
 I thought little of it at the time. I made every exertion in favour 
 of Mr. H. and think now he was the best man to be there, if the 
 people had been satisfied, and he had never looked beyond it. But 
 1 now think it was unhappy for us all. And I fully believe this 
 war would have been gut off many years, if gov. H. had not been
 
 HUT 375. 
 
 In 1760, Pownall left the province, and Hutchin- 
 son presided as chief magistrate. His ambition 
 was gratified. His influence was used to advance 
 his relations to places of profit, some of them to 
 honourable stations, for which they were not quali- 
 fied. His ruling passions often biassed his judgment, 
 and stimulated him to act a part injurious to him- 
 self, as well as prejudicial to the province. At one 
 time he held the places of lieut. governour, coun- 
 sellor, judge of probate, chief justice, &c. These 
 offices, with his own property, would enable him to 
 live handsomely in the style of a gentleman. But 
 he wanted to be rich. High life has its charms, and 
 he wished to give a splendour to his station. This 
 will account tor certain peculiarities in his conduct, 
 which brought upon him the charge of profusion 
 and meanness. 
 
 The friends of gov. Pownall were enemies to 
 Hutchinson. The patriots of Boston hailed Pow- 
 nall as their friend, because he was a whig. A club 
 of sturdy whigs, who met at the battery in the nor- 
 thern section of the town, endeavoured to render the 
 administration of his predecessor odious. It was 
 said the governour was sometimes seen amidst this 
 merry association. It is certain that they were 
 frequently visited by friends of a higher order, 
 when certain points were to be carried in town 
 meeting. At other times they admitted into their 
 company many of the lower class, whose tongues 
 had no bridle, when Hutchinson and Shirley were 
 to be aspersed. 
 
 While Mr. Hutchinson was on the bench of 
 judges he performed his duty so well, that his man- 
 ner of getting the place was forgotten. He was so 
 much a favourite with the house of representatives, 
 
 made chief justice I" He spoke of Hutchinson as a man of great 
 abilities, who could fit himself in a very little time for any busi- 
 ness ; and told likewise how their friendship was broken oil", 
 which manifested that gov. H. could be guilty of mean resent- 
 ment, and sordid ingratitude*
 
 276 HUT 
 
 in the year 1763, that they chose him agent to the 
 court of Great Britain. In this election he had all 
 the votes of both houses except eight. 
 
 The state of our affairs, at that period, was criti- 
 cal. Jasper Mauduit was unequal to the business 
 assigned him. Bollan was left out of the agency, 
 though every way capable and assiduous, because 
 he was an episcopalian ; Mauduit was a dissenter, 
 but more pious than judicious ; he looked upon the 
 most important concerns of Massachusetts with 
 frigid indifference, except his zeal was excited 
 to convert Indians ; his brother was also the 
 tool of the ministry. Mr. Hutchinson was prevent- 
 ed going, by the advice of Bernard, till he could ob- 
 tain permission to leave the province, of which he 
 was lieut. governour. He wrote to lord Halifax, 
 who complied with his request. But then the tide 
 of his influence had turned, the popular gale was 
 changed, and the general court voted not to send 
 an agent. He was sorely mortified, but his friends 
 could not help him ; and his enemies rejoiced at 
 the effect it had upon him. They had exerted 
 themselves, totis viribus, to persuade the general 
 court, that he was a man of arbitrary notions, and 
 would seek his own aggrandizement more than th« 
 advantage of his constituents. 
 
 The next year the stamp act passed the British 
 parliament. Secretary Oliver was stamp master in 
 Boston. His office was pulled down, August 14, 
 1765, the day the act was to be in force. Mr. H. 
 being his brother in law, was also the object of po- 
 litical animosity ; riots increased till the town was 
 completely under the influence of a mob, whose 
 fierce spirits were let loose to do mischief. 
 
 The house of the lieut. governour was torn to 
 pieces within a fortnight of the first lawless attack 
 upon the secretary. This excited the attention of 
 the friends of order. The militia were called out 
 the next evening, and they put a stop to all riotous 
 proceedings. Bui those who were active in doing
 
 HUT 277 
 
 the mischief were never called to account by the 
 civil authority. There was a publick grant to Mr. 
 H. of £. 3194 17s. 6d. and to other sufferers in pro- 
 portion. 
 
 Mr. Hutchinson grew still more unpopular the 
 ensuing years. He had many friends, however, 
 who never could harbour an ill thought of him till 
 his letters were published, which he sent to England, 
 wherein he advised, that M colonial privileges should 
 be abridged." He always declared to these friends 
 that his sentiments were contrary. Among them 
 were clergymen of great respectability, and many 
 sober-minded citizens. They believed him a friend 
 to the province, as well as to the New -ngland 
 churches. He read to them letters, which he- wrote 
 in favour of the people, and against the arbitrary 
 measures of the British court. But this was a mere 
 artifice, and made his character more odious after it 
 was fully discovered. 
 
 On the evening of the 5th of March, 1770, when 
 a party of British soldiers fired upon the inhabi- 
 tants of Boston, he had a most difficult business to 
 manage ; but he behaved with so much discretion 
 in his advice to the commanding officer of the 
 troops, and his address to the people, that his ene- 
 mies could not speak a word against him, with all 
 their violence against the soldiers. His prudence 
 calmed the tumult of the people. 
 
 In 1771, Mr. H. received his commission, as 
 governour of Massachusetts bay, and from this time 
 he became completely subservient to the views of 
 the British ministry. He entered into a controversy 
 with the general court, in which he asserted and en- 
 deavoured to prove the right of the British parlia- 
 ment to tax America. In this he did not succeed 
 as he expected. It was evident that the manage- 
 ment of the argument was superiour on the other 
 side, and it was said the ministry , instead of being 
 pleased, were rather disgusted, that he should make 
 it a subject of controversy. It was a thing to be
 
 278 HUT 
 
 taken for granted ; not to be discussed. Whoever 
 reads the newspapers, from 1771 to the commence- 
 ment of the war, may get a good idea of Hutchin- 
 son's character. He hud his eulogists in the Ga- 
 zette or Newsletter ; and the writings on die other 
 side of the most respectable class were in the Bos- 
 ton Gazette, signed Marchmont Nedham, or No- 
 wanglas. The first were supposed to flow from the 
 pen of Mr. Quincy, a lawyer of great abilities and 
 eloquence, who unhappily for his country lived but 
 a short time after. The letters from N r ovanglus 
 were written by one of the greatest statesmen this 
 or any country has produced.* Gov. Hutchinson 
 was superseded by gen. Gage, in 1774, and on his 
 
 * Novanglus, who knew Hutchinson completely, thus describes 
 liim (Boston Gazette, Feb. 20, 177s.) "That Hutchinson was 
 amiable and exemplary in some respects, and very unamiable 
 and unexemplary in others, is certain truth, otherwise he never 
 would have retained so much popularity on the one hand, nor 
 made so pernicious a use of it on the other. His behaviour in 
 several important offices was with fidelity and integrity in cases 
 which did not affect his political system, but he bent all his offices 
 io that. Had he continued steadfast to those principles in religion 
 and government which he prolessed in former life, and which 
 alone had secured him the confidence of the people, and all his 
 importance, he would have lived and died respected and beloved, 
 and done honour to his native country. But by renouncing those 
 principles and that conduct which had made him and all his an- 
 cestors respectable, his character is now considered by all Amer- 
 ica, and the best part of the three kingdoms (notwithstanding the 
 countenance he has received from the ministry) as a man who 
 fey all his actions aimed at making himself great at the expense of 
 the liberties of his native country. He was open to flattery to 
 such a remarkable degree that any who would flatter him were 
 sure of his friendship ; and every one who would not was sure of 
 Ms enmity. He was credulous in a ridiculous degree of every 
 thing which favoured his own plans, and equally incredulous of 
 every thing which made against him. His natural and acquired 
 abilities were certainly above the common standard, but were 
 greatly exaggerated by persons whom he had admitted to power. 
 His industry was prodigious, and his knowledge lay chiefly in the 
 laws, politicks and history of this province, of which he had long 
 experience, yet with all his advantages, he never was master of 
 the true character of his native country, nor even of New England; 
 and the Massachusetts Bay.
 
 H U T 279 
 
 arrival at Boston, he embarked for England. He 
 was called to give an account of his administration, 
 or to describe the state of the colonies, which he 
 did in such a manner as met the views and designs 
 of. the British cabinet, who took him into high fa- 
 vour, and made him giddy with vain expectation. 
 Two instances, which show the imbecility of a mind 
 once strong and vigorous, and also how ignorant 
 a wise man may become, who neglects pure sources 
 of information, shall be here related. The writer 
 of this article vouches for their authenticity. 
 
 The governours Hutchinson, Carlton and Tryon 
 were called upon for their opinion upon the ques- 
 tion about going to war with America. Mr. H. 
 said that the people would not, with their armies, re- 
 sist the authority and power of Great Britain. ** That 
 a few troops would be sufficient to quell them if 
 they did make opposition." Gen. Carlton spake 
 to this purpose, " that America might easily be con- 
 quered, but they would want a considerable army 
 for their purpose. That he would not pretend to 
 march to New York or Boston without 10,000 
 men.' 1 Tryon, said, " it would take large armies 
 and much time to bring America to their feet. The 
 power of Great Britain was equal to any thing ; but 
 all that power must be exerted before they put the 
 monster in chains." 
 
 Another thing is a proof of the vanity of his mind. 
 He wrote to a friend in Boston that his services 
 were so acceptable to his majesty's ministers, that 
 he was to have a peerage. He observed on his own 
 part how small his estate was. that he could never 
 appear in the character of a peer of the realm. But 
 was told the honour would be accompanied with 
 such lucrative appendages as would banish all con- 
 cern of this kind from his mind. His advice was 
 followed at the beginning of the war. The battle 
 of Bunker hill convinced the army of Britain, that 
 the Americans would fight, and the capture of bur- 
 goyne opened the eyes of the ministry as well as of
 
 280 J A M 
 
 the nation. Hutchinson lived retired at Bromp* 
 ton. He received no mark of honour from the 
 court ; his literary friends visited him ; he often 
 made dinners at which were assembled the Ameri- 
 can loyalists and others attached to the same cause. 
 In the spring of the year, 1780, he was taken ill 
 after returning from a journey. His feelings had 
 been deeply wounded by the death of a most amia- 
 ble daughter, and of his youngest son. Each had 
 pulmonary complaints, to which he was also sub- 
 ject. The daughter died, Sept. 21, 1771 ; his son 
 William, Feb. 20, 1780. The father soon followed; 
 he was very sick from the beginning of April, and 
 died June 3d of the same year. He was buried on 
 the 9th at Croyden ; Charles Paxton, Mr. Clarke, 
 and the rev. Dr. Chandler were three of his bear- 
 ers. He left no other works than those which he 
 published in America. His history of Massachu- 
 setts is a most valuable collection of facts, but wants 
 the style of an historian. It is sufficiently known 
 to excuse our saying any thing more of it. 
 
 James, rev. Mr. pastor of the church in Charles- 
 town, arrived in New England in 1632. He was of 
 Lincolnshire, Great Britain. He was invited to take 
 the pastoral care of the church in Charlestown in the 
 place of Mr. Wilson. Soon after his settlement, 
 Mr. Zachary Symmes was chosen teacher of this 
 church. He came over, in 1634, with Mr. Lathrop, 
 and has left a name recorded among the worthies of 
 the land. Mr, James' reputation is more clouded. 
 He was involved in some disputes with the people 
 of his society, which ended in his separation. Dif- 
 ferent accounts are given of his conduct, and per- 
 haps blame may be attached to both parties. John- 
 son says, " seeds of prejudices were sown against 
 him by the enemies of the work of the Lord." Gov- 
 ernour Winthrop relates the affair differently : " The 
 teacher, Mr. Symmes, and most of the brethren had 
 taken offence at divers speeches of his, he being a 
 melancholy rn^n, and full of causeless jealousies,
 
 J OH 281 
 
 &c. for which they had dealt with him both in pub- 
 lick and private. But receiving no satisfaction, they 
 wrote to all the neighbouring churches for advice 
 and help in this case, who sending chosen men 
 (most elders) they met on the 4th day of the first 
 month, 1635 ; and finding the pastor very faulty, 
 yet because they had not dealt with him in due or- 
 der, (for of two witnesses adduced one was the 
 accuser) they advised, that if they could not com- 
 fortably close, himself, and such as stood on his 
 part (if they would) should desire dismission, which 
 should be granted them, for awarding extremities ; 
 but if he persisted, &c. the church should cast him 
 out ! ! He went to New-Haven, and there spent 
 the remainder of his days. 
 
 Johnson Isaac, was the son of Abraham John- 
 son, esq. of Clipsham, in the county of Rutland, 
 Great Britain. He may be called the father of Bos- 
 ton, as it was he who persuaded gov. Winthrop and 
 the company to cross over the south side of the 
 river Charles. He was the richest man of all the 
 planters, and Was filled with pious zeal to encourage 
 the plantation. The affairs of the company were 
 committed to five persons in England, and five who 
 were going over to the new settlement. Those 
 last mentioned, were Winthrop, Dudley, Johnson, 
 Saltonstall, and Revel. The confidence, which 
 the whole corporation had in Mr. Johnson, is evi- 
 dent from their electing him one of the referees in 
 the dispute between J. and S. Brown, and capt. 
 Endicot 1629. The Browns complained of the 
 abuse they had received at Naumkeake, and de- 
 manded damages. It does not appear how the dis- 
 pute was settled ; but it appears, that John Win- 
 throp, and Isaac Johnson, together with two cler- 
 gymen, the rev. Mr. White, and J. Davenport, 
 were chosen to meet with four on the other side, 
 who were to finish the business. Mr. J. built 
 his house upon a hill in Boston. Tremont street 
 passes by it. He was a man greatly beloved, 
 
 if n
 
 282 J O H 
 
 Had he lived he would have been among the most 
 distinguished characters of Massachusetts; but he 
 died, September 20, 1630, about two in the morn- 
 ing. The death of such a man spread a melan- 
 choly paleness upon every countenance. " He was 
 a holy man and wise," says gov. Winthrop, " and 
 died in sweet peace, leaving a part of his substance 
 to the cololvy. ,, Before his death, he expressed 
 his joy to see a church of Christ gathered in Amer- 
 ica, and was buried, at his own request, in part of 
 the ground on Tremontane, which is between 
 school street and court street. The people mani- 
 fested their attachment, by ordering their bodies to 
 be buried near him, as they died. It has continued 
 a burial ground ever since. He died without chil- 
 dren. He married the lady Arabella, daughter of 
 the earl of Lincoln. This virtuous woman died a 
 short time before her husband. She was taken sick 
 at Salem. Among others that were seized with 
 mortal sickness, says Mr. Hubbard, was the lady 
 Arabella, wife of Mr. Isaac Johnson, who possibly 
 had not taken the counsel of our saviour, " to set 
 down and consider what the cost would be after she 
 began to build. For coming from a paradise of 
 plenty and pleasure, which she enjoyed in the fam- 
 ily of a noble earldome, into a wilderness of wants, 
 it proved too strong a temptation for her, so as the 
 virtues of her mind were not able to stem the tide 
 of the many adversities of her outward condition, 
 which she soon saw after her arrival, she was sur- 
 rounded with, for which she in a short time after 
 ended her days at Salem, where she first landed, 
 and was soon after solemnly interred, as the condi- 
 tion of those times would bear, leaving her hus- 
 band (a worthy gentleman of note for piety and 
 ■wisdom) a sorrowful mourner, and so overwhelm- 
 ed in a flood of tears and grief, that about a month 
 after, they carried him after her into another world." 
 In his will, which he made in England, he left 
 a great number of legacies to his friends, and to
 
 JOH 233 
 
 pious and charitable uses. To Mr. Cotton from 
 whom, to the praise of God's grace, he acknowl- 
 edges he had received much comfort and help in 
 his spiritual estate, he gave 30 pounds and a gown 
 cloth. The advowson and right of patronage of the 
 parish church of Clipsham, he gave to Mr. Dudley 
 and Mr. Cotton. He limited his funeral charges to 
 250 pounds. A small part of this charge sufficed to 
 bury him in Boston. Here many scattered bless- 
 ings upon his grave, and bedewed it with tears of 
 friendship, while their minds were soothed with the 
 sweet remembrance of his virtues. Hutchinson. 
 Hubbard? 's tnss. 
 
 Johnson Samuel, president of King's College, 
 New York, was born at Guilford, Connecticut, of 
 very worthy parents. In his puerile years he dis- 
 covered a lively fancy, a thirst for knowledge, and 
 improved every opportunity to cultivate his mind. 
 The rudiments of his education he received from 
 Jared Eliot, who then kept school at Guilford. It is 
 a very great advantage to youth to receive early im- 
 pressions from an able hand. Many of the teach- 
 ers in country villages, and we may extend our ob- 
 servations to larger towns, are not the men to dis- 
 seminate virtue, or promote knowledge. The sub- 
 ject of our notice was fortunate in having Mr. E. for 
 his instructor, but suffered from the ignorance of 
 others. He had talents and resolution to overcome 
 every difficulty ; but how many ingenious youth sink 
 under discouragement, where the master shakes his 
 iron rods, but has no faculty of winning the souls 
 of his pupils or giving instruction ! Mr. J. entered 
 Yale College, 1710, was graduated at the usual 
 time, and very soon was chosen tutor, being con- 
 sidered as the best scholar in his class. In 1724, 
 he was ordained at West Haven, being then in the 
 24th year of his age. 
 
 While he was tutor of the college, valuable pre- 
 sents of modern books were made to the library. 
 Mr. agent Dummer's donation was 800 vols. A
 
 284 $ on 
 
 fondness for the new library brought together a 
 number of young gentlemen of literary taste, who 
 mutually assisted each other in studying the philos- 
 ophers, as well as the divines. The result of the 
 study and consultation was, that ordinations in the 
 New England churches were not valid ; that the 
 New England divines were very ignorant, and their 
 preaching contemptible. The knowledge acquired 
 by reading the works of Barrow, Patrick, South, 
 Tillotson, &c. was " like a flood of light breaking 
 in upon the mind." Few, however, Mr. Johnson 
 observed, discovered an inclination or curiosity to 
 consult any of the abovementioned writers, except 
 Messrs. Cutler, Eliot, Hart, Whittelsey, Wetmore, 
 Brown, and himself. All these men, from drinking 
 deeply of these streams, became converts to the 
 church of England. 
 
 Dr. Johnson went to England for orders, in com- 
 pany with Dr. Cutler, and Mr. Brown ; Mr. Wet- 
 more followed. Three of the gentlemen, Messrs. 
 Hart, Eliot and Whittlesey, upon further consider- 
 ation, did not enter into the views of those, who em- 
 braced episcopacy. They lived to an old age, 
 ministers of the churches where they first settled, 
 and were among the most eminent and useful men 
 in New England. Mr. Johnson was appointed 
 missionary of the London Society for Stratford, 
 where he arrived Nov. 4, 1723. He was the only 
 episcopal clergyman in the colony. His society 
 consisted or 30 families in the place of his mission, 
 and about 40 more in the neighbouring towns, to 
 whom he officiated as often as he could make it con- 
 venient When Burnet was governour of New 
 York, he cultivated Mr. Johnson's acquaintance, 
 and esteemed him for his talents as well as relation 
 to the episcopal church. But this led the clergy- 
 man into some difficulty, as the governour was from 
 the liberal school of theology, and Mr. Johnson 
 inclined rather to the high church. Gov. Burnet 
 persuaded him to read Cjarke, Hoadley, Whiston,
 
 iOH 285 
 
 &c. and it was feared by some of his friends that 
 he would be borne down by the weight of their rea- 
 sonings. But in this case he would have lost the 
 friendship and patronage of the bishops and divines, 
 to whom he had been introduced in England, who 
 were all on the opposite side, in the great Bangorian 
 controversy. 
 
 Among the friends of Mr. Johnson, Dean Berk- 
 ley was the most useful and affectionate. He came 
 to America in 1729, and resided two years at Rhode 
 Island. These years were very interesting to a man, 
 who had a thirst for knowledge. Mr. Johnson did 
 not fail to cultivate his acquaintance, and improve 
 every advantage arising from such exalted friend- 
 ship. Berkley was capable of improving the hu- 
 man race, His virtue was equal to his genius and 
 learning. What a luxury for those, who were inti- 
 mate with him ! After he left New England he kept 
 up his correspondence with Mr. Johnson, present- 
 ed him with many books for his own use, and gave 
 to Yale College by his advice, above 1000 volumes, 
 besides his farm on Rhode Island, the income of 
 which was appropriated to the three best classical 
 scholars. 
 
 In 1725, Mr. Johnson engaged in a controversy 
 with Mr. Dickenson of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, 
 a gentleman of whom the ministers of the church of 
 England speak with the highest respect. Mr. 
 Dickenson's book was printed in Boston with a 
 preface written by Mr. Foxcroft, to which Dr. 
 Johnson replied. 
 
 In 1723, Mr. Graham, of Woodbury, published 
 " a ballad," in which he was satirical on several 
 episcopal ministers in Connecticut. This led to 
 I another publication, from the pen of Dr. Johnson, 
 styled, " plain reasons for conforming to the 
 church." To this Mr. Graham wrote an answer ; 
 Mr. Johnson replied, and the controversy was kept 
 up, each of them writing another tract, the last of 
 which was in 1736, from Mr. Johnson. These de-
 
 286 J O H 
 
 fences of the church gained Mr. Johnson so much 
 reputation, that he was, in the year 1743, presented, 
 by the university of Oxford, with a degree of Doc- 
 tor in Divinity. 
 
 In 1746, Dr. Johnson printed a work, which he 
 called, a " system of morality," containing the "first 
 principles of moral philosophy, or ethicks in a chain 
 of necessary consequences from important facts.'''' 
 
 He also prepared another work, 1752, " a compen- 
 dium of logic," &c. which issued from the press of 
 Franklin, and had a high recommendation from 
 that philosophick gentleman. 
 
 Mr. Johnson was so distinguished a scholar, that 
 the trustees of King's College, New York, elected 
 him their first president. He continued in this of- 
 fice from 1754 to 1763, and then retired from his 
 station at New York to the town of Stratford in 
 Connecticut, where he had passed his youthful days 
 in laborious and active services for the church of 
 England ; nor was his ardour in that cause cooled 
 by age. Amidst many bodily infirmities, he had 
 a lively, vigorous exercise of his mind. He em- 
 ployed his time and pen in making proselytes to 
 the church of England. He wrote an appendix to 
 the pamphlet, which first appeared against Dr. 
 Mayhew's considerations of the conduct of the soci- 
 ety for propagating the gospel. The vindication 
 of the society, to which Dr. Johnson's appendix is 
 annexed, is anonymous. It is said to be the pro- 
 duction of Dr. Caner, minister of theking'^ chapel, 
 Boston, who was supposed, at the time, to be only 
 the editor ; but the report comes from good author- 
 ity, that he was the writer. In 1765, he published 
 an English grammar and catechism. Also another 
 edition of his logick, and also a Hebrew grammar; 
 in which he undertakes to prove the " Hebrew to 
 be the mother of all languages, and that it would be 
 proper to begin a learned education with that lan- 
 guage, which tends to all other languages, and bor- 
 rows from none."
 
 JOS Si37 
 
 No man could enjoy a more happy old age than 
 Dr. Johnson. He had resources in his own mind, 
 was fond of books, was able to correspond with his 
 friends at a distance, and to give pleasure to those 
 with whom he conversed at home. Beside this 
 general tranquillity, he had the consolations of reli- 
 gion, looking beyond this world to that place where 
 the virtues of the rational mind will be improved, 
 and the christian's hope be turned into fruition. 
 
 He died January 6, 1772, aged 76. Mr. Learning 
 preached at his funeral : Mr. Beach also printed a 
 sermon in which he endeavoured to do justice to 
 his character. Private letters* Chandler's life of 
 president Johnson. 
 
 Jolyfe John, esq. died at a great age, Nov, 
 1701, " a man who had been very useful in former 
 days, and a member of the council in latter days." 
 T. M. H. mss. 
 
 Joss el yn John, gentleman, is better known 
 by his writings, than by any biographical sketches 
 given of him. A person of the name is mentioned 
 among the commissioners that came over in the 
 reign of Charles II. to put F. Gorges into posses- 
 sion of his lands. He was justice of the peace in 
 England. Mr. Hutchinson says, that John Josselyn. 
 was his brother. He discovered upon all occasions 
 a prejudice against the people of the Massachusetts 
 colony. He published, in 1672, a book called, " JVew 
 England's rarities discovered, in birds, beasts, fishes, 
 serpents and plants of that country. Together with 
 the physical and chirurgical remedies wherewith the 
 natives constantly use to cure their distempers, 
 ivounds and sores, also, a description of an Indian 
 squa, in all her bravery, with a poem not improper- 
 ly conferred upon her y ?dsQ, a. chronological table >" &c. 
 Mr. Josselyn says, he came into New England, 
 1663. On the 28th of July, he arrived at Boston. 
 
 In 1674, Josselyn printed " an account of two voy- 
 ages to New England, with a dedication to the pre- 
 lident and fellows of the royal society. 5 
 
 j>
 
 283 KNO 
 
 Knollys Hanserd came over to America in 
 1638. He had been, nine years, a minister of the 
 church of England, and then became a noncon- 
 formist. In Boston, he was accused of Antinomi- 
 anism, and meeting with trouble on this account, 
 he went to Dover, in New Hampshire, where he 
 preached four years, and then returned to the old 
 country. While he was at Dover, he wrote a letter, 
 full of resentment, against the Massachusetts colony. 
 He declared, " they were more arbitrary than the 
 high commission court, and that there was no real 
 religion in the country." A copy of this letter was 
 sent to gov. Winthrop. Mr. Knollys being much 
 affected with the discovery, went to Boston, and at 
 the publick lecture made a humble confession of 
 his faults, and wrote a retraction to his friends, in 
 England, which he left with the governour to send. 
 According to Dr. Belknap he was an eccentrick 
 character. In their political altercations he joined 
 with capt. Underhill, and, upon one occasion, ^was 
 armed with a pistol to defend him ; another had a 
 bible mounted on a halbert for an ensign, and with 
 this ridiculous parade threatened the other party to 
 the combat. He gathered a Baptist church in Lon- 
 don, and, it is said, often preached to a thousand 
 hearers. Mr. Henry Jessy, who was in the church, 
 with Mr. Lathrop, was baptised by him. He was 
 one of those who signed the Baptist confession of 
 faith, in 1643, a copy of which is preserved. He 
 continued many years a minister of the church in 
 London, which he had exerted himself to establish ; 
 and died, Sept. 19, 1691, aged 93 years, "a very 
 respectable old man." 
 
 Knox Henry, major general in the American 
 army, was born in Boston, July 25, 1750. He was 
 the sixth of 12 children, most of whom died in in- 
 fancy. He had only a common school education ; 
 but when he was a youth discovered fine talents, 
 and a desire to obtain information of the great cha- 
 racters of antiquity, warriors, patriots and eminent
 
 KNO 289 
 
 statesmen. From love of the science, he studied 
 military tacticks before there was any appearance of 
 a war with Great Britain. He was an officer of the 
 Boston grenadiers, a company formed and com- 
 manded by major Dowes, who exerted himself to 
 make the militia respectable, and was an officer of 
 great activity and fine address. Knox was also ac- 
 tive and enterprising, fond of applause ; a distin- 
 guished character among those ardent sons of liber- 
 ty, who blazed in the cause of their country ; and 
 continually gave presages of his future eminence. 
 
 He entered the army under honourable and flatter- 
 ing circumstances. As soon as hostilities com- 
 menced, he was appointed colonel of the battalion 
 of artillery. There were several very excellent 
 officers, who had been educated under major Adi- 
 no Paddock in his military school ; but they were 
 young, not equal to the command, and were 
 willing: to serve under col. Knox. Paddock was 
 a loyalist. It is true, that capt. Mason, who had 
 raised the artillery company, to whom major Pad- 
 dock succeeded as captain, was on the spot. But 
 he, instead of seeking for the command, offered to 
 serve as lieut. colonel, if Mr. Knox might be appoint- 
 ed colonel. The regiment of artillery was soon en- 
 larged to a brigade, and Mr. Knox appointed brigadier 
 general. He was the idol of his brigade, and high- 
 ly respectable through the whole army. He was the 
 soldier's friend, and the companion of Washington. 
 The accounts of the several campaigns, in every his- 
 tory of the American war, make his services appear 
 prominent. la 1781, after the British army sur- 
 rendered at Yorktown, he had a commission of ma- 
 jor general granted to him by congress. As his 
 rank in the line of the army did not entitle him to 
 this distinction, it gave offence to some of the 
 brigadier generals, who were older on the list ; 
 but it was the desire of the army as a decent tribute 
 of respect to the artillery, to whose efforts and skill 
 the success of the campaign was so much owing. 
 
 o o
 
 290 KNO 
 
 The capture of lord Cornwallis and his army is cer- 
 tainly the most splendid event of those times, and 
 the name of gen. Knox ought therefore to be handed 
 down to posterity among the heroes of the revolution. 
 
 In an excellent discourse, delivered after the 
 death of the general, by Alden Bradford, esq. it is 
 well observed, "that his exertions were united with 
 that illustrious patriot, gen. Washington, in compos- 
 ing the discontented and mutinous spirit which ap- 
 peared in some part of the army, at the close of the 
 war, and which threatened the country with the 
 most calamitous events. And, by the same exalted 
 character, he was selected as one well qualified to 
 fill a responsible and important office in the federal 
 government, which, under providence, has been the 
 instrument of our political welfare and happiness.' 3 ' 
 
 After gen. Knox had resigned his office as minis- 
 ter of war, he employed his time in the district of 
 Maine, and made every exertion to promote its set- 
 tlement and cultivation. Here he possessed a large 
 landed estate, and had the pleasure of beholding the 
 wilderness subdued, and a vast extent of country, 
 which had only exhibited the gloominess of the for- 
 est, filled with inhabitants, enjoying the blessings 
 and improvements of social life. He did not, how- 
 ever, wholly seclude himself from publick caresy. 
 nor from the circles of the gay world. A part of 
 the year he generally passed in the metropolis of 
 old Massachusetts ; and he was called to fill verv 
 respectable and honourable posts in the government. 
 No man was ever more decided in his opinions, or 
 undisguised in his conduct. His political sentiments 
 were correct. His talents, his publick spirit, zeal 
 to promote literary, humane and religious institu- 
 tions, and his philanthropy, ought never to be for- 
 gotten. 
 
 Gen. Knox had a very robust constitution, en- 
 joyed fine health and spirits, and his friends indulg- 
 ed the hope of his living many years ; but he died 
 suddenly, October 25th, 1806, etat. 56.
 
 LAN 291 
 
 
 Lancdon Samuel, D. D. A. A. S. was born 
 in Boston of poor, but respectable, parents. He ac- 
 quired the rudiments of knowledge at the north 
 grammar school, and being an amiable youth, very 
 studious, with uncommon talents, he found friends, 
 who made every exertion to give him a liberal edu- 
 cation. Having entered Harvard College, in 1736, 
 he was graduated at the usual time, and went to 
 Portsmouth; New Hampshire, to take charge of the 
 grammar school in that town. His reputation for 
 learning and piety was very high, and, in 1745, he 
 was invited to preach in the iirst church at Ports- 
 mouth, as assistant to Mr. Fitch. He was ordained 
 pastor, 1747. His first publication was a sermon 
 preached at the ordination of the late Dr. M'Clin- 
 tock, 1756. In 1759, he printed a thanksgiving 
 discourse, which is one of the best occasional dis- 
 courses extant; in 1761, he assisted col. Blanchard 
 in delineating a map of New Hampshire. This 
 was published, as their joint production, and inscrib- 
 ed to Charles Tovvnsend, secretary at war. That 
 gentleman obtained a diploma of doctor in divinity, 
 from Aberdeen, for Mr. Langdon. In 1765, the 
 doctor published " an examination of Sandiman's 
 letters," in 8vo. ; this was followed by a " summa- 
 ry of christian faith and practice." By his manner 
 of expressing himself upon the person of Christ, he 
 was charged with Arianism ; but he always declared 
 to the contrary, and professed himself a Trinitarian, 
 and also a Calvinist, in those points which were dis- 
 cussed at the synod of Dort. In the year 1774, 
 Dr. Langdon was chosen president of Harvard Col- 
 lege. His character, as a very zealous whig, was 
 of more advantage to him, at this time, than his re- 
 putation in the republick of letters. Mr. Hancock 
 was in the corporation, and it was suggested to him, 
 that prejudices were spreading against several 
 in the government of the society, who were 
 on the side of the tories ; and that the interest 
 and honour of the college were likely to suffer.
 
 292 LAT 
 
 When president Langdon took the chair, it gave 
 great delight to the sons of liberty. He warmly es- 
 poused their measures, and was chosen to preach 
 the election sermon, 1775, a month after the com- 
 mencement of the war. Many things, however, 
 concurred to make his situation very unpleasant at 
 Cambridge. He wanted judgment, and had no spir- 
 it of government. He did not receive all that kind- 
 ness from the students and officers, or legislature of 
 the college, which his character, as a scholar and a 
 christian, merited. He therefore, in 1780, resigned 
 the presidency of that institution, and once more en- 
 tered on the " milder task of teaching a church of 
 Christ." He was installed at Hampton falls, 18th 
 January, 1781 ; and was one of the most useful 
 ministers in the state. In 1 788, he preached the 
 election sermon at Concord : he was also a dis- 
 tinguished member of the convention of New 
 Hampshire, which adopted the federal constitution. 
 He often, in that assembly, led their debates ; and 
 he used all his influence to convince people of 
 their error, who indulged prejudices against it. 
 He lived to see his expectations realized, to en- 
 joy the political blessings this constitution afford- 
 ed to the country, and was himself a blessing 
 to his flock. It has been well observed, " that his 
 extensive knowledge, hospitality, patriotism and 
 piety, secured to him, in his calm retreat, the re- 
 spect and affection of the people of his charge, and 
 of his numerous acquaintance."* 
 
 He published, beside the works above mentioned, 
 observations on the Revelations, 8vo. 1791 ; several 
 sermons on particular occasions ; a pamphlet, show- 
 ing the mistakes of J. Ogden, rector of St. John's 
 church, Portsmouth, 1792 ; also, remarks on Dr. 
 Hopkins' scheme of divinity, 1794. 
 
 Lathrop John, one of the fathers of New Eng- 
 land, was educated at Oxford, as appears from A, 
 
 * Alden's account of Portsmouth.
 
 h A T 293 
 
 Wood, who mentions his name in Athenec Oxoni- 
 enses. He was afterwards an independent minister 
 in London. Mr. Jacob was the first minister of the 
 independents, who went to Virginia in 1624, and 
 was succeeded by Mr. Lathrop. About 40 of this 
 religious society were imprisoned in 1632. The 
 crime alledged was their assembling unlawfully. 
 Many of them were afterwards released, but no fa- 
 vour could be obtained for Mr. Lathrop. He re- 
 quested that he might have liberty to depart the 
 kingdom. The petition was presented to king 
 Charles. Laud had discovered the most virulent 
 prejudice against him. He hated puritans of every 
 denomination, and felt the more resentment against 
 a man, who was a leader of their straitest sect, a 
 minister of a church in the city, which made them- 
 selves independent of all ecclesiastical rule or pow- 
 er, except what was exercised by the brethren. 
 Having obtained liberty of the king, Mr. Lathrop 
 sailed from England in the year 1634, and arrived 
 at Boston the 18th day of September. Being 
 there on the sacrament day, the first week in Octo- 
 ber, he desired liberty to be present at the admin- 
 istration of the ordinance, but said, " that he durst 
 not desire to partake in it, because he was not then 
 in order (being dismissed from his former congre- 
 gation) and he thought it not fit suddenly to be ad- 
 mitted into any other for example's sake, and be- 
 cause of the deceitfulness of man's heart." He met 
 the ideas of our fathers upon this subject, for which 
 they are censured in a letter, supposed to be written 
 by Mr. Cotton, before he came over to America : 
 " I am constrained to bear witness against your 
 judgment and practice, that you think no man may 
 be admitted to the sacrament, though a member of 
 the catholick church, except he be a member of 
 some particular church. " 
 
 Mr. Lathrop and his people went to Scituate. 
 But in the year 1639, there was some difference of 
 opinion, which caused a division ; and a considerable
 
 294 LEE 
 
 number, with their pastor, removed to Barnstable. 
 Several letters upon the subject of their removal arc 
 preserved in the hands of the family. It was a mat- 
 ter of surprise ; and excited many observations at 
 the time. The church at Barnstable, however, 
 grew and flourished under his fruitful ministry; the 
 town increased in numbers, and remains, to this 
 day, conspicuous in the county for numbers, wealth, 
 trade, social order, and religious character. Mr. 
 Lathrop died in 1653. His character was that of a 
 learned, pious, meek christian minister, who was 
 in season and out of season, ready to every labour of 
 his office, and to promote the good of the settlement. 
 Helefta numerous posterity. The late Isaac Lothrop, 
 esq. a gentleman of Ply mouth, and member of the his- 
 torical society, was one of his descendants. In Con- 
 necticut and Massachusetts several are magistrates, 
 and others very respectable in private life ; two aged 
 clergymen, also, among the most worthy and dis- 
 tinguished of the profession in this state are his great 
 grandsons, the rev. Dr. Joseph Lathrop of West 
 Springfield, and rev. Dr. John Lathrop of Boston. 
 Lee Samuel, M. A. fellow of Wadham College, 
 was proctor of the university of Oxford, A. D. 1651. 
 He possessed a strong and brilliant imagination, 
 and his learning was very extensive. He printed a 
 large book in Latin de excidio Antichristi, and also 
 ajdescription of Solomon's temple, folio, 1659. He 
 came into New England the latter part of the reign 
 of Charles 2d, and was pastor of the church at Bris- 
 tol, in Rhode Island, which was then part of the col- 
 ony of Plymouth. Two reasons are assigned for 
 his leaving Great Britain. One. that he was afraid 
 of the growth of popery ; another, that he was in- 
 vited to be president of Harvard College. He was 
 never pleased with the manners of the people, nor 
 with the state of things in New England. Being 
 eccentric in his genius and extravagant in speech, 
 he disgusted many, who admired his talents, and 
 read his books with delight. He was rich, haugh-
 
 LEE 295 
 
 ty, and overbearing. Many anecdotes are related of 
 him, which served as a kind of entertainment to the 
 generation which succeeded those who knew him. 
 He was returning to his native country, after the 
 revolution, and was taken prisoner by a French pri- 
 vateer and carried into St. Maloes. After suffering 
 every thing which the prejudices of bigots could 
 add to what national antipathies prompted, he died 
 a victim to their cruelty. 
 
 He published a book, which has been much read 
 in New England. " The triumph of mercy in the 
 chariot of praise." He also published the "joy of 
 faith," and a discourse upon the " ten tribes, S vo. 
 and a number of single sermons." 
 
 Leete William, governour of Connecticut, 
 came into New England, A. D. 1638. He was 
 bred a lawyer in the old country, and was clerk in 
 the bishop's court, but gave up his office on account 
 of the spiritual tyranny which was exercised in those 
 courts. He sailed in the vessel with Eaton and 
 Hopkins, and joined Mr. Whitfield's company, who 
 laid the foundation of the town of Guilford. His 
 name is among the six planters who signed the 
 deeds and writings at New Haven, in Newman's 
 barn, Sept. 1639, when they purchased the lands 
 of the squaw Sachem ; and afterwards 31st of Jan- 
 uary the same year when they confirmed the agree- 
 ment ; as appears from the records of that colony. 
 He was also one of the seven pillars of Mr. Whit- 
 field's church. When Mr. W. went to England, 
 several of the first planters went with him, but Mr. 
 Leete remained at Guilford, where he lived much 
 esteemed by the people of that town, and highly re- 
 spected by the colony. He was chosen a magis- 
 trate in 1643. In 1658, he was elected deputy gov- 
 ernour of New Haven : and in 1661, placed in the 
 chair of government. He was a rigid puritan and 
 stern republican. In 1660, he contrived to evade 
 the mandates of Charles 2d, concerning the regi- 
 cides, though urged by the authority of the gov-
 
 296 LEV 
 
 ernour of Massachusetts. Whaley and Goffe had 
 taken refuge in Connecticut. They made them- 
 selves known to Mr. Leete, and he was charged 
 with concealing them ; but he was not intimidated 
 by the wrath of their pursuers. Even when the 
 regicides would have given themselves up, as vic- 
 tims to publick justice, rather than expose their 
 friends to a prosecution, he prevented them, and as- 
 sisted in every measure for their comfort and safe- 
 ty. In 1665, when the colonies united, he was 
 chosen one of the magistrates of Connecticut ; in 
 1669, deputy governour ; and annually received this 
 honour from the people, till in 1676, they chose 
 him their first magistrate. After he was chosen 
 governour of Connecticut, he removed to Hartford, 
 where he lived to a good old age, and in 1683 fin- 
 ished his course. In both colonies, says Dr. Trum- 
 bull, «' he presided in times of the greatest difficul- 
 ty ; yet always conducted with such integrity and 
 wisdom as to meet the publick approbation." That 
 excellent historian mentions an instance where, in 
 his latter days, he departed from those rigid princi- 
 ples of opposition to royalty, which once influenced 
 him. " The acts of trade and navigation were ex~ 
 ceedingly grievous to the colonies. They viewed 
 them as utterly inconsistent with their chartered 
 rights. This made them extremely unwilling to 
 submit to them. Massachusetts never would fully 
 submit ; but as it was matter of great and continu- 
 al complaint against the colonies, and as his majes- 
 tv insisted on the respective governours taking the 
 oath respecting trade and navigation, it was judged 
 expedient that gov. Leete should take it, in pres- 
 ence of the assembly. It was accordingly admin- 
 istered to him at the session in May. 1680." 
 
 Leverett Thomas, one of the first inhabitants 
 of Boston. He was ruling elder of the old church 
 and ordained to that office," October 17th, 1633, the 
 same day that Mr. Cotton was ordained teacher.
 
 LEV 297 
 
 Leverett John, governour of the Massachu- 
 setts colony, had been a soldier, and distinguished 
 himself in several actions abroad. The first notice 
 we have of him, in our annals, is, in 1642, when the 
 Narraganset Indians were preparing to make war 
 upon the English. He was sent, with Mr. Edward 
 Hutchinson, to Miantinomo, to make complaint of 
 his duplicity, and to require their sachem to come 
 to Boston, or send two of his chief counsellors, 
 that complete satisfaction might be obtained con- 
 cerning his conduct. He was, in the year 1653, 
 one of the commissioners of Oliver Cromwell to 
 raise five hundred volunteers to assist in the war a- 
 gainst the Dutch, at Manhadoes. They were re- 
 quired to do this, by the lord Protector, at the re- 
 quest of the New Haven colony, who had reason 
 to dread every thing from their Dutch neighbours, 
 and the Indians, who were instigated, by that peo- 
 ple, to fall upon the nearest English settlements. 
 Mr. L. was after this employed in places of trust. 
 He was in England at the restoration, and an advo- 
 cate for the colony. Upon his return, he was chos- 
 en a member of the general assembly for Boston ; 
 in 1664, he was appointed major general, and assist- 
 ant in 1665 ; in 1671, he was promoted to be de- 
 puty governour. He succeeded Willoughby, a man 
 of two much liberality for his brethren ; for he op- 
 posed all the persecutions against the Baptists. In 
 1673, gov. Bcllingham died, the only surviving pa- 
 tentee of the charter, and Mr. Leverett was intro- 
 duced to the chair. He was so beloved by the col- 
 ony, that his election was never contested ; and he 
 descended with honour to the grave, March 16, 
 1678. Mr. Nowel preached at the funeral, and Mr. 
 Allen an occasional sermon the Sabbath after. 
 
 Leverett John, F. R. S. president of Harvard 
 College, was a grandson of gov. Leverett. He was 
 born in Boston, and graduated, A. D. 1680. He soon 
 made a figure among gentlemen of the civil order, 
 was chosen representative for Boston at the general 
 
 p p
 
 293 LEV 
 
 court, and, for a number of years, was speaker of 
 the assembly. He was advanced to his majesty's 
 council, and appointed judge of the superiour 
 court. All these honourable posts he sustained 
 with dignity, integrity, and the applause of the peo- 
 ple. He was also appointed one of the three com- 
 missioners with power of controlling the army, sent 
 against Port Roval. 
 
 In 1707, this honourable gentleman was chosen 
 / president of Harvard College, which station he a- 
 dorned by his learning, and excellent character. He 
 was one of gov. Dudley's particular friends, and 
 did all in his power to serve him, when he was in 
 the civil line, and was very instrumental in making 
 his administration acceptable to the people. In Dr. 
 Cotton Mather's diary, he says. " I received a visit 
 from gov. Dudley, June 16, 1702." With other 
 observations of a familiar nature, he said to his ex- 
 cellency, " I am humbly of opinion, that it will be 
 your wisdom to carry an indifferent hand towards 
 all parties, if I may use so coarse a word as parties, 
 and give occasion to none to say that any have mo- 
 nopolized you, or that you take your measures 
 from them alone. I should approve it, if any other 
 should say, by no means let the people have cause 
 to say, that you take all your measures from the 
 two Mr. Mathers. By the same rule I may say 
 without offence, by no means let any people say, 
 that you go by no measures in your conduct but 
 Mr. Byefield's and Mr. Leverett's." This conver- 
 sation was related to these gentlemen, and tended 
 to increase their prejudices against the good doc- 
 tors. While president Leverett was in the chair, 
 they seldom or ever attended the overseers' board. It 
 also prevented Dr. Cotton Mather from being " fel- 
 low of the corporation ;" but he had the mortifica- 
 tion to see Dr. Colman and Mr. Brattle, men, who 
 were not even on friendly terms with him, members 
 of the corporation, and all college affairs under their 
 influence. He complained bitterly of this thing 
 in his diaries.
 
 L O V 299 
 
 President Leverett received honours from abroad, 
 as well as from his own country. From a sense of 
 his literary merit, he was elected fellow of the royal 
 society, London. 
 
 In the character given of him after his death, writ- 
 ten at Cambridge, it is observed, " that for more than 
 forty years, he shone with near a meridian lustre ; 
 the morning of his life being so bright, that it shone 
 like noon, and both the college and country rejoic- 
 ed greatly in his early and uncommon light, and 
 now his sun yet seems to us to have gone down at 
 noon, such being his vigour and brightness to the 
 age of sixty two." 
 
 His death was very sudden, on the Lord's day 
 morning, 3d of May, 1724, dying, as is supposed, 
 in his sleep, without a groan or struggle. 
 
 Mr. Welsteed, one of the tutors, had an eloquent, 
 and a very pathetick, oration in the hall upon the sor- 
 rowful occasion. 
 
 Locke Samuel, D. D. president of Harvard 
 College, was a man of very uncommon powers of 
 mind, a very accomplished preacher, with a most 
 extraordinary gift in prayer. He was graduated in 
 1755, and ordained minister of Sherburne two years 
 after, where he continued till he was invited to Cam- 
 bridge. He was installed president of the college, 
 March 21, 1770, and resigned his office, December 
 J, 1773. 
 
 Lovell John, a celebrated preceptor in Boston, 
 was graduated at Harvard College, A. D 1728. 
 Two years after he had received the honours of that 
 seminary, the selectmen of Boston chose him as- 
 sistant to Dr. Nathaniel Williams, for many years 
 master of the south grammar school. In this office 
 he succeeded the famous Jeremy Gndley, who then 
 entered upon his professional pursuits. Upon the 
 death of master Williams, in 1738, he was advanc- 
 ed to the chief place, and continued to discharge 
 the duties of that important station with great dili- 
 gence and skill, above forty years. Most of cur
 
 300 LOW 
 
 first characters, in church and state, during that peri- 
 od, had been under his tuition. He was an ex- 
 cellent critick and classical scholar ; his learning 
 was extensive, and he had a clear understanding, 
 and solid judgment. Though a rigid disciplinarian 
 in his school, yet he was an agreeable companion, 
 and very humourous. He wrote many fugitive 
 pieces, and several political and theological pam- 
 phlets. In 1742, when Mr. Faneuil died, he was 
 chosen to deliver a funeral oration, which he pro- 
 nounced in Faneuil hall, March 14, the day of the 
 annual town meeting. This was printed, and is an 
 elegant composition, in which the virtues of that mu- 
 nificent friend of the town are celebrated. 
 
 In the controversy between Great Britain and 
 the colonies, master Lovell took a very decided 
 part. He joined the loyalists, and went away with 
 the fleet and army, which left Boston, March 17, 
 1776, and passed the rest of his days in Halifax. 
 
 Lowell John, minister of the first church in 
 Kewburyport, was born in Boston, March 14, 1703 
 — 4, was graduated at Harvard College, 1721 ; or- 
 dained January 19, 1725 — 6, and died, May 15, 
 1767, in the 64th year of his age, and 42d of his 
 ministry. He was distinguished among his brethren, 
 as a scholar and a gentleman ; as a lover of good men, 
 though of different denominations, and differing sen- 
 timents ; amiable in his domestick and social con- 
 nections, and happily furnished with that kind of 
 knowledge which enabled him to be very useful 
 as a minister of religion. Tucker's funeral sermon. 
 Lowell John, L L. D. and A. A. S. son of 
 the rev. Mr. L. was born at Newbury, 1744, was 
 graduated at Harvard College, 1756, and appli- 
 ed himself to the study of law. He very soon 
 rose to great eminence in the profession, and he 
 grew in publick esteem, and the affections of his 
 acquaintance, as he advanced into life. The integ- 
 rity of his character always secured him the confi- 
 dence of those, who admired his abilities. In the
 
 
 LOW 301 
 
 year 1761, he removed from Ncvvburyport to Bos- 
 ton ; was chosen representative for the town at the 
 general court, and one of their twelve delegates to 
 the convention, which formed the constitution for 
 the commonwealth. In that assembly, he was very 
 much distinguished by his knowledge and elo- 
 quence. Being one of the committee, who drew 
 the plan, he was fully acquainted with the subject 
 whenever he took a part in the debates ; his speech- 
 es were perspicuous, while the energy of his ex- 
 pression and glow of manner made them very inter- 
 esting and entertaining. In 1781, he was chosen 
 member of congress, and, in December, 1782, he 
 was appointed, by that body, one of the three judges 
 of the court of appeals, a tribunal established by 
 congress in the year 1780, for the trial of all appeals 
 from the courts of admiralty of the several states. 
 When the federal government was established, he 
 was appointed, by president Washington, judge of 
 the district court in Massachusetts. He remained 
 in that office, till the new organization of the federal 
 judiciary in 1801, when he was appointed chief jus- 
 tice of the circuit court for the first circuit, com- 
 prehending the District of Maine, New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts and Rhode Island. In the discharge 
 of that office he continued until the repeal of the 
 act in 1802. 
 
 On the bench judge Lowell appeared with pecu- 
 liar and engaging lustre. With the most conde- 
 scending and obliging manners he maintained the 
 dignity of his station. In critical causes, he was 
 mature and deliberate in making up a judgment, 
 and his quick apprehension and faculty for discrim- 
 ination, enabled him to give despatch to ordinary 
 business. People of different political sentiments, 
 had the same persuasion of his knowledge, and im- 
 partiality ; and those against whom judgment was 
 given, were disposed to confide in the equity and 
 legality of it. Had the act been continued, which 
 established the circuit courts, he would have had a
 
 302 LUD 
 
 greater sphere of usefulness, and fer the display of 
 his talents. 
 
 When he left publick business and retired to pri- 
 vate life, his mind was active in promoting benevo- 
 lent associations, and literary improvements. He 
 had a fondness for agriculture, gardening, botany, 
 and other branches of natural history^ He first 
 originated the subscription for a professorship of 
 natural history at the university, and was among 
 the most generous subscribers. 
 
 Judge Lowell was always a great friend to Har- 
 vard College ; his mind was constantly employed in 
 devising means for its prosperity. When there was 
 a vacancy in the corporation in 1784, he was elect- 
 ed one of that board, and was, for eighteen years, 
 a very attentive, firm and judicious member. The 
 critical state of the publick funds during this peri- 
 od caused some doubtful and anxious expecta- 
 tions, and required of the members of the corpora- 
 tion peculiar watchfulness over the property they 
 had in trust. Mr. L. acquainted himself with the 
 interest and circumstances of the college, and its 
 treasury was specially benefitted by his discreet and 
 active exertions. He was one of the most active of 
 our publick characters, in forwarding the plan in 
 1780, for establishing an academy of arts and sci- 
 ences ; and the society elected him one of their 
 counsellors. They had also such a sense of his lit- 
 erary merits that they chose him, with an unani- 
 mous vote, to deliver an oration when president Bow- 
 doin died. The service was performed in Brattle- 
 street church, January 26, 1791. The oration was 
 published in one of the volumes of the academy. 
 His other publications are without his name, but 
 are specimens of elegant composition. He died, 
 greatly lamented, May 6, 1802. 
 
 Ludlow Roger, came with Mr. Warham and 
 his company to Dorchester, in 1630, was chosen a 
 magistrate, and was deputy governour of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1634. He succeeded Thomas Dudley,
 
 L U D 303 
 
 who was promoted to the chief place in the room 
 of gov. Winthrop, whom the freemen left out, for 
 the sake of making a rotine in the office.* The 
 next year, Mr. Ludlow was set aside even from 
 the magistracy. It seems, he aimed at the govern- 
 our's place, and was disappointed. For some rea- 
 son or other, he protested against the choice, which 
 offended the freemen. Instead of advancing him, 
 therefore, they gave him an opportunity to enjoy 
 private life. He soon after removed to Connecti- 
 cut. He fixed his abode in Fairfield, and, being 
 clerk of that town, had the care of all their records, 
 which he carried off when he left New England, 
 1654. He was a magistrate of Connecticut, or de- 
 puty governour from the time of his coming into 
 the colony to his departure. In 1648, he was one 
 of the commissioners of the United colonies. He 
 was chosen again in 1650, and several years after. At 
 their meeting, 1653, they voted to carry on the war 
 against the Dutch. He was full of resentment atthe 
 conduct of the people, who opposed the determina- 
 tions of the commissioners. He was rash enough to 
 head a party, who were ready to go from Fairfield to 
 Manhadoes, and begin the war. Men of warm san- 
 guine tempers are not apt to weigh consequences 
 till it is too late. He gave so much offence as to 
 make it best for him to leave the country. The 
 least he could expect was to lose his offices. And 
 the neglect of the people is apt to chill the frame of 
 politicians, as much as their ingratitude can wound 
 
 • " Mr. Cotton preached before the General Court this month, 
 and delivered this doctrine, that the magistrate ought not to be 
 hurried into the condition of a private man without just cause, 
 and to be publickly convicted ; no more than the magistrate 
 may now turn a private man out of his household, Sec. without 
 like publick trial. This falling in question in the court, and the 
 opinion of the rest of the ministers being asked, it was referred 
 for further consideration." Winthroji's Journal. 
 
 This would be strange policy in some states of society. So 
 far from being adopted by the sovereign people, at this time, that 
 they let the ministers know, that all magistrates were only the 
 creatures of their power, and should be shifted at their pleasure.
 
 304 M A N 
 
 the spirit. Dr. Trumbull gives Ludlow a high 
 character. He says, he rendered very essential ser- 
 vices to the commonwealth ; was a principal in 
 forming its original constitution, and the compiler 
 of the first Connecticut code, printed at Cambridge, 
 1672. For jurisprudence he appears to have been 
 second to none, who came into New England at that 
 time. Had he possessed a happier temper he would, 
 probably, have been the idol of the people. 
 
 Manning James, D. D. president of Brown 
 College, Rhode Island, was born in New Jersey, 
 Oct. 22, 1738 ; was graduated at the college of 
 Princetown, 1761. He was ordained a preacher of 
 the gospel, and acquired as much fame by his abil- 
 ities and learning, as by his very fine voice and de- 
 livery. As soon as they erected a college in Rhode 
 Island and Providence plantations, he was invited 
 to preside over that seminary. In 1764, Mr. Man- 
 ning removed to Warren, where the legislature con- 
 templated fixing the college. But a spacious build- 
 ing being erected in the town of Providence, 
 through the influence of some leading characters, 
 the college was established in that town. President 
 Manning removed in 1770, and continued to dis- 
 charge the duties of his station to the great advan- 
 tage of the institution, as long as he lived. The 
 same year he was chosen pastor of the Baptist 
 church, and was able to discharge the duties of 
 president, and to preach to a very large parish. In 
 1786, he was elected a delegate to congress. He 
 was a strong federalist when the constitution was 
 the subject of debate. He attended very frequent- 
 ly the convention, which met in Boston, for the 
 sake of hearing the arguments on both sides, that he 
 might acquire greater strength to combat those, who 
 opposed the constitution in the state of Rhode Island. 
 
 He received his diploma of doctor in divinity 
 from the university of Philadelphia. 
 
 Finding it inconsistent with his other offices to 
 attend congress, he resigned his place, and gave his
 
 M A T 305 
 
 whole attention to- college duties, and no man was 
 better calculated to make the institution flourish. 
 He was suddenly called off the stage of action, 
 by a fit of the apoplexy, and died, 24th July, 1791, 
 in the 53d year of his age. 
 
 Mather Hichabd, minister of Dorchester, was 
 the first of the family, who came over to New Eng- 
 land ; and from him are descended many worthy 
 and learned men, who have been celebrated in Eng- 
 land, as well as in these new plantations. He was 
 called a great man in his day by others, besides his 
 descendants, who were never backward in celebra- 
 ting the talents and literary accomplishments, on 
 eminent christian virtues of their ancestors. Per- 
 haps many men, among the wisest and best of their 
 generation, have not been mentioned in a succeed- 
 ing age, having no friend to flatter, and no children 
 to bear up the name. 
 
