iiiiiiiiii UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES SUPPLEMENT TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA, OR DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE. IN THREE VOLUMES. Illustrated with Copperplates. NON IGNORO QU^ BONA SINT, FIERI MELIORA POSSE DOCTRINA, ET QU.E NGN OPTIMA, ALIQUO MODO ACUI TAMEN, ET CORRIGI POSSE. — CiCERO. VOL. II. ELE PHI ^|)ilatjelpi)ia : PRINTED Br BUDD AND B^RTR.iM, FOR TIIOiMAS DOBSON, AT THE STONE HOUSE, N" 41, SOUTH SECOND STREET. 1803. SUPPLEMENT TO T.HE AE5 ENCYCLOPAEDIA. E L E Elfarome- T^ LECTROMETER, is an inarument which mea- ''^'■- I J lures the quantity of ele>5lricity in any eleiflrified body. The moll common elecflrometers are defcribed in the article Electricity (EncycL), n" 27, and 182 — 233. A very valuable one is likewile defcribed in n° 85. of the article Electricity in this Supplement; but there are ftill two eleftrometers, of which we have hitherto given no account, though they are of fuch va- lue, that to pals them unnoticed would be unpardon- able. The firft, which is by much the moll accu- rate and delicate inflrument of the kind that we have leen, was invented by Mr Coulomb, and is adapted to afcertain the fmalled quantity of redundant electricity. The fecond is a late invention of Mr Cuthbertfun, the ingenious improver of the air-pump, and is employed only to meafure the charge of large jars and batteries. Electrometer, by Mr Coulomb of the Royal A- cademy of Sciences at Paris, defcribed in the Memoirs for 1785. Mr Coulomb had made fome experiments in exami- nation of Dr Hooke's theory of fprings " ut tenjlo ftc vis ;" and found, that it was furprifingly exad, in re- gard to the force neceifary for twilling eladic wires. Having fufpended a nicely turned metal cylinder by a fine wire in the direiftion of its axis, and having given it feveral turns, and left it to regain its natural pofilion, heobferved, that it performed all its revolution of un- tvv'illlng and twilling in times precifcly equal, whether ihefe oTcillations were of a few degrees, or confiiled of feveral revolutions. He thence concluded, that the force with which the wire endeavoured to regain its natural pofition was exactly proportional to its dillance from it. Engaged, foon after, by order from the Mi- nifter of Marine, in an examination of the phen^ mcna of the mariner's compals, he took this method of fuf- pcnding his needles, in order 10 obtain exafl me.ifures of the forces which caul'td them to deviate from the magnetic meridian. He made ibmc obfervations with needles I'o fulpendcd ; whicii are highly valuable to the philulbpher engaged in that liudy. When Iiis fuccefs in this relearch had fully gratilie J liis wifhes, he turned his thuughis 10 the exuinina'ion ot tlie law of electiic aiflion by the help of an ck Urometer liifpendcd in the fame manntr. It is con(lru(5leJ as loUovs : ABDC (li^. I.) repreiVnts a gl ifs cylinder, 12 inclies in dianictjr and in heiglit. This is covered by a gl.ifs plate fitted to it by a prcjciSing fillet on the un- der lurlace. This cover is pierced with two round SuppL. Vol. II. Plate XXVII. E L E holes of i|th inches in diameter. One of them / Is in Elcar<.me- the centre, and it receives the lower end of the gl.ifs icr. tube / />, of 24 inches height, which is fixed in the hole ''■^""'^^^ with a cement made of fealing-wax, or other eleflric fubftance. The top of this tube receives the brafs collar H ( fig. 2 . n° 3. ), bored truly cylindrical, and hav- ing a fmall flioulder, which rells on the top of the tube. This collar is fadtned with cement, and receives the hollow cylinder * (fig. 2. n" 2.), to which is joined the circular plate a b, divided on the edge into 360 degrees. It is alfo pierced with a round hole G in the centre, whichreceivesthecylindfical pin/' (fig. 2. n° i.), having s milled head b, and an index i 0, whofe point is bent down, fo as to mark the divifions on the circle a b. This pin turns lliffly in the hole G, and the cylinder * turns lleadily in the collar H. To the lower end of the centre pin is faftened a little pincer q, formed like the end of a port-crayon, and tightened by the ring q, fo as to hold fad the fufpenfion wire, the lower end of which is grafped by a (iinilar pincer Po (fig. 3.), tighten- ed by the ring me grafs completely dried, and dipped in melted gum lac or fine fealing- wax, and held upiight belore a clear fire, till it form a (lender cylinder of about -j'^thof an inch in diam;tcr. Tliis occupies fix of the eight inches, from _g- to 7 : the remaining two inches is a fine thread of the lac or fcaling-v.' IX, as it drains off in forming the arm. A: a is a ball of pith of elder or fine cork, one-fourth or one- half of an inchindiameter,madeveiyrmooib,and glided. It is balanced by a vertical circle^ of paper, of large di- menlions ftilTened with varnifh. Tlie relidance of tlie air tJ this piano loon checks the ofcill itions of the arm. The v/hole is feeii in its place in fi j. i. where the arm hangs horiz'^nially abnvit tl;e middle of the height if the great cylinder. In its ofclUations the ball ^r moves round in a circle, whol'e centre is in the axis of the whole indrunient. Its fituation is indicated by a graduated circle Z O Q_j drawn on a ilip of paper, and adhering to the glafs witli varnilli. The ele^Trified bo- dv» whole aflion is to be obfervtd, is another fmall ball ot cork /, alfo gilt, or a brafs ball well poldhid. This A is 39'^ OXO '>4 E L E [ ] E L E is carried bv a flalk of gum lac m pl.), n" 141, 5cc. '<•"■'■ An example of one or two ot thofe trials will give a clear conception of the conclufions deduced from thefe obfervations. The ball / was introduced and ele>flrified ; a was re- pelled, and fettled at 40" ; the index was twifted 140'', which brought a to 20 ; and the time was noted. 'I'lie eleiflricity gradually dilFipated, and u came neaier to /. The index was untwilled 30'^, and .; retired a little be- yond 20" ; but on waiting a few feconds, it llo< d tx- a^^ly at 20". The time was again noted. The inter- val was exaiTlly three riiinutes. The conclufion from the experiment was as foll.ws : When the ball was brought to 20", the repullion was evidently 140 -{- 20, or 160. Three minutes after- wards it was 1 10, -J- 20, or 130 ; and 30" were loll in three minntes,'or 10° per minute. The mean force was 145. Therefore the mean lifs per minute was, -rVr" Obierve alfo, that the primitive force correfponding to the diftance was 40 : and the force correfponding to 20 was 160, or inverfcly as 20* to 40*. But obfcrve, that the dillances were not meafured by the angles, but by tho chord of the angles. The obliquity of adion muPc alfo be accounted for ; and the real levar is lefs than the arm, in the proportion of ra- dius to the coline of I the angle. The wire ufed by Coulomb in his firft experiments on the law of adion was of fach llrength, that -j-Joth of a French grain, applied at the point a, held it taft till the twill-index was turned 360°; fo that one de- gree correfponded to tt-jVo^ "^ * eraln. A foot of this wire weighed t'o'Ii ofagiain. Experience having fhewn that this was a fenfibility far exceeding what was neceflary lor the meafures that he had in view, and made the iuflrument too delicate for comm.cn ul'es, he fabllituted much llronger and (horter wires, and recom- mends muchlmaller dimenlirnstorthe wholeinflrurocnt. We have made two of only five inches in diameter and 14 inches high ; the aim ii ^ being 2\ inches, and the fufpenfion a fingle fibre vt lilk, carryin;^ 30 grains. It is far more fenlible than Bennet's gold leaf elec- trometer. The fame inftrument, with a filver wire fuf- penfion, and a thread of lac projecting from the end g, as an index to coincide more clofely with the fcale, is fufficiently nice for all experiments of meafurement. It is always proper to have the diameter of the cylinder double the length of tlie arm, that tlie ailiun of the glafs may not dillurb the pTifition of the arm. It is greatly improved by having a round hole in the bottom of the iiillrumenr, in which the cylinder C of the lower pincer may iiang freely: this pi events much tedi- ous ofcillation. Eor ordinary experiments, for meafur- ing char^'es of batteries, and the like, a much kfs deli- cate inllrument, with a fufpenfion-wire llrained at both ends, is abundantly delicate, and vallly more manage- able. The wire Ihould extend as far below the arm as above ir, and fhould be grafped below, by a pincer turn- ing by a milled head in a hole at the end of a flender fpring. This enables us to adjuft the inftrument fpeedi- ly. Having placed the twift-index at o, turn this lower button gently till the ball a points exactly to o on the paper circle. Even in thiscoarfeft ftate we have found it more delicate, and much moie exaft, than the eledlro- meter defcribed in Electricuy {Sup/>/.) n*' 85. which was E L E C 3 ] ELK Eleflrome- wp« much more collly, and liable to accidents. Cou- head ; the ball B has two holes, one at the top, and the Elcclronn- ^^^_^^5l, l"nib's eleclrometcr has the great advantage of walling other at the bottotti ; the Ufper hole is f) wiJe, as to t^'- very little electricity ; whereas Henley's, or Brookes's, let the head of the pin pifs through it, but to flop at ^•^~'''^*-' or de Lne's, walle it very fall when it is intenfe. the under one wiih its Ihank hanging freely in l> ; i is We improved it greatly by taking away the appara- a common Henley's quadrant elciftronietcr ; and wlierj tiis with the ball /, and hibftitiiting the piece, fig. 5. in ufe it is fcrewed upon the top off. for it, after changing its conllrudlion a little. Inftead It is evident, from the conftruaion, that if the foot c{ the wire c d, we ufed the fmalJtft glafs tube that we ftand horizontal, and the ball B be made to touch b, it could varniih on the infide, by drawing through it a will remain in that pofition without the help of the filk thread dipped in varniih. Having varniflied it with weight ; ; and if it fiiould by any means receive a very lac both within and wiihuut, a bral's ball d was fixed low charge ol'eledlric Huid, the two balls b, B, will re- on its lower end, and a fine wire, with a ball at tf p, pel each ither ; B will begin to afcend, and, on account was put d"wn into the tube, fo as to touch the ball be- of the centre of gravity being above the centre of mo- low. When the plug was fitted in'o the hole tn once tion, tlie afcenfion will continue till A reft up.,n a. If for all, the litualion of the ball (^fuirered no alteration, the balance be fet again horl/oi al, and the pip. / be When delicate experiments are to be made, the upper put into its place in B, it will caule B to reft ution b, bnll c is icisched l>y the charger, fig. 4. which eleiftrifies with a prelfure equal to that weight, fo that more elec- d. C is immediately drawn out with a glafs forceps ; tiic fluid muft be communicated than foimerly before and thus d is kit completely infulated. When external the balls «ill fcparatc ; and as tlie we'ght in B is increa- eleihicity, fuch as tJie faint eledricity of the atmo- i'ed or diminilhed, a greater or lefs quantity cf eleftric fpi;ere is tn be examined, the v.'ire is allowed to re- fluid will be required to effe.ft a feparation. main in the tube. — N- B. A fcrupulous experimenter, When this inftrumeut is to be applied to a jar, or who may objefl to the Itraining fpring lecommended battery, one end of a wire L muft be inferted into a above, may Cubftiiute u I'mall weight, which will be con- hole iti b, and the other end into a hole of any ball pro- flant in its iiflion. ceeding from the infide of a battery, as M. A chain. The reader will obferve, that this eleSrometer, as or wire, or any body through which the chaige is to hitherto managed, meafures only repullions. It is not pals, muft be hung to the hook at m, and carried from fo eafy to meafure attrailions with it ; and Mr Con- thence to the outlide of the battery, as is reprefented lomb was obliged to take a very circuitous method, du- by the line N. k muft be fcrewed upon c, with its in- ring which a great deal of tleiftricity was diflipated. dex towards A. The realon of this inllrument bein" In this refpefl, the elecflrometer defcribed in the article added, is to fhew, by the index continuing to rife, that Electricity (^'k/i/'/.) has theadvantage; but in every the charge of the battery is increafing, becaufe ths other refpec'l, Mr Coulomb's is the fineft eleilrometer other part of the inftruraent does not ait till the battery that has yet been publilhed, giving a/yo/a/c meafures, and has received its required charge. this with great accuracy. The Hon. Mr Cavendilh It is almnft ncedlefs to oblerve that this inftrument has employed the conftrudion in his moft valuable ex- confifts ot three eleflrometers, viz. Henley's eleflrome- peiiments on the force of gravity (P/.;7. Trajif. 1798, ter. Lane's dilcharging cledrometer confideiably im- Part II.) ; an experiment which Newton would have proved, and Brookei's fteclyard eleflrcmeter improved been delighted with obfervlng. likewile. By this combination and thefe improvements, Cu'hberifon's Elf.ctro.metf.r is thus defcribed by we polfefs all that can be required in an eleiflrometer himfelf in the lall number of the fecond volwme of Ni- lor batteries and lar^;e jars ; f.ir, l)y /, we fee the pro- cholfoti's Phtlofophical Journal. GH (fig. 6.) is an grels of the charge ; by the feparatfon of B ^, we luve oblong piece of wood, about 18 inches in length, and fix the repulfive power in weight ; and by the ball A, llie in breadth, in wiiich are fixed three glafs fupporters, difcharge is caiiied when the charge has acquired the D, E, F, mounted with brafs balls, o, ,,-, b. Of thefe ftrength propofed. fupporters, E and F are exacftly of the fame length ; In thejournal from wliich this abftraifl is taken, the but D is four inches Ihorter. Under the brafs ball a reader will find fome curious experiments made with is a long brals hook ; the ball c is made of two hemi- b.itteries by means of this electrometer ; but one will fpheres, the under one being fixed to the brafs mount- be fulBcient to explain its ule. Prepare the clei-lro- ing, and the upper turned with a groove to ihut upon meter in the mtnner Ihewn in the figure, with the jar it, lb that it can be taken oil at pleafiire. The ball b M annexed, which contains about 168 fquare inches of has a brafs tube fixed to it, about three inches long, coating. Take out the pin in B, and obferve whether cemented on the top of F, and the fame ball has a hole the ball B will remain at reft upon i ; if not, turn at the top, of a'Mint one-hair inch diameter, corrcfpond- the adjufting I'crew at C till it jull remains upon A. ing with the itilide of the tube. AB is a ftraight br.ii's Put into B the pin, maiked /', weighing 15 gr.iins ; Wire, with a knife edged centre in the middle, placed a take two inches ol watch-pendulum wire, (■.': to each little below the centre of gravity, and equally balanced end a pair t>l fpiing tongs, as is reprefented at G >//, with a hollow brals ball at each end, the centre, or hook one end to hi, and the oiher to the wire N, com- axis, refting upon a proper Ihaped piece cf brafs fixed municating with the ontfide of the jar ; let the uncoat- in the infide of the ballc : that fide of the hemifphere cd part ot the jar be made very clean and dry ; and let towards c is cut open to p.rmit the end c A of the ba- the prime condin^or ot an eleJrical machine, or a wire lance to defccud till it touches the ball a, and the upper proceeding trom it, touch liie wire L ; then, if the m.i- hemifphere C is alfo cut open to permit the end cV> to chine be put in motii^n, li.e jar and electrometer will afcend ; < is a weight, weighing a certain number oi chaigc, as will be feen by the riling ot the index of i ; grains, and made in llie form of a pin with a broad and vvhench.irgcd high enough, B will be repelled by A 3 bt E L E [ 4 ] E L I Elcphanti- ufis. P,'f»r»- ^, anJ A will dcTccnd and difcharge the jar tlirough pliorin ,j,£ y^,|,g which was confined in the tongs, and the wire will be filled and run into balls. The ingenious author, bybreatliing through a glafs pipe into the jar, damped it a liule in tlie infide. Then loading B with a pin of 30 grains, he obtained fuch a charge as lufcd eight inches of watch pendulum wire, difpofed exatflly as the two inches were difiiofed in the firmer experiment. 15y icpeatirg and varying his experiments, he found that double quantilies of ele«^ " Take (>f fine trefli white arfenic one to'a, or 105 grains ; of picked black peppi-t fix times as much: let both be well beaten at interv.ds for four days fucceffive- ly in an iron mortar, and then reduced to an impalpa- ble powder in one of Hone with a Hone peftle, and thus completely levigated, a little water being mixed with them. Make pills of them as large as tares or fniall pulfc, and keep them diy in a (tiady place. Or.e of thofe pills muR be fwallowed morning and evening with f;me betel leaf, or in countries where betel is not at hand, with cold water : if the body be dcanled t'rom foulnels and oblli unions by gentle cathartics and bleed- ing belore the medicine is adininiftered, the remedy will be fpeedier." This prefcription, we are told, is an old fecret of the Hindoo phyficians, which they conlider as a powerful remedy againlF all corruptions of tlie blood, whether » occalioned by the elephantiafis or the venerial difeafe, which they call the Perjian fire, and which they apply likewife to the cure of cold and moift diftempers, or palfy, dillortions of the face, relaxation of the nerv«s, and fimilar difcafes. As the Hindoos are an ingenious and fcienlific people, it might be worth fome European phyfician's while to make trial of this ancient medicine in the Well Indies, where the elephantiafis or kindred difeafes prove lo frequently fatal. ELEVATION, in architeflure, denotes a draught or defcription of the principal face or fide of a building ; called alfo \X.i upright ox orthographi. ELEUTHERA, or Alabafer, one of the Bahama' or Lucaya iflands, where above 60 families formerly fettled under Dep. Gov. Holmes, and ereded a fmall fort. — Morse. ELIAS, Mount St. a mountain near the (hore of theN. W. coallofNonh-America,N.W. of Admiralty bay, and S. E. of Prince William's found. — ///. ELIZABETH CITY Co. in Virginia, lies between York and James rivers, having Warwick and York counties on the W. and Chelapeak bay m the E. and N. There are I'everalfniall iOands on its fea-coaft, the chief of which are Long and Egg iflands. Point Comtort is the S. eallern extremity of the co. It con- tains 3450 inh.;bi;ants, of whom 1876 are flave.-. — ib. Elizabeth Ijlands, fsveral imull iilands on the S. E. lide ct Buzzard's bay, extending S. A'ederly from the extremity of Barnftable co. in MalTachufetts, and bearing N. W. frcm Martha's Vineyard ; fituated be- tween 41. 24. and 41. 32. N. lat. and between 70. 38. and 70. 56. W. long. They are about 16 in number; the chief of which are Nafhawn, Pafqui, Nafhawenna, Pinequefe, and Cattahunk illands. All thefe belong to Duke's county. — ib. Elizabeth, a Ihort fouthern arm of James river in Virginia. It aiFords an excellent harbor, and large enough for 300 lliips. The channel is from 150 to 200 fathoms wide ; and at common flood tide it has l8 feet water to Norfolk, which Hands near the mouth of its eadern branch. The S. branch rifes in the Dif- mal Swamp. Craney idand, at the mouth of Eliza- beth, lies 5 miles S. W. of Point Comfort, at the mouth of James river. — il). F.Liz.\- ^,tw*cn fe ELK [ 5 ] EMM Elizabeth's Ifland, Queen II Elk. Elizabeth's Island, Queen, in the ftraits of Magellan, in S. America. Here fre(h water, herbs fit forTallaJ, and wild fowl may be had in great plenty. The rtiores alfo abound with fhell filh, — ib. Elizabeth, a tcwnfhip in Lancaller co. Pennfylva- uia, containing abcut 30 houfes, and a Dutch church ; 18 miles N. W. by W. of Lancafter, and 84 W. by N. of Philadelphia. — ib. ELIZABETHTOWN, a pott town and borough, in ElFex county, New-Jerl'ey ; pleafantly fituated on a fmall creek which empties into Arthur Kull. Its foil is equal to any in the Rate. In the compaft part of the town, there are about 150 houles, two brick churches, one fur Prefbyterians, very handfome, the other for Epifcopalians, and an academy. This is one of the oldeli towns in the Rate, havin'j; been purchafed of the Indians as early as 1664, and fettled ibon after. It lies 6 miles foutherly of Newark, and 15 S. W. by W. of New- York .—;■*. Eli zABETHTOWN, a village of Alleghany CO. Penn- fylvania, fituated on the S. E. fide of Monongahela river between Rcdilone Old Fort and Piilfburg, about 18 miles from each, and 6 above the mouth of the Youghagany. Many boats are built here for the trade and emigration to Kentucky, and in the environs are feveral faw-milU. N. lat. 40. 13. W. long. 79. 22 — ib. Elizabethtown, a port town ct Maryland, and capital of Walliington en. formerly calkd Hagarftowii, fcated in the fertile valley of Cimegocheague. It has feveral ftreets regularly laid out. Tiie houfes are principally built of brick and (lone, in number about 300. Epifcopalians, Prtfbyterians, and &:rman Lu- therans have each a church. The court-houfe and market-houfe a;e handfome buildings, and the gaol is of (lone, and rubft'ntial. The trade with the weftern country is confiuerable ; and there are a number of mills in the neiglibourhood, on Antietam creek. — ib. Elizabethtows, the chief town of Tyrrel co. in Edenton diftrict, N'rth-Carolina, has a gaol, court- houfc, and a few dwelling-houfes. It is 40 miles from Fayetteville, and 55 from Wilmington. — ib. Elizabethtown, a pott t wn and the chief in Bla- den CO. N. Carolina, is fituated on the N. W. branch of Cape Eear. It contains a court-houfe, gaol, and abcut 30 houfes ; 36 miles fouthward of Fayetteville, and 47 N. W. of Wilmington. — ib. ELK, a creek in Northumbsrland co. Pcnnfylvania, which uniting with Penn's creek, falls into the Sufque- hanna, 5 miles below Sunbury. — ib. Elk, a navigable river of the eallern (hore of Mi- ryland, which rifes in Chctter co. Pennfylvania, by two branches ; Big and Little Elk crscks. At their confluence llands Elkton. The canals in contemplati- on from Elk river, to Delaware b.iy, are noticed under Dehware bay. — ib. Elk, a fliort navigable river, in the (late o{ Ten- nclTee. It rifes on the N. W. lide of Cumberland mountain, runs S. wefterly, and falls into the Ten- neflee a little above the Mufcle ihoals ; about 40 miles W. N. W. of the Creeks' CrolUn^ Place.— /i. Elkhorn, a fmall water of Kentucky river. The Elkhorn lands are much elleemed, being fituated in a bend of Kentucky river, in Fayette co. in which this iiaaall river, or creek, rifes — ib. Elk, Laie, ore of the chain of fmall lakes which conneils the lake cf th» Woods with lake Superior. N. lat. 48. 41. W. long. 93. — ib. Elkridce, a fmall town in Ann Arundel co. Mary- land, fituated on the S. bank of Patapfco river, and on the W. fiJe of Deep Ru:i. This place is famriu for the bright tobacco called kite's foot. It is 8 miles S. W. of Baltimore, and 19 N. W. of Annapolis. N. lat. 39. 12. 30. — ib. Elkton, a p 'ft town of confiJerab'e trade, at the head of Chefapeak bay, in Maryland, and the capital of Cecil CO. It is fituated at the confluence of the head branches of Elk river, 13 miles from its mouth at Turkey Point, and a mile above French town. The tide flows up to the town, and it enjoys great advan- tages from the carrying trade, between Daltiraore and Philadelphia. Upwards of 250,000 bu(hels of wheat are colleded here annually, for fupplying thofe mar- kets, or the neighbouring mills. Elkton confifts of one flreet, in which are about 90 houfes, a court-houfe, and gaol. On tlie W. fide of the town is an academy. It is 12 miles S. W. oi Chrifllana bridge, 10 N. E. of Charleftown, 47 S. W. of Philadelphia, and 56 N. E. of Baltimore. — ih. ELLINGTON, a townfliip of about 20c families, in Tolland co. Conneflicut. It lies about 12 miles N. E. ot Hartford city, and 6 W. of Tolland. — ib. ELLIrSE, or Ellipsis, is one of the conic fee- tions, popularly called an oval ; being called an ellifife or eHipJis by Apollonius, the fir (I and principal author on the conic fedion?, becaufe in this figure the fquares of the ordinates are li/s than, or defellive of, the rec- tangles under the parameters and abfcHfes. See Conic .Ssffiom, Encycl. ELLIPSOID, is an elliptical fpheroid, being the folid generated by the revolution of an ellipfe about either axis. ELLIPTOIDE, an infinite or indefinite elllpfis, de- fined by the indefinite equation ay " + " = i x ''■''.a — .v" when m or n are greater than 1 : for when they are each = I, it denotes the common ellipfe. There are feveral kinds or degrees of elllptoides, de- nominated from the exponent m-j-n of the ordinate y. As tlie cubical cUiptoide, expreifed by a j ' = b x^ .a — .V ; the biquadratic, or furfolid u _y'= 3 .\ ' .a — .v ' ; &c. ELMORE, the fouthernmott townlhip in Oile?.ns CO. in Vermont ; and contained, by tl»e cenfus, only 12 inhaliitants. — Moru. EMERY'j River, a fmall river in Tennelfce, which runs S. E. into the Tennelfce, 7 miles N. by E. of the moutli of Clinch river. — ib. EMINENrL-\L equation, a term ufed by fome algebrairts, in the invcdigation of the areas of curvili- ne';^ figures, for a kind of aflumed equation that con- tains another equation eminently, the latter being a par- ticular c.ife of the former. EMMAUS, a Moravian fettlcment, 8 miles from Bethlehem, in Pennfylvania. — Moric. EMMITSBURGH, or Emnitjlurgh, 11 flourifiiing village in Frederick co. Maryland, fituated between Flat Run and Tom's creek, wtlltrn h.-ad waters cf the Monococy, and about a mile S. of the Pennfyl- vania E N A C 6 ] E N A F.iianiclliii^ v.iui.i line It is 24 miles N. E. by E. of Frcd.'rick, ^''"^''^*~^ ;iiul 50 N. W. ot' Baltimore. N. lat. 39. 10. 30. —ih. ENAMELLING or Vf.ssels for the Kitchen. Tn the ye.ir 1779 the Society of Err.utation in Paris propofcJ IS a piize queltimi " To difcnvcr a compo- (Itli)n tic r>r in:iking kitchen utcniils which (hould he ticcfrom the dirailv.int^;:;cs att-.Midii.g copper, l.-ad, tin- ned vtflels, gUzed earthen WMrc, &c. wliith (hould be a^i ftrong as pniTilile, Icfs collly ih.in the ved'cls tiled :it prefent, nnd winch fliould be able to bear tli2 liii-hcll degree of kiichen fire, and the moll luddvjn changes frum heat to ci'lJ." In coiifeqner.ce ( f this propofal, Mr SvEN Rinman of the Royal .-^cadamy of Stockholm, williout any inten- tion of being a candidate for the premium ofl'ercd by the Society of Emulation, inftituted a fet of experi- jiicnts on fmall veifeU of copper and hanimeied iron, with the view of giving to ihem a coating of what ni.iy properly be called enamel, which Ihonld not have tlie defeifl.'. of tinning, and which, when applied to iron, (li'iuld take from it the inconveniency of rnlline, and of blackening many ftirts of vic>nals when they i;re drclFed in it. 'I'hele experiments lie fubmitted to the academy of which he was a member ; and as we think them important, we ihall lay the fubllance of them be- fore our readers. The moft common, and the cheapetl kind of v\hite enamel that is to be met with in the lliop<. (which is an opaque white glafs, compofed of powdered quartz, of elafs of lead, and of calx of tin), vi-a5 tried for coat- ing kitchen utenfils ; and he found that it was excellent for the purpofe, as it produced a coating, which was not only clean and agieeable in its appearance, but pof- felfed hkewife all the power of refilfing the ad^ion of trie and of acids that could be defired. But, as it is very difficult to apply, is very dear for common ufe, and is befides conndered as not being capable of rcfifl- ing violent blows or falls, he made various experiments with fubllances of lefs jirice ; of which the following are certainly worthy of being related. I. The white femi-tranfpartnt lluor fpar was reduced into a fine powder, wiili an equal quantity of unburnt gypfum, and afterwards calcined in a llrong fire with a white heat ; the whole being, from time to time, care- fully fiirred. The velfel, which he intended to coat, having firll been wetted by dipping it in water, had as much of the aiorefaid powder applied to its infide, by means of a very fine filk fieve, as would adhere to it of itfelf, or could be made to do fo by prell'ing it with the finger. After this velfel had been dried and gra- dually heated, it was expofed to a i'udden and violent heat, partly in a coal-fire, kept up by a pair (f bellows (the veflel being at the fame time covered, fo that no coals or allies could fall into it,), and partly in an allay- ing furnace. In the coal fire, and with the heat as violent as is com- monly ufed to make copper folder run, the mixture was melted, in about the fpaceofa minute, into an opaque white enamel, which evenly covered the furface of the copper, and fixed itfelf pretty firmly to the metal ; it alio bore hard blows without breaking, and refifted the trials made by boiling things in it, and by applying acids to it. The forementioned mixture was alfo redu- ced into a fine powder in a glafs mortar, and made into a fort o( thin paflc with water ; it was tiien applied to EnameDing the velfel with a fmall brufli, an operation as eafy as "^-^"^'"^^ that of applying any other wet colouring matter. He like wife tried this palle, by covering vclfels vi-ith it in the fame way the potters apply their common glazing for (lone ware. By both the above mentioned procefles he obtained a very Imooth coating, particularly by the latter, which is more quickly performed. When the pafte is applied, the velfel Ihould be made a little waim, fo alfo Ihould tlie palle itfelf. Il the conlliment parts of thefe two fubRanccs be con- fidtred (th. it is to fay, that gypliim is compofed nf calca- reous earth fatnraled with viiiiolic (fnlphuric) acid, and flnor fpar ot a particular acid united to lihceous eartil ; alio, that the whole, when put into the fire without the addition of any other fubllance, is, of all earthy or ftony mixtures, that which the mull eafily melts into an o- paque white glaf', not very brittle) and if, on the other hand, the a(5tion of acids be attended tc — we fiiall eafily conceive thefe fubllances niufl attach themielves llrongly to copper, and that the varnilh formed by them cannot afterwards be dillolved or a<5led upon by acids. The greatell difficulty attending on this fimple mix- ture is, the llrong and fuddtn heat necelfary to apply it with eifeifl, that heat being greater than is commonly to be obtained in an allaying furnace. On that ac- count, M. Rinman endeavoured to render it more fu- fible by the addition of fome other fubllance. Of his experiments made with this view, fome failed, and others fncceeded. We Ihall record only fuch as were fuccefsful, and at the fame time attended with fuch moderate expence as not to preclude them from common life. 2. With the fubllances employed in his firft experi- ment, which, with the author, we Ih.ill henceforth call n" I. he mixed an equal quantity of what is called/«- /:b!e glafs (vitnmt fujibilej, compofed of fix parts of lime, lour ol fiuor fpar, two of quartz reduced into a fine powder, and one-tenth of a part of mang inefe ; the whole having been calcined, and ground with wa- ter, in the manner colours are ground, he fpread it on the velfel with a brulh. This mixture ran pretty well upon the copper in the coal fire ; it alfo attached itfelf very ftrongly to it, and produced an enamel which was firm and hard, and feemed likely to bear wear; but it was of a dark grey colour, and without any brillian- cy. The mixture did not melt more readily in the af- faying furnace. Two parts of n° i. with one part of the fufible glafs, and a quarter of a part of manganefe, had nearly the fame effefl. This lall mixture, indeed, was rather more eafily melted, but it had a darker colour. 3. Eight parts of \\° i. with one half of a part of borax, one quarter of a part of nitre, and half a part of manganefe, were melted, in the fpace often minutes, into a brown liver-coloured glafs ; which, in the af- f lying furnace, produced upon the copper velfel a black enamel, which had a dull furface. In other refpedls it was firm, even, and hard; but it did not fufficiently co- ver the veffel by a fingle application, nor was it capable of refilling theaftion of acids. 4. One part ot the brown glafs mentioned in the lad experiment, with three parts of n° 1. became, in the allaying furnace with a red heat,almofl as fluid as the lall, and had an even and fmooth furface ; but it was of a dark E N A [ Enamelling a dark colour, and had not any. brilliancy. It was not "'^'^''"*'~' lenfibly acted upon by vitriolic (falphuric) acid. J. Four parts of n" i. mixed with one half of a part of litharge, were melted in a crucible, with the help of the billows, in five minutes, fo as to become as fluid as water. This mixture, during the fudon, emitted a fmell of fulphureous acid, and formed an opaque gl.ifs of a draw colour ; which, after being grouud, as ufuai, and fpread upon a copper veifel, produced an enamel which covered the velfel very evenly, and was wJtli- oul bubbles. It was liitewife, perhaps the hardeft of all, but could net be melted in the alF.iying furnace, requiring a ftronger fire kept up by the bellows. It preferved its ftraw colour, but without any luftre, and refifted the aftion of acids better than the common gla- zing of the potters. 6. Mr Rinnian mixed together equal quantities of gypfum, fluor, fpar, and what the potters call ivhitc lead {a), and which ferves for the bafis of their glazing. This mixture, after being calcined, melted in five mi- nutes, with the afflllance of a pair of bellows into a very white, hard, and opaque enamel, which was very eafily poured out of the crucible. This enamel, treat- ed like the others, ran very freely, equally, and with- out bubbles, by the heat of the alFaying lurnace. It was alfo pretty hard and ftrong, but without any luftre, and had green and yellow fpots, occafiuned by the acids of the gypfum and fluor fpar, which had aifled upon the copper during the fufion vi the enamel. It, how- ever, bore melting two or three times, and tlien ap- peared of a white colour ; it WaS but very little affedcd by other acids. 7. Equal parts of fluor fpar, of gypfum, of litharge, and of pure flint glafs, powdered and mixed together, melted in five minutes, by the help of a pair of bellows, and produced a white and hard gUfs, very like that of the lafl experiment, but rather haider. After being applied on the veflel in the ufual manner, it formed, with the greateft heat of an affajing furnace, an ena- mel of a yellowifh white colour, firm and liard, but without lullre. In order to avoid the formation of bubbles, care was taken (as ought always to be done in enamelling) to remove the veliel from the fire as foon as it had acquired a brilliant appearance therein, or as foon as the enamel was completely melted. 8. Twelve parts of glafs of lead or of litharge, with eight parts of flint glafs, and two of flowers of zinc. Were melted, in the fpacecf fcven minutes, into a clear yellow glafs, which, when ufed for enamelling, was dil- pofed to form bubbles ; but, by continuing the heat for a longer time, the bubbles were difperftd, and he ob- tained a prettv good enamel, ol a yellow brown colour with a greenilh caft, very hard and firm. It refilled the adion of the vegetable acids, like the enamels al- ready fpoken of, but it was a little attacked by the mi- neral acids. 9. Hepowderedandmixed together five parts of fluor fp^r, five parts of gypfum, two parts ot minium, one half of a part of borax, two pans of flint glaG, one hall of a part of calx of tin, and only one twenty-fifth of a part of calx of cobalt. This mixture was melted in a crucible in fix minutes, by help of the billows, and pro- duced an opaque glafs of a pearl colour, a little incli- 7 ] E N A ning to blue, on account of the calx of cobalt. It Enamelling was pretty hard, and, alter being ground with water ^-'^^^*«-' in the ufual way, it became of a very good confiflence, lo as to be very fit for fprcadmg over vefftls, to which it adhered very llrongly. If any toLhles formed on the velfel during its drying, they might b; rut>bed down with the finger, and the whole furf.ice rendered fmooth and even. After being warmed, and gradu illy hcited, it was put into an aiiaying furnace, made very hot with birdi charcoal, which had been juil kindled under the mufBe. After a niin jte it melted, and began to appear brilliant ; lb that he found it necelfary 10 take out ihe velfel very quickly, which was already very evenly coat- ed wi;h a tiiick, and fulli.;iently hard, enamel, the fur- face of which, however, had no brilliancy. The colour lemtii.cd always inclining to green, be- c lufe ilie copper had been a little attacked by the arids of the gypfum and fluor fp.ir during tlie lufion; but in other refptfts this enamel was very firm, was very little hurt by flight blows, and b'>re very well fudden changes of lieat and cold. Weak acids had no aOion upon it ; but he had fjme reafon to think that it would, in length of time, have been aded t'pon, to a certain degree, by vitrijlic (I'ulpburic) acid. I.s colour, ex- cept the lotemeniioncd fliade of green, was white, with a dull, and rather changeable, furface. The calx of cobalt, which has beenju.1 mentioned, and which Mr Rinman made ufe of merely with the in- tention oi obtaining a fine colour, was prepared by (a- turating a folution of cobalt in aquafortis (nitric acid) w ith common fait, and evaporating to drynefs ; by which means lie obtained a fine rofe-coloured calx. A very fniall quantity of this calx, when mixed witii any fufible glafs, gives it a beautiful blue colcur. Of the various fpecies of enamel, which have been defcribed in the courfe of thefe experiments, and which may be all applied, with more or kfs advantage, to kitclien utenfils, the leaft expenfive are n"* i, 2, and 5. ; but they are alfo thofc which require the greaieli heat. On the other hand, n" 9 may be recommended as the moll eafy of fulicn, and, at the fame time, very durable when ufed for coating veffels in which victuals are to be drelled, which is here the principal objeft, and is of far greater importance than the brilliant appear- ance refultingfrom the enamel generally ufed l>y artilli, which however may be employed when the faving of expence is not regarded. The enamels hitherto defcribed are not applicable to vclFcls made of iron, though tliey may be employed to cover copper with great advantage. Iron will not iii- deed bear the common praftice of cnamellers, namely, to be put into the fire and taken out again leveral times ; for the i'parks which fly from iron, when in a hot fire, detach and carry off the enamel from the parts Contiguous to ihofe where tliC fpark^ are formed. The acids, too, of the gypfum and Huor fpar, made ufe of in the enamels already mentioned, aOed upon the iron during the fulion of the cmmtl, from which rel'ulted bubbles and bire fpots, which entirely fpoiled the ap- pearance of the work. Oar author theielore continu- ed his experiments with a view to difcover a proper enamel tor vellels made o! ihi-, metal. 10. He reduced into a very fine powder, and groun^ together (a) This fubftance is itfelf a mixture, being compofed of four pirts of lead and one of tia. E N A C s ] E N F 1 ndincllliig together, rine parts of minium (leil oxyd cf lead), llx parts oC rtint glafs, two parts of pure potalli, two pans (f purified nitre, and one part of borax. This mixture was put into a large crucible, whicli it only half fiilfd ; lie covered the crucible fo that no coals coulJ fall into it, and gradually increafcd the fire under it. When the cfferviifcence had entirely ceafed, he caufcd the mixture to melt, by ufing the bellows for four or five minutes; by thefc means he obtained a clear and compact glaf>, which he poured out of the crucible upon a piece of marble. Having quenched it in water, and reduced it to a very fine powder in a glafs nioriar, he ground it with water to the confulence of a very thin pafle. He then covered an iion vclfcl \vi;h it on both fides, which, after having dried and lie.iteJ it by degrees, he put under a muffle well heated in an alfiyingluinace. The enamel melted very readily in the fpace ol half a minute, .iiid with a very brilliant appearance. He immediately withdrew the vcifel, and let it cool. It was found to be entirely coated with a beautilul enamel of a bLick colour; which colour ap- peared to be caufed by a thin layer of calcined iron, which might be fecn through the tranfparency of the enamel. A copper vclFel, having been covered with the fame enan.el, the fine colour of the copper was vifible through the thin coat of glafs ; and it was as well defended from rull by this coaling as il would have been by an enamel of a rtronger kind. 11. To hinder the colour of the metal from being feen through llie coating, he added to the mixture, ufcd in the preceding experiment, only one hundredth part cf the calx of cobalt delcribed in n'^ 9. Tlie whole was melted into a beautiful blue glafs ; it was prepa- red for enamelling, and applied, in the manner before defcribed, upon another iron veli'e!. The enamel pro- ved to be fmooth, thick and brilliant, like the piece- ding, but it covered the velfel more perfe>ftly ; it was of a fine blue colour, with fome black fpots in thofe parts where it had been moft thinly applied. 12. The glafs of n° 10. reduced into powder, and ground with potters white lead, o{ which mention has already be;n made, melted with the fame facility ; it: produced a very fmooth enamel, of a grey colour, but more firm and hard than the lormer, and, on account of the aduiiion made to it, of a ftill lefi price. By mixing with the fame glafs a fmall quantity of crocus martis.he obtained a very fipe enamel, of a dark red colour, not to mention other colours in it liill more beautiful. The ciocus martls he ufed in this experiment was prepared irom a folution of iron in aqua regia (nitro-miiriatic acid), which was evaporated to diynefs, and the matter thus eJukurated and calcined. 13. In order to render the forementioned enamel more folid, and to give it what is called io./y, he melt- ed together a mixture of twelve parts of Hint glafs, eighteen parts of minium, four parts of potulli, four p.ir.s of nitre, two parts of borax, three parts of calx if tin, and one eighth part of calx of cobalt, obferving always the ufual precautions. He (.htained a glafs of a li^ht blue ci.lour, which, after having been ground ■ with warer, and fpread upon fmall iron b^fins, or tea cups, produced, by means of a brifc fire in an a/Taying furnace, an enamel which was fmooth and even, and of a pearl col&ur. The coating was of a proper thicknefs, Enfield- to obtain which require a certain degree of dexterity Enamelling and pra«-i This fatal event produced effei5ts on the doiflcr's health which alarmed his friends. The fymptoms were thofe of angina pecloris, and they continued till the ufual ferenity of his mind was redored by time and employ, ment. Some of the laft years of his life were the moft comfortable : employed only in occupations which were agreeable to him, and which left him mafter of his own time; witnelTing the happy fettlemenl of two of his daughters ; contraded in his living within the domeflie privacy which he loved ; and conncded wiih fome of the moft agreeable literary companions, and with a fct of the moll cordial and kind-hearted friends that per- haps this ifland aiFords, hefeemed fully to enjoy life as it flowed, and indulged himfelf in pleafing profpeifls for futurity. Alas ! an unfufpeifled and incurable difeafe was preparing a fad and fudJen change : a fchirrous contradlion of the rectum, the fymptoms of which were miliaken by himfelf for a common laxity of the bowel>, brought on a total ftoppage, which, after a week's ftruggle, ended in death. Its gradual approach gave him an opportunity to difplay all the icndernefs, and more than the ufual fjrmnefs, of his nature. He ditd November 3, 1797, amidll the kind offices of mourn- ing friends, and his laft hours were peace ! Befides the literary performances already mentioned, Dr Enfield completed, in 1791, the laborious tafk of an abridgment cf " Brucker's Hlftory of Pbilofophy," which he comprifed in two volumes quarto. It may be truly faid, that the tenets of philofnphy and the lives of its profeiiors were never before difplayed in fo pleafing a form, and with fuch clearnefs and elegance cf language. Indeed it was his peculiar excellence to arrange and e^.prefs other mens ideas to the utmoft ad- vantage. Perhaps, at the time of his deceale, there was not in England a more perfeifl mafter of what is called the middle ftyle in writing, combining the qua- lities of eafe, elegance, perfpicuity, and correiflnefs, en- tirely free from afieflation and fingularity, and fitted for any fubjecl. If his caft of thought was not original, yet it was free, enlarged, and manly. \Vhatlie was in the capacity of a teacher of religion, his feveral congre- gations will teftify with grateful and afFe(flionate re- memberance. Few minifters have paid fuch unremit- ting attention to the perfection of their pulpit compo- fitions ; nor was it only by detached difcourles that he inculcated the truths of mordity and religion, but by methodical plans of inftruflion, drawn up with great care and comprehenuon. The valuable (lores of this kind which he left behind him, will not be configned to oblivion ; but, it is hoped, will inform and improve numbers to whom the voice of the preacher could never Lave extended. In delivery, his manner was grave and imprtffive, depending rather on the weight of juft enun- ciation than in tlic arts of oratory. Little need be added to this fketch ci the moral qualities of the excel- lei.t man above commemorated. If moderation, com- pliancy, and gentlenefs were ever prevalent in him to a de_i;ree of excefs, who that knew him will blame an ex- cels which opened liis foul to every emoiion and oflice cf afFedion and fricndfliip? This account "( Dr Enfield, which is taken from the Monthly Magazine, is acknowledged by its author to be the elFufion of fricndlliip j but we believe that the B panegyric, Eolipile. ENG [lo] EOL panegyric, though high, is in general jufl. It is our clafi. We confefs ourfelves to be unwilling to relinguifli Engraltinj duty, however, to warn our re.iuers .igiinlt placing iin- this opinion ; but it would be very unf.iir to withhold ' plicit confidence in the Doflor's reprel'enialion of an- fnnn the public any i'.iS. which feenis to militate againll , cicnt philofophy ; for though we li.ive iVequenily Ibiind it, and has come to our knowledge. We ihall therefore him correft, and have iheiefore quoted him with ap- trunfciibi; from the Philnfophlcal Magazine \.\\e. io\\r,w- pr(-bition ouifwlves, we have likewil'c itjund him fonie- ing communication iVoni Dr Thornton, ledurer on nie- tinies miftaking the Lnfe of his au;hois. In a work dical botany at Guy's Hofpi'.al, refpeftiiig a fuppoled like his, millakes were indeed unavoidable; for when Lufus naiur£, which he confiders as the confcquence of he refolved to comprefs tlie fubllance of Erucker's live engrafting. volume? within the ccmpais of two, he could not avoid In the firfl volume of the rhi'bfphkal TranfaShns, fonietimes giving what he thought the fenfe of the an- N" XXIX. publilhed November 1667, you have tlic cients, when accuracy required their very 'worth to be following communication, intided, given. This wc believe to be the fource of thofe errors "Some HortuLn Experiments about the engraft- in his elegant hiflory, vvhii;h we have heard otliers un- ing of Oranges and Lemons or Citrons, whereby is piuduced an individual Fruit, liaU Oiange and lialf Lemon, growing K^getlier as one Body upon the fame Tree." We liave here orange trees (faith the intelligence juftly atliibute to dtfign ; for had it been his ilcj.gn to deceive, he would not fui tly have llored his margin with leferenccs to enable every rc.idcr to detefl the deceit. Enfield, a townlliip in Hailford co. Connciflieut, on the E. bank of Connecticut river, oppodte to Suffield, from Florence) th.it bear a fruit which is citron on one and bounded on the N. by the Milfachufetts line: fide and orange on the other. They have been brought it was granted by the court of Maifichufetti, to hither out of other countries, and they are now much Springfield, in 1648, and was fettled in 16S1. In propagated by engratting. This was confirmed to us 1769 it contained 214 Englifli families. In the town (fays the editor of the Tranfaiflicns of the royal Sc- are two Congregational churches, and ameeting-houfe ciety) by a very ingenious Englilh gentleman, who al'- for Shakers. The compact part of tlie town, contigu- ferted, that himfcU not only had feen, but bought of ous to the river, is very pleafint. It is 16 or 18 miles them, anno i66o, in P.iris, whither they had been fent N. of Hartford. — 3forse. by Genoa merchants ; and that on fome trees he had Enfield, a townfhip in Grafton co. New-Hamp- found an orange on one branch and a lemon on ano- (hirc, about 11 miles S. E. of Dartmouth College. It ther branch (which is not fo remarkable as what fol- was incorporaied in 1761, and his 724 inhabitants, lows); as aUo, one of the fame fiuit, half orange ard chiefly farmers. — jl). half lemon ; and fomctiraes three quarters of one, and ENGANNO, TKO^i?t\jK, or Fa//t Cape, istlieeaft- a quarter of the other, ernmoll land of the ifland of St. Domingo, 5-' leagues In the third part of the Reports of the Board of northerly of Pointe de I'Epte, and 22 S. E. of Cape Agriculture, among the foreign communications, we Raphael, or Round Mountain. N. lat. 19. 3. W. long, fee, with equal plcafure and altonilhment, an account from Paris 71. 25. — ii. of the American apple, which, by a peculiar mode of ENGINEER is the appellation of him whofe pro- budding (a), is half fweet an half four, h.df white and fefllon it is to contrive or make any kind of ufetul en- half red, without the leaft confufion of the refpeflive gine or machine. He Is denominated either a civil or military engineer, according as the objects of liis pro- feflion refpeifl civil or military purpofes. See Forti- fication, Encycl. and Machine in this SupplcmeKl. ENGLISH Harlot, one of the bell harbors in the ifl.md of Antigua, on the S (hore, a mile S. E. of the mouth of Falmouth harbor. It it well fortified, and halves At Mr Mafon's, florid, Fleet-ftreet, oppofite the Bolt and Tun, there is a produdlion now, September 1 79^*, to be feen half peach and lialf neflariiie. It has all thefoftnefs and yellDw down of the peach, and the fleek red irnootlinefs c-f the necftarine ; fuppofed to be a lufus nature, but probably is rather tlie I'p.irtings of has a royal navy yard and arfenal, with conveniences art than of nature, and which perhaps will be tlie caufe why we fliall in future fee many other fuch vegetable wonders, which, as we fee, were known to our an- ceftors. ENNEADECATERIS, in chronology, a cycle or period of 19 folar years, being the fame as the golden for careening fliips of war. N. lat. 17. 8. 25. W. long 61. 27. 30. — Morse. English Neighbourhood, a village in Bergen co. New-Jei-fey, on a N. E. branch of Hackinfack river, W. of, and in the vicinity of Fort Lee. — ib. Englishtown, in New-Jerfey, almall village in the number and lunar cycle, or cycle of the moon N. weftern part of Monmouth co. on the road from ENO, a river in N. Carolina, which unites with Princetown to Shrewffaury, 2 1 miles from the former. Little and Flat rivers in Orange co. and forms the 6 W. of Monmouth court-houfe, and i8 E. of Prince- Neui, about 17 miles below HiUiborough Morse. ion.— ib. ENOREE, a N. W. branch of Broad river in S. ENGONASIS, in aftronomy, the fame as Hercules, Carolina. It feparates Pinckney and Ninety-Six dif- one of the northern conftellations. tridls, and joins Broad river about 5 miles below Tyger ENGRAFTING. See Grafting, Encycl. where river. — Ih. it is faid that there is little hope of producing miied ENSETE. See Musa, Encycl. fruits by engrafting one tree upon another of the fame EOLIPILE. See .Solipile, Encycl. EPAULE, (a) The manner in which the extraordinary neftarine peach firft produced in this country was efFei5led, was >y inferting the bud of one fruit upon the ftock bearing a different fort. E P I C 11 ] E P I Epaule EPAULE, or EspAULE, in fortification, the fhoul. I d.r of the baftion, or tlie angle mnde by the face and fPJf^^PJ^- liink, otherwife called the angle of the epaule. El'HRATA, or D.tnLanlToiun, a village in Lan- cafter co. Pcnnfylvania, fituated on the N. \V. fide of Calico cieek, which, joining the Cjnelloga, tails into the Sufquehanna. It lies 12 miles N. ot the town of Lancaller, and upwards of 60 W. of Philadelphia. It is fituated in a romantic and feijuellered vale, and poffell'td by a religious community called Tunkers, who are moftly of German delcent, and believe in general redemption. They ufe great plainnils of drefs and language, and will neither fvvear, nor tight, nor go to law, nor take inlerell for the mon^y they lend. They have many peculiarities ; but their innocent man- ners have acquired them the name of the harmlefs Tunkers. This fcttlement is fomctimes called Tunker's Town, and conllfls of about 40 buildings; of which 3 arc places of v.-orfliip. They fublift by cultivating their lands, by aitending a printin-^-officc, a grift-mill, a paper-mill, an oil-mill, &c. and tlie (liters by fpin- ning, weaving, fewing, &c. Befides this congregation at Ephrata, there were in 1770, 14 others of this fed in various parts of Pcnnfylvaiiia, andfomein Maryland. The whole, cxclufive of thofe in Maryland, amounted to upwards of iOOO fouls. — Morse. EPISCOPACY is a fubjeft of which, in cur own opinion, enough has been faid in the Eiuychpxdla. VVe are requefled however to infert in this place an argu- ment additional to \\° 17. of that article ; and we com- ply with the requell the more icadily that we find the argument, which has been fuggefted to us, in tiiat very work of Dr Beikeley's which we were permitted to abridge even before our amiable friend had pubhlhed it himl'tlf. The argument indeed is not new. It was, we believe, ^;y? uled by Dr Wells in fome controver- fial IcUers ag.iinlt the Englilh dilfenters, which were publillied early in the current century. Dr Berkeley adopted it from Dr Wells ; and other doflors have taken it from Dr Berkeley. It is as follows : That the apoltles ellablilhed fwo orders of miniilcrs in the Chridian church is admitted by all who contend not for tlie equal and common tights of Chrillians ; and that the perfons occupying the higher order, by what- ever title they were known, or however limited may have been the jurifditflion of each, poireifed authority as well to ordain others as to preach thegofpel and ad- minifter the facraments, is the very point on %vhich the advocates for the divine right of prcfbytery infill. At the reformation, however, and for 1400 years before, there was an intermediate order of minifters between thefe two, known by the name of priefts or prefbytcrs, authwiftd indeed to preach the gofpel and to adminiller its facraments, but not authorifed to f-nd labourers of any kind into Chrift's vineyard. This inlertmJ'uite or- der therefore being, by the fuppofition, diltinift from the two apojlolical orders of miniRer';, niuft have been, at whatevei period it was introduced into the chunh, an order of human invention ; but it ii from this order of minifters that the clergy of ihofe churches, which are m t Epifcopal, derive ail their authority to miniller in holy things. The confequcnce is obvious. Scotch EFiscoFALiJi\s area iociety of Chriftians cer- tainly as relpciflable, if not fo numerous, as any otiicr in the kingdom v.'hich dillcnts from the worftiip and dif- r Eflablifii- nicut of Kpifcopacy iubcotUnil. No liturgy ufcil in the Scutch diurch, cipline of the eftabliftied church. For many years, J^pircopacy. however, the public woilhip of that fcciety was pro- ''~'^^'"*^ fcribed by the legill.Uuie ; and there is reafon to fufpcft that its real principles are not yet univerfally under- ftood. If this be fo, it furely becomes the editors of a work in which fjme acco'int is given of almoft every denomination of Chrillians down to the novel ic6i which ftiks its members Bereaks, to do juftice to the venerable remains of what was once the eftabliflud church of their native country. That the reformation from popery was in Scotland tumultuous and irregular, is known to all Europe : and very lew of our readers can be ignorant that there was neitiier order in the reformed church, nor decency in her worlhlp till James VT. with much addrels, accom- piiihid the eftablilhmerit ot a very moderate epil'copacy. To ihib form cf church government the belter part of the nation was fufficiently attaclied; and it continued to be the ecclefiafticul polity, fupported by the ftate, till the grand rebellion, when it was overthrown by the partlzans of the nalioual covenant. It was rellored, however in 1662 ; and again abol.lhed in x68i; by tliat convention which placed the Prince and Princefs of Oianeeonthe ancient throne of the Scottifli monarchs. Thefe events are fo univerfally known, that it it fuf- ficient in this place barely to mention them ; but there are probably many of our readers who do not know, that, during the whole period of her legal eftablilhment, the Scotch epifcopal church had no public liturgy. It appears indeed, that tlie firfl reformers made ule of the Englilli book of common prayer ; and there is on re- cord fufticicnt evidence that John Knox himiielf, though he difapproved ol fome things in that book, had no ob- jedlion either to ftated forms < f prayer in general, or to a fubordlnation among the minillers of the gofpel ; but his fuccelfor Andrew Melvil, who polTelfed nei- ther his learning nor his worth, had influence enough to introduce into the church a perfect parity cf mini- fters, and to excite among the people a very general abhorrence of liturgical worlliip. So rooted indeed was that abhorrence, that, as every one knows, an attempt to introduce into the church oi Scotland a book < f commrn prayer, copied with fome alterations from that of England, produced the fulemn league and ccvitiaiU, which involved in one common ruin the unfoitunate Charles andhisdarling Epifcopacy. At the reftoration of the monarchy, the Epifcopal conllltution of the church was rcftored, but no new attempt was made to eftablilh the ufe of a public liturgy, and except at the ordina- tions of the clergy, when the Englilh forms «cre ufcd, no fervice book was itsn in a Scottiih church. Forfomo years alter Epifcopacy liad ceafcd to be the religion of the ftate, the deprived clergy made no alte- ration in tlieir modes of focial worlhip. Having re- fufed to transfer to King William tiiat allegiance which they had fworn to Kmg J imes, they were treated, du- ring his rtign with fuch fcverity, that on the Lord's day they diirft not venture fuitlierthan to officiate "in their own hijed houfcs. where they received fuch friends a' chofc t" conic in unto them ;" and in thofe fmall congregations, if congregations they may be called, they continued to pray, it not extempore, at leaft with- out book, till the acceilion of Anne to the throne of her a'lceftors. The attachment of that Princefs, not orily to the cjnftitution, but alfo to the worfliip of the B 2 church 3 Except at ordiniti- r.rlfcopacy. 4 Introiluc- tion of the Englilh li- turgy. i^ourccs of divifion a- niong the Scotch E- pifcopali- E P I [ clmrch of Eii;'l ind, was well known to them ; and they very reafouably thought that they could not more et- feiflually recommend themCelves to her proteflion than by adopting the uib of the Englifli liturgy, which the mofl enlightened among them had long profelTed to ad- mire. It was accordingly introduced by degrees into Scotland; and an aft of parliament being palTed on the 3d of March 1712, "to prevent the difturbing ot thofe of the Epifcopal communion in that part of Greit Bri- tain called Scotland, in the exercife of their religious worlTiip, and in the ufe of ihe liturgy of the church of England," tlvat liturgy was univerfally adoptsd by the Scotch Epifcopalians ; ar.d public chapels, which had hitherto been prohibited, wcie everywhere built, and well frequented. That thofe who had refufcd idlegiance to King Wil- liam and Quten Anne fhould fcruple to pay it to a new family, clogged as it was by fo many oaths, can excite no wonder ; nor, is it at all wonderful, that, for their attachment to the abdicated family, the public worlhip of the Scotch Epifcopalians was, after the in- furrtaionof 17 15 and 1716, laid under fomereftraints. Thefe, however, were neither rigoroufly fevere, nor of long duration ; and by the year 1720, their con- gregations were as numerous as formerly, confiftuig, efpecially in the northern counties, of men of all ranks, even fuch as held offices of truft under the ellablifhed government, who frequented the Epifcopal chapels in preference to the paiilh churches. Hitherto the Epifcopalians had been fafely conduiff- ed through all dangers and difficulties by the prudence of Dr Rofe, the deprived bilhop of Edinburgh ; but foon after his death, which happened on the 20th ot March, 1720, divifions broke out among them, which threatened to prove more fatal to their church than any perfecution to which they had yet been fubjeded. For realbns which will be feen afterwards, it is proper to trace thofe divifions from their fource. No native of Britain, who knows any thing of the hiftory of his country, can be ignorant, that Dr Sail- croft, the archbilliop of Canterbury, and five other bi- fliops, were at the Revolution deprived of their fees by an aft of parliament ; becaufe, like the Scotch bi- (hops, they could not bring themfelvcs to transfer to King William and Queen Mary that allegiance which they had fo lately fworn to King James. As thofe prelates were extremely popular for the vigorous oppo- iition which they had given to fome of the Popilh pro- jeas of the late king, and as a number of inferior cler- gymen, of great eminence for piety and learning, were involved in the fame fate with them ; it need not excite great furprife, that a fweeping deprivation, which, in all its circumftances, was perhaps without a precedent in ecclefiaftical hil^ory, produced a fchifm in the church of England. The deprived clergy, confidering the bifhops who were placed in the fees thus vacated as in- truders, and all who adhered to them as fchifmatics, opened feparate chapels under the authority cf the pri- niate and his nonjuring fuffragans ; and contended, that ihey and their adherents conftituted the only orthodox and catholic branch of the church in England. 2 ] E P I Both churches, however, made ufe of the fame litUT- Epifcopacy. gy : and during tlie lives of the deprived prelates, there was no other apparent difference in their worlhip than what necelfarily refulted from their paying allegiance to different foverei^ns. But this uniformity was not of long duration. The bilhops, who had been polfelfed of fees before the Revolution, were fcarcely dead, when their fucce(r)rs, being under no civil reftraint, found, in the principles which they had hrouqht w-ith theni from the eftablilhment, the means, not only of dividing their own little church, but likewife of fowing the feeds of diffenfion among their brethren in Scotland. It has been oblerved elfewhere*, that in the church of England there are three opinions refpecling the na- ture and end of the Lord's Supper, which, in oppofi- tion to eucl) other, have been all patronifed by men of •'' great eminence for theological learning. It appears, indeed, from the firll liturgy fet forth by authority in the reign of King Edward VI. that the reformers of that church, from the errors of popery unanimoufly held the Lord's Supper to be a euchariftical facrifice ; and this opinion, which has been adopted by great numbers in every age fince, feems to have been the moll prevalent of the three among thofe clergy who were deprived of their livings at the Revolution. It is in- deed countenanced by feveral paffages in the prefent or- der for th: aJminiftration of the Lord's S'lpper ; and therefore, though there are other things in that order which cannot be ealily reconciled to it, archbilliop San- croft, and bis fuffragans, whatever their own opinions might be, chofe not to widen the breach between them- felvcs and the eltablifliment, by deviating in the fmalleft degree from the form in which they had been accuftom- ed to celebrate that facrament. Their fucceffors, how. ever, in office, were men of different difpofitions. Con- fidering themfelves as totally unconneifted with the (late, and no longer bound by the aft of uniformity, one party, at tl;e head of which was bidiop Collier, the celebrated ecclefiaftical hiftorian (a), judged it pro- per to make fuch alterations in the communion office as might render it more fui table to their own notions of the Lord's Supper, and bring it nearer, both in mat- ter and form, to the nioft ancient hturgies of the Chri- ftian church. Of the propofed alterations, fome were perhaps pro- per in their circumllances ; whilll others, to fay the beft of them, were certainly needlefs, if not inexpedient. They were accordingly all oppofed by another power- ful party of nonjurors ; and the queftions in difpute were referred, firll to Dr Rofe, the deprived bifhop of Edinburgh, and afterwards to Dr Atterbury and Dr Potter, tlie bilhops of Rocheller and Oxford. What judgment the two Englifli prelates gave in this contro- verfy we know not ; but that of bifhop Rofe did him much honour. Declining the oflice of umpire between the parties, he recommended mutual forbearance and occafional communion with each other, according to either form ; and employed a gentleman, well verfed in ecclefiaftical literature, to prove that fuch a compliance of biftiops with each other's innocent prejudices was not uncommon in the pureft times. Thefe Supper of the Lord, En- (I. (a) This very learned, though violent man, of whom the reader will find fome account in the Encyclopitiiay was, with Dr Hickes and others, confecrated by the deprived prelates, for the purpofe of preferving the Epif- copal fucceffion in what they confidered as the true church of England. E r I [ I Epifcopacy. Thefe difputes among the Engllfh nonjurors, and ^■^"^'"^ the appeal which was made to Dr Rofe, drew, more clofely than hitherto it had been drawn, the attention of the Scotch Epifcopal clergy, not only to their own liturgy, which had been authorifed by King Charles I. but likewil'c to the moll ancient liturgies extant, as well as to what the fathers of the fird three centuries have taught concerning the nature of the Lord's Supper. The confequence was, th.it fuch of them as were fcho- lars foon difcovered, that the Scotch communion office approached much nearer to the moll ancient offices than the Englirti ; and a powerful party was formed for re- viving the ufe of it in Scotland. Had thofe men aimed at nothing farther, it is pro- bable they would have met with very little oppofition. Their opponents, who, in general, were lefs learned than they, were fo llrongly attached to the houfe of g Stuart, that they would have adopted almofl any thing Revival of fanftioned by the royal martyr's authority ; but the ancicntufa- advocates for the Scotch office ivnew not where to flop. £'*• They wilhed to introduce fome other ufages of the pri- mitive church, fuch as the commemoration of the faith- ful departed, and the mixture of the eucharitlic cup (See Sui'i'ER of the Lord, n° 2. and 3. Encycl.); and their brethren, perceiving no authority from Charles I. for thefe things, and being accuftomed to confider them as Popidi praiftifes, a violent controverfy was ready to burft forth about what every enlightened mind mull confider as matters of very little importance. That the eucharillic cup was in the primitive church mixed with a little water, i? a fadl incontrovertible ; that the pradlice was harmlefs and decent, it is wonder- ful that any man lliould deny ; but that fuch a niix-- ture is ejfiniiol to the facrament, we cannot believe, for the reafons affigned in the article referred to ; and therefore it ought furely to have been no object of con- tention. That the faithful departed were commemorated in 3 ] E P I I the primitive church long before the invention of pur- Epifcopri'y. gatory, is known to every fcholar ; that In thofe days ^-^'"■''"^»' fuch a commemoration tended to invigorate the faith and the charity of Chriftians, it would, in our opinir-n, be very eafy to prove ; and that at prefcnt every Chri- (lian prays in priv.ite for his deceafed friends, we have proved elfewhere by arguments, of the eonfutation of which we are under no apprehenfion (See GRF.FKchaich in this SuppUmeni) : but we (it not the ncccjfi'.y of in- troducing fuch prayers into public worfhlp at any pe- riod ; and we perceive impropriety in di'ing it at a pe- riod when, from various circurallances, they may caufe weak brethren to err. But tiiofe who pleaded for the revival of this practice in the beginning of the current century, were blinded by their very erudition (b) ; and thofe who oppofcd it feem not to have been acquainted with the workings of a benevolent and devout mind, or indeed to have known in what the ellence of a prayer confills. The ancient uf iges, however, were not the only fub- jeifts which, on the death of bilhop Rofe, furnifhed matter for controverfy among the Scotch Epifcopalians. That excellent prelate, together with the deprived arch- bilhop of Glafgow, and the deprived bilhop of Dun- blain, had, from time to time, as they faw occafion, raifed to the Epifcopal dignity fome of the moft defer- ving Prefbyters of the church ; but it was refolved, for what reafon we do not very well know, that none of the new bilhops fhould be apixiinted to vacant diocefes daring the life of any one prelate who had polfclTed a legal eftabliOiment ; fo that billiop Rofe, who furvived all his brethren, was for feveral years the eccleliaftical governor of the whole Epifcopal church in Scotland. On his death, therefore, though there were four billiops in Scotland, and two Scotch bifliops refiding in Lon- don, there was not one of thofe prelates who could claim to himfelf the authority of a diocefan over any portion of the Catholick church. This they at firft una- nimoufly (b) Paradoxical as this aflertion may at firft fight appear, nothing is more certain than that erudition, and even fcience, if partially cultivated, is as likely to blind as to enlighten the underft.mding. When a man de- votes all his lime, and all his attention, to om purfuit, he contraifls fuch a fondnefs for it, as gradually to confi- der it as the only valuable purfuit, which will infallibly lead to truth, and to nothing but truth ; and in this dif- pofition of mind, he is ready to embrace the moft extravagant ablurdity to which it may conduct him. Of this the reader will find one very ftriking inftance in page 62S vol. L of this Suppl. where the celebrated Euler appears fo devoted to his darling analyfis, as to place implicit confidence in it, even when he iiimfelf feems fenfible that it had led him to a conclulion contrary to common fenfe, and the nature of things. That Dr Bentley was a very eminent philologift, is univcrfally known ; that his emendatory criticifms on the ClalFics are often happy, no man will deny ; and yet, mifled by his favourite purfuits, he never pronounces more dogmatically than when the dogma which he utters is untenable. We appeal to his criticifms on Milton. Perhaps there is not a man alive who will refufe to Dr Waburton the praife of learning and ingenuity. The addrel's with which he de- tefls the double doflrines of the ancient philofophers, is fometimes almofl allonilhing ; yet, mifled by his own ardour in this purfuit, he difcovers hidden meanings everywhere, and has found a rational fylleni of religion in fome of the ancient myfteries, where there is every reafon to believe that nothing in reality was to be found but atheifm and vice. Juft fo it is with.tlie ardent reader of the Chriftian fathers. If he devote all his time to tlie Itudy of their writings, he not only becomes enamoured of his employment, but acquires gradually fuch a veneration for the character of hismafters (and venerable they undoubtedly are) as renders him afraid to quef- tion any thing wliich they advance, and unable to dilllnguilli between their tcftimony, whicli is delcrving of all credit, and their reafonings, which are often inconclulive. We trull it is needlefs to difclaim any wilh to dlf- courage, by this note, the ftudy either of the Chriftian fathers, the Greek piiilofophcrs, philologic.il criticifni, or the modern analyfis ; we only wilh to dilfuade men of letters from devoting their whole time to any one purfuit whatever ; for they may depend upon it, that fuch partial ftudies contrail tlie mind. One of the moft eminent matiiematicians at prefent in England is reported to have declared his contempt of the ParaJifc Lo/l, becaufe he found in it nothing Jmonjhatnl ! E r I C H ] E P I Epiroypacy. nimoufly acknowledged ; and one of iliem, in tlie name of himlelt and liis bie'.hren, recommended to the clergy ot the dioccfcnt Edinl)urgh to clecf), after the primitive plan, a fuccelTor to their late venerable dioccfan. The advice was followed; the eleiflion was made, and ap- proved by the bilhops : and Dr Fullirton, the bilhop chi^fen, became b:(h"p ot Edinburgh, by the fame n;cans and the fame authority as, in the ptimitive church, St Cyprian became billiop of Carthage, or Cortielliis bilhop of Rome. llie clergy in other diftrifl?, fnllowinq the example of thole ill Edinburgh, diocclkn Epifcopacy was about to be revived througlunit all Scotland upon principles pirely ecclcfiaftical, when fome of the l)i(hop^■, >vhom Di Ro:"e had left behind liim merely for preferving the Epifcopal fiiccelFiin, conceived a ntw and very e.ttr.j- y ordinary conllitution for the Scotch Epifcopal church. College of Whether they were envious of their colleagues, and of- bilhops. i'ended that none of the elecflions had f.illen upon them ; whether ihey were fo ignorant as not to know that di. ocef.m Epifcopncy had fublilted lung bet" re the con- verlion of the Roman empire, in abiolute independence on the rtate ; or that tlu-y were aJluated, as there is realon to lufpcifl, by I'mnc political principle which they could not with lafety avow ; — fo it was, that they oppofcd diocefan E['ifcopacy ol cvety kind, and pro- poled to govern the wliole Scotch church bv a college of bifliop';. Againll this unprecedented fchenie the more learned bilhops oj)pofed all their ir.fluence; and being exceedingly difigreeable to the inferior clergy, it was very foon abandoned by its authors themfelves, who, after fome aciimonious controverfy, were glad to 8 come to an agreement with their diocefan brethren. Thofe divi- Of this agreement, or concorduk as it was called, the fioiisheal- following were the principal articles: i. " That the Scotch or Enflilli liturgy, and no other, might be indiffeiently ufcd in the public ferv ice ; and that the peace of the church lliould not be diHurbed by the in- troduiTion of any of the ancient ufages which had late- ly excited fuch dilFenfions. 2. That no man lliould thenceforward be confecrated a bilhop of the Scotch church without the confent and tippiobation of the ma- jority of the bilhops. 3. That the biiliops, by a ma- jority of voices, fhould choofe one of their number to "prefide in the meetings of his breihien, and to convo- cate fuch meetings when he judged them necelTary : that this prefident fliould be llyled Primus Epifcopus, or more (hortly Primus ; but that he (hould not pof- fefs metropolitical power, or claim any kind of jurifdic- tion without the bounds of his own diocef; or diftridt. 4. That upon the vacancy of any diocefe or diftrift, the prefbyters Ihould neither eleft, nor fubmit to, ano- ther bilhop, without receiving a mandate by the Pri- mus, iffiied with the confent of the majority of his col- leagues." This concordate was in 1731Z fubfcribed by all the bifliops then in Scotland, who immediately became dio- cefans, and thought no more of the college fyftem. It was afterwards, with a few additions, for afcertaining more prccifcly the prerogatives ol the Primus ; for re- gulating the conduiS of fynods j for exempting bifnops from the juiifdiiflion of otlicr biiliops, in whofc diftri(5ls they might chance to refide ; and for preventing infe- rior clergymen from del'erting their congregations, or removing from one diftricl to another, without the con- ed. fent of the bifliops of both — thrown into the form of Epifcopacy. canons ; and thefe canons have continued to be the *>^^""''~^~' code of the Scotch Epifcopal church down to the pre- fent day. p The members, and more efpeci.illy the clergymen of Political this church, had always been confidered as unduly at- opiniom. tached to the family of Stuart ; and though there was undoubtedly at tirft fome ground for that fufpicion, the writer of this article knows, from the moft incon- trovertible evidence, that it was continued too long, and carried by much too far. Jicobitifm was impu- ted to the fociety as its diltlnguiihing tenet ; but the members of that fociety have at all times contended, that their diftinguilhing tenets were the apoflolical inftitution of Epifcopacy, and in the exercife of thofe powers wliich are purely fpiritual, the independency of the church up. on the llate. In politics, indeed, they have unanimoufly maintained, that the only ruler of princes or legijlatures is God, and not the people. They are, of courfe, no friends to the faihionable doiftriiie of refiflance, wliich they believe to be not only condemned in exprefs terms by Chrift and two of his apollles, but to be alio the fource of that anarchical tyranny which is at pr,."fent deluging Europe with blood. They confider a limited monarchy, like that of Britain, as the "noil perfed form of eivil government which the world has ever fecn ; an hereditary monari;..y is infinitely preferable to one that is eledlive ; and with refpecl to the title of the monarch, when they take a retrofpedive view of the origin of all civil governments, they cannot but look upon a per- manent and unquellioned eflablifhrnent as an indication of the plan and determination of Providence furniruing the bell right to a crown which any modern fovereign can claim. 13 Surely thefe are harmlefs opinions ; and yet the wor- Pcrfecu- fliip of thofe who held them was, in 1746 and 174S, laid ''»"• under fuch reftraints as were calculated to produce dil- afFeiflion where it did not previoufly exill. Two laws were then enacted againll the Scotch Epifcopalians ; wh'ch, under the pretence of eradicating their attach- ment to the houfe of Stuart, were fo contrived as to pre- clude fuch of their clergy as were willing to pay alle- giance to the reigning fovereign, and to pray for the royal family by name, from reaping the fmalleft benefit from their loyalty. The experiment was tried by fome of them ; of whom one venerable perfon, who was never fufpefted of undue attachment to the houfe of Stuart, is ftiU alive ; but he, and his complying brethren, had their chapels burnt, and were themfelves imprifoned, as if they had been the mod incorrigible Jacobites. This was a kind of perfecution which, (ince the Reformation, has had no precedent in the annals of Britain. A pried of the church of Rome, by renouncing the errors of Popery, has at all times been qualified to hold a living in Eng- land ; a dilTenting minifter, of whatever denomination, might at any time be admitted into orders, and rife to the higlieft dignities of the Englifh church ; — but while the laws of 1746 and 174S remained in force, there was nothing in the power of a Scotch Epifcopal cler- gyman to do from which he could reap the fmallell be- nefit. By taking the oaths to government, he was not qualified to hold a living in Englantl, or even to enjoy a toleration in Scotland ; ;ind his clerical charafcer be- ing acknowledged by the Englifh bifliops, he could not by thofe prelates be canonicaily reordaiued. Upoa E P I C ^5 ] E Q^ U Epifcopacy. II Toleration iz Mth of th« Scotch Epifcopal church. Their wor ftiip. Upon the clergy, however, thofe laws of uncommon rigour were not long rigoroully executed. After a few years, the burning of chapels, and the impiifoning of niinillers, were occurrences iar from frequent ; but ihe laws to which we allude affcifled likewile the political privileges of fuch laynncn as irequented the Epifcopal chapels ; and in that part ot their operation, thofe laws were never relaxed till lyoz, when they were wholly repealed, and the Epifcopalians in Scotland tolerated like other well affefted dilFenters from tlie naliocal ei'la- blifnment. While Epifcopacy was the eflabliflied form of church government in Scotland, the clergy ol" that church fub- Icribed a confelhon of faith fummed up in twenty-five articles, wliich the reader will find in the hiftory attri- buted to John Knox. It is fufricient to obferve in this place, tliat in clientials it ditfers littl;: from the articles of m'jll other relormed churches ; and in every thing wliich does not immediately relate to papljlry, it is mo- derate and unexceptionable ; perhaps more lo than the prcfent confelhon of eitlier ot the Britilh churches. During the period which intervened between tlie Re- volution and the year 1792, no lubfciipiion was in- deed requiied from Scotch Epifcopalian cleigyreen to any fummary c f Chrillian doctrine ; but at their ordi- nations, thofe clergy folcmnly profelfed llieir belief of all the canonical books of the Old and New Tefta- ments ; declared their perfuallon that thofe books con- tain fulliciently all doflrines necelfary to falvaiion, through i'aith in Jefus Chrill ; and were obliged to read daily in their chapels the Englifii book of Com- mon Priyer, which contains tlie Apoltles, Nicene, and Aihanafian creeds. But now thofe cleig\ men are en- joined by ai5t of parliament to fubfcribe the 39 ar- ticles of tlie church of England ; fo that the princi- ples of their faith are well known. No doubt theie are diflferences of opinion among them about the fenfe of fome of thofe articles ; and it is well known that there are fiinilar dihcrences among the Englifh clergy themfelves: but there is every reafon to believe, that the faith of the Scotch Epilcopallans has, in every important point, been at all times orthodox. We are aware, that they have been reprefented as unfriendly to the Engliih fervice j but fuch a reprelen- tion appears to be either a wiltul falfehood, or the offspring of ignorance. The only reioimed liturgy that ever had the fanftion of a civil cltaUliihment in Scotland, is the Bo'jk of Common Prayer, aiul Mmiiii- Jlration of the Sacraments, and ether parts if Divine Ser- vice authoriled by King Charles I. In that book, the order of adminiftraiion of the Lord's Supper differs in fome particulars from the Englilh order, and is unquef- tionably better adapted to the opinions of thofe who confider that holy ordinance eiiher as an euchariftical facrifice, or as a feaft upon a facrlfice. In the one or other of thefe lights, the Lord's Supper is viewed by a great majority of the Scotch Epitcupalians ; and of courfe the Scotch communion office is uled in a great majority ot their chapels : but it is not ufcd in them all. Their bilhops, who, when in England, cummuni- cate with the ellablilLed church, leave the iiiteiiur cler- gy at liberty to ufe eitlier the Englifh or the Scotch form, as is moll agreeable to themfelves and to the people among whom they miniller ; and to filcnce the clamour of fymbolizing with the church of Rome, which was fome yenrs ago either ignorantly or mal'ci- Epr'"? oully raifed againft them, they altered the arrau^cmen! .11 ot the Scotch prayer of confecration, fo as not only to y^tl^J^iJ'^ bring it nearer to the nirlt primitive forms, but alfo to make it abloKitely inconliUent with the re^l prefence, as taught either by the church oi Rome or by the Lu- theran cliurches. On this fubjtcl, fee CkEBK-Cnikcn, n° 17. in th's Supphmrnt. ^ Thus liave we given a (hort view of the diftinguifh- EngliHi ing principles of what mull furdy be coiifidered as a clcrjjyircn very refpeclable fociety of Chriftians, and the only re- "''''■■''''""^• formed Epifcopal fociety in that part of Great Britain called Scotland. There are, indeed, chapels in Scotland diftinfl from the church nf which we have been treat- ing, where the Englilh liturgy is read by clergymen who have received Epifcopal ordination either in Eng- land or in Ireland ; but thofe cliapels being all inde- pendent of each other, and under the inl'pcdion of no bifliop, the perfons who frequent them leem to be ra- ther Congregatiunalills than Epifcopalians, and certain- ly do not conllitute what can, with any propriety, be called an Epifcopal church. EPPING, a plantation in the diflri^ of M.iine, of about 25 families, i 2 miles from Narragu.igue. — Mor>e. Epping, a townfhip in Rockingham co. New-ljamp- fliire, taken from the N. W. part of Eieter, and in- corporated in 1741. In 1790 it contained 1:233, ""^ 1740 inhabitant!.. It is 6 miles N. W. of Exeter, and 23 W. of Portfmoutli. — ib. EPSOM, a townfliip in Rockingham co. New- Hamplhire, lies E. of Pembroke, adjoining ; 10 miles E. of Concord, and 45 miles N. W. of Portinioutli. It was incorporated in 1727 ; in 1775 ■' contained 387, and in 1790, 799 inhabitants.. — ih. EQUiiNT, in aftronomy, a fanciful circle, intro- duced into fcience to remove fome ot the deteifls of the Ptolemaic fyllem of the univerfe. In this artificial fyftem of epicycles and eccentric circles, the idea of cir- cular and equable motion was by no means abandoned ; but while each of the lieavenly bodies revolved in its own orb, the centre of that orb was fuppofed to be car- ried at the fame time round the circumference ot ano- ther circle. The more obvious inequalities were thus explained with a geometrical precifion. With all its nice combination, however, of circles, tlie fyllem was foon found to have deftiSs ; to remove wliich, the fine contrivance of the equant was introduced. Though the angular motion of a planet viewed fiom the earth was confeiil'd to be unequal, a point could be conceived from which it would be feen to move witli peif(.(5l uni- formity. That point v.-as made the centre of the equant, and lay at the fame dillance from the centre of the eccentricity on the one tide, as the earth was removed on the other. " Nothing (fays Dr Smith, from whom this account of tlie equant is taken) can more evidently Ihew, how much the lepofe and tranquillity oi the imagination is the ultimate end of philofophv, than the inveiuiou of this equalizing cir- cle." EQIJATION OF A CURVE. See Algebra (En- cycl.) Part III. chap. ii. Sicular EcivATioN, in aflronomy. See Astronomt in this Supplement, n* 25 — 38. EQUICURVE CIRCLE, the fame with Circle of Curvature, which fee in this Supplement. ERGETT Ergctt dc kiaiie II I'.rk'pom. F.RGETT ERGET E R K [ I ,—,— , T Two AbvlTiiiian fhrubs of ■.11 EL KRAN^ I ., ' T,, 1 • u m,^, , > the eenus Mimosa, which li i 1 Y DIMMO I r 7- I J Ice, M,ncycl. ^ ] ESC F-fcanibia. ERIE, EoRT, a ftrong fortification in Upper Candi- da, fiuiated on the N. (hore of lake Erie, ;ind on the \V. bank of Niagara river, 27 miles S. by E. of Niaga- ra Fort, and 18 above the carrying place at the Falls of Niagara. N. lat. 42. 59. W. long. 78. 20. 30. — Mors:. Erie, a lake of the fourth magnitude in North- /\merica, and through which runs the line between the United States and Upper Canada. D'Etroit river on the W. brings tiie waieis of the great lakes vvitli wh'ch lake Erie has a communication on the N. W. and Nia- gara river on the E. forms its communication with the waters of lake Ontario and tlie river St. Lawrence. It i-. fituated between 41. and 43. N. lat. and between 78. 48. and 83. W. long. Its form is eliptical. Its length is about 225 miles ; and its medium breadth about 40. It affords good navigation for fliipping of any burden. The coaft on both fides of the lake is generally favour- able for the padage of batteaux and canoes. Its banks in many places have a flat fandy iliore, particularly to the ealhvard of the peninfula called Long Point, which runs upwards of 1 8 miles into the lake, and being com- pofed of fand is very convenient to haul boats out of the lurf upon it, when the lake is too rough for failing and rowing ; yet in fome places, chiefly on the S. fide to- wards both ends of the lake, it would be dangerous to approach and impofl"ible to land, by reafon of the per- pendicular height of the rocks. Some of thefe, (as at Cayahoga, which are already defcribed) are magnifi- cent beyond delcription, and mufl alio infpire dread in the boldeft breaft, when viewed from the water. Lake Erie has a great variety of fine fifh, fuch as (lurgeon, eel, white filli, trout, perch, &c. Lakes Huron and Michigan afford communication with lake Erie, by vef- fcls of 8 feet draught. There are portages into the waters of lake Erie from the Wabafh, Great Miami, Mufkingum, and Alleghany, from 2 to 16 miles. The portage between the Ohio and Potowmac will be about 20 miles, when the obflru(5fions in the Monongahela and Cheat rivers are removed. — ii. ERIE'S, an Indian nation, called by tlie French, du Chat, or Cat-nation. They were extirpated by the Iroquois about the year 1655. Were it not for the lake which Ifill bears the name of that nation^ one would not have known that they ever exifted. — il>. ERKOOM, an Abyfllnian bird, part of a large tribe, " in which (fays Mr Bruce) the greateft variety lies in his beak and horn. The horn he wears fometimes upon the beak and fometimes upon the forehead above the root of the beak." This bird is by naturalills called the Itidian croiu or raven; and our author, though he feems to think this claffificaticn improper, admits that he has one charafterillic of the raven ; he walks, and does not hop or jump in the manner that many others of that kind do ; but then he at times runs with very great velocity, and, in running, very much refembles tlie turkey or buftard when his head is turned from you. The colour of the eye of this1)ird is of a dark brown, or rather reJdifh, calf, but darker ftill as it approaches the pupil ; he has very large eyelafhes, both upper and lo'.-er, but efpeclally his upper. From the point of ErUoom the beak to the extremity of the tail is three feet ten inches ; the breadth, from one point of the wing to the other extended, is fix feet, and the length twenty- two inches ; the length of the neck ten inches, and its tliicknefs three inches and a half; the length of the beak, mcafuring the operiing near the head llraight to the point, ten inches; and from the point of the beak to the root of the horn, fcven inches and three eighths. The whole length of the horn is three inches and a half. The length of the horn, from the foot to the extre- mity where it joins the beak, is four inches. The tliicknefs of the beak in front of the opening is one inch and feven eighths. The tliicknefs of the hoin in front is one inch and five eighths. The horn in height, taken from the upper part of the point to the beak, two inches. The length of the thighs feven inches, and that of the legs fix inches and five eighths. The thicknefs in profile feven lines, and in front four lines and a half. It has three toes before and one behind, but they are not very flrong, nor fcemingly made to tear up carcafcs. The length of the foot to the hinder toe is one inch fix lines, the innermoft is one inch feven lines, the middle two inches two lines, and the lall outer one two inches one line. This bird is all of a black, or rather black mixed with foot-colour ; the large feathers of the wing are ten in number, milk- white both without and within. The tip cf his wings reaches very nearly to his tail ; his beak and head mea- fured together are eleven inches and a half, and his head three inches and a quarter. At his neck he has thofe protubeiances like the Turkey-cock, which are light-blue, but turn red upon his being chafed, or in the time the hen is laying. The erkoom, though not eafily raifed, flies (fays our author) both ftrong and far. It has a rank fmell, and is faid in AbyfTinia to feed upon dead carcafes. This, however, he thinks a niiftake, as he never faw it following the army, nor approaching a dead carcafe ; and as often as he had occafion to open this bird, he found in its ftomach nothing but the green fcarabeus or beetle. It builds in large thick trees, always, if it can, near churches; has a covered neft like that of a magpie, but four times as large as the eagle's. It places its nefl firm upon the trunk, without endeavouring to make it high from the ground : the entry is always on the eaft fide. ERROL, a fmall town on lake Umbagog, in the N. eallernmoft fettled part of Grafton co. New-Hamp. lliire, incorporated in 1774. — Morse. ERVINE, a townfliip in Ontario co. New-York. Of its inhabitante 93 are qualified to be eleftors. — ib. ESCAMBIA, one of the moft confiderable rivers that fall into the bay of Penfacola in Weft-Florida, empties itfelf near tlie head of the N. branch, about 12 or 15 miles from Penfacola, through feveral marfties and channels, which have a number of iflands between tliem, that are overflowed when the water is high. A flioal near its mouth prevents vellels, drawing more llian 5 or 6 feet, from entering ; but there is from 2 to 4 fathoms of water afterwards. Capt. Hutchins af- cended it in a b<.at upwards of 80 miles, and from the depth of water there, it appeared to be navigable for pettiaugers many miles further. It is uncertain where its ESS [ 17 ] its fource is. The courfe is very winding. At the mouth of the river on the W. lide was the t'lwn of E T O Camhleton, fettled by French Protertants in 1766, but was afterwards abandoned. The lands in general on each fide of the river, are rich, low or fwanipy, admirably adapted for the cul- ture of rice or corn. The great number of rivulets which fall into this river from the high circumjacent country, may be led over iany part of the rice lands, at any fe.ifon of the year. The numerous iflands at the mouth of the river, fome of very confiderable ex- tent, are not in'erior for rice to any in America. The fettlements made by MeJfrs. Tait and Mitchell, capt. Jobnion, Mr. M'Kinnon, and fome others, are very evident prools of thi atfertion ; who within two ye^irs of tlicir iirrt fcttlement, had nearly cleared all the ex- penfes they had been at in making very confiderable ellabliiliments ; and would entirely have done it in another year, had not the Spaniards taiten pofleffion of the country. — ii. ESPIRITU SANCTO, a bay on the W. coaft of Edl Florida, in 27. b. N. lat. It has a good harbor, 4 fathom water, and fate anchorage; but the land all about the coall is very low, and cannot be feen fi-om a lliip's declc when in 7 fathom water. Several low, fandy iflandi and marfhes, covered with mangrove bulhos, lie before the main land. Here are imnienfe numbers of fiih in the lummer time, which may be caught with a fein, enough to load a Ihip, (if the cli- mate would admit of curing them) even in a few days. —a. ESQUIMAUX, a large bay on the Labrador coaft, into which a river of the fame name empties. It lies in the N. W. part of ihe gulf of St Lawrence, near the mouth of the llraits of Belleifle. Efquimaui iflands lie acrofs its mouth. — ii. ESSEX Co. in Maifacufetts, is bounded N. by the flate of N. Hampftiire ; E. and S. by the ocean, and the town of Chellea in Suffolk co.; W. by Middlefei CO.; in length about 38 miles, in breadth 25 ; and is (liaped triangularly, Chelfea being the acute point. The chief iflands on its coaft, belonging to it, are Cftpe Anne and Plumb iflands. It is fubdivided into 22 townfliips, which cvntain 7644 houfes and 57,913 inhabitants ; being the moft populous, of its fize, of any in the ftate, having about 135 fouls to a fquare mile. The firft fetllement in Mailachufetts Proper was made in Salem, the capital of the county, in 1628, by John Endicott, Efq. one of the original patentees, and many years governor of the colony. It was made a fliire in 1643, being one of the thiee into which tlie colony Was hrft divided. Elfcx co. pays about one fc- vcnth part of the ftate tax, eleiU fix feiiators and coun- fellors for the government of the commonwealth, and one reprefentaiive in the Icgiflalure of the United States. — iL Tlie face of the county is pleafingly variegated with hills, vale.-, woods, and plains. 'I'lie land is general- ly fruitful ; but is more favourable to barley than moft other pans of the fta'e. Quarries of marble and lime- ftone are found in this coun:y ; and the fea roaft is in- dented with a nim;ber of goi)d harbors. Merrimack river, intcif.cti the N. part of Elfex county; be- tween it .'iid the Kew-tlamplhire line are the towns SurrL. Vol. II. of Methuen, Haverhill, Almftury and SaliPjury. —ib. Essex Co. in Virginia, is bounded E. and N. E by , Rappahannock river, which divides it from Richmond. It is about 55 miles long and 12 broad, and contains 9122 inhabitants, of whom 5440 are flaves. — Ii. Essex Co. in New-Jetfey, is in the eaftein part rf the ftate, and divided from Staten-Iftand by Newaric bay. It is about 25 miles in length and 16 In breadth, and has three townfhips, viz. Newark, Ehzabethtown and Acquackanack, which contain 17,785 inhabitant!, of whom 1 1 7 1 are flaves. The foil is very fertile, and its fiults and other produflions meet with a quick falc in New- York city. Elfex county has within it 7 Pref- byterian churches, 3 for Epifc'palians, 1 for Anabap- tiUs, and 2 for Dutch Calvanifts. — ii. Essex Co. in Vermont, is the north-eafternmoft in the ftate. — ii. Essex, a townfliip in Chittenden co. Vermont, con- tains 354 inhabitants. It lies between Jericho on the S. E. and Colchefter on the N. W.—ii. EST A PA, or Ejlape, a town belonging to the pro- vince of Tabafco, and audience of Mexico, in New- Spain, N. America. It is mentioned by Dampitr, as fituated on Tabafco river, 4 leagues beyond Villa de Mofe. It is faid to be a place of confiderable trade ; and fo flrong, that it repulled capt. Hewet, when he attacked it with 200 defperate buccaneers. — ib. ESTAPO, a llrong town in New-Spain, inhabited by Spaniards and native Americans ; lituated at the mouth of the river Tlaluc. N. lat. 17. 30. W. long. 103. 5.—;*. ESTHER Toiun, in Lancafter co. Pennfylvania, fituated on the E. bank of Sufquehanna river, a little N. of Harrifburg. — ii. ETON is a place which, on account of its college, fliould not be omitted in a repofitory of arts, fciences, and literature ; and as no notice is taken of it in the Encyclopxdia, we (hall deviate for once from the plan which we had laid down for this Supplement, and which is, not to admit into it delcrlptions of places in our own ifl.ind that may be vifited by the greater part of our readers with little trouble. Though in a different county, namely, Buckingham- flilre, Eton may be faid to be one and the fame town with Windfor, for which fee Encycl. It is pleafantljr fituated on the banks of the Thames, in a delightful valley, which is of a remarkably healthy foil. Its col- lege was founded by Henry VI. fcr the fupport of a proviift and feven fellows, one of whom is vite-provoft, and for the education of fevenly King's fcholar-, as thof.; are called, who are on the foundation. Thef:, when propeily qualified, are elc6ed, on the firft Tuef- day In iVuguft, to king's college Cambridge, but they are not removed till there are vacancies in the college, and then they are called according to feniorlty ; and after they have been three years at Cambridge, they claim a fellowlliip. Befides thofe on the fi>undation, there are feldom Icls than three hundred fcholars, and often many more, who board at the matters houfes, or within tlie bounds of the .college. The fchool is divid- ed into upper and lower, and each of thefe into three cliiifcs. To each fchool there is a mafter and four afliftants or ulhers. The revenue of the college is about C £. 5009 E T O [ i8 ] E U D ^^'.jcco a-year. Here is a noble librarr, and in the jrreat c.-uit is a fine ftatue of the founder, crcfted at the expencc cf a late provofl Dr Godolphin dejn of St Paul's. Tie chapel is in a good ll)le ot Gothic ar- chitCiSure. The fchools and other p-trts, which arc ill the other flyle of building, are equally well, and feem like ill? delign of Inigo Jones. At Eton there is a fingular, and wc think a laudable, fcllivul, called the Mcntcm, celebrated triennially (for- meily duennially) by the fcholars of the fchool U|Kn Whic-Tucfdav. The following account of this felliifal, taken from the Monthly Magazine, will probably be acceptable to nnny of our readers. It conimencei by a number of the fenior boys taking pod upon the bridges or other leading places of all the avenues around Windfor and Eton foon after the dawn of day. Thefe youlhs fo polled are chiefly the befl figures, and the moft aiSlive of the Undents ; they ate all attired in fancy dreflcs of filks, fatins, &c. and fome richly embroidered, principally in the habits or fafhion of running footmen, with poles in their hands ; they trj ciWed fallicarers, and demand fait, i. e. a contribu- tion from every palfenger, and will take no denial. When the contribution is given, which is ad libitum, a printed paper \i delivered with their motto and the date of the year, which palFes the bearer free through all other falt-bearers for that day, and ij as follows, viz. " Pro more et monte, 1799. (a) VIvant Rex et Regina." Thefe youths continue thus coUefling their fait at all the entrances for near feren miles round Windfor and Eton, from the dawn of day until about tlie clofe of the proteffion, which it generally tliree o'clock in the afternoon. The proceilion commences about twelve o'clock at noon, and confifts of the Queen's and other bands of niufic; feveral Ilandards borne by different fludents ; all the Etonian boys, two and two, dreifed in officers uniforms ; thofe of the king's foundation wearing blue, the others fcarlet uniforms, fwords, &c. The Grand Standard-bearer. The Captain, or Head Boy of Eton School. The Lieutenant, or Second Boy. His Majefty, attended by the Prince of Wales, and ether male branches of the royal family on horfebaclc, with their fuite. The Quten and Princefles in coaches, attended by their fuite. Band of mufic, followed by a great concourfe of the Nobility and Gentry in their carriages .and on horfe- back. The proceflion commences in the great fquare at Eton, and proceeds through Eton to Slough, and round to Salt Plill, where the boys all pafs the king and tjueen in review, and afcend the Montem : here an ora- tion is delivered, and the grand ftandard is difplayed with much grace and aftivity by the ftandard bearer, who is generally felefled from among the fenior boys. There are two extraordinary falt-bearers appointed to attend the king and queen, who are always attired in fanciful habits, in manner of the other fak-bearers already defcribed, but fuperbly embroidered. Thefe falt-lxrarcis carry each an embroidered bag, which not only receivf s the royal fair, but alfo whatever is colledf- ed by the t utifationed fahbearers. The donation of the king and queen, or, as it is called upon this oecu- lion, the nyal fa'l, is always fiJty guineas each ; the Prince of Wales thirty guineas ; all the other princes and pvincclFci twenty guineas each. As foon as this cercmory is performed, the royal family return to Windlor. The boys are all fumptuoufly entertained at the tavern at Salt Hill ; and the beautiiul gardens at that place are laid out far fuch ladies and gentlemen as chooie to take any refrclliments, the different bands of inulic performing all the time in the gardens. About fix o'clock in the evening all the boys return in the fame order of proocfflon as in tlie morning ( wrih the exception only of the royal family), and, marching round the great fquare in Eton fchool, are difmilfed. The captain then pays his refpedls to the loyal family at the queen's lodge, Windfor, previous to his depar- ture for King's College, Cambridge ; to defray which eipence, the produce of the montem is prefented to him; and upon Whit-Tuefday, in the year 1796, it amounted to more than 1000 guineas. The day con- cludes by a brilliant difplay of beauty, rank, and fa- fliion, a promenade on Windfor Terras, bands of mufic performing, &c. and the fcene highly enlivened and en- riched by the affable condefcenfion of the royal family, who indilciiminately mix with the company, and parade the Terrace till nearly dark. EVANSHAM, the capital of Wythe co. in Virgi- nia, is fituated on the E. fide of Reedy creek, which falls into the Great Kanhaway, Woods or New river. It contains a court-houfe, gaol, and about 25 houfes.; 40 miles W. by S. of Chrifiianiburg, 242 in a like di- re<51ion from Bichmond, and 518. S. W.byW. of Phi- ladelphia. — Morse. Spontaneous EVAPORATION. See Weather, n" 17, &c. Encycl. EUDIOMETER, an inHrument for afcertaining the purity of the atmofpherical air. Many have been the contrivances of chemifts for this purpofe (fee Eo- DinMETER, F.neycl.) ; but perhaps the bell eudiometer is that of Morvcau (or Guylon, as he now choofes to call himfelf), ot which mention has been made in Che- mistry, n° 420. in this Supplement. The following ftiort defcription will make the nature and ufe of this inllrument plain to every reader. AB, (Plate XXVIII.) reprefcnts a fmall glafs retort with a long neck; its whole capacity being trom fcvetj to nine folid inches. It mufl be chofen of fuch a cur- vature that, when the neck is fet upright, the bulb may form at its lower part a cavity to retain the matters in- troduced. The extremity of the neck of this retort is ground with emery to enter the glafs tube CD, which is open at both end?, and about 12 or 15 inches in length. The retort then clofes the tube in the man- ner of a ground ftopper, and intercepts all external com- munication. A cylindrical glafs velfel F is provided, of the form of a common jar, in which the glafs tube CD may be entirely plunged beneath the level of the water. Laftly, the fulphuretof potafh is prepared and broken I'tOll (a) Or whatever the year may be, Zudionx- tcr II Eudoxus. E U D C I broken' into pieces fufficiently fmall to be introduced into the retort. Thefe aretn be ir.clofed, dry and even liot, in a bot.le for ufe. Thefe ccnilitutc the whole apparatus nr.d preparation of materials. When it is lequiied to examine an aeriform fluid, by feparating its oxygen, two or three pieces of the ful- phiiret, of the fue of a pea, are put into tl;e retort. It is llien tilled « ith water, taking care to incline it fo that all the ait may pafs out horn the bulb. The orifice of the letort is then to be clof;d, and inverted into the pneunnatic tube, in order that the gas propnfed for exa- mination may be transferred into it in the uliul manner. By an eafy manoeuvre of alternately inclining the re- tort in different direiftions, all the water is maue to flow out of the bulb in wliich the fulphuret remains. When this is done, the retort is placed in the vertical fituati >n, and its extremity introduced into the tube of glafs CD, which muft always be undur water. A fmall lighted taper is then to be placed under the bulb. To fupporC the retort in its pofition, the jar is provided with a wooden cover, in which there is a notch to receive it. The firft inipredion of the heat c'ilates the gafeous fluid fo much that it defcends almort to the bottom of the tube, which is difpofed exprelsly for its reception; otherwife the partial efcape would prevent an accurate determination of its change cf bulk. Bit as foon as the fulphuiet begins to boil, the water quickly rifes, not only in the inferior tube, but likewife in ilie neck cf the retort, notwithftanding the application, and even the increafe of the heat. If the fluid be abfolutely pure vital air, the abforp- tion is total. In this cal'e, to prevent the rupture of the veflel by too fudden refrigeration, the al'cent of the water muft be rendered flower, either by removing the taper, or by increafing llie perpendicular height ; •which will not prevent the abforption from continuing while any gas remains which is proper to fupport com- buliion. If the fluid be common air, or oxygen mixed with any other gas, the quantity of water which has entered the retort muft be accurately mealured after the cooling. It reprefents the volume of air ablbrbed. Care muft be taken to inclofe the remaining gas Huder the fame pret- fure, by plunging the retort to the level of the line at which the inclofcd water refts, before the orifice is flopped. This operation of meafuring, which is very eafy when tneafuiing vcfftls are at hand, may be habitually per- formed by a flip of paper palled on the neck of the re- tort, upon which divilionsare drawn from obfervntion, and whicli muft be covered with varnilh to defend it from the afti'ir. of the water. EUDOXUS of Gnidus was a celebrated phllofophcr of the fchool of Pythagoras. His firft preceptor was Archytas, by whom lie was iaftructed in the principles of geometry and philofophy. About the age of t weniy- thtoe he came to Athens ; and though ! is p itrimony wa« lm:ill, by the generous alFillance < f Theomedon, a phyfician, he was enabled to aitend the fchools of the philolophers, particularly that ol Pl.ito. The liberality of his triends afterwards fopiorted him during a viiit to Egypt, where he was introd'iced by An;efilaus to ktrg Ncflanebis II. and by him to tlic E^^yptian piicfts. It has been faid thiit he accompanieJ I'lato into Egypt ; but this is inconfiflent with clironology j for Ncx'lanc- 9 ] E V O bis II. reigned in Egypt from the fecond year of the hundred and fourth Olympiad, to the fecond year of the hundred and feventh ; and it was bct'ore Plato open- , ed his fchool, that is, before the ninety-eighth Olym- piad, about the fortieth year of his age, that he vifitcd Egypt. Eudoxus is; highly celebrated l)y the ancients for his fkiil in aftronomy, but none of his writings on this or any other fubjecl are extant. Aratus, who has deferibed the celeftial phenomena in verle, is faid to have followed Eudoxus. He flourilhed about the nine- ty-i'eventh Olympiad, and died in the fifty-third year of hi sage. Enfeld's H'tfl. of Philofophy. EV'ECTION is ufed by fome aftronomers for the libration of the moon, being an inequality in her mo- tion, by which, at or near the quadratures, fhe is not in a line drawn throuch the centre of the earth to the fun, as ihe is at tlic fy/ygies, or cotjunftion and oppofition, but makes an an:;le with that line of about 2° 51'. The motion of the moon about her axis only is equable ; which rotation is perloimed exdiftly in the fame time as (he revolves about the earth ; for which reafon it is that ihe turns always the fame face towards the earth nearly, and would do fo exactly, were it net that her monthly motion about the earth, in an elliptic orbit, is not e- quable ; on which account the moon, fcen from the earth, appears to librate a little upon her axis, fome- times from eaft to weft, and fometimes from weft to eaft; or fome parts in the eallern limb of the moon go backwards and forwards a fmall (pace, and fome that were confpicuous, are hid, and then appear again. The term evtd'icn is ufed by fome allrL-nomers to denote that equation of the moon's motion v.hich is proportional to the fine of double the dillance of the moon from the fun, diminifhed by the mo'n's anoma- ly. This equation is not yet accurately determined : fome ftate it at 1° 30', others, at i" 16', &c. It is thi grealeft of all the moon's equations, except the equatioa of lire centre. liutlon's DMimary. EVENLY EVFN NL'MBtR. ScC No M BEX, J^/Ajr/. ErnKLT Odd Number. See Number, Encycl. EVESHAM, a townOiip in Burlington co. New. Jerfey, fituated between the f rks of Moore's creek, which runs N. wefterly to Delaware river. It is 7 miles eaftcrly of Haddonfield, 16 E. of Philadelphia, and 25 S. of Burlington. Here is an Indian fettlement, called Edge Pelick, x traiff of land refcrved by tlie ancient natives. They have fome hundreds of acres of improved land?, about 30 houfes, and a nieeting-houfe. They formerly had a minitler of their own order, who ftatedly ofikiated in the Indian language. — Morse. EVOLVENT, in the higher geometry, n term ufed by fome writers for the involute or curve refulting from the evolution of a curve, in contradiftiniflion to that evolute, or curve fiippofed to be opened or evolved. Sec E\OLUrE and Involute,.?!;^/./. EVOLUTE, in the higher geometry, a curve firft propokd by Huyghen^, and fince much iludicd by ma- thematicians. It is any curve fuppofcd to be evi>lvej or opened, by h.iving a thread wrapped dole upon it, faftened at one end, and beginning to evolve or unwind the thread from the other end, keepinjt the part ev.il- ved or wo'ind off ti?,ht ftretchcd ; then this eud of the ihriad will defcribe anotlier curve, called the involute. Or the lame Involute is deferibed the co;ur.iry way, by C z wrapping li roiute. * In all pro- Tiability the Jlarmonuil cf the Abbe XUzauchi. E U P [2 wr.ipping the thread upon the evolute, keeping it al- ways (Iretched. For ilie Involution and Evo- lution vf Curves, fee Involution in this Supple- ment. Lnperfed EroLVTE, a name given by M. Reaumur to a new kind of evolute. The m ithematici^ns had liitlierto only conlidered the perpendiculars let fall from the involute on tlie convex fide of the evolute : but if otlier lines not perpendicular be drawn upon the fame ])oints, provided they be all drawn under tlie fame an- gle, the efieifl will llill be the fame ; that is, tlie c blique lines will all interfcift in the curve, and by their inter- fedlions form the in!initcly fniall fides of a new curve, to which they would be fo many tangents. Such a curve is a kind of evolute, and has its radii ; but it is an imperfecl one, fince ilie radii are not perpendicular to the firll curve or involute. EUPHON, a mufical inftrument invented lately by Dr Chladni of Wittenberg, well known by his various publications on philofophical fubjefls, efpecially the tiie- ory of mufical founds. The euphon conlills of forty- two immoveable parallel cylinders of glafs of equal length and thicknefs ; but its conftruflion, tone, and the metiiod of playing it, are totally different from thofe of the harmonica, with which indeed it has nothing in common but the glafs. See Harmonica, £«^j67. Dr Chladni gives the following account of his inven- tion. In his 19th year lie began to learn to play the harpfichord ; and he afterwards read a great many of the principal works on the theory of miific, by which he found that the phyfico-mathematical part of that fcience was far more defeilive than otiier branches of natural philofophy. Being therefore poirelFed with an idea that his time could not be better emyloyed than in endeavouring to make difcoveries in this department, he accordingly tried various experiments on the vibra- tions of Ibings and the different kinds of vibration in cylindric pieces of wood, firft difcovered, through cal- culation by the elder Enler ; and found, that though a great deal had beenfaid on the nature of thefe elallic bodies, yet the manner of vibration and the proportion of tones in other elaftic bodies, which do not proceed, as in the former, in ftraight lines, but depend on the vibration of whole furfaces, were totally unknown, and tliat the little which had been written on that fubje(fl, by fome authors, did not correfpond with nature. He had already long remarked, that every plate ot glafs or metal emitted various tones according as it was held and llruck in different places ; and he was defirous to difcover the caule of this difference, which no one had ever examined. He fixed in a vice the axle of a biafs plate which belonged to a poliftiing machine, and found, that by drawing the bow of a violin over it, he produ- ced very different tones, v/hich were llronger, and of longer duration than thofe obtained merely by llri- king it. The obfervation, that not only firings, but alfo other elaftic bodies may be made to produce founds by draw- ing a violin bow over them, Dr Chladni does not give 8s a,difcovery of his own ; as the fo called iron violin has been long known, and as be had read of an inftru- ment conftruded in Italy*, where glafs or metal bells were made to found by means of two or more violin bows drawn over them. But the idea of employing this inftrument to examine vibrating tones was firft en- tertained by himfelf. Having accurately remarked the ] E U P tones produced by the abovementionej metal plate, ht found that they gave a progrelllon wliich correfponded with thefquaresof 2, 3, 4, &c. Not long before he had read, in the Trsnfadions of the Royal Society of Gottingen, ihe obfervations of Mr Lichtenberg on the phenonieiia produced by ftrcw- ing pounded refin over a glaf> plate or cake of refin, and he repealed many of his experiments. Tuis led him to the idea that, perhaps, the v:irioui vibratory movements ot fuch a plate w-iuld be difcovered by a di- verfity of phenomena, if he ftrewed over it fand or any thing of the like kind. By this experiment there was produced a ftar-formed figure ; and the author, having continued his refcarches, publilhvd the refult of them in a work entitled Difcoveries refpeiling the Theory of Sound, printed at Leipfic in 1787. Wliilft he was employed in tliefe inveftigations, he refolved to invent a new mufical inftrument ; and he be- gan to confiJer whether it might not be pollible by nibbing glafs tubes in a ftraight line, with the wet fin- gers, to produce I'ounds in the fame manner as is done in the harmonica by rubbing them circularly. That glafs tubes, like thofe in his euphon, would not merely by fuch rubbing emit any tones, he had long known by llieory and experience; and he therefore applied himfelf to the folution of the difticult queftion, in what manner the inftiument ought to be conftruded to an- fwer the intended purp ife I Alter various fruiilefs at- tempts for a year and a half, during which his imagi- nation was fo full of the idea, that f imetimes in liis dreams he thought he faw the inftrument and lieard its tones, that is, like ihofe of the harmonica, but with more diftiniflnefs and lefs confulion, he at length, in a ftate between deeping and waking, obtained a folution of the problem which had given fo much employment to his thoughts. On the fccond of June 17S9, bein^ tired with walking, he fat down on a chair, about nine in the evening, to enjoy a lliort ilumber ; but fcarcely had he clofed his eyes when the image of an inftru- ment, fuch as he wiftied for, feemed to prefent itlelf before him, and terrified him fo much that he awoke as if he had been ftruck by an eledric (hock. He imme- diately ftarted up in a kind of enthufia(m ; and made a feries oi experiments, which convinced him that what he h id feen was perfeffly right, and that he had it now in his power to carry his deiign into execution. He made his experiments and conftru>5led his firft inftrument in fo private a manner, that no perfon knew any thing of them. On tlie 8tli of March 1790 his fiift inftrument of this kind was completed ; and in a i&w days he was able to play on it fome eafy pieces of mufic. It was now necelfiry to give to this inftrument, as it was en- tirely new, a new name ; and that of euphon, which fig- nifiesan inftrument that has a pleafant found, appeared to him themoft proper. It was not, however, brought to perfeflion at once, for he made a fecond inftrument which was an improve- ment of the firft, and a third which was an improvement of the fecond. In found, indeed, and particularly in the higher tones, the firft was equal to either of the other two •, but the conftriufticn was deficient in ftrength, fo that every week fome hours were neceffary to keep it in proper repair ; and it was impoffible to convey it the diftance of a mile without almoft totally deftroying it Dr Chladni alfo, for want of better tubes, employed thofe ufed for thermometers, and marked Euphon. E U P 21 ] E U P Buphon. marked the whole and half tones by a coating of feal- ''^'^''^*^ wax on the under fide; but as the wax, owing to the moifturc and vibration, often cracked and flew off, it was attended with danger to the eyes. It was there- fore extremely diflicult to give to the conllruftion of the inftrument fufficient ftrength ; but this the inventor at length accomplilhed, fo that his new euphon cannot be injured or put out of tune either by playing or by car- riage. The third inftrumcut was fomewhat different from the firll and fecond ; as the fore parr, which in the two former rofe upwards with an oblique angle, flood at right angles, fo that it could be tranfported with eafe in a particular carriage made for that purpafe. In- ftead of the thermometer tubes ufed in the firft, the Doiftor now employs tubes of different colour--. In the fecond inftrument thofe for the whole tones were of darii green glafs ; but he ufed for the half tones, in both, a milk white kind of glafs. In a word, the euphon has fome refemblance to a fmall writing-defk. When opened, the abovementioned glafs tubes, of the thicknefs of the barrel of a quill and about i6 inches long, are feen in a horizontal pofition. They are wet- ted with water, by means of a fponge, and (Iroked with the wet fingers in the diredion of their length, fo that the increafe of the tone depends merely on the ftronger or weaker prcffure, and the flower or quicker move- ment of the fingers. The number of tubes at prefent is forty-two. In the back part there is a perpendicular founding-board divided in the middle, through which the tubes pafs. It appears therefore that the euphon ought not to be coufidered as an altered or improved harmonica, but as a totally new and different inftru- ment. In regard to fweetnefs of fund, it approaches very near to the harmonica ; but it has feveral advan- tages which no unprejudiced perfiin, who examines both inftruments, will deny. I . It is fimpler, both in regard to its conftrudlion and the movement necelTary to produce the found, as nei- ther turning nor ftamping is required, but merely the movement of the finger. 