 For more than a century the name of Mather w r as 
 known and celebrated in every part of the land ? 
 many branches are now cut off, and we must go out 
 of the state of Massachusetts to find one engaged in 
 the work of the ministry, though formerly so many 
 of them were distinguished among the angels of the 
 churches. *' In all ages, there have been stars to 
 lead men to the knowledge of the Lord Jesus 
 Christ. x\ngelical men, employed in the ministry 
 of our Lord, have been those happy stars. And we 
 in the west have been so happy, as to see some of 
 the first magnitude, among which was Mr. Richard 
 Mather." Magnolia. 
 
 He was born in the county of Lancaster, A. D. 
 1596. His parents were respectable, and gave him 
 a liberal education. He was educated at the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, became a preacher in early life, 
 was eminent for his pious discourses in the pulpit, 
 and for conversation, but was suspended for his non- 
 conformity, in 1633. He was again restored, and 
 again suspended, and after some inquiry and debate, 
 in his own mind, he resolved to leave the fair fields
 
 S06 M A T 
 
 of his own country for the obscure places of the suitf- 
 derness. In May, 1635, he sailed from Bristol, and 
 arrived in Boston harbour, August 17. Two days 
 previous to his arrival there was a tremenduous 
 storm, of which he has given a printed account. 
 
 He was ordained pastor of the church at Dorchesr 
 ter, August 23, 1636, and was a distinguished or- 
 nament of the churches of New England. In the 
 year 1669, he had a violent fit of the stone, to which 
 he had been subject many years, and died 22d day 
 of April. Though an old man, yet his death was a 
 great loss, because his talents and industy enabled 
 him to be useful, and, at this very time, he was mod- 
 erator of a council, which had met in Boston to set- 
 tle a dispute, and which led one of his brethren to 
 write this epitaph, Vixerat in synodis, moritur 
 moderator in illis. He had been a leading charac- 
 ter in every synod, which had met in New England, 
 from his arrival to the time of his death. In 1639, 
 there were 32 questions printed concerning church 
 government. These were answered by the ministers 
 of New England. Mr. R. Mather is said to have 
 written the answer ; and, also, that the platform 
 of church government, which was held in so much 
 veneration for so many years, though now only re« 
 sorted to upon convenient occasions, was chiefly 
 composed by him. He prepared for the press a 
 book entitled, a plea for the churches in New Eng* 
 land, a large work. Besides these, he wrote several 
 pamphlets to mark the difference between the Con- 
 gregational mode of government and the- Presbyte- 
 rian establishment. 
 
 | la 1662, the famous synod was appointed by the 
 general court to settle the controversy concerning 
 the subjects of baptism, and also the consociation 
 of churches. Certain propositions were drawn up, 
 and presented to the general court, which were ac- 
 cepted. One of these excited no small controversy, 
 which has been kept up even to the present day. 
 It is not likely that our general (ourt will again med-
 
 MAT 307 
 
 die with it; but there will be disputants among those, 
 %vho have the spirit of religious controversy. It 
 was the fifth proposition discussed by the synod, 
 14 Whether those, who make a profession of religion, 
 u hereby they give themselves up to God in a solemn 
 covenant, and subject themselves to the discipline of tht 
 zhurch, shall have the privilege of baptism for their 
 ehildren." 
 
 There were several, who opposed the voice of the 
 synod, among them president Chauncy, Mr. Da- 
 venport, of New Haven, and Mr. Increase Mather, 
 minister of the second church in Boston. 
 
 Three very eminent divines were elected to man- 
 age the controversy with them. Mr. Allen of Ded- 
 ham, to answer president Chauncy, Mr. Richard 
 Mather to write against Mr, Davenport^ and Mr. 
 Mitchel of Cambridge a younger divine, but Vir, 
 daro nomine, to discuss the subject with Mather the 
 younger. The books were well written, but the 
 manner of writing, which Mr. R. Mather adopted, 
 pleased old Mr. tiigginson of Salem so much, that 
 he said, " he was a pattern to all the answerers in 
 the world," 
 
 From the general account of this eminent divine, 
 his talents were adapted for controversy, and his 
 knowledge of ecclesiastical affairs made him more 
 qualified to write, than many of his brethren. As a 
 preacher, he was plain and practical, solid and judi- 
 cious ; but less popular, than several of his sons, 
 whose sermons and pulpit eloquence have been 
 more applauded. 
 
 He printed a treatise upon justification, and sev- 
 eral small treatises, which were well spoken of ; and 
 prepared several sermons for the press, which were 
 never published. 
 
 Mr. Mather was blessed with a number of chil- 
 dren. He left four sons, all of whom were dis- 
 tinguished preachers of the gospel, and of whom 
 mention should undoubtedly be made in these bi«* 
 graphical sketches*
 
 308 MAT 
 
 Mather Samuel, preached the first sermon 
 which was delivered in the church at North Boston. 
 He was afterwards settled at Dublin, where he died, 
 A. D. 1671, having been laborious in his business, 
 €erviceable in his generation, and respectable among 
 men of worth and talents. He was the author of a 
 number of publications. 
 
 Mather Nathaniel, who succeeded Samuel 
 at Dublin, and was afterwards pastor of a church in 
 -London, was graduated at Harvard College, 1647. 
 
 Mather Eleazer, was graduated 1656, and 
 was settled at Northampton 1661. He died at the 
 age of 32. 
 
 Of the fourth son, we are prepared to give a 
 snore circumstantial narrative. 
 
 Mather Increase, D. D. president of Har- 
 vard College, was graduated the same year with his 
 brother Eleazer, and was invited to preach at the 
 north church in Boston, rendered vacant by the re- 
 signation of Mr. Mayo. He was ordained pastor, 
 May 27, 1699. In 1681, he was invited to take 
 charge of the college, and, at the commencement of 
 this year, he moderated at the master's disputations, 
 and conferred the degrees. But, upon consulting 
 with his church, they refused to part with him, and 
 Mr. Rogers was chosen president of the college. 
 In 1684, Mr. Rogers died, and Mr. Mather was 
 again honoured by an election to that office, and ac- 
 cepted it upon certain conditions, by which he 
 <:ould comply with the request of the corporation, and 
 satisfy the objections of his own church. He was 
 allowed to preach every Sabbath in Boston, and at- 
 tend his duty as president of the college on week 
 days. His great industry and application to busi- 
 ness enabled him to do this. He excelled likewise 
 in extemporaneous performances, which rendered 
 his ministerial duties more easy to him. He governed 
 the college with great reputation till the year 1701, 
 when his age required relaxation from a multiplici- 
 ty of cares, and he resigned his place at Cambridge.
 
 MAT 309 
 
 While he was at the head of the college, he was 
 presented by the fellows of the corporation and board 
 of overseers, with a diploma of doctor in divinity.* 
 Dr. Mather was eminent for his services both to 
 the church and commonwealth. He must have 
 possessed talents and influence, or he never would 
 have been chosen agent to the court of Great Bri- 
 tain. He used all his influence to persuade the peo- 
 ple never to surrender their charter, and published 
 his reasons. He found in Randolph, therefore, a bit- 
 ter enemy, who contrived the most base methods 
 to ruin him. A letter was sent to sir Lionel Jen- 
 kins, with the signature of Dr. Mather, which con- 
 tained reflections upon him, and praises of Gates, 
 lord Shaftesbury, &c. men, who were obnoxious to 
 the king. There was such appearance of forgery, 
 
 * By Mr. Mather's influence the general court passed an act, 
 bearing date June 27, 1692, for a new college charter, and sent 
 it over to Great Britain for the royal assent ; but the king nega- 
 tived it, because it did not reserve to him, by Ids governour, the 
 power of a royal visitation. Upon this, the general assembly of 
 New England after some time revised the act, and sent it back, 
 with an amendment, admitting the king by his governour and 
 council in New England, to be visitors of the college ; but the 
 court not accepting the amendment, the affair was dropped, and 
 the college left to act upon the foot of the old charter, which they 
 had by George Dudley, in 1650. But it being proved by the 
 new charter of the province, that when the general court passes 
 the act, and sends it over to England for the royal assent, it con- 
 tinues in force for three years, if it be not sooner repealed, the 
 governours of the college took advantage of this clause, and pre- 
 sented the president with a diploma of doctor of divinity, under 
 the seal of the college, with the hands of the fellows annexed to 
 it, bearing date from Cambridge in New England, Nov. 17, 
 1692. Mr. M. accepted the diploma, but was never installed, 
 nor did he assume the title for several years ; but the great servic- 
 es he had clone his country, his universal learning and goodness, 
 together with his venerable old age. at length supplied the de- 
 fects of the title, and confirmed him in this honour with the uni- 
 versal consent and approbation of his country. Meat's history^ 
 vol. ii. page 1 1 5. 
 
 The expression " continuing in force three years" is not quite 
 correct. The laws were perpetually in force, or for the term 
 therein mentioned, unless the king, within three years, disallow 
 them.
 
 310 MAT 
 
 that sir Lionel treated it with contempt. When 
 this was told Dr. Mather, some years after, he ex- 
 plained the business to that gentleman with his 
 opinion, that Randolph wrote it. Upon this, Kan. 
 dolph brought an action against him for defamation ; 
 but the case was given in favour of the defendant. 
 Randolph was not satisfied ; and it being the tri- 
 umph of his power, he determined to bring another 
 action, if it were only to vex and torment him. 
 About this time the general assembly had fixed 
 their eyes upon him, as a proper person to send to 
 England to represent their grievances, and remon- 
 strate against the arbitrary conduct of sir Edmund 
 Andross. Randolph's writ would have prevented 
 his voyage ; but he went on board the vessel in the 
 night, April. 1688, and sailed immediately for Lon- 
 don. When he arrived, he presented himself to 
 king James, and described the situation of the colo- 
 ny, and his majesty made a promise to redress griev- 
 ances. He was afterwards introduced to the prince 
 of Orange, and when king William and Mary were 
 on the throne, all the New England agents address- 
 ed their majesties for the restoration of their char- 
 ters. Their applications were deferred on account 
 of the affairs of Europe, which drew the king to Hol- 
 land. In one audience, which they obtained of his 
 majesty, April 28, 1691, Mr. Mather humbly pray- 
 ed his majesty's favour to New England. ** Your] 
 subjects," said he, ** have been willing to venture 
 their lives to enlarge your dominions : the expedi- 
 tion to Canada was a great and noble undertaking. 
 May it please your majesty, in your great wisdom, 
 also, to consider the circumstances of that people, 
 as in your wisdom you have considered the circum- 
 stances of England and Scotland. In New England, 
 they differ from other plantations : they are called 
 congregational and presbyterian ; so that such a 
 government will not suit with the people of New 
 England, as may be proper for people in the other 
 plantations."
 
 MAT 311 
 
 The several applications, which were made to the 
 king ; the difference of opinion among the agents 
 of New England ; the various conferences with the 
 ministers, lawyers, and noblemen, who were friends 
 to the colonies, are all related very minutely in the 
 history of Massachusetts bay, and in the memoirs of 
 Dr. Increase Mather, which his son published after 
 his death. 
 
 The new charter arrived, 1 4th May, 1 69 1 , and the 
 general court appointed a day of thanksgiving for 
 the hafe arrival of his excellency the governour, 
 and the rev. Mr. Increase Mather, who (say they) 
 have industriously endeavoured the service of this 
 people, and have brought over with them a settle- 
 ment of government, in which their majesties have 
 graciously given a distinguished mark of their royal 
 favour and goodness. 
 
 There were many, however, who disliked the 
 abridgment of their privileges, and censured their 
 agents, who accepted the new charter ; some of Mr. 
 Mather's old friends forsook him ; and he often 
 complains of the ingratitude of those whom he wish- 
 ed to serve. He was, to be sure, covered with ma- 
 ny honours, which it was rare for a minister of the 
 gospel to receive ; but he was troubled with many- 
 cares, which those are freed from, who confine 
 themselves to their professional duties. He doubt- 
 less thought full enough of his services, and many, 
 on the other hand, were disposed unreasonably to 
 take from him part of the credit, which he deserved. 
 The dissenting ministers in London were his 
 friends ; but they knew better how to estimate his 
 piety than his policy. He had testimonies from 
 some eminent statesmen of his abilities, probity and 
 industry, particularly from lord Somers ; but if 
 praises were bestowed upon him because he acted 
 by their advice, the compliment is more to them- 
 selves than to him. 
 
 As the pastor of a church, Dr. Mather was high- 
 ly esteemed by all classes of people. His gifts P- hjs
 
 312 MAT 
 
 preaching, and his writings were accounted excel- 
 lent. He was the father of the New England cler- 
 gy, and his name and character were held in venera- 
 tion, not only by those, who knew him, but by suc- 
 ceeding generations. He died, August 23, 1723, 
 aged 85. Several discourses were printed upon the 
 occasion ; but a more full account of him is in an 
 octavo volume, called " Remarkables of the life of 
 Dr. Increase Mather." 
 
 His publications were numerous. In the book 
 above mentioned, we have a catalogue of 85, be- 
 side «« the learned and useful prefaces, which the 
 publishers of many books obtained from him, as a 
 beautiful porch unto them, and which collected 
 would make a considerable volume." 
 
 Mather Cotton, D. D. F. R. S. the eldest son 
 of Dr. Increase Mather, was the most celebrated di- 
 vine in New Kngland ; and if his judgment had been 
 equal to his imagination and memory, he would 
 have ranked with the first scholars of any age. His 
 mother was daughter of the famous John Cotton, 
 teacher of the first church in Boston. He was born 
 in Boston, 1662, graduated at Harvard College, 
 1678, ordained colleague with his father, May 27, 
 1684, and died, Feb. 13, 1728. The obituary of 
 the Boston Newsletter describes him, "as the 
 principal ornament of his country, and the greatest 
 scholar that was ever bred in it Besides his uni- 
 versal learning, his exalted piety and extensive 
 charity, his entertaining wit and singular goodness 
 of temper recommended him to all, who were judg- 
 es of real and distinguished merit." Oldmixen and 
 Douglass give an account of him very different. One 
 only judges of him from his works ; he calls his 
 history a miserable jargon, loaded with many learn- 
 ed quotations, school boy exercises, Romanlike le- 
 gends, and barbarous rhymes.* The other was 
 prejudiced against him, and descends to every kind 
 of low satire to render the man as well as the writer 
 
 * British empire in America.
 
 MAT 313 
 
 ridiculous. His own " summary" however is not 
 more elegant, nor are the facts equally correct. 
 
 Dr. Mather had his enemies in town and country, 
 and doubtless there were eccentricities in his con- 
 duct, as well as weak things in his writings, He 
 wrote too much to write well. He did every thing 
 with amazing rapidity. It is said he could read a 
 folio of many hundred pages, and write a sermon in 
 the course of a forenoon. He became acquainted 
 with every thing by a kind of intuition, and was al- 
 so a man of prodigious industry. With all his at- 
 tention to literary pursuits, and his active services, 
 he never neglected any of his parochial duties ; and 
 also allowed himself time for private devotion, 
 spending one day of the week in fasting and prayer. 
 He had less influence in the affairs of the common- 
 wealth than his father, and the events of his life 
 were not so various. The clergy also treated him 
 with less respect, although they were ready to ac- 
 knowledge, that he had superiour abilities to the 
 old gentleman, and a vast deal more learning. 
 There was a singular gravity in the deportment of 
 Dr. Increase Mather, which qualified him for a pa- 
 triarch; Dr. C. Mather discovered often a levity 
 of mind, a strange kind of vanity, a fondness for 
 punning and making remarks inconsistent with the 
 character of that age ; and which sometimes brought 
 him into serious difficulties. He had a great ac- 
 quaintance with books, but did not understand hu- 
 man nature ; yet he imagined he had a claim to all 
 that reverence from his brethren and the people, 
 which his father's age as well as prudence gave 
 him. 
 
 His literary distinctions were chiefly from abroad. 
 The university of Glasgow presented him with a 
 diploma of doctor of divinity ; and his name is on 
 the list of the fellows of the royal society in London. 
 He is styled a fellow of Harvard College in the cata- 
 logue ; buthe was only chosen among those, who were 
 to be fellows, if the college charter were enlarsred. 
 
 r r
 
 314 MAT 
 
 Twice he thought himself a candidate for the 
 president's chair, and kept days of fasting, that he 
 might be directed how to act upon the occasion ; but 
 he was disappointed. Gov. Dudley persuaded his 
 friend Leverett to accept the place in 1707 ; and 
 when that great man died, in 1726, and the voice 
 of the people cried aloud for Dr. Mather, and it was 
 declared even in the general court that he ought to 
 be president, it was decided otherwise by the mem- 
 bers of the corporation. The chair was first offer- 
 ed to Dr. Colman, and Dr. Sewail, and afterwards 
 to Mr. Wadsworth, who accepted it. In a private 
 account of this transaction, Dr. M. says, u this day 
 Dr Sewail was chosen for his piety." In a pub- 
 lick speech made in the general assembly a mem- 
 ber of the Boston seat declared, after Dr. Colman's 
 election, that he was a man of no learning compar- 
 ed with Dr. Mather.* 
 
 One of the most elegant compositions of those 
 times, was a funeral sermon upon Dr. Cotton Ma- 
 ther, by this very Dr. Benjamin Colman, who there- 
 in declares him to be by far the greatest man he 
 ever was acquainted with. 
 
 In the account of the funeral of Dr. Mather, in the 
 newspapers, it seems, that great respect was paid to 
 his remains. After the relatives, proceeded the lieut. 
 governour, Mr. Dummer, his majesty's council, 
 and house of representatives, a large train of minis- 
 ters, justices, merchants, scholars and other princi- 
 pal inhabitants both of men and women. The 
 streets were crowded with people, and the windows 
 filled with sorrowful spectators all the way to the 
 burying place. 
 
 He was a most voluminous writer ; his works 
 amount to more than 300 tracts, histories, biograph- 
 ical sketches, Sec. besides the Magnalia, a folio 
 volume. The <k biblia Americana," in several vol- 
 umes, ms. is deposited in the historical library. 
 
 It would require more pages to give a just view 
 
 • Letters and mss» in the cabinet of historical library.
 
 MAV 315 
 
 of his writings, than we can allow to an article of 
 our biography. A volume of memoirs was pub- 
 lished by his son and successor, Dr. Samuel Ma- 
 ther, which also contains every remarkable occur- 
 rence in his life, a minute view of his studies, and 
 of all his publications. His son was called to the of- 
 fice of pastor of the old north church, 1732, and in 
 1742 a separation took place by mutual agreement. 
 The people who withdrew built another meeting 
 house, where he was fixed till he ended his labours. 
 He was a man of very extensive reading, and the 
 author of several tracts. He received a diploma of 
 doctor of divinity from Harvard College, 1773. He 
 died, June 27, 1785.* 
 
 Maverick John, one of the fathers of Massa- 
 chusetts, and first minister of the church in Dor- 
 chester, came over with Ludlow, Rossiter, and others, 
 from the counties of Devon, Dorset and Somerset- 
 shire. In the beginning of the year 1630, a con- 
 gregational church was gathered in the new hospi- 
 tal at Plymouth by those, who intended to come to 
 North America for the purpose of enjoying greater 
 civil and religious privileges. They observed a 
 day of fasting and prayer to seek for the divine ap- 
 probation and assistance. In the after part of the 
 day they chose and called those godly ministers, 
 rev. John Warham and rev. John Maverick, who 
 lived 40 miles from Exeter, to be their spiritual 
 guides ; who expressed their acceptance, and were 
 separated to the especial care of the intended emi- 
 grants. Rev. John White of Dorchester, in Dorset, 
 who was an active instrument in promoting the set- 
 tlement of New England, and had been the means 
 of procuring the charter, being present, preached in 
 the forepart of the day ; and, in the latter part, the 
 
 * The other works of Dr. Samuel Mather are, an essay on 
 gratitude, 1732; artillery election sermon, 1739; convention 
 sermon, 1762 ; three funeral sermons ; dissertation on the Lord's 
 prayer; dissertation on the venerable name of Jehovah, 1760 ; 
 a poem, the sacred minister, 1772 ; America known to the an- 
 cients, 1774 ; a reply to a pamphlet entitled, salvation for all men, 
 J 780, 8cc.
 
 316 MAV 
 
 iiew installed pastors performed. They set sail On 
 the 30th March, and arrived at Nantasket, May 30, 
 where the master put them on shore, notwithstand- 
 ing the engagement was to bring them up Charles 
 riven Here they were left in a forlorn wilderness, 
 destitute of any habitation, and most of the necessa- 
 ries of life.* Mr. Maverick died in Boston, 1636, 
 Feb. 30. A large part of his church had removed 
 to Windsor, Connecticut, and it was his intention 
 to follow them. He was 60 years of age. He was 
 a man " of a very humble spirit, and faithful in fur- 
 thering the work of the Lord here, both in the 
 churches and civil state." Winthrop. 
 
 Maverick Samukl had planted himself, at 
 Noddle'- island, when gov. Winthrop and his com- 
 pany formed the settlement of Boston. " We went 
 to Massachusetts," says he, " to find out a place 
 for our sitting- down. We went up Mystick river 
 about 6 miles. We lay at Mr. Maverick's, and re- 
 turned home on Saturday." He seemed to have in 
 view trading with the Indians more than any thing 
 else, but was a very hospitable, kind and benevolent 
 man. His name is mentioned by some writers, as 
 one of the w r est country people, who came over to 
 Dorchester ; by other accounts, he was here before, 
 and he certainly was different from that company iri 
 his religious principles and prejudices. His habits 
 of life were also different. Josselyn relates several 
 visits he made to him, and, from his account, he was 
 a gentleman, in very independent circumstances, 
 and lived in a very handsome style. | He was a 
 
 • Topographical and chronological account of Dorchester, by 
 the rev. T M. Harris 
 
 t October 2d, 1639, about 9 o'clock in the morning, Mr. Ma- 
 verick's negro woman came to my chamber window, and in her 
 own country language and tune sang loud and shrill, going out to 
 her, she used a great deal of respect to me, and willingly would 
 have expressed her grief in English ; but I apprehended it by her 
 countenance and deportment, whereupon I repaired to my host, 
 to learn of him the cause, and resolved to intreat him in her be 
 half, for that 1 understood before, that she had been a queen in
 
 MAY 317 
 
 member of the church of England, but was made a 
 freeman before the law was enacted, that every free- 
 man should be a member of a congregational church, 
 but never was chosen into any office. He after- 
 wards complained of the rigid discipline, and op- 
 pressive bigotry of the government. 
 
 His son, Samuel Maverick, esq. was in 1664 ap- 
 pointed one of the commissioners to inquire into 
 the state of the New England provinces, and settling 
 the peace and security of the country, and discov- 
 ered peculiar enmity to Massachusetts. In the pe- 
 tition which the general court sent over to the king, 
 after these commissioners were appointed, they say, 
 that their adversaries had obtained this commission 
 to injure them, and that one of the four was their 
 professed enemy, meaning this Mr. Maverick. In 
 1666, he delivered from the king a letter to the go- 
 vernour, wherein he required five persons to be sent 
 to England to answer for the conduct of the colony. 
 He could not however overcome the prejudices, or 
 defeat the policy of the New England government. 
 On the other hand, the revolution put them upon a 
 foundation, which was not to be shaken by those, 
 who sought their ruin. 
 
 Mayhew Thomas, ofWatertown, was appoint- 
 ed governour of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, 
 and the adjacent islands. The earl of Sterling 
 Claimed all the islands between Cape Cod and Hud- 
 son's river, and it is evident that they were not in- 
 cluded in the New England government. The 
 grant is made by his lordship to Thomas Mayhew, 
 and his son Thomas, Oct. 10, 1641. Andhegrant- 
 
 her own country, and observed a very humble and dutiful garb 
 ■used towards her by another negro ,who was her maid. Mr. M. 
 was desirous to have a breed of negroes, and seeing she would 
 not yield by persuasion to company with a young negro man he 
 had in his house, he commanded him will'd she nill'd she to goto 
 bed to her, which was no sooner done than she kicked him out 
 again, this she took in high disdain beyond her slavery and this 
 was the cause of her grief.
 
 318 MAY 
 
 ed the same powers of government which the Mas- 
 sachusetts people enjoyed by their charter. Mr. 
 Hutchinson says, that the grants of the soil of these 
 islands could not vacate the rights of the Indian sa- 
 chems and proprietors ; and supposes most of the 
 inhabitants or proprietors derive their titles from 
 Indian grants posterior to the grants to lord Sterl- 
 ing, or to that made by his agent to Mr. May hew 
 and son. The worthy governour of these islands 
 bent his mind to the business of instructing the In- 
 dians He had talents to make a figure in the civil 
 line ; but the name of May hew is mostly known in 
 our ecclesiastical annals. If any of the human race 
 ever enjoyed the luxury of doing good ; if any 
 christian ever could declare what it is to have peace, 
 not as the world gives, but which passes the concep- 
 tions of those who look not beyond this world, we 
 may believe this was the happiness of the Mayhews. 
 
 The first Indian, who gave any good evidence of 
 being a christian, was under the instruction of Mr. 
 Ma) hew. It was in the year 1643, at Martha's 
 Vineyard. The name of this pagan was Hiacoomes. 
 He became a preacher to his own people. The 
 worthy magistrates made further exertions, and 
 " converted many from the error of their ways." 
 The younger Mr. Mayhew became himself a preach- 
 er, and this good work has been carried on by one 
 and another of the name and family from that day 
 to this. In 1657, many hundreds were added to the 
 christian societies in that part of the country of such 
 as might be said, were "holy in their conversation," 
 and that did not need to be taught '« the first prin- 
 ciples of knowledge," besides many others, who 
 were superficial professors. 
 
 Mayhew John, had under his care, in the year 
 1689, the Indian church, and they consisted of a 
 hundred communicants, walking according to the 
 rules of the gospel. 
 
 Mayhew Kxperience, son of John, was a gen- 
 tleman of such superior endowments, according to
 
 MAY 319 
 
 the late Dr. Chauncy, who was his intimate friend, 
 " that he would, had he been favoured with com- 
 mon advantages of education, have ranked among 
 the first worthies of New England." He spent a 
 life protracted several years beyond fourscore in 
 the service of the aboriginals. He had a character 
 for veracity and judgment, and in his book enti- 
 tled, " Indian Converts," an octavo volume, pub- 
 lished m 1727, he gives an account of more than 
 30 Indian ministers, and about 80 Indian men, 
 women, and young persons, within the limits of one 
 island, Martha's Vineyard. The same writer pub- 
 lished another book, in 1744, which will give him a 
 name among great divines in any part of Christen- 
 dom. It is entitled *' grace defended," wherein 
 the doctrines of" original sin, regeneration, the dif- 
 ference between common and special grace, are con- 
 sidered and cleared." He received an honourary 
 degree of A. M. at Harvard College, 1720. 
 
 Mayhew Zaccheus, son of Experience, was 
 employed by " the Massachusetts society for pro- 
 pagating the gospel among the Indians and others, 
 in North America, " till his death, in 1803. 
 
 Mayhlw Joseph, was also a son of Experience, 
 graduated at Harvard College, 1730, and was chos- 
 en tutor in 1739, and one of the fellows of the cor- 
 poration. He was a man of superiour abilities and 
 scholarship. 
 
 Mayhlw Jonathan, son of the rev. Experi- 
 ence Mayhew, was born at Martha's Vineyard, 1720, 
 was educated at Harvard College, and received the 
 honours of that seminary, in 1744. While he was 
 a youth he exhibited marks of an original genius, 
 and such strength of mind, as was very uncommon. 
 He wrote several essays in prose and verse, which 
 were supposed to be the productions of riper years, 
 before he finished his studies at Cambridge. In 
 1747, he was called to take charge of the west 
 church in Boston, and was ordained, June 1 7th ; Mr. 
 Gay, of Hingham, preached the sermon upon the
 
 320 MAY 
 
 occasion, Mr. Prescott, of Salem village, gave the 
 fellowship of the churches, and the charge came 
 from the lips of old Mr. Mayhew. He soon dis- 
 covered a liberality of sentiment, and boldness of 
 spirit, which excited surprise in some, and drew ob« 
 servations from others. He spake with glowing 
 sensibility against every priestly usurpation over the 
 consciences of men, and with peculiar earnest- 
 ness in favour of truth and religion. He was a 
 steady and able advocate for religious and civil lib- 
 erty, and refused to preach for doctrines the com- 
 mandments of men. In 1749, he published several 
 sermons upon " the difference between truth and 
 falsehood, right and wrong ; the natural abilities of 
 men for discerning these differences," &c. which 
 gave him a name among the best preachers, and 
 which manifest very uncommon talents with a zeal 
 according to knowledge. It is the opinion of many, 
 that the doctor never exceeded these early produce 
 tions, and it is certain that very few theological com- 
 positions ever came near them. In 1750, he preach- 
 ed a sermon on the 30th of January, which contained 
 "reflections on the resistance made to king Charles.' * 
 This discourse not only gave offence to episcopa- 
 lians, but to many sober minded dissenters, who 
 thought it discovered more playfulness of fancy and 
 severity of satire than is consistent with the gravity 
 of a clergyman, or the gentle spirit of Christianity. 
 It was however much admired, and passed through 
 several editions in England. It abounds in lively 
 and pointed remarks, and is certainly less excep- 
 tionable than many sermons preached 30th January 
 by episcopal ministers of high church opinions, who 
 have abused all denominations of dissenters, while 
 they have talked about the saintship, and angelick 
 qualities, and divinity, of Charles, a frail mortal like 
 themselves. The university of Aberdeen presented 
 Mr. Mayhew with a diploma of doctor of divinity the 
 year after this sermon was published. In the year 
 1754, the doctor was chosen to preach the election
 
 MAY 321 
 
 sermon, in which he speaks of the origin of civil 
 government, and its end, in the style of a friend to 
 liberty and the British constitution, as settled at the 
 revolution. He was a whig of the first magnitude. 
 '* Having been initiated in youth," said he, in another 
 discourse upon a different subject, *' in the doc- 
 trines of civil liberty, as they were taught by such 
 men as Plato, Demosthenes, Cicero, and other re- 
 nowned persons, among the ancients ; and such as 
 Sydney and Milton, Locke and Hoadley, among the 
 moderns, I liked them ; they seemed rational. And 
 having learnt from the holy scriptures, that wise 5 
 brave, and virtuous men were always friends to lib- 
 erty ; that God gave the Israelites a king in his an- 
 ger, because they had not sense and virtue enough 
 to like a free commonwealth, and that where ' the 
 spirit of the Lord is there is liberty,' this made 
 me conclude that freedom was a great blessing,'- 
 &c* 
 
 In 1755, the doctor published two solemn and 
 pathetick sermons, after the earthquake, Nov. 23, 
 with an " appendix, giving a very particular account 
 of the time, duration, process, extent and effects of 
 the great earthquake." 
 
 The same year he printed a large volume, con- 
 taining fourteen sermons, " on hearing the word, 
 receiving it with meekness," &c. In this book he 
 inculcated the doctrines of grace, as he thought 
 them delivered by Jesus Christ and his apostles. 
 Moderate Calvinists' have spoken well of several of 
 these discourses, which are written in a very evan» 
 gelical style, although it is evident the author had 
 learnt some lessons in the school of Episcopius, 
 Arminius and Locke. At the end of this volume is 
 a sermon upon the shortness of life, in which are 
 two marginal notes on the doctrines of the Trinity 
 and Solomon's song, that excited some severe re- 
 marks from Trinitarians, and which all who agree; 
 withthedoctor in sentiment, must wish were expre; 
 
 * Sermon on the repeal of the stamp a^t, }?6C 
 
 5 q
 
 J22 MAY 
 
 ed differently. Such subjects ought not to be treat ~ 
 cd in a ludicrous manner. The doctor himself < k de- 
 clared his wish that thev had not been written ;" 
 and sent to England to prevent their being inserted 
 in the London edition. They were, however, print- 
 ed. Probably, his mind was not known at the 
 time the book was emitted from the press. 
 
 In 1763, Mr. East Apthorp published his u con- 
 siderations on the institution and conduct of the so- 
 ciety for propagating the gospel." This provoked 
 a controversy in which several famous men engag- 
 ed, and in which the brilliant abilities of Dr. May- 
 hew were fully displayed. He wrote a book enti- 
 tled, " observations on the charter and conduct of 
 the society for propagating the gospel in foreign 
 parts," &.c. To this, a reply was made by several 
 members of the society in America ; and by Dr. 
 Seeker, archbishop of Canterbury. The doctor repli- 
 ed to the book entitled, a {; candid examination of his 
 observations," supposed to be the joint production of 
 Mr. Caner and Dr. Johnson, and declares the title 
 page to be false ; he endeavours to shew the work 
 to be destitute equally of candour and of truth. His 
 second defence, or " remarks upon an anonymous 
 tract entitled, an answer to Dr. Mayhew's observa- 
 tions on the charter," &c. is written with a more gen- 
 tle spirit ; though we are frequently struck with the 
 poignancy of his wit, it is evident that he avoided 
 severe strokes of satire. The doctor wrote no more 
 in the episcopal controversy ; but having printed 
 two discourses ' ; upon the goodness of God," he 
 was attacked, for certain sentiments there delivered, 
 with some severity, by Mr. Cleveland, a minister in 
 the county of Essex ; to whom he sent " a letter of 
 reproof," which discovered too much warmth of 
 temper in a minister of the gospel. It must be ac- 
 knowledged, that the charge of Mr. C. was unfair 
 and groundless ; but it was easy to write a defence 
 of his sermons without such bitter sajcasras, and 
 personal reflections.
 
 M I N 32S 
 
 Mr. Hopkins of Great Harrington, afterwards of 
 Newport, had a desire to engage Dr. May hew in a 
 controversy. He wrote a book, " upon the promis- 
 es of the gospel," in which he makes remarks upon 
 two sermons published by the doctor on Luke xiii. 
 24. These sermons speak of "promises to the un» 
 regenerate. " Many Calvinists thought the senti- 
 ments advanced by Dr. Hopkins were contrary to 
 truth, and of a very bad tendency, and wrote a- 
 ^ainst his book ; but -Dr. M. made no reply to him. 
 
 In the year 1765, Dr. May hew preached the Dud- 
 leian lecture, upon " Popish idolatry," and the suc- 
 ceeding year a particular discourse " upon the re- 
 peal of the stamp act." These were his last pub- 
 lications. He died, July 8, 1766, in the 46th year 
 of his age. No American author ever obtained 
 higher reputation. He would have done honour to 
 any country by his character, or by his writings.* 
 
 Minot George Richards was a descendant 
 from one of the most ancient families of Massachu- 
 setts, The first of the name died at Dorchester, 
 1671, in the 78th year of his age. He was a man 
 of respectability, and a ruling elder of the church. 
 The subject of this article was born in Boston, re- 
 ceived the rudiments of his education at the south 
 latin school, and was admitted a student of Harvard 
 College in 1774. He was there distinguished for 
 decorum of behaviour, a most amiable disposition, 
 and close attention to his studies. He excelled in 
 history and the belles lettres, and was, upon several 
 
 * Besides the publications above mentioned, he printed two 
 volumes of sermons, 8vo, one addressed to the youth of his con- 
 gregation, the other upon the 1 19th psalm, 59th and 60th verses. 
 These are not the doctor's best performances,nor have they a high 
 rank among sermons printed in New England. They are writ- 
 ten in a very cai"eless and diffuse style, and might be compressed 
 into a book of small size. Many of his friends wondered that he 
 published them. He printed also thanksgiving sermons. 1758, 
 59, 60 ; also a sermon, occasioned by the great fire, which hap- 
 pened, March 20, 1760 ; and a funeral sermon after the death of 
 that upright magistrate, judge Sewall, who died the same year.
 
 b24 IvfIN 
 
 occasions, the publick orator of his class. Beside 
 the orations usually delivered at that seminary, he 
 was chosen to speak upon a melancholy occasion, 
 when the university was deprived of Mr. Wads- 
 worth, one of the most useful men in the govern- 
 ment and instruction of the society.* No funeral 
 oration was ever more interesting to the hearers, or 
 better adapted to the occasion. It gained him great 
 credit among gentleman of taste and learning, and 
 41 his classmates were eager to confer on him every 
 honour which it was in their power to bestow." 
 This class received the honours of the college in 
 1778, by a general diploma. For several years there 
 was no publick commencement, the country being 
 then involved in the calamities of the revolutionary 
 war. Mr. Minot entered upon the study of the 
 law in Boston, with a gentleman of distinction in 
 his profession, and had for his fellow student the 
 late Fisher Ames, esq. The intimate friendship 
 
 * John Wadsworth, who taught logick, metaphysicks and 
 etfiicks, was graduated, 1762, and elected tutor in 1770. He was 
 distinguished for fine talents more than extensive erudition. No 
 tutor was ever more calculated for the branch of instruction which 
 fell to his share. As an acute logician, he made accurate dis- 
 tinctions, was fluent in speech, and copious in ideas. He could 
 make the worse appear the better reason, which, from love of 
 disputation, he frequently did ; or defend truth in the most live- 
 ly and ingenious manner. He was as fond of politicks as meta- 
 physicks, and being on the side of the loyalists at the commenc- 
 ement of the war, would have lost his tutorship, had it not 
 been for the great affection of the students, and the exertions of 
 some friends in the corporation, who urged in his favour this at- 
 tachment of his pupils, and his admirable faculty of commu- 
 nicating his ideas, so very necessary in an instructor, and so ve- 
 ry seldom found. It was suggested likewise that his political er- 
 rors were more in appearance than reality. His fondness 
 for talking had led him to express himself imprudently some- 
 times; but it was no more in his heart than in his power to do any 
 thing injurious to the commonwealth. He had, however, many 
 political enemies, and obtained the vote only by one, though he 
 was of the body, who made the election. He was a member of 
 the corporation from the year 1774 to 1778, the year of his death. 
 Mr. VV. was a collateral branch of the same family with presi- 
 dent Wadsworth, who died, 1737.
 
 M I N 325 
 
 formed at this juvenile age was strengthened by 
 mutual expressions of good will, and tokens of es- 
 teem, until death divided them. At the funeral of 
 Judge Minot, Mr. Ames was one of the pall bearers. 
 In the year 1781, when the commonwealth of Mas- 
 sachusetts was blessed with a new constitution of 
 government, Mr. M. was appointed clerk of the 
 house of representatives. He was in this office dur- 
 ing the insurrections, which distracted the publick 
 concerns of the year 1786. By his office he was led 
 to a minute acquaintance with the causes of the dis- 
 turbance, the proceedings of the government, and the 
 conduct of the army raised upon that occasion. 
 These troubles of our country he reviewed in an 
 historical narrative of the rebellion, which gave him 
 high reputation as a writer ; it was read with great 
 interest and pleasure by the inhabitants of Massa-_ 
 chusetts. He was afterwards persuaded by his 
 friends, to write a continuation of Hutchinson's his- 
 tory of Massachusetts bay, which excited less at- 
 tention, but is a very valuable book ; and will fre- 
 quently be in the hands of persons, who wish to 
 know the affairs of their own country. The period 
 he describes exhibits the most tranquil state of 
 things. It was not prolifick of great events, like 
 succeeding years of violence and rage, when politi- 
 cians had their influence, and excited the tumult of 
 the people ; when we beheld the traces of war in 
 our own fields, or heard the cry of human distress 
 in our houses, as well as the high way. Histories of 
 such times are eagerly sought after, while mam- 
 take up a book with frigid indifference, which only 
 tells of peaceful regions, and seasons of publick fe- 
 licity. 
 
 Mr. Minot was twice elected by the people ot 
 Boston to deliver publick orations, which he per- 
 formed to great acceptance. In 1 782, he pronounced 
 the annual oration, 5th of March. And in 1800, he 
 spake the funeral eulogy upon Washington, which 
 has been highly praised in other places besides his
 
 326 M I N 
 
 dative town. In 1787, Mr. M. was chosen clerk ot 
 the convention which adopted the constitution of 
 the United States. In 1 792, the governour and 
 council appointed him judge of probate for the coun- 
 ty of Suffolk. He was exactly fitted to fill this sta- 
 tion. Soft, pleasant, and affable, he could speak peace 
 to the troubled bosom, whilst he performed all the 
 duties of his office with the purest integrity. The 
 cleep sensibilities of those who knew him in this 
 station, when they heard of his death, afforded affect- 
 ing evidence of his worth. 
 
 Judge Minot was never fond of the hurry and bus- 
 tle of the world, and therefore did not make that 
 figure at the bar, which some of his friends expect- 
 ed from his talents and elocution. He was not bold 
 in his conceptions, nor had he that discursive man- 
 ner of reasoning, or pathos of expresssion, which 
 are requisite for a first rate pleader. The legal 
 knowledge he possessed, gave him advantage in 
 other pursuits which were connected with his pro- 
 fessional business ; and he cultivated his mind by a 
 variety of studies. Among his companions his 
 opinion was valued, and the publick opinion was 
 such, as to gratify every feeling of an ambitious man, 
 especially a man whose principles of virtue guided 
 the path to honour. 
 
 Besides his office of judge of probate, he was 
 judge of the municipal court in the town of Boston. 
 He was also president of the Massachusetts charita- 
 ble fire society. Of this institution he was one of 
 the founders, and also of the Massachusetts histori- 
 cal society. He was also a fellow of the American 
 academy of arts and sciences. 
 
 The character of judge Minot was delineated in 
 the newspapers by several, who spake the language 
 of truth, -while they felt the sympathy of friendship. 
 Justice was also done him by John Quincy Adams, 
 esq. in an admirable oration before the charitable 
 fire society. But the most interesting, full, and ac- 
 curate memoir is in the 8th volume of the collections
 
 MOO 327 
 
 ©f the Massachusetts historical society. It was 
 written by one whose compositions always show the 
 hand of an elegant writer, and who in a relation to 
 judge Minot was as the friend nearer than a broth- 
 er. Whoever would wish for more minute occur- 
 rences in the life of Mr. Minot than can be ex- 
 pected in a sketch for this work, is referred to that 
 valuable paper.* Judge Minot died in the midst of 
 his life and usefulness, Jan. 3d, 1802. 
 
 His other publications are fugitive pieces in the 
 magazines and newspapers ; also an oration deliver- 
 ed before the charitable fire society. 
 
 Moodey Joshua, was the son of William Mood- 
 ey of Newbury, and graduated at Harvard College, 
 1653 : he was a preacher in the town of Portsmouth, 
 New Hampshire, 1658. A vote for his establish- 
 ment there passed in 1660, though a church was 
 not properly organized till 1671. " An account of 
 the gathering of this church" is preserved in his 
 own hand writing, and is a valuable document of 
 our early history. While Cranfield was governour 
 of New Hampshire, Mr. Moodey was the subject of 
 persecution. Whenever a petty tyrant indulges his 
 malignant humour, he renders himself ridiculous, 
 as well as causes mischief to others. He imprison- 
 ed this faithful pastor of the church in Portsmouth, 
 because he did not administer the Lord's supper 
 after the way of the church of England. After be- 
 ing in prison 13 weeks, he was dismissed with a 
 charge to preach no more. He was invited, how- 
 ever, to Boston, and preached to the people of the 
 first or old church from the year 1684, the time of 
 his banishment, to 1693, and then, by advice of coun- 
 cil, returned to his old charge at Portsmouth. 
 
 Before he accepted the invitation of the Boston 
 church, he was chosen president of the college, 
 which place he declined to accept; but acted as one 
 of the fellows of the corporation. The people of 
 Boston were very much attached to him, and much 
 
 • Vol. 8th ? pjjiges 86, 7, 8, 9, Sec.
 
 328 MOO 
 
 disappointed when he went to Portsmouth. He 
 often visited them after he left the town ; and dur- 
 ing a visit, in the year 1697, was taken ill, and died 
 on the 4th July, etat. 65. Dr. Cotton Mather 
 preached his funeral sermon, and preserved his 
 name in the Magnalia. 
 
 The only publication of Mr. Moodey is in the li- 
 brary of the ivlassachu setts historical society. It is 
 a small volume containing the substance of several 
 sermons upon the " benefit of communion with God 
 m his house."* 
 
 * A letter from Mr. Bentley of Salem to Mr, Alden, the pre- 
 sent librarian of the Massachusetts historical society, represents 
 the character of Mr. Moodey to great advantage ; he certainly 
 was one of the most judicious and worthy men of those times. 
 
 « In the times of the witchcraft in Salem village, no person, 
 distinguished for property, and known in the commercial world, 
 was accused but Philip English. He came young into America 
 from the island of Jersey, lived in the family of Mr. Holling- 
 worth, a rich inhabitant of Salem, and afterwards married his on- 
 ly daughter and child, Susanna. The wife had received a better 
 education, than is common even at this day, as proofs, I hold, suf- 
 ficiently discover. 
 
 "From some prejudices, as early as April 21, 1692, she was 
 accused of witchcraft, examined, and committed to prison in Sa- 
 lem. Her firmness is memorable. Six weeks she was confin- 
 ed ; but, being visited by a fond husband, her husband was also 
 accused, and confined in the same prison. By the intercession of 
 friends, and by a plea that the prison was crowded, they were re- 
 moved to Arnold's gaol in Boston till the time of trial. 
 
 " In Boston, upon giving bail, they had the liberty of the town, 
 ©nly lodging in prison. Upon their arrival Messrs. Willard and 
 Moodey visited them, and discovered every disposition to console 
 them in their distress. On the day before they were to return to 
 Salem for trial, Mr. Moodey waited upon them in the prison, and 
 invited them to the publick worship, On the occasion he chose 
 for the text, if they persecute tou in one citt, flee to 
 another. In the discourse with a manly freedom he justified 
 every attempt to escape from the forms of justice, when justice 
 was violated in them. After service Mr. Moodey visited the 
 prisoners in the gaol, and asked Mr. English, whether he took no- 
 tice of his discourse ? Mr. English said he did not know whether 
 he had applied it as he ought, and wished some conversation up- 
 on the subject. Mr. Moodey then frankly told him that his life 
 was in danger, and he ought by all means to provide for an es- 
 cape. Many, said he, have suffered. Mr. English then replied, 
 God will not suffer them to hurt me. Upon tlris reply, Mrs.
 
 MOR 329 
 
 Morton Charles, minister of the church in 
 "Charlestown, was the son of Nicholas Morton, min- 
 ister of St. Mary Overy's, in Southwack. The fam- 
 ily descended from a respectable stock ; among the 
 ancient branches we find Thomas Morton, secreta- 
 ry to king Edward III. Charles, the eldest son of 
 Nicholas, was born A. D. 1626, was sent to Wad- 
 ham College, Oxford, and had the character of a 
 studious and pious youth. He was, at the same 
 time, zealous for the rites and ceremonies of the 
 
 English said to her husband, do you not think that they, who have 
 suffered already, are innocent ? He said. yes. Why then may 
 not we suffer also ? Take Mr. Moodey's advice. Mr. Moodey 
 then told Mr. English that, if he would not carrv his wife away, 
 he would. He then informed him that he had persuaded several 
 worthy persons in Boston to make provision for their conveyance 
 out of the colony, and that a conveyance had been obtained, en- 
 couraged by the governour, gaoler, &c. which would come at 
 midnight, and that proper recommendations had been obtained to 
 gov. Fletcher of New York, so that he might give himself no 
 concern about any one circumstance of the journey; that all 
 things were amply provided. The governour also gave letters 
 to gov. Fletcher, and, at the time appointed, Mr. English, his 
 wife, and daughter were taken and conveyed to New York. He 
 found before his arrival, that Mr. Moodey had dispatched letters, 
 and the governour, with many private gentlemen, came out to 
 meet him ; and the governour entertained him at his own house, 
 and paid him every attention while he remained in the city. On 
 the next year he returned. 
 
 " In all this business, Mr. Moodey openly justified Mr. Eng- 
 lish, and, in defiance of all the prejudices which prevailed, ex- 
 pressed his abhorrence of the measures, which had obliged a use- 
 ful citizen to flee from the executioners. Mr. Moodey was com- 
 mended by all discerning men ; but he felt the angry resentment 
 of the deluded multitude of his own times, among whom some of 
 high rank were included. He soon after left Boston and return- 
 ed to Portsmouth. 
 
 « Mrs. English died in 1694, at 42 years of age, in consequence 
 of the ungenerous treatment she had received. Her husband di- 
 ed at 84 years of age, in 1 734. 
 
 " This is the substance of the communications made to me at 
 different limes from madam Susanna Harthorne, his great-grand- 
 daughter, who died in Salem, 28 August, 1802, at the as;e of 80 
 years, who received the account from the descendants of Mr. En- 
 glish, who dwelt upen his obligations to Mr. Moodey with great 
 pleasure," 
 
 T t
 
 330 MOR 
 
 church of England. He was afterwards chosen fel- 
 low of the college, being an eminent scholar. He 
 excelled in various branches of science, but was pe- 
 culiarly fend of mathem alleles. On this account, he 
 drew the attention, and experienced the friendship, of 
 Dr. Wilkins then warden at the university, and af- 
 terwards celebrated among the literati of Europe. 
 Mr. Morton was one of the ejected ministers, in 
 1668. Being unable to carry on the work of the 
 ministry, he set up an academy at Newington Green. 
 For this business he was very well qualified, and 
 many excellent scholars were educated under his 
 care. He had a peculiar talent of winning youth to 
 the love of virtue and learning, both by his plea- 
 sant conversation, and a familiar way of making 
 difficult subjects easily intelligible. He came to 
 New England in 1685, and was chosen pastor of 
 the church at Charlestown, and vice president of Har- 
 vard College. He died, April, 1697, in the 80th 
 year of his age. 
 
 In Dr. Calamy's " account of ejected ministers 
 by the act of uniformity," is a vindication of him- 
 self, written by this Charles Morton, from a charge 
 brought against him for teaching at a private acade- 
 my, contrary to the rules of the university, and 
 thereby breaking his oath. This takes up more 
 than 20 pages, 8vo. Besides this manuscript, which 
 was transcribed by most of Mr. Morton's pupils, 
 he drew up several systems of the arts and sciences, 
 which he explained in his lectures. The doctor 
 has also preserved another paper of his, which is en- 
 titled, " advice to candidates for the ministry under 
 the present discouraging circumstances." This was 
 written during the oppressive, as well as licentious 
 reign of Charles II. It is a paper of about 15 pag- 
 es, containing excellent rules of conduct, and some 
 of them will apply to other times. Mr. Morton be- 
 ing vice president of Harvard College, while in this 
 office, composed a system of logick, which was co- 
 pied by the students every year as they became
 
 MOR 331 
 
 members of that society. It was afterwards laid 
 aside for one on a more improved plan, by Mr. 
 Brattle. A copy of each is in the cabinet of the 
 historical society, among the rare specimens of 
 American literature.* 
 
 Mokton Nathaniel, one of the first planters 
 of New Plymouth, should have an honourable men- 
 tion among those, who have deserved well of their 
 country. He is more celebrated as an author than 
 for any remarkable events of his life. He was 
 doubtless highly esteemed by his fellow planters, 
 as they made him a magistrate, and he was secre- 
 tary of the court for the jurisdiction of New 
 Plymouth. Probably facts are preserved concern- 
 ing him in the old colony, and some account of his 
 active services, but these we have not been able to 
 obtain. As a writer of the original events of the 
 plantations he is known to all, who turn their atten- 
 tion to the affairs of New England. No book has 
 been oftener quoted than " Morton's memorial." 
 In this book arc precious documents for the use of 
 future historians, who recur to early times, or " re- 
 member New England in the day of her smallest 
 things. 5 ' The work was printed in 1669. It is 
 dedicated to gov. Prince, and has in its favour the 
 testimony of two of the greatest and best divines of 
 New England, Mr. Higginson of Salem, and Mr. 
 Thacher of Weymouth, afterwards minister of the 
 Old South, Boston. '1 hey say the " author is an 
 approved godly man ; and that the work is compil- 
 ed with modesty of spirit, simplicity of style, and 
 truth of matter, containing the annals of New Eng- 
 
 * His other works art, the little peacemaker,on Prov. xiii. 10 ; 
 foolish pride, the Make-hate, 8vo, 1674; debts discharge, Rom. 
 xiii. 8 ; the gaming humour considered and reproved; the way 
 of good men, for wise men to walk in, 1634; season birds, Jere- 
 my viii. 7 ; meditations on the first chapters of Exodus, and be- 
 ginning of Samuel. Other treatises are also mentioned by his bio- 
 grapher, viz. the spirit of man, 1. Thess. v. 23 ; the stork in the 
 heavens, Jer. viii. 7 ; several pieces in the philosophical transac- 
 tions, 1675. He was generally brief and compendious, being a 
 declared enemy to large volumes.
 
 332 N E L 
 
 land for the space of 47 years, with special refer- 
 ence to Plymouth colony, where the author made 
 his constant abode." 
 
 This memorial has gone through many editions. 
 A gentleman, every way qualified, indulged the ex- 
 pectations of his friends a few years since, that he 
 would give an improved edition of this work. No- 
 thing but the busy scenes of his active and useful 
 life could have diverted him from finishing it. 
 
 From some documents which have lately appear- 
 ed, it is evident that Mr. Morton had his preju- 
 dices, and suffered them to operate too powerfully 
 against the sectaries, which had disturbed the church 
 and commonwealth. A letter from Gorton to the. 
 author ot the memorial, preserved in Hutchinson's 
 collection of papers, is well worthy of perusal. Nor 
 was he impartial in all respects in describing the 
 character of Roger Williams, as may be seen from 
 comparing his account with Winthrop's journal, 
 Callender's century sermon, or Backus's history. 
 
 He doubtless thought his remarks were just, but 
 excellent men frequently know not the spirit they 
 are of. Men biassed by religious zeal, in pointing 
 out the heresies of those, who differ from them, 
 should frequently pause for the sake of this inquiry, 
 Who can understand his errors ? possibly we our- 
 selves may be in the wrong. 
 
 This worthy magistrate of New Plymouth died 
 in a good old age, but the exact time we are unable 
 to tell. 
 
 Nelson John, made a conspicuous figure at the 
 time of the Massachusetts revolution,, when the so- 
 vereign people put down sir Edmund Andross, and 
 appointed a different governour and council. He 
 was at the head of the soldiers, who went and de- 
 manded the fort, and to whom sir Edmund surren- 
 dered himself. He was a near relation to sir Tho- 
 mas Temple, and attached to the cause of freedom, 
 though he was an episcopalion. His conduct shews 
 him to be a man of virtue and principle. He
 
 N E L 33 
 
 ?> 
 
 might have been hisrhly in favour with Randolph, 
 but he detested the arbitrary measures of the gov- 
 ernment. On the other hand, had he conformed to 
 the manners of the people, and left the church of 
 England, he would have been, not only highly es- 
 teemed, but exalted to honour after the revolution. 
 On account of his being an episcopalian, Hutch- 
 inson tells ns, he was not allowed any share in the 
 administration alter it v. as settled. 
 
 He went upon a trading voyage to Nova Scotia, 
 and was taken prisoner. When he was at Quebec 
 he sent a letter to the court of Massachusetts, which 
 gave particular intimations of the designs of the 
 French, and which he wrote at the risque of his life. 
 It is dated, Lugust ^r>, 1692. Mr. Hutchinson took 
 it from the Massachusc ts files, and published it to 
 do honour to his memory. He also acquaints us 
 that, in consequence of writing this letter, he was or- 
 dered to be carried upon the field where two French- 
 men were shot, who were concerned with him in 
 giving the intelligence ; he expected the same fate, 
 but was sent to France, where he remained in pris- 
 on two years. " A gentleman who had taken no- 
 tice of the person who carried the victuals from day 
 to day, had the curiosity to inquire what prisoner 
 was there, and to speak to him at the grate, and to 
 ask, if he could do him any service. Mr. Nelson 
 desired only to have a letter sent to England, to in- 
 form sir Purbeck Temple of his condition, which 
 was done, and soon after, a demand was made of 
 his release or exchange. He was then looked upon 
 as a person of some importance. He was sent to 
 the Bastile, and, just before the peace at Ryswick, 
 was allowed to go to England, upon his parole, and 
 security given by a French gentleman for his return. 
 The peace being concluded, he intending to return, 
 was forbad to do it by king William ; yet, to pre- 
 vent any trouble he went and surrendered himself. 
 Being discharged, he was brought into trouble up- 
 on his return to England, for going contrary to the
 
 334 N E W 
 
 king's order, but at length returned to his family af- 
 ter ten or eleven years absence." Hutchinson. 
 
 Newman Francis, esq. was secretary of the 
 colony of New Haven when the commissioners of 
 the united colonies agreed to make war upon the 
 Dutch, atManhadoes, A. D. 1653. In their records 
 we find, that agents were appointed, who were to ex- 
 amine the whole affair in a conference with s^ov. 
 Suiyvesant, and require satisfaction. These agents 
 were Francis Newman, one of the magistrates of 
 New Haven, capt. John Leverett, afterwards gover- 
 nour of Massachusetts, and Mr. William Davis. 
 The Dutch governour avoided the examination, 
 and the agents returned without obtaining satisfac- 
 tion. The commissioners of the united colonies 
 immediately decided for war ; several of the colo- 
 nies raised troops, but the general court of Massa- 
 chusetts put a stop to their proceedings ; nothing 
 could induce them to act offensively upon this oc- 
 casion. " In direct violation of the articles of the 
 confederation, they resolved, that no determination 
 of the commissioners, should they all agree, should 
 bind the general court to act in an offensive war, 
 which should appear to such general court to be un- 
 just." This declaration caused great disturbance 
 to the sister colonies; they expressed their grief and 
 resentment, and it almost effected a dissolution of 
 the union. Another evil was consequential upon 
 this. The towns bordering upon the Dutch settle- 
 ments determined they would carry on the war, and 
 there were insurrections in divers places. Mr. 
 Newman was elected by the magistrates of New 
 Haven, with Mr. Goodyear, the deputy governour, 
 to visit the towns, and compose their minds. 
 
 Mr. Newman was the next year chosen commis- 
 sioner of, the united colonies. At the election at 
 New Haven, 1658, he was chosen governour. Their 
 excellent chief magistrate, Mr. Eaton, died the year 
 before ; Mr. Goodyear, the deputy governour, died 
 also about the same time in London. Trumbull
 
 N E W 335 
 
 says, " he was a worthy man of a very respectable 
 family." We find his name often among the com- 
 missioners of the united colonies. 
 
 Mr. Newman continued in the chief seat of gov- 
 ernment until the year 1661. He died that year 
 greatly lamented. He was secretary for many years, 
 under the administration of gov. Eaton, and was -well 
 acquainted with the affairs of the colony. He is re- 
 presented, as " a gentleman of piety and unblemish- 
 ed morals, happily imitating his predecessor both 
 in publick and private life." Records of the united 
 colonies. Trumbull. 
 
 Newman Samuel, author of the Cambridge 
 concordance, was educated at the university of Ox- 
 ford, and was an able and laithful minister of the 
 gospel many years in his own country. In the year 
 1638, he came to New England, and spent some 
 time at Dorchester; then removed to Weymouth, 
 and resided there about 5 years. His next remove 
 was to a place bordering on Providence plantations, 
 "which he named Rehoboth, according to the quaint 
 style df that day, but which retains its name to the 
 present times. He lived nineteen years with his 
 people, was a very lively preacher, a hard student, 
 and a pastor well beloved by his flock. The man- 
 ner of his death was peculiar. He had a certain 
 premonition of it, and seemed to triumph in the 
 prospect of its being near. He was apparently in 
 perfect health, and preached a sermon upon these 
 words, Job xiv. 14, " all the days of my appointed 
 time will 1 wait till my change come." In the af- 
 ternoon of the following Lord's day, he asked the 
 deacon to pray with him saying, he had not long to 
 live. As soon as he had finished his prayer, he said 
 the time was come that he must leave this world. 
 But his friends seeing no immediate signs of disso. 
 lution, thought it was the influence of imagination. 
 But he turned round saying, angels do your office, 
 immediately expired. This may appear like other 
 marvellous circumstances related in the Magnalia,
 
 336 NOR 
 
 but it is handed down by persons not connected 
 with that author, and was as much confirmed as any 
 report depending upon tradition, and it is said that 
 accounts of the death of Mr. Newman were written 
 at the time, and sent to England, as well as propa- 
 gated through the towns of New England. He di- 
 ed, July 5, 1663, in the 63d year of his age. Mr. 
 Norton of Boston and Mr. Stone of Hartford died 
 the same year. 
 
 His concordance of the bible, was superiour to any 
 that ever had been published. It was a very elabo- 
 rate work ; but the edition, which was called the 
 Cambridge concordance, was much improved in 
 England, where it received this title. 
 
 Newton Thomas, attorney general of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, died in Boston, 1721, May 28. He 
 was educated in England, was much beloved in his 
 native countrv. and hi^hlv esteemed here for his 
 virtue, integrity and honour, while he was comp- 
 troller of the customs, which was his first appoint- 
 ment; and in his profession as counsellor of law. 
 " He was affable, courteous, circumspect, devout, 
 exemplary for family government, and all the duties 
 of humanity." 
 
 Norris Edward, teacher of the church in Sa- 
 lem, was ordained, March 18, 1640. After Mr. 
 Peters left the church he had the sole charge of it 
 for 18 years, and, by his prudence and moderation, 
 it grew and flourished : it was preserved in a state 
 of general tranquillity while other towns were agi- 
 tated by fanaticks, and the commonwealth swarm- 
 ed with sectaries. He was more liberal in his ideas 
 of toleration than most ministers in New England, 
 and was never active in any of the proceedings 
 against the Gortonists or Anabaptists. So little 
 did he interfere in the affairs of other churches, that 
 when the platform of church discipline was adopt- 
 ed in 1648,* he persevered in a platform of his own 
 church, and preserved not only the love of hispeo- 
 
 • Bentley.
 
 NOR 337 
 
 pie, but the respect of his neighbours unto his death, 
 which happened, April 10, 1659.* 
 
 In an account of eminent men by father Barnard, 
 of Marblehead, Mr. Norris's name appears with the 
 first class. He was celebrated as a political writer, 
 as well as a great divine. In 1642, a book was writ- 
 ten, by Mr. Saltonstall, one of the assistants, wherein 
 " the standing council was declared to be a sinful 
 innovation." A reply to it was made, by Mr. Dud- 
 ley. But we learn from gov. Winthrop, that anoth- 
 er answer was given by " Mr. N orris, a grave and 
 judicious elder, teacher of the church at Salem, 
 who, not suspecting the author, handled him some- 
 what sharply according to the merit of the matter." 
 
 In 1653, Mr. N orris again appeared as a writer 
 on the politicks of the day. The other colonies 
 were disposed to declare war against the Dutch set- 
 tlements. The commissioners of the united colo- 
 nies, with the exception of Simon Bradstreet, had 
 agreed upon this measure as absolutely necessary. 
 The general court of Massachusetts would not con- 
 sent to the decree of the commissioners, but Mr. 
 Norris wrote in favour of them. He represented 
 such a war as just and proper : " that the spending 
 so much time in parlies and treaties, after all the in- 
 juries they had received, and while the enemy was 
 insulting them, would make them appear contemp- 
 tible to the Indians ; that it was dishonouring God, 
 in whom they professed to trust, and bringing a 
 scandal upon themselves. He insisted that they 
 ought not to leave their brethren at New Haven to 
 bear all the evils which the enemies of New England 
 were disposed, and ready to bring upon them : and 
 that if they did not engage in this business, they de- 
 served the curse which the angel of the lord utter- 
 
 * Another tiling has been mentioned concerning the Salem 
 people, which implies a peculiar setness in their own way. When 
 all the churches in Massachusetts Bay used the New England 
 psalms, they continued to use Ainsworth. These were sung in. 
 this town till the year 1675, so afraid were they of the spirit of 
 innovation, or else fond of singularity in their mode of worship 
 ' y q
 
 338 NOR 
 
 ed against Mcroz. This, he said, he presented in the 
 name of many pensive hearts." 
 
 Mr. Norris left a son, who was preceptor of the 
 grammar school in Salem from 1640 to 1684. He 
 died this year, aged 70 years. 
 
 Norton John, was born May 6, 1606, at Star- 
 ford in Hertfordshire. At 14 years of age he en- 
 tered Peter house, Cambridge, but was obliged to 
 leave the university, after he. had taken his first de- 
 gree, on account of some domestick misfortunes, 
 whereby his father's estate suffered. He obtained 
 a curacy of the church in his native town, and was 
 at the same time teacher of the school. His talents 
 were such as would enable him to make a figure in 
 any situation. He might have obtained preferment 
 in the episcopal church, and he was solicited to ac- 
 cept a fellowship in the university ; but his dislike 
 of the ceremonies prevented him from accepting a 
 considerable benefice. He also had an antipathy to 
 Arminianism, which was the prevailing sentiment 
 of the ministers of the church of England. In the 
 year 1634, he was coming to America in the same 
 ship with Mr. Thomas Shepherd, but a storm drove 
 them back again, and he did not accomplish his 
 purpose till the next year. It is said, in Winthrop's 
 journal, that he arrived at Plymouth, October 10, 
 1635, the vessel being driven into that harbour by 
 contrary winds, but it appears from other accounts 
 that Mr. Winslow, the agent for New Plymouth at 
 the court of Great Britain, had made overtures to 
 him to take the charge of that ancient church. He 
 passed the winter with them, and they were so fond 
 of his preaching, that they set aside Mr. Ralph 
 Smith, their pastor, a man of less gifts, and pressed 
 Mr. Norton's continuance; yet he left them, and 
 came to Massachusetts. He was immediately in- 
 vited to settle with the church at Ipswich, where 
 he continued till the death of Mr. Cotton. The old 
 church in Boston, had a very high opinion of his ac- 
 complishments. When the synod met at Cam-
 
 NOR 339 
 
 bridge, 1647, the Boston chorch would send no 
 messengers till they heard Mr. N. preach a lecture 
 upon the nature of councils, the power of the civil 
 magistrate to call such councils, and the duty of the 
 churches in regarding their advice ; they then chose 
 3 delegates to accompany their elders, who had tak- 
 en their seats at the synod. Upon the death of Mr. 
 Cotton their eyes were turned to him, therefore, as 
 the most proper person to supply the place of that 
 great man. Our ecclesiastical annals, compiled by 
 Cotton Mather, relate the difficulties in obtaining 
 him, and mention also Mr. Cotton's dream, that " he 
 saw Mr. Norton coming into Boston upon a white 
 horse, which actually took place afterwards ;" but 
 it may suffice for this account to say, that Mr. Nor- 
 ton left Ipswich by the advice of council, and that 
 having accepted the invitation of the Boston people, 
 it pleased the great head of the church to add lustre 
 to his character, and give success to his ministry. 
 Had he confined himself to his spiritual concerns, 
 his sun would have set without a cloud ; but he 
 meddled with the affairs of government, and mingled 
 the character of the politician with the divine, 
 which gave a sudden blaze to his reputation, but 
 thick darkness succeeded. Cotton Mather says, "that 
 New England, being a country whose interests were 
 remarkably enwrapped in ecclesiastical circumstan- 
 ces, ministers ought to concern themselves in poli- 
 ticks ;" and he was a lively example of his own ad- 
 vice. He says, likewise, that had Mr. Norton done 
 nothing more than to prevent hostilities between the 
 English people and the Dutch, at Manhadoes, it had 
 been worth his coming into the station he held in 
 Boston. N orris of Salem, as good a man, was of a 
 different opinion ; and Dr. Trumbull, a modern his- 
 torian of excellent parts and character, has repre- 
 sented the conduct of Massachusetts in not assist- 
 ing the other colonies at the time, as most base and 
 treacherous. Mr. Norton rendered himself so pop- 
 ular bv his interference in this business, that the 

 
 340 NOR 
 
 general court afterwards chose him joint agent with 
 Simon Brad street to present the address to his ma- 
 jesty, Charles II. It was a most delicate and diffi- 
 cult business to transact. It required so much art 
 and dissimulation, that a minister of the gospel ought 
 not to have been concerned in it. Cromwell was 
 the friend of New England. Our clergy had justi- 
 fied every circumstance of the usurpation, andpub- 
 lickly announced the piety, as well as justice of the 
 court, which had brought their monarch to the scaf- 
 fold. Men who had grown grey in practising po- 
 litical devises would have been puzzled to make an 
 address to his son and successor, and conceal their 
 own hypocrisy. The conduct of our agents, the 
 unkind treatment they received from those in whom 
 they trusted, especially the resentment of the fierce 
 republican spirit of this new world, which may be 
 compared to Hercules in his cradle, have been re- 
 lated in the histories of Massachusetts. Mr. Hutch- 
 inson gives the most particular account. They all 
 agree that Mr. Norton's death was the consequence. 
 This, however, is always said of a man, who dies 
 suddenly, after meeting with trouble. But often the 
 cause is taken for the effect. A man has bodily 
 complaints from the melancholy disposition of his 
 mind, but it more frequently is the case, that a man 
 becomes melancholy and wretched from diseases of 
 the body. Mr. N. was of a sickly constitution, and 
 died of an apoplexy. It was imputed to chagrin 
 and grief on account of the treatment he received. 
 The other agent lived to be 95 years old. He was 
 more unpopular, for the blame was imputed mostly 
 to him. He was, however, always conversant with 
 state affairs, and could calculate upon the fickleness 
 of the people, and the vexation of office. We have 
 onry then to learn this lesson, that every man should 
 mind his own business. He died, April 5, 1663. 
 He was preparing the afternoon exercises when he 
 was taken out of the world. Many, who had enjoy- 
 ed the benefit of his labours, bewailed his departure.
 
 NOR 341 
 
 Their honest hearts were wounded, and they moist- 
 ened his grave with their tears. 
 
 Mr. Norton was distinguished as a writer as much 
 as he excelled in preaching. When a youth he was 
 one of the finest scholars at the university. While 
 he cultivated his master's vineyard, he studied eve- 
 ry branch of divinity. In his retired situation, 
 when he was teacher of the church of Ipswich, he 
 was unanimously chosen to answer the questions 
 concerning church government, which Apollonius, 
 by request of the divines of Zealand, had sent over 
 to the divines of New England. This was written 
 in pure elegant latin, A. D. 1645. To judge of 
 its merit we may quote the words of Mr. Fuller in 
 his church history ; "of all the authors I have pe- 
 rused concerning those opinions, none to me was 
 more informative than John Norton, one of no less 
 learning than modesty, in his answer to Apollonius, 
 pastor of the church in Middleburgh." Mr. Nor- 
 ton also advised, modelled, and recommended the 
 Cambridge platform, 1647. 
 
 Another book he wrote bv desire of the sreneral 
 court in answer to one entitled, " the meritorious 
 price of man's redemption." He was likewise the 
 author of a famous work, *' the orthodox evangel- 
 ist," highly rccoinmended by Mr. Cotton. 
 
 After he came to Boston he wrote the life of his 
 predecessor Mr. Cotton, which was reprinted in 
 England. He also wrote, at the desire of the gene- 
 ral court, " a tract, on the doctrines of the Qua- 
 kers." 
 
 He preached the election sermon in 1661, Jcr. 
 xxx. 17, this was published after his death, with 
 two other sermons, one on John xiv. 3, the last ser- 
 mon he ever preached. The other was a sermon he 
 preached at Thursday lecture. 
 
 To these sermons was annexed, a translation of 
 the famous letter he wrote in latin to Mr. Dury,* 
 
 * John Dury makes tome figure in the early annals of Massa- 
 chusetts on account of the famous letter, written to the divines of
 
 342 NOW 
 
 who began about the year 1635 to labour in a work 
 which none were ever able to accomplish, viz. the 
 pacification of all the reformed churches. Mr. Nor- 
 ton's letter was signed by more than 40 ministers 
 of New England. 
 
 Novvel Increase was appointed a magistrate of 
 the province of Massachusstts Bay, in the year 
 1629 ; and came over with gov. Winthrop in the 
 Arabella. 
 
 He was nephew to Alexander Nowel, dean of St. 
 
 New England. This makes part of a large plan he had in view 
 of reconciling the different sects of protestants. The same thing 
 had been attempted by the early reformers of Germany. But 
 those who adhered to the Ausburgh confession and the Caivinists 
 could never agree. When men of liberal minds endeavoured to 
 form a union, the spirit of bigotry operated upon some, who 
 would throw firebrands in the way ; and the fire being kindled 
 they separated in anger, and wrote with zeal. Sometimes the 
 princes of Europe discovered their schemes of policy; and the vir- 
 tue of priests yielded to the pride of opinion. It is said, that Du- 
 ry shewed more activity and perseverance in the work of charity, 
 than any man of that, or the preceding age. Amidst many vexa- 
 tions, and opposition that required the most intrepid and invinci- 
 ble patience, he wrote, exhorted, prayed and disputed. He em- 
 ployed all the means which human wisdom could suggest to put 
 an end to the dissentions and animosities, which were excited 
 among christians of different denominations. He travelled in all 
 the countries of Europe, and endeavoured to accommodate him- 
 self to the prejudices of the several parties. He addressed mag- 
 istrates and ministers, sovereigns and princes; painted in lively 
 colours the advantages, the utility, and importance of the scheme 
 he had formed, hoping to interest the wise and good in his cause ; 
 but his hopes and expectations were all frustrated. 
 
 Though many commended his design, and admired his can- 
 dour, he found few disposed to assist him. And he was often de- 
 ceived by those, who soothed him with their smiles, without any 
 view of aiding him by their credit and their counsels. 
 
 He had enemies, who ascribed wrong motives to his zeal, and 
 the Lutherans returned invectives often lo Ids kind advice. He 
 was at last beat from his labours and oppressed with injurious 
 treatment, and was obliged to acknowledge, that he had undertak- 
 en what was impracticable. He ended his days in repose and re- 
 tirement at Cussel. 
 
 He was a native of Scotland. 
 
 The letter of the ministers of New England was penned by Mr. 
 Norton. It contains high commendations, without any pledge or 
 promises cf their aid in the coalition .
 
 N O W 343 
 
 Paul*s, in queen Elizabeth's reign, or else the dean 
 was his m-eat uncle. This we learn from Mr. 
 Hutchinson, Who says, that he was a worthy, pious 
 man. When our fathers planted their church in 
 Charlestown, they chose him ruling elder. He 
 acted in this capacity, until a difference of opinion 
 arose among the people, and a question was agitat- 
 ed, " whether an officer of the church could act as a 
 civil magistrate? 1 ' It was decided that the offices 
 were inconsistent. He resigned the eldership, 
 therefore, and was a very active and useful person 
 in the civil affairs of the province. For many years 
 he was employed in publick life, and succeeded 
 Mr. Bradstreet, as secretary of the colony. For 
 many years he was assistant. His name with Endi- 
 cott, Dudley, and other magistrates, appears in an 
 association, 1649, against wearing the hair long, a» 
 a thing which tended to corrupt good maimers. 
 He also joined, with several other counsellors, in 
 calling a special meeting of the commissioners of 
 the united colonies, April, 1653, when the country 
 was so much alarmed by the machinations of the 
 Dutch with the Indians. He was one of the mag- 
 istrates who put the question to Ninnegret,Pessicus 
 and Mixam, sachems of the Narragansetts. The 
 result of this meeting has been considered in anoth- 
 er place.* 
 
 Nowel Samuel, supposed to be the son of se- 
 cretary Nowel, was employed in several publick of- 
 fices. He was one of the assistants in 1681; of 
 the high republican party, who adhered to the old 
 
 • The names of our magistrates for the year 1629 were, John 
 Winthrop, governour, Thomas Dudley, deputy governour, Mat- 
 thew Cradock, Thomas Goff, sir Richard SaltpnstaN, Isaac John- 
 son, Samuel Aldersley, John Venn, John Humphrey, Simon 
 Whercomb, Increase Nowel, Richard Percy, Nathaniel Wright, 
 Samuel Vassal, Theophilus Eaton, Thomas Adams, Thomas 
 Mutchins, George Foxcroft, William Pinchon, John Pocock, 
 Christopher Corolson, V\ illiam Coddington, Simon Bradstn e • 
 Thomas Sharp ; 1730, were added, Roger Ludlow, Edward Ros- 
 siter, John Endicot ; 1632, John Winthrop, jun.
 
 344 N O Y 
 
 charter ; and one of the magistrates against whom 
 Randolph exhibited to the lords of the council arti- 
 cles of high misdemeanour.* When Mr. agent 
 Mather was in England, two of the assistants join- 
 ed with him in an address to the king, Samuel Now T - 
 el and Elisha Hutchinson, but they did not succeed 
 in their object. The name of Mr. Nowel is not 
 among the counsellors under the new charter of Wil- 
 liam and Mary. 
 
 Noyes James, teacher of the first church in 
 Newbury, was born, 1608, at a town in Wiltshire. 
 He came to New England, in 1634. He had an in- 
 vitation to settle at Watertown, but preferred to set- 
 tle with his friend, Mr. Parker, at Newbury. These 
 men taught in one school at Newbury in England. 
 They came to America in the same ship, were pas- 
 tor and teacher of the same church, and lived to- 
 gether in one house till death divided them. They 
 agreed together about the doctrine and discipline of 
 the churches more than with the inhabitants of the 
 country in general. In a memoir of Mr. Noyes, 
 written by his nephew, one of the ministers of Sa- 
 lem, it is said that, at the desire of Mr. Wilson and 
 others, he preached upon a particular occasion 
 against the Antimonian principles then prevailing, 
 which he did with good success, and to the satisfac- 
 tion of those, who invited him. Mr. Wilson dearly 
 loved him. There must indeed have been some- 
 thing very sweet and amiable in the disposition of 
 the man, for he was much loved and honoured in 
 Newbury ; he had his friends in every part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and met with no disturbance from the 
 bigotry of the people in any part of the government, 
 though he spoke and wrote against the prevailing 
 sentiments of the magistrates and ministers. He 
 was no more a republican in politicks than in church 
 
 * This faction of the general court, as he calls them, were 
 Danforth, Gookin, Saltonstall, Nowel, Richards, Davy, Gedney 
 and Appleton, magistrates ; and Fisher, Cooke, Brattle, Stod- 
 dard, Bathurst, Wait, Hathorne, Johnson, Hutchinson, Sprague? 
 Oakes, Holbroke, Gushing, Hammond and Pike, deputies.
 
 OAK 345 
 
 discipline. He bitterly lamented the death of 
 Charles I. Both Mr. Parker and he had high expec- 
 tations of good times if Charles II. should ascend 
 the throne. He did not live to have his expecta- 
 tions frustrated ; but his colleague lived to see 
 that his restoration brought unhappy times to New 
 Emgland. He might say, perhaps, the evil arose 
 not from the kingly government, but having such a 
 king as Charles to reign over them. In church go- 
 vernment Mr. Npyes had peculiar sentiments, that 
 were neither presbyterian or congregational ; the 
 •' brethren could act in certain matters, and join in 
 church censures, but the pastor might take the 
 power from their hands." He no way approved of 
 a governing vote in the fraternity, being afraid 
 equally of schism, and of ceremonies. He was in 
 opinion for episcopus, praeses ; but not episcopus 
 princeps. He died in the 48th year of his ministry ? 
 October 22, 1656.* 
 
 OakesUrian was the son of a plain man" who 
 dwelt in tents," to use the language of Dr. Mather, 
 but " deserving of everlasting remembrance." He 
 tells us likewise that, when Mr. O. was a child, he was 
 in danger of being drowned, and ' ' that his life was sav- 
 ed by a kind of miracle, that he might be the Moses 
 of his people." He came to New England with his 
 parents about the year 1634, and was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1649. He excelled as a scholar ; 
 but his mind was bent especially to theological stu- 
 dies. His first sermon he preached at Koxbury, 
 and soon after returned to his native country. He 
 was settled at Titchfield, till the Bartholomew act 
 in 1662, which deprived so many worthy men of 
 
 * His works are, u a catechism for children,'' which continued in 
 use many years. " The temple measured ;" this is the book al- 
 luded to by Mr. Baxter when he said he was a lover of the New 
 England churches according to the New England model, as Mr. 
 Noyes had explained it. A copy of this rare bock is in the libra- 
 ry of the historical society. He also wrote ^ work entitled, 
 " Moses and Aaron," which was afterwards printed in England; 
 and dedicated to Charles II. 
 
 W W
 
 Si6 OAK 
 
 their livings. Mr. Oakes at this time was noticed 
 by a gentleman in whose family he had once been 
 chaplain, and received competent provision for his 
 maintenance ; but having received an invitation from 
 the church at Cambridge, he left the old country in 
 1671, and succeeded Mr. Mitchel in his pastoral 
 church. To come after such a man, who was a star 
 of the first magnitude in this American hemisphere, 
 it was necessary to give diligence to his studies, and 
 all the duties of his office.* If the powers of his 
 mind were not equal to his predecessor's, they were 
 superiour to most other men. He was an excel- 
 lent preacher, and was esteemed as highly for his 
 knowledge as for his pulpit talents. He was the 
 man to whom the government of the college turned 
 their attention to fill the chair, when president Hoar 
 resigned his office. He would not accept it without 
 he could combine his pastoral duties with the du- 
 ties of his station in the college. He was allowed 
 to hold both offices, and was able to give universal 
 satisfaction. His days, however, were short, ex- 
 cept they be measured with his usefulness. He di- 
 ed suddenly, July 25, 1681, in the 50th year of his 
 age, and 10th of his ministry. 
 
 • Mr. Mitchel, pastor of the church at Cambridge,was highly 
 celebrated for his learning, but more for the native vigour of his 
 ynind. Dr. Mather calls him, the " matchless Mitchel." He died 
 young, hence the greater eclat to his reputation. He ought to 
 have been the subject of a particular article in this biographical 
 work, but the notices which were prepared were mislaid. There 
 is the less need to make an apology, as the publick have been 
 gratified by a very excellent memoir from Dr. Holmes, in his 
 history of Cambridge. (Historical collections, vol. vii)— Mr. M. 
 died in 1 668, in the 43d year of his age. His writings were few. 
 He printed the election sermon, 1667 ; a discourse upon " the 
 glory of believers," first printed at London. Several editions of 
 it have been printed in America. Mr. Mitchel also wrote in de- 
 fence of the Synod, 1662, in opposition to Increase Mather, who 
 surrendered himself " a captive to his victorious arguments," 
 says Dr Cotton Mather. The same author tells us what the 
 great Mr. Baxter snid : «• That if there could be convened an 
 oecumenical council of the whole christian world, Mr. Mitchel 
 would be worthy to be the moderator of it."
 
 O L I 347 
 
 His publications are, a set of astronomical calcu- 
 lations with this motto, 
 
 " Parvum parva decent, sed inest sua gratia parvis." 
 
 an elegy on Mr. Shephard of Charlestown ; the 
 artillery election sermon, 1672 ; the election ser- 
 mon, 1673. These were all printed by Mr. Sam- 
 uel Green, Cambridge. 
 
 Oliver Daniel was the son of capt. Peter Oli- 
 ver, a gentleman of property and reputation, and 
 one of the principal founders of the old south church 
 in Boston, in May, 1669. Capt. Oliver had 3 sons ; 
 Nathaniel, a merchant, and James, a celebrated phy- 
 sician, at Cambridge, who died young, and Daniel, 
 the subject of the present article. This gentleman 
 was one of the first merchants of the place ; and 
 was employed in many publick offices, all of which 
 he discharged with fidelity, and to universal accept- 
 ance. He was one of the selectmen, overseer of the 
 poor, a justice of the peace, representative, and one 
 of his majesty's council. He died suddenly in the 
 month of July, 1732, in the 69th year of his age. 
 " In his will, among other legacies, he bestowed a 
 large house, called the spinning school, for which 
 use he first designed it, and which cost him 600 
 pounds, for the benefit of poor children, that may 
 learn to read the scriptures."* 
 
 Mr. Oliver married the second daughter of the 
 
 * Mr. Prince preached upon the debth of Mr. Daniel Oliver, 
 senior, Mr. Oliver, jun. and Mrs. Elizabeth Oliver, sister of gov. 
 Belcher, who was then in the chair. She died in 1735. These 
 sermons were printed, and are three very excellent discourses. 
 
 Mr. Mather Byles also published a poem after the death of 
 Mr. O. in 1732. It was inscribed to gov. Belcher, the brother in 
 law, at whose desire it was written. Mr. Byles the minister of the 
 church in Hollis street, Boston, printed a little volume of poems. 
 He corresponded with Pope, who sent him a copy of his works. 
 He also printed a number of sermons, and received a diploma of 
 D. D. from Aberdeen. He was a florid preacher, with a very fine 
 voice. Notices of him were prepared for this work, but with 
 many other lives were suppressed, lest the volume should be of 
 too large a size. Whoever wishes to see a particular account of 
 him is referred to a memoir handsomely written in the 4th volume 
 of the Polyanthos, a periodical paper, lately printed in Boston.
 
 84S O L I 
 
 honourable Andrew Belcher, esq. by whom he had 
 several children, all of whom were graduated at 
 Harvard College, and made a considerable figure in 
 the world. 
 
 Oliver Daniel, the eldest son of the honour- 
 able Daniel Oliver, cdmmenced bachelor of arts in 
 1722, and proceeded master in 1725. He applied 
 himself to merchandize, for which he had an ex- 
 cellent genius and ability. He went to London in 
 1726, travelled over a great part of Europe, was 
 preparing to come home, but was taken sick of the 
 small pox, at London, and died July 5th, 1727, in 
 the 24th year of his age. He was buried under the 
 church, in Fenchurch street. 
 
 " His short life," says Mr. Prince, il was a worthy 
 example of a wise and virtuous conduct, to the youth 
 of his native country, both at home and abroad ; 
 and his premature death an affecting instance of the 
 uncertainty of their earthly prospects and expecta- 
 tions." 
 
 Oliver An DREW,lieut.goverrtour of Massachu- 
 setts, the second son of the hon. Daniel Oliver, was 
 graduated 1724, and was distinguished more for his 
 solid learning, and sobriety of conduct, than bril- 
 liant parts. He was highly respectable in his cha- 
 racter for his piety, integrity and knowledge of the 
 affairs of the province, until the latter years of his 
 civil and political life, when he was held up to pub- 
 lic view, as one destitute of patriotick virtues, and 
 inimical to the true interests of his country. The 
 early part of his life was devoted to business, for 
 which he was not so well qualified as many, who 
 make no figure upon the publick theatre. He ra- 
 ther diminished than increased his patrimony by any 
 successful speculations. He was very soon em- 
 ployed in publick stations ; was representative 
 for Boston at the general court, and one of 
 
 The present Feneration recollect Df. Bylcs more as a man given 
 to punning, than any other kind of wit. His works, some of 
 'which are valuable, are seldom met with. .
 
 O L I 349 
 
 his majesty's council. Upon the death of the 
 venerable secretary Willard, he was appointed 
 secretary of the province, and held the office till 
 1771 ; then he succeeded Mr. Hutchinson in the 
 place of lieut. governoun When the stamp act 
 passed the British parliament, he was made distrib- 
 uter, which would have been a lucrative office, and 
 which he reluctantly resigned, being compelled to 
 do it by the loud voice of the multitude. The ri- 
 ots this act occasioned have been frequently al- 
 luded to. Mr. Oliver's house was among those 
 which were injured, for which the general court 
 made him sufficient compensation. 
 
 His political principles, and propensity to ac- 
 quire wealth and power, stimulated him to act a sim- 
 ilar part in publick life with Mr. Hutchinson, to 
 whom he was nearly related. It was supposed that 
 he was influenced by that gentleman ; but his own 
 views led to the same object, and his own letters 
 betrayed the spirit by which he had been actuated 
 for some years. In the same petition, therefore, 
 which the general court presented to his majesty 
 for the removal of gov. H. they begged that Mr. 
 Oliver might also be removed from the place of 
 lieut. governour. He was then in very ill health, 
 and soon after descended to the srrave with all his 
 imperfections upon his head. He died, March 3d, 
 1774, during the session of the general court, who 
 voted to attend his funeral, but all left the proces- 
 sion, on account of some improper management, 
 which implied a want of respect to the legislature of 
 the province. 
 
 Had the politicks of the lieut. governour been 
 different, his character would have been very re- 
 spectable. The family had been greatly beloved, 
 and his abilities were connected with indefatigable 
 industry. He was a friend to the college, and to the 
 interests of religion. He wrote well upon theolog- 
 ical and political subjects. Some of them were 
 adapted to the times, and are scattered, with other
 
 350 O L I 
 
 ephemeral productions ; but some remain, and dis- 
 cover a cultivated mind, and considerable acquain- 
 tance with the subject. 
 
 Mr. O. left a number of sons, to whom he gave a 
 liberal education. The eldest, 
 
 Oliter Andrew, esq. of Salem, was graduat- 
 ed at Cambridge, 1749, was judge of the court of 
 common pleas for the county of Essex before the 
 revolution ; one of the original members of the 
 American academy of arts and sciences ; also a 
 member of the philosophical society of Philadel- 
 phia. He possessed fine talents, and was reckoned 
 among our best scholars. He never was fond of 
 publick life, but loved his friend and his books, and 
 was much beloved by all that knew him. ■ Several 
 valuable communications of his are in the first vol- 
 ume of the transactions of the American academy. 
 He was also the author of a work much celebrated 
 entitled, an M essay on comets," printed in the year 
 1772. He died in 1799, aged 68. 
 
 Oliver Peter, chief justice of Massachusetts, 
 the younger son of the hon. Daniel Oliver, was grad- 
 uated at Harvard College, 1730. He lived on a 
 family estate in the town of Middleborough, and 
 for many years was highly respected for his talents, 
 his virtues, and his knowledge of the affairs of the 
 commonwealth. He had the true spirit of an old 
 colony man. Every relick, or document, which 
 related to the settlement of the country, or was cu- 
 rious, had a value stamped upon it. He collected 
 many papers and records, and even transcribed all 
 William Hubbard's ms. history with his own hand. 
 All these, except such as Hutchinson made use off, 
 were carried away with him when he went to Eng- 
 land. He filled several offices in the county of 
 Plymouth, which he executed with ability and 
 faithfulness, and when he was raised to the supreme 
 bench, it was a very popular appointment, though 
 he had not that knowledge of the law, which others 
 had, who were of the profession, and looked up to
 
 OLI 351 
 
 the place. He expected to have succeeded Mr. 
 Hutchinson, as chief justice. But he did not obtain 
 the station at that time. Judge Lynde was appoint- 
 ed, who resigned as soon as an alteration was made 
 in the method of the judges receiving their salaries. 
 Mr. Oliver was then made chief justice, with a sal- 
 ary of 400/. sterling, which was to be fixed, and paid 
 without any dependence upon the legislature of the 
 province. This rendered him completely odious. 
 And for this he was impeached by the house of 
 representatives. His prejudices were strong against 
 the country during the war. He went away with 
 the other loyalists, when the British troops abandon- 
 ed the town, and lived in England some years up- 
 on his salary, or the pension he received from the 
 crown. A diploma of L L. D. from the university 
 of Oxford, was presented to him. In his own coun- 
 try, he was not distinguished with this literary hon- 
 our. He was, however, a handsome writer in poe- 
 try and prose. Several specimens of his talents are 
 preserved. He wrote many political pieces in the 
 publick papers, especially in the Censor, a paper 
 which the tories patronized, and which was devoted 
 altogether to the party. Several of the best politi- 
 cal speculations in that paper were written by judge 
 Oliver, and his brother the lieut. governour. 
 
 Oliver Thomas, was the last lieut. governour, 
 under the crown. He was of a different family from 
 the gentlemen above mentioned. He was in no 
 publick office till the charter of Massachusetts was 
 changed, and his name was then at the head of the 
 mandamus council, with a commission, as lieut. 
 governour of the province. It was a matter of so 
 much surprise, that itwasthe current conversation, 
 that the name of Thomas Oliver had been accident- 
 ally inserted for Peter, the chief justice. But it 
 appeared afterwards, this very gentleman was ap- 
 pointed, by the particular advice of Mr. Hutchin- 
 son. With what views time perhapswillnot discover. 
 On other occasions he had preferred his own rela-
 
 352 O S K 
 
 tions. Politicians always have some design, and 
 never act from disinterested motives. Doubtless 
 the debt of gratitude was to be paid. Mr. Oliver 
 would have rejoiced to exchange his publick hon- 
 ours for his private station. He was a man of let- 
 ters and possessed much good nature and good 
 breeding; was affable, courteous, a complete gentle- 
 man in his manners, and the delight of his acquaint- 
 ance. He was graduated at Harvard College, 1753. 
 He built an elegant mansion house in Cambridge, 
 and enjoyed a plentiful fortune. When he left 
 America, it was with extreme regret. He lived in 
 the shades of retirement while he was in Europe, 
 and very lately his death was announced in the 
 publick papers. 
 
 Osborn John, physician, was born, 1713, in 
 Sandwich, Barnstable county, and was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1735. 
 
 The first entrance of a young student on the 
 world, whose future prospects depend upon his pro- 
 fession, and that profession on his own choice, is 
 frequently marked by indecision and inactivity. 
 This was the case with Osborn. After leaving col- 
 lege, he repaired to his father's house at Eastham, 
 and spent some time in a state of irresolution. To 
 while away this awkward interval, and to gratify the 
 wishes of his father, he paid some attention to divin- 
 ity. At an association of the neighbouring clergy 
 in Chatham, he delivered a sermon of his own com- 
 position. The ingenuity of this discourse, though 
 hot perfectly orthodox, commanded the approbation 
 of his reverend hearers. 
 
 After this exhibition we hear no more of him in 
 the desk ; but being duly qualified, he afterwards 
 became a physician, and removed to Middletown, 
 Connecticut. He married about this time ; and in 
 1753 wrote to a sister, then living at Plymouth, the 
 following account of himself and family. 
 
 " We are all in usual plight, except myself. I 
 jam confined chiefly to the house ; am weak, lame,
 
 O T I 353 
 
 and uneasy ; and never expect to be hearty and 
 strong again. I have lingered along almost two 
 years a life not worth haying, and how much long- 
 er it will last, I cannot tell. We have six children ; 
 the eldest fourteen years old last November ; the 
 youngest two years last January ; the eldest a daugh- 
 ter, the next a son, and so on to the end of the 
 chapter." 
 
 The illness he mentions was the effect pf a fever 
 from which he never recovered. The life, which he 
 thought not worth having, lasted but a short time 
 after he wrote the above mentioned letter. He died 
 at the age of 40. 
 
 He certainly possessed a fine poetick genius, which 
 appears from his whaling song, which has been 
 highly celebrated, and which no whaleman ever 
 sings or speaks of but with rapture. He also wrote 
 a very beautiful elegiack epistle addressed to one 
 sister on the death of another.* 
 
 Otis John, one of the council for Massachusetts, 
 was born at Hingham, A. D. 1657. His parents 
 were very respectable among the early settlers of 
 that town. He removed to the town of Barnstable 
 when he was a young man, and was an ornament to 
 that part of the country. He very soon trod the 
 path to honour, and was employed in a variety of 
 trusts, which he discharged with fidelity and skill. 
 For 20 years he was representative of Barnstable to 
 the general court. In 1 706 he was chosen one of his 
 majesty's council, and sat at that honourable board 
 21 years, till death gave him a discharge from every 
 labour, and laid his earthly honours in the dust. 
 
 Above 18 years he was at the head of the militia 
 in the county of Barnstable ; chief judge of the court 
 of common pleas 13 years ; and judge of the pro- 
 bate of wills. Such was his sagacity and prudence, 
 that he often composed differences both in church 
 
 * These poem9 were printed in the Boston Mirror, January, of 
 the present year. The biographical sketch, written by a literary 
 Miend, appears in this Dictionary with his consent, 
 
 X X
 
 354 O T I 
 
 and state. He had fine talents for conversation-. 
 His pleasantness and affability made him agreeable ; 
 his wit and humour often enlivened the company, 
 which was improved by his wisdom. A gentleman 
 who converses with people of various classes ought 
 to make the best use of rustick simplicity ; he must 
 bear with the ignorance of some, and check the 
 pride and ill manners of others ; for such as speak 
 their minds with vulgar freedom, often affect to be 
 something beyond their neighbours. Col. Otis had 
 this requisite knowledge of mankind, and preserved 
 his popularity at the same time " he was known in 
 the gates" for his uprightness. He was strict and 
 exemplary in attending upon religious duties, and 
 was as remarkable for his humility and modest 
 worth among christians, as for his intellectual pow- 
 ers and active services among his fellow men. He 
 died, Nov. 30th, 1727, aged 70. the age of man, 
 but very old, if he lives " the longest, who lives the 
 most usefully." 
 
 Otis John, son of the gentleman before men- 
 tioned, was representative for the town of Barnsta- 
 ble a number of years. He was chosen a counsel- 
 lor in the year 1747, and every year successively* 
 till 1756, the year of his death. 
 
 Otis James, was also an honourable man in his 
 generation. He had a superiour genius, and great 
 accomplishments, acquired by the strength and ap- 
 plication of his natural powers. Having turned his 
 attention to the study of law, he became the most 
 eminent pleader in the county of Barnstable. His 
 reputation was so high in his profession, that he was 
 a candidate for the office of judge in the superiour 
 court. When judge Sewall died, in 1?70, it was 
 supposed one of the judges would take his place as 
 chief justice, and Mr. Otis be advanced to the 
 bench. Mr. Hutchinson, however, obtained the 
 place of chief justice. This caused great surprise, 
 frustrated expectations, and provoked resentment. 
 It kindled party spirit and spread the flames over
 
 OTI 355 
 
 the province. Many persons became inimical to 
 the lieut. governour, who perhaps would have stood 
 his friends in those troublesome times when his pa- 
 triotism was tired. Mr. O. had great influence in 
 the general court, and had lately been chosen one 
 his majesty 7 s council ; he was also colonel of the mi- 
 litia, which in those days was not only held in great 
 honour, but gave a man as much influence as re- 
 spect. There was, however, something like a coali- 
 tion of parties, in 1763. Col. Otis was appointed 
 justice of the court of common pleas, and judge of 
 probate for the county of Barnstable. The contro- 
 versy with the parent country soon succeeded the 
 peace, which had been established among the na- 
 tions of Europe. In 1764, the British parliament 
 passed an act for raising a revenue in the colonies. 
 This roused the spirit of New England, and all the 
 brilliant abilities of the. Otis familv were exerted on 
 
 it 
 
 the side of opposition. The younger Mr. O. was 
 in the house of representatives. He blazed in the 
 cause of liberty, like the genius of the times, and 
 powerfully counteracted the schemes of the ministry. 
 In 1766, gov. Bernard negatived several counsel- 
 lors, because the lieut. governour, secretary, and at- 
 torney general were not chosen, who had been hon- 
 oured with a seat at that board during sundry years. 
 Mr. Otis was one of five leading whig characters, 
 who had this mark of royal displeasure. The town 
 of Barnstable again chose him representative. He 
 was elected into the counsel every succeeding year, 
 and was negatived while Bernard continued in the 
 administration of government. When he left the 
 province, Mr. Hutchinson approbated the choice, 
 and he was at the board during the first years of the 
 revolutionary war. He died in the month of No- 
 vember, 1778, having lived long enough to see his 
 country glorious in her struggles for freedom, with 
 a prospect full in view, that her mighty efforts to se- 
 cure independence, would be crowned with suc- 
 cess.
 
 356 O T I 
 
 Otis James, of Boston, son of col. Otis of Barn- 
 stable, was born in that town, and received every 
 advantage of education it was in his father's power 
 to bestow. The old gentleman was a friend to 
 learning, and learned men, and often lamented his 
 want of academical improvement. The son enter- 
 ed Harvard College, in 1739, and received his de- 
 grees at the usual time. After he left college, his 
 object was the study bf law ; but previously to 
 entering his name in any office, he spent several 
 years in furnishing his mind with various kinds of 
 knowledge, and cultivating a classical taste. He 
 then studied law with Mr. Gridley, and soon appear- 
 ed with distinguished lustre in his profession. No 
 one at the bar was supposed to possess more exten- 
 sive information. He first began the practice of the 
 law at Plymouth ; but he soon came to Boston, 
 where he had a better opportunity to display his 
 talents, and increase his business. He was con- 
 stantly employed ; and obtained such celebrity, that 
 application was made to him in the most important 
 causes from other counties in Massachusetts, from 
 neighbouring colonies, and even from Nova Sco- 
 tia.* There are persons now living, who can recol- 
 lect how successfully he managed certain law cases 
 of magnitude and importance. He was appointed 
 advocate general at the court of admiralty, which 
 place he resigned in the year 1761, and openly pro- 
 tested against the officers of the customs, and expos- 
 ed the treacherous conduct of Cnarles Paxton, who 
 from this time became his personal enemy, though 
 it was not in the power of such a man to do him 
 great injury. 
 
 Mr. Otis was now the idol of the people of Bos- 
 ton. At the election of May, 1761, he was sent to 
 the general court as one of their four representa- 
 tives. He was considered by the inhabitants of the 
 town, as the best orator who spake in Faneuil hall 5 
 and, upon one occasion, when he was moderator, lie 
 
 • Anthology, 5th vol. page 224,
 
 6 T I 357 
 
 addressed them in a long speech, which was after- 
 wards published. The whigs praised it highly, but 
 on the other side were found persons, who made the 
 most sarcastick remarks. The observation of a great 
 statesman, whose opinion, and knowledge of facts, 
 claim every kind of respect, was just, who said of 
 Mr. Otis, that " he was a senator, whose parts, lit- 
 erature, eloquence and integrity, were equal to any 
 in the times when he lived ; yet no man was ever 
 more abused by the tory w r riters, who ceased not to 
 throw their vile aspersions on his character as well as 
 on his writings."* They viewed him as the leading 
 character among the whigs in the general court ; for 
 he delivered his sentiments with the same manly 
 freedom, and commanding eloquence, in the house 
 of representatives which had given him such eclat 
 in other assemblies. His hatred to Bernard and 
 Hutchinson, combined with his zeal for his coun- 
 try's cause, gave ardour to his spirits, aglow to his 
 imagination, and energy to his expressions. His 
 wit was often keen ; his sarcasms always severe. 
 
 The house of representatives manifested their 
 high respect for his character by choosing him their 
 speaker in the year 1766 : but he was negatived by 
 the authority of the governour. About this time 
 his fame reached the old countrv. Several of his 
 political essays on the "rights of the colonies;" 
 and " vindication of the measures of the general 
 court," were reprinted in England. These were 
 circulated among the members of the opposition 
 in the British parliament. With some of their 
 leading men he corresponded. \ It was current- 
 ly reported that a motion was made in parlia- 
 
 * Novanglus — the Boston Gazette, Feb. 1775. 
 t Extracts from a letter of James Otis, esq. of Boston, to a no- 
 ble lord, dated July 18, 1769. " I embrace the opportunity with 
 all humility and gratitude to acknowledge the honour 1 have re- 
 ceived in a letter from your lordship. At a time when so heavy 
 a cloud seems to be impending over North America, it gives sin- 
 gular pleasure to find a nobleman of your lordship's rank,genius, 
 and learning, so clearly avowing the cause of liberty and injured
 
 358 O T I 
 
 ment " to send for him, and try him for high trea- 
 son." Such a motion does not appear in their de- 
 bates. It is not likely it ever was made. Letters 
 came from London, which suggested that such a 
 motion was either made or to be made ; and people 
 on this side the water have generally supposed, that 
 this was actually proposed by lord North. It is 
 true, however, that a handsome compliment was 
 paid Mr. Otis by Mr. Edmund Burke, the British 
 Cicero, in one of their debates on American affairs. 
 After the repeal of the stamp act, the famous 
 " act laying a duty upon tea, painter's oil and col- 
 ours," &c. passed the British parliament. It was 
 introduced by Charles Townsend who, in 1766, was 
 appointed chancellor of the exchequer. His pur- 
 pose was, " to raise a revenue in America ;" and, 
 " to make the governours, judges and attorney gen- 
 erals free and independent of the humours and ca- 
 prices of the people." This act, with its direful 
 consequences, put our politicians in a phrenz)'. 
 The agitation of the publick mind was increased by 
 the arbitrary and ridiculous conduct of the com- 
 missioners. Beside their parade of high life and 
 
 innocence. Your lordship's sentiments are a full proof, that the 
 love of virtue and truth are the best and securest basis of nobility. 
 
 The cause of America is, in my humble opinion, the cause of 
 the whole British empire. An empire which, from my earliest 
 youth, I have been taught to love and revere, as founded in the 
 principles of natural reason and justice ; and upon the whole the 
 best calculated for general happiness of any, yet risen to view, in 
 the world. In this view of the British empire, my lord, I inces- 
 santly pray for its prosperity, and sincerely lament all adverse 
 circumstances. 
 
 The hon. Thomas Cushing, speaker of the house of represen- 
 tatives, Mr. Samuel Adams, Tohn Hancock, esq. and the hon. 
 James Otis, of Barnstable, desire to present their respectful 
 thanks to your lordship, for putting it in my power to gratify 
 those you have distinguished, as of the same principles and senti- 
 ments of civil and religious liberty with yourself. 
 
 Situated as we are, my lord, in the wilderness of America, a 
 thousand leagues distant from the fountains of honour and jus- 
 tice, in all our distresses we pride ourselves in our loyalty to the 
 king, and our affection to the mother country."
 
 O T I 359 
 
 their contempt for the good and wholesome laws of 
 this province, they wrote letters against the coun- 
 try ; and represented some worthy characters as 
 guilty of political crimes which existed only in their 
 pregnant fancies. Mr. Otis was one upon whom 
 their malignity vented its poison. He called upon 
 the commissioners individually, and as a board, foran 
 explanation of some things which they had written 
 against him. He used perhaps unguarded expres- 
 sions in the heat of his resentment, upon which Mr. 
 Robinson one ot the commissioners threatened to 
 chastise him. They met at the coffee-house in 
 state street, in the month of Sept. 1770, and an affray 
 took place, which caused serious consequences. 
 The whole account may be seen in the papers of 
 the times. The friends of one took oath, that Mr. 
 Otis was attacked by numbers. On the other side, 
 men swore that no man struck him but Mr. R. It 
 was likewise said, that " it was a plan to kill him, 
 contrived in Mr. Paxton's room." This was never 
 brought forward at the trial : there it appeared that 
 the attack of Mr. R. was base and cowardly ; but 
 the other part of the story served to make the com- 
 missioners more odious. 
 
 Mr. Otis prosecuted Robinson, and recovered 
 2000 pounds, which sum he generously remitted 
 upon his making an acknowledgment of his offence. 
 
 He was subject to fits of insanity after this, and 
 found it necessary to retire from publick business. 
 At the election of representatives the ensuing sea- 
 son the town of Boston sent him a letter of thanks 
 for his publick services. They lamented his ill state 
 of health, and earnestly prayed for his recovery. 
 They publickly declared that his services were such 
 as ought to be remembered with gratitude, and dis- 
 tinguish him among the patriots of America. Mr. 
 Bowdoin, one of the counsellors, who had been 
 negatived by gov. Bernard, was chosen in his place. 
 The next year Mr. Otis recovered his health, and 
 was again chosen representative. Whenever he en-
 
 360 O X E 
 
 gaged in business, he was one of those, who gave 
 his whole soul to the object, and, like other great 
 men, lost his health by " being overplied with pub- 
 lick energies." He lived a number of years, and 
 frequently rendered himself useful to the communi- 
 ty. When his health would not permit him to en- 
 gage in publick concerns, he retired into the coun- 
 try. In one of these seasons of retirement, May 
 29, 1783, as he was standing at the door of Mr. 
 Osgood's house, in Andover,he was instantaneous- 
 ly deprived of life by lightning.* 
 
 Over in g John, attorney general, came into this 
 country with gov. Burnet. He was remarkable for 
 his fluency of expression and agreeable manner of 
 speaking at the bar. He exercised his abilities in 
 the law with great success, and acquired considera- 
 ble fortune and influence. He held the office of at- 
 torney general from the time of his appointment, in 
 1728, to the administration of gov. Shirley. He 
 died about the year 1745, and was succeeded in hi$ 
 office by Mr. Trowbridge. 
 
 Oxenbridge John, one of the ministers of the 
 old church, in Boston, was born in Daventry, a 
 town in Northamptonshire. He received the de- 
 
 • The following lines are extracted from a poem, written by a 
 gentleman of eminent character and worth, in Boston : 
 *' Blest with a native strength and fire of thought, 
 With Greek and Roman learning richly fraught, 
 Up to the fountain head he push'd his view, 
 And from first principles his maxims drew. 
 Spite of the times, this truth he blaz'd abroad, 
 The people's safety is the law of God." 
 His works are, " the rudiments of latin prosody, with a disser- 
 tation on letters, and the principles of harmony, in poetick and 
 prosaick composition, collected from some of the best writers," 
 pp. 72, 1760 ; it is said to be a most clear and masterly treatise 
 by the reviewers in the Monthly Anthology ; " A vindication of 
 the house of representatives of Massachusetts," 1762 ; "remarks 
 on the Halifax libel," 1763; "rights of the British colonies," 
 1764; "considerations on behalf of the colonists," 1765. He 
 wrote many political speculations in the Boston Gazette, which 
 had a high reputation among the writings of those times.
 
 PAR 361 
 
 gree of master of arts, at Cambridge, A. D. 1631, 
 where he finished his education, though at first he 
 was sent to Oxford. He soon became a preacher 
 of the gospel, and made several voyages to the West 
 Indies. In the year 1644, he was ordained pastor 
 of a church in Beverly, and was chosen fellow of 
 Eton College. He is in the list of ejected minis- 
 ters in 1662, published by Dr. Calamy, who tells 
 us, that he was settled at Berwick on the Tweed, 
 where he was silenced. He sailed again for the 
 West Indies ; went first to Surrinam, and, in » 667, 
 he was at Barbadoes. In 1669 he fixed at Boston, 
 as colleague with Mr. Allen, after the death of Mr. 
 Davenport. His name was John, •' a man sent 
 from God." Dr. Mather thinks it remarkable that 
 he should succeed four of this name He was one 
 of the most popular preachers in Massachusetts.* 
 In all his compositions he seems to breathe an evan- 
 gelical spirit. He died, Dec. 28. 1674 Towards 
 the close of a sermon, which he was preaching Lit the 
 Boston lecture, he was taken with an apoplexy, and 
 continued only two days. 
 
 His works are, " the duty of watchfulness," in a 
 number of discourses ; the election sermon, 1671 ; 
 a sermon entitled, " seasonable seeking of God." 
 He also published " a proposition for propagating 
 the gospel by christian colonies, in the continent of 
 Guiana, being some gleanings of a large discourse." 
 That large discourse was preserved some years. 
 We know not where it can be obtained. Dr. Math- 
 er says, he had read it, and found a grateful variety 
 of entertainment. 
 
 Parker Thomas, pastor of the church at New- 
 bury, was the son of Robert Parker, a famous con- 
 troversial writer against the form and ceremonies of 
 the church of England. He wrote a very learned 
 book, " de Politia ecclesiastica." The son became 
 also a very excellent scholar. He was educated at 
 Dublin, under the care of the famous archbishop 
 
 * Chalmer's annals, 
 y y
 
 362 PAR 
 
 Usher. He afterwards studied with Dr. Ames, or 
 received advice and assistance from him, while he 
 continued his studies at Leyden. He received the 
 degree of master of arts, when he was 22 years old, 
 and the particular esteem of several divines, cele- 
 brated in the Belgick universities. In the diploma 
 they gave him they testified, " Ilium non sine ad- 
 miratione audiverimus ;*' and, " se philosophise ar- 
 tiumq ; liberalium peritissimum declaraverit." Af- 
 ter leaving Holland, he resided at Newbury, in En- 
 gland. He came into New England, in 1634, with 
 many of his people, and settled in a spot on Merri- 
 mack river, which was called Newbury, according 
 to their desire. He applied himself to the study of 
 the prophecies, and wrote several volumes, mostly 
 in Latin. He was a man of the most extensive cha- 
 rity and liberal principles. He thought too much 
 satire was mingled in the fathers' writings against 
 the bishops ; and because he expressed this in a 
 preface to a book, president Chauncy entered into 
 a controversy with him, calling him " Urijah the 
 priest, who would set up the altar of Damascus to 
 thrustout the brazen altar of the Lord's institution." 
 Mr. Parker died in the month of April, 1677, in the 
 82d year of his age.* 
 
 Parker Samuel, D. D. minister of Trinity 
 church, Boston, and bishop of the protestant epis- 
 copal church in Massachusetts, was born in Ports- 
 
 * The works of Mr. Parker upon the prophecies were never 
 printed, except a commentary on Daniel, which he wrote in En- 
 glish, and which is not according to the common opinion of expo- 
 sitors. When he was a youn^ man, he composed theses " de 
 traduptione peccatoris ad vitam." which have been bound up with 
 Dr. Ames's smaller works. He did not choose to appear as the 
 author at the time. 
 
 Mr. Popkins, his successor in the pastoral office, mentions 
 some facts not recorded in the Magnalia. He instructed a school, 
 and took no pay. The pupils must be designed for the church 
 or he would not admit tiiem When he was blind he could teach 
 Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He could talk in these languages, and 
 even speak his mind upon occasions in arabick. — See appendix 
 to the sermon of rev. J. S. Popkins, preached at quitting the old 
 and building the new meeting house, Newbuiy, 1806.
 
 PAR 563 
 
 mouth, New Hampshire. His father, judge Parker, 
 was an eminent lawyer, a man of great integrity and 
 benevolence, and for many years deacon of the first 
 church in that town. The son was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1764, with a view of being a minister of 
 one of the congregational churches. He soon man- 
 ifested a preference for the church of England, and, 
 in 1773, received orders from Dr. Ternch, bishop of 
 London, as an episcopal clergyman. He was chos- 
 en assistant minister of Trinity church, where he 
 officiated above 30 years. His moderation and 
 prudence were manifested upon some very import- 
 ant occasions. Prejudices against episcopal cler- 
 gymen were strong during the revolutionary war, 
 because their political principles were on the side 
 of government. He maintained the esteem of the 
 people, and of ministers of other denominations, 
 whose opinions were entirely different. Among 
 them his reputation was high as a clergyman, and he 
 was looked up to, as the head of the episcopal church 
 in New England. The university at Philadelphia 
 presented him with a diploma of doctor in divinity. 
 After the decease of bishop Bass, by an unanimous 
 vote of their convention, he was elected to succeed 
 him in his office. He was consecrated but a few 
 months before he was seized with the disorder of 
 which, after a second return, he died. 
 
 His death was lamented by a numerous acquaint- 
 ance. To many of these he was a very sincere 
 friend: some of whom received his advice, others 
 his bounty. He was an active and useful officer of 
 several institutions for pious and humane purposes, 
 capable of transacting a variety of business, and 
 faithful in whatever he engaged. The several soci- 
 eties attended his funeral, Dec. 9, 1804, and an 
 elegant discourse, well adapted to the occasion, 
 •was preached by his colleague, Mr. Gardiner, which 
 was afterwards published. 
 
 Partridge Ralph came into this country 
 among the early planters, and was settled at Dux^
 
 364 PAR 
 
 bury. He was one of the synod, who met at Cam: 
 bridge, 1647, to compose the platform of church dis- 
 cipline. Three gentlemen were appointed to draw a 
 model of church government, according to the word 
 of God. Each made a separate draft, and the synod 
 collected from the whole, as they judged proper to 
 complete their system of ecclesiastical government. 
 The other gentlemen were Mr. Cotton and Mr. 
 father, whose names rank with the great men of 
 New England. When most of the ministers in the 
 colony of Plymouth left their parishes, on account 
 of the "paucity and poverty of their congregations," 
 he remained with his people. They highly respect- 
 ed him, and he died in a good old age about the 
 year 1658. For more than 40 years he was a preach- 
 er of the gospel, and was not interrupted by any 
 bodily sickness. 
 