2. It produces its found fpeedier ; fo that as foon as it is touched you may have the tone as full as the inftrument is capable of giving it; whereas, in the harmonica, the tones, particularly the lov/er ones, muft be made to increafe gradually. 3. It has more diftin(5lnefs in quick paffi^es, becaufe the tones do not refound fo long as in the harmonica, where the found of one low tone is often heard when you wifh only to hear the following tone. 4. The uni- fon is purer than is generally the cafe in the harmonica, where it is difficult to have perfc^fl glaffes, which in every part give like tones with mathemitical exaftnefs. It is however as ditHcult to be tuned as the harmo- nica. 5. It does not affed the nerves of the performer ; for a perfon fcarcely feels a weak agitation in the fin- gers ; whereas in the harmonica, particul irly in con- cords of die lower notes, the agitation extends to the arms, and even through the whole body of the perf xm- er. 6. The expence of this inftrument will be much lefs in future than that of the harmonica. 7. Wlicn one of the tubes breaks or any other pait is deranged, it can be foon repaired, and at very little expence; whereas, when one of the glaffes of the harmonica breaks, it re- quires much time, and is very difficult to procure anotlier capable of giving tlie fame tone as the for- mer, and which will correfpond fufficiently with the F.upfiorbia. feries of the reft. v^">^">««^ EUPHORBIA (See Encyd). Of this plant three new fpecies were difcovered by Le Vaillant during his laft travels into the interior p.irts of Africa. The firft, which he calls the Cucumber-Euphorbia, adheres to the earth no otherwife than by a few (lender roots. It Plate rifes to the height of nine or ten inches only ; and ex- XXVIII. a>5lly refembles a cucumber, of which it has the bent *'S- ^• (hape. It contains abundance of milky juice, which appeared to him as cauftic as that of the great euphor- bia. Its colour, which is a yellowifti green, tinted with a beautiful fhade of violet towards the root, gives it a very attractive appearance : but wne betide the man who fhould be tempted to eat of it ! as it U a virulent poifon. The fecond, 10 which he gave the name of the Melonribbed Euphorbia, does not rife more than Fig. s. three or four inches from the ground, to which it ad- heres by a colleiflion of fibrous roots, iffuing from feve- ral tubercles difpofed in the manner of a crown. The ftem forms a flatted globe excavated at the fummit, aiid has ribs like the apple which in France is called calvilU blanche. Thefe ribs are elevated, thick, and convex, have a greenilh colour, and are marked with brown tranfverfdl bands. From the fummit of the ribs iffue feveral little tufts of pedunculate flowers. The third he called the Caterpillar-Euphorbia, becaufe when Fig. 3. he firft found it, he thought he perceived on it feveral beautiful caterpillars. The defcription of it in a few words is as follows : From a very large tuberous root, which here and there throws out a few thready fibres, iffue feveral ftalks almoft of the length of the finger : they creep along the ground, are twifted, woody, defti- tute of leaves, and furniflied with feveral rows of round tubercles, each guarded by two prickles. All thefe kinds of euphorbia are to be dreaded, the laft two in particular; becaufe being low and mixed with the herbage like mullirooms, animals, as they feed, run the rifk of eating them with their pafture. Our author confirms the account which has been given in the Encyclopedia of the flivages poifoning the refervoirs of water with this plant in order to procure the game which fhall drink of it. To effect the death of' the animal, it is neceffary that the poifon reach the blood and mingle with it. Yet, inconceivable as it may be, the animal, though poifoned, is not the lefs wholefome food, as our author fays he has experienced. However great may be the proportion of euphorbia thrown into a pond of water, he is perfuaded tliat it never diffules it- felf through the whole mafs. It is his opinion, that the poifon is a refinous juice, which, being from its nature incapable of combining with water, I'lvims on the fur- face, and there forms a (hining greenifh oil, which with a little attention may he difcerncd by the naked eye when the furface is fmooth. I tried (lays he) the qua- lities of this oil on myfelf, taking with a llraw, from the furface of the bafin, a finglc drop, which I put upon my tongue; and it gave me tliai kind of burning paia which a cauftic occalions. I then took up fome water from the refervoir in the hollow of my hand, and blow- ing off the oily fluid which f'wam on the furfice, I dip- ped the end of my tongue into the remainder, but could not perceive in it the flighteft tafte different from that of water itfelf. He feems to think that milk is an an- tidote Exeter. EXC [22] EXE Euilx^c ;idote to ths pcifon of euphorbia ; becaufc lie fquee/'-d bill having many indorfenittius, where the Jrawer, Rxfgefis ^.- 9 Icinc (f the juice into a baini i f mill< and gnve it to drawee, and early Indorl'ers, have all failed. It is evi- H ^^^"1^ an ape, which fw^Uowcd p.irt of it without the lead dent that, if the holder proves under eadi bankruptcy , ii'iiiry. He confcifcs, however, that the dofi; was the whole amount of the bill, he will receive mucli more tiifling. tlun his due. May he make his elciflion where to EUvSTACC, or E.:Jla;'ut, called alfn Mctanza', or piove the v.-hole demand, and where to prove the reCi- Sl.iuj^hter, (licm a butchery made on it by the Spani- due? Or ougl.t he not (which feems molt equitable) to ard-). It is an inconfiderable ifland, about 20 miles be compelled to prove his debt againft his immediate in circuit. It furms, with a long point of 1 md, the predecelfor only? — the afllgnees cf that predeccirr entrance to the harbor ot St. Auijulliiie, in Eall-Flo- proving, in their turn, in like manner (eacli party once lida — Morse. only), back to the diawcr. This is a cafe nfgicat im- EUSTYLE, is the hell manner of placing columns, portancc to difc^iunters, and the reader will Hnd fome with regard to their dUUnce ; winch, accordnig to Vi- judicious obfctvations on it in the Profciior's work, truvius, (hould be four modules, or two diameters and EXEGESIS, or Execetha, in algfbra, is the lind- a quarter. ing, cither in numb:;rs or lines, the roots of the equa- EXCENTRIC, or Eicentric Ciaci-e, in the an- tion of a problem, according as the problem is either cient Ptoloma^c allrononiy, was the very orbit of ih;; numeral or geometrical. planet itfelf, whith it was fnppofed to defcribe about the EXETER, a poll town in Rockingham co. New- earth, and which was conceived excentric with it; call- Hamplhire, and, next to Portfmouth, the moll: confi- ed alfo the deferent- derable feaport town in the Hate. It is ikuated at the liillead of ihefe excentric circles round the earth, the head of navigation on Swamfcot, or Exeter river, a moderns make the planets defcribe elliptic 01 bits about branch of the Pifcataqua, 15 miles S. W. of Portf- the fun ; which accounts for all the iriegularitics cf their mouth, and a like diftance N. AV. cif Newburyport, in motions, and their various dillances from the eailh, &c. Eifc.x co. Malfachufetts. The tide riles here 1 1 feet, more juftly and naturally. It is well fituated for a manufaauring town, and has ExCKNTRic, or Excentric Circli, in the new aflrono- already a duck manutafloiy in its infancy, 6 faw mills, my, is the circle delcrilied from the centre of the orbit a fulling mill, flitting mill, paper mill, Inuffmiil, 2 cho- of a planet, with half the greated axis asaiadius; or colateand logrift mills, iron work-., and 2 printing ofti- it is the circle that circuniicribes the elliptic orbit of ces. The faddlery bufmefs is carried on here to gieater the planet. extent, than in any town on this fide Pliiladelphia. l)e- EXCHANGE. See Encycl. under that word, and fore the revolution, Ihip building was a profitable biu likewife under Bills of Exch^n^c, where the antiquity fmefs ; and the vclltls were employed in the Weft India cf fuch bills, efpecially among the Chinefe, is niention- trade. Notwithllanding the lots of this market, there ed. In FrofelTor Beckmann's hiftory of inventions the are tour or tive vedels, of different burden, built here reader will find an ordinance of the year 1394 concern- annually; the river being capable of floating down ing the acceptance of bill? of exchange, and alfo copies thofe of 500 tons. An equal number is alfo employed of two bills cf the year 1404, which fufficiently prove in the foreign trade, chieriy to the Weft-Indies. The that the method of tranfadling bufinels by bills of ex- fituation ot this place bids fair for eitenfive population, charge was fully cftablifiied in Europe fo early as the The public edifices are 2 Congregational churches, an fourteenth century; and that the prefent form and elegant building appropriated for the academy, a hand- terms were even then ufed. The ordinance, which was fome and capacious court-houfe, and a gaol. The iifued by the city of Barcelona, decreed that bills of ex- public offices of the ftate are kept here at prefent. Be- change (hould be accepted within twenty-four hours fides the celebrated Exeter academy, there are here an after they were prefented, and that the acceptance Englifh fchool and 6 or 8 private fchools, chiefly for fe- Ihculd be written on the back of the bill. males. B'lt there are queftions relating to bills of exchange This townlliip is of irregular figure, and about 4 of much greater importance than their antiquity ; and miles fquare. It was incorporated in 1638; prior to thefe queftions are not yet decided. For inftance, which, it had the name of Swamfcot Falls, from the Ought a bill < f exchange to be ccnfidered by the law fiiUs of the river, which feparate the frelh from the tide merely as a de'ofu belonging to the drawer, and fuccef- water ; where the body ot the town is fitualed ; chiefly lively confided to the remittees ? or fhoiild it be confi- on the wellern fide of the river. The number of in- dered iis transferable property, at all times abfoUitely habitants in 1775, ^'^'^ '74-' — ^^^ '" '790. 1722. It vefted in the holder, whofe neglect therefore, when it lies 54 miles N. of Bofton, and 402 N. E. of Pbiladel- vitiates the value, falls wholly on himfelf ? phia. N. lat. 42. 59. W. long. 71. In a work publilhed 1798 by Profeffor Bufch of " Phillips Exeter Academy" was founded and en- Hamburgh, entitled, ji^ haps elegance, is exceeded by few buildings of the kind in the United States. — Morse. Exeter, the N. wefternmolt townfliip in Wafliing- ton CO. Rhode-Ifland ftate, has North Kingllon on the E. and Voluntown, in Connedicut, on the W. The feveral branches of Wood river unite here, and take a S. courfe between Hopkinton and Richmond. It con- tains 2495 inhabitants, of whom 37 are fiaves. — ib. Exeter, a townlhip in Luzern co. Pennfylvania. —lb. Exeter, a town in New-Hsnover co. in Wilmington diQrift, N. Carolina ; fituated on the N. E. branch of Cape Fear, about 36 miles N. from Wilmington, and 22 from the New river. — ib. EXPECTATION of Life, in the doftrine of life annuities, is the Ihare, or number of years of life, which a perfon of a given age, may, upon an equality of chance, expedt to enjoy. By the e-xpeftation or (hare of life, fays Mr Simpfon (SeUB Exercifci, p. 273), is not here to be underftood that particular period which a perfon hath an equal chance of furviving ; this laft being a different and more fimple confideration. The expetftation of a life, to put it in the moft familiar light, may be taken as the num- ber of years at which the purchafe of an annuity, grant- ed upon it, without difcount of money, ougiit to be va- lued. Which number of years will differ more or lefs from the period abovementioned, according to the dif- ferent degrees of mortality to which the feveral ftages of life are incident. Thus it is much more than an equal chance, according to the table of the probability of the duration of life which the fame author has given us, that an infant, jull come into the world, arrives not to the age of ten years ; yet the expeftatlon or (hare of lite due to it, upon an average, is near twenty years. The reafon of which wide difference is the great excefs of the probability of mortality in the firft tender years of life, above that refpeifting the more mature and Itronger ages. Indeed if the numbers that die at every age were to be the fame, the two quantities above fpe- cified would alfo be equal ; but when the faid numbers become continually lefs and lefs, the expeiflation mull of confequcnce be the greater of the two. EXPONENTIAL Calculus, the method of dif- ferencing, or finding the fluxions of exponential quan- tities, and of fumming up thofe differences, or finding their fluents. Exponential Curve, \% that whofe nature is defined or expreifed by an exponential equation ; as the curve denoted by a* = y, or by x^ = y. Exponential Equation, is one in which is contain- ed an exponential quantity : as the equation a" = b, or »r» = ab, &c. Exponential ^anlily, is that whofe power is a variable quantity, as the expreflion a", or .x". Expo- nential quanti'.ies are of feveral degrees and orders ac- cording to liie number of exponents or powers, one over another. EXTR.'i. CoxsTELLAP.v Stars, fuch as are not properly inchi.'ed in any conllellation. EXTRA Mundane Space, Is the infinite, empty, void fpace, vhlch is by fome fiippofed to be extended beyond the bounds of the unlverfe, and confequently in which there is really nothing at all. The phr.ife exiru- viundane f[ heilth apparently better. But his difeafe loon returned with redoubled vio- lence. From the month of December 1773, '^^ ^'-'i^ 1) never Fait. (a) In the collediou knowu under the title oiLwmi AvtitnitaliS Academut, F A L C 26 ] FAR F^Ik. nertr quitted his bed, nor taken any otlisr nouriflinient '~''"**^ ihm bread diied in the Sv.ed.lh manner (knxkebiocJ), of which he fcarcely tooic once a day Ibme mouthfuls dipped in tea. At fii ft lie received she vifits of a few fiieuds, but aftcrw.irds denied himfeif to them, and VT.s reduced to the llric^eft fohtiide. When M. Geor- gi, nrienibcr of the fociety cf natural liiftory at Berlin, who had been dtftined to affill and relieve the profclfor in the duties of his expeditcn, went to fee hini on this occafion, nothinc feenied left ol'him but a Ikeleton ot a wild and terrifying afpeft. The few words he drew from him conlllled in compUints, occafiuned by a hoft of difeafes which kept his body in torture, and threw him into the moil cruel lleeplclfnef^. The lall eveninj^ M. Georgi kept him company till midnight. He fpoko little, and fiid nothing that could give reafon to fuf- peif the dclign he wti, meditating. His hunter, and at the fame tin:e his trully ferv.mt, offered to fit up with liini the night; but he could not be perfuaded to confont. M. Georgi being requefted the next day, March 31, to come to the lodging of the unfortunate gentleman, he found him lying before his bed, covered with blood ; befide him lay a razor, with which he had given him- felf a flight wound in the throat, thi fatal pillol, and a powder horn ; all together prefcnting a tremendous fpeflacle. He had put the muzzle of the piftol againll his throat, and relling the pommel upon his bed, he difcharged the contents in fuch a manner, that the ball, having gone through his head, had (luck in the ceiling. His foldier had feen h'm lliil fitting up in his bed at four o'clock, at which time he ufaally fell into a Ihort {lumber. In his chamber was found a note written the evening before, betraying throughout the dhlmifled ft<:te of his mind, but nothing declaratcry of his defign, or that was of any importance. M. Falk, like all hypochrondriac perfons, was not very communicative, and on certain occafions was dif- trullful. But, at the fame time, he was of a fedate temper, complaifant, and upright, which made it .t very eafy matter to bear with him, and fecure to him the in- dulgence of all his acquaintance. His extreme fubrie- ty had enabled him to make fome favings from his pay, though he was very beneiicent ; it was not, theiel'ore, indigence that drove him to this aft of violence. He was of a cold conftitution, preferring folitiide and qui- et to fociety, to the company of his friends, and to or- dinary amufements, which yet he did not Ihun, except in the latter period of his life. As to religivin, he (hew- ed on all occafions more refpeft for it than any flrong effufions of zeal. It was folely to be afcribed to the violence of his diftemper, and the weaknels of mind which it brought on, that led hiin to put a period to liis days. The fate of this unfortunate fcholar was ge- nerally and julUy lamented. His papers were found in the greateft diforder. They contain, however, very ufeful and important relations. He particularly made it his bufinefs to inquire about the Kirguifes, and other Tartarian nations, and as he frequently remained for the fpace of nine months toge- ther in the fame place, he was enabled to procure fa- tisfaftory notions concerning the objeifls oi his invefti- gations. The Imperial academy, in 1774, appointed Profelfor Laxmann to arrange his manulcripts in or- der for publication j which was done accordingly. FALLING Spring, a brimch of James river in Vir- ginia, where it is called Jackfon's river, rifing in the Biountain, 20 miles S. W. of the Warm Spring. The water falls over the rock 200 feet, which is about 50 feet higher than the fall of Niagara. Between the fheet of water and the rock below, a man may walk acrofs dry. — Mors!. FALMOUTH, a townfhip, formerly including Portland, in Cumberland co. Maine, containiiig 299 i inhabitants. It is fituated on Cafco bay, i 20 miles N, N. E. of Bofton. Incoi pirated in 17 18. — ib. Falmouth, a townlhip in Hants co. Nova-Scotia; fituated rn the S. E. fide o( the Bafin of Minas, oppo- fite Windfcr, 28 miles N. VV. of Halifax. — iu. Falmouth, a maritime townlhip in Barnliable co. M-tlTachufctts, lituated on the N. E. part of tlie Vine- yard found, on the W. fide of the bay of its name ; 77 miks S. E. by S. of Bofton, 18 from Sandwich, and 9 from Holme's flole. It was incorporated in 1686, and contains 1637 inhabitants. N. lat. 41. 33. W. long. 70. 35. It is a poll town. — ib. Falmouth, a poft town in Stafford co. Virginia, fituated on the N. bank of Rappahannock river, nearly oppofite to Frederickfbuig. It is irregularly built, and contains an Epifcopalian church and about 150 houfes. It is 23 miles S. W. of Dumfries, 70 N. by E. of Richmond, and 207 S. wefterly of PJiiladelphia. Confiderable quantities cf tobacco are infpedled here. Falmoui M, a town in Lancafter co. Pennfylvania, fituated on the S. E. fide of Conawago creek, 20 miles Wefterly of Lancafter. It has been lately laid out. — ib. Falmouth, a town and harbor on the S. Ihore of the iftand tf Antigua, in the Weft-Indies. It has Englifti harjjor on the E. and Rendezvous bay on the W. ; and lituated in St. Paul's parifti, at the N. W. corner of the harbor, which is well fortified. — ib. Falmouth, in the illand of Jamaica, in the Weft» Indies, commonly called the Point, is fituated on the S. fide of Martha Brae harbor; and including the ad- joining villages of Martha Brae and the Rock, is com- pofed of 220 houfes. Here 30 capital .ftationed fliips load for Great-Britain, exclufive of llcops and fmaller craft. — ib. FALSINGTON, a village in Pennfylvania, in Bucks CO. 28 miles N. E. ot Philadelphia. — /i. FAQUIER Co. in Virginia, is bounded N. by Lou- don and E. by Prince William. It is about 55 miles long and 20 broad, and contains 17,892 inhabitants, of whom 6642 are flaves — ib. FAREWELL, Cape, the S. point of Weft Green- land, on the N. fide of the entrance ot Davis's ftraits. North America. N. lat. 59. 37. W. long. 42. 42. —lb. FARMER (Richard D. D.), fo well known as one of the commentators on Shakelpeare, was a man of fuch pleafing, though fingular manners, that we regret the very imperfeit account which we niuft give of his life.. One of us, who had the pleafure of being a little known to him, has been fo much delighted with the natural eafe and pleafantry of his converfation, that we made all the inquiries which we judged requifite to enable us to draw up fuch a biographical flietch of this agreeable man as might be acceptable to our readers, and not un- worthy of his charaiSer ; but thefe inquiries were made in vain. Tliofe to whom we applied knew little more of Falllnff Farmer. Farmer. FAR C27] FAR of tlie incidents of his life thsn what we had previoufly which I;e was at pains to prnpagate, n'^t only in his Farmer. ' found in a niifcellany, of which the writers feem to con- college, but, as far as his inrtuence went, through tlu ^■'^~^''*— IJder it as a principle of duty to vilify the charaifler of whole univerfity. every perfun, who, like Dr Farmer, is tlie friend of or- It has hien faid, that the delights of the pipe and the der, and the enemy ot fiiJden or rapid innovati.ins. To bottle in Emanuel pariiuir outweighed, in his eflima- that mifcelliny, therefore, v.'e muft be beholden for tion, the daz/ling fpkndor of the mitre ; but he had many fafls ; but we fhall certainly copy none cT its other and better reafons for preferring a private to a malevolence. public ftation. In early life, at lead before he was ad- Dr Farmer was born at Leicefter 1735; hut what vancej in year<, he had felt the power of love, and had was the ftation of his father we have nut learned. Of fuffered fuch a difappointment as funk deep in his mind, his fchool education he received part, perhaps the and for a time threatened his underftandin?. Froin whole, in his native town ; and from fchool he was re- that period, though he retained his faculties entiie, he moved to the iniiverfity of CambiiJge, wheie he devo- acquired fnme pecuii.iritics of manner ; of which he w.u ted himfeU chiefly to clailical learnmg and the belles f<> lar confci us, as to be fenfible th it they would bard- lettres. In 1757, he was admitted to the degree of ly become the charafler of a bifhop; being likewife bachelor of arts ; in 1760, to that of mafterofarts; flrongly attached to dramatic entertainments, which, if a bachelor of divinity in 1767, and a doiftor of divinity we miflake not, the Englifh bilhops never witneA, and in 1775, in which year he was alfo eleiftid mader of delighting in clubs, where he could have rational «on- Emanuel on the deceafe of Dr Rich.irdfon, and prin- verfation without ftate or ceremony of any kind — he cipal librarian on the dece:ife of Dr Barnardillon. very wifely preferred his refidentlarylhip to the higheft The difturbances in America having by this time be- dignity in the church. At the time of his death, come ferious, the univerlity of Cambridge, will) num- which happened in the autumn of 1797, he was a fel- berlef. other loyal bodies, voted an addrefs to the king, low of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, matter o( approving of the meafiires adopted by government to Emanuel college, principal librarian of the public libra- reduce the faiftious colonills to their duty. The ad- ry in the univerfity, one cf the canons refidentiary of drefs, hdweve"-, was not carried unanimouHy. It was, St Paul's, chancellor rf the diocefe of Lichfield and of courfe, oppoi'ed by Jf.be, fo well known for his free Coventry, and prebendary of Worceftcr. opinions in politics and religion, and by fome others. Though a good clafllcal fcholar, Dr Farmer has been of whom one man, a member of the c.\put, carried his celebrated only for that kind of literature which is con- oppofition fo far, as adlually to refufe the key of the ne>51ed with the Englifh drama, and having a ftrong place which contained the feal necelfary on fuch occa- predelidion for old Englifti writers, he ranked hieh fions. In this emergency, Dr Farmer, who was then among the commentators upon Shakefpeare. His " Ef- vice-chancellor, is faid to have forced open the door fay upon the Learning of Shakefpeare," dedicated to with a fledge-hammer ; an exploit which his democrati- Mr Cradock, the intelligent refdent of Gumley-Hall cal biographers affei^ to redicule, by calling it Lis in Leicefterfhire, has palled through feveral edition^. courtly zeal, and the occafion of all his fubfcquent pre- This cffay was, in fai5t, the firft foundation of his fame, ferments. which an unconquerable indolence prevented him from If it be indeed true, that he broke the door in pieces carrying to that height to whicn the exercife of his li- with bis own hands, his conduifl muft be acknowledged terary talents could not have failtd to raife it. S > great to have been not very decorous ; but if the office wliich indeed was his love ot eafe, that after having announced lie filled be taken into confideration, wc apprehend it for fubfcriptions a hiftory ol Leicefterlhire, and a^flual- would be as difficult to prove that condud ed'entially ly begun to print it, rather than fubmit to the fatigue wrong, as to vindicate the obdinate airogance of him of carrying it through the piefs, he retuned the fub- who occafioned it. The feal was the property of the fcriptions, and prefented the MSS. and plates to Mr univeifity, of which this outrageous fupporter of the Nichols, the refpeiflable printer ot the Gentleman's bill of rights was but an individual member. The uni- Magazine, who has fince carried on the hiftory with a vetfity liad refolved that it fliould be employed for a degree of fpirit, ability, and induftry, perhaps unpre- ccrtain purpofe, which it was the duty of the vice-chan- cedented in this department of literature, cellor to carry into effeiS ; and lince the feal was re- Indolence and the love of eafe were indeed the Doc- fufed to him, he had no alternative but to get policf- tor's chief characleriftics ; and to them, with the dif- fion of it by force. We hope, however, that he em- appointment already mentioned, may be attributed a ployed a fervant to break the door; and, indeed, as want of propriety in his extern.)l appearance, and in vice-chancellor, he muft have had fj many fcrvants at the ufual forms of behaviour belonging to his ftation. his command, that it is not conceivable he would wield The prevailing features rf his character dillirguifhed the fledge-hammer himfelf. themlelves by feveral odd ties : There were three thicgs, Some time after this, he was made a prebendary of it was faid, which the mafter of Emanuel loved, f/s. Canterbury, we believe through the reccmnieudation of old port, old clothes, and old books ; and three things Lord North, then prcmiir; and it was at Canterbury which no one could perfuade him to perform, r/s. to that the writer of this fkctch had the h. ted their neft or young. My inquiries have convinced me that this is the cafe. The rattle-fnake, which is the lazieft of all the fer- pent tribe, never moves in a fpiral manner or climbs up trees ; but the black inake, and fome other fpecies of the genus coluber, do. When impelled by hunger, and incapable of fatisfyingir by the capture of animals on the ground, they begin to glide uptrees or bufhesupon which a bird has its neft. Tlie bird is not ignorant of the fer- pent's objeift. She leaves her neft, whether it contains eggs or young ones, and endeavours to oppofe the rep- tile's progrefs. In dning this, Ihe is aduated by the ftrength of her inftindlive attachment to her eggs, or of affeflion to her young. Her cry is melancholy, her motions are tremulous. She expofes herfelf to the moft imminent danger. Sometimes Ihe approaches fo near the reptile that he feizes her as his prey. But this is far fr. m being univerfally the cafe. Often fhe compels the ferpent to leave the tree, and then returns to her neft. It is a well kflown faft, that among fome fpecies of birds, the female, at a certain period, is accuftomed to conipel the young ones to leave the neft ; that is, when the young have acquired fo much ftrength that they are no longer entitled to all her care. But they ftill claim fome of her care. Their flights are aukward, and foon broken by fatigue. They fall to the ground, where they are frequently expofed to the attacks of the ferpent, which attempts to devour them. In this fitua- tion of afFiirs, the mother will place herfelf npon a branch of a tree or bufh, in the vicinity of the ferpent. She will dart upon the ferpent, in order to prevent the deftrudion of her young: but fear, the inftinft of felf prefervation, will compel her to retire. She leaves the ferpent, however, but for a (hort time, and then returns again. Oftentimes fhe prevents the deftruiSi-n of her young, attacking the fnake with her wings, her beak, or her claws. Should the reptile fucceed in captuiing the young, the motlier is expofed to lefs danger. For, w hilrt engaged in fwallov/ing them, lie has neither in- clination nor power to feize upon the old one. But the appetite of the ferpent tribe is si eat: the capacity of tl.eir ftomachs is not le-fs fo. The danger of the mother is at hand when the young are devoured. The fnake FAY [ 31 ] FED Fayette- vilio. Javonrablc fnakefeizes upon her: and this is the caflrnphe, which crowns the tale of fafcinaiion ! FAVOURABLE Lake, in N. lat. 52. 48. W. long. 93. 10. is tlie fource of two large rivers, at the mouth of one of which, emptying into Winnipeg lake, (lands the Canadian houfe. The other is the S. W. branch of Severn river. — Morse, FAUSSE-Brayf, in fortification, an elevation of earth, aljout three feet ahove the level ground, round tlie foot of the rampart on the oulfide, defended by a parapet about four or five fathoms diftant from the up- per parapet, which parts it from the berme and the edge of the ditch. The faulfe-braye is the fame with what is otherwife called Chemin des ronJcs, and Bnjjfeen- ceinli ; and its ufs is for the defence of the ditch. FAWN, a townfiiip in York co. Pennfylvania. — Morse. FAYETTE, a fettlement in Tioga co. New- York, between the Unadilla and the main branch of the Chenengo. It is laid out into 100 lots of afquare mile each, as nearly as the ground will permit. — ib. Favette, Co. in Pennfylvania, is bounded N. by Weflmoreland, S. by part of Maryland and Virginia, and W. by Monongahcla river. It is 39 miles in length and 29 in breadth, and contains 473,280 acres ; divid- ed into 1 1 townfliips, of which Union is the chief. The number of inhabitants is 13,325, of whom 282 are flaves. — ib. Fayette, adiftriflofN. Carolina, comprehending 6 counties, viz. Moore, Cumberland, Sampfon, Rich- mond, Robelbn, and Aiifon. It is bounded N. by Hillfborough, S. E. by Wilmington and Newbern, W. by Saliibury, and S. by the ftate of S. Carolina. It is 120 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, and con- tains 34,020 inhabitants, of whom 5,678 are flaves. — ib. Fayette, a co. of Kentucky, furroundcd by Clarke, Bourbon, Scott, Franklin, Woodford, Maddifon, and Mercer counties. Chief town Lexington. — ib. FAYETTEVILLE, fo called in honor of the Mar- quis La Fayette, a Mourifliing poft town of North-Caro- lina, the feat of juflice for the above diftri(5l, and pleafant- ly lituated in Cunibeiland ce. on the W. fide of the N. W. branch of Cape Fear river, nearly at the head of navigation, and 100 miles above Wilmington, and 6l foutherly of Raleigh. On the bank of the river, ftand a few buildings and tl>e tobacco ware houfes, which have received in one feafon 6oco hhds. of tobacco, equal in quality to that of PetcrPourg. The compa(5t part of the town is fituated about a mile from the river, near the jundlion af Blount's and Crofs creek ; on which lad it is chiefly ere<5led, and from that cir- cumftance was formerly named Crofs Creek. On both fides the creek are about 400 houfes, 2 handfome edifices for the fupreme, dillriitt, and county courts, and the meetings of the town officers and its citi.^ens. The Free Mafons' lodge is alfo a large and handfome building. The town is regularly laid out, and its principal ftreets are 100 feet wide. Here are three mills, two confidcrable diftilleries and breweries, and feveral extenfive tan yards. The trade to Wilmington is very confiderable, to which it fends down tobacco, wheat, flour, beef, poik, flax-feed, hemp, cotton, butter, lumber, (laves, naval (lores, &c. The boats ufed in tranfporting thefe articles to Wilmington, con- tain about 120 barrels, and make their returns of European and India goods, &c. in from 10 to 20 days. Fear Point The fiiuation of tlie town is agreeable and healthy, !• and well adapted for eftablifiiing manufaaories. The ^^^^^ij;!^ country immediately round the town is confiderably elevated, and the foil dry and barren ; but near the water courfes, which are numerous, the foil is as rich as any in the (late. Since the fire in 1792, which dc- (Iroyed many houfes, the people begin to build wi'h brick, whicli are made here of a good quality, and fold reafonahly. The tov.-n (lands in a fettlement rf Scotch Highlanders, and is 55 miles N. W. of Camden in S. Cirohn I, 100 S. W. of Tarboroueh, 147 S. W. by S. of Halifax, 379 S. by W. of Walhington city, and 526 S. W. bv S. of Philadelphia.— ;i, FEAR POINT, Cape, at the mouth of Cape Fear river in N. Carolina, 4 miles S S. E. of the light-hcule on Bald Head. — ib. FEATHER-EDGED, is a term ufed by workmen f r fuch boards as are thicker on one edge, or fide, than on the other. FEDERALSBURG, a village in Maryland, on the E. fide of Cliefapcak bay, fitu-ited en Mirlhy Hope creek, partly in Dorcheller and partly in Caroline co. 5 miles E. N. E. of Hunting-Creek town, and about 20 N. E. of Cambridge. — Morse. FE D'ANTIOCHIA, Santa, the mod northern town of Popayan, a di(lrii5l of Terra Firma, S. .Ame- rica. It is fituated 200 miles N. of Popayan city, near the confines of the province of drthagena, on the banks of St Martha river, and near 1 80 miles S. of its conflux with the Magdalena. Thither the inhabitants removed from Antiochia, 15 leagues from it, now an inconfiderablc place, whereas Santa Fe d'-\niiochia is a confiderable place, and capital of the audience of Santa Fe. — ib. FE DE BAGOTA, Santa, the capital of Nev.-. Grenada, S. America, fituated on the bjinks of tlie lit- tle river Pati, a w.ater of the Magdalena : is 180 miles E. of the bottom of Bonaventura bay. It is an arch- bilhop's fee, and the feat of an univerlity founded by king Philip III. in 1610. Near this city are gold mines. The air is temperate and healthful, and provifions plenty. S. lat. 4. 10. W. long. 74. 5. — ib. FE, or FOY, Santa, a place in the middle of Vera- gua, a province in the audience of Guatimala, in North America, where the king ri Spain keeps ollicers for cafting and refining gold. It (l::nds at the fource of a river which runs into the North Sea. — ib. FE, Santa, the capital of New-Mexico, in N. Ame- rica. It is lituated near the fource of Rio del Nort, 130 leagues from its moutli, in the gulf of Mexico. It is faid to be a rich and regularly built city, and a bilhop's fee. Baudrand makes it 9 leagues from the river. It is alfo called Santa Fc de Grenada : by others Njw-Mexico. N. lat. 36. W. long. 104. — ib Fc, Santa, a city o( P.iragu.iy, S. Ameiic.i, 150 leagues S. by S. W. of the city of Alfumption. The in- habitants are chiefly employed iu hulbandry, grazing, and weaving cloth. They fell their proJuiflicns and manufadlures to good profit in Brazil. Frim hence is a road to Potofi in Peru, and to Corbuda in Tucuma- na ; which being eafy and convenient, is very advan- tageous to this place. The dillance not being above 350 leagues. It (lands on the W. fide of Paraguay river. S. lat. 3c. 45. W. long. 60 40 — ib. FELTING, F E L [ 32 ] F E L iVliiin;. FELTING, the mctlioJ of working up wool or "■^^^^^^ l;:4ir iiuo II kind ot cloth or lUiff, withi ut either fj)in- riing or weaving it. In this country I'elting is Utile ptaclifed except in hat iii.iking ; and hs nine-tenths of ihofe who arc employed in the manufafturing of hats know nothin;^ of tlie principles on which they proceed, the following oblervationi on the meciianifm of felting mull to tl'.em be both agrcea!)le and ufeUil. They are liy M. M 'ni^e, and taken from the Annaks i!c Chcmic. If we exdmine, in a niiciofcope, hnnian hair, wool, the Iiair of a rabbit, hare, beaver, 'cic. however great the maprifying power ot the inltiument i;iay be, the llirface of each hair appears pcrie>flly fmooth and even ; or at leall, it any inequalities are to be perceived, they Teem rather to arile from tome diH'cr ence in the colour and tranfparency of particular parts of thefe fubrtances than from the irregularity of their I'urfaces ; for their image, when viewed by a Iblar microl'cope, is termina- ted by even lines, without any roughnefs. The fur- face of thefe obj.'fts, however, is by no means fmooth; on the contrary, it appears to be formed either of la- mella: which cover each other from the root to the p in a line with the li'ile finger, and, after grafping the hair by clofing the hand, we llrike the tilt levcral times againll the knee, tiie afperities of one end of the hair being now in a contrary direction to thofe of the oilier, each ot the ends recedes a little, one of them one way, the 01 her the contrary way; the knot is thereby opened, and, by introducing a pin into tlie eye which is formed, it is very e-ify to finifh untying it. Thefe obtei vations, v.'hich it would be ufelefs to mul- tiply, relate to long hair, that having b"eii taken as an example; but they apply with equal jir^priety to wool, furs, and in general to every kind of ai.imal liair. Tlie furface of all thefe is therelbre to be conlidered as com- pofed of h ird lamelU placed one upon another, like tiles, from the root to the point; which lamdU allow the progretlive motion of the hair towards ihe root, but prevent a limilar motion towards the point. From what has been faid, it is ealy to explain why the contaifl of woolen fluffs is rough to the fkin, while that of linen or cotten cloths is fmooth ; the reafon is, the afperites upon the turface of the fibres of the wool (notwithflanding the flexibility of each particular fibre), by fixing themi'elves in the fkin, produce a difagreeable fenfation, at leaft till we are accuftomed to it ; where- as the furface of the fibres of hemp or flax, of which linen is made, being perfeiflly fmootli, do not caufe any fuch fenfation. It is alfo evident, that the injury arifing to wounds or fores, from the application of wool, does not proceed from any chemical property, but is occafion. ed folely by the conformation of the furface of the fi- bres ; the afperities of which attach themfelves to the raw and expofed flelli, which they ftimulate and irritate to fuch a degree as to produce inflammation. This conformation is the principal caufe of that dif- pofition to what is called felting, which the hair of all animals in general poffeires. The hatter, by ftriking the wool with the firing of his bow (fee Hat, Encycl.), feparates the hairs from each other, and caufes them to fpring up in the air ; the hairs fall again on the table, in all poflible direc- tions, fo as to form a layer of a certain thicknefs, and the workman covers them with a cloth, whicl. lie preffes with his hands, moving them backwards and forwards in various diredions. This preffure brings the hairs againfl each other, and multiplies their points of con- tadl ; the agitation of them gives to each hair a pro- greilive morion towards the root ; by means of this mo- tion the hairs are twilled together, and the lamclU of earh hair, by fixing thennfelves to ihofe of other hairs which happen to be direifted the contrary way, keep the whide in that compad flate which the preffure makes it acquire. In proportion as the mafs becomes compfiifl, the preffure of the hands fhould be increafed ; not only to make it more clofe, but alfo to keep up t!ic progrfcflive Feltin; F E L [ 33 1 F E R Fcltinp;. progrefTive motion anJ twifling of the hairs, which then them by means of a brufli, and tliey are made to keep '^''"^^^^^ talf the hair, whi:b in thel.it- FER, Point au, on the W. coafl of lake Cham- ter cafe would come out with it, would render that end plain, lies in Clinton co. nearly 5 miles S. ot" the divifion which was fixed in the (kin thick and obtufe ; and it lina between New-York and Lower Canada, and 25 would confequently be lefs difpofed to introduce itielf miles S. of St. John's. The Briiilh occupied a bairack among the contiguous hairs, and to contribute by its here, furnlfhcd with one field piece, a few men, and a progrelhve motion to the conte.Kture of the mafs. fubaltern otTicer. It has been given up according to The above defcribed conformation of the furface of treaty. — Alorse. hairs and wool is not the only caufe which produces FERDINAND NARONK.\, an ifland on tl.e their dil'pofition to felting. It is not i'ufficieiu that coall of Brazil, South America, lies in S. lat. 3. 56. every hair porteifes the forememioned tendency to move W. long. 52 43 — :b. progreirivfly towards the root, and that the inclined /,;- FERGUSSON I Robert), who at an early period of fW/r, by hooking themfelves to each other, prelerve the life obtained a coiifiderable degree ol celebiity as a mafs in that (late to which conipreilion has brought it; Scottilh poet, was born at Eiinburgh on the 5th of liut it is alfo neceifary that the luirs (h'uld not be September I 750, according to a maiuifcr'pt account of ftraight, like needles ; if they were lo, preffing and rub- him with whicli we have been favoured by a relation, bing them together would merely raufe them to conti- In the biographical fketch prefixed to the Ptrtli edition nue their progreiVive motion, without changing their of his poems he is faid to h.ivc been born in 1751. direiflion : and the effcdt of thofe operations would only His father William Fergiilfon polfelfed, as well as be to make them move trom the centre of the niafs, himfelf, fome talents for poetry ; but, m.inying early, without producing any compaflnefs in it. Eveiy hair and being wifer than his fon, he abandoned the mufes mud therefore be twilled or curled in fuch a n.anner fur trade, and was employed in dilTcrent mercantile that the extremity which is towards the root maybe houfes, fii ft in Aberdeen, aud afterwards in Edinburgh, difpofed to change its direction perpetually, to twift At the time of his dcalh, he was an accountant in the itfelf about other hairs, and to ip.cliiie tow.irdi itfelf a- Biitilh linen hall, but never acquired any thing hke gain, in cafe it iliould be determined thereto by any opulence. change in the pofiiion of the reft of its length. It is During the years of infancy and childhood, the con- becaufe wool has naturally this eroded lorm that it is ftitiition c f rur poet was fo weak, that little hopes were fo proper for felting, and that it may be made ufe of entertained of his arriving at manhood. By the care, tor that purpofe without undergoing any previous pre- however, and attention of his parents, he gradually ac- paration. quired ftrength, anil at the age of fix was put to au But the hairs of the beaver, the rabbit, tlie hare, he. Enghfli fthool, where his proficiency in reading and re- being naturally ftraight, cannot be employed alone in citingwasuncommoniy great. At t)ie age ot feven liewa* felting till they have undergone a preliminary operation; fent to the highfchoolof Edinl>urgh, wheie he continued which confills in rubbing or combining them, before four years, and with very little labour made a rapid pro- they are taken oft' the Ikin, with a brufh diiiped in a fo- grefs in the knowledge of the L.itin tongue ; but for lution of mercury in aquafortis (nitric acid). This ii- fome reafon or odi?r he was removed from the high quor, ading only on one fide of the fubltance of the fchool to tlie grammar fchool of Dundee, whence, alter hairs, changes their direction from a tight line, and two years he was fcnt to the univerfity of St Andrews, gives them that difpofition to felling which wool natu- A gentleman of the n.-.me of Fergufi"on hadlcft burfaries rally pofTclfes. in that univerlity for the education of two b.>ys of the When the hairs are not intended to enter into the fame name; and Mr Willi imFergulFon having wi:h diffi- body of the mafi, but are only to be employed in mak- culty o'jtained one of them for liis f m, was induced to ing a fort of external coating, fuch as is fometimes educate him at St Andrews in preference to Edin- given to the outer fui face of hats, the operation jud burgh. mentioned need not be performed; but the felt on Though at no period of his life a fevere ftudent, our which they are to be fixed being tinilhed, the hair is poet's attainments in fcicnce were fuch as to keep alive unifoimly I'prcad uj>on the furface to which the coating in the univcifity the h ipcs which had been formed of is to be applied ; and, being covered with a cloth, it is him at fchool ; and he was conlclfedly the firll mathe- preffcd with the hands, and agitated tor a ccrt.iiii time, ma'ician of his ll.mding. On this accou n we are tol J Ey thefe means, tlie hairs introduce tliemfelvcs, by the that lie becimc the favourite of Dr Wilkic, who was root, a certiin depth in"o the felt, and are there fixed then profclfor rf natural philof(>phy in the univcifity of by their lamclU in fuch a manner as not to be calily ex- St Andrews ; but it is not improbable th.it the Do,5lor trailed. A p.irticuhir dirciflion is afterwards given to valjed biiii as mach for his poetical j^enlus as for his Sup PL. Vol. II. E ikill Fer, Vmat :'tt B rcrgufToa. F E R [ 34 ] F E R Tcr^vfron. {i^,\\\ in geometry ; forWilkie was a poet liinifelf, and ^■''^"'^^^ Mr FergulTon hid already written feveral fm.iU poems wliich attraifled confidcrable notice, as well from tiie profelfors as from liis fellow-lludents. But whatever was tlie bond of union, Dr Wil'^ie patronifsd the youthful poet ; and the pjet fhewed afterwards that he WIS not urgrateful. Upon the DoiSor's death, he pub- lilhed, in the Sccttifli dialjft, a beaulitul eclogue to his inemory, in which the peculiar merits of that eccentric genius are appreciated with great judgment. See WiLKiE, in this Supplement. During the laft win:er that he refiJed in St An- drews, our poet had c lively would fubniit totlie drudgery ot that dry andledentary prolellion. That the law was a very in)proper profeffion for a nan of his narrow fortune is indeed true ; but wetruft that his two biographers will not conlider us as intend- ing any ofTence to them, if we embrace the prefcnt op- portunity of expofmg the folly of a very common re- mark, that a lively gtnius cannot fubmit to what is ab- furdly called a dry lludy. We might inllance different lavjyers at our own bar, who, with great poetical ta- lents in their youth, have rifcn to the fummit of their proteiFion ; but to avoid perfonal diftindions at home, we (hall take our examples from England. The genius of the late Earl oi Mansfield was at lead as lively as that of Mr Ferguifon, and if he had pleafed he could have been equally a poet ; yet he fubmitted to the drudgery ofUudying a law ilill drier than that of Scot- lind. To the fine tafte of Atterbury bifhop of Ro- chefter, and to his clalhcal compofilions both in profe ard verle, no man is a llranger who is at all converfant in Englilh literature: yet that elegant fcholar and poet, after he had rifen to tlie dignity ot Dean of Cailifle, fubmitted to the drudgery of lludying, through the medium of barbarous L.atln, the eccleliaftical law of England from the earlieft ages ; and declared, that by dint of peifeverance he came in time to relilh it as much as the (ludy of Homer and Virgil. Whatever be thought ot Milton's political principles, no man can read his controverllal writings, and entertain a doubt but that he could have fubmitted to the drudgery of llu' ■ ■ ■ ,. rng the \j.w. The truth is, and it is a truth of great Importance, FtrgulTon. that a man of real vigour ot mind may bring himfelf to ^'^^''"^^ delight in any kind of (ludy which is uleful and ho- nourable. Such men were Lord MaiisfieiJ, the Biftiop of Rochefter, and Milton; but, whether through fome radical defect in his nervous iyllem, or in conlequence of early dillipation, Mr FergulTon, with many efiimable qualities was fo utterly dcllitute of this mental vigour, that rather than fubmit to what his friends call drud- gery, he feems to have looked with a wilhful eye to fome linecure place. With this view he paid a vifit to an uncle who lived near Aberdeen, a man of great learning and in opulent circumllances, in hopei that, by his inierefl, he might be fettled in a poll fuitable to his merit : But how dehifive w'ere his hopes ! His uncle indeed received him with every mark of afFciSion ; but liis fondnel's gradually cooled, and at the end of fix months, he ordered him abruptly to leave liio houfe, without having endeavoured to procure for him any fettlement. To a mind like FergutTon's, feelingly alive, fuch treat- ment from fo near a relation, to whom he had always behaved with becoming refpeft, mud have been dread- tally galling. Stung with indignation, he returned to his mother's at Edinburgh ; and asfoon as he recovered from a fevere illntfs, brought upon him by difappoint- ment and the fatigue of his journey, he compofed two elegies; one on "The Decay of rriendlliip," and the other " Againlt Repining at Fortune," both occafion- ed by his adventure in the Nurth. How much he felt the dafiiing of his hopes, is apparent trom the following pathetic hues in the Decay of Friendlliip: But, ah! thefe youthful fportive hours are fled, Thele fcenes ct jocund mirth are now no more ; No healing flurnbers 'tend my humble bed. No friends condole the forrows of the poor. And what avails lire thoughts of former joy ? What comfort bring they in the adverie hour? Can tliey the canker-worm of care dellroy, Or brigliten fortune's difcontentcd lour ? So dellitutewas he at this period, that he fubmitted to copy papers in the comraifl'ary clerk's office, we be- lieve at fo much the Iheet ; but not liking the employ, ment, and quarrelling with the commilFary clerk depute, he foon lelt the office in difguft. Hitherto he had lived rather in obfcurity ; and hap- py had it been for him, if in that obfcurity he had been iulFered to remain : happy had it been for him, had his converfation beenlefs fafcinating, and his company lefs courted by the frolic and the gay. PotTelTing an In- exhaullible fund of wit, the belt good nature, much modelly, and great goodnefs of heart, he was viewed with affedion by all to w^hom he was known; but his powers of fong, and almofl unrivalled talents for mi- mickry, led him oftener into the company of thofe who wilhed for him merely to enliven a focial hour, than of fuch as by their virtue were inclined, and by their in- fluence were able, to procure him a competent fettle- ment for life. The confequence of this was great laxity of manners. His moral principles indeed were never corrupted, nor, as we have reafon to believe, his faitli in revelation fhaken ; but there is no dcubt but that, courted as he was by the fyren voice of pleafure, he yielded lo many temptations, and in the hours of ebtiety committed F E R C 35 3 F K R Ftrgufloii. committed adlions which, in his cooler moments, he re- ^■^"""'^^ fleiled on witii abhorrence. His conlrience was indeed frequently roiifed. Be- ing on a vllit to a friend at Haddington, and ikuntering one day near the church yard, he was accolled by a clergyman, who feemed to be no ftranger to the Icind of life which he led. Tliis judicious divine contrived to draw his attention to the (hortnefs of time, the length of eternity, death and judgment, and the awful (late that awaits the wicked in an unfeen world ; and the conver- fation made a deep impreffion on his mind. It feemed, however, to be effaced from his memory liy the diflrpa- tion of Edinburgh, till it was recalled with diuLleefFecl by the following accident : In the room adjoining to that in which he flept was a ftarling, wliich b^ing feized one night by a cat tliat had found its way down the chimney, awaked Mr Fer- guflbn by the raoft alarming fcreams. Havintr learned the caufe of the alaim, he began ferioufly to reflect how often he, an immortal and accountable being, had in the hour of intemperance fet death at defiance, though it was thus terrible in reality even to an unaccountable and finlefb creature. This brought to his reooUeiflion the converfilion of the clergyman, whicli, aided by t!ie folemnity of midnight, wrought his mind up to a pitch of remorfe that almoft bordered on frantic defpair. Sleep now forfook his eyelids ; and he rofe in the morn- ing, not as lie had formerly done, to mis again with the Ibcial and the gay, but to be a recliife from fociety, and to allow the remembrance of his pad follies to prey upon his vitals. All his vivacity now forfook him ; thofe lips which were formed to give delight, were clo- fed as by the hand c f death ; and " on his countenance fat horror plum'd."' From this ftate of gloomy defpondency, however, he began gradually to recover ; and, except that a fettled melancholy was vifible in his countenance, his health was completely reflored, when one evening he fell at; J cut his head Co dreadl'uUy, that from the lofs of blood he became delirious. In this deplorable ftate he conti- nued (or frveral months, till, being C|uite exhaufted by want of fleep and conftant fpeaking, he expired on the l6th of Oilober 1774. He was interred in the Ca- nougate church yard, where his friends eredled a mo- nument to his memory, which has been fince removed to mike way for a larger and more elegant monument by his enthufiaftic admirer the late poet Bvrns. Thus died Robert Ferguff >n, a young m^n of the brightell genius and of the bell l)eart, who, had he joined prudence to his uncommon talents, muil have rifen to great eminence in the republic i)t letters ; but, as a late juvenile poet has obfcrvcd of him Complete alike in head and heart, But wanting in the prudent part^ He prov'd a poet's lot. Of his poems no gcner.il charaflcr can be given. The fubj-(ftsot them are Ibmetimes uncommon and gen -rally local or temporary. They arc o( courfe very unequ.il. But fuch of them as are in the Scottifh di.ile^^ have been univerfally admired by his countrymen ; and when it isconfidcred that they wcrecomp .fed amid II a round of dilllpation, they will bt. allowed to furnilh complete evidence of his genius and his talle. FERMANAGH, atownfliipin Mifflin co. Pennf) 1- reTiuMigli vania — Morse. U FERMAT (Peter), who was counfellor of the par- remiei.ta* liament of Touloufe in France, flouiiflied in the 17th y^i^^^^i;^ century, and died in 1663. Fie was a man of great talents, and a very general fcliolar ; but being con- temporary and intimately conneded with Des Cartes, Meifenne, Torricelli, and Huygens, he was naturally- led to devote much of his time to the mathematicr.l fciciices. He was (fays Dr Hutton) a fit (I rate mathe- matician, and polfeircd the fir.ell tafte for pure and ge- nuine geometry, whicli he contributed greatly to im- prove, as well as algebra. Fermat was author of, i. A Method for the Qui. draiure of all forts of parabolas. — 2. Another on Mixi. mums and Minimums: which ferves not only for the determination of plane and folid problems, but alfo for drawing tangents to curve lines, finding the centres of gravity in folids, and the refolution ofqueftions con- cerning nun, bers: in Ilioit, a method very fimdarto the fluxions of Newton. — 3. An Introduilicn to Geome- tric Loci, plxne and folid — 4. A Treatife on Spheri- cal Tangencies: where lie demonftiates in the Solids, the lame thingb as Vieta demonftrated in planes. — 5. A Reftoration of Apolloniu^'s two books on Plane Loci. — 6. A General Metlir.d f )r tlie dimenfion of Curve Lines. Befides a number of other fmaller pieces and many letters to learned men ; feveralof which are to be found in his O/frd Faria Mjtkani.t>:.Ts have an abundant fiipplv, we are rather to provide ior the egrcfs of their own, than to fuflfci t!ie admidir'n of the exter- nal air, by which a great number of the fine, volatile, oleaginous parts of the fubjtifl would be carried < (f, and A proportion.ite injury in flavour and fpiriluofuy fuflained. Hence fuch a coveting fliould be provided (or the gyle-tun as would barely allow the efcape of the common air produced by the operation ; whiltl vhegas, or fixed air, (rem its greater denfity, rciling upon the furface of the beer the wliole depth of the curb, pre- vents the aflion of flie external air, and conlequently the cfcapc of thofe fine and valuable parts jull m:n- tionej. E 2 « Bui FEZ C 36 ] FEZ FcTTOrnti- tion Frtzan. But tovvarv's the conclufion of vinous fermentation, this aerial covering beciinb to lole its efficiioy ; wliich points out the necelFiiy of then getting the beer into ' calks as foon as polFible, that the confcqiiences may be prevented, of expiling fo large a furface, liable to fo copious an evaporation. Am; nj;ft theie, a lola ot Ipi- lituofity is not the leall ; fnr this evajioration is more and more fpirituous as the aclion apprcaches the coin- p.ction of vinous fermentation ; and that once obtained, tlie lofs becomes itill mo^e conliderable, if llill expofeJ to the air j whence it migiit be termed tlie dillillation of Nature, in which fl>e is fo much fuperior to art, tliat the etheital fpirit rifes pure and unmixed, ufhilft the hic»liell reftification of the tlill produces at beft but a compound of aquecus and fpirituous p irts. " Nor is this entirely conicfture. Experience teach- es us, that we cannot produce fo rtrong a beer infum- iner, ceteris paribus, as in winter ; the reafon is, not be- caufe the ailion of fermentation does not realize fo much Ipirit in warm weather, but bccaufe the fermenting li- quor, after the perfei5lit.n of vinofuy, continues fo long in a fl^te of rarefa(ftion, that the fpirituous parts are diffipated in a much greater degree at that time than at any other, in a limilar ILue of progrellidn. And this dodrine of natural diftiUation feems to account for that increafe of ftrength obtainable from long prefervation, in well clofed cilks, and, more particularly fo, inglafs bottles; tor Nature, in her etforts to l)iing about her 5;rand purpofe of relolving every compound into its firft principles, keeps up a perpetual internal ftiuggle, as well as an external evaporation ; and it the Utter be ef- feclually prevented, the former mull he produiflive of additional fpirituofiiy, fo long as the ailion keeps wiih- in the pale of vinous termentatlon. " In order to maintain a due regulation of the fer- menting power, and to anfwerthe feveral purpofes of tiie operation, a fcrupulous attention to the degree of heat at which the aflion commence?, and a particular regard to tiie quality and quantity of the ferment employed, ;ire indiipeufably nectllary." The degree (f heat muft he afcertained by the thermometer, and regulated by experience: the quantity of yeaft can be afcertained only by the intention ( f the attift ; but ci the quality of that fubllance we (hall treat under Yeast in this Supplement. I'ERRISBURGH, atownfliip in Addifon co. Ver- mont, on lake Champlain. It contains 481 inhabit- ants. Otter creek, L.ittle Otter and Lewis's creeks l.iU into the lake here. The mouth (.f Otter creek lies in N. lat. 44. II. 45. W. long. 73. 9. 47. — Morse. FEZZAN is a kingdom in the interior of Africa, jilaced in the vafl wildernefs as an illand in the ocean. The following account of it was given to Mr Lucas liie African traveller by a:i old (liereef, a native of Fez- yan ; and that account was confirmed by the governor j.f Mefurata, who had himfelf villted Fezzan, and who, liaviog treated the traveller with great kindnefs, ought jiot to be lufpeiSted of having wantonly deceived him. According to this account, Fezzan is fituated to the fouth of Mefurata (feeMESURATA in ih'ti Siipf)/.), and the traveller from the latter place to the former arrives in eight days at Wadan, where refrelhrnents are procu- red for the caravan. From thence in five hours they reach tlie defart of Soudah, where no vegetable is feen to grow but the talk, a tree ftom which the lemon co- loured wood is taken which forms handles for tools. The palfage of the defart takes up fome days, when ^ the traveller finds a miterable village, producing no- thing but dates, brackilh water, and Indian corn ; from this village a day's journey condufls to the town of Sebbah, where are the remains of an ancient calcic, and other venerable ruins, and in four days more he reach- es Mourzouk, tlie capital of Fezzan. This city is fituated on the banks of a fmall river, furrounded by a high wall for defence, and is diftann from Mefurata 390 computed miles. Eallward of Mourzouk is the town ot Quecla, in whicii are the re- mains of ancient buildings ; the fize of the ciderns, and the conltrudlion of the vaulted caves, exhibit inllances of ancient fplendor. South of vvhicli place is Jermah, dillinguilbed by numerous and majeflic ruins, on which are many iufcriptions. Teiiouwa lies eafiward, near which was a river which the fherecf remembers, but is now overwhelmed in the moving fands. N. E. from Mourzouk, diftant about I30 miles, is the large tiwn of Temmifwa, where the caravans of pil.;iims from Bornou and Nigritia, by way of Cairo to Mecca, pro- vide their lloresforthe defart. In the town or province of Mcndrah is a large quan- tity of iroua, a fpecies of foflil alkali, that fhiats on the furface or fettles on the banks ot its fpreading lakes, great quantity of which is fent to Tripoli, and (hipped For Turkey, Tunis, and Morocco : at tie latter place it is ufed as an ingredient in the red dye of the leather. Mendrah is about 60 miles fou(h of Fezzan. The ter- ritory of Fezzan extends but little weflward, being confined by barren mountains. The Imaller towns of this kingdom are faid to be about one hundred ; thefe towns are chiefly inhabited by hufbandmen and lliep- herds ; in every town a market is regularly held ; mut- ton and goat's fleih are f ild by the quarter, ufunlly from thirty-two to forty grains of gold, or from four to five iliillings Englifh. The flefh of camels is dearer, and di- vided into Imnller parts. The houles are of clay, with flat roofs compofed of branches of tiec;, on which earth is laid ; this isfufB- cient in a climate where it never rains. The heats in I'ummer, fiom April to November, are intenfe, and the hot winds blow from the iouth-eaft, fouth, and fbuth- weft ; vifith fuch violence as to threaten fuflfocation ; when it changes to the well or north-weft a reviving frefhnefs enfues. The dref's of the inhabitants is like that of the Moors of Barbary, confifting of a large pair of trowfers, a Ihirt which hangs over the trowfers, a kind of waiilcoat without (leeves, and a jacket with tight fleeves ; over the jacket is a loofe robe which reaches below the knee, a girdle of crimfon, and a long cloth called a barakon or alhaicque, like a highland plaid, is worn ; (lockings of leather, laced like half boots, and flippers; on the head a red cap and turban ; fometimes over the whole tiiey throw a long cloak with a hood, called a bur- noofe. In fummer they throw off all but the ftiirt and the cap. The people bear very high degrees of heat, but any- cold afjre<5ls them fenfibly. Their difeafes are chiefly of the inflammatory and putrid kind ; the fmall pox is common, l^heir old women are their principal phyfi- cians. For pains in the head they cup and bleed ; for thofe in the limbs, they bathe in the hot lakes. They have Fetzan. FEZ C zi ] F I G Fciian. have a naltkude of noxious and loathfome animals; '^^^'^'"^ ll'.e air is crowded with mofquitos, and their perfons are over-run with the vermin which afFedl the beggars of Europe. In tlicir perfi ns ihcy incline to the negro, of a deep fwarthy c-'mpierinn, with curly black hair; tliey are tall, but indolent, inadive, and weak. In their com- mon intercourfe, dillindion of rank fcems to be for- gotten ; rich and poor, malterand man, converfe, eat, and drink, together; they aie, however, generous and liofpitable. An extenfive plain compofes the kingdom of Fezzan : the foil is generally a light fand, the fprings are abun- dant, and few regions in Africa exhibit a richer vege- tation. The lanil produces the talk, the white ihorn, date trees, the olive and lime, apricot, pomegranate, and fig : In-liin corn and barley are the favourite ob- je in England. The juftice of the fovereign is highly extolled ; fmall f'ffenccs are punlfhed by the baftinado, and the punilh- ments increafe to fine, impt ifonmcnt, and death. Troll- ing to their natural defence, their towns are with lut guard, and they have no ftanding forces. The only war the flierecf remqmbered was undertaken againll a people inhabiting the mountains of Tibefti, which is Jeparated from llie people of Fezzan by a wide and fandy defart. Thefe people are wild and favage, and had plundered a caravan belonging to the king, who Cent an army of between 3 and 4003 men agalnll and fubdued them. The country of thefe penple produce* much fenna. The vales ot Tibclli aie laid to be fertile in corn and pallure for cattle, p.irticularly camels. The people live In huts, and profefs various religions, Fezzan fome the M..hon;edan, others are attached to their an- ii clent idolatry. Figuratc._ The people of Fezzan carry on a confiderable trade with Tripoli, Bornou, Nigrltia, &c. At the end <,f October, when the heals are abated, the caravans de- part from Mourzouk In I'mall parties of ten or twelve, unlefs in time of war. They lay in provilions of date?, nieal, and mutton f.ilted, dried in the fun, and boiled in oil or fat. The merchants have agents in the chief towns, to whom they fend the flavcs they purchafe. The caravans to Tripi li carry the trona, f^-nna, grid and flaves brnugl.t from tliefouihern countries; and in return bring back cutlery, woollen, filk;, dollars, cop- per, and brafs. That to Born u cirries brafs and copper, for the currency of the country, imperi-il dollars, and various manul'ai^ures , but of their own produce only a prepa- ration of dates, and mtal of Indian corn, and they take in return fl.ivcs, gold duft, and civet. To Cifhna, an empire in Nigritia, they carry cow- ries, brafs to make rings and bracelet^, horfes, feveril kinds of manufadlures, and the Gooroo nuts ; and in return take gold dull. Haves, cotton cloth, dyed goa^s fkins, hides, fenna, and civet, for the countries fouth tpf the Niger, where alfo they convey fabre blades and Dutch knives, coral, brafs beads, looking glaffts, dol- lars, &c. and receive back gold dull, flaves, cotton cloths, goatfkins, Gooroo nuts, cowrie^, and ivory. A caravan of pilgrims fets out likewife in the au- tumn of every fecond and third year from Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, to Mecca. They proceed to Temefia, over the mountain of Zlltan, and thence to Sibbul, a place fubjeft to Tiipoli ; and thence nearly In a line with the Mediterranean fea to Cairo, and thence to Mecca by the cu.Iomary route. As not one ccleili.il obfcrva'.Ion has been taken to determine any latitude between Benin and Triorll, all the pofitions are fised by eflimation, reckoning; fifteen cr lixteen miles for a day's journey. Mr Renndl places Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, in lat. 27°. 20', or 260 ra'les from Mafurata. FIDLERS EWozl; a bend of Wood creek, between the outlet of South bay and the mouth ci the creek, at the northern end of lake Champlain, cppofite the mouth of Eaft bay. The mouth of Wood creek lies in N. lat. 43. 32. W. long. 73. 15. 12 Morse. FIGURATE Numbers arc fuch as do or may re- prefent fome geometrical figuic, fnch as a triangle, pentagon, or pyraniid, 5;c. Thele numbers are treated of at great length by Maclaurin in his Fluxiins ; Simp- f>a in h'S Algebra; and Milcoim in his Arithmetic; hut the following account of th-.m by Dr Hutton is as perfpicuous as any that we liave feen : Figurate numbers are diftlngullhcd into order:, ac- cording to thtir place in the fcale of their gencratim , being all produced one from another, viz. by addinij continually the terms of any one, the fucceliive funis are the terms < f the neit order, beginning from the firit order, which is that of equal units I, i, i, 1, fee. ; tiien the 2d order confilh of llie fiiccefllv- fums of thofe of ihe lit order, forming ihe arithmetical progrclfion i, 2, 3, 4, &c. ; thole c^t the jd order are the fucceliive fums of ihofe of the ad, and are the triangular num- bers 1 1 3, 6, 10, 15, ie. ; ihofc of the 4ih order are TO'; i *^ 1 V I G C 5S fi-.irate the fucceffive foms of tliofe of tlie 3d, ind arc the py- ^^^JJl^Jl^ ramia.il numbers i, 4, 10, 20, 35, &c. and lb on, as below : Oro'fr. Name. Nutnhers I. Equals. I, I, I, I, I. kc. 2. Arithnieticals, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. &c. 3. Triangular?, ii 3> 6, 10, 15. &c. 4. PyramidaU, I, 4, 10, 20, 55' &c. 5. 2J Pyramidals, 1, 5, 15, 35, 70. &c. 6. 3J Pyramidals, 1, 6, 21, 56, 126, &c. 7. 4th Pyramidals, I, 7, 28, 84, 210, &c. ] F I L dividing the prnuuifis 1X2, 2x3. 3 X4i 4X5, &c. each by the firft prod. 1X2; the firll pyramids by di- viding the prodiKls 1x2X3. 2X3X4. 3X4X5, &c. by tlie firft I X 2 X 3- And, in general, the figu- rate numbers of any order n, are fiund by fulillituting fucceflivcly I, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. inflead of x- in this general X . .V + I . X + 2 . X + 3 . &c. exprcOion where tlic The above are all conlidered as difFerent forts of tri- angular numbers, being formed from an arithmetical progreffion wliofe common difference is I. But it tliat commou difference be 2, the fuccefflve fums will be the feries of fqiiare numbers : if it be 3, the feries will be pentagonal numbers, or pentagons ; if it be 4, the feries will be hexagonal numbers, or liexagons ; and fo on. Thus : Arithm:- I ft Sinus, or 2d Slims, or ticnls. Po/ysroni . 2d Polygons. I. 2, 3, 4, Tri. I, 3, 6, 10 I, 4, 10, 20 I. 3- 5. 7. Sqrs. I, 4, 9, 16 I. 5. H. 30 ', 4. 7. 'o. Pent. 1, 5, 12, 22 I, 6, 18, 40 I. 5' 9> '3» Hex. I, 6, 15, 28 I, 7, 22, 50 &c. And the reafon of the names triangles, fquares, pen- tagons, hexagon-, &c. is, that thofe numbers may be placed in the form of thefe regular figures or polygons, as here below : Triangles. 136 10 o u o o Squares. 9 16 Pintagons 5 J2 e o o o Hexagons, o o o 15 o o o 0^0 But the figurate numbers of any order mny alio be found without computing thofe cf the preceding or- ders; which is done by taking the fucceilive produ^ Collier of Southwark for a very ingenious contrivance for tilterinc anJ fweetening water, oil, and all other liquids. Of this contrivance, wiiich combiries the ap- plication of machinery wi[h tlie anliieptic propeilies of charcoal (See CwtMisTRy N' 34. SuppUmirU), we fhall give a detailed account. Filh oil is one of the liquids which he had it parti- cularly in view to free trom all its imparities in fmell, tafte, and colour ; and the chemical procefs employed by him for this purpole conlills in [>ouring a quantity of any fpecies of tilh oil, or a mixture of different forts of filh til, into any convenient velftl, which is to be heated to the temperature of no or 120 degrees of Fahrenheit's fcale, and then adding of cauftic mineral alkali, of the fpecilic gravity commonly defcribed as i.zj, or of fuch ftrength that a phial containing 1000 grains of diftiUed water will cc^ntain 1250 grains of thefe lees, a quantity equal to four parts of the 100 by weight of the quantity of oil; the mixture is then to be agitated, and left to (land a fufEcient time for the falts and fediments to fubfide ; it is then drawn ofF into another vellel, containing a fufRcient quantity of frifli burnt charcoal, finely po\7dcred, or any other fub- ftance poffeffing antifeptic properties, in a powdered or divided (late, with an addition of a fmall proportion of diluted fulph.uric acid, fufScient only to decompofe the fmall quantity of faponaceous matter (till fufpended in the nil, which appears by the oil becoming clear at the furface : the contents of this veifel are alfo agitated, and the coaly faline and aqueous particles left to fubfide ; after which the oil is palfed through proper Itrainers, herein after defcribed, and is thereby rendered perfect- ly tranfparent and fit for ufe. The piinciple of the improved flrainerSj or filtering machines, confids in the means applied to combine hy- droflatic prelTure, which increafes according to the per- pendicnlar height of the fluid, with the mode of filter- ing p!r afcciifum, thereby procuring the new and pecu- liar advantage that the Huid and its feJiment take op- pofite direftions. A great advantage attending this invention is, that the dimenfions of the chamber in which the fediment is received, may be varied, while the filtering furface remain•^ the fame. To adapt the ma- chines Uit only to the purpofe of familes, work-houfes, hofpitals, public charities, the navy, or the merchant fcrvice, but alfo to all the purpofes of oil-men, of dillil- lers, of the laboratory, the brewery, &c. chambers of various capacities mull be provided for the fediment and precipitated matter. With refpeifl to tlie oil. trade, the fpa<:e required is very great, efpecially for fperma- ceti, or Brnfil bottoms. In the various purpofes of the laboratory, no hmits can be fi;;cd, but all dimen- fions will be occafionally required: in dillillerics and breweries they may be fmaller in proportion; and in that dcfigned for water and for donielllc ufe, a very fmall chamber will be fuflicient. When water is to be fweetened, or freed fioni any putrid or noxious par- ticles, it palTes, in its way to the filtering chamber, through an iron-box, or cylinder, containing charcoal finely powdered, or any other antifeptic fubllance info- luble in water, the water being forced into it by hy- drottatic prclfure, through a tube of any fuflicient height. Tliis box lias two aperttires to receive ai.J de- iiver the fluid, and thefe arc opened and ciofed by cocks, or icrewf, or any other method ufed for fuch putpofe;. Filter and being aifixed to the machine by other fcrews, may ^-'^^'"^ be cafily detached from the fame. Thus, whenever the charcoal begins to lofe its antifeptic properties, the box is removed and heated till it is red hot; by which means the foreign matter efcapes through the fmall apertures, after which the bcx i, cooled, and the char- coal becomes Iweel, pure, and equally iit fjr ufe as at firll, though the procefs be ever fo often repealed. Another part of the invention confill? in filterin-.; machines in the form of (lills, in which charcoal may be repeatedly burned after any fluid fubllances have paiFed through it, for the purpofe of freeing them ci- ther from putrid or noxious particles, or of difchartiini; their colouring matter ; wiiich filtering ftills are fo cr.n- trived, that the fluid may pafs through in any quanti- ty, without dilpiacin » the charcoal : the part of the fluid remaining iiiterfpcried among the cliarcoal, may be driven over by heat, and be employed for many in- ferior purpofes of the arts f r manufactures. Lallly, the heat may be raifed fo as to purify the charcoil, as has been before dcfcnbid in the machines for water. The flue of thofc llills is fo conllructed that water may be employed to cool them without the Icfs of time re- quilite for their gradually parting with their heat tJ the furroundmg aimufphere, fo as to be fit for a fubk- quent operation. But it wua not merely to the purifying of oils and various liquids that Mr CoUier turn-d his attention. To his filtering apparatus are attached inftruments fir afcei tdining the comparati\ e qualities of oils, which de- pend in part on the principle of tlieir fpecific gravities ; fpermaceti oil, concralted with other filh oils, being as 875 to 920. For this purpofe, a glafs veiTel of any- convenient fliape, is made ufe of, furnilhed with a bubble alfo of glafs, and a thermometer. If the oil is pure, this bubble finks, when the mercury rifes to a certain llandard, by the application of the hand, or any other heat to the veli'el containing the oil. If the fpermaceti oil is impure, the bubble will Hill float, though it is of the temperature required ; and the de- gree of impure, or foreign matter, will be (hewn by the Itate of the thermometer at wliich the bubble finks. To determine what tendency oils ufed for burning have to congeal in cold weathei, a frte/ing mixture is put in a phial of thin glafs, or any otlier convenient vellel ; into this a thermometer is immcrfed, and a linsjle drop of the oil, under exjieriment, fuftered to fall on the outfide of the vclfcl, where it immediately con- geals ; as the cold produced by th.e mixture gradually ceafes, it is eafy to obfcrve by the thermometer at what point of temperature tlie oil becomes fluid, and runs down the lide ot the glals. A Ihott defcription of this apparatu"; will make its Plote principles plain to every reader. A {i\^- i.) is the ^^*"' tiltern, into which tlic wattr or other liquor to be fil- tered is put. b B is a tube opening into the bottom of the cii'tern A, and bent along the bi>tt(.m of the ma- chine conveying the fluid into C C C the filieriig chamber winch is covered with leather b.nind down round its circular rim, and through wliich leather the water is percolated. D D, The baton rifini; above the level of the chamber and receiving the filtered li- quor. E, The fpout by which it runs oif into a pitch- er or other vditl. F, Another fpcu: luimiiied with ;i co«.k F I R. [ 40 ] F I R Filter ccict to draw off the foul water from the chamber v/hen In tlic nineteenth nnmber cf Mr Nicholfon's Journal of I' nccsU'ry. G G G, Tl e air tube, which begins above PhilofL'phj-, Clieniilby, ;incl the Arts, we have the fol- ' ^^^^^,^ the l.'vel of the chamber, is covered with a button, lowing compoiiticn tc-i exlinguinii.ig fire, ir^vented by which favcs the leather from bfine; ciit, and has a fnull M. Von A ken. lateral aperture tnr the air to be carried off. This Burnt Alum - . pounds 30 pipe palTv:s alcng the bottom and up the fide, and ri- ~ Zing above the level of the water in the cillern, is there clofed, except a fmall lateial aperture thiough which the air efcapes. H, A guard or rim wiih crofs bars put over the leather to keep it from being forced up rire. Green vitriul powdered - - 40 Cinabrefe or red ochre in powder - 20 Potter's clay, or other ilay, alfo powdered 200 Witer, .... 630 With 40 meafurcs of this mixture an artificial Hre by the wa;er. It is fallened down by means of two was extinguifhcd under the dircflion of the inventor notches on oj-polite fides of the guard, by which it by three perfons, which would have required the labour locks into two llaples rivetted into the bottom of the of 20 men, and 1500 meafures of common water. Si^. i.-afon. I, the lid Aiding down to cover the water I'lbbroni was commifiii ned to examine the value of from dull, and fufpended at pleafure by means of this invention, and found, in his comparative trials with K K, two fprings on each lube for that putpofe. L M engines of equal power, worked by the fime number ct" N O, A cylindrical box containing charcoal, which men, that the mixture exti'guilhed the materials in is conuefled with the above by means of the tube P, cnmbuflion in one fixth part lefs time, and three eighths and a continuation of the tube B. L M, The water lefs of fluid than when common water was nfed. He ob- tube B continued below the charcoal apparatus, fo that ferved, as might indeed have been imagined from the na- the fluid may pafs through the fame int" the cylinder, ture of the material, that the flame difappeared where- from whence it enters the chambers at P, fo as to be ever the mixture fell, and that the faline, metallic, filtered through the leather as before defcribed. R R, and earthy matters firmed an impenetrable lute round Cullais which may be unlcrewed at pleafuie, fo as to the hot combuftible matter, which prevented the accefs detach the charcoal apparatus whenever the charcoal of the air, and confequenlly the renewal of the deftruc- requires to be purified by heat. S S, Two cocks to live procefs. direfl the fluid through the charcoal cylinder or in.me- This recipe, Mr Nicholfon informs us, is taken fiom diately into the filtering chamber. the 85th N" of the Giornale Lettcrario di Napoli, in Fig. 2. A, A tub or cillern, containing the oil to be which it was inferted in the form of a letter from Sig. filtered, and fupplying a tube of fuflicient height tor Fdbbroni to Sig. D. Luigi Targioni of Naples ; and the hydrodatic preffure to operate. B B, A main the author of the letter eftimates the price of the corn- tube of wood, tin, leather, or cloth, to which any pofition at about one halfpenny per pound, number of bags, of the fize and fhape of corn facks, or The reafon aOlgned by Mr Nicholfon for giving this any C C convenient fize or fhape may be conneded. abridged account a place in his valuable work-, will be Thefe are bound to D D D, flraight double iron admitted by him and the public as a fufficient reafon for bars, furniflied with a hinge at one end and a fcrew at our adopting it into our's. It is, that fuch inventions the other, by opening which the bags may be emptied, are worthy of the attention of philofophers and econo- F, A trough underneath, made to receive the filtered mids, even though in the firft applications thty may oil from the receivers E E E. prove lefs advantageous than their inventors m.iy be Fig. 3. A, A funnel caflc or ciflern, into which the difpofed to think. It is fcarcely probable that this fluid is put which partes down. B, A tube fitted into praftice in the large way, with .tu engine throwing up- the fame, through which it enters. C, An iron ftill, wards of 200 gallons (value about L. 3, i05.)each mi- or ftiU of any other fvibltance capable of fuftaining heat, nute, would be thought of or adopted, or that a fuf. full of finely powdered and fifted charcoal, through ficient ftore of the materials would be kept in readi- the head of which the fluid paiTes into any receiver, nefs ; fince at this rate the expenditure for an hour D, A f.re place of any conftruflion to drive over the would demand provifion to the amount of L. 210 fluid remaining interfperfed among the charcoal, and fterling. But in country places the proceA, or fome alfo to purify the charcoal by an increafe of temperature variation of it, might be applied with fufficient profit when required. E, A cock to let water into the flues in tlie refult, more efpecially if it be confidered that to cool the apparatus for a fubfequent operation. common fa't or alum, or fuch f.iline matter as can be Fig. 4. The trial gl ifs vrith its thermometer. had and mixed with the water, together with clay, FINCASTLE, a pod town in Virginia, and capital chalk, or lime, oclireou'! earth or common mud, or even of Botetourt co. fituated on the E. fide of Catabaw thefe lafl without any frit, may anfwer the purpote of creek, a fmall dream which falls into James river, on the lute with more or lefs eflfeiS, and extinguifh an ac- the V/. fide of the North Mountain. Here are about cidencal fire with much greater fpeed and certainty 50 hrufes, a court-houfe and gaol. It lies on the pod than clear water would do. road from Richmond to Kentucky, 36 miles e.iderly of FiRt.-BdUs are meteors, of which fome account has Lexington, and 192 W. by N. of Richmond. — Morse, been given in the Encyclopedia, us well as of various FINDLEY, a lowndiip in Wafliirgton co. Penn- hypothefes which have been framed refpefling their na- fylvania. — Ih. ture and their origin. Since that article was publifhed, FIRE. See that article Encycl. and CAt.oRic and a new and very Angular hypoihcfis has been framed by Combustion, CuEMisTRr InJex in this Sup^l. Profefijr Chladni of Wittenberg, who maintains it by Extinction of FIRE is fometimes a matter of {o arguments, which, however fanciful, are yet worthy of much confequcpce, that every thing wh'ch promifcs to the reader's notice.* be effedual for that purpofe is worthy of attention. He i'uppofe;, thit fire balls, inftead of being collec- tions • PhU. FIR [4 Fir«. tions of the eleiSrical fluid floating in the higheft re- ^"^■"^ gions of our atinofphcre, are maires of very denfe mat- ter formed in iar dirtant parts of fpace, and ful)jedled to fimilar laws with the planets and comets. He en- deavours to prove, that their component parts muft be denfe and heavy ; becaufe their courfe fhews, in fo ap- parent a manner, the cffefls of gravity ; and becaufe their mafs, though it diftends to a monllrous fize, re- tains fufFicient confiftency and weight to continue an exceedingly rapid movement through a very large fpace, without being decompofed or dllfolved, notwithftand- ing the refillance of the atmofphere. It feems to him probable, that this fubllance is by the eflcd of fire re- duced to a tough fluid condition ; becaufe its form ap- pears fomctimes round and fometiraes elongated, and as its extending till it burfts, as well as the burfting it- felf, allows us to fuppofe a previous capability of ex- tenfion by elaftic fluidity. At any rale it appears to be certain, that fuch denfe matter, at fo great a height is not colleifted from panicles to be found in our atmof- phere, or can be thrown together into large mafl'es by any power with which we are acquainted ; that no power with which we are acquainted is able to give to fuch bodies fo rapid a projedile force in a diredion almoft parallel to the horizon ; that the matter does not rife upwards irom the earth, but exifls previoufly in the celellial regions, and mull have been conveyed thence to our earth. In tlie opinion of Dr Chladni, the following is the only theory of this phenomenon that agrees with all the accounts hitherto given, which is nut contrary to nature in any other refpedl, and which befules feems to be confirmed by various mafles found on the fpot where fire-balls fell. As earthy, metallic, and other particles form the principal component parts of our planets, among which iron is tlie prevailing part, other planetary bodies may therefore confill of fmiilar, or perhaps the fame com- ponent parts, though combined and modified in a very different manner. There may alfo be denfe matters ac- cumulated in fmaller malfcs, without being in immediate connexion with the larger planetary bodies difperfed throughout infinite fpace; and which, being impelled either by fome prcjedling power or attraflion. continue to move until they approach the earth or fome other body, when, being overcome by its attradive force, they immediately fall down. By their exceedingly great velocity. Hill increafed by the attraflion of the earth and the violent friiflion in the atmofphere, a (Irong elc(5lricity and heat muft nccclTarily be excited ; by which means they are reduced to a flaming and melted condition, and great quantities of vapour and different kinds of gafes are thus difengaged, which dillend the li- quid mafs to a monllrous fize, till, by a ftiU farther ex- panfion of ihefe elallic fluids, it muft at lengih burft. Dr Chladni thinks alio that the greater part of the jlmotlng Jl^irs, as they are called, are nothing elfe than fire-balls, which differ only from the latter in this, that their peculiarly great velocity carries them paft the earth at a greater dillance, \o that they are not fo I'trongly attrailcd by it as 10 fall down ; and therefore, in their palfagc through the high regions of the atmof. phere, occafion only a tranfient clcflric flafh, or a(5lually take fire for a moment, and are again fpceJily extin- guiflicd, when ihcy get to fuch a diftance from the earth SUPPL. Vol.. II. ] FIR that the air becomes too much rarefied for the exift- encc of fire. The grounds on which Dr Chladni fupports this opi- nion are variousrelations, well authenticated, of the mo- tions of thofc meteors, and the phenomena which ac- company their burfting. Befides thofc mentioned in the Encyclopedia, he lavs a particular ftrefs on the account which he received from M. B.iudin, Profeflbr of plii- lofophy at Pau, of a remarkable fiery meteor feen in Gafcony on the 241)1 of July, 1790. On the evenin» of that day M. Baudin was in the court of the callle of Mormes with a friend, the atmofphere being perfetft- ly clear, when they fiiddenly found themfelvesfurround- ed by a wliitilli light, which obfcured that of the full moon, then fhining with great luftre. On looking up- wards, they obferved, almoft in their zenith, a fire-ball of a larger diameter than the moon, and with a tail equal in length to five or fix times the diameter of the body. The ball and the tail were of a pale white co- lour, except the point of the latter, which was ahoioft as red as blood. The direflion of this meteor was from fouth to north. " Scarcely (fays M. Baudin) had we looked at it for two feconds, when it divided itfelf into feveral portions of confiderable fize, which we faw fall in dif- ferent direi?Hons, and almoft with the fame appearance as the burfting of a bomb. All thefe different frag- ments became extinguiflied in the air, and fome of them, in falling, alfumed that blood-red colour which I hat! obferved in the point of the tail. It is not improbable that all the reft may have affumed the fame colour ; but I remarked only thofe which proceeded in a direflioix towards Mormef, and which were particularly expofej to my view. " About two minutes and a half, or three minuses after, we heard a dreadful clap of thunder, or ra'.her cxplofion, as if feveral large pieces of ordnance had been fired off together. The concuffion of the atmofphere by this Ihock wks fo great, that we all thought an earthquake had taken place. The windows (hook in their frames, and fome of them, which probably were laid to, and not clofely (hut, were thrown open. We were informed next day, that in fome of the houfes at Houga, a fmall town about half a mile diftint from Mormes, the kitchen utenfils were thrown from the flielves ; fo that the people concluded there had been an earthquake. But as no movement was obferved ia the ground below our feet, I am inclined to think that all thefe effeils were produced merely by the violent concuftion of the atmofphere. " We proceeded into the garden while the noife ftill continued and .appeared to be in a perpendicular di- reflion above us. Sometime after, wlien it had ceafed, we heard a hollow noife, which feemed to roll along the chain of the Pyrenees in echn, may not have united thcmiclves to the larger accumu! itlng mafs of a new world ; but have remained inliilated, :;nd, impelled by fome fliock, have continued their courfe tlirough infinite fpace, until they approached fo near to fome planet, as to be within the fphere of its attraflion, and then by falling down to occafion the phenomena before mentioned." Whether Chladni be a philofopher of the French fcliool we know not ; but fome parts of his theory tend ftrongly towards niaterlalifin ; and the arguments by which he attempts to prop thofe parts are peculiar. ly weak. When he talks of Nature producing worlds, he either fubliitutes Nature for Nature's God, or ut- ters jargon which has no meaning. In what fenfe the word Nature is ufed by every philofopher of a found mind, we have elfewhere been at fome pains to fliev/ (fee River, n° 116, EncyclJ) ; but how abfurd would it be to fay, that the fyftem of general laws, by which the Author and Governor of the unlverfe connefts to- gether its various parts, and regulates all their opera- tions, poffelfcs, independently of him, the " power to produce worlds and whole fyftems, to deftroy them, and from their materials to form new onei !" As Chladni admits, or talks as if he admitted, the creation of matter, it would be wrong to impute to him this abfurdity ; but if by Nature he means God, and he can conliftently mean nothing clfe, we beg leave to affirm, that it is iliredly contrary to every notion which we can form of Nature in this fnfe, " to fuppofe that a large quantity cf material particles, either on ac" count of (iieir diflance, or becaufe prevented by a Jlrcng er movement in another direi5tion, have not united them- felves to the larger accumulating mats of a new world, but remained infulated, and impelled by fome liiock, have continued their courfe through infinite fpace, occ.'' Is there any dill ince to which God cannot rcacii, or any movement fo llrong as to refill his power ? Our author's language is indeed confufed, and probably liis F 3 ideas liif FIR [ 44 ] F I S Whenhe fpeaks of the par- chemiftry have difclofed the iecret, hy fliewing, that Fifhersfidd Flfiiiiig. Tire. ideas were not very clear. ''"^'^"*^ tides of matter being at firft difperfed through intinite fpace, and afterwards united by the power of attrac- tion, he revives the queftion which was long ago dif- cufled between Newton and Bentley, and difculfcd in fuch a manner as Ihould have filenced for ever the bab- blings of thofe who form viorlds by attra<5lion. " The hvpothefis (fays Newton) of matter's being at firll evenly fpicad through the heavens, is, in my opi- nion, inconfillent with the hypothefis of innate gravity without a fupernatural po'->er to reconcile them ; and therefore infers a Deity. For if there be innate gravi- ty, it is impoffible now for the matter, of the earth, and all the planets and Hars, to fly up from them, and be- come ever:ly fpread through all the heaven?, without a fupernatural power ; and certainly that which can never be hereafter wilhout a fupernatural power, could never be heretofore without the fame power". Dr Chladni, indeed, does not fay that his particles of matter were even/y difperfed through infinite fpace ; but fuch muft be his meaning, if he has any meaning : for matter un- rven/y difpcrl'ed mull, by an innate attraiflion, be united as fonn as it exills, and fo united as not to leave fmall fragments of it to wander, we know not why, through the tracklefs void. Turn matter on all fides, make it eternal or of late production, finite or infinite, there by sygen the combuftion is carried on contained in the nitre. Rtifiuit or Rar-MNt FiRF, is a fire from the artillery and fmall arms, directed parallel to the horizon, or to thole parts of the works of a place that are defended. Running Fire is when ranks of men fire one after another; or when the lines of an army are drawn out to fire on account of a viiftory ; in which cafe each fqua- dron or battalion takes the fire from that on its right, from the right of the firft line to the lei't, and from the left to tlie right of the fecond line, &c. FISHERSFIELD, a townlhip in Hillft.^rough co. New-Hamplhire, incorporated in 1763, containing 331 inhabitants. Sunapee pond lies partly here, and in the townlhip of Wendel. It is about 16 miles eafterly of Charleftown. — Alone. FISHER'j JJland, in Long-Ifland found, lies oppo- fite to Groton in ConncAlcut, is about 10 miles in length and 2 in breadth, having a light foil, favorable for raifing fheep. It produces alfo wheat and other grain. It is annexed to the townlhip of Southhold, in Suffolk CO. on Long-Ifland. — ib. FISHING, the art of catching fifh. See Angling, Fishery, and Fishing, &c. Encycl. Chinefe Fishing. We venture to give this appella- can be no regular fyllem produced bat by a voluntary tion to fome very ingenious contrivances of the people and meaning agent; and therefore, if it he true that of China for catching in their lakes, not only fifh, but fire-balls are malfes of denfe matter, coeval with the pla- water-fowl. For the purpofe of catching filh they have iietary fyftem, e.xifling in the celeflial regions, and trained a fpecies of pelican, refembling the common cor- thence conveyed to our earth, they muft have been vorant, which they call the Z,e«7zc, or filhing bird. It formed, and their motions imprelfed upon diem, by the Author of Nature for fome wife purpofe, though by us that purpofe may never be difcovered. One thing feenis pretty clear, that wherever they may be formed, the phenomena attending their burfting, account fuffi- ciently for the notions of thunderbolts which have been generally entertained in all ages, and in every country. Greek-FiRF (fee IVUJ-Fike, EricycL). In the fecond volume of Mr Nicholfon's Philofophical Journal, we is brown, with a white throat, the body whitifh beneath, and fpotted with brown ; the tail is rounded, the irrides blue, and the bill yellow. Sir George Staunton, who, when the embalTy was proceeding on the fouthern branch of the great canal, faw thofc birds employed, tells us, that on a large lake, clofe to the eall fide of the canal, are thoufands of fmall boats and rafts, built entirely for this fpecies of filhery. On each boat or raft are ten or a dozen birds, which, at a fignal from have the following receipt for making this compofition, the owner, plunge into the water ; and it is aftonilhing taken from fome manufcripts of Leonard de Vinci, vvh.o to fee the enormous (ize of filh with which they return, fiouriflied in the end of the fifteenth and beginning of grafped within their bills. They appeared to be fo well tlie fixteenth centuries, and who appears to have advan- trained, that it did not require either ring or cord about ced far before his contemporaries in phyfical fcieiice. their throats to prevent them from fwallowing any por- Take the charcoal of willow, nitre, brandy, refin, ful- tion of their prey, except what their mafter was pleafed pliur, pitch, and camphor. Mix the whole well together to return to them for encouragement and food. The over the fire. Plunge a woollen cord in the mixture, boat ufed by thefe fifliermen is of a remarkable light and form it into balls, which may afterwards be pro- make, and is often carried to the lake, together with rided with fpikes. Thefe balls, being fet on fire, are the filliing birds, by the men who are there to be fup- thrown into the enemy's veffels. It is called the Greek ported by it. fire, and is a fingular compofition, for it burns even up- The fame author faw the fifhermen bufy on the great on the water. Callinicus the architefl taught this com- lake Weechaung-hee ; and he gives the following ac- pofition to the Romans (of Conllantinople), who de- count of a very fingular method praflifed by them for rived great advantage from it, particularly under the catching the filh of the lake without the aid of birds, emperor Leo, when the Orientals attacked Conftanti- of net, or of hooks. iiople. A great number of their velfels were burn- To one fide of a boat a flat beard, painted while, ed by means of this compofition. is fixed, at an angle of about 45 degrees, the edge in- The compofition of the Greek fire thus given by dining towards the water. On moonlight nights the Vinci is found in nearly the fame words in fome of the boat is fo placed that the painted board is turned to writings of Baptilla Porta ; whence it appears that both authors derived their information from the fame fource. A compofition which burnt without accefs to the at- mofphere could not fail to fill the minds of our fore- fathers with wonder; but the modem difcoveries ia the moon, from whence the rays of light ftriking on the whitened furface, give to it the appearance of moving water ; on which the filh being tempted to leap as oa their element, the boatman raifing with a firing the board, turn the fi(h into the boat. Water- F I S C 45 ] F I S Fifliing II Fiftula. Water-fowl are much fought after by the Chinefe, and are taken upon the fame lake by the following in- genious device. Empty jars or gourds are fuffered to float about upon ihe water, that fuch objefts may be- come familiar to the birds. The filherman then wades into the lake with one of thofe empty velf-ls upon his head, and walks gently towards a bird ; and lifting up his arm, draws it down below the furface of the water without any diiturbance or giving alarm to the reft, feveral of whom he treats in the fame manner, until he fills the bag he had brought to hold his prey. The contrivance itfelf is not fo fingular, as it is that the fame exaftly Ihould have occurred in the new continent, as Ulloa allerts, to the natives of Carthagena, upon the lake Cienega de Tefias. FISHING Bay, in Maryland, lies on the E. fide cf Chefapeak bay, partly in Dorcheller and Somerfet counties. It receives feveral rivers from each county, the chief of which are Wicomico, Nanticokej alfo Tranfquaking and Blackwater creeks. The entrance into this large bay lies between Goldfborough and Devil's iflands. — Morse. Fishing Bay, on the S. fide of lake Ontario, is about 37 miles E. of Fort Niagara. — ib. FISHING-CREEK, a townlhip on Sufquehanna river, in Pennfylvanla. — ib. FISH KILL, a port town in Dutchefs co. New- York, 5 miles E. of Hudfon river, on Filhkill or creek, at the foot of the Highlands, which rife S. of it ; contain- ing about 30 houfes, a church for Eplfcopalians, and one for Low Dutch. The townlhip is very extenlive, and contained, in 1790, 5941 inhabitants, of whom 601 were flaves. It lies 14 miles S. by E. of Pough- keepfie, oppofite Newburgh, and 66 N. of New-York city. There are a few houfes only at the Landing, on the margin cf the river. — ib. Fish Kill, or Creel, on which the town above de- fcribed ftands, and from which it derives its name, is fmall, and empties into Hudfon river, about a mile below the Landing, and nearly oppofite New-Wind- for. — ib. Alfo, the name of a fmall ftream which runs S. W. into Oneida lake. Llkewife, a ftream which rifes from Saratoga lake, and runs 6 miles eafterly to the Hudfon. Its mouth is oppofite Batten kill, 2 miles above Saratoga town ; and on the N. fide of which Gen. Burgoyne's army laid down their arms as prifoners. — lb. FISTULA Lachrymalis is a difeafe which, in all its ftages, has been treated of in the article Surgery, chap. xiv. Encycl. A work, however, has been lately publillied by James Ware furgeon, in which there is the defcription of an operation for its cure confiderably different from that moft commonly ufed, and which, while it is fimple, the author's experience has afcertain- ed to be fuccefsful. In the cure of this difeafe, which is very troublefome, and not very uncommon, it is a well known praiftice to infert a metallic tube in the nafal du(ft cf the lachrymal canal : but the advantage derived from ihis operation is not at all times lafting. Among other c.iufes ot failure, Mr Ware notices the lodgment of infiilfated mucus in the cavity of the tube. To remedy this de- fert, he recommends the following operation. «• If the difeafe has not occafioned an aperture in the lachrymal fac, or if this aperture be not fitaated in a right line with the longitudinal direaion of the nafal dud, a punflure fliould be made into the fac, at a fmall dillancefrom the internal junfluie of the palpebrx, and nearly in a lins drawn hurizoncally from this jiiniftuie towards the nofe with a fi)ear-pointed lancet. The blunt end of a filver probe, of a fize rather fmaller than the probes that are commonly ufed by furgjoiis, fiiould then be introduced through the wound, and gently, but fteadily, pulhed on in the diredion of the nafal dudl, with a force fufncient to overcome the obftruc- tion in this canal, and until there is reafon to believe that it has freely entered into the cavity of the nofe. The pofition of the probe, when thus introduced, will be nearly perpendicular; its fide will touch the upper edge of the orbit; and the fpace between its bulbous end in the nofe and tlie wound in the (kin will ufually be found, in a full-grown perfon, to be about an inch and a quarter, or an inch and three-eighths. The probe is then to be withdrawn, and a filver ftyle, of a fize nearly limilar to that of the probe, but rather fmall- er, about an inch and three-eighths in length, with a flat head, like that of a nail, but placed obliquely, that it may fit clofe on the (kin, is to be introduced through the duct, in place of the probe, and to be left conftant- ly in it. For the firft day or two after the ftyle has been introduced, it is fometimes advifable to wafh the eye with a weak faturnine lotion, in order to obviate any tendency to infiammation which may have been excited by the operation ; but this in general is (o flight, that our author has rarely had occafion to ufe any application to remove it. The ftyle ftiould be with- drawn once every day ior about a week, and after- wards every fecond or third day. Some warm water fhould each time be injected through the duft into the nofe, and the inftrument be afterwards replaced in the fame manner as before. Mr Ware formerly ufed to cover the head of the ftyle with a piece of diachylon plafter fpread on black filk, but has of late obviated the necelTity for applying any plafter by blackening the head of the ftyle with fealing-wax. " The efFe(£l (fays he) produced by the ftyle, whea introduced in the way above mentioned, at firft gave me much furpri(e. It was employed with a view limi- lar to that with which Mr Pott recommends the intro- duftion of a bougie; viz. to open and dilate the nafal du(ft, and thus to eftablKh a pa(iage, through which the tears might afterwards be conveyed from the eye to the nofe. I expecfted, however, that whilft the ftyle con- tinued in the duft the obftruiflion would remain, and of courfe that the watering of the eye, and tlie weaknefs of the fight, would prove as troublefome as they had been before the inftrum^'nt was introduced. I did not imagine that any effential benefit could relult fro.m the operation until the (lyle was removed, and the palfige thereby opened. It was an agreeable dlfappointmeiit to me to find that the amendment was much more ex- peditious. The watering of the eye almoft wholly ceafed as foon as the (iyle was introduced ; and in pro- portion as the patient amended in this refpci-T, his fight alio became more ftrong and ufeful. The ftvle, there- fore, fecms to ?.& in a twofold capacity : firft, it di- lates the obftrufted palfage ; and then, by an attrac- tion fomewh.it fimilir to that of a capillary tube, it euides the tears through the dua into the nofe. ^ " The liftiiri FLA C 46 ] F L I FIHuU rhiibudi. " Tl:e wound that I ufually make into the fac, if the Ciippetative procefs has not formed a fuitable aper- ture in this part, is no larger than is juft fuflicienc to admit the end of the probe or Ryle ; and this, in gene- ral, ill a little time, becomes a tiilulous orifice, through vliich die llyle is paffed without occalioning the fmallell degree of pain. The accumulation of matter in the la- chiymal fic, which, previous to the operation, is often copious, ufually abates foon after the operation has been performed ; and, in about a week or ten days, the treat- ment of the cafe becomes fo eafy, that the patient him- felf, or feme fiitnd or fervant who is conlhmtly with him, is fully competent to do the whole that is necef- fary. It confids folely in withdrawing the ftyle two or three times in the week, occafionally injeSing fome warm water, and then replacing the inftrumcnt in the fame way in which it was done before. " It is not e.ify to afcertain the exail length of time that the llyle fliould be continued in the duvfl. Some have worn it many years, and, not finding any inconve- nience from the inllrument, are flill afraid and unwil- ling to part from it. Others, on the contrary, have difufed it at the end of about a month or fix weeks, and liave not had the fmalleft return of the obftrudlion afterwards." The author relates fo many fuccefsful cafes of this operation, that we thought it our duty to record his method in this Supplementary volume of our general repofitory of arts and fciences ; for a fuccefsful praflice, as well in furgery as in phyfic, muft reft on the bafis of eipetience. FITCHBURGH, a pod town of MafTachufetts, Worcefter co. 23 miles N. of Worcefter, 24 from Con- cord, and 42 N. W. of Bofton. It has 1151 inhabit- ants. — Morse. FITZWILLIAM, a townttiip in Cheniire co. New- Hamplliire, about 16 miles E. of Connefticut river, and fcparaled from Royalflon in Worcefter co. Mafla- chufetts, bf the (late line. It was incorporated in 1773, and. contains 1038 inhabitants. — ib. Oblique or Second FLANK, or Flank of the Curtain, is that part of the curtain from whence the face of the oppofite baftion can be feen, being contain- ed between the lines rafant and fichant, or the greater andlefs lines of defence ; or the part of the curtain be- tween the flank and the point where the fichant line of defence terminates. Covered, Low or Retired Flank, is the platform of the cafemate which lies hid in the ballion, and is other- wife called the orillon. Fiihant Flank, is that from whence a cannon play- ing, fires diredly on the face of the oppofite baftion. Rafant or Razant Flank, is the point from whence the line of defence begins, from the conjunftion of which with the curtain the Ihot only rafeth the face of the ne.>c« ballion, wliich happens when the face cannot be difcovored hut from the flank alone. FLATBUSH, the chief town of King's co. Long- Ifland, New-York. It is a pleafant and healthy town, fituated on a fmall bay which opens E. irom New- Yoik harbor, and is 5 miles S. by E. fiom New. York city. It contains a number of dwelling-houfes, moft- ly in one ftreet ; many of which are elegant and com- inodious. The inhabitants are chiefly of Dutch ex- tradlion. It contains 941 inhabitants, of whom 107 are qualified eledors, and 378 are flaves. The producli- ons are various kinds of fruit, vegetables, grain, &c. which find a ready market in the metropolis. The land lies low ; and in fummer the whole townfhip ap- pears like an e.\tenfive garden. The public buildings are a Dutch church, a courthoufe, and an academy, called Erafmus Hall, the mod flouri thing of all the academies in the ft.ite. It is in a pleafant and health- ful fituation, 4 miles from Brookliiie ferry. A bloody battle was fought near this town on the 27 Auguft, 1776, when the Americans were defeated by the Britilh with great lofs. The remains of the American army retreated to New-York under the co- ver of a thick fog. — Morse. FLATLANDS, a fmall townfliip in Kings co. Long-Illand, diftant from New- York city 6 or 7 miles. It contains 423 inhabitants, of whom 44 are qualified to be eleftors, and 137 are flaves. — ib. FLAT Rock, is an expanfive, clear, flat rock, but a little above the furface of the ground, and near the banks of a delightful rivulet of excellent water, which is one of the head branches of Great Ogeechee river, in Georgia. This is a common rendezvous or camping place for traders and Indians. — lb. FLATTERY, Gate, fo named by captain Cook, on account of its promifing at a diftance what it deni- ed on a nearer approach. Lat. 48. 15. long. 235. 30. E. This cape, captain Ingraham of Bofton, found to be the S. fide of the entrance of the ftraits of Juan de Fuca. N. lat. 48 25. W. long. 124. 52. — lb. FLEMINGTON, a fmall po.1 town of New-Jerfey, in Hunterdon co. lies about 6 miles N. eaftward of Amwell on Delaware river, z^ N. N. W. of Trenton, 9 S. of Pittftown, and ^7, N. E. by N. of Philadel- phia. It contains about a dozen compadf houfes. — ib. FLETCHER, a townfliip in Franklin co. Ver- mont, containing only 47 inliabitants. It has Cam- bridge on tlie S. E. and Georgia W. — ib. FLIE or Fly, that part of the mariner's compafs on which the thirty-two points of the wind are drawn, and over which the needle is placed, and faftened un- derneath. FLINT River, a confiderable river of Georgia, which rifes in the country of the Creek Indians, and running a S. and thence a S. W. courfe, joins the Appalachicola, at its entrance into Florida. The Flint is about 30 rods wide, and from 12 to 15 feet deep in fummer, and has a gentle current. The terri- tory lying on this river, efpecially on the upper part of it, prefents every appearance of a delightful and fruit- ful region in fome future day ; it being a rich foil, and exceedingly well fituated for every branch of agricul- ture, and offers an uninterrupted navigation to the bay of Mexico, and Atlantic ocean, and thence to the Weft- India iflands and over the whole world. There are a number of villages of Creek Indians on this river. — Morse. Flint, a fmall river, about a8 miles long, in the Genelfee country, in New- York, which runs N. N. E. into Canandarqua creek. — lb. FLINTSTON, a plantation in Cumbeiland co. Maine, having 180 inhabitants. It has one eminence in it called S,;ddle-Back mountain, but the country in general Flatlandi y Flimfton. FLO C 47 ] FLO Flo»tiD£^ general is level enough for cultivation. One half of it are in the fame vertical line, fpontaneouflf overfets, un- Floati.-.g. is covered with pine and white oak. — lb. FLOATING BoDits are fuch as fwim on the fur- face of a fluid, of which the mod important are fliips and all l<.inds of veffels emplcyed in war and in com- merce. Every feaman knows of how much confequence it is to determii.e the (lability of fuch veffels, and the pofitions which they aiTume when they float freely and at reft on the water. To accomplilh this, it is necelfary to ftate the principles on which that ftability and thefe pofitions depend ; and this has been done with fo much ingenuity and fcience by George Atwood, Efq; F. R. S. in the Philofophical Traiifadions for the year 1796, that we are perfuaded a large clafs of our readers will thank us for inferting an abflraft of his memoir in this place. A floating body is prefled downwards by its own ■weight in a vertical line that p.iffes through its centre of grdvity ; and it is fuftained by the upward prefl'ure of a fluid, a(fling in a vertical line that paffes through the centre of gravity of the immerfed part ; and unlefs thefe two lines be coincident, fo that the two centres of gravity may be in the fame vertical line, the folid ■will revolve on an axis, till it gains a pofition in which the equilibrium of floating will be permanent. Hence it appears that it is necelfary, in the firll place, to af- certain the proportion of the part immerfed to the whole ; for which purpofe the fpecific gravity of the floating body muft be known; and then it muft be de- termined, by geometrical or analytical methods, in what pofitions the folid can be placed on the furface of the fluid, fo that the two centres of gravity already men- tioned may be in the fame vertical line when a given part of the folid is immerfed under the furface of the fluid. When thefe preliminaries are fettled, fomething ftill remains to be done. Pofitions may be afiumed in •which the circumftances juft recited concur, and yet the folid will alfume fome other pofition in which it will permanently float. If a cylinder, e. g. having its fpecific gravity to that of the fluid on which it floats as 3 to 4, and its axis to the diameter of the bafe as 2 to I, be placed on the fluid with its axis vertical, it vill fuik to a depth equal to a diameter and a halt of the bafe ; and while its axis is preferved in a verti- lefs fupported by external force ; and the equihbrium of indifference, or the infenfil.le eq.i;librium, in which the folid refts on the fluid inditf.-rent to motion, with- out tendency to right itfelf when inclined, or to incline itfelf farther. If a folid body fliats permanently on the furfice of a fluid, and external force be applied to incline it from Its pofition, the refiftance oppofed to this inclination is termed the ftability of floating. Amtmg various float- ing bodies, fome lofe tlieir quiefcent pofition, and fom; gain it, after it has been interrupted, with greater fa- cility and force than others. Some fhips at fea ( fo for determining the ftability of (hips and of other floating bodies. We cannot farther accompany him in his elucidation of them, in the problems to the folu- tiuu FLO [ 4B ] FLO jl'.atlrif. ticn of wliich they lead, and In the important pracli- ""'^''"^^^ cal purpofes of naval aichiteiflure to which they are re- ferred. Tiie whole pjper, comprehending no lefs than 85 pages, is cuiious and valuable; it abounds with a- nalytical and geometrical difquilitious of the moft ela- borate kind ; and it ferves to enlarge our acquaintance witli a fubji-ifl tliat is net only highly interelling to the fpeculaiive m.ithematician, but extremely ufeful in its prai^ical application. With this latter view, the author feems to liave di- refled his attention to the v.arious cbjeds of inquiry which this article comprehends. They are fuch as in- timately relate to the theory of naval architeflure, fo far as it depends on ihe pure laws of mechanics, and they conliibute to extend and improve this theory. The union of ihofe principles that are deduced from the laws of motion, with the knowledge which is de- rived from obfcrvation and experience, cannot fail to edablilh the art of conftrufting veffels on its true bafis, and gradually to lead to farther improvements of the greateft importance and utility. To this purpofe, the auth'ir obferves, that " If the proportions and dimenfions adopted in the conflruftion of individual veflels are obtained by exadl geometrical menfuratlons, and calculations founded on them, and obfervations are made on the performance of thefe velTels at fea ; experiments of this kind, fufficient- ly diverfified and extended, feem to be the proper grounds on which theory may be effedlually applied in developing and reducing to fyftem thofe intricate, fub- til, and hitherto unperccived caufes, which contribute to impart the greatell degree of excellence to veflels of every fpecies and defcription. Since naval architeflure is reckoned among the praiflical branches of fcience, every voyage may be confidered as an experiment, or rather as a feries of experiments, from which ufeful truths are to be inferred towards perfefling the art of conftruifling velfels : but inferences of this kind, con- fidently with the preceding remark, cannot well be obtained, except by acquiring a perfeiSl knowledge of idl the proportions and dimenfions of each part of the (hip ; and fecondly, by making and recording fufficient- iy numerous obfervations on the qualities ot the vefliel, in all the varieties of fituation to which a fliip is ufual- ly liable in the praflice of navigation." In the valuable m'fcetlany entitied the Philofophical Magazine, there is a paper on this fubjeift by Mr John George Englilli, teacher of mathematics and mechani- cal philofophy ; which, as it is not long, and is eafily underllood, we fhrfll take the liberty to tranfcribe. " However operofe and difficult the calculations ne- celTary to determine the flabilily of nautical veifels may, in fome cafes, be, yet they all depend, fays this author, tipon the four following fimple and obvious theorems, accompanied with other well known (Icreometrical and llatical principles. " Thuorem 1. Every fioaiingbody dlfplaces a quanti- ty of the fluid la which it floats, equal to its own weight : and confequently, the fpeclfic gravity of the fluid will be to that of the floating body, as the mag- nitude of the whole is to that of the part immerfed. " Theorem 2. Every floating body is impelled down- ward by its own elfential power, ailing In the direillon of a vertical line paffing through the centre of gravity of the whole ; and is impelled upward by the reaiflion of the fluid which fupports it, aifting in the direcilon flosting- of a vertical line paffing through the centre of gravity ^-''^'^"^ of the part immerfed : therefore, unlefs thefe two lines are coincident, the floating body thus impelled mufl revolve round an axis, either in motion or at rell, until the equilibrium is reltored. *' Theorer?! 