 Parsons Moses, pastor of the church at Byfield, 
 was graduated at Harvard College, 1736 ; ordained 
 June 20, 1744 ; and died, Dec. 14, 1784, in the 68th 
 year of his age. He was an excellent and judicious 
 practical theologian ; conversant in the most sub- 
 stantial parts of divinity, and could speak handsome- 
 ly upon these subjects, as occasion required. His 
 sermons were calculated to improve the mind, and 
 affect the heart. His grand object was to establish 
 essential points in religion, and the rest he left to 
 the disputers of this world. He attended very par- 
 ticularly to the circumstances of his flock, was very 
 amiable in his domestick character, and much be- 
 loved by his brethren in the ministry. 
 
 An oration was pronounced at his funeral by the 
 rev. Levi Frisbie, which is a handsome composition. 
 The next Lord's day, Mr. Tappan of Newbury, af- 
 terwards professor of divinity at the university at 
 Cambridge, preached a funeral sermon, which is 
 one of the best discourses that worthy man ever 
 printed. 
 
 Mr. Parsons preached the election sermon, 1772 ; 
 it was well received and excited more than common
 
 PAY 365 
 
 attention by the free manner in which he spake of 
 the British' nation. He was a whig from principle. 
 He loved his country, but his zeal for its welfare 
 and honour was tempered with great charity and 
 moderation towards those whose politicks were dif- 
 ferent. 
 
 He left a number of children ; to several of his 
 sons he gave a university education, one of whom 
 is now chief justice of the state of Massachusetts ; 
 another, who was graduated in 1773, was first a 
 student in divinity, and then turned his attention to 
 physick. 
 
 " Mihi, post nullos sodules." 
 
 The powers of his mind were great, his application 
 to his studies very uncommon, and his conduct ex- 
 emplary, but his death was immature, just as he 
 had entered upon the duties of his profession. He 
 sailed from Newburyport, as surgeon of a vessel, 
 during the revolutionary war, which foundered at 
 sea. 
 
 " Huic neque defungi visumest, nee vivere pulchrum ? 
 Cura fuit recte vivere, sicque mori." 
 
 Payson Phillips, son of the rev. Phillips Pay- 
 son of Walpole, Massachusetts, was educated at 
 Harvard College, and in the year 1754, received the 
 honours of that university. 
 
 He was ordained the minister of Chelsea, Oct. 
 26, 1757, and continued to preach and perform all 
 the duties of the ministry till a few weeks before his 
 death. 
 
 In the line of his profession he had a distinguish- 
 ed reputation. His imagination was lively and vig- 
 orous. His memory retentive. His discourses 
 were well composed and evangelical. Like a wise 
 master builder he looked at the foundation, while 
 reasoning upon the moral duties, or describing, with 
 a glowing pencil, the triumphs of the christian's 
 hope. 
 
 The diploma of doctor in divinity was presented 
 him by the seminary where he received his educa-
 
 566 PEL 
 
 tion, a real testimony of his wisdom and worth, 
 which gave pleasure to the friends of religion and 
 learning. 
 
 He had much classical erudition, and a fondness 
 for the study of natural philosophy and mathematics. 
 
 When the American academy of arts was institut- 
 ed, he was One of the first members. He always 
 shewed a zeal to promote the cause of science and 
 every useful institution. 
 
 He was a member of the society for propagating 
 the gospel among the Indians and others in North 
 America ; and also one of the Scotch commission- 
 ers for the like benevolent purpose, being named in 
 the commission, when the board in Scotland estab- 
 lished a corresponding board in this country. 
 
 Dr. Pay son was frank and open in his disposition, 
 and had a ready utterance in conversation. With 
 uncommon energy of expression he pourtrayed vice 
 and meanness, tore' the garb of the hypocrite, and 
 exposed fanaticism in every shape. 
 
 In his domestic and social relations he appeared 
 with dignity and tenderness. As a companion was 
 agreeable, and as a neighbour obliging j warm in 
 his friendship, hospitable in his house He was a 
 condescending and instructive parent ; the kind, at- 
 tentive, and affectionate husband. 
 
 He was ready to every good work for the benefit 
 of his people, mixing with thern and interesting 
 himself in their concerns : he encouraged the spirit 
 ol industry in the town, and, upon proper occasions, 
 administered the consolations of religion. Their 
 attachment increased with his years. But while 
 they were indulging hopes of returning health, and 
 days of further usefulness, they beheld him, with 
 grief and sorrow, among the trophies of the grave. 
 He died Jan. 1 1, 180 L, aged 65. 
 
 Pelham Herbert, was one of the assistants in 
 Massachusetts, and highly valued by the people. 
 He was of the same family with the duke of New- 
 castle. He tarried but a few years in New England.
 
 PEM 367 
 
 In 1646, he was one of the commissioners of the 
 united colonies. In 1650 he lived upon his estate 
 in England. He was intrusted by the colony of 
 Massachusetts with some of their most important 
 affairs, and was a great promoter of the society for 
 propagating the gospel among the Indians. Among 
 the sixteen of whom the corporation first consisted, 
 Herbert Pelham stands the second on the list. 
 Hutchinson. Records United Colonies. 
 
 Pemberton Ebenezer, pastor of the old south 
 church, was born in Boston, A. D. 1672, and grad- 
 uated at Harvard College, 1691. After some years 
 residence at Cambridge, he was chosen fellow of 
 the house, and, on the 28th of August, 1700, ordain- 
 ed assistant to the venerable Samuel Willard. He 
 was greatly valued and beloved while he lived, and 
 had the reputation of as an accomplished a preach- 
 er as this country ever produced. He died Feb. 
 13, 1717, in the meridian of his gifts, usefulness, 
 and age. 
 
 Dr. Colman, in a sermon preached after his death, 
 says, "that he was a hard student from his childhood, 
 and being blessed with brightness of mind, fervour 
 of spirit, and strength of memory, he made wonderful 
 dispatch. The college never had a more accom- 
 plished tutor, nor one that more applied himself to 
 teach and watch over the morals of it. His con- 
 spicuous learning and piety soon fixed the eyes of 
 Mr. Willard upon him to be the colleague of his 
 age, and successor at his death. He was master of 
 logick and oratory in great perfection. His delive- 
 ry was lively and vigorous, • being strongly convin- 
 ced of the reality of things invisible and eternal. 
 His warm and passionate temper (which was some- 
 times his great infirmity) seemed here to set the 
 greater edge, and give a further energy to his ad- 
 mirable discourses.' 7 
 
 He says, likewise, " that he had a superiour soul, 
 formed for great things, and was ever framing them, 
 but that it was lodged in a distempered body."
 
 368 P E M 
 
 Mr. Barnard thus describes Mr Pemberton : "a 
 man of strong genius, extensive learning, a posses- 
 sor of raised thoughts, and a masculine style, of 
 flaming zeal in the cause of God and religion, vio- 
 lent in his passions, and as soft as you would wish 
 for out of them, a good christian, and a faithful pas- 
 tor.''* 
 
 A volume of sermons was printed after Mr. Pem- 
 berton's decease. They contain those he publish- 
 ed ; and several which were added because they 
 were much celebrated. There is among them a 
 most masterly defence of the " validity of Presby- 
 terian ordination." These discourses are written 
 in the best style, and would do honour to any preach- 
 er of the present age. They are wonderful com- 
 positions for the period. When he prepared a ser- 
 mon for the press, he was slow in correcting it ; 
 every sentence he framed with deliberation and care. 
 Hence he published very little. "He carried the 
 mighty stores and treasures of his laborious studies 
 in his own vast mind., and for the most part wrote 
 only hints for himself to be enlarged upon in the 
 pulpit." This may appear the language of an eu- 
 logist; but if there be any truth in tradition, it agrees 
 with the opinion which was universally received of 
 this eminent, character. 
 
 Pemberton Ebenezer, D. D. son of the rev. 
 gentleman pastor of the Old South church, was de- 
 prived ot his father's care and instruction at a ten- 
 der age, but was blessed with a surviving parent, a 
 woman of a most excellent spirit, and adorned with 
 all the virtues of a christian. Her son has done 
 due honour to her memory in the account he has 
 published of her life and character. 
 
 His friends intended him for asecularemployment; 
 but his inclination to a studious life prevailed, and 
 he was educated at our publick university, at Cam- 
 bridge, where he distinguished himself as a scholar ; 
 
 * Historical collections, vol. x.
 
 P E M 369 
 
 and made those improvements in useful knowledge, 
 which qualified him for the work of the ministry 
 
 Soon after he entered on publick preaching, he 
 was appointed chaplain at castle William, by Mr. 
 Dummer, the commander in chief of the province. 
 In this pleasant and retired situation, he had a hap- 
 py opportunity of cultivating and improving his 
 own mind, and at the same time do good to others. 
 
 There was one circumstance, which rendered the 
 situation peculiarly desirable. The castle was the 
 usual residence of the lieut. governour. in whom 
 w r ere united the gentleman and christian, and un- 
 der whose wise and just administration the province, 
 for some years, enjoyed great quiet and prosperity. 
 This honourable person condescended to admit Mr. 
 Pemberton to an acquaintance, that was both agree- 
 able and useful, and which continued with mutual 
 esteem till Mr. Dummer was admitted to the world 
 of spirits. 
 
 His services in the fortress were only preparatory 
 to a larger scene of action. He was soon invited to 
 take the charge of the Presbyterian church in the 
 city of New York, and was publickly set apart to 
 that important trust by the ministers of this town. 
 The late Dr. Colman preached the ordination ser- 
 mon. In this conspicuous orb he moved for twen- 
 ty two years. At length a spirit of discord broke 
 loose in the society. Though the pastors had no part 
 in the dispute, yet the contention ran so high, that 
 Mr. Pemberton, and his worthy colleague, the rev. 
 Mr. dimming, thought themselves obliged to apply 
 to the presbytery for a dismission. Just at this time, 
 the church in Middle street, Boston, was deprived 
 of their pastors, Mr. Welsteed and Mr. Gray, two 
 excellent men, " pleasant in their lives, in their 
 deaths not divided." This christian societv unan* 
 imously chose Mr. P. to be their pastor, and he 
 was introduced to the pastoral charge, 1753. 
 
 "While at New York, he had been praises of the 
 board of correspondents, commissioned by the soci- 
 
 7. 7,
 
 370 P E M 
 
 cty in Scotland, for propagating christian knowledge 
 among the Indians in New England and parts ad-, 
 jacent. 
 
 While he was pastor of the church in Boston, the 
 honourable and reverend trustees of the college in 
 New Jersey, to which board he formerly belonged, 
 presented him with a diploma of doctor in divinity. 
 It was the first occasion of their exercising this priv- 
 ilege. 
 
 His piety was of that fervent kind for which his 
 father was remarkable. He had not his superiour 
 powers of mind, and in his old age grew unpopular 
 in his delivery, though in former times he drew 
 crowded assemblies by his manner. His reading, 
 however, was extensive, and his sermons correct in 
 diction and style. He was a calvinist, according to 
 the principles of our fathers, and zealous against ar- 
 minianism, so as to provoke the satire of writers, 
 ** who worshipped the God of their fathers after the 
 way, which is called heresy ;" but in the latter years 
 of his life, those who were conversant with him ob- 
 served a candour and charity to such as entertained 
 different sentiments on some points of doctrine up- 
 on which great stress has been laid. He vehement- 
 ly aspired after the spirit of the gospel, and had the 
 consolations of it during a long and trying sickness. 
 Instead of suffering from the fear of death, he seem- 
 ed to possess the peace, which passeth all under- 
 standing. 
 
 Dr. P. died, Sept. 15, 1777, aged 73, and in the 
 5 1st year of his ministry. He published, a few 
 years before his death, a volume of sermons upon 
 " salvation by grace." While he was minister of 
 New York he printed several occasional sermons ; 
 and a small volume on " the wonderful propagation 
 of the gospel, and the coming of Christ." He 
 preached the election sermon in 1756 ; the Dudleian 
 lecture in 1766. He also printed a sermon, preach- 
 ed at the Thursday lecture, after the death of Mr. 
 Whitefield, in 1770. Character of Dr. Pemberton, 
 ms. by a friend.
 
 PEP 371 
 
 Pfippj-RELL sir Will i am, was a merchant, dis- 
 tinguished for his opulence, integrity and polite- 
 ness. He was early in life chosen a representative 
 to the general court, and sat at the council board 32 
 years. He had a martial turn of mind, which was 
 increased by living in a part of the country tli£ most 
 exposed to the ravages of the French and Indians. 
 From being a subaltern officer in the militia, he 
 rose to the highest military rank, and was equally 
 qualified to command a large army, and to adorn his 
 civil station by his virtue and wisdom. When the 
 plan was formed to attack Louisburg, it gave ani- 
 mation to the troops, and to the people in general, 
 that such a man was to lead them. Nothing but a 
 zeal for his country's good could have carried him 
 from the scenes of domestick enjoyment, and from 
 the head of his majesty's council, the highest hon- 
 our his native country could bestow upon him, to 
 the fatigues of a camp, and uncertain victory. In- 
 deed, many of our most judicious people thought 
 the expedition romantick, and had it not been suc- 
 cessful, no braven or prudent conduct of the com- 
 mander would have saved his reputation ; nor would 
 the loss to the publick have been ever brought into 
 any calculation. It ended much to the honour of New 
 England, and was certainly the most glorious event 
 of the war. * J The illustrious undertaking being so 
 well accomplished, it caused the name of sir Wil- 
 liam Pepperell to spread far and wide, and to be re- 
 membered with gratitude and respect by succeed- 
 ing generations." The king bestowed upon him 
 the title and dignity of a baronet of Great Britain, 
 an honour never before conferred on a native of 
 these North American provinces. He had also a 
 commission of colonel of a regiment which was then 
 to be raised for the preservation of Cape Breton. 
 Many would have appeared vain, and been bloated 
 with an idea of their own consequence with a small 
 part of the honours conferred upon this gentleman. 
 He received the thanks of the ministry, congratub
 
 372 PET 
 
 tory addresses were made to him, peculiar tokens 
 of respect and affection were shown him by several 
 branches of the Royal family ; but his manners did 
 not change by his exaltation to honour. His affa- 
 bility gained him friends among all classes of peo- 
 ple,and he conciliated, still more the affections of his 
 former acquaintance. He had a deep sense of the 
 providence of the Supreme Being, which seemed 
 to influence every action of his life, and made him 
 modest and humble. He made an open profession 
 of religion, and exhibited the christian virtues to 
 the credit of his religious sentiments ; he died at 
 his seat in Kittery, July 6, 1759, aged 63 ; and 
 exhibited the Christian hero on his death bed, 
 meeting the conflicts of the last enemy with forti- 
 tude and putting entire confidence in the Captain of 
 his salvation.* 
 
 Peters Hugh, minister of the church of Salem, 
 was born, 1599, in Foy, Cornwall. He was edu- 
 cated at the university of Cambridge, where he re- 
 ceived his master's degree, 1622. He was licens- 
 ed to preach by Dr. Mountain, bishop of London, 
 and preached with such success, that he converted 
 multitudes every week. .According to his own ac- 
 count an auditory of 7000 assembled at one time at 
 Sepulchre church. A general remark may be made 
 upon preachers at certain times. They will draw 
 the multitude, if they have a great deal of zeal, and 
 a strong voice. It often happens, that they have 
 zeal without knowledge, and faith without charity. 
 ■Such a preacher was Hugh Peters ; but active and 
 enterprising, one who would push himself forward, 
 as the head of a party, and overcome every difficul- 
 ty by his bold adventurous spirit. He left England 
 
 * Notices of the life of sir William Pepperell may be found in 
 a most excellent discourse which his minister and friend Dr. 
 Stevens published after his death. Also in the first volume of 
 the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The 
 actions of this illustrious American officer are related likewise by 
 the English writers in the histories of the French war which 
 ended with the peace of Aix la Chapelle.
 
 PET 373 
 
 because he had scruples about conforming to the 
 ceremonies of the episcopal church ; or, because the 
 ruling power " persecuted the saints." He went 
 first to Holland, and he was pastor of a church in 
 Rotterdam. The celebrated Dr. Ames was his' 
 colleague, and died in his arms. He arrived in 
 New England, A. D. 1635. Sir Ferdinando Gor- 
 ges says, " this year came that famous servant of 
 Christ, Hugh Peters, whose courage was not infe- 
 rior to any." He was invited to the pastoral office 
 at Salem, Dec. 21, 1636, and was very respectable 
 among the fathers of the country, for his piety, 
 as well as the lively interest he took in the concerns 
 of the plantation. During five years that he was 
 minister the town flourished ; and he was the instru- 
 ment of its prosperity. He stimulated his people 
 to engage in commerce. " He formed the plan of 
 the fishery, of the coasting voyages, of the foreign 
 voyages ; and among many other vessels, one of 
 300 tons was undertaken by his influence. He pro- 
 vided the carpenters, and entered largely into trade, 
 with great success." He received from his church 
 200 acres of land in what is now called Northfidd, 
 and several other spots of ground, which were con- 
 sidered as a reward for his services. His farm still 
 bears the name of Peter's neck. 
 
 As a politician he took very decided ground. 
 The country was then divided between Winthrop 
 and Vane. Each had his party. The ostensible 
 cause was a religious controversy about the cove- 
 nant of grace and a covenant of works, but it had a 
 great influence upon the politicks of the day. Vane 
 was a rigid Antimonian. The old church of which 
 Wheelwright and Cotton were ministers were zeal- 
 on the same side. The pastor, Mr. Wilson, and 
 gov. Winthrop, and the elders of other towns, 
 were for those principles, which agreed with most 
 churches of the reformation. Hugh Peters was 
 strenuous to support them. He exerted every 
 nerve to help the interest of gov. Winthrop, who
 
 374 PET 
 
 was ag&iin chosen governour in 1637 ; and " paid 
 a just tribute to Mr. Peter's activity and publick 
 spirit.** 
 
 In 1641, Mr. Peters was sent to England, as 
 agent for Massachusetts. It was supposed a man, 
 so active in commercial pursuits, could represent 
 the colony upon the laws of excise and trade. The 
 persons designed to this business, according to 
 Winthrop, " were, Mr. Peters of Salem, Mr. Weld 
 of Roxbury, and Mr. Hibbins of Boston. "When 
 it was proposed to the church of Salem, Mr. Endi- 
 cot opposed it. Some reasons were offered, as that 
 officers should not be taken from their churches for 
 civil occasions, that the voyage would be long and 
 dangerous, &c." But in the true style of New Eng. 
 land, something was added about the reformation of 
 the churches, which made the business of the agency 
 more palatable to those who were against sending 
 clergymen to negociate regulations of trade. Mr. 
 Peters and Mr. Weld would, however, have been 
 more serviceable to the souls of men in their own 
 country, than they were in managing their tempo* 
 ral interests in Great Britain. There Mr . Peters 
 was duped by the creatures of Oliver Cromwell to 
 serve the views of his policy. He was exactly 
 suited to act the extravagant part he did, because 
 he could be wrought up to a political or religious 
 phrenzy adapted to the circumstances of the times, 
 or the madness of the nation. He would either 
 fight or pray, as his services were thought necessary. 
 He, who had his flock in the American wilderness, 
 was slaying and killing his fellow creatures amidst the 
 armies of Europe. For it is certain he led a brig- 
 ade into Ireland, and came off victorious. He was 
 also very famous as a political preacher. His dis- 
 courses before the king were abominable for the se- 
 verity of their sarcasms, and evil tendency of the 
 sentiments delivered. Doubtless things were ex- 
 aggerated by the other party ; but his own express- 
 ions were not only vulgar, calculated not only to
 
 PET 375 
 
 give pain to fallen majesty, but to increase the pre- 
 judices of those, whose anger was fierce, and their 
 wrath cruel. If falsehoods were spread to make Mr. 
 Peters' character odious or ridiculous, what gave 
 rise to these stories, but certain eccentricities or 
 extravagancies of which no other man was guilty ? 
 
 His friends bring testimonies of his kind atten- 
 tion to Charles. He says himself, " I had access 
 to the king. He used me civilly. I, in requital, offer- 
 ed my poor thoughts three times for his safety. I 
 never had a hand in contriving or acting his death, 
 as I am scandalised, but the contrary to my main 
 power." 
 
 It is easy to reconcile the different accounts giv- 
 en, by supposing every thing true, which is related, 
 concerning the preaching and coarse declamation 
 of Hugh Peters before the king's condemnation. 
 And yet he might be moved with compassion when 
 he saw him struggling with adversity, and. returning 
 civilities for the rude treatment, which had been 
 given. Is it not natural for tenderness of spirit to 
 succeed the ebullition of violent passions ? We 
 learn nothing very exceptionable in Peters' conduct 
 after this. Cromwell appointed him one of the 
 " triers for the ministry," and a " commissioner for 
 amending the laws," but he speaks humbly of his 
 qualifications. " When I was a trier of others, I 
 went to hear, and gain experience, rather than to 
 judge, when I was called about weighing laws, I 
 rather was there to pray, then to amend laws. But 
 in these things I confess I might as well have been 
 spared." 
 
 He was, however, the only one, of all the Inde- 
 pendent ministers, condemned to the scaffold. 
 Others were equally guilty, and doubtless as ob- 
 noxious to Charles. It is probable, he had offend- 
 ed some by his rudeness and ill manners, who ex- 
 erted the influence they had, after the restoration, 
 to wreak their vengeance upon him. And his own 
 friends were all out of the way.
 
 376 P E T 
 
 The manner of his death was shocking. Such 
 fortitude as he discovered would have made anoth- 
 er man called a hero. Ludlow relates, that chief 
 justice Cooke and Mr. Peters were ordered to be 
 executed the same day. They were carried to the 
 place of execution on two sleds, the head of major 
 general Harrison being placed on that which carried 
 the chief justice and directed towards him, which, 
 instead of producing the designed effect, tended on- 
 ly to animate him. Before he died, he received 
 other marks of insult. To which he replied, " that, 
 it had not been the custom in the most barbarous 
 nations much less in England to insult over a dving 
 man." When he was cut down, and ordered to 
 be quartered, a col. Turner called to the sheriff's 
 men to bring Peters' to see what was doing ; which, 
 being done, the executioner came to him, and rub- 
 bing his bloody hands together, asked him, How he 
 liked this work ? He told him he was not at all ter- 
 rified, and that he might do his worst. And when 
 he was upon the ladder, he said, " Sir, you have 
 butchered one of the servants of God before my 
 eyes, and have forced me to see it, in order to ter- 
 rify and discourage me, but God has permitted it 
 for my support and encouragement." 
 
 To make Mr. Peters more odious, a story was 
 propagated of his being the very man who, in dis- 
 guise, cut off the king's head. This was never be- 
 lieved by the persons who spread the report. 
 
 His ministerial conduct while he was in England 
 has been the subject of animadversion. He was 
 more respectable among his brother clergymen, as 
 a preacher, than he appeared before Cromwell, and 
 the army, when he beat the pulpit drum to carry on 
 their warfare. It is said, he was not friendly to 
 the charities for propagating the gospel among 
 the Indians. This is a fact. He, perhaps, had 
 little hopes of success. Allowing the prospect 
 fair, he spake with contempt of the management of 
 their friends, and of their parsimonious treatment of
 
 PHI 377 
 
 Mr. Eliot, of which that good man complains. The 
 president of the society, Mr. Steel, thus writes to 
 the commissioners of the united colonies in a letter, 
 dated 18th Feb. 1653 : " Mr. Peters who but 14 
 days before told Mr. Winslow in plain terms he 
 heard the work was only a cheat, and that there was 
 no such thing as gospel conversion among them 
 presently after charged the same man, upon a letter 
 he received from Mr. Weld, that you, the commis- 
 sioners of the united colonies, forbad the work in 
 that you would not allow competent maintenance to 
 Mr. Eliot and others that laboured therein ; and 
 however we have otherwise charitable thoughts of 
 Mr, Peters ; yet he has been all along a bad instru- 
 ment towards this work who though of a committee 
 of the army for the advance of it amongst them yet 
 protested against contributing a penny towards it 
 in his person ; and indeed some of us have been 
 fain to intreat the rest of the gentlemen not to trou- 
 ble him any further in the business : nor know we 
 any»cause unless it be that the work is coming to 
 such perfection and he hath not had the least hand 
 or finger in it. 1 '* Records United Colonies, vol. ii. 
 page 313. Bentley' > s History oj Salem. Critical 
 Life of Hugh Peters. 
 
 Phillips Georgk, pastor of the church at 
 Watertown, is called, by Dr. Cotton Mather, " one 
 of the first saints in New England." He was born 
 at Raymund in Great Britain, and had an universi- 
 ty education, but the name of the college is not 
 
 * The publications of Mr. Peters are, a sermon preached before 
 both houses of parliament, the lord mayor and aldermen of Lon- 
 don, and assembly of divines, 4to 1646; Peters's last report of 
 the English wars, occasioned by the importunity of a friend, 
 pressing an answer to some queries,printed the same year, 4to. ; 
 a word for the army, and two words to the kingdom, to clear the 
 one, and cure the other, forced in much plainness and brevity, 
 from their faithful servant Hugh Peters, 1647 ; he also wrote, 
 good work for a good magistrate, or a short cut to great quiet ; 
 and the legacy to his daughter, which was published after his ex- 
 ecution. 
 
 3 A
 
 378 P H I 
 
 mentioned. He was eminent for his memory an£ 
 invention, and his diligent reading of the fathers 
 He was settled at Boxford, in Essex, before he 
 came to New England, with gov. Winthrop, in 
 1630. His wife died at Salem, upon their arriv- 
 al, and she was buried near the lady Arabella 
 Johnson. When the company chose their set- 
 tlements about Charles River, he fixed upon a plea- 
 sant spot, which has ever since been called Water- 
 town ; and, upon a day set apart for solemn fasting 
 and prayer, they entered into a covenant.* It was 
 signed by sir Richard Saltonstall at the head of 40 
 names. He continued pastor of the flock 14 years, 
 and died greatly lamented* July 1, 1644. 
 
 In Winthrop*s journal, among the events of the 
 year, it is written, "July 2d, George Phillips was 
 buried, he was the first pastor of the church at Wa- 
 tertown, a godly man, specially gifted, and very 
 peaceful in his place, much lamented of his own 
 people, and others. " 
 
 He left a son, Samuel, who was afterwards mirv 
 ister of the church in Rowley. 
 
 He published " a vindication of infant baptism ; 
 and of the church." It was recommended by the 
 London ministers. Mr. Shepard of Cambridge 
 wrote a preface to it. He also wrote letters in an- 
 swer to Mr. Shepard, who differed from him upon 
 some points of church discipline. Neither his or 
 Mr. Shepard's arguments were printed. 
 
 Phillips Samuel, lieut. governour of Massa- 
 chusetts, was the son of Samuel Phillips, esq. of 
 Andover. He was educated at Harvard College, 
 where his conduct was peculiarly correct and ex. 
 emplary. He was much esteemed by his fellow 
 students, as well as by officers of the society. 
 Among the ingenuous youth of the university 
 were certain associations for practical improvement 
 and usefulness. They consisted generally of good 
 scholars, who combined good principles and pure 
 
 *This writing is preserved in the Magnalia.
 
 P H 1 379 
 
 morals with an ambition to shine as sons of knowl- 
 edge. At the head of these, and among the most 
 active, was Phillips, whose name and character were 
 often mentioned to stimulate others to adorn their 
 own lives. He was graduated in 1771. When he 
 left college it was supposed he would enter one of 
 the professions ; but he turned his attention to oth- 
 er pursuits. He was, however, persuaded to go into 
 publick life, and though he never neglected his pri- 
 vate concerns, but was a diligent promoter of e very- 
 good thing in the small circle of those, who " rose 
 up and called him blessed," yet was he as assidu- 
 ous and unwearied in his attention to his publick 
 duties of the general court. He seemed to make it 
 a part of religious principle to be punctual to his 
 engagements, that he might redeem time in every- 
 way possible. Hence he was able to accomplish so 
 much business, besides alluring others to diligence 
 by his example. He was representative from his 
 native town in the year 1775, a year remarkable in 
 our annals, and was then called one of the best 
 speakers in the assembly. For a number of years 
 he was in the lower house ; but as soon as the 
 constitution was fprmed for the state, he was chos- 
 en a senator from the county of Essex. It was 
 during the winter of 1779, 80, the draught of the 
 committee, which was presented to the conven- 
 tion, became the subject of discussion. Mr. Phil- 
 lips was of the committee that made the draught, 
 and supported the main questions in it in the larger 
 assembly. In 1785, he was chosen president of the 
 senate, and continued to be elected till he was hon- 
 oured with the second place in the government. Ill 
 1781, he was also appointed justice of the court of 
 common pleas, and held the office till the year 1797. 
 During the whole period of his publick life, he 
 was very friendly to the interests of literature. It 
 was a rare thing to find him absent from the board 
 of overseers of the Univereitv. He was often on
 
 380 P H I 
 
 committees, and improved the opportunities to 
 render essential services to the place of his educa- 
 tion. He was one of the founders and original mem- 
 bers of the academy of arts and sciences. 
 
 In 1793, he received a diploma of doctor of laws, 
 which, in the opinion of our first lawyers, was be- 
 stowed with great judgment. 
 
 He was a professor of religion from his youth, 
 and possessed a very evangelical spirit. This was 
 manifested in fruits of piety, virtue and benevolence. 
 By his will, we find he employed his last days in ex- 
 hibitions of the law of kindness which should yield 
 their fragrance after his body was laid in the dust. 
 The first object of his legacies was, to serve the ris- 
 ing generation, that they might early know, that, 
 without being good, they could never be happy. 
 He also left a considerable sum towards promoting 
 the cause of religion and learning, which is not in- 
 cluded in the charity for the benefit of district 
 schools. He supported years of ill health and bo- 
 dily infirmities, until he breathed his last, Feb. 10, 
 1802, in the 50th vear of his age.* 
 
 •Other gentlemen of the name of Phillips have made a con- 
 siderable figure in New England,either as magistrates, or divines. 
 Rev. Samuel Phillips o' Rowley, and the rev. Samuel Phil- 
 lips, grandfather to the lieut. governour, and pastor of the first 
 church in Andover, were gentlemen highly respectable in their 
 profession. 
 
 The hon. John Phillips, of Charlestown, who died in 1709. He 
 was for many years one of his majesty's council. 
 
 John Phillips, esq. of Boston, colonel of the Boston regiment, 
 and representative for the town at the general court. 
 
 William Phillips, esq. of Boston, son of the rev. Mr. P. of An- 
 dover, was highly distinguished among the patriots of 1775. At 
 that time he was one of the Boston representatives, and was af- 
 terwards of the senate of Massachusetts. He was one of the 
 most opulent merchants in the town, and his name is worthy of 
 respect for his many benevolent exertions to promote useful in- 
 stitutions. Mr Phillips was a member of the convention which 
 formed the state constitution ; and also a member of the conven- 
 tion which adopted the constitution of the United States. 
 
 Samuel Phillips, the lather of the lieut. governour, was a per-
 
 PHI 381 
 
 Phips sir William, was born at Pemaquid, 
 Feb. 2. 1650. His mother had 26 children. Of 
 these, 21 were sons, and William one of the young* 
 est, who lived with his mother until he was 18 years 
 old. The father died when he was a child. He 
 then bound himself to a ship carpenter, and after- 
 wards set up his trade at Boston. He was so illite- 
 rate that he could not read nor write, but discover- 
 ed talents, and a remarkable spirit of enterprise. 
 He soon acquired learning sufficient for all the pur- 
 poses of common life, and address enough to re- 
 commend himself to a young widow of a respecta- 
 ble family, with whom he became connected by 
 marriage. When he became master of his trade, he 
 built a ship at Sheepscot river ; but was soon driv- 
 en off by the Indians. Afterwards he followed the 
 sea, and hearing of a Spanish wreck near the Baha- 
 mas, he went to England, and offered to go in search 
 of it. They sent him upon this business in the Al- 
 gier and Kose frigates, but he failed of success. 
 This was in 1683. But instead of being discour- 
 aged he importuned to be sent once more with a 
 
 son of note in the town and country where he lived. He was 
 graduated at Cambridge, 1734, was justice of the peace, represen- 
 tative and counsellor. He founded the academy at Andover, in 
 177 8 with the assistance of his brother William Phillips, esq. and 
 his other brother John Phillips, esq. of Exeter in New Hamp- 
 shire. The gentleman last mentioned was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1733 ; had a degree of doctor of laws from Dart- 
 mouth University, and rendered himself very conspicuous, while 
 he lived, for his benevolent deeds. He founded and liberally en- 
 dowed an academy at Exeter,and at his death left large sums for 
 pious and literary institutions. 
 
 In the " retrospect of the eighteenth century" by the rev. Dr. 
 Miller of New York, that excellent writer observes, " The fami- 
 ly of Phillips in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, has been 
 long distinguished for its great wealth, and also for its love of 
 religion and literature. A complete history of the munificence 
 towards publick institutions at different times, by the members of 
 this family, would probably furnish an amount of benefactions 
 seldom equalled in this country." 
 
 He also observes, " that in furnishing instances of individual li- 
 berality to publick institutions it is believed that Massachusetts 
 exceeds all other states."
 
 382 PHI 
 
 kind of roman'tick assurance which might strike ad- 
 venturers, but would never succeed with men of 
 calculation. The duke of Albemarle fitted him out 
 for a second voyage, and he brought from the wreck 
 300,000 pounds, his own share being only about 
 16,000. For this success he was much applauded, 
 and the king knighted him. He also appointed him 
 high sheriff of New England, but not falling in with 
 the measures of Andross and Randolph, his place 
 was not easy to him, and he returned to the old 
 country. While he remained in Boston, he built a 
 large brick house in Charter street, which even at 
 this day makes an elegant appearance. 
 
 He always said that when he was a poor sheep 
 shearer at Kennebeck river, he dreamt that he should 
 be captain of a ship, and build a brick house in 
 Boston. This is related by C. Mather, with a num- 
 ber of marvellous circumstances. King James of- 
 fered him the government of New England, but he 
 did not accept it. 
 
 In 1690, he took Port Royal, but was not so suc- 
 cessful in the expedition against Quebec. The 
 accounts of these military enterprises are recorded 
 in the annals of those times. At the anniversary- 
 election, 1690, May 30, sir William Phips was 
 chosen by the freemen a magistrate of the colony. 
 He did not stay long in Boston, however, but em- 
 barked again for England, to solicit an expedition to 
 Canada, being fully assured that it was in his pow- 
 er to reduce the province to the subjection of the 
 British government. At this time the agents of 
 Massachusetts were making application to king 
 William for a restoration of their old charter. 
 When this could not be obtained, and the charter of 
 William and Mary was accepted, sir William Phips 
 was invested with a commission to be " captain gen- 
 eral and governour in chief over the province of 
 Massachusetts Bay in New England." He arrived 
 at Boston, May 14, 1690. 
 
 Different opinions will always be held of men in
 
 PHI 38* 
 
 j 
 
 public stations. Sir William Phips sought the 
 good of the country, according to his own apprehen- 
 sion. " Palest envy must allow this," says Dr. 
 Mather, who devotes nearly 40 pages of the Magna- 
 lia to the biography of this gentleman. He says it 
 is not enough to call him " father of the province, 
 but he should be called the angel, assigned to the 
 special care of it, by a singular deputation from 
 heaven." In another place, he speaks of his '* be- 
 ing dropped from the machine of heaven." It 
 seems, however* that sir William had the passions 
 of men, and discovered strong corporeal qualities ; 
 for he would quarrel, sometimes, with the officers of 
 government, and use his fists upon certain occasions 
 to bring them to his own views of a proper conduct. 
 Instances of this sort with a captain of a man 
 of war, and a collector, occasioned complaints 
 against him, which he was sent for to answer. He 
 had an opportunity there to justify himself, accord- 
 ing to Mr. Hutchinson, and was about returning to 
 his government, but was taken sick and died in 
 London about the middle of February, 1694. He 
 was buried in the church of St. Mary Wolnoth. 
 The character of sir William Phips which others 
 give, setting aside the life of him by Dr. Cotton 
 Mather, which is rather an eulogy upon one of 
 the pious members of his church, is, that he was 
 a blunt honest man, who had a lively confidence 
 in every thing he undertook, open hearted and 
 generous, but vulgar in speech and manners. 
 His talents were considerable, otherwise he never 
 could have done so much, or obtained such promo- 
 tion. This, however, has been attributed to fortu- 
 nate circumstances rather than to superiour abili- 
 ties. Histories of New England, by Mather, Doug- 
 lass, Hutchinson. 
 
 Phips Spencer, lieut. governour of Massachu- 
 setts, was nephew, and adopted son, of sir William. 
 He was a man of respectability rather than influence 
 in the province, and was more indebted to his
 
 334 P I E 
 
 wealth and connections for his rising to office, than 
 any thing very splendid in his abilities, or patriot- 
 ick in his character. He was of his majesty's coun- 
 cil a number of years before he was appointed lieut. 
 governour. Mr. Adam Winthrop was a candidate 
 for this office when Mr. Tailer died in 1732 He 
 was the friend of Belcher, who solicited in his fa- 
 vour ; but the friends of Mr. Pbips were more pow- 
 erful, and obtained the place for him. He was lieut. 
 governour from 1732 to the year of his death. 
 While Shirley was in the chair, he expressed an 
 opinion that the lieut. governour was not a coun- 
 sellor ex officio. It was supposed he was. He 
 had been always so considered, and therefore he 
 was not chosen by the legislature. The conduct 
 of Shirley gave great disgust to the lieut. govern- 
 our, and led him to much retirement. He is re- 
 presented as a very prudent and upright magistrate. 
 He was several times in the chair of government, 
 and was in this office, as commander in chief of the 
 province, when he died. This event took place, 
 April 4, 1757. 
 
 Pier son Abraham was from Yorkshire. He 
 came into New England, and joined the Boston 
 church. Afterwards he went to Long Island, with a 
 number of families, who removed from Lynn in Mas- 
 sachusetts, to this new plantation. They incorporat- 
 ed themselves into a church state before they went, 
 and also entered into a civil combination, for the 
 maintaining government among themselves. This 
 was about the year 1640. The town they settled 
 was called Southampton, east end of Long Island. 
 Part of this church afterwards divided, and went ov- 
 er upon the main, and settled Brainford. By ad- 
 vice of the council, Mr. P. went with them. The 
 year of his death is not mentioned, only that he di- 
 ed, leaving the name of a prudent and pious man.* 
 
 • Dr. Mather mentions three worthy divines of New Haven 
 rolony. who were famous in their day. Mr. Blackman, Mr. 
 Pierson, and Mr. Denton, the first minister of Stamford, who was
 
 POW 385 
 
 In the records of the united colonies, there is fre- 
 quent mention made of his services to the Indians, 
 for which he had a fixed salary. When Mr. Eliot 
 was allowed 40/. Mr. Pierson had 15/. He was 
 a missionary , whose services are mentioned with re- 
 spect by the corporation in England. They ordered 
 1500 copies of a catechism which he wrote in the 
 Indian language to be printed and dispersed. Mag- 
 nalia. Records of U. C. 
 
 Pierson Abraham, rector of Yale College, son 
 of the minister of Brainford, was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, 1668. He was soon after ordained 
 (Over the church at Killingsworth. In the year 
 1700. he was appointed one of the fellows of Yale 
 College, and the succeeding year chosen to preside 
 over that seminary, with the title of rector. His 
 character was high as a scholar and divine. While 
 he held this office, he composed a system of natur- 
 al philosophy, which was used by the students for 
 many years. He was a very zealous calvinist, and 
 strongly attached to the form and discipline of the 
 JSew England churches. It was the general wish 
 of the people of Connecticut to remove the College 
 from Say brook ; but they were not able to accom- 
 plish it during the rectorship of Mr. Pierson. The 
 people of Killingsworth opposed it, who enjoyed 
 the excellent preaching of their pastor ; the expense 
 of the removal also, was more than could be allow- 
 ed from their funds. This took place after his 
 death. The rector died in April, 1707, and was 
 greatly lamented. Private mss. Holmes' account 
 of Tale College. 
 
 Povvnall Thomas, governourof Massachusetts 
 Bay, was descended lrom a respectable family in 
 England, His mother was daughter of John Burnis- 
 ton, governour of Bombay ; his brother, John Pow- 
 nall, esq. was secretary to the lords of trade, &c. 
 
 also a Yorkshire man, and first settled at Halifax, in England. 
 '< Though he was a little man, says he, his Well accomplished 
 pnind was as an ' Iliad in a nut shell." 
 
 3 B
 
 386 POW 
 
 and was more acquainted with the affairs of these 
 plantations than any man in England. By his at- 
 tention to the business, many thousand papers re- 
 lating to the history of the colonies are now regu- 
 larly filed, and preserved for future use, which had 
 been neglected and scattered, and in a few years 
 would have been entirely destroyed. What pre- 
 cious documents they are may be known by any one, 
 who has read Chambers's political annals ! 
 
 In 1757, Mr. Pownall was appointed governour 
 of Massachusetts, in the room of Shirley. He ar- 
 rived in Boston the beginning of August, and im- 
 mediately received to his confidence those gentle- 
 men, who were styled friends to liberty and the 
 constitution of the province. These had opposed 
 the late administration, which had been strongly sup- 
 ported by most who held offices in the state, at the 
 head of whom were Hutchinson, Oliver, Paxton, 
 Sec. A lawyer of very eminent abilities, Mr. Pratt, 
 who was afterwards chief justice of New York, and 
 a popular clergyman, the rev. Dr. Cooper, were 
 always considered as the principal friends and ad- 
 visers of gov. Pownall. They were men of talents ; 
 but talents, wit and satire were more conspicuous 
 on the other side, and he was deeply wounded by 
 the shafts of ridicule, or by serious attacks upon 
 his conduct. When he found his intrigues exposed, 
 by a pamphlet written at New York,* and so large 
 a part of the government of Massachusetts in favour 
 of those whom he had injured ; his great preten- 
 sions to learning of no avail with the literary socie- 
 ties ; his own manners, light and debonnaire, so in- 
 consistent with the grave and sober habits of New 
 England, he solicited a recall from this government, 
 and was appointed successor to gov. Littleton of 
 South Carolina. He sailed from Boston to London 
 the 3d. of May, 1760. After his arrival in England 
 he obtained offices, which he preferred to a govern- 
 ment in North America. He was chosen a mem- 
 
 • Historical Collections, vol. vii.
 
 P O W 387 
 
 ber of the British parliament, and, in 1762, appoint- 
 ed general of controul, with the rank of lieut. col- 
 onel, to the combined army in Germany, a short 
 time previous to the peace of 1763. 
 
 During the time of his being in the parliament he 
 was ill the opposition ; of consequence, a friend to 
 the colonies. His speeches and writings against 
 the measures employed to bring them into subjec- 
 tion, were read in our house of representatives, and 
 reprinted with lively demonstrations of gratitude 
 and joy. The patriotick exertions of this gover- 
 nour were contrasted with the wicked designs of 
 the tory administration which succeeded. Pownall 
 was as much the idol of the whigs as Bernard and 
 Hutchinson were odious to them.* 
 
 Mr. Pownall had no small influence in the house 
 of commons from his knowledge and experience in 
 American affairs. While those who knew nothing 
 of the colonies represented them as turbulent, un- 
 grateful, and without any merit in the conduct of 
 the war which secured Canada and the West Indies 
 to the British crown, he pointed out " the aid they 
 afforded the British arms whenever they were era. 
 
 * A town in the district of Maine, was named Pownalborough. 
 Part of the lands before they were located, were granted to the 
 governour. In his latter days he desired these might be sold, or 
 kased in such a manner, as a fund might be raised for the estab- 
 lishment of a professorship of law in Harvard College. This 
 town is now divided ; part of it is called Wiscasstrf, and the other 
 part Dresden. The reason given for the alteration was, that 
 Wiscasset was the Indian name, and the name by which it was 
 known. It is right to preserve the Indian name ; but why 
 change that of Pownal for Dresden ? It was supposed to be a 
 prettier sound ; but ought any thing less than a weighty conside- 
 ration to make wise men change the name of a place ? Especial- 
 ly when a town has been so called out of respect to a benefactor 
 to the country. Pownall was a great friend to this province, and 
 the friends of the revolution loved him. Why should his name 
 or services be forgotten ? Besides the injustice of the thing, it is 
 bad policy. Who is secure of the honours given him by one gen- 
 eration, if the next, from the whim of the occasion, will take it 
 away? Shall the name be lost before the mould gathers on the 
 sepulchral monument, or the letters grow illegible on the grave 
 stone ? Hew will this lessen the stimulus to patriotick exertions I
 
 38fc P R A 
 
 ployed from the year 1755 to the peace of Pans. 
 1763 ;" he censured the measures in operation 
 against the colonies/, he urged the expediency of 
 repealing the revenue acts, and redressing every 
 grievance, not merely as an act of justice to them, 
 but for the honour and true interest of Great Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 He lived long enough to see many things take 
 place which he predicted. The pride of opinion was 
 gratified ; but doubtless he lamented the dividing of 
 the nation. He enjoyed much leisure in old age, 
 and employed himself in writing books, which man- 
 ifest great political knowledge, some scientifick re- 
 search, but cannot be recommended for an easy and 
 correct style.* He died, Feb. 1, 1785. 
 
 PrattBenjamin^ celebrated lawyer in Boston , 
 and afterwards chief justice of New York, was de- 
 scended from poor parents, and bred to a mechani- 
 cal employment. But the misfortune of losing a 
 limb, and a long confinement by sickness, led him 
 to study. The powers of his mind were uncom- 
 monly strong, and he had made some progress in 
 scientifick researches before he determined to give 
 himself a college education. He was without re- 
 sources, without friends, and somewhat advanced 
 in years, yet he knew human life enough to believe 
 that every thing may be done by perseverance. He 
 had also that opinion of himself, that he believed he 
 should not only gain a subsistence by his learning, 
 but make a shining figure among his contempora* 
 ries. When he entered college he was admitted 
 into one of the higher classes, was better informed 
 as well as older than any of his classmates, and was 
 graduated in 1737. His name is the lowest, because 
 the students were then placed according to their 
 parentage. Upon leaving college, he entered Mr. 
 Auchmuty's office, as a student of law. From that 
 
 * His works are. rights of the colonies stated and defended, 4to. 
 speech in favour of America, 1769; administration of British 
 colonics, 17 74.
 
 P R A 3S ? ) 
 
 gentleman he derived great assistance, and he af- 
 terwards married his daughter. At the bar he was 
 distinguished for legal knowledge, and a philosophical 
 arrangement of his ideas. He was also an able rea- 
 soner in the house of representatives, where he was 
 a member for Boston a number of years. His poli- 
 ticks were in opposition to Shirley, and hence he 
 was a favourite of Pownall. This also made him 
 popular in Boston, where his splendid abilities might 
 excite admiration, but would not have gained him 
 votes. The inhabitants of that town could never 
 love a man who had no complacency in his disposi- 
 tion, nor urbanity in his manners ; a man who 
 emerged from low life to a high station, and de- 
 spised those who formerly knew him, even those 
 from whom he had received favours. When Pow- 
 nall left the province, Pratt lost entirely the regard of 
 the people. The merchants and mechanicks in the 
 town were very indignant at his conduct in the 
 general court in supporting a motion to send away 
 the province ship. This ship, though owned 
 by the government, was designed to protect the 
 trade, and the merchants had subscribed liberally 
 to wards building; her. Yet, in the midst of the war* 
 it was proposed by Pownall's friends, that this ship 
 should leave the station, and the trade suffer mere- 
 ly for his personal honour or safety. The clamour 
 was so great, that the governour found it necessa- 
 ry to take his passage in a private vessel. But the 
 spirit of the people was not suddenly calmed. A 
 larger town meeting than ever had assembled at 
 Faneuil hall, discovered their displeasure by leaving 
 out Pratt and Tyng from the list of their represen- 
 tatives. Pownall, however, remembered Mr. Pratk, 
 and by his recommendation he was made chief jus- 
 tice of New York. He died soon after this promo 
 tion. 
 
 What talents judge Pratt possessed as a fine writ- 
 er we cannot learn from any publication with hi 
 name. The verses found in his study, and publish-
 
 390 P R I 
 
 ed in the Royal American magazine, April, 1774, 
 discover a strong vigour of fancy. If these were 
 his own compositions, he ought to have exercised 
 a fine genius for poetry. 
 
 Prince Thomas, governour of the colony of 
 Plymouth, was first elected into this office in the 
 year 1634 ; afterwards, in 1638. When gov. Brad- 
 ford died, in 1657, he was chosen to succeed him, 
 and continued to be chosen as long as he lived. 
 For many years he was one of the assistants, and 
 commissioner to the united colonies. He was one 
 of this respectable body when the disputes happen- 
 ed between Massachusetts and the other colonies 
 about the war with the Dutch, and joined heartily 
 in the letter of reproof which the colony of Plymouth 
 sent to our general court. Mr. Morton gives him 
 the character " of a very worthy, pious gentleman, 
 capable of the office of government." He was a 
 man of great integrity, a just man in private life, 
 and so steady to his trust, as never to betray the 
 publick confidence reposed in him. Douglass says 
 he had " strong natural powers, but no learning 
 He was a friend to learning and religion, whatever 
 his own acquirements might be, according to the 
 account we have " that the most able men in the 
 colony thought no method would be more effectual 
 in preventing the churches being overwhelmed with 
 ignorance, than the election of Mr. Prince to the 
 office of governour ; and this point being gained, 
 the adverse party from that time sunk into confu- 
 sion.''* He also procured revenues for the sup- 
 port of grammar schools. It was this gentleman, 
 with six others, who first settled the town of East- 
 ham. He removed there, in 1644, and returned to 
 Plymouth, when he was fixed in the chair of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Gov. Prince died, March 29, 1673, in the 73d. 
 year of his age. Having lived in New England 
 from the year 1621. Morton* s Memorial. Prince's 
 Annals, $£c. fcfc. 
 
 * Historical collections, vol. via. page 167. 
 
 »
 
 P R I 391 
 
 Prince Thomas, was born at Middleborough, 
 and graduated at Harvard College, 1707. He pass- 
 ed several years in travelling, but with no particular 
 object. He says, "that when he made reflections up- 
 on that part of his life, he never could see with sat- 
 isfaction the reasonableness and consistency of it." 
 While he was in England he was invited to settle 
 as a minister in several places, but his love to his 
 native country induced him to return. He arrived 
 at Boston in 1717, having been absent about seven 
 years. He was ordained pastor of the Old South 
 church, Oct. 1, 1718, and was one of the most 
 learned and useful men of the age. He would de- 
 serve this character if he had never published any- 
 thing but the chronology. 
 
 The worth of this book was not known at the 
 time he wrote it. He enlarged his method from 
 what the proposals stated, and the first part of the 
 work was so unacceptable to the publick, that he 
 could not get subscribers to the second volume. 
 He did, however, publish several numbers which 
 bring the New England annals down to 1633, and 
 which are so valuable for the precious documents 
 they contain, that all who look into the affairs of their 
 own country lament the work was not continued. 
 Concerning this book one of the first men of that gen- 
 eration, Mr. Callender writes, in a letter, dated New- 
 port, April 4, 1739, " It gives me great concern, 
 that Mr. Prince's chronology has been so ill receiv- 
 ed. 1 look on it as an honour to the country as 
 well as to the author, and doubt not but posterity 
 will do him justice. But that you will say is too 
 late. Some of the very best books have had the 
 same fate in other places and other ages. I need 
 not tell you of Milton, Rawleigh, Sec. I wish for 
 his sake he had taken less pains to serve an ungrate- 
 ful and injudicious age, lest it should discourage 
 his going on with his design. 1 hope it will not, 
 and hope you will encourage him, for sooner or lat- 
 er the country will see the advantage of his work 
 and their obligation to him."
 
 392 P R 1 
 
 That Mr. Princ-e was a Great scholar is evident 
 from the opinion given of him by the most learned 
 men among us. Dr. Chauncy says, " he may be 
 justly characterised as one of our great men, that 
 his learning was very extensive, but that he was ve- 
 ry credulous. He could easily be imposed upon. 
 Another imperfection hurtful to him, was a strange 
 disposition to regard more the circumstances of 
 things, and sometimes minute and trifling ones, 
 than the things themselves." He says, from his 
 own acquaintance with him, he could relate many 
 instances of this ; yet with all these weaknesses he 
 possessed intellectual powers for beyond what is 
 common. 
 
 As a preacher Mr. Prince was excellent, if we 
 may judge from the sermons he published. It is 
 said his delivery was bad. Objections have been 
 made, that he frequently rendered his common dis- 
 courses too learned for common people. He print- 
 ed the discourse at his own ordination, which no 
 ordinary man could write ; several funeral discour- 
 ses, which are as remarkable for their pathetick effu- 
 sions, as judicious observations, and are valuable on 
 account of the information concerning the worthies 
 of Boston, many of whom belonged to that church ; 
 the election sermon, 1730; several fast and thanks- 
 giving sermons ; and also published some philosophi- 
 cal essays. His revisal of the New England psalms 
 in metre discover his acquaintance with the oriental 
 languages, but not any glow of fancy, nor the least 
 glimmering of genius. A man may be a good his- 
 torian and no poet. 
 
 The friends of Mr. Prince observed his declining 
 health with anxiety. The means used to restore it 
 failed, and he died, October 22, 1758.* 
 
 * The father of Mr. Prince was Samuel Prince, esg. of Mid- 
 clleborough, who was born in Boston, 1649, and died 1728, aged 
 80. He was justice of the peace for Plymouth county, and a ve- 
 ry respectable man. His son wrote an account of the family with 
 the character given in the New England Journal, July 15, of that 
 year, He tells us that he w?,sthe fourth son of Mr. John Prince..
 
 P U T 393 
 
 Puudden Peter, was minister of the church in 
 Milford, Connecticut. He came with his church to 
 New Haven, but removed to Milford. There he 
 lived many years an example of piety, gravity and 
 zeal, against the evils of the times, which our pious 
 ancestors complained of, in the same maimer, as those 
 who talk, about the great degeneracy of the present 
 age. He died, A. D. 1656, in the 56th year of his 
 age. Dr. Mather says, " that his death was felt as a 
 pillar, which made the whole fabrick to shake." 
 
 Dr. Trumbull says, that his estate in this country 
 was appraised at 924/. 18s. 6d. He left a landed in- 
 terest in England, at Edgton, in Yorkshire, valued 
 at 1300 pounds sterling, which is still enjoyed by 
 some of his heirs. He had two sons. One of them, 
 John Prudden, was graduated, after his father's de- 
 cease, at Harvard College, in 1668. He settled in 
 the ministry at Newark, in New Jersey. The other 
 inherited the paternal estate. Their descendants 
 are numerous in Connecticut and New Jersey. 
 
 Putnam Israel, major general in the army of 
 the United States, was born at Salem, Essex coun- 
 ty, Jan. 7. 1718. His parents were respectable, and 
 his ancestors among the early settlers of Massachu • 
 
 ruling elder of the church in Hull, New England, who was the 
 eldest son of the rev. John Prince, rector of East Strafford, ia 
 Berkshire, England, in the reign of James and Charles I. Elder 
 Prince came to Massachusetts when archbishop Laud persecuted 
 the non-conformi-jts. He was two or three years at the universi- 
 ty of Oxford, but did not think himself sufficiently learned to en- 
 ter into the ministry, and therefore applied himself to husbandry. 
 He died, August 6, 1 676, in the 66th year of his age. His second 
 wife was the daughter of Thomas Hinckley, esq. governour of 
 Plymouth. She was the mother of the rev. Mr. Prince of Ros- 
 ton, and of Nathan Prince, a distinguished character in our litera- 
 ry annals. A man of superiour genius to his brother, and in math- 
 ematicks and natural philosophy superiour to any man in New 
 England. He was fellow of Harvard College many years, and a 
 candidate for the professor's chair. He wrote a book upon the 
 laws and constitution of that seminary. This was after he was 
 dismissed from the government and instruction of the college on 
 account of his intemperate habits,which destroyed his usefulness, 
 
 3 £
 
 394 P U T 
 
 setts. In the year 1739, he removed from Salem to" 
 Pomfret, in Connecticut. He there applied him- 
 self to husbandry, and, being very industrious, with 
 a* firm constitution, acquired a good estate. In the 
 French war, which commenced on our frontiers, in 
 1755, Mr. Putnam had the command of a company 
 in Lyman's regiment of provincials. He was high- 
 ly distinguished at the head of a party of rangers, 
 who were the most bold, active and enterprising- 
 men in the army. Amidst his hazardous undertak- 
 ings, and valourous feats, he was taken prisoner, and 
 suffered every hardship which Indians, in their 
 sportive cruelty, could invent ; or in their savage 
 passion execute. He returned to the army as soon 
 as there was an exchange of prisoners In 1762, he 
 was lieut. colonel of a regiment of provincials, which 
 were sent to Cuba. After the city of Havannah 
 was taken, he returned to New England, with a few 
 of his regiment who had escaped the dangers which 
 surrounded them. Some had fallen in battle, ma- 
 ny fell a prey to the diseases of the climate. In 
 1763 peace was proclaimed between the English 
 and French nations; but the savages of the Ameri- 
 can wilderness were not yet tamed. Gen. Brad- 
 street was sent to the western frontiers, in 1764 ; 
 col. Putnam was with him, having the command of 
 a regiment. The Indians were, however, brought 
 into complete subjection without much fighting, 
 and col. Putnam returned to the tranquillity of do- 
 mestick life. Like other great characters we read 
 of, he went from the field of battle to the plough. 
 
 At the commencement of the revolutionary war, 
 when the spirit of patriotism, like a fire bursting 
 from its enclosures, spread over the country, the 
 name and actions of Putnam were on every tongue. 
 His soul was on fire upon the news of Lexington 
 battle, and he immediately left all his private con- 
 cerns for the field of action. It is impossible to ex- 
 press the confidence placed in him. He was equal 
 to a host. It was the language of many, that the
 
 PUT 395 
 
 British troops would not dare to come out of Bos- 
 ton, when they knew they would have such a hero 
 to oppose. On the other hand the loyalists within 
 the lines attempted to expose to ridicule those very 
 things which excited the admiration of the patriots. 
 They called him the '* wolf catcher," a mere In- 
 dian hunter, who was hardly equal to command a 
 company of grenadiers. They acknowledged his 
 courage, and several of the higher officers of the ar- 
 my, who had served with him, gave a just tribute to 
 his other good qualities, as well as his valour. 
 
 He commanded a wing of the army during seve- 
 ral campaigns ; was an active, useful officer, more 
 brave than prudent, and frequently wanted dignity 
 in his style of conduct ; but always generous, hu- 
 mane, the soldier's friend. It was unfortunate for 
 the country, as well as himself, that he was taken off 
 from all active service by a paralysis in the winter of 
 1779. He lived, however, to enjoy the blessings of 
 peace, to see his country in prosperity, his friends 
 contented and happy. He died, May 29, 1790.* 
 
 * " Among the many worthy and meritorious characters with 
 whom I have hadthe happiness to beconnected in the service through 
 the course of the war, and from whose cheerful assistance in the 
 various and trying vicissitudes of a complicated contest, the name 
 of a Putnam is not forgotten ; nor will it be but with that stroke of 
 time which shall obliterate from my mind the remembrance of 
 all those toils and fatigues through which we have struggled for 
 the preservation and establishment of the rights, liberties and in- 
 dependence of our country." Gen. Washington's letter to gen. 
 Putnam, J/iril 2, 1783. 
 
 For this letter, and several facts we are indebted to col. Hum- 
 phreys, late American minister to the court of Madrid. His life 
 of Putnam is a very interesting piece of biography. It will be 
 read with repeated pleasure. It would greatly increase our 
 stock of information, if other gentlemen of sentiment and obser- 
 vation would give memoirs of our revolutionary characters. Ma- 
 ny incidents of the war would be mingled with the narrative of 
 their lives. Many anecdotes also might be furnished by those 
 who knew them, intimately, which we shall doubtless lose, as 
 those who relate them arc dropping off the stage. We love to 
 see men in all their various attitudes, whom we admjte for the 
 distinguishing features of their character.
 
 396 QUI 
 
 Pynchon William, one of the first planters of 
 Massachusetts, was a gentleman very respectable 
 for his learning, as well as his piety. He laid the 
 foundation of the town of Roxbury. With this 
 company Mr. John Eliot preferred to settle, when the 
 first church in Boston were very desirous to have him 
 for their pastor. Many of them had been his friends 
 and neighbours in England. In the year 1636 the 
 settlements at Connecticut river began. Those who 
 settled Windsor went from Dorchester. Mr. Pyn- 
 chon, and those who went from Roxbury, settled 
 higher up the river. The place was called Agawam, 
 by the Indians, which doubtless means a river, in 
 their language^ several other places were so called. 
 This was certainly the original name of Ipswich. 
 Mr. Pynchon may be considered as the father of two 
 principal towns in Massachusetts, Roxbury and 
 Springfield. He lived to old age, and grew rich 
 trading with the Indians. It is said, that some of 
 his landed property is in the possession of his pos- 
 terity to the present day. It is a fact, that the town 
 of Springfield, had always had one of the name and 
 family among their magistrates. A late appointment 
 of a justice of peace, since Mr. Gore has been in the 
 chair of government, is an evidence, that the family 
 is still worthy of respect, as it always has been, if 
 we view the line from their first ancestor. 
 
 Pynchon John, who had been a magistrate 50 
 years, died at Springfield, June 16, 1702. 
 
 Pynchon Joseph, one of the descendants, was 
 a magistrate for the county of Suffolk ; for many 
 years of his majesty'scouncil, and died at Newtown, 
 previous to the revolution. 
 
 Quincy Edmund, agent for Massachusetts at 
 the court of Great Britain, was born at Braintree, 
 Get. 21, 1681. He was descended from worthy 
 ancestors, who were esteemed highly by the fathers 
 of our country. The first Mr. Edmund Quincy 
 was a member of the Boston church, which then in- 
 cluded Braintree, in the year 1633. He died at
 
 Q U I 397 
 
 the age of thirty three. His son, Edmund Quincy, 
 married the daughterof major general Gookin,a man 
 of renown in that generation, and whose memory is 
 still precious. Mr. Q. was also distinguished by 
 his honours and his virtue. He fixed his residence 
 upon the spot now called Quincy ; was lieut. col. 
 of the Suffolk regiment, and a magistrate of the 
 county. It was his desire, that his son, the subject 
 of this article, might have every advantage of a lib- 
 eral education, and he sent him to Harvard College, 
 where he was graduated, 1699. The father died 
 while the son was a student, in the month of Janu- 
 ary, 1697. 
 
 Deprived of his care at this tender age, the 
 youth improved the opportunity he had to ac- 
 quire knowledge. The example of an excellent 
 father was before him, and his conduct manifested 
 the influence of those sentiments with which his 
 mind was early imbued. His mind was active, his 
 genius brilliant, and he laid up wisdom for future 
 years. He was soon honoured with the confidence 
 of the publick, and he never frustrated the fond 
 hopes of those who loved him, nor the expec- 
 tations of those who had a high opinion of his ac- 
 complishments. In the year 1713, he had a com- 
 mission from gov. Dudley to be colonel of the first 
 regiment, previously to which he had shown him- 
 self to be a v^ery active and skilful military officer. 
 In 1718, he was appointed one of the judges of 
 the superiour court, and he always maintained the 
 dignity of this honourable bench by his excellent 
 deportment, his attention to duty, his wisdom and 
 integrity. In the legislature, he was a very eloquent 
 and graceful speaker. He was chosen a represen- 
 tative in 1713, 14 ; and one of his majesty's coun- 
 cil the year succeeding. In the year 1733, he had 
 an additional commission of justice through the 
 province. " He sought not these honours, but sev- 
 eral of them he was solicited to accept." as we arc 
 assured by persons intimately acquainted with him.
 
 398 QUI 
 
 In the year 1737, a serious controversy took place 
 between Massachusetts and New Hampshire about 
 settling the boundary line. Commissioners were 
 appointed by the crown to bring the dispute to a 
 termination. Mr. Q. was one of the agents of this 
 province, before the commissioners, and was after- 
 wards chosen to represent the whole business be- 
 fore the court of Great Britain. Hutchinson says 
 the Massachusetts were sure of their cause. ''They 
 thought it safest, however, to send a special agent, 
 who was joined with Mr. Wilks the former agent ; 
 to whom was added Mr. Richard Partridge, whose 
 chief merit was, that he was a relation of gov. Bel- 
 cher. Mr. Q. died of the small pox, by inocula- 
 tion, soon after his arrival in London, and the other 
 two knew little or nothing of the controversy." Mr. 
 Q's. death was on the 23d of Feb. 1737. 
 
 The loss to the country was great, as he was one 
 of the most useful and accomplished gentlemen in 
 the province. He loved his country ; and understood 
 the laws and constitution of this government equal 
 to any man in it, and was very popular, as well as 
 wise and judicious. " He walked in his upright- 
 ness," says an affectionate friend, " and led us in 
 the way to heaven by a shining example of piety and 
 goodness. His memory ought to be always dear and 
 precious with us, and his great name mentioned with 
 peculiar honour in the annals of New England. Sem- 
 per honos, nomenque tuum, laudesque mane- 
 bunt."* Hancock's funeral sermon. Mss. penesme. 
 
 *The province were at the expence of the funeral, and the 
 general court gave orders to erect a handsome monument in 
 Bunhill Fields, London, with as elegant latin inscription englished 
 as follows : 
 
 Here are deposited the remains of Edmund Quincy, esq. native 
 of Massachusetts bay, in New England ; a gentleman of distin- 
 gaished piety, prudence and learning, who early merited praise 
 for discharging with the greatest ability and improved integrity the 
 various employments both in the civil and military affairs with 
 which his country entrusted him : these especially as ofte of his 
 majesty's council," a justice of the supreme court of judicature, 
 and colonel of a regiment of foot. The publick affairs of his coun*
 
 QUI' 393 
 
 Quincy Josiah, jun. an eminent lawyer, ora- 
 tor, and patriot, was the son of Josiah Quincy, esq. 
 merchant in Boston, who acquired a handsome for- 
 tune in trade, and in his latter years retired to Brain - 
 tree, the seat of his ancestors. His son was bora 
 in Boston, 1743, entered Harvard College, 1759 ; 
 where he was distinguished for the vivacity of his 
 genius, and his application to study. In 1763, he 
 received the honours of that seminary. Three 
 years after, when he proceeded master of arts, he 
 pronounced an English oration, by which he obtain- 
 ed great eclat. Except in one instance, there had 
 been no English performance since the foundation 
 of the college, and in no instance could an orator 
 have been brought forward, to obtain more univer- 
 sal applause. 
 
 At the bar he discovered much legal information ; 
 he was energetick, and fluent, and seldom failed 
 of impressing his sentiments upon the jury in the 
 most pointed and perspicuous manner. His politi- 
 cal character, however, gave him the greatest claim 
 to publick favour. As a friend to liberty the peo- 
 ple regarded him with admiration bordering on en- 
 thusiasm. Those who have heard him speak will 
 never forget his voice and manner, when the great 
 body of the people assembled in Faneuil Hall, or in 
 the Old South meeting house, to express their ab- 
 horrence of the acts of the British parliament, and 
 their determination to live and die like freemen. 
 Mr. Q. had a tongue to speak, and a pen to write, 
 which have not been exceeded in this country. The 
 controversy between Great Britain and the colonies 
 was the general topick of conversation. The reve- 
 nue acti had been passed. The Boston port bill 
 
 try so requiring, he embarked their agent to the court of Great 
 Britain in order to secure their rights and privileges. Being seiz- 
 ed with the small pox, he died a premature death, and with him 
 the advantages expected from the agency, with the greatest pros- 
 pect of success. He departed the delight of his own people hut 
 of none more than the senate, who, as a testimony of their love 
 and gratitude, have ordered this epitaph to be inscribed on his, 
 monument.
 
 4rOO Q U I 
 
 soon after arrested the attention of the people, and 
 Mr. Q. had a fine opportunity to display his talents 
 and patriotism. His publieation, in 1774, entitled, 
 " Thoughts ontheBoston port bill, &.c. addressed to 
 the freeholders and yeomanry of Massachusetts," 
 was a seasonable work, fraught with much informa- 
 tion, written with becoming energy, and it stimu- 
 lated the body of the people to manly and decent 
 exertions in defence of their natural and constitu- 
 tional rights. He received an anonymous letter, 
 May 17, 1774, from the British coffee house in Bos- 
 ton, which warned him of the imminent danger of 
 his life, and hazard of confiscation of his property. 
 To which he made the following reply, in the Mas- 
 sachusetts Gazette, No. 3685 : te The dangers and 
 wrongs of my country are equally apparent. In all 
 publick concerns I feel a sense of right and duty, 
 that not only satisfies my conscience, but inspires 
 my zeal. While I have this sentiment / shall per- 
 severe, till my understanding is convinced of its er- 
 ror. A consideration, that will not be warped by 
 the arm of power, or the hand of an assassin. 
 Threats of impending danger communicated by 
 persons who conceal their name and character, ought 
 never to deter from the path of duty ; but exciting 
 contempt rather than fear, will determine a man of 
 spirit to proceed with new vigour and energy in his 
 publick conduct." 
 
 The health of Mr. Q. had been sometime declin- 
 ing. Amidst his vigourous exertions for the publick 
 good, he thought too little of himself. His friends, 
 therefore, persuaded him to take a voyage across 
 the Atlantick, which might also give him an oppor- 
 tunity, from his own knowledge and experience, to 
 explain many things to the friends of the colonies, 
 and thus contribute to the service of his country. 
 He embarked at Boston, Sept. 28, 1774, and the very 
 day on which he arrived in the harbour of Cape Ann, 
 * April 27, 1775, he departed this life. His remains 
 were interred in that town with every mark of re-
 
 QUI 401 
 
 spect. Few, however, compared wMi those who 
 felt the loss, could attend the funeral. The multi- 
 tude of the people were his mourners. The death 
 of such a man was a heavy stroke upon the com- 
 munity, as well as his family, friends and acquain- 
 tance. The effect it had upon various classes of people 
 is still remembered. Many knew, or had heard of 
 his patriotick zeal ; also, with what eloquence he had 
 plead the cause of his country. A great deal was ex- 
 pected from the communications he would make of 
 what he had learned abroad. The news of his death, 
 therefore, when a general gloom was spread over our 
 publick affairs made every eye look down with con* 
 cern, and every heart throb with sensations of grief. 
 It was a subject of conversation, likewise, very 
 natural, that two of the same family, two men of 
 sterling eloquence, who had the love and confidence 
 of the' publick, should both die, when the country 
 was waiting for their communications. High hopes 
 seemed to be raised only to be blasted.* 
 
 * The grandfather died in England ; the young gentleman be- 
 fore he reached these western shores. 
 
 In a letter from a gentleman of some distinction in the literary- 
 world is the following passage: " I think it worthy of observation, 
 that the Quincy's have been friends to liberty and the rights of 
 the people from the most ancienttim.es. When the English bar- 
 ons made that nobJe stand in the beginning of the 1 3th century, 
 that obliged king John to grant the Magna Charta,sieur dc Quin- 
 cy was one of them. Although more than five centuries have 
 rolled away since that great event, yet the spirit has not been lost. 
 Josiah Quincy, esq. in the most trying times of our revolution, 
 exerted his great abilities with success in favour of the rights of 
 the people," &c. 
 
 The family is certainly one of the most ancient in Massachu- 
 setts : many have been distinguished in publick offices, several for 
 their abilities, learning and patriotism. Two sons, Edmund and 
 Josiah, were magistrates in the county of Suffolk. Josiah 
 had a commission of colonel of the regiment. His three 
 sons, Edmund, Samutl and Josiah, were men of letters. 
 The youngest of the three made the greatest figure in life, and 
 he died in the morning of his days. Edmund died abroad. He 
 was a zealous whig, and a political writer in those times. Samuel 
 was a poet, and an elegant writer in prose. His poli- 
 ticks were different from the rest of the familv. He was ap- 
 
 3 D
 
 •i:02 RAN 
 
 Randolph Edward, in the year 1676, was 
 sent over to inquire into the state of the colonies. 
 He was an active and implacable adversary to 
 New England. He brought with him copies of the 
 petitions of Mason and Gorges relative to their pa- 
 tent of New Hampshire, the limits of which inter- 
 fered with the grants made to Massachusetts. 
 
 While he was in Boston, he represented that the 
 province was refractory, and disobedient to the re- 
 quisitions of the crown. He was zealous to pro- 
 mote the cause of episcopacy, and to destroy the 
 New England churches ; and he was the principal 
 instrument of depriving the inhabitants of Massa- 
 chusetts of their charter privileges, the people a- 
 gainst whom he had conceived a most violent an- 
 tipathy. 
 
 When the charter was taken away, and James II. 
 succeeded to the crown, the king appointed a coun- 
 cil to govern the province, of which Dudley was 
 president, and Randolph was one named in the 
 commission. The next year sir E. Andross ar- 
 rived with a commission to be governour of New 
 England. Randolph was a conspicuous character 
 during his short administration ; and involved in 
 his fate. How much the people were exasperated 
 against him appears, by their refusing him bail when 
 he applied, and when it was granted to others. The 
 house of representatives, June 25, 1689, voted, 
 
 pointed solicitor general when Jonathan Sewall, esq. who married 
 his cousin, was attorney general. He left his country with the 
 loyalists, and died in the West Indies, after the peace. 
 
 The hon. John Quincy, esq. who was speaker of the house of 
 representatives in 1737, and afterwards of his majesty's council, 
 was a nephew of the celebrated judge Edmund Quincy. His son, 
 Norton Quincy, esq. was chosen a counsellor in 1774, and was 
 one of the eleven whom gov. Gage negatived. One of his daugh- 
 ters married the rev. William Smith of Weymouth, a worthy 
 divine, much beloved by those who knew him. The late presi- 
 dent of the United States, his excellency John Adams, esq. mar- 
 ried a daughter of Mr. Smith. 
 
 The lady of the late gov. Hancock was also a grand-daughter 
 of judge Quincy.
 
 R A W 4Q3 
 
 " that Mr. E. Randolph is not bailable, he having 
 broken a capital law of this colony in endeavouring; 
 and accomplishing the subversion of our govern- 
 ment, and having been an evil counsellor." 
 
 Mr. Randolph died in the West Indies. It was 
 said, that he always retained his prejudices against 
 the churches and people of Massachusetts. On the 
 other hand the inhabitants of this province who once 
 held him in abhorrence, regarded him and his re- 
 proaches with the utmost contempt. 
 
 Ratcliffe Robert, was the first episcopal 
 minister who ever formed a church in New Eng- 
 land. The church was formed in the year 1686, 
 though a house of worship was not built for some 
 years. It has since been called the king's chapel, or 
 the first episcopal church, Tremont-street. Randolph » 
 says, " the congregation consisted of 400 souls." 
 He is not an authority, where his prejudices are 
 concerned. This society grew respectable after the 
 charter of William and Mary, being the place of 
 resort of the crown officers. But when Ratcliffe was 
 rector, they met in his house, or the library room 
 in the town house. We hear nothing of Mr. Rat- 
 cliffe after the year 1686. 
 
 Raw son Edward, secretary of the colony above 
 40 years, under the old charter, was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1653. He was a respectable cha- 
 racter, as we may judge from his having this office 
 so long, while there was an annual election. He 
 was also appointed treasurer of the corporation for 
 propagating the gospel. In this office, he did not 
 give so much satisfaction as in the other. The pray- 
 ing Indians complained to Ratcliffe and Randolph, 
 that they could not get cloaths, &x. which were al- 
 lowed them. The letters also that came from England 
 to the commissioners here, give some reproofs which 
 amount to a charge of negligence. He lost his of- 
 fice of secretary when the government was changed, 
 being succeeded by Randolph. and afterwards by Mr. 
 Addington. We do not learn from Mr. Hutchinson
 
 404 ROB 
 
 when secretary Rawson died, nor has he even giv- 
 en his name in his index. 
 
 Read John, a gentleman of very brilliant talents, 
 of sterling integrity, a friend of the people, of the 
 laws and government. For his superiour abilities 
 he was considered as one of the greatest lawyers in 
 this country. The succeeding generation indulged 
 a pride in quoting his legal opinions, and his sayings, 
 in common conversation. He died, at an advanced 
 age, Feb. 7, 1749, having been graduated at Har- 
 vard College at the commencement of 1697. 
 
 He had served as a representative of this town for 
 many years ; and afterwards was elected into the 
 council. While he sat at that board, he was their 
 oracle, and was eminently useful to the country. 
 
 Revel John, was one of the five original under- 
 takers of these New England plantations. There 
 are five who are thus distinguished by Mr. Prince. 
 Their venerable names are Winthrop, Dudley, 
 Johnson, Saltonstall and Revel. He was chosen as- 
 sistant, October 20, 1629, 30, and was therefore the 
 10th of this board. He returned to England, with 
 Mr. William Vassal, the succeeding summer. 
 
 Robie Thomas, fellow of Harvard College, 
 was graduated, A. D. 1708 ; instructed a class from 
 1714 to 1723; he then studied physick. He was 
 eminent as a mathematician, and a handsome writer ; 
 specimens of his scientifick abilities, and his man- 
 tier of composing, may be found scattered in the 
 magazines and newspapers during 20 years of the 
 18th century, particularly a letter to the publick, 
 concerning a very remarkable eclipse of the sun, 
 Nov. 27, 1722. He also published a theological 
 treatise, or a discourse upon " the knowledge of 
 Christ superiour to all other knowledge." It was 
 delivered in the college chapel to the students, 
 and dedicated to president Leverett. 
 
 Robinson John, pastor of the English church 
 atLeyden, will be had in everlasting remembrance. 
 Though he never set his foot on thb American
 
 R O B 405 
 
 strand, vet it was his determination to follow- his 
 flock into this wilderness; and the planters' of 
 New. Plymouth looked up to him, as the father 
 and friend of the colony. He had a name to live, 
 if these regions had never been settled. His abil- 
 ities, accomplishments and sufferings give him a 
 claim to distinction with the worthies of the christian 
 church, but it is as the pastoxof the Leyden church 
 that he becomes the object of our biographical 
 notice. When he first separated from the church 
 of England, he was reckoned a Brownist, and hence 
 the first planters of New Plymouth have been called 
 Brownists, by European historians, in which they 
 have been imitated by American writers who ought, 
 to know better, or seek accounts from the right 
 sources of information. Mr. R. was early in life, 
 among the straitest sect of them who were called 
 puritans. But with a mind open to conviction he 
 altered his sentiments when the celebrated Amcsius 
 controverted his opinion. He was ready to embrace 
 the truth of the gospel in its simplicity. Decked 
 in all the meritricious ornaments of the episcopal 
 churches, he lost sight of her beauties, and would 
 not allow the church of England could be a true 
 church. But afterwards he allowed, that mam 
 churches were founded on the apostles' doctrine and 
 fellowship, which only needed greater purity in 
 their forms of worship. The church of Leyden, so 
 far from being Brownists, were considered by that 
 sect as inimical to them. Gov. Winslow, a princi- 
 pal member of Mr. Robinson's church, says, V The 
 Brownists in Holland would not hold communion 
 with the church at Leyden. The rev. Mr. Prince, 
 whose account of the Plymouth settlers is very ac- 
 curate, quotes a passage from Bailie, the bitter enemy 
 of rigid separatists, which says, that Mr. Robinson 
 was a man of excellent parts, and the most learned, 
 polished and modest spirit that ever separated from 
 the church of England ; that the apologies he wrote 
 were very handsome ; that by Dr. Ames and Mr.
 
 406 ROB 
 
 *Parker he was brought to a greater moderation than 
 he at first expressed ; that he ruined the rigid separ- 
 ation, allowing the lawfulness of communing with 
 the church of England in the word and prayer, 
 though not in the sacraments and discipline." 
 
 It would have been happy for Plymouth church 
 if Mr. R. had come over. Elder Brewster would 
 never take the office. The gifted brethren gained 
 so much influence, as to make every preacher's sit- 
 uation uneasy. If he had not the ready talent of ex- 
 plaining the scriptures, he was put down as a man 
 of low gifts ; if he were superiour, he found his tal- 
 ents in more demand in Massachusetts. Our old 
 historians give this account of the church at Ply- 
 mouth, and since that day many instances confirm 
 their opinion, that whenever parishes are long with- 
 out a minister, they find it more difficult to settle one. 
 In expectation of Mr. Robinson's coming over the 
 church grew and flourished ; but when these expec- 
 tations of seeing him were most highly raised, they 
 heard the sad news of his death, 1625. " It has pleased 
 the Lord to take out of this vale of tears, your and 
 our loving pastor, Mr. Robinson. He fell sick, Sat- 
 urday morning, Feb. 22, next day taught us twice, 
 on the week grew weaker every day, feeling little or 
 no sensible pain to the last. Departed this life, the 
 1st of March. Had a continual ague. All his 
 friends came freely to him. And if prayers, tears 
 or means could have saved his life, he had not gone 
 hence. We will still hold close in peace, wishing 
 that you and we were together,"* &c. 
 
 The parting address of Mr. Robinson, when his 
 people embarked for this new region, has been fre- 
 quently printed and quoted, and no speech ever dis- 
 covered more candour and excellent spirit. It 
 shows a mind above vulgar prejudices, the dignity 
 of reason, and the meekness of a christian. "Words, 
 says Mr. Prince, almost astonishing in that age of low 
 and universal bigotry, which then prevailed in the 
 
 * Letter from Leyden> quoted by Mr. Prince.
 
 R OG 407 
 
 English nation ; wherein this great and learned man 
 seems to be almost the only divine, who was capa- 
 ble of rising into a noble freedom of thinking and 
 practising in religious matters, and even urging 
 such an equal liberty on his own people. He la- 
 bours to take them off from their attachment to him, 
 that they might be more entirely free to search and 
 follow the scriptures." 
 
 Rogers I^zekiel, was born in England, 1590. 
 He was the son of Richard Rogers, an author of 
 some repute, who wrote a book entitled, the seven 
 treatises, which passed through several editions in 
 London, and has been read a great deal in New 
 England. Ezekiel came to this country in 1638, 
 with a number of people from Yorkshire. He was 
 urged to go with them to New Haven ; but he chose 
 a pleasant spot in the county of Essex, where he 
 could enjoy the society of Mr. Nathaniel Rogers, 
 the first minister of the church in Ipswich. It was 
 called Rowley, because he was minister of Rowley 
 in Great Britain. He preached the election sermon 
 in 1643. The first twelve years of his ministry 
 were attended with great success. He was in la- 
 bours more abundant, so that a young man was settled 
 with him as a colleague. This caused jealousies and 
 divisions in the parish, and his life was unhappy. He 
 also met with domestick affliction. He buried two 
 wives and all his children ; his house and furniture 
 were consumed by fire ; he lost the use of his right 
 arm, and was obliged to learn to write with his left 
 hand, after he was advanced in years. 
 
 Though sometimes cast down by the discourage- 
 ments of the world he was, however, patient under 
 many tribulations. He believed that, after making 
 the voyage of life over a troubled sea, he should 
 reach the haven of eternal rest. His last sickness 
 was of a lingering nature, and he died, Jan. 22, 1668, 
 in the 79th year of his age. 
 
 Rogirs Nathaniel, was the second son of 
 John Rogers of Dedham, and born in 1598. He
 
 408 ROC 
 
 ■ \va3 educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, and 
 settled with Dr. Barkam, in a parish called Bock- 
 ing, in Essex county. He had no scruples about 
 conforming to the forms and ceremonies of the 
 church of England till he became acquainted with 
 -Mr. Hooker, and he then began to show his dissat- 
 isfaction, by leaving off the surplice, which gave of- 
 fence to the rector, and occasioned a removal. Af- 
 ter this the bishop of Norvvich suffered him to live 
 quietly, and preach at Assington, where he contin- 
 ued five years. He obtained great celebrity as a 
 preacher with the most wise and judicious people. 
 Though he had not the loud voice of his father, yet 
 lie was a lively, florid and animated speaker. He 
 came to New England in the year 1636 in the same 
 ship with Mr. Partridge, and was invited to settle 
 with the church at Dorchester ; but for the sake of 
 those who came with him, and could be accommo- 
 dated better at Ipswich, he preferred that place, and 
 was ordained Feb. 20, 1638. His ordination ser- 
 mon was 2. Cor. ii. 16. " A sermon so copious, 
 judicious, accurate and elegant," says Dr. Mather, 
 4< that it struck the hearers with admiration." He 
 gives also, a "very particular account of his preach- 
 ing upon certain parts of the scriptures, to the ac- 
 ceptation of the people, but says, that he printed 
 none of his discourses. One reason was, that his 
 disposition to be accurate was such, as would injure 
 his health. He was also a remarkably modest man, 
 though one of the greatest men in his profession. 
 '• He might be compared with the very best of the 
 true ministers, which made the best days of New 
 England." The biographer says, he was equal to 
 Norton in his greatest excellencies. Such a man A 
 though worthy of respect, is not always sure of it. 
 The wild notes of illiterate preachers are frequently 
 read, while the best compositions are neglected. 
 Mr. Rogers suffered many trials. He was subject 
 to hypochondriack complaints, and was often a prey 
 to melancholy humours. At the time Mr. Norton
 
 ROG 409 
 
 was called from Ipswich to Boston, he was much af- 
 flicted, and he gave displeasure to others. He did 
 not live long afterwards, though he grew better of 
 his bodily complaints. In 1655, an epidemic cough 
 prevailed in the country. He had the complaint ; but 
 with no symptoms of danger, till the morning previ- 
 ous to his death. He then biessed his family, spake 
 cheerfully of heavenly things, and when he had utter- 
 ed these words, as his last, " My times are in thine 
 hands," died in peace, July 3d, in the afternoon.* 
 
 Dr. Mather says, that although no composures of 
 this worthy man came from the press, except a let- 
 ter, which he wrote in 1643, to a member of the 
 house of commons, 4i concerning reformation ;" 
 yet he had in his hands a manuscript, written in a 
 neat latin style, whereof he was an incomparable 
 master. It is entitled, " a vindication of the con- 
 gregational church government." From the speci- 
 men given in the Magnalia, it must be a desidera- 
 tum to obtain the whole. 
 
 Rogers John, president of Harvard College, 
 son of the rev. N. Rogers of Ipswich, was born in 
 England, before his father left Assington, and came 
 over with him to America. He was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1649, and was, for some time, a 
 preacher of the gospel ; but he either did not meet 
 with success in the ministry, or was more attached 
 to the theory and practice of physick ; for he left one 
 profession for the other. 
 
 He is described as a man of piety and excellent 
 temper. " So sweet was his disposition that the ti- 
 tle of delicice humani generis might have been given 
 him, and his real piety, set off with the accomplish- 
 ments of a gentleman, was like a gem set in gold." 
 He was chosen to succeed Mr. Oakes, as president. 
 
 •In 1655, a distemper went through the plantations of New 
 England like to that in 1647. It was so epidemical that few were 
 able to visit their friends at any distance to perform the last offi 
 ces to them. It was attended with a faint cough. Mr. N. Rog^r>» 
 minister of Ipswich died of it, July 2d. Hu^/Urson. 
 
 3 E
 
 410 R O G 
 
 of the college, and installed, August 12, 1683. 
 The next year he died, July 2d, the day after com- 
 mencement. 
 
 An epitaph was engraved on his tomb, written by 
 one of the students, supposed to be Dr. Cotton 
 Mather. It is no very elegant specimen of classi- 
 cal style. 
 
 Rogfrs Nathaniel, pastor of the church in 
 Portsmouth, was the son of president Rogers, and was. 
 educated at Harvard College, 1687, and ordained* 
 May 3d, 1699. He was a very pious minister, a 
 strict disciple of the Geneva school, had a very 
 agreeable maiwier of preaching, and was very ele- 
 gant in his person and deportment. With all his 
 wisdom and affability he could not prevent a divi- 
 sion in the parish which arose upon building the 
 new meeting house.* The majority moved from 
 the old spot to the north section of the town, and 
 have preserved the name of the first church to the 
 present time. The inhabitants of the south end 
 were filled with resentment at their conduct. They 
 organized themselves as a distinct society. In this 
 they acted with the advice and assistance of Dr. 
 Mather of Boston. An ecclesiastical council was 
 called, which only widened their dfference. Mr. 
 Rogers was much disgusted with the conduct of 
 the ministers, who gave tueir advice to the people 
 of the old church. Dr. Mather, on the other hand, 
 blamed Mr. Rogers, and wondered how so good a 
 man could discover so much ill humour. The re- 
 sult of the council is not exactly known ; but the 
 most just inference to be drawn per mss. handed 
 down, is, that the societies separated, and did not 
 walk in lave " till that generation dropped off the 
 stage. Mr. Rogers died, October 3d, 1723. The 
 inscription on his monument was written by a gen- 
 tleman of classical purity and taste. It is preserv- 
 ed in the collections of the Massachusetts Histori- 
 cal Society. He left a number of children, 
 
 * See Alden's account of Portsmouth.
 
 ROG 411 
 
 The oldest was the hon. Nathaniel Rogers, esq. 
 -father of the present judge Rogers of Exeter. 
 His youngest son was the hon. Daniel Rogers, 
 esq. who for a number of years was one of the 
 king's council, when New Hampshire was a royal 
 government. He resigned this honourable station 
 on account of the acts of the British parliament, 
 which prepared this country for the revolution. He 
 was a whig in principle, a man of a strong mind, ex- 
 tensive reading, and strongly attached to the prin- 
 ciples of our fathers. His lady was the daughter of 
 the hon. John Hinge, agent at the court of Great 
 Britain, a sister of Mrs. Wentworth, the mother of 
 sir John Wentworth, governour of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Rogers John, minister of the church in Ipswich, 
 was the son of president Rogers. He was grad- 
 uated at Harvard College, in 1684, and a few years 
 after he received academical honours, he was or- 
 dained pastor of the church, where he continued has 
 publick labours fifty six years. He died Decem- 
 ber 28, 1745, in the eightieth year of his age. An 
 eminent divine, Mr. Wiggles worth, of the same 
 town, preached his funeral sermon, and thus delin- 
 ates his character : u As to natural endowments, 
 he was blessed with a clear apprehension and sound 
 judgment ; was of a thoughtful and inquisitive 
 temper of mind ; in the diligent improvement 
 of which advantages, through the blessing of 
 God, he acquired much valuable knowledge ; es^ 
 pecially much of that knowledge the lips are to 
 keep, and the pastors after God's own heart to feed 
 his flock with. His private conversation was edi- 
 fying and pleasant. He hail a conspicuous degree 
 of prudence, which is so necessary to the well 
 managing and administering the affairs of Christ's 
 household. He was robust, useful and active in 
 old age, being enabled to labour in word and doc- 
 trine to the last, and quit the stage in action." 
 
 Rogers Nathaniel, son of the rev. John 
 Rogers, was settled as his colleague in the minis-
 
 412 ROG 
 
 try. He was graduated in the year 1 724, and died 
 in May, 1775, having been in the pastoral office 
 near fifty years. Concerning this venerable man, 
 as one speaks who was well acquainted with him, 
 it is hard to say, whether the great or good was his 
 predominant character. But it must be admitted 
 by all, that there was in him an uncommon measure 
 and a rare combination of both. He had a very 
 discerning mind, and was blest with advantages for 
 acquaintance with men and things. He exhibited 
 generally something superiour in turn of thought 
 and manner of conversation. he could be enter- 
 taining and instructive, so that young men took 
 great pleasure in his company. The great things 
 of the gospel were to be sure his favourite sub- 
 jects. As a preacher he avoided vain philosophy, 
 and subtle disputings. When his heart was most 
 moved, there appeared an energy of address, which 
 is rarely to be met with. 
 
 In his latter days he was taken off from his la- 
 bours, and his mental faculties impaired ; but there 
 were lucid intervals when he conversed like him- 
 self. The people of his change, and the neighbour- 
 ing churches, lamented his departure with expres- 
 sions of condolence, that were lively and expres- 
 sive.* Dr. Dana's mss. 
 
 * The church of Ipswich was supplied with a pastor by the 
 name of Rogers above 100 years. The first Mr. R. was with 
 them about 17 years ; Mr. J. Rog ers 56 ; and Nathaniel between 
 •40 and 50. The family desceiv ted from Mr. J. Rogers, who 
 was a martyr to the cause of tr ie reformation. He was burnt 
 at Smithfield, 1555. Mr. Rfjgers of Dedham was his grand- 
 son, v, hos»; on Nathaniel car ne over to New England. The 
 branches of the family are numerous. No one name has been 
 more conspicuous among thf j divines of Massachusetts. There 
 are preachers in successir m for a number of generations. 
 Several have been famouf ; beside those we have mentioned. 
 Mr. Rogers, of Littleton, who was graduated in 1725, with 
 whom the compiler of this work once served as an assistant, 
 possessed very superiour talents, Was a very rational and learned 
 divine, a man of scientifr :k researches, and a complete gentle- 
 man in his manners. H e died Nov. 25, 1782. 
 
 There is nothing published with his name, and it is something
 
 SAL 418 
 
 Rossi teb Edward, came from the west of En- 
 gland, and was chosen one of the assistants for the 
 government of Massachusetts, October 20, 1629, 
 and died October 23, of the succeeding year. He 
 was grave and pious, and possessed considerable 
 property. His death was felt as a loss to the colo- 
 ny, as we learn from Dudley's letter to the countess 
 of Lincoln. He was present at the court of assist- 
 ants held at Charlestown, Sept. 28, when 50/- was 
 to be levied for a military purpose. This was the 
 third session held at Charlestown, although the ma- 
 jority of the people dvvelt on the south side ; for 
 Boston was taxed 11/. and Charlestown 11. 
 
 Saltonstall sir Richard, one of the fathers 
 of Massachusetts colony, was the son of sir R. Sal- 
 tonstall, who was lord mayor of London, in 1597. 
 He was the first associate of the six original paten- 
 tees mentioned in the charter of Charles I. March 
 4, 1628, and the fourth assistant named therein. 
 He came over their first assistant, as appears from 
 a record in Prince's annals, who tells us the first 
 general court met at Boston, Oct. 30, 1630. Pres- 
 ent, the governour, deputy governour, secretary, 
 R. Saltonstall, Mr. Ludlow, Capt. Endicot, Mr. 
 No well, Pynchon, Bradstreet. He was a worthy 
 puritan, the first founder of the church at Water- 
 town, and a great friend to the plantation. He stay- 
 ed only a short time in New England; but his heart 
 was engaged in their interest. Two of his sons 
 came over here afterwards, and his posterity have 
 made a respectable figure even to the present time. 
 He died in England, about the year 1658, and in 
 his "colli left a legacy to Harvard College. 
 
 remarkable that none of the name have appeared as author.-. 
 though so many of them have been celebrated for their abilities, 
 as well as pulpit Mlents. In 1706, the rev. J. Rogersoi Ipsuic i . 
 preached the election sermon. This, and one or two occasion sA 
 sermons of his son, and three sermons by Mr. R. of Leominsler, 
 art the only publications we have met with of Hhe name in New 
 England.
 
 414 SAL 
 
 Saltonstall Richard, esq. son to the worthy 
 knight of the same name, came over here in the 
 year 1635, and was chosen one of the assistants in 
 1637. He continued a number of years to help on 
 the affairs of this little commonwealth. Johnson 
 says, that father and son ought to be remembered, 
 and celebrates their worth with some of his poeti- 
 cal effusions. If the lines would not immortalize 
 their deeds, or the genius of the writer, they have 
 the New England spirit to recommend them : 
 " His father gon, young Richard on, here valiantly doth war, 
 For Christ his truth, to their great Ruth, heathens opposed are." 
 
 Accrding to Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Saltonstall 
 continued in the magistracy till the year 1680, ex- 
 cept the time he was in England. He had made a 
 vow, when he first came over, that he never would 
 leave the country, while the ordinances continued in 
 their purity. His wife was very sick, and advice 
 was given by the physician, that she should take a 
 voyage to England. He consulted Mr. Cotton 
 whether it would be breaking his vow, if he went. 
 He decided that it would not, because the marriage 
 vow was the most binding. M. C. was doubtless 
 a greater divine than a casuist ! In 1672, Mr. S. 
 again went to England, and made a present to Wha- 
 ley and Goffe of 50/. before he sailed, which tl^ey 
 acknowledged in their mss. We suppose this to be 
 the Mr. Saltonstall, mentioned by gov. Winthrop, 
 who wrote a book in 1642, " agaiiibt the standing 
 council," which was censured by the court, and an- 
 swered by Mr. Morris of Salem. This gentleman 
 returned to Boston in 1680, and was again chose A 
 the first assistant, and also two years succeeding. 
 In 1683, he went back to England, and died at 
 Hulme, April 29, 1694. He was a relation to the 
 famous J. Hampden, was opposite to the court, and 
 attached to the principles of New England govern- 
 ment and churches.* 
 
 *"*The first form of their government, was that of governour. 
 deputy governour, and assistants ; the patentees with their heirs.
 
 SAL 415 
 
 Sal ton st all Henry, grandson of sir Richard, 
 was in the first class of graduates of Harvard Col- 
 lege. He received a degree of doctor of medicine 
 from Oxford, and was fellow of New College in 
 that university. 
 
 Saltonstall Nathaniel, grandson of sir 
 Richard, was graduated at Harvard College, 1659, 
 chosen assistant 1679, under the old charter, and 
 was appointed one of the council of which Dudley 
 was president in 1686. He refused to serve, be- 
 cause he had taken the oath as assistant. He was a 
 firm friend to the old charter, hence his name is en- 
 rolled among those whom Randolph marked in his 
 letters, and who were called a faction by that spy of 
 the British court. We read also that in August, 
 1680, the deputy governour, Mr. Saltonstall, Now- 
 el, &c. sailed from Boston with 60 soldiers in a ship 
 and sloop, to still the people at Casco Bay, and pre- 
 vent Andross's usurpation. 
 
 Mr. Saltonstall was appointed one of his majes- 
 ty's council in the charter of William and Mar} r . 
 He left two sons, Nathaniel and Gurdon, who made 
 a figure in publick life. 
 
 Saltonstall Gurdon, governour of Connec- 
 ticut, was the great grandson of sir Richard Salton- 
 stall, first assistant of Massachusetts, and son of 
 Nathaniel, one of his majesty's council. He dis- 
 covered genius and an excellent mind, and was sent 
 to the seminary where his father was graduated, to 
 complete his education. He received the honours 
 of Harvard College, 1684. Having a mind dispos- 
 ed unto serious things, he made divinity his study, 
 
 assigns and associates, being freemen, Sec, But, in this general 
 court, they agreed on a 2d form as follows : The freemen \c> 
 have the power of choosing assistants, when they ace to be chos- 
 en ; and the assistants from among themselves to choose the gov- 
 ernor and deputy governour, who with the assistants were to have 
 the power of making laws, and choosing officers to execute the 
 same. This was fully assented to by the voice of the people. A 
 list of freemen amounting to 108, desired to be made freemcr?, 
 Samuel Mavericke, Edward Johnson, &tc.
 
 416 SAL 
 
 became a very accomplished preacher, and was or- 
 dained pastor of the church at New London, 1691. 
 In this conspicuous orb he shone with a most en- 
 gaging lustre. He did good to the souls of men, 
 and was frequently consulted by the magistrates of 
 Connecticut upon their most important affairs. He 
 was an oracle of wisdom to literary men of all pro- 
 fessions. Upon the death of Fitz John Winthrop, 
 esq. in 1707, Mr. Saltonstall was elected gover- 
 nour of the state. So great was the respect of the 
 people for him, " that the assembly repealed the law 
 which required that the governour should be chos^ 
 en from among the magistrates in nomination, and 
 gave liberty to the people to elect him from them- 
 selves at large." A letter was addressed to him by 
 the assembly, requesting him to accept the trust ; 
 another was addressed to the church and society, 
 begging them to give their consent that he should 
 leave the pastoral office. They gratified the wish- 
 es of the colony. The first of January, 1708, gov. 
 Saltonstall accepted the office, and took the oaths 
 appointed by law. He was elected by the freemen 
 the succeeding year. In 1709, chosen agent to the 
 court of Great Britain to present an address to his 
 majesty, " praying for an armament to reduce the 
 French in N. America to her majesty's obedience," 
 &c. The governour did not accept of the appoint- 
 ment. The assistance was granted, and several ex- 
 peditions carried on against Port Royal and Cana- 
 da, as we read in the chronicles of those years. 
 Gov. Saltonstall was continued in office as long as he 
 lived, maintained the dignity of his station, and was 
 accepted by the multitude of his brethren. He di- 
 ed, Sept. 20, 1724, aged 59, leaving a widow, who 
 has been celebrated in New England for her fine 
 accomplishments, and munificence to literary and 
 pious societies, and her charity to the poor.* The 
 governour is also reckoned among the benefactors 
 of Harvard College. 
 
 • The character of Madame Saltonstall, in the New England
 
 SEW 417 
 
 Sewall Samuel, chief justice of Massachu- 
 setts Bay, was the sou of Henry Sewall who came 
 into this country in 1634, and made a plantation in 
 Newbury. His father soon followed, whose name 
 was also Henry : he was the son of Henry Sewall, 
 esq. a linen draper of Coventry in Great Britain. 
 That gentleman possessed an ample fortune, and 
 was mayor of the city. The father of Judge Sewall 
 
 journal, Jan. 26, 1729,30, 1 suppose to be drawn by Mr. Prince : It 
 carries intrinsic marksof his pen ; and the lady attended his minis- 
 try. She descended from the rev. William Whittingham. a fa- 
 mous puritan, who, in the reign of queen Mary I. left an estate 
 in England worth 1 !00 a year sterling, and fled to Geneva to 
 preserve his conscience and religion. There he gathered a 
 church in the congregational way, which seems to be the first 
 instance of it in these latter ages, and was chosen their pastor. 
 Upon queen Elizabeth's accession, he returned to England, and 
 was created dean of Durham, and assisted Mr. Sternhold in the 
 old England version of the psalms of David, being the author of 
 those composures prefixed with VV. W. and compiled such a trea- 
 tise against the ecclesiastical constitutions* as the learned Mr. 
 Lee used to say never was, and never could be answered. His 
 estate chiefly lay at Southerton about 6 miles south of Boston in 
 Lincolnshire. His only son Baruch was the principal builder of 
 the church there, having his name distinguished in almost every 
 window, to be seen many years after. He designed to visit New 
 England, but was taken sick and died. His widow came over and 
 had a son, who was the heir of the family, named John. He mar- 
 ried a daughter of the rev. William Hubbard of Ipswich, and 
 lived and died in the town. He left three sons, John and Rich- 
 ard, who went to England, and died there unmarried. The third 
 son was named William, and he was the father of Madame Sal- 
 tonstall. He took his degree at Harvard College, 1660, and set- 
 tled at Boston, married a daughter of John Lawrence, (formerly 
 of Ipswich, afterwards aldermaR of the city of New York) applied 
 himself to merchandize, and going over to London, to take care 
 of the estate falling to him, died of the small pox. He left five 
 children, 1. Richard, who took his degree at Harvard College in 
 1689. 2. William, a merchant, who went to the West Indies, 
 and died. 3. Mary, Mrs. Salstonstall. 4. Elizabeth, wife of the 
 hon. S. Appleton of Ipswich. 5. Martha, married to rev. John 
 Rogers of the same town. Mary, now deceased, first married 
 William Clark, esq. merchant of Boston, in 1683. He died in 
 1710. She was then married to gov. Saltonstall, and upon his 
 death returned to Boston. As for her character, she was univer- 
 sally known to be a gentlewoman of bright intellectual powers, 
 and to have made a good improvement of them. Full of spin: 
 
 3 F
 
 418 SEW 
 
 H 
 
 married the daughter of Mr. Stephen Dummer. 
 They were members of the first church in Newbu- 
 ry, where Messrs. Parker and Noyes officiated. Mr. 
 Dummer being in a poor state of health, they all 
 returned to England. They dwelt at Warwick, and 
 then removed to Bishop Stoke, in Hampshire. In 
 this place Mr. Sewall lived some time. His eldest 
 son Samuel was born, March 28, 1652, and was bap- 
 tised the Sunday following in Stoke church, by Mr. 
 Rashly, who was once a member of the old church 
 in Boston ; then went to England ; was one of the 
 subscribers to the truths of the gospel, 1648, with 
 the London ministers, and ejected by the Bartholo- 
 mew act, in 1662. 
 
 In the year 1661, Mr. Sewall returned to New 
 England, with his family. The subject of this arti- 
 cle was 9 years old. He was sent to the school of 
 Mr. Parker, and made great proficiency for one of 
 his age. He was admitted a student of Harvard 
 College, in August, 1667, and received his first de- 
 gree from the hands of president Chauncy ; the de- 
 gree of master of arts he received, from president 
 Hoar, in 1674. He was fellow of Harvard College 
 a number of years, and his name is recorded with 
 the benefactors of that seminary. In 1684, his 
 name is among the magistrates of the colony. For 
 several years succeeding, all was confusion and dis- 
 order in Massachusetts. Mr. S. went to England 
 
 much inclined to reading, and the most instructive company. At 
 the head of the neighbouring colony, she shone in every accom- 
 plishment and virtue that became her exalted station. And wher- 
 ever she went, she was admired for her superiour knowledge, wit, 
 good sense and wisdom. Above all was adorned with exemplary 
 piety. Before gov. S. died, she gave 100 pounds a piece to the 
 two New England Colleges, and by her will 1000 pounds more to 
 this at Cambridge, to be appropriated to two students of bright 
 parts, sober lives, designed for the ministry. She has also left a 
 verv large silver bason to the south church in Boston, of which 
 she had been a long while a great ornament ; ten pounds to each 
 pastor, and a hundred pounds to the poor of the town, besides sev- 
 eral other noble bequeathments and legacies to others ; and her 
 nill was all written by her own hand.
 
 
 SEW 419 
 
 in 1688, the ye,ar of the glorious revolution. He 
 very soon returned to America. He was one of the 
 first counsellors after the charter of William and 
 Mary, and continued to be chosen till 1728, when 
 he resigned, having outlived all who were first ap- 
 pointed with himself. In 1692, he was appointed 
 judge of the superiour court, and, in 1718, promot- 
 ed to the place of chief justice. He resigned his seat 
 upon the bench in 1728, and also his office as judge 
 of probate, to which he was appointed in 1715. His 
 character is delineated by Mr. Prince in a funeral 
 sermon, who says, that "he was universally reverenc- 
 ed and esteemed and beloved for his eminent pie- 
 ty, learning and wisdom ; and that he was one of 
 the most shining lights and honours of the age and 
 land where he lived, and worthy of a very distin- 
 guishing regard in the New England histories.' 7 
 
 He printed a work which has been much read in 
 this country, though now the copies are scarce : 
 " Some outlines towards a description of the new 
 heavens and new earth," 4to. A 2d edition of 
 which was printed in 1727. 
 
 Sewall Stephen, brother of judge Se wall was 
 one of the worthies of that generation. He was 
 universally respected by his acquaintance for his 
 excellent generous temper, and obliging manners ; 
 and by all his fellow citizens for his prudence, 
 knowledge and patriotism. He had a good school 
 education, and entered college ; but was unable to 
 stay the years necessary for obtaining a degree. He 
 always indulged an attachment to this seat of the 
 muses, and mingled with the friends of virtue and 
 literature. The ministers of religion lost a very 
 particular friend when he bid adieu to these earthly 
 mansions. While he lived, he was useful, as well 
 as amiable. He was employed in several publick 
 offices, in the county of Essex. He was clerk of 
 the court, and register ol the county, which places 
 he filled with the approbation of all his constituents. 
 In 1682, he married the daughter of the rev. Mr.
 
 »m 
 
 Mitchel of Cambridge, and they were blessed with 
 1 7 children ; the larger number of these survived 
 their parents. The good man died in Salem, Octo- 
 ber, 1725, and was buried the 21 st day of this 
 month with peculiar honours. The guns of the 
 fort of which he was commander were discharged ; 
 also many through the town, by order of col. Brown, 
 who then commanded the Essex regiment. A great 
 concourse of people, with the magistrates and min- 
 isters of the neighbouring towns attended, and every 
 mark of esteem and regard was manifested; for all 
 that knew him, lamented his death. 
 
 Sewall Stephen, son of Stephen Sewall, esq. 
 was born in Salem, in December, 1702. He was 
 graduated at Harvard College, 1721, and then 
 took the charge of a school at Marblehead. The 
 ofhce of a grammar master ought to be account- 
 ed honourable. It is the most useful employ- 
 ment, and some of the greatest men in this coun- 
 try have thus begun their publick course. Mr. 
 Sewall was chosen tutor in 1628, and continued in 
 that office till the year 1739, when he was elevated 
 to a seat on the bench of judges. His character was 
 very eminent as a scholar. Dr. Chauncy, who was 
 his classmate, and whose judgment none will dispute, 
 speaks of him, as a man of first rate talents. "Quick- 
 ness of apprehension," says he, " and a capacity to 
 look thoroughly into a subject, were united to him in 
 the highest degree I ever saw in any of my acquain- 
 tance. One could scarcely begin to mention a train 
 of thought, but he would at once perceive the whole 
 of what was going to be said ; and if it was a dis- 
 putable point, had in readiness what was proper to 
 be said m answer." He studied divinity, and was 
 an excellent preacher, but did not incline to settle 
 in the ministry. Having turned his attention to 
 law, his wisdom and knowledge were so conspicu- 
 ous, that he was recommended by the first gentle- 
 men of the profession, as the most proper person for 
 a vacant place of the superiour court. Judge Dud-
 
 SEW 421 
 
 ley was then chief justice ; and, upon his death, he 
 was appointed his successor, though he was not the 
 senior of the surviving judges. His reputation was 
 high when he first went upon the bench, but in this 
 superiour station he gained more applause. " He 
 preserved a great decorum in the court. He mod- 
 erated the debates with a becoming calmness and 
 dignity, in conjunction with a strict impartiality ; 
 shewing himself at once the man of honour and spir- 
 it, the knowing lawyer, and upright judge."* 
 
 This great and good man was taken off in the 
 midst of his usefulness. The powers of his mind 
 were in full vigour ; as a judge, he was held in ad- 
 miration, and one of the most learned and useful 
 members of his majesty's council. To this office 
 he was elected when he was chief justice. He 
 would have been chosen some years before, but 
 could not be persuaded to accept the place. He 
 departed this life, Sept. 10, 1760, aged 58. 
 
 No one's death ever excited a more general sym- 
 pathy. He was as much beloved for his good qual- 
 ities, as admired for his superiour wisdom. His 
 polite and elegant manners gave a charm to the 
 virtues of his life. It was remembered, likewise, 
 how much he had dispersed and given to the poor ! 
 He was so kind to his relations and friends, and all 
 who applied to him for help, " that he outdid his 
 proper capacity." Two orphan children of his 
 brother, Mitchel Sewall, esq. were under his imme- 
 diate care.f It was his intention to give them eve- 
 ry advantage of education. The loss to them was 
 irreparable. 
 
 Judge Sewall died a bachelor. He was a mem- 
 ber of Dr. May hew 's church. The Dr. printed 
 the sermon he preached after his death, which may 
 appear too much in the strain of eulogy ; but he ob- 
 
 * Dr. Mayhew's funeral sermon, 
 t One of these was the late Mitchel Sewall, esq. of Ports- 
 mouth, who once made a figiire at the bar, and was celebrated as 
 a poet.
 
 422 SEW 
 
 Serves, that the memory of wise and just men ought 
 to be praised with all ardour of expression. " It 
 seems but just and equitable," the Dr adds, " that 
 he, who never spoke evil of any one, but honoured 
 all men, and delighted to give all their due share of 
 praise, should, at least, when he is dead and gone, 
 be praised by all in his turn ; and so much the ra- 
 ther because he would not willingly suffer any to 
 commend him while living, which was the truth 
 concerning this excellent person." 
 
 Sewall Joseph, D. D. was the son of thehon. 
 Samuel Sewall, esq. chief justice of the province. 
 He was graduated at Harvard College, 1707, and 
 was ordained as colleague with the rev. Mr. Pem- 
 berton, pastor of the old south church, Sept. 16, 
 1713. For many years he continued to preach to 
 this people, who were edified, instructed and com- 
 forted by his labours. He was a man who seemed 
 to breathe the air of heaven, while he was here upon 
 earth ; he delighted in the work of the ministry ; 
 and when he grew venerable for his age, as well as 
 his piety, he was regarded as the father of the cler* 
 gy. The rising generation looked upon him with rev- 
 erence, and all classes of people felt a respect for 
 his name. He was a genuine disciple of the fa- 
 mous John Calvin. He dwelt upon the great arti- 
 cles of the christian faith in preaching and conver- 
 sation ; and dreaded the propagation of any opin- 
 ions in this country, which were contrary to the prin- 
 ciples of our fathers. Hence he was no friend to 
 free inquiries, or to any discussion of theological 
 opinions, which were held true by the first reform- 
 ers. His advice to students in divinity was, to 
 read the Bible always with a comment, such as Mr. 
 Henry's, or archbishop Usher's, and to make them- 
 selves acquainted with the work of his great prede- 
 cessor. Mr. Willard, whose body of divinity was 
 then in great repute. Though he so often preach- 
 ed the doctrines of the gospel, yet he never entered 
 into any curious speculations ; his object was to
 
 SEW 423 
 
 impress upon people what they should believe, and 
 how they must live to be eternally happy. His ser- 
 mons were pathctick, and the pious strains of his 
 prayers, as well as preaching, excited serious atten- 
 tion, and made a devout assembly. His character 
 was uniform, and the observation has often been 
 made, if he entered into company something seri- 
 ous or good dropt from his lips. " His very pres- 
 ence banished away every thing of levity, and sol- 
 emnized the minds of all tho*>e who were with him," 
 He received the degree of doctor of divinity from 
 the university of Glasgow, in the year 1731 ; and 
 was appointed a corresponding member of" the so- 
 ciety in Scotland for promoting christian know- 
 ledge." He was also appointed one of the com- 
 missioners, by the hon. corporation in London, " for 
 the propagation of the gospel in New England, and 
 parts adjacent." 
 
 Although Dr. Sewall was more remarkable for 
 his piety than his learning, yet he was a friend to lit- 
 erature, and endeavoured all in his power to pro- 
 mote the interest and reputation of the college. He 
 was a very good classical scholar. He could 
 write handsomely in latin when he was an old man, 
 and had read many authors in that language. Most 
 of the works of the great divines of the preceding 
 century were written in latin, as it was a kind of 
 universal language among the literati of Europe. 
 In the year 1724, upon the decease of Mr. Lever- 
 et, Dr. Sewall was chosen to succeed him as pres- 
 ident of Harvard College, which honourable station 
 he did not see fit to accept. In 1728, upon Dr. 
 Caiman's resignation, he was chosen a fellow of the 
 corporation, and he faithfully discharged the duties 
 of this office, till the year 1765. 
 
 His donation to the college of money to be ap- 
 propriated to indigent scholars, has been of consid- 
 erable use. He gave this during his life, and was 
 among the first to repair the loss of the library, 
 when Harvard Hall was consumed by fire, by mak-
 
 424 SHE 
 
 a present of many val Liable books. This devout 
 man also gave much alms to the people, He pos- 
 sessed an estate beyond any of his brethren ; but 
 he always devoted a tenth part of his income to pi- 
 ious and charitable uses. 
 
 It pleased the Lord of life to bless him with 
 health, as well as other means of enjoyment. He 
 lived to a good old age ; and preached to his people 
 the evening he had arrived at fourscore years. The 
 next Sabbath he was seized with a paralytical com- 
 plaint, which confined him some months, and he di- 
 ed, June 27th, T/69, in the 81st year of his age. 
 