3. If by any power whatever a veffel be deflefted from an upright pofition, the perpendicular dilVance between two vertical lines paffing through the centres of gravity of the whole, and of the part immer- fed refpeflively, will be as the (lability of the veflcl, and which will be pofitive, nothing, or negative, accor- ding as the mctacentre is above, coincident with, or below, the centre of gravity of the velTel. " Theorem 4. The common centre of gravity of any fyflem of bodies being given in pofition, if any one of thefe bodies be moved from one part of the fyftem to another, the correlponding motion of the common centre of gravity, ellimated in any given direftion, will be to thatof the aforefaid body eftimated in the fame diredion, as the weight of the body moved is to that of the whole fyllem. " From whence it is evident, that in order to afcer- tain the (lability of any ve(rel, the politlon of the centres of gravity of the whole, and of the part im- merfed, muft be determined ; with which, and the di- menfions of the ve(rcl, the line of floatation, and angle of defleftion, the (lability or power either to right it- felf or overturn, may be found. " In fliips of war and merchandize, the calculations iiece(rary for this purpofe become unavoidably very o- perofe and troublefome ; but they may be much facili- tated by the experimental method pointed out in the New Tranfaflions of the Swedifh Academy of Scien- ces, firft quarter of the year 1787, page 48. " In river and canal boats, the regularity and fim- plicity of the form of the veffel itfelf, together with the compaifl dlfpofition and homogeneal quality of the burden, render that method for them unneceifary, and make the requlfite calculations become very eafy. Vef- fels of this kind are generally of the fame tranfverfe feiSion throughout their whole length, except a fmall part in prow and ilern, formed by fegments of circles or other fimple curves ; therefore a length may eafily be affigned fuch, that any of the tranfverfe fefllons be- ing multiplied thereby, the produft will be equal to the whole folidity of the veffel. The form of the fedion ABCD is for the moft part either reflangular, as in fig. I. trapezoidal, as in fig. 2. or mlxtllineal as in fig. plate 3. in all which MM reprefents the line of floatation XXVII& when upiight, and EF that when inclined at any angle MXE; alio G reprefents the centre of gravity of the whole veffel, and R that of the part immerfed. " If the veffel be loaded quite up to the line AB, and the fpeclfic gravity of the boat and burden be the fame, then the point G is fimply the centre of gravity of the feifllon ABCD ; but if not, the centres of gra- vity of the boat and burden muft be found feparately, and reduced to one by the common method, namely, by dividing the fum of the momenta by the fum of weights, or areas, which in this cafe are as the weights. The point R is always the centre of gravity of the feiflion MMCD, which, If confiftlng of different figures, muftalfo be found by dividing the fiim of the momenta by the fum of the weights as common. Th«le two points being found, the PLATE xmn I'.rriloHiiU py,//. j^,^. ru/.3. L*wj<ii9(56oi6 co, E. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by the Miflifiip- G pi. area of the included reftangle « ^ ; ^ = '44° fquare inches, and the altitude of its centre of gravity 12 inches ; in like manner, the area of the reftangle AB c d will be found = 5184 fquare inches, and the alti lude of its centre of gravity 48 inches Ihall have Momcnfuiu of^ tlie two quad. J Moment, oftfie 7 reilan. ,1 b i e 5 Moment.of tlieJ „ reilaii. AB c "•' 904-7808 X iJ'Si77 X li = 17280- X 48 =248832- l2jol-9Si;66oi6 1440- Sui'PL. Vol, 7528-7808 n. 1< I. o C 5' Florida, pi, which feparatcs it from Louifiana, anti is neatly of ^•^^^^**^ ihe form of the letter L. Among its i ivcrs t!-.:it fall into the Atlantic, St. John's and Indian rivers are the chiif. Seguana, Appalachicnla, Chatalntchi, Efcam- bia, Mobile, Pafcagoula and Pe;iil rivers all riie in Gecrgi.i, and run foulherly into the gulf of Mexico. T'he principal bays are St Bernard's, Afcenfion, Mo- bile, Penfacol.i, Dauphin, J.ifeph, Apalachy, Spiritu S.iRiflo ; and the chief cipes are Blanco, St Blai/.e, Anclote, and cape Florida at the extremity of the pe- ririfula. The climate is little diiTcrent from that ot Georgia. There are, in this country, a great variety of foils ; the eaflern part cf it, near to, and about St A\igufline, is by far the nioli unfruitful ; yet even there, two crops of Indian corn are annually produced. The banks of the rivers which water the Floridas, and the parts contiguous, are of a fuperior quality, and well adapted to the culture of rice and corn. The fine lands near the river Efcambia, are dcfcribed un- der the account of that river. The interior coun'ry, which is high and pleafant, abounds with wood of almoft every kind; paiticularly white and red oak, live oak, laurel magnolia, pine, hickory, cyprcA, red and white cedar. The live oaks, tho\igh not tall, con- tain a prodigious quantity of timber. The trunk is generally from 12 to 20 teet in circumference, and rifes 10 or 12 feet from the earth, and then brandies into 4 or 5 great limbs, wh.ich giovv in nejrly a hori- I'.ontal diredion, forming a gentle curve. " I have Hepped" ftys Bartram, " above 50 paces, on a ftra'ght line, from the trunk of one of thele trees to the extre- mity cf the limbs." They are ever green, and the wood almoft incorruptible. They bear a great quan- tity of fm.ill acorns, which is agreeable food when loaded, and from which the Indians extracft a fweet oil, which they ufe in cooking homrciny and rice. The laurel magnolia is the moll beautiful among the trees of the foreft, and is ufnally 100 feet high, though fome are much higher. The trunk is perfeiftly erefl, rifing in the form of a beautiful column, and I'upporting a head like an obtufe cone. The flowers, which are on the extremity of the branches, are large, white, and expanded like a rofe, and are the largeft and mod complete, of any yet known ; when fully ex- panded, they aie from 6 to 9 inches diameter, and have a moft delicious fragrance. The cyprefs is the largeft of the American trees. " I have feen trunks r.f thefe trees,'' fays Bartram, " that would meafure 8, 10 and 12 feet in diameter, for 40 and 50 feet ihaft." The trunks make excellent (hingles, board', and other limber; and when hollowed, make durable and con- venient canoes. The garden vegetables are in high j);rfe(ftion ; the orange and lemon trees grow here, without cultivation, to a large fize, and produce bet- ter fruit than in Spain and Portugal. The intervales between the hilly paitsof this country are extremely lich. The principal town in Weft Florida is Penfaco- la ; in Eaft Florida St Auguftine. The Spanilh Rrength in the Floridas, and Louifiana, in 1790, was as follows, according to Mr Melford's account : Troops and levies at St Auguftine and on St John's river, 400 — St Marks, 100 — Penfacola, 350 — Mobile and Tcmbigbee, 15c — at the Natchez, 2CC — Red river, 100 — Illinois river, 300 — inalli6oo men, called the Orleans or Louiliana regiment. 3 ] FLU The number of American families that have been Spanifh fubjefls fince 1783, amounts to 1720, viz. at Tenfau, near Mobile bay, 90 — on Tonibigbee river, 130 — at the Natchez on the MilTiflippi, 1500. All the fettlers in thefe dillrifls are under the immediate orders of the military commandants, and lu'njeft to martial law ; with an appeal from Itage to llage, up to the viceroy of Mexico. The property of the fub- jcdl at his deceafe is to be managed by the comman- dant, whofe fees, by law, are enormous. Until the year 1586 the continent of North-Ame- rica went by the name of Florida. It received this name from John Ponee, becaufe when he landed in N. laU 38. 8. in April 1513, he found the country there in lull bloom. Floridj has frequently changed mailers, belonging alternately to tlie French and Spaniards. Weft-Florida, as far as Perdido river, was owned and occupied by the French ; the remain- der, and all Eaft- Florida, by the Spaniards, previous to their being ceded to the Britilh, at the peace of 1763. The Britifh divided this country into E. and W. Florida. During the American war, both the Floridas were reduced by the Spaniards, and guaran- tied to the crown of Spain by the definitive treaty of 1783. — ib. Florida, Cape, the fouthernmoft point of land of the peninfula of EalUFhiriila. It is 100 miles N. of the illand of Cuba. N. lat. 25. 20. W. long. 80. 20. — ih. Florida Keys, or Martyr's IJlands, a number of rocks and land banks, bounded W. by the guif of Mexico, E. by that of Florida. The great fand bank extends from the peninfula of Eaft-Florida inward, to the gulf of Mexico, in the form of a hook ; its W. point is divided from the bank called the Dry Tortu- gas, by Tortuga channel. — ih. Florida, Gulf or, is the channel between tlie peninfula of Florida and the Bahama iflands, N. of the ifland of Cuba ; and through which the Gulf Stream finds a palfage, and runs to the N. E. along the Ame- rican coaft. — ib. FLOWERTOWN, in Pennfylvania, is a fmall village about 12 miles N. of Philadelphia, in Montgo- mery CO. — ib. FLUENT, or Flowing Quantity, in the doc- trine of fluxions, is the variable quantity which is con- fidtred as increafing and decreafing ; or the fluent of a given fluxion, is that quantity whofe fluxion being taken, according to the rules of that doiftrine, fnall be the fame with the given fluxion. See Fluxions. Encyc\. FLUIDS, Motion in. See Hydrostatics and Resistance of Fluids, Encycl. and Motion in this Supplement . FLUSHING, a town in Queen's co. New-York, fituated on the N. W. part of Long Illand, and on the S. fide of Hell Gate ; 7 miles E. by N. of New- York city. It contains 1607 inhabitants; of whom 210 are qualified elecSors, and 340 are flaves. — Morse. FLUVANNA, a county of Virginia, bounded N. by Albemarle, N. E. by Louifa, E. by Goochland, W. by Amherft, and S. by Fluvanna or James river, which divides it from Buckingham. It is about 22 miles long, and 20 broad, and contains 3.921 inha- bitants, including 1,466 ilaves. There is great plenty of FOR [51 of marble, both white and variegated with blue, red and purple veins, found here, on James river, at the mouth of Rockfifh; where it forms a large precipice, overhanging a navigable part of the river. — ib. FOGEDAR, the military governor of a fubordi- riate diilriifl in India, who has lometimes the addition- al office nf colleding the revenues. ] FOR FOGGY Cape, on the N. VV. coaft of N. America, is lituated on the S. eaftein fide of the peninfula of Alaflva, and W. of Kilhtac ifland. — Morse. Foggy I/le, on tlie fame fide of the peninfula as the above, lies a Ihort way S. by W. of Foggy Cape. —ib. FOLIATE, a name given by fome to a curve of the 2d order, expreifed by the equation x' -{-^'= axji, being one ipecies of defe. Fort Brewington, in New- York ftate, is fituated at the W. end of Oneida Lake, and on the N. fide of Onondago river, at its mouth in the lake. — ib. Fort Chartres, intheN.W. territory, is fituated on the E. bank of Mifliilippi river, 6 miles VV. by S. of St Phillips, and 19 W. N. W. of Kalkafkias village. — ii. Fort Dauphin, a fmall lake, or rather arm of Lit- tle Winnipeg lake, and weft of it. — il>. Fort Edward, a pleafant village in Wafhington CO. New- York, on the E. bank of Hudfon river, 49 miles N. of Albany. It has its name from the large fort built here in 1755; of which there are no re- mains but large mounds of earth. — ii. Fort Anne, a village on the head-waters of Wood creek, in Wafhington co. New-York, 60 miles N. E. of Albany city. It has its name from a fmall picket fort, erefted in the reign of Queen Anne, of which there is no veftige left. — it. Fort George, lies at the S. end of lake George, 62 miles N. of Albany. Here are the remains of the old forts, George, and William Henry. The fituation is pleafant, but there is hardly the appearance of a vil- lage. — ib. FoRTROYAL, in the ifland of Grenada. — ib, Fortroyal, one of the principal towns in the iflind of Martinico, in the Weft-Indies. It is the feat of go- vernment in the ifland; its ftreets are tegular, the houfes agreeable, and the people gay and luxurious. The citadel which defends the town colt the French j^. 325,000 fterling. The harbor here is one of the bell in the Weft-Indies, and the fliips of war winter in it. —ib. J ] F O U FORTUNE, a large bay towards the S. W. part of Newfoundland ifland ; acrofj the mouth of which lies Micklon ifland, and S. of it Peters ifland. This extenfive bay is interfperfed with fmall ifl.-5, and within it are many bays. It has great depth of water throughout. — ii. FOSSIL Meal, otherwlfe called /ac lunf, mineral argaric, and guhr, is, according the M. Fabbioni, a m-x- ed earth, which e.ih.tles an argilhceous odour, and throws out a light wliltifli fmoke when fprinkled with water. It is abundint in Tufcany, where it is em- ployed for cleaning plate. It d.ies not tlFervefce wi.h acids ; is in!ulibk in the fire, in which it lofes an eifbth part of its weight, though it becomes fcarcely diminifli- edin bulk; and, according to theanalyfis made by M. Fabbroni, conhfts of the fc^hwing component p irts : filiceous earth ^S' magnefia 15, water 14, argil 12, lime 3, iron i. With this earth, wliich is found near Caftcldelpiano in the territories of Sienna, M. Fabbro- ni compofed bricks, which, either baked or unbaked, floated in waisr. Hence he infers, that the floning bricks, whiili Pliny mentions as peculiar to Maflilna and Calento, tv.-o citii;s in Spjin, inuft have been made of foflll-meal. Bricks made of that fubftance relift wa- ter exceedingly well, and unite poifeiflly with lime ; they are fubjed to no alteration el;her by heat or Cild ; and about a twentieth part of argil may be added with advantage to their compofltion, without depriving them of the property (^( floating. M. Fablironi liied their refiftance, and found it very little inferior to that of common bricks ; but it is much greater in jiroportion to their lightnefs. One of thefe bricks, fcven inches in length, four and a half in breadth, and one inch ei'jht lines in thicknefs, weighed only I4:jth ounces ? wheieas a common brick weighed 5 pounds 6|ths ounces. Bricks of foflil-mcal may be of important benefit in the conftruiflion of reverberating furnaces, as they are fuch bad condudors oi heat, that a perfon may bring one half of them to a red heat, while the otlier is held in the hand. They may be employed alfo for buildings that require to be light ; for conftruiSing cooking places on board rtiips ; and alfo floating batteries, the para- pets of which, if made of thefe bricks, would be proof ag^inft red hot bullets ; and, laftly, for conftruJing powder magazines. FOSTER, a townfhip in Providence co. Rhode- Ifland, containing 2268 inhibitants ; 1 7 miles weftcrly of Providence, and 31 N. W. of Newport. — Morie. FOULAHS or Foolahs, a people in Afiica, in- habiting a country on ^he confines of the great defcit (f;e Sahara in tiiis SuppL) along the parall;! of nine degrees n^rth. Tney partake much of the negro form and complexion ; but have neither tlie jdty colour, thick lips, nor crij^cd hair of the negroes. They have alio a language dilliniff from the Mandinga, wliich is the prevailing one in this quarter. The FouUh's occu- py, at leaft asfovercigiis, fsveral provinces or kingdom?, interfperfed tliroughout the xx^Si comprehended be- tween the mountainous border of the couiitry ofSierrt Leona on the weft, and that of Tombuct.io on the call ; as alio a large traifl on the lower p.irt of the Senegal river; and thefe provinces are inlulated trom each .ither in a very remarkable manner. Their religion !.■< Malio- mcd.inifm ; but with a great mixture of Paganifm, and with Icfs intolerance than is ptadlifed by the Moors. Tke Foulahs Fox. FOX The principal ot' the Fnul.ih ft;ites Siena Leona ; and ot which Teemboo is the capit.il. The next in order appeiirs to be that bordering on the Ibuth of ih; Senegal river, and on tlie Jalofl's ; this is properly named Siratik. Others ot lefs note are lion- dou, with I'oota-'rorra adjacent to it, lying between the rivers Gambia and ralenic ; Foola-doo and lirootco along the upper part of tlie Senegal river ; Walicla be- yond the upper part of the Niger ; and Madina lower down on the fame river, and joining to Tombudoo on the weft. The kingdom oC the Fonlah?, fituated between the upper pan of the Gambia river, and the coaft of Sierra Leona, and along the Rio Grande, is governed by a Mahcmelan foveieign ; but the bulk of the people ap- pear to be Pagans. From the circumftances of their long hair, their lips, and comparatively light colour. Major Rennel is decidedly of opinion, that the Fou- lahs are the Leucxthiops of Ptolemy and Pliny. The former, as he oblerves, places the Leucithiops in the titnation occupied by the Foulahs ; and by the name which he gave them, he evidently meant to defcribe a people k/s black than ihe generality of the Ethiopians. Hence it may be gathered, that this nation had been traded with, and that fome notices refpedtlng it had been communicated to Ptolemy. It may alfo be re- marked, that the navigation of Hanno terminated on this coart; and as this was alfo the term of Ptolemy's knowledge, it may juftly be fufpeded, that this part of the coaft was defcribed from Carthaginian materials Thofe who have perufed the journal of Mtffrs Watt and Winterbottom through the Foulah country in 1794, and recollect how flattering a pidlure they give of ihe urbanity and hofpitality of the Foulahs, will be gratified on finding that this nation was known and diftinguilhed from the reft of the Ethiopians at a re- mote period of antiquity. The contraft between the Moorifh and Negro cha- rafters is as great as that between the nature of tlieir refpeflive countries, or between their form and com- plexion. The Moors appear to poli'efs the vices of the .Arabs without llieir virtues ; and to avail themfelves of an intolerant religion, to opprefs ftrangers : wliilft the Negroes, and efpecially the Mandingas, unable to com- prehend a doiflrine that fubftitutes opinion or belief fur the focial duties, are content to remain in their humble flate of ignorance. Tlie hofpitality fliewn by tbefe good people to Mr Park, a deftitute and forlorn ftran- ger, raifes them very high in the fcale of humanity : and I know of no (itter title, fays Mr Rennel, to con- fer on them than that of the Hindoos of Africa ; at the fame time, by no means intending to degrade the Ma- hnmedans of India by a comparifon with the African Moors. — See Major Rennel's Geographical llluflrations of Mr Park's Jourm-y, and of North Africa at large, printed for the African Aflbciation. FOXBOROUGH, a townlhip in Norfolk co. Maf. fachufetts, containing 674 inhabitants, 26 miles S. of Bofton. It was formerly a part of Dorchefter, and was incorporated in 177S. — Morse. FOX, a river in the N. W. territory, which rifes in the S. and runs about 50 miles N. where it approach- es very near to, and n .rallel with, Oaifconfui, a N. eaftern branch of the Miffillippi river. From the Great Carrying place here, tin ough lake Winnebago, it runs [ 56 3 F R A is that within eafterly, then N. E. to bay Puan, about 180 miles. From the carrying jilace to Winnebago it is naviga- ble for canoes 4 or 5 miles. From bay Puan its cur- rent io gentle ; from thence to Winnebago lake it is fidl of locks and very rapid. Its breadth is between 70 and 100 yards. The land on its borders is good, thinly wooded with hickory, oak, and ha/el. — ib. Fox, a northern water of Illinois rivei, 34 miles below the mouth of Plein river. — ib. FRAMINGiiAM, a townfliip in Middlefex co. MafTachuletts, containing 1598 inhabitants. It was incorporated in 1700, and is 24 miles W. S. W. of Bofton. — ih. FRANCAIS (Port des), the name given by Pc- roufe to a bay, or rather harbour, which he undoubted- ly difcovered on the north-weft coaft ot America. It is fituated, according to him, in 58" 37. N. Lat. and in 139° 50' W. Long. Irom Paris. When the two frigates which he commanded approached it, as they were ftretching along the coaft from fouth to north, he perceived trom his ftiip a great reef of rocks behind which the fea was very calm. This reef appeared to be about three or four hundred toifes in length from eaft to weft, and to be terminated, at about two cables length, by the point of the continent, leaving a pretty large opening ; fo that Nature feemed to have made, at the extremity of America, a harbour like that of Tou- lon, only more vaft in lier defigns and in her means : this new harbour was three or four leagues deep. Some officers, who had been difpatched in boats to reconnoitre this harbour, gave a report of it extremely* favourable ; and on the 5d of July 1786, the two fri- gates entered it, and anchored near its mouth in three fathorps and a half, rocky bottom. The bay, however, was quickly founded, and much better anchoring ground difcovered at an ifland in the middle of it, where the fhips might ride in 20 fathoms water with muddy bottom. This ground was taken pofletfion of, an ob- fervatory erected on the ifland, which was only a muf- ket fhot from the Ihips, and a lettlement formed for their ftay in the harbour. From a report made by one of the oQicers who had penetrated towards the bottom of the bay, Peroufe had conceived the idea of finding perhaps a channel by which he might proceed into the interior of America; but he was difappointed. The bottom of the bay, indeed, according to him, is one of the moft extraordinary places in the world. It is a bafon of water, of a depth in the middle that could not be fathomed, bordered by peaked mountains of an ex- ceffive height, covered with fnow, without a blade of grafs upon this immenfe coUedion of rocks, condemned by Nature to perpetual ftcrility. " I never (fays he) faw a breaih of air ruffle the furface of this water ; it is never troubled but by the fall of enormous pieces of ice, which continually detach themfelves from five different glaciers and which in tailing make a noife that refounds far in the mountains. The air is in this place fo very calm, and the filence fo profound, that the mere voice of a man may be heard half a league off, as well as the noife of fome fea birds which lay their eggs in the cavities of iheie rocks." It was at the extremity of this bay that he was in hopes of finding a patfage into the interior of America. He imagined that it migln terminate in a great river, of v.'hich the courfe might lie between two mountains ; and F R A C S7 ] F R A Fraiicaij. and that this river might take its fource in the great lakes to the northward of Canada. Two channels were indeed found, ftretching, the one to the eaft, and the other to the weft ; but both were very foon termi- nated by immenfe glaciers. In Port des Frangais the variation of the compafs is 28° eaft, and the dip of the needle 74". The fea rifes there feven feet and a half at full and change of the moon, when it is high water at one o'clock. The fea breezes, or perhaps other caufes, a<5t fo powerfully upon the current of the channel, that M. Peroufe faw the flood come in there like the moft rapid river ; while, in other circumftances, at the fame period of the moon, it may be ftemmed by a boat. In this channel he loft two Ihallops and twenty men. In his diflFerent excur- fions, he found the high water mark to be about 15 feet above the furface of the fea. Tliefe tides are probably incident to the bad feafun. When the winds blow with violence from the fouthward, the channel muft be imprafticable, and at all times the currents render the entrance difficult; the going out of it alfo requires a combination of circumftances, which may retard the de- parture of a velfel many weeks ; there is no getting un- der way but at the top of high water ; the breeze from the weft to the north-weft does not often rife till to- ward eleven o'clock, which does not permit the taking advantage of the morning tide ; finally, the eafterly winds, which are contrary, appeared to him to be more frequent than thofe from the weft, and the vaft height of the furrounding mountains never permits the land breezes, or thofe from the north, to penetrate into the road. As this port polTelTes great advantages, M. Peroufe thought it a duty incumbent on him to make its in- conveniences alfo known. It feemed to him that this anchorage is not convenient for thofe fliips which are fent out at a venture for trafficking in fkins ; fuch fliips ought to anchor in a great many bays, and always make the fliorteft ftay poffible in any of them ; becaufe the Indians have always difpofed of their whole ftock in the firft week, and all loft time is prejudicial to the interefts of the owners ; but a nation which (hould form the project of eftabliftiing fa<5torics fimilar to thofe of the Englilh in Hudfon'b Bay, could not make choice of a place more proper for fuch a fettlement. A fimple battery of four heavy cannon, placed upon the point of the continent, would be fully adequate to the defence of fo narrow an entrance, which is alfo made fo diffi- cult by the currents. This battery could not be turned or taken by land, becaufe the fea always breaks with fuch violence upon the coaft, that to difembark is im- poffible. The fort, the maj^azincs, and all the fettle- ments for commerce, Ihould be raifed upon Cenotaph Jfland (a), the circumference of wliich is nearly a league : it is capable of being cultivated, and there is plenty of wood and water. The fliips not having their cargo to feek, but being certain of having it colleded to a fingle point, would not be expofed to any delay : fome buoys, placed for the internal navigation of the SuppL. Vol. II. bay, would make it extremely fafe and eafy. The fet- tlement would form pilots, who, better verfeJ than we are in the fet and ftrength of the current at particular times of tide, would eufure the entrance and departure of the fhips. Finally, continues the author, our trathc for otters fkins has been fo very confidcrable, that I may fairly prefume there could not, in any part of America, be a greater quantity of them coUefled. The climate of this coaft feemed to Peroufe much milder than that of Hudfon's Bay in the fame latitude. Pines were meafured of fix feet diameter, and 14c high ; while thofe of the fime fpecies at Prince of Wales's Fort and Fort York are of a dimenfion fcarce fufficient for ftudding fail-booms. Vegetation is alfo very vigo- rous during three or f<'Ur months of the year ; and our author thinks, that Ruffian corn, as well as many com- mon plants might thrive exceedingly at Port des Fran- fais, where was found great abundance of celery, lu- pine', the wild pea, yarrow, and andive. Among thefe pot herbs were feen almoft all thofe of the meadows and mountains of France ; fuch as the angelica, the butter cup, the violet, and many fpecies of grafs pro- per for fodder. Tlie woods abound in goofeberries, rafpberries, and ftrawberries ; clufters of elder trees, the dwarf willow, different fpecies of briar which grow in the (liade, the gum poplar tree, the poplir, the fiUow, the horn-beam ; and, finally, fuperb pines, fit for the marts of our largeft fliips. Not any of the vegetable productions of this country are unknown in Europe. M. de Martiniere, in his different excurfions, met with only three plants which he thought new ; and it is well known, that a botanift might do the fame in the vicinity of Paris. The rivers were filled with trout and falmon ; and as the Indians fold thefe fifli to the French in greater quantities than they could confume, they had very little filhing in the bay, and that only with the line. They caught fome ling, a fingle thornback, fome plaice, Jti- tans or faitans, of which fome were more than ico pounds in weight (b), and a fifli refembling tlie whi- ting, but a little larger, which abounds on the coaft of Provence, where it is known by the name oi potr-prie/l. Peroufe calls thefe fifli capihns. In the woods they met with bears, martens, and fquirrels ; but they faw no great variety of birds, though the individuals were very numerous. " If the animal and vegetable produdlions of this country refemble thofe of a great many others, its ap- pearance (fays our author) can be compared to no- thing. The views which it prefcnts are more friglillul than thofe of the Alps and the Pyrenees ; but at tlie fame time fo pi.fturefque, that they would deferve the vifits of the curious, were they not at the extremity of the world. The primitive mountains of granite or fchiftus, perpetually covered with fnow, upon which are neither trees nor jilants, have their foundation in the fea, and form upon the fliore a kind of quay ; their flope is fo rapid, that after the firft two or three hun- dred toifes, the wild goats cannot climb them ; and all H the Praii (a) This name was given to the ifland in the bay from the monument creeled on it to the memory of tlieir unfortunate companions. (b) This is a flat fifli, longer and not fo fquare as the lurbet. Its bark is covered with fraall fcales ; and thofe which are taken in Europe are much lets than the flelaus of Port des I'rau^ais. F R A C 58 ] F R A rrancaU. tlic guUies which feparate them are immenfe glaciers, ^-^"""^^^ of which the tops cannot be difeerned, while the bafe is walhed by the fca. At a cable's length from the land there is no bottom at lefs than 160 fathoms. The fides of tlie harbour are formed by fecondary moun- tains, the elevation of which does not exceed from 800 to 900 toifes ; they arc covered with pines, and over- fpread with verdure, and the fnow is only feen on their fumnilts: they appeared to be entirely formed of fchif- tus, w hich is in the commencement of a ftate of decom- pofition ; tliey are extremely difficult to climb, but not altogether inacceQible. " Nature affigns inhabitants to fo frightful a country, who as widely differ from the people ot civilized coun- tiies as the fcene which has juil been defcribed differs from our cultivated plains ; as rude and barbarous as their foil is rocky and barren, they inhabit this land only to deftroy its population : at war with all the ani- mals, they defpife the vegetable fubftances which grow around lliem. I have ieen (fays our author) women and children eat fome rafpberries and ftrawberries ; but thefe are undoubtedly viands far too infipid for men, who live upon the earth like vultures in the air, or wolves and tigers in the forefts. " Their arts are fomewhat advanced, and in this re- fpeft civilization has made confiderable progrefs ; but that which foftens their ferocity, and polifhes their manners, is yet in its infancy. The mode of life they purfue excluding all kind of fiibordination, they are continually agitated by fear or revenge ; prone to an- ger, and eafily irritated, they are continually attacking each other dagger in hand. Expofed in the winter to periih for want, becaufe the chafe cannot be fuccefsful, they live during the fummsr in the greateft abundance, as they can catdt in lefs than an hour a fufficient quan- tity of filh for the fupport of tlieir family ; they re- main idle during the reft of the day, which they pafs at play, to which they are as much addidled as fome of the inhabitants in our great cities. This gaming is the great fource of their quarrels. If to all thefe de- flrudlivc vices they Ihould unfortunately add a know- ledge of the ufe of any inebriating liquor, M. Peroufe does not hefitate to pronounce, that this colony would be entirely annihilated." Like all other fivages, they are Incorrigible thieves ; and when they aifiimed a mild and placid appearance, the Frenchmen were fure that they had ftolen fome- tliing. Iron, of which they appeared to know the ufe, and of courfe the value, moft excited their cupidity ; and when our navigators were engaged in carefling a child, the father was fure to feize the opportunity of taking up, and concealing under his ikin-garment, every thing of that metal which lay within h'u reach, and was not too lieavy to be carried off. M. RoUin, furgeon major of one of the frigates, thus defcribes thefe people. " They have very little fimi- larity to the Californians ; they are taller, ftouter, of a more agreeable figure, and greater vivacity of expref- fion : they are alfo much their fuperiors in courage and fenfe. They have rather a low forehead, but more open than that of the Southern Americans ; their eyes are black and very animated ; their eyebrows much ful- ler ; their nofe of the ufual fize, and well formed, ex- cept being a liitk widened at the extremity ; their lips thinner ; their mouth moderately large ; their teeth fine Francals. and very even ; their chin and ears very regular. \,^~v^>m^ " The women alfo have an equal advantage over thofe of tlie preceding tribes ; they have much more mildnefs in their features, and grace in their limbs — Their countenance would be even very agreeable, if, in order to fet it off, they did not make ufe of a ftrange cuftom of wearing in the lower lip an elliptical piece of wood, lightly grooved on it? circumference and both its fides, and which is commonly half an inch thick, two in diameter, and three in length. " This fingular ornament, befides being a great defor- mity, is the caufe of a very troublefome as well as dif- gufting involuntary flow of faliva. This appendage is peculiar to the women ; and female children are made to undergo the preparatory operations iiom the time of their birth. For this purpofe, the lower lip is pierced with a kind of pin of copper or gold, which is either left in the opening, or its place fupplied with a ring of the fame material, till the period of puberty. The aper- ture is then gradually enlarged, by fubftituting firft a fmall piece of wood of the form mentioned above, then a larger one ; and fo on, increafing its fize by degrees till it reaches the dimenfions juft ftatcd. " This extraordinary cuftom (hows the great power of dilatation in the lip, and may encourage medical prac- titioners in their attempts to remedy delormities of this part by the ufe of the knife. "The general colour of thefe people is olive, a fain- ter tinge of which is apparent in their nails, which they fufferto grow very long ; the hue of the fkin, hov/ever, varies in different individuals, and in various parts of the fitme individual, according to their expofure to the aflion of the air and fun. " Their hair is, in general, neither fo coarfe nor black as that of the South Americans. Chefnut coloured hair is by no means unfrequent among them. Their heard is alfo fuller, and their armpits and parts of fex better provided with hair. "The perfect evennefs of their teeth led me at firft to fufpeifl lliat it vfas the effe<5t of art ; but after an attentive and minute examination, I could perceive no wearing away of the enamel, and I faw that this regu- larity is natural. They tattoo and paint their face and body, and bore their ears and the cartilage of their nofe. " Some writers have imagined, that the cuftom of painting the face and body, fo generally adopted by the Africans, Americans, and Wtft-Indians, is only in- tended as a prefervative againft noxious infeifls. I think, however, that I am warranted in afferting its fole end to be ornament. I found it to prevail among the inhabitants of Eafter Ifl^nd and the natives of Port eit]uous. The praftical ufe of his difcoveries in the application of pointed condudors for the purpofe cf Iccuring houfes from injury by light- [ 61 ] F R A ning is well known and in general ufe in America, and rrankUn. in many places in Europe. s.^-v->^ In 1 747 he became a member of the General Affem- bly of Pennfylvania, where his influence was very con- fiderable. He felJom fpoke, and never attempted ora- tory, but frequently by a fingle obfervation determined the fate of a queftion. Perceiving that the beR way of fecuring permanently the rights of the people was, by the general dlffufion of knowledge and information to all clalfes, he drew up a plan of an Academy to bi ere.aed in the city of Philadelphia, not only adapted to an infant colony, but alfo as a foundation on which pnflerity might ered a more extenfive feniinary. The conllitution was drawn up and figned in 1749, and in 1750 the Latin and Greek, Mathematical and Englilh fchools were opened, and a Charily fchool for 60 boys and 30 girls. This inftitution was incorporated in '753' 2""^ ^n additional charter was obtained in 175;. In 1752 he had joined in the fcheme fuggelled by Dr Bond, and on application to the Aflembly obtained from the public ^'.2000 for eftabllftiing the Hofpital for the poor when vifited by difcafe. In 1753 he was appointed deputy poft-mailer general for the Britifli Colonies, and in his hands this department was fo well adminiltered that its annual produce was faid to be more than double that of Ireland. In 1754 Franklin, as commldioner from Pennfyl- vania, met at Albany with the ci.mmiflioners of feveral of the other colonies, and produced a plan which has been called the Albany Plan of Union ior the defence and general government of the colonies. After feveral days difcuilion it was unanimouflv agreed to, and a copy of it tranfmitted to each chmial Alfembly, and one to the king's Council. The fate of it wa^ fingular : it was rejec^tid by the miniftry of Great Britain, be- caufe it gave too much power to the rcprefentaiives of tlie people, and it was rejeifted by all the alfemblies as giving to the prefident general, the reprefentative of the Crown, an influence greater than appeared to them proper in a plan ot government intended for freemen. The dekat of Braddock fpread a very great alarm through the colonies. Franklin introduced into the Alfembly a bill for organizing a militia, the bill palfed and he was appointed colonel of a regiment in Phila- delphia of 1200 men ; the frontier being invaded, he repaired by order of the governor, with a body of men, to the place at which their prefence was necef- fary, built a fort, and placed a garrifon in fuch a pof. ture as to withllanJ the inroads to which the inhabi- tants had been expofed. In 1757 he was app-inted agent ior the province of Pennfylvania to prefent to the king a petition for redrels from the attention ot the proprietaries to their private int red, who would not conlent that their ellatcs Ihould be taxed to bear a (hare of the public burdens. Agreeably to the inllruc- tions which he had received from the Icgifliture he en- deavoured to prevail on the pr. pnetaries to give up the point in conteft, finding them obltinate, he laid his petition before the council, where after much oppoli- tion it was agreed that tlie proprietary eftatcs (h^iuld pay their due proportion of taxes on Mr Fianklin en- gaging that their burdens (hould not exceed the due proportion. Alter tranquillity had been re-ellablilhed by las abilities and integrity as agent for Pennfylvania, his F R A [ 62 ] F R A rrnnia;ii. his ctstifive knowledge of the fituation of the colonies ^•^'^^*~' occaiicneJ his appointment as agent for MullachufeUs, MaryUnd, and Georgia, in which fituation his con- dnA rendered him d:ar to his countrymen. _ He had n.iw the rewards of literary and philofophical merit aburd.intly heftoweJ on hirn, by being admitted iel- low of many learned focieties. The degree of Dcclor of Lmws wjs couteired on him by the Univerfilies of Sc Andrews, Edinburgh, and Oxford, and his correfpon- dence fou^'ht for by the mr ft eminent philofophers of Kiirope. During this period he Ihev^ed in a pamphlet the advantages which would accrue from the conqueft cf Canad f the manner in which they came to his li.mds ; the pe- tition was rejeded. The meafures which the miniftiy purfued in laying taxes on the colonies Dr Franklin ufed his utmoR endeavours to induce them to change but without fuccefs, and finding all his efforts to re- llore harmony ufelefs he returned to America in 1775. Jufl after the commencement of hoftilities, he vifited Canada to perfuade the citizens to join in the common caufe, but did not fucceed. In 1776 he was joined with Mr Adams and Mr Rutledge to lesrn the extent of the powers of thofe commiffioners who came with Lord Howe, but finding that they were only empow- ered to grant pardons on fubmiili n, nothing could be done. He gave his voice decidedly for independence, and had great influence in bringing over others to the fame vievvs. The public mind had been in fome mea- fure prepaied for this by Paine's pamphlet Cominon Senft : there was good reafon to believe tliat Dr Fr unk- lin had a conliderable fhare in this work. The fame year he was cliofen prefider.t of the Convention which met in Philadelphia to form a new conftitution tor Pennfylvania. In the latter end of th.e year he was appointed to adilf in the negociations wh'ch had been fet on foot in Fiance by Silas Dcane, but n thing c<.uld be accomplilhed till the news of the capture of Burgoyne's army by llie Americans decided the con- dud of France : to this alfo was owing the facility with which loans in Holland and France were negcciated. Frantliw He was one of thofe who figned the provifional arti- ^•^~^<"'*^ cles of peace in Nov. 1782, and the definitive treaty on the 30th September 1783. He was 11 townihips, which C(nuain 1^,6^^ in- habitants, (f whom 330 are flaves. — ib, Franklin Co. in Kentucky, is bounded N. by Scott CO. F R E C 63 ] F R E Frauklin II , Fredcrica. CO. N. W. and W. by Shelby, S. E. by Fayette, and S. by Woodford. Chief town, Frankfort. — ib. Franklin Co. in Halifax diftriil, N.Carolina, con- tains 7559 inhabitants, of whom 2717 are flaves. It is bounded N. by Greenville, S. by Jijhnfton, N. E. by Warren, S. W. by Wake, and W. by Orange co. Chief town, Lewifljurg. — ib. Franklin Co. in Virginia, is bounded N. by Bed- ford, K. W. by Botetourt, W. by Montgomery, S, W. by Henry, S. by Patrick, and E. by Campbell co. It is about 40 miles long, and 25 broad, and contains 6842 inhabitants, including 1073 laves. A range of the Alleghany Mountains pafles through it on the N. W. It is confequently hilly in general. — ib. Franklin Co. in Georgia, is fituated in the Upper Diftrift, bounded E. and N. E. by Tugulo river, which feparates it from the flate of S. Carolina ; W. and N. W. by the country of the Cherokees ; S. by the head branches of Broad river, and S. E. by Elbert co. It-contains 1041 inhabitants, of whom 156 are flaves. The court-houfe is 17 miles from Hatton's Ford on Tugulo river, 25 from Elberton, and 77 from Wafh- ington. — ib. Franklin, a townfliip in Norfolk co. Maflachufetts ; taken from Wrentham, and incorporated in 1778, and contains 17,000 acres of land. It has iioi inhabit- ants ; is bounded N. by Charles river, which feparates it from Medway, and lies 30 miles S. of Bofton. — ib. Franklin, a fmall ifle at the mouth of St George's river in Lincohi co. Maine; 4 leagues fouthward of Thomafton. — ib. Franklin, a new townfliip in Dutchefs co. New- York. By the ftate cenfus of 1796, it appe.irs there are 2 10 of its inhabitants qualified to be electors. — Alfo, a new townfliip in Delaware county, of whofe inhabit- ants 239 are cleflors. It lies S. W. from, and bor- ders on Harpersfield, and its W. line runs along the S. eaftern bank of Sufquehanna river. Tiiis town was divided by an aft of the Legill'.ture, 1797 — ib. Franklin, a townlhip in Wellmorsland co. Penn- fylvania. — Alfo, 3 others in the fame Hate, viz. in York CO. Fayette co. and in Wafhington co. — ib. Franklin, a townlhip, the northernmoft in New- London CO. Connefticut, 6 miles N. W. of Norwich. It contains above 1000 inhabitants, who are chieHy wealtliy farmers. — ib. FRANKSTOWN, a townfliip in Huntingdon co. Pennfylvania, fituated on the Frankllown branch of Juniatta river, 20 miles W. of Huntingdon. — ib. FRAYLES, an ifland near the coall of New-Anda- lufia. Terra Firma. — ib. FREDERICA, a village in Kent co. ftate of Dela- ware, fituated between the two main branches of Mo- ther Kill, a ftream which falls into Delaware 7 miles from the town, and 3 S. E. of Jame's creek, which leads up to Dover. It contains about 40 houfes, and lies 12 miles E. of Dover, and 88 from Philadelphia. — '^■ Frederica, a town of Glynn co. in Georgia, is fituated on St Simon's Ifl.ind, in a very pleafant fitua- tion, and was built by General Oglethorpe. The for- trefs was beautiful and regular, but U now in ruins. The town contains but few houfes, wliich ftand on an eminence, upon a branch of Alatamaha river, wliich waflies the W. fide of this agreeable ifland, and forms a bay before ihc town, affording a fafe and cominodi- Frcdcrict. ous harbor for veffels of the largell burden, which "^•^"^"^-^ may lie along the wharf. It was fettled by fome Scotch highlanders, about the year 1735, who accept- ed of an ellablilhnient both here and at Dirien, to defend the colonv, if needful, againft the neigh- bouring Spaniards. N. lat. 31. 15. W. long. 80. — )b. FREDERICK Co. in Maryland, is bounded N. by Pennfylvania, W. and N. W. by Wafliington, E. by Baltimore, and S. W. by Potowmack river. On the Monocacy river and its branches are about 37 grift- mills, a furnace, iron forge, and a glafs manufa<5tory, called the E'na glafs works, which are in a thriving ftate. This county is about 30 miles each way, reckoning from the extreme parts. The Cotoftiny Mountain extends from the Potowmack in a N. di- reflioii through this county into Pennfylvania, between the South Mountain and Monocacy Creek ; the eadeni parts are generally level. It contains 30,791 inhabit- ants, including 3,641 flaves. Chief town, Frederick- town. — ib, Frederick Co. in Virginia, is bounded N. by Berk- ley, S. by Shamndoali, W. by Hampfhire, and E. by Shanandoah river, which feparates it from Loudon CO. It is 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth, and contains 19,681 inhabitants, of whom 4,250 are flaves. Iron ore is found here in great plenty ; and works have been erefted which produce 160 tons of bar iron, and 650 tons of pig, annually. In one year 300 tons of bar iron were manuta(ftured. Pots and other utenfils, caft thinner than ufual of this iron, may be fafely thrown into or out of the wagt;on, in which they are tranfported. Both this and Berkley co. has a good foil. Between the waters of Opeckan creek and the Shanandoah is the richeft limeftone land in the eaftein parts of the ftate. Near the North Mountain in this county is a curious cave, by fome called Zancy's Cnve. Its entrance is on the top of an extenfive ridge. You defcend 30 or 40 feet as into a well, from whence the cave then extends, nearly horizontally, 460 feet into the earth, preferving a breadth of from 20 to 50 feet, and a height of from 5 to 12 feet. After entering this cave a few feet, the mercury, which, in the open air, was at 50. rofe to 57. of Fahrenheit's thermometer. After thii may be added the Natural Well on the lands of Mr. Lewis. It is fomewhat larger than a common well, and rifes as near the furface of the earth as in the neighbouring artificial wells ; and is of a depth, as yet unknown. It is ufed with a bucket and windlals as an ordinary well. It is faid there is a current in it tend- ing fenfibly downwards. Chief town, Winchefter — ib. Frederick Nouff, a trading ftation in Upper Ca- nada, on the head water cf Abbitibbe river. N. lat. 48. 35. W. long. 82. 6.— a. Frederick, a fort in Wafliington co. Maryland, fituated on the N. E. bank of Potowmack river, near the S. line of Pennfylvania. — ib. Frederick, a towfliip in Montgomery co. Pennfyl- vania. — ib. FarDERiCK, a town on the N. fide of Salfafras river, in Cecil co. Maryland, and fcparated by tlut river from George Town in Kent co. It lies 6 miles S. W. of Warwick, and 14 E. of Grove point in Cl.efa- peak bay. N. lat. 39. 22- 3=— '*• j-reDE- Frctlcrickf- burg II Ire J; itts. F R E C 64 ] Fredericksburg, a poft town in SpotfyU-ania co. north-weft Virginia ; lituaied on the S. \V. bank of Rappahan- nock river, 110 miles from its mouth in Chefapealc bay. It is an incorporated town, and regularly laid out into fcveral ftteets, the chief of which runs parallel v/uh tl'.e river, and in all contains upwards of 200 hoofes, two tobacco warehoufes, and feveral (lores of well aflbrted goods. Its public buildings are an Epif- cop.il churcli, an academy, court-houl'e and gaol. It ii a place of confiderable trade and contains about 2000 inhabitants, of whom 587 are Haves. A forge in lliis neighborhood made, fometime ago, about 300 tons {'f bar iron in a year, from pigs imported from Maryland. It is so miles S. S. W. of Alexandria, 68 N. Ly E. of Richmond, 102 S. W. of Baltimore, and 205 S. W. of Philadelphia. N. lat. 38. 22. W. long 77. 36. — iL FREDERICKSTOWN, a towndiip in Dutchefs CO. New-York, which contains 5932 inhabitants, of whom 188 are qualified to be elcdors, and 63 are flaves. — li. FREDERICKTON, a confiderable townftiip in the province of New-Brunfwick, yo miles up St John's river, which is thus far navigable for floops. — ik FREDERICKTOWN, a poft town of Maryland, and capital of Frederick co. (ituated on both fides of CarroUs' creek, a fmall ftreani that empties into Mono- cacy river over which are two bridi^es. The ftreets are regularly laid out, interfedlng each other at right angles. The dwelling-houfes, chiefly of ftone and brick, are about 700 in number, many of which are handfome and commodious. The public edifices are, one church for Prefbyterians, two for German Luther- ans and Calvinifts, and one for Baptifts, an elegant courthoufe, a gaol, and a brick market-houfe. It is a very flourifliing town, and has confiderable trade with the back country. The Etna glafs works are fiiuated 4 miles above the town, on Tulkarora creek. Fredericktown is 4 miles E. of Cotoflin mountain, 47 W. by N. of Baltimore, 24 E. of Sharpfburg, and 148 S. W. by W. of Philadelphia, N. lat. 39. 24.—;*. FREEHOLD, a town in Monmouth co. New- Jerfey, 15 miles AV. of Shrewfbury, and 20 S. E. by 6. cf New-Brunfwick. In this town was fought the obftinate battle called the Monmouth battle, on the 28th of June, 1778. There is an academy in this town. Freehold contains 3785 inhabitants, of whom 627 are flaves. — lb. Frlehold, a townfhip in Albany co. New- York, containing 1822 inhabitants, of whom 562 are quali- fied eledtors, and 5 are flaves. — id. FREEPORT, a townfliip in Cumberlard co. dif- tria of Maine, fituated at the head of Cafco bay ; ad- joining to Durham on the N. E. and to North Yar- mouth on the S. W. ; about 10 miles N. E. of Port- land, and 140 N. by E. of Bofton. It was incorpo- rated in 1789, and contains 1330 inhabitants. — iL FREESTONE-GAP, a place fo called, in Tennef- fee, 25 miles from Hawkin's courthoufe, and 35 from Cumberland mountain. — it. FREETOWN, a thriving townflnp in Briftol co. Maffachufetts, incorporated in 1683, contains 2202 inhabitants, and lies 50 miles foutherly of Bofton. — il>. FRE'GATES Fran?aise Baf^ de, die name given by La Peroufe to a dangerous reef of funken rocks which he difcovered in the Pacific ocean. On the F R E extremity of this reef they perceived an iflet orfplit rock from 20 to 25 fathoms in height and about 50 toifes in diameter. From this iflet the reef extends more than four leagues to the fouth-eaft ; and upon the extremity of the point in that direction, the frigates had almoft ftruck before the breakers were obferved. This was during a fine clear night and fmooth fea. With great propriety, the Commodore returned in the morning to afcertain the geographical fitiiaiion of this unknown rock ; and he eftimated the iflet to be in 23° 45' N. Lat. and 168° 10' W. Long, from Paris. FRENCH, a fmall river in Maflachufetts, has its fonrce in a fmall pond, on the borders of Leicefter and Spencer, in Worccfter co. and runs through Ox- ford and joins Quinebange river, in Thompfon town- fiiip, in Conne<5licut. It derives its name from the French Proieftants, who obtained a fettlement in the town of Oxford, after the revocation of the edidl of Nantz, in 1685. — Morse. French Broad, a navigable river in Tenneflee, which rifes on the S. E. fide of the Great Iron and Bald mountains, in N. Carolina. It is formed by two main branches, which receive feveral ftreams in their courfe. Thefc unite about 58 miles from the fource of the Nolachucky, the eaftern branch ; thence it flows N. wefterly about 25 miles, and joins the Holfton 11 miles above Knoxville, and is 400 or 500 yards wide. The navigation of this branch is much interrupted by rocks, as is alfo the Tennelfee branch, which joins the main river 50 miles below this. A large, clear, medicinal fpring, faid to be efficaci- ous in curing many difeafes, has been lately difcovered on the waters of this river, about 30 miles in a diredt line from its mouth. The water is fo hot, that a pa- tient at firft going into it can fcarcely fupport it. Nearer the mouth of the river, a valuable lead mine has been difcovered. — lb. French Creek, a N. weftern water of Alleghany river, into which it falls along the N. fide of Fort Franklin, 80 miles N. by E. of Pittfburg. It affords the neareft paffage to lake Erie. It is navigable with fmall boats to Le Beuf, by a very crooked channel ; the portage thence to Prefque Ifle, from an adjoining peninfula, is 15 miles. Thii is the ufual route from Quebec to Ohio. — ib. French Licl-, in Tenneflee, is the name of a fait fpring, near which the town of Nafhville now ftands. —ib. French Town, in Cecil co. Maryland, lies on the E. fide of Elk river, a mile S. of Elkton, from which it is feparated by Elk creek. Elk ferry is 6 miles be- low this. — ib. FRENCHMAN'.; Bay, lies on the fea coaft of Lincoln co. Maine, and is formed by Mount Defert ifland on the weftward, and the peninfula of Goldlbo- rough townfliip on the eaftward — Round Mount De- fert ifland it has an inland circular communication with Blue Hill bay. — ib. FRENEUSE Lake, a large colledion of water, through which St John's river in New-Brunfwick, paf- fts. In fome maps this appears only as a dilatation of the river; but in others it appears as a large lake of very irregular figure, and receiving confiderable ftreams from the circumjacent country. — ib. FRIC F R I FriiSion. FRICTION, in mechanics, is a fubjeifl of great iro- ^^'^''^'^^ portance both to the pradlical engineer and to the fpe- culative philofopher. It i? therefore cur duty to cor- reft, in this Supplement, the miftakes into which we fell when treating of that fubjeifl in the Encyclopiedia. What we have there taught oi fricllon (fee Mecha- Kics Seft. 11. (J 8.) is tjken from Fergufon ; but it has been (hewn by Mr Vince, that the experiments from which his conclufions were drawn were not properly inftituted. That eminent mathematician and philofo- pher therefore entered upon the inveftigation of the fubjefl anew, and endeavoured, by a fet of experiments, to determine the folh^wing queftions : 1. Whether friftion be a uni.'ormly retarding force ? 2. The quantity of fridlicn I 3. Whether the friiSion varies in proportion to the prelfure or weight ? 4. Whether the friflion be the fame on whichever of its furfaces a body moves ? 1. With refpefb to the firft of thefe queftions, the author truly obferves, that if friction be a uniform force, the difFerence between it and the given force of the moving power employed to overcome it muft alfo be uniform ; and that therefore the moving power, if it be a body defcending by its own weight, muft defcend with a uniformly accelerated velocity, juft as when there was no fri(5ii0n. The fpaces defcribed from the beginning of the motion will indeed be diminilhed in *ny given time on account of the fridlion ; but ftill they muft be to each other as the fquares of the times employed. See Dynamics in this Supplement. 2. A plane was therefore adjufted parallel to the ho- rizon, at the extremity of which was placed a pulley, which could be elevated or deprelTed in order to render the ftring which connedled the body and the moving force parallel to the plane. A fcale accurately divided was placed by the fide of the pulley perpendicular to the horizon, by the fide of which the moving force de- fcended ; upon the fcale was placed a moveable ftage, which could be adjufted to the fpace through which the moving force defcended in any given time; which time was meafured by a well-regulated pendulum clock vibrating feconds. Every thing being thus prepared, the following experiments were made to afceitain the law of fridion. 3. Exp. 1. A body was placed upon the horizontal plane, and a moving force applied, which, from repeat- ed trials, was found to defcend 524 inches in 4" ; for by the beat of the clock, and the found of the moving force when it arrived at the ftage, the fpace could be very accurately adjufted to the time : The ftage was then removed to that point to which the moving force would defcend in 3", upon fuppofition, that the fpaces defcribed by the moving power were as the fquares of the times ; and the fpace was found to agree very ac- curately with the time : the ftage was then removed to that point to which the moving force ought to de- fcend 2" upon the fame fuppofition, and the defcent was found to agree exai511y with the time : htftly, the llage was adjufted to that point to which the moving force ought to defcend in i", upon the fame fuppo- fition, and the fpace was obferved to agree with the time. Now, in order to find whether a dilFerence in the time of defcent could be obferved by removing the ftage a liitle above and below the pofitions whicli cor- buppL. Vol. II. C 65 ] F R I refponded to the above times the experiment was tried, Friaion. and the defcent was always found too foon in the for- ^-'~^'^^- mer, and too late in tlie latter cafe ; by which the au- thor was alfured that the fpaces firil mentioned corre- fponded exadly to the times. And, for the greater certainty, each defcent was repeated eight or tea 'times ; and every caution ufed in this experiment was alio made ufe of in all the following;. Exp. 2. A fecond body Was laid upon the horizontal plane, and a moving force applied which defcended 41 i- inches in 3"; the ftage was then adjufted to the fpace cor- refponding to 2", upon fuppofition that the fpaces de- fcended through were as the fquares of the times, and it wab found to agree accurately with the time; the ftagi was then adjufted to the fpace correfponding to i", upon the fame fuppofition, and it was found to agree with the time. Exp. 3. A third body was laid upon the horizontal plane, and a moving force applied, which defcended 59^ inches in 4"; the ftage was then adjulled to the fpace cor- refponding to 3", upon fuppofition that the fpaces de- fcended through were as the fquares of the times, and it was found to agree with the time ; the ftage was then adjufted to the fpace correfponding to 2'', upon the fame fuppofition, and it was found to agree with the time ; the ftage was th;n adjufted 10 the fpace corre- fponding to i", and was found to agree with the time. Exp. 4. A fourth body was then taken and laid upon the horizontal plane, and a moving force applied, which defcended 55 inches in 4" ; the ftage was then adjufted to the fpace through which it ought to defcend in 3'', upon fuppofition that the fpaces defcended through were as the fquares of the times, and it was found to agree with the time ; the ftage was then adjufted to the fpace correfponding to 2", upon the fame fuppofi. tion, and was found to agree with the time ; laftly, the ftage was adjufted to the ijiace correfponding to i", and it was found to agree exaflly with the lime. Befides thefe experiments, a great number of others were made with hard bodies, or thofe whofe parts fo firmly cohered as not to be moved inter Ji by llie fric- tion ; and, in each experiment, bodies of very different degrees of fiiflion were chofen, and the refults all agreed with thofe related above ; we may theref re con- clude, that the fricl'ion of bard bodies in motion ii a mii- formly retarding force. But to determine whether the fame was true for bo- dies when covered wi;h clotli, woollen, &c. experiments )vere made in order to afcercain it ; when it was found, in all cafes, that the retarding force increaled with the velocity; but, upon covering bodies with paper, the confequences were found to agree with thofe related above. 4. Having proved that the retarding force of all hnrd bodies arifiug from irifc'on is uniform, the quantity of fridion, confidered as equivalent to a wciglit without inertia drawing thebidy on the horizontal plane btck- wardi, or ading contrary to the moving force, may be imiiieJiiitely deduced from the foregoing experiments. For let M — the movin;.; force exprelied by ics weicjht ; F = the fridion ; W = the weight of the body upnu the h ~rizontal plane ; S =: tlie fpace through which tlie moving force defcenJod in the time / exprelfed in feconds ; r — iG A feet; li.cu the whole accclcrative I force F R I [ 66 ] K R I rriclk) M- force (the force of gravity bein^ unity) will be ^^ . hence, by the laws of uniformly accelerated motions, M- ■X r/* = S, confequentlyF = M- M X \v X S m . iirX r/' = i>,conlequentlyr = lyi— ■ t M -f- W rt To exemplify this let us tdke the cafe of the bft ex- periment, where M — 7, W = 25}, S = 4r'T feet, / = 4"; hence F - 7 — ^l\^'^^l = 6.417 ; con- fc')uently the friction was to ilic weight v( the rnhbing body as 6.4167 to 25. 75. And tlie ureat accur icy ot determining the friiilion by tliis m^tiud is ni.inifell from hence, that if an error of I inch had been made in the dcf-ent (and experiments carefully made may always determine tlie fpace tn a much greater ex.K'lneis), ic would not have affet^ed the conclufiun ^i^j-dih part ot the whole. 5. We conne in the next place to determine, whether fricflion, culcrh paribut, varies in proportion to the weight or prelliire. Now if the whole quantity of the fiiftion of a body, meafured by a weight without Iner- tia equivalent to the friction drawing the body back- wards, increafes in proportion to its weight, it is mani- fell, that the retardatic n of the vel city of the body aridngfiom the fiiftion will not be altered; for the re- . . . Quiintity of fri>?li<'n , .^ tardation varies as ^= = ; hence, it a Quan'.iiy ot master body be put in motion upon the hoiizontal plane by any moving force, if both the weiglit of the hody and the moving force he increafed in the fame rat n, the hc- celeration arifing from th It moving t>'rce will remain the fame, bccaule the accelerative free varies as the moving force divided by the wiiole quantity of matter, and both are iucreafed in the fame ratio; and if the quantity of frifllon incieafes .ilfi as the weight, then the retardation arifing from the triflion will, from what has been faid, remain thefjrrie, and theretoie the whole acceleration of the body will not be altered ; confe- quently tiie body ought, upon tliis fi ppofition, lllll to defcribe the fame fpace in the fame time. Hence, by obfervlng the fpaces defcribed in the fame time, when both the body and the movinc; force are iucreafed in the fame ratio, we may determine whether the fiiftion increifes in proportion to the weight. The following experiments were therefore made in order to afcertain til if matter : Exp. I . A body weighing 10 oz. by amoving firce of 4 oz. defcribed in 2' a fpace of 5 1 inches ; by loading the body wi'h to 07. and the moving force with 4 oz. it defcribed 56 inches in 2" ; and by loading the body again with 10 oz. and the moving force with 4 oz. it defcribed 63 inches in 2". Exp. 2. A body, whofe weightwas i6oz.by amoving force of 5 oz. defcribed a Ipace of 49 inches in 3"; and by loading the body with 64 oz. and the moving force with 20 oz. the fpace deli:ribed in the fame time was 64 inches. £*/>, 3. Abody weighing 6 oz. by amoving force of 2\ oz. defcribed 28 inches in 2" ; and by loading the body with 24 oz. and the moving force with 10 oz. the fpace defcribed in the fame time was 54 inches. Exp. 4. A body weighing 8 oz. by a moving force of 40Z. defcribed 33^ inches in 3"; and by loading the l/ody with 8 oz. and the moving foice with 4 oz. the fpace deicribed in the fame time was 47 inches. Exp. 5. A body whole weiaht was 9 oz. by a moving force of 4 1 oz. defcribed 48 inches in 2' ; and by loading the body with 9 oz. and the moving force with 4[- oz. the fpace d-jfcribed in the fame time was 60 inches. Exp. 6. A body weighing 10 o/,. by a moving force of 3 oz. defcribed 20 inches m 2" ; by loading the body with 10 oz. and tlie moving force with 3 oz. the fpace defciibed in the fame time was 31 inches; and by load- ing the body again with 30 oz. and the moving force with 9 oz. the Ipace defcribed was 34 inches in 2''. Fiom thife experiments, and many others which it is not ntcclTary here to relate, it appears, tliat the fpace defcribed is always iucreafed by increallng the weight of the body and the accelerative force in the fame ra- tio ; and as the acceleration aiiiing from the moving force continued the fame, it is manifeft, that the retar- dation arlfing from the friflion muft have been diminilli- ed, for the whule accelerative force mull have been iu- creafed on account of the incre.ife of the fpace delciibed in the fame ume ; and hence (as the retardation from Qiiantiiy of fiift'o \ . --^=^ ' ''■-' quantify of ri'iClion. itiei/ friflion varies as-,^ (^ainity ot nut frilJion increafis in a left ratio than the quantity cf mat- ler or ivd^ht of the botly. 6. We come now to the lafl. thing which it was pro- pofed to determine, that i;., whether the friftion varies by varying the furface on which the body m jves. Let us call two of the juriaces A and a, th» form r h-ing the greater, and the latter tlie lei's. N>w the weight on every given part of ii is as much greater than the wc'ght on an equal part of A, as A is greater than a ; if th-trefore the fridlon was in proportioj to the weight, Citttris panbus. it is manifeft, that the friiftion on u would be equal to the tiiftion on A, the whole iriiiion being, upon fuch a fuppolition, as the weight on any given part of each furface multipl.ed into the number of fuch parts or into the whole arja, which produfts, from the proportion above, are equal. But from the IhH experiments it has been proved, that the Irie'iion on any given furface increafes in a lefs ratio than the weight ; confequently the friiftion on any given part of a has a lefs ratio to the fricllon on ao equal part of A than A has to a, and hence the fniftion on a is lefs than the frlifllon on A, that is, the linallelt furface has always the leall fiiiflion. As this conchilion is contrary to the generally re- ceived opinion, Mr Vince thouglit it proper to confirm it by a fet of experiments made wiih diffennt bodies of exaflly the fame degree of roughneli on their two fur- faces. Exp. I. A body was taken whofe flat furface was to its edge as 22 : 9, and with the fame moving force ihe body defcribed on its flat fide 33^ Inches in 2", and on its edge 47 inches in the fame nnie. Exp. 2. A fecond body was taken whofe flat furface was to its edge as 32 : 3, and with the fame moving force it defcribed on US flit fide 32 inches in 2", and on its edge it defcribed 37I inches in the fime time. Exp. 3. He tO'k another body and covered one of its furfaces, whofe length was 9 inches, with a fine rough paper, and by applyin:; a moving force, itdelcri- bed 25 inches in 2" ; he then took off fome paper from the f R I [ C; ] F R I ths middle, having only -J of an inch at the tv.'o ends, ' and with the lame moving force it defciibed 40 inches in the f ime time. Exp. 4. Another body was taken which had one of its furfaces whofe lenith was 9 inches, covered with a fine rough paper, and by applying a moving force it defcribed 42 inches in 2" ; i'cme nt the |>aper was then taken off from the middle, leaving only i\ inches at the two ends, and with the fame moving force it de- fcril'ed 54 inches in 2"; he then took off more paper, leaving only 4 of an inch at the two ends, and the body then defcribed, by the fame moving force, 60 inches in the fame time. In the two lad experiments the paper which was ta- ken off the furface was laid on the body, that its weight might not be altered. Exp. 5. A body was taken whofe flat furface was to its edge as 30 : 17 ; the fin fide was laid upon the ho- rizontal plane, a moving force was applied, and the flage was fixed in order to ftop the moving force, in confequence of which the body wouhH then go on with the velocity acquired until the fridion had deftroyed all its motion; v^hen it appeared from a mean of 12 trials that the body moved, after its acceleration ceafed, 5f inches before it (topped. The eigd was then ap- plied, and the moving force defcended through the fame fpace ; and it was found, from a mean of the fame number of trials, that the fpace defcribed was y-j- in- ches before the body loft all its motion, after it ceafed to be accelerated. Exp. 6. Another body was then taken whofe flat furface v.'as to its edge as 60 : 19, and, by proceeding as before, on the flat furface it defcribed, at a mean of I 2 trials j-j- inches, and en the edge 6^^ inches, before it flopped, after the acceleration ceafed. Exp. 7. Another body was taken whofe flat furface was to its edge as 26 : 3, and the fpaces defcribed on thefe two furfaces, after the acceleration ended, were, at a mean of ten trials, 4^ and 7tV inches refpe^flively. From all thefe different experiments it appears, that the fmalleft furface had always the leaft friftion, which agrees with tlie confsquence deduced from the confider- ation that the friftion does not increafe in fo great a ratio as the weight; we may therefore conclude, that the fr'tFiion of a body does not continue the fame 'when it hat different furfaces applied to the plane on 'which it moves, but that the fmallefi furface luill ha'ue the leafl friSion . To the experiments inflituted by Mr Fergufon and others, from which conclulions have been drawn fo dif- ferent from thefe, our author makes the following ob- jsflions : It was their objeft to find v.hat moving force would yay? put a body at rell in motion ; and having, as they thought, found it, they thence concluded, that the accelerative force was then equal to the iridion. But it is manifcft, as Mr Vince obferves, that any force which will put a body in motion muft \^l.) as a clafs of falts beft fuited for denfation of moifture from the atniolphere by the ageu- the purpofe, he gave the decided preference to muriat cy of fo low a temperature was greater than could have of lime in chrydals ; and his method was to mix the been expecled : It floated like lleam over the velfels, cryftals, previoufly pulverifed, with an equal weight and, but for the interpofed covering, would have given of uncomprelfed fnow. the mixture more temperature than was defirable. By means of this mixture Mr W. H. Pepys junior. After one hour and forty minutes they found, by of the London Philofophical Society, with 'he afliltance means of a feaicher introduced for the purpofe, that of fome friends, froze, on the 8th of February 1799. the mercuiy was folid and fixed. The temperature of 56 lbs. averdiipoife of mercury into a fnhd mafs. The the mixture at this time was — 46, that is 16° higher mercury was put into a ftron>j bladder and wel! fecured than when the mercury was put into it. at the mouth, the tempeidtute of the laboratory at the Our young philofophers having negleffed to fling time being 4- 33". A mixture cor.fillin? of muriat of the hoop and net-work in fuch a manner as might lime 2 lb. at -j- 33°, and the fame wei'^ht of fnow at have enabled them to lift it out of the mixture at once, + 3^° g''^^ — 4^° ^*)" The mercury was put as with the bbuider and its contents, were obliged to turn gently as polTible into this mixture (to prevent a rup- outthe whole contents of the pail intoalarge evaporating lure of the bladder), by m^-a.s of a cloth held at tlie capfule made of iron. This was not effected without the four corners. When the cold mixture had robbed the mercury Itriking againll its bottom and being fr.idured, mercury of fo much of its heat as to have iCb own tern- though it received a confiderable inci eafe ol temperature perature thereby railed from — 42° to -|- 5, another from the capfule. Thefraiflure was limilar lothat of zinc, mixture, the fame in every refpeft as the lalt, was but with parts more cubical. The larger pieces were made, which gave, on trial with the thermometer, kept for fome minutes before tu.lon took place, while — 43°. The mercury was now received into the cloth, others were twifted and bent into various forms, to the and put gently into this new mixture, where it was left no fniall gratification and furprife of ihofe who had to be cooled (fill lower than before. never witnclfed or expeiSed to fee fuch an effeCf pro- In the mean time five pounds of muriat of lime, in a duced on fo fufible a metal, large pail made of tinned iron, and japanned infide and In experiments of the kind here defcribed, all the outhde, was placed in a cooling mixture in an earthen- exterior veliels fhould be of earthen-ware or wood, ware pan. The mixture in the pan, which confided of which being bad conduftors of heat, prevent the ingre- ^Ib. of muriat of lime and a like quantity of fnow, of dients from receiving heat from the atmofphere and the fame temperature as the former, in one hour redu- furrounding objeifls with the fame facility that they ced the 5 lb. of muriat in the pail to — 15". The mix- would through metals ; and, for a fimilar reafon, the- ture was then emptied out of the earthen pan, and four interior veffels are bel\ of metal, that they may allow the (a) The thermometer made ufe of in this experiment was filled with tinged alcohol, and accurately divided according to Fahrenheit's fcale. FRO Frigorific II Frontinac. [ 69 ] F U E • "The Ph, tofophicdl the heat to pafs more readily from the fuhftance to be cooled into the frigorific mixture employed for that purpofe. Miiriat of lime is certainly the mod powerful, and at the fame time the moft economical fubllance that can be employed for producing artiricial cold ; for its firft coft is a mere trifle, being a refiduum from many chemical procelTes, as the diltillation of pure ammonia, &c. and often thrown away : befides, it may be repeat- edly tiled for fimilar experiments, nothing being ne- cefFary for this purpofe but filtration and evaporation to bring it to its tirftftate. The evaporation Ihould be carried on till the folution becomes as thick as a ftrong fyrup, and upon cooling the whole will be cryllallifed : it mull then be powdered, put up in dry bottles, well corked, and covered with bladder or cement to pre- vent liquefadtion ; which otherwlfe would foon take place, owing to the great affinity the muriat has for moillure. The powerful efFeifts produced by the frigorific mix- ture of muriat of linne and fnow, prefent a wide field for experiments to determine the pofTiijility of fixing fome of the gafes by intenfe cold. And we arc hap- py to be informed by Mr Pepys, that, as foon as an opportunity offers, he and his friends mean to make fome experiments with that view, and to communicate the refult of them to the editor of the valuable mifcel- . lany* from which we have taken this account of his experiment on mercury. FRIO, a fmall ifland on the coall of the Brazils, fi- tuated in 32° 2' fouth lat. and 41° 31' 45" well Ion. The land of Frio is high, with a hollow in the middle, which gives it, at a diflance, the refemblance of two le- parate iflands. The palfage between the illand and the continent is about a mile broad, and feemed to Sir E- rafmus Gower to be clear from fhoals. FRONTINAC, Fort, a fortrefs in Canada, fitu- ated at the head of a tine bay or harbor, on the N. W. lide of the outlet of Lake Oritario, where all forts of vefTels may ride in fafety. It is a league from the mouth of the lake, and a Ihort diflance S. of King- fton, and about 300 miles from Qu^ebec. The winter about this place is much fhorter than at Quebec j and the foil is fo well cultivated, as to produce all forts of European and Indian corn, and fruits. Here is one of the moll charming profpetls in the world, during fpring and fummer. The St Lawrence and the mouth of Lake Ontario, contain a number of beautiful and fertile iflands of different magnitudes, and well wood- ed, and the bay often prefents to the view velfels at anchor, and others pafTuig to and from the lake. But the misfortune is, that the advantageous communica- tion between this lake, Montreal and Quebec, is f 'me- •what difficult and dangerous, on account of the river being full of rocks and water falls. This, together ■with the ambufcades of the Iroquois Indians, induced the French to abandon and deliroy the flrong works they had erefted here. This happened in 1689. After this they retook and repaired the place. At length the Britifli, under col. Bradllreet, took it in 1759, to whom it was confirmed at the peace in 1763. A river has lately been furreyed by the deputy fur- veyor general of Canada, from its entrance into the lake at Kenty, near Cadaraqui, to its fource in lake St Clie i from which there is an eafy and Ihort portage acrofs N. W. to the N. E. angle of Lake Huron, and another that is neither long nor difficuh, to the fouth- ward, to the old fettlement of Toronto. This is a , fliort route from Fort Frontenac to Michillimackinack. ' — Morse. FROST, as is well known in Scotland, is particu- larly dellruaive to the blolTom of fiuit trees ; and the following method of fecuring fuch tiees from being da- maged by early frofts may he acceptable to many of our readers. A rope is to be interwoven among the branches of the tree, and one end of it brought down fo as to be immerfed in a bucket of water. The rope, it is faid, will aift as a conductor, and convey the ef- feds of the froll from the tree to the water. This idea is not new, for the f )llowing paflage may be found in Colerus : " If you dig a trench around the root of' a tree, and fill it with water, or keep the roors moill till it has bloomed, it will not be injured by the fri ll. Or, in fpring, fufpend a velVel filled wiih water from the tree. If you wifh to preferve the bloom from being liurt by the froll, place a velfel of water below it, and the froll will fall into it." Pbilofophi^al Mai^aiin:, n"^ 1 1. FROWSAC Channel, or the Gut of Canlo, a llrait between Nova-Scotia and Cape Breton Illand, 5 French leagues long, and one broad. — Morse. FRYDUFFRIN, a townfhip in Cheller co. PennfyU vania — lb. FRYING PAN, a dangerous fhoal fo called from its form. It lies at the entrance of Cape Fear river, in North Carolina ; the S. part of it is in N. lat. 33. 32. 6 miles from Cape Fear pitch, and 24 S. E. by S. from the light-houfe on Bald Head. FRYSBURGH, or Fryburg, a townfhip pleafantly fituated in York co. in the dilfriift of Maine, in a bow formed by the N. branch of Great Ollipee river. It was incorporated in 1777, has a flourithing academy, and contains 447 inhabitants. This is the ancient Indian village Peckw.dket, through which the upper part of Saco meanders ; 60 miles from the fea, and 120 N. by E. of Bollon. N. lat. 44. 2. W. long. 70. 47. 30 — ib. FUCA, Straits of Juan oe, he on the N. W. coall of N. America. The entrance lies between Cape Flattery on the S. fide, in N. lat. 48. 25. W. long. 124. 52. to the oppofite coall of the Qiiadras ifles, in N. lat. 48. 53. 30. I: communicates with Pintard's found, and thns forms Quadras ifles ; in the S. eaflern coall of which lies Nootka found. The Spaniards, jealous of their right to the American coatl, eflablilhed a fettlement at this place. — ib. FUEL, whatever is proper to burn, or make a fire, either for warming a room or dreffing vidluals. The fuel moll generally uled in Great Britain is pit coal, which is a very expenlive article ; and that expence is greatly increafed by the wafte of coal occafioncd by the injudicious manner in which tires in open chimneys .ire commonly managed. The enormous walfe of fuel in London, for inllance, may be ellimated by the vafl dark cloud which continually hangs < ver that great metro- polis, and frequently overlhadows the whole country far and wide ; lor this denfe cloud is cert.iinly compofcd almoll entirely of unconfumed coal, which has etcaped by the chimneys, and continues to fail about in the air, till, having lofl the heat which gave it volatihty, it falls iu a dry Ihowcr of extremely due black duU to the ground, Proft II Fuel. F U E C 7^ ] F U L Fusl. jTound, obfeoring the atmofphere In Its dercent, and fcqr.enily changing the biighieft day into more than r.;;; piian daiknels. "•♦I never (f^ys Count Rumford) view fiom a di- fiance, as I come intn town, this bl.ick cloud which lianas over London, without wilhing lo be a'.)lc to coni- pntc'ihe immeiile number ol" chaldrons of coals ot which it is compofed ; for could this be afcert.iired, I nm per- fuaded fo Rrikii.g a fad would awaken the curiolity, and excite the altonilliment of all ranks of the ii. habi- tants ; and perhaps tuin their minds to an objefl ol eco- nomy to which they have hitherto paid little attention." The objea to which tlie benevolent au'hor more particularly vilhes to direa the public attention, is the lighting of a coal fire, in which more wood ihould be employed than is commonly ufed, and fewer coals ; and lis foon as the fiie burns bright, and the coals are well lighted, and not before, more coals fliould be added lo increale tlie fire to its proper fize. Kindling balls, compol'ed of equal parts of coal, — charcoal, — and clay, the two former reduced to a fine powder, well mixed and kneaded together, with the clay mcifiened with water, and then formed into balh of the fize of hens eggs, and thoroughly dried, might be ufed with great advantage inflead of wood for kin- dling files. Thefe kindling balls may be made fo in- riammabie as to take fire in an inRant and with the fmalleft fpark, by dipping them in a ftrong folution of nitre and then drying them again : and they would nei- tlier be evpenfive nor liable to be fpoiled by long keep- in". Perhaps a quantity of pure charcrnl, reduced to a very fine powder, and mixed with the folution of nitre in which tliey are dipped, would render them flill more inflammable. The Count thinks that the fires which are made in the open chimneys of elegant apartments might be greatly improved by preparing the fuel ; for nothing (f^yshe) was evermore dirty, inelegant, and difgulting than a common coal fire. Fire balls, of the fize of goofe eggs, compofed of coal and charcoal in powder, mixed up with a due pro- portion of wet clay, and well dried, would make a much more cleanly, and in all refpefls a pleafanter fire than can be made with crude coals ; and, he believes, would not be more expenfive fuel. In Flanders, and in feveral parts of Germany, and particularly in the duchies of Juliers and Bergen, where coals are ufed as fuel, the coals are always prepared before they are ufed, by pounding them to a powder, and mixing them up with an equal weight cfclay, and a fufficient quantity of water to form the whole into a maf'^, which is kneaded together and formed into cakes ; which cakes are after- wards well dried, and kept in a dry place for ufe. And it has been found, by long experience, that the expence attending this preparation is amply repaid by the im- provement of the fuel. The coals, thus mixed with clay, not only burn longer, but give much more heat than when they are burnt in their crude Rate. It will doubilefs appear extraordinary to ihofe who have not confidered the fubjca witli fime attention, that the quantity of heat produced in the combuftion cf any given quantity of coals fhould be increafed by mixing the coals with clay, which is certainly an incom- bullible body ; but the phenomenon may be explained in a fatisfaaory manner. The heat generated in the combuRion of any fmall Fulling, particle v^ coalexilting under two diRlna forms, name- '^^'^'^^ ly, i;) that v/hich is combined witii tl;c flame and fmoke wliicli rife from the fire, and which, if means are not found to rtop it, goes olF immediately by the chimney and is loR, and the radiant heat which is fent otF from the fire in all direaions in right lines: — It is therefore reafonable to conclude, that the particles of clay, which are I'urrounded nn all fides by the flame, arrcR a part at leaR of the combineJ heat, and prevent its efcape ; and this com!)iiied heat, fo arreRed, jie.uing the cl.iy red hot, is retained in it, and being changed by this oper.iton to radian: beat, is afterwards emitted, and may be dircaed and employed to uleful purpofes. In the co'mpolition of fireballs, the Count thinks it probable that a certain proportion of chaiF, of Rraw cut very fine, or even of faw diiR, might be employed with great adv.uitage. FULLING OF Vv'OOLLEN CLOTHS (fee the method of performing the operation under the article Fulling, Eiicycl.) depends, like Feltino, fo entirely upon the Rruaure of wool and hair, that the following obferva- tions, which are not uniaiportaiit, will be intelligible to everf reader who has perufed that article in this Stip- plemeril. Tile afperities with which the furface of wool is every where furrounded, and the difpcfition which it has to affume u progrelTive motion towards the root, render the fpinning of wool, and making it into cloth, diffi- cult operations. In order to fpin wool, and afterwards to weave it, we are obliged to cover its fibres with a coating of oil, which, filling the cavities, renders the afpcrities lefs fenfible ; in the fame way as oil, when rub- bed over the furface of a very fine file, renders it Rill lefs rough. When the piece of cloth is finilhed, it mud be cleanfed from this oil ; which, befides giving it a difagreeable fmell, would caufe it to foil whatever it came in contaa with, and would prevent its taking the colour which is intended to be given to it by the dj'er. To deprive it of the oil, it is carried to the fulling-mill, where it is beat with hammers in a trough full of wa- ter, in which fome clay has been mixed ; the clay com- bines with the oil, which it feparates from the cloth, and both together are walhed away by the frefh water which is brought to it by the machine ; thus, after a certain lime, the oil is entirely wafhed out of the cloth. But the fcouring of the cloth is not the only objeft in fulling it ; the alternate preffure given by the mallets to tlie piece of cloth, occafions, efpecially when the fcouring is pretty far advanced, an efFea analogous to lliat which is produced upon hats by the hands of the halter ; the fibres of wool which compofe one of the threads, whether of the warp or the woof, affume a pro- grelTive movement, introduce themfelves among thofe of the threads neareR to them, then into thofe which fol- low ; and thus, by degrees, all the threads, bo*h of the warp and the woof become felted together. The cloth, after having, by the above means, become (hortened in all its dimenfions, partakes both of the nature of cloth and of that of felt ; it may be cut without being fubjeft to ravel, and, on that account, we are not obliged to hem the edges of the pieces of which clothes are made. Lartly, As the threads of the warp and thofe of the woof are no longer fo diRina and feparated from each other, the cloth, wliich has acquired a greater degree of ihicknefs, forms a warmer clothing. Knit worfled alfo F U L C 7^ ] F U L Fiilmmat- alfo U, by fulling, rendered Icfs apt to run, in cafe a This liquor will yield another pellicle \n the fame Fuiminat- .^iH^:,^ ftitcli iliould drop in it. way ; but the third orf.urth pellicle will be p;iler than i«S- FULMINATING Gold. 7 See Chemistry .?!//>//. the former, and weaker in the explolion. The firll ^■^'^''"^^ Fulminating isdver. J nos S49 and 850. pellicles, when (lowly dried, explode by the touch of a Mr Berthollett, the inventor of fulminating filver, ha- feather, or by their being heated to about q(y. ring contented himfelt with a general and concife de- The quantity of water in the ordinal v aiiu.i ammo- fcription of this fubjidV, many piaiftical cheniifts have niae piiia: renders it kfs aflive in tlie fnhitii.n of ihe failed in the'r attempts to prepare it ; and others, form- oi)'i, and is an imp^'diment to the fpeedy formation ing their opinions from the fiiecimens which they had and feparation of the fulminating Alver ; and aneipeii- made, have been expofed togreat danger: as will appear menter who hns ol'ten ufed twenty grains of the oxyd from the following relation : to produce fucceffive pellicles of fulminatin'^ filver. An ounce ot fine filver was dilToIved in thecourfeof which may be fcp.uattly exploded with fafery, and who eight hours in an ounce of pure nitrous acid, of the has perceived that the p;llicles never explode v;hilil wet, London PhmmacopcEia, diluted previoully with three if they be not heated, would, in all probability, refdvc ounces of dillilled water in a glals nntrafs. The foln- on the following improvement, and cxpofehimielf to the tion being poured ofl', the reliduary black powder and unforcfeen danger of it. the matrafs were walhed with feven or eight ounces cf Dillilled water was impregnated with as much pure warm dillilled water, and this was added to the folution. ammoniac, as it could eafily retain under the ordinary The black powder, being gold, was rejefled ; fome temperature of the air. A quantity of this llrong am- gold being tluis feparable from any filver of commerce, moniacal liquor, equal in bulk to a qiiaiter of an ounce To the foregoing diluted f ilution, pure lime-water of water, was placed in a fnvall bottle, and 24 "Trains of prepared with diilil'ed water was added gradually ; for the oxyd of filver, gnund to fine powder, were added, the fjlution ought not to be poured into the lime wa- The bottle, being almoft tilltd, was corked, to prevent ten When about thirty pint-, of lime water had been the formation (t that film which ufually appeared in expended, and ihe precipitate hadfubfided, more lime- confequence of the exhalation of the ammoniac in other ■water was added, by fucceffive pints, as long as it cau- experiments. fed any precipitai- n. For it wai deemed fitter tliat During the folution of the oxyd, bubbles of the ga- the precipitation Ihould not be perfeded, than that an feous kind arofe from it, and the folution acquired a cxcefs of lime-water Ihould be ufed ; the earthy pellicle blue colour. As no film appeared, the bottle was aei- cf the excelEve lime-water being apt tJ mix with the tatcd three or four times in ihecouife of as many hnurs, precipitate. The clear liquor being poured away, the in order to promote the folution of a fmali quantity of precipitate v^.u poured off, and waihed into a filter. blackened oxyd which remained at the bottom. The When the faline liquor had drained fioni it, two experimenter conlldering this as an ample provifion for ounces of dillilled water were poured on the magma; twenty different charges, to be exploded in different and u hen this water had pafl'cd, frclh portions weie foe- circumllances, in the prefence of tlie fociety, intended ceffively added and pilled, until the whole quantity of to pour off the folution into as many fmall velLls, and v.'ater thus expended in walhing away the nitrous cal- to we.gh therefiduary black powder, after allowing two carenus fait amounted to a quart. The filter being then unfolded, to let the magma of oxyd of filver fpread on the flattened p.iper, it waa pla- ced on a chalk-llone to accelerate the exiiccation, and was gradually dried in the open air ; a cap of paper be- ing placed loofely over it to ey.chide the dufl. hours more for the folution. On the fixth hour he took his ufual precantion of wearing fpeflacles ; and obferving that a fmall quantity of bl.ick powder ftill remained undiffolved, and tlial no film was yet formed at the furface, he took the l)ottle by the neck to (hake it, knowing that it might explode When the weather ferved, the cap was removed, to by the heat of bis hand, if he were to gral'p it, and that expofe the oxyd to the rays of the lun ; although this the explofion in this circumllance might wound him was not deemed neccellary ; and exficcation was promo- dangeroufly . ted by cutting the oxyd into thin dices. When per- In the inllant of fhaking, it exploded with a report fcifly dry it weighed i oz. 4 dwts. and about one-fifth that llunned him. The bottle was blown into frng- of it was confidcred as oxvgen. ments fo fmall as to appear like glafs coarfely powder- When aqua ammonia: purx of any pharmacopoeia is ed. The hand which h-ld it was imprelfed as by the ufed with thi4 oxyd, either in the fmall quantity which blow of a great hammer, and loll the fenfc of teclinpf blackens it completely, or in a greater quantify, the for fome leconds ; and about 52 Imall grains ot glals black matter which fubfides, and which has been repre- were lodged, many of them deeply, in the Ikin of the fented by fyflematic writers as the fu'.minating com- palm and fingers. The liqunr llained his whole dref^, pound, has no fuch property, any tarther than may be and every part of the fkin that it touched. Thus it owing to the matter depofited from the alkaline folution appeared that fulminating filver may be made which during the exficcation. will explode even when cold and wet, by the mere di- The alkaline liquor containing the fulminating filver fturbauce of the arrangement of its parts, in the aque- ought to be poured off fmm the in("luble powder, and ous fluid, expofed in a (hallow velfel to the air. In confequence In fubfcquent experiments, privately and carefully of the exhalation, black (hinintj cryQals form on the fuiface only, and foon join to form a pellicle. As this pellicle adheres a little to the (ides of the velfel, or maintains its figure, the liquor may be poured ofl" by a gentle inchaation of the vell'el. condui5lcd, it feemed that the property of exploding in the cold liquor, by mere commotion, depended on the unufual ([uantity or proximity of the explolive molecules in a given bulk of the liquor. And the Hit bottoms, as well is the fides, of the tliick veifcls of glaf» or pot- ters< GAG [ 72 3 GAL Fuiidy. FunSion ters-ware, whether they ftood on boards or iron plates, !• were always beaten to fnuall iragments. This afforded a •urious inftance of the poffible equi- librium between the powers tending to retain the ca- loric and thofe which elTetfl the expuKionof it; and expe- riments and conftderations of this kind feemed to pro- mife a true folution of the phenomena of Rupert's drops. FUNCTION, a term ul'ed in analytics for an alge- braical expreffion any how compounded of a certain letter or quantity with other quantities or numbers ; and the exprelTinn is faid to be a funflion of that letter or quantity. Thus a — 4.V, or ax -J- j.v', or 2.\- — a 1/ a'^ — .x', or .x"^, or c", is each of them a function of the quantity x. FUNDY, a large bay in N. America, which opens between the illands in Penobfcot bay, in Lincoln co. Maine, and Cape Sable, the S. wellern point of Nova- Scotia. It extends about 200 miles in a N. E. direc- tion ; and with Verte bay, which pulhes into the land in a S. W. diredion from the ftraits of Northumber- land, forms a very narrow illhmus, whicli unites No- va-Scotia to the continent ; and where llie divifioii line runs between that province and New-Brunfwick. Ficm its mouth up to Palfamaquoddy bay, on its N. W. fide, fituated between the province of New-Brunf- wick and the diilricfl of Maine, are a number of bays and iilinds on both fides, and thus far it contra>Ss its breadth gradually. It is 12 leagues acrofs from St John's, in New-Brunfwick, to the Gut of Annapolis, in Nov-Scotia ; where the tides are rapid, and rife 30 feet. Above this it preferves nearly an e(jual breadth, until its waters are formed into two arms, by a penin- fula, the weflern point of which is called Ciipe Cliig- nefto. At the head of the N. eaflern arm, called Chig- neflo cliannel, wliicli, with bay Verte forms the ifth- mus, the tides rife 60 feet. In the Bafm of Minas, which is the E. arm or branch of this bay, the tides rife 40 feet. Thel'e tides are fo rapid as to overtake animals feeding on the fhore. — Morse. FURD-Y-HucKEECuT, in Bengal, fignifies a paper of defcription. FvRD-y-Sozful, paper of requeft. FUST, in architeiflure, the (haft of a column, or the part comprehended between the bafe and the capital, called aUb the naked. G. Gabori /~^ ABORT, a bay on the S. E. coaft of Cape Breton It V_T ifland. The entrance into it, which is not more ^^JI^I^^ than 20 leagues from the iflcs of St. Pierre, is between iflands and rocks about a league in breadtli. The bay is 2 leagues deep, and affords good anchorage. — Morse. GABRIEL, St an ifland in the great river La Plata, S. America, difcovered by Sebaftian Cabot, in the year 1526. — ib. GAGL's Toiun, a fettlement in Sunbury co. New- Brunfwick ; on the lands granted to general Gage, on the W. fide of St John's river, on the northern fliore of the bay of Fundy. The general's grant confifts of 20,000 acrcb of land ; the up-land of which is in general very bad. There is fome intervale on the river fide, on which are a few fettlers ; exclufive of thefe fettle- ments, there is very little good land of any kind. — ib. GAGUEDI, a tree peculiar to Lamalmon, in A.byf- finia, is thus defcribed by Mr Bruce. The leaves are long, and broader as they approach the end. The point is obtufe. They are of a dead green, not unlike the willow, and placed alternately one above the other on the ftalk. The calix is compofed of many broad fcales lying one above the other, which operates by the pref- fure upon one another, and keeps the calix fhut before the flower arrives at perfsftion. T'he flower is mono- petolous, or made of one leaf; it is divided at the top into four fegments ; where thefe end, it is covered with a tuft of dovi'n, refembllng hair, and this is the cafe at the top alfo. When the flower is young and unripe, they are laid regularly fo as to inclofe one another in a Galett*. circle. As they grow old and expand, they feem to G»guedi lofe their regular form, and become more confufed, till at la ft, when arrived at its full perfedlion, they range themfelves parallel to the lips of the calix, and perpen- dicular to the ftamina, in the fame order as a rofe. The common receptacle of the flower is oblong, and very capacious, of a yellow colour, and covered with fmall leaves like hair. Tbe ftile is plain, fimple, and upright, and covered at the bottom with a tuft of down, and is below the common receptacle of the flower. Our author fays that he has obferved, in the middle of a very hot day, that the flowers unbend themfelves more, the calix feems to expand, and the whole flower to turn itfelf towards the fun in the fame manner as does the fun-flower. When the branch is cut, the flower dries, as it were inftantaneoufly, fo that it feems to contain very little humidity. GALEN, a military lownfhip in the ftate of New- York, fituated on Canadaque creek, 12 miles N. W. of the N. end of Cayuga lake, and 13 S. by E. of Great Sodus. It is bounded S. by Junius. — Morse. GALETS, an ifland at the E. end of lake Ontario, and in the ftate of New-York, 5 miles S. weftward of Roebuck ifland, 5 northerly of Point Gaverfe, and 31 S. E. of Point au Goelans. — ib. GALETTE, La, a neck of land in the river St. Lawrence, in Canada. From the point oppofite to rifle de Montreal, a road might be made to Galette, fo as to fave 40 leagues of navigation, which the falls render GAL [ 73 ] GAL GiHWs II Gallan. render almoft impraflicable, and always very tedious. The land about La Gulette is very good ; and in two , days time a barque may Ail thence to Niagara, with a good wind. L,^ Galecte is a league and a half above the fall called les Gilots. — ii. GALIBIS, or Chara'iles, a nation of Indians in- habiting near Niw-AndaluCia, in S. America ; from which the Charaibes of the Weft-Indies are thought to be defcended. — ib. GALICIA, an audience in Old Me.vico or New- Spain, containing 7 provinces. Guadalaxera is the capital city. — ib. GALIPAGO IJles, the name of feveral uninhabited ifles in the South Sej, on both fules the equator, not f?.r from the coaft of Terra Firma ; belonging to Spain. They lie between 3. N. and 4. S. lat. and between 83. 40. and 89. 30. W. long. There are only g of them of any confiderable fize ; fome of which are 7 or 8 le.^gues long, and 3 or 4 broad. Danipier faw 14 or 15 of them. The chiet of thefe are Norfolk, neareft the continent, Wenmore among the N. wcllernmoll and Albemarle the wefternmoft of all. A number of fmall illes lie W. from thefe, on both fides the equa'or ; one of which, G.illego ifland lies in the ill degree of N. lat. and 102 of W. long. Many of thefe ifles are well wooded, and fome have a deep black mould. Vaft quantities of tlie finefl turtle are to be found among thefe iflands, where they live the greatell part of the year ; yet they are faid to go from thence over to the main to lay their eges, which is at leaft iro leagues diftant. — ib. GALLAN, St a fmall illand on the coaft of Peru, in lat. 14. S. 5 miles N. of the high land Morro Feijo, or Old Man's Head ; between which ifland and the GalUcrolj high land, is a nioft elegible Uation to cruize for veCels I bound for Callao, N. or S. ib. (JallowjT. GALLIOPOLIS, ap'.ft town in the N. W. terri- ^'^'"'"'^ tory, fituated on a bend of the Ohio, and nearly op- pofite to the mouth of ilie Great K^inhaway. It is faid to contain about 100 h.ufcs, all inhabited by French people. It is 140 miles eaftward c f Colum- bia, 300 S. W. of Pitifljurg, and 559 S. W. of Phila- delphia. N. lat. 39. 2. W. long 83. 9. This town is faid to be on the decline, their right to the lands not being fufficiently fccurcd. ib. GALOTS, the loweft of ti.e falls on the river St Lawrence in Canada. Between the neck of land la Galette and les Galots is an excellent cr^uut:y, and no where can there be feeii finer forefti. ib. GALOrs, l'isleaux, an illand in the river St Law- rence, in Canada; 3 leagues beyond I'ifle aux Chevres, in N. lat. 43. 33. — ib. GALLO, an illand in the province of Popayan, S. America, in N. lat. 2. 40. Captain Damp er fays it is fituated in a deep b,iy, and that eft this ifland there is not above 4 or 5 iatiiom water ; but at Segnetia, which is on the N. fide, a veffel may ride in d;ep wa- ter, Iree from any d.inger. The ifland is high, pro- vided with wood and good water, and havini? good fandy bays, where a Ihip may be cle.ined. — ^Alfi, the name of an ifl and (t the S. fea, near the coaft of Peru, which was the firft place pc ill-Jed by the Spani- ards, when they attempted the conqueft of Peru. — ib. GALLOWAY, a lownfliip ia Gloucefter co. New- Jerfey. — ib. GALVANISM. Galvanilm (T^ ALVANISM, is the name now commonly given improperly XJT to the influence difcovered nearly eight years ago called a/a- by the celebrated Galvani, profeflbr of anatomy at Bo- "" logna, and which, by him and fome other authors, has been called animal elcSricity. Wc prefer the former name, becaufe we think it by no means proved, that tlie phenomena difcovered by Galvani depend either up- on the eleftric fluid, or upon any law of animal life. While that is the cafe, it is furely better to diftinguilh a new branch ot fcisnce by the name of the inventor, than to give it an appellation which probably may, and, in our opinion, certainly does, lead to an erroneous theory. M. Galvani was engaged in a fet of experiments, the object of which was to demonftrate, if poflible, the de- pendence of mufcular motion upon eledricity. In the courfe of this inveftigation, lie liad met with feveral new and ftriking appearances which were certainly eleflrical ; foon after wliich, a fortunate accident led to the difco- j very of tlie phenomena which conllitute the cliief fubjedt Difcovcry of this article. The ftrong refemblance which thefe of galvan- bore to the eleflrical fadls which he had before obferv- ''■"• ed, led almoft irrefiftibly to the conclnlion that they all depended upon the fame caufe. Tliis opinion he immediately adopted ; and his fubfequent experiments and reafonings were niturally dircfled to fupport it. The fplendor of his difcovery dazzled the imaginations SupPL. Vol. II. of thofe who profecuted the enquiry ; and for fome time his theory, in fo far at leaft as it attributed the whole to the agency of the eleflric fluid, was fantlioned by univerfal approbation. Of late, however, this opini mi has rather loft ground; and there are now many philo- fophers who confider the phenomena as totally uncon- ne(5led with elcdlricity. 3 We propofe, in ihifrjl place, to enumerate the chief Objcft of fafts which have been afcertained on the fubje^ ; we '*>" =^"-'* (hall then enquire, whether or not the caufe of the ap- pearances be the cle5lricity. With this view he raifed a ronduiftor on the roof of his houfe, from which he brought an iron wire into his room. To lliis he attached metal conductors, conneifled with the nerves of the animals delUned to be the fubjefts of his experiments ; and to their legs he fallened wires which reached the floor. Thefe experiments were not confi- ned to frogs alone. Different animals, both of cold and warm blood, were fubjectcd to them ; and in all of them ccnfideral>le movements weretxcited whenev.r it lij;ht- ned. Thefe preceded iluinder, and correfpoiided with its intenfity and repetition ; and even wlien no lijjht- ning appeared, the movements took place when any llormy cloud pafl'ed over the apparatus. That all thefe appearances were produced by the eleflric fluid, was obvious. Having foon after this fufpended fome frogs from the iron palil'ades which furroundej his garden, by means of metallic hooks fixed in the fjjines of their backs, he obferved that their mnfcles contrafled frequently and involuntarily as if from a fliork of eleiflricity. Not doubting thattlie contraflinns depended on the eleiftric fluid, he at firfl fufpeded that they were conncfled ■with changes in the ftate of the atmofphere. He foon found, however, that this was not the cafe ; and having varied, in many different ways, the circutnllances in which the frogs were placed, he at lengtli diicovered that he could produce the movements at p'eafuie by touching the animals with two different metals, wiiich, at the fame time, touched one another citlier immediate- ly or by the intervention of fume other iubltance capa- ble of conducing elcdricity. All the experiments that have yet been made miy be reduced to the following, wliich will give the otlicr- wife uninformed reader a precife notion of the fubjefl. Lay bare about an inch of a great nerve, leading to any limb or niufcle. Let that end of the b.ired part which is farthift from tlie hmb be in clof'e ctinta(^t wiih a bit of zinc. Touch the zinc with a bit of (ilver, while another pait of the filver touches, either the naked nerve, if not dry, or, whether it be dry or not, the limb or muicle to which it leads. Violent con- traiftioiis are produced in the limb or mafcls, but not in any nuifclc on the other fide of the zinc. Or, touch the bared nerve with a piece of zinc, and touch, with a piece of filver, either the bared nerve, or the limb; no cinvullion is obferved, till the zmc and lllver are alfo made to touch each other. A fadf fo new, illuflrated by many experiments and much ingenious reafoning, whicn ProtcfTir Galvani foon publilhed, could not tail to attraft the attention of pbyfiologilts all over Europe; and the refult of a vaft number of experiments, equally cruel and Airprlfinp, has been from time to time laid before the public by Valli, Fowler, Monro, Volta, Humboldt, and others. Frogs, unhappily for themfelves, have been found the moft convenient fubjeifts for thefe experiments, as they retain their mufcular irritability and lufceptibility of the galvanic influence very long. Many hours after they have been decapitated, or have had their brain and fpinal marrow dellroyed, llrong €onvulficin> can be pro- duced in them by the applicatic n of the metals. A leg feparated from the body will often continue capa- ble of excitement for feveral days. Nay, very dilciiiifl movements have been produced in frogs pretty far ad- vanced in the procefs of putrefaiftion. DifFereiit kinds of filhes, and many other animaU both of cold and warm blood, have been fubjefled to fimilar experiments, and have exhibited the fame phenomena ; but the warm blooded animals lofe their fufceptibility of galvanifni, as of every other ftimulus, very foon after death. Almofl any two nieials will produce tlie movements; but, it i? believed, the moll powerful are the f 'llowing, in the order in which they are here placed : i. Zinc; 2. Tin; 3. Lead; in conjunfliou with, i. Gold; 2. bilver; 3. Molybdena ; 4. Steel; 5. C.'pper. Upon this point, however, authors are not perfcflly agreed. The procefs by which thefe fingular phenomena are produced, confifls in efTefling, by the ule of the exci- ting apparatus, a mutual communication between any two points of contaft, moie or lefs d Ifant from one another, in a fyttem of nervous and mulcular organs. The fphere of this mutual communication may be re- garded as a complete circle, divided into t«o part-. That part of it which confills of the org ins of the animal under the experiment, has been called ihe nni- malatc; that which is formed by the galvanic inltru- ments has been called the exci'.alory arc. The latter ufually confifls of more pieces than r:ne ; of which forae are named_/?«>'j, truces, &.C. others communicitors, from their refpe(5tive ufes. A very numerous train of experiments on galvanifm has been made by a committee of the I'iiyfical and Ma- thematical Clafs of the National Inftitute of France ; and as their report comprehends a valt number of the moft important fads which are yet known on the fub- jed, we fhall prefent our readers with the fubliance of "(a). The immenfe mafs of matter which refulted from the experiments of the committee, is, in their report, pre- fented, not in the order in wliich the experiments were made, but in a fort of clallification, Iiy means of which a more dillinft knowledge of the fubjeft is obtained at one view. The fads are arranged under thefe fix heads. I/?, Refults of the different combinations and difpofi- tions of the parts of the animal arc. 2d, Accou^it of what has been cbftrved of the nature and the diiVeren? difpofitions of the excitatory arc. ^d, Circumftanccs not enteiing into the compofiiion of tiie galvanic circle, which, tieverthelefs, by their influence, modify, alter, or entirely prevent tiie fuccefs of the experiments. 4/A, Means prop^fed for varying, dimuiifliing, or relloring the fenfibility to galvanifm. 5//1, Attempts to compare the Tliemetali. Animal ^nd excitatory 7 Experi- ments of the French Inftitute. (a) Themembersof the committee were, M. M. Coulomb, Sabbatier, Pellctan, Charles, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Guyton, alius Morveau, and HuUe. M. M. Veniuri, De Modciie, and M. Humboldt, aflilled in the experiment. GALVANISM. the phenomena ofgalvanifm with thofe of eleiSricity. miifdes together, or of nerves alone, without mufcles. 6lh, Additional experiments, performed by M. Hum- (b). boldt, in the prefence of the members of the committee; 2. Nerves are, tliertfore, the eflential part of the •which have a reference to feveral of the proofs ftated in animal arc ; for the mufcles are always more or lifs in- 8 the foregoing articles. terfeded by the nerves ; and are, con/equently, in part, On the ani- I. To the number of twenty experiments were made a r.ervous organ. nial arc. on the animal arc. The firft feven of ihefe were di- 3. All the parts of the animal arc mud be eitlicr reified to afcertain the relations between the nerves and mutually continuous, or at leall contiguous to one ano- thofe mufcles over which they are di(tributed. In the ther. But even contiguity is fufficient to enable the laft thirteen, the nerves were cut afunder, or fubjeifted galvanic phenomena to take place, to ligatures; the feiflion or ligature being always be- 4. The feftion or ligature of a nerve interrupts not tween the extremities of the arc. Nerves taken from the galvanic phasnomena, if the parts which are cue difi'erent animals, or from different parts of the fims afunder or bound up ftill remain in clofi ccntiguily to animal, and joined in one and the fame arc, were among one another. the particular fubjecls of theie experiments; as were 5. No diverfity of the parts forming the animal arc, alfo the folitary nerve, and the f .-litary mufcle, included though thele be taken I'r* m dilferent parts of the fame between the exrremi'ies of the cicilatory arc. Tlicre aniin^sl, or even from difltien: animals, will have pow. were interpoled, too, in the couife of thele experiments, er to impair its galvanic fufceptibility, provided only portions of nerves, and of mufcles, diltind from thofe that thefe parts be lliil mutually contiguous, parts. And, in feme of the experiments, the animal 6. If the integrity or gilvanic fufceptibility of the was without the fkin and the epidermis. animal arc be fulpsnded by the feparation of any of its The following are inferer.ces which have been dedu- parts to fome dillance from one another, it may be 9 ced from thefe experiments: reftored by the interpofition of fome fubftances, not of Inferences. I. The animal arc may confift either of nerves and an aninul n uure, between the divided paits. Metallic K 2 fubftances (b) We are ftrongly inclined to doubt the truth of tliis proportion. Dr Fowler was at firft led to think tint contradlions could be excited in a limb without the metals having any communication with it, except through the medium of the nerve. Recolledling, however, that a very fmall quantity of moifture ferves as a conduiftor ofgalvanifm, he fufpeded, and our opinion perfeflly coincides with his, tb.at in every cafe v/here contraflions are produced in a limb, without any apparent communication between the metals and the mufcles, except through the medium of a nerve, the communication is in fad completed by the moifture upon the furface of the nerve. In this cafe, the animal arc may be coniidered as confifting cf three pieces, difpofed in the following order ; the nerve, the mufcle, and the water adhering to the furface of the nerve. The latter, indeed, ought rather to be confidered as a part of the excitatory arc. " When a nerve (fays Dr Fowler,), which tor fome lime has been detached from furrounding parts, is either carfully wiped quite dry with a piece of fine muflin, or (left this (hould be thought to injure its ftruflure) fuffered to remain fufpended till its moifture has evaporated, no contradions can be excited in the mufcles, to which it is diftributed, by touching it alone with any two metals in contad with each other; but if it be again moiftened with a few drops of water, contradions in- ftantly take place. And, in this way, by alternately drying and moiftening the nerve, contradions nny at plcafure be alternately fulpcnded and renewed for a confiderable time. It may, indeed, be contended, tliat the moifture foftened, and thus reftored elafticity and free expanfion to the dried cellular membrane furrounding the fibres, of which the trunk of a nerve is compofed ; and tlius, by removing conftraint, gave free play to their organization. " But from obferving, that in every other inftance where contradions are produced by the mutual contad of the metals, a conduding fubftance is interpofed between them and the mufcles as well as between them and the nerve ; I think it would be unphilofophical net to allow, that, in the inftance in quefticn, the moifture, ad- hering to the fuiface of the nerve, formed (hat requifite communication between the metals and the mufcles." We know of no accurate expeiiment by wliich it has ever been fhewn, that contradions can be produced In a limb withiut a communication being eftabliftied between the metals and nerve, and again between the mufcles and the metals, either diredly, or through fome medium capable of conduding galvanilm. To remove the only objedion which can be made to Dr Fowler's experiment, and of which we have fcen that he was himfelf aware, namely, that the nerve while dry is incapable of performing its fundions, we repeated it in the following manner : A fmall, but vigorous and lively, male frog was decapitated, and the fciatic nerve being laid bare from the knee upwards, was cut through where it palfes out of the pelvis. Fifteen minutes after the head was cut off, the nerve havina; been cautiouily feparated fr.im the furrounding parts, and coated with tinfoil in the uiual manner, a filver probe was applied to it and its coaling, without any other communication with the mufcles, ai:d ftrong contradions took place in the leg. The neive was now very carefully dried with a piece of fine linen, and the probe was applied as before to the tinf'il and the nerve; no movement whatever took place. Things remaining precifely in this (iiuation, one end of the probe being ftiil in contad with the nerve and Its coating, the other end v/as aiplied to the mufcles of the (high, and the log immediately contraded as ftrongly a, ev-rr. Upon moiftening the neive, the contr.tdions were again produced by applying the probe to the nerve and tinfoil alone. We find from this experiment, which we have feveral times repeated with the utm.oft care, and with tlie Ame refult, that the dry nerve retained its fuudions completely. This appears to us perfedly decifive of the qucftion. 