 The Dr. published a number of funeral sermons. 
 One on the death of Wait Winthrop, esq. 1717 ; 
 king George 1st, 1727 ; on pres. Wadsworth, 
 1737; on sec'y. Willard, 1756. He printed like- 
 wise the election sermon, 1724 ; and a discourse 
 on Rev. v. 11, 12, 1745. 
 
 Sharp e Thomas, one of the first planters, was 
 chosen assistant, Oct. 20, 1629, and is the sixth 
 member who joined in forming the congregational 
 church of Boston and Charlestown. He could not 
 reside long in New England, as we do not find his 
 name among the assistants, who held their court 
 in Boston, October, in the year 1630. He was 
 present at the first court held on board the brig Ar- 
 abella, August 23, when the question was decided 
 how the minister should be maintained ? And alsc 
 the second court, held at Charlestown, Sept. 7th. 
 
 Shepard Thomas, pastor of the church in 
 Cambridge, New England, was educated at Eman- 
 uel College, university of Cambridge, Great Brit- 
 ain, and was one of the nonconforming ministers who 
 were silenced by the arbitrary measures of arch- 
 bishop Laud. He came over to New England in 
 1635 ; and succeeded Mr. Hooker, who exchang- 
 ed his place of abode from Newton as it was then 
 called, to Hartford, a settlement upon Connecticut 
 river. 
 
 Mr. S. died in 1649. in the 44th year of his age.
 
 SHE 425 
 
 He was a pattern of piety, industry and evangelical 
 preaching. He was esteemed by his cptempora- 
 ries among the first divines in New England, and 
 his works are now read with sacred delight by ma- 
 ny serious people. His publications were both 
 doctrinal and practical. His treatise upon " the mo- 
 rality of the sabbath" is very learned and judicious. 
 It is a rare book, but still preserved in some libra- 
 ries ; he also wrote a book upon " the matter of 
 the visible church," and another upon " the church 
 membership of little children." He printed, be- 
 sides these, a letter under the title of '* New Eng- 
 land's lamentation for Old England's errors." His 
 practical treatises are a sermon " upon drunken- 
 ness ;" a sermon on " subjection to Christ ;" on 
 "ineffectual hearing of the word." " The sincere 
 convert," a larger treatise, which passed through 
 four editions in London ; "the sound believer," a 
 book often printed in America, to these we add, an 
 explanation of " the parable of the ten virgins," 
 which work he prepared, and it was printed after 
 his death. The great president Edwards makes 
 free use of this book in his " treatise on the affec- 
 tions." 
 
 Shepard Thomas, minister of the church in 
 Charlestown, was the eldest son of Mr. Shepard of 
 Cambridge, was graduated 1653, at Harvard Col- 
 lege, was a fellow of the college, and died Dec. 22, 
 1677, of the small pox, etat. 43. 
 
 To give posterity the knowledge of him Dr. 
 Mather brings the engravings on his tomb-stone, 
 also the testimony of president Oakes who delivered 
 an elegant latin oration the ensuing commencement, 
 in which he says, Amisimus, Amisjmus, memorat- 
 isimum ilium virum, reverendissimum Thomam 
 Shepardam : respublica civem optimum, Ecclesia, 
 theologum clarissimum, academia mm filium tan- 
 tum, et alumnum charissimum, sed curatorerr^ 
 etiam vigilantissimum ; municipium scholasticum^ 
 socium suum primarium, amiserunt." 
 
 3 C
 
 42$ SHE 
 
 The third testimony of his fame, is his own e~ 
 lection sermon, 1672, where the reader will see so 
 much wisdom, learning, and faithfulness "constel- 
 lated," that he will pronounce the author to be a 
 man of first rate talents. 
 
 Shepard Samuel, pastor of the church in 
 Rowlev, was the second son of Mr. S. of Cam- 
 bridge. He was graduated at Harvard College, 
 1658, ordained about 1662, and died 1668, etat 27, 
 
 The celebrated Mr. Mitchell wrote his character 
 in these words. He was a precious, holy, meditat- 
 ing, able, choice young man. One of the first three. 
 He was an excellent preacher, most dearly belov- 
 ed at Rowley. The people would have plucked out 
 their eyes to have saved his life. But he was ripe 
 for heaven, and God took him thither." 
 
 Shepard J^r^miah, pastor of the church at 
 Lynn, was the third son of Mr. S. of Cambridge. 
 He was graduated at Harvard College, 1669, and 
 ordained in 1679. He lived to be much older than 
 his brothers : was a minister at Lynn, 41 years, and 
 died June 2, 1720, etat. 72. The three brothers 
 are recorded in the Magnalia, as three excellent 
 ministers, which the author thinks to be something 
 better " than to have three orators like the Curii at 
 Rome." 
 
 Shepard Thomas, the only son of Mr. Shep- 
 ard of Charlestown, and his successor in the minis- 
 try, was graduated at Harvard College, 1676. The 
 people of Charlestown invited him to the place of 
 his father, as he resembled him in all his virtues, 
 "nullum unquam monumentum clarius, relinque- 
 re potuit, quam efngiem, morum suarum, virtutis, 
 constantiae, pietatis ingenii filium." These lines 
 which Tully writes concerning S. Sulpicius, have 
 been applied to Mr. Shepard of Charlestown. The 
 last of the three died younger than his father or 
 grandfather. They died when they were turned of 
 40. This excellent young man, died when he was 
 only in the 27th year of his age. He seemed tp
 
 SHE 427 
 
 have some premonition of his dissolution, and 
 preached 13 sermons on Eccles. xii. 5. " Man 
 goeth to his long home." He did not publish any 
 of his writings, but he left for the benefit of others 
 the perfume of his name, and the lustre of his ex- 
 ample. 
 
 Sherman John, a great divine and eminent 
 mathematician, was born at Dedhani, Dec. 26, 
 1613, and received his first impressions of religion 
 under the ministry of the famous John Rogers. At 
 school he discovered uncommon industry and in- 
 genuity, and at an early age went to the university 
 of Cambridge. He did not receive his degree, be- 
 cause he could not subscribe the articles required, 
 preferring the name of puritan to the literary hon- 
 ours he might have by conforming to the church of 
 England. He came to America in the year 1634, 
 and preached his first sermon at Watertown, as an 
 assistant to Mr. Phillips. Having continued some 
 time with this people, he then removed to New 
 Haven, and preached occasionally as he was invited 
 by people in their several towns. Mr. Hooker and 
 Mr. Stone once declared in an assembly of divines, 
 '•* Brethren, we must take heed to ourselves and our 
 ministry, or this young man will outdo us all." He 
 declined settling at Milford where he had a call, and 
 went into civil life. For some time he was a mag- 
 istrate of the colony. He was persuaded, however, 
 to put off his robes of office, when the people of 
 Watertown, after the death of Mr. Phillips, gave, 
 him an invitation to be his successor. At the same 
 time one of the Boston churches expressed a desire 
 that he would settle with them, and he received a 
 letter from London making a similar request. He 
 accepted the call from Watertown, and for many 
 years they rejoiced in his light. He was also a great 
 blessing to the college. He was chosen fellow of 
 the corporation, and delivered lectures which most 
 of the students attended. Being a first rate scholar, 
 an accomplished preacher, they were willing once a
 
 428 SHE 
 
 fortnight to walk a few miles to hear him. For 
 30 years he continued these lectures and drew ma- 
 ny hearers from other towns in the vicinity. He 
 improved his great intellectual abilities by a close 
 attention to his studies. Dr. Mather says he was 
 undoubtedly '* one of the greatest mathematicians 
 that ever lived in this hemisphere of the world." 
 He left many astronomical calculations in mss. For 
 Some years he published an almanack, and always 
 added pious reflections. This is one of them. 
 " Let me entreat one thing of thee and 1 will adven- 
 ture to promise thee a good year : the request is in 
 itself reasonable, and may be to thee eternally profi- 
 table. Its only this : duly to prize, and diligently 
 improve time, for obtaining the blessed end it was 
 given for, and is yet graciously continued to thee, 
 by the eternal God. Of 365 days, allowed by the 
 making up of this year, which shall be thy last, thou 
 knowest not ; but that any of them may be it, then 
 Oughtest thou to know, and so consider* that thou 
 mayest pass the time of thy sojourning here with 
 fear." 
 
 JMr. Sherman married twice, and had 26 children, 
 twenty by the last, she lived his widow some years. 
 The last sermon he preached was at Sudbury — He 
 Was there taken sick and died at Watertown, Aug. 
 8, 1635, aged 72. Magnalia. 
 
 Sherman Roger, was born at Newtown, 
 April 19, 1721. His first ancestor in this country 
 was John Sherman, who came from Dedham in En- 
 gland, and settled at Watertown, 1635. His son 
 John was the father of William, who was the father 
 of the gentleman, the present subject of our notice. 
 R. Sherman removed from Massachusetts to Mil- 
 fcrd, Connecticut, about the year 1741. He was 
 admitted to the bar, as a counsellor of law in 1754, 
 and made a figure in his profession, though he had 
 never been bred to the law, or had the advantages 
 of an academical education. The resources of his 
 own mind were very great, and he pursued hisstiu
 
 SHI 429 
 
 dies with wonderful diligence. He was a repre- 
 sentative for the town of :\ew Milford, and after- 
 wards of New Haven. In 1765, he was appointed 
 a justice of the court of common pleas. He receiv- 
 ed an honorary degree of A. M. from Yale College, 
 and was treasurer of the college many years. In 
 1776, he was elevated to a seat on the supreme 
 bench, and elected one of the assistants of the colo- 
 ny. When the law was enacted making these offi- 
 ces inconsistent, he resigned his place, as counsel- 
 lor or asssistant and continued on the bench of 
 judges. He was the same year present in congress, 
 and signed the glorious act of independence. He 
 not only was delegate but one of the committee 
 which drew up the declaration. In 1787, he was 
 appointed a delegate to the convention which form- 
 ed the federal constitution ; and afterwards in the 
 state convention which adopted it. He was then 
 elected a representative to the first congress under 
 the new constitution, and when a vacancy for Con- 
 necticut happened in the United States senate, he 
 was elected to fill it, and in this office he continued 
 till his death which took place at New Haven, July 
 20, 1793. 
 
 Shirley William, governour of Massachu- 
 setts from 1740 to 1757, was an English gen- 
 tleman who practised law, in Boston. At the time 
 he was appointed, his lady was in England. She 
 had been soliciting a post of profit for Mr. S. in the 
 province, and by the assistance of her own friends, 
 ind the intrigues of Belcher's enemies, obtained the 
 government. He was a man of address, knew how 
 to manage the several parties, and conducted so well 
 as to gain the affection of the people, and continue 
 on the side of the prerogative. 
 
 The court did more for him than they were will- 
 ing to do for any of his predecessors ; for they ad- 
 vanced the governour's salary to 1000 pounds ster- 
 ling per annum. 
 
 The principal events in his administration were
 
 430 S H 1 
 
 these, m 1?45, the expedition to Louisburg. Of 
 this he was not the projector, nor as some have 
 supposed, even an adviser, though after the suc- 
 cess of it, he was desirous of being considered 
 as the main spring of the whole business. . Mr. 
 Auchmuty laid the plan in his study, says Smol- 
 kt. Neither Hutchinson, nor Belknap mention 
 Auchmuty 's name. The plan is given by Vaughan, 
 and pressed upon Shirley, who was gratified with 
 the enterprise, but was afraid to be responsible, 
 and therefore contrived to have the general court 
 patronise it; so that if it had not succeeded, he 
 should be free from blame. Hence he always spake 
 " your expedition gentlemen" — till the capture, 
 and then it was " our expedition." 
 
 The year succeeding the capture of Cape Breton, 
 the famous expedition against the colonies was 
 frustrated. The duke d'Anville's fleet was com- 
 pletely destroyed. 
 
 A body of provincials stationed at Minas, was 
 surprised by a party of French and Indians, and the 
 whole number, amounting to about 160, slain or 
 made prisoners. In 1747, an uncommon tumult 
 happened at Boston, in which the governour was 
 accidentally involved. Commodore Knovvles im- 
 pressed a number of men from the vessels and 
 wharves. The governour's house was surrounded 
 by the enraged multitude, and he fled to the castle, 
 which was considered by many, the high sons of 
 liberty, as an abdication of the government. In 
 1749, an act was passed calling in the bills of cred- 
 it, and exchanging them for silver, and the province 
 was enabled to do it, by the reimbursement for 
 the Louisburg expedition. 
 
 In 1 754, the governour refusing his assent to the 
 excise bill, became very popular. It is to be reckoned 
 among the strange events of our political assembly, 
 that the excise bill, so unfriendly to the liberties of 
 the people, was supported in the house by men who 
 had been whigs hitherto. And that it met its death
 
 SHU 431 
 
 blow by those who have ever been styled the tory 
 administration. Hutchinson opposed it. Shirley 
 negatived it. From this period the governour left 
 the management of civil affairs, for which he was; 
 very capable, for the military department which he 
 knew very little about. Upon the conquest of Lou- 
 isburgh, he was appointed to be the col. of a regi- 
 ment on the British establishment to be raised in 
 America. Afterwards he had a higher military 
 command, and went to dispossess the French of Nia- 
 gara in which he was unsuccessful. 
 
 When gov. Shirley was in Europe, with a commis-r 
 sion, to settle an important business, for which he- 
 was supposed to be qualified, as it related to the 
 French claims in America, he there formed a mat- 
 rimonial connexion with a lady of the Catholick re- 
 ligion. This was disgusting to the province, as 
 the people at that time detested the French, and all 
 popish connections. It had such an effect upon his 
 administration, that he felt the weight of the oppo- 
 sition, and soon lost his place. He was superced- 
 ed in his government by Thomas Pownal, esq. 
 without losing the favour of the crown. He 
 afterwards received an appointment as govern- 
 our of the Bahama Islands. In 1770 he, return- 
 ed to Boston, and for the short space he lived 
 he resided in his house at Roxbury, which had 
 been kept in the family. It was indeed a spa- 
 cious mansion, well situated, and capable of great 
 improvement around it. This house was made a 
 barrack for our soldiers in 1775, and much injured. 
 He died in April, 1771, a poor man, but was hon- 
 ourably interred. 
 
 Shute Samuel, esq. arrived in Boston, 4th of 
 October, 1716, with his commission, as governour 
 of Massachusetts. He had been colonel of a Brit- 
 ish regiment, and served under the duke of Marl- 
 borough. He was of a family eminent among the; 
 dissenters. A similarity of religious principles ren- 
 dered him very agreeable to the inhabitants of the
 
 432 SHU 
 
 province, and they felt the more satisfied, as they 
 had some reason to think that a warm episcopali- 
 an, and a man of arbitrary notions, was to be put in- 
 to the chair. His administration, however, of a 
 few years, was rendered irksome to himself, and 
 not grateful to the people. This was owing to par- 
 ty spirit, or the peculiar increase of it, among the 
 popular leaders by his instructions to have a salary 
 fixed. These instructions he adhered to, and to 
 these the friends of the old charter were violently 
 opposed. There had been parties ever since the new 
 charter. Dudley's adherents had been styled ene- 
 mies of charter privileges. But in Shute's time 
 there was another cause of division ; they who 
 were called the bank party, were in the opposition 
 to government. The prudence rather than the in- 
 terest of the governour led him to prevent such ac- 
 cumulation of ideal property in the hands of colo- 
 nists ; especially as it was a serious evil to the in- 
 habitants of the colony. Hence so sedate and ac- 
 ceptable a man as Mr. Shute could not please the 
 generality, and his friends were unable to resist the 
 tide that set against him. The discordant sound 
 was heard when he negatived Mr. Cooke who was 
 then considered as the man of the people. The 
 controversy, which had been excited, was managed 
 with zeal by the house of representatives ; and con- 
 tinued during his whole administration. The 
 council was not so much engaged, and were often 
 on the side of the governour, which displeased the 
 leaders of the other house. 
 
 The conduct of Mr. Shute displeased some of the 
 more precise adherents to the garb of religion. He 
 sometimes indulged himself in amusements and 
 parties of pleasure, which these grave censors of hu- 
 man manners supposed incompatible with the dig- 
 nity of his station, and inconsistent with that godli- 
 ness which should characterise a christian common, 
 wealth. In 1723, Jan. 1, the governour left Bos- 
 ton anp! sailed for England, he embarked suddenly.
 
 SKE 433 
 
 acquainting only his particular friends with his de- 
 
 sign 
 
 The memorials he exhibited after his arrival caus- 
 ed the proceedings of the house of representatives 
 to be censured by the king and council. Whether 
 he was to be justified or blamed must be learned 
 from the history of those transactions published by 
 those of different opinions. 
 
 He had a pension in England settled upon him for 
 life, where he could indulge his natural love of ease, 
 free from the tumults of a people who were dispos- 
 ed to vex him. There he died full of days, having 
 lived to the age of fourscore years. His character 
 was, in and out of the province of Massachu- 
 setts, when men were not engaged in the violence of 
 dispute, a man of an open, generous, humane dis r 
 position, a friend to liberty, and if not endued with, 
 great abilities as a governour, yet just and upright 
 in his private affiirs, and with the best intentions of 
 regulating the affairs of his government, 
 
 Sk elton Samuel, pastor of the church in Sa- 
 lem, was a minister of Lincolnshire, Great Britain, 
 a pious man, whose abilities and character were re- 
 spected by the puritans. He was associated with 
 Mr. Higginson as a minister of the new plantation ; 
 for we learn that at a meeting of the Massachusetts 
 company in London, April 8, 1629, Mr. Francis 
 Higginson, Mr. Samuel Skelton, &c. are entertain- 
 ed, and engage to labour among the Indians and 
 English. Their names are put jrYtb the council, 
 next to Mr. Endicot's, where the style runs, " gov- 
 ernour and council of London's plantation."* The 
 vessels in which they sailed arrived at Naumkeak 
 in the month of June ; the 20th of July was set 
 
 * April 10. at a general court of Massachusetts company in 
 London, they elected Mr. Undieot, governour, Mr, Higginson, Skel- 
 ton, Bright, John and Samuel Brown, Thomas Graves, and Samuel 
 Sharpe to be of the council. The governour and council to choose 
 three others : the planters two rqore ; of which twelve counsels 
 lors the major part may choose a deputy and secretary, that they 
 continue a year, 8cc, Prince's chronology. 
 
 3 H
 
 434 S K E 
 
 apart for prayer and fasting, and the trial and choice 
 of a pastor and teacher ; and August 6, for the 
 choice of elders and deacons. Their office was then, 
 defined, the delegates from Plymouth being present. 
 Mr. Skelton, being further advanced in years, was 
 constituted pastor of Salem church, Mr. Higginson 
 teacher. The elder was Mr. Houghton, who died 
 the next vear. Mr. Hisrsfinson likewise died be- 
 fore a year elapsed from his installation. Mr. Skel- 
 ton was the particular friend of Mr. Endicot. He 
 was the more regarded by that gentleman, because 
 he received his first religious impressions under his 
 preaching. He was ready to support Mr. Endicot, 
 likewise in the strict discipline which he thought 
 necessary for the churches, and fell in with all his 
 superstitious notions about veils, &c. His col- 
 league, Mr. Williams, who came over in 1631, con- 
 firmed him in his prejudices against the church of 
 England. They also acted in concert against the 
 ministers of the bay, whom they accused of seeking 
 power and influence, and of forming themselves, 
 upon the model of a presbytery, because they met 
 together in a body once a fortnight, although it was 
 more for the enjoyment of social propensities, than 
 any religious purposes. There was a want of friend- 
 ship between the ministers of Boston with its neigh- 
 bourhood, and the ministers of Salem. Every 
 thing which one party did, was found fault with by 
 the other. It is remarkable that no kind of notices 
 of the character of Mr. Skelton, a man so distin- 
 guished among the first planters, should be given 
 by the writers of that, or the succeeding generation. 
 Governour Winthrop just mentions his death, Au- 
 gust 2, 1634 Dr. Mather mentions very little 
 about him, though so apt to introduce the lives of 
 men in his history. In an account of Salem by the 
 rev. Mr. Bentley, we are told that he died when 
 Mr Endicot, his benefactor, was out of favour. 
 «* No particular records of his services was kept. 
 His opinions made him no personal enemies ; but
 
 S f A 435 
 
 as he never acted alone, he yielded to others all the 
 praise of his best actions." 
 
 Stan dish Miles, first military officer in New 
 Plymouth, came over with the pilgrims in 1620. 
 He was a man brave, enterprising, whose per- 
 severance was equal to the boldest resolutions form- 
 ed upon the impulse of the mind. As success al- 
 ways attended him, the first settlers placed the 
 greatest confidence in the man. When the town 
 of Plymouth was fortified, he had the care of it 
 committed to him, and with a very few men he was 
 able to defend it. He made several bold excur- 
 sions in the neighbourhood of Plymouth in 1723, 
 and also went to Mr. Weston's plantation which he 
 saved from destruction. He certainly delivered the 
 people from the death which the Indians threatened, 
 and were ready to execute. He also went to Cape 
 Ann in 1624, where the fishermen of Plymouth 
 had been abused by a company from the west of 
 England. The captain was disposed to finish this 
 business by some warlike achievement, but it was 
 settled by men of more prudence and moderation. 
 The particulars of these expeditions are related by 
 Hubbard and Hutchinson, and make part of an ex- 
 cellent memoir in " Belknap's American Biogra- 
 phy." This narrative of the affair at Cape Ann is 
 given in Hubbard's mss. as follows, " capt. Stand- 
 ish was bred a soldier in the low countries, and ne- 
 ver entered into the school of Christ, or of John the 
 Baptist ; or if ever he was there, he forgot his first 
 lessons, to offer violence to no man, and to part 
 with the cloak, rather than needlessly contend for 
 the coat, though taken away without order. A lit- 
 tle chimney is soon fired ; so was the Plymouth 
 captain, a man of small stature, yet of a very hot 
 and angry temper. The fire of his passion soon 
 kindled, and blown up into a flame by hot words, 
 might easily have consumed all, had it not been 
 seasonably quenched." In other parts of his writ- 
 ing he speaks of capt. Standish with more respect.
 
 4^6 S T E 
 
 He not only gives him a good character as a sol* 
 dier, but says he performed his duty well as a civil 
 oflicer. " He was improved to good acceptance, " 
 says he, and success in affairs of the greatest mo- 
 ment to the colony ; to whose interest he continu- 
 ed firm and stedfast to the last, and always manag- 
 ed his trust with great integrity and faithfulness." 
 
 In the year 1625, he went to England as agent 
 For the colony. He did every thing to serve his 
 constituents, which a skilful and prudent man could 
 do, but the plague raged in London, and had car- 
 ried off 40,000 persons, and those who otherwise 
 would have turned their eyes to this infant settle- 
 ment, were engaged in more interesting matters, 
 the saving themselves as well as their property 
 from the dangers which hung over them. He re- 
 turned to Plymouth in 1626, with a small supply 
 of goods, which was of great advantage to the poor 
 pilgrims, but their souls were filled with grief by 
 the sorrowful intelligence which he brought them 
 of the death of their pastor Mr. Robinson, and their 
 faithful friend Mr. Robert Cushman. 
 
 After this voyage capt. Standish retired to his 
 farm, and lived in rural tranquillity, though not in 
 the shadows of obscurity. He was magistrate of 
 the Plymouth colony as long as he lived. He died 
 a man full of years, and honoured by his generation, 
 in 1656, at Duxbury. The spot in that town which 
 is called Captain's hill, belonged to him, and took 
 its name from this circumstance. 
 
 Stevens Benjamin, D. D. minister of the 
 church at Kittery point, was the son of the rev. Jo- 
 seph Stevens, minister of Charlestown, who had 
 been tutor and fellow of the college when he was a 
 young man ; and was again chosen fellow of the 
 corporation 17 12, in which office he continued till his 
 death in 1722. His son was graduated at Harvard 
 College in 1740. Having lost his father when he 
 was a child, he was deprived of the advantages of 
 his instruction, but was an object of the tender con-
 
 S T E 437 
 
 eern of others, and his own exertions and excellent 
 disposition lessened the care of his friends, as well 
 as gratified their fond and lively expectations. He 
 was ordained at Kittery some years after he left the 
 place of his education. When he settled with this 
 people, they were in fair and flourishing circum- 
 stances. Several merchants of large property re- 
 sided in the town ; navigation was carried on in va- 
 rious branches ; elegant houses were built ; and 
 strangers were allured to the spot where they might 
 visit sir William Pepperell, and be entertained by 
 the various branches of his family in their hospita- 
 ble mansions. Mr. S. lived to see vast alterations 
 made in the place, and to bury his old friends with 
 whom he enjoyed religious fellowship, as well as 
 the friendship which gives a charm to social life. 
 Of late we should not select this place for a minis- 
 ter of the first talents in his profession, or one as re- 
 markable for social qualities, as his wisdom. Mr. 
 Stevens was distinguished for his piety and learn- 
 ing. His intellectual powers were strong, and he 
 engaged with ardor, and great diligence in the pur- 
 suits of science. He shone in conversation, and in 
 the pulpit. Possessing a great stock of religious 
 knowledge he introduced maxims, useful and pious, 
 With great pertinence, which rendered him an in- 
 structive and entertaining companion. In his pub- 
 lick discourses he reasoned well. These were hap- 
 pily diversified. He was methodical and ingenious, 
 pathetick and scriptural. His voice was rather 
 strong, but not clear or musical ; otherwise the per- 
 spicuity of his maimer would have rendered him 
 popular. But he wanted the graces of delivery. 
 
 He did not print many discourses, but those he 
 did publish are among the very best American ser- 
 mons. The election sermon 1761, was much 
 celebrated, as likewise a sermon delivered before a 
 convention of ministers at Portsmouth ; the funeral 
 discoius's, one upon the death of Andrew Pepper- 
 ell, 1752 ; and the sermon upon sir William Pepper-
 
 438 S t I 
 
 ell, 1759. He preached the Dudleian lecture, 1772, 
 upon the evidences in favour of Christianity. No 
 man was better acquainted with the deistical contro- 
 versy. The corporation and overseers presented 
 him with a diploma of doctor in divinity in the year 
 1785. We do not find any publication of his in 
 tatter years. But many have wished to have a vol- 
 ume of his sermons published. He died, May 18, 
 1798, etat. 70. 
 
 Stiles Ezra, president of Yale College, was 
 the son of the rev. Isaac Stiles of North Haven, 
 Connecticut. He entered college in 1742, and was 
 distinguished among the students for his bright 
 genius, his intellectual accomplishments, his moral 
 virtues, and the suavity of his manners. When he 
 received the honours of the seminary in New Hav- 
 en in 1746, he was esteemed one of the greatest 
 scholars it had ever produced. He first commenc- 
 ed his course of life with the study and practice of 
 the law, he afterwards thought it his duty to preach 
 the gospel ; and settled at Newport, as pastor of the 
 second church, where he continued from 1755, to 
 the year 1776. During this, and several succeed- 
 ing years, the enemy were in possession of Newport ; 
 and the inhabitants of the town scattered. Dr. 
 Stiles was solicited to preach in several places, but 
 he accepted the invitation from the church at Ports- 
 mouth to remove and settle with them. In this 
 place he was universally admired. He has left ac- 
 knowledgments of the kind attention of this people ; 
 they indulged a pride in the relation which subsist- 
 ed between them. They thought him the most 
 learned man of the age, were willing to hear very- 
 long sermons, some of them very critical disquisi- 
 tions ; because they flowed from the lips of Dr. 
 Stiles. There were many polite families in the 
 place. The doctor was a gentleman in his man- 
 ners. His mildness, condescension, fluency in con- 
 versation, entertaining and instructive mode of 
 giving his opinion, endeared him to those who felt
 
 S T I 43S 
 
 a. reverence for his character. He had a kind of fa- 
 miliar intercourse which was very pleasing to all 
 classes of people especially the rising generation. 
 He would excite their emulation and make them 
 think favourably of themselves. Hence some have 
 called him a flatterer, which was not the case. His 
 candid spirit and a disposition to view every person 
 in the best light, and to put the best construction 
 upon every action, made him speak and act, as 
 though he coveted the good opinion of others, by 
 addresses to their vanity. But his acquaintance 
 knew where to trace the cause. They had as high 
 an opinion of his integrity, as of his charity and affa- 
 bility. His private diary discovers his sincerity. 
 In this he celebrates the virtues and accomplish- 
 ments of persons who could make no return. He 
 might betray want of judgment, in some instances, 
 but cannot be accused of paying empty compli- 
 ments ; he certainly had a greater knowledge of 
 books, than of mankind. 
 
 In 1778, he was chosen president of Yale Col- 
 lege, to the great disappointment of the Portsmouth 
 church. They wished to fix him as their pastor. 
 But this election gave pleasure to the friends of sci- 
 ence. The plain language of Dr. Chauncy ex- 
 pressed the wish of the publick, while it declared 
 the opinion of the Boston association. " I know of 
 none," said he, " but who rejoice at the election to 
 the presidency, and unite in the opinion that you 
 are loudly called to accept the appointment." On 
 the 8th of July, 1778, he was inducted into the of- 
 fice. In this conspicuous orb he shone with un- 
 common lustre a number of years, was an honoui 
 to the college and his country, and left a name wor- 
 thy of everlasting remembrance. He died on the 
 12th of May, 17 ( J5, etat. 68. 
 
 His character is delineated in the publick papers, 
 and in several sermons ; memoirs have been also 
 printed by Dr. Holmes, in an octavo volume, enti- 
 tled " life of president Stiles," which is a very in-
 
 440 S T O 
 
 teresting and very useful work, containing many en- 
 tertaining anecdotes, biographical sketches and 
 much literary information, besides a minute and ve- 
 ry just account of the president. L)r. Stiles had 
 every literary honour which his country could be- 
 stow upon him, was a member of many learned so- 
 cieties abroad, and was the intimate friend and cor- 
 respondent of the first characters in Europe and 
 America. His publications are not numerous. 
 They are known in the learned world, and consist 
 of philosophical essays, and historical narratives,* 
 but chiefly sermons, .and theological tracts. 
 
 Stoddard Solomon, pastor of the church of 
 Northampton, has always been considered as one of 
 the greatest divines of New England. His ser- 
 mons, his theological essays, and controversial 
 writings have given him uncommon distinction. 
 He was born at Boston, 1643, Antony Stoddard, 
 esq. was his father ; his mother was the sister of 
 sir George Downing. He received the elements of 
 his education under the famous master Corlet at 
 Cambridge ; and was graduated at Harvard College 
 1662. He was afterwards one of the fellows of the 
 house. Close application to his studies having in- 
 jured his health he sailed to Barbadoes, as chaplain 
 to gov. Serle, and preached to the dissenters in that 
 island. When he returned to his native country 
 he was invited to the pastoral office at Northampton, 
 to succeed the rev. Eleazer Mather, who was the 
 first minister of the town and died young. He was 
 ordained, 1672, and preached without any interrup- 
 tion 56 years. " His sermons were plain and pow- 
 erful, experimental and spiritual, close and search- 
 ing, yet rational and argumentative. He preached 
 for many years the publick lecture in Boston the 
 day after commencement, and crowds of pious peo- 
 ple assembled to hear."t He was strictly calvinisti- 
 cal in his opinions upon doctrinal points but more; 
 
 * See Dr. Holmes's book. 
 t Dr. Colman's funeral sermon.
 
 S T Q 441 
 
 liberal than other divines of this country upon 
 points of church discipline and government. In 
 the year 1700, he wrote an answer to iJr. Increase 
 Mather's book, entitled the " order of the gospel," 
 which excited a very alarming controversy. The 
 preface to this book contains these words, " The 
 reader is desired to take notice that the press in Bos- 
 ton is so much under the influence of the rev. au- 
 thor we answer, and his friends, that we could not 
 obtain of the printer there to print the following 
 sheets," &c. The book was patronised by the foun- 
 ders of Brattle street church, and when Mr. Green 
 denied the assertion in the preface, and said " that 
 neither president Mather, nor his son Cotton ever 
 discouraged the printing any book." Mr. Brat- 
 tle, Mr. Mico, Mr. Tuthil, declared upon oath that 
 such conversation as this took place, " It was a 
 shame so worthy a minister as Mr. Stoddard must 
 send so far as England to have his book printed, 
 when young Mr. M. had the press at his pleasure'. 
 To which he replied that he hoped Mr. Mather was 
 another guess man than Mr. Stoddard." Some 
 years after this Mr. Stoddard and Dr. Increase Ma- 
 ther had another controversy. Mr. S. printed a 
 sermon concerning qualifications for the Lord's 
 supper. Dr. M. wrote a dissertation, wherein the 
 strange doctrine, lately published in a sermon, 
 " the tendency of which is to encourage unsanctifi- 
 ed persons to approach the table of the Lord," is 
 confuted. This was answered by Mr. S. in a 
 book of 100 pages, entitled an " appeal to the learn- 
 ed, in vindication of the rights of visible saints to 
 the Lord's supper." A small anonymous pam- 
 phlet, " the appeal of some of the unlearned," 
 followed this, but the question was handled in 
 such a masterly manner by Mr. Stoddard that most 
 pf the churches in Connecticut or upon the river 
 were guided by his sentiments. This controversy 
 was about the year 1708. It was revived in 174Q 
 by the grandson of Mr. Stoddard Mr. Jonathan Ed~ 
 
 3 i
 
 442 S T O 
 
 wards, who was settled a colleague with the old 
 gentleman, and for some years was of the same 
 opinion. He altered his sentiments afterwards 
 and publickly defended them. The controversy 
 ended in his dismissal from Northampton, but 
 his writings had a wonderful effect. Many of the 
 churches, who thought Mr. Stoddard could not be 
 in an error, were convinced by the arguments of 
 Mr. Edwards. Mr. Stoddard, however great he 
 was considered while he lived, was surpassed by his 
 grandson, in the opinion of the succeeding genera- 
 tion. 
 
 That great divine, who is considered by many, the 
 light of these New England churches, as John Cal- 
 vin was of the reformation, wrote his " inquiry con- 
 cerning the qualifications for a complete standing in 
 the visible church" about the year 1749. 
 
 The works of Mr. Stoddard are numerous, and 
 several theological treatises of his, have passed 
 through several editions. 
 
 He died February 11, 1729, etat. 86, and left an 
 aged widow, the daughter of Mr. Warham who 
 came over to Dorchester in 1630, and afterwards 
 settled at Windsor in Connecticut. She was first 
 married to Mr. Eleazer Mather. His eldest son, 
 Anthony Stoddard, was settled at Woodbury, as 
 pastor of the church. The second son, col. John 
 Stoddard, was for many years one of his majesty >s 
 council. Butfew men, according to Hutchinson, were 
 more universally esteemed. The several govern- 
 ours intrusted to his direction the military affairs of 
 the county of Hampshire, which in the time of war 
 was peculiarly exposed. He died June 12, 1748. 
 
 Stone Samuel, teacher of the church in Hart- 
 ford, Connecticut, came over to New England in 
 the same vessel which brought Mr. Cotton, and 
 Mr. Hooker. He went with the company that set- 
 tled the town on Connecticut river, which they call- 
 ed Hartford, this being the name of the place where 
 Mr. Stone was born in the old country. He con^
 
 S T O 443 
 
 tmued his labours with this people about, 30 years, 
 fourteen with Mr. Hooker, and sixteen after the 
 death of that great and worthy divine. The lat- 
 ter years of his life were rendered very uncomforta- 
 ble by a schism in his own church, which caused 
 the fire of contention to spread over the colony. It 
 originated between him, and the ruling elder, in a 
 speculative opinion ; and it is not the only instance 
 where disputes have soured the disposition which 
 were founded in the pride of the understanding. 
 The towns in the neighbourhood entered warmly 
 into the quarrel, and most of them, as Dr. Mather 
 says, "did not know what the quarrel was." Mr. 
 Stone had a logical head, and perhaps would hold 
 arguments where a little common sense would an- 
 swer better. The elder was doubtless a gifted 
 brother, and knew more from the light within, 
 than his minister, who was only a master of rea- 
 son. Mr. Stone has the name of a great dispu- 
 tant. In the pulpit, he would introduce propo- 
 sitions to discuss, before he came to any appli- 
 cation. The heart is more apt to be affected, 
 however, by evangelical sentiments delivered in an 
 impressive manner ; and truth, like other beauties, 
 appears best in a plain dress. The church at Hart- 
 ford, sent for council after council, who were all 
 under the influence of party zeal. To bring the 
 matter to an issue, they at last sent to Boston where 
 the ministers or delegates could have no partic- 
 ular bias, but all they could do, did not prevent a 
 division of the church. There was a removal of 
 part of the church farther up the river, and those 
 friends who once had dwelt in unitv, never were re- 
 conciled after this unhappy difference. 
 
 Mr. S. was very exact in his church discipline. 
 Being once asked what a congregational church was ? 
 He said, it was a " speaking aristocracy in the face 
 of a silent democracy."* He printed a discourse 
 upon the logical notion of a congregational 
 
 * Magnalia, be ok iii. cliap. 16. 
 
 i <
 
 444 STO 
 
 church." He also wrote a book " against antino'- 
 miamsm," which the famous Baxter wished to see 
 published. His greatest work, was a " hody of di- 
 vinity." This was never printed. But, says the 
 author of the Magnalia, " this rich treasure has 
 often been transcribed by the vast pains of our can- 
 didates for the ministry, and it has made some of 
 our most considerable divines ; but all attempts to 
 print it have proved abortive." 
 
 Stoughton William, lieut. governour of 
 Massachusetts, was born at Dorchester, 1632. He 
 was the son of Israel Stoughton, who was chosen 
 assistant in 1 637, and the same year commanded the 
 Massachusetts forces in the Pequod war. He 
 died, 1645. William was graduated at Harvard 
 College, 1650. Having turned his mind to the stu- 
 dy of divinity, he became one of the most eminent 
 preachers of those times. His election sermon 
 166 1, is certainly one of the best that was printed 
 daring this century. He was never settled in the 
 minisirv but in the year 1671 was chosen a magis- 
 trate. In 1677, he was appointed agent to the court 
 of Great Britain, with Mr. Bulkley, speaker of the 
 house of representatives to answer the complaints 
 of v^orges and Mason concerning the patent line;. 
 He afterwards grew unpopular in the colony, on ac- 
 count of his connexion with Dudley and Andross. 
 He was on the moderate side of politicks. Such 
 men though pure in their principles, are supposed 
 to be wrong by violent men who must run to ex- 
 tremes. They however very frequently save the 
 vessel, when tossed by the waves and billows of the 
 tempestuous sea. Afterwards, he obtained the 
 friendship of Dr. Mather, on account of his piety, 
 and became a favourite with all classes of people. 
 Being recommended by him to king William, he 
 was appointed iieut. governour under the new char- 
 ter of William and Mary. He was also chief jus- 
 tice of the province. Unfortunately for the country, 
 the governour, lieut. governour, and the judges of
 
 SUL 445 
 
 the court believed in witchcraft. Stoughton's great 
 abilities were combined with so much weakness, 
 and he was more obstinate in his error than others 
 on the bench. Sewall humbled himself on account 
 of the calamitv to which he had been instrumental. 
 The chief justice felt no remorse of conscience, 
 though his opinion had caused innocent beings to 
 suffer the most ignominous punishment inflicted on 
 the guilty. In 1694, when Phips left the govern- 
 ment, he was the commander in chief, and under 
 his administration, the affairs of the province were 
 conducted with great wisdom. When lord Bella- 
 mont died in 1700, he again took the chair, but he 
 did it with reluctance. His age and infirmities re- 
 quired him to leave publick business. He did not 
 live through two years. He died, May, 1702. His 
 estate was large, and being a bachelor, he was ena- 
 bled to assist literary and pious institutions. He 
 built a college at Cambridge, which had the name 
 of Stoughton hall inscribed upon it. The founda- 
 tion stone was laid May 9th, 1698. It stood almost 
 a century. A new college has been raised since, 
 near the spot, and bears his name. 
 
 " The inscription upon his monument in Dorches- 
 ter burial place is now very legible. It was pub- 
 lished in the collections of the historical society, 
 vol. ii." 
 
 Sullivan John, major general in the American 
 «rmy. was the eldest son of a Mr. Sullivan who 
 came from Ireland, and settled in the district of 
 Maine. The father having some knowledge of the 
 latin language, kept a school in several parts of the 
 eastern country and passed his latter years at Ber- 
 wick, where he died at the age of 105. It has been 
 said that he could speak French and latin fluently when 
 he was 100 years old. His sons possessed talents, 
 which being united with uncommon industry, they, 
 without the advantage of academical education, e- 
 merged from their obscure situation to the most con- 
 spicuous stations, and the highest honours their coun-
 
 
 
 446 SUL 
 
 try could bestow. For several years before the re*^ 
 volution, Mr. John Sullivan practised law in New 
 Hampshire. He was a bold, energetick pleader at 
 the bar, his business increased rapidly, and had he 
 been governed by avarice, he would have acquired 
 a fortune in his business. But ambition was his 
 predominant passion, and he preferred military glo- 
 ry to every other kind of reputation. He first ac- 
 cepted a commission as major of a regiment in the 
 militia in 1772. There was then no immediate 
 prospect of war, and he might only receive it as a 
 mark of distinction. Rut as soon as hostilities 
 commenced he appeared among the most ardent 
 patriots and intrepid warriors. With a party of 
 men in 1774 ho went to the fort, and by a manoeu- 
 vre obtained possession of it. This was attended 
 with no great danger had he made the attack, but 
 the consequence might have been ruinous to him, 
 if the independence of America had not taken piace. 
 In 1775, he was appointed brigadier general of the 
 American army, and during that campaign com- 
 manded on Winter hill. The next year he went to 
 Canada, and after the death of gen. Thomas,* took 
 the command of the troops, no longer destined to 
 conquest. In making his retreat from this pro- 
 vince of the British empire, he discovered great 
 military prudence as well as courage. His conduct 
 gained him credit, and he was a favourite of the sol- 
 diers. In a skirmish on Long Island, August 27 
 of this year, he was taken prisoner. He had liberty 
 
 * Major general John Thomas of Kingston in the old colony 
 of Plymouth, was an officer who acquired reputation in the 
 French war which ended with the peace of Paris in 1763. He 
 was one of the best officers of our army in 1775, and command- 
 ed the division nearest the British lines in Roxbury. When 
 Boston was evacuated he was sent to Canada, to take the com- 
 mand of the troops which Montgomery and Arnold ltd into that 
 province. A more brave, beloved and distinguished character 
 did not go into the field, nor was there a man that made a greater 
 sacrifice of his own ease, health and social enjoyments. He died 
 of the small pox, June 30, 1776.
 
 SUL 447 
 
 to go upon his parole to Congress, an.d deliver a 
 message from lord Howe. In October he was ex- 
 changed for gen. Prescott and returned to the camp. 
 At the battle of Trenton he commanded the right 
 division, and gen. Greene the left ; also at the bat- 
 tles of Brandy wine and Germantown, in the fall of 
 1777. He was chief in command of the troops 
 which went on an expedition to Rhode Island, Au- 
 gust, 1777, when count D'Estaing blocked up the 
 port. The marquis de la Fayette and gen. Greene 
 served as volunteers. Gov. Hancock went from 
 Massachusetts at the head of the militia. The par- 
 ticulars of the failure are related in the histories of 
 the war. Sullivan and the regular troops did every 
 thing to support the credit of the army. In 1779, 
 an expedition was planned by gen. Washington to 
 attack the indians in their own settlements. A well 
 chosen army was prepared, and gen. Sullivan put at 
 the head. They penetrated above 90 miles through 
 a wilderness, where they passed horrid swamps, 
 and barren mountainous desarts. All the occur- 
 rences are related in a letter to the president of 
 congress, Sept. 30, 1779. After the peace with 
 Great Britain, Mr. S. resumed his practice at the 
 bar, he was one of the convention which formed 
 the state constitution for New Hampshire, and chos- 
 en into the first council. When president Lang- 
 don accepted the place of senator of the United 
 States, he was chosen president, and continued in 
 the office till his death. He was succeeded in this 
 office by col. Bartlett in 1790. 
 
 Gen Sullivan has a high rank among the officers 
 of the revolutionary army, and has an equal claim 
 to distinction among the statesmen, politicians and 
 patriots of 1775, his name appears with some splen- 
 dour among the literati of America. He acquired 
 an expensive knowledge of men and things. He 
 read more than any could suppose consistent with 
 the active scenes of his life. Harvard University 
 received him among her sons, as master of arts, and
 
 448 SYM 
 
 be was presented with a degree of doctor of laws by 
 the university of Dartmouth. It ought to be no- 
 ticed that gen. Sullivan was a member of the first 
 congress in 1774. He resigned this office for the 
 sake of going into the army. 
 
 SmibiBT Nathaniel, a celebrated painter, 
 died in the prime of life, and his death excited uni- 
 versal sorrow. He was a most amiable and accom- 
 plished youth, but like a fair flower just opening to 
 the view, he was soon cut down. It is the general 
 opinion of those who knew him, that, had he lived, 
 he would have obtained a reputation equal to that of 
 West, and Copely, or any other American genius, 
 who has done honour to his country in the imitating 
 art. They have had laurels heaped upon them. 
 The myrtle grew upon his grave. His father was 
 a painter of some eminence in the line of his pro- 
 fession, and designed his son should be a scholar. 
 For this purpose sent him to the school of which 
 the famous Mr. Lovell was preceptor. Oae of the 
 first and best pieces of Smibert's pencil was ** the 
 portrait of his old master while the terrifick impres- 
 sions vibrated on his nerves." Smibert was a fine 
 classical scholar, but did not incline to pass the 
 number of years necessary for obtaining the hon- 
 ours of college. He was passionately fond of his 
 father's business, and their room was often visited 
 by connoisseurs, for the sake of the pictures, many 
 vears after their heads were laid in the dust. One 
 of the most prominent of this exhibition was a 
 groupe, and dean Berkeley the principal character. 
 We have been told of a portrait, once having a place 
 there, of John Checkley, the famous scholar, and 
 droll, with lines under it written by young Smibert, 
 that discovered talents for poetry. 
 
 The year of his death is not recollected exactly 
 by his friends, had he been graduated at college, it 
 would have been in the year 1757. He died about 
 this time. 
 
 Symmes Zachariah, pastor of the church in 
 Charlestown, was born at Canterbury, April 5, 1599.
 
 S Y M 449 
 
 His father's name was William. He was minister 
 of Sandwich in 1587; and also the son of Wil- 
 liam, a man who was a protestant in the reign of 
 Queen Mary. Zechariah was educated at the uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. He came into New England 
 in 1635, and was invited to settle in Charlestown, 
 as their teaching elder, Mr. James, being pastor of 
 the church. Johnson speaks highly of the wife of 
 this Mr. Symmes. He belonged to Charlestown, 
 and was doubtless acquainted with her. M Among 
 all the godly women," says he, t; that came through 
 the perilous seas, Mrs. Sarah Symmes ought not 
 to be omitted, her courage exceeded her stature, 
 she bore every difficulty with cheerfulness, and 
 raised up ten children to people this American wiU 
 derness." Mr. Svmmes had several children add- 
 ed after Johnson wrote, according to his epitaph, 
 which gives him 5 sons and 8 daughters. He died 
 Feb. 4, 1676. 
 
 Symmes Zachariah, minister of Bradford, was 
 the son of Mr. S. of Charlestown, and was graduated 
 at Harvard College, 1657. He was one of the fel- 
 lows of the college, was ordained at Bradford about 
 the year 1660, and died, March 22, 1708. 
 
 Symmes Thomas, son of the minister of Brad- 
 ford, was graduated at Harvard College, 1698, 
 and settled first at Boxford. After he had left 
 that people, he was invited to succeed his father 
 in the church at Bradford, He had very popular 
 talents in the pulpit, and made considerable of a 
 figure in his profession, but he wanted prudence in 
 the economy of his family, and a kind, winning 
 manner of address with his parishioners. With a 
 better salary than his neighbours he lived and died 
 poor ; and he likewise kindled a party spirit in both 
 parishes where he was settled. One matter of dis- 
 pute was concerning church musick. The people 
 were not used to regular singing, and he was de- 
 termined to intioduce it in opposition to their pre- 
 judices. He was a singer himself, and could not 
 
 3 K
 
 ■# 
 150 T A I 
 
 bear jargon. He wrote an anonymous pamphlet 
 upon this subject ; this was followed by " a joco- 
 serious dialogue concerning regular singing," by 
 Thomas Symmes, philomusicus, 1722. There was 
 much ingenious satire, mingled with his argument, 
 and he gave great offence. He died Oct. 22, 1725. 
 His death was much lamented by ministers and the 
 publick. That he was a fine speaker we may judge 
 from the compliment of Dr. Col man in the preface 
 to the artillery election sermon which Mr. Symmes 
 preached and printed, 1720, " may it be as profita- 
 ble in the reading of it as it was pleasant in the 
 hearing. The preacher was unto us, as a very 
 lovely song of one that has a pleasant voice and can 
 play well on an instrument," &c. Mr. Symmes al- 
 so published in 1725, " historical memoirs of the 
 fight at Pigwacket, and a sermon on the death of 
 capt. Lovwell." 
 
 Tailer William, lieut. governour of Massa- 
 chusetts, came over with his commission from the 
 queen in 1711. He was a very facetious, pleasant 
 man, and agreeable to the people in his manners, 
 though in his politicks on the side of the preroga- 
 tive, and in his religious principles an episcopalian. 
 In 1722 Mr. Dummer was promoted to his place, 
 and he had another office given to him, which he 
 preferred, because the income was better and surer. 
 But when Belcher was advanced to the chair of gov- 
 ernment, he had promised a place to a gentleman, 
 whom the agent, Mr. Wilkes, had recommended. 
 On this account, it was settled that Mr. Tailer 
 should again be lieut. governour, and Mr. Dummer 
 a man every way qualified for his station, should be 
 set aside. He died, March 1, 1732, aged 55 years. 
 From a sermon preached at Thursday lecture,printed 
 with a dedication to Mrs. Tailer, it seems he mar- 
 ried a relation of gov. Stoughton, and possessed his 
 estate at Dorchester. The preacher also tells the 
 lady, " her husband was no bigot, for he often at- 
 tended worship with her at Dorchester meeting."
 
 THA 45i 
 
 This is not complete demonstration, considering 
 what influence ladies have : to balance it we might 
 produce his name to a complaint of the episcopali- 
 ans against the dissenters from their mode of wor- 
 ship.* He was doubtless a very respectable charac- 
 ter, and his principles catholick for those times, and 
 he was attached to the country. He was also a man 
 of sense and information. His funeral was splen- 
 did, the bells in Boston all tolled from 1 1 until 5 
 o'clock, though he was buried at Dorchester, and 
 a greater number of carriages had never been ex- 
 hibited. His excellency, gov. Belcher, the hon. 
 Mr. Dummer, Addington Davenport, Thomas 
 Hutchinson, Elisha Cooke, and Adam Winthrop, 
 supported the pall. 
 
 Thacher Thomas, first minister of the Old 
 South church in Boston, was born in England, May 
 1, 1620. His father was the rev. Peter Thacher, 
 minister at Sarum, who intended to come over to 
 these new regions, but was prevented by the state 
 of his family. Thomas had a good school educa- 
 tion, and it was his father's desire to send him to 
 the university of Oxford or Cambridge ; but he de- 
 clined, and came over to New England, A. D. 1635. 
 In a letter published by his uncle, Antony Thacher, 
 we learn how remarkably he was preserved from 
 shipwreck. His friends sailed from Ipswich in the 
 month of August for Marblehead, where Mr. John 
 Avery, a worthy divine, was to settle. A terrible 
 storm threw the vessel upon the rocks, most of the 
 people perished, and Mr. Thacher was cast ashore 
 on a desolate island. It bears his name to this day, 
 as also a place is called Avery's fall) where this good 
 man perished. Thomas Thacher preferred to go 
 by land, and escaped these dangers. He received 
 his education from Mr. Chauncy, who was after- 
 wards president of the college. He studied not on- 
 ly what is common for youth to acquire, but also 
 
 • Funeral sermon, by rev. Mr. Cooper, and Historical Co!!' 
 tions.
 
 452 T II A 
 
 the oriental languages. He afterwards composed a 
 Hebrew lexicon, and we learn from Dr. Stiles, that 
 he was a scholar in Arabick, the best the country- 
 afforded. This is not mentioned in our ecclesi- 
 astical annals. Dr. Mather tells us, that he was a 
 great logician ; that he understood mechanics in the- 
 ory and practice, that he would do all kinds of clock 
 work to admiration. He was eminent in two pro- 
 fessions. He was pastor of a church ; ordained at 
 Weymouth, June 2, 1644. After some years mar- 
 rying a second wife, who belonged to Boston, he 
 left his parish at Weymouth, where he practised 
 physick as well as preached, and was an eminent 
 physician in this town. He was still looked upon as 
 a great divine, and when a third church was found- 
 ed, he was chosen their minister. Over this church 
 he was installed, Feb. 16, 1669, and in this station 
 he continued till he died. The last sermon he 
 preached, was for Dr. I. Mather, 1. Peter, 4, 18. 
 He afterwards visited a sick person, and was him- 
 self seized with a fever, and expired Oct. 15, 1678* 
 
 He left two sons, who were by his first wife, the 
 daughter of the rev. Ralph Partridge of Duxbor- 
 ough. The eldest, Peter, was a famous minister 
 in the neighbourhood of Boston. And Ralph, who 
 was settled at Martha's vineyard.* Magnolia. 
 
 Thacher Peter, son of the rev. T. Thacher, 
 of Boston, was graduated at Harvard College, in 
 1671. He was an excellent scholar, and an object 
 of esteem and affection with the ingenuous youth 
 of the university. An attachment to one of his class- 
 mates, Mr. Samuel Danforth, son of the deputy gov- 
 ernour, Thomas Danforth, ltd him to cross the At- 
 lantick for the sake of enjoying his company in his 
 travels. They had been tutors at the same time, 
 
 * He printed very few of his productions. Except his He- 
 brew Lexicon, and his catechism, each of which was on a sheet of 
 paper ; and some account of the small pox in a few pages, there is 
 mothing to be found, hut" a fast sermon, 1674 ;" and this was 
 transcribed from the minutes of those who heard it.
 
 T H A 453 
 
 and were unwilling to be separated, but death, the 
 destroyer of every hope, who levels our most pleas- 
 ing prospects with the dust, cut short the days of 
 Mr. Danforth; upon which event, Mr. Thacher re- 
 turned to his native country. He was invited to 
 take charge of the church, at Milton, and ordained 
 September, 1681. 
 
 He married the daughter of the rev. Mr. Oxen- 
 bridge, pastor of the old church in Boston. She 
 was the mother oi the children which survived him. 
 He was pastor of the church at Milton above 46 
 years, and was very much distinguished among his 
 brethren. He preached the election sermon, 1711; 
 Artillery election sermon, 1705; the convention 
 sermon, 1724. The first of these was printed,, the 
 last is preserved in mss. being among the the valu- 
 able treasures of the Historical society. He died> 
 December 17, 1727. 
 
 His character was delineated by an able hand ire 
 the Boston Weekly Newsletter. From which it 
 appears that he had " a great deal of vivacity, tenu- 
 pered with grace and wisdom ; that he was very en- 
 gaging in conversation, afid in hispublick perform- 
 ances ; that he was a zealous assertor of the purity 
 and liberty of the congregational churches, but ca- 
 tholick to those who embraced other opinions ; and 
 that his advice was often solicited in ecclesiastical 
 councils." 
 
 He did not outlive his usefulness, his intellectu- 
 al vigour remaining at the last sabbath of his life. 
 He then preached in a lively and affectionate man- 
 ner. The next day he was seized with a complaint, 
 which in 36 hours finished his course. 
 
 Thacher Oxenbridge, was the son of Mr. 
 Thacher of Milton ; was graduated at Harvard Col- 
 lege, 1698 ; was a preacher for several years, and 
 then fixed in Boston in a different line of business. 
 He was selectman and representative, and was left 
 out of the general court, with the other friends of 
 gov. Belcher in 1739. Soon after this, he retired to
 
 454 T H A 
 
 Milton, where he passed the rest of his days. He 
 lived longer than any of the generation with whom 
 he sat out in the journey of life. He was 93 years 
 old, when he died, in 1772. 
 
 Thacher Oxen bridge, an eminent lawyer, 
 son of Oxenbridge Thacher of Milton, was gradu- 
 ated, 1738. He, also, was a preacher, but with a 
 small voice, and slender state of health, did not 
 meet with success equal to some who have only the 
 sounding brass to give them a reputation. Mr. 
 Thacher was sensible, learned, pious, a calvinist, 
 beloved by his friends, and respected by the nume- 
 rous friends of a family distinguished from the first 
 settlement of the country ; yet with all these advan- 
 tages, found it necessary to leave his profession, 
 and go into a line of life, which required no abilities 
 but a vast deal of drudgery to transact. He soon 
 failed, and was persuaded to study law ; for which 
 he had no great inclination at first, but afterwards 
 made a shining figure at the bar, and upon the the- 
 atre where politicians act their parts. He was re- 
 presentative for Boston when the first acts were 
 made to raise a revenue. Being a genuine whig he 
 opposed every measure of the British parliament 
 against the constitution of his country. He also 
 wrote a pamphlet, entitled " the sentiments of British 
 Americans," which is read with pleasure at the pre- 
 sent day. It was particularly levelled against the 
 navigation act, but contains general remarks, and 
 well adapted to the times. Mr. T. also published 
 a pamphlet, " considerations upon reducing the va- 
 lue of the gold coins within the province." It con- 
 tained the substance of several pieces he wrote in 
 the newpapers in opposition to the opinion of gov. 
 Hutchinson. The controversy is ably discussed in 
 Minot's continuation of the history of Massachu- 
 setts. The health of Mr. Thacher declined from 
 the time of his receiving the small pox, in 1764. 
 Pulmonary complaints succeeded, and he died, Jur 
 ly 8th, 1765.
 