75 76 GALVANISM. fubllances are iii particuhr fit for this ufe. But the mined, i ft, The application of metallic fubftances to mutual contiguity of all the fubftances entering into form it: in refpeifl to wli'ch they endeavoured to af- the coinpofitjon of the arc muft ever be carefully pre- certain the number and the diverfily of the pieces of feived. Mr Humboldt difcovered that a bit of frelh metal, of which this arc may be compiled ; tlie metal- morel'e Helvella mitra Linn.) will fupply the place cf lie mixtures or alloys which are cipable of being em- a pait of the nerve. ployed fur this ufe ; the particular degree of the fiic- 7. The mufcular organs vhich indicate, by contrac- tion of cne metal open another, whicli is favourable to lion, the prefence of the galvanic influence, are always the exhibition of the phjenomena, the ditFerent Rales, thofe in wliich the nerves of a complete animal arc have in refpeft to g^Ivanifm, of metals differently minerali- thtir ukimate termination. zed. zJly, 'I'lie effcifls of the ufe of carbonic fubft ui- From this it follow?, that the mufcles affeifled by ces in forming the excitatmy arc. 3dly, The etftds galvanifm are always thofe correfponding to that ex- in the fame lormation, cf bodies, which are either non- tremity of the arc which is ;he moft remote from the conduiflor?, or elfe very impertedt conductors (f elec- otigin of the nerves of which it is coinpcfed. iricity, fuch as jet, aiphahu', fulphur, amber, fealing- 8. When all the nerves of the animal arc originate wax, diamond, &:c. 4thly, 'i'lie con:tquences of the towards one of its extremilie?, then ftily thcfe mufcles interpofition of water, and (.f fubftances moiltencd with which correfpond with the oppofite extremity are fuf- Wntsr, between the different paits of the excitatory ceptible of galvanic convulfions. arc. In forming tiieir excitatory arcs, too, they made 9. When an animal arc confifts of more than one themfelves the chord of tire arc ; they introduced into fyltem of d liferent nerve?, which have all their origifi it animal fubftances which had loft their vitality ; they about the middle ot the arc, then will the mufcles of rubbed the liipporters with the dry fingers, fo as to thefe feveral fyftems of nerves be moved alike at both mark them with notlilng but the traces of the petfpi- the extremities of the arc. ration from the ikin. They made, likewife, fome ex- 10. It feems likewife to appear, from a variety of periments for the purpofe of afcertaining the relations thefe experiments, that the opinion of thofe is inadmif- between, on the one hand, the extent and magnitude fjble, who afcrlbe the phxnomena of galvanifm to the of the furfaces of the parts compofmg the arc, and on concurrence of two different and reciprocally corre- the other, the effeifli prodirced by its energy. From fpondlng influences, one belonging to the nerve, the their experiments they have alfo drawn fome inferences other to the mufcle, and who compare the relations concerning the relative etliclencies of the feveral con- between the nerve and the muftle, in thefe phanome- ftituent parts of the exciting arc. It is impoftlble for na, to thofe between the interior and the exterior coat- us here to relate in detail all this train of experiments, ing cf the Leyden phial. The following corollaries exprefs the fubftance of thofe 11. It appears, laftly, that the covering of the epi- general truths, which their authors were led to infer dermis, in the entire animal body, nAs as an obftacle from them. j, to the decifive difplay of the effeds of galvanifm ; and i. The excitatory arc poffeffes the greateft power of Inference* that, though from its extreme tenuity, it may not al- galvanifm, when it is compofed of at leaft three dillindl together prevent thefe effeds, yet it cannot but very pieces ; each of a peculiar nature : the metal-, water, to materially diminilh them. and humid fubftances, carbonaceous matters, and ani- Iiperi- II. The Excltd/ory Arc is ufually formed of three mal fubftances, ftripped of the epidermis, being the incntu on different pieces made of different metals. Of thefe, only materials out of which thefe pieces may be for- e cicita- p^g muft be in contafl with the nerve ; the other muff med. touch the nnifde ; and the third muft form the mean 2. Neverthelefs the excitatory arc appears to be not cf communication between thefe two. Tlrls arrange- deftitute of exciting energy, even when it conlift;. but ment, though not indifpenfably neceffary, is at leaft the of one piece or ot feveral pieces, all of one proper fub- moft convenient. rtance(c). In general it muft be owned, identity of la refpeft to the excitatory arc, the committee exa- nature in the conftituent pieces, and particularly in the fupports (c) We d") not think it has ever been proved, that one piece of metal, or feveral pieces of the fame metal, are capable of torming the excitatory arc. It is admitted on all hands, that the (lighteft alloy communicates galvanic energy to a piece of metal ; that is, renders it capable of forming the excitatory arc. It is alfo known, that metallic oxyds are much lefs perfeifl conduflors of galvanifm than their correfponding reguli, to make ufe of an antiquated expreffion. It appears to us, that in all cafes where one metal appears to ail, more efpecially where iriftion with tlie fingers, or breathing on a piece of metal formerly inert, give it galvanic powers ; in all thefe cafes, we think it probable that a flight degree of oxydation, produced in fome part of the furface of the metal, gives it activity by deftroylng the homogeneity of its nature. We do not find that this circumftance has been in general futficiently attended to. Dr Wells having difcovered that charcoal aifls power- fully as an exciter when applied along with a metal, found that by fridion it alio can be rendered capable of afting fingly. What change is thus produced in it we can only conjedure ; but that it is fomethlng which de- ftroys the identity of its flrufture, rendering it in fome meafurea heterogeneous fubftance, muft be admitted. Candour forces us to acknowledge, that in one of M. Humboldt's experiments, it feems very difticult to point out any want of homogeneity in the exciting arc. He put into a china cup fome mercury exaflly purified ; he placed the whole near a warm ftove, in order that the entire mafs might affume an equal temperature : the furface was clear, without the appearance of oxydation, humidity, or duft. A thigh of a frog, prepared in fuch a manner GALVANISM. fupports forming the extremities of the arc, diminifhes, in a very fenfible manner, its galvanic energy. 3. The fllghteft difference of n.iture induced upon the parts, whether by any feeble alloy, or by friction with extrineous fubftances, is at any time fufficient to communicate to the excitatory arc th:it full power in which the identity of its compofition may have niade it deieiftive. 4. As the animal arc is fufceptible of being in part made up of metallic fubftances, or fuch others as are adapted to enter into the compofition of the excitatory arc; fo, on the other hand, the excitatory arc admits of being in part formed of thcfe fubif inces which are the proper components of the animal arc. 5. The energies cf b;ith the excitatory and the ani- mal arcs are alike fufpenJed by the reparation of their component parts, or atleall by the feparation of thefe parts to a certain diftance. 6. Even the fmalleft degree of moiftnre is fjfficient to join the parts cf the excitatory arc, and to deter- mine their effects upon the animal arc. 7. The influerce of the Itate cf the atmrfphere, and of furrounding circumR^nces, upon the fuccefs of the experiments ot galvanifni, is, confequently, very great. In order, therefore, to peiform thefe experiments with due accuracy, the ftate of the hygrometer, and of o- ther meteorological inllruments, muft be vigilantly in- fpected during their progrcis ; and the influence of the perfons making the experiment upon the fphere within ■which it is made, mull likewife be carefully attended to. 8. The experiments which were made to afcertain the nature of the anim-il arc, together with thofe made upon the excitatory arc, with a vie .v to the comparifon of the effe:periment be inverted, by apply- ingthe Iilver to the Kngae, the imitation piojuced by the zinc is not fer.fible, except in the mouth and the urethra, and is very flight. I find the iiritation by the zinc lirongeft when the contact is very fligf.t, and confined to a narrow fpace, and when the contact of the filver is very extenfi>'e, as when the tongue is ap- plied to the cavity of a filver fpoon. When the zinc touches in an extenfive furfacc, the irritati.in produced by a narrow contaiTt of the fiver is very dillinft, ti^t- cially on the upper fide of the tongue, and along its margin. This irritation feems to be mere pungency, \\ ithout any rei'emblance to t.:(le, and it leaves a Irtfting impredi Jii like th.:t made by cauftic alkali. " When a rod of zinc, and rne o) filver, are applied to tlie root of the mouth, as far back as poJible, tlie ir- ritations produced liy bringing their outer ends into conta«5l aie very llrong, and that by the zinc rcfembles tafte in the lame manner as when applied (o the tongue." M. Volta found, that wlieii a tin cup, filled with an alkaline liquor, is held in one or both hands pievioutly mcillened wi;h water, if the point of the tongue is dip- ped in the liquor, an acid tafte is perceived. This is at firll dillinft and pretty fi.rong, but pradiiilly yields to the alkaline talle of the liquor. The acid tafte is fiill more remarkable, when, inftead (fan al-caline li- quor, an inilpid mucilage is made \^ie of. The fame piiilofoplict f .und, that when a cup made of tin, or what is better, of zinc, was filled with water, and pla- ced upon a filver fupport, if the point of the tongue was applied to the water, it was found quite iniipid, till he laid hold of the filver fuppoit, with the hand well 79 (d) This was demonfirated fix years ago by Dr Fowler. (k) Dr ValJi made this obfervation foon after the difcovcry of galvanifm. 8o O A L V A N I S M. well moi.lcr.eJ, when a very MWv.d and very Riong no efFsil whatever is produced."— Tne fliflies produ. aciil talk was imniedi.'.tely perceived. ced in this lall experiment are rather more vivid than If one ot the met.ils be applied to the tongue, nnd any which we have been able to cjcite by the other nie- the other to the b.ill of the eye, a pnlc luminous flalh ihods. The conviillive twitches are very dillinft, and i; perceived when they are brought into cont.ift with fumewhat painful, but quite different from the fenfa- each other, and the fenfaiim lefemUing talle is at the lion produced by an eledric (hock. If the edges of i»ine time produced in the toni;ue. A Halh is, in like the tongue be allowed to touch the plates of metal in nunncr, produced whon or.e of the met.ih is applied to the cheeks, the finf.uion refembling talle is felt very the eye, and the oiher to any part of the palate, fauces or infide of the chee!<. This expeiiment requires a jrood deal cf attemion in the pciforniance ; care muft be taken not to prel\ the piece of metal ag.iinfc the ball i.f the eye, left a flalh ihould be pi educed by the meie ibongly ; but this does not in the leafl impair the o- tber eifeds of the experiment. No method has yet, we believe, been difcovered of applying the galvanic influence fo as to affefl the fenfes cf fmeliing or hearing. We have tried many loerhanical pTelUirc. It ll.oulJ be cautiouily introdii- experiments with this view, chiefly on tlie organs of icd between the eye-lids, till it lull touch any part of fniclliiig, buthitherto without any fuccefs (f). Neither tl-.e ball ; and it Ihould be allowed to icmain in that fi- has the fenie ot touch been aiTeaed by it, unlefs, in- tuaiion for fome lime before it is brought into coniaft witli the other piece of metal, that the parts may bo fo lar accu[lomed to it as to admit of the fenfaiions pro- duced being properly att.-nded to. The experiment fuc- ceeds very well with tin and fiU er ; but tlieflifh is more bright when zinc and gold are ufed. 'ihe pi^ce of metal which is applied to the ball of the eye mull be finely p'liihed, otherwife the mechanical irritation is fometimes fo great as to prevent the flafli from being perceived. Dr Rohifon has obferved, diat the bright deed, the following experiment be conlidercd in tliat view : Let a fmall portion of the cuticle be removed from any part of the body by a fharp knife, and carry the inciiion to fuch a depth that the blood fhall jull begin to ooze from the cutis vera. Let a piece of zinc be applied here, and a piece of filver to the tongue ; when they are brought into contafl, a very fmart ir- ritation will be felt at the wotind. Some very Angular fads of this kind have been dif- covered by M. Humboldt, who had the refolution to mei;ts. One of the moll remarkable of thefe is the fol- lowing : He caufed two blillering plafters to be applied on the deltoid mufcle of both his own flioulders. When the left bliller was opened, a liquor flowed out, which left no other appearance on the Ikin than a flight varnifh, which difappeared by wafhing. The wound was after- vi-ards left to dry up : this precaution was neceflary, in order that the acrid humour which the galvanic irri- tation would produce, might not be attributed to the nefs of the fl ilh correfponds with the extent cf contaft niake himfelf the^^fubjed of jnany^weH-devifed e^xperi of the metal with the tongue, palate, fauces, or cheek. """" " ' If a piece of one of the metals be placed as high up as poflible between the gums and the upper lip, and the other in a fimilar fuuation with refpecl to the un- der lip, a very vivid flafli of light is obferved at the moment that they are brought into contafl, and ano- ther at the inftant of their feparation. While they re- main in contaifl, no flafh is obferved. When a rod of filver is ihrull as far as pofllble up _ one of the nofti ils, and then brought into contaa with idiofyncnlis of the velfels. This painful operation was a piece of zinc placed upon the tongue, a very llrong fcarcely commenced on the wound, by the application flafli of light is produced in the concfponding eye at of zinc and filver, before the ferous humour was dif- the inllant of contac^. We have fometimcs imagined, charged in abundance ; its colour became vifibly dark that the flafli in this exp;riment was produced before in a tew feconds, and lelt on the paits of the fl;iu where the metals aflually touched ; but in this we may have it palfed traces of a brown inflamed red. This humour been deceived. having defcended towards the pit ot the (lomach, and The following curious experiment was firll made by (lopped there, caufed a rednefs of more than an inch ProfelTor Robilon : «' Put a plate of zinc into one cheek, in lutface. The humour, when traced along the epi- and a plate of fllver (a ciown piece) into the other, dermis, left ftains, which, after having been walhed, ap- at a htile diflance from each other. Apply the cheeks peared of a bluilh red. The inflamed places, having to them as extcnfively as polhWe. Tliiuft in a rod of been imprudently waflied with cold water, increafed fo zinc between the zinc and the cheek, and a rod of fll- much in colour and extent, that M. Humboldt, as ver between the filver and the other cheek. Bring well as his phyflcian, Dr Schalleru, who aflifted at thele their outer ends flowly into contaft, and a fmart con- experiments, entertained fome apprehenfion for the con- vulfive twilch will be felt in the parts of the gums fitu- fequences. ated between them, accompanied by biiglit flallies in Having now taken notice rf the principal fa^s that tlie eyes. And thefe will be diflindly perceived before are hitherto known in galvanifm, we proceed to confi- conta'a, and a fecond time on feparating the ends of der fome of the leading opinions on the fnbjea-. tlie rods, or when they have again attained what may The firll writers upon the difcovery of Galvanlfeem be called the Jinking d'ljlancc. If the rods be alternated, almoll univerlally to have taken it for granted, that the phenomena (r) Proftfl"or Robifon has long ago obferved, that the flavour of a pinch of fnuff taken from a box made of tin-plate, vvhicli has been long in -ule, fo that the tin coating is removed in many places, is extremely different from that of fnuff when taken from a new box, or a box lined with tinfoil. The fame difference is obferved when we rub a piece of pure tin, or of pure iron and a half worn tinned plate, with the finger. Alfo, if we rub a ca(l-(leel razor, and a common table knife confilling of iron and lleel welded together. This is furely cwinsr to a caufe of the fame kind. Phenome- na of j^alva- nifni fup- pofed to re- fuk from e- Icflricity ; GALVANISM. phenomena depend on the eleflric fluid; and leaving this verf important queftion behind them, proceeded to ex- plain liov.'this fluid produces fuch effefls. The celebrated difcoverer of this influence himfelf confiders a mufcle as the perfefl prototype of a Leyden phial. When a 20 ThisfupfiO' fition ill founded. " Subftances which conduiiinion from Galvani upon vanifm. Tliis is certainly fufficient to take away all ii Iiiconclo- five and feveral points ; but agrees with him in thinking elcclri- city and galvanilm the fime. Let us conllder the proofs by which he fupports this doarine. " I have afferted (fiys he) ihat the nervous fluid is the fame wiih ekaricity, aivd with good reafon ; for SuppL. Vol. II. weight from Dr V.iUi's two fiill reafons for confideting thefe two fluids as tlie fame, vi/. tiiat all conduaors of ekaricity are likewife conducfiors of galvanifm ; and tliat all bodies which do not condua the former arc aho non conduaors of the latter. Thefe two are by L far $2 GALVANISM. Tiiconfift- cnt with his own ex- ptrimentF, far the moil inipoitant of his leafons ; an J iflhey weie tins in ll'.sir iiill extent, ihey wnuld certainly lliew a very ftriking analopy, though they would by no means delervc ihe appell iiion ot " charaJlcrs of identity." As to the Dodor's two next propofitions, which re- gard the efi'efls of heat and cold in rendering; bodies condi'flf rs or non-condudors, tliey are, in tafl, only branches of the two firR; and as we have feen that thel'e are not nniverfally tiue, we might admit that they are correS in tliis particular without weakening our argu- ment. I'or this reafon we (hM not confider them mi- nutely ; but we nny obferve that Dr Fowler's experi- ments lhe«", th.it boiling water, and water cooled down to the freezing point, t-oih conduit this influence as well as water at the ordinary temperature of the atmof- phere. If any change in the condii>5ting power takes place beyond thcle points, It may witii gi eater probabi- lity beafcribed to the changes oi form which the water nndergces than to the iucre ife or diminution of its temperature. Wo confefs ourfelves perfe^flly ign^r.int rf any data upon wliich Dr Valii couKi f 'Ond a ca'culation, the re- lult of whicii could lliew that the velocity of the ner- vous fluid is the fame wiih that of eleflricity. Suppofe we (hould take it into our heads to alFcrt that the velo- city of galvanifm is the fame witli that of light, we ap- piehend our author could not ealily demonflrate the contrary. Neither, in all probability, w.uld he ci nfider this alfertion of ours as a fuffitient procf that galvanifm and light are the fame. With regard to the next propofuion, that " the r^b- flacles which the nerves, under certain circumllances, oppt'le to eleflricity, they prel'ent likcwife to the ner- vous fluid ;" we may remark, that any obllacle which deftroys the funftions of a nerve completely, will pre- vent tlie mufcles whi^h are fiipplied by that nerve from contracting upon the application of any ftimulus what- ever (g^. It dues nor, however, by any means follow, that the paifige ot either the galvanic or tlie electric fluid is prevented, 'ihe nerves may (lill be very good conduiflors of both, though the mufcle is deprived cf all power of conlraiSing. That there are obltacles, how- ever, which the nerves, under certain circum(lance«, prefent to the palfage of eleftricity, but which they do not under the fame cirtumltauces prelent to galvanifm, we think abundantly demonlhated by Dr Valli's own experiments. " I have frequently obferved (fiys he) that the legs, of which the nerves had been tied at a certain dillancc ■ from the mul'cles, did not feel the ailion of a certain quantity of artiricial clecti icity, although they were vio- lently convulfed by excitiiie that which was inherent and peculiar to them." What then was the caufe of the diiTerence obferved in thefc cafes between the efFefls cf galvanifm and electricity ? Was it, that the quantity <.r degree of the former exceeded that ot the latter ? Ee it fo. Dr Valli informs us, that in his experiments, an elec- tric charge whicli could flaQi through a thicknefs cf air equal to .0^5 of an inch, produced no iRovement in the leg of a iiog of which the crural nerve was tied, wliile the ether leg, of which the nerve was lelt free, underwent confiderable movements. That the influence difcovered by Galvani can pafs throngh an exceeding thin plate of air, is certain, as it is tranfmitted from link to link of a chain, where no confiderable force is ufed to bring the links into con- tact. Dr Robifon's experiment, too, in which the flaflies of light are difliniflly obl'erved before the rods of filver and zinc touch each other, is another proof of the fame faift ; and, if we be not deceived, the fama thing takes place when a rod of filver thrnft up xhs nodril is applied to a piece of zinc in contact vvith the tongue. But that it will only pafs throngli an exceed- ing thin plate of air, any man may convince himfelf by an experiment, firfl tried by Dr Fowler, which is eafily repeated. If a Hick of fealing-wax be coated with tin- foil, it will be found a very good conduilor ; but if, with a fliarp pen knife, an almoll imperceptible divlfion be made acrofs the tinfoil, even this interrupiion of contiruity in tiie conduiftor will be found fufficient ef- fectually to bar the paffage of galvanifm. We find, then, that a quantity of the electric fluid which can pafs through a plate of air of the thicknefs cf .035 of an inch, is obftrufted by a ligature upon a nerve, while the galvanic influence palfes readily along a nerve included in a ligature, but is (•bftruded com- pletely by making an almoft imperceptible divifion in a good condu(5tor. The plate ot air in this cale furely is not near .035 of an inch in thicknefs. It refults in- conteftibly, from a comparifon of thefe two experi- ments, that there is, between thefe two agents, fome other difference befides the mere degree of intenlity. We come now to the lall reafon which cur author afllgns for his beliet that galvanifm, or, as he choofes to call it, the nervous _fluiit, is the fime with elecftricity. It will be found a very important one. That property by which bodies charged with the eledric fluid attiacft or repel other bodies, according as they are in the fame or the oppofite flate of eleiftricity from themfelves, is fo fli iking, and at the fame time fo univerfal, that it has been very properly adopted as the meafure of this fluid. If it were true, then, that the galvanic influence pof- fefled the fame properties of attraiflion and repulfion as the eleiftric fluid, this circumltance would certainly iu- creafe the analogy between them very much. As ws have already feen, however, that they differ in other ef- fcntial points, even if it were true that they agreed in this, it could conflllute no procf of their identity. But if, on the other hand, we fhould find, that tliis alfer- tion of our author is founded on error, and that the galvanic influence polfedes in no degree whatever thole properties of attraiflion and repulfion which have al- ways been jufliy confidered as elfential cliarafteriftics of the electric fluid, we Ihall then be fully juftified in al- feiting, that thefe two agents, however much they may refemble eacli ot'ier in ionie hfs important particulars, are in their nature totally dillir.ifl and unci nnected. Let (g) We do not here mean that contraflion which mufcles are fufceptible of long after death, upon having their fibres mechanically irritated, which is produced by what phyfiologiils have called the -v'ls infta, and which is per- fectly known to our cooks, as it was to their predecellors in the Roman kitchens, as the foundation of the art of crimping. We at prefent confine ourfelves to contradlion produced through the medium of the nerves. 24 And with ihc know- ledge of e* }c<3rkity. i 15 Rcsfoning of Dr Wells oil the fame fubjed, 16 Inconclu- ilve like- ivifc. G A L V Let i;s fKamins the proofs by wliich Dr Valli's af- feition is lupported. He tells us, that he obL-rved the hairs of a mnufe, artacheJ to the nerves of frogs, by the tinfoil with which he furroiindfd them, alternately attrafted and repelled by each other, whenever ano:her metal was fo applied as to excite coniraflions in the frogs. We are veiy far from meaning to infinuate that Dr Valli did not fee, or think he faw, what he thus de- fcribes; but that the motion of the hairs muft hava Erifen fronn fnme caufe, dilFerent frjm that to which he afcrlbed it, cannot admit ot a donbt ; for hairs, in fuch a date of eledricity as he fuppofes, never attract, but always repel each other. Dr Fowler, who has paid particular attention to this part of his fubjfiS, has many times repeated this expe- riment, both in iho manner defcribed by Dr Valli and with every variation in the difpoliiiDn of the hairs which lie could devife: but wheiher they were placed on the metals, the reives, or the mufcles, or upon all at the fiime time, he has never in any inltance been able to obferve them agitated in the flighted degree. He has made fimilar experiments upon a dog, and upon a large and lively fkate, by difpofing, in the fame way that Valli did the hails of a monfe, flakes of the finelt flax, fwan- down, and gold leal: but although the contiadions produced in the fkate, by the contaift cf the meials, were fo flrong as to make the animal bound from the table, not the leall appearance of eledricily was indicat- ed. He next fufpended from a flick of glafs, fixed in the cieling of a clofe room, fome threads, five feet in length, of the flax ufed in the former experiment ; and brought fome frogs recently killed, and infulated up- on glafs, as near to them as pofllble without touching : but the threads were in no uif; affeded by the contrac- tions produced in the frogs. In a very ingenious paper upon galvanlfm by Dr Weils, which is publiflied in the London Philofophical Tranladions fur 1795, that gentleman maintains the opinion, that the influence dii'covered by Gaivani is electrical. He admits, thai it is not attended with thofe appearances ol attraiftion and repulfion which are held to be the ttfls cf the prefence ol electricity ; but he contends, that " neither ought figns of attraction and reix.iliion to be in this cafe prefented on the fuppofition that the influence is elefcrical ; fince it is neceflary, for the exhibition of fuch appearances, that bodies, after be- coming ele<5irical, fliould remain fo during fome fenfilile portion of time ; it being well known, for example, that the paifage of the charge of a Leyden phial, from one of its i'urlaces to the other, does not affeit the mofl; de- licate eleiflrometer, fufpended from a wire, or other fub- ftance, which forms the communication between them." That the charge of a Leyden phial does not, in paf- fing along a wire, aCeiS an eleftrometer, is ceitain ; and it is equally true, that we have no means ol applying an eledlrcimeter to a quantity of galvanifm in a date of red in a body. It this influence ever exifls in luch a date, we have no ted by which we can difcover its pre- fence ; and it is only from the eflects uhich it produces ('/; trorfitu that we know of its exiltence. But itie elec- tric fluid, in pairing from link to link of a chain, fenfi- faiy affeds an ele(5lrometer ; and in Dr Fowlers expe- riment with the ikate, tor example, as more than one piece of metal is employed as an exciter, the fluid, in paQing from one piece to another, (houlJ have afiecleJ A N I S M. the light fabdances v.hich were placed upon tlicni. This appears to us a fuflicicnt anfwer to the objeition darted by Dr Wells : but the fame objeaion having been late- ly made to us by a gentleman from whom we fliall al- ways receive every fuggellion with uncommon defer- ence, we thought it worth while to try the following experiment : Three hours after a frog had been decapitated, it fhewed drong figns of galvanic fufceptibility. One of the fciatic nerves being oaied with tinfoil in the ufual manner, the leg was laid upon a plate of zinc. A gen- tleman was delircd to lay h 'Id ol the nci ve and its coat- ing with the finger? of one hand, which had been pre- vioufly dipped in water, while with t!ie other hand, alio wet, he held the end of a fmall brafs chain about tv^-o inches in length. Another gentleman now took liold of the other end of the chain, and with a (ilver probe, held in his other hand, touched the plate of zinc. The influence b;ing thus made to pais tlirough the chain, the leg contraded vigoronfly; but a very fenfible elec- trometer, held fo near to the chain as almod to touch it, was neither attracted nor repelled. In performing this experiment, it was neceflary to have the hands wet, as the dry cuticle tends much to quellion, which is foreign tn our pre- fent fubjeydcofcx- citcmcnt, »9 (h) What if it were called mctalhrgtifm, which tranflates exaflly metallic irritation, or mctallegerfifm, from ;uiT«A>,o., and iyi[Ti( excitnlio. (i) Dr Fowler mentions an exception to this. " When the feparated leg of a frog was held under water, and formed [>art of the circuit through which thi? influence had to pafs in order to excite another leg, it never contracfted J ahliough it did, and ftrongly, when held above the furfacc." In this cafe it is plain, tiiat the fiog's leg had in fad fonned no part of tlie circuit through which tlie iiifluscce puffed ; the influence had been iianf- mitted by the water in which the leg was held. 86 GALVANISM. their ef- feas. cl].in;e. To proJuce die pljcnnmen;i difcovered by Gal- vani, 110 operation at all fimilar to the friftion of an eleftiic upon a tondufliiiq; Aibilance is necelT.iry (i). Tlie nerves and irnifcles li^ive only to be laid bare, and a comnritniication formed betv^een them by means of the excitatory arc, wlien the conlradions immediately enfue. In the cafe of el.-diicity, a (ingle difcharge having re- llnred the cquilibritim, no fai tlitr effeifls can be produced till this lias been again dcf.royed by fi.nie means capalile ot producing a condenfation in one quarter, and a coni- jvirative raiefafliun in anotlier. The t'^ct is very dif- ferent with regard to galvanii'm ; for wilh it the num- ber of (liocks which may be given appears to be infi- nite. Nay, they frequently become (Ironger in propor- tion as they have been longer continued : tliis influence differing extremely in this particular, too, from the elec- tiic fluid, which, befides being itielf exhaulled, never fails in a remarkable manner to cxhaufl t! e contraiflile 30 power of the muftles. And in tlic The permanence of the efTecls of galvanifm is flill duration of ninrc flrikirg in tlie expel imcnts upon the organ of talle. When the metals are applied to the tongue, the fenfation produced is not fuddcn and tranfient ; but fo long as the metals are in crntaft with ihe tongue and with each otlier, fo long does tlie tafte continue ; and, after fome time, it becomes infufTerably difagrceable. M. Volta, who adopts tlie elecTiic theory with various modifications, fenfible of the permanence of the effeft, in his curious experiments abovementioned fiippol'es, that a flream of dedlricily pafTes from the tin cup to the liquor, fiom this to the tongue of the perfon making the experimert, then through his body, and returns through the water upon his hands to the cup ; and thus he fuppofes the fluid to move perpetually in a circle. It is fbrely unnecelfiry for us to obferve, that the fup- pofitionof 2 llream of elcciricity, coiitiiiually moving in a circle in this manner, is wholly inconfiffent with the laws which appear in evtry cafe to regulate the motions of that fluid. The fame obfervation applies to the man- ner in which he explains moft of the other phenomena of galvanifm. The elediic fluid cannot be put in motion but by deftroying the equilibrium to which it perpetually tends ; but whenever this is dellroyed, all that is requir- ed to produce a difcharge i?, that a fingle condnfling iubltance be placed bttwcen the two points in which it is unequally diifributed. Here again there is a very wide diltinflion between this fluid and the influence difcovered by Galvani. M. Volta divides all conduc- tors of galvanifm into two clafTcs ; ill, Dry conduflors. comprehending metals, pyrite;, fome other minerals, anJ charcoal ; and, 2d, Moifl conduiftors. He afT.rts, that it is abfolutely neceflay, in order to the produc- tion of the phenomena, iliat two conduclors of th.e fird cldfs touch each other immediately en one hand, wliile at their iilher extiemities they touch con- duiflors of the fecond clafs. Wlicther this be admitted or n >t, we have already (fated our opinion tliat the ac- tion of two diflerent fubllances is abfolutely necef- fary in order t>) excite contradlions : and although it is contended by fome writers that a (ipgle piece of metal ha: fonietimes been found fufHcient, yet even they mult allow that, in by far the greater number of cafes, it has been found necelfary to make ufe of two metals, and that the eStSl is even heighrened in general by em- ploying three. In the whole fcience of eleflriciry, we do not knovr a fingle fa>5f which bears the flightefl a- nalogy to this. Never in a fingle inflance has it been found, that the efFefts of a Leydeu phial have been in- creafed by ufing a condiiiffor formed of two or more metals in procuring the difcharge. ,j Before leaving tlie fubjecl of conduiffors, we may Some men take notice of a very curious and important faifl men- "o''-'^""- tioned by Dr Valli. " Amongd men," fays he, " there .s fre- quently rep-'ired upon ieve'al different frogs, both in whom the nerve wis and in wlu m it was notdiviJed. The refult was unif rmly tiie fame. But vivid con- traftions were prtdaceJ in the whole limb when an c- L-ftiic 87 (l) " No one (faysM. Humbcldt) can fpeak more decidedly on tliisfu'ijeft than myfclf, hiving made fc- veral experiments on my own pcif.u, tlie feat of which, in fome inllances, was the (bckct ot a toi th wliicli I had caufed to be extrafted ; in others, certain wounds which I made in my lund ; and in others, the excoria- tions produced by four bliftering plaflcr^." The fo'lowtng is the refult of thcfe painful exprriments The galvanic irritation is always paintul, and the mere fo in prop rtion as tlie irritated part is more injured, and the tune of irritation mote prolonged. The (irft ffrokcs are felt but fliglitly ; the five or f,x fallowing are much more fenfible, and even fcarcely to be endured, until the irritated nerve becomes infenfible from continued lll- muUis. The fenfation does not at all refcmble that which is caufed by the eleftric commotiMn, and the eleftric bath J it is a peculiar kind of pain which is neither (harp, pungent, penetrating, nor by intermifli ins, like that which is caufed by the ekftric fluid. We may dillingudh a violent (Iroke, a regular prell'ure, accompanied by an unintermitting glow, which is incomparably more aftive when the wound is covered with a pUte of diver and irritated by a rod of zinc, than when the plate of zinc is placed on the wound, and ihs (ilver pincers arg ufcd to eilabldh the communicalicn. 88 GALVANISM. 3» The galva- nic influ- ence pro- bably fo- reign ft cm a^mals. leflric rparV, or even a full ftream of the aura was paf- fed into the artery." Before taking leave of this branch of our fubjeft, it may be proper to take notice of one faft, which may be thought to militate agaiiill the doflrine we have en- deavoured to citablifti. It is faid that a frog, exhauft- ed and brought near to a charged elcdrophorus, has been found to refume its fufceptibility. We think this faiS may be accounted for without admitting any con- nexion between galvanifm and eleiSricity, merely by fuppofing that the irritability of the mufcles, which had been exhauded, was reftored by the application of a moderate ftimulus, (:he ele(5>ric fluid), of a kind dif- ferent from thofe by which it had been exhaulled. Such of our readers as are acquainted witli the writ- ings of modern phyriologifts on the fubjedl of mufcular iiritability, will know that fafls cf tins kind are very common. Thus it has been found by M. Humboldt, that the oxygenated muriatic acid has often reftored irritability. To this explanation it will no doubt be objefted, that the application of other flknuli, as alco- liol and a fdution of potafh, inlleadof reftoring, total- ly deftroy the fufceptibility of galvanifm. Sufpefting, tliat although thefe fubftances in a concentrated ftate deRroy the fufceptibility, yet that when fufficiently di- luted, they might be found to liave the oppofite effefl, ■we tried the following experiment, which confirmed our conjevfture. A frog, 57 hours after It had been decapitated, had ceafed for above an hour to be capable of excitement by the application of the metals in any way that could be devifed. A few drops of alcohol being diluted with about a tea-fpoonful of water, the nerve and the mufcles which had been laid b;'.re, as well as the whole fkin of the animal, were wet with it. Upon the ap- plication of an excitatory arc, compofed of four pieces, gold, zinc, filver, and tinfoil, a few very flight contrac- tions of ihe toes were diftinflly obferved. After this, BO means that we could think of produced the fmalleft excitement. Alcohol was now applied in a more con- centrated (late, but withnut any efFed, The fame four pieces of metal which produced the contraiftlons of the toes, had been ufed before the diluted alcohol was applied, but without efleft. We liave not tried the application of potalh much diluted. From what has been faid, we think we are fully warranted in faying, that although feme of the phxno- mena difcovered by Galvani bear a ftrikingrefemblance to fome of thofe produced by the ele(flric fluid ; yet there are others, and thefe not the leall important, which dilVer fo widely from any efFeiSs which have ever been feen to arife from that fluid, that they muft derive their origin from fome other caufe. Our read- ers may probably think that we have dedicated too much time to this queftion ; but as we conceive it to be the moli important point which can be difcufled on this fubjefl, we thought it wortli while to confidcr it at fome length ; and we were the more convinced of the neceflity of doing fo, from thisconfideration, that there nre flill fome writers of high authority who maintain ■ the hypothefis, that galvanifm and eledliicity are the fame. The next queflion that occurs to us with regard to the nature of galvanifm is, whether or not it depends upon any law of animal life .' To us it appears rather more probable, that the influence which incites the mufcles of animals to contraiV in the experiments of Galvani, is fomething quite foreign to the animals them- felves ; zs much fo as tlie eleflric fluid of the Leyden phial is to the animal which receives a (heck from it, in both cafes the body of the animal afting as a mere conduflor. Upon this queftion, however, we confefs tliat we have neither farts nor arguments to adduce fuf- ficient to warr.int our drawing any certain conclufion. It will doubtlefs be afited, if this influence be fome- thing foreign to the bodies (f animals, why do we ne- ver find it afling anywhtre but in their bodies ? why is it net, like the eleflric fluid, capable of beitig made evident to tlje fcnfes by its effefls upon inanimate mat- ter .' The only anfwer which we are in a condition to give to this queflion is, that it may very pollibly be capable of producing important efFerts upon inanimate matter, nay, thefe effefls may be the fubjeft of our daily obfervation ; but for want of our being fufiicient- ly acquainted wi-li galvaniim to point out the lelition between thefe elTcfls and their caufe, the eff'efts them- felves are either not explained at all, or afcnbed per- haps to fime other power, with which they have no connexion. In like manner, the eleftric fluid has doubtlefs been producing moft important efFerts from the beginnin;; oi time; but, prior to the difcovery of that fluid, thefe were eithei not explained at all, or confidered as originating from fome caufe which, in ia.£i, had no fhare in tlieir produiftion. The great difficulty is to obtain fome tefl: by which we may deteifl tlie galvanic influence when adlualiy pre- fent in inanimate matter. Hiiherto we have no fuch ted ; nor Ihouid we know that fuch an influence exifts, but for the effefls which it produces upon the bodies of animals through the medium of their nerves. If we had any means of afcerta'uing its exillence, either in a feparate flate, or coijoined with inanimate matter, the fcience would make a rapid progrefs, as it would be eafy to diverfify experiments fo as to difcover its na- ture and effi; i5ts of this influence upon inanimate matter. M. Volta and other writers, having confidered the fen- fation produced by it upon the tongue as fimilar lo that occafioned by acids, we were not without Iropes that it would be found to refemble that clafs of fubftances in fome of its other properties. We have therefore tranf- mitted it thuough liquids tinged with the moft delicate vegetable colours ; but no change in thefe colours has been eff'eifled by the tr:infmiir)on ot many galvanic (hocks. We have alfo tried, in the fame way, alkaline liqui>rs, without any eiFeft. We next diiFilved in water dilFetent neutral falts, and other compound bodies, of which the parts are held together l>y the weakeft affini- ties ; but no change has been obferved to be produced in them by the tranfmilTion of this influence. Our want of fuccefs, however, (hall not deter us from continuing our efforts ; we (hall vary the nature of our experiments in (GALVANISM. In e^'ery way that fliall occur to us as likely to be attend- ed with advantage ; and if we fl;Ould ultimately fail, we truft that others will be more fortunate. Every new faft which is difcovered upon the fubjeil tends to facilitate this inveltigation, by furnlfhing us with new „ guides to direiS the courfe of our experiments. Dr Fowler Dr Fowler is of opinion, that this intluence, what- hffitatcson ever it may be, is not derived from the metals alone, i}\i» point, ijut t}jat xhi animals at lead contribute to its produc- tion, as well as indicate its prefence ; and he feems lo have been led to adopt tliis theory chiefly from two Lconfiderations, neither of which appears to us to have much weight. They are the following : The neceffity of a communication between the metals and the mufcles, as wtU as between the metals and the nerves ; and the obfervation, that animals have a more complete con- troul over its effcils than one would expe<5t them to have over an influence wholly external to them. But the communication between the metals and the mufcles may be neceifiry to the contraction of the latter, tho' not to the produftion of galvanifm ; which, liowever, for want of any obvious eirefl, is not obferved. That animals have fome controul over the effec'Js of galvan- ifm upon themfelves, may be very true ; but this cir- cumftance docs not appear to us capable ot proving any thing, as 'Iiey have a controul over the effeifls of other ftimuli in the fame way. Thus, an animal of any refo- lution can bear, without betraying any uneafy fenfation, a blow which, inflnfted unexpefledly, would have pro- duced a convulfive Hart. The will does not in any de- gree controul the elFecls produced by galvanifm upon our fenfes of tafte, feeing, &c. ; that is, the fenfations are produced, though we may have rcfolalion not to betray them. Cut, fays Dr Fowler, the will is not able to controul the efFeifls of eleftricity, when the eledlrici- ty is otherwife fufficiently ftrong to excite mufcles to contraftion. This argument may tend to iliew, that galvanifm differs from electricity ; but as it muft be ad- mitted, that we can refift the contraftions naturally produced by the application of other foreign ftimuli, it by no means proves that animals have any power of preventing the excitement or tranfmifflon of galvanilm. Befides, though we cannot prevent an involuntary con- traftion of our mufcles from taking place when an elec- tric ihock of confiderable ftrcngih is palled through them, yet any man may with his hand draw fparks from the prime conduftor ot an eleclric machine with- out fhrinking, though even thefe fparks would, if he were off his guard, produce a convullive llart. If the galvanic inRuence cxilled ready formed in the mufcles or nerves ol' animals, the only thing requifite to the produiftion of the contiaflions would be to make a communication betv.cen the nerves and mufcles, by means of any fmgle fubftance capable of conducing this influence ; as water, for example : but the reverfe is known to be true. It may be faid, however, that, although theie is no proof that any influence naturally refides in the nerves or mufcles capal)le ol producing the efftifts mentioned by M. Galvani, thefe fubftances may flill, by fome power independent ot the propei ties they pf^ffefs in common with dead matter cotilriliu:^ to the excitement of the influence, which is fo well known to exill in ibem after a ctriain application rf metal-. Upin this pait of the iubjefi, the obfervatiors ol Dr Wells will be i'ound to merit conGderable attention. SuppL. Vol. II. 34 We think .without " It IS known (f^ys that gentleman), that if a mufcle and its nerve be covered with two pieces of the fame metal, no motion v^ill take place upon con- nefling thofe pieces by means cf one tr more different metals. After making this experiment one dav, I ac- cidentally applied the metal 1 had ufed as the connec tor, and which 1 ftill held in one hand, to the coating of the mufcle only, while with the other hand I touched the limilar coating of the nerve, and was furprifed to find that the mufcle was immediately thrown into contraftion. Having produced motions in this way fufficiently often to place the id& beyond doubt, I next began to confider its relations to other f.ifts for- merly known. I very foon perceived, that the imme-^ diate exciting caufc of tliefe motions could not be de- rived from the aflion of t)ie metals upon the mufcle and nerve to which they were applied ; otherwife it muft have been admitted, that my bodv, and a metal formed tog:ther a better conduitor f f the e^citir."- in- fluence than a metal alone ; the contrary of which I had known, from many experiments, to be the cale. The only fource, therefore, to which it could poflibly be leferred, was the adion of tlie metals upon my own bo- dy. It then occuired to me, that a pioper opportuni- ty now offered itfelf of determining whether animals contribute to the produflion of this influence by means of any other property than their moifture. Wi;h this view, I employed various moilf fubftances, in which there could be no fufpicion cf life to conllitute, with one or more metals, difftrint from that of tne coatings of the mufcle and nerve, a ccnneifting medium be- tween thife coatings, and found i\\a\. they produced the fame effefl as my b idy. A fingle dr.^p of water was even fufficient for this purpofe ; ihonth in gene- ral, the greater the qu--, wliich excludes even ihofe few good qualities lliat fecmed to accompany their fiid tlioughtlefs days. I'heir life is divided between fenfu- ality and that anxious inhuman! avarice and ambition whofe ultimate objeifl !«, to provide gratifications to fenfiiality and pride. The kindling light of re>flitudc, and the firft fparks of generous humanity, are exiin- gudlicd in tl-.cir brcalls, as foon as thofe ebullitions of youihlul puilion and inexjieriencc are over, by whic.'i M t the Gardrii. GAR [ 9 Garden, tlie ufeful efficiency of thelf early good qualities was ^^^^^"^ preventeJ. Hardly have they heccine tolerably well acquainted with mankind, when the milk of human kindnefs is turned ir.to gall and venom in their hearts. It was far otherwife with Lord Gardenftone. As he advanced in years, humanity, talle, public fpirit, becaTTie ftill more and more eminently the predomi- nant principles in his mind. — He pitied the condition of the pertfjntry, deprcfied rather by their ignorance of the moll Ikilful modes of labour, and by their re- motenefs from the Iphere (if improvement, than by any tyranny or extortion of their landlords. He admired, proU'iflcJ, and cnltivated the polite arts. He was the ardent votary of political liberty, and friendly to every thing that promifed a feafible amclioraticn of public econc>niy, and the principles of government. In the year 1762 he purchaled the ellate of John- flon, in the county of Kincardine. Wiihin a few years after he began to attempt a plan of the moft li- beral improvement of the value of this ePiale, by an ex- tenfion of the village of Laurencekirk, adjoining. He offered leafes of fmall farms, and if ground for building upon, which were to laft for the term of one hundred ye:;rs ; and of which the conditions were extremely in- viting to the labourers and tradefmen of the furround- ing country. Thefe offers were eagerly liitened to. More defirous to make the attempt beneficial to the country tlian to derive profit from it to himfelf, he was induced, wiihin a few years, to reduce his ground- rents to one-half of the original rate. — Weavers, join- ers, (lioe-makers, and other artifans in a confiderable number, rcforted to fettle in the riling village. His Lnrdlhip's earnednefs for tlie fuccefs of his projeft, and to promote the profperity of the good people whom he had received under his proteflion, led him to engage in feveral undertakings by the failure of which ; he incurred confiderable loifes. Pioje(!ls of a print- field, and of manufaiflures of linen and of ftockings, attempted with fanguine hopes in the new village, and chiefly at his Lordlliip's rifk and expence, milgave in fuch a manner as might well have finally difgulfed a man of lefs fteady and ardent philanthropy with every fuch engagement. But the village dill continued to advance. It grew up under his Lordlhip's eye, and was the fa- vourite objed of his care. In the year 1779, he pro- cured it to be erecfed into a burgh of barony ; having a magiftracy, an annual fair, and a weekly market. He 7)rovided in it a good inn for the reception of travel- lers ; and witli an uncommon attention to the enter- tainment of the gn^Rs who might refort to it, furnilhed this inn with a library of books for their amufement. He invited an artifl for drawing, from the continent, to fettle at Laurencekirk. He had the pleafure cf feeing a confiderable linen ma;iufa(5fure at length fixed in it. A bleachfield was alfo ellablilhed as a natural counterpart to the linen-manufrtdure. Before his Lordiiiip's death, he faw his plan of improving the condition of the labourers, by the formation of a new village at Laurencekirk, crowned with fuccefs beyond his molt fanguine hopes. He has acknowledged, with an amiable franknefs, in a memoir concerning this village, " That he had tried, in fom.e meafure, a variety of the pleafurcs which mankind purfue ; but never relifhed any fn much as the pleafure arifing from the progrefs cf this village." J ] GAR In the year 17S5, upon the death of his elder bro- ther Alexander Garden of Troup M. P. for Aberdeen- fhire, Lord Gardenllone fucceeded to the poffefllon of the family eftates, which were very conliderable. Un- til this time his Lordlhip's income had never been more than adequate to the liberal expence into which his rank and the generofity of his nature, unavoidably led him. But the addition of a foitune of about three thoufand pounds a-year to his former revenue, gave him the power of performing many afls of bene- ficence with which he could not before gratify his good heart. It was happy, likewife, that his fuccef- (;on to this ample income, at a period when ihe vigour of bis conftitution was rapidly yielding to the infirmi- ties of old age, enabled him to feek relief, by a partial cedation from bufinefs, by travel, and by other means, which could not have been eafily compatible with the previous (late of his fortune. In the month of Sept. 1786, he fet out from Lon- don for Dover, and palled over into France. Alter vifit- ing Pari?, he proceeded to Provence, and fpent the winter months in the genial climate of Hieres. In the fpring of 1787 he returned northwards, vifiting Ge- neva, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the Dutch provinces, and palling through Germany into Italy. With a fond curiofity, attentive alike to the wonders of nature, to the noble monuments of the arts, and to the awful remains of ancient grandeur, with which Italy abounds, hevifited all its great cities, and furveyed almoft every remarkable and famous fcene that it exhibits. His firft objtifl, in thefe travels, was to obtain the refloration of his declining health by the influence of a milder climate, by gentle, continued, and varied eier- cife ; by that pleafing exhilaration of the temper and fpirits which is the bell; medicine to health, and is moft fuccefstully produced by frequent change of place, and of the objeflb of attention. But the curiofities of na- ture and art, in thofe countries through which he tra- velled, could not fail to attrafl, in a powerful manner^ the curiofity of a mind cultivated and ingenious as his. He, whofe breaPc glowed with the moft ardent philan- thropy, could not view the varied works and manners of a diverfity of nations of his fellow men, without be- ing deeply interefted by all thofe circumftances which, might appear to mark their fortunes as happy or wretched. He eagerly collected Ipecimens of tliefpars, the fhells, the ftrata of rocks, and the veins of metals, in the feveral countries through which he parted. He amaffed alfo cameos, medals, and paintings. He en- quired into fcience, literature, and local inflitutions^ He wrote down his obfervations, from time to time ; not indeed with the minute care of a pedant, or tiie ollentatious labour of a man travelling with a d;fign to publilh an account of his travels ; but fimply to aid memory and imagination in the future remembrance of objeifls ufeful or agreeable. After an abfence of about three years, he returned to his native country. The laft years were fpent ii> the difcharge of the duties of his office as a judge; ia focial intercourfe with his friends, among whom was the venerable Lord Monboddo, and other,; of the mod: refpedtable charaifers which that country has to boaft of ; in the performance of a thoufand generous offices of benevolence and humanity ; in cherilhing thofe fine arts, of which he was an eminent admirer and judge ; and Gatdcib GAR L 93 1 GAS ^rfen^ an J above all, in promoting the comfort, and encou- confeffed, tha: he contraifled intimacies with men un- Girdn« raging the induftry of his, de^endints, and in lending worthy of his reg;ird; and tliat his a:t:Khment to li- his aid to every rational attempt at the improvement of berty made him form expe(ftatioiis from the French puUic economy and public virtue. revolution, which even the events which he fiw ought St Bernard's Well, in the neighbourhood of Edin- to have reprclLd. But his mind was by that time burgh, had been, longfmce, diftinguifhed for the me- weakened by difcafe ; and it would be very unjuft dicindl virtues cf its waters. But various circuniftan- to balance tlie imprudeiicies t f one rr two years ces had alfo concurred of late to thiow it into n^glsL't. againit the meritorious a<5>ions cf a whole life. Be- Yet its waters being ftrongly mineralized by a fulphu- fides his travelling memorandums and his poems, h's rated hydrngenous gas, were, by tliis means, unquef- Lordlhip publithed a Leller to ihe Inhahiinnts of Lau- tionably qualified to operate, with highly beneficial ef- nncekWk, the moll valuable, in our opinion, of all his fefts, in the cure ot various difeafes. The qualities of publications ; for it contains peihaps the mo:! filutary this mineral water falling under Lord Gardenflone's advices which were ever offered to the inhabitants of a notice, he was induced to purchafe the property of the manufacluring town, for the regulation of their con- well, to dircfl it to be cleared from furrounding ob- duift towards each other. That the people of Lau- flades, which contaniinated the virtues of the water, or rencekirk have followed thefe advices, it would give us made it inacceffib'e ; to erefl a beautiful and commo- pleafure to learn on good authority, dious edifice over it ; and to appoint proper perfons to GARDNER, a townlhip in Wc^rcefter co. MafTa- diftribute the water, for a very trivial compeulation, to chufetts, incorporated in 1785. It contains about the public. The well lies at a diftance from Edin- 14,000 acres, well wateied, chiefly by Otter river, burgh, which is very convenient for a fiimmer morn- Tlie road from Connei5licut river, ihrougii Peterfham, ing's walk. Within the few years which have palled Gerry, and Templeton on to Bcfton, palFss through fmce Lord Gardenilcns's benevulent care brouglit it it. It contains 53 i inhabitants and is 26 miles N. by into notice, it has attiacied many of the inhabitants of W. of Worcefter, and 60 N. W. of Bolion. — Morse. that city to vifit in the mornings of fpring and funimer. Gardner'^ IJlaiul, or IJie of U'ighi, lies at the E. And, undoubtedly, tlie agreeable exercife to which they end of Lon-.;-llland, in New-York ilate, (heltered with- have thus been allured, and the falutaty effeds of the in Oyfler Pond and Montauk points; 10 miles N. \K. water, have contributed, in no mean degree, to difpel of the latter, and as far S. W. of Plumb Itland. It dlfeafe, and to confirm or re-eflablilh health. Such contain* about 3000 acres of fertile land, the property monuments are worthy to preferve the memory of a of one perfon, and yields excellent grafs, wheat and patriotic and a good man ! corn. Fine iheep and cattle are raifed on it. It is an- As an amufement for the laft two or three years of nexed to Eall Hampton, and lies 40 miles fouth-we!l- his life, when his increafing infiimities precluded him erly of Newport, Rhode Illaiid. — ib. from more adlive exercife, and from mingling fo fre- GAS. See that article, Encyd. and Chemistry — quently in the foclety of his friends as was agreeable Index in this Supplement. We have introduced the to his fecial and convivial temper, he bethought liim- word here, to notice fome expeiiinents made by Pro. felfof revifing fome of the jVzfx alfo very nearly a third lower. A mixture depend ints, and by all true patriots and good men to of oxyuen gas and azote, in the proportions of llie at- v/hnm his merits and virtues were known. mofjiheric air, affoided the tone of this lall ; that is to Such is the account of Lord Gardenflone's life, fay, it was half a tone higher than eich ot the compo. which was prefixed 10 the third volume of his travel- nent parts alone. When the two gales were rot uiii- ling memorandums; and though it was no doubt an formlj mixed, the f<'und was abomwiably harlh. CMa.'ni efFufion o{ fond friendlhip, we bdieve that the praife intends to give a fuller account of thcfc in-e.elling ex- ■which it bcttows on his LLrdfhip is not much cxaggc- pcremen: . 'Journal ile P hyfi qii^. Vol. IV. N. S. p. 57. rated. In the latter years cf his life, it mull indeed be GASPEE, or A'u:nrjiiit Poitit, 7 miles S, of Provi- dence Gdfpc GEN [ 94 ] GEO dcnce (Rliods Illaiul) projeding from the wetlernfliore of Providence river, remarkable as being the place whcie the Britilli armed fchooner, called the Gafpee, was biiMit, June lo, 1772, by about 60 men from Providence, painted llice Narraganfet Indians, For the caiife of this tranfaflion, fee Gordon's Hift. of the Amcr. Rev. vol. I. p. 311. — Morse. GASPESIA, a trafl of country on the S. fide of the mouth of St Lawrence river, and on the N. fide ol Chaleurs bay, in Lower Canada. Its E. extremity is Cape Rofiers. Tlie Indians called Gafpefians inha- bit here. — ib. GATES Co. in Edentnn eaftern diftrifl, N. Caroli- nn, is bounded N. by the Hate of Virginia, S. by C'hjwan CO. It contains 5'^92 inhabitants, including 22i9flaves. Chief town, Hertford. — ib. GAY Head, is a kind of peninUila on Martha's Vineyard, betv/cen 3 and 4 miles in leiigtli and 2 in breadth, and almnft feparatcd from the other part of the ifland by a large pond. The Indians inhabiting this parr, when lately numbered, amounted to 203. The foil is good, and only requires cultivation to pro- duce mod vegetables in perfe<5tion. There are evident marks of there having been volcanoes formerly on this peninfula. The marks of 4 or 5 craters are plainly to be feen. The moll fouthcrly and probably the moll: ancient, as it is grown over with grafs, now called the Devil's Den, is at lealt 20 rods over at the top, 14I: at the bottom, and full 13c feet at the fides, ex- cept that which is next the fea, where it is open. A. man now alive relates that his mother could lemember when it was common to fee a light upon Gay Head in the night time. Others fay, their anceftors have told them, that the whalemen ufed to guide themfelves in the night by the lights that were feen upon Gay Head. I'he fea has made fiich encroacliments here, that, within 30 years, it has fwept oif i; or 20 rods. The extremity of Gay Head is the S. W. point of the Vineyard. N. lat. 41. 20. W. long, from Greeii- wich 70. 50. — ib. GAZONS, in fortification, turfs, or pieces of frefh earth covered with gral's, cut in form ol a wedge,about a foot long, and half a loot thick, to line or face the outfide of works made of earth, to keep them up, and prevent their mouldeiing. GENESSEE Country, a large traft of land in the (late of New-York, bounded N. and N. W. by lake Ontario, S. by Pennfylvaula, E. by the wcllern part of the military tovvnfiiips, in Onondago co. and W. by lake Erie and Niagara river. It is a rich trai5l of country, and well watered by lakes and rivers ; one of the latter, Genelfee river, gives name to this traft. It is generally flat, the rivers fluggilh, tiie ioil moill, and the lakes numerous. — Mone. GENEVA, a lake in Upper Canada, which forms the W. exticmily of lake Ontario ; to which it is joined by a fli.ort and narrow ftrait. — ib. Geneva, a poll town in Onondago co. New- York, on the great road from Albany to Niagara, fittiated on the bank of the N. W. corner of Seneca lake, about 74 miles W. of Oneida calUe, and 92 W. cf Whitef- town. The Friends fettlement lies about 18 miles below this. Here were 20 log-houfes, and a few other buildings feveral years ago, which have much increaf- ed fince. — ib- Genevieve, St o\ Mifftre, a village in Louifiana, Genevieve on the wellern bank of the Mifhffippi, nearly oppnfite It , to the village of Kalkafkias, i 2 miles foutherly of Fort ^^I^^^X^ Chartrcs. It contained about 20 years ago, upwards of 100 houfes, and 460 inhabitants, befides negroes. —ib. GEOCENTRIC Place cf a planet, is the place where it appears to us trom the earth ; or it is a point in the ecliptic, to which a planet, feen from the earth, is referred. GEocR.^nkic Latitude of a planet, is its latitude as feen irom the earth, or the inclination of a line con- nes-ling the planet and the earth to the plane of the earth's (or true) ecliptic: Or it is the angle which the faid line (connci.'ting the planet and the earth) makes with a line drawn to meet a perpendicular let fall from the planet to the plane of the ecliptic. Gf-ocrktric Lotigitutle of a planet, is the dhlance meafured on the ecliptic, in the order of the iigns, between the geocentric place and the firft point of Aries. GEOMETRICAL Method of the Ancients. Tiie ancients ellablilhed the higher parts of their geo- metry on the fame principles as the elements of that fcience, by demonflrations of the fame kind: and they were careful not to fuppofe any thing done, till by a previous problem they had fhev/n that it could be done by aflually performing it. Much lefs did they fup- pofe any thing to be done that cannot be conceived ; fuch as the line or feries to be adlually continued to in- finity, or a magnitude diminilhed till it become infinite- ly lefs than what it is. The elements into which they rcf lived magnitudes were finite, and fuch as might be conceived to be real. Unbounded liberties have of late been introduced ; by which geometry, which ought to be perfeiftly clear, is filled with myfleries. Geomf.tsic.-i/. Solution of a problem, is when the problem is direftly refolved according to the llrirt rules and principles of geometry, and by lines that are truly geometrical. This expreffion is ufed in contradillinc- tion to an arithmetical, or a mechanical, or inllrumental folution, the probhm being refolved only by a ruler and comp.^lfes. The lame term is likcwife ufed in oppofition to all indirect and inadequate kinds ot folutions, as by ap- proximation, infinite feries, &c. So we have no geo- metrical way of finding the quadrature of the circle, the duplicature ofthe cube, or two mean proportionals, though there are mechanical ways, and others, by in- finite feries, &c. GEORGE'S, St a cape and iflands nearly oppofite to the river Apalachicola, on the coall of E. Florida. Cape St George's lies about 6 leagues to the eallwarJ of Cape Blaize, being an elbow ct the largell of 6c George's iflands, in N. lat. 29 38. There is a large flioal running out from it a conliderable way, but how far has not yet been afcertaineJ. The coall between it and Cape i31aize, forms a kind of hollow bay, with deep foundings and a foft bottom. There are two iflands to the N. W. of St George's Cape ; that near- ell to it is fmall, and remarkable for a clump of Itrag- gling trees on the middle cf it ; the other is pretty lar^e, and of a triangular form, and reaches within 3 leagues of Cape Blaize, having a paflage at each end of It for fmall craft into the bay, between thefe iibnds and GEO . C 95 and the river Apab.chicola ; but this bay is full of fl'.oals and oyfter-bank!, and not above two or three feet water at moll, in any of the branches of that river. — Alorse. George, Fort, was fituated on Point Comfort, at the mouih of James river, and 5 miles N. E. of C.'a- ney iiland, at the mouth of Elizabeth river, in Virgi- nia. — lb. George, Fort King, an ancient fort in Georgia, which flood 5 miles N. E. of the town of Darien, in Liberty co. lituated at the head of a creek which flows into the ocean oppofite Sapelo ifland. It is now in ruins. — lb. George, Lake, in Eaft Florida, is a dilatation of the river St Juan, or St J )hn, and called alfo Great Lake. It is about 15 miles wide, and generally about 15 or 20 feet deep, excepting at the entrance rf the river, where lies a bar, which carries 8 or 9 feet water. The lake is beautified with two or three fertile iflanJs. The lareed is about 2 miles broad, and commands a moft delightful and extenfive profpecl: of the waters, iflands, E. and W. fliores of the lake, the capes, the bay and mount Royal ; and to the S. the view is very extenfive. Here aie evident marks ol a large town of the aborigines, and the ifland appears to have been once the chofen refidence of an Indian pilnce. On the fcite cf this ancient town (lands a very pompous Indian mount, or conical pyramid cf earth, from which runs in a ilralght line, a grand avenue or In- dian higliway, through a magnificent grove of mag- nolias', live oaks, palms and orange trees, terminating at the verge of a large, green, level favanna. From fragments djg up it appears to have been a thickly inhabited town. — 'b. George, Lake, lies to the fouthward of lake Champlain, and its waters lie about 100 feet higher. The portage between the two lakes is a mile and a half; but with a fmall expenfe might be reduced to 60 yards ; and with one nr two lockh might be made na- vigable through, for batteaux. It is a moll cle.ir, beautiful colledlon of water ; 36 miles long, and from 1 to 7 wide. It embofnms more than 200 iflands, fome fay 365 ; very few of which are any thing more than barren rocks, covered with heaih, and a few ce- dar, fprnce and hemlock trees, and fhrubs, and abun- dance of rattle-fnakes. On each fide it Is ikirted by prodigious mountains; from which lirge quai. titles of red cedar are annually carried to N-'w-York for fliip- timber. The lake is full of f.flres, and fome of the bell kind, as the black or Ofwego bafs, alfo large fpeckled trouts. It was called lake Sacrament by the French, who, in former times, were at tlie pains to procure this water for factamental ufes in all their churches in Ca rada : hence probably it derived its name. The re- mains of Fort George ftand at the S. end of the lake, about 14 nilles N. by W. of Fort Edward, on Hudfon river. The famous fort of Ticonderoga, which flood on the N. fide of the outlet of the lake, where it dif- charges its waters into lake Champlain, is now in ruins. — ib. Georges, St an ifland and parifh belonging to the Bermuda ifles, in the Weft-Indies. N. lat. 32. 45. W. long. 63. 30. — ib. George's St a large and deep bay on the W. fide of Newfoundland ifland. N. lat. 48 12. — ib. ] GEO George's Bank, St a filhing bank in the Atlantic George's, ocean, E. cf Cape Cod, In Maffixhu'etts. It extends ^•■'''~'''~'*^ from N. to S. between 41. 15. and 42. 22. N. l.it. and between 67. 50. and 68. 4.0. W. long. — ib. Geoege's KtY, St was one of the principal Briiiflr fettlements In the bay of Honduras. It was taken by the Spaniards duiing the American war, but retak.-a by the Biltlfli foon after. The Brllilli fettlements on the M fquito fhore, and in the bay of Honduras, were furrendercd to the crown of Spain, at the Spanlfli convention, figned at London, the 14th of July, 1786. — ib. George's IIiver, St in St Mary's co. Maryland, is a very broad but ilioit creek, whofe mouth lies be- tween Piney Point and St Mary's river, on the N. bank of the Potowmack, oppofite the ifland of the fame name. — ib. George's River, St in Lincoln co. dillriil of Maine, or raiher an arm of the fea, lies about 2 leagues S. W. ot Penoblcot bay. Four leagues from the mouth of this livtr ftands Thomallon. This river is navigable for brigs and fliips of a large burden up to the narrows ; and from thence about 4 miles higher, to neatly the head of the tide, for !l ops and fchooners of 80 or 90 tons. It is about half a league wide up to the narrows. Of late feveral confiderable velTels have been built in this river, which are employed ia coaftlng, and fometlmes in foreign voyages. There are now owned In this river, though it does not in all exceed 4 leagues in length, i brig, 2 lopfail fchooners, and 9 floops : In all about iioo tons. The navigation, however, is generally in'.errupted in winter, when not only the dreams through the coun- try, but the fait water rivers are lacked up until fpring. Fifli abound here, of almoft all kinds, in their feafjn ; and even lobfters, oyfters, clams, and other delicacies of the aqueous kind, are plenty in this river. — ib. George's, St a village nearly in the centre of NewcalUe co. Delaware, on a creek of its own name, which falls into Delaware river, 4 miles below, a llltle above Reedy Ifland. It is 17 miles S. by W. of Wilmington, and 45 S. W. of Philadelphia. — :b. Georges, St the capital of die Ifland of Grenada, in the Weft-lnJies ; formctly called Fort Royalc, which name the fort ftUl retains. It is fituated on a fpacious bay, on the W. or lee-lide of tlie Ifland, not far from the S. end, and polll-lfes one of the fafefl and moll commodious harbors In the Britifh W. Indies, which has lately been fortified at a very great expenfe, and declared a free jiort. This town was deftroyed by a dreadful fire in 1771, and on November i, 1775, it met with the like misfortune ; and the lofs was valued at ^.500,000 The town now mnkes a very handfome appearance, has a fpacious fqu ire or pa- rade ; the h> ufes are built cf brick, and tiled or flat- ed ; fome few are built of ftone, excepting the ware- houfes and dwelling-houfes round the harbor, which arc niollly wooden building?. Thtf.- are in a great meafure feparated from the town by a very deep and rocky hill, the houfes on which, with the trees which ferve for fiiade, have a rcmuuic appearance. Tlie town is computed to contain about 2000 inhabitants, many of whom are wealthy merchants. This was its fituation hefore the infurreiJlion of the negroes ; of its prcfent ftate wc have not authentic inform ition. — ih. GEORGE- 6corg;- town. GEO [95 GEORGETOWN, the chief town of Snffex co. Delxwaie, is fitiiateil 16 miles W. S, W. of Lewillown, and 103 S. of Philadelphia. It contains about 30 houl'cs and has lately been made the feat of the county court". — ii. GeorgiiTOWn, a port town in Maryland, fituated in Kent en. on the E. fide of Chefapeak bay, of about 30 lionfes. It is (j miles from the month of the river Saifafras, bcinu; featecl on the S. fide oppofite to Fre- deric, Oo N. K of Cheacr, and 65 S. W. of Philadd- phia. — ii. Georcltown, a village of Fayette co. Pennfylva- nia, fituated on the S. E. fide of Monongahela rivtr, at the mouth of George's creek. Here a number of ] G E 6 boats are annually built for the trade and emigration to the weftern country. It lies 16 miles S. W. of Union. — ib. Georgetown', a port town and p; rt of entry, in Montgomery co. Maryland, and in the territory of Co- lumbia. It is pleafintiy fituated on a number of fmall hills, upon the noithern bank of Potowmack river; bounded ea(tw:ird by Rock creek, which feparates it from Walliington city, and lies 4 miles from the capi- tol, and y N. of Alexandria. It contains about 230 houfes, fevcral of which are elegant and commodious. The Roman Catholics have eflablifhed a college here, for the promotion of general literature, which is at prefent in a very flourifhing ftate. The building being found inadequate to contain the number of Undents that applied, a large addition has been made to it. (ileor^etown carries on a fmall trade with Europe and tiie W. Indies. The exports in one year, ending Sept. 50, 1794, amounted to the value of 128,924 dollars. It is 46 miles S. W. by VV. of Baltimore, and 148 S. \V. of Philadelphia.— /■*. Georgetown, in Lincoln co. diflricfl of Maine, is fituated on both fides of Kenebeck river. It was in- corporated in I 716, is the oldeft town in the county, and contains 1333 inhabittints. It is bounded fouth- erly by the ocean, wefteily by the towns of Harpfvvell and Brunfwick, N. vveflerly by Bath, and eaflerly by Woolwich ; being entirely furrounded by navigable waters, excepting about 2 miles of land, which divides the waters of Winnajiance creek, a part of the Kenne- beck, from an arm or influx of Cafco bay, called Ste- phen's river. The entrance at the mouth of Kennebeck river, is guided on the E. by P.irker's ifl.ind, belonging to this lowrthip. It contains about 28,000 acres of land and fait maifh, and is inhabited by more than one third part of the people of the toMufliip. This was the ipot on which the Europeans firft attempted to colo- nize New-England, in the year 1607. It is a part of what was called Sagadahock ; and the patentees of the Plymouth company began here to lay the foundation of a great Hate. They fent over a number of civil and military cfBcers, and about 100 people. By vari- ous misfortunes they were forced to give up the fettle- jnent, and in 16&8, the whole number who furvivsd the winter returned to England. There was a tradition among the Norridgewalk In- dlan>i, that thefe planters invited a number of the na- tives, who had come to trade with them, to draw a thereby killed and wounded feveral of them. The rc- fentment of the natives at this treacherous murder, ob- ligi;d the Europeans to reimbark the next fummer. Gsorgetown is 15 miles S. of Pownalborough, and 170 N. by E. of Boflon. — ii. Gbor.GETowN, a poft town of Georgia, in the co. of Oglethorpe, 50 miles S. W. of Augulla, furround- ed by a poor country ; but, never thcleis, exhibits marks of growing profperity. — iL Georgetown, a large maritime difliiifl in the lower country of S. Cirolini, fituated in the S. E. corner of the Rate; bounded N. E. by the Kate of N Carolina, S. E. by the ocean, S. W. by Santee river, which di- vides it from Charlefton diftrift. and N. W. by Cam- den and Cheraw diftriiffs. It is about 112 miles from N. to S. and 63 from E. to W. and is divided into the pariflies of All Saints, Prince George, and Prince Frederick. It contains, according to the cenfus of 1790, 22,122 inhabitants, of whom 13,131 are flaves. It fends to the flate legiflature 10 reprefcntatives and 3 I'enators, and pavs taxes to the amout of ^.3585-12-6. —ik Georgetown, a poft town, port of entr)-, and ca- pital of the above diflrift, is fituated on a fpot near which feveral ftreams unite their waters, and form a broad ftream called Winyaw bay, 1 2 miles from the fea. Its fituation conneifts it with an extenfive back country of both the Carolinas, and would be a place of vafl importance, were it not for a bar at the en- trance of Winyaw bay, which interrupts the entrance of ved'els drawing above 11 feet water, and is in ma- ny refpeifts a dangerous place. It contains above 300 houfes, built chiefly of wood. The public buildings are a court-houfe, gaol, and academy ; 3 churches, of which the Epifcopalians, B^iptilb, and Methodifts have one each. There is heie a fmall trade to the Well-Indies. The exports for one year, ending Sept. 30, 1795, were to the value of 21,511 dollars. It is 60 miles N. E. by N. of Chailelton, 127 S. W. of Wilmington, N. Carolina, and 681 from Philadel- phia. N. lat. 33. 24. W. long. 79. 35 — ii, GEORGIA WESTERN TERRITORY. Under this name is included all that part of the State of Georgia which lies weft of the head vvaters of thofe rivers which fjll into the Atlantic Ocean. This ex- tenfive trail of country embraces fome of the finell land in tlie United States, is interfered with a great num- ber of noble rivers, which mny be feen by an inTpetflion of the map, and is inhabited (except fuch parts where- in the Indian title has been extingiiifhcd) by three na- tions of Indian?, viz. the Mufliogulge or Creek, the Chaifiaws, and Chicafaws. The Cherokees alfo have a title to a fmall portion of the northern part of this territory, on the Tenneffee river. Thefe nations to- gether can furn'fh between 8 and 9000 warriors. About 2COO families of while people inhabit thofe parts of this territory where the Indian title h^s been ex- tinguilhcd, chiefly at the Natchez, and the Yazoo river, en the banks of the MifljlTippi, and a coniiderable number on the Tombigbee river, and fcattcred among the Creek Indians. Tiiis territory, for reafons which will hereafter appear, has lately become an objeft of much public attention and inquiry, in Europe, as well George* to\Tn II Gcorgi* Wcilcrn Territory. fmall cannon by a rope, and that when they were rang- as in the United States ; and on this account, the fol- ed in a line, the white people difcharged the piece, and lowing delci iption of it and Ratement of fafls relative to GEO [ 97 3 GEO Georgia to the Me of certain parts of it, and the claims of the en the W. Tlie free navigation of this noble river ij Ororgia TTrritory ^""^'^ States, &c. have been colkaed and arranged nnw enjoyed by the inhabitants of the United States. Wclicn, v,^_v^ With great care from the moft authentic fources that It empties, by feveral mouths of different depths, from "'""^"•'""T- can be obtained, and j;iven und»r this head for the in- 9 to 16 feet, into the Gulf of M.-xico, in about lat. ^"^"''^*~' forniaticn of the public (a). This Territory, lying be- 29 N. The bars at the mcuth of this riv;r frequent! tween the 3 1 a and -jjih degrees of N. latitude, is not ly ihift ; after pafDng them into the river, there is fubjecl to the eitrernej cf heat or cold ; the climate is from 3 to 10 fathoms of water, as far as the S. W. temperate and delightful tlirough the year; and except pafs ; and thence to the MilFouri, a diftance of 1,142 in low grounds, and in the neighbourhood of Itagnant computed miles, from 12, 15, zc, and 30 fathoms it waters, ib very healthful. White frofts, and fometimes the general depth. thin ice, have been feen as far S. as the 31ft degree of In afcending the Miflifllppi there are extenfive natu- latitude; but fnow is very uncommon in any part of ral meadows, v.-itli a profp'.fl of t!ie Gulf of Mexico this territory. A perfon refiding at the N.itcliez writes on eacli fide, the diftance of jz miles, to a place call- to his friend, in the eaftern part of Georgia, that ed Detouraui-Plaquemines, in W. TTorida. Tlience "this country aJords the beft fpring water; every 20 miles to the fettlements, the banks are low and mar- perfon almoft is in blooming health." (b) Others who Ihy, generally overflowed and covered with thick wood, have vifited it, fay of that pait of the territory which palmetto bullies, &c. apjiarentiy impenetrable by m.in borders on the Mifhllippi, that " the water is good for or beaft. Thence to Detcur-des Anijloif, at the bcnj 20 miles back from the river, and the country healthy of the river, the banks are w ell inhabited ; as alfo from and plealant, and of all others that they have feen the hence to New-Orleans i8 miles, which diflan:e there moft defirable." Mr Hutching, ipeaking of the fame is a good road for carriages. Vcifsh pnfs from the trafl, fays, " the climate is healthy and temperate, mouth of this river to Ncw-Orlears icj miles, in 7 or the country delightful and well watered, and the prof- 8 days, commonly ; fomctimos in 3 or 4. pe& is beautiiul and extenfive; variegated by many in- From New-Orleans, the capital or" Louifiana, there equalities, ai'.d fine meadows, feparatcd by innumera- is aneafy cnmmnnic.ition with Wefk FlriJa by Bayonk ble copfes, the trees of which are of different kinds, Cr.ek, which is a water of lake Ponchartraiii, navi- but moftly of v/alnut and oak. The elevated, open, gable for veirds driv/lng four feet water, fix miles up and airy fituation of this country, renders il lefs liable from the lake, to a bnding-pldce two miles from Kew- to fevers and agues (the only diforders ever known in Orleans For nearly 50 miles, as you proceed up the its neighbouihood) than fome other parts bordering on river, both its banks are lettled and highly cultivated, the Miihirippi, where the want of a fufficient defcent to in part by emigrants from Germany, who furnilh the convey the waters off, occafions numbers of ftagnant market with indigo of a fuperior quality, cotton, rice, ponds whofe exhalations infeifl the air." Another beans, myrtle wax, and lumber. In 1762, fome rich traveller defcribes the country between the Tombigbee planters attempted the cultivation of canes and tlic ma- and the Coofa and Alabama as being healthy, well king of fugar, and erected mills for the purpofe. This watered with many pleafant rivulets, affording delight- fugar was of an excellent quality, and, fome of the ful fituacions for fettlements, and the water pure aud crops were large ; but fome winters proving fo fevere very good. as to kill the canes, no dependence can be placed on TogiveajuPt view of the rivers, and to afcertain the culture of that article. the advantages derived from them to this Territory, The fettlemsnts of the Acadians, which were begun it is neceifary to trace them from their mouths in the in the year 1763, extend on both fides of the river, Gulf of Mexico. The Milliffippi bounds this territory from the Germans, to the river Ibberville, which is 99 SuppL. Vol. IL N miles (a) The fources whence the author has derived his information, in dravn'ng up the following account, are Capt. Thomas Hutchins's " Hiflorical narrative and topographical defcription of Louifiana and Weft-Flori- da," comprehending alfo many of the rivers and fettlements In the Georgia Weftern Territory ; publilhed in 17S4. Private letters and journals ; minutes taken from verbal defcriptions of genthmen of veracity and in- telligence who have refided in that country. The journals and laws of the State ot Georgia — St.itc pjpeis, and Reports both printed and M. S. ot Congrefs, and of Agents of the feveral companies who have purchaled lands in this territory. (b) The letter here alluded to contains the following paragraphs: " Our navigation is excellent ; our high lands preferable to Bejch Ifland, ( 1 ) when in its bloom ; ftock is as eafy come at as where y>u are ; lands are rifing faft, at\d I expefl will be very high in a few years. The canes in common, on the high lands, larger than m the river-fwamps, [meaning in the eadern part of GeoigiaJ from 30 to 35 feet high, and upwards, and in many places (land fo thick, that one can fcarcely walk a mile in h^lt an hour. Some temilics mull be coming to this moll fluuiilhing country in the world. I wilh you to advife any of niy relations you lee to come with all halle; if they can get here, and are turned out naked in the world, in one year thtv mijht bi fixed again. I am furc could I have time to fay as much as I wi:li to fiy, you would be wilh me thi» iall. I could venture to almoft promife, if you would be wife and conie, to make good any deliciencies yon might Hnd in llie place." The author is in poil'etVioii of the original letter, above men.ioRed, wliith has every mark ot authenticity ; and the above extr.f tobacco, indigo, Indi;in corn, &c. for tht Nf.v-O: leans maiket, which they fuinillieJ alfo wiih poultry, ar.d abundance of fqii.ired timber. Haves, &c. Mr HutcLir.s, fjoni h's ^'sikv.A knowledge, de- fcribes the country on both fides of the M fliTippi, be- tween the litiludes 30 and 3!, bcrd.eriiig on Georgia, as follows : " AUliough this country might produce all the va- luable articles raifed in otlier parts of tiie globe, fitiiit- ed ill th.e f.irnt latitudes, yet ihe inhabitants principally cultivate ir.digo, rice, tobacco, Indian com, and feme wheat ; and they raife l.nrie flocks of black rattle, 1)01 fe-., mules, hogs, Di-'p and poultry. The (heep are f.iid to ma'-'c i'.-: iv.tvlcrt mutton in the world. The bl.ick c.iltle, \vl:en fat enough for file, which they commonly are the year round, are driven acrofs the country to New-Oijean?, where there is always a good market. This country is principally timbered with all the different k'n^'s of oak, but mollly with live-oak, of the lar;reft and beft qiialiy, uncommonly large cy- prcfs, black walnut, hickory, white afii, cherry, plum, poplar trets, and grape vines ; here i:, found alfo a great variety of Ihiubj .ind me.iicinal roots. The lands bordering the rivers and lakes, are generally well wooded, bat at a fmall dillance from them are very extenfive n.-.tural meadows, or favannas, of the m ft luxuriant foil, compofed of a black mould, about one and a half feet deep, veiy loofe and rich, occafioned in part, by the fiequtnt burning of the favannas ; below the black mtuld is a ftifF clay cf diffv-'ient co- lou)s. It is fiid, this clay, after being expofed fome time to the fun, becomes fo hard, tiiat it is difficult either to bieak or bend, but v.hsn wet by alight Ihow- er of rain, it flackcns in the fame manner as lime does when expofed to moidcre, and becomes locfe and moulders away, after which it is foui.d excelUnt for vegetation." After pafErg the 3 iff degree oF N. lat. from W. Florida into Georgia, you enter what is called the Nat.-hez C'/umry, bi-.rJeiing on the I.I fiiffippi. Fort Rofaile, in this ccun:ry, is in lat. 31 40, 243 miles above New-Orleans, " I'he foil of this country is fuperior to any cf the lands on llii borders of the river MiQiliippi, for the prodiidion cf many article^. Its fitustion being high- er, affords a greater variety of fcil, and is in a more favourable climate for the growth cf wheat, rye, bar- ley, oats, &c. than the country lower down, and nearer to t!;e fe^. The foil alfo produces in equal abundance, Indian corn, lice, hemp, Hax, indigo, cottrn, potherbs, pulfe of every kind, and paftur age ; • and the tc bicco made here, is etleemed preferable to any cultivated in oiher parts of America. Hops grow wild; all kinds c.t European fruits arrive to great per- fection, and no part of the known world is more fa- Georgia vourable for the raifing of every kind (f llock. The Weftem rifing ground-, which are cloathed witli grafs and other rJIl^^^Tl^ herbs cfthe tineff verdure, are well adapted to the cul- ture of vines : the mulberry trees are very numcrcus, and the winters fuiflciently moderate fcr the breed of filk worms. Clay of different colours, fit for glafs w. rks and pottery, is found here in great abundance; and alf? a variety of ftatcly timber, ti: for lioule and fhip building, SiC." Another gentleman, well infortned, (c) fiys, " The lands on the Mifllfiippi, extending eaftward about 20 mile;, are hilly, without flones or land, extremely rich, of a deep black foil, covered thick with canes, white and black oak, walnu', hickory, alli, fome fugar ma- ple, beech, and dogwood ; that there are very few dreams or fprirgs of water ; that the water is not good, and t.ifles as if impregnated with fu'phur; that the country is mtich infefled with iiifcifls ; that the land is hi:;h and bluff three-fourths of the dillance along the river MifliQippi, and a part overflowed and drowned." But it is appiehended that this defcrip'ion is not per- feiffly jull, fo far as it applies to the fcarcity and bad- nels of the water ; as a gentleman of relpeclable cha- r.ifter, who refided 9 mon'hs at the Nntcliez, fays, " The finds on the MilFilfippi are more level, and bet- ter watered, than is above reprefenred ; and that the' water is good, and the country healthy and remarka- bly pleafant." This country was once famous for its inhabitants, the Natchez Indi.ins ; who, from their great number;, and the improved ftate > (ometimcs vifit the low, fuampy lands bordeiing upon 3^^!^^ that river. Wheat, it is faid yields better at the Ya- zoo than at the Natclie?, owing probibly to its mrre northern fituatinn. One very confiderable advantage will attend the fettlers on the river Yaz^.o, which thofc at the Natchez will be deprived of, wi.hout going to a gre.at eypenfe ; that h, the building with flone, th.^a\vj, and empties into the Tom- higher up, in the country of the Chick.ifaws. The bigbce, foine diflance below the head of tl-.e tide water, fort of Tombigbee was talcn pofTellion of by the Eng- and is laid down as about the fize of Pearl river. lifh, but abandoned again in 1767, by order of the From the compae'f fettlements of the Chaftaws eaft- commandant of Peafacola. The river is navisrable for ward to the wcflern branches of the Tombigbee, the fliops and f'ehooners about 35 leagues above the town land is tolerably good; the timber generally oak and of Mobile. The banks, where li'w, are partly over- pine, with f'ome hickory, well watered and level. Of flowed in the rainy fiafbns, which adds greatly to the this kind is the country a diftance of about 40 miles foil, and adapts it particularly to the cultivation of rice. W. of the wellern branches of the Tombigbee ; ihence The fides of ihe liver are covered in many places with to the Tombigbee, the land is more uneven, interfperf- large canes, fo thick that they are almoft impenetrable ; ed with large favannas, and the whole generally good there is alfo plenty of remarkable large red and white l.tnd, and pretty well watered; the water, however, cedar, cyprefs, eim, p.fh, hickory, ai.d various kinds has a limy tafte. The natur.d growth mueh the fame of oak. Several people have fettled in this river, who :is on the Miflidippi. The inteivale, or as they call it find the foil to anfvver beyond expectation. T!:e lands in this coimtry, the lollom hiruls, are generally about near the mouth ft the Mobile river are generally low; a mile wide on the river, extremely rich, and thicklv as you proceed upwaras, the land grows higher, and overgrown with c.ines. This general defcription will may with propriety be divided into three llages. Firll, apply to the whole traft belorging to the " Georgia low rice lands, on or near the banks of the liver, of a Milllirippi Company." Mr Coxe, on h's map, re- moll excellent q'jality. Secondly, what are called by- marks that, " On the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers the people of the country, fecond low lands, or level there are bodies of tine rich land, but low down, to- flat cane lands, about 4 or 5 feet higher than the low wards Mobile IJ-iy, unhealthy." rice lands. And, thinily, the high upland or open We have now arrived eallward to the Mobile, the country. The lirll, or low lands, extend about an half principal river in this territory. " On the bar at the or three-quarters of a mile from the river, and may entrance of the bay of Mobile, tliere is only about 15 alnioft every where be eafily drained and turned into or 16 feet water; two-thirds cf the way through the moft excellent rice fields, and are capable of being laid bay, towards the town of Mobile, there is from 2 to 3 under water at almod all feafons of the year. They fathoms ; and the deeped water to be depended on in the are a deep Hack mud or flime, which have in a fuc- upper part of the hay is only 10 or 12 feet, and in many cefTion of time been accumulated, or formed by the places not fo much. Large vetfels cannot go within 7 overflowing of the river. The fecond low grounds miles of the town." \_Hulchins.'\ "Tliis bay is about 30 being, in general, formed by a regular riling of about 4 or (a) Mr Coxe, in his map, extends Mobile Bay fome diftance north of the 31ft degree of latitude. Other accounts fay this bay does not extend into the State of Georgia. GEO lOl GEO C«orgia 4 or 5 feet higher than the low lands, appear to have The country is pleafant and healthy, being generally Georgia ■Wefterii \,een originally the edge of the river. The fecond overgrown with high grafs, well calculated for farm- ^\'«0«rn y^l^^lS^ clafs or kind of land is in general extremely rich, and ing, particul.irly for railing cattle. There are many .J^^^J^^^^ covered with large timber and thick llrong canes, ex- e.wenfive and rich bottoms of cane land on the Ala- tending in width upon an average three-quarters t ( a bama. The river which tails into the Tombigljee next mile, and in general a perfefl level. It is excellent above Scprey's river, has much rich land on its b.inits, for all kinds of grain, and well calculated f r the cul- and is boaiable fome dillance in fmall boats, and tuie of indigo, hemp, flas, or tobacco. At tl;e e.t- fpreads into many branches, through a pleafant, hcal- tremity ol thefe fecond grounds, you come to what is thy, and well watered country." [6'o.\-c'/ Jil. S. Let- called the high or uplands, which is covered with pine, Ar.] As you advance ealhvard of the Alabama, in oak, and hickory, and other kinds of large ti.iiber. the Territory we are defctibing, you come fiilt to the The foil is of a good quality, but much inferior to the Efcambia river, and then to the Chatta Hatcha, or fecond or low laud. I: anfwers well for raifing Indian Pea river, which Capt. Hutchins thus defcrihes — " The corn, potatoes, and every thing elle that delights in a river Efcambia is the moil conliderable that falls into dry I'oil. Further out in the country again, on the the Bay of Penfacola. The Chatta Hatcha or Pea well fide of this river, you come to a pine barren, with river, which alfo heads in the Georgia Weftern Terri- extenlive reed fwanips and n.itural meadows or favaii- tory, emoties from the N. E. into Rofc bay, which is nas, which alTord excellent ranges for innumerable 30 miles 1 ng and from .| to 6 broad. The bar at the herds of cattle. On the ea(l ot the river Mobile, to- entrance iiito the bay has only 7 or 8 feet water, at wards the river Alabama, is one entire extended rich deepeft ; but, after crofling the bar, has 16 or 17 feet, cane country, not inferior, perhaps, to any in Anic- The mouths of the river (for alrnolt all the Luthern rica. Whenever port; ges are made between the Mo- rivers have fcveial mouths) are fo iho.il, that only a bile and Tennelfee river, or their brar.ches, which are imall bo.it or canoe can pafs ihcra. Mr Hutchins af- probably but a few miles apart, the Mobile will be cended tliis river about 75 miles, and tound that its the hid river for commerce (the Miirulippi excepted) bauks very much refembkd thofe of Efcambia. Fur- in this part of the world, as it affords tlie (hotteft and ther eail are the Appalachicola, Flint, and Alabama moll direifl communication to the fea." \_Hutcljins.~\ rivers, which are defcribed under their refpeiflive heids. In addition to, and confirmation of, the above ac- The noithein parts of thii Territory are watered by count ( f Capt. Hutchins, feveral otlier gentlemen of tlie great bend of the Tennelfee, and its tributary intelligence who liave been in this country, fay that ftreams. This noble river bends fouthward as fir as " the Tombi^bee is navigable for itx velfel- 60 miles latitude 34. I J according to Capt. Hutchins' map, into the State of Georgia ;"^ b) others, that " it is navi- and divides, into nearly equal parts, the purchaie of gable in boats of 20 tons up to the juuiftion of 10 and the Tenneffn Company. N'.rtli of the Tennelfe-', in this 20 Mile Creek. The Alabama and Coofa are n.uiga- purchaie, there is not an Indian inhabitant. From the ble for boats of 40 tons, as high as the big (hoals of fouth, the Tennelfee, in its courfe through Georgia, Coofa river. The piincipal rivers w-hich meander receives, bofides fmaller llream^, the Hiwalfee, Chic- thrt>ugh this tra<5t of country, are Seprey's and Cane camaug.i, and Occochappo or Bear Creek. Travel- Brake rivers, both which tall into the Tomblgbee, and lers fpeak of the lands on the bend of the Tenneflee, are navigable for boats as high as the 33d degree of in terms of die highelt commendation. latitude ; and the Cawh^wbon river, which falls into Of the Territory defcribed above, the State of Alabama river, below the junftion cf Coofa and Oak- Georgia, by ad of their legiflature, palfed Jan. 7, fulkee, are beatable as far N. as the rivers lall mentioned. 1795, fold about twenty-two millions of acres to four The !oil on the E. fide of Tombigbee, is of a reddilh different cnmp.inies, whofe names and the limits of call, producing naturally oak, hickory, and abundance their relp^>ilive purchafe?, as defined by the ail, follow-. of vciy high grafs. The country appears well calcu- i. " All that tr.ift or parcel oi land ir.cluding lated for the culture of whe.it, corn, rye, oats, and iflands, beginning on Mobile hay, where die lat. 31. barley. The bottoms or intervales on the rivers are N. of the equator interleils tie lame, running thence not fubjehn C. Nighting.ile, and Wade Hampton, called The Ujfer Mijfijjqfi Company." 4. " All that lra(ft of land, including iflands, with- in the follow'ng boundaries viz. beginning at the mouth of Bear Creek, on the S. fide of Tennefice river; thence up the faid creek to the raoft fouthern fourcc thereof; thence due S. to lat. 34. 10. N. thence due E. 120 m.iles ; thence a due N. courfe to the Great T-'cnnelfee river; thence up the n)iddle of the faid river to the northern boundary line of the State ; thence a due W. cciirfe along the faid line to where it interfefts the Grc?t Tenntifee river, btlow the Mufcle Shoals ; thence up the f;;id liver to the place of beginning, fliall be fold to Zichariah Cox, Mathias Maher, and their RllL-ciate?, called The Teivicff'cc Company." The fame law en.vfls aim, " that all lands lying vveftward and fouthward of tlie ealtern boundary of the feveral Companies' purchafes, and not included therein, cllimated at one fourth of the whole lands lying weftward and fouthward of the eallern boun- dary of the faid purchafes, and fuppofed to contain 7,250,000 acres, iliall be, and the fame is hereby de- clared to be referved and fct apart to, and lor the ufe and benefit of this State, to be granted out, or other- wife difpc.fcd of, as- future legiflatures may dire.5i." [_Ap of Georgia Legif^ture of Jan. 1th, 1795.] The purcliafcmiuiy, amountirg to 500,000 dollars, was duly paid by the reipefdve Companies, into the State treai'iry ci'i Georgia, agreeably to the terms of the aft. 'I'iiis land was foon after fold by the original Companies, to vaiiov.s gentlemen, piincipally in the Middle and Eal'iern States. The fale of this territory excited a warm and violent cppcfr.ion in Georcia. The 7.Si authorifing th's fale, was by certain leading men in the State, declared to be " an ufurped at't, — repugnant to the principles of tlie Federal Conftitution, and cf the Ccnflitution of Georgia — oppofed to the good of the flale, and obtained by fraud, atrocious C2 ] GEO fpcculation, corruption and collufion " In confe- cpience of th«; rcprefentations, a determination was I'nrmtd by a poweiful party, to fet afide and annul, at the fucceeding fellion oi the legifiature, this cfF.;n- five, " ufurped afl." Efforts were accordingly made, and with fuccefs, to obtain a legifiature fuited to the accomplidiment of their cefigns. Accoidingly, on the i3ih of Feb. 1796, an aifl was pafTcd declaring the abovenientiorcd " ufurped aft" null and void ; and all tlie grants, rights and claims arifing there-from, of no validity or efFe(S ; and that the faid teniiory was the fo'e property of the State." To complete the ut- ter annihilation of ihisodicus aifl, as far as poffible, the leginiture ordered, that, in the'r prefence, and that of the public officers of tlie State, the ftveral records, do- cuments and deeds, in the fevcral public offices, fhould be " expunged from the faces and indexes of the books of record of the State ; and the enrolled law, or ufuipcd acft, publickly burnt." All this was accom- plithed three days afttr the paffing of the aift. Thefe unprecedented proceedings were attended and followed with mod difagreeablc and tumultuary eftedls. I'he original purchafers of thefe lands, the tiien holders, and all thefe who liad been intermediately concerned, who had by this time become a ntimerous and refpeft- able body, fcattcrcd through the United States, were, for the moir^ent, thrown into an unpleafant dilemma, and for a time this bufinefs was the general topic of converfation. The title to the lands purchafed by the above named companies, has been ftill further embar- ralfed by a claim brought forward in behalf of the United States. — ih. Gr.oRGM, a townlliip in Franklin co. Vermont, con- tains 340 inhabitants. It is fittiated on Lake Ch;im- plain, oppafite to the N. end of South Hero Ifland, and joins Milron on the S. and St Alban's on the north. La Moille river crolfes the extremity of the S. E. corner of this townfliip. — th. Georgia, Southern, a duller of bairen iflands, in the South Sea, and E. of the coad of Terra del Fuego ; about lat. 54. 35. S. and long. 36. 30. W. One of them is between 50 and 60 leagues in length. —ih. GEORGIUM SiDUS (fee AsTSONOMV-//K/>.V, Efl- cycl,) has no fewer than fix fatellites revolving round it, all difcovered by Dr Heifihel. Of the two which he firft difcovered, ('ue was found to revolve in 8 days 17 h, I m. 17 fee. at the dirtance of 33" from its pri- m:iry; and the other in 13 d. 1 1 h. 5 m. 1,5 fee. at the diflance of 44'',23. The planes of their orbits form fuch large angles with that of the planet itfelf, and ccnfequently of the ecliptic, as to be almod perpendi- cular to it. To this remaikable departure Ircm the a- nalogy of the old planetf, another ftiU moie fingul.ir has been lately announced. They move in a retrograde direction ! The new fatellites revolve as follows, the periodical times being inferred from their greateft elon- gations : The inteiior fateliite in 5 d. 21 h. 25 m. at the diftance of 25 ',5. A fatellite intei mediate bttween the two old ones in ic d. 23 h. 4m. at the diilance of 38", 57. The nearefl extciior fatellite at about druble the diftance of the farthcft old one, and confequently its periodical time 3O d. I h. 49 m. And the moft dif- tant fatellite full four times as far from its primary as the Georgia WeftirA 'lerritory « G'jorgium, G E R C I Gerard, the eld fecr.nd fatellite. Whsrxe it will take at lea.^ '•^'^^^^^^ 107 li. 16 h. 40 m. to complete its revolution. Whe- ther the motions of thefe four be dired or rctiogratie, is, ".ve fvippole, not yet determined. Froni forae cbfer\Mtion5 of the Doftor, with an ex- cellent fcven-feet telefcope, certain appeaianceb icf.m- blirjj tlidt cf two lings furrounding the planet, and eroding each other at right angles, were feen on fcver.il difFeiei t days. They were not altered in pofi'icn by turning the fpeculuni in its cell ; but (fays Mr Nichil- foii) there is little dcubt that they were optical decep- tions, becHufe they kept their pofilion with rei'pect to the tub;, after the relative pofition cf the par-iliel had been much changed by the earth's relation, and be- caufe they did not appear with larger tclefcopcs appl'eJ during the courfe of ten years. The Cvfk of the Geor- glum Sidus is flattened. It theiefote revolves with ccn- fiderable rapidity on its axis. Frnm the very f:'.int I'glu of the fatelhtes, ihey are obfeived to difappe.ir in thofe parts of their oibits which biingthcni apparently rear- ed the planet. This does not anfe from an atmolphere ; for the effefl is the fame, whether the fatellite be within or beyond the planet. GERAllD (Alexander, D. D.) was the fldell fon of the reverend Gilbert Gerard minilier of CbapelG.i- rioch, in the county of Aberdeen. He was born on the 22d of February, 1728, and received the fiill rudi- ments of his education at the pariih fchcel of Fuveran in the fame county. It may perhaps be proper to inform our rea.lers, that in every parifli in Scotland there is a fchool where, for very fmall fees, the youth of the pariih are not only taught to read the Englilh hingua^e, to wriie, and to perform the elementary c'perations of arithmetic, but are alfo inftruded in the Greek and Latin lan- guages. Of thefe fchools, many of the maimers were, about fixty years ago, eminent for clallical learning ; and it feems that Air Forbes, the mafter if the fthool of Foveran polTefTed fuch fame as a teacher, that Mr Gerard j\idged it more expedient to commit his fon to his care than to have him educated at the fchool of his own pariih, and underhisown immediate i.:lp-.Lriichal college each profelfor was reftricled to one department of fcience. The principal and prcfc-ffors in th;tt college, judly ob- ferving that the public is intereded in every thing which reiatcs to education, tliought it incumbent upon them to lay befcjre that public the reafcns which had deter- mined them to deviate from the arrirgement wliich they had hitl.erto obfsrved ; and they employed pro- fcllor Gerard to draw up tliefe realV.ns. This taili he performed in a fmall pamplilct, which, being printed by the appointment of llie coihge, appesrs to have given very general fatisfadiin. This, indeed, it cr-ulJ Iiardly fail to do ; for the ju- dicious author points out very clearly the inconveniences of the eld, and l!:e advantages of the new plan cf aci- demical lludy. Having o'oferved, that t!ie philofi'phy which had fo long kept ptfT^dion of the f;hcol<, con- fided, in a great meafure, rf verbal fubtleiies and theo- ries ill-grounded, though ingenioufly devifed, he pro- ceeds to contrail it with the philoli^phy of Bacon and Locke, and to fhow cf how little value the former is when compared with the la'ter. He then enters on a brief examination of thefcholadic logic, and proves, to the c( nviiiion of every impartial ju'g?, that the art ol fyllogizing, thougli a proper enough intioJuclion to a philofcpb.y '.vh'ch was bf.ilt on general princ'pl--?, ti;l-.cr taken for granted, cr founded on very narro-v and in- adequate obleivation, is by no means d'.ted to aili:! the mind in the cultivation cf th.at fcience which is d:du- ced by induiffion from paiticular facff. "The on- ly bads of philofophy (fays he) is now ackno'.\kdged to be an accurate and extendve hiftory r f niiurc, ex- hibiting an exaiS view of the various phenomena, lor which philoibjihy is to accour.t, and on wliiih it is to found its re?.fonings. This being the reformed date of phibf' phv, great inconveniences mud be found in proAcuting the fcholadic order o\' the fcicnres. The ftudcnt mud make a trandtirn ato.-cs iVr.m wcrJs ani languages to philofophy, wiiliout being previoufly in- troduced to th.e knowle-dge of fail^s the li.le Icund-ition of, and prfp.'.ralion for it ; he mud be hurried at tlie firil into the mod abdrufe, diilicult, and fubtle parts cf it ; he mud be put up.-n cxanruing the natuie, tcunda- tion and d ffercnt kinds of evidence and reafoning, be- fore he is arqua'ntcd with any fpecimens of thefe kinds ty G E R [ 104 <;fr:ircl. by wli'cli they may lie illuflr.iteJ. Arid In proportion '•^^^^^ ;is pliiloli'pliy is more improved, and more ihornughiy j(j)(iinicJ, tlicle incoiivcnitncei, wull become mote ien- (ibk-. '■The view ff tbefe (continues lie) induced the ma- flcrs of the Marilchal college to tliink of ahering the liithert" received order ; and after the mod mature deli- beration, made thtrn at lad refolve, that their fludcnts fliould, alter being inRiufled in languages and clalllcal karniug, he made acquainted with the elements of hif- tory, natural and civil, of geography and chronology, accompanied with tlie elements of mathematics ; tli at they Ihould then pnceed to natural j h;lofophy ; and, laft of all, to morals, politics, hgic, and metaphy fics." In vindicating this arrangement, he labours with great earncftnef'., and vpe lliinlc with complete fucceii, to lliew the propriity of mal.Ing logic the lall branch ot academical ftudy. " All fciences (fays lie), all de- partments ot knowledge whatever, mud be premifcd as ] G E R a ground- wot k to genuine logic. Hid ory hai kind of evidence, mathematics another, natural philofo- phy one dill diiFeriUt, the philnfophy of hunian nature another diftinfl from all thefe ; the fubordinate branches of thefe fevcral parts have dill minuter peculiarities in the evidence appropriated to them. An i:nprejud>ced mind will in each of thefe be convinced by tliat fpecies of argument which is peculiar to it, though it does not reHiSl hotv \t comes to be convinced. By being con- verfant in tliew, one is prepared for the diidy ot lug'ic ; for ti'uy fupply him with a fund of materials ; in t/jsm the different kinds of evidence and argument are ex- emplitied ; from tbcm only thofe illudrations can be ta- ken, wiihout which its rules and precepts muft be un- intelligible. " All jnd conclufions concerning the works of na- ture mud be founded on an indudlon of particulars. And as in natural philofofhy thefe particulars are fup- plied by obfervations and experiments on natural bodies ; lb in logic, the particulars, of wliich an Induifticn muft be made, are to be learned only from the body of arts andfcieiica. Thefe are the fubjeifls on which obferva- tions mult be made, in ord^r to lay down rules for in- vedigatingand proving the truths of which they are made up ; jud as the genuine performances of any art are what mud be conlidered and obierved in laying down the rules of that art. No folid precept can be formed in logic, except by examining arts and fciences, and attending to the method of reafoning ufed in them, and to the evidence that accompanies it. In propor- tion as they are cultivated, and no farther, logic may be improved. And what is true of the invention of lo- gic, is true hkewife of the lludy of it. It can be un- derdood no farther, than the feveral fciences which it reviews and criticifes are previoufly underdood. Ac- cordingly we find, that all the fydems of logic which lia\e not been compiled from a careful review and ex- amination nf the fsveral fciences, ccnfid more of inge- nious fublleties than oi ufcful precepts aHifting to the mind in the various parts of knowledge. And when logic lias been learned before the other fciences, the iubftantial parts of it have been fcarce attended to, or made any ufe of, in the profecution of them ; nor fo much as nnderUood, but in as far as the mind was gra- dually opened, and brought to recoiled them in its pro- grefs through the fciences. «' Logic Is preclfely the fame to philofophy that G«"rd. works ot criticifrn are to poetry. Tlie rules cf criti- "'^'^^''*^ cifm are foimed by an accurate fcrutiny and examina- tion ot the bed works of poetry. To one who had never read a poem, thefe rules would be obfcure and ufclefs i he could not comprehend them, far kfs would he be able to form a judgment of their judnefs, and of the leafons on which they are founded. If one perufes the bed poetical performances, he will acquire feme de- gree of tafte, though he has never profelfedly dudled the rules of criticKm ; and he will, at the fame time, lay in materials, and obtain a dock of examples, vhich may render thefe rules intelligible to him, and enable him to judge whether they are jud or not. And by afterwards dudying thele rules, he improves, refines, and coneflshis tade, perceives the principles on which he has founded xll hij judgments, though he did not in the mean time think of them, and gains addi:ional fe- curity againd his judging wrong. This may Illudrate what has been faid of the place which logic ought to hold among the fciences. The obfervations made in it, both concerning the methods of invention and of probation, are founded on, and deduced from, the feveral fciences in w-hlch thefe methods are ufed. Neither the obilsr- vations themfelves, nor the reafons on which tliey are built, can be fully comprehended by one abfolutely ig- norant of thefe fciences. In dudying the particular fciences, reafon will fpontaneoufly exert itfelf : if the proper and natural method of reafoning is ufed, the mind will, by the native force of its faculties, perceive the evidence, and be convinced by it, though it does not reflecfl hoiii this comes to pafs, nor explicitly confider according to what general rules the underdanding is exerted. By afterwards dudying thefe rules, one will be farther fitted for profecuting the feveral fciences : the knowledge of the grounds and laws of evidence will give him the fecurity of reJleSion, againd employing wrong methods of proof and improper kinds of evi- dence, additional to that of inJlinS and natural genius. And thus logic will greatly contribute to improvement in knowledge ; and more fo, v.hen it is ufed as a rcvic-jj of the method taken in the profeoution of fcience, of the foundations gone upon, and of the general rules that have been obierved, than when it is applied as an iiitroHuSion to the elements of fcience ; for in the for- mer cafe, its rules can be perfetflly underdood, fuffi- ciently Illudrated and put in praftice as they are learned, which in the latter is quite impoffibie," Having thus vindicated the new arrangement with refpefl to the place which it afligns to the dudy of lo- gic, he proceeds to inquire in what order the other fciences fhould fucceed each other. " Ethics (fays he) or moral philolophy is founded as well as logic on pneu- matics, and mud therefore come after it. Tlie conditu- tion of man, and his feveral ailive powers, mud be ex- plained, before his bufinefs, his duty, and his happinefs, can be dilcovered. Jurlfprudence and politics, taking a iTiore complex view of man than morals, by confidering his various dates, as well as his nature and powers, can- not, with any propriety, be introduced till morals have fird been dudled. " It only remains then to determine whether natural phiU)fophy or pneumatology ought, in the order of teaching, to have the preference. And many confide- rations feem to require that the former (hould be du- died Cerard. G E R [ I died firft. If it were not, pneumatology wonlJ be too far disjoined from the pradlical fciences founded on it ; one of whicli, logic, ought, as we liave feen, to be taught lalt of all. Befides, we ought always to be- gin with ti'e eafieft and moft obvious fubjects, and to pi ocet-'d gradually to tlie mofl difficult ; and in order to thii, we ought to comply as much as pollible with the natural openings and progrefs of the human mind. Now it is evidtnt, that the mind receives fiifl of all im- predions and ideas of thofe fenfible things with which it is i'urrojnded. It is not till a'ter it has e.xercifed its faculties about them that it refie<5ls on its own opera- tions, or acqnires perceptions of them. Vv'e are irom cur earlieft infancy accuftomed to obferve external thirgs, though often tranfiently and inattentively ; tl.ey lie alv.'ays in our view, they force thcmielves upon us, and we cannot avoid regarding them more or lefs. But we feldom attend to the operations cf our minds in our earlier years; it is late before we acquire dilliufl no- tions of ihem, or can eafily and readily miike them the cbjeds of our contemplation. Fartlier, external fenfa- tion, by which bodies are perceived, is a more palpable kind of evidence than internal, from wiiich all our knowledge of fpirits ii derived ; it ftrikes and afTecls us more. The philofophy of fpirits, as well as that of bodies, is founded folely on experiments and obferva- tions ; but in the latter it is much eafier to make tliefe than in the former : we can put bodies in any fituation that we pleafe, and obferve at leifuie their effefls on one another : but the phenomena of the n-.'mJ are of a Itfs conftant nature ; w-e mud catch them in an inftant, and be content toglejn them up, by obferving their ef- feds as they accidentally difcover themfelves in the fe- veral circumdances of life. The reafonings alfo by which condufions are deduced concerning mind are of a more abllrufeand difficult nature than thofe employ- ed in the fcience of bodies ; the ideas about which they are converlaiu are apter to be confounded with one a- nother, and are wi;h greater dilficuliy kept diltind. On all thefe accounts, natural philofophy mull be to young minds eafier than pneumatology, and confequent- ly fliould betauglit firft." For this long digreil'ion, if ftfch it fha'l be deemed, we ar2 perfuaded that thofe who retain any attach- ment to the phice where tlieir minds were firtl imbued with the piincipks of fcience, will think no apology reqiiifite, when they are inlormed, that the plan ot e- ducation, which is heie fo ably defended, was about the iarae period adopted by both colleges in the uiii- vcrfity of Aberdeen; that the writer of this article had his own education in the King's college; and that in the profperity of that college he Hill feels himfelt deep- ly interefted. Let it be reinenibeied, too, tliat the publication from which this extracTl has been made, fur- iiilhes a proof of profeffbr Gerird's abilities, and of the cllimation in which he was held by his colleagues at a Su?PL. Vol. II. 05 ] G E R very early period of life ; and then furely the digrtf- C.mxA. fion will not be thought impertinent. v.^-v^^ He was now profeffor of moral philofophy and logic, and of thefe fciences alone : but thnu.;h his//,;n »/ <•- ducallon in ihs Marijchal College fheivs die order in which his leftures were arranged, we have not been able to learn on what foundation he built his fyftem of ethics. As Hutchefon's Moral PluUfophy was then much read and admired, it will not detract from Mr Gerard's merits to fuppofe, that, with his prcdecedor Mr lordyce, he was an advocite for the rroral fenfc of that author; for there are but three or four founda- tions on which a fyttcm of ethics can be raifed ; and it may be doubted whether there be one cf them which is not as old as the age of Plato. It would indeed be ri- diculnus in any modern (a) to aim at giving a new foundation to moral virtue ; for virtue mull h;;v.- l)een praifliied upon fome fteady principle from l!ie eirliell period of human fjciety ; and the mod eminent profef- for will find i'uffic-ent rocm for the difplay of all his learning and ingenuity in illuftrating the principle which his own judgment has led him to adopt. Of this prcfedor Gei ard was fully fenfible; and whilll he was confcientioufly difcharging his duty to hi? pupils, he negUded no opportunity of improving himfeli. He was member of a literary fociety at Aberdeen, of which the refpeflabiliiy will not be queflijned, when it is known that it confided of fjch men as the late DoSors Blackwell, Gregory, Reid and Campbell, with Dr Bt.attie, and many others of per- haps equal talents, tliough not known to the world as authors (n). This fociety met regularly during the win- ter, we believe once every fortnight ; the members communicated their fentiments with the utmoll free- dom ; every novel opinion was fure to be ranvafied oa all fides with impaiti.ility ; the underftandings of the members were thus mu'.ually whetted ; and hence ori- ginated Reid's Inquiiy into tks Human Mind, Grego- ry's Comparati've Firiv, Gerard's Ej/iiy en Genius, Beat- tie's EJpty on Truth, and Campbell's Philofophy of Rhe- toric. On the 5th of September 1759 ^^i" Gerard was or- dained a minider of the Church of Scotland ; on the iith of June 1760, he was appointed profelfor of di- vinity in the M.irifchal coll-ge, and minifter of the Grayfriars church in Abeidet-n ; and at the fame time, as we fuppofe, created dodor in divinity. On the iSth of June i 771 he rehgned his ProfefTor- (hip in Mjril'chal ccUejie, together with !)is church- living, and was preferred to the thtolocicdl chair in the univerfity of King's College, then become vncinc by the death of profedbt Luniifden. In th.n flaiion he continued, piofecuting his Itudies, beloved by his colleagues, and revered by hi» pupils, till I. is birth-day 1795 ' ^^I's") having jult coiiip eteJ his 67-h year, he died without a groan. Hi» death was occaiionel by a O fchirrous (a) The friends of Mr G id win, who afledl to call his political juftice the nezv philofiphy, will, of couife, think this a r:'.(h aflertion ; but were it worth while, it would be no very ditficult t'flc to produce, from the atheiftical writers of ancient Greece, fomelhing fimilar even to his wildeft paradoxes. Dr Gerard was too well acquainted with the fubjefl, and too warm a fiiend to genuine virtue, to pietend to novelty in mor;J fcience. (b) Such as Piofe/Tor Tho-.ias G rdon, who read leflurcs in the King's College for 63 or 64 years, and whofe learning was equalled only by his virtues. G E R [ 10 Gerard, fcliirrous tumour, which began to appear on his face ^■^''^'"''•^ in ih5 year 17941 but without confining him to the houfe, or, except for a very few weeks, iuteirup- ting his ufual purl'iiits. It impaired, however, his heaUh, and gradu.illy undermined his conftiiution. Of this he was very foon fenfible ; but he faw his diliuhition approaching with the utnioft conipofure and relignation, and preferved to all about him (orrjuch f becom- ing mailer of almnlt wny fubjeifl, though perhaps he had not the imagination requilite fiT mak-ng difcov eriis in fcience ; and that his attainments were fnlid rather than biilliant. What he knew, he knew thornughly ; but to U';, his knowledge feems to have been the le- ward of labour. By one, to whom he was well known, and vho • Dr Bia:- himlelf llands high in the republic o: letters*, we are '''• affured that he had improved his memory to fuch a de- tvee, tliat, in liitle mc'te than an hcur, be could get by heart any ferraon of ordinary length ; though far frem availing himfelf cf this talent, as many would have done, he compofeJ with caie all the fermons that he preached. In early lile he made it a rule not to fiudy after fupper ; and from that rule he never deviat- ed, but amufed himfelf after that time, either with the converfation of his family, or with any light reading that cime in his w^ay, and he was generally in bed by half pafl eleven. He feems not to have approved of early more than of late lludy; for though, for a few years, when as profeiTor of philofophy he had various fciences to teach, he rofe regularly, during winter, at five in the morning, he difcontinued that pracffice as foon as he had it in his power, and did not enter upon ferious ftudy till after breakfift, generally about 10 o'elock. He was indeed very laborious through the day, and could with difHculty be peiluaded to take any bodily exercife; but being remarkably temperate in eating and drinking, he enjoyed very good heahh, v/hich was only cccafionally interrupted by thofe ft')- mach complaints, to which men of i'edentary lives are often fubjeft. The fruits of this inceflant ftudy were, befides the leflures which he lead to his different clalfes, i/l, j4n r.Jfay onTajie, to uliich, in 1756, was adjudged the gold medal by the Philcfophical Society of Edinburgh (See Societies, EncycL), which had propofed Tajle 3.