 TOR 455 
 
 He was a man of strict integrity, highly esteems 
 ed by his fellow citizens for his moral worch, as well 
 as his legal knowledge. His death was universally 
 lamented as a great loss to the publick. He left two 
 sons who have since made a figure in their profes- 
 sion, rev. Peter Thacher,* who died 1802, pastor of 
 the church in Brattle street, and rev. Thomas 
 Thacher, pastor of a church in Dedham. 
 
 Thomson William, pastor of the church in 
 Braintree, is called by Dr. Mather, one of the A- 
 merican pillars. He came from Lancashire into 
 New England. He first went to Virginia, but was 
 too much of a puritan to find his labours acceptable 
 there. He was a very acceptable preacher in these 
 parts, where his sentiments were more congenial to 
 the publick opinion. This good man was unhappy 
 in his mind, a prey to melancholy, and under great 
 temptation to commit suicide. He prayed earnest- 
 ly to be brought out of darkness, the pastors and 
 brethren of the neighbouring churches poured out 
 their cries and supplications for him, and his end 
 was peace. He died, Dec. 20, 1666. It is said 
 that he was an author of some reputation, but ex- 
 cept one or two prefaces to the books of others, 
 none of his publications have come down to us. 
 
 Torrey William, one of the first settlers of 
 Massachusetts, was one of our earliest authors. 
 The place where he fixed his abode was Weymouth, 
 and he was active in calling the rev. T. Thacher to 
 be pastor of their church. He was appointed a jus- 
 tice of peace, " with a power to marry." He was 
 one of the first military officers in the colony. When 
 he received a commission to be captain of the train 
 band, it was as high a rank as was then known. 
 He was a man of very considerable learning, and 
 wrote a book upon the Millenium. It is entitled, 
 *' a discourse concerning futurities to come written 
 by a very old man, in continual expectation of his 
 
 * For the details of the character of the rev. Peter Thacher, 
 D. D. see the close of the 8th vol. Historical Collections.
 
 456 T O R 
 
 \ 
 
 translation into another life and world." It was a 
 4to. about 60 pages. A second edition was printed 
 in 8vo. in 1757, with a preface by Mr. Prince. 
 
 Torrey Samuel, son of William Torrey, was 
 an eminent scholar and divine. His school learning 
 he received from his father who understood latin 
 very well. He entered Harvard College, and would 
 have taken his degree in 1650, but left college with 
 a number of others, because a law was made, re- 
 quiring the students to stay 4 years in order to re- 
 ceive their degrees. He soon preached, and was 
 invited to settle at Weymouth, 1656, where he con- 
 tinued 51 years a faithful, laborious, exemplary min- 
 ister, lie had such a gift in prayer that he was al- 
 ways chosen upon publick occasions, as Mr. Prince 
 tells us " to bring up the rear of their religious ex- 
 ercises." Upon a publick fast in the year 1696, he 
 prayed two hours after all the other exercises were 
 over, and was so pertinent, so regular, so natural, 
 so free, lively and affecting, that towards the end, 
 hinting at some new and agreeable scenes of thought, 
 we could not help wishing him to enlarge upon 
 them. This was the language of that eminent law- 
 yer, Mr. Read, to Mr. Prince. He was a student 
 of college, at the time, and he said his fellow stu- 
 dents regretted that he did not pray an hour longer. 
 
 Mr. T. was invited to preach the election sermon 
 three times, in 1674, 1633, 1695, and the discours- 
 es are excellent. He was a person " of such deep 
 and extensive views that the governourand council 
 would send for him to come 15 miles, to help them 
 with his advice and wise observations. His inti- 
 mate friends were gov. Stoughton, Judge Sewall, 
 rev. Mr, Moodey, Willard, Hobart of Newtown and 
 Thacher of Milton. His wife was the daughter of 
 secretary Rawson. Although he never had the hon- 
 our of a degree at college, yet upon the death of 
 president Rogers in 1686 ; he was chosen to succeed 
 him, but excused himself from accepting that hon- 
 ourable station ; but acted a number of years as fel-
 
 
 TRU 457 
 
 low of the corporation. He died, April 10, 1707, 
 etat. 76. 
 
 Mr. Prince says his father was " an instance of 
 what eminent men of the civil order once adorned 
 our New England churches." We may observe, 
 that the son was an instance of what our divine* 
 were a century ago, when the first gentleman of the 
 civil order so highly respected them ; Mr. Pember- 
 ton likewise alludes to the death of Mr. Torrey, 
 when he says " we had not dried our eyes for the 
 loss of our Samuel > when Providence opens anew 
 the fountain of our tears by afflicting us with the 
 news of another."* 
 
 Tread well Daniel, an eminent mathemati- 
 cian, was born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 
 his parents came from Ipswich, Massachusetts. He 
 was graduated at Harvard College, 1754. He was 
 elected professor of mathematicks in King's Col- 
 lege, New York, the same year he took his degree 
 at Cambridge, to which place he was recommend- 
 ed by Mr. professor Winthrop. He died a few 
 years after greatly lamented. In Chandler's life of 
 president Johnson, after speaking of their obtaining 
 this excellent young man to be professor, he says, 
 " in the year 1759, there was a private commence- 
 ment on account of the small pox. The president 
 spent the winter at Stratford, but under great anxi- 
 ety of mind, for he left Mr. Treadwell, the mathe- 
 matical professor in a declining state of health, 
 which soon turned to a consumption, and put a pe- 
 riod to his life early in the spring." 
 
 Trumbull Jonathan, governour of Connecti- 
 cut, was a descendant from the early settlers of New 
 England. Two brothers, of the name, came from 
 the west of England into the Massachusetts colony. 
 The one fixed at Charlestovvn, the other at Ipswich. 
 The father of gov. Trumbull was a substantial for- 
 mer in the town of Lebanon in Connecticut. When 
 he was a young man he went to this place, and was 
 
 * Sermon upon Mr. Willard. 
 
 3 L
 
 1 1 
 
 458 T R U 
 
 one of the first settlers in the year 1700- He emi- 
 grated from Westfield in the county of Hampshire, 
 where his father had removed from Ipswich, who was 
 among the most respectable of the yeomanry. The 
 governour was born at Lebanon in 1710. In the 
 year 1723, he entered Harvard College. He early 
 discovered fine talents and a most amiable disposi- 
 tion. He was a modest ingenuous youth, very bash- 
 ful when he first entered college, owing to his ten- 
 der years, as well as retired situation ; but he was 
 much beloved by his classmates, and when he took 
 his degree, one of the finest scholars, with such 
 accomplishments as qualified him to be useful, as 
 well as to make the most conspicuous figure. He 
 was fond of the study of divinity, and for some 
 years was a preacher of the gospel ; he then turned 
 his attention to jurisprudence, and soon became an 
 eminent civilian. It is an observation of Mr. 
 Hutchinson " that many of the first characters in 
 Massachusetts were at first probationers for the 
 ministry, and afterwards made a figure at the bar, 
 or in the legislative or executive courts of the pro- 
 vince." We recollect the names of Stoughton, 
 Read, Gridley and judge Stephen Sewall. That gen- 
 tleman adds, that when persons have been ordained 
 they ought " to have very special reasons to leave 
 the profession for a civil employment." We have 
 seen an instance of this in gov. Saltonstall, where 
 the publick was much benefitted. 
 
 Gov. Trumbull was employed in many civil offi- 
 ces all of which he executed with great fidelity, and 
 grew in the esteem of the people as he advanced in 
 years. He was an active man in publick life, 51 
 years ; 15 of which he was governour of Connecti- 
 cut colony. When he first went into this office it 
 required a man of prudence, firmness, consistency 
 and ability to manage affairs. A good pilot is ne- 
 cessary for every bark which sails on the tempes- 
 tuous sea. In Connecticut the appearance was 
 more tranquil than the neighbouring province, but
 
 TRU 459 
 
 the clouds were gathering which soon darkened the 
 face of the country. Gov. Trumbull saw the storm 
 burst upon Massachusetts in 1775 ; he lived to see 
 the auspicious day, also, when his country enjoyed 
 the blessings of peace, and the glory of her inde- 
 pendence. No man could guide the vessel of state 
 with more care. No man ever loved his country 
 more. During the whole American war, he showed 
 himself the honest and unshaken patriot, the wise 
 and able magistrate. Jn an excellent speech he 
 made to the general assembly, October, 1783, he 
 thus expresses himself, *" I have to request the fa- 
 vour of you, gentlemen, and through you, of all the 
 freemen of the state, that after May next, 1 may be 
 excused from any further service in publick life, 
 and from this time I may no longer be considered 
 as an object for your suffrages for any publick em- 
 ployment. The reasonableness of the request I am 
 persuaded will be questioned by no one. The 
 length of time I have devoted to their service, with 
 my declining state of vigour and activity, will I 
 please myself form for me a sufficient and unfailing 
 excuse with my fellow citizens." 
 
 This excellent man departed this life on the 17th 
 of August, I7tf5, at his seat in Lebanon in the 75th 
 year of his age. His father had lived the same num- 
 ber of years. 
 
 Gov. Trumbull made a great collection of papers, 
 mss. &c. which were presented by the family to the 
 Massachusetts historical society, several of them 
 have been printed in the volumes of their collections. 
 They consider the whole as an invaluable treasure. 
 Among their honorary members, and truly honour- 
 able men is the present Jonathan Trumbull, esq, 
 the eldest son of his late excellency, and the pre- 
 sent worthy governour of Connecticut.* 
 
 * Mons. Chastelleux, who saw gov. Trumbull when he was 
 70 years old, writes, " He was governour by excellence, for he 
 had been so 15 years, having been rechosen every two years, and 
 equally possessing the public esteem, under the British govern- 
 ment and that of congress. His whale life is devoted to business,
 
 460 T U C 
 
 Tucker John, D. D. a celebrated divine and 
 controversial writer, was graduated at Harvard Col- 
 lege, 1741, and ordained over the first church at 
 Newbury in 1745. He was a man of very superi- 
 our abilities, and having pursued his studies with 
 diligence, he shone with a mild, engaging, as well 
 as brilliant lustre amidst the stars of our churches. 
 Being a man of inquiry, like some of his great pre- 
 decessors, he was subjected to vexations and trials, 
 on account of his opinions, which differed from 
 the generality of the neighbourhood. He had too 
 fair a mind to disguise his sentiments and too much 
 honour and liberality to impose them on others. He 
 never willingly entered into a theological dispute, 
 but whenever he was called upon to defend his 
 tenets, did it with boldness and skill, as a reason- 
 er, a man of pious sentiment, a divine filled with 
 christian candour, and influenced by the love of re- 
 ligion. No man was less opinionated, or discovered 
 more pleasantness, good humour and good man- 
 ners in social intercourse. In his writings, how- 
 ever, upon controverted points, while he treated the 
 subject with reverence, he indulged a vein of hu- 
 mour and satire, against Iris antagonist which gave 
 a keen edge to his style, and made dry arguments 
 entertaining. This appears in a work of his, enti- 
 tled, " a brief account of an ecclesiastical council so 
 called, convened in the first parish of Newbury, 
 March 31, 1767.'^ They had several sessions, and 
 he printed an account of each session as soon as it 
 was ended ; and at the conclusion of the whole, a 
 sermon, Acts xx. 17, 18, <l being a minister's ap- 
 peal to his hearers as to his life and doctrine." Mr. 
 
 which he passionately loves, whether important or not, or rather 
 with respect to him there is none of the latter description. He 
 has all the simplicity in his dress, all the importance and even all 
 the ptdantry, becoming the great magistrate of a small republic. 
 He brought to my mind, the burgomasters of Holland, the Hein- 
 siuses and the Barnevelclts," &c. 
 
 He mentioned several other things mingled with the mistakes 
 ■of a traveller.
 
 TUC 461 
 
 Aaron Hutchinson one of the council preached, and 
 wrote against him, which he answered very Lively, 
 keen and pointed remarks. 
 
 Another spiritual adversary of Mr. T. was the 
 rev. Jonathan Parsons of Newbury port. Those 
 who were disaffected to Mr. T. went over to his 
 church, and were aided by him, in making excep- 
 tions to their minister's preaching until they be- 
 come, as thorns in his side. In the year 1757 Mr.T. 
 printed a pamphlet " observations on the doctrines 
 and wncharitableness of the rev. Jonathan Parsons," 
 &.c. These were followed by another pamphlet 
 several years after, in which he vindicated the civil 
 government of this province from that gentleman's 
 severe charges of spiritual tyranny and slavery. 
 This was printed 1774, Mr. P. made no reply. Mr. 
 Tucker had another controversy with a gentleman 
 in the neighbourhood, a very respectable clergy- 
 man, and zealous calvinist. This was managed 
 with more gravity and respectful attention to the 
 character of a brother in the ministry. In the year 
 1767, the rev. James Chandler of Rowley, printed 
 a sermon in which was a marginal note aimed at 
 what Mr. T. had written concerning" confessions 
 of faith." Mr. T. addressed a printed letter to Mr. 
 Chandler, in which he spake against making any 
 rule of faith, but the bible. To this Mr. Chandler 
 replied in a sensible sedate manner, but defended, 
 with some zeal, the doctrines of the New Kngland 
 churches, and the propriety of creeds and confes- 
 sions, &.c. This produced a " second letter from 
 Mr. Tucker in reply to Mr. Chandler's vindica- 
 tion," 1768, 54 pages. 
 
 The same year Mr. T. was chosen to preach the 
 convention sermon ; he also preached the election 
 sermon, 1771 ; and the Dudleian lecture, 1778. * 
 
 * Beside the publications above mentioned, he printed four ser- 
 mons upon evangelical subjects, and a thanksgiving sermon in 
 1756. Several ordination sermons and other occasional (lir<-> n ■ sts 
 Also a sermon, Mark >.."> la, 16 ; on John vi. 41, 1769.
 
 462 U S H 
 
 The university of Harvard presented him with his 
 diploma of doctor in divinity. 
 
 The latter years of his life he suffered much from 
 ill health, but was not wholly taken off from his la- 
 bours till within a few months of his death, which 
 event took place on the 22d of March, 1792. 
 
 Underhill John, capt. one of the first planters 
 of Massachusetts, was the friend of sir Henry Vane, 
 and sent by him, as commander of the colony troops 
 to Saybrook in 1637. He made the attack with 
 capt. Mason upon their fort at Mistick, where the 
 fierce spirit of that tribe was broken by the loss of 
 so many men as were then destroyed ; even Sassacus 
 was discouraged, and fled to the Mohawks, and ve- 
 ry soon those Indians, as a tribe, were extinguish- 
 ed. In 1641, Underhill was chosen governour of 
 Exeter and Dover, but his honours did not set well 
 upon him ; he was soon in deprest circumstances. 
 Gov. Winthrop tells a long story of his setting up- 
 on a stool of repentance in the Boston church, with 
 a white cap upon his head, and making a confession 
 of his sins. His character was very excentrick in 
 many things, and in whatever he did he run to ex- 
 cess. He was a very great enthusiast in religion, 
 but a debauchee in practice. It is surprising, how- 
 ever, that when he was accused of such immorali- 
 ties, the church censure did not rest wholly upon 
 these. One great crime was that he dated his con- 
 version from a time he was smoking tobacco. 
 Hence they thought it not sincere. It was necessa- 
 ry to be under the " preaching of the word." 
 
 After seeing many changes, capt. Underhill left 
 the New England provinces, and died among the 
 Dutch at Manhadoes. Wimhrop. 
 
 Usher John, lieut. governour of New Hamp- 
 shire, was counsellor of Massachusetts after their 
 charter was taken away, and when Dudley had a 
 commission as president, in 1686. The same year 
 we find his name among the counsellors of sir Ed- 
 mund Andross. He was also Ucasurer of this pro-
 
 VAN 463 
 
 vince, and it is said he was of eminent service in 
 purchasing the district of Maine. By some he was 
 held up to public odium, as an enemy to New En- 
 gland, one who was ready to sacrifice their charter 
 rights for the sake of his own aggrandizement. By 
 others he is represented as just and honest, a true 
 lover of the country, though on the side of prerog- 
 ative. While he was lieut. governour of New 
 Hampshire he was not a popular character, perhaps 
 his own interest led him to act against the interest 
 of the people. He had married the daughter of 
 Samuel Allen, esq. and therefore had every tempta- 
 tion to assist in maintaining the large claims of the 
 family. After he was dismissed from the govern- 
 ment, he left that province, and retired to his estate 
 at Medibrd, near Boston, where he died, Sept. 1st, 
 1726, etat. 79. 
 
 Vane sir Henry, was the son of sir H. Vane, 
 who was in king Charles's court. A very pious 
 man, but no fanatick. His son was equally fanati- 
 cal in politicks and religion. Displeased with the 
 manners of men in his own country, he came into 
 New England. In 1635, on the 3d of March, he 
 was made a freeman of the colony. In 1636, he 
 was chosen governour. The Boston people were 
 very fond of him. The country people did not 
 like him, and the next year exerted themselves to 
 put him out of office. This caused some goads 
 to his earthy nature though his friends pretended 
 that, in his mind, all was heaven. His religion 
 was pure antinomianism. His adherents said that 
 sanctification was no evidence of justification, and 
 that there was no such thing as personal holiness. 
 Many of them settled Rhode Island. Sir Henry 
 went to England, warmly espoused the cause of O. 
 Cromwell, was an hot headed zealot, an enemy to 
 the presbyterians as well as royalists. He was a 
 man tossed about by new opinions, and the mere 
 sport of his feelings worked up to a kind of spirit- 
 ual ardour. His ideas of Christ's imputation, led
 
 464 V A S 
 
 him to believe universal salvation, which indeed 
 is very consistent with antinomian principles. 
 And he was as zealous in diffusing his ideas, that 
 all men should be happy, as he had been to prove that 
 none but he and a very few others should be saved. 
 
 When the royal party prevailed, and Charles II. 
 ascended the throne, Vane had no idea that he 
 should be excepted from the act of indemnity. He 
 was executed for treason, June 14, 1662. *' His 
 enthusiasm," says Mr. Hume, excited by the pros- 
 pects of glory, embellished the conclusion of a life, 
 which, through the whole course of it, had been so 
 much disfigured by the prevalence of that principle. 
 In all his behaviour, there appeared a firm and ani- 
 mated intrepidity, and he considered his death but 
 as a passage to that eternal felicity, which he be- 
 lieved prepared for him." 
 
 Sir Henry left some writings, mostly religious. 
 Men of reason and sentiment may wonder how so 
 great a man could write so weakly, or so crude- 
 ly. All are not alike unintelligible : " The mys- 
 tery of godliness, written by sir H. Vane, con- 
 tains serious and good observations. A copy of 
 it, is in the historical library. Some have thought 
 the father of our governour was the authour. 
 
 Vassall William, the 18th associate men- 
 tioned in the charter of Massachusetts, came over 
 as the 5th assistant. Mr. Prince says, that although 
 one of the patentees and assistants, yet in the lists 
 of the courts he could not find his name mentioned. 
 He returned to England in the year 1631. A few 
 years afterwards he returned to New England, and 
 settled at Scituate, in Plymouth colony. When Jamai- 
 ca was taken, he laid the foundation of the great es- 
 tates which his posterity enjoyed till the revolution. 
 William and his brother Samuel Vassall were less 
 puritanical than those friends on the new plantation, 
 and soon manifested their difference of opinion. 
 When the Browns carried their complaints home 
 against Endicot, and the matter was referred to cer^
 
 W A L 465 
 
 tain gentlemen, Samuel and William Vassal were 
 two of the referees, chosen by the complainants ; 
 Winthrop, Johnson, &c. were chosen by the com- 
 pany. Hutchinson and Prince. 
 
 Wadswohth BtNjAMiN, president of Harvard 
 College, was the son of capt. Samuel Wadsworth, 
 who was killed at Sudbury in 1676. He was born 
 at Milton in 1669; was graduated 1690, and or- 
 dained pastor of the first church in Boston, 1696. 
 In July, 1725, hie was installed president of the col- 
 lege. His mind was rather strong than brilliant, as 
 a preacher he was grave, but not animated. He de- 
 livered his sermons without notes, and his memory 
 was so tenacious, that on all occasions he could 
 quote any chapter or verse of the bible, without re- 
 curring to the pages. Hence he retained all the 
 learning he acquired in his youth, which was of 
 great advantage to him, when he was president. 
 The general opinion, however, was that he was bet- 
 ter fitted for the pastor of a church, than to be mas- 
 ter of the school of the prophets. He had confined 
 his studies to theology, and was not a man of exten- 
 sive erudition, or much acquainted with the scien- 
 ces. He departed this life March 16, 1737, etat. 68.* 
 
 Walter NEUtMiAH, was born in Ireland, De- 
 cember, 1663, where he had the rudiments of his 
 education. When he was 13 years old, he could 
 converse in latin fluently. About the year 1680, 
 his father came into New England, and put his 
 son under the care of the celebrated Cheever, 
 who declared the lad to be completely fitted 
 for college. He was graduated 1684. After leav- 
 ing college, he went to Nova Scotia, for the sake of 
 learning French, and he was so fond of the Ian- 
 
 • ,His works are a discourse on the last judgment, 1709 ; a 
 small volume of sermons in 12 mo. 1711, Luke 14, 16; an ar- 
 tillery election sermon, 1700; election sermon, 1716; twelve 
 sermons in 1717 ; and in 1718, an essay for spreading the gospel 
 into ignorant places ; three sermons in 1722 ; one in 1725 ; als:> 
 j«n essay upon the decalogue ; and fourteen sermons upon a good 
 conscience ; a discourse upon the christian. Sabbath. 
 
 3 M
 
 466 W A L 
 
 guage, that he afterwards procured many French 
 authours ; and he conversed so much with the pro- 
 testant refugees, that he could preach to them in 
 their native tongue In 1688, Oct. 1 7, he was ordain- 
 ed over the first church in Roxbury. The old apostle^ 
 John Eliot, hearing him preach, declared he must 
 have him for his colleague. Mr. Dudley opposed 
 so sudden an invitation, but approved the choice 
 when they had farther proof of his talents. He con- 
 tinued the pastor of this church above 60 years, and 
 died September 17, 1750, aged 87. Mr. Eliot died 
 in 1690, having been minister 58 years. He said of 
 Mr. Walter, that he would be a most brilliant light 
 of the New England churches. He was indeed an 
 admirable preacher, as well as fine scholar. His 
 discourses were always studied, and he delivered 
 them with great animation, though with a feeble 
 voice. He always had a very delicate bodily frame ; 
 and was very small of stature. His character and 
 preaching were often the subject of praise to young 
 candidates. When he was very old he preserved 
 the affection of the people, and the esteem of the 
 publick. Being a meek and humble christian, he 
 had his conversation in the simplicity of truth, and 
 sincerity of the gospel. Mr. W. never put himself 
 forward to preach upon publick occasions, and was 
 seldom persuaded to print any of his discourses. 
 He published several, however, which were very ac- 
 ceptable, and are read to the present time.* 
 
 * A sermon warning unfruitful hearers, which has been re- 
 printed ; also, the body of sin anatomised ; a discourse upon 
 vain thoughts ; the great concern of man ; the wonderiulness of 
 Christ; the holiness of heaven; and the convention sermon, 1723. 
 A volume of his sermons was printed after his death, upon the 55 
 of Isaiah, with an account of him, from which the compiler has 
 taken some facts. Other notices were communicated by those 
 who knew him. To these might be added Dr. Colman's opin- 
 ion/' when one is hearing Mr. VV. it seems as if any man could 
 preach so, yet few can equal him" Mr. Pemberton used to say, 
 " 1 know no man that, in his preaching, reconciles perspicuity 
 with accuracy, like Mr. Walter."
 
 WAL 467 - 
 
 Walter Thomas, son of the minister of Rox- 
 bury, was graduated at Harvard College, 1713, was 
 ordained his father's colleague, October 19, 1718, 
 and died January 10, 1724. He possessed a very 
 extraordinary genius, having all his father's vivaci- 
 ty and richness of imagination, with more vigour 
 of intellect. When he was at college he was not a 
 hard student, and was too fond of company. His 
 intimate "associate was John Checkley, who had 
 much learning with his wit and humour. This was 
 a grief to his father ; and his uncle Dr. Cotton 
 Mather who warned him to beware of that man ; 
 but however he might be attached to his friend for 
 his companionable qualities, he soon entered into a 
 publick altercation with him upon theological senti- 
 ments. Checkley wrote certain dialogues upon pre- 
 destination, in which he threw sarcasms upon the re- 
 ligion of our lathers, which Mr. W. answered.* 
 Dr. Chauncy in his account of eminent men, says, 
 44 there was no subject but what Mr. Walter was 
 eminently acquainted with, and such was the pow- 
 er he had over his thoughts and words, that he 
 could readily, without any pains, write or speak just 
 as he would ; that he made himself master of all 
 Dr. Cotton Mather's learning, by taking frequent 
 opportunities of conversing with him ; and that had 
 he not died in the prime of life, he would have been 
 known as one of the first of our great men. : 
 
 5> 
 
 • In the year 1719, 20, an anonymous pamphlet was publish- 
 ed, entitled, Choice dialogues between a godly minister, and an 
 honest countryman, concerning election and predestination, de- 
 tecting the false principles of a certain man, who calls himself a 
 presbyterian of the church of England. By a reverend and labo- 
 rious pastor in Christ's flock, by one who has been for almost 
 twice thirty years, a faithful and painful labourer in Christ's vine- 
 yard. 
 
 This was answered in a book of about 80 pages duo. entitled, 
 a choice dialogue between John Faustus, a conjurer, and Jack 
 Tory his friend, occasioned by some choice dialogues lately pub- 
 lished concerning predestination, 8cc. By a young stripling. The 
 author was well known.
 
 468 WAR 
 
 He excelled also " in the science of harmony,'' 
 and printed a book upon the ground work of mti- 
 sick, with the rules which have been generally in 
 use. His book was a standard work in New Eng- 
 land, near half a century. The tunes he collected 
 were introduced into our churches when there was re- 
 gular singing, and his rules taught in the schools. 
 He also published a sermon upon 2 Samuel, xxiii. 1, 
 "The sweet psalmist of Israel.'' A more beauti- 
 ful composition does not exist among the occasion- 
 al sermons handed down to us from our fathers. It 
 discovers much learning as well as pious sentiment. 
 This sermon was preached at the Boston lecture, 
 1723, and printed at the desire of the ministers. It 
 is dedicated to judge Dudley. The next year he 
 published a " a sermon upon the scriptures, being 
 the only rule of faith and practice." This was also 
 preached at the Boston lecture, and was very accept- 
 able to the publick. 
 
 Ward Nathaniel, an eccentrick genius, and 
 learned divine, was the son of the rev. John Ward 
 of Haverhill, and born 1570. He was educated at 
 the university of Cambridge, and came into this 
 country, 1634. He settled as pastor of the church 
 at Ipswich, then called Agawam. In 1641, he was 
 invited by the freemen to preach the election ser- 
 mon. This was rather a political than an evangeli- 
 cal discourse, according to Mr. Winthrop, in which 
 he has been imitated by preachers in modern times. 
 It is a good observation, and has been often repeated, 
 " that the election sermon is the pulse by which we 
 can tell the state of the body politick." Mr. W. 
 had been bred a lawyer, was a traveller, and knew 
 so much of the law ot nature and nations that he 
 was employed to draw up a code of laws for New 
 England. Though a pious man he was very eccen- 
 trick in his conduct. He soon left his charge at 
 Ipswich, was without employment for some time, 
 and returned to England in 1647. He was after- 
 wards a settled minister at Sheffield. The account 
 of his death is in 1653.
 
 WAR 469 
 
 His works are curious and scarce. The hook en- 
 titled the il simple cobler of Agawam," which he 
 wrote at Ipswich, and printed afterwards in his na- 
 tive country, is a medley of wit and humour, origi- 
 nal observation in a strange style, and obsolete lan- 
 guage ; yet interesting the attention, where we can- 
 not approve the remarks. He was an enemy to tol- 
 eration in every shape, a great bigot to his own 
 opinions, and wonderfully ingenious and satirical 
 against those of a different opinion. 
 
 He wrote other books of humour, and some learn- 
 ed treatises, but none have come down to the pre- 
 sent age, but the M simple cobler," which has pass- 
 ed through many editions. Wimhrop. 
 
 Wa rd John, son of the famous Nathaniel Ward, 
 was born in England, 1606, before his father left 
 Haverhill. The place where he settled in this colo- 
 ny, was called Haverhill, a pleasant spot on Merri- 
 mack river, where he continued a faithful pastor 
 from 1646 to the year 1694. He preached Nov. 19, 
 of this year, being then in the 88th year of his age, 
 and died of paraly tick affections, Dec. 27. Magnalia. 
 
 Ward Artemas, major general of the Ameri- 
 can army, deserves a distinction among those patri- 
 ots who exerted themselves in the cause of liberty, 
 and for the independence of their country. He was 
 a gentleman of liberal education, having received 
 the honours of Harvard College in the year 1748. 
 He was an active and useful member of the general 
 court for several years ; and one of the provincial 
 congress in 1774. He had served in the war pre- 
 vious to the peace of Paris. When the revolution, 
 ary war commenced, he was the first officer in rank, 
 and commanded the troops at Cambridge till gen. 
 Washington arrived. No man could show more 
 firmness and intrepidity than he did upon some 
 trvinsr occasions. When Washington was general- 
 issimo, he was the first major general, and com- 
 manded the division at Hoxbury. Gen. Thomas 
 and gen. Heath were brigadier generals. He re-
 
 470 WAR 
 
 signed his commission in 1777, and went into the 
 civil line. He was chosen one of the council of 
 Massachusetts, and was highly esteemed for his po- 
 litical integrity, his independency of spirit, and stea- 
 dy attention to the duties of his station. In 1786, 
 he was speaker of the house of representatives ; and 
 chief justice of the court of common pleas for the 
 county of Worcester. A lawless mob, with Wheel- 
 er and Convers at their head, arose to unhinge the 
 government, and stood at the door of the court 
 house with bayonets fixed to oppose the court. 
 Gen. Ward behaved with coolness and intrepidity, 
 and used every wise method to bring them to con- 
 sideration.* After the constitution of the United 
 States was established, he was a member of con- 
 gress, and then retired to private life, where he liv- 
 ed some years, receiving honour and respect from 
 the people. He died at Newbury in the year 1800. 
 
 Warham John, came over with the company 
 from the west of England, who settled the town of 
 Dorchester in Massachusetts, in 1630. He and Mr. 
 Maverick continued together for six years. He then 
 went to Connecticut and laid the foundation of the 
 town of Windsor, and continued with this people 
 till his death, the 1st of April, 1670. He was the 
 only minister who used notes in his preaching, but 
 was more animated in his deliverv than most of his 
 brethren, and was a very excellent divine. He was 
 subject to hypochondriack complaints, which had 
 such an effect upon him at times, as to fill his mind 
 with spiritual gloom. He frequently administered 
 the communion without partaking of it, thinking 
 himself unworthv, when no one else doubted his 
 qualifications. Magnolia. 
 
 Warren Joseph, major general of the Ameri- 
 can army, was born at Roxbury. His parents were 
 respectable, and in that place he received the first 
 rudiments of his education. He entered Harvard 
 College when he was but 15 years old, and receiv- 
 
 • Minot's history of the insurrection in Massachusetts.
 
 WAR 471 
 
 ed the honours of that seminary in 1759 and 1762. 
 Having turned his attention to medical studies, he was 
 soon qualified for the practice, and in the year 1764, 
 when the small pox spread through Boston, and 
 vast numbers were inoculated, he was among the 
 physicians, who were most eminent in the profes- 
 sion. Had he confined his views to professional 
 business he might have enjoyed the affluence of 
 wealth, with a high reputation. He certainly was 
 happy in the affection of a numerous part of this 
 town, who had the most lively opinion of his human- 
 ity and skill. His fine address, as well as his taste 
 for philosophy and the belles lettres, gained him the 
 esteem and regard of the polite and learned, while 
 his frank, open disposition, and obliging attention 
 to persons under various circumstances of human 
 distress, caused him to be greatly beloved by those 
 who tread the humble walks of life. But his mind 
 was too ardent and active to be confined to the du- 
 ties of a profession, and he was a stranger to the 
 passion of avarice. He soon had an opportunity to 
 show his talents as a fine writer, and also his elo- 
 quence and patriotick zeal. These were manifest- 
 ed upon many occasions from the year the stamp 
 act was passed, to the time of the war which sepa- 
 rated the colonies from the parent country. He was 
 in the class of bold politicians, as they were then dis- 
 tinguished from the moderate vjhigs. While some 
 made a distinction between internal and external 
 taxes ; while many were sending petition after peti- 
 tion to the foot of the throne ; while the generality 
 of the people dreaded a war on account of our want 
 of resources, and the omnipotence of the British na- 
 tion ; lie felt superiour to these fears and despised 
 the suppliant tone of children to mother Britain ; 
 he was uniform in his opinion that every kind of 
 taxation was complete tyranny ; and it was a com- 
 mon expression with him, that we could fight our 
 own battles, if Great Britain sent her armies over 
 the Atlantick. He was persuaded that they never
 
 472 WAR 
 
 would send large armies, in which he would have 
 found himself mistaken, had he lived a few years 
 longer ; but allowing they made ever so great ex- 
 ertions to conquer America, they could only, in his 
 opinion, destroy the seaports ; they would not be 
 able to penetrate into the country ; and he said that 
 we ought to make any sacrifices rather than sub- 
 mit to arbitrary and oppressive measures ; or be so 
 mean and pusillanimous as to tremble at the rods 
 which would continually be shaken over our heads. 
 From the year 1768, a number of politicians met 
 at each other's houses to discuss publick affairs, and 
 to settle upon the best methods of serving the town 
 and country. Many of these filled publick offices. 
 But the meetings were private, and had a silent in- 
 fluence upon the publick body. In 1772 they agreed 
 to increase their number, to meet in a large room, 
 and invite a number of substantial mechanicks to 
 join them, and hold a kind of caucus, pro bono pub- 
 lico. They met in a house near the north battery, 
 and more than 60 were present at the first meeting. 
 Their regulations were drawn up by Dr. Warren 
 and another gentleman, and they never did any 
 thing important without consulting him and his par- 
 ticular friends. It answered a good purpose to get 
 such a number of mechanicks together ; and though 
 a number of whigs of the first character in the town 
 were present, they always had a mechanick for mod- 
 erator, generally one who could carry many votes 
 by his influence. It was a matter of policy likewise 
 to assemble at that part of the town. It had the 
 effect to awake the north wind, and stir the waters 
 of the troubled sea. By this body of men the most 
 important matters were decided — they agreed who 
 should be in town offices, in the general court, in 
 the provincial congress, from Boston. Here the 
 committees of publick service were formed, the 
 plan for military companies, and all necessary means 
 of defence. They met about two years steadily at 
 one place. A*fter the destruction of the tea, the
 
 WAR 473 
 
 place of assembling was known, and they met at the 
 Green Dragon in the spring of 1775, with as ma- 
 ny more from the south end, and the records of 
 their proceedings are still preserved. The writer 
 of these memoirs has been assured by some of the 
 most prominent characters of this caucus, that they 
 were guided by the prudence and skilful manage- 
 ment of Dr. Warren, who, with all his zeal and irri- 
 tability, was a man calculated to carry on any secret 
 business ; and that no man ever did manifest more 
 vigilance, circumspection and care. In every coun- 
 try there are politicians, who are the mere cymbals 
 of the mob, and answer some good purpose, when 
 they are not left to themsehes. In this country, 
 through all stages of the revolution, we had many 
 such, who, to their own imagination, appeared to di- 
 rect the affairs of the publick. Such men were 
 never admitted to be members of the caucus 
 here mentioned ; many of them never knew the 
 secret springs, that moved the great wheels, but 
 thought themselves very important characters, be- 
 cause they were sons of liberty, and excelled oth- 
 ers in garrulity, or made a louder cry upon the 
 wharves, or at corners of streets. 
 
 Dr. Warren was twice chosen the publick ora- 
 tor of the town, and his orations were among the 
 best compositions, as any one will see, who reads 
 the volume containing all the orations, spoken on 
 the 5th of March. 
 
 At the battle of Lexington, he was perhaps the 
 most active man in the field. His soul beat to arms, 
 as soon as he learnt the intention of the British 
 troops. It is said, in the memoirs of gen. Heath, 
 that a ball grazed his hair, and took of part of his 
 ear lock. 
 
 He was ready upon every alarm, from this time, 
 till he was slain. Nothing could be in a more con- 
 fused state than the army which first hastily assem- 
 bled at Cambridge. This undisciplined body of 
 men were kept together by a few, who deserved wel} 
 
 3 N
 
 474 WAR 
 
 of their country. Among them gens. Ward and 
 Putnam were distinguished, the one for his firm, 
 prudent conduct, and the other for his romantick 
 courage. Dr. W. was perhaps the man who had 
 the most influence, and in whom the people in the 
 environs of boston and Cambridge placed their 
 highest confidence. He did wonders in preserving 
 order among the troops.. Four days before the bat- 
 tle of Bunker's Hill he was appointed major gener- 
 al of the American army. When the entrench- 
 ments were made at Breed's Hill, he, to encourage 
 the men within the lines, went down from Cam- 
 bridge, and acted as a volunteer. Col. Pres- 
 cot commanded the party within the lines, and col. 
 Starks the men who were without, behind a rail 
 fence, and did such amazing execution by a well 
 directed fire. 
 
 Gen. Warren fell in the trenches. A female his- 
 torian of the war tells us, that he chose to die rather 
 than be taken prisoner. We are at a loss to know 
 how this can be ascertained. We alwavs under- 
 stood he was killed outright, and had not at his own 
 option any of the circumstances of his death. 
 
 It is true, however , that at all times he discover- 
 ed the greatest fortitude and bravery, and, as he liv- 
 ed an ornament to his country, his death reflected a 
 lustre upon himself, and the cause he so warmly es- 
 poused. No person's fall was ever more regretted, 
 and yet no one could help feeling the sentiment, who 
 repeated the line 
 
 Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. 
 
 Had success attended the Americans, his death 
 would have been sufficient to damp the joys of vic- 
 tory, and the cypress would be blended with the 
 laurel. The loss of such a man, in addition to our 
 defeat, and at a time when the distracted state of 
 our affairs greatly needed his advice, threw a gloom 
 upon the circumstances of the people, and excited 
 the most sincere lamentation and mourning. The 
 elegant, the generous and humane " all mingled the
 
 W E A 475 
 
 sympathetick tear," and paid their respects to his 
 memory. 
 
 In the spring of 1776, when the British troops 
 left Boston, his body was brought from Breed's 
 Hill, where it had lain undistinguished from his 
 fellow soldiers, to be entombed in a Boston burial 
 place. The several lodges of free masons preced- 
 ed, and multitudes of his fellow citizens followed, 
 the corpse. An eloquent orator, a brother mason, 
 pronounced the funeral eulogy, in the Stone Chap- 
 el. The exordium, addressed to the " Illustrious 
 Relicks," had a very strong effect upon the auditory. 
 Gen. Warren had been grand master of free ma- 
 sons through North America for a number of years, 
 and all the friends of the craft now highly respect 
 his memory. 
 
 Having said, that in private life gen. Warren was 
 amiable, we repeat it, that in person, mind, and 
 manners he was equally well accomplished. He 
 gained the love of those who lived with him in hab- 
 its of intimacy, while the publick voice celebrat- 
 ed his virtues. With sensibilities uncommonly 
 strong, and a zeal which blazed in the cause of lib- 
 erty, he was candid, generous, and ready to do kind 
 offices to those who had different sentiments con- 
 cerning the controversy. There are persons now 
 living, who recollect his polite attentions, when 
 they were slighted and wounded by others whose 
 minds were less liberal, or more corroded with par- 
 ty spirit. 
 
 Cui pmlor, et justitiaj soror, 
 
 Incorrupta fides, nudaqiie Veritas. 
 
 Quando ulhim invenient parem ? 
 Muliisille bonis flebilis occidit. 
 
 Weare Meshech, president of New Hamp- 
 shire, was descended from respectable ancestors, 
 who were concerned in most of the publick and po- 
 litical transactions of the province. He himself was 
 engaged above 30 years in publick employments. 
 He was first chosen representative, from the town
 
 476 WEL 
 
 of I T ampton,for the general court. In this place he 
 succeeded his father, and was also a magistrate for 
 the county. For some years he was speaker of the 
 house. In the year 1754, when the American con- 
 gress assembled in Albany, he was appointed a com- 
 missioner. His knowledge of the law qualified him 
 for a place on the bench of judges of the supreme 
 court. In the year 1777, he was appointed chief 
 justice. During the revolutionary war he was an 
 active man in managing the concerns of New Hamp- 
 shire. He was annually elected president of the 
 body politick, or chief magistrate, from 1776 to 
 1784, when a constitution was formed for the state. 
 The people paid so much respect to him, as to choose 
 him their first president, though it was evident his 
 age and infirmities required rest from his publick 
 labours. He sought retiiement, and resigned the 
 office before another election. The historian of 
 New Hampshire delineates his character," as a per- 
 son, not of inventive or original genius, but of clear 
 discernment, extensive knowledge, accurate judg- 
 ment, a calm temper, a modest deportment, an up- 
 right and benevolent heart, and a habit of prudence 
 and diligence in discharging the various duties of 
 publick and private life."* 
 
 Weld Thomas, first pastor of the church in 
 Roxbury, came from a town called Tiding, in Es- 
 sex. Not being willing to submit to the ceremo- 
 nies, as the law required, he was obliged to leave the 
 place, and he came over to New England, in the year 
 1632. He was immediately invited to settle at Rox- 
 bury. He was a man of very considerable talents, 
 and a favourite with the magistrates. He distin- 
 guished himself at the trial of Mrs. Hutchinson, be- 
 ing one of her principal opposers, and afterwards 
 wrote a book to expose the errors of those secta- 
 ries.! In Winthrop's journal continual mention is 
 
 * Belknap's history, vol, ii. page 485. 
 t The book is entitled, " short story of the rise, reign and ruin 
 of theAntinomians, Fan.iiists and Libertines, that infested the
 
 WEN 477 
 
 made of the calling upon ministers for advice. 
 Weld was always present ; hence we may suppose 
 him a very prudent and judicious man, as well as 
 good minister. He was sent agent to Great Britain 
 with Hugh Peters in 1C41, and never returned. 
 He went to Ireland with lord Forbes, where he stay- 
 ed for some time, and then returned to his parish, 
 which was a living, in the bishoprick of Durham, 
 from which he was ejected in 1662. 
 
 Wentworth John, lieut. governour of New 
 Hampshire, was the son of William Wentworth, one 
 of the first settlers of the country, an amiable, pious, 
 sensible man, who was a ruling elder, and adorned 
 his station in the church. The son, a man of 
 enterprize and spirit, was commander of a ship, in 
 the early part of his life, and acquired a good estate, 
 if not the affluence of wealth. He lived in a style 
 of elegance beyond his neighbours, and was more 
 of a gentleman in his manners, was popular in his 
 address, and received continual marks of publick 
 favour. Having been 5 years a counsellor, he was 
 appointed lieut. governour. His commission had 
 annexed to it the name of Joseph Addison, who was 
 then secretary, 17th Dec. 1717. The people were 
 satisfied with his administration. They thought 
 him more wise and moderate than his predecessors^ 
 and more attached to their interest. The multitude 
 soon distinguish between men whose object it is to 
 make the most of an office, and such as love their 
 country, or have an eye to the publick good, while 
 they are willing in some measure to serve them- 
 selves. Selfish men are not fit for publick stations ; 
 yet few men are so patriotick as to sacrifice their 
 
 churches of New Enghnd" There is an edition of it in 4to 
 1692, in the library of Harvard College. His other works were, 
 an" answer to W. R. his narration o! opinions and practices ol tin 
 New tngland churches," 4to. 1644 ; '' the perfect Pharisee un- 
 der monkish holiness." This he and three other ministers 
 wrote in 1654. It was levelled against the Quakers ; and af. 
 terwards they wrote ►• the false Jew detected," &.c. against a man, 
 who pretended to be first a Jew., and then an Anabaptist.
 
 478 WEN 
 
 own concerns entirely. The general asssembty 
 made frequent grants to their lieut. governour. be- 
 lieving him to be upright, and that he made every 
 exertion to serve the province. He received to- 
 kens of affection from them ; but an alienation hap- 
 pened in the year 1728. The general assembly had 
 continued 5 years. It was dissolved of course when 
 king George I. died. A new assembly being call- 
 ed, the lieut. governour, not satisfied with their pro- 
 ceedings, dissolved them by his authority, which 
 was legal, as gov. Burnet had not yet arrived ; but 
 it excited acrimonious feelings. These were in- 
 creased when the next assembly met, and he nega- 
 tived their speaker, Mr. Nathaniel Weare. Nothing 
 happened in this dispute, however, to make him fear- 
 ful of losing his office. Their opinions varied, and 
 they debated with some temper. His conduct was 
 approved by Burnet when he was governour of 
 New Hampshire as well as Massachusetts. Mr. W. 
 had the misfortune to offend gov. Belcher, who was 
 very unreasonable in the degree of his resentment. 
 The lieut. governour had written letters of friend- 
 ship to Mr. Shute and Mr. Belcher while they 
 were in England. Belcher received his letter, and 
 returned his attentions when he came to New Hamp- 
 shire. But upon learning that he made the same 
 kind of address to Shute, was very angry, and not 
 only refused common civilities, but made use of his 
 authority to lessen the importance of his station. 
 He said that Wentworth was guilty of deception. It 
 was only that kind of artifice which politicians make 
 use of to preserve their places. It was what Belcher 
 himself had practised in some measure to get the gov- 
 ernment of Massachusetts, and what his enemies 
 iised to some purpose, when they effected his dis- 
 missal from his government. It was also bad policy 
 on this account ; he put all Wentworth's friends in 
 opposition to him, who might have been of gre^t 
 assistance in his political trials. Mr. Wentworth 
 lived not long after Belcher entered on his govern-
 
 WEN 479s 
 
 ment. He died, Dec. 12, 1730, in the 59th year of 
 his age.* Belknap's history of A/eix> Hampshire. 
 
 Wentworth Benning, governour of New 
 Hampshire, was the son of lieut. governour Went- 
 worth, and was educated at Harvard College, where 
 he was graduated, in 1726. He turned his attention 
 to business, and was an eminent merchant in Ports- 
 mouth. He was sent to the general assembly, as one 
 of the representatives, and advanced to a seat at the 
 council board. He was always in opposition to 
 Belcher, during his whole administration. When 
 New Hampshire was made a distinct government 
 he was promoted to the chair in the year 1741. He 
 did many things to render himself popular, and to 
 promote the honour of the station, and the prosper- 
 ity of the province. A ruler in a popular govern- 
 ment may always expect opposition. If he act from 
 the purest motives, he will meet with some who en- 
 vy his situation, and with others who have claims 
 that can never be satisfied. Belcher had also 
 friends in New Hampshire, who could feel no very 
 great attachment to a man who had uniformly found, 
 fault with his measures. The enemies of gov. Shir- 
 ley were scattered through the New England pro- 
 vinces. Wentworth was a great friend to him, and 
 this excited an opinion, that he approved his arbitra- 
 ry measures. He was a zealous episcopalian, like- 
 wise, which caused jealousies among those who 
 were attached to the form and discipline of the New 
 England churches. With all the opposition from 
 political or religious prejudices, he continued his 
 administration longer than any of the other gover- 
 nours. This office he resigned in the year 1766, 
 and was succeeded by his nephew, whose talents 
 added lustre to a family which for many years had 
 been the most brilliant in New Hampshire, and 
 
 * A very good portrait of lieut. governour Wentworth is in the 
 room of the historical society, it was presented by his graidson 4 
 sir John Wentworth,
 
 480. WES 
 
 whose amiable qualities gained him the love as well 
 as applause of all classes of people. 
 
 Gov. B. Wentvvorth found his situation very un- 
 pleasant and his seat very uneasy, the latter part of 
 his administration. Such mortifications he only 
 shared in common with all who have held high and 
 important stations in this or perhaps any country. 
 Dr. Belknap observes, that " notwithstanding some 
 instances, in which a want of magnanimity was con- 
 spicuous, his administration, in other respects, was 
 beneficial. Though he was highly censured for 
 granting the best lands of the province to the peo- 
 ple of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with views 
 pf pecuniary reward, yet, the true interest of the 
 country was certainly promoted ; because the gran- 
 tees, in general, were better husbandmen than the 
 people of New Hampshire. 
 
 West Samuel, D. D. an eminent divine, meta- 
 physical, theological and controversial writer, was 
 graduated at Harvard College in the year 1754. 
 Some years after he left Cambridge, he was invited 
 to take charge of the church at Dartmouth. The 
 part of the town in which he settled has since taken 
 the name of New Bedford. He was a very extra- 
 ordinary person in his way, and his name certainly 
 ought to be recorded in every book of American bi- 
 ography. His mind was very capacious and strong, 
 fcis reading extensive, and being very communica- 
 tive, he frequently instructed and entertained those 
 who desired information ; his company was also 
 solicited by men of literary taste from all parts 
 of the commonwealth. He was peculiarly fond of 
 associating with those who maintained the cause of 
 rational religion and christian liberty. His pulpit 
 talents alone would not have given him celebrity. 
 He had a commanding voice, but knew not how to 
 modulate it ; his attitude and manner were very 
 uncouth, and he would never attempt to touch the 
 passions. His common discourses were carelessly 
 written, but, upon publick occasions, when he took
 
 W E S 481 
 
 pains in composing them, were very excellent. He 
 was great as a biblical critick, and it has been well 
 observed, that with the same advantages he " had 
 fallen little short of Buxtorf, Mede,Pool, Kenicott," 
 &.C.* In politicks he was a zealous whig, and had 
 considerable influence in the section of the province 
 where he dwelt. During the first vearofthe Amer- 
 ican war he was brought into general notice by a 
 particular circumstance. There were certain letters 
 intercepted which were supposed to contain a secret 
 and criminal correspondence with the enemy. He, 
 being a curious and philosophical man. was em- 
 ployed to decipher them. It was acknowledged by 
 the writer, that he did the business correctlv. He 
 was chosen to preach the election sermon, in 1776. 
 The next year, 1777, he preached at Plymouth, 
 on the 22d of December. He took a passage from 
 the lxvi. of Isdiah, «* Shall a nation be born at 
 once ?" and applied it to the independence of Amer- 
 ica. Whether the novelty of the sentiment, or the 
 truth of the prophecy had the most effect, it is cer- 
 tain, that no sermon was ever more the subject of 
 praise. No person, who reads the discourse at the 
 present day, can conceive the impressions which 
 were then made. To some, however, it appeared 
 a playfulness of fancy ; but to him every thing de- 
 livered was a solemn reality. He was so tenacious 
 of his opinion, that he was hurt if any man express- 
 ed a doubt upon the subject. When the conven- 
 tion met at Cambridge and Boston, to form a con- 
 stitution for the state, he was a leader in several of 
 the debates ; and during the whole session was a 
 very influential and important member. He was al- 
 so a member of the Massachusetts convention which 
 adopted the constitution of the United States. He 
 preached the Dudleian lecture upon the validity of 
 Presbyterian ordination, 1782. The university 
 presented him with a diploma of doctor in divinity, 
 
 * Anthology for March, 1808. 
 
 3 o >
 
 482 W H E 
 
 1793. He was one of the original members of the 
 American academy of arts and sciences, and an 
 honorary member of the philosophical society in 
 Philadelphia. The oddities of this good man have 
 been frequently the subject of remark, and have ex- 
 cited the mirth of humourists. In his days of 
 health and vigour such things were lost amidst the 
 excellencies of his character, or absorbed in the 
 splendour of his reputation ; but in his latter days 
 all his foibles were spread and exaggerated. His old 
 age was full of infirmities, and his friends could on- 
 ly look with pity upon the relicks of a mind which 
 was once so superiour as to command admiration. 
 He departed this life, Sept. 24, 1807.* 
 
 Wheelock Eleazer, 1). D president of Dart- 
 mouth College, was educated atYaleCollege,and re- 
 ceived the honours of that seminary, 1733. He was 
 ordained pastor of a church in the town of Lebanon ; 
 was a minister of extraordinary zeal and pious 
 sentiment, and his ministry was blessed with un- 
 common success. His active views were not con- 
 fined to christian churches, although great revivals 
 of religion took place during the course of his min- 
 istry, but his ardent mind was employed in the con- 
 version of the aboriginals of the land. For this pur- 
 pose he opened an Indian charity school in which a 
 number of children of the natives might be educat- 
 ed, and become missionaries among their several 
 tribes. This scheme originated with Mr. John 
 Sargeant at Stockbridge, who begun a school, and 
 procured assistance from many well disposed and 
 liberal gentlemen. He died in 1749, before his 
 plan was accomplished. Mr. Wheelock revived 
 the business, and called it Moore's school, in hon- 
 our to the name of its greatest benefactor. This 
 
 *His other publications wercbeside occasional sermons, a letter 
 upon infant baptism ; essays on liberty and necessity. To these 
 Dr. Kdwards replied in a volume very aMy written. Dr. West 
 thought he had mistaken his meaning in some passages, and had 
 prepared further illustrations of the subject, but did not live to 
 finish the work.
 
 W H E 483 
 
 school was kept at Lebanon a number ofy?ars. 
 In 1770, Dr. Wheelock removed it to New 
 Hampshire. There he had to subdue thj wilder- 
 ness, and to instruct Indian vouth. Other scholars 
 were added, until a greater number of missionaries 
 were prepared from the English than the Indians. 
 From this institution grew a flourishing college, 
 where learned, orthodox ministers were qualifi- 
 ed to fill vacant churches. It is now a univer- 
 sity in high reputation. The funds, however, 
 are kept separate. The money raised in Scotland 
 is appropriated, and at this time several Indian 
 youths are instructed agreeably to what was express- 
 ed in the foundation. The first commencement at 
 Dartmouth College, was held in 1771. The rev. 
 Dr. Wheelock died in 1779, aged 69. His son, the 
 hon. John Wheelock, is his worthy successor, and 
 also professor of history. 
 
 Wheelwright John, one of the most fa- 
 mous men in the beginning of the plantations, was 
 brother in law to Mrs. Hutchinson, and of the same 
 mind concerning justification, though he did not 
 pretend to have such peculiar revelations. He had 
 a more correct judgment, but not much greater 
 stability. He was much attached to her, and was 
 involved in her sufferings. In 1637, he was ban- 
 ished the colony, having preached a sermon the 
 year before at Boston which gave great offence. It 
 was pleasing to several members of the Boston 
 church of which he was a member, and one of the 
 preachers.* A complaint however was made to the 
 general court of some things he delivered, as tending 
 
 * Mr. Wheelwright, minister to a branch of that church, at a 
 place since called Iiraintrce (where the town had some lands) was 
 eager and zealous against a covenant of works ; and was banished 
 by the court for what was called sedition, by the same rule which 
 will make every dissent from, or opposition to, a majority in any 
 religious affairs to be sedition, and an iniquity to be punished by 
 the judge. The minor part must always be seditious, if it be se- 
 dition to defend their own opinions, 8cc. Calender's ccnturi; 
 sermon, page 27.
 
 484 W H E 
 
 to sedition, and disturbance of the plantation. Mr, 
 W. put forth a reply to the complaints against him, 
 in which he endeavoured to clear the doctrine of the 
 sermon from sedition, and declared he only meant 
 to explain the doctrine of grace. Hubbard says, 
 " that in this he differed from the sermon, and was 
 confuted bv some of the ministers with stronsr ar- 
 guments. 1> But it seems Mr. Cotton replied to 
 their answer, and Mr. Wheelwright could not be 
 prevailed upon to make any recantation ; which 
 might have saved him many difficulties, and pre- 
 vented the division of the colony. Some of the 
 magistrates signed a petition in favour of their min- 
 ister. He was the peculiar friend of Mr. Codding- 
 ton, also of Aspinwall and Coggeshall, members of 
 the general court from Boston, who were expelled 
 the house for signing the petition. Hence a civil 
 strife was consequent upon religious contentions. 
 It was this which gave rise to a new settlement, and 
 a new eovernment. at Rhode Island. Mr. \V. after 
 his banishment went to New Hampshire, and laid 
 the foundation of the town and church at Exeter. 
 He afterwards went to Hampton, and thence to 
 Salisbury. In the year 1644, he wrote to the gov- 
 ernour of Massachusetts, made an acknowledgment 
 of his offence, and was restored to the favour of the 
 people. It has always seemed very strange, that he 
 did not go with his friends to Rhode Island instead 
 of removing to New Hampshire. His conduct in 
 New Hampshire discovered an ambitious turn, a 
 desire to be chief, and to have that influence over 
 the people which his learning and abilities gave him 
 some claim to expect. Hence he might prefer be- 
 ing where none could appear in competition with 
 him. The gentlemen who went to Rhode Island 
 were shrewd, sensible men ; some of them gifted 
 brethren, who thought themselves supcriour to their 
 teachers. In 1758, Mr. Wheelwright was in ling- 
 land, a great favourite with Cromwell ; he then cor- 
 responded with his friends in New England. A
 
 W I G 485 
 
 letter to the church of Hampton is preserved. When 
 he returned to America is not mentioned ; but he 
 lived to be the oldest minister in New England. He 
 died in 1680, leaving children who were highly re- 
 spectable lor their character and stations. His son, 
 grandson, and great grandson were counsellors of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 WlGGLESWORTH EnWARD, D. D. Holl'lS piO- 
 
 fessor of divinity at Harvard College, was the son of 
 Michael Wigglesworth, pastor of the church at 
 Maiden, who was graduated in 1651, and was also 
 a fellow of the corporation. He died June 10, 1705, 
 aged 74. Among his publications was a poem, called 
 the " Day of Doom," which has been celebrated by 
 good people in New England. It is a curious and 
 scarce book. His son Edward was graduated in 
 1710, and deserves a place in the highest class of 
 his contemporaries. To an extensive knowledge in 
 his profession, he added the ornaments of classical 
 literature. He was also as remarkable for his piety 
 as his learning. As a minister of a particular church 
 he might not have shone among the popular preach- 
 ers ; but he was completely accomplished for the 
 chair of divinity professor. As soon as the benev- 
 olent and pious Mr. Hollis of London laid a found- 
 dation for such a professorship in New England, the 
 eyes of the clergy were turned towards Mr. Wig- 
 gles worth. Dr. Col man, in a letter to Mr. Hollis, 
 speaks of him, " as a man of known and exemplary 
 piety, literature, modesty, meekness, and other 
 christian ornaments." He was publickly inducted 
 into his office, in the college hall, Oct. 24, 1722, 
 and in 1724, elected a member of the corporation. 
 The university of Edinburgh presented him with a 
 diploma of doctor in divinity in the year 1750. He 
 was elected rector of Yale College, but declined 
 on account of his deafness which also unfitted him 
 to shine in conversation, for which he had fine ta- 
 lents. On this account, however, he paid more at- 
 tention to his studies, and his lectures were filled
 
 486 WIG 
 
 with arguments, excellent thoughts, liberal views 
 of the christian doctrines, and just discrimination 
 of the contested points. His polemical pieces gave 
 him a high reputation abroad, as well as in New 
 England. The Whitefieldian controversy employed 
 the pens of several divines, some of whom exposed 
 his vanity and enthusiasm, which he had enough of 
 when he was a young man, as he afterwards confess- 
 ed ; none wrote in such an engaging and interesting 
 manner as professor Wigglesworth. He wrote in 
 an animated and nervous style, and mingled the 
 glow of resentment with a delicate, satirical mode 
 of reproving a man who had endeavoured to blast 
 the reputation of an institution, which he knew no- 
 thing about. Dr. Wigglesworth wrote his answer to 
 Mr. Whitefield's reply to the college testimony, in 
 1745. In 1754, he preached two lectures upon " the 
 distinguishing characters of the ordinary and extra- 
 ordinary ministers of Christ." These were occa- 
 sioned by Mr. Whitefield's preaching at Cambridge, 
 and were printed at the request of the students.* 
 
 The latter years of Dr. Wigglesworth's life were 
 years of infirmity and pain. He was patient and sub- 
 missive, an example to those who highly estimated 
 his character. He died, January 19, 1765, in the 
 73d year of his age. 
 