^ the fubjefl fur a prize. Of this eifay there has been a feconii and a third edition ; of which the laft, which was publiflied in 1780, is confiderably enlarged and improved. 21I, D'lJf.'rtaUons on the Genius and E-vidin- ees of Ckrijiianity, publilhed in 1766. 3 '^'^ ■^- thofe who were moft intiuatelv acquainted with ]3i- *"''''"'• Gerard, the parjegyric wiruh it contains will not be deemed extravagant. " In dorneftic life, his conduit was amiable and ex- emplary. H^; polfelFed, in a high degree, tha kinJnefs of heart and afFihiliiy of manner which intercltcd him at all limes in the happinei:> of his dependants, I'rclerv- ed good hi'mour in his hi, ufe, and endeared him t > his taniily. He knew Iv w to check improprieties with- out harrtiiiefs, and when and how t') i)idulge \Mthout impairing his authority. Hi- natural good fenfe, ftea- dinefs and piudence, prevented him from being thrown into confufion by tlie ;-dveife incidents of life ; and e- nabled him, in prelling emeigencies, to adopt wife meaiures, and to adminifler falutary counfel. His ten- der fympathy fooihed th; troubled hour of forrow ; his rational and friendly advice gu'd^d his family thro' the perplexities o( life, and he feelingly rejoiced in all their innocent enjoyments. His attachments were not confined to his lamily or his relatives ; he was fufcep- tible cf warm triendlhip. In fekfling the objeifts of it he was cautious, always preferring thofe whole merits entitled them to confidence and regard. His attach- ment, flowly formed, was not to be (li iken by every oblique inlinuation, or by every idle report to the pre- judice of his friend. Sceady in his profelTions of re- gard, he was capable of conliderable and dilinterelled exertions to ferve thofe whom he really etlcemed. To his judicious advice they had ready accefs ; and his bed eiF(>rts to promote their good they could always com- mand. As a member of fociety, his houfe was ever the feat of hofpitality, and his door was always open to the ftranger. In entertaining his Iriends, he equal- ly avoided the extravagance and odentation which did not become his character 01 fuit his fortune, and the rigid economy which maiks the condufl of thofe who give with a reluiftant and a fparing hand. He neither anxioully courted, nor atfeifltdly lliunned learned con- verfatiou. Whili he never olitruded upon company fubjefls which, by the dilp'.ay of fuperior knowledge or abilities, were cilculated to gratify his own vanity at the expence of hurting others, he always (ludied, as far as propriety would admit, to adapt his converfa- tion to the temper and inclinations of his alfociaies. To pleafe the young, and to promote their liarmlefs fellivlty, was ever his delight ; with cheerfulnefs he de- fcended to their trivial amufements, and in his pre- fcnce they felt no rellrainlj but thofe which virtue and decency impofe. Though he often left lor a little Itudles in which lie was keenly engasjed, to enjoy the conveifation of a friend, he never fuffered his love of fociety, one of bis ib"ong;ll paffions, to induce him to ficrifice any imporr.ant literary purfuit, or to iiegleft any neceffary bufinefs. "As GER C107] GER Gerard^ « As a clergyman, the office wiiicli he held for feveral the proper manner of difcharging all Its duties, and to Gctitii. years in M.Ariichal collej^e lendcred it Ins duty to be a enable them, by the knowledge of Scripture, to form a '"^"> daily preacher, and gave him a feat in the ecclefiaftical juft and impartial judgment on controverted fubj-as. ^ courtb. But the unavoidable labour of preparing pre- Solicitous for their improvement, he was ever read)- to ^''""^^' leflions fnr his theological pupils did not prevent his encourage rifing merit by his warmeft approbation ; and v^^^^^ unremitting attention to his public exhibitions in the reluflant to damp even unfuccefbful efforts of "enius pulpit. Thefe weie marked by that diftmanefs of by deferved cenfure. Having a conflant eye lo^what arrangement, that julh.els ot reaf ming, and that accu- is praaically uftlul, rather than to uncdifying fpecula- racy of compyfilion, which cffeaually fecured the ap- tion, he enjoined no duty which he was tmwiHing to probation oi the ableft judges ; while by their plain- exemplify in his own londua. Hence that llria re- nefs and fimplicity, th;y tailed not of promoting tlie gard to the minillerial charafter which he unif.rmly edification ot the meaneft capacities. To the low arts difplayed, and hence his uncommon punauality in at- of acquiring popularity he never (looped; But his tending the public ordinances of relicricn." prudence, his good fenfe, hib exemplary cundua, and GERARDSTOWN, a neat little town, fituated in his minitierial diligence, ellablilhed his relpec'tability Berkely co. Virginia, containing about 30 or 40 and uiefulnefb, and procured him the full confidence houfes ; 10 miles from Martinlburg, and 254 from and elleem of his colleagues. Poireffing more than or- Philadelphia. — Morse. dinary excellence, envy never led him to depreciate the GERMAN, a towndiip in Fayette co. Pennfylva- merits of other preachers. Though one of tlie bell of nia. — ib. judges, he was always one of the moft candid hearers. German Flats, the cliief townfhip of Hcrkemer When by his tranflation to the univerfity of King's co. taken from that of Montgomery, in New- York, college, he was releafed trom the labour of conflant By the cenfus of 1790, it contained 1507 inhabitants preaching, far from Ihcwing any averlion to di!'chan;e including 20 (laves; by the State cenfus of 1796, the moft public minillerial duties, he was always ohe- 4194 inliabitants of w'hom 6S4 are ekaors. It lies dient to prefbyterial appointmems ; and while healih on the fouth fide o{ Mohawk river, oppofite Herke- and ilrength remained, willing to oblige his clerical mer. It is 24 miles E. of Whiteftown, and 60 miles friends by appearing in their pulpits. Nor in private weft of Scheneaady. — ib. life did he ever lofe fight of the charaaer of a clergy- GERMANTOWN, (N. Y.) in Columbia co. con- man. Having in a publication ably defended its re- taining 516 inhabitants. In 1796, it had 75 qualified fpeaability, in oppofition to the feoffs and fneers and voters. — \h. fophifm of modern fceptics ; he confidercd it as his Germantown, in Philadelphia co. Pennfylvania, is honour, in his lite and converfation to difplay its dig- fituated 7 miles nnrth of Philadelphia city, and was nity and importance ; and to Ihewthat the gravity of a efteemed the fecond town in the country, until feveral Chriftian paftor is perfealy conliftent with the good inltnd town; eclipfed it, by f\iperior eftablllliments and breeding of a gentleman, and with the cheerlulnefs, af- nu"iber of inhabitants. It is a corporation, confifting fability, and eaie of an agreeable ccmpan-on. chitily of High and Low Dutch, and contains about " Asa man of letters, his attainments were far above 250 houles, chiefly of ftone, feme of whicli are large, thofe at which the generality of ftudents ariive. In elegant and commodious; built chiefly on one ftreet, his literary purfuits, he had all the advantages of a ab'Ut two miles in length. The public buildings are judgment uncommonly clear and diftii a, aided, from a G;rman Calvinift and Lutheran church, a Friend's his earlieft years, by the moft indefatigable snJ perle- mceiing-lioufe, ai-.d an academy. Knit ftockings, of vering ftudy. The well-earned reputation with which, cotton, t.hread and worfted, are manufaaured here by before he was promoted to the theological chair, he incIividudK to a conliderablj extent, and of an excellent taught in Marifchal college different fcienccs, in- quality. It is an ancient town, plealantly (ituated, conteftibly proves that his powers, not confined to and by its vicinity to the metropolis, well adapted i. r one fubjea, juftly entitled liim to eminence in leveral manufaaurcs. Here is the principal congregation c/f branches of literature. Hi-; publications, feveral of the Mennonids, and the mother cf tint feci in Ame- which have been tranflated into other languages, pro- rica. They derive their name from Menno Simon, a mile fair to e.\end his fame, and to hand it down to learned man ot Wiimars, in Germany, one ot the re- generations yet unborn ; and his unremitting labours formers, born in 1505. Some of his followers came promifed ftill a farther contribution to th; gcueraUlock into Pennfylvania, from New-Yoik, in' 1692. There of learning. aie ibf lit 4000 (>f them in the State. Tliey do nor, " As a profefTor of divinity, he will belong and grate- like die I'unkers, believe in general falvation ; yet, like fully remembered by his numeruus pupils. This was them, they will neither fwcar nor fight, nor bear any his peculiar departinent, and in thii he fhone. Poff f- civil (flice, nor go to law, nor take mtcielt tor money, ting large ft'>res of theological knowledge, he was ju- thoucli many break that rule, 'i'hey ule great plain- ilicious in fekaiug his lubjias, happy and faccefstul nets in their drefs, &l-. and praaifc mativ of the rites in his manner of c'ommunicating iiillruait 11. He Jiad of the primitive Chiillian churcli. Tiiis town is alfo the merit if introducing a new, and in many refpeas .i rendered famous, by the battle foughl in it, on die 4th b';tter plan of theuligical education, than thofe (u of Oa. 1777.—/.';. which it had been formeily conducted. Liberal, but Germantown, a pod-town and the capital of Stokes rot loofe, in his ilntinients, his great aim was, not to co. N. Carolina. It is fituated rear die Town Fork of impole by his authority upon his pupils any favourite Dan river, and cont.iins a court-home, gaol, and about fyftem of opinions ; hut to imprcls tbem with a fcnfe 30 houfes. It is 528 miles S. \V. by S. of Philadel- cf the importance of the minifterial ofncc, to teach them pliia. — \b. O Ger- G E R [ io8 ] G E S German TOWN, the chief town of Hyde co. in New- bern diilrict, N. C.irolina. — 11/. GERMANY, a townfliip in York co. Pennfylva- nia. — il>. GERMINATION, among botanids is a very in- terelting. lubjed on which the late dilcoveries in clie- rniftry have thrown much light fii ce the article Gkr- MiNATiON was publillicd in the Encfchpirdia. In t'le year 1793, Mr Huml)oldt diicovticd that firople me- tallic iubllanccs are unlavourable to the I'ermina'ion ot plants, and that rnetallic oxyds favour it in prnpirtion to their decree of oxydation. This difcovery induced him to fearch for a fubnance wi'.h which oxyj^'en miglu be To weakly cirobined .1 ■ to be ealily fepirated, and he made choice ot ox)etnated muriatic acid gas mix ed with water. Crdlcs (lep'Jh^m fctlvum) in the oxygenated mur'atic ac:d lliewed gernis at the end of fix hours, and in coninicui water at rhe end ot 32 hours. The ai5tirn of the fii 11 fluid im the vegetable fibres is announced by an enormous qu.intity of air bubbles which cover the feeds, a phem menon not exhibited by water till at the end of from 30 to 45 minutes. Thcfe experiments announced in Huni'ooldt'i Flora Stihtirranea Frihsrgenjis-, and in his Aph'.rilms on the chemical phyfiology "f Plants, have been repeated by others (a ' . They were made at a teinperature of from 12 to I J Reaumur. In the fummer of 1796, Hum- boldt be»an a new feries ot exjieiiments, and found that by join'ng the ftimulus of caloric to that ot oxy- gen he was enabled llill more to accelerate the pro- gress of vea,etaiion. He tot k tiie feeds of ganlen crtife-T {Jcp'idhtm f,i'tvtim), peas, {j>ifum fath'um), French beans (pha/eoius vulgaris), garden lettuce (latluca fati- va), niignonetie (refeda odorata) ; cqu.d quantities of which were thrown into pure water an i the oxyi-ena- ted muria'ic acid at a temperature of 88' F. Creli'es exhibited germs in three hciirs in the oxygenated mu- riatic acid, while none were feen in water till the end of 26 houis. In tiie muriatic, nitric (b), or fulphuric acid, pure or mixed with wa'er, there was no g^rm at all: the oxygen feemed there '■. be too intimately unit- ed with bafes of .i/,ot or tulphivr, to be dilengaged by the jfEnitic^ prefented by the fibre-. c{ the vegetable. The author announces, that his difcoverles may one day be of great benefit in the cultivation of plants. His experiments have been repealed wi^h great inijuf- try and zeal by fevcral diiliiiguiilu-d philofophers. Pro- fetf'ri Prhl at Drefden caufed to germinate in oxyge- na'ti.i muriatic icid ihe teed of a new k:nd oi euphorbia taken fiom Bocconi's colleflion of dried plants, i to or 120 years old. Jacquin and Vander Schott at Vienna throw/ into oxygenated muriatic acid all the old feeds which had been kept 20 or 30 years at the botanical garden, every at'empt to produce vegetation in which had been fraitlefs, and the greater part of them were ftimulated with fuccefs. Even the hardeft feeds yield- ed to this agent. Among thofe which geiminited were the yellow bonduc or nickjr tiee (^iii,'andina bonduc), the pigeon ry'ifus or pigeon pea (cylifus ca- jiin'^,, the dodonta angujl'ifolia, the climbing miiiiofi (m;- moju fciindens), and new kinds of the l>om,cn. — Ther« are now lliewn at Vienna very valuable plants which are entirely owing to the oxygenated muriatic acid, and which are at prefent from five to sight inches in height. Humboldt caufed to germinate the cli'!.,i ro- Jiu, the feeds ot which had been b' night trom the Ba- h.ima iflands by Bor- lunity ot procurinv oxy.'enated muriatic acid : He formed a pdle by mixing the feeds with the black oxyd of m ng.in-ie, and then poured ovtr it the mu- riatic acid diluted with water. Three cubic inches of water were nnxed with halt a cubic inch of the mu- riatic acid. The vellel which co.. tains this mixture mull be c vered, bur not cloftlv lh.it ; elfe it might readily burlt. At the temperai.ire of 95° the muiia- tic acid becomes llrongly oxy.Jated ; the oxygenated muriatic gas which is dilengaged palFes through the feeds ; and it is during this pillkgt tliat irritation "f the vegetable fibres takes place. — P,iilJophk(il Mtigttzine. GERRY, a townlh'pin Wo^cellei c> MjiF.ichufetts. It was incorporated in 1 786 and contains 14,000 acres of land, on which are 740 inliab'ants. ll is 30 miles N W. of Wurceller, and 65 N. W. by W. of Bolton. — JlTorte. GESCHE EL AuRE, or GiR Gir, a fpecies of grafs growing plentifully near Ras e! Fnl on the bor- detoof Abyliinia. It begins frys Mr Bruce, to Ihoot in the end of April, when it firll feels the humidity of the air. It advances then fpeedily to its full height, which is about 3 feet 4 inches. It is ripe in the be- ginning of May, and decays, if not dePiroyed by fire, very foon afterwards. The leaf is !■ ng, pointed, narrow, and of a feeble texture. The itock trom which it fhoots produces leaves in great abundance, wtrich foon turn yellow ^nd fall to the ground. The goats, tlie only cattle tliefe miferable people have, are very fond of it, and for it a- bandon all other food while it is within their rea:h. On the leaves of f)me plants our author law a very fniall glutinous juice, like to what we fee upon the leaves of the lime or the pi me, but in much lefs quan- tity ; this is of the taQeof lugar. From the root of the branch arifes a number of ftilks, fometimes two, but never, as far as lie had feen, more than three. The flower and feed are defended by a wonderful perfe^Slion and quantity of imall parts. The head when in its maturity is of a purplilh brown. This Germina- tion II Gcfche. (a) See Ullar's Fragments of Phytology, Plenck's Phyfiology, Vllldenow's Dendrology, and Didionairc de Phyfique par Gehler. (b) The nitric acid, however, diluted with a great deal of water, accelerates germination alfo, according to the experiments of Candolle, a young naturalill, who has applied with great fuccefs to vegetable phyliohigy. This phen' m.ena is the more interefting, as chemiflry affords other analogies of the oxygenated muriatic acid and the nitric acid. Profeffor Pfafs at Kiel, by purfuing Humboldt's experiments, has fnind that frogs fuf- focateJ in oxv u,enated muriatic acid gas increafe in irritability, while thofe which perifli in carbonic acid gas are lefs fenlible of galvauifm. G H E [ 109 ] G H I Gettyf- burgh This fpecies of ^rafs was one of the acquifitlons of our author's travels. It was not bef le kn wn in Eu- rope, nor when he publilhed his botik had the feed produced a plant any where but in the garden cf the French king. GETTYSBURGH, a fm.ill town in York co. Peiinfjlvania, ijualed at the head of Rock Cieek, one of the head waters nf the Monococy, and contains about 30 lioufes. Ir i« 9 miles north of the Maryland lint. 8 miles from Millerll 'wn, 15 from Abbotltovvn, 36 fiom Williartifport in Maryland, and 118 W. by S, rf PhiUidtlphia Morse. GHEYSSIQUAS, a nitinn of Hotttntots which inhabits a dilirift of South Africa bordering on the country of Calf: aria. M. Vaillant viiired a horde of this people at no great diftance f:om Orange river, as he wa» reairning from his Uft Africin eicnil'ion to the Cape, and was Ihewn by them a chain of mountains to the ealt. which exten Jing to a diftante was loft in the north, and which, inhibited by their principal tribes, feparated them firm the C the Rajah a certain wages. Its gum lac is excellent, and it is very produiflive of filk. Among the fuiiti which this country produces are m an '.iOcs,pl.intains,j,icks, oranges, cilr.ns, limes, pine ap- ples, and puniala, a fpecies of tamarind, which h.is fiicii an excellent flavour, tliat every peifon who talles it pie- fers it to the plum. I'liere are alf > cocoa-nut trees, pep- per vines, and the areca trees. The fugar cane excels in foftntfs and fwcctncf., and is of thice colours, red, black and wliite. Tliere is gii'ger freo (rom fibres, and betel vines. The Itrepgthtf vcgetJtion and fer- tility of the foil are fuch, that whatever feed is fown or dips planted they always thrive. The environs cf Gbirgong furnilh fmall apiicots, yams, and pomegr.i- nates ; but as thefe articles are wild, and not aiJiltcd bf cultivation and ennraftmcnt, they arc very iaJilFeicnt. The principal crcp in iliis country coafills in lice and Icntiles. Wheat and bailey arc ntver fjwn ; lignuni ulc'CS G I B C " Ghirgong a'oas is alfo a prodiicllon of tliis country. The filk? II are Excellent, and refemhle thole of China, but they Gibbon. rn.inuf;i(5lure very few more tlrin are required for ufe. 'I'liey are fuccefsful in emliroidering with llcnvers and in weiving velvet. — One if their great fored'. is inha- bited by abiuid.ince of eleph ir.ts : 6 or 700 may be ta- k?n in ;t year, but they are nfglefted by the natives, ■who have neither horles, caineU nor alics, fuch as are bron^iln Irom other coiuitrits. AcC'Ttling to our author, " the people of Afjm are a baie unprincipled nation, ,uij have no fixed relij;ion. They follow no rule but that of their o«-n inclination, anti make their own vicious minds the toll ot the pro- priety ol' their ailions. They do not adopt any mode of uordiip praftifed either by healliens or Mahonie- dans, nor do they concur witli any of the knnvn fefls vhich prev.-iil aming mankind ; unlike the pagans ot Hindolhin, they do not rej^ft vifluals which have been drclL'd by Mcfl.ms, and they abllain from no flelh ex- cept juim^n. They even eat animals that have died a Biitural death." On this pall'age, one of the ableft of our literary jnur- ralills obferves, that in j'jfticeto the people of Afam, we inuft remark, that the above account, extracted from thememoiis (■{ Mir Jumla's expedition into that country, was compoftd by a rigid Mahomedan, at the court of that fanatic.il tvrant Aurengzebe. The au- thor and his mailer faw, in the Afamefe, only idola- ters ; and, in idolaters, the nieaneft of mankind. Their diet, though lefs rellriifled than that of the Hindoos of Bengal, is by no means promifcuous ; and their reli- gion does nn in any way differ from that of Hndof- tan, as might ealily be proved by their coins, infcrib- ed with the name^ of Hindoo deities. GIBBON (Edward Efq.), the celebrated hiftorian of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was born at Putney in the county of Surry on the 27th of April 1737. He was the firii child of the marriage of Edward Gibbon, Efq; and Judith Porten, the youngeft datighler of a merchant ot London. The family of Gil)l)on appears to be ancient and ho- nfiurable ; and our author delights to trace his pedigree from John Gibbon architeifl to King Edward III. who poifelfed lands in the hundred and p uilli of Rolvenden, in the diftri>5l which is now called the Weald of Kent. In that dillrifl the elder branch of the family ftill ad- heres to its native foil, without much increafe or dimi- nution of property ; but the fortunes ot the younger branch, from which fprung the fub;eft (■•( this memoir, were fluiftuating. It is not, however, with his family, but with himfclf, that we are concerned. So feeble was his conllitution, and fo precarious his lite during hischilJidi years, that at the baptifni of each of hii brothers (and they were tive in number) his fa- tbei's prudence fucceltively repeated the name of Ed- ward, that, in cafe of the dea'hof the eldeft ton, this pat- ronymic appellation might dill he perpetuated inllie la- mily. His brothers and a lilier were all thatched away in their infancy; and, in terms of alTeftion-.te gratitude, he attributes his own prefervation to the more than maternal care of a maiden aunt, his motlier's tldefl filter. " M.my anxious and fulitary days (fays he) did thdt dear and eKcellenl woman confume in the patient trial of every mode of relief and amulement. Many v%-akefiil niglits did (he lit by my bed fide in trembling expe.-'lation ttiat o ] G each hour would be my 1 I B (t. Suffice it to fay, that while every pracflitiorer from Sloane and Ward to the Chevalier Taylor was fucceffivcly iummoned to torture or relieve me, the care of my mind was too frequently negleiJled in that of my health. Compafllon always fuggsftcd an excufe for the indulgence of the mafter, or the idlenefs of the pupil ; and the chain of my edu- cation wa; broken as often as I was called from the fchool of learning to the bed of ficknefs." His educition teems indeed to have been far from fyfteniatical. At the age ot t't:ven he was delivered in- to the hands of Mr Jehu Kirl-by, who exercifed about eighteen months the office of his drmellic tutor, and of whom he writes in terms of refpeiff. This man had been an indigent curate in Cumbeiland, and when for- ced by dilliets to leave his native country, he was in- troduced by his learning and his virtue to the family of Mr Gibbon, from whom he might have found at leaft a temporary fhelter, had not an adl of indilcretioii again driven him into the world. One day reading prayers in the parilh church, he moll unluckily forgot the nama of King Geiirge; and his patron, a loyal fiibjeifi:, dif- mitled him with fume reiudance and a decent reward. As our author defciibes his ancellors as hereditary To- ries, and fome of them as Jacobites, we think it not im- probable that M; Kiikby may have been accuftomed to omit the name of the King when reading prayers in the family; for other wife he would have pronounced it me- chanically in the church. Be this as it may, our author, upon the difmilllon of his tutor, was fent to Kingtlon upon Thames, to a fchool of I'eventy boys kept by Dr Woodefon and his aflillants. He does not reprefent himfclf either as happy or as having made great progrefs at that fchool. The want of ftrength and aiflivity difqualified him for the fports of the field ; his companions reviled him for the fins of his Tory anceftors ; and his ftudies were fre- quently interrupted by ticknels. After a real or no- minal refidence ol near two years at Kingfton, he was finally recalled (Dec. 1747) by the death of his mother. By this time he was well acquainted with Pipe's Ho- mer, the Arabian Nights Entertainments, Dryccn's Virgil, and a tranflatiuii ot Ovid's Metamorpholes , and the entertainment which he received from thefe books gave him a talle for defultory reading. After living a year with his maternal aunt, during which period he read many books on religious fubjefts too deep lor the coniprehenfion of a boy, he was in Ja- nuary 1749 entered in Weflminfter fchool, of which Dr John Nicoil was at that tiriie liead mafter. " There (fays he) in the fpace of two years, interrupted by dan- ger and debility, I paintully climbed into the third form ; and my riper age wa* left to acquire the beauties of the Latin, and the rudiments of the Greek longue. Inllead of audaciouily minghng in the fports, the (juar- rels, and the connexions of our little world, I was fliU cherifhed at hi-me under the maternal wingCif my aunt, who now lived in Ccllege ftrect ; and my removal from Wellminlter long preceded the approach of manliood." He was firil c^.rried to Bath tor the recovery of his health ; then to Winchefter, where he lived in thehcufe of a pliylician, then to Baih again, where he read with a cleigyman lome(>dts ot Horace and fome epii^ides of Virgil ; alt^r which an unfiiccefsful trial was made to re- new his attendance at Wellminfter fchool. "It might now be Ribbon. G I B Gilibon. be apprehendfd (fays he) that I fliould continue for life ^^^'^'—^ an illiterate cripple ; but as I approached my fixteenth year, nature difplsyed in my favour her myfterious ener- gies : ray conRitution was fortified and fixed ; and my diforders, inllead of giowing with my growth, and rtrengthening with my llrength, moft wcndeifully va- nillied. In confequence of this he was carried to Ox- ford ; and before he had accomplifhed his fifteenth year, was, on April 3, 1752, matriculated a gentleman com- moner of Magdalen college. For the honour of that celebrated uriverfity, ve would f.iin h'lpe that the account which Mr Gibbon gives ol Maidalen coll rge is greatly exaggerated. He reprcfen's his tuiors as wliolly regaidlels of his morals or h'i rtiidies. Speaking of the fiiftand beft of ihcm, for he had t«-o, he fay^, " N > plan crlhidy u'as recom- mended for my ul'e ; no exeicifes were picfcribed for his infppfti eruUnien, who mu:t have been conteiriponry with Mr Gibbon at Magdal-.n, we have received difier- ent accounts of the college ; and it is fuicly a very fin- gidar circumflance, that at this period of idienefs, our author fliould have become enamoured of Sir John Marfliam's Ceiion Chrnlciu, and have conceived the idea of wiiting an EJf'.y en ll:e age cf Sefojlris. Such, however, was the cafe. Not only was the tlfay plan- ned, but part of it was wriaeu ; and though he never finiflied it, lie declares, that his folulion of fome dilfi- culties in chronology was not devoid of ingenuity ; but he goes on to vilify Oxford. " It might at lead be ex- pe.fted (fay3 he), that an ecclefiallical fchool Ihould in- culcate the orthodox principles of religion. But our venerable mother had contrived to unite the oppofite extremes of bigotry and indifference : -an heretic, or un- believer, was a monfier in her eyes ; but (be was alnuays, or often, or foinellmcs (a), remils in the fpiritual educa- tion of her own children. Without a fingle lefture, either public or private, eitiier Chriftian or Protellant, without any academical fublcription, without any E- pifcopal confirmation, I was left by the dim light of my catechiirn to grope my way to the chapel and commu- nion table, where I was admitted, wiih'Ut a quellion, how far, or by what means, 1 might be qualified to re- ceive the facramcnt. Such alinoft incredible neglei!l was produiftive of the w.'rll milchiefs. From my child- hood 1 had been fond of religious difputaiion ; nor had the elattic fpring been totally broken by the weight of the atmufphere of Oxford. Tiie blind aiflivity of idienefs tjrged me to advance without aimour into 'he danger- ous mazes cf con troverfy; and,at tlieageof fixieen, I l)e- wildeicd mylelf in the errors of the chuich of Rome." Thus anxious is our author to account tor his recon- ciliation to the llf'mifh cliurch by the negligence of the tutors of his college. This e\eiit tui k place "n the 8ih of June 1753, ^ '"-'"> 't the feet of a priell in London, he fnltmnlv, though jirivately, abjured the errois o( hcrely. An elabora'econtr' V'.rfiki epilile, apji'^ved l)yhis direc- tor, and addreifed to his father, announced and jiiililied [ III ] G I B the f^en he had taken ; and the old gentleman, in the firft Gibbon. fally of palFion, divulging the fecret, the gates of Mag- ^■^"^'^^^ d.tleu college were Hint againfl the convert. It was ne- cclfiry therefore to foim a new plan of education ; and our young Catholic, by tlie advice of Mr Elliot (after- wards Lord Elliot), was fettled, on the 30th of June, under the root and tuition of Mr Pavilliard, a C;dvinifl ininider at Laufanne in Switzerland. He repiefeius his fituation there as at fird extremely uncomfoit.ible.. He could not avoid contr.Uting a fmall ch.irnber, ill contrived and ill fuinifned, with his eleDanc ap.trtnient in Magdvden college ; and M. Pavilliard be- ing ent-ulled wiili tlie management of his expences, he felt hinifelf dtgr.uled from the rank of gentl-man com- moner to that of a fchool-boy. He began, however, gradually to be reconciled to his fate ; and hit h've of reading reiurneJ, which, he f.^yt, had been chilled by the air of Oxfird. He rapidly acquired tlie I'rench language ; and of' his tutor, he fjys, " My obligations to tlie Itffons of Mr Pavilli.ird giaiitude will not futler me to forget. He was endued w'th a dear head and a warm heait ; his innate benevolence had altuaged the fpirit of the church ; he was rational, becaufe he was moderate : in the loutfe of his fluilies lie had acquired a jud though fuperfiiial knowledge of mod branches of literature ; by long pi aiftice he was fkilled in the arts of teaching ; and he laboured with affiduous patience to know the charafter, gain the atfedirn, and open the mind of his Englifh pupil." Under the tuition of lliis amiable preceptor he de- fciibes his progrefs in the French and Latin claflics, in hldory, geography, logic and metaphylic«, as uncom- monly rapid; and he allows to the lame man a hand- foiiie fliare of the iionoui of reclaiming him from the errors of popery. The vaiicus dilVriminaling articles of the Romilh creed difappeared like a dream ; and al- ter a full conviiftion, on Chridmas day 1754, l;e recei- ved the facramcnt in the church of Laufanne. Thus had our author communicated with three dillcrent fo- cielies of Chridiaus be!' re the completion of hi; eigh- teenth year; and as fuch changes from church to church are always dangerous, we need not wonder, that, in a mind fo ill fumdlied as Mi Gibbon's then was ftr tlie- ological invedigations, they paved the way for his lafl ch.inge to Deifm. At preieiu, however, he fufpended his leligi'His inquiries, acqiii^jfcing (ashefiy-) uith im- plicit belief in the tenets and mylleries wl icli ^le .dopt- ed by the general conlent ol Citholics and Prolclhiits. He continued t>'' prrfecnfe his d'ldics will) aulour. Under Mr Pavilliard he learned the Greek alph.ibct, the grammar, and tie pronunciation of tlie language acc>rding t" the French accent, and foon made hmifelt mader of the works of Homer, Herodotus, and Xeno- phon. Du'ing two winiets he ai'ended ihe private lec- tures of M. dcTravt .rrens, who exp'aincd theeKnients of algeSra and ge. mttry as far as the conic feflions cf the Martpiis de I'Hopil.il ; hut in traihenialiis hi was content (iefays) to leceive the palFive lir.prefllon ol his prolelibi'f leiftures, without any ailivc exercile ot his own powers. In the writings nf Groii\is and PufFcn- dorf he dudied tlie dunes of a man, the rights of a ci- tizen. (a) Surely always Anii fotiieiimis are words of veiy dilicrait import : vhy are ihey ufed then, iu this Icntcnce as fjnonymous ? G I B c 112 ] G I B C.i'iVon. tizen, the theory of juftlce, and tlie laws of peace and -^'^^^'^ war, which havs had Cime influence on the praflice of m'>dern Europe. " Locke's trealifj on government, (ffys he) iii!lri!vfled me in whig principle-, which are founded rather in reafcn than experience; but my de- light was in the frequent pcriifal rf Montefquieu, whole energy c{ flyle and bc^ldnefs of hypothefis were power- ful to a"al.en and (limuhi'.e the genius of the age." We have h;en thus niii:iite in our account of Mr Gilibnn's (Uidies, bec.iufe it furnifhe"; perhaps the mod nfefnl leflTun which cm be drawn from the whole liirtnry of his life. His educ;ition had been rendered irregul.ir, and had been often interrupted by ill-health and a fee- ble conftitutinn ; but as fot n as he was able, and had nn oppnitunity, he applied v.ith ardour to the cultivation of letters, and his works bear witncfs that his labour was crowned with fuccefs. " Tliis part of his (lory thfrefore (to ufe the words of Johnfon) well dcferves to be remembered. It may afl'ord uleful admonition and powerful cncouia;^ement to r:icn whofe abilities have been made, f,ir a time, ul'elcfs, and who, having loft one part of life in idlencf', are tempted to throw aw.iy the remainder in dcfpair." In the year 1757 Vtltaire arrived at Lanfanne, and our young (Indent's defire to fee the man who was at once a poet, an hiftoi ian, and, as he deemed liimfelf, the prince of philofcphtrs, was ardent, and eafily gratified. He was received by the vain and arrogant Frenchman with civility as an Englilh youth, but could not boall of any peculiar notice or diflincflion. " The highell gratilication (fays lie) which I received from Voltaire's relidencc at Lauiannc, was the uncommon circumftance of hearing a great poet declaim his own produiTlions on the llage. H'S declam.ation was lalhioned to the pomp and cadence of the old fiage ; and heexpreiftd the en- thnfiafm of poetry raihcrthan the feelings of Nature." Abi-'Ut this time JiTr Gibbon became enamoured cf Madenioiftlle Sufan Curchod, the daughter of the mi- iiiller of Craffy, in the mountains which feparate the Pays de Vaud from the county oi Burgundy. In terms of raptr.re he defcribes this lady as poli'effed of every ac- complifliment which could adorn her fex. She liftened to the voice of truth and pafllon ; her parents honour- ably encouraged the cor.nei5lion ; and our author indul- ged in the dream of felicity : but on his return to Eng- land, he difci veted that his father would not hear of this ftrange connexion, and that without his confent he was deftitute and helplef';. " After a painful druggie (fays he) I yielded to my fate. I fighed as a lover, I obeyed as a fon, and my wound was infenfibly healed by time, abfence, and the habits of a new life." The lady cnnfoled her(eU by giving her f.and to M. Neclcar, then a rich hanker of Paris, afterwards the miniller, and at lall one of the delhoyers of the French mo- narchy. In the fpring cf the year 1758 our author was recal- led to England. On his arrival in London he haftened to the houfe ol his aunt, Mrs Porten, who had been the guardian of his tender years ; for though his father was in town awaiting his ariival, he knew not how he fliould be received by a parent vvlio had parted with liim in anger, and g-ven him a ftepmoiher in his abfence. His receptic^i was more agret able than he cxpeifled. His father received him as a man and a iriend ; and the manners of Mrs Gibbon were fuch, that, after force re- fcrve on his fide, flic and he eafiiy adopted the tender Oiliho*. n.imes and genuine clriradters of mother and fon ; and, ^•^^'^'^ by the indulgence of thefe parents, lie was lei t at liberty to cnnfultliis own tadc or reafon in the cliolce of place, of comp.my, and of amnfeinents. In I^ondon he had few acquaintances, and hardly any Iriends ; and being accuftimied to a very fmall fociety at Laularne, he pre- ferred the retirement ct the country to the bulUe of that over-grown mctropoli;, where he found hardly any cntert linnient but in the theatres. Before he left Laiifanne he had begun a work on the (ludy of ancient literature, which was ("uggefled by the defire of juftifyir.g and praifing the objeifl if a favourite purfuit. " In France (f-iys he), to which my ideas wcve confined, the le.irning and language of Greece and Rome were negleifled by a philofophic age. The guar- dian cfiliof: (Indies, the Academy cf Inli^riptions, v.'as degraded to the loweft rank among the tliree royal fo- cietics of Paris : the new appellati-m of Erudils was contemptuoully applied to the fuccelfors of Lipfius and Cafiubon ; and I W'as provoked to hear*, that the ex- • .See Le crcife of the memory, their ible merit, had been fuper- Difcoun feded by the nobler faculties of the imatjination and the ^i''''""""" •IT V • • r 1 /•'"■ D'A- judgment. 1 was amiiitious ot proving by my own ex- ^ , ample, as well as by my precepts, that all the faculties I'Encychpr- of the mind may be e.verciled and dil'played by the (ludy dit. of ancient literature." Tliis laudable ambition conti- nued ; and in his father's houfe at Beriton in Hamp- fhire he finiflied his E/pti fur V Eliit!e de la Literature ; which, after being reviled by Mallet the poet and Dr Maty of the Britilh mufeum, was, in 1 761, publillied in a fmall lamo volume. The fubjeifts of talle, criticifm, and philofophy, which in this work came under our young autlior's confider- ation, could hardly proniife much novelty of remark. Some former obferrations, however, he appears to have placed in anew and pleafing point of view ; advancing, moi cover, fome ingenious cnijcflures, and difplaying no inconfiderable erudition. Yet, hyhisown account, he was at this time almoll a ftranger to the writers ot Greece ; and when he quotes them, it is probable that the quota- tions are given at fecond hand. To this efl'ay was prefixed a dedication to his f.ither in the Englifh language, v.-hich exhibits tlie author himfelf in a very amiable light ; but if his reputation had depended iolely upon this youth- ful attempt, the name of Gibbon would have been loft in oblivion. Yet he feems, even in his riper years, to have been deliehted with it himfelf, and to have confi- dered its merits a; equal to thofe of his later produc- tions ; but Milton, it is laid, preferred the Paradife Re- gained to the ?aradife Loft. Before the publication of this elLiy, the author, at his own defire, had been appointed a capt.iin in the South- Hampfhire militia, in which he ferved upwards of two years. At firll, the company o'i ruftic and illiterate of- ficers, and the buftle of a military life were extremely dii'agreeable to him, as they interrupted his ftuiies ; but he admits, tliat his military I'ervices, his bloodlefs and in- glorious campaigns, as he calls them, were, on the whole, beneficial, as they brought him acquainted with Englifh manners, Englilh parties, and Englilh principles, to which his foreign education and referved temper had hitherto kept him an entire llranger. In the cimp and in quarters he had even f amd leifure, after the fii It leven or eight months cf his fervice, to read a great deal of Creek, G I B CiiKbon. Greek, and to plan difFerent hiftorical works, to the '"^^"■'''^^ compoiition of which he feems to h;ive tliought lliat he was born with an innate propenfity. He always talks of hiir;f:;lf as a phllofopher ; but furely a more unphi- lofophical perfuafion than this h.is fcIJi-m been ad- mitted. Ai the end of the war he went again abroad, and reached Paris on the 28th of January 1763, only 36 days after the difoanJing of the militia, in which he had borne the commiilion of a captain. In that metropolis he ftaid not long. He vifited palaces, churches, gar- dens, and theatres, and was introduced to D'Alembert and Diderot, then conlidered as at the head of French fcience. From Paris he proceeded to Switzerland, and once more took up his refidence at his favourite Lau- fanne. Voltaire's impieties had forced him from that town to his own caltle a: Ferney, wheie our author onct vifited him, without (he fays) courting his more intimate acquaintance. The fociety in which Mr Gibbon mod delighted du- ring hisfecf nd refidence at Laufanne was a very fingu- lar one. " It confided of fifteen or twenty unman ied ladies of genteel families ; the eldell perhaps about tv/enty,all agreeable, feveral handfome, and two or tliree cf exquifite beauty. At each other's houfes they af- fembled almoft every day, without the controul, or even the prefence ot a mother or an aunt ; they weretrufted to their own prudence, among a crowd of young men cf every nation in Europe. They laughed, they fung, they danced, they played at cards, they a<5ted comedies ; but in the midll of this cnrelefs gaiety, they rcfpefled themfclves, and v/ere rsfpedled by the men ; the invili- ble line between liberty and licenticufnel's was never tranfgreffed by a gefture, a word or a look, and their virgin chaftity was never fullied by the breath of fcandal or fufpicion." We readily agree with our author that this fingular inflitution was exprelfive of the innocent fimplicity of Swifs manners ; and we only regret that he had not the fame refpect tor the ladies of his own country as for thofe Irolic females of Switzerland. He would not, in that cafe, have llained fome of his mod brilliant pages will) oblcene ribaldry. We (hall not follow him in his ramble through Italy, or repeat his remarks on the towns which he vilited. It is fiifficient, in fuch a fketch as this, to inform our rea- ders thai it was at Rome on the 15th of Ocftober 1764, as he fat mufing amidft the ruins rf the Capitol, tliat the idea of his great work firll (farted into his mind. But liis original plan was circunifcribed to the decay of the city rather than of tiie empire. From carrying even this contrafled plan into execu- li.n he was tor i'ome years diverted. On the 25th of June 1765 he arrived from Italy at his fithet's houfe in Hamplhire, and fi und that he had filial duties to per- form which inteirupted his ftiiJies and dillurbcd his quiet. His father had involved himfelf in difficulties, from which he c(;uld be extricated only by felling or mtrtgaging part of his edate; and to futh fale or mort- gage our author cheeriuily coiifented. He regrets on this occaficn that he had not " embraced the lucrative purfuits ot the law or of trade, the chances of civil of- fice i>r Indii adventure, or even the fat lliimbers of the church ;" and it is to be hoped that, when he thought even ofjlumierln^ in the chuich, he had dill feme taitii SupvL. Vol. II. C "3 ] G t B in revealed religion. He waded fome time in planning Oijbon. a hidory of the revolutions of Switzerland, and even ^■^~''''**' wrote part of it in the French language, which, by the advice of friends, he however fupprclfed. We neit find Lim engaged with a fiiend in a journal entitled 71/.-- moires Littrairrs Je la Gram/ Brelagne, of which two volumes for the years 1767 and 17^:8 were publifhed, and a third almod completed, when his friend, a native of Switzerland, was engaged, through his intered, as travelling governor to Sir Ricliard Woillcy, and the Journal v?as cf courfe, abandoned. He then entered the lids with Warburton ; whofe interpretation of the fixth book of the iEneid he attacked v>'i;l) great petu- lance and with much fucceis. The billiop of Gloceder was by this time in a date of great mcntil decay, which was peculiarly unfortunate for our author; for had his Lordlhip eiji)ed hU pridine vigour, he would probably have given Mr Gibbon fuch a chadifement as might have made him more moded alterwards wlien writing the hidory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. To th It great work he now fit down ferioufly ; and the hidory which he gives of his prejaratory dudies fufficientiy accounts tor the inaccuracy of his quotuions. Through the diiknefs of the middle ages he explored his way in the annals and antiquities of It ily by the learned Muratori and other moderns ; and feems to ac- knowledge that, from the beginning to the end of liis work, he frequently contented himfelf with authorities furnilhed at fecond hand. At lad, in 1776, the fird volume of his hidory was publifhed by Cadell the liookfeller and birahan the printer; and the fuccefs of it far furpalfed his expcfta- tion. The encomiums lavilhed on it by Dr Roberlfon and Mr Hume in letters to the author, and the fulfome compliments which thofc three eminent hidorians p^ij to each other, are melancholy fpecimens of lettered little- nefs and vanity. The fecond and third volumes ap. peared in 1781 ; the fourth, fitth and fixth in 1787; and Mr Gibbon's fame was edablilhed as a hidorian. I'he work was adiriired both by natives and by foreign- ers, and tranllated into feveral of the languages of Eu- rope. Dr Zimmetrran reprefents the author as ex- celling perhaps Hume and Robcrifin, who were hido- rians of the fird rank. " All the dignity ^he adds), all the charms of hiltoric d\le, arc united in Gibbcn : his peiiods are melody itfelf, and all his thoughts have nerve and vigour." This praiie, however, mud not be admitted without exception. Few writers, indeed, were pcd'efied of fuch popular talents as our hiilori.m. The acutenefs of his penetration, and the fertility of Iiis ge- nius, have been feldom equalled, and fcarcely ever fur- paifed. He feiies with fingular felicity, on all the mod intereding fai-^s and fituations, and thcfc lie em- bellifhes with toe utmoll luxuriance ff fancy and ele- gance cf dyle. Hisperiods aicfull and harmonious; l;is linguage is always well chofen, and is frequently didinguifli.-d by a now and pecidi.irly happy adaptation. His epithets, too, are in general beautitul and happy ; but he is rather too fond of them. The uniform datc- linefs of his dii-Tion fomctinics imparts to his narrative a degree of obfcurity, unlefs he dcfcends to the iniferable expedient of a note, to explain the minuter circum> dances. His dyle, on the whole, is much tooartificial ; and this gives a degree cf monotony to his peiiods, P vhich GIB [I (iibbon. which extends-, we had almoft faid, to the turn of his thoughts. A more ferious objedlion is his attack upon Chri- ftianity ; the looie and diiier[ic(5trul manner in which he mentions many pointsol molality regarded a? importarit on the principles oi' natural itligion ; and the indecent aliufions and expreirums which too ol'len occur in the work. An att;:ck upon Chriftianity is not ccnfurable merely as luch ; it may proceed from the purelt and nioft vir- tuous reotives : but, in th;:t cafe, the attack will never be carried on in an infidious manner, and with im- proper weapons ; and Chiiliianity itfeh, i'o far from dreading, will inviie every mode of lair and candid dif- cuffioii. Our liiiloiian, it mull be coi-feircd, often makes, when he cannot readily lind, an opportunity to infult the Chriftiaii religion. Stich, indeed, is his eagcr- nefi in the caufe, that he Itnops to the moll defpicable pun, or to the moll awkward perverfion of language, for the pleafure of turr.ing the fcripture into ribaldry, or cal.ingjefus aninipollor. Yet of the Clniliian religion has JNIr Gibbon himfelf obferved, that it " c( ntains a pure, benevcient, and uni- verfal fyllcm oi ethics, adapted to every diityand every condition of life." Such an acknowledgment, and from fuch a writer, too, ought to have due weight with a certain clafs of readers, and of authors likewile, and lead them ferioufly to conlider, how far it is confillent with the characler of good citizens to endeavour, by lly iniinuations, oblique hints, indecent fneer, and profane ridicule, to weaken the influence of fo pure and lenevo- Icnt a fyftem as that of CbriHianity, acknowledged to be admirably calculated for pre raf)ting the happiiiefs of individuals, and the welfare of fociety. Mr Hiyley, in his poetical Ellay on Hiftory, after a fplendid panegyric on the arduous labours of his friend, laments the irreligious fpirit by which he was afluated. Think not my verfe means blindly to engage In ralh defence of thy pi-ofaner page ! Though keen her fpirit, her attachment fond, Bafe fcrvice cannot fuit with Friendfliip's bond ; Too firm from Duty's facred path to turn. She breathes an honell figh of deep concern, And pities Genius, when his wild career (Jives Faith a wound, or Innocence a tear. Humility herfelf divinely mild, Stiblime religion's meek and modefl child. Like the dumb fon of Crocfus, in the llrife, Where force ail'ail'd his fatlier's facred life. Breaks filence, and with filial duty warm. Bids thee revere her parent's hallovi''d form (r) ! The part of the hillory which gave fuch offence to his own friend, as well as to the friends of the Chrillian religion in general, was the account which our hillo- rian has given of the progrefs and eilablilhment of Chri- 14 ] GIB ftianity in the two laft chapters of his firft volume ; in which he endeavours to piove, that the wonderful tri- \iniph of that religion over all the eflabliflied religions of the earth, was not owing to any miraculous attella- tions to its truth, but to five fecondary caufes which he enumerates ; and that Chrillianity, of courfc, could not be of divine origin. Several anlwers appeared on this occafion, written, as we may naturally fuppofe, with dif- ferent degrees ol temper and ability(c). Oiie of them, only, Mr D vis, who had undertaken to point out various inllances of mifreprefentation, in- accuracy, and even plauiarilm, in his account, did our hillorian tondefcend particularly to anfwer, and that in a tcne of proud contempt and confident fuperiority. To this Mr Davis replied ; and it is but jullice to obferve, that his reply bears evident marks ot learning, judgment, and critical acumen ; and that lie has conviifted our au- thor of fometimes quoting inaccurately to ferve a pur- pofe. At his other anfweiers Mr Gibbon merely glan- ced, treating Dr Watfon, however, wit!i particular re- ff eel ; but his poUhumous meinoirs ihew how much he felt the attacks made on him by Lord Hailes, Dr White, of Oxford, and Mr Taylor. To Dr Prieltley, who, in his Hijlory of the Corruptions of C!inf}ianitv, threw down his gauntlets at once to Bilhop Hurd and the hillorian of the Roman empire, and who prefented the latter with a copy of his book, declaring, at the fame time, that he fent it not as a gift but as a cbal- knge : he wrote in fuch terms as produced a corre- fpondence, which certainly added not to the honour of the dilfenting divine. At the beginning of the memorable conteft between Great Britain and America, our author was returned, by the interell of Mr Eliot (now Lord Eliot), for the borough of Lifkeard, and fupported with many a fin- cere and filent vote, the rights, though not, perhaps, the intereft, of the mother country. "After a fleeting illufive hope, prudence condemned me (lays he) to ac- quiefce in the humble ftation of a mute. I was not arm- ed by Nature and education with the intrepid energy of mind and voice. Vlncentcm Jirepttus, et nutum rebus agendls . Timidity was fortified by pride ; and even the fuccefs of my pen difcouraged the trial of my voice." That pen, however, was ufeful to the miniflry whom lie could not fupport by his eloquence in the houfe. At the i-equell of the Lord Chancellor and Vifcount Weymouth, then fecretary of Itare, he vindicated, in a very able manner, againll the French luanifello, the juftice of the Britifli arms, and his Memoirs yujiificatif, was delivered as a Hate paper to the courts ot Europe. He was rewarded for this fervice with the place of one of the lords commiflioners of trade and plantations ; and kept it, till the board was abolilhed by Mr Burke's re- form bill. For accepting this place he was feverely, but moll unjullly, blamed by fome of the leaders of the oppofition. Gibbon. (b) Herodotus relates, that a Perfian foldier, at the florming of Sardis, was preparing to kill Croefus, whofe pcrfon he did not know, and who, giving up all as loll, neglefled to defend his own life. A fon of the unfortu- nate monarch, who had been dumb from his infancy, and wlio never fpoke afterward, found utterance in that trying moment, and preferved his father by exclaiming, ' O kill not Crocfus !' (c) Dr Chelium, Dr Randolph, Dr Watfon (bifliopof Llandaff) Lord Hailes, Dr White, Mr Apthorp, Mr Davis, and Mr Taylor, the author of ' The Letters of Ben Mordecai.' G I B [ 1^5 ] G I B GiTjbon. oppofuinn, as if he had deferred a party in which he •^~"'^'^~' had never enlifted, and to the principles of which he was rendered inimical both by family prepoffelTion and by his own judgment. On the downfdl of Lord North's adminidration, Mr Gibbon was ofcourfe in the oppofition deprived of an office, without the falary of which he could not conve- niently fupport the expence of living in London, 'i'he coalition was indeed foon formed, and his friends were again in power ; but having nothing to give him imme- diately, they could not deta n him in parliament or even in England. He was lired of the bullk of the metro- polis, and fighed once more for the retirement of Lau- fanne, at which he arrived before the overthrow of the coalition miniftry, and where he lived happily till the laft years of his life. It was in this retreat that he wrote the fourth, fifth, and fixth volumes of his hillory ; and he left it only for a year to fuperinteni the publi- cation of thefe volumes in London. This great work being concluded, he returned to tlie banks of the Leman lake, but found his enjoyments damped by the dilfrefs and fopn aiterwards by the death oi' his oldelf and deareft Swifs friend. Laufanne had now loll much of its attradlion ; the French revolution had crowded it with unfortunate emigrants, who could not be cheerful themfelves or excite the cheerf ulnefs of others ; and the demons of democracy had begun to poifon the minds of the fober citizens with princijiles which Mr Gibbon had always held in abhorrence. Speaking of thei'e prin- ciples and their effedls in Switzeiland, he adds, " 1 beg leave to fubfcribe my aifent to Mr Carke's creed on the revolution of France. I admire his eloquence, I approve his politics, I adore his chivalry, and I can al- molf excufe his reverence for church eftablilhrnents. While the aiiftocracy of Berne protefls the hnpfyinefs, it is fuperfluous to enquire whether it be founded in the rights of men : the economy of the Itate is liberally fup- plied without the aid of taxes : and the magillrates mujl reign with ptuJencsand equity, fince they are unarmed in the midtl of an armed nation." It was againll the beneficent and mild government of Berne that the emilfaries of France contrived to ex- cite the difcontents of the people, by inililling into their fimple and untutored minds their own wild notions of liberty and equality. From the eflFedti of this Gallic phrenzv, which began to be very vilible fo early as the beginning of the year 1792, Mr Gibbon refolved to take ftieker in England, and to abandon, for fome time at leart, what he called his paradife at Laufanne. Dif- ficulties intervened, and forced him tn pollp'^ne his jour- ney from week to week, and from month to nicnth ; l)ut on receiving the accounts of Lady ShtfSeld's dc;ith, he haftened to adminilter confolaticu to his friend, and arrived fafe in London in the beginning of June 1793. He continued in good health ar,d fpirits through t; c vlioleof thefummer ; but his conlfitiiticn had luifered much from repeated att;.cks of the gout, and from an incipient dn piy in his ancle;. The fwellii g of his ancles, however, fubfided ; but it was only in confe- quence of the water flowing to another pl.ice ; and be- ing repeatedly tapped for a hydrocele, he at lafl ftink un- der it, and died at his lodgings in St J imes's Itreet, Lon- don, on the i6th of January, 1794- To draw a charaiiter at once general and jufl of tliis extraordinary man, would be dilBcult pcihaps to one who had enjoyed the pleafure of his acquaintance, and GibnltJ n-.uft be inipollible to thofe to whom his perfon was a ^•^~^~^ ff ranger. Of the extent oi his erudition there can be but one opinion ; but various opinions may be held re- fpeding the accuracy of his knowledge. Lord Sheffield, who knew him well, and loved him much, alfures us, that his converfation was iViU more captivating than his writings : but this could not refult from the brilliancy of his wit ; for of wit he declares himfelf that lie had none. His memory was cap.icious and retentive, hi^ penetration uncommon, and his colloquial eloquence ready and elegant ; forhat he could illuftrate almoft any topic of converfation from the copious (lores of his own mind. From his private correfpondence, and a journal not written for the public eye, he appears to have been a dutiful Ion, a loyal fubjc-a, and an affedlionate and fteady friend; but it is difiicult to reconcile witli fo much moral and political worth his unfair and unmanly fneers at the religion of his country. GIBRALTAR is a foitrel's of immenfe (Irengih, of which a very full account has been given in the En- cycl-.pad'ia. Nothing, however, is in that article faid of the natural hitlory of the mountain on which the for- trefs is built, though, to men cf fcience, that fubjeift mult be as intcrelling as a detail of lieges. This defect we are enabled to fupply by means of Mijor Imiie's miueralogical delcriptionof Gibraltar, which is publifhtd in ihe fourth volume of the Tranlaifions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; and, we are peifuaded, the fol- lowing abftraCt of that elegant memoir wiil afford ra- tional entertainment to many of our readers. " The form of this mountain is oblong ; its fummit a fliarp craggy ridge ; its diredion is nearly from noith to fouth i and its greatell length, in that dircdion, falls very little fhcrt of three miles. Its breadth varies with the indentations of the Ihore, but it no where exceeds three quarters of a mile. The line of its ridge is undu- lated, and the two extremes are fomewh.it higher than its centre. "^ " The fummit of the Sugar Loaf, which is the point cf its greatell elevation towards the fouth, is 1439 feet; the Rock Mortar, wtiich is the liighell point to ihe north, is 1350 ; and the Signal Houfj, which is nearly the central point between tliete two, is 1276 feet above the level of the fea. The wcftern fide of the mountain is a I'eries of rugged Hopes, interfpcrled with abrupt pre- cipices. Its nortliern extremity is peifeiflly perpendi- cular, except towards the north-we(l, where what are ^ called the Lines intervene, and a narrow paffage of flat ground that leads to the ilthniu", and is entirely cover- ed with fortification. The callern fide ct the moun- tain mollly confids of a range of precipices ; but a bank of land riling from the Mediterranean in a rapid accli- vity, covers a third of its perpendicular height. Its fiuthein extremity falls, in a rapid llope from the fum- mit of the Sugar Loaf, into a rocky flat ot confiderable extent, called Windmill Hdl. " Ttie principal mafsof the mountain rock confifts of a grey, denfe (what is generally called primary) mar- ble ; the different beds of which are to be examined in a face of 1350 feet of perpendicular height, which it prefcnts to Spain in a conical form. Thele beds, or ilrata, are of various thicknel's, fVom 20 to upwards of 40 feet, dipping in a diicdion from call to well, nearly at an angle of 35 dcijiees. In fomc parts of tlie folid P 2 luafi G I B [ ii6 ] G I B cn-raltar. mafs of this rock are found telt.iceoiis bodies entirely ^"^"^''"*""^ tranfmuted into the coniliiuent matter of the r( ck, and their interior hulloivslilled up with c.dcarcoui fpar ; but thefe do not occur oiten in iti cumpofition, and its beds are notfepaiaied by any intcrn>eci;ue ftrat.i. " The caves of Gibraltar are many, and foine of them of great extent. Tliat which moft dclerves attention and cianiiiia'.ion is called St Michael's Cave, which is htu- ated upon the fouthern part of the nicuurain, almoft equally diRant from the Signal Tower and the Sugar Loaf. Irs entrance is locoieet above the level of the fea : This entrance is formed by a rupid lloperf earth, which has fallen into it at various peiiods, and which leado to a fpacious hall, incrulled with fpar, and appa- rently fupported in the centre by a large mally tlala(5li- lical pillar. To this fuccceds a long feiics of caves of difficult accefs. In thefe cavernous recelfcs, the forma- tion and procefs ot ftalaflites is to be traced, trom the fiimfy quilt like cone, fufpcnded from the roof, to the rcbuft trunk of a pillar, three feet in diameter, which riles fiom the floor, -and feems intended by Nature to fupport the roof iiom which it originated. "'l")ie only inhabitants cf th.efe caves are bats, fome of which are oi a laige lize. The foil, in general, upon the mountain of Gibraltar is but thinly fown ; and in many parts that thin covering has been wathed ofiF by the heavy autumnal rains, winch have left the fuperfi- ces of the rock, for a confiderable extent, bare and ' open to infpeflion. In thofe fiiuations, an obferving eye may trace the efFefls of the flow, bu: conflant, de- compofuion of the rock, caufed by its expofure to the air, and the corn, lion tjf fea i'alts, which, in tlie heavy gales of eafterly winds, are depnfited with the fpray on every part of the mountain, 'i'hofe uncovered parts of the mountain rock alio (xpole to the eie a phenomenon worthy of fonie attention, as it tends cleat ly to denion- flrate, that, however high the furface o£ this rock may now be elevated above the level ot tiie fea, it has once been the bed of agitated waters. This phenomenon is to be obferved in many parts of the rock, and is con- ftantly found in the beds of torrents. It conftfts of pot- like holes, of various fizcs, hollowed out of the folid rock, and formed apparently by the attrition of gravel or pebbles, let in motion by the rapidity of rivers or currents in the lea. "Upon the weft ftde of the mountain, towards its bafe, fome llrata occur, which are heterogenial to the moun- , tain rock : the firll, or higheft, forms the fegment of a circle; its conve.K tide is towards the mountain, and it Hopes alio in that diredion. This ftratum confitts of a number of thin beds ; tlie outward one, being the thinnert, is in a Hate of decoinpolnion, and is moulder- ing down into a blackifh brov.n or ferrugmous coloured earth. The bedf, inferior to this, progrtllrvely increafe in breadth to 17 inches, where tlie flratification refts upon a rock of an argillaceous nature. '* This laft bed, wiiich is 17 inches thick, conftfts of quartz of a biackilh blue colour, in the fepla or cracks of which are lout»d fine quartz cryltals, colouilefs, and perfefe ( t elegance. We found in the hall a table, pla- ced, I fuppofe, for the conveniency of thofe who are traverfmg the rock. The cloth was fpread, the wine went round, and we made the vaulted roof refound with the accents of inii th and the fongs of conviviality." '1 liefe excavations are indeed very extraordinary woiks; but as the whole rock abounds with caverns, we willi that our .author had inquired more particularly tlian he fcems to luve done, whether iSt George's Hall be wholly the woi k of art. From one of the pafl'ages which we have extracled from Major Imrie's memoir, we are led to think that it is not, or, at leaft, that the concretion removed had not acquired the confidence of the more folid parts of the rock. If this v/as the cafe, much of the wonder will vanilh fince the [jick-axe and chilel were probably employed to give elegance to the vault, Knd even, in feme degree, to dirciSthe operation cf the i;unpowder. GIDKALTIiR, an ancient town in trie province of Veiie/.uela, in Terra Firma. It is fituated on the foulh-eaftern (ide of Maracaibo Lake. The country in its vicinity is well watered with rivers, and bears the bell qnalily of cacao, and very large cedais. The beft t'.panilh tobacco is made here, called T.ibago de Mara- caibo, from which the valurtble (nuiF is made, vulgarly called Mackaba InufF. The air, liowever, is ib un- lieaithy, that very few but labourers live in the town; the wealthier lort retorting to Merida or Maracaibo. — Morse. GILL, a new townfliip in Hampfhire co. Mafiachu- fetts, on the well bank of Connefticut river, a little below the mouth of Millei's river, on the oppofite fide, and named after his Honor, Mofes Gill, Lieutenant- Governor ot Malfachufetts. — //;. GILLORI, an ifland on the co,h(1 of Well-Florida, is divided from Djiijihin Wand by a narrow channel, through which a boat may pafs with lome difficulty ; End between Gillori and the main land, on the weft iide of Mobile Bay, there is a chain of fmall iilands, and oyfter (hells, through which is a paiUge of 4 feet called Paife au Heion. — ]l. 8 ] G L A GILMANTOWN, a townlhip in Strafford co. Gilman- New-HaiTiplhire, f )ulh-we(lerly of Like Winnipifeo- '°"'> gee, and 52 miles N. W. of Portfmoiith. It was in- '' corporatcd in 1727, and contained 775 inhabitants in ^i',',cr."^ 1775; and in 1790, 2613. — ib. GIMIIOL.S, are the brafs rings by which a fea compafs is fufpended in its box that ufually Hands in the binacle. GIRT, in timber- meafiiring, is the circumference of a tree, though fome ufe this word for the quarter of 4th part of the circumference only, on account of the gieat ufe that is made of it ; for the fquare of this 4tli part is elleemcd and ufed as equal to the area of the feftion of the tree ; which fquare therefore multiplied by the length of the tree, is accounted the iblid con- tent. This content, however, is always about: one- fourth part lefs than the true quantity; being nearly equal to what this will be after the tree is hewed fquare in the ufual way: fo that it feems intended to make an allowance for the fquaring of the tree. GiRr-/,//;,?, is a line on the common or carpenter's Hiding rule, employed in calling up the contents of trees by means of their girt. GIR^TY'j- Town, an Indian village in the N. W. Territory, near the head of the navigable water or landing on St Mary's river, where the Indians ceded at the treaty of Greenville, a trad of 2 miles fquare to the United States. — Morse. GLAUE Road, at Bonnets' tavern, 4 miles from Bedford, on the road from Philadelphia to Piltfburg Forks ; the fouthernmoll is called the Glade Road ; the northernmoft the OIJ, or Forbes's Road, and goes by Ligonier. Thefe roads unite 28 miles from Pittf- burg. In the Glades, a trafl of country at the entrance of the Alleghany Mountains, they cannot raife corn, as the earth is fubjefled to froll ifom Sept. to June. —ib. GL ADY Creek, a fmall dream which flows through the call bank of Little INIiami river in the N. W. Ter- ritory. — ib. GLAIZE, Au, a S. S. W. branch of the Miami of the Lake, which interlocks with St Mary's river. By the treaty at Greenville, the Indians have ceded to the United States a traft of land 6 miles fquare, at the head of its navigable waters, and 6 miles fquare at its confluence with the Miami, where Fort Defiance now llands. — ib. GLASGOW, a new county in Newbern diftrid, N. Carolina, taken from Dobbs' co. It is bounded N. by Edgcnnib, S. by Lenoir, E. by Pitt, and W. by V/ayne. — ib. GLASS Etching, or En^ravin^ upon, is in the ar- ticle Chemistry (Encycl.) laid to be a new art ; and as that acid which difiblves filiceous earth, and alfo glafs, was lirfl difcovered in the year 1771 by Scheele, one might naturally imagine that the art of etching with it upon glafs could not be older. By many others, as well as by us, it has indeed been noticed as a new invention; yet Protellor Beckmann, whofe labo- rious refeaiches have brought many things to light, has proved, that lb early as the year 1670 the art of etching upon glafs was difcoveied by Henry Schwan- hard, Ion of George Schwanhard, who was a cele- brated glafs-cutter, patronized by the Emperor Ferdi- nand G L A [ 119 ] G L O Glafs Ktch- nand III. abrut the middle of the lall century. At '"?• the tiine of his death, 1667, the lather praiflifed his art at Prao;ue and Ratiftcn. Whellier the fon followed the fiine bufinefs at the farre town', or removed to Nuremberg, is not very evident from the profellor's hiftory ; but in the year above-mentioned, fome aqua rcgia {nilroniunatic acid) having accidentally fallen on his fpecflacles, he was furprifed to find the glafs corroded by it, and become quite foft. He thus found himfelf in poileOion of a liquid by wliich he could etch writing and figures upon plates of glafs. Such is our inicrmation ; but if it he admitted (and it would difplay unreafonable fceplicifni to quellion it), Sell wanhardmulleiilier have improved the nitro- muriatic acid by fome means or ether unknown to us, or have confined his etchings to iome particular kinds of glafs; for ihe fluoric is the only acid, with which we are ac- quainted, that corrodes all glafs. (See Chf.mistry- Index in this Supplement). M. Beckniann indeed feems to think that he had difcovered the fluoric acid itfelf ; for in the year 1725 there appeared in a periodical work the following receipt for making a poweiful acid, by which figures of every kind can be etched upon glafs. " When die fp'irltus nhri per diJl'iUatioutrii has pal- fed into the recipient, ply it with a flrong fire, and when well dephlegmated, pour it, as it corrodes ordi- nary glafs, into a Weldenburg flalk. Then throw in- to it a pulverifed green Bohemian emerald, otherwife called befphorvs (which, when reduced to powder, and heated, emits in the dark a green light), and place it in warm fand for z\ hours. Take a piece of glafs well cleaned, and freed from all greafe by means of a ley ; put a border of wax round it, about an inch in height, and cover it all over with the above acid. The longer you let it ftand fo much the better ; and at the end of fome time the glafs will be corroded, and the figures which have been traced out with fulphur and varnilh will appear as if raifed above the pane of glafs." That the Bohemian emerald or hefphonis mention- ed in this receipt is green fparry fluor, cannot, fays the profefTor, be doubted ; and he feems to have as little doubt of the receipt itfelf having palled from Schwan- hard and his fcholars to the periodical work of 1725, from which it has been lately inferted in the CEkono- mifche Encyclopedic of Kruniiz. This fuppofition certainly acquires a confiderable degree of ptobability from the fimilarity of Schwanhard's method cf etching to that which is here recommended, and which is io diffeitnt from what is now hllov/eJ. At prefent, the glafs is covered with a vainilh either of ifingl.ifs dif- folved in water, or of turpentine oil mixed with a little wliite lead, through which the figures to be etched are traced as on copper; but Schwanhard, when he had draun his figures, covered them with varnifli, and tljen by his liquid corroded the glafs ;iround them. His fi- gures, therefore, when the varnilli was removed, re- mained fmooth and clear, appearing raifed Irom a dim or dark ground ; and M. Beckmann, who perfuaded fome iiiCT-nious artills to make trial of this antient method of etching, declares, that fuch figures have a much bet- ter effeift than thofe which are cut into the glafs. Before concluding this article, it may be worth while iuft to mention a propofal which has been lately made to employ glafs inflead of C'lpper for throwing off prints in the rolling prefs. That it is poffiblc to ufe glafs pUtes of great thicknefs for this purpofe, it would Olaaon- be raih to dtny ; but the liiperiority oi fuch plates to thofe of copper v.-e cannot conceive. If not broken in pieces in the rolling prefs, they would doubtlefs la ft l-.nger ; I- it the expence of them at firft would pro- bably be greater, and the engraving on them oukniit be fo fine. GLASTONBURY, a townfh'p in Bennington co. Vermont, having only 34 inhabitants. It hjs good intervale lands, and lies N. E. of Benningion, adjoin- ing. — Mone. Glastonbury, a hardlomc little town in Hartford CO. Connecticut, lltUited on tie eaft fide of Conneft'- cut liver, oppiifite to Weather.'- field, and of which it formed a part until 1690. In the townihip are 2 meeting hnufib ; and on Roaring Brook and otijer fmall Itreams are 17 mills of diffirtnt kinds and i forge. — ib. GLOSSOCOMMON, in mechanics, is a name gi- ven by Heron to a machine compofed of divers dented wheels with pinions, ferving 10 raife huge weight^. GLOUCESTER H-.u/c, belonginaYi the Hudfcn's Bay Comp.my, is fiuiated in New South Wales, on the N. fide of the waters which form a communication through a cha;ii ot Ini.dl lakes, between V.^inncpeg Lake and Albany river. Henley Hiufe lies N. E. of this, nearer the mouth cf Albany river, in James' Bay. N. lat. 54. W. long. 87. 30. — Mrjne. Gloucestlr, or Cape-Ann, a townlhip in ElTex co. Maffachufetts, whofe eail point forms the north fide of the bay of Mairachuf;;tts. It contains 5317 inhabi- tants, and is divided into 5 parilhes, and has befides a fjciety of Univeifalifts. This is a pi 11-town and port of entry. The harbour is very open and accelll- ble to large (hips ; and is one of the moll conliderable fifning towns in the Commonwealth. At ihe harbour, properly fo called, are fitted out annually from 60 to 70 bankers ; and from Sqnam and Sandy Bav, two fmall out ports, the bay filhery is carried on with gre»t fpirit, and to a large amount. Tlie exports for one year, ending Sept. 30, 1794, amounted in value to 229,613 dollars. Tiiaicher's Ifland, on which are two lights of equal heis»ht, lies clofe to the S. E. fid; of the towniliip, whicli is itfelf joined to tie continent by a beach of land which is very rarely overHnwed by the water. There is a very fi:ie white fand here fit for making glafj. The harbour is defended by a battery and cit.idel erefled in 1795. It is 16 miles N. E. by E. of S.tlem, and 34 N £. of B.illon. — ib Gloucester, the north-wefiernmoll townftiip, and the largell, in Providence co. Rhode- III ind, iiaving Connecticut on the well, and Malfichufetts on the north; and coritains 4025 inhabitants. — it>. Gloucester County, in Ncw-Jcrley, is bounded norih by Burlington co. fouth by S.dcm, Cuniberl.inJ, and Cape May counties, ealt by the Atlantic 0>can, and well by Delaware river. Its length on the Dela- ware is about 30 miles, and on the lea the line is .ibrut 22 mile--. Great and Little Egg Harbour rivers are both navig.ible for vclfels of 2CO ions aliout 20 milei from their mouths. The ilreiinis which f.dl into Dela- ware river are navigable for fmall velfels, a tew miles up from their mouths, and allord fome fhad, rock, herrings, and perch. Tlie adjacent iflands arc Reil Bank.^PcU, and Oid Man's Creek lOands. The firll of I GLU [1203 GOA of wliich is famous in ihe hiftory of the American faccharine, and fliglitly aftringent; 2. It is very fo- war, tor th? defpcrate defence the garrifon upon it luble in the fulphuric acid by excefs ; 3. It decrmpofes made, to prevent the Britifh fleet from paffing up to the ahiminous falts ; 4. It is foluble in the carbonate Philadelphia. The foil of this county is a mixture of of ammonite ; 5. Is completely precipitated from its faiid and loam, and the tradt bordering on the Dela- foliuions by ammoniac ; 6. Its affinity for the acids is ware is in a hi^h Ifate of cultivation. The chief pro- intermediate between magnefia and alumine. dnflion'3 are licef, poric, fifh, hay, corn, lumber, but- One hundred parts of beryl contain i6ofghicina; tcr, chccfe, ice. It is divided into 10 towiiihip';, viz. but for the befl method of analyzing the beryl, and of "Woodbury, Waterford, Newtown, Gloiicerter Town- courfe obtaining the earth, we muft refer our readers (hip, Gloucettcr Town, Deptfoid, Greenwich, Wool- to the article Mineralogy in this Supplement; and with, Egg Harbour, and Galloway. The firfl 8 lie (hall conclude this Ihort article with a valuable and jii- along the Delaware, and the other two on the ocean, dicious remark ot Vauqueliu's. Muiic-.-.s river divides this county from Burlington, " It almoft always happens (fays this able chemifl), and is navigable 20 miles for velfels of 60 tons. Mau- in the fciences of obfervation, and even in the fpecu- rice river riles here, runs foutherly about 40 miles lative fciences, that a body, a principle, or a property, through Cumberland co. into Delaware Bay, is navi- formerly unknown, though it may often have been gable for velfels of lOO tons 15 miles, and for fliallops ufed, or even held in the hands, and referred to olhef 10 miles farther. It contains 13,172 free inhabitants, fimple fpecies, may, when once difcovered, be after- and 191 flaves. There are found in this county quan- wards found in a great variety of fituations, and be ap- tities of bog iron ore, which is manufadlured into pig plied to many ufeful purpofes. Chemillry aflFords ma- and bar iron, and hollow ware. Here is alfo a glafs- ny recent examples of this truth. Klaproth had no h'uifc. Chief town, Woodbury, 9 miles S. of Phila- fooner difcoveted the different fubftances with which Jtlpl,i;^. — lb_ he iias enriched the fcience, but they were found in va- Gloucester, a fmall town in the above county, rious other bodies ; and if I may refer to my own pro- on the call fide of Delaware river, 3 miles below Phi- ceiTes, it will be feen, that after I had determined tlie IjJelphia. It was formerly the county town, but has charaflers of chrome, firft found in the native red lead, now fcarcely the appearance of a village. — ib. I eafily recognized it in the emerald and the ruby. Gloucester, a poft-town in Virginia, fituated in The fame has happened with regard to the earth of the crunty of its own name, on a point of land on the the beryl. I have likewife detefled it in the emerald; N. fide of York river, partly oppofite York-Town, 17 in which, neverthelefs, it was overlooked both by Kla- miles dillint. — ib. proth and myfelf in our tiift analyfis: fo difficult it is GLOucESTfR Ccunly, in Virginia, is fertile and well to be aware of the prefence of a new fubftance, parti- cultivated, bounded N. by Piankitank river, which cularly when it polftffes fome properties refsmbling leparates it from Middlefex, eall by Mathews co. and thofe already known !" Chcfipeak Biy, N. W. by King and Queen, S. and GLYNN County, in the Lower diftrift of Georgia, K. W. by Ycik river, which divides it from York co. bounded eafl by the ocean, north by Alatamaha river, It is about ^^ miles in Icnjth, and 30 in breadth, and which feparates it from Liberty co. and fouth by Cam- CTutains 13,498 inhabit.aiits, including 7063 Haves, den co. It contains 413 inhabitants, including 215 The low lands here produce excellent barley, and In- (laves. Chief town, Brunfivick. — Morse. dian c'^m, the llaple I'roJucc of the county. Tobacco GNADENHUETTEN, or Gnadenhutten, a fettle- is little attended to. — il, ment of the Moravians, or United Bre'hrcn, on Muf- CtU'V czsTiti Houfe, in the territory of the Hudfon's kingum river, oppofite to Salem, in the lands which B.iy Companv, is on the N. fide of Mnfquacobafton belonged to the M.thikan Indians. In 1746 it was a Like, 1 23 miles weft of Ofnaburgh houfe. N. lat. pleafant town, inhabited by Chriftian Indians, where 51. 24. W. long. 86. 59. — ib. were a chapel, milfionary's houfe, and many Indian GLUCINA (a), a peculiar earth difcovered by houfes. This together wltTi Schoenbrun and Salem V.iuquelin in the beryl and the emerald. Its general were referved by Congrefs, by an ordinance, Miy 20, properties aic as follows: i. It is \\hite: 2. Infipid ; 1785, for the Chrilli in Indians formerly fettled there; 3. Infolul)le in water ; 4. AdhelJve to the tongue; 5. Sept. 3, 1788, it was ref-lved that ihe plat of each infufible; 6 Soluble in the fixed alkalis; 7. Infoluble town Ihould make up 4,000 acres, and the grant was ill ammoniac; 8. Soluble in the carbonate of ammo- made to the United Bic.h-en for propagating the gof- niac ; 9. Soluble in almolt every one of the acids (ex- pel among the heathen. — Alio the name of a IMoravian Lcpt the carbonic and phofphcric apids), and forming fettlcment on the fouth-weft bank of Lehigh river, in falts of a lacchatine tafte ; 10. Lulible with borax into Pennfylvania, about 29 miles north- well of Bethle- a tranfparent glafs j IT. Ablbrbs one fourth of its hem. — ib. weipht of carbonic acid; 1 2. Decompofes the alumi- GOAT IJland, in the State of Rhode-Ifland, a tiout falts; £3. Is not precipitable by well f«tiiiated fmall it! jt, oppolite to the town t.f Newport, and on hydro fulphurets. which is Fort Walhington. The foi t has been lately The fpecitic charaifters of gUicina, which are united repaired, and a citadel ereiled in it. The fort has in none of the other known earths, are ; 1. Its falts are been ceded to the United States. — ib. GOAVE (a) This name was iftic propel ty being th given to the earth rf beryl by the editors of the Annaks dc Chemie. Its moft charafler- .u it forms (kits of a faccharine taile, ihey g.ve it a name derived from y\u%ftors. When the fea- fon of comic performances was over, and the ailors were to remove to Chiozza, young Goldoni made his efcape in their company. This was the fird fault he committed, which, according to his own contelhon, drew a great many others after it. His father had in- tended him to be a phyfician like himl'elt : the young man, however, was wholly averfe to the ftudy. He propofed afterwards to make him an advocate, and fent him to be a praftitioner in Modena. An horiid cere- mony of eccletialtical juiifdiction, at which he was pre- fent, infpired him with a melancholy turn, and he de- termined to become a capuchin. His father, perceiving the whimfical, inconftant hu- mour of his fon, feigned to fecond this propofil, and promifed to go and prefent him to the guardian of the capuchins in Venice, in the hope that alter fome ftay in that extenfive and merry city, his melancholy fit would csafe. The fcheme fucceeded ; for the young man, induhnng in all llie fUhionable dillipatiou ol the place, was cured of his fooliih refolution. It was how- ■23 G O L ever necetTary for him to be fettled In fome employ. GnMonl. ment ; and he was prevailed upon by his mother, after ^■^"^'""^ the death of his father, to exercifc the prnfL-flirn cf a lawyer in Venice. By a fudden rcverfe of fortune he was compelled to quit at once bf^th the bar and Ve- nice. He then went to Milan, where he was employ- ed by the relident of Venice in the capacity (i fecre- tary ; where becoming acquainted with the rranager of the theatre, he wrote a farce entitled // GondfJure Ve- ne%iano, the Venetian Gondolier, which was the firft comic produflion of his that was performed and print- ed. Some time after Goldoni broke with the Vene- tian refident, and removed to Verona. There was in this place, at that time, the company of comedians of the theatre of St Samuel of Venice, and amcng them the famous actor Cofali, an old ac- quaintance of Goldoni, who introduced him to the ma- nager. He began thertfore to work for the theatre, and became infenfibly united to the company, for whiih he compofed feveral pieces. Having removed along witli them to Genoa, he was for the firlt time feized with an ardent palhon for a lady, who foon afterwards became his wife. He returned with the company to Venice, where he difplayed for the firft time, the powers of his geniu?,and executed his plan of reform- ing the Italian ftage. He wrote the Momolo, Courti- fan, the Squanderer, and other pieces, which obtained univerfal admiration. Feeling a ftrong inclination to refiJe f ime time in Tufcany, he repaired to Florence and Pifa, where he wrote The Footman of Tnuo Mnjlers, and The Son of Harlequin ifi and found i';;ain. He returned to Ve- nice, and let about executing more and more his fa- vourite fcheme of reform. He was now attached to the theatre of St Angelo, and employed himfelf in writing both for the company and tor his own pur- pofes. The conllant toils he underwent in thcfe en- gagements, impaired his health. He wrote, in the courfe of twelve months, fixtetn new comedies, be- fides forty-two pieces for the theatre ; among thele many are conhdered as the bell of his produflicns. The firft edition of his works was publilhed in 1753, in 10 vols. 8vo. Ashe wrote afterwards a great num- ber of new pieces for the theatre at St Luca, a fcpa- rate edition of thefe was publilhed under the title of Tie Ne-w Comic Theatre : among thefe was the Te- rence, called by the author W\s favouriie, and judged to be the mafter-piece of his works. He made another jouiney to Paima on the invitation of Duke Philip, and fiom thence he palFcd to Rome. He had com- pofed 59 other pieces fo late as the year 1761, five of which were deligned for the particular ufe ol Marque Albergati Capacelli, and confequently adapted to the theatre of a private cnmpnny. Heie ends the literary lite of Goldoni in Italy. Through the channel of the French Ambalfador in Venice, he had received a letter from Mr Zenuzzi, the firft aiftor in the Italian theatre at Paiis, containing a propofil for an engagcmeiit of two years in that city. He accordingly repaired to Paris, where he found a felcifl and nu.Ticrous company of excellent performers in the Italian tJieatre. They were, howevw, charge- able with the fame faults which he had corrected in I- taly ; and the French fupportcd, and even applauded in tlic Icahans, what tjicy would have rtprobulcJ on their Q 2 own G O L [ 124 ] GOO Goldonl wiflied to extend even to that he fpent his laft; days in poverty and dlftrefs. He died Goldoii!. own ftage. ^-^'"■''^^^ country his plan of reformation, wiihoin confuiering the extreme ditticulty of t!is undertiikln^. Scurrih- ties and jefls, which are ever accompanied by adliuns, gsllures and motions, are the fame in all countries, and almoft pert'edly undti Hood, even in a foreign tongue : while the beauties of fentiinent and dialogue, and o- ther things which lead to the undcrtlanJii;g of charac- ters and intrigues, require a familiar acquaintance with the tongue of the writer. The firft attempt of GolJoni towards his wilhed-for reform, was the piece called The Fat'.er for Love ; and its bad fuccefs was a fuffitient warn n^ to him to dclift from his undertaking. He continued, during the re- niiinder of his engagement, to produce pieceb agree- able to the general talte, and publilhcd twenty four co- medies ; among which T/ie Love of Zclinda and Litidor is leputed the Ijell. The term of two years being expired, Goldoni was preparing to return to Italy, when a lady, reader to the dauphinefs, mother to the late king, introduced hirn at court, in the capacity of Italian matter to the princelles, aunts to the king. He did not live in the court, but reforted there at each fummons, in a polt- chaife lent to him for the purpofe. Thefe journeys were the caufe of a diforder in the eyes, which affliifled him. the rell of his life ; for being accuftomed to read while in the chaife, he loft his fight on a fudden, and in fpite of the moll: potent remedies, he could never af- terwards recover it entiiely. For about fix months lodgings were provided him in the chateau of Verfailles. The death, however, of the dauphin, changed the face of affairs. Goldcni loit his lodgings, and only, at the end of three years, received a bounty of ico louis in a gold box', and the grant of a penlion ot four thoufand livres a year. This fettlement would not have been futficient for him, if he had not gained, by other means, farther fums. He wiote now and tlien comedies tor the theatres of Italy and Poitugal ; and, during thefe occupations, was dclirous to ihew to the French that he merited a high rank among their dramatic writers. For this purpofe, he negledted nothing which could be of ufc to render hiinfelf malier ot the French language. He heard, Ipoke, and converfed fo much in it, that, in his 62d year, lie ventured to write a comedy m French, and to have it reprefen'ed in the court theatre, on the cccafion of the marriage of the king, Tliis piece wai the Bourru Bknfiifant ; and it met with fo gieat fuccels, thjt tlie author received a foun- ty of 150 louis from the king, another gratification from tlie performers, and conll.ierable funis from the bookfellers wjio publidieJ it. He publilhcd, foon after, another comedy in French, called L' Avars Fa/hietix. After the death of Louis XV. Goldoni was appointed Italian teacher to the Princel's C'.otilde, the prefent princefs of Piedmont ; and after her marriage he at- tended the late unfortunate Piinccfs Elizabeth in the fame cipacity. The approach of old age obliged him to quit Ver- failles, and to live in Paris, the air of which, lels fharp, was better adapted to his conllitution. The laft work of Goldoni was The Volpoiii, written after his retire- ment from court ; from which time he bade a lading a- dieu to writing. Unfortunately for him he lived to fee m 1792, at a crifis when, according to the expreffion of a deputy in the Convention, the French nation was ready to repay him every debt of gratitude. Goldoni is on a par with the greateft comic poets of modern times, with regard to dramatic talents, and is thought fuperior to them all with regard to the fertili- ty of his genius. His works were printed at Leg- horn in 178s — 91, in 31 vols. 8vo. He has been ge- nerally called tlie Molieie of Italy ; and Voltaire, in one ot his letters to Marquis Albergati, llyles him The Piiiiiter of Nature. Goldoni is one of thofe authors whofe writings will be relillied in the nioft remote countries, and by the lateft pollerity. GOLDSBOROUGH, a prft-town in Hancock county, Dillrid of Maine, containing 267 inh.ibitants. It was incorporated in 1789, is the fouth-eafternmoft town in the county. On the waters of its harbour is the town of Walhington. It is 47 miles eafterly of Penoblcot, 188 fouth-eaft of Portland, and 330 norlh- eall of Bofton. N. hit. 44° nf .—Morse. GOLPHINGTON, the chief town of Wafliington county, Georgia, is fituatcd near the head of Ogeeche river, about 26 miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Occonee town, 37 fouth-weft of Augufta, and 50 north-weft of Louif- viUe. — ib. GOMASHTEH, in the language of Bengal, one cent. GONAIVES, a bay in the ifland of Hifpaniola, fouth-eaftward of Cape St Nicholas, in about 19° 33' N. \^l.— Morse. GONAVE, an ifland in the bay of Leogane, in the weftern jiart of the ifl.ind of St Domingo. It is 14^ leagues long, and uniformly about 3 broad, except a very fmall part at each extremity. Petite Gonave, an ille about 2 miles each way, is feparated from the fouth-ealt corner of the former, by a channel 3 miles w-ide. Gonave is 13! leagues W. by N. W. ot Port- au Prince; and its welt point is 33-^ leagues E. by N. ot Cape Dame Marie. — ib. GoNAivEs, a fea-poit in the fame ifiand, at the head ot a bay of its own name, on the north fide of the bay of Leogane. The town is fituated on the great road from Port de Paix to St Mark, 16 leagues foulh-eaft of the f Tiner and 15 N. by E. of the latter, Goldtbo- rougli N. iat. 19" 27' W. 1(1 from Par 30'. GONIOMETRY, a method of meafuring angles, fo called by M. de La^ny, who gave feveral papers on this method in the Memoirs of the Royal Acad, anno 1724, 1725, 1729. M. de Lagny's method of gonio- metry couiifts in mealuring the angles with a pair of compali'es, and that without any fcale whatever, except an undivided femicircle. Thus, having any angle drawn upon paper to be meafured, produce one ot the lides ot the angle backwards behind the angular point; then with a pair of fine compali'es dei'cribe a pretty large femicircle from the angular point as a centre, cutting the lides of the propofcd angle, which will intercept a part of the femicircle. Take then this intercepted part very exaflly between the points of the compalles, and turn them fuccellively over upon the arc of the femi- circle, to find how often it is contained in it, after which there is commonly fome remainder : then take this re- mainder in the compali'es, and, in like manner, find how bis penfionb cut off at the revolution, like others, and often it is contained in the laft of the integral parts of the GOO C 125 ] GOO Goochland the firft arc, with again fome remainder: find, in like manner, how often this lall remainder is contained in the former ; and fo on continuaJly, till the remainder become too fmall to be taken and ajiplied as a meafure. By this means he obtains a feries of quotients, or frac- tional parts, one of another, which being properly redu- ced into one fradion, give the ratio of the firif arc to the femicircle, or of the propofed angle to two right an- gles, or I So degrees, and coniequently that angle itfeif in degrees and minutes. We have givfn this account of goniometry from Dr Hutton, and frankly acknov/ledge that v.'e had never thought of it till we perufcdhis excellent Diftionary of Mathematics and Philofopby. To have omitted the method when pointed out to us would have been wrong; though we miilake much if mathematicians in general will not look upon it as a method of very little value. GOOCHLAND, a county in Virginia, furrounded by Louifa, Fluvanna, Henrico, Hanover, and Pow- hatan counties. It is about 40 miles long and 14 broad, and contains 9,053 inhabitants, including 4,656 flaves. — il. GOOD-HOPE, or Capu of Good Hopf, was ta- ken by the Biitifh, on 17th Auguft 1796 with very little difficulty. At this we need not be much furprifed, if to the difcontent which mud have prevailed among the planters and townfmen with the new order of things, be added the manners of the people. M. Vaillant, who was at the Cape during the laft war, when the garrifun expected to be every day attacked by a Bri- lilli fquadron, and when the people were not abfolute- ly difgufted with their own government, repreftnts them, however, as rendered fo completely frivolous by imitating the manners of their French allies, that though the place was flrongly fortified, it could hard- ly be expefled to hold out long againlla vigorous and well conduced fiege. "The females of the Cape (fays he) when I (liw them for the firft time, had really excited my allonifhment by their drefs and their elegance ; but I admired in them, above all, that modelly and referve peculiar to the Dutch manners, which nothing as yet had cor- rupted. " In the courfe of fix months, a great change had ta- ken place. It was no longer the French modes that they copied ; it was a caricature ot tiie French. Plumes, feathers, ribb'ins, and tawdry ornaments, heaped toge- ther without talle on every heid, gave to the prettied figures a grotefque air, which otten pmvoked a fmile when they appeared. This mania had extended to the neighbouring plantatitins, where the women could icarcely be known. A mode of drefs entirely new was every where introduced; but fo fantaftical, that it would have been difficult to determine from what conn- try it had been imported." At that time a French and a Svvil's regiment were in the garrifon ; and though the town was occupied only with warlike preparations, and though an attack from the Britilh tleet was every moment expcfted, the French otHcers had already introduced atalle for plea- fure. Employed in the morning at their excrcife, the French foldiers in the evening ailed plays. A part of the b.irracks was transformed into a the.itre ; and as women capable of performing femUe cliaraiftcrs could nut be found iu the town, they affigned thcfe pajts to fome of their comrades, whofe you:h, delicate features, GooJ- and frelhnel'sof complexion, feemed bed calcuhted to Hope, fivour the deception. Thefe heroines, of a new kind, ^-^^'^ heightened the curiofity <■( the fpe<51at"rs, and render- ed the entertainment llill more lively and intereftin.r. To add to the gerer.d ploal'ure, ladies of the tirft rank conlidered it as incumbent on them to lend to the miliury adl irs and aclrclfes, their laces, jewels, rich drelfes, and moft valuable crnamcnts. But fome of them had caufe 10 repent of their condc'cenfion ; for it happened mote th.in once that the Conntefs cf Al- maviva having left in pledge at the futtling houfe her borrowed decorations, the owner, to recover them, was obliged to difcharge not only the bill due ior brandy and tobacco, but all the other debts of tlie heroine. During the intoxication and giddinefs occafioned by thefe amufements. Love alfo did not fail to aft his part; and certain little intrigues v.ere, from time to time, brought to light, which gave employment to the tongue of fcandal, and introduced unhappinefs into fa- milies. Hymen, it is tiue, amidft thefe adventure., fometimes intervened to repair the follies of his bro- ther, and many miiriages, which reftored e"ery thing to order, were the rcfidt of his negoiations ; but the complaints, though (titled, did not lefs exill. The watchfulnefs of the mother was alert. The hufband, by fo much the more fecretly irritated as he faw him- feif obliged to conceal his jealoufy, curfed in his heart both aftors and theatie; while the matronly part rf the community, lefs on the referve, declaimed with bit- ternefs againll the licentioufnefs that prevailed, which they wholly imputed to this mode of theatrical enter- tainment. At iaii, to the great mortification of the young, but to the high fatisfaclion of the old women and hufoauds, the theatre was on a fudden fliut up. The caufe that effected this was altogether foreign to the complaints that were made, and of a nature that it was impoffible to torefee. Two of the French actors, who, it mull be remembered, were oihcers in the army, thought prcjier to imitate the paper money of the company, and to put their forged notes in circulation. The forgery was detected, and traced to its authors ; the two theatrical herc'cs were banifncd from theC.ipe ; and the Coit:pany,alhamed of the adventure, dared nei- ther feek others to fupply thi; vacant p!ace>, nor re- fume their ihige entertainments. Into.\icating as were thefe pleafures, governrr.ent meanwhile had not been inattentive to the d.ir.ger wh'ch threatened the colony. As they daily espeileJ to be attacked l>y the Britilli fiect, they had increafcJ the means ot dettnce, and ordered difi'crcnt works and new fortifications to be contlnicled. At tirll, the bufinefi was cairied on with aflivity and ardour; hecnufe the inhabitants, inllig.itcd by their private intered, which was then conlidetcd as involved with that of the public, had voluntarily olfered their fervices, and mingled with the workmen. Voung and old, folJiers and magiftrutes, (iillors and plinter;, all folicited the honour of co-operating for the gcner.d good and common faftty. To behold this hete- rogeneous multitude — fome lo.ideil with pick-ave.i, and Ibme with Ipade^, or other limilar implement!- — marching out in the morning from the town, ard pro- ceeding in high i'piiits to the new furiificaiion£, was a fight truly adnuiublc. But GOO [ 126 ] GOO (iond- But tills patriotic fervcnir was of no long conti- ''"i'c- niKincc. Under pretence < f Iparing their ftrcngtii, and ■^^^^^ t!'..-t ihev might not we.iry thennfelves to no purpofe, they fonn cnifed tlieir llave? to follow them with the tools and inllrurnents. In a lit'le time they contented then}ft;lves wi'h fending their fl.ives only ; and at l.ill thefe fubllitutes themfelves, in imitation of their maf- teis, or perhaps by their fccret orders, g ive ovrr going alto. I'heir enthuliafm, in (lion, from the tirft mo- ment of its brcaiiing out till the period when it was thus entirely cooled, had been tlie affair of fomething L-l's than a fortnight. This tade for frivolity 'vhich, almoft twenty years ago, wa; introduced among the Dutch in Cape-town by their g.iod friends the French, fpread rapidly thro' the planiers, who are thus defcribed by M. Vailknt, who certainly luid the bell opportunities of knowing them. The planters of the Cnpe may be divije-l into three clalfes ; thofe who relide in the vicinity of the Cape, within a dirtance of five ur fix leagues ; thofe who live farther cfi in the interior parts of the colony ; and lallly, thoff who, more diftant Hill, are f mnd at the Citremity of the frontiers among the Hottentots. The firft, who are opulent proprietors, and have handfome country houfe., may be likened to what was lormerly called in France pctits fcigneun terriers, and differ extremely from the other planters in eafe and luxury, and particularly in their manners, which are hauE;hty and d fdainful. Such is the refult of wealth. The fccond, fimple, kind, hofpitable, are cultivators, who live upon the i'ruits of their labour. Here we have nn example of the good effefts of mediocrity. The lall, pour enough, yet too indolent to derive fubfiftence from the foil, have no other ref lurce than the produce of fome cattle, which they feed as they can. Like the Beduin Arabs, they think much of the trouble of driving them from canton to canton, and from one padur.Hge to another. This wandering life prevents them from building any iettled habitations. When iheir flocks oblige them to i' journ for a while in the fame place, they conftruifl, in hafte, a rude kind of hut, whicli they cover with marts, alter the manner of the Houenti.tf, whofe cuftoms they have adopted, and from whrm they in no rei'peft differ, but in their com- plexion and features. And here the evil is, that tliere is no precife fituation in facial life to which thefe mi- ferable beings belong. Thefe fl'iggilh tribes are held in horror by their in- duftrious neighbours, who dread their approach, and remove as far from them as ihey can; becaufe, having no property of their own, they (leal without fcruple that of others, and, when in want of pallurage for their cattle, conduft them fecretly to the firft cultivated piece of ground that comes in their way. They flat- ter themfelves they ihall not be dilcovered, and they remain till every thing is devoured. It deteiffed in their thefts, fquabbles and contentions enfue, and af- terwards a fuit at law, in which recourfe is had to the magirtrate, and which commonly terminates in mak- ing three men enemies, the robber, the perfon robbed, and the judge. N'^thing can be fo mean and cringing as the conduft of the full defcription of planters, ivhan they have any thing to tranfad with the princip*! otficers of the com- pany, who may have fome influence over their lot ; and nothing fo abfurdly vain and lb fuperlatively inlolent as their behaviour toperl'ons irom whom Uiey have no- thine to hope and nothing to fear. Proud of their wealtli, fpoiled iiy refiding near a town, from whence they have imbibed only a luxury that has corrupted, and vices that have degraded them, it is particularly to- wards ftrangers that they exercife their furly and piti- ful arrogance. Though neighbours to the planien who inhabit the interior of the country, you mull not fuppofe they regard them as brethren ; on the contrary, in the true fpiiit of contempt, they have given them the name of Rauw-boer, a word anfwering to the low- ed defcription of clown. Accordingly, when thefe honelf cultivators come to the town upon ;iny kind of bufinefs, they never Hop by the way at the houfes of the gentry of whom we are fpeaking ; they know too ■well the infulting m;inner in wh;ch they would be re- ceived. One might fuppofe them to be tvi'o inimical nations, always at war, and of whom fome individuals only met at dlllant intervals, upon bufinefs that related to their mutual interells. What is the more difgufting in the infolence of thefd Africans is, that the majority of them are defcended from that corrupt race of men, taken from prifons and hofpitals, whom the Dutch company, defrrous of form- ing a fettlement at the Cape, fent thither to begin, at their rifk and peril, the population of the country. This (hameful emigration, of which the period is not fo remote but that many circumftances of it are re- membered, ought to render particularly modell thofe who are in the moll dillant manner related to it. On the contrary, it is this very idea that moft contributes to their arrogance ; as if they flattered themfelves that, under the guife of fupercilious manners, tliey could hide the abjejlnefs of their origin. If a flranger ar- rives at the Cape with the defign of remaining and fettling there, they conceive him to be driven from his country by the fame wretched circumftances which formerly baniihed their fathers, and they treat him with the moft fovereign contempt. This melancholy failing is the more to be lamented, as the contagion has fpread through almoft every refi- dence about the Cape, which is in reality a very charm- ing canton. Embellilhed by cultivation, by its nume- rous vineyards and pleadint country houfes, it every- where exhibits fo varied and delicious a profpe>ff, that, were it occupied by other inhabitants, it would excite no fenfations b it thofe of pleafure. As we advance into the country, the planters are a fort of farmers; and conftitute, by their manners, cuf- toms, and occupations, a clafs by themfelves, perfe(5fly diftinil from that we have been defcribing. Situated farther from the Cape, and, of confequence, not ha- ving the fame opportunities for difpoling of their com- modities, they are lefs rich than the firft. We fee a- mong them none of thofe agreeable country houfes, which, placed at different diftances from the town, em- bcllllh the country as we pais, and afford fuch charm- ing profpcifls. Their habitation, which is about the fr/c of a large coach-houfe, is covered with thatch, and divided into three rooms by means of two partitions, which reach only to a certain height. The middle a- partmenl, in which is the entrance to the houfe, ferves at once both as a parlour and eating room. It is there that Hope. GOO [ 127 ] GOO Good- that the family refide dininp; the day, and that they Hope, receive their tea and other vilitors. OF the two other rooms, orie forms a chamber for the m;ile children, and the other for the females, with the father and mother. At the back of the middle apartment is a farther room ferving for a kitchen. The reft of the building con- fift.s of barns and ftables. Such is the dirtribution which is generally followed in the interior plantations of tlie colony ; but nearer to the frontiers, where there does not prevail the fame eafe of clrcumftances, the habitations are much lefs commodious. They are merely a barn, confifting of a fingle mom, witlioiu any diviiion, in which the wliole family live together, without feparating, either day or night. They fleep upon flieep ikins, which fcrve them alfo for covering. The drefs of thefe planters is finiple and ruftic. That of the men confills of a check (liirl, a waiftcoat wich fleeves, a large pair of trowfers, and a hat half un- looped. The women have a petticoat, a jacket fitted to their fliape, and a little round bonnet of mullin. Un- lefs upon extraordinary occafions, neither fex wear {lockings. During a part ot the year, the women even walk with their feet qiiite naked. The occupa- tions of the men require that theirs fliould have forne covering; and this covering they make from a piece oi the hide of an ox, applied and lliaped to the foot foon after the animal is killed, and while tlie hide is yet frelh. Thefe fandals are the only article of their drefs which they make themlelves ; the reft is the bulinefs of the women, who cut out and prepare their wliole ward- robe. Though the equipment we have mentioned con- ftitute the every day drefs of the planter, he has, how- ever, a coat of handfome blue cloth, which he wears upon days ot gala and ceremony. He has then alfu ftockings and ihnes, and is drefled exaiflly like an European, But this finery never makes its appear- ance but when he goes to the Cape ; and then, in- deed, is not put on till he arrives at the entrance of the town. It is commonly in thefe journeys that they purcliafe fuch things as they may want to refit their wardrobe. There is, at the Cape, as well as in Paris and Londoi:, a fpecies of old-clothes-men, who deal in commodities c^i this fort ; and who, from their enormous profits, and the extortion they i:ra(flire, they have obtained the name ot C'^fe Smou/e, or Cape Jews. Thefe traffick- ers contrive, at all times, to iell their goods at a dear rate; but they vary their price in proportion as tlieir llock is great or fmall ; of courfe they bear no fixed price; and tlie planter who comes frfm thedcfcit, and who can underlland but little of tliis Hii prcfcna-d to tliem under this guile of kindncfs and civiliiy. It they luf- fer themlelves to be prevailed upon, they are fliacklcd for life. Upon their return, there are new purch.ifes to be made upon the fame conditions ; and thus, year after year, always in debt, always buying without prompt payment, they become the prey ot an extor- tioner, who raifcs to himfelf a fortune out of their weakncfs. It is true, thefe buyers, after being thus duped at the Cape, commonly return home only to make dupes of others. The cunning that has been employed to deceive them, they employ in iheir turn to tempt the Hottciitois who arc in their feivice. The remnants of ilulf, or the frippery garments which they bring back, are f>ld to thefe untoriunate fcivants with fo great a profit, that commonly the wages of a year are inade- quate to the payment, and ihcy find themfelves, like their matters, in debt for the year iliat is to come. In the end, therefore, it is the poor Hottentot that pays for the extortion at the C ipe. Cuftom has rendered the planters infenfible to the want of fruit and pnhc, th(-ugli the foil is admirably adapted to llie culuvatioii of both. The facility with which they rear their cntlc makes up for this priva- tion, as ttieir fircks attord them plenty of provifion. Tile chief food is mutton ; and their tables are loaded will] fuch prolufion as to dilguft one at the ligh.t. Good- Hope. Ficm this mode of liv cattle ate in the colonies, as in other places, not only a ufctul objefl, but an ar- ticle of the firll neceflity. The planter undertakes himfelf the care of watching over his flocks. Every evening, when they return from the field, lie (lands at his door, with a Hick in his hand, and counts them over one by one, in order to be fure that none of them are milhiig. People who have no other employment than a little agriculture, and the fupeiintendance of a Hock, mu:l have long intervals of idlcnefs. It is thus with the planters, particularly ihofc who live in the interior parts of the country, and who being unable, on account of their diftance from the Cape, to difpofe of their corn, never raife more than is luUicient tor their own con- fumption. Fr; m the profound inadion in which they live, one would fuppofe their fupreme felicity to confill in doing nothing. They fometimes, however, vifit each other ; and upon thefe occafions the day is fpent in fnioking, and drinking tea, and in telling, or lillen- ing to t.dcs of romance, that are equal neither in merit nor morality to the (lory of Bhie-bcard. As every man always carries with hinr, wherever he goes b ih a pii'o, and a lobicco pouch made of the ikin of the fcacalf, he is fure in ihcfe vifits to have one fource of amufement. When any one of the company is defirt us of lighting his pipe, he takes out his jroucii, and, having filled, padcs it to the rell. Tliis is a civi- lity that is never omitted. However numerous may be the party, every body fmckcs : the coi:/(:qucncc of which is a cloud, that, riling at firft t:) the upper pari of the room, incre.ifes, by degrees, till it fills the whole houfc, and becomes at lall lb thick, llut it ii inipollJble tor the fniokers to fee one another. Wlicn a llranger travelling through the country !• received by the mailer of a houfc, he iuftantly btcomes a ineiTiber of the family. Accuilomed to a domcHic life, th.e planters delight in the lies of aflinity, amlcoa- fidcr in the light of a relative every perfon whrnn they live Upon entering a hiuife, the form of fihit.'*- tiun ii, to lliake hands firll with the rr.uller, and then with GOO [ 128 ] G R A Good- with every male perfnn !n the cofnpnny arrivjJ at Hope years of maturiiv. It there happens t(i be any one _ X whom we do not like, the h^ind is rci'iil'cd to lilir ; and Ooofcberry , . r /- 1 r .- a • .