 Wigglesworth Edward, D. D. son of the 
 lirst Hollis professor of divinity, was graduated at 
 Harvard College, 1 749 ; was tutor when his father 
 died, and chosen to succeed him in the professor- 
 ship. He was a learned man, and very much at- 
 tached to the interests of the college. Upon the 
 death of Dr. Winthrop, in 1779, he was elected fel- 
 low of the corporation. When the society in Scot- 
 land for propagating the gospel among the Indians 
 
 ♦Other printed works of Dr. W. are, lectures upon the punish- 
 ment of the wicked ; on the imputation of Adam's guilt; up< n 
 reprobation ; inspiration of the O. T. trial of the spirits ; Dudle- 
 ian lecture, upon the infallibility of the church of Rome ; also a 
 sermon on the death of president Wadsworth.
 
 W I L 487 
 
 in North America, established a corresponding 
 board in Boston, he was chosen secretary. He re- 
 ceived a diploma of doctor of divinity from the uni- 
 versity of Harvard in the year 1786. 
 
 Dr. Wigglesworth was one of the original mem- 
 bers of the American academy of arts and sciences. 
 
 Being unable to attend his professional duties by 
 reason of paralytical affections, which greatly debil- 
 itated his mind and body, he resigned his professor- 
 ship in 1791. But the legislature of the college con- 
 tinued him as professor emeritus till his death, in 
 1794. 
 
 He published, in the year 1775, "calculations on 
 American population, with a table for estimating the 
 annual increase," &c. He printed two ser- 
 mons, one "upon the death of Dr. Winthrop;" the 
 other was the Dudleian lecture " against the errors 
 of the church of Rome," 1786. 
 
 Willard Samuel, pastor of the Old South 
 church in Boston, and vice president of Harvard 
 College, was one of the most celebrated divines of 
 Massachusetts. His descent was honourable. His 
 father was a member of the council, and at the head 
 of the militia.* He sent his son to Harvard Col- 
 lege, that he might receive a liberal education. His 
 genius was uncommon, and he made such progress 
 in his studies, as gave lively hopes of future useful- 
 
 * In J 65 4, major Simon Willard commanded the army sent 
 against the Narragansetts. The commissioners of the united 
 colonies agreed to raise 270 foot and 40 horse. The Indians, 
 with Ninigret their sachem, retired into a swamp. Willard did 
 not think it prudent to attack them in that situation, and the for- 
 ces returned with no other success, than taking a few Pequods 
 who had been with the other Indians after the destruction of their 
 tribe. The commissioners were displeased with this retreat, and 
 charged Willard with neglecting an opportunity of humbling the 
 pride of Ninigret, which had always been insufferable, and would 
 now be increased. Hutchinson observes, that major Willard, be- 
 ing a Massachusetts man, might comply with the views of the 
 colony. They were averse from a war with the Indians, or 
 Dutch. It was the second time of their preventing an open war, 
 contrary to the minds of six commissioners. The court acted, 
 with more policy, than honour and justice.
 
 488 W I L 
 
 ness. He was settled in the first place at Grotan, 
 an obscure situation for a man of such great abili- 
 ties, who was not only a profound scholar, but 
 an eloquent speaker, possessing every qualification 
 necessary to give a great man a splendid reputation. 
 The place where he dwelt being destroyed by the 
 Indians, and the flock of which he was pastor scat- 
 tered in the wilderness, he was invited to fix his sta- 
 tion in the metropolis, where he became a great 
 blessing to the churches, and of eminent service to 
 the college. " The providence that occasioned his 
 removal to this place," says his eulogist, " was an 
 awful judgment upon the whole land ; yet was even- 
 tually a mercy in this respect, that it made way for 
 the translation of this bright star to a more conspic- 
 uous orb, where his influence was more extensive 
 and beneficial ; and in this it was a great blessing 
 to this congregation, to this town, and to all New 
 England. His common sermons might have been 
 pronounced with applause, before an assembly of 
 the greatest divines."* But as a writer he has been 
 more known to the succeeding generations. He was 
 fond of publishing his works, and was called upon 
 on all great occasions to deliver his sentiments from 
 the pulpit. No divine, except Dr. Cotton Mather, 
 in this country prepared more works for the press ; 
 and they were all calculated to do honour to the au- 
 thor, and edify pious people. He died in the 68th 
 year of his age, Sept. 12, 1707, having been minis- 
 ter of the third church in Boston from April 10, 
 1678. t 
 
 • Pemberton's discourses, page 137. 
 t His works are numerous In 1673, lie published three ser- 
 mons, containing useful instruction for a professing people ; the 
 artillery election sermon, 1676 ; a funerai sermon on gov. Leve- 
 rett, 1679 ; animadversions upon the baptists, 1681. From this 
 time to 1690, about 20 sermons, or tracts. In 1682, miscellane- 
 ous observations on witchcraft, in a dialogue between S. and B. ; 
 in 1693, the covenant of redemption, and rules for discerning the 
 times; in 1694, the election sermon ; and artillery election ser- 
 mon in 1699. The same year, a course of sermons upon spirit- 
 ual devotions ; in 1 700, a volume of sermons on the blessed man s
 
 W I L 489 
 
 Willard Josiah, secretary of the province of 
 Massachusetts bay, son of that famous divine, 
 Mr. Samuel Willard, was born in Boston. He 
 was graduated at Harvard College, 1698. The 
 next year he was chosen tutor, and continued in 
 that office till he entered on his travels. Having 
 visited several parts of the West Indies, and Eu- 
 rope, he returned to his own country, improved in 
 mind and manners. His piety gave a lustre to 
 his moral character, and he appeared with the dig- 
 nity, grace and politeness of the gentleman in his 
 private walk, and in every publick station. In 
 17 * 7 he was appointed secretary of the province ; in 
 1731, judge of probate ; in 1734 he was elected one 
 of his majesty's council. He resigned most of his 
 publick offices as he grew into the vale of years ; 
 but continued to do his duty as secretary till his 
 death. He departed this life, Dec. 6, 1756, in the 
 76th year of his age. Dr. Sewall, and Mr. Prince, 
 each printed a funeral sermon upon the occasion, in 
 which his character is fully delineated. These gen- 
 tlemen were intimately acquainted with him ; Mr. 
 Prince had been his pupil. 
 
 Williams Roger, minister of the gospel, and 
 governour of the Providence plantations, was born 
 in Wales, and educated at the universitv of Oxford. 
 He was a minister of the church of England before 
 he came to Boston, but disliking the form and gov- 
 ernment of the episcopal church, he left his native 
 country, and came into this American wilderness. 
 Here he expected to enjoy liberty of thinking, and 
 
 and a number of single sermons on particular texts of scripture, 
 for particular occasions ; in 1701, a number of seimonsupon Sa- 
 tan's temptations ; two upon brotherly love, &c. ; in 1703. a brief 
 reply to George Keith ; in 1704, a sermon, Romans viii. 31 ; in 
 1706, the just man' * prerogative, a sermon, Prov. xii. 21. 
 
 His posthumous works are, a thanksgiving sermon upon the 
 return of u young gentleman from his travels, 1709 ; sacramen- 
 tal meditations, a .volume, 1711; in 1726, the body of divinity, 
 being 250 lectures upon the assembly's shorter catechism, which 
 is a very complete view of the doctrine of the New England 
 churches. 
 
 3 p
 
 490 W I L 
 
 acting, without any peculiar restraint from the civil? 
 power. He was then a young man, singular in his> 
 notions, and fond of manifesting his singularities. 
 iHe arrived at Boston, Feb. 1631, and from this- 
 place went to Plymouth, where he resided two years, 
 and spake freely his sentiments upon religion, with- 
 out offending the brethren of that church. He was 
 peculiarly gifted as a preacher, and was willing that 
 they should speak at publick and private meetings j 
 hence they were always attached to him, and were 
 ready to help him in the time of his greatest neces- 
 sities. He was not willing to settle with the churchs 
 at Plymouth, but went to Salem, while Mr. Skel- 
 ton was living, in whose pulpit he prophecied, ac- 
 cording to the language of the times, when a man> 
 preached who had not been inducted into the office 
 of pastor or teacher. The church of Salem invited 
 him to be their pastor when Mr. Skelton died. 
 This gave offence to the government of the colony. 
 It was the opinion of the ministers ot the bay, that 
 if Mr. VV. was allowed to propagate his opinions, 
 the churches might run into heresy and apostacy, 
 and the people defy the civil magistrate. The 
 church of Salem was censured, as well as their 
 teacher. When the court met, he was ordered to 
 appear before them. He was charged with writing 
 two letters. One to the churches, complaining of 
 the magistrates for injustice and extreme oppression, 
 &c. the other to his own church, persuading them 
 to renounce communion with all the churches in the 
 bay, because they were filled with antichristian pol- 
 lution, &c. He justified these letters, maintained his 
 opinions, and offered to defend them in a publick 
 dispute. Mr. Hooker was chosen to confer with 
 him, but could not convince him of his errors. He 
 was ordered to depart from the jurisdiction in six 
 weeks. The church at Salem acknowledged their fault 
 in joining their voice with Mr. W. in the letter he sent 
 to the churches. The banishment of Mr. W. was in 
 1635. He went to Secunke, now called Rehoboth.
 
 W I L ' 491 
 
 »He afterwards fixed upon Mooshausick, which he 
 named Providence, which is now one of the most 
 .flourishing places in New England. Strangers often 
 seek the spot where Roger Williams fixed his humble 
 dwelling, and drink at the spring, which ran before 
 his door, where he slacked his thirst during his 
 weariness and perils. A very odd way of shewing 
 respect to the memory of this uncommon man, who 
 was poor, and altogether spiritual in his view's, is 
 now discovered by the people of that town. One 
 of the Providence banks is named " Roger Wil- 
 liams' bank." In 1637, Mr. Williams was em- 
 ployed by the government of Massachusetts to be 
 their agent in the business they transacted with the 
 Indian tribes. His conduct was marked with fidel- 
 ity, disinterestedness and wisdom.* Gov. Win- 
 throp was a friend to him after this. His former as- 
 sociates respected his talents and integrity, though 
 they still blamed him for his bigotry, pride and sin- 
 gularity. He had the entire confidence of the In- 
 dian sachems. 
 
 From this time we are to view Mr. W. as a dif- 
 ferent character from what he was when teacher of 
 a particular congregation in Salem ; or would have 
 been, had he continued in Massachusetts among the 
 pastors of the churches. His sphere of usefulness 
 was very extensive, and, where religious opinions 
 had no influence, he conducted wisely, and beyond 
 what could be expected from a man, who had 
 shown such strange prejudices, and whose educa- 
 tion gave him but little knowledge of the world. 
 We are to view him, as the father of one of the pro- 
 vinces, and a writer in favour of civil and religious 
 freedom, more bold, just, and liberal, than any 
 other, who appeared in that generation. 
 
 Many would smile at seeing the name of Roger 
 Williams enrolled with the legislators of ancient 
 times, or with the statesmen of modern Europe, or 
 
 • For the details of Mr. Williams's life, see historical colleo 
 •lions, vol. x. pages 17, 18, 19, 20, &c.
 
 492 W 1 L 
 
 with such a man as Perm, the proprietor of Perm- 
 sylvania, whose steps were more majestick upon 
 the theatre of the great world. But this man was 
 equal to conducting the affairs of this infant colony 
 as well as if a complete system of legislation was 
 formed ; and, as a mediator between the aboriginals 
 and the English inhabitants, if he were the instru- 
 ment of preserving peace, of teaching the Indians 
 some of the arts of life, and of illuminating the 
 minds of the heathen with the light of Christianity, 
 he is certainly worthy of more credit, than some 
 mighty hunters of the earth, or those sages, whose 
 maxims have made men fierce and revengeful, and 
 caused human blood to flow in streams. 
 
 He was very instrumental in settling Rhode- 
 Island, or procuring the grant of land, which Mr. 
 Coddington and others had chosen for their planta- 
 tion, when they left Boston. The historian of that 
 colony has favoured us with a ms. of his, which he 
 says is in pcrpetuam ret memoriam. 
 
 In 1643, Mr. Williams went to England as agent, 
 and it was there, by the assistance of Vane, he ob- 
 tained " a charter of ch'd incorporation by the name 
 of Providence plantations in the Aarraganset bay of 
 JVew England." It was dated 7th of March ; which 
 form of government subsisted till 165 1* Then up- 
 on differences, they sent their former agent, and 
 joined Mr. Clarke with him, who transacted the bu- 
 siness to the advantage of the colony, and the satis- 
 faction of a large majority of the people. 
 
 Roger Williams lived to a great age. He died, 
 1682, 48 years after his banishment. ' The various 
 scenes of his life did not make him alter his senti- 
 ments on religious freedom ; and his latitudinarian 
 principles had no ill effect in plantations where there 
 was no church rule or authority.* 
 
 * The first of Mr. Williams's publications was a dialogue be- 
 tween Truth and Pea:e, a book, of 247 pages, printed in London, 
 1644. 
 
 It required great boldness of thinking, and uncommon abilities,
 
 W I L 493 
 
 Williams John, pastor of the church at Deer- 
 field, was the son of Mr. Samuel Williams of 
 Roxbury. lie was born 1664, was graduated 
 1683, and ordained in 1686. The town being 
 among the frontier settlements, was continually 
 exposed to the incursions of the French and In- 
 dians. In 1704 a party of savages destroyed the 
 place, and carried Mr. Williams and his family 
 through a wilderness of 300 miles. They killed 
 
 to write this work. Here are disclosed sentiments which have 
 been admired in the writings of Milton and Furneaux. His ideas 
 of toleration he carried further than Mr. Locke, but not beyond 
 the generality of dissenters in England. The book was answered 
 by Mr. Cotton, whost zeal and knowledge would give him a name 
 among christian worthies in any age of the church, and who was 
 the most distinguished of the clergy in Massachusetts. But so 
 far from supposing himself confuted, Mr. Williams replied with 
 great spirit and argument, which reply has been since published, 
 together with Mr. Cotton's attack upon him, which he called the 
 BLoodxj Tenent, washed in the blood of the Lamb, in allusion to the 
 first writing of Mr. Williams, which he styled The Bloody Tenent, 
 or Dialogue between Truth and Peace, meaning that the idea of the 
 interference of the magistracy, in matters of religion, is a bloody te~ 
 nent. 
 
 The title of another book is, George Fox digged out of his bur- 
 rows< ijfe. by Roger Williams. The answer, a New England 
 fire-brand quenched, being an answer to a lying, slanderous hoc k, 
 &c. by one Roger Williams, confuting his blasphemous asser- 
 tions, by George Fox and John Burnyeat. These controversial 
 pieces were printed about the years 1676 — 1678, and the con- 
 tents of a large volume are similar to the title pages. 
 
 Many tracts are ascribed to Mr. Williams as a writer. He 
 wrote letters to individuals of his acquaintance, and to gentlemen 
 in office, which are among the most valuable antiquarian stores ; 
 some of them very curious and rare. 
 
 It is a desirable object to collect the mss. of Mr. Williams. He 
 mentions receiving scores of letters from his excellent friend gov. 
 Winthrop. Doubtless there are many letters of his writing. a> 
 well as his correspondents, which would be accounted preciou.-, 
 by those who desire to know the history of their own country. 
 
 A most valuable book was published by the subject of this me- 
 moir, upon the language of sauvage America. It is called a Ken 
 to the language of the Indians of j\ew England. It was printed 
 in 1643, in a small duodecimo volume. The original is in the li- 
 brary of the historical society ; and most of the contents have 
 been published in their collections.
 
 494 W I L 
 
 his wife, two children, and two servants. He was 
 sent first to Montreal, then to Quebec, and in 
 1706, returned home, with other captives, to the 
 number of 57. Mr. Williams was again settled at 
 Deerfield, where he lived till the year 1729. He 
 died suddenly of the apoplexy, in the month of 
 June, aged 65. He was a pious and worthy 
 man. His natural vivacity of temper, his vigourous 
 mind, and firm constitution, fitted him for his situa- 
 tion, where he had to endure trials of the heart, as 
 well as those trials which are common to men, and 
 ministers. One of his children was brought up 
 among the Indians, and never could be persuaded 
 to leave her wandering life. She married and pass*- 
 ed her days in Canada. He left 3 sons who were 
 favoured with a college education, and settled in the 
 ministry.* His wife, who was killed by the Indians, 
 was the daughter of E. Mather, the first minister of 
 Northampton, and grand- daughter of the famous 
 John Warham, who came to Dorchester in 1630. 
 
 Williams Nathaniel, preceptor of the south 
 grammar school, Boston, was the son of very re- 
 spectable parents, who gave him a college educa- 
 tion with a view of his becoming a minister of the 
 .gospel ; and to this he was early inclined. He was 
 graduated at Harvard College, 1693 ; and, in July, 
 1698, was ordained an evangelist for one of the 
 West India Islands* The climate was unfriendly to 
 his constitution, and he soon returned to his native 
 town. Being an excellent classical scholar, he was 
 chosen successor to the celebrated master Cheev- 
 er in the publick and free grammar school, " the 
 principal school," says Mr, Prince, " of the British 
 colonies, if not of all America." He continued from 
 the year 1703 to 1734 a very useful instructor, when 
 
 * His publications were, the redeemed captive returning to 
 Zion, as a history of his captivity, 1706 ; also a sermon preach- 
 ed the same year at the Boston lecture, Psalm cvii. 13, 14, 15 ; 
 of these, the fourth edition was printed, 1793 ; the convention 
 •sermon, !728.
 
 W I L 495 
 
 his age and infirmities obliged him to resign his oEl 
 fice. His assistant, Mr. Lovell, was then placed ia 
 the chair. When he was in the West Indies he 
 applied his mind to the study of physick, and enter- 
 ed into the profession after he came to Boston. 
 Those who employed him, persuaded him not to 
 leave his line of business, when he took the gram- 
 mar school. He visited many families, and when 
 he gave up the school, passed the latter years of his 
 life in the duties of his profession. He was called 
 " the beloved physician," and was so agreeable in 
 his manners, that, when he entered into the chambers 
 of the sick, k< his voice and countenance did good, 
 like a medicine." It revived che spirits, and light- 
 ened the maladies. Amidst the multiplicity of his 
 business, as a publick instructor, and a physician ia 
 extensive practice, he never left the ministerial work. 
 He preached occasionally, and his prayers and ser- 
 mons were highly acceptable to the pious and judi- 
 cious. 
 
 He was very much attached to the religious prin- 
 ciples and manners of New England. " The gra- 
 ces of the gospel seemed to shine in his countenance 
 and conversation, and he was one of the most use- 
 ful men in the town and land." He died, Jan. 10, 
 1737, 8, aged 63. There is no publication with his 
 name, except a pamphlet upon " inoculation for the 
 small pox." This was printed when the publick 
 mind was so much agitated about introducing the 
 practice. One of the satirical pamphlets of the 
 times introduced him with Boylston and Douglass 
 in a conversation which brought forward all the ar- 
 guments for and against it. The book is entitled, 
 " Mundungus, Sawney, Academicus, a debate, 
 172 1." Prince'' s sermon. 
 
 Williams Elisu a, rector of Yale College, was 
 the son of the rev. William Williams of Hatfield. 
 Thefather,who wasone ofthe mosteminent clergymen 
 in the county of Eiampshire, was graduated in 1683* 
 and died in 1753. He preached the election ser-i
 
 496 W I L 
 
 mon in 1719. He also printed a volume of ser. 
 mons in 12mo. on Heb. ii. 3. The preface was 
 written by Dr. Col man, who speaks highly of the 
 writer. Rector Williams was graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 17 Ll. He was ordained over a 
 church in Weathersfield, Connecticut, and intro- 
 duced to the chair of Yale College, Sept. 1716. He 
 resigned his office in 1739, on account of his ill 
 state of health. He reformed the college very much, 
 and advanced useful and polite literature. 
 
 In 1745, he went as chaplain to the Connecticut 
 forces upon the expedition to Cape Breton. The 
 next year he had a colonel's commission given to 
 him, when an expedition to Canada was formed. 
 He made a conspicuous figure after he went into the 
 civil line. Being speaker of the house of represen- 
 tatives, he displayed so great talents that he was sent 
 to Great Britain, as agent for the colony. While he 
 was in England, he married a most amiable lady 
 with whom he lived happily till his death, in 1755. 
 He died at Weathersfield, July 24, etat. 61.* 
 
 Wilson John, first pastor of the church in Bos. 
 ton, was the son of Dr. William Wilson, prebend 
 of Rochester. His mother was niece of Dr. Ed- 
 mund Grindal, the renowned archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He was born at Windsor, had a pious edu- 
 cation, and made considerable progress in classical 
 learning at school and at college. He was 4 years 
 at Eaton, and during this time was directed to speak 
 a latin oration, when the duke de Biron, minister 
 from Henry IV. visited the schools ; for which the 
 duke bestowed 3 angels upon him. He was ad- 
 mitted into King's College, Cambridge, 1602. His 
 prejudices were strong against the Puritans till he 
 
 * In 1744. Mr. Williams wrote a pamphlet in 66 pages, 4to. 
 entitled, " the essential rights and liberties of protestants ; "or, a 
 letter from a gentleman in Massachusetts to his friend in Con- 
 necticut, wherein "some thoughts on the origin, end, and extent 
 of the civil power, with brief considerations on several late laws 
 in Connecticut, are humbly offered by a lover of truth and liber-
 
 W I L 497 
 
 read the work of Mr. Richard Rogers, called the 
 $even treatises. He afterwards, by the advice of 
 Dr. Ames, joined a pious company at the university, 
 who held conferences upon religious subjects. He 
 studied diligently the controversy between the epis- 
 copal church and the puritans, and became convinced, 
 that he oucrht not to conform to the rites and cere- 
 monies of the church of England. For this he was 
 expelled the university. When his father could not 
 persuade him to alter his views of religion, he ad- 
 vised him to enter the inns of the court. By the in- 
 fluence of the earl of Northampton, chancellor of 
 the university, he afterwards received his degree at 
 Cambridge. When he began to preach, he had fre- 
 quent invitations to take the charge of a church ; but 
 as frequently was complained of to the spiritual 
 courts, and silenced. The earl of Warwick was his 
 friend, and bv his influence he obtained leave to ex- 
 ercise his ministry. In the year 1629, when the 
 plantation of a new colony was begun, Mr. W. was 
 invited to join them, and embarked in the fleet 
 which came here in 1630. When he arrived at Sa- 
 lem he was about 42 years old ; but had a large 
 share of health and vigour. He was able to assist 
 his brethren under the difficulties of a new planta- 
 tion, " the main design of which was, to settle the 
 ordinances of the gospel, and worship Christ accord- 
 ing to his own institutions." The next month af- 
 ter their arrival, they organized their church in 
 Charlestown. He was installed teacher of this 
 church, August 27, 1630. Afterwards he was 
 chosen pastor of the church in Boston, and separat- 
 ed to the charge, Nov. 22, 1632, They were 
 careful to mention that, although they used imposi- 
 tion of hands, it was only a sign of election, and not 
 that he renounced the ordination he received in En- 
 gland. In the dispute, which divided the Boston 
 church, Mr. Wilson and gov, Winthrop were on one 
 side. Most of the church, with their teacher, Mr. 
 Cotton, were of a different opinion, and were like- 
 
 H
 
 498 W I L 
 
 wise strengthened by the authority, talents and fa- 
 natical zeal of sir Henry Vane. Mr. Wilson threw 
 all his influence in favour of gov. Winthrop at 
 the next election. He even stood upon a tree, and 
 spoke to the people. Upon this occasion he disco- 
 vered much spirit, though his general character was 
 that of a mild and moderate man. He was very af- 
 fable in speech, and condescending in his deportment. 
 He yielded to the superiour and more overbearing 
 influence of the great Cotton in every thing, except 
 in this Antinomian controversy, and in giving the 
 government to Winthrop. He lived to be an old 
 man, and followed to the grave both Cotton and 
 Norton. 
 
 When Mr. Norton returned from England, good 
 Mr. Wilson censured him for his conduct. He and 
 elder Perm, in the name of themselves and others, 
 acquainted him, that an assistant must be chosen. 
 Mr. Allen had preached, and the people were much 
 captivated with him. Mr. Norton, however, had 
 his friends, and they increased, though the general- 
 ity of his flock had their prejudices against him. 
 
 Mr. Wilson preached his last sermon at Roxbu- 
 ry lecture for his son in law, Mr. Danforth ; and 
 died August 7, 1667, in the 79th year of his age. 
 Bis remains were interred with uncommon respect. 
 Mr. Mather of Dorchester preached his funeral ser- 
 mon, Zech. j. 5. Our father s, where are they . ? * 
 
 • Dr. Cotton Mather printed the life of Mr. Wilson, from 
 which a number ot facts were taken. Some likewise from Prince's 
 annals, who collected further accounts of him. Mr. Wilson pub- 
 lished many poems, anagrams, Sec. in Latin and English. None 
 ot his theological tracts have come down to us. A sermon of his 
 was printed, taken in short hand, by one of his hearers. When 
 he was young, his preaching was very methodical. Several judi? 
 cious men in England followed him, on account of his excellent 
 discourses; and when he first came to New England, Mr. Shep- 
 ard said, " Methinks I hear an apostle when I hear this man." 
 In his old age, his sermons were made up of exhortations, and 
 might be compared K to a good kind of talking." This may be 
 a reason why he published no more, while his colleagues sent s« 
 many works to the press.
 
 W I N 499 
 
 An observation of Dr. Ames, the celebrated pro- 
 fessor, deserves to be recorded to the honour of 
 Mr. Wilson, " that if he might have his option of 
 the best condition this side heaven, it would be the 
 teacher of a congregational church of which Mr. 
 Wilson was pastor." 
 
 That witty writer, Mr. Ward, author of the sim- 
 ple cooler of Agawam, remarking the hospitality of 
 Mr. Wilson, and knowing that he was fond of ana- 
 grams, said, that the anagram of John W'ilson was, 
 *' I pray come in, you are heartily welcome. 5 ' This 
 anecdote is better attested, than one lately given to 
 the publick about this same Mr. Ward, concerning 
 his interview with Dr. Mather, who refused him 
 even entrance to his house. Mr. Peters, who re- 
 lates this, did not recollect that Dr. Mather was not 
 one of the same generation. 
 
 Winslow Edward, governour of Plymouth 
 colony, was born in the year 1§94). He was an 
 English gentleman of Worcestershire, who travel- 
 led over Europe, and joined Mr. Robinson's church 
 at Leyden. He came over to New England with 
 the first planters, and his name appears conspicuous 
 amoner those who subscribed " the covenant of in- 
 corporation," at Cape Cod. His address and activ- 
 ity made him very useful to the company, and his 
 eminent services are mentioned by every writer who 
 gives an account of the landing of our fathers, or 
 the circumstances of their settlement. Having lost 
 his wife among those who died the first winter, he 
 married the widow of William White, May 12, 
 1621. This is the first marriage which ever took 
 place in New Fngland. The lady was also the mo- 
 ther of the first child born in this newly discovered 
 region. His name was Peregrine, who lived to the 
 age of 83 years, 8 months, and died, July 20, 1704. 
 
 Mr. Winslow several times visited Massasoit, 
 the sachem of the Indians who dwelt nearest the 
 English settlement, of which he gives an account in 
 his own journal, which happily has been preserved.
 
 $00 W I N 
 
 it makes part of the invaluable collections of Pur. 
 chase, and is printed by Dr. Belknap, in the appen- 
 dix to the American biography. Mr. Winslow al- 
 so made another excursion to the bay of Penobscot* 
 in 1622, to procure bread from the vessels, fishing 
 upon the eastern coasts. He obtained a present 
 supply, and this led to a beneficial traffick with the 
 natives. The next year he went to ftngland, and* 
 after an absence of six months, arrived at Plymouth 
 with provisions, cloathing,and neat cattle. He went 
 back to Great Britain, and again returned to the 
 plantation in 1625. He was chosen one of the as* 
 sistants. In this office he continued till 1633, and 
 was then elected governour. Mr. bradford impor- 
 tuned him to take the office. These virtuous men 
 entered into competition, not like the politicians 
 of this world, but like the rulers of a christian 
 commonwealth, " in honour preferring one ano- 
 ther." In 1635* Mr. Winslow was employed as 
 agent for the colonies of Plymouth and Massachu- 
 setts at the British court. He transacted the busi- 
 ness much to their satisfaction, but subjected him- 
 self to peculiar trials and difficulties. By order of 
 archbishop Laud, that archfiend to the puritans, he was 
 committed to prison. A complaint was made against 
 him by Thomas Morton of " Merry mount," who 
 gave information, that Mr. Winslow preached to the 
 people at Plymouth, and married without license. 
 Mr. W. acknowledged, •« that sometimes, when the 
 church was destitute of a minister, he exercised his 
 gift for the edification of the brethren." He also 
 acknowledged the fact of his marrying people ; but 
 he considered marriage ** as a civil contract, and 
 had been himself married by a Dutch magistrate in 
 Holland." He was confined several months in the 
 Fleet prison. When he returned to Plymouth, 
 1636, he was elected governour ; but the year suc- 
 ceeding took his place among the magistrates. In 
 1643, he was appointed a commissioner of the 
 united colonies. In 1646, he was persuaded to go
 
 W I N 501 
 
 once more to England, to answer to the complaints 
 of Gorton and others against the colony. While he 
 was in England, his pious and benevolent mind was 
 bent to an object which has since been pursued by 
 christians of various denominations, " the propaga- 
 tion of the gospel among the Indians." This cor- 
 poration, under the name of " the London society," 
 was continued till the American revolution. 
 
 In 1655, Mr. Winslow was appointed one of the 
 three commissioners to superintend the operations 
 of the fleet sent to the West Indies. Admiral Penn 
 and gen. Venables made an attack on St. Domingo, 
 but were defeated. They took Jamaica ; but in their 
 passage from one island to the other, Mr. Winslow 
 fell a sacrifice to the diseases of the climate. His 
 body was committed to the deep, with the honours 
 of war, 42 guns being fired, May 8, 1655. Morton. 
 Prince. Belknap. 
 
 Winslow Josiah, son of that illustrious man 4 
 Edward Winslow, had all his father's great and 
 good qualities. He was the first governour who 
 was born in New England. Having been a magis- 
 trate several vears, he succeeded Mr. Prince in the 
 government, 1673, and was annually chosen, till 
 1680. He had what may be called a liberal educa- 
 tion for this country, and discovered much good 
 sense in his management of publick affairs. As a 
 military officer he possessed skill, address and bra- 
 very. In 1656, when Alexander, the eldest son 
 of Massasoit, was suspected of plotting against the 
 English with the Narragansetts, Mr. Winslow, 
 with several armed men, took him by surprise, 
 which put an end to his machination ; but his 
 breast swelled with rage, and his passion brought 
 on a fever, which was fatal. In 16V 5, Philip, 
 the youngest son, stirred up all the natives against 
 the English. Mr. Winslow wrote to the gover- 
 nour of Massachusetts, " that he could not learn that 
 Philip pretended any wrong done to him by the 
 English, but suspected that he should be made to
 
 502 WIN 
 
 answer for the murder of John Sausaman," a chris- 
 tian Indian, whom the Indians of Mount Hope hated 
 on this very account. Sensible of the prowess of 
 gov. Winslow, the enemy tried every way to cut 
 him off; but he was not to be moved with their 
 threats. In the month of December he command- 
 ed the forces that attacked the Indians in their strong 
 holds, and slew 1100 of them. This gave him a 
 high reputation among his countrymen, and made 
 the savages dread him. Gov. Winslow died at 
 Marshfield, Dec. 18, 1680, in the 52d year of his 
 age. 
 
 Winslow Isaac, son of gov. Winslow, was pre- 
 sident of the provincial council, and the chief mil- 
 itary officer in the colony. He died, 1738. 
 
 Winslow John, major general, was also a dis- 
 tinguished character in the colony ; nor was his ce- 
 lebrity confined to New England. He commanded 
 a company in the regiment, that was sent to Cuba 
 in 1740. He had a commission in the line of the 
 British troops, and rose to the rank of major gene- 
 ral. He was the chief in command in several ex- 
 peditions to Kennebeck. He was brave as a sol- 
 dier, and an excellent military officer. His son, 
 Dr. Isaac Winslow, is now living in Marshfield up- 
 on the family estate. The general died, 1774, 
 aged 71. Morton. Hutchinson. Belknap. 
 
 Winthrop John, governour of Massachusetts, 
 was the son of Adam Winthrop, esq. of Groton, in 
 Suffolk. He was born June i2, 1587. When he 
 was 18 years old he had such a knowledge of juris- 
 prudence, as to be appointed a justice of the peace. 
 The family estate was large ; but he converted it 
 into different property, that he might come over to 
 America. So pious a man would prefer an un- 
 cultivated country where he could enjoy his relig- 
 ion to ease and affluence amidst those who were 
 of a persecuting spirit. In 1630 he brought 
 over the charter, and arrived at Salem, June 
 12. He was chosen governour several years sue-
 
 WIN 50$ 
 
 cessively ; but for the sake of a rotine among the 
 magistrates, Mr. Dudley was put into his place, and 
 Ludlow, a west countryman of fine abilities and 
 great intrigue, was chosen deputy. The next year 
 Mr. Ludlow tried for the chief place, but was disap- 
 pointed of both. He therefore went to Connecticut, 
 as related in the sketch of his life. In 1636, Mr. 
 \V. being deputy governour, had need of all his 
 wisdom and integrity to prevent the consequences 
 of sir H. Vane's rash proceedings, and to calm the 
 religious commotions, which made confusion in the 
 metropolis. He met with other tioubles, which af- 
 fected his ingenuous mind, because his intentions 
 were pure, and his aim was to serve the people. To 
 be injured by those we love, and exert ourselves to 
 serve, is a severe trial of the heart ; but he bore even 
 these trials with meekness, and benevolent wishes 
 to the country. He was conscious of rectitude ; and 
 whenever the people had time for consideration, 
 they found him to be a most faithful magistrate, and 
 wise and prudent man, who always sought their in- 
 terest to the sacrifice of his own. When he left 
 England he possessed a very catholic spirit. He was 
 more of a puritan in New England from his acquain- 
 tance with Dudley, Endicot and others, who thought 
 toleration a crime, and that no kind of religious 
 sentiments should be suffered to prevail, except what 
 they had imbibed : before his death, he expressed 
 a wish that more moderation had been used towards 
 persons accounted hereticks. He suffered great 
 losses of a pecuniary nature by the bad management 
 of his steward ; such depredations were made on his 
 property as excited the compassion of {he people, 
 who exerted themselves to assist him by publick 
 and private contributions. This great and good man 
 also met with domestick affliction in a more tender 
 part, in the breaches that were made upon his fam- 
 ily. Ill health of body affected his mind, and he died, 
 26th of March, 1649, in the 63d year of his age. 
 He left a journal of events from the settlement of
 
 104- W I N 
 
 the colony to his death. An island in the harbdwr 
 of Boston bears his name, and is still in the posses- 
 sion of one of his descendants. His picture is pre- 
 served in the council chamber. Several of his pos- 
 terity have exhibited the image of their illustrious 
 ancestor, and his family have been more eminent for 
 their talents, learning and honours than any other 
 in New England.* 
 
 Winthrop John, governour of Connecticut, 
 eldest son of the first governour of Massachusetts, 
 was born in England, 1605, was educated at the 
 university of Cambridge, and travelled over the 
 greatest part of Europe. In 1633, he came over to 
 this country, and was chosen a magistrate of the col- 
 ony of Massachusetts. The spot which he preferred 
 for a dwelling, was Agawam, where he went with 12 
 men, to begin a plantation. They called it Ipswich. 
 There his first son was born. He went back to 
 England ; but in the same year came over to Ameri- 
 ca with a commission from lord Say and Seal, 
 lord Brook and others, to be governour of their plan- 
 tation, at Connecticut. A fort was built at the 
 mouth of the river, and the spot called Saybrook, 
 in compliment to the noble lords who owned the 
 land. In 165 1 he was chosen a magistrate of this 
 people, and then deputy governour, and after- 
 wards governour. In 1662 he was agent at the court 
 of Charles II. and obtained a charter for the colony 
 of Connecticut. An account of this agency is cel- 
 ebrated in poetick strains, by one of his successors, 
 Boger Wolcott, esq.f He was annually chosen 
 chief magistrate to the time of his death. In 
 the spring of 1676, upon a visit to Boston, he was 
 taken sick, and expired April 5th, and was buried 
 in the same tomb with his father. He was one of 
 the greatest philosophers of the age ; and his name 
 is among the founders of the roval society of Lon- 
 
 • \ very interesting and particular part of Belknap's American 
 Biography, is the life of gov. Winthrop, 
 
 t Historical collections, vo!. iv.
 
 WIN 505 
 
 don. The great Mr. Boyle, bishop Wilkins, with 
 several other learned men, had proposed to leave 
 England, and establish a society for promoting natu- 
 ral knowledge in the new colony of which Mr. Win- 
 throp, their intimate friend and associate, was ap- 
 pointed governonr. Such men were too valuable to 
 lose from Great Britain, and Charles II. having taken 
 them under his protection, the society was there es- 
 tablished, and obtained the title of the royal society of 
 London. It was soon considered as the most learned 
 society in Europe. Mr. Winthrop sent over many 
 specimens of the productions of this country, with 
 his remarks upon them, " and, by an order of the 
 royal society, he was in a particular manner invited 
 to take upon himself the charge of being the chief 
 correspondent in the West, as sir Philiberto Vernatti 
 was in the East Indies." "His name," says the same 
 writer, who was secretary to this society in 174 1, "had 
 he put it to his writings, would have been as uni- 
 versally known, as the Boyles', the Wilkins', and 
 01denburghs\ and been handed down to us with 
 similar applause." Dedication of the AOth volume 
 of philosophical transactions, &fc. 
 
 Winthrop Fitz John, son of John Winthrop, 
 esq. first governour of Connecticut, was born at 
 Ipswich, 1638. He was a magistrate of the colony, 
 and major general. In 1693 he was appointed agent 
 of the colony to present a petition to king William 
 to secure their charter rights; and when he returned, 
 at the election, May, 1698, he was chosen gover- 
 nour. ' He resembled his father in fine accomplish- 
 ments, had an excellent moral character, was famous 
 for his philosophical knowledge, and was elected a fel- 
 low of the royal society : he was also famous for his 
 skill in politicks. This he manifested when he was at 
 the court of Great Britain : his conduct there was so 
 pleasing to the people of Connecticut, that they not 
 only voted him thanks for his successful agency, 
 but, as a further testimony of their esteem, present- 
 ed him with 500 pounds for the services rendered, 
 
 3 R
 
 506 WIN 
 
 The colony sustained a great loss by his death. H$ 
 died at Boston, of the stone, Nov. 27, 1707. Har- 
 ris's mss. Trumbull' 's history of Connecticut. 
 
 Win theop John, F. R S. grandson of the first. 
 Cjovernour of Connecticut, was graduated at Harvard 
 College, 170:). He was a magistrate in the colony 
 of Connecticut; but left this country, went to 
 England, and there passed the rest of his days. He 
 died in the year 1747. To this gentleman the " 40th 
 volume of the transactions of the royal society'* 
 was dedicated by Dr. Cromwell Mortimer their se- 
 cretary. It seems he left America on account of 
 some contention between his family and the govern- 
 ment of Connecticut.* He was elected a fellow of 
 the royal society, and was distinguished as one of the 
 most conspicuous members of that learned body. 
 He was also esteemed and courted by learned and 
 good men for his "extraordinary skill in the deep 
 mysteries of the hermetic science." 
 
 Winthrop John, L L. D. F. R. S. was the son 
 of the honourable Adam Winthrop, esq. one of his 
 majesty's council in Massachusetts. The grand- 
 father and great grandfather were also honourable 
 men, each named Adam, and the eldest a son of the 
 first governour. The subject of the present article 
 was graduated at Harvard College, 1732. He was 
 then an amiable youth, and one of the first scho- 
 
 * " When the injustice and ingratitude of a reigning party in 
 power among that very ptople, whereof the Wimhrops have been 
 always in the most strict sense the fathers, the patres patriae, had 
 most cruelly driven you from your family and native soil, to seek 
 justice and security in your natural rights horn the hands of our 
 most gracious sovereign \ amidst the vexations of the greatest 
 abuses, and the hurries of the most sudden departure, you were 
 not unmindful of the royal society ; for soon after your being 
 chosen a leilow, you increased the riches of their repository with 
 more than 600 curious specimens, chiefly in the mineral king- 
 dom, accompanied with an accurate account of each particular; 
 thereby shewing your great skill in natural philosophy, and at the 
 same time intimating to England the vast riches which lie hidden 
 in the lap of her principal daughter. Since Mr. Colwell, the 
 founder of the museum of the royal society, you have been the 
 benefactor who has given the most numerous collection," &c.
 
 W I N 507 
 
 Ws in his class. In 1738 he succeeded Mr. Green- 
 wood, as Mollis professor of mathematicks and nat- 
 ural philosophy, and was more eminent for his schol- 
 arship, than any other man in New England In 
 mathematical science he was considered as the first 
 in America during the 40 years he continued pro- 
 fessor at Cambridge. In the year 1740, he made 
 observations upon the transit of Mercury, which 
 were printed in the transactions of the royal society ; 
 in 1755 he printed a lecture upon earthquakes, 
 and 1756 a letter to the rev. Mr. Prince, who made 
 observations upon the professor's opinion ; two lec- 
 tures upon comets in 1759. In the year 1761 there 
 was a transit of Venus over the sun's disk, and, as 
 Newfoundland was the most western part of the earth 
 where the end of the transit could be observed, it 
 was an object with the literati, to have observations 
 made in that place. Mr. W. offered his services 
 to go there, and the general court made provision 
 for his voyage. He took with him two pupils, who 
 had made progress in mathematical studies,* and 
 sailed from Boston, Mav 9th. The sixth of June 
 was a fine day for observing the transit of the 
 planet, and he gained high reputation when these 
 observations were published. In 1769 he had anoth- 
 er opportunity of observing the transit of Venus at 
 Cambridge. As it was the last opportunity that 
 generation could be favoured with, he was desirous 
 'to arrest the attention of the people. He read two 
 lectures upon the subject in the college chapel, 
 which the students requested him to publish. The 
 professor put this motto upon the title p »ge, agite 
 mortales ! et oculos in spectaculum vertite, quod 
 hue usee spectaverunt perpaucissimi ; spectaturi 
 iterum sunt nulli. 
 
 He received literary honours from other countries 
 beside his own. The royal society of London elect- 
 
 * Samuel Williams, who succeeded him in the professorship, 
 ar.d Isaac Rand, who was lately president of the medical society 
 ©f Massachusetts.
 
 5'Od W I N 
 
 ed him a member ; and the university of Edinburgh 
 gave him a diploma of L L. D. In 1767, he wrote 
 Cogitata de cometis, which he dedicated to the royal 
 society, as a testimony of respect after he vvas ad- 
 mitted into their body. This vvas reprinted in Lon- 
 don the next year. Professor W. was an excellent 
 classical scholar, and also a biblical critick. Some 
 of his criticisms are published in Dr. Chauncy's 
 book, entitled, " salvation for all men." The Dr. 
 acknowledges the assistance he received from the 
 learned professor, and always spake of him, as one 
 of the greatest theologians he ever met with. 
 
 The active services of Dr. Winthrop were not 
 confined to the duties of his professorship at Cam- 
 bridge. He was a brilliant star in out' political 
 hemisphere. The family of Winthrops had always 
 been distinguished for their love of freedom, and the 
 charter rights of the colonies. When Great Britain 
 made encroachments upon these, by acts of parlia- 
 ment after the peace of Paris, in 1763, he stepped 
 forth among those, who boldly opposed the mea- 
 sures of the crown. He had much influence from 
 his knowledge, and the weight of his character. 
 He was chosen one of his majesty's council when 
 Hutchinson was in the chair of government, who 
 did not negative him ; but in the year 1774, a royal 
 mandate was issued to negative three gentlemen, 
 who had been most active in opposing the measures 
 of the administration. These were Mr. Bowdoin, 
 Mr. Dexter, and Mr. Winthrop. When the people 
 took the government into their own hands, he was 
 again chosen one of the council, and continued in 
 his publick character till his death. 
 
 The best part of Dr. Winthrop'scharacterwas.that 
 he was a christian philosopher. He believed the truths 
 of Christianity from study and conviction, and was 
 an ornament to his profession. To his numerous 
 acquaintance, he vvas a " friend, philosopher and 
 guide." He had the consolations of our divine re- 
 ligion > during his latter years, when his bodily frame
 
 \V O L 509 
 
 was subject to pain and infirmities. His mind con- 
 tinued strong, his faith was steadfast, and his views 
 spiritual and pure. He died, May 3, 1779, aged 65. 
 Wolcott Roger, governour of Connecticut, 
 was born in Windsor, 1679. He made his first ap- 
 pearance in publick life, as an officer in the army 
 that went to Canada in 1711. He was afterwards 
 colonel of the militia, and was commander of the 
 Connecticut forces when Cape Breton was taken by 
 the Americans in 1745. He was employed in ma- 
 ny civil offices, which he filled with reputation, and 
 discharged with fidelitv. He was a member of the 
 general assembly, assistant, deputy governour, 
 chief judge of the superior court, and, in the year 
 1 75 1, succeeded Mr. Law in the chair of government. 
 In 1754, he resigned his publick honours, and pass- 
 ed the rest of his davs in the shades of retirement. 
 
 m 
 
 The evening of his days was gilded by the reflec- 
 tion of a well spent life. He died May 17, 1767. 
 
 Gov. Wolcott had n'ot the advantage even of a 
 common education ; but the resources of his 
 mind were great. His private affairs he managed 
 with discretion. He was fond of books, conversed 
 upon literary subjects with ease, and was highly re- 
 spected by gentlemen of the first abilities in the col- 
 ony. He wrote and published several works in 
 poetry and prose. His account, in poetry, of the 
 agency of gov. Winthrop, in 1662. was latelv re- 
 printed in the 4th volume of the collections of the 
 Massachusetts historical society ; it makes one of 
 his poetical meditations, published in 1725, in a 
 small volume. These resemble the jingle of the 
 early productions of New England rather than 
 the versification of later davs. In 1760 he 
 ^engaged in a controversy, which then agitated the 
 churches of Connecticut. In the year preceding, 
 Mr. Hob art of Fairfield wrote a book, entitled, 
 " The principles of the congregational churches 
 considered, and applied to the ordination at Wal- 
 lingford." The settlement of Mr. Dana, who now
 
 510 WOL 
 
 ranks among the distinguished writers and divines 
 of New England, at Wallingford, gave great offence 
 to the neighbouring clergy. The ordination was 
 contrary to the rules of the Saybrook platform, and 
 Mr. Hobart highly censured the proceedings. Mr. 
 Hart wrote remarks upon Mr. Hobart's book, and 
 Mr. Wolcott also addressed a letter to him, wherein 
 he compares the Cambridge and Saybrook platform; 
 and proves the latter to be inconsistent with the gen- 
 eral principles of toleration, and religious freedom. 
 Mr. Hobart replied to Mr. Hart in 1761. We have 
 no answer to the letter of Mr. Wolcott, which is 
 dated April 25, 1760. 
 
 Wolcott Oliver, L L. D. governour of Con- 
 necticut, was the son of Roger W'olcott, and pos- 
 sessed his father's talents and virtues, with a mind 
 improved by a liberal education. He was educated 
 at Yale College, and received his degree in 1747. 
 He then applied his mind to the study of physick, 
 and had an extensive practice in the town of Litch- 
 field. He had a taste for publick life, and was well 
 versed in the laws and politicks of New England. 
 For a number of years he was high sheriff of the 
 county of Litchfield. He was among the high whigs 
 who resisted the oppressive acts of the mother coun- 
 try. In 1776, we find his name among those who 
 signed the declaration of independence. From that 
 time he was annually chosen a member of congress 
 till the year 1785, when he was appointed deputy 
 governour, and continued in this office till gov. 
 Huntington died in 1796. He was then advanced to 
 the chair; but died the next year in December, 1797. 
 
 His character was very respectable in private life, 
 and in every publick station. He was a gentleman 
 and scholar, very liberal in his sentiments, and also 
 -a friend to the constitution of the New England 
 churches. Bv some he miarht be considered as too 
 liberal, as his ideas of moral agency were different 
 from many of the clergy. He frequently expressed 
 his opinion that necessarian principles ought not to
 
 YAL 511 
 
 be propagated with theological opinions ; that it was 
 an injury to the cause of morality, as people did 
 not distinguish between the doctrine of necessity, 
 and common notions of fate. In this he differed 
 from some excellent characters, and agreed with 
 others, equally wise and good. He had a humble 
 view of himself, though others thought highly of his 
 abilities. Having lived a religious life, he enjoyed 
 the hope of a christian, looking for a reward, as well, 
 as rest from his labours. 
 
 Woodbridge Benjamin, first graduate of Har- 
 vard College, in 1642, was an eminent scholar, and 
 an excellent preacher. He left America, and settled 
 at Newbury, Berks, as successor to the great Dr. 
 Twiss. In 1662 he was ejected from the parish; 
 but afterwards preached by a particular indulgence 
 of the king, who had a very favourable opinion of 
 him. He died, 1684. 
 
 Yale Elihu, a friend to learning and religion, 
 was born at New Haven, 1648 ; and when he was 
 very young, was carried to England. He was 
 brought up to merchandize, and, by his industry 
 and attention to business, grew rich, and also gained 
 publick esteem. At the age of 40 he sailed to the 
 East Indies. He was there appointed commander 
 of fort St. George. When he returned to London, 
 he was chosen president of the East India company. 
 He sought opportunities of doing good, and either 
 founded, or encouraged, many literary, pious and 
 useful institutions. In the year 1717, Dr. Cotton 
 Mather wrote to Mr. Yale, and advised him to pre- 
 sent a liberal donation to the college at New Haven. 
 They will name the college after you, said he, and 
 that will be better than to have sons and dausrh- 
 ters. In a letter to gov. Saltonstall, the Doctor 
 tells him, that the college had better be named Yale, 
 and says something handbome will be given. Hence 
 the name of Yale College was given to one of the 
 most respectable seminaries of New England.
 
 ERRATA ET ADDENDA. 
 
 Page 3, line 8, from bottom, for 1701, read 1721; p. 4, J. ll.fr. top„ 
 dele in ; p. 5, 1- 2, fr. top, for 1778, read 1775 ; p. 20, 1. 3 fr. bot. for 
 1737, read 1697 ; p. 21. 1. 7, fr. top, for proposition, read propositions ; p. 
 24, 1 2, fr. bottom, tor year, read years ,• p. 24, 1, 8, fr. bot. for 1771, read 
 1778 ; p. 31, 1. 14, fr. top, for or, read for ,• p. 47, 1. 8, fr top for composi- 
 tion, read compositions ,• p. 4S, 1. 15, fr. top, for preventative, read preventive ; 
 p 51, 1. 6, fr, bot for Mr. B. read Mr. //. p. 73, 1. 4, fr. bot. for 1740, read 
 1748 ; p. 75, 1. 16, fr. bot. for less, read more ; 76, 1. 16, fr. top, read one of the 
 fifteen ; p. 76, 1 22, fr. top, dele of j p 78, 1. 24, fr. top, for 1720, read 1721 ; 
 p. 78, 1. 3, fr. bot. read Co/man ,- p. 84. 1. 4, fr. bot. dele have ,• p. 86, 1. 5, 
 fr. top, C for c ; p. 91, 1. 14, fr. bot add, except a preface to Roger Wolcott's 
 meditations, and an ordination sermon, preached at Colchester, 1729 ; p. 97, 1. 
 18. fr. bot. for 1630. read 1621 ; p. 99, 1 14 fr- bot. for prasidem read pra- 
 sidem ,- p 100, 1- 6, fr top, for imperato, read imperatore ; p. 101, 1. 9, fr, top, 
 for Inrergenimi, read Jntegerrimi ,• p 101,1. 12, fr. top, read liberali ,• p. 101, 
 1. 16, fr. top, dele L C ,- p. 106, 1. 6, fr. top, after is, read in ,- p. 107, 1. 12, 
 fr. bot. for scriptures, read scripture ,• p. 110, 1 19, fr. bot. de'e to. ; p. 113, 1. 
 7, fr. top, for built, read gathered ,• p. ^ 19, 1. 12, fr. hot. read everlasting ; p. 
 121, 1. 4, fr. bot. for to, read of ,• p 122, 1. 20, fr. top, read continued till he 
 •went to England ,- p. 141, 1 3, fr. bot. reai discharged -with fidelity ,• p. 143, 1. 
 5, fr. bot. for well wishes, read tuell -wishers ,• p. 146, 1 19 fr. top, for 1771, 
 read 1671 ; p. 146, 1. 25, fr top, for 1134, read 1634 ; p 154, 1. 6 fr. bot. 
 read to make ,■ p. 158, 1. 13, fr. bot for White, read Wight ; p, 162,1. 2, fr. 
 top, dele no s p- 168, 1. 18, fr. bot for Dr. read Mr Eaton ; p. 179, !. 5, 
 fr. bot. read loins; p. 181,1. 6, fr. top, for character, read charity; p. 185, 
 I. 4, fr. bot for whose, read whom { p. 192, 1. 5, fr. bot. for 30, read 13 ; 
 p. 213, 1 3, fr. top, for in, read into ; p. 230, 1. 6, fr. bot. for bills, read bill; 
 p. 236, I. 5, fr top, read MDCCLXXXVI ,- p. 236, 1. 19, fr. top, add, 
 He died at South Carolina, Oct. 12, 1745 ; p. 246, 1. 6, fr bot. read Ne-w Eng- 
 land s p. 264. 1. 4, fr. bot. for 1779 read 1780 ; p. 272. 1. 10. from top, dele 
 to s p. 289, 1. 5, fr. top, for Dowes, read Darwes ,• p 30', 1. \, fr. top, read 1776; 
 p. 305 •• 10, fr. bot. for on, read or,- p. 313, 1. 17, fr. bot. read magistrate ,- 
 p. 331, 1. 9, fr. bot. for discharge, read discharged; p. 354, 1. 7, fr. bot. 
 for 1770, read 176Q ; p. 355, 1. 4, fr. top, for tired, read tried; p. 854, 1. 10, 
 fr. bot. read council ; p. 362, 1 1, fr. bot for bui'ding, read entering ,• p. 362, 
 Is. 2 and 8, fr. bot. for Popkins, read Popkin ; p. 366, 1. 19, fr. top, for of, 
 read off ; p. 366, 1. 22, fr. bot read, As a companion he was, &c. p 367, I.. 
 17, fr. bot. dele an ; p 369, 1 . 8, fr. top, for do, rear! doing ,■ page 370 ; 15, 
 fr. bot. read 1757, add, artillery election sermon, 1756 ; p 373, 1. 7, fr. bot. 
 read zealous ,- p 379, 1 15, fr.bot. dele // -was ; p 396, 1. 19. fr. bot. for had, 
 read have ,■ p. 401. 1. 9, fr. top, for plead read pleaded ,■ p. 401, I. 20, fr. bot. 
 read q,tincys ; p. 420, 1. 21, fr. top, for 1628, read 1728 ; p. 434.1. 2, fr. bot. 
 read record ; p. 461 , 1. 2, fr top, read, which he answered -with very lively, &c. 
 p. 473, 1. 7, fr. bot. for of, read off ; p. 487, 1. 18, fr. top, for 86 read 77 ; 
 in several places where etat is mentioned, the first letter should be a dipthong, 
 
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