-,•■..,' \,^~y~^ this riiliil.il, or lo common alcUimony of Incndllnp, is lookeil upon as a fi'rnial declaration that llie vilitor confiders him as his enemy. It is not the fame wih the fjmiles in the company. They are all embraced one after another, and to make an exception would be a fignal affront. Old or young, all mnll be killed. It is a benefice with the duties attached to it. At whatever time of the day you enter the houfe of a planter, you are fure to find the kettle and tea-tliings upon the table. This prai5tice is univerfal. Tlie in- habitants never drink pure water. If a llranger pre- fents himleli, it is ica they oiRr him for rcfrelhment. This is their common liquor in the interval < f meals, .Tnd in one lisaf rn of the year, when it often happens that they have neither beer nor wine, is their only be- verat;e. If a ftrangcr arrives at dinner-time before the cloth is taken awa), he Ih tkes hands, embraces, and immediate- ly feats hinifelf at the table. If he wilhes to pafs the nlglit, he (lays without ceremony, fmokes, drinks tea, allis the news, gives them all he knows in his turn ; and the next djy, the kilFmg and fhaking hands being repeated, he goes on his way, to perform eUewhere the fame cereminiy. To olFer money on thefe occafions would be regarded as an ini'ult. Thefe particulars of a people, whnfe condition it is to be hoped that the generofity of the Britilh charac- ter, and the mlldnefs of the Britidi government, will gradujlly meliorate, cannot but be acceptable to many of cur readers. We (hall, therefore, make no apology for the length of this article. GOOSE Creek, a river which falls into Potowmac river, about a mile fouth-eaft of Thorpe, in Fairfax county, Virginia. — Morse. GOOSEBERRY Mountain, in New- York State, lies on the wed bank of Huufon's river, abcut 4 miles fouth of Fort Geor;:»e. — ib. Gooseberry IJlands and Rocks, on the coafl: of ElFex county, Maiiachufetts, have been the occahon of the lofs of many valuable veifels. To prevent fuch accidents in future, fcamen may attend to the follow- ing particular information, which is here inferted for their benefit. The noith part of Goofeberry great rock with the north of Cat Ifland, bears S. 54. AV. from the beacon on Baker's Ifland. The wcftern Goofeberry S. 41. W. the diftance nearly three fourths of a mile. The northern part of the weftern Goofe- berry is viewed from the beacon over the point of land running out from it. The eaflern Goofeljeiry bears S. 26. W. and it is fhoal as far as the wellern breaker. The taftern breaker lies S. 35. E. and the wellern breaker S. 2y. E. The eaftcrn breaker is about the fame diftance from the beacon, as tlie wellern Goofe- berry, but the eaftern Goofeberry falls within that dif- tance. Satan appears S. 32. W. and halfway rock S. 3. W. at the dillance of 2 j miles. The inner pait of Cat Illand is above 2 miles from the beacon, and with the beacon to the fouthward the Gooltberry rock bears only 12 minutes. The weftern dry breaker extends from 28 to 32 ; and the eaftern from 31 to 32. Half- way rock with the beacon from Cat liland is 65 to the fouthvvaid. — lb. GORHAM, a townfliip in Cumberland county, Gorlmra Maine, on the north-eall fide of Saco river, ij miles II. from Pepperelborouijh at the mouth of the river, and ""^"" * 130 miles N. by E. of Bofton. It was incorporated ^^-v-**^ in 1764, and contains 2 244 inhabitants. — ib. GOSHEN, a townfhip in Hampfhire county, Maf- fachul;tts, between Cummington and Conway, 14 miles north of Noithampton, and 112 W. by N. of Bofton. It was incorporated in 1781, and contains 681 inhabitants. — ib. Goshen, a townlhip in Addifon county, Vermont, adjoining to Saliftjury on the weft, and 21 miles N. E. by N. of Mount Independence. — ib. Goshen, a townlhip in Chefter county, Pennfylva- nia. — lb. Cos hex, a town in Litchfield county, Connedicut, famous for the produiSion of excellent cheeft. It is 7 miles N. by N. W. of Litchfield, and 50 northward of New Haven. — ib. Goshen, the mofl confiderable town in Orange county, New-York, about 58 miles north of New. York city, 20 W. by S. of New-Windfor, and 30 W. by S. of Fifti-Kill. This town is pleafantly fituated, containing about 60 or 70 houfes, an academy, court- houfe, gaol, and Prefbytcrian church. Tiie townfliip contains 2,448 inhabitants; of whom 316 are eledors. —lb. GOSHGOSHINK, a Moravian fettlement in Peno- fylvaiiia, fituated on Alleghany liver, about 15 miles above Venango, or Fort Franklin. — ib. GOSPORT, formerly called j^'fhJore, a. fiftiing town on Star Illand, one of the illes of Shoals, be- longing to Rockingham county, New-Hampfliire, con- taining 93 inhabitants. It lies about I2 miles E. S. E. of Pifcataqua harbour. — ib, GOTHIC Architecture, See Gothic Architec- TURF. in this Svpi>lement, and Roof, Encycloptedia. GOUVERNANTE, the Spanifli liame of a plant which the Indians of California ufe in decoijfion as a fudorific dnnk lor the cure of the venereal dile.ife. It is thus defcribed in the third volume (Englilh tranfla- tion) of Peyroufe's Voyage round the world. Calyx quadritid, eggfhaped, of the fame fize with the corolla ; placed beneath tlie fruit, deciduous. Co- rolla polypetalous ; petals four, ftnall, entire, egg flia- ped, fixed upon the receptacle. Stamina, eight, fixed to the receptacle, of the fame length as the corolla: threads channelled, concave on the one fide, and con- vex on the other ; wings veiled, antherse fimple. Piftil, germ oblong, covered, with five angles, and five cells ; feeds obling ; pericarpium covered with fine hairs. This plant is a fhiub of middle lize; the branches are angular and knotty, and covered with an adhelive varnilh ; the later.tl branches ate alternate, and placed very near to each other : the leaves are fmall, petiolat- ed, bilobed, oppofite, fmooch on the upper fide, the under fide indiilinflly veined ; the blolfoms are axillary, fmttimes terminating, pedunculated, folitary, but fometimes in pairs. From this defcription, the gouvernante appears to be a new fpecies oi daphne. GRACIAS A DIOS, a town belonging to the province of Honduras, or Comaiagua, and audience of Guatimala. It is fituated at tlie mouth of a river upon a rocky mountain, which has fome gold mines in its G R A [12 Craftou its neighbourhood. It was built the fame year as was Vallidolid, the caplt.il, (from which it lies about 27 leagues to the weft) for the fecurity of the miners. Alfo a cape on this coaft difcovered by Columbus, N. lat. 14° 36' W. long. 84° 12' Morse. GRAFTON County, in New-Hampfnire, is bound- ed north by Canada ; foulh by the counties of Strif- ford, Hillfborough, and Chefhire; weft by the State of Vermont, and eaft by the Diftrift of Maine. It comprehends nearly as much tenitory as all the other four counties, but is by no means fo thickly fettled. It it divided into 50 townlhips, and 17 locations, and contains 13,472 inhabitants, of whom 21 are flaves. The increafe of population fince the enumeration of 1790 has been great. — 'ib. Grafton, a townlhip in the county of its name in NewHampdiire, 13 mile? S. E. of Danmonth college and 19 S. W. of Plymouth. It was incorporated in 1778, and contains 403 inhabitants. Lapis Jpecularh, commonly called iilng-glafs, of the belt quality, is found in this town, in a mountain about 20 miles eaft- ward of Dartmoutli college. It is found adhering to the rocks of white or yellow quartz, and lying in la- niins, like iheets of paper. It is found in other places in the State in fraaller pieces. — il>. Grafton, the Hajfanannfco of the Indians, a town- fliip in Worcefter county, Malfachufetts, containing 900 inhabitants ; 40 miles S. W. of Bortnn, 8 eafterly of Worcefter, and 34 N. W. of Providence. — \b. GRAINGER, Fort, ftands on the N. fide of the mouth of HoUlon river in Tenneifee. — ih. Grainger, the name given to a new county, in the diftricT: of Hamilton, State of Tenneifee, formed of parts of the counties of Knox, Jefferfon and Hawkins, and called after tlie maiden name of the Lady of Gov. William Blount. — ib. GRANBY, a townfliip in Eifex county, Vermont. —\b. Granbv, a townlhip in Hampfliire courity, Maffa- chufetts, E. of South-Hadley, about 90 miles wefterly of Bofton ; was incorporated in 1768, and contains 596 inhabitants. — il. Granby, a townfliip in Hartford county, Cnnnefti- cut, on the line which feparates Cnnnediciit from Maffachufetts. It was formerly a part of Symfbury, «nd is 18 miles north of Hartford. — //'. Granby, a fmall town on the Congaree, in S. Caro- lina, about 2 mile< bi.low the junftion of Broad and Saluda rivers. Here a curiius bridge has been built, whofe arches are fupported by wooden pillars, ftrongly fecured in iron work, fixed in the folid rock. Its height is 40 feet above the level of the water. The centre arch is upwards of 100 feet in the clear, to give a palfage to large trees which are always brought down by the floods. The ingenious architeft has the toll fecured to hire by the Legiflature for 100 years. —ih. GRANDE RIVIERE, a fettlement in a hilly traft of the ifland of 6t Domingo, 64 leagues fouth-weft of Fort Dauphin, and 4^ leagues N. by E. of St Ra- phael, in the Spanilh part cf the ifland, N. lat. 19° 34', W. long, fiom Palis 74" 30'. — Alio the name of a fmall river, in the fame ifland, which rifes at Eimon- ade, and empties into the fea at Qr Moiin, 5 leagues eaft of Cape Francois. — ib. SuppL. Vol. II. 9 ] G R A GRAND Fathers, feveral large detached moontaint in the foulh-caft corner of Tennflfef, in \vl;ich are the head waters of French, Broad and Cataba rivers. — A. Grand IJles, are two large iflands in Lake Cham- plain ; each about 8 or 10 miles long, and each foims a townlhip belonging to Veimont. — ib. Grand IJlavd, at the mouth of Lake Ontario, is within the Britifli territories, having Roebuck and Foreft ifljnds on the fouth-weft, and the TiioufanJ Ifles on the north-eaft. It is 20 miles in length, and its greateft breadth is 4 mile'. — ib. Grand IJland, in Lake Superior, lies on the north fide of the lake. — ib. Grand IJland, in Niagara river, is about 6 miles long and 3 broad. The fouth end is 4 miles north of Fort Erie; and its northern extremity 3 miles fouth of Fort Shiflier, and nearly 14 fouth of Niagara fort. — ib. Grand Lake, in the province of New Brunfwick, near the river St John's, is faid to be 30 miles iu length, 8 or 10 in breadth, and in fome places 40 fa- thoms deep. — ib. Grand Manan IJland, lies 6 miles S. by S. E. of Campo-BtUo Ifland, in the Atlantic Ocean, oppofite to Paffamaquoddy Bay, on the eaftern border of the United States. — ib. Grand River runs a north-weft courfe into Lake E;ie, 20 miles below the Forks, 80 miles fouth-weit of Prefqne Ifle. — ib. GRANGE, Cnpe La, or Capt Monte Chrijl, on the north fide of the ilLind of St D. mingo. It is a high hill, in the form of a tent, and may be fcen by the naked eye at Cape Francois, from which it is 14 leagues E. by N. A ftrip of land joins it to the ter- ritory of Monte Clirift ; fo that at a diftance it feems to be an ifland. The cruifers from Jamaica often lie off here. This cape lies in lat. 19° 54' 30" N. and long. 74° 9' 30" W. from Paris; and with Point de Dunes forms the mouch of the bay of Monte Chrift. —ib. GRANVILLE, a fine townfliip in Annapolis coun- ty, NovaScotia. It lies on the north (ide of Anna- polis river, on the Bay cf Fundy, and is 30 miles ia length ; firft fettled from New-England. — ib. Granville, a townlhip in Hamplhire county. Mat fachufetts, about 14 miles weft cf Springfield. It was incorporated in 1754, and contains 1979 inhabitants. —ih. Granville, a townfliip in Wafliington county, New-York, containing 2240 inhabitants, of whom 422 are cle5t the graviraeter of Morveau ; and every man who has made himfelf mafler of our article Specii-ic Gravity, mty apply the gra- vimeter to every purptfe to which it is applicable. It may juft be proper to obferve, that Morveiiu, having -n near 20 yards over, afcending through a horizontal bed of foft rocks, chiefly a teftaceous concretion of broken, entire, and pulverized fealhells, fand, &c. conftituting a coarfe kind cf lime-ftone. The ebullition is copious, adtive, and continual, over the ragged apertures in the rocks, which lie feven or eight ftet f>elow, fwelliog the furface confiderably, immeaiaiely above it ; the waters defcend fwifiiy from the fountain, forming at once a large biook, fix or eight yards over, and five or ns feet deep. There are multitudes cf filh in the toun- trin of various tribes; chiefly the feveial fpecies of bream, trout, catdlh, and garr, which are beheld con- tinually afcending and delcending through the rocky- apertures. Bartram, from whole travels the above is taken, obferves, that he crolfed no ftream or brook of water wiiJiin 12 or 15 miles of this fountain, but had in view vaft favannahs, fwamps, and cane meadows, which he conje<5fures are the refervoirs which feed this delightrul grotto. — \l. GREEN, though one of the feven original or pvif- matic colours, is among dyers a compound cf blue and yellow. Of the Euroj.eaii methods of dyeing green, and of the principles on which thefe methods are founded, a fulHcient account will be found in the £n- cyclohsdia, under the articles CoLOUR-mci/V/g- ?.nd Dye- ing, and, in this Supplement, under Au'-mal and VcgctalU Substances; but it may be woith wliile, in this place, to inlert the method praftifed at Altracan, in giving to cotton yarn tliat b:autiful green colour for which the oriental cotton is fo juftly aJmired. I'he principal dye is the blue, which is employed both for cotton and filk. To prepare it, the indigo or blue dye-ftulFis finely pounded, and diilclved in v/a- ter by a gentle heat in laige earthen jars, feven of wliich ftand in brick- work over the fire-place, at the diftance of about an ell and a half fr.jm each other. About two pounds aie put into each veifel. Five pounds of foda finely pounded, together with two pounds of pure lime and one pound of clarified honey, arc added to each ; when thefe ingredients have been well mixed, the fire is ftrengthened ; and vfhen the whole begins to boil, the dye is [lined carefully round in all the vefiels, that every thing may be completely dillblved and mixed. After the firft boiling the fire is Great Sjiring» 1! Green. G R E [ Gretii. is fliickened, and the dye is fuffered to fland over a •^"^^^^ gentle heat, while it is continually ftined round : this is continued even after the iuniace is cnokd, till a thick fciim arifcs in the neck (•! each jar, and foon af- ter difappears. The dye is then allnued to itand two days, until the whole is incorpLratcd, and the dye thickens. The dyers affert, that wiih this dye they can pro- duce three fiiades of blue, and that, as the dyeinj; par- ticles gradually diminilii, they can die alfo a green co- lour by the addition of yellow. AV^hen a manufaiflurer gives cotton yarn to a blue dyer, he firft boils it at home in a icy of foda (kala- kar), then dries it, waflies it, and dries it again. The blue dyer lays this yarn to fleep in pure water, prefles out the fuperfluous water with the hands, and tlien im- mediately begins to dip it in the Line jar, often wring- ing it till it is completely penetrated by the dye. TJiis firlt tint is generally given to yarn in liich jarsas have liad their colouring matter pajtly exhaufted. It is then dried, rinled, and ag.ain dried : after v/hich, it is put into the frefli blue dye, properly faturated ; and, after the colour has been i'ufficiently heightened, it is dried for the lall time. For a yellow dye, the dyers of Aftracan employ partly fav/-wort, brought from Rufiia, and partly the leaves of the Li/Iar beige, ox fumach. The procefs is as follows : The yarn is tirft boiled for an hour in a flrong ley of foda ; it is then dried, afterwards rinfed and laid wet to fteep for twelve hours in a iolution of alum with warm water. When it has been dried in the air, jt is laid to foak feveial times in troughs with the dye which lias been boiled thick in kettles trom the above- mentioned plants, till it has acquired tlie wilhed-for co- lour, care being taken to dry it each time it is foaked. It is then nufed in running water, and dried for the laft time. On this yellow colour a green is often dyed. After the yarn has been dyed yellow, it is given out to the blue dyer, who immediately dips it in the blue jars, the dye of which has been already partly exhaufted : and if the green colour is not then fulKciently high, the o- peratinn is repeated, the y.irn being dried each time. See Neue Nordijche Beylrage, by ProiclFor Pallas ; or Pkilnfrj^ki al Magaznie, \\° 2. GREEN, a t^ wnliiip in Franklin county, Pennfyl- vania. — Alio a tow nlhip in Wafljington c( unty in the fame State. — Morje. Green, a pelt town in Lincoln county, in the Dif- triift of Maine, fraiated on the eaft fide of Androfcog- gin river, 31 miles W. by S. of Pittllon, 39 north of Portland, and 164 N. by E. of Bolton, containing 639 inhabitants. — ib. Green, a navigable liver of Kentucky, which rifes in Mercer county, has a gentle current, and is naviga- ble ne<flors, — ib, GREENLAND, a town in Rockingham county, New-Hampfhire, in the vicinity of the ocean, 5 miles fouthcrly from Portfmouth. It was incorporated in 1713, and contains 634 inhabitants. — ib. GREENSBOROUGH, a poft-town, and chief town of Greene county, Georgia, 30 miles from Lexington, and 78 W. by S from Augufta. — ib. Greensborough, a thriving village in Caroline county, Maryland ; on the weft fide of Choptank Creek, about fcven miles north of Danton, and 22 miles S. E. by S. of Chefter. — ib. Greensborouch, a new towniliip in Orleans coun- ty in Vermont. It adjoins to Minden on the north- vtil, and Wheelock on the foutheaft, and contains only 19 inhabitants. — ib. GREENSBURG, a poft town, and the capital of 'Weflmoreland county, Pennfylvania. It is a neat pretty town, fituated en a branch of Sewickly Creek, wlilch empties into Youghiogany river. Here are 100 dwelling hcufes, a German Calvinift church, a brick court houfe, and a ftone gaol. It is 31 miles S. E. by E. of Pittft)urg, and 270 W. by N. of Philadelphia. —ib. GE.EENSVILLE, a county of Virginia, encom- palfed by Brunfwick, Southampton, and SulTex coun- Greenville ties, on the weft, north, and eaft, and by the S;.ite of II NorthCirolina on ihe fouth. It is about 24 miles ^I^^I^i!!^' long, and 20 broad, and contains 6,362 inhabitants, of whom 3,620 are (laves. — ib. GREENVILLE Court-Houfe, in Virginia, ftands on Kick's Ford, 25 miles from Southampton, and 61 from Norfolk. — ib. Greenville, a county in Walliington diftrii.'t, S. Carolina; Iituated in the N. W. corner of the Slate; bounded eaft by Sparta:.burg county, in Pinckney dif- tridl ; fouth, by Pendleton; weft, by the State of Georgia, and that traft of country which the State of Soi. lb-Carolina ceded to the United States; and north, by the State cf North Carolina. It contains 6,503 inh.abitants', cf whom 606 are flaves. Taxes ^192 : 6:8. The lands are mountainous and hilly, and well watered, and the climate healthy and agreeable. — lb. Greenville, a poft-town of South-Carolina, and chief town of Cherviws diftiid; fituated on the weft lide of Great Pedee river, in Darlington county. It contains about 30 houfes, a ccurt-houfe, gaol, and academy. It is 55 miles E. N. E. of Camden, 90 N. E. by E. of Columbia, 135 N. by E. of Charlef- ton ib. Greenville, a fort and fettlement in the N. W. Territory, on tlie fou'h diXi of a iiorth-weftern branch of the Great Miami, fix miles north-weft of Fort Jef- ferfon on the fame branch, and about 23 miles fou'h- eaft of Fort Recovery. It is a picketed fort, with baf- tions at each angle, and capacious enough to accom- modate 2,000 men. Here the American legion had their head-quarters in the late war with the Indians. It was cftablifiied by the late Mr.j. Gen. A. Wayne in 1793, and here he concluded a treaty of peace with the [ndian nations, on the 3d of Auguft, 1795. — '^• Greenville Bay, or La Bay, a town and port of entry on the eaft or windward fide of the ifland of Granada. It has about 60 dwelling-houfes, a church, and feveral licli ftores of India and European goods, and plantation utenfils. The Gtuation is low, and ra- ther unhealthy. — ib. GREENWICH, a townftiip in Hampfhire county, Malfachufetts, incorporated in 1754, contains 1045 inhabitant.s. It is 20 miles eafterly of Northampton, and 75 wefterly of Bolion. — ib. Greenwich, a townlhip, the fecond in rank in Gloucefter county, New-Jerfey, fituated on the eaft bank of Delaware river, oppofite to Fort Mifflin, 3 miles N. by E. of Woodbury, and 6 fouth-eaft of Phi- ladelphia. — ib. Greenwich, a townfhip in SufTex connty, New- Jerfey, on tlie eaft fule cf Delaware river, in a moun- tainous country, about 5 miles north-eafterly of Eaf- ton, in Pennfylvania, and 31 fouth-weft of Newton, the ftiire town. It contains 2,035 inhabitants, of whom 64 are flaves. — ib. Greenwich, a town in Cumberland county, New- Jerfey, on the north-weft bank of Cohanzy creek, about 3 miles from its mouth in Delaware bay. Here are about 80 houfes, and a Friend's meeting-houfe. It is 15 miles f )Uth-eafterly of Salem, and 66 S. by W. of Philadelphia.— Z/-.. G&eenwich, a ma;itime townfljip in Fairfield coun- t7> G R E Green- wood II Gregory. [ M3 ] G R E ty, Conr.eaicut, and the fouth-weflernmoft of the but he fatisfied them fo far as to prevent ihc profecuiion Gre-orv. State, lies about 50 miles weft of New-Haven, and 40 eaft cf New-York city. Its fea-coaft on Long Ifland Sound, and that of the townlhip of Stamford on the eaftward, has a number of ides and rocks bor- dering the inlets of the fea and mouths of the creeks. Byram river paifes through this town, the largeft of the fmall ftrearas which water it, and only noticeable as forming part of the line between Conneflicut and New- York. of a man known to be Co extcnfively ufeful by his know- ledge of medicine. About the beginning of this century he removed with his family to Aberdeen, and in the time of Qiuen Anne's war employed his thoughts upon an improve- ment in artillery, in order to make the (hot of great guns more deftruftive to the enemy, and executed a model of the engine he had conceived. Dr lleid in. forms us, that he converfed with a clnck-maker in A- This trad was purchafed of the native Indians in berdeen who had been employed in miking thii. model; 1640, and fetdod under the government of the New but having made many d fTeient pieces bv diredicn >.T-...l,„1 1, r XT-... 17-_..l. \ __J : J .-y 1 ■ .1 ■ • '^ . .' Netherlands (now New-York) and was incorporated by Piter Stuyvefar.t in 1665, who was then governor of the New Netlierlands. This town falling within the bounds of Connedlicut, was afterwards granted to eight perfons by that colony. — !&. GREENWOOD, a townlhip in Cumberland coun- ty, Pennfylvania. Alfo, a townfliip in Mifflin coun- ty in the fame State. — ii. GREGORIA, St, a town of New-Mexico, fituat- ed on the ead fide of Rio Bravo, a few leagues north of St Antonin. — 11,. GREGORY (David), was a fon of the Rev. John Gregory, mii.ilter oi Drumoak, in the county of Aber- deen, and elder brother to Mr James Gregory, the in- ventor of the moll common redeiling telefccpe. He was born about the year 1627 or 1628; and though he polfefTed all the genius ot the other branches of his family, he was educated by his father for trade, and ferved an apprenticelhip to a mercantile houfe in Hol- land. Having a ftronger paffion, however, for know- ledge than for money, he abandoned trade in 16^5 ; and returning to his own country, he fucceeded, upon the death of an elder brother, to the ellate of Kinar- die, fituated about forty miles north from Aberdeen, where he lived many years, and where tliirty-two child- ren were born to him by two wives. Of tliefe, three fons made a confpiciious figure in the republic ot let- ters, being all proitlfors of mathematics at the fame time in three of the Btitilh univerfities, viz. David atOx- ford, James at Edinburgh, and Chailes at St Andrews. Mr Gregory, the fubject of this memoir, while he lived at Kinardie, was a jell among the neighbouring gentlemen for his ignorarxe of what was doing about his own farm, but an oracle in matters of learning and philofophy, and particularly in medicine, which he had fludied for his amufement, and began to praifid'e among his poor neighbours. He acquired fuch a reputation in that fcience, that he was employed by the nobility and gentlemen of tliat county, but took no fees. His hours of ftudy were fingular. Being much occupied through the day with thofe who applied to him as a phyfician, he went early to bed, rofe about two or three in tlie morning, and, after applying to his ftudies for fome hours, went to bed again and llept an liour or two before breakfaft. He was the firfl man in that country who had a ba- rometer; and having paid great attention to tiic chan- ges in it, and the correfpcndiiig changes in the wea- ther, he was once in danger of being tried by the prcf- bytery for witchcraft or conjuration. A deputation of that body waited upon Inni to enquire into tlie without knowing their intention, or how they were 10 be put together, he could give no account of the whole. Alter making fome experiments with this mo- del, which fatisfied him, the old gentleman was fo fan- guine in the hcpe of being ufeful to the allies in the war againit France, that he fct about preparing a field equipage with a view to make a campaign in Flinders, and in the meantime fent his model to his fon the Sa- vili.in prottiror, that he might have his and Sir Ifiac Newton's opinion cf it. His fon iliewed it to New- ton, without letting him know that his own fatiier was the invenlcT. Sir Ifa.ic was mu-h difpleafed with it, faying, that if it had tended as much to the preftrvation of mankind as to their deflruiftion, the inventor would have defervcd a great reward ; but as it was contrived folely for deflrudion, and would foon be known by the enemy, he rather defcrved to be punilhed, and urged the profelTor very ftrongly to deflroy it, and if polfible to fupprefs the invention. It is probable the protelfor followed this advice. He died foon afi^r, and the model was never found. If this be a jiift account cf the matter, and Dr Reid's veracity is unqueftionable, we cannot help thinking that Newton's ufual fagacity had, on that oc- cafion, f'orfaken him. Were tlie implements of war much more detbuctive than they are, it by no means follows that more men would be killed in battle than at prefent. Mufkets and cannons are i'urely more de- flrudive weapons than javeiines and bows and arrows ; and yet, it is a well known fact, that fince tlie inven- tion of gunpowder, battles are not h.ilf I'o bloody as they were before that period. The oppofite armies now feldoiii come to clofe quarters, a few rounds of mulketry and artillery commonly decide the fate of the day ; and had Mr Gregory's improvement been carried into ciTed, dill fewer rounds would have decid- ed it than at pvefcnt, and the carnage would conle- qucntiy have been Ids. When the rebellion broke out in 17 15, the old f;entlc. man went a fecond time to Hollinl, and teiurncd vji^n it was over to Aberdeen, where he died a*>out 1720, aged 93, leaving behind him a hiftory of liis own time anil coiuniy, which was never publifiied. Gregory (Dr David). In addition to the ac- count given in the Eiicyclufi.nlia of this eminent mathe- matician, it may be proper to add, that he was a moll intimate and coniideiitial friend of Sir liiiac Nrw- lon, and w.is intruded with a m-inulcript copy of the Princil'ia, for the put pole , in which he included the ill mds of Guernfey and Jerfey, which were com- pleted in 1787. This work anfwered his mod fan- guine expeiflations ; and, from the time he began it to the end of his life, he continued without inter miirnm to publilli various works (a lift of which we fubjoin), generally to the advantage of his literary reputation, and almoft always to the benefit of his finances. His wit and good humour were the abundant fource of la- tista of becoming mirth, I never fpent an hoirr's talk withal : His eye begets occafion for his v. it ; And every object that the one doth catch, The other turns to a mirth-moving jeft. "Ot the moft carelefs, open, and artlefs difpofition, he was often (panicnlaily in the early part of his life) the prey cl the defigning ; and has more than cncc (it is beli.ved) embarr.rir.d hinrfclf by too implicit confident e in the probity of oiliers. A txle of dillrefs never fail- ed to draw cmmil'c ration from hii heart ; and often has the tear been tiifcovired gUdiiig down that clictk which a moment before was fiufhed with jocularity." He was father of Daniel Grofe, Efq; captain cf the royal regiment of artillery (who, alter feveral cam- paigns in America, was appointed in 1790 deputy go- vernor of the new lettknient at Botany Bay), and fornc other children. His works are as follow : I. The Antiquities of England and Wales, 8 voh. 4to and 8vo. 2. The Antiquities of Scotl.md, 2 Veil. 4to and Svo. 3. The Antiquities cf Ireland, 2 vols. 4to and Svo. 4. A Tieatileon ancient Armour and Weapons, 4to, 1785. 5. A Claffical Diflionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 8vo, 1785. 6. Military An- tiquities ; being a Hiftory of the Englifti Army frortt the Conqueft to the prefent time, 2 vols 4:0, 1786, 1788. 7. The Hiftory of Dover Caille, by lire Rev. William Danell, 4to, 1786. 8. A Provincial Glof- fary, with a Colledion of local Proverbs and p -pirlar Siiperftitions, Svo, 1788. 9. Rirles for drawing C.i- ricatures, Svo, 1788. 10. ^'upplcInellt to the Treatife on Ancient Armour air J Weapons, 4to, 1789. 11. A Guide to Health, Beaiiiy, H inour, and Riches; being a colkdlion of humourcirs Advenifement;, point- ing out the means to obtain thofe bKlInrgs; with -a fuitable intr-oduAory Pief.-tce, Svo. 12. 'ihe Olio ; being a Cul'telion <>f E/fays in Svo, 1793. GROS MORNE ftands in tire nridJle of the n-^rth peninful I of the illaiid of Sc Donringo, between the mountain and the head waters of a river wlrich falh in- to the foa 4 leagues to the north, and a league and a half weft of P.>it de P.iix. It is equally dillant, 11 leagues norlh-eaft of Point Paradis, and north-weft of Les Gonaives. N. lat. )9''46', W. long, ficm Paris 75" 'j'- — ^^orse. GROTON, a townflrip in Caledonia county, in Vermont, it fituated willwarj of and adjoining to Ryegatc G U A 136 G U A Ouanza* Tclica. Pye^ate townflilp on Conneflicut river, and 9 miles has (lupendout falls, 15 miles fouth of ihe city of its Guamallcj northwelkrly of Stephen's Fort on lli.it river. It name. — ib. contains 45 inhabitants. — ib. GUAIRA, a Spanidi province in the eaft divifion Groton, a townlhip in MidJlefex county, MafTa- of Paraguay, in S. Arrerica. Its city is Cividad Real, chufcus, 35 miles N. W. of Bofton, and contains cjIL'J alfo Guiira, an^l Oliveros. — ib. I,i'40 inhabitants. — ih. GITAM.-^LIES, a province in the jiuifdlflion of the Groton, a towi'diip in New London county, C^m- archbilhop of Lima, in S. America, and empire of ncflicul, having Filhcr's Ill.nd Sound on the fouth- Peru, begins 80 leagues nortlveaft of Lim_a, and ex- ward, and Thames river en the well; vliich fepa- rxtes it from New-London, to which it formerly be- longed. It was incorporated in 1705, and conlilU ot two pailfhes, containing 3,946 inh,d)itants. In 1770 tends along the centre of the Cordillera. The Indian inhabitants apply themfelves 10 weaving, and making a great variety ot bair.es, ferges, and other (luff?, with which they carry on confiderable trade with the other there were 140 Indians here; 44 of whom could read, provinces. — ib. and 17. were church members. On a height, on the GUAMAN VILLAS, a jurifdiaion under the bank of the Thame?, oppofiie New- London city, flood archbilhop of Lima, 7 leagues from Guamanga. It Fort Grilwnld, memorable for being ftormed on the is highly fertile, abounding with corn, fruits, pailures, 6ih of September, 17S1, by Benedia Ainold, a na- cattle in great quantities, and all manner of efculeiU live of Connefticut, after he had become a traitor to vegetables. The Indians here are equally induftrious his country. Here 70 men, the flower vi the town, as thc>l'e above mentioned, making baizes, corded were put to the fword, after they had fnrrendered fluffs, &c. which they fend to Cufco and other provin- themitlves prifoners. '1 he compafl part of the town ces. — ib. . was burnt at the fame time, and fuftained lofFes to the GUAMANGA, or Guamanca, or St 'Juan de la amount cf /■23,2I7. Fort Grifwold defends the har- Vitloria, a city of Peru, about 60 leagues fouth-eall bour of New-London. — ib. of Lima, and having Pifco between it and the fea. It GROVE Flint forms the north fide of the mouth was founded by Pizarro, in 1539. The houfes are all of Silfafras river, in Cliefapeak Bay, 5 miles fouth- of (lone, covered with flates. There are in it 3 ele- fouth-well of Turkey Point. — ib. gant churches, feveral convents, and a rich hofpital ; GROVET's Creek, in the State of Tenneffee, lies being the feat of a biP.wp, under the archb.lhop of 7 miles from King's Spring, and 2 from the foot of Lima, the feat of a governor, and the capital of a Cumberland Mountain. — ib. fmall province. The air is wholcfome and temperate. GRYALVA, a river in the province of Chiapa, in The foil produces wheat, and the meadows breed nu- New Spain, which is faid to bieed certain amphibious merous herds of cattle There are in the province bcafls not to be found in any other place. They re- mines of gold, filver, iron, lead, copper, and fulphur. femble monkeys, and are fpotted like tygers ; they The famous quick-filver mines of Guancavelica are 9 hide themfelves generally under water, and if they fee or 10 leagues from this city. S. lat. 12° 20', W. any man or bealt fwim by, they twift their tails about long. 72" 36'. — ib. a leg or arm to draw them to the bottom ; and yet it GUANA PATINA, a volcano near Arequipa, in has never been obfervcd that they eat them. — ib. the valley of Quilea, in S. America, and empire of GRYSON, a new county of Virginia, taken from Peru; whofe eruption, affifted by an earthquake, laid Montgomery, which bounds it on the noith. It has Arequipa in ruins in 1600. — ib. the State of N. Carolina, fouth, Henry and Wythe GUANCHA BELICA, a jurifdicflion fubjea to counties on the eaft and weft. — ib. the archbilhop of Lima, in Peru, 30 leagues north of GUACANA, a village in New Spain, near the the city of Guamanga; has very rich quick-filver mountain Jcruyo, which was deflroyed by a volcano mines, but otherwife very barren. — ib. in that mountain, in 1760. — ib. GUANCHACO, a port or harbour in Peru, S. GUADALAJARRA, or Guadalaxara, a province America, about 2 leagues north of Truxillo, and the in the audience of Galicia, in Old Mexico or Naw channel of its maritime commerce, fituated in 8" 6' Spain, and its capital, an epifcopal city ot the fame name, both large and beautiful. The city was built anno 1531, by one of the family of the Guzmans ; and the biftiopric, which was before (eltled at Compof- tella, was tranflaled thither in 1570. It is lituated on a delightful and fertile plain, watered with feveral llreams and fountains, not far from Baranja river. The air of the country is temperate, and the foil fo fertile, that it yields 100 to one; and all the fruits of S. lat. in the South Sea. — ib. GUANTA, a jurifdiftion north-north-weft of Gua- manga 4 leagues, in the empire of Peru; under die archbifhop of Lima. Its rich lilver mines are nearly cxhaufted. — ih. GUANZAVELICA, or Guancavelica, a town of Peru in South-America, and in the audience of Lima. It is fich and abounds in mines of quick-filver; 120 miles ni.nh-eaft of Pifco, and 175 fouth-eafl of Lima. S. lat. 13", W. long. 88° 30'. The famous quick- Europe grow in luxuriance and abundance. N. lat 20° 50', V/. long. 104'' 49'. The province is watered filver mines called Guanzavelica, or £1 yfj^enlo cle Oro- by the Guadalaxara river. — /'/;. ptfo, not far from the above town, near the city of GUADALAXARA, or Great River, in Mexico Oropefo, were difcovered by the Spaniards in 1566, or New Spain, rifes in the mountains of the valley of and produce annually a million pounds of quick-filver, Toloccan, where ftands the city of Guadalajarra, or which is tranfported by land to Lima, afterwards to Guadalaxara, the capital of New Ga'icia. After run- Arica, and thence to Potofi, where they make ufe of riing a courfe of more than 600 miles, it empties into it to melt and refine the filver ; and it yields to the ihe Pacific Ocean, in the 22d degree of N. lat. It Spanifh treafiiry 40,000 ducats a year, befides other emoltu G U A r ^21 ] G IT A emolument'!. Thi qnick-filver Is found In a whitifh msfs rel'emblini]; brick half burned. This fubftance is volatilized by fire, and received in flejm by a combi- nation of glafs vellels, where it cnndenfcs by means of a little water at the bottom of each vcilel, and forms a pure heiivy liquid. — ib. GUAR A, a town in its own jurifdiiflinn on the road from Truxillo to Lima, containing about 200 houles. It Iws a parifh church, and a convent of Francifcans, furrounded by fine plant:itions, and de- lightful improvements. At the fouth end of Guara ftands a lart-e tower with a gate, and over it a kind of redoubt. This tower is ercfled before a (lone bridge, under which runs Guara river. It lies in S. lat. n° 31' 36". Not far from this town are rtill to be feen a great many ruinous remains of the edifices of the Yncas or Incas ; fuch as walls of palace?, large dykes, by the fides of fpacious highways, f >rtre(re<, and caf- tles, ercifted for checking the inroads of the enemy. —ih. GUARCHT, a jnrifdiftion 6 leagues eaft of Lima, in Peru, extends itlelf above 40 leagues along the Cor- dilleras, abounding in grain and fruits. It has fome filver mines, but as the metal is indifferent, few are wrousht. — ib. GUARMOY, a fmall maritime town of Peru, in South-America. It is the relidence of a corregidore ; has a good harbour, and lies 134 miles north-weft of Lima, S. lat. iS° 3' 53'. — ib. GUASl'ACA, or Piiniico, a province which borders on New Leon and Mexico, in winch province are sjrain, cochineal, and fome very rich filver mines. All the fliores are low, overflowed, unhealthy, and full of fait marlfies. — ib. GUATIMALA, (En:ycl.). There is a great chain of high mountains, whicli runs acrofs it trom eaft to weft, and it is fubjeft to earthquakes and ftorms. It is, however, very iertile, and produces great quanti- ties of chocolate, cochineal, cotton, indigo, honey, fome balfmi and woad. The merchandize of the pro- vince is generally conveyed to the port of St Thomas in the bay of Honduras, to be fent to Europe. The way acrofs this province to the South Sea is about 65 leagues, and is the next to that from Vera Cruz to Acapulco. This province is called by the Indians ^latticmalhc, whicli (ignilles a rolten tree. St Jago de Guatimala, the capital city, is fituated in a valley, through the midft of which runs a river between two burning mountains. In 1541 this city was ruined by a dreadful tempeft, and a number of the inhabitants were buried in the ruins. It was re- built at a good diltance from the volcano, and became a large and rich town, with a bifh"p's fee, and an uni- verfity ; but it was fwallowed up by an earthquake in 1773. It contained about 60, coo inhabitants of all colours, and was immenfely rich, but there are no traces of it left. The lofs was valued at 15 millions fterling ; and it was the third city in rar.k in Spanifh Am-rica. In this dreadful earthquake 8,000 families indantly periflied. New Guatlniala is built at fome dirtance, is well inhabited, and carries on a great trade. N. ht. ij° 40', W. long. 90" 3c'. — ib. GUAX^CA, a province in the audience of Mexi- co, in New S;ain, N. America, and its capital city of the fame name. It reaches Irom the bay of Mexico ScrpL. Vol. II. on the north to the South Sea, having the province of Gatxm Tlafcala on the north-weft, and thofe of Chiapa and ^■ Tabafco on the fouth-eaft. It extends neaily OS^.^^^^^ leagues along tlie South Sea, 50 along the bay of Mexico, and near i2o, fay fome, along the confines of Tlafcala, but not above 50 on thofe of Chiapa. I'hc air here is good, and the foil fruitful, efpeci ally In mulberry trees; fo that it produces more filk than any province in America. Except the valley of Guaxaca (whicli is famous for giving the title of Marques del Valle to Ferdinand Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico) the greateft part is mountainous, yet abounding with wheat, cattle, fugar, cotton, honey, cocoa, plantanes and other fruits. It has rich mines of gold, filver, and lead; and all its rivers have gold in their finds. Caflla, cochineal, cryftal, and copperas abound a!fo here. Vanilla, a drug, ufed as a perfume to give chocolate a flavor, grows plentifully in this province. There were in this province 120 monafteries, belides hofpitals, fchonls, and other places of public charity, 150 conliderable towns, befides upwards of 300 vil- lages. But now the province is laid to be thinly In- habited. — ih. Guaxaca, the capital of the la ft mentioned pro- vince, is a bifhop's fee, and the rcfidence of a gover- nor. It lies 230 miles fouth of the city of M-xIco, 120 weft of Spirito Santo, and 132 fouth of the guif of Mexico, and of Vera Cruz, in the delightful valley of Guaxaca, which is 40 miles in length and 20 in breadth ; and on the road leading through Chiapa to Guatimala. Tliis city contains a very ftitely cathe- dral, and feveral thoufand families, both Spaniards and Indians. It carries on a coiifiderable trade with the N. and S. feas. The river is not fortified, fo that It lies open to invafion. The Creolian clergy here are bitter enemies to the Spanilh clergy. iVccording to fome, the proper name of Guaxaca is Antijufra ; but this laft, others make a feparate town and bifhop's fee alfo, lituated about 80 miles to the S. W. It is faid to h^ve a flately cathedral, adorned with many large and high pillars of marble, each of which is one en- tire ftone. It is fituated in N. lat. 18° 2', W. long. 101" 10'. Guaxaca is fituated, according to fome. In N. lat. 17° 45'. W. long. 100° — ib. GUAYALAS, a province and jurifdicflion in the archbifhopric of Lima, in Peru, S. America; extends along the centre of the Cordilleras begins 50 leagues N. N. E. of Lima ; produces grain, lVuit>, and pafture for cattle. — ib. GUAYAQUIL, called by fome Guiaquil, by others Guayaquil and Giiayala', a city, bay, harbour and river. In Peru, South-America. Guayaquil city is the fecond of Spanilh origin, being as ancient as 1534; is fituated on the weft fide of the river Guayiquil, north of the iflind a defence, by undermining the probable pallagc of tlie enemy, and blowing him up. But its furce had not S 2 bcc* GUN C HO ] GUN tioni of the Gunpow- been directed through ftrong metallic tubes as it was ''^'■- by Europeans foon atter they had dllcovered it. And though, in imitation of Europe, it has been introduced inti) the armies of the Eall, other modes of warfare are fome'.imes llill preferred to it." Of gunpowder manutaflured by thofe who have nianufuftured it fo long, it is defirable to know the comp ful'in and the qualities. It was therefore na- tural for the H^n. George Napier, when fuperintend- ing the roj al laboratory at Woolwich, arid mailing ex- periments uponfo ncctdary an implement oi modern war, to procure fome Cliinefe powder from Canton. Thii he did ; and analyzing two ounces of it, he found, after repeating tlie operation fix times, that the mean refuk gave the following proportions*. Nitre I 02. lo dwts. charcoal 6 dwts. fulphtir 3 dwts. 14 Jioyal Ir'ijh g^g^ Here is a deficiency in weight of ten grains, Ataictny. ^.],jp]^ ^j_ Napier fuppofes the confequence of iome de- fefl in his pr^ccfs ; but as M. Bautnc, a French che- mifl, made a vaiiety of experiments to obtain a total fe- par.ition of the fulphur from the chaicoal of gunpow- der, and was never able to efF:(fl it, one fourteenth part remaining united, three grains mull be dedudltd from the cliarcOrti, and added to the fulphur to give the accu- rate proportion of the ineredients ; which by turning to the arti>le Gunpowdlr, Eiicycl. the reader will per- ceive differs fomewhat from the proportion of the fame ingredients in the gunpowder of Europe. This Chi- nefe powder was ufualiy large grained and not ftrong, but very durable. It had been made many years when our author got it ; yet there was nn nfible fymptom of decay, the grain being hard, well coloured, and though angular, it was even-hzed, and in periedt prefervation. When we confider the operations in which gunpow- der is employed, it is obvious that it muft be an ohjeft of impoitance to afctrtain its explofive lorce ; and yet there is fcarcely a fubjed concerning which the moft approved writers have fo much differed. Mr Robins, who has done more towards perfefling the art o) gun- nery thcAn any other individual, dates the explofive force of j:unpowder to be 1000 times greater than the mean preifure of the atmofphere ; while the celebrated Daniel Bernouilli determines it not tobelefsihan 10,000 times this preifure. Such a difference of opinion led Count Rumfoid to purfue a courfe of experiments, of which fome were publilhed in the Traniadions of the Royal Society for the year 17S1, and the remainder in the Tranlaclions of the fame Society for i 797 ; with the view principally of determining the initial expinfive force of gunpowder. By one of thefe experin.cnts, it ajipeared thai, calculating even on Mr Robins's own piinciples, the force ot gunpowder, infttad of bein^ 1000 times, mult at lealt be 1308 times greater than the mean preflure of the atmo,phere. From iliis ex- periment, the Count thought himfelf wananted in con- cluding, that the principles allumed by Mr Robins were erroneous, and that his mode of afcertaining the force ot gunpowder could never fatist.nftorily dciermine it. Defpaiiing of fuccefs in that way, he refolved to make an attempt for alcertaining this force by aflual mca- furement ; and after many unfuccef ful experiments, he ■was at length led to conclude, that lliis force was at leall 50,000 times greater than the mean prdluie of the atmofphere. Mr Robins apprehends that the fotce of fired gun- powder confifls in the aflion of a permanently elaRIc Gunpow- tluid, limilar, in many re:ptifls, to common atmofpheri- ^<-^- cal air ; and this opinion ha-> been very generally re- ceived : but Count Rumford thin-s, that though the permanently ela.lic fluids, generated in the combullion of gunpowder, aflill in producing the effects which re- fult from its evplolion, its enormous force, allowing it to be 50,000 times gieater than the rriean preffure of the atmol'phere, cannot be explained, without fuppofing that it aiifes principally from the elafticity of the a- queous vapour generated from the powder in its com- buftion. "The biilliant difcoveries cf modern chemifts (fays he) have taught us, that both the conflituent parts of which water is compofed, and even water lUelf, exift in the maieiials which arc combined to make gunpowder; and there is much reafon to believe that water is ac- tually formed, as well as difengaged, in its combullion. M. Lavoifier, I know, imagined that (he force of fired gunpowder depends in a great meafuie upon the ex- panlive force of uncombined caloric, fuppofed to be let loole in gieat abundince during ihe conibullion or de- fiagiation ol the powder : but it is not only dangerous to admit the adion of an agent whofe cxiltcnct: is not yet clearly dcmonftrated ; but it appears to me that this fuppofuion is quite unneceifiry, the elaftic force of the heated aqueous vapour, whole exift- nee can hardly be doubted, being quite fufficient to account lor all the pha:nomena. It is well known that the elalli- city ot aq leus vapour is incompaiably more augment- ed by any given augmentation of temperature tlun that of any peimanently elallic fluid whatever ; and thole who are acquainted with the amazing force of Ifeam, when healed < nly to a few dej:rees above the boiling point, can ealily perceive that its elall city mull be al- motl iiifinite when greatly condenfed and healed to the temperature of reJ hot iron ; and this heat it mud cer- tainly acquire in the exp lofion of gunpowder. But if the force of fiied gunpowder arifes principally fri m the eladic force of heated aqueous vapour, a cannon is no- thing more than a Jham engine upon a peculiar con- ftrudion ; and upon determining the ratio of the elaf- ticity of this vapour to irs denlity, and to its tempera- ture, a lav/ will be found to obtain very different from that affumed by Mr Robins in his Trcatifc on Gun- nery." In order to meafure the elafiic force of fired gun- powder, Count Ru.mford adopted a new plan ; and, in- llead of caullng the generated elalHc fluid to aft on a moveable body through a determined fpace, wliicli he had found to be ineffeiSual to his puipofe, he contrived an apparatus in which tliis fluid IhoiiKl be made to aft, " by a determined furlace againfl a weiglu, which, by being increaled at pleafure, Ihould at lalt be fudi as would jull. be able to confine it, and which in that cafe wr.uld jud counterbalance and confequeatiy weitfure the eladic force." Having lucceeded in fetting fire to the powder, without any conmiunication to the extern.d air, "by cauling the heat employed for that purpofe to pa's through the folid fubihmce of the bairel, it only re- mained to apply luch a weight to an opening made in the biirel, as the while lorce if the geneiared tlaliic fluid Ihould not be able to lift or difplace." Many piecautions weie necetlary. Afolid block of very h irj ftone. Cunj>ovv- der. GUN [ 141 ] GUN ftone, four feet four inches fquare, was pbced upon a could be burfl by the force of gunpowder, if this force Cunpoww bed of loliJ nialonry, which dslcended In ieet below bcnot in faamuchgreaterlhsn it haiever beenfuppofed <"'"• to be, he pnceeds to (hew that tlie combuftion of the furface of the earlh. Upon ihis block of Itone, which lerved as a bale to the whole machinery, was placed ihe fnuU barrel, in which the explotions were made, wiih its opening dirtclly upwards. This open- ing was clii(ed by a fo'.id henufphere ot hardened fteel, on which the weight to be overcome by the exph'linn was l.iid. Having charged tlie barrel wifh lo grains of powder, its whole contents being about 2S grain?. gun- powder, inftertd of being inftantaneous, as Mr Robins's theory fuppoCes, ib much lei's rapid than h.ts hitherto been apprehended ; .in obfervation which, if eAablilli- ed, ii certainly fufficient to anfwer the ohjec'tlon. He rem.irks, that it is a wiU-kn.^wn faifl, that on the diicharge of fire-arms of all kindf, there is always a conliderable quantity of unconfum^d giains cf gunpow. and a 24 pounder wci-hing 8081 lbs avoirdupois, der blown out of them; and what is very remarkable, as being pl.ced en its cafcabel fo as by its weight to ccn- it leads directly to a difcovery of the caufe ol this tff^a, fine the generated elaftic fluid, a heated iron ball was ihcfe uncor.fiimed grains are not merely blown out of the .L j-r.u .. I . / , ,, , ,■ , muzzles of lire-arms, l)ut come out alfo by their vents or touch-holes, where the fire enters to inlhme tlie charge, as many perfons who have had the ii.ijfortune to (land with their faces near the touch-hole of a mufket, when it has been dli'ch trged, have found to their coU. It appears extremely improb.ilb to cur aulhor, if not abfoluttly iinpoflible, that a grain ol gunpowder actually in the chamber of the piece, and completely furrouiided by flame, (liould, by the aiflion of thit ve- ry flame, be blown out ot it without being at the Utne time fet on fire. And, if iliis be true, he confidets i: as a moll dccilive proof, not only that the comliuliioa of gunpowder is lefs rapid than it has generally b.-en thought to be, but that a grain of gunpowder aflually on tire, and burnir.g with the utmol't violence over the whole of its furface, may be projefled with fuch a ve- applied to the end of the vent tube, ( a fmall Iblid pro jeflion irom the centre cf the bottom of the barrel). In a few moments the powder took lire, though the explofion made a very feeble report ; and when the weight was raifed, (he contined elsliic v.npcur lufhed out of the barrel. The flight elieft produced by this explolion induced I'cme of the attendants on this occa- fion to undervalue the importance oi this experiment, and to foim a very inatlecjuate idea of the real free of the elaftic fluid that had been thus alniolt in- fenlibly difcharged. In a lecond e.\ptiiiiient, the bar- rel was filled with powder, and the faux weight laid on as before. 1"he bairel was made tf the bell ham- mered iron, and uncommonly (tiong. The charge (.f powder amounted to little more than -jV of a cubic inch, which is not fo niui.h as would be required to load a (mall pocket pilfol, and no\ one-tenth part of the locity into a cold atmjfphere, as to extinguilh the tire, quantity Irequently ufed for the charge of a common and iwScr the remains of the grain to fall to the ground muiket. Yfct thi'. iiiconfiderable quantity of powder, unchanged, and as inflammable as before. neighbourh when let on fire, exploded with a force that burlt the barrel, and with a loud report that alarmed the wliole d. The auth r proceeds lo make an eflimate from the known ftrength of iron, and the area ot the frafture of the barrel in the preceding experiment, of the real force employed by the elallic vapour to but ft it ; and lie computes that it mull have been equal to the pref- fure ol a weight of 412529 lbs.; v/hich, by another computation, he found to be 53004 times greater than the mean pitlfure of the atmofphere. By another pro- ceA, he inveftigates the ftrength of the iron of which the barrel was made ; and he thence finds that the force required to bu-:lf it was equal to the prelfure of a weight ot 4106244 lbs. This weight, reduced into atmofpluies, gives 54750 atmofpheres for the raea- fure of the fuice ei.eitcd by the elaftic fluid in the pre- fent inllance. H^liis foice mull be tonliderably lefs than the initial force rf the elaftic fluid generated in tiie combuftion rf gunpowder, before it has begun to expand ; " for it is ni< re than prol)al>lc (fays Count Run.fcrd) that the barrel was in fa<51 buill before the genciated elaftic (Ijid had exerted all it^ lorce, or that this fluid would have beeuiibleto h^ve burfl a barrel llill ftronger than tiiat ufed in the e.\pe:iiiieiit." After having fliewn the eiireruc f rce of fired gun- powder, the Count adveils to an oi>jedlion which may be made agamft his drduifhoiis. How docs it liappen that fire-arms and aitille: y I'f all kinds, which certawily are not calculated to vvijliliand fo ent>imou» a f >ice, are rot always burft when they are tifed ? InfteaJ ol an- fwering tl.is quellion, by afking how it happe::ed that Uic ejitrcmcly Itror^ batiel uied in his tipiiimcnt This extraordinary fasT was afcertained beyond all poUibilily of doulit by the Cour.l's experiments. Ha- ving procured from a pcwdermill in the neighbotjrhood ol the city of Munich, a quantity of gurpowder, all of the fame mafs, but formed into grains of very ditlerent fizes, feme as fmall ^s the grains of the fineft Battel powder, he placed a number of vertical "fcreens of very thin paper, one behind another, at the diftance of 12 inches from each other ; and loading a common muf- ket repeatedly with this powder, fometimes without and fometimes with a waJ, he fired it againil the fcre- moft fcreen, and oblerved the quantity and effeifls of the unconfumed grains of powder which impinged againlt i;. The tcreens were lb con.rived by means of double frames united by hinges, that the paper could be ch.anged with very little trouble, and it was seTually changed after every eiperimcnl. The diilance iron) the muzzle of the run to the 6rft fcreen was not always the l.tme ; in fomeof thecx| c- riments it was only 8 feet, in others it was 10, and in fome 12 feet. The chai ge of powder was varied in a great nuniber of dilTereut ways ; but the llJoA intereftirg expcrin.ent* were made with one fingle large grain o( jM>w»:er, pro- pelled by fmalier and larger charges of very finegraiced powder. Tbele large grains never failed to iiach tlie fcreen ; and though they fimelimes :ip|c,.rcJ to have been bro- ken into fcveral pieces by the (orcc of the explofl )r, yet they irequently reached ihe fcrtcn entire ; r.nJ fometimes paifcd ihroiigh all ibe fcreens (five in ni'in- bci ) without beit.g broken. AViitu tJuy wcie propelled by large charge*, and ot purfue his curious inveftiga- which it will void in large quanllties), and a violent tions any farther. Thofe who want a fuller account fever, &c. To diftingullh with certainty the gut-tie of tliem, will find it either in the original memoirs from the colic, &c. the hand and arm of the operator themfelves, or in a very accurate abridgement of tliefe muft be oiled, and uitioduced inio the anus, through the memoirs in the firfl volume of Nichohon's journal of reiflum, beyond the os pubis turning the hand down to Natural P k'.lofophy , &c. the tranfverfe and oblique mu.'cles, where tlie velfels of We cannot conclude this article without mentioning the tefticles enter the abdomen. There the ftring will a new kind of gunpowder, invented fbmc years ago in be found united to the mufcles, and is cafily tr.iced to France, in which the marine acid is fubllituted, in e- tlie ftiicture by the hand, without pain to the bcatl. qual quantity, fcr nitre. Dr Hutton tried feme of From the general view ot tlie agriculture cf the coun- thls new powder which was made at Woolwich, and ty of Hereford, drawn up by Mt Clark of BuiMi, Bre- found it of about double the ftrength of the ordinary conlhire, we learn that Mr Harris farmer at Wickton, fort ; but it is not likely to come into common and ge- near Leominfter, had been uncommonly fucccfsful in neral ufe, for the preparation of the acid is difEcult and the cure of the gut-tie. That gentleman informs us, espenlive, (See CHEMisTRY-/nf/ifx in this SuppL), and that he had cut cattle for iKx-, difeafi: fiom the age of the powder which is made of it catches fire and ex- three months to that of nine years ; and as it is a mat- plodes from the fmalleit degree of heat, and without ter of great importance, we fhall ftate his m:thoi of the aid of a fpark. It is to this circumftance, liow- operating in his own words. ever, that its iuperior flrength feems to be in a great "The only method of cure (fays be ) tliat call be. meafure owing. fafely ventured upon is, to make a perpendicular incifion, GuNPOWDfcR, a river of the weftern fhore of four Inches under tlic lliiid vtrlcbia of the loins, ot> Maryland, whcfe chief branches unite a little above the left fide, over th; paunch or (lomach, and irtrodnce Joppa, and emi ly into Chefapeak Bay, about 12 miles the arm to find tlie pirt ail\fled ; if pcfllble, keep the above Patapfco river. It is navigable only a few miles, b.aft ftanding by t!ie help of proper ui!i.l..nti. The by reafon of f.illb. — Morse. knife I ma'si ufe of to fever the Itring i> in the form Gunpowder Neck, ncarthehcad of Cliefapeak Bay, of a large filh hook, with an eilgc on the concave is a curious peninfula formed by Gunpowder river, fide j it is fixed to a ring, which fits the middle finger, and Bulh river. — ih. which finger crooks round the baci^ of the knife, the GUNTF-R's Chain. See Geometrv, Encyclcps- end of the thun.b being placed on its edge. The m- di,i, Pait II. chap. i. flrument, by being thus held in ihc haid, is fecurcd GUT-TIE, a dangerous difeafe to which oxen and fioni wounding the furruunding in^ellines ; with it I male cdves are rendered liable by an improper mode of divide the ftring or ftrings, and brirg out one or both caftration. In fome pl.iccs, and pariiculaily in Here- as circumft.inces requite. Here it is to be obferved, foidliiire, the breeders of cattle, wlicn they callrate that great c.ire muft be taken by the operator net to their calves open the fcrotum, take hdld of the tefticles wound or divide the ureters, which would be certain with their teeth, and tear tliem out with violence; by death. I then few up llie divided lips cJ the pcrlto- which means all the velfels thereto belonging arc lup- ncum very clofc, with a furgern's nccd'e threaded wltli luted. The vnfa deferctitia, eiiteiing by the boles cf llror.g thread, ci^jLt or icu douLlc, fuflicieaily wmcd ; H A C [ 144 ] HAG Gut-ile. I alfo few up the fkin, leaving a vacancy at the top «"'~^'^^ and bottom uf the wound futficiently wide to introduce a tent of furgeon's tow, i'pread with common digeliive and traumatic balfani ; covering the ircifion with a pla- ller made of the whites ofejrgs and wheat flour. The wound, thus treated and drefled every day, will be well in a fortnight. The medicine I give to remove the ftoppage in the three ftomachs occationed by the tie, and to carry off the fever, is lour ounces of Glau- ber's fait, two ounces of cream of tartar, and one ounce of fenna, infufed in two pounds of boiling water, adding half a pcund cf olive-oil, and working it off with plen- ty of gruel, miied vx'ith u large quaniity of intufion of mallows and elder-bark. I adminillcr the gruel and infullon for at leaft two or three days ; by which time the bead will be well, will eat his provender, and chew the cud, and will for ever be relieved, and remain fafe from this fatal dil'order. "The following fimple and eafy method of caftra- tion will effeftually prevent the gut tie. Open the fcrotum, loofen out the tefticles, and tie the feveral vef- fels with a waxed thread or filk ; or fear them with a hot iron, to prevent their bleeding, as in the common way of cutting colts. This method can never difplace the velll'ls of the teflicles, bladder, kidneys, or intef- tines ; all of which remain covered or attached to the peritoneum, or lining ot the abdomen of the bead, which renders it impnlTible that there lliotild ever he a rtriflure or tie on the gut." GUZ, an Indian mealure, varying in different places, but which miy be reckoned about an Englift yard. The guz of Akbar was 41 fingers. H. Hacha TTACHA, Rio DE LA, or La Hach/i, a province, II XJL its chief town, and a river, in Terra Firma or Hackinfack Callile del Oro, in South-Ameiica. The province is fur- ^'^'^''^^^ rounded on two fides by the ocean, vi/. on the N. and N. W. and on the third eaftward by the gulf of Vene- zuela. The town is fitnated at the mouth of the riv- er, and on its weft fide, on a little hill about a mile from the fea. The foil about it is very rich, and abounds with produ(f>ions common to the climate, alfo European plants and fruits; well fiipplied with fait fprings, veins of gold, and feme gems of great value. The harbour is none of the beft, being expofed to the north v/inds. It is about 8 leagues from New. Salamanca, and 18 from Cjpe Vela, N. by E. and 246 miles eafl of Car- ihagena. Here the Spani'h Galleons touch at their arrival in South-America, from whence expreffes are fent to all the fettlement.-, to give them notice ot it. In 1595 it was furprifed and facked by Sir Francis Drake. JJ. hit. 11= 30', W. long. 72". — Morse. HACKETSTOWN, a fmall poll-town in SufTcx county, New-Jerfey, on the north-well f:de of Mulcone- cunk rivtr. It is about three miles above the mineral fpring near Ri .xbury, on the oppofr.e fide of the river, 22 miles VV. by N. of Moniftown, 16 S. W. by W. of Sulfex court-houfe, and 1 20 N. N. E. of Philadelphia. —ib. HACKINSACK, a river of New-Jerfey which rifcs in New-York, and runs a foutheily courle four or five niihs well of Hudfon's river. It unites with Paflrfic river at the head of Newark bay, and is navigable about 15 miles. — ib. Hackinsack, the chief town in Bergen county, Ncw-Jtrfey, isfituated near the weft bank of the above river, 20 mile> Noith-weft of New-York city. The in- liahi ants are mollly Dutch. 'I'he houfes are chiefly built of Hone, in the old Dutch talle. Here are four public buildings, a Dutch and Epifcopal church, a court-aoufe, and a flourilhing academy. The people, who are mollly farmers, carry their produce to New- York.— Z;^. HADDAM, a town of Connefticut, the fecond in rank in Middlefcx county, fituated on the weft fide of Connecticut river, 18 or 20 miles from its mouth, and 10 miles I'outh-eaft of the city of IvLddletown. This townfhip, including Eaft-Haddam, on the oppjofite lide of the river, was purchRled of the Indians, May 20th, 1662. A fpot in EallHaddam was famous for Indian Paivnius, and was luhje»5f for many years to earthquakes and various noifes, which the lirlt fettlers, agreeable to the fuperllitious ideas of that age, attributed to t.iefe Pazuaws. An old Indian being afked what was the realon of fuch noiles in this place .' ani'wered, The Indian's God was very angry becaufe the Eiigliflimen's God came here." Thele noifes are now frequently heatd. — ib. HADDONFIELD, a imall town in Gloucefter county. New Jerfey, 9 miles S. E. by E. of Philudcl- phia, and 17 from Burlington. — ib. HADLEY, a pleafant town in Hampliiire county, MafTachufetts, lying on the eaft fideof Conneifticut river, nearly oppofite to ^Northampton, 20 miles north of Springfield, and 97 weft of Bolton. The town con- fiih of two long fptcicus ftreets, which run parallel with each other, and with the river. The townfhip con- tains S82 inhabitant'. — ib. HAGARSTOVVN, now called Elizabeth-'To'wn. It has a confiderable trade with the wellern country, and has between two and 300 houfes. It is fitu- ated in Wafliington c< unty, Maryland ; it is a poft. town 26 miles north-weft of Fred'^ricktown, 73 N. W. by W. of Baltimore, and 22 S. by W. of Cham- bcrfbi;rg in Pera:fylvania. — ib. HALBUT H;i.wrence, Southarrpton, Car.fo, town, Halifax. — ib. and Tinmouth. Tlie inlubitants are chiefly In(h, Halifax, a coU!ity of ihc above diflrlO, bounded Scutch, and New-Engl.mders. It has numerous bays, north by N'Tthampt'^n, fmrh by Edgcomb, ea!l by and rivers ; the chiet ot the la'tcr are Shabbennacadie, Bertie, and well by V/anen. It contains 7459 in» which ii a boutable river, the Peticcodiac, Msmraincook, habitants, and 6506 flave';. Chiet town, Hal f.ii ib. Sec. — ill. Halifax, the chief tov/n of tin; abive county, aiij of Halifax, the capital oftlie provinceofNova Scotia, the diiliifl of its nam; in NorthC irohna, is a poll* in the county of its nam?, was feuled by a number of town, pleafantly (ituatrd on the weflern bink of ihe Britdh fubjecls in 1749. It is fuuated cm a Ipacifus Roanoke, about fix nii'es bel)w tlie falls, regularly laid and commodious bay or h irbour, called Chclni^^o, of a out, and belides dwcU'ng houfcs, has a court-houli: and bold and caly ei trance, -Aliere a thoulxiid of the largeft paol. It is 36 mile^ north of T.irborough, 28 mile* iliips might ride with great convenience and fa!ety. from Grenviile court houf:, 147 north-eall cf Fayettt- The town is built on the weft tide of the h.irbour, en vi le, 75 S. by W. <{ Pctei Iburg, Virj;inia, and 383 the declivity of a commandincj hill, whi fe fummit is S. W. by S. of Philadelphia, N. lat. 36'' 13'. — li. 236 feet perpendicular from the level of the fea. The Halifax, a coun-y in Virginia, birJering on the State of North-Carolit^a. It is about 42 miljs lonj» and 39 broad, and contains 14,722 inhabitants, includ- ing 5565 flives. — rh. HALLOWELL, a fl urlfliin,;; piU-town in the Diilriift ol Maine, and the (iiite town of Lincoln coun- ty, lituated in N. hit. 44'^ 16', at the head of the tide town is liid (Ut into oblong I'quares ; the (Iree's pa- rallel and at right angles. The town and iubnibs are about two miles in length ; r.nd the general width a quarter of a mile. It contained in 1793 ab nit 4000 inhabitants and 700 houfcs. At the nonliern extremi- ty ol the town, is the king's naval yard, completely built and fupplied with llores of every kind for the waters on the well lide of Kennebeck river. An acade- royal navy. The harbour of Halifax is reckoned in- my is cftaSlilhed here v/ith aconfiderablefund inlands, fcrior to no place in Britilh America for the feat of I'he court-hmife h.ie is 12 miles S. by W. of VaiTal- governmei.t, being open and accellible at all feafons of borough, 30 N. by W. of WifcilTet, 40 north-eaft of the year, when almoft all other harbours in thefe Nevv-Gl"uceller, and 195 N. by E. of Boftnn. Ha/- provinces are locked up with ice ; alio from its en- hwell HoA lies on the i.imc fide of the river, three trance, fitnation, and its proximity to the bay of Fundy, and principal interior feltlenients of the province. This ci'y, lying on the fouth coaft of Nova Scotia, has communicatii>n with Piflon, 68 miles to the north- eaft on the eulf ol St. Lawrence, bv a [rood cart-road. miles below the tovvn, and five north of Pittfton. Th; whole towntliip contains 1 194 inhabitants. — ib. HAMBATO, a principal alllonto or jurifdiJlion in the province of Qnito, in Peru. It is fituated in 1° 41' S. lat. and 12 mucs well of the city of Quito; and finilhed in 1792. It is twelve miles northerly of C-ipe has 6 fmall villages in its dependence. It contains Sambro, which forms in part the entrance of the bay ; about 18,000 inhabitants, who are mollly employed in 27 fouih-eaftcrly of Windfor, 40 N. by E. of Truro, 80 weaving lI'ifFs and in knitting. — .'i. N. E. by E. of Annapolis on the bay of Fundy, and 157 HAMBDEN, or llamcUn, a townfh^p in New-Yoik fouth-eaft of St. Ann, in New-Brunfwick, meafurirg State, bounded north by land ceded to Maflachufctts, in a ftraight line. N. lat. 44" 40' W. long 63" 15'. fouth by the north line of Pennfylvania, and eaft by ;^. Sidney. Sufquchinnah river palfcs in a well courts Halifax, a fort in the town of Window, in Lincoln tlirough both towns. The centre of the town lies county, Maine, ereded by order of Governor Shirley in 1 3 miles W. by S. cf the mouth of Chcnengo river.— »7-. 1754. It ftands on the point of land firmed by the HAMBURG, a fmall poft town of Nexv-Jerfcy, i3 contluence of the Sebaftacook with the Kennebeck, miles from Godien in New- York, and 20 Irom New- 30 mi'.cs below Sandy river. — ib. town or Sulfex court houfe — ib. Halitax, a townlhip in Windham county, Vermont, Hamburg, a handfomc town in Burke's county, 23 miles E. by S. of Bennin<;toii, has Marlborough on Pennfylvania, fcated on the eaft fide of Schuvlkill. the north, and the Malfachuietts line fouih. It con- Here arc about 50 or 60 houfcs, a German Luther.m tains 1309 inhabitants, ib. -inJ Calvinill church united. It is 18 miles N. by W. Halifax, a townlhip in Plymouth county, Malfa- of Reading, and 70 northnnrth-weft of Philadelphia. chufetts, lituated 35 miles fouih-callofBofton. It was Ncrih lat. 40° 34', well long. 76^— ;*. Su FPL. Vol. II. T H.AMDEN, n A M C I4(^ ] HAM Karadca , II Hsmilton IIAMDEN, a townflilp in New-IIavcn cnuntj-, Connedicut, about tight r.iiies north cf New-Haven city. — il). HAMILTON, a cape on the north end of New- foundland ifliind — i!/. Hamilton. There are three towndiips of this naine in Pennfylvania ; one in each of the counties of York, Frankhn, and Northampton. — ii. Hamilton, a feitlenient in Vermont on the Canada line. — if'. Hamilton, in Herkemer county, New-York, z townfhip 12 miles fciuare, 20 foulh of old Fort Schuy- ler, a level tovvnihip of good land, fart fettling — Orifke or Olhiflce creek, a water of M. hawk, and Che- iiung, a water of Sufqiiehannah, rife in this townlhip. In 1796 there were 1202 inhabitants, of whom 196 were eltclors. — il/. Hamilton, a town or fet'.Iement lately laid out in Albany ccunty, New-York, in ihe extenfive townfh-p c f AV'ater VUct, formerly called the Glti/s Faificry ; and has its prefent narrje in honour ot that great patron of Ameiican nmnufHiflutes, the late fecretary of the treafu- ry of the United States cf America. It lies ic miles weft of Albany, two miles from the Scheneflady road ; and is one tf the moft decifive eli'orts ol private enter- prize in the manufjfliiring line, as yet exhibited in the United States. The glafs manufiflury is now fo well eflablilhed, and fo happily fituated for the fupply of the ncrthern and weftern parts of the State of New- York, as well as Vcrmopt ;.nd Canada, tiiat it is to be ex- fefted the proprietors will be amply rewarded for their great and expenfive exertions. The glafs is in good reput.ition. Here are two glafs houfes, and various other buildings, curious hydrauUc vvoiks, to five manu- al labour, by the help of machinery. A copious ftream runs through the heart of the fettlement ^hicli lies high ; and being furrounded by pine plains, the air is highly falubiious. The great Scho- harie road traverfes the fettleinenr. A fpacious fchool- houfe, and a church of an o>Sagon foini are foon to be ireifled. In the neighbourhood of ihefe glafs works, a block vi-as cut out of an ancient tiee, not many years ago, containing evident maiks of an a:!e or fome edge tool, made 185 years ago, determined according to the ufual and certain mode of afcerlaining the age of trees. The block is preferved in Albany as a curiofity. Henry Hudfon afccnded the river which bears his name, as high as Albany, in the atitunin of 1609, 187 years ago, and thefe marks were probably made by ibme of his men. — ii. Hamilton Ford lies ne.ir the mouth of Bullock's Creek in North-Carolina. This was the route purfued by Tailctcn, after his defeat at Covvpens, in Jrinuary, l-j&i — ii. Hamilton, a didrii^ in the State of TennefTce, f tuated on the va'crs of the Hclfton and Clinch ; licundtd fiiiuh by Tcnneffee river, ard feparated from Jr'ero dirtridi: on tlie wtrt by an uninhabited country. It con'a'ns the c( unties rf Knox, JciTtrfon, Blouct, Se- vier and Grainger. — iL Hamilton, a county of the N. W. Territory, ereQ- td Jan. 2, 1790, "beginning on the bank of the Ohio river, at the confluence of the Little Miami ; and down the fciid Ohio river to the mouth of the big Miami, grafs. and up filJ Miami to the Standing Stone Forks, or Hamilton branch of f.ud river ; and thence with a line to be H drawn due E. to the I.ittle Miami, and down faidlittle J^^Jl^P!^ Miami river, to the place of beginning." — il>. Hamilton Fort, (lands on the eaft fide of tlie Great Miami, in the N. W. Territory ; 25 miles foutli of Fort St. Clair, and 25 north of Cincinnati. It is a flockaded fort, capable of containing 200 men. The fituation is as advantageous for defence aspleafingto the eye. It is built upon a narrow neck cf land, com- manding the Miami on the north-weft, and a praire and flieet of water on the north-eaft, about a mile wide, and 2i miles long. The foil near it is rich and fertile ; and forage may be got by repeated mowings of natural Hamilton, a port in the Bermuda Iflands. — IL HAMMEL'S TOWN, a town in Dauphine county, Pennfylvania, five miles from Sufquehannah river, and S5 from Piiiladelphia. It contains a Gei man church, and about 35 dwelling houfes. — il/. HAMPSHIRE, an extenfive, populous, and weal- thy county in MalFachufett?, made a fliire in 1662. It is in many parts mountainous and hilly, and ex- tends acrofs the State from north to fouth ; bounded north by the States of New-Hampfhire and Vermont, fouth by the State of Connedlicut, eaft by Worcefter county, and weft by Berkftiire. It contains 60 town- ftiips, 9181 houfes, 9617 families, and 59,681 inhabi- tants. Its principal towns lie on both tides of Con- neiflicut river, which interfefls it from north to fouth. Thefe are Springfield, Weft Springfield, Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deerfield, and Northfield. It is ge- nerally of a fertile foil, and produces the neceffaries of life, and fome of its luxuries in great plenty. — il>. Hampshire, a county in Virginia, bounded N. and N. W. by the Patowmack river, which divides it from the State of Maryland. It is about 60 miles long and 50 broad, and contains 7346 inhabitants, including 454 flaves. It is well watered by Patowmack and its fouth branch. Iron ore and coals have been difcovered on the banks of this river. Chief town, Romney, — i5. PIAMPSTEAD, a town in Rockingham county, New-Hamplhire, about 34 miles wefterly of Portfmouth. It was incorporated in 1749, and contained in 1775, 768 inhabitants ; in 1790, 724. — ii. Hampstead, a tewn on Long liland, New-York, nine miles eafterly of Jjmaica, and 23 miles eaftward of New- York city. In this town is an extenfive ani remarkable plain called Hamtjlead Plain — ih. Hampstead, a village in Georgia, about four miles from Savannah, and about a mile from another village called Highgate. The inhabitants are gardeners, and fupply the town with greens, pot herbs, root:., &c. — ib. HAMPTON, a townfhip in Windham county, Con- ne"icut, three miles north-eaft of Windham, of which it was formerly aparilh, but lately incorporated. — ib. Hampton, East, a townftiip in Ilampfhire county, M-dfachufetts, containing 457 inhabitants, and fituated 105 miles weft of Bofton. It was incorporated in 17S5. —ih. Hampton, East, on the eaft end of Long-Ifland, (New- York) a half ihire town of Suffolk county. It has 3260 inhabitants; and in it is Clinton Academy, whirli in 1795 had 92 ftudents. — ih. Hampton, a townih'p on tJie fea coaft of Nev/- lianif fhire^ Hancock. HAN C I Hampton Hanipflilre, on theeiftcrn fiJe of Rockingham county, and called IFintcumd by the Indians. It was fettled under MHirachufetis, and incorporated in 1C38. In 1775 it contained £62 inliabitants, and in 1790, S53. It is 12 or 14 miles S. by VV. cf Portfmoutk, and 8 fnu'heafi: of Exeter. In 1 791, a cana! was cut ihrougli tlie marflies in this town, which opens an inland naviga- tion from H.'.nipton through Salifbiiry into Mirriinack river for r.boiu eij^ht miles ; loaded boats may pafs through it with eafe and fafeiy. — ii. Hampton Falls, a imall town taken front the above town, lyirg on the road which leads from Exeter to NewburyPort, fix miles fouth eallerly of the former, ?.nd eight northeily of the latter. In 1775 it contained ^145, and in 1790, 541 inl^abitants. It was incorpo- rated in 17 i 2. — ii. HAMfTON, a townOiip in the northern partcf WaQi- ingtor. coun:y, New-Yoik, having Skeeiilh irough on the wefl. It lias ^6j inhabitants, of whom 107 are tleflors. — a. Hampton, the capital of ETzabeth county, in Vir- ginia, alio a poit of entry, and port town, fituated at the head of a bay whicli runs up north from the inouth of James river, cal'ed H.im/'ioii R'.ad, five milcs nor'.h- welt of Point Comlort. It contains about 30 houfes, an epifcopal church, a courtJicufe and gaol. The va- lue of its exports of grain, lumber, (laves, &c, amount- ed to 41,997 dollars in one year, ending September 30, 1794. Tills town was anciently called Ks oughton by the Indians. It is j 8 miles north of Norfolk, 22 fouih- eaft of Yorktown, 93 eifl-fouth eaft of Richmond, and 205 W. by S. (f Phil.idclphi;;.— /■/'. HANCES, Ranches, Haunches, or Hurfcs, in architeiflure, are certain fmall intermediate paits of iirches between the key or crown and the fpring at the bottom, being peihaps about one-third of the arch, and fituated nearer the bottom than the top or crown ; and are otherwife called xhi fpandrels . See Arch in this Supplement. HANCOCK'S Harbour, called by the Indians Clioquot, is fituated about 20 leagues eall-fouth-e.ill of Nooika, in N. lat. 48" 30', welt long, from Green- wich 125° 26'. The entr.mce of this harbour is about five miles in length, and has good anchorage ; about it are fcattered a number cf iflanJs, and feveral fand- banks or fpits. It has alfo a number cf fine coves. The land round thehaibjur is generally uneven, rocky and mountainous ; covered however with pine, fir, fpruce, cedar, hemlock, cyprefs and other trees of a remarkable fize. The climate here is much milder than in the fame latitude on the cadern fidi cf the continent ; the froft in winter being feldim fo fevere as to prevent vegetation. An eafteily wind is confidered here is a prognoftic of a llorm, and well winds bring fair weather. Deer, racoons, wolves, bears, fquirrels, martins, land oiters, beaver, and wild cats aie the ani- mals which inhabit the foiefts. 'Ilie amphibious ani- mals are the common fcal, and the feaotter. The llcin of the latter is very valuable. The inhabitants are faid to be cannibals. This and other plices of the fime name have their appellation in honour of the late Governor Hancock, of MalTichufctls. — Merit. Hancock, a river ot Walhington iiland, on the conh-v.cll coaft of North-Americi^, called Miijted by 47 ] II A N the Indians, difcGvereJby Captain Cfowcll ir.1791. It Huic».k. empties into the fc i from the ion:) end cf the largeft v,-^' ^-' iiland. At its mouth it is nearly two and a half nauti- cal miles wide ; and a confidci.>b!e fize ten iDil.:i up. It has nt its ir.i.uth five fathoms warcr, i^radnary in- creafing in breadth ; and for 7 ^ nrlcs up, to Coofe Illmd, has not kfs than rcn fithcms. Captiin lugra- ham examined it about 12 miles ; bu: by the infoima- tion of the natives, he j idged that it comminicateg v.ith Skitikifs Bay, or nen it, on the eaft \\it of ths iilands. It is by tar the moll el g-ble for a rew fettlc- ment of any place the C.iptain had fetn on the coad. The land is low aiiJ apparently very fer- tile : and the liver abounds with f.dmon. Were a good houfe erccled oa Ir.ine of the pleaf int fp us it would liava every appearance of being long fettled. Beautiful buflies and grafs occupy the llciris of the woods. Ths mouth (f the river is in north lat. 54" 7', weft long. i3i''54'.— ,-i. Hancock, a townfliip in Addifon countv, Veraont. — ■b. Hancock, a large mari'ime county of th; DirtrivJ of Miine, bninded nor'.h by Lower Canada, fouthby the ocean, call by Wall.ir.gton county, and weft by Lincoln county. It is 190 miles long from uoith to louth, and nearly 60 broad. It cntains 24 townlhip* and plantaticns ; of which Penobfcot and Calline ai« the chief. The number of inhabitants is greatly iix» creafcd fincc 1790. At that time there were 9549 fouls. It is remarkably well watered by Penobfcot river, and its branches. Union rver, and other fmallcr ftrcams. The northern part of the county fends its waters in ore flream from numerous blanches in a N. E. courfe to St. J.ihn's ti/er. On the fca-coaft are many harhcurs and inlets, hid by a multitude offer- tile iflands ; the largeft f'{ thefc in a S. W. direflion from GolJfboTough, are M'lunt Defart, Swan Ifles, Vinal Haven, Haut Ifle, Deer and Illelborough i all fituated in Penobfcot B.iy. Great part of the county is )tt nnfcttled. The towns along the fta coaft, .nnd on the banks cf Penobfcot and Union rivers, are the mod feni'.e and populous. C.ifline is the ftiire town. — ib. Hancock, a townlhip in Lincoln county, Maine, cm- hofomed by the Kennebeck and Sebafticook rivers, bounded N. W. Iiy Canaan, and 7 miles north of the confluence of the two livers. It contains 278 inliabi- tants. — ib. Hancock, a townfhip in Hillfborough county, New-Hampfhire, fituated between two wellern branch- es of Contoocook river, 14 miles caft of Kecne, and between 60 and 70 W. by S. of Porlfmouth. It was incorporated in 1 779. and contains 634 iolubit.'intt. Han COCK, a long, narrow and mountainou? towndilp on the New. York line, in Berkftiire county, Malfachu- fetts, having the towns of Lanelboroiigh and Partridge- field on the northward, and Pittsficld on the S. It was incorporated in 1776, has 121 1 inhabitants, and lies 20 miles N. by W. of Lenox, and 150 W. of Bof- ton. — ib. Hancock, a fmall poft town of Maryland, fituated in Walhington county, on the N. bank of Patowmack liver, between Conolowy and Little Condowy creeks, about 25 miles S. 1". of Bedford in Pcnnfylra- T a ciif HAN [ 148 ] H A Pv Hancoclt nia, 34 N. E. of Old Town in Maryland, and 1 19 N. W. of wood, 150 by 50 feet, and three (lories high, was Hanover II of Bahimore. — ib. ereifled in 1786, containing 36 rooms for ftudents. Its II ^Vbnover^ Hancock, a new county in the upper diftriifl of fitu.ition is elevated, healthful and pleafant, command- ^^ii^^<[^ Geor^ia.- FIANNAH Bay Houfe, a fiidory of the Hudfon's Bay Company, at the f'nuth end of Jimes' Bay in North America, and on the ea;lern (ide of Hanican.iw river, 45 miles E. by S. cf Moofe Fort, and 18 btbw a houfe on the fame river. — ib. Hannah's Town, in Weftmoreland county, Penn- fylvania, 4 miles N. N. E. of Greenfburg, and on the road from Bedford to Piitlburg ; 54 miles N. W. by W. of the former, and 26 eall of the latter. — ib. ing an extenlive profped to the weft. There are three other public buildings, belonging to the college, and a handfjme congregational meeting houfe has lately been ereifled, in which the commencement exercifes are ex- hibited. It is 32 miles north of Charlefton, 1 15 N. W. by W. of Portfmouth, 138 N. W. of Bofton, and 378 N. E. by N. of Philadelphia.— ;i. Hanover, atownfliip in Morris county, New-Jerfey. In a ridge of hills in this tovvnllilp are a number of well?, 40 miles from the fea in a ftraight line, which HANNIBAL, a military townlhip in the State of regularly ebb and flow about 6 feet twice in every 24 New- York, on Lake Ontario, 10 miles S. by W. of Fort Ofwego. — ib. HANOVER, a bay in the fea of Honduras, fituated on the eaft fide of the peninfula of Yucatan, from which it receives the waters of the Rio Honde. The traft of land between the river Hindeand the Balize was ceded by the Spanilh king to the king of Great Britain, at the peace of 1783, for the purpofe of cutting and carrying away logwood. — ib. Hanover, a townfliip in Lu/erne county, Pennfyl- vania. Alio a townlhip in Walhington county. Eaft and Weft Hanover, are two townlhips in Dauphine county in the fame State. — ib. Hanover, or M'JlUJier's Toivn, a port town in York county, Pennfylvania, fituated betv,'e;n Cndorus creek, and a branch of Little Conewago, which flows into the Sufquehanuah. It contains nearly 300 dv\ el- ling houfes, and a German and Lutheran church. It is '7 miles north of the Maryland line, 18 miles fouth- vtil of York, and 106 VJ . by S. of Philadelphia. — ib. Hanover, a townlhip in Plymouth county, Maffa- e1uU";tts, 2j miles S. E. from Bofton, was incorporated in 1727, and contains 1,003 inhabitants. — ib. Hanover, a poft-town of Nov.'-Hampllure, fituated pn the eaft fide of Connecticut river in Grafton coun- ty. Durlmoulh College, in this town, is fituated on a beautiful plain, about half a rnile, from the river, in 43" 43' N. lat. and in 72° 14' VV. long, from Green- wich. It derives iis name from William Earl of Dart- mouth, one of its principal benetaftors, and was found- ed in the year 1769 by the late Dr Eleazer Wheelock. The fluids of the college confift chiefly of lands, •mounting to about 80,000 acres, which are increafing in value in proportion to the growth of the country ; 1,200 acres lie contiguous to the college ; and are ca- pable ofthebeft improvement; 12,000 lie in Vermont. A trad of 8 miles fquare was granted by the aifembly of Nevv-Hampfliire in 1789. The revenue of the col- lege arifing from the lands, in 1793, amounted annual- ly to ;^I40. By contradls then made, they would amount, in four years after, to ^450 ; and in 1 2 years, 10650. The income from tuition is about ;^6oo per annum. The number of under.graduates is, on an av- erage, from 15010 18 ). A grammar fchool of about 50 or 60 fcholars is annexed to the college. The ftu- denta are under the infmediate government and inftruc- tion of a prefident, who is alfo profeffor of hiftory, a profelFor of mathematics, and natural philofopliy, a profeiFor of languages, and two tutors. The college is furnifiied with a handfonie library and a philofopliical apparatus tolerably complete. A new college edifice hours. It is about 16 miles N. W. of Elizabeth-Town, and j jins upon Morriftown. — ib. Hanoter, a county of Virginia, lying between Pa- muaky and Chitkahominy rivers. Its length is about 48 miles, and its breadth 22 ; and contains 14,754 in- habitants, including 8,223 Aaves. It abounds with limellone. — ib. Hanover, a fmall town of Virginia, of the above county, fituated on the weft fide of the Pamunky, in which is an academy. It is 6 miles from Ke^vcaftle, 22 N. E. by E. of Richmond, and no N. N. W. of Walhington city. — ib. HANSPIKE, or Handspec, a lever or piece of ftrong wood, for raifing by the hand great weights, Sec. It is five or fix ieet long, cut thin and crooked at the lower end, that it may get the eafier between things that are to be feparated, or under any thing that is to be raifcd. It i:> better than a crow of iron, becaufe its length allows a better poife. HANTS, a county of NovaScotia, beginning about 30 miles from Halifax, contains the townlhips ot VVind- for, Falmouth, and Newport ; feveral valuable trafts remain unfettled. Tlie road from Halifax runs part of the way between Wlndfor and Newport, and has fettlements on it at fmall diftances. The county is about 20 miles fquare, and is well watered. The rivers St. Croii, Kenetcoot, and Cocmiguen empty into the Avon, and are all navigable except the laft. The Cacaguet and Cobeguit are navigable 40 miles for veffels cf 60 tons. — Morse. HARDIN, a new county in the State of Kentucky, bounded N. E. by Waftiington and Lincoln, N. W. and W. by Nellbn and Greene, and S. E. by Logan counties. — ib. FIARDWICK, a townftiip in Caledonia county, in Vermont. — .b. Hardwick, a townlhip in Worcefter county, Mafla- chufetts, 25 miles N. W. of V/orcefter, and 70 S. W. of Bofton. It is feparated from New-Bralntree and Ware by Ware river. There are within this town 245 houfes, 1,725 inhabitants, 5 corn and 4 faw mills, and two clothiers' works. — ib. Hardwick, a townlhip in Siiflex county, New-Jer- fey, nearly 10 miles S. W. of Newton. — ib. Hardwick, a fmall town of Georgia, at the mouth of Ogeeche river, and about 18 miles S. by W. of Sa- vannah. It has lately been made a port cf entry. — ib. HARDY, a county of Virginia, bounded north by Hampftiire. It is about 60 miles long, and 40 in breadth, and contains 7,336 inhabitants, including 369 Haves. Chief town, Moorfield. — ib. HARDYSTON, Hardyfton II Harplc. H A R [I HARDYSTON, a townfhip in SulTex county, New- Jerfey, containing 2,393 inhabitants, including 26 flave=. — ib. HARFORD County, in Maryland, is bounded norih by York county in Pennfylvanin ; cart by Sulquebiui- rah river and Ciiefapeak Bay. The chief waters within the county are Diilh river and Deer creek ; on which are 16 mills of different kinds. On the former and its branches are the towns of Harford, Abington, Coopf- town, and Belle-Air. The other towns are Havre de Gras at the mouth of Sufquehannah, and Joppa be- low the foi ks of Gunpowder. It contains 14,976 inhabitants, including 3,417 flaves. Chief town, Belle-Air. — ib. Harford, or Bujh-twwn, in Harford county, Mary- land, lies at the head of the tide waters of Bulli river, between Binam's and James's runs ; the forrr.er fepa- rating it from Abington. It has few houfes, and is falling to decay fince the courts of juftice have b;-en removed to Belle-Air. It is 9 miles 8. E. of Belle- Air, and 25 N. E. by E. of Baltimore ib, HARLEM, a townlhip in Lincoln county, Maine, incorporated in 1796. It was formerly called Jones's Plantation . — ib. Harlem, or Eajl River, a riv^-r which connetTs Long-IOand Sound with North, or Hudfi.n river, and forms York-Illand. — ib. Harlem, a divifion of New- York county in the nor- thern part of York-Ifl ind, which contains 803 inhabi- tants, including 189 llaves. The village of its name ftands 9 miles northerly of New-York city, and 4 S. W. of Weft-Cheftcr. It is oppolite to the welt end of Hell Giii.—ib. HARMAN's Sttilion, in Krnrucky, is a futton the eaft fide of the well branch of Big Sindy river. On the oppofue lide of this branch is the Great Salt fpring. Harman's Station is about 20 miles fouth ol Van- couver's fort. — ib. HARMAR, a well conUruiled fort in the N. W. Territory, fituated at the mouih of the Mulkinguni. It has 5 baftions, and 3 cannon mounted, and is gar- lifoned by 4 companies. It is conveniently (itu.ited to reinforce any of the polls up or doun the river Oiiio. The place is remarkably healthy. — ib. HARMONY, a village in Luzerne county, Penn- fylvania, clofe on the line of New- York, on the north iide of Starucca creek, a water of the call branch of Sufquehannah river. B:tween this and Stockport on Delaware river, dillant t8 miles E. S. E. there is a portasie. It is about 140 miles N. by W. of Philadel- phia, and 130 N. \V. of New-York. N. lat. 41" 58'. —ib. HARPATH, a fmall boat.tble river in Tenneffee, which, after a N. N. W. courfe of about 40 ni'les, falls into Cumberland river, 19 miles N. W. cf Nalh- ville. — ib. HARPERSFIELD, a townfirp in Ocfego county, in New-York, bunnded S. W. by Unidilla townlhip, and 32 miles S. E. of Cooperftown ; 155 of it; inhabi- tant- are eleflors. Through this town runs the great poft.road from Hudfon to WiUiamfburgb, 62 miles well of Hudfon city. — ib. HAKPLE, a townlhip in Delaware county, Penn- fylvani.i. — ib. 49 ] H A R HARPSWELL, a townfliip in Cumberland coun- HarpfweU ty, Dilltia of Maine, incorporated in 175H, and con- H . tains 1071 inhabitants. It is bounded callerly by ^JiJ^ji^ Georgetown ; from which it is leparated by a navigable river. The people here are opening a communication by a canal between the waters of Kennebeck river and thofe of Cafco Bay, through the arm of the fca called Stevens's river. The point called Merryconeag, pro- jeding i'.felf into the bay together with the ifland Se- bafcodeagan, and fcveral other fmall iflands, are in- corp'>rated and form this townfhip. Tlie w.iters round this ifland extend to within two miles of the waters of the Kennebeck, and thus form what is called fmall Point. — ib. HARRINGTON, a townlliip in Bergen county, Ncw'-J^ifey. — ib. HARRIOT (Thomas) was a very eminent ma- thematician of the 1 6th and 17th centuries, of whom fome account has been given in the EncycloptJia. In that article it has been Ihewn, that Des Cartes had feen fome improvements of Harriot's in algebra, and publifh°d them to the world as his own ; but this piece of plagiarifm has been more completely proved in the Afironomical Ephemeris for the year 178H, by Dr Z ich, allronomer to tlie Duke of Saxe-Gotha ; who likewife lliews that H.iriiot was an allrcnomer as well as an algebralll. " I here prefcnt to the world (fays the Doflor) a fliort account of fome valuable and curious manufcripts, which I found in the year 17S4 at the feat of the earl of Egremont, at Petworth in Siillcx. " A predecelfor of the family of lord Egremont, viz. that noble earl of Northumberland, named Henry Percy, was not only a generous favourer of all good learning, but alfo a patron and Mxccnas of the learned men of his age. Thomas Harriot, the author of the faid manufcripts, Robert Hues (well known by his Treatife upon the Globes), and Walter Warner, all three eminent mathematician-, who were known to the earl, received from him yearly pcnfions ; fo that when the carl was committed prifoner to the Tower of Lon- don in the year 1606, our author, with Hues and \V.ir- ner, \v-ere his conllai.t companions : and were ufually called the earl of Northumberland's three Magi. " Thomas Harriot is a known and celebrated mathe- matician among the learned of all nations, by his excel- lent work, Aitis Analyifcs Prjxii, aJ eyui:li'.nt hitherto been known tluit IIu- liot was an eminent aftronomer, both theoretical and j'ia«51ical, which fiill nppears by ihtfe rranufcripts ; aincn^ whii:h, tlie molt lem.irkable are 199 obferva- tions of the fun's fpots, with their drawing?, caktla- tinns, and determinations of the fun's rotation al^rut his axis. There is the greateft probability thit Harriot was the firll difcoverer of ihefe fpots, even befor- either Galileo or Scheiner. The cailiell intelligence we hive of the firft difcovered folar fpots is of one Joh. Fuiiri- cius Phryfius, who in the year 161 1 publilhed at Wit- temberg a fmall treatife, intiiled, De Jl'Iaculis in Sole ob- fervalis cjf apparinte eonim cum Sole coKvsrJwne narral'w. Galileo, who is commonly accounted the firft difcoverer of the folar fpots, publifhed his book, IJloria e Dinion- ftra^ioni i/ilurne aHe Machle Solare e loio aal.Ienl':, at Rome in the year 1613. His firll obfervation in this work is dated June 2d 1612. Anpelo de Filiit, the editor of Galileo's work, who wrote the dedicanoii and preface t") it, mentions, page 3. tliat Gali'.eo liad not only difcovered thefe fpots in the month of April in the year 161 i, at Rome, in the Quirinal Garden, l)Ut had (hewn them fcveral months bet ne {molli-meji inanzi) to his friends in Florence ; and that the oblervations iif the difguifed Apelles (the Jcfult Scheiner, a pre- tender to this firft difcovery) were not later than the month of Odober in the fame year; by which the epoch of this difcovery was fixed to the beginning cf the year 161 1. But a palfage in the firft letter cf Ga- lileo's works, pa. 1 1. gives a more precife term to this difcovery. Galileo there fays in plain term?, that he had obferved the fpots in the fun 18 months before. The date of this letter is May 24. lf)i2 ; which brings the true epoch cf this difcovery to the month of Novem- ber 1610. However, Galileo's firll produced obferva- tions are only from June 2. 161 2, and thofe of father Scheiner of the month of Oflober in the fame year. But now it appears from Harriot's manufcripts, that his firft obfervations of thefe fpcts are of Dec. 8. 1610. It is not likely that Harriot could have this notice from Galileo, for I do not find this mathematician's name ever quoted in Harriot's papers : But I find him quoting book i. chap. 2. of Jofeph a Cofta's Natural and Moral Hijlory of the IVefl Indies ; in which he re- lates, that in Peru there are fpots to be feen in the fun which are not feen in Europe : and hence it is pro- bable, that Harriot took the hint of looking for fuch fpots. Befides, it is not unlikely, that living with fo munificent a patron, Harriot got from Holland the new invented telefcopes much fooner than they could reach Galileo, who at the lime lived at Venice. Harriot's very careful and exact obfervations of thefe fpots, fiievv alfo that he was in pofftrlHon of the beft and moft im- proved telefcopes of that time ; for it appears he had foroe with magnifying powers of 10, 20, and 30 times. At leaft there are no earlier obfervations of the folar fpots extarit than his; they run from December 8. i6to, till January 18. 1613. I compared the corre- fponding ones with thefe obferved by Galileo, between which I found an exa(?l agreement. Had Harriot had '^2"^?'*, any notion about Galileo's difcoveries, lie certainly would have alfo known fomething about the phafes of Venus and Mercury, and efpecially abiut the fmgul.ir thapc of Saturn, firll difcovered by G ilileo ; but I find nnt a word in all his papeis concerning the particular figure of that planet. " I fvui id like wife, (cuniinues Dr Zach) among the papers if Harriot a large fct of obfeivaticns on the f«. tellites of Jupiter, with dra'Aiiigs of them, their pofi- tionv, and calculitions cf their revoluti' ns arid periods. His firft obfervation of thofe diicovjred f itellites, I find to lie of January 16. i6fO ; and they go till February 26. 1C12. Galileo pretends to have difcovered them January 7. 1610; fo th<-.t it is not improbible that Harriot was likewife the fiift difcoverer of thefe attend- ants of Jupiter. " Among his other obfervations of the moon, of e- ciipfes, of the planet Mars, of folftlces, of refraiflion, of tiie declination of the needle, E-ic. there are remarkable ones of the comet cf 1607, and the latter comet (for there were two) of 161 8. They were all obferved vith a crofs-ftafF, by nieafuring their dlftances from fixed flars ; whence thefe obfeivations are the more va- luable, as comets had before been but grofsly obferved. Kepler hinifelf obferved the comet of 1607 only with the naked eye, pointing out its place by a coarfe efti- m ition, v;ithout the aid of an inftrument ; and the ele- ments of their orbits could, in defeifl of better obferva- tions, be only calculated by them. The obfervations of the comet of the year 1607 are of the more importance, even now for modern attionomy, as this is the frme comet that fulfilled Dr Halley's prediflion of its return in the year 1759. That prediction was only grounded upon the elements afforded him by th:fe coarfe obferva- tions ; for which reafon he only afligned the term of its return to the fpace of a year. The very intricate cal- culations of the perturbations of this comet, afterwards made by M. Clairaut, reduced the limits to a month's fpace. But a greater light may now be thrown upon this matter by the more accurate obfervations on this comet by Mr Harriot. In the month of Oflober 17S5, when I converfed upon the fubje£l of Harriot's papers, and efpecially on this comet, with the celebra- ted mathematician M. de la Grange, direflor of lh« Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, he then fuggeft- ed to me an idea, which, if brought into execution, will clear up an important point in aftronomy. It is well known to aftronomers how difficult a matter it is to de- termine the mafs, or quantity of matter, in the planet Saturn ; and how little fatisfadlory the notions of it are that have hitherto been formed. The whole theory of the perturbations of comets depending upon this uncer- tain datum, feveral attempts and trials have been made towards a more exaifl determination of it by the moft eminent geometricians of this age, and particularly by la Grange himlelf ; but never having becnfatisfied with the few and uncertain data heretofore obtained for the refolution of this problem, he thought that Harriot's obfervations on the comet of 1607, and the modern ones of the fame comet in 1759, would fuggeft a way ofrefolving the problem a pofleriorl ; that of determining by them the elements of its elliplis. The retardation of the comet compared to its period, may clearly be laid to the account of the attraition and perturbation It has H A R [ 1 fiatrifijBrj has fufFered in the region of Jupiter and Saturn ; and II as the part of it belonging to Jupiter is very well known, s^^^^i^i^ the remainder murt be the fliare which is due to Saturn ; whence the mafs of ihe latter may be inferred. In confequence of this confideration, I have already begun to reduce mod of Harriot's obfervations of this comet, in order to calculate by them the true elements of its orbit on an elliptical hypothefis, to complete M. de la Grange's idea upon this matter. " I forbear to mention here any more of Harriot's analytical papers, which I found in a very great num- ber. They contain feveral elegant folutions of qua- dratic, cubic, and biquadratic equations ; with fome other folutions and /oca geometric^, that lliew his emi- nent qualifications, and will ferve to vindicate them a- gainft the attacks of fereral French writers, wlio refufe him the judice due to his Ikill and accomplilhments, merely to fave Dt-s Cartes's honour, who yet, by fome impartial men of his own nation, was accufed of public plagiarifm." HARRISBURG, a p'-fttown, and the capital o| Dauphine county, Penr;f)lv3nia, is fituated on the N. E. bank of Sufquehannah river. It is la'd out regular- ly, and contains about 3C0 houfes ; of whici) feveral are neat and convenient ; fome of brick and others of ftone. In 1789, it contained 130 houfes, a (lone gaol, and a German church. At that perinj it lud been fettled about 3 veats. It is 107 miles W. N. W. of Philadelphia, 53 W. S. W. of Readin-j, and 17 E. N. E. of Carlille. N. lat. 40° iG'.—Mone. HARRISON, a townfliip in Well-Chefter county, New. York, containing 1004 inhabitants ; of whom 115 are eledors, and 54 llaves. — ib. Harrison, a county in the weftern part of Vir- ginia, bounded N. by Ohio county, N. E. by Monon- galia, S. by Gre;i^briar, and S. W. by Kenhawa. Its length is about 120 miles, its breadth 80; and the number cf inhao'tants 2,c8o, including 67 (lave:. Chief town Clarkfburg. — ib. Harrison, a new county in the N. E. part of tl:e State of Kentuckv, N. of Bourbon. — ib. HARRODSBURG, or Horro/JIcnvr. ; apod-town in Mercer county, Kentucky, at the head rf Salt river, whch contains about 2chcnfes, and is 10 miles S. W. of Danville, 30 S. by W. of Frankfort, and 825 S. W. of Philadelphia —ib. HARTFORD, a townihip in Windfor county, Ver- mcnt, en Coiiueclicut river, oppnfite the town of Le- banon, in New-Hampfljire. It contains 988 ir.liabi- tants. — ib. Hartford, a townfliip on the eafV bank of Geneifee river, in New-York State, 40 miles W. of Geneva, and 67 S. E. by E. of Fort Ni:ignra. Hartford, a fertile and populous, though hilly county, in Ccnnecfticut, bcu-Jed N. by the State of Mniracl.ufetfs ; S. by part of Middlefcx and New- Haven coun;ies ; E. by Tolland, and ^V^ by Litchfield county. It is about 34 miles from N. to S. and its greatell breadth frrm E. to W. is 30 miles. It is divided into 15 townlhip«, and contains 38,029 inha- bitants, inclixling 265 ilaves. Chief town, Hartford city. — ib. Hartford City, the capit,d of Conncflicut, lies on the well bank of Conncuiing bufinefs, and is a tich, flou- rilhing, commercial town. This town was fird fettled in the year i6j6, by Mr Haynes and Mr Hooker, who, with ihclr adherents, removed from Miff.jchufctts. The Dutch had then a trading ho.ifeat the confluence of Mill and Connefticut rivers. They foon rclinquilhed the fettlement, and their lands were confifcated by a commilTion from the Commonwealth cf England in 1653. A point "f Und, which forrred part of their pcflelGons, is dill called Dutch Point. It is 40 miles N. E. by N. of New- Haven, ^^ N. W. of New-Lcndon, 124 S. W. rf B .lion, 128 N. E. of Ncw-Yoik, 223 N. E. of Phila- delphia, 502 from Richmond, 376 from Wadiington city, 1044 from Augulia, and 1018 from Frankfort in Kentucky. N. Int. 41^' 44', W. lorg. 73" 4'. ,b. HARTLAND, a townlliip of Coiine(rticut, the north-eadeinmoll in Litchfield county. — ib. Hartland, a towcfliip in W.ndfor ctiirty, Ver- mont, fuuated on the wdl bank of Connclicut river, II miles belnv;he 15 mile lalls. — ;'3. HARVARD, a townfhip in the eadern part of Wor- cetler county, MafTachufctts, 23 mles N. E. cf V.'or- ceder, and 35 north ea'lerly of Built n. It was incor- porated in 1732, by iliis name, in honour t^i the founder of Hirvard Univcrfiiy in Cambridj/e. Jt has 1400 inhibir.in's. — ib. HARWICH, a townfliip on Cape Cod, in Barn- dab'e county, Mjlfarhufelts, lyiti^; between Yarmouth and Chatham, about 8S miles S. E. of Dodon, con- taining 2392 inhabitants. It cx'ends quite acrofs the cap?, which is here about 6 miles over. Their ma- rine bulinefj lies chiefly in the filhcry. The remiiiiii cf the Indians of tliis townfh'p arc only 6 or 7 fouls. They live at PiLuiumiuut — ib. Harwich, a tcwnlhip in Rutland county, Vermont, containing i^j inhab'tants. — ib. HARWIN'GTON, a pod town of ConneSicur, in IJtchSelJ coiin-y, 8 m'tes E. of Litchfield, and 24 VV. by N. of Ha-tford.— /*. HASSELC)l-TIST (Frederick) wa5 born in ihc province of Ead GoihUud in 1722, and dudied medi- cine and botany in the univerfity of Upfal. Lionxus had in his hfluies rcf refcnccJ the cxcraordinaiy merits and HAS C IJ2 ] HAT Haflclqiiift. nnd great celebrity which a ynnr.;^- (ludcnt might ob- ''-^'^''^■^ t^j^ ijy travelling thro'.igh Paleftine, and by inquiring into and defcribing the natural liiflory of that country, which was till then unknown, and h?.d become of the grcaiefl importance to interpret the bible, and to iin- derllar.d eaftern ph'lology. H.ifielquifl was fired with ambition to accomplilh an objcfl lb important in itfelf, and fo warmly recommended by his beloved maQer. There being no fund arifing frcm th.e liberality of the crown, private collei^ions were made, whiih poured in very copicofly, efpecially from the n.itive country of the young traveller. All the faculties of the univerfity ot Upfil alio granted him a ftipend. Thus prctcifled, he cnmmei^ccd his jnnrrey in I'le fumnier cf 1749. By the interference ot Lagerftroem, he had a free palfage to Smyrna in one of the Kwedilh E.ift Indiamen. He arrived there at tlie conclrfion of the year, an J was received in the mod friendly manner by Mr A. Rydel, the Swedilh confnl. In the besin- lling of 1750 lie let cut for Egypt, and remained n'ne monlhs at Cairo the capital. Hence he fent to Lin- naeus and to the learned focieties cf his country, fcir.e fpecimcns of his refe^nch.e?. They were publilhed in the public papers, and met with the gre.i-e.l approba- tion ; and upon the piopofition of Uean Baeclf and Dr Wargentin, fecretary of the Royal Academy of Scien- ces, a cclledion of upwards cf io,coo ciolla's in copper money w.is made for the continup.nce (f the travels of young HalFelqiiift. Counfellors Lagcrllroem and Nor- dencrantz were the mod acflive in ridfing fubfcriptions at Stockholm and Gothenbiirgh. In th.e (pring cf 175T, he repaired to his dtftination, and palfed thn iigh Jaifa to Jtrufalem, Jericho, &c. He returned after- wards through Rhodus and Scio to Smyrna. Thus he fulfilled all the expeiftations of his countiy, but he was not to reap the reward of his toils. The burning heat of the fandy deferts of Arabia had afT^fled his lungs ; lie reached Smyrna in a ftate of illnefs, in which he languidied for fome time, and died February 9. 1752, in the joih year of his age. The fruits of his travels were, hovrever, preferved through the liberality of a great piincefs. He had been obliged to contrad debts. The Turks, theref< re, fei/.ed upon all his coUeiftions, and threatened to expofe them to public fale. The Swedilh conful prevented it. He fent, with the intelligence of the unhappy exit of his countryman, an account of the diftrcifes under which he died ; — and at the reprefentation of Dean Baeck, Queen Louifa Ulrica granted the fum of 14,000 dol- lars in copper fpecie to redeem all his colleflions. They arrived afterwards in good prefervation at Stockholm ; confiding of a great quantity of antiques, Arabian ma- nufcripts, Ihells, birds, ferpent?, infers Sec. and were kept in the cabinets at Ulrichfdale and Drottningholm. The fpecimens of the natural curiofities of thefe mufe- ums being double or treble in number, Linrxus cb- tained f.me of them, and publifhed the voyage of his ill-fated friend, and honoured his memory with a plant. which he called from his name Hafilquijiia . Hassel- QUiRTA, JRrfycl. HAT-iviAKiNG is a mechanical procefs, which is de- tailed in tl:e E.-icydopfdra from the bed irformition that could then be obtained. We have lately learned, however, th;it our detail is fometimes defective, and fometimes erroneous ; and it is our duty tofupply thofe defects, and to crrreiff thcf; errors. But, drangers as we are to the b'jfinsfs of hit-making, we (ho'jld not peihaps have fufpe^Jted, that we had been milled by the perfons whom we confultcd, h id we not been informed by a very intelligent writer in Nicholfon's Philf fnphical Journal, that the account of the manufacturing of hats, which is civen in the Encyclofixdia is far from the truth. This information induced us to look through the Journal itfelf for a more accurate account of the procefs ; well convinced, that the liberal-minded author of that work would not have poin'ed out our midakes without making us welcome to avail ourfslves of his aid to correcl them. Oor readers viill therefore be in- t.debted only to Mr Nichnlfi n and his correfpondent for wliatevcr indruflicn they may deiive frf.m this article; and as we wilh not to deck ourfelves in borrowed plume?, we fhall communicate that inftruflion in the wi-rds cf i"s authrr. Having vifited the manufactory of MefTrs Collinfons, 1' urers in Gravel lane, Southwark, Mr Nicholfon gives ihe following account of their procedure : " The materials for makin':; hats are rabbits fur cut off from the flcin, jifcr the hairs have been plucked out, together with v.ool and beaver. The two former are mixed in various proportions, and of different qualities, according to the value of the article intended to be made; and the lat'er our author believes to be univerfally ufed fur facing the finer articles, and never for the body or main duff. Experience has fliewn, that thefe materials cannot be evenly, ard v.ell felted together, ur.lefs all the fibres be fird fepatated, or put into the fame date with regard to each other. This is the objeifl of the firft procefs, called how'ing. The material, without any pre- vious preparation (a), is laid upon a platform of wood, or of wire, fomewhat more than four feet fquare, called a hur:'.le, which is fixed againll the wall of the workfliop, and is enlightened by a fmall window, and feparated by two fide partitions from other hardies, which occupy the red of ihefpace along the wall. The hurdle, if of wood, is made of deal planks, not quite three inches wide, difpofed parallel to the wall, and at the diftance of one fortieth or one fiftieth of an inch from each other, for the purpofe of fuffering the dud, and other impurities of the duff, to pafs through ; a purpofe (till more effedually anl'wered by the hurdle of wire. " The workman !>; provided with a bow, a bow-pin, a bafket, and feveral ch ths. The bow is a pole of yellov7 deal wood, between feven and eight feet long, to which are fixed two bridge?, fomewhat like that which re- ceives the hair in tlie bow of the violin (b). Over thefe (a) Some writers mention a partial wetting of the fur while on the fkin, by lightly fmearing it with a folutica of nitrate of mercury to give it a curl. MellVs CoUinfons do not ufe it, nor any other preparation. (b) Mr Nicholfon's correfpondent, who is himfelf a hatter, fays that a bow is bed made of adi ; that it is com- pol^ed of \[\z Jiang or handle ; that the bridge at the fnialler end, or that which is reared the window in the as a ft.ck ^mh a knob, muft therefore greatly tend to ftrengthen. The prin -S and .s uled for rluck.ng the bow-ftrmg. Ihe bafkct .s cipal part of the hat is thus put together, and now e- ^^^ a fquare piece of ozier work, confillnig of open flra.t quires to be worked uith the hands a confiderable time bars wth no eroding or .nterweavmg Its length acroft upon the hurdle, the cloth bcin;; alio occaf.onally fprinki the bars may be about tv/o feet, and .ts breadth e.gh- led with clear water. During the whole of this ope- teen .nehe.. The i.des ,nto wh,ch the bars are hxed ration, which is called i./onin^^c), the article beco,^,ei are fl.ghtly bended mto a circular curve, fo that the firmer and firmer, and contraas in its dimenfions. It balket may be fet upright on one of thefe edges rear may eaCly be underdood, that the chief ufe of the pa- the fTCTht hanii enil (jt tlie buret e. wlier(> ir kIiki W ■-.or :, .„ .1. , .-j _ r ,■ 1 . . ' n'^V^bt , "d end of the hurdle, where .t ulually per, is to prevent the fides from felting together ftands. The cloths arelmen. Befides tnefe .mplements, " The bafoning is followed by a ftiU more efTcc.ua. the workman is alfo provided with brown paper. continuation of the felting called ivoriin^ (d) This is " The io'wws commences by fliovellmg the material done in another (liop, at an apparatus called a i.;//'r. flual The ftnng. in its return, ftnkes part ot the tur, and together in the form of a frullum of a pyramid, and caufes It to rile, and fly partly acrols the hurdle in a meeting in the kettle at the middle. The outer or light open form. By repeated ftrokes, the whole is thus upper edge of each plank is about two feet broad, and fubjeaed to the bow ; and this beating is repeated till rifes a little more than two feet and a half above the all the original clots or malFes of the filaments are per- ground ; and the flope towards the kettle ij confider- feftly opened and obliterated. The quantity tiius treat- ably rapid, fo that the whole battery is little more than ed at once is cdled a bait, and never exceeds half the fix feet in diameter. The quantity of fulphuric acid quantity required to make one hat. added to the liquor is not fufricient to give a four tafte, " When the batt is fufficiently bowed, it is ready for but only renders it rough to the tongue. In this li- hankning ; which term denotes t! e firft commencement quor heated rather higher than unpraftifed hands could of felting. The prepared material being evenly difpo- bear, the article is dipped from time to time, and ihea fed on the hurdle, is firft prelfed down by the convex worked on the planks with a roller, and alfo by folding fideof the balket, then covered with a cloth, and prelfed or rolling it up, and opening it again ; in all which, a fucceffively in its various parts by the hands of the certain degree of care is at firft necellary, to prevcn* workman. The prelfuie is gentle, and the hands are the fides from felting together ; of which, in the mora very (lightly moved back and forwards at the fame time advanced ftages of the operation, there is no danger, through a fpace of perhaps a quarter of an inch, to fa- The Imperfeillons of the work now prefent themfelret vour the hardening or entangling of the fibres (See to the eye of the workman, who picks out knots and Felting in this Siippl.) In a very (horl time, indeed, other hard fubftances with a bodkin, and add> more felt the fluff acquires lulficient firmnef, to bear careful upon all fucii parts as require llrengthening. Thii handling. The cloth is then taken off, and a flieet of added felt is patted down with a wet brulh, and foon paper, with its corners doubled In, fo as to give itatii- Incorporates with the reft. The beaver is laid on to- angular outline, Is laid upon the batt, which laft is fold- wards the conclufion of this kind of working. Mr ed over the paper as it lies, and its edges, meeting one Nicholfon could not dilllniSly learn why the bee? over the other, form a conical cap. The joining is foon grounds were ufed with beaver-hats. Some workmen made good by prelTure with the hands on the cloth, faid, that by rendering the liquor more tenacious, the Another batt, ready hardened. Is in the next place laid hat was enabled to hold a greater quantity of it for a on the hurdle, and the cap here mentioned placed upon longer time; but others faid, that the mere acid and it, with the joining downwards. This lall batt being water would not adhere to the beaver facing, but would »lfo folded up, will confequently haveitsplace ofjunftlon roll off immediately wlien the article was laid on the SuppL. Vol. II. U plank* (c) Mr Nicholfon's correfpondent fays, that after bowing, and previous to the bafoning, % hardening fiin, that is, a large piece of fkin, about tour leet long and three feet broad, of leather alumed or half tanned. Is prelfed upon the batt, to bring It by an eafier gradation to a compaift appearance ; after which It is bafoned, being Hill kept upon the hurdle. This operation, the bafoning, derives its name from the procefs or mode of iMtiing, being the fame as that pradlifed upon a wool hat alter bowing; the laft being done upon a piece ot call metal, four feet acrofs, of a circular lliape, called a bafon : the joining of each batt is made good here by IliutHing the hand, that Is, by rubbing the edges of each batt folded over the other to e.\cite the progrcllivc motion ol eacli of the filaments in i'clting, and to join the two together. Many journeymen, to hurry this work, ufe a quantity of vitriol (fulphuric acid), and then, to make the nap rife and How, they kill the vitriol, and . p.-n the body again by throwing in a handful or two of oatmeal ; by tJiis means they get a great many made, though, at the lame time, they leave them quite grainy from the want of labour. This, in handling the dry grey hat when made may be in part difcovered ; but in part only. (d) The Intelligtnt wiiter, who has been fo often quoted, fays, that before this operation is begun, the hat is dipped into the boiling kettle, and allowed to lie upon the plank until cold again ; thin is called /o.iiin^, that is, being perfeflly f.iturated with the hot liquor : if they are put in too hallily in this ftatc, tor they are then only bowed and bafoctd, they would burll from th.e edges, each batt not being fufficiently telted into the other. Hat-mik- ing. HAT [I plank. It is probable, as he obferves, that the nianu- faiflurers who now tollow ihe eftablilhed pra(5lice, may not have tried what are the inconveniencies this addition is calculated to remove." Our author's correfpondent, however, aQlgns feveral reafons ior the addition of thofe dregs, which, he fays, ought to be thick, and the foureft that can be got. 1. Vitriol (fulphuric acid) would harden the hat too much, which is kept mellow by the dregs, z. The dregs are faid by the workmen to hold or fill the body, whiift a little vitriol cleanfes it of the dirt, &c. that may be on the rabbit or other wools. 3. Another ad- vantage attending the life of dreg:, whether of beer, porter, or wine, is, that as the boiling of the dyeing does net draw out much of the mucilage from each hat when it comes to be ftiffened, the dregs form a body •within the hat, fufficiently ftrong or retentive to keep the glue from coming through amongd the nap. 4. Vitriol (fiilphiuic acid) alone purges or weakens the goods tio much; confequently half of the quantity does bitter with the addition of dregs, as it allows the body to be made clofer by more work. Of thefe four reafons for the ufe of dregs, the laft alone appears to us perfpicuous or at all fatisfaflory. But be this as it msy, acid of fome kind gives a rough- nefi to the furfriceof the hair, which facilitates tlie me- chanical aftion of felting ; and Mr CoUinfon informed Mr Nicholfon, tliat in a procefs, called carotli/ij;, they make ufe of nitrous acid. In this operation, the ma- terial is put into a mixture of the nitrous and fulphuric acids in water, and kept in the digeflingheat of a (love all night ; by which means the hair acquires a ruddy or yellow colour, and lofes part of its ftrengih. "U mud be rcmeniberedjthat our hat dill pn/Tcffes the form of a cone, and that the whole of the feveral ac- tions it has undergone have only converted it into a foft ilexible telt, capable of being extended, though with fome diiliculty, in every diieilion. The next tiling to be done is to give it the fjrm required by the weaier. For this purpofe the workman turns up the edge or rim to the depth of about an inch and a half, and then returns the point back again through the centre or axis of the cap, fo far as not to take out this fold, but to pioduce another inner fold of the fame depth. The point being returned back again in the fame manner, produces a third fold ; and thus the workman proceeds, until the v.-hch has acquired the appearance of a Hit circular piece, confilling of a number of concentric un- dulations or folJs, with the point in ths centre. This is laid upon the plank, v.here the workman, keeping the piece wet with the liquor, pulls out the point with his fin:rerf, and preifes it down with his hand, at the fime time turning it round on its centre in contact with the plank, till lie has, by this means, i ubbed out a flat po) tion, equal to the intended crown of the hat. In the next place he takes a block, to the crown of which he applxs the flat central portion of the felt, and by forcing a ftring down the fides of the block, he caufes the next part to affuroe the figure of the crown, which he continues to wet and work, until it has properly dif- pofed itfelf lound the block. The rim now appears like a fljunced or puckered appendage round the edge of the crown ; but the block being Vet upright on the plank, the requifite figure is foon given by working, rubbing and e^^tsnding this part. Water only is ufed 54 ] HAT in this operation of fafliioning or blocking ; at the con- clufion of which it is prelfed out by the blunt edge of a copper implement for that purpofe. " Previous to the dyeing, the nap of the hat Is raifed or loofened out with a wire brufh, or carding inllru- ment. The fibres are too rotten after tlie dyeing to bear this operation. The dyeing materials are logwood, and a mixture of the fulphates of iron and of copper, known in the market by the names of green copperas and blue vitriol. As the time of Mr CoUinfon was limit- ed, and my attention, fays Mr Nicholfon, was more par- ticularly directed to the mechanical procefl'es, I did not go into the dye-houfe ; but I have no doubt that the hats are boiled with the logwood, and afterv.'ards im- meifed in the laline folution. I particularly alked whe- ther galls were ufed, and was anfwered in the negative. " The dyed hats are, in the next place, taken to the fliffening Ihop. One workman, alTilted by a boy, does this pan of the bufinefs. He has two veifels, or boil- ers, the one containing the grounds of ftrong beer, which cofts feven lliillings per barrel, and the other vef- fcl containing melted giue a little thinner than it is ufed by carpenters. Our author particularly alked, whether this laft folution contained any other ingre- dient befides glue, and wasaffured that it did not. 'I'he beer grounds aie applied in the infide of the crown to prevent the glue from coming through to the face, and alfo, as he luppofes, to give the requifite firmneis at a lefs expence than could be ])roduced by glue alone. If the glue were to paf> through the hat in different places, it mfght, he imagines, be more diUicult to produce an even glofs upon the face in the fubfetiuent finifhing. The glue fliffening is applied after the beer-groundi are diied, and then only upon the hnver face of (l:e flap, and the infide of the crown. For this pin pole, the hat is put into another hat, called a fliffening hat, the crown t'f which is notched, or flit optn in various dirtflions. Thefe are then placed in a liole in a deal board, which fupports the flap, and the glue ii applied with a brufh. " The dry hat, after this operation, is very rigid, and its figure irregular. The lalf dreffing is given by the application of moidure anJ lieat,and the ufe of the brulb, and a hot Iron, fome« b.at in the fhaj)e of that ufed by tailors, but fhorter and broader on the fice. The hat being f iltened by expofure to fleara, is drawn upon a block, to which it is fecurcly appl td by the fom^cr method of forcing a firing down from the crown to the coninienccmcnt of the lim. The judgment of the Workman is employed in nicIUening, brulhing, and iron- ing t.he hat, in order to give and preferve the proper figure. When the rim of the hat Is not intended to be of an equal width throughout, it is cut by means of a wooden, or perhaps nietHllIc pattern ; but as no fuch hats are now in fafliion, Mr Nicholfon faw only t)ie tool for cutting them round. The contrivance is very ingenious and fimple. A number of notches are made in one edge of a flat piece < f wood for the purpofe of inferting the point of a knife, and from one fide or edge of this piece of w<>od th^re proceeds a flrait handle, which lies parallel to thenotcl~,ed fide, forming an angle fomewhat like that of a carpenter's fquate. When the legs of this angle are applied to the --.uifide of the crown, and the board lies flat on the rim of the hat, ths notched edge will lie nearly in the dircU c, . the border very regular and er filk. This (hag (houUl be flrctch-d on a S true. Th,scut,,madebe.re.hehat,squ,tefinilhed, fuch a. dyers ufe to rack ck„h ; t en (having pr"! and -s not carr.ed entne.y through; fo that one of il.c cully fet the pile upright wi,h u comb, to pre^vcn^i.s laft opcn.t,on3 confuls ,n tcar.ng c(F the redundant being injured or P.uck together), go over the ground part .h,ch by that means eav-es an edg.ng of beaver with thin fize. la.d on with a n.ft^rufh. For^lacfc round the external face ot the flap. When the hat is or dark colours, common f,ze w.U do ; with wh^t^ or compleuly fin,.hed, the crown is tied up m gauze pa- any light colour, ufe illnglafs, or a f.ze made from white kid leather. Tliefe, or'gum, or any other mucilagi. nous matter, which, wiiiiout altering the colour, will prevent oil frc m getting throni;h the ground fo as t\ injure the pile, will anfwer the purpofe. Take care not to apply more of any mateiiil, as a preparstior, than may be fully fatiiratcd with oil orvarnifti, fothat per, which is neatly ironed down. It is then ready for the fubfeqnent operations of lining," Sec. Oiir author concludes his valuable memoir on the fabrication of hats, with liime obfervations on the pro- bable gain or lofs ol employing machinery in the ma- nuf.iiflure. Thefe obfervations, as they are ftated in the original paper, we recommend to the feiious attcn- water will not difch'arge it fmrn the gronnd The tion of every judicious hat-maker, who carries on his fue, or other glutinous matter, bcin? dry t'-e pi- bufmefs on a large fcale; for he will find them not the muftbe teafckd, or c^nrded with a fine 'ca-d till reveries of a rath Ipeculatift, b:.t the cool rdlecliuns of a the filk is completely taken cut of the twill or throw- real philofopher, whnisatthe fimct.menoftrangerto ing, when it wiil lofe its coarfe fiiaggv look, and af- the arts ot li!e. They fuggell the following fubjecfs of fume tlie appearance of a ve-y fine tir.' It mull hot enquiry ; Whether carding, which is rapidly and me- be once more fet upright with -i cor.^U, ard you may chanically don?, be inferior to bowii.g, whicli does not proceed to lav on yoOr water-proof material ; (his too promife much f.icility lor mechanical operation ? Whe- may be varied according to clrcumn^nco^. For black, ther a fucceffion of baus or carding? might be thrown or any daik colour, lin(ecd oil well boiled with the u- round a fluted cone, which rapidly revolving, in con- fual dViers, and thickened with a frar.ll quantity of any taa with three or more cjlindcrs, might perform the good drying colour, will do ; for white, or very fine co- hardening, and even the working, with much more lours, poppy or nut oil, or copal or other varnifhe;, may precifion and fpecd than they are now done by hand i be ufed. In this particular the maniifa..1urer mull Whether blocking or fiiaping be not an operation ex- judge what will betl anfwer his purpofe, taking car; tremely well calculated for the operation of one or mora never to ufe anything that will dry hard, or be ('ubjcdl machines ? Whether loofe weaving and fubfcquent felt- to crack. Mr Dunnage has found good drying Hir- ing might not produce a lighter, cheaper, and llronger feed oil prel'erable to any other thing which he has article ? And how far the mechanical felting, whicli is ufed, and, with the precaution of laying nn very lltll: not confined merely to the hairs of animals, might be the firft time, it will not injure the finell colours. Wh-.>n applied to this art? ^ the tirfl coat of oil is dry, go over it a fecond and Before we diimifs this fubjeft, it may be worth while a third time, if necclfary,' till you are convinced the to ftate Mr Dunnage's method of making loatey-proof pores of the ground are fully clcfed up, and the (luff hai.u in imitation of beaver, for which, in November rendered impervious to water. It (hould now (land 1794, he obtained a patent. It is as follows: Let a feveral days, till the fmell is fuflicienily gone ofFj and fhag be woven, of fuch count In the reed, and cut over before it is taken from the frame, (hould be gone over fuch fizcd wire, as will give the hats to be manutadu- with fome ox gall or lime-water, to takeofFthe greafi- red from it tiiat degree of richnefs or appearance of ncfs, which wtiild otIierwI(e prevent the fliffening tVorn fur, which may be thought neceffary. The materials adhering to the oil. The material being now ready to of which this Ihag may be cnmpo("cd are various, and be formed into hits, (hould be cut into proper (hapes ihould be accommodated to different kinds of bats, ac- for that purpofe. The crown (hould be made up over cording to the degree of beauty and durability to be a block, with needle and filk, the oiled fide outwards, given them, and the price at which they are defigned The feams Ihould then b; rubbed with a piece cf hard to be fold; that is to fay, filk, mohair, or any other wood, bone, or ivory, to make them lie (lit, and the hair that is capable of being Ipun into an end fine e- edges of the (luiT pared off very near the (lilches, that rough for the purpofe, cotfn, inkle, wool, or a mix- m joint may appear on the right fide. The feams lure of any, or all ihe above materials, as may fuit the Ihould tlien b; carefully gone over with the prepared clifferent purpofes of the manufacturer. Thole anl'wcr oil, till evciy crevice or hole made by the needle is bed, (fays our author), which are made with two completely filhd up, and the crown rendered perfeflljr poles, either of Bergam, Piedmont, or Orgmziuc fiik, water-proof. The crown may then he turned and ftilT- rifing alternaiclv, in a reed of abi'Ut nine hii idred count ened, by (licking linc-ii, leather, paper, or any other to eighteen indies wide, with three fliocits over each material that may be found to antvvcr the purpofe, to wire. This method of weaving di(lribii:ei tlio (ilk the inner or painted fide, till it acquiies a!>out the firre (as it may be put fiiigle into the liarnels), and pre- degree of ItifTncfs, nr rcfillance l.> (he touch, as a good vents any ribby appearance which it might have if the beaver. The mucilaginous matter which he ul'ed to filk were palfed double, and the whole of the pole cut attach the llifFcning to the crown, and the upper and over each wire. Tliis may be made either on a two under parts of the brim to each other, was ccmpofed or four thread ground of liard (ilk. (hot with tine cot- of one pound of gum ai able or ("cncgj, on: pound of ton, which he thinks pref.-rable for ihoot, to filk, inkle, (larch, and a half a pound of glue, bailed up with as U 2 much HAT C 156 ] H A V II Hatfield. Hat-mak- much water as reduced die whole to the confidence of '"S a thick p;ifte. A greater or lefs proportion of any of ihefe ingredients may be ufed, and other glutinous and adhefive fubftances may anfwer the fame purpofes ; or drying-oils may be made ufe of, inflead of this or other mucilage ; or any of tlie relinous gums diil'olved in oil or i'pirits ; only it fhould be obferved, in this cafe, the hats will require more time in the preparation, as the oily matter, unlefs expofed to the air, will not rea- dily dry; but he found by experience that the above mentioned compofition does not dry hard or brittle, but retains that pleafant flexibility which is agreeable to the touch, whil: it communicates to the other mate- rials a fufficicr.t degree of elafticity. Before the brim is perledly dry, care fliould be taken to form a neck or riling round the hole where it is to be attached to the crown, by notching it round wiih a pair of fcif- fars, and ihen forcing it over a block fometiiing larger than you have made the hole, fo that the uncut Huff may turn up, under the lower edge of the crown, about a quarter of an irich. Belore you join the crown and brim together, go over the outfide of the neck of the brim, and the infide cf the cioun, as high as the neck will come (which Ihould be about half an inch), with the prepared oil ; and when ihey are neaily dry, fo as to adhere to the finger on touching them, put the crown over the neck of the brim, and let them be fewed flrongly together, taking care to few down as little of the pile as poffijle, and ufing the fame precaution of oiling, where the needle has been through, as was ob- ferved in making up the crown. The hat is now rea- dy for drefling ; which opeiation may be performed over a block, with a hot iron, brulh. Sec. in the fdme manner as thofe commonly called felts. When putting in the lining, be very careful to let the needle only take hold of the under furface of ihe brim ; for fliould it perforate the upper one, the water will find its way through, and the hat be of no value. Though we have already declared how little we are acquainted with the operation of hat-makine, we cannot help luggefting the enquiry, whsther thefe water-proof hats might not be improved butli in Ilrength and beauty, by a flight felting before the application of the fize by the brufn. Such of them as are compofed of wool or hair, or con- tain a mixture of thefe materials, are unqueftionably fufceptible of foiling. HATBOROUGH, a fmall town in Montgomery county, Pennfylvani.t, fitriated on the N. E. ilde of Pennepeck Creek, which runs into Delaware river nbout 5 miles above Frankfort, It contains about 20 houfes. — Morse. HATCHY, a navigable river in the State of Ten- fletTee, runs weilerly into the Miffiflippi, ab'>ut 19 miles N. of Wolf river, and is about 80 yards v.'ide 7 miles from its mouth. — ib. HATFIELD, a very pleafant town in Hampfhire county, Malfichufects, (ituated on the weft bank of a bend of Conneflicut river where it is 80 rods wide, 5 miles north of Northampton, and 100 weft of Bolfon. It lies chiefly on one ftreet, and contains 103 houfes, and 703 inhabitants. Here are two ferries on Con- neifiicut river ; the one to Hadley, fhe other to Am- lierft. North of the ferry to .'Vmherft, the river meets with abed of rocks, which ledens its breadth 20 or 30 fods—^o fill, but a large eddy at high water. — /'i. HATTERAS is the moft remarkable and danger- Hattcraj ous cape on the coafl of N. America. This point ex- H tends far into the ocean, from the coaft of N. Carolina, ^J^'^-il^ in 35° 15' N. lat. The water is very (hoal at a great diftance from the cape, which is remarkable for fudden fqualls of wind, and for the mod fevere ftorms of thunder, lightning and rain, which happen almoft every day, during one half the year. At the time of Sir Walter Raleigh's approaching this coafl, the fiioals in the vicinity of Hatteras were found fo dangerous, fo e.\tenfive, and fo Ihallow, many of them covered with not more than 5 or 6 feet water, that no vefl'els, in that latitude, ventured within 7 leagiies of the land. At prefent the out-flioals, which lie about 14 miles S. W. of the cape, are but of 5 or 6 acres extent, and where they are really dangerous to veifels of mo- derate draught, not above half that extent. On the fhoalell part of thefe is about 10 feet at low water; and here, at times, the ocean breaks in a tremendous manner, fpouting, as it v.'ere, to the clouds, from the violent agitation of the Gulf Stream, which touches the eaftern edge of the banks, fioin which the declivity is fudden, that is to fay, from 10 fathoms to no foundings. On the fpot above meniioned, which is firm fand, it has been the lot of many a good velfel to ftrike, in a gale of wind, and go to pieces. In mode- rate weather, however, thefe flioals may be pa(fed over, if necelTary, at full tide, without much danger, by vell'els not drawing more than 8, 9, or 10 feet wa- ter. From this bank, formerly of vaft extent, and called the Full Moor. Shoal, a ridge runs the whole dif- tance to the cape about a N. W. courfe, is about half a mile wide, and at low water has generally, 10, 11 and 1 2 felt water. There are gaps at equal intervals, affording channels of about 15 or 16 feet water. The mod noted of thefe is about a mile and a half from the land, and is at lead two miles and a half wide, and might at full fea be lately paffed by the largefl fliips ; but is rarely ufed except by coading veffeh. It may be eafily known by a range of breakers always feen on the weft fide, and a breaker head or two on the eaftern fide; which, liowevei, aie not fo conftant, only appearing when the faa is confiderably agitated. A little north of the cape is good anchoring in 4 or 5 fathoms; and with the wind to the wedward, a boat may land in fafcty, and even bring off cafks of frefh water, plenty of which is to be found every wheie on the beach, by digging a foot or two, and putting 3 barrel into the fand. — ib. HATTON'S FORD, on Tngelo river, a vlll.ige 16 miles from Pendleton court-houfe, in S. Carolina, and 17 from Franklin court-houfe, in Georgia. — ih. HAVERFORD, a townfliip in Delaware county, Pennfylvania. — tb. HAVERHILL, a pod-town of New-Hampfliire. and the capital of Grafton county, fituated on the ead fide cf Connedicut river, in Lower Coos. It has be- tween 40 and 50 compaft houfes, a well conftruded court-houfe, and a congregational church. This town- fliip was incorporated in 1763, and contains 552 in- habitants. In it is a bed ot iron ore, which lias yield- ed fome profit to the proprietor, alfo a quarry of free- done, fit for hearths and chimney pieces. It has alfo a fulling-miU, an oil mill, and many other excellent mill feats. It is oppofite to Newbury iu Vermont, 35 miles HAW C '57 ] HAW Haverhill B . Hawkins. miles above Dartmouth college, 119 miles N. W. of Portfmouth. — ii. , Haverhill, a handfome poft-town of MaiTachu- fetts, in Elfex county, fuuated on the N. fide of Mer- rimack river, acrofi which is an elegant bridge, cou- nedling this town with Bradford, 650 feet long and 34 ■wide. It has 3 arches, of 180 ieet each, fapported by 3 handfonie ftone piers, 40 feet fquare ; alfo a draw of 30 feet, over the channel of the river. Havethill has a confiderable inland trade, lying about 32 miles N. by W. of Bofton, and 12 miles from Newbury- port, at the mouth of the river, and about 28 S. W. of Portfmouth in New-Hampdiire. It lies chiefly up- on two ftreets ; the principal of which runs parallel ■with the river. Veffcls of 100 tons burden can go up to it. Travellers are ftruck with ths pleafantnefs of the fituation ; and a number of neat and well finifhed houfes give it an air of elegance. Hsre are two churches, one for Congregationalifts and one for Bap- tills ; 3 dillilleries, one of which has lately undergone ;t laudable tranfmutation into a brewery. Some veileh are annually built here, and feveral are employed in the Well India trade. A manufailory of fail cloth ■w^is begun here in I7's example, who had con- II ibuled lothe Gentltman's M igaz'nc m;iny veryclei^anl p )elical compolitionshchad, before this tinie.himfeh be- c me an occafional contiibuiorin the fame kind, as well III that as to f ime other publications. The earlicll of hii produ.lions of this fpecics, now known, is fuppofcJ t'i le a copy of veries "To Mr George S:anley, occa- lioned by looking over fomc Conipofitions ofhi$lat:ly puMlhed," whicii bears date 19th February 1740, and was iiferted in the Daily Adverlilcr for Fcbru.uy 2 1. I 741 ; but, about the year 1742, he prnp fed to Mr Stanl.-y, the projea of publilhing, in onjunclicn with him, 111 cantatas tor 3 voice and inllrnnicnls, the words to be faTnidied bv himlllf, and ilie mulic by Mi Stan- ley. Tiic propofil was accepted, the publication was to be a: their joint cxpence, and for their mutual be- nefit j aid accordingly, in 1742, fix cantatas were thus publilLed, the live firft written by Mr Hawkins, the evei-, pcrfuaded, bv a near relation, to abandon the pro- iixlh and lall by Fuller Webb; and thcfc having iuc- ccedcd HAW [ 158 ] HAW Ila-wldn?. ee; led b3yond the mod fanguine expeiJlationi of their *""'''"^'^^~' authors, a feconi fot of IH moxf:, written wholly by himfelf, was in like manner publillied a few months af- ter, and fucceeded equally well. As thefe compofitions, by being frequently perform- ed at Vauxhall, Ranelagh, and oiher puMic places, and at many private concerts, had become Civouiite enter- tainme'irs,many perfons, finding the author alfo a modeft well-informed young man of uneNceptlonable morals, were become defirous of his acqu:iintance. Among thefe was Mr Hareof Limehoufe, a brewer, who being himfelf a nufic.il man, and having met him at Mr Stanley's at mufical partie', gave him an invitation to his houfe : and, to forward him in his profeflion, introduced him to a friend cf his, Peter Storer of Highgate, Efq; which proved the means of making his fortune. In the winter of the year 174.91 -D'' ''■*" '^'^ John- fm, v.-as induced to in(li;Mre a club to meet every Tucf- day evening at the King's Head, in Ivy-lane, near St Paul's. It confifted only of nine peilbiis; and Mr Hawkins was one i f ihc firft members. About this time, as it is fuppofcd, finding his father's hoii'c, where he had hitherto refilled, too finali for the difpatch of his bufinefs, now very much incieafing, he, in conjunflion with Dr Muncley, a phyfician, with whom he had contrsded an intimacy, tock a houfe in Clements- lane, Lombard-flreet. The ground floor was occupied by him as an office, and the firft floor by the Doflor as his apartment. Here he continued till the beginning of 1753, when, on occafion of his marriage with Sidney, the youngell of Mr Storer's daughters, who brought liim a confiderablc fortune, he took a houfe in Aullin Friars, near Broad-ftreet, Rill continuing to follow his profeflion of an attorney. Having received, on the death of Peter Storer, Efq; his wife's brother, in 1759, '^ '^'^^V 'ai'ge addition to her fortune, he quitted bufinefs to Mr Clark, afterwards .41- derman Clark, who had a fhort time before completed his clerkfliip under hina. difpofed of his houfe in Aufiin Friars, and purchafed a houfe at Twickenhim. Soon afterwards he bought the leafe of on; in Hatton-ftreet London, for a town refidence. From a very early period of his life he had entertain- ed a ftronglove for tlie amufement of angling ; and his afFeilicn lur it, together with the vicinity of the river Thames, was undoubtedly his motive to a refidence at this village. He had been long acquainted with Wal- ton's Complete Angler ; and had, by obfervation and experience, become himfelf a very able proficient in the art. Hearing, about this time, that Mr Mofes Browne propof.-d to I'ublilh a new edition of that work, and being himfelt in pofl":Oion of feme material particular.'. rsfpefli[ig Walton, he, by letter, made Mr Browne :i'i offer of writing, for his intended edition, Walton's Life. To this propofal no anfwer was returned, at leaft for fome time ; from which circumflance Mr Hf w- Jcins concluded, as any one reafonably would, that his offer was not accepted ; and, therefore, having alfo Hawkii learnt that Mr Browne meant not to publifh the text as ^-^""^ the author left it, but to modernize it, in order to file off the ruil, as he called it, he wrote again to tell Mr Browne that he underftood his intention was to fophi- fliicate the text, and that therefore he, Mr Hawkins, wouldhimfelfpubliih a corre;5l edition. Such an edi- tion, in 1760, he accordingly publi(hed in odfavo with notes, adding to it a Life of W.dton by himfelf, a Life of Cotton, the author of the fecond part by the well- known Mr Oldys ; and a fee of cuts defigned by Wale, and engraved by Ryland. His propenfity to mufic, manifefted by his becoming a member and frequenter of the feveral mufical focieties before mentioned, and allii by a regular concert at his houle in Auflin Friars, had led him, at the time that he w.as endeavouring to get together a good library cf books, to be pirticulirly folicitous for colL'fling the works of fome of the beft mufical compofers ; and, a- mong other acquifition's, it was hh Angular good for- tune to become poffetfed by purcliife c f feveral of the moft fcarce and valuable theoretical treatifes on the fcience any where eslant, which had formerly been colleifted by Dr Pep-jfch. With this flock of erudition, therefore, he, about this tlm;, at the inftance of f-ms friends, let about procuiing materials for a work then very much wanted, a Hiftory of the Science and PraL^ice of Mufic, which he afterwards publilhed. At the recommendation of the well known Paul Whitehead, to the Duke of Newcaftle, then Lord Lieutenant for Middlefex, his name was, in 1761, in- ferted in the Conimilflon of the Pe:ice for that coun- ty ; and having by the proper flud;cs, and a fedulous attendance at the fefllons, qualified himi'elf for the office, he became an acflive and ufeful magiftrate in the county(A). Obferving, as he had freq\ient occafion to do in the courfe of his duty, the bad ftate of high- ways, and tlie great deleft in the laws for amending and kjeping them in repair, he fet himfelf to revili? the form.'r ftatutes, and drew an aft of parliament confoli- datii',g all the former ones, and adding fuch other re- gulf.tions as were neceffary. His fentiments on this fubjeft he publillied in oftavo, in 1763, under the title of " Obfervations on the State of Highways, and on. the Laws for amending and keeping them in repair;" fnbjoining to them the draught ot' the aft before men- tioned ; which bill being afterwards introduced intD parliament, pafled into a law, and is that under which all the highways in Englantl are at this time kept re- paired. Of this bill it is but juftice to add, that, in the experience of more than thirty years, it has never re- quired a fingle amendment. Jfihnfon and Sir J.:)lhua, then Mr Reynolds, had, in the winter of this year 1763, projeftecl the eltablilhment of a club to meet every Monday e-ening at the Turk's Head in Gerard ftreet ; and, atjihnfon's folicitation, Mr Hawkins became one of the firft members. An (a) When he firft began to aft, he formed a refohition of taking no fee?, not even the legal and aut!)orifed ones, and purfued this method for fome time, till he found that it was a temptation to litigation, an. I that every trifling ale-hnul'e quarrel produced an applicatior for a v/arrant. To check this, therefore, lie idiered his mode, and received his due fees, but kept them fopav. tely in a purfe ; and at the end of every fumm-^r, before he left the cou'itry for the winter, delivered the whole araount to the clergyman of the parifh, to be by him diftributed amui'.g fuch of the poor .is he judged fit. HAW C HiwkinB. An event of confiderable importance engaged him, in ^""'"^'"^^ the )e.\T 1764, to ftand forth as the champion of the county of Middlefex, againft a claim then for the firft time fet up, a:id fo enormous in its amount as juftly to excite refinance. The city of London finding it necef- faiy to re-builJ the gaol of Newgate, the expsnce of which, according to their own elliinates, wouM amount to L. 40,000, had this year applied to parliament, by a bill brought into the Houfe of Commons, in which, on a fuggeftionthat the county prifoners removed toNewgate for a few days previous to their trials at the Old Bailey, were as two to one of the London prifoneis,confl;antly confined there, they endeavoured to throw the burthen of two-thirds of the expence on the county, \vhi;e they themfelves propofed to contribute one-thiid only. This attempt the magiilrates for Middlefex thought it their duty to oppofe ; and accordingly a vigorous oppolition to it was commenced and fupported under the ccndu(5l of Mr Hawkins, who drew a petition agninft the bill, and a i.afe ol the county, which was printed and dillri- buled arriongil the members of both houfes cf ])arlia- nient. It was the fubjedl of a d?.eJ his fuccelFor. In the year 1771, he quitted Twickenham, and fold his houle there to Mr Valll.in! ; and, iu the rummer of the neit year, tor the purpofe ol obtaining, by f,:arches in the Bodleian and other Lbiaries, farther mate- rials for hisliiilory of mufic, he made a j lurneyto Ox- fold, carrying with him an engraver from London, to make drawings fr.'ni ihe portraits ia the inufic fihcol. On occalionofailual tumults or expefledditturbancis, he had inoie than once been called into lervice of great pei/bnal danger. When the liots at iirentiord had arifcn, during the lime ot the Mlddlefex elcitlon in the year 176H, lie ?.nd fome of hi;, brttliren attended to fup- prefs th.-m ; an J, in cnfequence of a'.i Ciptcled lictous iiftenibly of the j )urneyincn Spita'.-tirldb weavers in Moo'fields in 1769. the magiilrates of Middlefex, and he at their lisad, with a party of guards, attended to oppofe them ; but the ni"b, on feeing them prepared, thought it prudent to d;rpeife. In tiiefe and other in- flance^, and p irtlcul irly in his cond'jdt as ch.iirinan, ha- ving given fufiicient pro, f of hlsaflivrty, lefoluilon, abi- l;ties, integiity and loyalty, he, on the 33d of October 1772, received from his inajcfty the honour cf knight- hood. In 1 773 Dr J liinf )n and Mr Stevens p'lblilhed, in ten volume^ . cl-avu, their firll joint cditiiin cl Shakefjicare, to which Sir Jo'm Hawkins contributed fuch ncte^ as are diilinguiihed by his name, as he afteri'.arJs did a f.v/ more on the republication of it in I 778. An addrcfs to the kigfrcm the county of Middlefex, onoccafion of the American war, having, in 1774, been judged expedient, and at his inftance voted, he drew up fuch an addrefs, and,togcilier with two of hi) brethren, had, in tlie month of Ctober in that year, tlie honour cf piefentlng it. Aj"ier liitcen years laboui, be, i:; 1776, publiUiid, in 59 ] HA W five volumes quarto, his General Hitloryof the Science and Pradice of Mufic ; which in confequence of per- million obtained in 1773, he dedicated to the Ling, and prtfcnted It to him at buckinpham-houfe on ihe i4;h of November, 1776, when he was lionoured with an au- dience of confiderable length both from the kii.!' ar.d queen. Not long after this publication, that is to fay in No- vember I 777, he was induced, by an attempt to rob his houfe, whicii, though unfuccelsiu!, was made three dif- ferent nights with the interval (.f one or ti*o only be- tween each attempt, to quit his houfe in Hatton-ftreet ; and, after a temporary rcfidence for a Ihoit time in St James's Place, he took a leafe cf one, formerly iiihabi- ted by the famous admiral Vernon, in the (Ireet leading up to C^ieen Square, Weftnjinfter, and removed thither. By this removal he became a conllant attendant on Divine worlliip at the parifh-church of St -Margaret, Weftminfler ; and having learnt, ia December 1778, that ihe furveyor to the board of ordnance was, in de- fiance ol a piovifo in the leafe und;r v/hich they cl.iiir- ed, cni ry ing up a building at the eait end of the church, which was likely t j obfcuie the beautiful painted glafs window over the altar there, Sir Juhn Hiwkltis, with the concurrence of fomc of the principal inhabitants, wsoteto the fji vcyor, and compelled him to take down two feet of the wall, which he had already carried up above the fill of the window, and to fl,)pc olT the roof oi his building in Inch a manner as that it is nJt only no Injur), but, or. the contrary, a dclcncc to the win- daw. In the month (f December 1783, Dr Johnfm ha- ving dilcovcied in himl-;lf fymptom-. of a dropfy, fmt for S r J .hii il.'.vvkins, and t^;lllr.g hirn tlie precari- ous (tat,: of his health, decl, gicat as it was in pecuniary val;ic, and compriling in books, piints, and drawing', many ai- tides that could neier be replaced, he was oner hear J- in the fmullcR degree to complain ; but having f und a temporary reception in a latge houi'c in Oicliard-llrcct, Wcilminller, he continued thtre a Ihort time, and ihca toc'k a haufc in the Broad S.incluary, Weltminiler. This event, for a Ihort time, put a flop to the pro- prefs of his literary purfuits. As foon, however, as he could funicier.tly cileift his thoughts he recommenced his office of biographei- of Johnfon ; and completed his intention by ptiblitlilng, in 17S7, the life and works, in eleven volumet oiUvo, which he dedicated to tlie king. \Vith this prodoiflion he terminated his literary la- b-)i:rs ; and hav'ng for many years b:en m -re paiticu- larly ftdulocs ia h.s i;i;ri-.ijn to the daiics of religion, aad. H^wluus. HAW [ II lliwkins anj accuRomed to fpend all his leifure from other ne- II cedary concerns in theological and devotional lludies, /j^:^^]-^^ he now more clolely addiifted himlelf to them, and ict himfelf to prepare for that event, which he faw could be at no great diftance ; and the better to accomplifli this end, in the month of May 1788, he, by a v? ill and other proper inftruments, made fuch an arrangement of Iiis affairs as he meant (liouldtake place after his deceafe. In this manner he fpent his time till about the begin- ning of M.iy 17S9, when, finding his appetite fail him in a greater degree than ufual, he had recourfe, as he had fometimes had before on the fame occafion, to the wa- ters of the lilington Spa. Thefe he drank for a few mornings ; but on the 14th of that month, while he WHS there, he was, it is fuppofed, feized with a paraly- tic affeilion, as, on his returning to the carriage which waited for him, his fervants perceived a vifible alteration in his face. On his arrival at home, he went to bed, but got up a few Iiours after, intending to receive an old friend, from whom he expccfted a viiit in the evening. At dinner, however, his diforder returning, he was led up to bed, from which he never rofe, on the 21ft of tlie fame month, about two in the morning, dying of an apoplexy. He was interred on the 28th in the cloifters of Weftminfter Abbey, in the north walk near the eaftern door into the church, under a flone, con- taining, by his exprefs injiiniSions, no more than the ini- tials of his name, the date of his death, and his age; leaving behind him a high reputation for abilities and integrity, united with the well-earnt character of an ailive and refolute magiftrate, an afPeflionate huf- band and father, a firm and zealous friend, a loyal fub- jeft, and a fincere Chriftian. Such is the character of him in the Biographical Diflionary, which we have neither right nor inclina- tion to controvert. With none of his works are we acquainted but his edition of IVahon's Complete Angler, and his L'tfe of Johnfon. The former is a very plea- fmg book ; and in the latter are colleifted many inte- refting anecdotes of literature and literary men; but they are not well arranged, and the ftyle of the com- pofition is coarfe and flovenly. Sir John, we doubt not, was a man of worth, and his reflexions on the fen- limental flang of Sterne and others, (hew that he had fiiccefsfully ftudied human nature ; but he certainly was not a man of general tade. HAWKINS, a county in Wafhington diftrifl, in Tenneffee, having 6,970 inhabitants, inclufive of 807 Haves, Chief town, Rogerfville. — Morse. Hawkins CourtHoiiJe, in TennelTee, is 25 miles from Free-done Gap, 72 from Abington, and 178 from Danville in Kentucky. — ib. HAWK'S BAY, on the coaft of Weft- Florida, weftward of the mouth of Mobile Bay, is between Pelican and Dauphin iflands. There is a broad chan- nel of II and 12 feet water, afterwards faie anchor- age in 4 fathoms, good holding ground, and fheltered from moll winds ; on which account it is very conveni- ent for fmall veffels. — ib. Hawk's Harbour is an arm of Igornachoix Bay, Newfoundland Ifland. — ib. H AWLEY, a townfhip In Hampfliire county, Maf- fachufetts, 120 miles wcflerly ot Bollon. Previous to its incorporation in 1792, it was called Plantation No. ] H E A 7, and had 539 inhabitants. It is corapofed of parts of feveral adjoining towns, and is about 20 miles N. W. of Northampton. — ib. HAYCOCKS, a fmall ifle in Delaware river, about 7 miles below Eafton, in Northampton county, Penn- lylvania, — ib. HAYNE'S fort, colonel, is fuuated in Nel- fon county, Kentucky, on the north fide of Green river, 25 miles weft of Craig's Fort, and 53 from the Ohio ib. HEaT. See in this Supplement, Chemistry, Part I. chap. v. where we have endeavoured to eftabli(h the modern do(5lrine refpefting Caloric or latent heat. In n" 3C9, &c. of that article, we have given an ac- count of Count Romford's ingenious experiments, in- ftituted with a view to determine whether or not ca- loric be a fubflance, and have ftatcd our reafons for diifenting from his opinion. It has been fuggefted to us, however, by a friend, to whofe judgment we are inclined to pay great deference, that it would be pro- per, in this place, to give the Count's arguments at full length, and in his own words : and the propriety of this is the more apparent, that in the fupplementary article Electricity, we have hinted our own fufpi- cions of the non-exi(lence of an eleBrical fluid. The Count then reafons from his experiments in the follow, ing words : " By meditating on the refults of all thefe experi- ments, we are niturally brought to that great queftion which has fo olten been tiie fubjeft of fpeculation a- mong philofophers, namely. What is heat ? — Is there any fuch thing as an igneous Jluid ? — Is there any thing that can with propriety be called caloric ? " We have feen that a very confiderable quantity of heat may be excited in the fri(!1:ion of two metallic fur- faces, and given ofiF in a conft ant ftream or flux in all direcliens, without interruption or inteimiftion, and without any figns of diminution or exhauftion. " From whence came the heat which was continual- ly given off in this manner in the foregoing experiments? Was it furnifhed by the fmall particles of metal detach- ed from the larger folid mafles on their being rubbed together ? This, as we have already feen, could notpof- fibly have been the cafe. " Was it furniflied by the air ? This could not have been the cafe ; for in three of thefe experiments, the machinery being kept immerfed in water, the accefs of the air of the atmofphcre was completely prevented. " Was it furnifhed by the water which furrounded the machinery ? That this could not have been the cafe is evident ; JirJ}, becaufe this water was continually re- ceiving heat from the machinery, and could not at the fame time he giving to and receiving heat from the fame body ; nx\t firft, the feelings of the own- winds round the pole helically or fpirally, coming Hill ers of flaves, but not their real intcrell ; for it appears, nearer and nearer to it. that before their introduclion there was a lofs, upon an HELL GATE, this celebrated ftrait is near the averasie, of about ten in a hundred flaves every year, to vi'ell end of Long Ifland Sound, oppofue to Harlem be fupplied at a very heavy e.xpence ; whereas, under in York Illand, and about 8 miles north-eaft of New- the prcfent fyftem, they naturally increafe. All t'uture York city, and is remarkable for its whirlpools, which importation of flaves into the ifland is prohibited. make a tremendous roaring at certain times of the tide. Belidcs the blacks in a (late of llavery, there are Thefe whiilpools are occalioned by the narrownefs and fome who are free. The labour of thefe tending to crookednefs of the paffage, and a bed of rocks which di.nainifli the value tf that cf flaves, the free blacks be- extend quite acrofs it; and not by the meeting of the came once obnoxious to iome tlave owners; who had tides from eaft to well, as has been conjeflured, be- fufficient irflaence, in a grand jury, to prefent them as caiife they meet at Frog's Point, feveral miles above, without vifible means of gaining a livelihood, and liable A fkilful pilot may condudl a lliip of any burden, with to become burdenfome to tl'.e community; but upon fafety, through this llrait, at high water with the tide, txamination, it appeared that all free blacks of age to or at low water with a fair wind. There is a traditi- work were a>flually employed ; that not one of them had on among the Indian;, that in fome diftant period, been tried for a crime for feveral years, nor had any of in former times, their anceftors could (lep from rock them been upon the parirti. They are now by the hu- to rock, and crofs this arm of the fea on foot at Hell mane interpofition of the company placed under the Gate. — Morse. immediate proteflion of the government, and put near- HEMLOCK, a lake in New- York State, 12 miles ly upon a fcoting with the other free inhabitants, who, lon<;, and i broad, in the Gennelfee country. — ib. vhenaccufed of crimes, have the privilege of a jury, as HEMPFIELD, tlie name of two townfhips in well as in civil cauft's. Pennfylvania, the one in Lancaller county, the other The principal fcttlement of St Helena has the pe- in that of Weflmoreland. — ib. culi.ir advantage of uniting ihe ihelter of a leeward ll- HENDERSON'S GRANT, a trafl 12 miles fquare, tuation with the coolnefs ef windward gales. The on the peninfola formed by the jundlion of Green- fou'h-eall wind blows conllantly down the valley, ren- river with the Ohio, in the State of Kentucky — il>. dcrirg a refidence in it pleafant as well as healthy. HENIOCHAS, or Heniochus, a northern con- The country is fo fertile, and the climate fo congenial Itellaticn, the fame as Auriga, which fee Encycl. to the human feelings, that perhaps it would be dif- HENLEY HOUSE, a (lation of the Hudfon's ficult to find cut a Cpot where perfons, not having ac- Bay Company, on the north bank of Albany river, quired a relifli for the enjoyments of the world, or al- in New S. Wales, 150 miles S. W. of Albany Fort, ready advanced in hfe, and furfeited with them, could and 1 10 N. W. by W. of Brunfwick Houfe. N. lat. have a better chance of protrailing their days ia e;ife, 51° 14' 27". W. long. 85° 5' 54''. — Morse. health and comfort. ilENNlKER, a toiirnfliip in Hilllborough county, I^ew.. HEN Hcnlopcn New-Hampfliire, about 12 miles wed of Concord. In , ," 1775" 't contained 367, and in 1700, 1127 inhabi- J^l^ tants.— ,-i. HENLOPEN, Cape, forms the S. W. fiJe of the entrance of Delaware Bay, and Cape May the N. E. fide, 28 miles apart. Cape Henlopen lies in N. lat. 38° 50', and in W. long. 75° 2C'. There is a light- houfe here, a few miles below the town of Lewis, of anoclagonform.handfomely buikof ftone 1 15 feet high, and its foundation is nearly as much above the level of the CsA. The lantern is between 7 and 8 feet fquare, light- ed with 8 lamps, and may be feen in the night 10 leagues cff at iea. Its annual cxpenfe is about ^6 jo. There is a ftrong iron net-work, in order to prevent birds from breaking the glafs at night. Yet fo attrac- tive is the light to the winged tribe, that fiiortly after its eredion, 110 birds of different kinds were found dead one morning, and a duck, in particular flew againft ie with fuch force, as to penetrate through both the wire and glafs, and was found dead in the lantern. Since the above accident, few fimilar ones have occurred, and the birds have become more wary. V'eflels off the Delaware, upon difplaylng a jack at the foretopmaft-head, will be immediately furnilhed with a pilot. None, however, are to be depended upon, unlefs they are fumiflied wiih branches, and wiih a certificate from the board of wardens of Phila- delphia. — ill. HENRICO, a county of Virginia, about 30 miles long, and 7 broad, contains 12,000 inhaljitants, in- cluding 5819 Haves. It is furrounded by Hanover, Charles City, and Goocliland counties, and James river. A number of co^l mines are in the county, and pits have been opened by many of the proprietors, and worked to confiderable profit. The coals in fevc- Tal of the pits are found nearly 200 feet above the level of the river, and 3 or 4 feet below the furlace of the ground. It is fuppofed that joo,ooo bufliels might be raifed irom one of thefe in a year. Chief town, Richmond. — ;/;. HENRIQUELLE, a remarkaljle falt-pond in the Spanilh part of the ifland of St. Domingo, about 22 leagues in circuit. It is inhabited by lizards and alli- gators, and land tortoifes, all of a large fize. The water is deep, clear, bitter and fait, and has a dif- agreeable fmell. Near the middle of this pond is an island aljout 2 leagues long, and a league wide, in which is a fpring of frefh water, well flocked with cabriloes, and thence called Cabrilo {[land. This pond is about 1 1 leagues E. of Port-au-Prince. — ib, HENRY, a cape, the north-eallern extremity of Princefs Ann county, in Virginia, i 2 miles S. by W. of Cape Charles in Northampton county. Thefe capes form the entrance of Chefapeak B ly. Cape Henry lies in N. lat. 37°, W. long. 7'')'' \6' .—iL Hknry, a fort in Penntylvinia, 8 miles N. by W. of Myer's Town, at tlie head of Tulpehocken creek, 32 N. of Lancafter, and nearly 37 S. E. of Snnbury. Hknrv, a mountainous and hilly county of Virginia, bounded N. by Franklin, S. and S. E. by Patrick, S. W. by Grifon, and N. W. and W. by Montgomery. It is about 40 miles long, 15 broad, and contains 6928 inhabitants, including 155 1 flaves. — ib. C i^>3 ] M K R HERKEMER, a new county cf New- York, divi- ded into 20 tovvnfhips, vi/. German Fiats, Warrc 1, Fran!;fort, and Lilchfi;ld, formed out of German fiali in Feb. 1796. Herkemer, Fairfield and Norway, formed out of /a/r/ff/V, Feb. 1796. — Schuvler. The following were compr,ehended originally in IVIAte/lorL-i., viz. Paris, Sangerfield, Hamilton, Sherbum, Brook- field, C.izenovia, Weftmoreland, Mexico, Rome, Steuben and Floyd. By the St.ite ccnfus of 1796 tlrs county contains 25,573 inhabitants, of whom 4161 *r= clcftors. It is bounded N. by part of Lower Canada and the river St Lawrence, N. \V. by the E. end of Lake Ontario, and the river St Lawrence; S. by Otfego county; E. by Clinton and part of Wafliin?- ton county. — ib. Herkemer To'.vk, in the above county, is fituiteJ on the nortli fide of Mohawk river. The townfhip in- cludes the village called Little German Flats, and the celebrated plain called German Flats. The village contains a court-honfc, gaol, a Dutch church, and about 40 dwelling houfes, which lad are very indiffer- ent buildings. It is So miles N. W. by W. of AlSiny, 16 S. E. ot old Foit Schuyler, and 20 in a like dirtc. tion from Whiteftown. In ihc midft of the flats is a fhrub oak plain of 80 or 100 acres, barren and deny, of no ufe but for building lots. The towiilhip is nam- ed in honour of general Herkemcr, who was mcrtaily wounded in the late war. It c intained in 179C, by the State cenfus, 2073 inh.ibitants ; cf whom 3'8 were eleftors. — ib. HERO, NORTH, an ifland in Lake Champlain, is a townlhip annexed to Chi:tendcn county in N'erm^ n'.. Hcrktmer Hertfc.rd. It IS 13 miics in lengt.'i. and contains 125 inhabitants, and 2 in breadth. — ib. Hero, Soui h, an idand in the fime lake, belong- ing to Chittenden comity, Vermont, is a townlhip and port of entry, and contains 537 inhabitants. It is 14 miles long, and 3! bio.id. Numerous fmall dies fui- round the Heros. This ifland produces good crryit of whe.u and other grain. In it is a quarry oi bluifk grey marble, wh'ch has the .Tppcarai<>:e of being j. petrifaflion of fcallops, a fpecics of dull common in the vicinity of the lake, togetlicr wirli tlic common earth of thcfhore, wliicji is of ainitlev fubdnnce. — iL HERON, PASS Air, ;« the bay of Mobile, in \>'. Florida, is 18 miles E. of PafV.igoiila river, and Ins 4 feet water ; and from thence to the point which is on the E. fide of the bay of Mobile, in N. Lit. 30" 17' is nearly 6 miles. — ib. HERRING BAY, lies on the W. fide cf Chcfa- peak Bay, Maryland, :6 miles S. of Annapolis and derives its name from the fidt ci its nimc whi.h fr> quent it — ib. HERSCHEL, ihc name by wliicli the French, ani mod other European n iiions, call the new p'.inct dil- covered by Dr Hcrfcbei in the year 17S1. Its mark or character is ^. The Italians call it Ouranos, or 1.'- rania ; but the tinglilh, ihc Georgian plane:, or Geot- gium Sidiis. HERTFORD, a county of EJcnfn didri.l, N. Carolina ; hounded N. by the State of Virginia, S. by Bertie county, E. by Chownn, and W. by Noiihamp- ton, and contains 5S2S inhabitants, ol uhotn 244J are flaves. Chief town. Wynion. — iMon: X a UETERO- H I L [ 164 ] H I N Hrtfrcdro- mus P Trugll. IIETERODROMUS Vectis, or Lever, in Me- chanics, a lever in which the fulcrum or point of fuf- penfion is between the weiglit and the power ; being the lame as what is otherwile called a kver of the firli kind. HIATSTOWN, a village in Mlddlefex county, New-feri'ey; 13 miles northeafterly of Trenton, and 17 S.'by W. of New-Brunfwick. — Mors^. HICKMAN'S, a fetilenent in I'ayette county, Kentucky, on the N. fide of Kentucky liver, 10 miks N. of Dinville, and 22 S. of Lexington. — ib. HID ISLAND is fituated in the N. W. Territory ; in Pkin river, the northern head water of the Illinois. —ib. HIGHGATE, a village in Georgia, about 4 miles from Savannah. — ib. a court-houfe and gaol ; HiGHGATE, the north-wefternmoft townlliip except healthy and fertile country. Alburgh, in Veimont, in Franklin county, contains houfes, 103 inhabitants. — ib. HIGHLANDS, a mountainous traft of country on the banks of Hudfon'-s river, in the State of New- York, between 40 and 60 miles N. of New-York city. The partage on the river through thcfe Highlands, for the diftance of about 18 miks, is grand and ro- HiLLsr.oROUGH, a village on the eaftern fide of HiUfbo. Chefapeak Bay, in Caroline" county, Maryland ; feat- '■°"g'^ ed on the E. fide of Tuckahoe Creek, one of the chief j^; ''i,,„^ branches of Choptank river, 7 miles S. E. by E. of \^r-y^ Denton, 9 N. W. of Greenfborough, and 27 S. S. W. of Cheller. — ib. Hillsborough, one of tlie middle di(lri<5ts of North-Carolina, bounded N. by the State of Virginia, S. by FayetteviUe diftrift, E. by Halifax, and W. by Salifburv. It comprehends the counties of Granville, Perfon, Cafwell, Orange, Wake, Chatham, and Ran- dolph ; and contains 59,983 inhabitants, of whom 13,506 are Oaves. Chief town, Hillfborough. — ib. Hillsborough, a poll-town of North-Carolina, and capital of the diftriift of its name, is fituated in Orange county, on the N. fide of Eno river, in a high. It contains about So and had in 1788 an academy o( 60 or 80 ftudents, patronized by the prin- cipal gentlemen of the State. The Eno unites with Little and Flat rivers, and forms the Neus, about 17 miks below ihc town. It is 180 miles W. N. W. of Newbern, 26 S. by W. of Perfon court-houfe, 101 W. by S. of Halifax, no E. N. E. of Salifbury, and mantic in a high degree. The opening feems to have been formed on purpnfe for the palT.ige of this noble river. In ihefe highlands are fituated the important and famous fortrelks of Well Point, Fort Montgo- mery, and Stnney Point. The mod noted peaks are, as you afcend the river, Thunder Hill, St Anthony's N"fe, Sugar Loaf, Butter Hill, and Break Neck Hill. After paffing the two lad, the country opens delight- fully, and prefents to the eye the pleafant villages of a townlhip in Bucks county in the fame St.ite. — ib. New-Windfor and Newburgh. Thefe mountains HILTON HEAD is the moft fouthern fea land in abound with iron ore. — ib. ' S. Carolina. W. and S. W. of Hilton Head lie HIGUEY, or Ji'lu Cracia, a city in the S. E. part Pinckney's Bulls, Dawfufkies and fome fmalkr iflands, of tlie Spanifii divifion of St Domingo, the ealfern- between which and Hilton Head, are Calibogie river 452 S. W. by S. of Philadelphia.— /'iJ. HILLSDALE, a townlhip in Columbia county, New-York, 18 miles from Hudfon city, containing 4556 inhabitants, including 31 flaves. By the State cenfus of 1 796, 622 of the inhabitants are ekftors. — ib. HILLTOWN, a fmall town near the centre of Chefter county, Pennfylvania ; 28 miks W. of Phila- delphia, and 21 N. W. of Chefter. Alfo the name of moft of all the i'eltkments in the ifland, celebrated formerly for its fcnility, and the quantity of fugar it pioduced. It was formerly the feat of Cayacoa, the iJioll powerful cacique of the ill.irid. It has now only about 500 ii.habitantr, and is diftant about 40 leagues to the eallward of St Domingo, between which and Hii^uey are thiee roads, the circuit'- us and northernmoft of which leads by Bayaguana. N. lat. 18° 30'.—;^. HILLSBOROUGH, an ifland on the Labrador coaft, on a bay at the head of which is Nain. — ib. Hillsborough, a county of New-Hamp(hire, bounded N. by Grafton county, S. by the State of Mallachufettf, V/. by Chelirue, and E. by Rocking- ham county. It is divided into 37 townfhips and 4 gores of land, ■which contain 32,871 inhabitants, all free people, who chiefly foUow agriculture. The academy at Amherft, has /Soo funds, and another at New-Ipfwich of ^"icoo. Chief towns, Amherll and Hopkinton. — ib. Hillsborough, a townfliip in the above county, fituated on the northern head branches of Contocook river, about 18 or zo miles W. of Concord, was in- coroorated in 1772, and contains 798 inhabitants. — ib. HiLLSBOROUH, a townlhip in Someffet county, New-Jerfey, containing 2,201 inhabitants, including 386 flaves. It is about 15 miles W. of Brunfwick, and iS northerly of Trenton. — ib. and found, which form the outlet of May and New rivers. — ib. Hilton's Point, in Pafcataqua river, in New- Hampfliire, is the fpot where the united ftream of Newichawannock and Cochecho rivers, which comes from Dover, meets the weftern branch and forms the Pifcataqua : From thence to the fea is 7 miks, the courfe gener.ally S. to S. E. and the river is fo rapid that it never freezes. — ib. HINCHE, a territory and town in the Spanifii part of St Dmiingo. The canton of Hinche is bound- ed W. by the French parilhes of Gonaives, Petit Rivi- ere and Mirebalais — and contains with fome appen- dages about 12,000 fouls. The town contains about 500 houfes, and, together with its dependencies, 4,500 fouls, 500 of whom arc capable of bearing arms. It is fituated on the E. fide of the mouth of the river Guayamuco, 64 miles N. W. of St Domingo, N. lat. 19° 3'. — ib. HINESBURGH, a townfliip in Chittenden county, in Vermont, lies E. of and joins Charlotte on Lake Champlain. It contains 454 inhabitants. — tb. HINGHAM, a poft-town in Suffolk county, Maf- fachufetts, fituated on a fmall bay which fets up fouth from Bofton Bay. It contains a number of houfes compaftly built, two Congregational churches, and a well endowed fchool, ciUkd, in honoui of its principal doaor i H I N C 165 ] H I N Hinzuan. Hinfd.vle donor and founder, Derby School. It ts 19 miles S. E. of Bofton, and 23 in a like direftior from Ply- mouth. The townthip is about 4 miles fqinre, ecniifts of two pariilies, was incorporated in 1635, and con- tains 2,085 inhabitants. Here are 6 grift-mills 3 fiw- mills, and a fulling-mill; four of which are tide mills. Two hills in this town, one of wliich is called Baker's Hill, prcfent exrenfive and delightful profpeifls of Bof- ton Bay, its ifl.mds, and the adjacent country. — ib. HINSDALE, the S. eallernmoll townlhip in Ver- mont, and in Windham county. It contains 482 in- habitants. — ib. HINSDALE, a townfhip in Chefliire county, New- Hamplliire, on the eall bank of Coniieflicut river, where the fouth line of the State flrikes tlie river in 42'-' 43' 59" N. lat. and is oppofite to Hinfdale in Vermont. It was incorporated in 1753, and contains 522 inhabitants. It is about 38 miles above North- ampton. — ib. HINZUAN, the proper name of one of the Como- ra iilands, which by different writers of difterent na- tions has been called ylnzuiwte, Anjuan, Jitanny, and yohanr.a, and which is defciibed in the Encyclopedia under the name of St Joann.^. In that article, it is obferved, tliat an anonymous writer has cenfured the defcriptions of this ifiand given by the Abbe Reynal and Major Rooke, as being not only exaggerated, but erroneous ; neither the country being fo pic'turefque as the former reprefents it, nor the inliabitants meriting the refpeflable charafter given ot them by the latter. There was not perhaps m\ich propriety in adnntting into fuch a work as the Encyclopaedia the anonymous ccnfure of defcriptions, authenticated by the names of refpeflable authors ; but the belf reparation which we can make to thofe authors, is, to inform our read- ers, that their defcripiions of Hinz.uan are confirm- ed by Sir William Jones, whofe teliimonv, we believe, no man will cor.trovert. That accompliihed fcholar, who vifited the ifland on his voyage to India, thus de- fcribes its appearance from the bay in which the Ihip rode at anchor. " Before us was a vaft amphitheatre, of which you may form a general notion by pifluring in your minds a multitude of hills iniinitely varied in fize and tigure, and then fuppofmg them to be thrown together, with a kind of attlefs fymmetry, in all imaginable politions. The back ground was a feries of mountains, one of which is pointed, near half a mile perpendicularly high from tlie level of the fea, and little more tlian ti)iee miles from the fhore, all of them richly clothed with wood, chiefly fruit trees, of an exquifite verdure. I had feen many a mountain of (lupendous height in Wales and Swilferland, but never faw one before, round the bofom of which the clouds were alnioft continually rolling, while its green fummit rofc Hourindng above them, and received from them an additional brightnefi. Next to this didant range ot hills was another tier, part of which appeared chaimingly verdant, and part rather barren ; but the contraft of colours clianged even this nakednefs into a beauty : nearer Hill were innumerable mountains, or rathe- clifts, wliich brought down their Tcrdure and fertility quite to tlie beach ; fo that every fhade of green, the fvvecteft of colours, was difplaycd at one view by land and by water. But nothing con- duced mors to the v.uiety of this enchanting profpcft, than the many rows of palm-trees, efpecially the tall Hinrczn. and graceful Arecat, on tlie (hores, in the valleys, and ^-'~-^^*-' on the ridges of hills, where one might almoft fuppofe them to have been planted regularly by defign. A more beautiful appearance can fcarce be conceived, than fuch a number of elegant palms in fuch a fitua- tion, with luxuriant tops, like verdant plumes, placed atjull intervals, and fliowing between them part of the remoter landfcape, while they left the reft to be fup- plied by the beholder's imagination. The town of Matfamtidhliy on cur left, remarkable at a diQance for the tower of the principal mofque, which was built by Hah'mah, a queen of the illand from whom the pre- fent king is defcendcd : a little on our right was a fmall town called Baiiljni. Neither the territory of Xice, with its olives, date trees and cyprelfes, nor the ifles of Hieres, with their delightful orange proves, appeared fo ch.irniing to me, as the view from the road of Hin- zui-i." Sir William Jones, fpeaking of the inhabitants takes notice of the Lords, Dukes and Princes, of whom we have made mention after major Rooke. " The frigate, (fays he) was [irel'enlly furrounded with canoes, and the deck foon crowded with natives of all ranks, from the high born chief, who walhed linen, to the half- naked flave who only paddled. Moft of them had let- ters of recommendation from Englilhmen, which none of them were able to read, tiiough they fpoke Englilli intelligibly; and fome appeared vain of titles, which our countrymen gave them in play, according to their fuppofed Itations : we had Lords, Dales, and Princes on board, foliciting our cuilom, and Importuning us for prefents. In fad, they were too fenliblc to be proud of empty founds, but jjlUy imagined, that thofe ridi- culous titles would ferve as marks ot diltindlion, and, by attracting notice, procure lor them fomething fub- ftantial." He fpeaks with great refpedl of the king, whofe name was Ahmed, as well as of feveral chiels whom he faw, and feems to have met with no man of rank on the illand whofe charadcr was contemptible, but Sslim the king's eldell fon. For the behaviour cf that prince, the old fovereign made the bell apology that he could, while he privately alfured the interpre- ter, that he was much dilpleafcd with it, and would not fail to exprefi l.is dlfpleafurc. He concluded his converfation with a lon^ harangue on the advantage which the Englilli might derive from fending a Ihip c- very year from Bombay to trade w ith Jiis fubje,5ls,and od the wonderful cheapnefs of their commodities, efpeci il- ly of their cowiies. Ridiculous as this idea might fcem, it (h owed (fays Sir William) an enlargement of mind, a delire of promoting tlie intctelt of h:s pe:iple, and a fenfe of the benefits arifing from trade, which could hardly have been expected from a petty .African chief, and which, if he had been fovereign of Yemen, migiit have been eipandcd into raticnnl projects pro- portioned to the extent of his dominions. The mailer of the frigate learned fiom one of the chief? :i lew curious circumllances concerning the go. vernmcnt of Hinzuan ; which he found to be a mo- narchy limited by an aiiftocracy. The king, he was toKI, had no power of making war by iiis own authori- ty ; but, if tlie all'embly of nobles who were from tln.e to time convened by him, refolved on a war with an/ of the neighbouring idacds, thty defrayed tlie cLaijk* of M I N [ i66 ] H I R Tfliniujii. of it by voluntary contribulions ; in return for which, to be concealed. When he was on the cnad of Afri- ''"''"^'"^^ they claimed as tlieir own all the booty and captives ca in the dominions of a very f.ivage prince, a fmall ihit might be taken. The hope of gain or the want European veffel was wrecked ; and the piince not only of ilivts, is iifually the real motive for fuch enterprifes, feized all that could be faved from tlie wreck, but and oltenfible pretexts are eafily found : at that very claimed the captain and the crew as his flaves, and time, be underllood they meditated a war, becaufe they treated them v.-ith ferocious infolence. Alwi alfured v.-antcd hands for the following harveft. Their fleet me, that, v/hen he heard of the accident, he halleaed confifted of fixteen or feventeen fmall veffeh, which to the prince, fell proftrate before him, and by tears they manned with about two thoufand five hundred and importunity prevailed on him to give the Euro- idanders, armed with mufkets and cutlalfes, or with peans their liberty ; that he fupported tliem at his own bows and arrows. Near two years before they had expence, enabled them to build another veffel, in which polfefied themfelves of two towns in Mayuta, which they failed to Ilitiztian, and departed thence for Europe they flill kept and garrifoned. The ordinary expcnces or India : he fhewed me the captain's promirtbry notes of the government were defrayed by a ta;: from two for fums, wliich to an African trader muft be a con- hundred villages ; but the three principal towns were fiderable object, but which were no price for liberty, exempt from all taxes, except that they paid annually fafety, and, pephaps, life, v.'hich his good, though dit- to the chief Mu/ii a fortieth part of the value of all interefted offices had procured. 1 lamented that, in their moveable property, and from that payment nei- my fituation, it was wholly out of my power to affifl ther the king nor the nobles claimed an exemption. Alwi in obtaining juf^ice ; but he urged me to deliver The kingly authority, by the principles of their confli- an Arabic letter from him, enclofing the notes, to the tution, was confidered as elective, though the line of governor-general, who, as he faid, knew him well ; and fuccefllon had not in fadl been altered fince the firfl I complied with his requeft. Since it is pofTible, that eleflion of a fultan. a fubfiantial defence may be made by the perfon thus Sir William Jones concludes his remarks on this accufed of iujudlce, I will not name either liim or the ifland with fome reflections ; cf which, though they may veffel, wliich he had commanded ; but, if he be living, be confideied as digrefiive, we are perfuaded our readers and if this paper fliouid fall into his hands, he may be vs of a blacblu grey colour, of prolpcr.ty were everywhere viable ; their towns were .ncl.n.ng a httle to green ; but on the bacK to the tail, opulent, their markets pknt.ful, their commerce e-tcn- as well as on the belly, this bUckilh colour gradually five, and their cultivation incrcafinK changes into a rnouCe colour. Ths whole length or the Such was. in 1788, the Itatc of ihe French colcnr bird irom the oill to the tail is about four inches and a in the illand of St Domingo ; but in that eventful ye-ir haU, and its height from the bill to the extremity of the flame, which had burlt forth in Europe foreadit' the middle toe three inchc. and a ([uarter. The diilancc felf to the Well-Indies, An aifociation had been form' from the tip ot the one wing to that ot the other, when ed in France upon principles fomewhtt fim;i ir to thofo extended, is ten inches and a quarter. The largelt of our fociety for tlie abolition cf the dive trade • but feathers of the wings are about four inches in length, that alfociation, which called itfelf ^/„,;/^,, Aw/ had The head is flat; but, on account of the thicknefs of much more dangerous defigns than ours. Avowin^ the feathers, appears round, and to be of a large fize in its detellation of every kind of flavery, as well -iscfthe proportion to the reft of the body. The bill is broad, African trade, and condemning thofc'abettorst f llber- and ends ia a fiiarp extremity, bent downwards in the ty who dared to declare thtmfelves polFcirnrs cf m-n form of an awl. The width of it is increafed by a iis members kept up an intimate and clandeftfnc con- naked piece of fKin fomeuhat like parchment, which, neiflion with thofe rich mulattoes who refided in France whe;i the bill is Ihut, lies folded together ; but which, for their education, and laboured toconvi.-;ce them that v/hen the bill opens, is confukrably extended, andcnables neither their colour nor ihelr fpurhuj lirih (hould males the bird to catch with greater eafc, while on wing, the any civil or pohtical dillinaion betwern them and th; infects that ferve it for food. The eyes are black, and whiles v ho were born \\\ lucdhck. To co optrutcj of a confiderable 'ivt.i. The tongue, which is not fork- as it were, with thefe faclious and falf: dcflrines" the cd, is fliaped like an arrow. The ears are flat, round, National AlFembly ilTued its famous declaration, in raked fpots, with fmall oblong openings, and are entire which it was maintained that all mankind are born, ard ly concealed under the leathers of the liead. The neck continue fiee, and equal in their richts. Tilt conf;. is very fliort, as well as the legs and the bones of the queiice of this was fuch as might have been expcL^led. wings. The thighs are wholly covered with fe.ithers ; '1 he mulaltoes of HifpaniLla inrtrucled in llie French and the very tender lower parts of the legs, and ihe feet phil-fophy ( i the rights cf man, broke out into rcbel- themfelves, are covered with a llvin like black parch- lion; but n^t adting in co.ocerf, they were quickly over- ment. Each foot has four toes, three of which are be- powered. fore and one turned backwards. They are all detached The Ipirit, however, which had been excited amnn" from each other to the roots ; and the middle one, to- theiii, 11:11 continued to ferment ; and the National Af- gether with the claw, is fully as long as the lower p irt fembly if France, taking the Hate of the iiland into fo- of the leg. Each toe is fumlflied wuh a black, lliarp, lemn conlideration, decreed, by a gre.it rnajoiity, ihjt crooked claw of a confiderable Icngih, by winch the its intention had never been to intermeddle with the in. animal can with great facility attach itfelf to crags and ternal affairs of the colony ; that their internil Ic'iflj. rocks. The tail is iully as long as the body together tion was entirely cheir own ; and that the Icgiflaiurs with the neck and the head. When expanded it has of the mother country would make no innovatuin, Ji- ihe form of a wedge, and confifts of ten l^.rge featheis. reftly or iiidiredly, in the fyllein tif commerce in The four firit on each lide are long ; and, when the tail which the colonies wore already concerned. However is clofed, extend almoll an inch beyond the rclt. The grateful this dtcliraiii n might be to the white* of St other feathers decreal'e towards the middle cf the tail, Domingo, and in the then Itate oft! in^s however wife and are equal to about the length of the body." in itfelf, it eccalif ned difcoitent and retnonfliances on There is a variety of this fpecies of hirundo, witli a th; part of the failious friends of the nct^rces. Tlicy fpeckled bread, and white fpcts on the tail feathers; regarded it as an unw.irrai.table f.inflion of the African and this, though lefs numerous than the other, and in- traffic, and a confclllnn, that tlie planters of Hlfp.tnioU deed not found at all in Java, appears to have been the were not col .mils, but an independent people, only hirundo efculenta known to Linnx-us. For an ac- The colonills them(elve«, indeed, nr rather their re- count of the eatable nefls of thefe birds, and the manner prcfentatives, fccm t«> hive thought that by thi* decree of collefting them, fee Cap and Button in this Su^- they were rendered independent ; tor in iheir central plcmcnt. ad'enibly ihey palfed an afl debarring the king'i delc- HISPANIOLA, or St Do.mingo, the largeft of gate, the governor gcneial, from I'cg.i.ivmg' any of the Antilles or Carlbbee illards, has been defcribed, as their future .ic'^s. This viilcnt meaCure wa'. I'ar Irr ra. it exifled prior to the French revolution, in \\\.1er and thcmlclves in the inttrMl of the alfembly, thought fit rank of ihofe ptifuns whom it had placed over its fo- to mutiny; and the alfcmbly, in retuiri, voted their xeigu f.-ulenaeiit;, fcciircd to ibi; inbablt.ints of Hifi'.i- iLaiiks to the muiinecis. Scire ct'ih:.rpAiiizar,5, feii- H I S C i5s ] H I S Hifpanielu. ]ng al the fame time a powder magazin!, the governor tleclareJ them adherents to traitors, and called on all officers, civil and military, to bring them to puniflinient. This was the fignal for civil infiirredtion ; armed troops took the field on both fides ; and war feemed inevitable, when the aifembly refolved to repair in a body to France and juftify their pad conduft. In the mean time the ylmh dfs No'in contrived to ex- cite the people of colour to rebellion. They initiated in the dodtrinc of equality and the lights of man one James Oge, then refiding in Paris in fome degree of affluence. They perfuaded him to go to St Domingo, put iiimfelf at the head of his people, and deliver them from the opprcffion of the whites ; and in order to evade the notice of government, they undertook to procure for him arms and ammunition in America. He em- barked accordingly, July 1790, for New England with money and letters of credit; but notwithflanding the caution of the Am'ts des Nolrs, his defigns were difco- vered by the French government, and his portrait was fent out before him to St Domingo. He landed on the ifland in Oftober, and fix weeks afterwards publiflied a manifefto, declaiing his intention of taking up arms, if the privileges of whites were not granted to all petfvns luithout di/linaion. He was joined by about 200 men of colour ; and this little army of ruffians not only maf- facred the whites wherever they fell in with them in fmall numbers, but, by a (bll more unjultifiable mode of eonduft, took vengeance on thofe of their own colour who refufed to join their rebellious ftandard. They were, however, foon overpowered by the regular troops ; and their leader, after difclofing, it is faid, fome important fecrets, fullered the punilhment due to his treafon. While thefe things were gouig on in the ifland, the members of the Colonial Aifembly arrived at Paris, where they were received by the reprefentatives of the French people with marked fymptoms of averfion. The refolutions compofing their famous decree were pro- nounced improper ; their vote of thanks to the muti- neers was declared criminal ; they were themfelves pcr- fonally arrefted ; orders were given for a new aifembly to be called ; and tlie king was requefted to augment the naval and military force then at St Domingo. The National Aifembly of France having decreed that every perfon twenty-five years old and upwards, pofTelTing property, or having refidcd two years in the colony and paid taxes, fhould be permitted to vote in the formation of the colonial aifembly, the people of colour very naturally concluded that this privilege was confer- red upon ihem. Such, however, we believe, was not the meaning of the National Aflembly ; but Gregoire, v.'ith the other fj lends of the negroes, at laft prevailed, and mulattoes born of free parents were pronounced to be not only worthy of choofing their reprefentatives, but alfo eligible themfelves to feats in the colonial alfemblies. This decree facrificed at once all the whites in the ifland to the people of colour ; and the indignation which filled the minds of both the royal and the republican parties feemed to have united them in cue common caufe. They refolved to rejefl the civic oath ; to confifcate the IVench property in the harbour, on which they aflually laid an embargo ; to pull down the national colours, and to hoill the Britifli ftandard in their ftead. The mulat- toes in the mean time colleded in armed bodies, and waited witli anxious expeflation to fee what meafiircs Hi/panioh. the colonial affernbly would adopt. ^^-^r^^m* During thefe dillenfions, the negro flaves, into whofe minds had been fcduloufly inftilled an opinion that their rights were equal to thofe of their maftcrs, refolved to recover their freedom. On the morning of the 23d of Augufl 1 79 1 , the town of the Cape was alarmed by a confufed report that the flaves in the adjoining parifhes h.id revolted ; and the tidings were foon confirmed by the ai rival ot thofe who had narrowly efcaped the malfacre. ■J'he rebellion had broken out in the parifli of Acul, nine miles from the city, where the whites had been butchered without diftinciion ; and now the rebels pro- ceeded from parilh to parifh, murdering the men, and ravifhing the unl'ortunate women who fell into their hands. In a fliort time the fword was accompanied with fire, and the cane-fields blazed in every direfrion. The citizens now flew to aims, and the command of the national troops was given to the governor, whiKl the women and children were put aboard the fhips in the harbour for fafety. In the firft aftion the rebels were repulfed ; but their numbers rapidly increafing, the governor judged it expedient to aft folely on the defenfive. In the fpaceof two mcnths it was compu- ted that upwards of 2000 white perfons periflied ; and of the infurgents, who confilled as well of mulattoes as of negroes, not fewer than 10,000 died by famine and the fword, and hundreds by the hands of the executioner. When intelligence ofthefedreadful proceedings reach- ed Paris, the Aifembly began to be convinced that its equalizing principles had been carried too far ; and the famous decree, which put the people of colour on the fame footing with the whites, was repealed. Three commiflloners were likewife fent to the colony to reftore peace between the whites and the mulattoes ; but two of them being men of bad character, and none of them poifefllng abilities for the arduous tafl; of extinguifiiing the flames of a civil war, they returned to France with- out accompliflring in any degree the obje<5l of their million. In the mean time the /l7?iis da Noin in the mother country had once more gained the afcendant in the Na- tional Aifembly ; and three new commiffioners, San- thonax, Polverel, and Ailhaud, with 6000 chofen men from the national guards, were embarked for St Do- mingo. It was flrongly fufpeifled that the objefl of thefe commiffioners was to procure unqualified freedom for all the blacks in the ifland ; but they folemnly fwore that their fole purpofe was to eftablifh the rights of the mulattoes, as decreed by the law which had been lately repealed. The whites therefore expeded that a colo- nial aflembly would be convoked ; but inftead of this the commiffioners nominated twelve perfons, of whom fix had been members of the lall aifembly, and fix were mulattoes, Une CommiJJiun In'.crmcd'iare, with authority to raife contributions on the inhabitants, the application of which, however, they referved to themfelves. The governor finding that the commiflloners ufurped all au- thority, complained that he v^'as but a cypher in public affairs ; his complaint was anfwered by an arrefl; upon his perfon, and he was fent a flate prifoner to France. The tyranny of the commiffioners did not fl;op here. They overawed the members of the commiffion inter- mediare, by arrefting four of their number; and difa- greeing among themfelves, Sanihonax and Polverel dif- milfed Hifpaniola II Hiwaffee. H I W [ 1 mifled Ailhaud from their councils. War was by this time declared bitween the mother country and Great Britain, and prudence compelled the government of France to take fome care of t)ie injured colony. Gal- baud, therefore, a man of fair charader, was appointed governor, and ordered to put the ifland in a ftate of de- fence againfl foreign invafion ; but pofleffing Weft India property, which it feems was a legal difqualification for the office of governor, the commiffioners difregarded his authority, and took up arms againft him. Finding themfelves likely to be worded, they offered to purchale the aid of the rebel negroes, by the offer of a pardon for their paft conduft, freedom in future, and the plun- der of the capital. Two of the negro chiefs, more ho- nourable than the French commillioners, fpurned at the bafe propofal ; but a third, after the governor had fled to the (hips, entered the town with 3000 revolted ne- groes, and began an indifcriminate malfacre. The mi- ferable inhabitants fled to the Ihore, but their retreat was ftopped by a party of mulattoes ; and for two days the (laughter was incelfant. Tlie town was half con- fumed by fire; and the commiffioners, terrified at the work of their own hands, fled lor proteftion to a (hip of the line, and thence ilFued a manifefto, which, while it tried to extenuate, evinced a confcioufnefs of their guilt. Thus was loft perhaps to Europe, and loft by the frantic conduiSl of French pliilanthropills, the fineft ifland in the Weft Indies ; an ifland which produced alone as much fugar as all the Britilh Well India pof- feffions united 1 not to mention the coffee and indigo, which were in immenfe quantities cultivated in Hifpa- niola. Had it not been for the reftlefs machinations of the ylmis dcs Noirs, it does not appear that fo general a revolt would have taken place among the flaves ; for though the fpirit of republicanifm had Ibund its way into the ifland, the republicansjoined with the royalifts to keep the negroes in proper fubjedtion. The unfuc- cefsfu) attempt which, at the requeft of the more re- fpeftable part of the inhabitants, the Britilh government made to fubdue the execrable commillioners and tlielr adherents, is fre(h in the memory ol all our readers, and need not here be detailed at length. Suffice it to dry, that after prodigies of valour, our troops were compelled, rather by difeafe than by the fwords of the enemy, to abandon the iliand, which is now under the controul of a negro or mulatto-chief. What will ulti- mately become of it, future events mull decide ; but let its protracted and bloody difputes be a warning to all, and among others to our alFociitinn for the abolition ot the flave trade, that it is impoliible to promote a good end by wicked means, and that fltvcs mull be civili/.cd before they be made iree. HITCHEL.'\GA, or Hochelaga, an Indian vilbge in Lower Canada, lituated in the ifland of Montreal, and at the foot of the mountain (o called. It is forti- fied after the Indian manner, and the inhabitants fpcak the Huron language. — Alors^. Hri'TON,'a (mall villige in Anne Arundel coun- ty, Maryland, 13 miles W. by S. of Baltimore. — ib. HIWASSKE is tlie only rivor of any confcqucnce wliich empties into the 'I'cnncllcc from tlie foulh. It is a bold river, pafling through the Cherokee towns and empties into the Tennclfee about 40 miles below the moutli of the Clincji, and 46 above the Whirl or ijuppL. Vol. II. 69 ] H O L Suck, by land, but 60 by water. It is navigable till HdoVo., it penetrates the mountains on its S. lide. Ore was H foiind in thefe mountains, wlien in po/Icffion of tlic l^^'i^ Britilh, from which gold was extr-i^Tcd. The Indians know the fpot ; but are very aniious to keep it a fecret. A branch of the Hiwaffee, called Amoia, almoft inter- locks a branch of the Mobile. The portage between them is (hort, and the road firm and level.— Vi. HOBOKEN, a trafl of Imd in Bergen county, New.Jerfey, (ituated on the W. bank of the Hudf jn, in the mountainous country between the town of Ber- gen and Fort Lee, about 7 miles above New-York city. — ib. HOC KHOC KING, a river in the N. W. Territory, about 28 mdcs below the Mulltingum, which it rtfem- bles, but is inferior to it in fize. It rifes near a branch ot the Sciota, and taking a S. W. courfe enters the Ohio at Bellpre, in N. lat. 38' 57'. It is navigable ior large flit bottomed boats, between 70 and ^o miles; h.is fine meadows with high banks, which are feldom overflowed, and rich ujilands on its borders. On the banks of this fine river are ineihauftible quar- ries o( free-ltone, large beds of iron ore, rich mines of lead, and coal pits. There are alio produiftive fait fprings, beds of white and blue clay of an excellent quality. Red bole, and many other ufcful fodils have been found on the banks of this river. — ib. HOLDEN, a townfliip in Worccfter county, Maf- fachufetts, was formerly the north-we(^crn part cf Worcefter, from which it is diftant 7 miles, and 51 miles W. of Bollon. It ccmtains 1080 inhabitants. It was incorporated in 1740. In the earthquake iti J 75 5, there were feveral acres of land, in an obfcure place in the N. E. corner cf the townlhip, quite fur- rounded by a vifible fraiilure in the eartli, of a circu- lar form, and of various width and depth. The fmall river there had its bed railed (0 as to occafion a confi- derable fall of water, where tf.ere was liitleor none be- fore. The ftump of a tree, that ftood directly over the chafm, on the E. was divided into two equ.d parts, one (landing on the outlide of the chafm, the other upon the inlidc ; but not oppofitc to each other : the half within the chafm, being carried 5 (cet forward, towards the river. — b. HOLDERNESS, a townflrp in Grafton county, New-Hair plliiie, iiiuated on the eiftern fide of I'emi- gewall'ct river, was incorporated in 1761, and cont.iins 329 inhabitants. A corner of Squam Lake is in this townlhip ; and Rattlcfnake Mount . of Eallon — ib. HOLLAND, a townlhip in H.imp(hire county, Malf.rchufetts, which, until iucorpniaicil in 1 785, was the E. parilh of South-Bnmficld, and is bounded S. by Tolland county, in Conntclicut, E. by Worcefter county, and northward by Bnmli-.ld. It contains 42. S inhabitants, and is 75 miUs S. W. by W. of Bofton. —ib. Holland Company LanJt, are lituated in PcnnfjU vania, on the navigable waters of Alleghany river and French Creek.— ii. Y HOLL.tSD'j H O L [ II Holftoii. Holland's l/lmdi are near to, an J fouth of Hooper's IflanJ and Straits in Chelapc;ik Bay. — ib. Hoi.LANu's Pchit, cm the \vcil (iJe of Chefapealc Bay, together with Parket's Illati-J, iurrn tlie mouth of Herring Bay. — ib. HOLLI.S, the NiJiitJTii of the Indians, a townfhip in Hilllliorough county, New-Hainplhire, lituatcd on tlie Mnirachiilelts line, incurpurated in 1746, and con- tains 1441 inhabitants. It is about 70 miles S. \V. of Portfmoiith, ami 45 N. W. of Bollon. — ib. HOLLIDAYS IJland lies 15 miles up Chowan river in North Carolina : Thus iar the river is three niiles wide. — lb, HOLLISfON, the mod fouthern townlliip in Mid- dlefc-x ciuinty, MalFachuletts, has Hopkinton on the north, Wrentharn on the eaft, and is 24 miles S. by W. of Bollon. The lirft fettiements were made here in 1710, and in 1724 the town was incorporated by its prefent name in honour of Thomas Hcliis of London, one of the patrons of Cambridge Univerfity; and it now contains 875 inhabitants. — ib. HOLLOW, in architeflure, a concave moulding, about a quarter of a circle, by forae called a cafement, by others an abacus. HoLLoir-Tower, in fortification, is a rounding made of the remainder of two brifures, to join the cuitain to the crillon, where the fmail Ihot are played, that they may not be fo much expofed to the view of the enemy. HOLSTON, the Urged branch of Tennelfee river, rifes in Virginia, and joins that river 22 miles below Knoxville. It is a large, bold river, upwards of 300 yards wide at that town, is about 200 miles in length, and receives in its courfe feveral confiderable rivers, viz. from its head downwards, Watauga, French Broad, (which includes Limeftone Creek, Nolachucky, Swanano, Big Laurel, and Big and Little Pigeon) and Little rivers. The dreams on the northern fide are creeks ofnogieat fize or length of courfe. Holfton is naviga- ble for boati of 25 tons upwards of 100 miles, as liigh as the mouth of the North Fork ; at which place Mr David Rofs has ere.5ted iron-works upon a large fcale. At the mouth of this river, on the north fide, (lands Fort Grainger. The river is 150 yards wide, ]6 miles above the North Fork at Rof:.'s iron-works, and near- ly 5 above Long-lfland, and in N. lat. 36° 27', W. long. 83° %'.—Morie. HoLSTOS, a fettlenient on the river above mention- ed, in the State of Tennelfee, containing 28,649 inha- bitants, though in the year 1775 it had hardly 2,200; yet its importance during the revolution may be con- ceired, when it is known that a great part of thofe volunteer troops who -attacked and defeated the Britiih andtorieson King's Mountain, who were commanded by Colonel Fergufon, came from this country. The land is generally fertile, but the face of the country is much broken. Placed between two large mountains, it feldom fuffers for want of rain. It abounds with iron ore. A capital furnacs and forge have lately been erecled in HoKton near the Virginia line, a bloomery below the mouth of Watavrga, and another 25 miles above the mouth of the French Broad. There are fundry lead mines in the fettle- ment, one in particular on the French Broad, that produces 75 per cent, pure lead. Long-IQand on Hoi (Ion river is 340 miles S. W. by W. of Richmond in Virginia. — ib. o ] HON HOLV/ELL (John Zephaniah, Efq;), was a gen- Holiroll tleman of letters, whofc hillory is well intitled to a place II in fuch a colle(flion as ours; but, unfortunately, ^e ^'""^'"'* know not either the time or the place of his birth, or the v,^-v->^ fchool at which he was educated. At an early [leriod of life he was fent to Bengal as a writer in the Lall-India Company's fervice, and in the year 1 756, was fecond in council at Fort William, when an ctfencc was given to the nabob of Bengal by the governor's proteding a fu- gitive native. In revenge for this, the nabob marched againll the fort with a poweiful army. Drake, the chief who had given the offence, defertcd his ftation, and tlie command devolved on Mr Holwell, who, with the few men he had, defended the place lo the lall ex- tremity. This oppofition incenftd the nabob againft Mr Holwell ; and although on the furrcnder he had given his word that no harm fliould come to him, Mr Holwell and his unfortunate fellows in arms were thrull into a clofe prifon, called the Black Hole*, not .<•. p eighteen feet fquare, to the number of 146 perfons, and ^J^^^ into which no fupply of air could come but by two Encyd. fmall windows in one end. Here for one whole night they were confined ; the numbers crowded together cau- fed a mod prolufe perfpiration, whicli wasfucceeded by a raging thirll. They crdled for water, but the little fupply which the humanity of the black foldiers could grant them, was nearly all loft in the ftrugglc to obtain it. Every few minutes fome one or otlier expired, through third, or preffure, or were trampled to death. Mr Holwell, after flruggling for many hours, threw himfelf down on a plattorm, and in a Ihort fpace of lime happily became infenfible. In this difmal dun- geon they were kept till fix o'clock in the morning, when twenty-three only were found alive. Mr Holwell himfelf was in a high fever, but was loaded with fetters and otherwife ill treated, yet tlie excellency of his con- ftitution overcame all his hardlliips, and he was foon after relcafed and embarked for England. In 1758 he publilhed a well written and affeiling narrative of the futferings of himfelf and his companions. Since this time Mr Holwell has relided in England, and has writ- ten feveral tracfls on Indian affairs, particularly a work in three parts, intitled " Events relative to Bengal and Hindoitan." — " The manner of inoculating for the fmall-pox in the Eaft Indies.'' — " A new experiment for the prevention of crimes," publiified in 1786. He has alfo publilhed a trad which contains fome very fin- gular fentiments on religious fubjefls, intitled " Differ- tations on the origin, nature-, and purfuits of intelligent beings, and on Divine Providence, religion, and reli- gious v/orlliip." Mr Holwell was elcfled many years ago, F. R. S. and lived to a good old age, refpecled. by his acquaintance, and although much affli(fled by bodily complaints, poffeffed a wonderful fund of fpirits. HOMER, a military townfhip in Onondaga cour- ty. New York, on the head waters of the N. W. branch of Chenengo river; 56 of its inhabitants are eledors. — ib. HOMODROMUS Vectis, or Lever, in mecha- nics, is a lever in which the weight and power are both on the fame lide of the fulcrum as in the lever of the 2d and 3d kind ; being fo called, becaufe here the weight and power move both in the fame diredlion, whereas in the heterodromus they move in oppofite direflions. HONA CHITTO, a river which rifes in Georgia, ia Hondo II Hooke. H O O [ 171 ] MOO in N. lat. 32', between Pearl and Loofa Chltto rivers, mutual gravitatioi* of the planets j a fiii wliith h: Hooke. runs foutherly 125 miles, and at the town of Manca had moft fyftematically announced. Pie had ftiewn, ^-^^""^ ^ in Weft-Florida, a few miles from its mouth, runs W. that a force, jjcrfedtly analogous to gravity on this to Mifiiffippi river. N. lat. 30° 25'. — ii. earth, operated on the furfaee of the moon and ofjii- HONDO, RIO, a river of Yucatan, which empties piter. Confidering the numerous round pils on iho into tKe bay of Honduras. This river, by the peace lurface of the moon, furroundcd with a fort of wall of 1783, was the northern boundary of the trail fouth- and having a little eminence in the middle, as tlie pro. ward of Ballelfe river, granted by the Spaniards to duftion of volcanoes, he infer: cd, that the ejcLlcd matter the Britifli, to cut and carry away logwood. — ii. fell back again to the moon, as fiich matter falls back HONDURAS, a province of New Spain, having again to the earth. He faw Jupiter furroundcd with an the bay of its name and the North Sea on the north ; atmofpliere, which accompanied him ; and thertft ro Yucatan on the north-weft; and the Mofquito Shore prcffed on him, as our air preffes on the earth : He in- on the nonheaft ; Nicaragua and Guatimala on the ferred, that it was the fame kind of power that maintain- fouth, and Vera Paz on the weft. It is about 100 ed the fun and other planets in a round form. He infer- leagues long and So broad. It abounds with honey, red a force to the fun from the circulation round hlni, and cotton, fine wool, dye woods in particular, and has he called it ^ gravilalioii ; and faid that it was not the fome gold and filver mines. The rivers overflow like earth which defcribed the cUipfe, but the centre of gra- the Nile, and enrich the land. The air is good, ex- vity of the earth and moon. He therefore made a co- cept near the lagoons and low grounds. The foil in nical pendulum, whofe tendency to a vertical pofition many parts bears Indian corn thrice a year ; and the reprefented the gravitation to the fjn, and v/hich w;;s vineyards bear tv/ice a year ; for immediately after the projefled at right angles to the vertical pUne; and fnew- vintajre they cut them again; and the fecond grapes ed experimentally, how the different proportions of the are ripe before Chriftmas. Valladolid is the chief projeiflile and centripetal tendencies produced various town, where the governor and bilhop refide. Tiuxillo degrees of eccentricity in the orbit. He then added is alfo a fine town, and very ftrong by nature; and another pendulum, licfcribing a cone round tlie firft, Omoah is ftrongly lortified. The Spaniards claim this while this defcribed a cone round the vertical line, in country ; but the Englifh have been long in poflellion order to fee what point bet«'een them defcribed the of the logwood trad in the Bay of Honduras, cutting ellipfe. The refults of the experiment were intricate large quantities of it every year. And the Mofquito and unfatisfadlory ; but the thought was ingeniou'. Indians to the eaft of this province have entered into He candidly acknowledged, that he had not dilcovered treaties with the Englilh, received them into their the true law of gravitation which would produce the country, and done iheni feveral fei vices. Befides, tiie defcription of an ellipfe round ihs focus, owing to l:is Spaniards have no forts in this bay, or in the country want of due mathematical knowledge; and therefore of the Mofquito'i, only two fmall towns. — ib. left this inveftigation to liis fiiperiors. Sir Ifaac New. HONEYYOE, a lake in the GenelFee country in ton was the happy man who made the difcovery, atier New- York State, weiUvard of Canandargua Lake, 5 having entertained the fame notions of the forces which miles long and 3 broad. — ib. ronneded the bodies of ilie I'ular fyftcm, before he had HONOMINIES, a river in the N. W. Territory any acquaintance with Dr Hooke, or knew of liis fpe- which rims S. S. eafterly into Puan Bay. Between culations. the head of this river and Lake Superior is a lliort 1660, The engine for cutting clock and watch wheels. portage — /',';. — The chief phenomena of capillary altradion. — The HOOKE (Dr Robeit) is faid, in the account of freezing of water a fixed temperature. him which is piiblllhed in the Encyclcpadia, to have laid 1663, The method of fupplying air to a diving bell, claim to the inventions of others, and to have boafted — The number of vibrations made by a mufical chord, of many of his own, which he never communicated. 1664, His Micrographia was, by the council of the We will not prefume to fay that this charge is entirely Royal Society, ordered to be prf.ited ; but in that work groundlefs ; but we know tliat it has been greatly ex- are many juft notions rel'peding rcfpiralion, the com- aggerated, and tliat many dlfcovcrics undoubtedly made pofition of tlie atmofpliere, and the niiure of light, by him have been claimed by otliers. Of this the which were afterw.irds attributed as difcoverics to Ma- reader will find one confpicuous proof under the article yow and others, wlio, tliough we are far from liippo- Watch (Eticyd.); and perhaps the ioilowing hiftory ling that they lUle tlieir dilcoveries from Dr Hooke, ot the inventions to which he laid claim may furnilli were certainly anticipated by him. another. It would be harlh to charge him with f.illity 1666, A quadrant by redeifllou. in any of them ; tliat is to fiy, to imigine that he ei- 1667, The marine barometer. — Tlie gage for found- ther ftole them from others, or did not ihtnl, at leaft, ing uufathom.ible depth'. that he was an inventor. And, with refpeifl to many 166S, The meafurement of a degree of the meriJi- ofthem, the priority of his claim is beyond difpute. an, with a view to determine the rigure of tlie earth, 1656, Barometer, a weather glafs. by means of a zenith fedor. 1657, A fcapemciit, for maintaining the vibration of 16(^9, The f.id of the cor.firvaiio virium vh'.trum, a pendulum. — And not long after, the regulating or and tint in all the produ«5lions and extinclions of mo- balance-fpring for watches. tion, the accumulated forces were as ihe fipiares of the 165S, The double barrelled ,air pump. — The 00- final or initial velocities. Tliis doctrine he annniincei nical pendulum. — His firft employment of the coni- in all its generality and importance, deducing from it cal pendulum was no kfs ingenious and fcicntific than all the confequences \vliich John Bernoulli values hini- it was original. He employed it to reprefcnt the felf fo highly upon, and which aic the chiet fads a^l- Y 2 diiceJ H O O [17 Hoolce. tliiced by Leibnilz in fupport of his doif^riiie of llie "^■^'"~' (bices of bodies in motion. But Hooke w.is perfeflly jivvare of their entire correfpondence with the Cirtedan, or common doctrine, and was one of the tirft in apply- ing the cek-bratcd 39th propolition of Newton's Prin- cipia to his former pofitions on this fubjcift, as a m:ithe- matical demonllration of them. 1673, That the catenarca v.-as the beft form of an arch . 1674, Steam engine on Newcomen's principle. 1679, That the air was the fole fource of heat in burning : Thai combiiflion is the folution of the inflam- mable vapour in air; and that in this folution tlie air j^ives out its heat and li;^ht. That nitre explodes and caules bodies to burn without air, becaule it confiiU of this air, accompanied by its heat and liglit in a con- denftd or folid Rate; and air fuppotts flame, becaule it contains the fame ingredients that gunpowder doth, that is, a nitrous fpirit : That this air dUl'olvcs fonie- thing in the blood while it is expofed to it in the lungs in a very expanded furface, and when faturated with it, can no longer fupport life nor flame ; but in the a^ft of folution, it produces animal heat : 'I'hat the arterial and venal blood differ on account of this fomething be- ing wanting in one of them. In fhort, the fundamen- tal dciflrincs of modern chemiflry are fyftcniatically de- livered by Dr Hooke in liis Micrographia, publilhed in 1664, and his Lampas, publiflied in 1677. 1680, He firlk obferved the fecondary vibrations of ebllic bodies, and theirconneftion withharmonio founds. A glafs containing water, and excited by a fiddleftick, threw the water into undulations, wiiich were fquare, hexagonal, oft.igonal, &c. ihewing that it made vibra- tions fubordinate to the total vibration ; and that the fundamental found was accompanied by its 0(ftave, its twelfth, S:c. 1681, He exhibited mufical tones by means of tooth- ed wheels, wliirled round and rubbed with a quill, which dropped from tooth to tooth, and produced tones proportioned to the frequency of the cracks or Ihaps. 1684, He read a paper before the Royal Society, in which he afhrnis, that fome years before that period he had propofed a method of difcourfing at a dift.ince, not by found, but by fight. He then proceeds to de- i'cribe a very accurate and complete telegraph, equal, perhaps, in all refpefls to thofe now in ufe. But fome years previous to 1684, M. Amontans had not invent- ed his telegraph ; fo that, though the Marquis of Wor- cefter unquelUonably gave the tirft hint of this inllru- mcnt, Dr Hooke appears to have firll brought it to perfection. See Telegraph, Encych ; and a book, publiflted 1726, entitled Philofoph'ual Experiments and Obfervations of the late eminent Dr Robert Hooke. We are indebted to him for many other difcoveries of leifer note ; fuch as the wheel barometer, the uni- verfal joint, the manometer, fcrew divided quadrant, telefcopic fights for allronomical inftruments, reprefen- tation of a mufcular fibre by a chain of bladders, ex- periments ftiewing the Inflexion of light, and its at- ] HOP tr.a(flion for folid bodies, the curvilineal path of light Hookfet through the atmofphcre. II HOOKSET FALLS, or Hoolfet ip Falls \n\\i.x.^'^^^^ rim;ick river, juft below the mouth of Suncook, 7 miles above Amulkeag Falls, and 8 miles below Con- cord, in Ncw-Hamplhlre. — Morse. HOOKSTOWN, a villngc on the wcfl fide of Che- fapexk Bay in Maryland, in Baltimore county, 6 miles N. W. of tlie town of Baltimore. — ih. HOOKTOWN, a village on the eaft fide of Chcfa- peak Bay, in Talbot county, Maryland, lies north of Eafton, and S. \V. of Williamfburg, nearly 3 miles from each — ib. HOOPER'S ISLAND and STRAITS lie on the eaft lide oi Cliefapeak Bay, and on the S. \\' . coall of Dorchcfter county, Maryland. The illand is 7 miles long, and 2] broad. — ib. HOOSACK, a river of New- York which falls into the Hudfon from the eaft, about 8 miles above the city of Lanlinburgh. It lifes in Berkfliire county, Malfa- chufetts, runs north. weRerly through Pownul in Ver- mont, thence into New-York State. Its length is about 40 miles. The curious mill-ftream called Hudfon's Brook, which falls into a north branch oi Hoofack, is defcribed in tlie article Adams., in this Sufplenient. ib. HOPE, a village in Suflex county, New-Jerfey, on the poll-road from Newtown to EaRon in Pennfylvania, 16 miles S. VV. of the former, and 20 N. E. of the latter. It is inhabited by about 100 of the Moravian United Brethren. — ib. Hope, a bay on the N. W. coaR of N. America, fo named by Capt. Cook. The entrance of Nootka, or St George's Sound, is fituated in the eaR corner of Hope Bay,in N. lat. 49° 33', E. long. 233" 12'. — ib. Hope, a Moravian fettlement in Wachovia, in N. Carolina, in Surry county, where is a meeting-houfe of the United Brethren. — ib. Hope, a fmall illand in Narraganfet Bay, State of Rhode-Ifland.— ;3. HOPEWELL, a townfliip in Cumberland county, in the province of New-Brtmfwick, fituated on Chepo- die river, which runs eaRerly into a northern arm of the Bay of Fundy, and is navigable 4 or 5 miles. — ib. HorEWELL, the name of 3 townlhips in Pennfyl- vania, viz. in York, Huntingdon, and Waihington counties. — ib. Hopewell, a townfhip in Hunterdon county, New- Jeriey, fituated on Delaware river, 14 miles W. of Princeton, 11 above Tieni;on and 30 fouth-wefterly of New-Brunfwick. It contains 2320 inhabitants, in- cluding 233 ilaves. Another townfhip of this name lies in Cumberland county, in New.Jerfey. — ib. HOPKINS, or Hupki?ifville, a townfliip in Caledonia county, in Vermont, was granted to Dr Hopkins ; 1 1 miles northweft of the upper bar of the Fifteen Mile Falh in Conneflicut river. — ib. HOPKINSON (Francis, Efq.) Judge of the Court of Admiralty in Pennfylvania, poifeil'ed an unconi- mon ftiare of genius of a peculiar kind. He ex- celled in mufic and poetry, (a) and had fome know- ledge (a) He invented an improved tongue for the harpfichord ; a defcription of which accompanied v?ith an en- graving, may be feen in the Columbian Magazine for May 1787. He alfo publifhed a fmall coUeflion of longs, compofed and fet to mufick by himfelf, which have been uuiverfally admired. HOP [ 173 ] II O R Hopkinfon ledge in painting. But thefe arts did not monopolife ^"*''"''^'~' all the powers of his mind. He was well fkilled in Jiiany praflical and ufeful fciences, particularly mathe- matics and natural philolbphy, and he had a general acquaintance with the principles of anatomy, chemillry, and natural hiffory. — But h:i /orti was humour and fa- tire, in both of which he was not furpaifed by Lucian, Swift, or Ilabelais. Thefe extraordinary powers were confecrated to the advancement of llie interefts of pa- trioiifm, virtue, and fcience. It would lill many pages to mention his numerous publications during the late revolution, all of which v.-ere direded to ihofe impor- tant objecls. He began in the year 1775, ^'''^ ^ fmall traft which he entitled " A pretty llcry" in which he cxpofed the tyranny of Great Britain in Anierica, by a mod beautiful allegory, and he con- cluded his contributions to his country, in this way, ■with the hiftory of " a new roof." A performance, which for wit, humour, and good fenfe, mull lall as long as the citizens of America continue to admire, and to be happy under, the prefent national govern- ment of the United States. Newfpiper fcandal, frequently for months together, difappearcd or lanj^uiUied, after the publication of feveral of his irreliltible latires upon that difgraccful fpecies of writing. He gave a currency to a thought or phrafe in thefe eflulions from liis pen, which never failed to bear down the ipirit of the time>, and fre- quently to turn the divided lides of pany-rage, into one general eiiatmel of ridicule or contempt. Sometimes he employed his formidable powers of humour and fatire in e.vpofing the formalities ot tech- nical fcience. — He thi.ught much, and thought jultly, upon the lubjecl of education. He often riJiculcd in converfation, the pr.tdice of teaching children the Eng- Ii(h language by means of grammar. He conlidered mod of the years which are fpent in learning ihe Latin and Greek languages as loft, and he held feveral of the arts and fciences whicli are (till taught in our colleges, in great contempt. His fpecimen of modern leariung, in a tedious examination, the only objeft of which was to defcribe the properties of a " falt-bos," publilhed in the American Mufeum for February 17S7, will al- ways be relilhed as a niorfel of cxquilite humour, while the prefent abfurd modes of education continue to be pradifed in the United States. Mr Hopkinfon p( (ililcd uncommon talents for pleaf- ing in company. His wit was not of that coarfe kind which was calculated to " let the table in a roar." It was mild and elegant, and infufed cheerfulnefs, and a fpecies of delicate joy, r.ither tlian mirth, into the hearts of all who heard it. His empire over the at- tention and pallions (?f liis company was not purchufed at the expenle ( f innocence. A perlon who lias palled many delightful hours in his fociety, declares with plealurc, that he never once heard him ule a profane exprefllon, nor utter a word that would have made a lady blulli, or lave clouded her countenance for a mo- ment with a look of dil'apprtbation. It is this fpecies of wit alone that indicates a ricli and powerful imagi- nation, while that which is tintTured with profanity, or indelicacy, argues poverty of genius, inafmuch as they have both been conlidercd very properly, as the cheap- eft produJls of (he mind. Mr Hopkiufon's chara(Jlcr for abilities and patrioiifm Home. procured him the confidence of his countrymen in the Hopkinton- moft trying exigencies of their affairs. He reprefented the ftate of New-Jerfey, in Corgrefs, in the year 1776, , and fubfcribed the ever-memorable declaration of in- dependence. He held an app(jiii;ment in the loan- office for feveral years, and afterwards fucce:dej George Rofs, Kfq. as judge of the admiralty for the ftate of Pennlylvania. In this ftation he continued till the year 1 790, when he was appointed judge of the diftria court in Pennlylvania, by the Prelidcnt of the United States. In each of thefe judicial offices, he conduced himfelf with integrity. His education quali- fied him lor their duties, for he had been regularly- bred to the law, under Benjamin Chew, Elq. when attorney general of Pennlylvania. He was an aiflive and ufeful member of three great parties which at different times divided his native (late — he was a -whig, a republican, and ^ fcderahjl, and he lived to fee the principles and wiftics of each of ihofe parties finally and univerfally fuccefsful. Althougli his labours had been rewarded with many plentiful liarvelts of well-earned fame, yet his death, to his country and his friends, was premature. He had been fulijiiS to frequent attacks of the gout in his head, but for fome time before his death, he had enjoyed a coiifiderahle refpite from them. On Sunday evening, M ly tlie 8t)), 1791 he was ibmewhat indifpofed, and pail", ed a reftlefs night after he went to bed. He iOi"e on Monday morning at his ufual hour, and breakfafted with his family. — At feven o'clock he was iiiized with an apopledic lit, which in two hours put a period to his exiftence, in the 53d year of his age. Hib perfon was a little below the common fize. Hii. features were fmall, but extremely animated. His fpeech was quick, and all his motions feemed to par- take of the unceaftng adlivity and verfatility of die powers of his mind. It only remains to add to this account of Mr Hop. kinlbn, that the various caufes which contributed to the eftablilhment of the independence and federal go- vernment of the United States, will not be fully traced, unhfs much is afcribed to the irrelillible inftuence of the ridicule which he poured fortli, from time to time, upon the enemies of thole great political events. HvJPKlNTON, a townlhip in Hillft)orough coun- ty, New-Hanipliiire, on Contooeook river, y miles S. W. from its confluence with the Merrimack, and di- vided from Concord on the eill, by the Rockingham county line. It was firft granted by Maffachuietts, was incorporated in 1765, and contains 1,715 irdiabi- tants, who are chiefly farmers. It is 42 njiles E. by S. of Charleftown on C or.ne^icut river, and about 58 W. by N. of Portfmouth. — Morse. HopKiNTON, a townlhip in Middlefex county, Maf- fachuietts. It was incorporated in 1715, and ctnt.iins 1 3 17 inhabitants. The rivers Concord, Providence and Charles receive each of iheni a branch from lliis town: Thefe llreams fuinilh feats for 7 or 8 grill- mills, a number of faw-niilK, iron-works, &c. — \b. Hopkinton, a townlhip in W'alhington county, Rhode-lfland, filu ittd on the weft line of the State, on feveral branches ot Pawcatuck liver. It contains 2462 inhabitants, including 7 flavcs.^ri. HORNE (George, D. D.), late Lord BiHiop of Norwich, was a mao of fucb anuablc difpofitions, pri- tuiiive II O R C 174 ] H O R Home, initive piety, and exemplary morals, that we wifli it '""'^''''"'"' were in our power to do jiillice to his charadter. His life, it is true, has been already written, at confiderable length, by two authors, poflelFed of erudition and of unqueftionable integrity; but mere erudition is by no means fnflicient to fit a man for dil'ch.irging the duties of a biographer. It was not the learning of Jchiifon, but his fagacity, and intimate acquaintance with human nature, that placed him fo far above his contemporaries in this department of literature. Of Bi^op Home's biographers, one poflVfTed, in- deed, the great advantage of having lived in habits of intimacy with him from his boyifli years. In the au- thenticity of his narrative, therefore, the fullcft confi- dence may be placed : and that narrative we (hall taith- iuUy follow ; rcferving, however, to ourfelves the liber- ty of fometimes making reiledtions on the various in- cidents recorded, widely different from thofe of the author. George Home was, in 1730, born atOthamin Kent, a village near Maidftone, giving the name to a parifli, of which his father was the redor. He was the fe- cond of four fons ; of whom the eldell died in very early lif.;, and the yoangelt, who is (lill alive, fucceeded liis father both in the rciftory of Oiham and in that of Breda in the county of Sullex. He had likewife three fillers, of whofe foi tunes we know nothing. Mr Home, the father of the family, was of a tem- per fo remarkably averfe from giving pain or trouble upon any occafion, that he ul'ed to awake his fon George, when an infant, by playing upon a flute, that the change from fleeping to awaking might be gradual and pleafant. Having been for fome years a tutor at Oxfoid, he took upon himfelf the early part of the tlalFical education of his favourite fon ; an office ot which he was well qualified to diftharge the duties. Under fuch an inftruclor, the fubjeift ot this memoir led a very pleafant life, and made a rapid progiefs in the Greek and Latin languiges. By the perfualion of a friend, however, he was, at the age of thirteen, placed in the fchool of Miiidllone, then under the care of a Mr Bye, eminent for his knowledge of ancient litera- ture. And remaining with tins gentleman two years, lie added much to his ftock cf learning ; and, among other things, a little elementary knowledge ol the He- brew tongue, which Mr Bye taught on the plan of Buxtorf. Though Dr Home afterwards rejeifled that ])lan, he readily admitted, that the knowledge of it was of great advantage to him. At the age of fifteen, he was removed from Maid- flone fchool to Univerfity college Oxford, where his fa- ther had happily obtained for him a fcholarlhip. At college his ftudies were, in general, the fame with thofe of other virtuous and ingenious youths ; while the vi- vacity of his converfation, and the propriety ol his con- dud, endeared him to all whofe regard was creditable. About the time of his taking his batchelor's degree, he was chcfen a fellow of Magdalen College ; and foon af- terwards, if not before, commenced author. The hirtory of his authorfliip is curious, and we fhall give it at fome length. While he was deeply engaged in the Rudy of oratory, poetry, and every brancii of polite literature, he was initiated by his faithful friend Mr Jones in the myfteries of Hutcliinfonianifm ; but Mr Jones was not his preceptor. Indeed that gentle- man informs us, that when he firft communicated to Home. Mr Home the novelties with which his own mind was '•''^•~* filled, he found his friend very little inclined to confider them ; and had tie mortification to fee, that he was himfelf lofing ground in Mr Home's ellcem, even tor making the atterript to convert him. At this we are not to be much furprileJ. Mr Hornc, though, by his biographer's acccunt, no deep Newtonian, faw, or thought he faw, the neceffity cf a -vacuum to the pof- fibility of motion; and as we believe that every man, who knows liie meaning of the words motion and vacu- um, and whofe mind is not biall'ed in favour of a fyllem, lees tlie fame thing, it was not to be fuppofed, that a youth of found judgment would haflily relinquini fo natural a notion. By Mr Home, however, it was at length relinquifhed. Mr Jones introduced him to Mr George Watfon, a fellow of Univerfity college, whom he reprefcnts as a man of very fuperior accom- plillimenls ; and by Mr ^V'atfon Mr Home was made a Hutchinlbnian oi fuch zeal, that at the age of nine- teen he implicitly adopted tl.e wild opinion of the au- thor of that fyllem, that Newton and Clarke had form- ed the dclign of bringing the Heathen Jupiter, or Stoical aii'nna miint/i, into the place of the God of the univerfe. With fuch a conviflion imprelVed upon his mind, it is not wonderful that he (hould endeavour to difcredit the fyftem of Newton. This he attempted, by publilhing a parallel between that fyllorn and the Heathen doc- trines in the Somnitim Scipionis ol Cicero. That pub- lication which was anonymous, we have never feen ; but Mr Jones himfelt admits it to have been exception- able ; and the amiable author feems to have been of the fame opinion, for he never republillied it, nor, we be- lieve, replied to the anfwers wliich it provoked. He did not, however, defert the caule, but publiflied, foon afterwards, a mild and ferious pamphlet, which he called ^4 Fair, Candid, and Impartial State of the Cafe between Sir Ifaac Ne'u.''on and Mr Hutchinfon. Even of this pamphlet we have not been able to procure a fight ; but Mr Jones affiires us, that the author al- lows to Sir Ilaac the great merit of having fettled laws and rules in natural philofophy, and of having meafured _/'i'-i-a as a mathematician with fovereign {kill ; vvhilrt he claims for Tvlr Hutchinfon the difcovery of the true phyfiological caiifes, by which, under the power of the Creator, the nitural world is moved and dircfted. If this be a fair view of the fate of the cafe, it allows to Newton more than ever Newton cliimed, or has been claimed for him by his fondert admirers ; for th« laws and rules, which he fo faithfully followed in the ftudy of philofophy, were not fettled by him, but by the illuflrious Bacon. With refpeift to the true c.-'.ufes here mentioned, we have repeatedly had occafion, du- ring the courfe of this Work, to declare our opinion, that all men are equally ignorant of them, if they be confiderrd as any thing diftincfl from the general ]aivt by which the operations of nature are carried on. To the difcovery of other phyfiological caufes, Newton, in his greatefl work, made indeed no pretenfion ; but it may be worth while, and can hardly be confidered as a digreffion, to confider what are the pretenfions cf Hutchinfon, to which MelTrs Home and Jones gave fo decided a preference. Mr Hutchinfon himfelf writes fo obfcurely, that wc dare H O R c Morne. dare not venture to tranflate his language into common ^~^'""**^ F.nglilli, Icll'we ftiould undefignedly mifreprefent his meaning; but accnrdirg to Mr Jones, who has lludiid his works with care, his diftinguilhing dodrine in phi- lofophy iE, that " The I'orcss, of which the Newtonians treat, are not the forces of nature ; but that the world is carried on by the a<5tion of the elements on one ano- ther, and all under God" What is here meant by the elements, we are taught by another eminent dif- ciple of that fchool. " The great agents in nature, ■which carry on all its operations, are certainly (fays Mr Parkhurft) the Jiuid of the heavens; or, in other words, the fire at llie orb of the fun, the light ilRiing from it, and the ipirit cr grofs air constantly fupport- ing, and concurring to the aclions of the other two." (See Cherubim in this Suppletiieytt ) . Mr Home adopt- ed this fyllem in preference to the Newtonian ; be- caufe, fays his biographer, " It appealed to him no- thing better than raving, to give aflive powers to mat- ter, fuppofing it capable of ading where it is not ; and to affirm, at the fame time, that all matter is inert, that is, inaiftive ; and that the Deity cannot ai5l but where he is frefint, becaufe his poiver cannot be but where his fulfiance is." That much impious arrogance has been betrayed, not by Newtonians only, but by philofophers of every fchool, when treating of the moihu operandi of the Deity, we feel not ourfelves inclined to controvert ; but ve never knew a well-informed Newtonian, who fpoke of the aclive powers of matter but in a metaphorioil fenfe ; and fuch language is ufed, and mull: be ufed, by the followers ot liuichinlon. Mr Jones fpeaks ol the c^i-jii of the elements ; and Mi Parkhurlt calls the fluid of the heavens, which, according to him, confilU of fire, light, and air, agents ; but it would furely be uncandid to accufe thefe two pious men of animating the ele- ments, though we km w that a<.7;en and activity, in the literal fenfe of the words, can be predicated only of living beings. With refpeft to giving a6ive powers to matter, therefore, the followers of Hutchinion rave juft as much as ihnfe of Newton ; and we fee not the ra- ving ot either in any o;her light than as the necelFary confequence of the poverty of language. But the Newtonian makes matter z& upon matter at a diftance ! No; the genuine Ne ^ tonian does not make matter ad (in the ]ircper fenfe of th.e word) at all ; but he believes, that Gid has fo conllituted mat- ter, that the motions of dilFerent mafles of it are alTeift- ed by each other at a diftancc : and the Hutchinfonian hold<; the very fame thing. As this celellial fluid of Mr Parkhurll's confills partly of air, we know, by the tell of experiment, that it is elaftic. The particles of ■which it is compofed are theretbrc diltant from each other ; and yet they refill compreffion. How does the Hutchinfonian account for this fafl ? Perhaps he will fay, that as matter is in iifelf equally indifferent to motion and red, God has fo coiilHtuted the particles of this fluid, that though they polfefs no innate power or activity of their own, they arc affecled by each other at a diftance, in confequence of his fiat at the creation. This we believe to be the only folution of the difficulty which can be given by man ; but it is the very anfwer given by the Newtonians to thofe who objed to them the abfurdity of fuppollng matter to be affeiJled by mat- ter at a diftance. That the motions of the heavenly 75 3 H O R bodies are affedled by the prefence of each other is a f.id, fay they, which appears incontrovertible. " We have afcertained with preclfion the laws by which thefe motions are regulated : and wiiliout troubling ourfelves with the true phyfiological caufes, have demonilrated the agreement of the phenomena with the laws. The interpofition of this cekdial iluid removes not a finele difficulty with which our doflrine is fuppofed to "be clogged. To have recourfe to it can therefore fcrve no purpofe.even were the phenomena confiftent with the na- ture of an elaftic fluid confidered as a phyfical caufe ; but this is not the cafe. It is demonftrable (fee Astro- nomy and Dynamics in this Si/ppl.), that the motions of the heavenly bodies are not conliftcnt with the mecha- nifm of an elaliic fluid, confidered as the caufe of thefe motions; and therefor?, whether there be fuch a fluid or not diffufed through the folar fyftem, we cannot al- low that it is the great agent in nature by which all its operations are carried en." Such might be the reafoning of a well-informed New- tonian in this controverfy ; and it appears fo conclufive againft the objedions of Hutchinfon to the Newtonian forces, as well as againft the agents which he has fub- ftituted in their Head, that fome of our readers may be difpofed to call in queftion the foundnefs of that man's underft.inding who could become a Hutchinfonian fo zealous as Mr Home. But to thefe gentlemen we beg leave to reply, that the foundeft and moft upright mind is not proof againft the influence of a fyftem, efpecially if that fyftem has novelty to recommend it, and at the fame time confifts ot parts, of which, when taken fepa- rately, many are valuable. Such was the fyftem of Hutchinfon w hen adopted by Mr Home. It was then but very little known ; it could be ftudied only through the medium of Hebrew literature, not generally culti- vated ; and that literature, to the cultivation of wliich Mr Hutchinfon had given a new and a better turn, ii in itfelfof theutmolt importance. Let it be obferved, too, that the Hutchinfonians have, for the moft part, been men of devout minds, zealous in the caufe of Cliriftianity, and untainted by a variety of eitra- vagant herefies which have fo often divided the church of Chrift : — and when all thele circumftances are taken into confideratiop, it will not be deemed a proof ff any defect in Mr Home's underilanding, that in early life he adopted the ctW^ of a fyftem, of which fome ot the parts contain fo much that is good ; efpe- cially when it is remt-nibered, tliat at fir/l •■ieiv the a- gency of the ccleftial fluid appears fo plaufible, that for a time it feems to have iinpoled upon the mind cf New- ton himfelf. But the truth is, that Mr Hornc was at no period of hi^ lite a thorough i>.iced Hutchinfonian. It is con- felfed by Mr Jones, that " Mr Hutchinfon and his ad- mirers laid too great a llrefs on the evidence of He- brew etymology ; and that fome cf them carried the matter fo far as to adopt a mode of fpeak'iig, which had a nearer refcmblance to cant and jargon than to found fenfe and fober learning. Of this (continues he) Mr Home was very foon aware; and he was in fo little danger of following the example, that he iifed to difplay the foibles of fuch perfor.s with that mirth and good liumour," which he pcflciftd in a more cxquifite degree than moft men. Tliis feems to be complete evidence that he waj never a fii:nd to the etyraclogi- Cil Ilcrne H O R [ 176 ] H O R Hornc. cal part of the fyQem; and the prefent writer can at- '^~'''^^ telt, that, in the year 1786, he leeined by his conver- falion to have Ui\ much of his conviftion of the agency oi the celeftial fluid. He continued, indeed, to Itudy the Hebrew Scriptures on the plan of Mr Hutcliinfon, unincumbered with the Maforetic points, or with rab- binical interpretations ; and the fruits of his (ludies are in the hands of the religious public, in works which, by that public, will be efteemed as long as their lan- guage is underllood. Hitherto Mr Home was a layman, but he intercft- ed himfelf in every thing conncdled with religion, as much as the mod zealous dignitary of the church ; and confidcring the mituralizaiion of the Jews as a ineafure at leaft indecent in a Chriftian country, he pubhihed, in an evening paper, a feries of letters on that fubject, both when the Jew-bill was depending, and after it had palled the houie. The letters were anonymous ; but they attrafled much notice, and many groundlefs con- jeftures were made refpeifting their author. To the real author, the nieafure which they oppolcd was fo very obnoxious, tliat he refufed to dine at the table of a friend, only becaufe the fon-in-law of Mr Pelham was to be there. And he was not much more friendly to the marriage-aa than to the Jew-bill. If he confider- ed the one as difgraceful to religion, he probably thou'jht that the other, with its numerous claufes, might be made a fnare for virtue. The time now approached when he was to take holy orders, which to him was a very ferious affair ; and when he gave an account of his ordination to an inti- mate friend, he concluded the letter with the following refledions, which, even in an abltraci like this, it would be unpardonable to omit : " May he, who ordered Peter three times to feeJ lis lambs, give me grace, knowledge, and ikill, to watch and attend to the flock which he purchafed upon the crofs, and to give reft to thofc who are under the bur- den of fin and forrow. It hath plsafed God to call me to the miniftry in very troublefome times indeed, when a lion and a bear have broken into the fold, and are making havoc among the flieep. With a firm, though humble confidence, do 1 purpofe to go forth ; not in my own ftrength, but in the ftrength of the Lord God; and may he profper the work of my hands!" This was in the year 1753, when the pious author was hardly 23 years of age; and he had not been many months in order^, when one of the moft celebrated preachers in the metropolis pronounced, that " George Home wa?, without exception, the bell preacher in England." In the year 1756, he was again involved in contro- verfy. A pamphlet had been publilhed at Oxford, fuppofed by Mr Kennicott, who afterwards gained fuch fame as a collator of Hebrew manufcripts, entitled A Word to the Hutch'mjonians, in which Mr Home was perfonally ftruck at. To this work our author replied in a fmall trai5t, called An Apology for certain Getitlernen in the Univcijity of Oxford, Afpcrfed in a late Ammy- mous Pa?iiphhi ; and whatever may be thought of the queftion at illue, all men muft admire the temper with which the apologill conduded himfelf under very great provocation. But it was not about Hutchinfonianlfm alone thatthefe two illuRiious men were doomed to differ. Mr Home took a decidid part agiinft Mr Kennicott's propofal Home, for collating the text of the Hebrew bible, with fuch ^-*'^^^*" manufciipts as could be found, for the purpofe of r.f- formirig the lest, and prcpaiing it for a new tranflation into the Englilli language ; and in the year 1760, he publilhed A Fiiiv vf Mr Kennicott's Methsd of Cor- reeling the Hehretu Text, luith three Queries formed thereon, and humlly fubmitled to the Chrijlinn ivorld. That his alarm was on this occafion too great, experi- ence has fhewn ; but that it was not groundlefs, is evi- dent i'rom the Vieiv, in which the reader will find a- bove 20 inftances from Mr Kennicott's differtations (fee Kennicott, Encycl.), to thew what an inunda- tion of licentious criticifm was breaking in upon the facred text. Indeed there is reafon to believe, that this trafl, together with another on the fame fide of the quellion by Dr Rutherforth ol Cambridge, contributed to reprcfs the collaioi's raflinefs, and to make the Bible of Dr Kennicott the valuable work which we find it. Be this as it may, fuch was the moderation of the Drs Kennicott and Home, that though their ac- quaintance commenced in hollility, they at length con- traded for each other a friendfliip, which lafted to the end of their lives, and ftill fubfilts between their fami- lies. In what year Mr Home was admitted to the degree of D. D. and when he was chofen prefident of his col- lege, Mr Jones has not informed us ; but, if our me- mory does not deceive us, he had obtained both thefe preferments when, in the year 1772, he gave to the public a fmall work, 8vo, intitled Confulerations on the Life tmd Death of St John the Bapt'ijl. This trad was the fubftance ot a courl'e of fermons, which he had many years before, in conformity to an eft.iblilhed cuf- tom at Magdalen College, preached before the univer- fity of Oxford. Mr Jones, Ipeakingof it, fays, that "he is perluaded, there was no other man of his time, whofe fancy as a writer was bright enough, whofe ikill as an interpreter was deep enough, and whofe heart as a mo- ralill was pure enough, to have made him the author of that little work." By moll readers this ftrain of pa- negyric will be thought extravagant, and of courfe it will defeat its own purpofe ; but the work is certainly a work of merit. In the year 1776, when the author was vice-chan- cellor, was pubhihed, in two volumes 4to, Dr Home's Commentary on the Pfalms. It is a work of which very different opinions have been formed, though it was the refult of the labour of twenty years. That it will always be a favourite companionof thedevout Chrillian, we are as much inclined to believe as Mr Jones ; but we cannot, without belying our own judgment, fay that it appears to us calculated to produce much general good in an age like the prefent. Granting it to be true, which we believe will not be granted without fome exceptions, that Clarke, and Hoadley, and Hare, and Middleton, and Warburton, and Sherloci;, and South, and Wil- liam L.4.W, and Edmund Lav.-, had turned the public attention, of which they had got the entire command, too much to the letter ot the bible to the neglecft of the fpirit of it ; fhould not Dr Home, after the example of St Paul, have let in th; light gradually upon fuch weak organs as thofe of the public tiius difealed, rather than pour it upon them at once in a flood of fplendor. The apoflle " fed his Corinthian converts with milk and not witli H O R C I Hornc. v.ith meat," when he found tliem unable to bear the '"''^^^•^ latter food ; and there is reafon to fufpedl: that the car- nal followers ffWathurton, :ind Sherlock, and South, were unable to bear, at once, fucli llrong meat, as that v/hich makes the fifteenth pfalm a portrait of our Sa- viour. Indeed, we think it not improbable that the mind of Sherlock would have recoiled with horror from the very conception of the pojfibility of Jefus Chrift " fwearing to his neighbour and difappointing him," though that conception muft have paifed through a mind which was certainly as pure as his. The commentary, however, though truth thus compel; us to fay that, in our opinion, it is far (rom perfeifl, is certainly a work of great harning, great genius, and fervent piety, and fuch as the devout Chriftian will perufe again and again with much advantage. Dr Horne's next work was of a different kind, and, v^e think, of a fuperior order. In the year 1776 was publiflied a letter of Dr Adam Smith's, giving an ac- count of the death of Mr David Hume. The objedt of the author was to fliew that Mr Hume, notwithftand- ing his fceplical principles, liad died with the utnioft compofure, and that in his life as well as at his death he had conduced himfelf as became one of the wifell and beft men that ever exifted. The letter is very much laboured, and yet doss no honour either to the author or liis friend. It could not reprefent Mr Hume as fupport- ing himfelf under the gradual decay of Nature with the hopes of a happy immortality ; but it miglit have re- prefented him as taking refuge, with other infidels, in the eternal fleep of death. This, though but a gloomy prolpeft, would not have been childilh ; but the hero of the tale is exhibited as talking like a fchool boy of his conferences with Charon, and his reluflance to go into the Stygian ferry-boat, and confoling himfelf with the thought of leaving all his friends, and liis brother's family in particular, in great profperity ! ! ! 'i'he ab- furdities of this letter did not efcape the watchiul and penetrating eye of Dr Home ; and as he could not miftake its objeft, he held it up to the contempt and fcorn of the religious world in A Letter to Adam Smith, L. L. D. on tke Life, Death nml Philofophy of his Friend David Hume, Efq; by one of the People cnUed Chr[Hians. The reafoning of this little traft is clear and couclufive, while its keen, though good humoured wit is inimitable ; and it was, fome years afterwards, followed by a feries of Letters on Infidelity, compcfed on the fame plan, and with much of the fame fpirit. This fmall volume, to the fecond edition of which the letter to Dr Smith was prefixed, is better calculated, than almod any other with which we are acquainted, to guard the minds of youth againft the iniidious llrokes of infidel ridicule, the only dangerous weapon which infidelity has to wield. When the letters on infidelity were piibliflied, tlieir author had for fome time been Dean of Canterbury, where he was beloved by the chapter and almoll adored by the citizens. He was a very frequent preacher in the cathedral and metropolitical church, where the writer of this (hort fkctcli has litlened to him with de- light, and feen thoufands of people of very various de- fcriptions hang with rapture on his lips. As a preacher indeed he excelled ; and notwithdanding the fliortnefs of his fight, which deprived him of fome of the graces of a pulpit orator, fuch were the excellence of his matter, the fimple elegance of his ftyle, and the fwcetnefs of SoppL. Vol. II. 77 ] ii O R his voice, that, when at the primary vifitaiion of ilij pr;- fent archbiihop, he preached liis admirable fernion on the Duly of Contending fir the Faith, the attention of more th.an 2000 people was fo completely fixed, that the fmali- eft noife was not to be lieard through the whole crowd- ed choir. Of the importance of preachintr, and qX th.e proper mode of performing that duty, he had very ju(t 'notions; and though he never had himf:lf a paroctiial cure of folds, it v/as the defire and pleaiure of his life to make himfelf ufeful in the pulpit wherever he was, whether in town or in the moll obfcure corner of tlio country. Four or five volumes of his fermons have been publidied fince his death. In the year 17S7 lie jjublilhed, under the name of zii undergraduate ot the univerfity of Ojfrrd, a letter m Dr Priefl'ey, in which lie made that oracle of Socinian- ifm almolt as ridiculous as, in tiie letter to Dr Sraitli, he had iormerly made the hero of modern fcepticifm. The merits of Dr Home, which had made him pre- fident of Magdalen College, a king's chaplain, and dean of Canterbury, raifed him, we think in the year 1730, to the fee of Norwich ; and he had foon an opportunity of (hewing that he had not loft fight of his fpiritual character in the fplcndor of the peer of parliamcn:. The Scotch Epifcopahans h.ad for fome time been foli- citing the legillature to repeal certain penal laws of un- common feverity, under which they liad groaned for upwards of forty years; but they found it a work of no little difllculty to make the equity of their claim ge- nerally underllood*. In icmoving this difSculty no man was more allillinp to them than the Dean of Canter- bury, to whom their religious and political principles were well known ; and he continued Ills alllftance aficr he was billiop of Norwich. Indued tiie whole bench (hewed, on this occafion, a zeal for the in'.ercfts of true religion every way becoming their chara<51er of Chriftian hiihops ; and alter Dr Home was removed to a better world, the Scotch Epifcopahans found among his furvi- ving brethren friends as zealous and adivc as he. l3r Home, though a very handlbme man, was not naturally of a llrong conftitution ; and from thedilad- vantagc of being uncommoply near fiehted, lie had not been able to incrcafe itt ftrength by tlie pradlice of any athletic f.vcrcife. The only amnfement in which he took delight was agreeable converfation ; and his life was therefore wjiat is called fedent.iry. The conic- quence of this was, tliat the infirmities of age came fiil upon liim ; and when the defign was tornied of niiking him a billioii, he felt liimfclf little inclined to undcilakc tlie charge of fo weighty an olllcc. He wj~, liowcvcr, )ircvailed upon to accept of the fee of Norwic!) ; but lie enjoyed his new dignity for a very Ihort period, if lie can with truth be laid to have cn/otri.' it at all. His health declined rapidly; and, in the autumn of 1791, he fuffered, while on the road from Norwich to liaih, a paralytic ftroke, the cfFcifis of which he never reco- vered. He lingered a montli or two, with fuch appa- rent changes in the (fate of his health as f imitiincs gave delufive hopes to his family, till the 171]! of January 1792, wlicu he died In the (ii<\ year ot his age, with thole hopes wlvch can be excited only by the conlciouf- ncfs of a well fpent life, and by a firm Iruil in the pro- mifes of the gofpel. In this Ihort (ketch of the lite of bifliop Home we have taken the liberty to r xprefs our diircni from fome Z of 1 (orr.f . • See Scotch Episcopa- lian's in this SufJiL- nietit- II O R C 178 ] H O V Iloins of his opinions, anj to (lute the reafons on which that II tlliicnt relU. J3y hinrifclt we know that this part of our vli^^^J^^^ sonduift would have been applauded ; but it is pofllble that by feme of his Iriendsit may be deemed d.licfpccfl- ful to his memory. 'I'o ihefe gentl*men we beg leave to obferve, th.it it' Johnfon made the praife of Kyr!, Pope's man of Rol's, really more folid by making it more credible, it will be dilHcult to perfu.)de us that we h ive done any injury to Dr Heme's fame by avoiding the extravagant panegyric of ihofe who feem to have conddered him as a man exempted from error. He ■was (irll induced to favour the Hutchinfonians becaufe he thought he perceived danger to religion in the New- tonian doifirines of attrailion and repultion ; and we very readily admit that many Newtonians, not underftanding t.he dodlrines of their nnlter, have exprellsd thcmfelves in fuch a manner as could not render a religious man paiti;il to their fyftem. But from the dangers of mif- take no fyliem, whether religious or philofophical, was ever free ; and the atheillical purpofes which the agency of ethers and celeflial fluids has lately beenmade to ferve, mult induce every man of piety to paufe before he ad- mit fuch agency. Dr Home lived to witnefs fome of its pernicious elfefls ; and wc have reafon to believe that they made a due imprefllon on his mind ; but he i'pcnt his latter years, as indeed he had fpent tiie greater part of his life, in nobler purfuits than the fludy of hu- man fcience ; he fpent them in the proper employments of a Clirilli.m, a clergyman, and a bllliop. His faith was founded on a rock ; and it was that genuine faith which worketh by love; for though his preferments were rich, his charity kept pace with them ; and it has been proved that, nof.vith'.tanding his proper eco- nomy, he hoarded not one fliilling of his annual in- come. Tiiis was an elevation of character above all li- terary, above all philofophic fame. The author of this article had the honour to be known to Dr Home, to enjoy, if he miHook not, a fhare in his friendlhip, and to correfpond with him regularly for many years ; and there is not one of his rational admirers wlio more fully admits the truth of the charader given of him by Dr Thnrlow late bifhop of Durham when fucceeding him in the office of proftor in the Univerfity. " As to the lall prcflor (faid he) I fliall fpeak of him but in few words, for t!ie truth of which I can appeal to all that are here prefent. If ever virtue itfelf was vifible and dwelt upon earth, it was in the perfon who this day lays down his office." Soon after he was advanced to the prefidentfhip of Magdalen col'ege, this great and good man married the only daughter of Philip Burton, Efq ; a gentleman of confiderable fortune. By this lady he had three daugh- ters, of whom the eldell was married to a clergyman a fhort time before the death of her father, and the two younger weie, in 1796, refiding with Mrs Home in Hertfordfliire. HOK.NTOWN, a village in Maryland, 31 miles from Snowhill, 26 from Drumniond, or Accomack court-houfe, in Virginia, and 168 from Philadelphia. — Morse. HOROGRAPHY, the art of making or conftrufl- ing dish ; called alfo dialling, horologiography, gnomo- wica, fciatherica, photofciatherica, &c. HOROPTER, in optics, is a right line drawn through the point where the two optic axes meet, pa- Horfe- rallel to that which joins the centres of the two eyes, or neck-field the two pupils. point. HORSENECK-FIELD-POINT, a round bluff on HoveLat- the coail of Greenwich townfliip in Conneflicut, 2 tic miles E. of the New. York line at Byram river. — Morse. --^'^'"^•^ HoRSKNECK, a point of land, on the north fide of Long-Ill and, between Hog's Neck and Eafton's Neck. HoRSENECK, a town in Fairfield county, Connefti- cut, called by the Indians Pai horn fing, was fettled in 1680. It lies fix miles N. E. of Rye, in WclIChefter county, New- York State. A bloody battle was fought here between the Dutch and the Indians, in 1646. The Dutch with great dilficulty gained the victory. Great numbsrs were ilain on both fides; and their graves appear to this day. It is 53 miles S. W. of New-Haven, and 37 N. E. of New- York city. — lb. HoRSENF.cK, a village in Elfex county, Ncw-Jerfey, on the fouthern bank of Palfaic river above the Little Falls, four miles S. W. by S. of the town of Patter- fon. — ib HORSE-Shoe, in fortification, is a work fometimes of a round, fometimes of an oval figure, inclofed with a parapet, raifed in the ditch of a marlhy place, or in low grounds ; fometimes alfo to cover a gate ; or to ferve as a lodgment for f:.ldiers, to prevent iurprifes, or relieve an over tedious defence. HORSHAM, a townfhip in Montgomery county, Pcnnfylvania. — Morse. HOSACK, or Hutfick, a townlhip in RenfFalaer county, New-York, fituated on the eallern boundary of the State, contains 3035 inhabitants, 419 of whom are eleftors. — :h. HOVEN is a word of the fame import with rai- fedj/nueUfil, tumefisd. It is particularly applied to black cattle and (heep, when from eating too voracioufly of clover, orany other I'ucculent food, they become fwollen. Such cattle are, in the language of the farmer, called, Hoi'EN-Cattle ; and the beaft, whether bullock or fheep, which is hoven, when left without relief, dies in half an hour. The caufe of the difeafe is the extra- quantity of air taken down with that kind cf food, which, in its pallage from the paunch upwards, forces the broad leaves of the clover before it, till they clofe up the pafTage at the entrance of the paunch, and pre- vent the wind from going upwards in its regular courfe. The ufiial method of relief is to ftab the animal in the paunch ; an operation which is always dangerous, and has often proved fatal. It was therefore with good reafon that tlie Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, voted a bounty of fifty guineas to Mr Richard Eager of Graffliam farm, near Guildford, for making public a very fimple method praflifed by him for the cure of hoven cattle. It is this ; " let the grazier or farmer have always ready fmooth knobs of wood, of different fizes, fixed to the end of a flexible cane, which for oxen fhould be at lead fix feet long, and for fheep three feet. When a beaft is hoven, let one perfon take hold of him by the noflril and one horn ; let another hold his tongue fafl in one hand, putting the cane down his throat with the other. Be careful not to let the animal get the knob of the cane between his grinders : obferve alfo to put the cane far enough H O U C 1/9 ] H O U I Houghton. enoLH^h down ; the whole length will not injure. You ^'^~''''^^ will find the obflaclc at the entr.ince of the paunch ; pufh the cine hard, and when you perceive a fmell to come from the p.iunch, and the anim il's bodj- to fink, the cure is performed, and Mature will aft for itfelf." This method, we doubt not, will prove fuccefsful ; but might not the purpofe be as well, if not better, eStit- ed, by uling, inftead of the cane and knob, a piece of thick lliffrope, which, in many places of Scotland, is employed to force down turnips or potatoes when they lliok in the thtnat of a bullock ? HOUGHTON ( ) is a man to whom the fcience of geography is ib much indebted, that we are almoft alham-id to confefs that we know not his Chri- ftian name, the place where he was born, or the age at ■which he died. He had been a captain in the 69th regi- ment, and in the year 1779 had afted under General Rooke as fort major in the iiland of Goree. Healing, fome time in the year 1789, or perhaps earlier, that the African alJ'ocialion wifhed to penetrate to the Niger by the way of Gambia, he expreiFcd his wiilingnefs to under- take the execution of their plan. For this talk he was pecsliarly fitted. A natural intrepidity of character, which feemed inacceflible to fear, and an eafy flow oi conftltutional good humour, wliich even the rougheft accidents of life were not able to fubdue, formed him for exploring the country of relentlei's favages ; whilll the darknefs of his complexion was fuch, that he fcarcely differed in appearance from the Moors of Barbary, whofe drefs in travelling he intended to affume. His inftructions from the afiociaticn were, to afcer- tain the courfe, and, il poOible, the rile and termination of the Niger; and after viliting the cities of Tombuc- Too and Houssa (fee thefe articles in this Supplement), to return by the way of the delart, or by any other route which the circumftances of his fituation at the trme might recommend to his choice. Having left England on the i6th of Oflober 1790, he arrived at the entrance of the Gambia on the loih of November, and was kindly received by the king of Barra, who remembered the vifit which the Major had . formerly paid him from the ifland of Goree ; and wlio now, in return for a fmall prefent of the value of 20s. cheerfully tendered proteflion and affiftance as far as his dominion or influence extended. An offer from the niafter of an Englifli veflel em- ployed in tlie trade of the river, enabled the Major, and the interpreter he had engaged on the coaft, to proceed to Junkiconda ; where he purchal';d from the natives a hcrle and five afles, and prepared to pafs with tlie mer- chandife which conllituted his travelling fund, to Me. dina, the capital of the fmall kingdom of WooUi. Fortunately for him, a few words, accidentally drop, ped by a negro woman in the Mandingo language, of which he liad haftily acquired a fuperficial knowledge, excited fufpicions of danger; and gave him intimation of a confpiracy which the negro millrelTes of the tra- der?, who feared that the Major's expedition portended the ruin of their commerce, liad formed againft his life. Afraid, therefore, of travelling by the cuUomary route, he availed himl'elf of the opportunity which the dry fea- fon and the tide of ebb afforded of fwimming his horfe and his afles acrol's tlie llream ; and having by thofe means avoided the parties who were fent for his dellruc- tion, he proceeded with much dillkulty oa thcfouiheru ProaeJ'tifgs cftbc Afri can AJfoiia- ijon. fide of the liver, to that dirtria of Cantor wl.ith is op. Hough-.o.. pofiie to tlie kingdom of Woolli. Tnere h: repalfeJ "*^~''"— ' the Gambia, and fent a mefienger to inform the kin ' of his arrival, and to requcll a guard for his protcciiji:.' An eicort, commanded by the king's fon, was imnif- diately difpatched ; and the Major, whole intended pre- fent had been announced, was kindly received, audhof. pitably entertained at Medina. The town is ficuated at the diftance of about qcd miles by water from the entrance of the G imbia ; and the country adjacera abounds \\\ corn and cattle, and, generally I'peaking, in all things that are requilite for the fupport, or eilential to the comfort tf life. Tv.u different ftifts of religion diltingu'lh rather than divide the people ; the on, is compofed of (lie profcllbrs of tlv.- Mahomedan faith, who are called Bulhrcens ; the other, and, it is faid, ilie more numerous, coiilifts of tliofe who, denying the milTion of the propl:ct, avow theni- lelves deilts, and from their cuftom of dt inking with freedom the liquors of which he prohibited the ufe, are denominated S( nikees or drinking men. Ill a letter from Major Houghton to his v.Ife, which a feaman prcferved from the wreck of a velfel in which the difpatches to the fociety were lol>, the Major in- dulged the reflexions that naturally arofe from his pall and prefent fituations. A bilious fever had attacked him foon after his arrival in the Gambia ; but his health was now unimpaired — a confpiracy had afl'ailed his life ; but the danger was palfcd — the journey trom Junki- conda had cxpofed him to innumerable liardltips ; but he was now in poirefiion of every gratification which the kindnefs of the king or the holpitality of the people could enable him to supy. Deliglited with the healthi- nefs of the country, the abundance of tlie game, the fe- curity with which he made his excurlions on horfeback, and above all, with the advantages that would attend the erecfion of a fort on the falubrious and beautiful hill of Fatetenda, where tlie Engblh once had a fartory, he exprelles his earneft hope that his wife willhereaficr accompany him to a place in which an in:cme of ten pounds a year will fupport tliem in atllu-'nce ; and that ihe will participate with liim in the pleafure of rapidly acquiring that vail wealth which he imagines its com- merce will afford. While, in this manner, he indulged tlie dream of fu- ture prol'perity, and with IliU more ample fitislaiflion contemplated the eclat of the dilcoveries lor whicli he was preparing, but in the purfuit of which he was re. tarded by the abfence of the native merchant, f.ir whofe company he had engaged, he found himfclffud- denly involved in unexpeifled and irreliiUble misfortune. A fire, the progrefs of which was accelerated by the bamboo roofs of the buildings, confumed with fucli ra- pidity the houf'e in which he lived, and with it the greateft part of Medina, that feveral of the articles of merchandize, to which he trullcd lor the exfiences of his journey, were deilroycd ; and to add to his afflic- tion, his faithlefs interpreter, who had made an inclTec- tual attempt on his goods, dilappearcd wiih liis liorfe and three of his aiies ; a trade gun which he lud pur- chafed on the river foon afterwards burit in his hands, and wounded him in the face and arm : and though the hofpitable kindnefs of the people of the neighbouring town of Barraconda, who cheerfully cpciieJ iheii houfcs 10 more liian a thoufaaj families, whoi'e tcne- Z 2 nicnts 11 o u [ ly Houghton, mcnts the llames liAil confumeJ, was anxloudy exerted '"'"^''"'*' for his relief; yet tile lofs of his goods, and the confe- (]\itnz diminution of his iriivelling fund, were evils which no kindncf5 could remove. It v.'as in this fitualion that, weariid with tlic fruit- lefs hope of tlu return of the native trader, with whom lie had contrafled for his journey, he refolved to avail himl'eif of the comp.iny of another flave merchant, who was lately arrived from the foiith, and was now on his way to iiis farm on the frontier of the kingdom of Ij imbouk. Accordingly, on the evening of the 8ih of May, he proceeded by moon light and on foot, with his two alfes, which the fervants of the llave merchant offered to drive wi'.h thtir own, and whicli carried the wreck of his fortune; and journeying by a north-ealt courfe, arrived on the filth day at the uniiihv.hited fron- tier which feparates the kingdoms of Woolli and Bon- dou. He had now parted the former limit of European difcovery ; and while he remarked with pleafure tlie numerous and extenfive population of this unvifited country, he obferved, that the long black hair and copper complexion of the inhabitants announced their Arab original. They are a branch of that numerous tribe %vhlch, under the appellation of Foolies, have over- ipread a conliderable part of Senegambia ; and their leligious dilliniftions are fimilar to thoi'e whicli prevail in the kingdom of Woolli. A journey of 150 miles, which was often interrupt- ed by the engagements of his companion, who traded in every town, conduilad him to the banks ot the Fa- 5enic, the fouth-weftera boundary of the kingdom of Bambouk. Its flream was exhaidled by the advanced Itatc of the dry feafon, and its bed exhibited an ap- pearance of flate intermixed with gravel. Bambouk is inhabited by a nation, whofe woolly hair and fable complexions befpe|a)c them of the negro I ace, but whofe charafler feems to be varied in propor- tion as the country rifes from the plains ot its weftern divifion to tlie highlands of the call. Dillinguilhed ir.to feifls, like the people of Woolli and Bondou, by i!ie different tenets of Mahomedans and Deifts, they are equally at peace with each other, and mutually to- Liate the refpeflive opinions they condemn. Agriculture and pafturage, as in the negro dates on the coaft of the Atlantic, are their chief occupa- tions ; but the piogrefs which they have made in the ma- uufailuring arts, is fuch as enables them to fmelt their iron ore, and to furnilh the feveral inftruments of huf- bandry and war. Cloth of cotton, on the other hand, which in this part of Africa feems to be the univerfal wear, they appear to weave by a difficult and laborious procefs ; and to thefe two circumftances it is probably owing, that with them the meafure of value is not, as on the coafl, a bar of iron, but a piece of cloth. The common vegetable food of the inhabitants ap- pears to confift of rice ; their animal, of beef or mut- ton. A liquor, prepared from fermented honey, fup- plies the want of wine, and furnidies the means of thofe ieftive entertainments that conftitute the luxury of the court of Bambouk. On the Major's arrival at the banks of the river Fa- leme, he found that the war which had lately fubfifted between the kings of Bondou and Bambouk was ter- minated by the ceffioQ to the former of the conquefts o ] H O U he had made in the low land part of the dominions of HooRhtoa. the latter ; and that the king of Bondou had taken up "-^^^'"'-^ his refidence in the territory wliicli l.e had thus obtain- ed. The Major haflened to pay his refpeds to the vic- torious prince, and to offer a fimilar prefent to that which the kings of Barra and Woolli had cheerfully accepted ; but to his great difappointment an ungra- cious reception, a fullen permillion to leave the prefent, and a Hern command to repair to the frontier town from which he came, were followed by an intimation that he lliould hear again from the king. According- ly, on the next day, the king's fon, accompanied by an armed attendance, entered the houfe in which the Ma- jor had taken up his temporary dwelling, and demand- ed a fight of all the articles he had brought. From thefe the prince felefled whatever commodities were beft calculated to gratify his avarice, or pleafe his eye ; and to the Major's great difappointment, took from him the blue coat in which he hoped to make his ap- pearance on the day of his introdudion to the Sultan of Tombuvfloo. Happily, however, a variety of ar- ticles were fuccefsfuUy concealed, and others of inferior value were not confidered as fufficiently attraiflive. The Major now waited witli impatience for the per- formance of the promife which the flave merchant, with whom he had travelled from the Gambia, had made of proceeding with him to Tombuifloo ; but as the mer- chant was obliged to fpend a few days at his rice farm on the banks ot the Faleme, the Major accepted an in- vitation to the hofpitality of his roof. There he ob- ferved, with extreme regret, that the apprehenfion of a fcarcity of grain had alarmed his friend ; and that, dneading the confequences of leaving his family in fo perilous a feafon to the chances of the market, he had determined on coUeding, before his departure, a fuf- ficient fupply for their fupport. This argument for delay was too iorcible to be oppofed ; and tlierefore the Major refolved to employ the interval in viliting the king of Bambouk, who refidcd in the town of Fer- banna, on the eallern fide of the Serra Coles, or river of Gold. Unfortunately, however, by a miftake of his guide, he loft his way in one of the vaft woods of the country ; and as the rainy feafon, which commenced with the new moon on the 4th of July, and was intro- duced with a wellei ly wind, was now fet in, the ground on which he paifed the night was deluged with rain, while all the iTcy exhibited that continual blaze of lightning, which in tliofe latitudes often accompanies the tornado. Diftreffed by the fever, which began to affail him, the Major continued his route at the break of day, and waded with difficulty through tlie river Serra Coles, which was fwelled by the floods, and on the banks of which the alligators were bafking in the temporary fun-fiiine. Scarcely had he reached Ferbanna when his fever rofe to a height that rendered hi.-n delirious ; but the ftrength of his conllitution, and the kindnefs of the ne- gro fam.ily to which his guide had condudted him, fur- mounted the dangerous difeafe; and in the friendly re- ception which was given him by the king of Bambouk, he foon forgot the hardfhip^ of his journey. The king informed him, that the loffes he had lately fuftained ia the conteft with the armies of Bondou, arcfe from his having exhaufted his ammunition j for, as the French traders H O U I iS Houghton, traders, who formerly fupplied his troops, had aban- '^"''~'''"**^ doiied the tort ot St Jol'eph, and, either from the dry- ncfs cf the lall leafon, cr irom otiier cuufcs, had delerc- ed the navigation ot the; upper part ol' the Senegal, he had no means ot repleuithing his itores; whereas his enemy, the king o) UonJou, coniinued to receive from the Britilli, through the channel of his agents on the Gambia, a conftant and adequate I'upply. Major Houghton availed hinifeU of the opportunity which this converl'ation afforded, to fugged to the king the advantage ot encouraging the Britilli to open a trade by the way ot his dominions to the populous cities on the banks of the Niger. Such VMS die Hate of the negociation, when all bufi- nefs was fuf])endi.d by the arrival of the annual prcfents of Mead, which the people of Bambouk, at that feafon of the year, are accuftomed to lend to their king ; and which are always fcUowed by an intemperate fellivalof feveral fucceffive days. In the interim, the Major received, and gladly ac- cepted, the propofal of an old and refpeitable merchant of Bambouk; who offered to conduift him on horfe- back to Tombufloo, and to attend him back to the Gambia. A premium of L. 125, to be paid on the Mijor's return to the Britilh factory at Junkiconda, was fixed by agreement as the merchant's future re- ward. It was further determined, that the Major fliould be furnilfied with a horfe in exchange for his two afl'es ; and fliould convert into gold duft, as the mod portable fund, the fcanty remains of the goods he })ad brought from Great Britain. Tliis plan was much approved by the king, to whom tiie merchant was perfonally known; and who gave to the Major at parting, as a mark ot his efleem, and a pledge of his future friendihip, a prel'ent of a purfe of gold. With an account ot thefc preparations the Major clofed )iis lad difpatch, of the 24th July 1791 ; and the A- frican affociation entertained tor fome time finguine hopes of his reaching Tombuftoo. Alas ! thefe hopes were blafted. Mr Park, wlio fucceeded him in the ar- duous talk of exploring that lavage country, learned, that having reached Jarra (See that article in this Supplement J, he there met with fome Moors who were travelling to Tifheet (a place by the fait pits in the Great Defart, ten days journey to the northward) to purchafe fait ; and that the Major, at the expence of fome tobacco and a mufket, engaged them to convey him thither. It is impoffible (fays Mr Park) to form any other opinion on this determination, than that the Moors intentionally deceived him with a view to rob, and leave him in the Defart. At the end of two ilays he fufpe far as his knowledge extended) by that of London and Cairo : and, in his rude unlettered way, he defciibcd the government as monarchieal, yet not unlimited ; its juftice as fevere, but directed by written laws ; and the rights of landed property as guarded by the inditutions ot certain hereditary ofiicers, whol'e fundions appear to be fimilar to tliofe of the Canongoes of Hindodan (See Canongoes, in this Suppl.) ; and v/hofe important and complicated dtities imply an unufual degree of civiliza- tion and refinement. For the probity of the merchants of Houlfa, the Arab exprclfed the highed refpeiS ; but remarked, with indignation, that the women were ad- mitted to fociety, and that die honour of tlu hud>and was often infecurc. Of their written alphabet he knew no more, than that it is perfedly different from the Arabic and the Hebrew chara5l of the Houzouanas ; and he and good fathers, but cicellent companions. When really thinks that fifty men of their temperate, brave, they inhabit a kraal, there is no fuch thing among iliem and indefatigable nation, would be fufhcicnt to protc«.^ as private propcity ; whatever il>ey polfels is In corn- won. II o u C 1S4 j a u D rnon. It" tv.-o hordes of ihc fame lutlon meet, the re- ccpt!flory, an arrival or departure, a fucceisful plundering expedition, or the want of alfift- ance, in a word, any intelligence whatever, they are able, either by the nuWiber of tlieir fires or the manner in which they arrange them, to make it known in an inftant. They are even fo fagacious as to vary their tires from time to time, lell their enemies Ihould be- come acquainted with their fignals, and treacherouily employ them in their turn to furprile them. Our author fays that he is unacquainted with the principles of tliefe fignals, invented with fo much inge- nuity. He did not requell information ; becaufe he very rationally interred that his reqiiell would not have iieen granted ; but he obferved, that three fires kindled at the diftance of twenty paces from each otlier, fo as to form an equilateral triangle, were the fignal for ral- lying. Among the phyfical qualities, which, in M. Vail- lant's opinion, prove that the Houzouanas are a di- ftinifl nation, he mentions the enormous natural rump of the women, as a deformity which dillinguilhes them from every other people, fivage or polilhed, which he had ever known. " I have ieveral times (fays he) had occalion to remark, that, among the lemale Hot- tentots in general, as they advance in age, the interior part of the back fwells cut, and acquires a fize which greatly exceeds the proportion it bore i:i infancy with the other parts of the body. The Houzouana women, having in their figure fome refeml)lance to the Hotten. tots, and appearing, therefore, to be of the fame race, one might be induced to believe that their projeftion behind is only the Hottentot rump more fwelled and extended. I obferved, however, that among the form- er this fingularity was an excrefcence of flow growth, and in fome meafure an infirmity of old age ; whereas among the latter it is a natural deformity, an original charafteriftic of their race. The Houzouana mothers wear on their reins, like our miners, a fkin which co- vers this protuberance of the pofteriors ; but which, being thin and pliable, yields to the quivering of the flefh, and becomes agitated in the fame manner. When Hudfon'a on a joutney, or whin they have children too yo'jing to Howland's fi llov/ tliem, iht-f place them upon their rump. I faw one of lliefe womea run in this manner witli a , child, about three years of age, that Hood ereft on its iVct at lier back, like a foot boy behind a carriage." If one half ot what our traveller f.iys of the adivity and enterprilwig fpirit of this lingular people he true, migi'.t not the African Affociatlon, now that the Cape is a Uritilli province, fend a feecnd Houghton, or fs- cond Park, to make difcoveries in that une.vplored country, under the proteflion of the Houzouanas i We do not indeed think that it would be polfible to tra- verfc the whole extent of Africa from fouth to north, but Vaillant penetrated farther in that dirciflion than any one had done before him ; and it appears, that with his intiepid Houzouanas he might have penetra- ted mucli farther. HOWLAND'S Ferry, i? the narrow part of the waters that feparate Rhode-Illand from the main land. It is about a quarter ot a mile wide. The bridge built acrofs this Itrait coil 3d,ooo dollars, and was carried away by a llorm in January, 1 796. It is rebuilt. —Mors.'. HUBBARDSTON, a townfhipin Worcefler coun- ty, Mali'achufetts, and formed the N. E. quarter of Rutland, until incorporated in 1767. It borders on the weftern part of Wachufet Hill, and contains 933 inhabitants. It is 20 miles N. Vv'. of Worceller, and 60 \V. of Bollon.— /<5. HUDSON'S BAY took its name from Henry Hudi'on, who difcovered it in 1610. It lies between ^^ and 65 degrees of north latitude. The eaflern boundary of the bay is Terra de Labrador; the northern part has a ftraighc coafl, facing the bay, guarded witii a line of ifles innumerable. A vad bay, called the Archiwinnipy Sea, lies witiiin it, and opens into Hud- inn's Bay, by means of Gulf Hazard, through which the Beluga whales pafs in great numbers. The en- trance of the bay, iVom the Atlantic Ocean, after leaving, to the north. Cape Farewell and Davis's Straits, is between Reiblution Ifles on the north, and Button's Ifles, on the Labrador coaft, to the fouth, forming the eaftern extremity of Hudfon's Straits. The coafts are very high, rocky and rugged at top ; in ibme places precipitous, but ibmetimc'. exhibit ex- tenfive beaches. The iilands of Sallfbury, Notting- ham, and Digges are very lofty and naked. The depth of water in the middle of the bay is 140 fathoms. From Cape Churchill to the fouth end of tiie bay, arc regular foundings; near the fliore, fhallow, with mud- dy or fandy bottom. To the northward of Churchill, the loundings are irregular, the bnttom rocky, and in fome parts the rocks appear above the furl'ace at low water. Hudfon's Bay is reckoned about 300 leagues wide, from north to fouth. Its breadth is unequal, being about 1 30 leagues where broadel^ : but it grows narrower at both extremities, being not much above 35 leagues in fome places. The conmierce in the countries adjacent to this inland fea is in the hands of an exclufive Britiih Company of its name, who employ only 4 fhips, and 130 feamen. The forts, Prince of Wales, Churchill river, Nelfon, New Severn, and Al- bany, are garrifoned by 186 men. The French, in 1782, took and deftroyed thele fettlements. See. faid to amount to the value of ;^'joo,ooo fterling. The Company's HUD C i§5 ] H U D Huufon't. Company's experts are to the amount of ^16,000, ^'■^"'''^^^ moftly the drugs of the market, which produce re- turns, chiefly in beaver fliins and rich furs, to the va- lue of /"29,00c; yielding government a clear revenue of ;^3,734. This includes the filhery in Hudfoii's Bay. The fkins and furs procured by this trade, when manufaflured, afford articles for trading with many nations of Europe, to great advantage. — ii. Hudson's Strait, lilhed, and feveral public buildings have been ercflej, befides dwelling houfe?, (lores, Sec. The inhabitants arc plentilully and conveniently lupplied witli water, brought to their cellars in wooden pipes, from a lprin;.j two miles from the town. It has a large bay 10 the fouthward, and llands on .'.n eminence from wJixh are extenlive and delightful views to the N. W. N. and round that way to the S. E. confiding of hills and vallies, variegated with woods and orchards, corn- fields and meadows, with the river, which is in moil places a mile over, and may lie feen a confiderable dillance to the northward, forming a number cf bays and creeks. From the S. F-. to the S. VV. the city- is fcicencd with bills, at difl'crent diftaiiccs, and wett afar off over the river and a large valiey, the prolpeft is bounded by a chain ot lliipendous mcnaiains, calleJ the Katts Kill, running to the W. N. \V. wiiicli add A a ma^n'ticcncc Hugh;-- burg, li U M C iS6 ] H U N nu-'Tiiiicencc and fablimity to the whole fceiie. Up- churcii and about yo houfes ; fituated on the fouth fide HuDg-ry. wards of I 200 lliiglii entered the city daily, for fevcnil of Swetara creclc, 6 miles north of MIddletown, lo E. ^'^^'''^^^ days togethsr, in February, 1786, loaded vilh grain by N. of Harrifhiirg, :ind ico wcQ-north-well of Plii- of various kind?, boards Ihinj^ks, (laves, hoops, iron ladtlphia. — i//. ■ ware, Hone for building, lire-wood, and fundry articles HUNGARY-Water, is fpirit of wine diftiUed of provifion for the m.irket, iVoiii which fome idea upon rofcraary, and which thertfore contains its oily may be ibrmed of the advantai^e of its fituation, witli and ftroiij^ fccnted edencc (fee Pharmacy, n'^ 365, Eti- refpeiTt to the cou:,try adj,icent,' which is every way ex- cyclj. To be really good, fays Profeffor Beckniann, ttnfive and fertile, particularly wellward. The original the fpirit of wine oii);bt to be very llrong, and the rofe- proprietors of Hudfon, offered to purchafe a traift of mary frelh ; and if that be the cafe, the leaves are as land adjoining the fouth pan of the city of Albany, proper as the flowers, wliich, accordin.^ to the prefcrip- and were conftrained, by a refufal of the propofition, tion of lome, (hould only be taken. It is likewife ne- to become competitors for the conimcrce of the nor- celfary that the fpirit of wine be diftillcd feveral times thern country, when otherwife they v.-ould have added upon the rofemary ; but that procefs is too troublefonie ereat wealth and confequence to Albany. There is a and e.ipenfive to admit of iliis water being difpofed of bank here, called Bank of Columbia, whofe capital at the low price it is ufiially fold for ; and it is certain, jnay not exceed i6o,oco dollars. It is compofed of that the greater part of it is nothing elfe than common Acc Ihares, at 400 dollars each. Hudfon city is go- brandy, united witii the eflence of rofemary in the fim- verned by a mayor, recorder, 4 aldermen, 4 iiffiflants, pled manner. In general, it is only mixed with a few and a number of other officers. The number of inlia- drops of the oil. For a long time pad, this article has hitants in Hud/on TownJl?ip, by the cenfus of 1790, been brought to us principally from France, where it is amounted to 2,1:84, including 193 (laves; and it ap- prepared, particularly at lieaucilic, Montpellier, and pears by the State cenfus oY 1796 that 338 of the other places in Languedoc, in which that plant grows inhabitants are eleiiors. Hudf m city is 4 miles S. in great abundance. W. of Claverack ; 47 north of Poughkeepfie ; and The name Hungary water feems to fignify, that this 43 fouth of Lanlinburcr. ib. water, fo celebrated for its medicinal virtues is an Hun- HUGHESBURG, a town in Northumberland gaiian invention ; and we read in many books, that the county, Pcnnfylvania, called aUb Cataiocffj, being litu- receipt for preparing it was given to a queen of Hun- ated at tiie mouth of Catawelfy creek, 25 miles N. E. gary by a hermit ; or, as otliers fay, by an angel, who of Sunbury. It contains about 60 handfome houfes, appeared to her in a garden, all entrance to which was and a meeting houfe for Friends. It is 144 miles N. (hut, in the form of a hermit or a youth. Some call W. of Philadelphia. N. lat. 40" 54'. — ib. the queen St Ifabella ; but thofe who pretend to be belt HULL, an inconfiderable town in Suffolk county, acquainted with tlie circumflanre affirm, that Elizabeth, on the foilth fide of Boflon harbour, MaiTachufetts, wife of Charles Robert king of Hungary, and daugh- containing 120 inhabitants. On the (ort on the ead ter of Uladiflaus II. king of Poland, who died in 1380 hill there is a well funk 90 feet, which commonly has or i 381, was the inventrefs. By often wafhlng with this Hljl. >fln. ventiont. 80 odd feet of water. — ii. fpirit of rofemary, wlien in the 70th year of her ac HUMAS, nn Indian village on the eafl fide of Mif- (he was cured, as we are told, of the gout and an uni fiflippi river in Louifiana, 60 miles above New Orleans The Humas were formerly a conliderable nation, but about 1770 were reduced to about 25 warriors. The Alabamas, whofe villages are near thofe of the Hu- mas, had, at the above period, about 30 warriors. verfal lamenefs ; fo that flie not only lived to pais 80, but became fo lively and beautiful, that (he was courted by the king of Poland, who was then a widower, and who wi(hed to make her his fecond wife. The Pro('e(for jullly confiders this ftory as a ridicu- and followed the French here when they abandoned lous fable (a). " It appears to me (fays he) mofl pro- the poll on Alabama river in 1762. The Chetimachas bable, that the French name l',-aii de la rtine d' Hon^rie, have about 27 warriors. ib. ^^^^ chofen by thofe who, in latter times, prepared fpi- HUMMEL'S TOWN, a thriving town in Dauphine rit of rofemary for file, in order to give greater confe- county, Pennfylvania, containing a German Lutheran quence and credit to their commodity ; as various me- dicines (a) It was firfl publifhed to the world in 1659 in a pofthumous work of John Prevot, who fays that in the beginning of a very old breviary, he (aw a remedy for the gout, written by the queen's own hand, in the fol- lowing words : , , • l l • 1 ■ r «< 1 Elizabeth, queen of Hungary, being very infirm and much troubled with the gout in the yzd year of my age, ufed for a year this receipt, given to me by an ancient hermit, whom I never iaw before nor fince ; and was not 'only cured, but recovered my ftrength, and appeared to all fo remarkably beautiful, that ihe king of Poland afsed me in marriage, he being a widower and I a widow. I, however, refufed him for the love of my Lord Jefus Chrlif , from one of whofe angels, I believe, I received the remedy. The receipt is as follows : " R. Take of aqua vits, four times diftllled, three p;irts, and of the tops and flowers of rofemary two parts : piit thefe together in a clofe veffel, let them (land in a gentle heat 50 hours, and then diftil them. Take one dram of this in the morning once every week, either in your food or drink, and let your face and the difeafed limb be wafhed with it every morning. " It renovates the (Irength, brightens the fpirits, purifies the marrow and nerves-, rellores and prelerves the flght, and prolongs life." Thus far from the Breviary. Then follows a confirmation which Prevot gives I'lom his own experience. Hunger- ford, • 1 Hunter. H U N [ 1S7 ] HUN dicines, fome years ago, \rjra esttlled in the gazettes In ilie winter 175;, Dr Hunter admitted Iiim to Huntrr. under t!ie title of Pompadour, though the celebrated a partnerlhip in his lefluies, and ;i certain portion oi" *^^ "" lady, from whofe name they derived their impoitance, the courle was allotted to him ; befides whicli, he gave certainly neither ever f.ivv ili;m nor ufed them." IciSures when the Dud>Or was called away to at'.end liis ' ■ " '" patients. Making anatomical preparations wa? nt iJiis tinje a new ait, and very little known ; every prepara- tion, therefore, that was llcilfuUy made, became an ob- jea of admir.ition ; many were wanting for the ufe of the ledures; and the Dodor being himfeU an eathi;- liUNGERFORD, a townlhip in Franklin county, Vermont, containing 40 inliabitants, 7 miles fouth of the Canada line and 14 eaft of Lake Champlain. — Lhrje. HUNGER CREEK, a llream which carries the various water machinery, in the new and thrivint; ma- iiufafturing town of Hamilton, between Albany and fiafl for the art, left no means untried to infufe iiit«> Iiis Schenecflady, New- York. — ib. brother a love (or his favourite purfuits. How well HUNTER (John), the celebrated furgeon, was the he fucceeded, the crOledlion afterwards made \rj Mr youngcfl child of John Hunter of Kilbride, in the Hunter will fufhcienlly evince. county of Lanark. He was born on the I4lh of July Anatomy feems to have been a purfuit for which 1728, at Long Calderwood, a fmall eftate belonging Mr Himter's mind was peculi^irly fitted, and heapplied to the family ; and loling his father when he was about to it with an ardour and pcrfeverance of which there i» ten years of age, he was, perhaps, too much indulged hardly any example. His labours were fo ufeful to his by his mother. One confequence of this was, that at brother's colle(flion, and lo gratifying to his difpofilion, the grammar-fchool he made no progrefs in learning ; that although in many other refj^fls they did not agree, and he may be faid to have been almoft totally illiterate this fimple tie kept them together for many years, when, in September 1748, he arrived rn London. His Mr Hunter worked for ten years on human anato- brother, Dr William Hunter, of whom an account is my, during which period he matle hinifelf mallet- of given in the F.ncyclopsdia, was then the moft celebrated what was already known, a; well as made f-rae addi- teacher of anatomy, and John had exprelTed a defire to tion to that knowledge. He traced the ramifications atlKl him in liis refcarches. The Doflor, who was very of the olfadlory nerves upon the membranes of the nofe, defirous to fcrve him, and anxious to form fome opi- and difcovered the courfc of fome of the branches i f nion of his talents for anatomy, gave him an arm to the fitlh pair of nerves. In the gravid uterus, he tra- diffeft for the niufcles, with the necellary direiftions ced the arteries of the uterus to their termination in how it was to be done ; and he found the performance the placenta. He was alfo the firft who difcovered the fuch as greatly exceeded his expedition. exiftence of the lympjiatic veliels in birds. His firft elFay in anatomy having thus gained him Many parts nt the human body being fo complex, fome credit, Mr Hunter was now employed in a direc- tion of a more difllcult nature ; this was an arm in which all the arteries were injedled, and thefe, as well as the mufcles, were to be expofed and prelerved. The manner in which this was performed, gave Dr Hunter that their ftruifture could not be nndevrtond, nor their ufes afcertained, Mr Hurler was led 10 examine limilar parts in other animal?, in which the (Iruauie was more fimple, and more v.ithin the reach of invelligation ; this carried him into a wide field, and laid the f(.undalioit fo much fatisfaflion, that he did not fcruple to fay, of his colleflion in comparative anatomy, that his brother would become a good anatomlfl, and In this new line of purfuit, this adive inquirer be- that he fhould not want for employment. From this gan with the more common animals, and pieferved fuch period we may conlider Mr Hunter as having ferioufly parts as appeared l)y their analogy, or in fume other engaged in anatomy ; and under the inllruflions cf Dr way, to elucidate the human economy. It was not liis Hunter, and his affiftant Mr Symonds, he had every intention to make dillei^ions ot particular animal-, but opportunity of improvement, as all the difleflions at to inftitute an inquiry into the various organisations by this time carried on in London were confined to that which the fun^ions of life arc performed, that he might fchool. thereby acquire fome knowledge of general princi- In the fummer 1 749, Mr Chefelden, at the reqiieft of pies. Dr Hunter, permitted him to attend at Chclfea Hofpi- So eagerly did Mr Hunter attach himfelf to com- tal; and he there karncd the firft rudiments of furgery. parative anatomy, that he I'ought by every means in his The following winter he was fo far advanced in the power the oppnitmiiiies d prc'fecuting it witli advan- knowledge (/f human anatomy, as to inllruft the pupils tage. He applied to the keeper of wild bealls in the in diir.(ftitn, to whom Dr Hunter had very little time Tower for the bodies nf iliofe which died there ; and to pay attention. This odice, theretore, fell almoft en- he made fimilar applications to the men who llioweJ tirely upon him, and was his conftant employment du- ring the winter f-^afon. In the fummer months of 1750, Mr Hunter attend- ed the hofpital a: Chclfea ; in 1751, he became a pu- pil at St Bartholomew's, and in the winter was prefcnt at operations occafioii.-»lly, whenever any thing extraor- wild hearts. He purchafed all rare animals which came in his way ; and thefe, with fuch ethers as were prc- fcnted to him bv his friends, he ciniullcd to the (how- men to keep till tliey died, the better to encourage them to affilt him in his la'>ours. His health w:j.s fo much imp.iired by cxcelfivc atten- dinary occurred. The following fummer he went to tion to his purfuit<, that in the ye,u 1760 he «as ad- Scotl.ind ; and in 1753 entered, it is diflicult to con- vifed to go abroad, hiving compUint'. in his bread, ceive lor what reafon, as a gentleman commoner at St which threatened to be conliimplive. In Oi^bber ot Mary hall, Oxford. In 1754 he became a furgeon's 'hat year, Mr Adair, infpev'loi-general of hoipitaU, ap- pupil at St George's hofpital, where he continued dn- pointed him n furgccn en the llalF; and in the follow- ring the fummer months ; and in 1756 was appointed ing fpring he went with the army to IJellille, leaving houfefurgeon. Mr Hewlbn to alhil his brother during his abfence. ■ A a 2 Mr II U N [ iS8 ] HUN Winter. Mr Hunter fcrved, while the war continued, as fe- In the year 1768, Mr Hunter became a member of Hunter, nior i'urgeon on the IblF, bolh in liellille and Portugal, the corporation of furgeons ; and in the year following, *-^~''"'** till the year 1763; and in that period acquired his through his brother's intereft, he was elcfled one of knowledjfc of gun-ihot wounds. On hisieturn to Eng- the furgeons of St George's hofpital. In May 1771, land he fettled in London ; where, not finding the e- his treatife on the Natural Hllh.ry of the Teeth was moluments from his half-pay and private practice fuffi- pnblilhed ; and in July of the fame year he married cient to fupport him, he taught praiflical anatomy and Mifi Home, the elded daughter of Mr Home, fiirgeon operative furgery for fcveral winters. He returned .ilfo, to IJurgoyiie's regiment of light horfe. Tiie expence with unabated ardour, to comparative anatomy ; and of his purfuits had been fo great, that it was not till as his esptrinients could not be cariied on in a large feversl years after his firft engagement with this lady town, he purchafed for that purpofe, about two miles that liis affairs could be fufficiently arranged to admit from London, a piece of ground near Briniplon, at a of his marrying. place called Eail's Court, on which he built a houfe. Though alter his marriage his private praftice and In the courfe ot his inquiries, tliis excellent anatomift prof(.llional charaiiter advanced rapidly, and thcMigh his afccrtained the clianges which animal and vegetable family began to increafe, he (lill devoted much of iiis fubftances undergo in the llomach wlien aded on by time to the forming of his collection, which, as it daily the gaflric juice; he difcovered, by means of feeding became laiger, was alfo attended with gi eater e.xpenctf. young animals with madJer (which tinges growing The whole fuit of the bell rooms in his hoiil'e were oc- bonet red J, the mode in which a bone retains its (hape cupied by his preparations j and he dedicated his morn- during its growth ; and explained the procefs of exfo- ings, from funrife to eight o'clock (the hour for break- liation, by which a dead piece of bone is feparated from fad), entirely to his puifuits. To thefe he added fuch the living. parts of the day as were not engaged in attending his His fondnefs for animals made him keep feveral of patients, different kinds in his houfe, which by attention he ren- The knowledge he derived from his favourite Audies dered familiar with him, and araufed himfelf by obfer- he conftantly applied to the improvement of the art of ving their peculiar habits and inftincls ; but this fami- furgery, and omitted no opportunity of examining mor- liarity was attended with confiderable rifk, and fome- bid bodies; irom which he made a collection of fafts times led him into fituations of dinger, of which the which are invaluable, as they tend to explain the real following is a remarkable inllance : caufes of fympioms, v.'hich during life could not be ei- Two leopards, which were kept chained in an out- aiftly afcert.iined, the judgment of tlie pradlitioner be- boufe, had broken from their confinement, and got in- ing too frequently milled by theoretical opinions, and to the yard among fume dogs, which they immediately delulive fenfations of the patients. attacked ; the howling tliis produced alarmed the whole In the praftice of furgery, where cafes occurred in neighbourhood ; Mr Hunter ran into the yard to fee which the operations proved inadequate to their inten- what was the matter, and found one of them getting tion, he always invcftigated, with uncommon care, the up tiic wall to make his efcape, the other furrounded caufes of that want of fuccefs ; and in this way de- by the dogs ; he immediately laid hold of them boih, tected many tallacies, as well as made fome important and carried them back to their den ; but as foon as they difcoveries, in the healing art. He deteiSed the caufe ■were fecured, and he had time to relkift upon the rifk of failure, common to all the operations in ufe for the of his own fuuation, he was fo much agipaied, that he radical cure of the hydrocele, and was enabled to pro- was in danger of fainting. pofe a mode of operating, in which that event can with On the fifth of February 1767, he was chofen a fel- certainty be avoided. He afcertained, by experiments low (if the Royal Society. His defire for improvement and obfervationj, that cvpofure to atmofpherical air in thiife blanches of knowledge which might allill in fimply, can neither pioduce nor increafe inflimmation. his refearches, led him at this time to propofe to Dr He difcovered in tlie blc-od fo many phenomena con- George Fordyce and Mr Gumming, an eminent me- nefted with lite, and not to be referred to any other chanic, that they fliould adjourn from the meetings of caufe, that he confidered it as alive in its fluid (late, the Royal Society to fome cotlee-houfe, and difcufs fuch He improved the operation for the fiftula lachrymalis, fubjecls as were conneited with fcience. This plan by removing a circular portion of the os unguis inftead was no fooner ellablifhed, than they found their num- of breaking it down with the point of a trochar. He bers increafed ; they were joined by Sir Jofeph Banks, alfo difcovered that the gaftric juice had a power when Dr Solander, Dr Mafkelyne, Sir George Shuckburgh, the ftomach was dead of diifolving it; and gave to the Sir Harry Englefield, Sir Charles Bhgden, Dr Noothe, Royal Society a paper on this fubjefl, which is publifti- Mr Ramfden, Mr Watt of Birmingham, and many ed in the Philofophical Tranfa(5tions. others. At thefe meetings difcoveries and improve- In the winter 1773, be formed a plan of giving a ments in different branches of philofophy were the ob- courfe of ledures on the theory and principles of fur- jeils of their confideralion ; and the works of the mem- gery, with a view of laying before the public liis own bers were read over and criticifed before they were opinions upon that fubjeft. For two winters he read given to the public. It was in this year that, by an his h&ares gratix to ihe pupils of St George's Hofpi- exertion in dancing, after the mufcles of the leg were tal ; and in 1775, gave a courfe for money upon the fatigued, he broke his tendo achillis. This accident, fame terms as the other teachers in the different branches and the confinement in confequence of it, led him to of medicine and lurgery. But giving leftures was al- pay attention to the fubjedt of broken tendons, and to ways particularly unpleafant to him ; I'o that the de- make a feries of e.tperiments to afcertain the mode of fire of fubmitting his opinions to the world, and learn- (heir union. ing their general eftimation, were icarceJy fufficient to overcome HUN [ 189 ] HUN Hunter, overcome his natural diflike to fpeaking in public. He ^'"^'"^^ never gave the fiift leifiure of his courfe without taking 30 drops of laudiinuin to take off tlie effefls of his un- ealinefs. Comparative anatomy mny be confidered as the pur- fuit in wliich Mr Hunter was conflantly employed. No opportunity efcaped him. In the year I773> ■*' ''^^ requeft of his friend Mr Wallh, he dilfeiled the torpe- do, and laid before the Royal Society an account of its eleiftrical organs. A young elephant, which had been prefented to the Queen by Sir Robert Barker, died, and tlie body was given to Dr Hunter, which af- forded Mr Hunter an opportunity of examining the ftrufture of that animal by affift ing his brother in the difleftion ; lince that time two other elephants died in the Qu^een's menagerie, both of which came under Mr Hunter's examination. In 1774, he publilhed in the Philofophical Tranfiiftions an account of certain re- ceptacles of air in birds, which communicate with the lungs, and are lodged both among the fleOiy parts and hollow bones of thefe animals ; and a paper on the Gilla- roo trout, commonly called in Ireland the Gizzar/Jtrout. In 1775, feveral animals of that fpecies, called the gymitotus eledrkus of Surinam, were brought alive to this country, and by their eleiftrical properties excited very much the public attention. Mr VValfh, defirous of purfuing his invelligations of animal eleflricity, made a number of experiments on the living animals ; and to give his friend Mr Hunter an opportunity of examining them, purchafed thofe that died. An anatomical ac- count of their eleftrical organs was drawn up by Mr Hunter, and publilhed in the Philofjphical Tranfac- tions. In the fame volume there is a paper of his, con- taining experiments on animals and vegetables refpec- ting their power of producing heat. In the courfe of his purfuits, Mr Hunter met with many parts of animals where natural appearances could not be preferved, and others, in wliicli the minuter vef- fels could not be diftiniftly feen when kept in fpirits; it was therefore neceifary to have them drawn, either at the moment, or before they were put into bottles. The expence of employing profefled draughtfmen, the difficulty of procuring them, and the difadvantage which they laboured under in being ignorant of the fubjevT' they were to reprefent, made him defirous of having an able perfon in his houfe entirely for that purpofe. With this view he engaged an ingenious young artifl to live with him for ten years ; liis time to be wholly employed as a draughtfman, and in making anatomical preparations. This gentleman, whofe name was Bell, ibon became a very good praflical anatomift, and Irom that knowledge was enabled to give a fpirited and ac- curate refemblance of the fubjects he drew, fuch as is rarely to be met with in reprefentations of anatomical fubjeds. By his labours Mr Hunter's colleiflion is en- riched with a confidcrable number of very valuable drawings, and a great variety of curious and delicate anatomical preparations. In January 1776, Mr Hunter was appointed fur- geon extraordinary to his Majefti^j and in the fpring he gave to the Royal Society a paper on the bell mode of recovering drowned perfons. In the autumn he was taken extremely ill, and the nature of his complaiots made bis friends, as well as himfelf, confider his life to be in danger. When he Hunter. reHjfljd upon his own filuation, that all his foitune ^-'^^''^ had been expended in his purfuits, and that his family had no provifion but what fliould arife from the fale of his cclleaion, he became very felicitous to give it its full value, by leaving it in a ftate of arrangement. This he accomphlhed with the affi.lance of Mr B-.ll and his brother-in-law Mr Home. In 1778, he publiniedthe fecond part of his Treatife on the Teeth, in which their dlfeafes, and the mode cf treatment are confidered. This rendered his work up- on that fubjea complete. He publiflied alfo in the 1 hilofophical Tranfadtions a paper on the Heat of Ani- mais and Vegetables. In 1779, he publilhed his account of the Free Martin in the Philofophical Tranfaaions; and in 1780, he hid before the Royal Society an ac- count of a woman who had the fmall-pox during preg- nancy, where the difeafe feemed to have been communi- cated to the foetus. In 1 781, he was eleftcd a fellow of the R0y.1l So- ciety of Sciences and Belles Lettres at Gottenburg. And m 1782, he gave the Royal Society a paper on the Organ of Hearing in Fifh. Befides tlie papers which he prefented to that learned body, he read fix Crocnion leftures upon the fubjeft of Mufcular Aaion. for the years 1776, 1778, 1779. 1780, 1781, and 1782. In thefe leflures hecolkaed all his oblervations upon mufcles, refpefling their powers and effefls, and the (hmuli by which they are alTeaed ; and to thefe he added Comparative Obfervations upon the movin" Powers of Plants. '^ T^efe le<51ures were not publiflied in the Philofophi- cal Tranfaaions, for they were withdrawn as foon as read, not being confidered by the author as complete di/Fcnations, but raiiicr as materials for feme future publication. It is much to be regretted (fays Mr Home) th.at ^Mr Hunter was fo tardy in giving his obfervations to the pubhc ; but fuch was liis turn for inveftigation, and fo extenfive the fcale upon which he inftitutcd his inqui- ries, that he always found fometliing more to be acccm- plifhid, and was unwilling to publilh any thing which appeared to himfelf untinKhed. His obfervations on the Mufcular Aaion of the Blood-veliels were laid before the Royal Society in 1780, and yet he delayed publilh- ing them till his Obferv.itions on ihe Blood and Inflam- mation \\'ere arranged : and they m.ikc part of ilic vo- lume which was publilhed after his de.uh. In 1783, he was chofen into the Royal Society cf Medicine and the Royal Academy of Surgery in P.ans ; and the fame year the leafe of the houfc which he oc- cupied in Jermyn llreet having expired, he pui chafed the leafe of a large houfe on the eaft lide of Leicellcr- fquare, and the whole lot of ground adjoining to Cafile- ftreet, on which there was another houfe. In the mid- dle fpace between the two houles, he ercaed, at the ex- pence of L.30CO, a building for his coUeaion ; though, unfortunately for his family, the kale did not eitenj beyond 24 years. In the building formed for the colhaion there was a room fifty-two feet long, by twenty-eight feet wide, lighted from the top, and having a gallery all round, for containing his preparation?. Under this were t"o apartments j one for bis loSures, and the other, with DO HUN [ 19 Hur.ter tio parlicul.ir deftination at firft, but afterwards made ^•'''^■^^•^^ ,ifc of for weekly meetings of medical friends during tlie winter. To tliii building the houfe in CalUe-lUeet was entirely fubfervient ; and the rooms in it were ufed for tlie different branches cf human and comparative anatomy. Abrut this period Mr Hunter may be confidered as at the height of his chinirs>ical career ; his mind and body were both in their full vigour. His h.*nds were capable of performing whatever was fuggefted by his mind ; and his judgment was matured by former ex- perience. Seme inllances of his extraordinary Ikill may very prt)peily be mentioned. ile removed a tumor from the fide of the head and neck of a patient at St George's Hofpital, as large as the head to wliich it was attached ; and by bringing llie cut edges of ihc fkin together, the whole was near- ly healed by the firft intention. He dilFeited out a tumor on the neck, which one of the bell operating furgeons in this country had decla- red, rather too llrongly, that no one but a fool or :i madman would attempt ; and the patient got perfedlly well. He difcovered a new mode of performing the opera- tion for the popliteal aneurifm, by taking up the fe- moral artery on the anterior part of the thigh without doing any thing to the tumor in the ham. The fafety and efficacy of \his mode have been confirmed by many (ubfequent trials ; and it muft be allowed to ftand very high among the modern improvements in I'urgery. If we confider Mr Hunter at this period of his life, it will afford us a ftrong piflure of the turn of his mind, of his defire to acquire knowledge, and his unremitting affiduity in profecuting whatever was the obje«ft of his attention. He was engaged in a very extenfive private praiflice ; he was furgeon to St George's Hofpital ; he was giving a very long courfe of leflures in the winter ; he was car- rying on his inquiries in comparative anatomy ; had a fchoul of pra(ftical human anatomy in his houfe ; and was always employed in fome experiments refpeding the animal econcmy. He was ahvays folicitous for fome improvement in medical education ; and, with the allillance ol' Dr For- ilyce, infiituted a medical fociety, which he allowed to meet in hi:; kflure-rooms, and of which he was chofen one of the patrons. Tlie fociety, called the Ly5ts had been attended by almoft unfurmoiintable difficulties ; but thefe proved to him only an incitement, and the contrivances lie made ufe of to bring the different operations of thefe indefatiga- ble animals to view were almoft without end. Earl's Court to Mr Hunter was a retirement from the fatigues of his profeffion ; but in no refpe>5l a re- treat from his labours ; there, on the contrary, they were carried on withlefs interruption, and with an un- wearied perfeverance. From the year 1772 till his death, he made it his cuftom to fleep there during the au- tumn months, coming to town only during the hours of bufinefs in the forenoon, and returning to dinner. It was there he carried on his experiments on di- geftion, on exfoliation, on the tranfplanting of teeth in- to the combs of cocks, and all his other inveftigations on the animal econcmy, as well in health as in difeafe. The common bee was not alone the fubjeft of his ob- fervation, but the wafp, hornet, and the lef» known kinds of bees, were alfoobje aJj\ifted lh»t the Uil.iDce ftood in cquilibrio. A purticuhir app.tiatus on B b the This apparatus ,"jh'dion. H Y G C 194 ] HYP Hypromc- the ikmc principles as a vernier, applied to the nut, glafs plate thus moirtened again to the balance, and Hyper- '^"■^ fiiswcd the excels of weight to ten parts of a grain, bring the latter into equilibrium by fcrewing the leaden l*"'^. ^'^~'''*~' Lowit/. remarked that tliis hygrometer in continued bullet. Mark then the place at which the bullet ftands wet wcatlier gave a moiflure of more than 55 grains, as the highell degree of moifture. 6 ~ and in a continued heat cf 113 degrees of Fahrenheit is to be iufpended in a fmall box of well dried" wood, only l>^ degree of moiltuic. fufficiently large to fuflfcr the glafs-plate to move up The hygrometer tlius invented by Lowitz was, hnv.-- and down. An opening mull be m<.de in the lid, cx- ever, attended v.-ith this f.iult, that it never threw cfi" aflly of fuch a fize as to allow the tongue of the ba- the moilluie in the fame degree as the aimofphere be- lance to move freely. Parallel to the tongue apply a came diier. It was alfo fonJclimes very deceitful, and graduated circle, divided into a number of degrees at announced moiRure when it ought to have indicated pleafure Irotn the higheft point of drynefs to the high- that drjnefs had again b :gim to take place in the at- e(l dei'iee ot moifture. The box mull be pierced with mofphcre. To avoid ihele inconver.itncies, M. Hoch- fniall holes on all the four fides, to give a free palT^ge lieimer propofes the following U'ttlod : to the air ; and to prevent moilhire from penetrating ". Take a fqi\are bar cf'lieel about two lines in into the v.ood by raii;, when it miy be requilite to ex- thicfenefj, and from ten to twelve inches in length, and pole it at a window, it mull either be lackered or Ibrm it into a kind of balance, one arm of which ends painted. To lave it at all times from rain, it may be in a fcrew. On this fciew let there be fcrewed a lead- covered, however, with a fort of roof fitted to it in the en bullet of a proper weight, inftead of the common molt convenient manner. But all thel'e external appen- wcights that are fufpended. 2. Take a glafs plate dages may be improved or altered as may be found ne- about ten inches long, and feven inches in breadth, de- celfary. llroy its polidi on both fides, fiee it from all moillure HYPEBOLA. Deficient, is a curve having only by rubbing it over with warm afhes, fufpend it at the one afymptote, though two hyperbolic legs running out other end°of the balance, and bring the balance into infinitely by the fide of the afymptote, but contrary equilibrium by fcrewing up or down the leaden bullet, ways. 3. Mark now the place to which the leaden bullet is HYPOTRACHELION, in Architeflure, is ufed brought by the fcrew, as accurately as polTible, for the for a little trize in the Tufcan and Doric capital, be- point of the greateft drynefs. 4. Then take away the tween the aftragal and annulets ; called alfo the col.^rin glafs plate from the balance, dip it completely in water, and gorgerin. The word is applied by fome authors five it a Ihake that the drops may run oft from it, and in a more general fenfe, to the neck of any column, or wipe them carefully from the edge. 5. Apply the that part of its capital below the aftragal. I. Ja3o1)ins. JACOBINS, in the language of the prefent day, is the name alTumed, at the beginning of the French revolution, by a party in Paris, \\hich was outrageouf- ly democratical, and fanatically impious. This party, which confided of members of the National AITembly, and of others maintaining the fame opinions and pur- fuing the fame objeifls, formed itfelf into a club, and held its meetings in the hall belonging to the Jacobin friars, where meafures were fecretly concerted for ex- citing infurre(5lions, and over-awing at once the legifla- ture and the king. Tlie name oi Jacobin, though it was derived from the hall where the club firft met, has fince been extended to all who are enemies to mo- narchy, ariRncracy, and the Chrillian religion; and who would have every man to be his own priell and his own lawgiver. Hence it is, that we have Jaco- bins in other countries as well as in France. Of the proceedings of the French Jacobins, fome account has been given, in the Encyc'.cfadia, under the title Revolutiph, and the fubjecl will be refumed in this Supplement under the fame title. The purpofe of the prefent article is to trace the principles of the fecfl from their fource ; for thefe principles are not of yeller- day. " At its very firft appearance, (fays the Abbe Bar- ruel), this feft counted 300,000 adepts; and it was fupported by two millions of men, fcattered through France, armed with torches and pikes, and all the fire- brands of the revolution." Such a wide fpread con- fpiracy could not be formed in an inllant ; and indeed this able writer has completely proved, that this feft, with all its confpiracies, is in itfelf no other than " the coalition of a triple feft, of a triple confpiracy, in which, long before the revolution, the overthrow of the altar, the ruin of the throne, and the dilfolution of all civil focie- ty, had been debated and determined." It is known to every fcholar that there have been in all ages and countries men of letters and pretenders to letters whu have endeavoured to fignalize themfelvcs individually by writing againft the religion of their country ; but it was relerved for the philofophifts (a) of France to enter into a combination for the expreis purpofe Jacobin »- (a) This term was invented by Abbe Barruel, and we have adopted it, as denoting fomething very different from the meaning of the word philofophcr. J A C [I Jacobiiis. purpofs of eradicatina; from the human heart every re- ^-'"■•'"^^^ ligious fenliment. The man to whom this idea firft occurred was Vohaire ; who, daring to hi je^ilous of his God, and being weary, as he faid himfelf, of hear- ing people repeat that twelve nun were fufJicicnt to ellabliih Chriftianity, refolved to prove that one might be fufficient to overtlirow it. Full of this projedt, he fwore, before the year 1730, to dedicate his life to its accomplilhment ; and for fome time he flattered him- felf that he (liould enjoy a^one the glory of deflroy- ing the Chrillian religion. ' He found, however, that affociales would be necefTary ; and from the numerous tribe of his admiiers and difciples, he chofe D'Alcm- bcrt and Diderot as the molt proper perfons to co- operate with him in hisdefigns. How admirably they were qualified to aift the part affigned them, may be conceived from the life of Diderot in this Supplement. But Voltaire was not fatisfied with their aid alone. He contrived to embark in the fime caufe Frederic II. of Pruflia, vho wilhed to be thought a philofo- pher, and who of courfe deemed it expedient to talk and write againll a religion which he had never (lu- dicd, and into the evidence of which he had probably never deigned to enquire. This royal adept was one of the moll zealous oi Voltaire's coadjutors, till he dif- covered that the philofopliills were waging war with the throne as well as with the altar. This indeed was not originally Wiltairt's intention. He was vain ; he loved to be carclled by the great ; and, in one word, lie was, from natural difpofition, an arillocrate and ad- mirer of royalty : But when he found that almoll eve- ry fovereign but Frederick difapproved of his impious projefts as foon as he perceived iheir ijfue, he determin- ed to oppofe all the governments on earth, rather tlmn forfeit the glory with which he had flattered himfelf, of vanquifliing Chrill and his apoftles in the held of controverfy. He now fet himfelf, with D'Alembert and Diderot, to excite univcrfal difcontent with the ellablilhed order of things. This was an employment entirely fuited to tlieir difpofition ; for not being in any kr^k great them- felves ()i), they wifhcd to pull all men down to their own level. How elFeclually they contrived to convert the Eucyclop.edie into an engine to ferve tlieir purfjofes, has been (hown already ; but it was not their only nor their mofl power) ul engine; they formed fee ret fo- cieties, affumed new names, and employed an enigma- tical language. Thus, Frederic is called I.uc ; D'Alem- bert, Prt^/iT^ora/, and fonietimes Z>V»/rrtH(/; Voltaire, Ra- ton ; and Diderot, Pinion, or its anagram Tonpla ; wliije the general term for the confpirators is Cacoucc. In their fecret meetings they profelled to celebrate the myfteries of Mylhra ; and their great ol>je ment did not linger. Voltaire died in agonies of de- fponding remorfe, whicli can be exceeded only by the torments of the damned. Thtre is reifon to bilieve that the end of D'Alembert and Dident very much refem1)led thatof iheir leader ; while the m-TC haiilened adept, Condorcct, became hii own executioner; and the other chiefs of the rebellion have reguhrly infl dcd ven- geance on each other, every ahci.ilion of the French conllitutinn (and thefe alterations have been many) be- ing followed by the execution oi thofe by whom liie government was pitviouily aJminiltercd. B b 2 JAG- (b) We do not by this mean to iiifinnate that D'Alembert was not a man of fcience. He was perhaps the only man ot Icience in that gang ; but he was a mailer of no fcience but mathematics ; and his birth being ob- fcure, if not fpurinus, and abHrad mathematics not funiilliing ready accefs to the great, his ideas, wlien compa- red with Voltaire's, were groveling, and (as M. Barruel fays) he was afraid to be fccn. JAG [ JAGHIRE, afiignment made in Bengal by an Im- perial grant upon the rcvtnue of any dillriifl, to defray civil or military charges, penlions, gratuities, &c. JAGHIREDER, the holder of a Jaghire. St. J AGO, the largeft and moll populous of the Cape tie Vtrdii ill.mds, of which fonie account has been gi- ven in the Er.cyclop.tdia, is reprefented by Sir George Staunton as liable to long and excellive droughts, for which no philofophical caufe can be affigned. When the enibilfy to China touched at it in tlie Litter end of 1792, it was in a Rate of abfolute famine. Little or no r.iin had fillen tor about three years before. The rivers were almofl all entirely dry. The furlace of the earth waf, in general, naked of any heil>ai;e. The greatcll part of the cattle had perifhed, not lefs tlirou^h drought than want of food. Of the inhabi- tants, many liad migrated, and many were familhed to death. Nor was this calamity peculiar to St Jago. All theiflmds of Cape de Verde were faid to have experi- enced the fame long drought, and to be confequently in a (late of fmiilar defolatioii. Yet the frequent fhowers which were obferved by the firll navigators who touch- ed at St Jago, induced them to give to the ifland the name of Pluvtalii ; and no change had been obi'erved in the Heady cunent of wind, blowing from the eall, which is common to tropical climates. " What were the uncommon circimiftances (fays Sir George) that took place in the atmofphere of that part cif Aliica to which the Cape de Verde Illands lie con- tiguous, or in the vaft cxpanfe of continent extending to the eafl behind it, and from which this direful efieifl mull have proceded (as they happened where no man of fcience exiftcd to obfeive or to record them), will therefore remain unknown. Nor is theory bold enough to fupply the place of obfervation. Whatever was the caufe which thus arrefted the bountiful hand of Nature, by drawing away the fources of fertility, it was obfer- vable, that fome few trees and plants perfevered to fiou- rifli with a luxuriance, indicating that they Hill could extrafl from the arid earth whatever portion of humi- dity it was neceifary to derive from thence for the pur- pofc of vegetable lile, though it was denied to others." Befide the trees of the palm kind, which are often found verdant aniidll. burning fands, nothing, for ex- ample, could be more rich in flavour, or abound more with milky, though corrofive juice, than the afclepias gigantea (fee Asclepias, Encycl.), growing plenti- fully, about feveral feet high, without culture, indeed, but undillurbed, it being of no avail to cut it down in favour of plants that would be nfelul, but required the aid of more moifture from the atmofphere. The jitro- phacurca«, or phylic nut tree, which the French Weft Indians, with fome propriety, call hois immorlel, and plant, on that account, in the batmdaries of their edates, appeared as if its perpetuity was not to be afFeded by any drouglit. Some indigo plants were ftill cultivated With fuccefs in Ihaded vales, together with a few cot- ton llirub?. Throughout the country fome of thofe fpecies of the mimof 1, or fenfitlve plant, whicli grow into the fr/.e of trees, were moil common, and did not appear tolanguifh. In particular fpots the annona, or fug-ir apple tree was in perfetl verdure. The borafTus, or great fan palm, lifted, in a few places, its lofty head and fpreadlng leaves, with undiminilhed beauty. In a bottom, about a mile and a half behind the town of 96 3 J A G Praya, was ftill growing, in a healthy ftate, what may be called tor fize a phenomenon in vegetation, a tree known to botanills by the name of adanfonia, and in Enghfli called 7/iouLy bread tree. The natives of St Jago call it kahifera ; others baobab. Its trunk mea- fured at the bale no lefs than 56 feet in girth ; but it foon divided into two great branches, one rifmg perpen- dicularly, and meafuring 42 feet in circumference. That of the other was about 26. By it Hood another of the fame fpecies, whofe fingle trunk of 38 feet giith, at- tracted little notice from the vicinity of its huge com- panion. But the annual produce of agriculture was fcarcely to be found. Tlie plains and helJs, foimcrly pioduc- tive ot corn, fugarcanes, or plantains, nouiilhed by re- gular falls of rain, now bore little femblance of vegeta- tion. Yet in the fmall number of plants which furvi- ved the drought, were fome which, from the fpecimens fent to Europe, were found to have been hitherto un- known. Vegetation quickly, indeed, revived wherever, through the loil, any moifture could be conveyed. Sir George reprefents Praya, the reftdence of the Portuguefe Viceroy, as a hamlet rather than a town. It confifts of about 100 very fmall dwellings, one ftory high, fcattered on each fide of the plain, which extend- ed near a mile in length, and about the third of a mile in breadth ; and fell oil, all around, to the neighbour- ing valleys and to the fea. Not being commanded by any neighbouring eminence, it was a fituation capable of defence; the tort, however, or battery, was almofl in ruins ; and the few guns mounted on it were moftly honey-combed, and placed on carriages which fcarcely held together. A party belonging to the embaffy crofTed the coun- try to the ruins ot St Jago, the former capital of the iOand, fituated in the bottom of a vale, through which ran a ftream then both fmall and fluggifh. On each fide of that ftream are the remains of dwellings of con- fiderable folidity and fize ; and the fragments of glafs luftres, ftill hanging from the ceilings of fome of the principal apartment!-, denote the elegance or riches that were once difplayed in tliis now deferted place. Not above half a dozen families remain in it at prefent ; the reft abandoned it, or perilhed. Here was ftill, how. ever, an attempt at a fljglu manufadlory of ftriped cot- ton Hips, the fame as are made in the other parts of the ifland, fir the ufe of the Africans on the main, who pay for them in flaves, elephants teeth, and that gum which is generally called arabic. Amidft tlie ruins of St Jago the party found a Por- tuguefe, to whom I ne ot them was recommended, and who received them with the moft cordial hofpitality in his lioufe, and treated tliem with every fpecies of tropi- cal fruits from his gai^den, lying on each fide the river. Wz had been a navigator; and informed them that the ifle of Brava, one of the Cape de Verde's, was a fitter and fafer place for fhips to call at for water and provifions than the ifland ot St Jago ; that it had three harbours ; one called Puerto Furno on the eaft fide c£ the ifland, from which velfeis mull warp, or be towed out by boats ; the Puerto Fajendago to the weft; and the Puerto Ferreo to the fouth, which was the beft for large (hips, and into which runs a fmall river. In an- other of the Cape de Verde iflands, called San Vicente, he obferved that there was alfo a large harbour on the north J A L C I Jaloffs. north end, but that frefh water was at fome diftance ^•^'"''^'^^ from it : and there was likewife a good port at Bona- vifta. This information of the harbours in the ifle of Brava was confirmed by accounts given by others to Kir Erafmus Gower, who recommends to make a tiial of them. JALOFFS, or Yaloffs, are an acflive, powerful, and warhke people, inhabiting great part of that trail of Africa which lies between the Senegal and the M in- din;jo dates on ihe Gambia (See Mandihgoes in this SuppletneKt). Their nofes, fays Mr Park, are not fo much deprelfed, nor their lips fo protuberant, as thofe of the jfencrality of Afiicans; and ihouiih their fkin is of the deepeft black, they are confidered by the white traders as the mod fightly Negroes in that pait cf the continent where they live. They are divided into fe- veral independent ftates or kingdoms, which are fre- quently at war with their neighbours or with each o- ther. Jn their manners, fuperllitions, and government, they have a greater releniblance to the Mandingoes than to any other nation ; but excel them in the manu- fadure of cotton cloth, fpinning the wool to a finer thread, weaving it in a Itroader loom, and dyeing it of a better colour. They make very good foap, by boil- ing ground nuts in water, and then adding a ley of wood a(he?. They likewife manufaflure excellent iron, which they carry to Bondou to barter for fait. Their language is faid to be copious and fignificant, and is often learned by Europeans trading to Senegal. From the nnmes of their numerals, as given by Mr Park, it would appear that their numeration proceeds hyjivei, as ours does by tens. Our author relates the event of a religious war, which, as it difplays a generofity of charaifler very uncommon among favages, will afi'ird pleafure to the minds cf many of our readers. Almami Abdulkader, fovereign of a Mahomedin kingdom called Foota Torra, fent to Damel, a king of the Jaloffs, an imperious mef- fage, commanding him and his fubje^ts to embrace in- ftantly the faith of the prophet. The ambalfador ha- ving got admilTion to the prefence ot Damel, ordered fome Biiflirecns {i.e. Mahomedan Negroes) who ac- companied him, to prefent the emblems ot his midion. Tv;o knives were accordingly laid before the JalotP prince, and the ambalfador explained himfelf as follows : " With this knife (faid he) Abdulkader will conde- fcend to fiiive the head of Daniel, it Damel will em- brace the Mahomedan faith ; and with this other knife Abdulkader will cut the throat of Damel. if Damel re- fufes to embrace it: Take your choice." — Damel coolly told the ambafiador that he had no choice to make : he neither chofe to have his head Ihaved, nor his throat cut. And with this anfwer the ambalfador was civilly difmilFed. Abdulkader took his meafures accordingly; and with a powerful army invaded Darnel's couiitiy. The inhabitants of the towns and villages filled up iheir wells, deftroyed their provifions, carried off tlieir effeils, and abandoned their dwellings, as he approached. By this means he was led on from pl.iec tn place, until he had advanced three days journey into the country of the Jaloffs. He had, indeed, met with no oppofition ; but h.s army h.id fuffered fo much from the fcarcity of Water, that feveral ot his men died by the way. 'I'his induced him to direifl his march towards a watering 97 ] J A R place in the woods, where his men, having quenched Jiloft. their ihirft, and being overcome with fatigue, lay down ^■^^'^^""^ cartlefsly to fleep among the bulhes. In this fitua- tion they were attacked by D imel before day-break, and completely routed. Many of them were trampled to dea;h as they lay aileep by the Jaloffs horfes ; others were killed in attempting to make their e.'cape ; and a Hill greater number were taken prifoners. Among the latter was Abdulkader himfelf. Tliis am'iitious or rather frantic prince, who, but a month b.-fore, had lent the threatening mcffage to Damel, was now him- felf led into his prefsnce as a miferable captive. The behaviour cf Damel, on this occafion, is never mention- ed by the finging men* but in terms of the higheft ap- • 7-^, i,;/,^ probation ; and it was, indeed, fo extraordinary in an rlam t/'iu African prince, that the reader may find it difficult to ctuntrj. give credit to the recital. When his royal prifoner was brought before him in irons, and thrown upon the ground, the magnanimous Damel, inftead of fetting his foot upon his neck, and ftabbing him with his fpear, according to the cuftom in fuch cafes, addreffed him as follows: " Abdulkader, anlwer me this queftion. If the chance of war had placed me in your fituation, and you in m ne, how would you have treated me .>" " I would have thrull my fpear into your heart (returned Abdulkader with great hrmnefs) ; and I know that a fimilar fate awaits me." " Not fo (fiid Damel) ; my fpear is indeed red with the blood of your fubjects kill- ed in battle, and I could now give it a d;eper llain, by dipping it in your own ; but this would not build up my towns, nor bring to life the thoul'ands who fell in the woods. 1 will not therefore kill you in cold blood, but I will retain you as my llave, until 1 perceive that your prefence in your own kingdom will be n > longer dangerous to your neighbours ; and then I will confi- der of the proper way of difpofing of you." Abdul- kader was accordingly retained, and worked as a llave for three months; at the end of which period, Damel liftened to the folicltations of the inhabit.ants of Foota Torra, and rcftcrsd to them their king. Strange as this (lory may appear, Mr Park has no doubt of the truth of it. It was told to him at Malacotta by the Negroes; it was afterwards reljted to him by the Eu- ropeans on the Giimbia ; by fome of the French at Goree ; and confirmed by nine flaves, who were taken prifoners along with Abdulkader by the watering place in the woods, and carried in the fame fliip with him to the Weft Indies. — Such generofity as this reflects ho- nour on human nature. JARRA, is a town of confiderable extent in the Moorilh kingdom of Ludamar in Africa. The boules are built of clay and ftone intcrmiied, a kind of wall very common in many parts of Scotland, where clay is made to fupply the place of mortar. The grea'er part of the Inhabitants of Jarra are Negroes from the bor- ders of the fouthern ftates, who picfcr, fiys Mr Park, a precarious protedion under t!ic Moots, wl-.ich they purchafe by a tribute, to the being continually eipofeJ to their predatory hoftilities. The tribute which they pay is confiderable; and they manifeft the moil unli- mited obedience and fubmillion to their Moorilh fupe- riors ; by whom they are, in return, treated with the utmoll indignity and contempt. The Moors in lhi«, and the other ftates adjoining the country of the Ne- groes, rcftmblc in ih;ir ncrfoas the Mulattoes cf the Weft I C E [ 198 ] J E B lata. Weft Indies, and feem to be a mixed race between the kept in that manner for a long time. Plutarch fays, II Moors, properly fo called, of the north, and the Ne- that a covering of chaff and coarfe cloth is fufficient ; ,^^^4^^:,^^ groes of the fjuth ; po/i'elling many of the worll qua- and at prefent a like method is purfued in Portugal. iities of both nations. Jarra is fitualed in 15*^ 5' N. Where the fnow has been colleifted in a deep gulph, Lat. and 6" 48' E. Long. fome grafs or green fuds, covered with dung from the lATA, a bay on the coaft of Chili. — Morse. ftieep-pens, is thrown over it ; and under thefe it is fo IBBERVILLE, a river or ratlier a fort of natural well preferved, th^it the whole funimer through it is canal, of W. Florida, which, wlicn the MiffilTippi over- fent the dillance of 6c Spaniih miles to Lifbon. flows, and is high enough to run into it, (which is gene- " When the ancients, therelore, wifhed to have cooling rally inthemomhs of M.iy, June, and July ) formsacom- liquors, they either drank the melted fnow, or put fome munication ior veffels drawing three or four teet, from of it in their wine, or they placed jars filled with wine the Milfillippi to the gulf of Mexico, eaftward, through in the fnow, and fuffered it to cool there as long as they the lakes Mauripas and Pontchartrain. This canal, thought proper. That ice was alfo preferved for thi which has been dignilied with tiie name of river, is like purpofe, is probable from the tcftimony of various dry all tlie reft of the year. It is a mile below a village authors ; but it appears not to have been ufed fo much ot Alabama Indians, 35 miles from the fettlenients of in warm countries as in the northern. Even at prefent Point Coupee, 99 W, by N. of New-Orleans, 204 fnow is employed 'n Italy, Spain, and Portugal ; but in N. W. of the Brflize, and 270 W. of Penfacola, by Perfia ice. I have never any where found an account jthe above lakes. It receives the river Amit or Amite, of Grecian or Roman icehoufes. By the writers on from tile northward, wliich is navigable for batteaux agriculture they are not mentioned." to a ccniiderable diftance. — ib. ICHNOGRAPHY, in architedure, is a tranfverfe IBIS. Under the generic name Tantalus ('^z;- or horizontal fedion ot a building, exhibiting the plot cycl.), we have defcribed, after Mr Bruce, a bird which of the whole edifice, and of the feveral rooms and apart- he found in Abyflinia, and concluded to be the facred menls in any ftory ; together with the thicknefs of the ibis of ancient Egypt. M. Vaillant, during his laft walls and partitions ; the dimenfions of the doors, win- travels in Africa, found, in fome lakes near the ele- dows, and chimneys; the projeflures of the columns and phants river, a bird very different from Mr Bruce's, piers, with every thing vifible in fuch a fev.'lion. ■which he conlidered as belonging to the fame fpecies ; ICHUA-TOWN, in the Genelfee country in the and which he defctibes thus: It is three feet in height. Slate of New- York, is an Indian village at the mouth Its head and throat, which are extremely b.ire, are co- of Ichua Creek, a north-eaftern head water of Alle- vered with a fkin of the brighteft red, terminated by a ghany river. It is fio miles eafterly of Fort Erie, 70 band of a beautiful orange, which I'eparates the naked E. by S. of La Boeut, and 67 S. V/. by S. of Hart- part from that covered wiili leathers. The upper part ford on Genelfee river. — Morse. of the wings, having broad ftripes of a fine violet co- ICUNADA DE BARRUGAN, a town on the lour, agreeably fhaded, is bordered by a white band of river La Plata, in S. America. — ii. feathers, the thick and iilky beards of which, feparated ICY CAPE is the northwefternmoft head land of from each other, have a perfeft lefeniblance to a rich N. America, fituated in the Northern ocean. Be- fringe. The quills of the wings and tail are of a green- tween this cape and Cape North, in Afia, is the open- ifli black, which, as it receives the light in a more ing into Behring's Straits, which lead from the Nor- or lefs oblique direftion, alfuraes the appearance of tliern into the Pacific ocean. — ii. violet or purple. The reft of the plumage is of a beau- JEBB (John;, was born in Southampton-ftrect, Co- tiful white. The bill, which is long and foniewhat vent Garden, London on tlie 1 6th of February, 1736. crooked, is yellow ; as are the feet. This bird belongs He was the eldcft fon of the Rev. John Jebb, dean of to the genus of the ibis, of which we are already ac- Caftiel, in the kingdom of Ireland. He received the quainted with feveral fpecies. elements of his education in different fchools, and was ICAQUE POINT, on the E. end of the ifland of admitted, July 7, 1753, penfioner in the univerfity St Domingo, lat. 19" 2'. — Morse. of Dublin, whence he removed, November the 9th ICE House. See that article, Encyclopadia. Pro- 1754, to St Peter's college in Cnmbridge, where lie was feffor Beckmann, in the third volume of his Hiftory of likewife a penfioner. In January 1757 he proceeded to the Inventions, has proved clearly that the ancients were degreeof A. B. andhis place in ihediftribulion of .acade- well acquainted with what ferved the purpofe of ice- mical honours was, on that occafion, fecond wrangler, honfes. the late eminent mathematician Dr Waring being the " The art (fays he) of preferving fnow for cooling firft. In 1758 he obtained the fecond prize of fifteen liquors during the fummcr, in warm countries, was guineas, annually given by the univerfity to the authors known in the earlieft ages. This praflice is mention- cf the beft compofitions in Latin profe, being fenior *Prc'jrb ^^ ^y Solomon,* and proofs of it are fo numerous in or middle bachelors of arts. Dr Roberts, afterwards XXV. I's". '' ih^ works of the Greeks and the Romans, that it is provoft of Eton college, obtained the firft. unnecelFary for me to quote them, efpecially as they In the month of June 1760, Mr Jebb was ad- have been colledled by others. How the repofitories mitted probationer fellow of St Peter's college, and for keeping it were conftructed, we are not exprefsly proceeded to the degree of Mafter of Arts at the com- told ; but it is probable that the fnow was preferved in mencement in the fame year; and on the firft ot July pits or trenches. 1761, was confirmed fellow by Dr Mawfon, bilhop " When Alexander the Great befieged the city of of Ely. Petra, he caufed 30 trenches to be dug, and filled with On the 6th of June 1762, he was ordained dea- fnow, which was covered v.ith oak branches ; and which con at Bngdea by Dr John Green, biflicp of Lin- coln ; Iclinogra- phy. II ]cbl,. J ^ B c Jebb. coin; and on the zjih of September, 1763, he was ^"^'^^^ admitted by the fame bi(hop inio prielVs orders. On the 22d of Auguft, 1764, Mr Jebb was col- lated by Dr Matthias Alawlbn, billmp of Ely, to the fmili vicarage of Ganilingay, near Potton, in Beiitord- (liire, upon the recommendalion of Dr Law, malkr of Peterhoofe. On the I7ih of the following Odlober, he was elefled by the univerfity into the reiflory of O- vington, near V/atton, in Norfolk, after a competition ■with the Rev. Henry Turner, then fellow of .St John's college, afterwards vicar of Burwell, in Cambridgefhire. Upon catling lip the votes, there appeared to be for Mr Jebb 91, for Mr Turner 73 ; and accordingly he was inllituted into the fame the 15th of December fol- lowing. On the 29th of the fame month, (December 1764) Mr Jebb married Anne, eldeft daughter of the Rev. James Torkington, redor of Little Siukeley, in Hun- tingdonniire, and of lady Dorothy Sherard, daughter of Philip, fecond earl of Harborough. Eaily in the year 1765, Mr Jebb, together with the Rev. Robert Thorpe, fellow of Peterhoufe, and the Rev. George Woolafton, fellow of Sidney college, publifhcd, in a fmall quarto, n comment on thofe parts of Sir Ifaac Newtcn's Prhtcipia which more immediately relate tn the fyftem of the world. The title of the joint work of thefc able and judicious philolbphers was, " Exccrpta quxdam e Newtoni principlis philolophla; naturalis, cum noiis variorum." A work, of which the univerfity of Cambridge continues to bear teftimo- ny to the excellence, by the general ufe of it in the courfe of academical education. Mr Chappelow profeifur of Arabic, dying on the 14th of January 1768, Mr Jebb offered himlelf a can- didate for the vacant chair; but it was given to Dr Hallifax, afterwards bifhopof Glouceiler ; a man of de- ferved celebrity, of whom we regret that it was not in our power to give a biographical fketch. On July 10. 1769, Mr Jebb was inftituted to the vica- rage of Flixton, near Bungay, in Suffolk, on the prefen- tation of William Adair, Efq. of Flixton-hall ; and on the 4th of April 1770, was inftitutcd to the united reftories of Homertfield and St Crofs, parilhes conti- guous to Elixton, upon the fame prefentation : being alfo, in the funimer of the fame year, nominated chap- lain to Robert earl of Harbnrough. In confequence of the acceffi'in of thefe preferments, though not con- fiderable in themfelves, he refigned, fome time in the month of October 1 771, the reftory of Ovington, which he had received from the univerfity ; and Mr Sheepftianks, fellow of St John's college, was eleded in his place. Dr Hallifax focceeding to the profeflbrfhip of civil law, in the month cf October 1770, upon the death of Dr Ridlirgton, Mr Jebb once more folicited that of A- rabic, which Dr Hallifax then vacated: but he had by lliis time difplayed fuch an innovating fpirit in religion, that the univerfity gave the vacant protclforlhip to Mr Cra- Ten, a man rcfpe;ht af- terwards vifit the dilferent towns, provinv-es and kins;- doms, in order to propagjtc tli; duclrines of illuminifm. Weilhaupt propofed to fele>.T as his apolUes cither weak men who would implicitly obey his orders, or men of abilities, who would inipinv.- tlie office by artifices of their own. It was, however, a duty whicli every bnther was obliged to exercife once or twice in his lite, under the penalty of being for ever condemned to the lower degrees. To Rimulate the ardour of the brother infinuator, he was appointed fiiperior over every novice whom he fliould convert. ToalFill his judgment, he was inlUuiT- cd in three important points concerning the difoription of men whom he ought to feleifl for converli^in, the means which he ouglit to employ fir enticing them to enter the order, and the arts v/hich he ought to llu Jy to form their charader. ^ To enable the recruiter vi determine wliom he ought ^ to felei5l lor convcifion, he w.is to iiifinnatc himfelf in'o To pry in* all companies; he was to pry into the charaiHer of all «"!■«: cha- whom he (liould meet with, w bather friends, relations, [■,! ."»° Ihangers or enemies ; he was to write down ali his re- marks regularly every diy ; 10 p >int out their llrong and weak fides, their palliins and pujudicff, tl.clr inti- macies, their intercfts, and their fortune. Thisjoumil was to be tranfmitted twice every month to the fupe- riors ; by which means the order would learn who wire C c 2 iiiendlj all men. I L L C 204 ] I L L ninininati. friendly or hoftile to their views, and who were the in- ^"^"^''^^^ dividuals to whom they ought to direft their arts of fe- du(5)inn(B). The perfons to be excluded were all fuch as would expofe the order to fufpicion or reproach. All indif- creet talkers, all who were proved violent, and difficult to bemaiugcd, all aJdiiflcd to drunkennel's, and all Pa- gans, Jews, and Jeluits, were 10 bo rejected. As the patronage of princes would tend much to enrich and (Ircngihcn the lociety, it was agreed to admit them to the interior degrees, but they were never to be initialed into the grand rnylleries; they were never to rife be- yond the degree ot Scotch knight. g The perfcins to be feleftcd were young men of all Terfons ftations, from eighteen to tliirty ; but pailiculaily thofe V^T'^'^ for whofe education was not completed, and confequently t e order, „,jj,,|g habits were not formed. " Seek me out (fays Weifliaupt in his direjftions to the infmuator) the dex- terous and dafhlng youths. We mull have adepts who areinfinuating, intriguing, full of lefource, bold and en- terpriling ; they mull alfo be flexible and traflable, obe- dient, docile, and fociable." In another place he fays, " Above all things pay attention to the figure, and fe- leifl the well made men and handfome young fellows. They are generally of engaging manners ajid nice feel- ings. When properly formed, they are the bed adapted for negociations ; for firft appearances prepoifefs in their favour. It is true, they have not the depth that men ot more gloomy countenances often have. Tiej are twi the pirjons to be enirujlcd wiih a rcx'olt, or the care cfjlir- riiig up the perfle ; but it is for that very reafon we mull know how to choofe our agents. I am particularly fond of thole men whofe very foul is painted in their eyes, whole foreheads are high, and whofc countenances are open. Aboire all, examine well the eyes, for tliey are the very mirrors of the heart and foul. Obferve the look, the gait, the voice. Every external appearance leads us to dillinguilh thofe who are fit for our fchool.'' Thougli young men were preferred, yet perfons of all ages were to be admitted if their charaifter accorded with the principles of the oider. The infinuator was defircd to feck out thofe who were dillinguilhed by their power, riches, or learning. " Spare no pains (fays Wcilhaupt), fpare nothing in the acquifition of fuch adepts, li heaven refufe its fuccour, conjure hcU. F/e3ere Ji nequeas fuperos, Acleroiila moveto." Peifons were to be Angled out from thofe profeffions which give men influence over others, or put them in the moll favourable fituati, n for dili'eminating any pe- culiar opinkins. With this view, fthooimallers, and fu- pcrintendants of ecclefiallic fcmiraries, were to be f lught after with much care. BooklUlers, ptift-mallers, and the fecretaiics of poll dflices were alfo to be felec- ted. Thofe profeffions which accullomed men to fpeak and argue, as that ot counfellors and attorneys, and even phylicians were alfo to be courted. " They are Worth having (lays Weifliaupt), but they are fcmctimcs real devils, fo diflicult are they to be led ; tliey are, however, worth having \%hen they can be gained over." Every exertion was to be made to gain the officers of a prince, whether prefiding over provinces or attending him in his councils. " He that has done this, has done more than if he had engaged the prince bin. felf." There was alfo another defcription of men of whom Weilhaupt very wifely judged that they would be ad- mirably fitted for the diffulion of his doiflines. Thefe were the difappointed and dillatisfied. «' Seleifl thofe in particular (fays he) who have met with misfortunes, not from accidents, but from fome injullice ; that is to fay, in other words, the difcontented ; for fuch men are to be called into the bofom of illuminifm as into their proper afylum. When the infinuator has made choice of his viiflim, he is required to draw from his diary a view of his cha- rafter, opinions, principles, and connexions. This he is to tranfmit to the fuperiors for their examination, and that they may compare it with the diaries which they have already received, perhaps from ditferent infinua- tors. When the choice of the infinuator is approved, the fuperiors determine which cf the infinuators will be bell qualified to pertorm the talk of feducing their can- didate. Two different methods were recommended ; one of which Illuminati. 9 To be re- duced by whatever mcatts ; 10 And their charaflcrs tranfmittcd to the fupe- riors. (b) As a fpecimen of the journals kept by the infinuators, and of the charaiflers which the illuminees felefted for propagating their principles, we Ihall give the charafler of Zwack, denominated Cato, as it is defcribed in the tablet of iiis infinuator Ajax (Mafl'enhaufen). " Francis Xaverius Zwack was fon of Philip Zwack, commiflary of the Chambre des Coriiples, and was born at Ratifbon ; at the time of his initiation (29th May I'J'/G) he was twenty years of age, and had finilhed his col- lege education. " He was then about five feet high ; his perfon emaciated with debauchery ; his confl;itutinn bordering on me- lancholy ; his eyes of a diity grey, weak and languilliing ; his complexion pale and fallow ; liis health weak, and much hurt by frequent diforders ; his nofe long, crooked and hooked ; his hair light brown ; gait precipitate ; his eyes always call towards the ground ; under die nofe and on each fide of the mouth, a mole. " Hislieart tender and philrnthropic in an extraordinary degree ; but floic when in a melancholy mood ; other- wife a true friend, circumfpcdl, refcrved, extremely fecrel ; often fpeaking advantageoufly cf himfell ; envious of other people's perfcftions ; voluptuous ; endeavouring to improve himfelt ; little calculated for numerous aflem- blies ; choleiic and violent, but eafily appeafed ; willingly giving his private opinions when one has the precaution to pralfe him, though contradifting him; a lover of novelties. On religion and confcience widely differing from the received ideas; and thinking precifely as he ought, to become a good member of the order. " His predominant pafllons are, piide, love of glory, probity ; he is ealily provoked ; has an extraordinary properrfity for rnylleries ; a perpetual cufiom of fpeaking of himfelf and of his own perfeftions ; he is alfo a per- feft mafler in the arts of dilFimulation ; a proper perfon to be received into the order, as applying himfelf par- ticularly to the lludy of the human heart." Such is the charaifler of th« beloved difciple of Weilhaupt, the in- comparable Cato, and a leader of the fed of the illuminees ! I L L of know- illuminati. which was to be employed in enticing men who were ^^"^''^^^ fomewhat advanced In life or diltiiiguilhed by I'cience ; the other was to be ul'ed in feducing young men whofe char:i(Ser was not formed. II With men of knov. ledge, who had already imbibed Proper me- the principles of modern phil(>fopliifm (for i.o true phi- thods of fi.-- lofophers were to be attempted), the infinuator was to ducingmen gliume the charafter of a philolopher well acquainted with the myiieries of ancient times. He was to defcant upon the importance of the fecret doifti ines tranlmitted by tradition, to quote the gymnofophifts of India, the priefts of His in Egypt, and thole of Eleulis, with the Pythagorean fchnol in Greece. He was to learn by heart certain padagss Irom Ifocrates, Cicero, and Seneca, that he might have tiiem ready upon all occa- (ions. He was to throw out hints, that ihefe fecret doc- trines explained the difl'icult queltions concerning the origin and order of the univerfe, the Providence of God, the nature of the foul, its immortality and future deftination ; he was to inipire them with the belief that tlie linowledge of ihefe things would render life more agreeable and pain more fiipportable, and would en- large their ideas of the mwjeliy of God ; he was then to declare that he had been mitiated into thefe myfteries. If the candidate expreffed any curicfity to be made ac- quainted with them, the inlinuator was hrft to afcertain his opinions upon fome leading points, by propoling to him to write a dilFertation upon certain queltions. Should the anfwers not pleafe the infinuator, he was to relinqutlh his prey ; but Ihould they be fatisfavSory, tlie candidate was to be admitted to tlie firft degree. When the feledted viaim was young, and had not im- , bibed any of lliofe opinions which correfponded with ' the principles of the ieit, a different method was to be followed. "Let your fiili; care (fays the legillalor to his infinuators) be to gain the afFeiflion, the confidence, and the elleem of thole whom you are to entice into the order. Let your whole condui.'t be fuch, that they fhall furmife fomething more in you than you wi(h to Ihew; hint, that you belong to fome fecret and powerful fo- ciety ; excite by degreeb, and not at once, a willi in your candidate to belong to a fiinilar I'ociety. Certain arguments and certain books, which the infinuator muft Jiave, will greatly contribute to raife I'uch a wiih ; fuch, for example, are thofe which treat of the union and ftrength of aflbciations." Every infinuator muft be provided with books of this fort. But that their fuccefs might not depend folcly upon books, Wellliaupt gave to his dlfclples a fpecimen of the artifices which they might employ. The inli- nuator might begin by obferving, that a child in the cradle, abandoned to itfelf, is entirely helplefs ; and that it is by the aflillance of others that It acquires ftrength ; and that princes owe their greatnefs and their power to the union of their fubjefls. Then the Infinuator might touch on the importance of knowing mankind, and the arts of governing them ; that one man of parts might ea- fily lead hundreds, even thoufands, if he but knew bis advantages. He was next to dwell upon the defeifts of civil fociety ; to mention how little rellel a man can ob- tain even from his bell friends ; and how very necellary it is for individuals to fupport one another in thefe days : to add, that men would triumph even over heaven were they but united. He was to adduce as examples, the influence of the freemafons and of the Jefuits. He was 13 Intothc no- il And yoiin men, [ 20J ] ILL to afTert, that all the great events which take place in the Illuminat; world depend upon hidden caufes, whicli thefe focleties ^— '^''"'^ powerfully influence. He was to awake in the bread of his pupil the delire of reigning in fecret ; of prepa- ring in his clofet a new ccnftitution for the world j and ot governing thofe who think they govern others. Alter thefe, or other artifices of the fame kind, have been employed, if the candidate be Infpired with an ar- dour to be initiated, and givefatisladory anfwers to the ^"^'•'"^ queflions propofed to him, he is immediately admitted a novice. But ihould he rejed all means of feduc'lion, let him take heed to himfelf ; "for the vengeance of fecret focleties Is not a common vengeance ; it Is the hidden fire of wrath. It Is Irrtconclk-able ; and fcarce- ly ever does It ceafe the purfult of its viiftlms until it has fcen them immolated." The peilod of the novlclite varied according to the age of the new convert to lllumlnlfm. At firft it con tlnued three years for thole under eighteen years of age, two years for thofe between eighteen and twenty- four, and one year for tliofe who were near thirty ; but it was afterwards fhoitened. The novice was not acquainted with any of the or- der except his infinuator, under whofe diretftion he remained during his noviciate. The firft Icd'uns which he was taught refpecTed the inviolable nature of the le- crecy which every lllumlnce was obliged to obfervc. He was told that filence and fecrecy were the very foul of the order ; that Ingcnuoufnefs was a virtue only with refpecl to his fuperiors ; and that diftruft and teferve Were fundamental principles. He was enjoined never to fpeak of any circumllance relating to the order, con- cerning his own aJmlllion, or the degree which he had received, not even before brethren, without the ftrongell necefllty ; and was required to fign a declaration to this purpofe. The novice was next taught the diiftlonary of the or- der, its geography, calendar, and cypher. To prevent Diaionar)-, the poilibllity of dlfi:overy, every illumlnee received a g^^t^raf hy, new name, vi'hich was charatteriftic of his diipofitlons, '"'''"''•^» 14 Period of tlic novi- ciate. 15 or of the fervlces which were expected of him. Thus Vt ,iP^ " Wellhaupt, as we have obferved, was called Sparlacui, dcr becaufe he pretended to wage war againil thofe opprel- fors who had reduced mankind to flavcry ; and Zwack, as we have feen, was named dilo, becaufe he had written a dlifertation in favour of fuicidc, and had once determined to commit that crime. According to the new geography of the order, Ba- varia was called Achaia ; Munich was called rithens ; Vienna was named Rome ; Wurtzburgh was denomina- ted Carthage; and Ingchladt, the fountain of the or- der, was called Efhcjus, and by the profound adepts ElctiJ'is. The novice had alfo to learn the Perfian c.-i- lendar, which the order had adopted. Their era began A. D. 630. Tlie months received new names ; May wii caWcd Atlarpahafcht ; June, Chardad ; July, Th:r- meh ; Auguft MerJedmeh ; and l"o on. 'I'he cypher confided of numbers which correfponded to the letters of the alphabet, in this order <;, I, e, d, anfwering to the numbers 12, 11, 10, 9. The novice had next to ftudy tht J!alules of the il!u- vtineei, which he was alfured contained nothing injurious to the ftatc, to religion, or to good morals. He was next defired to apply himfelf to acquire the morality of the order : which he was to do, not by reading the go- fpcls, 1 L L [ 206 ] I L L 16 Kovice nbliged to driw his own cha- ridcr. niunriiiai!. fpcls, but by perufing Epiaciiis, Seneca, and Anto- ^^^^"^^"^ niiius, and by fiudying the woiks c>( the mcdcrn fo- phills Weiland, Meiners, and Helvcliiis, 5:c. The ftu- dy ot" man was alio recommended as llie moft intertft- ing of all the fciences. He was taught this lUidy not merely as a fcience, but as an art. A model of a jour- nal was given him, and he was required to infert in it obfervations upon the charafler of every perfon thai he happened to meet with. To quicken his diligence, the inlinuatnr occalionally examined his journal. In the mean time the inlinuator was watching him as a cen'.inel, and noting down regularly obfervations upon the de- fefls and merits of his pupil, which he always fent to his fupcriors. The great obje^ of the infinuator was to entangle tlie novice, and to bind him indilfulubly to the order. With this view he required the novice to draw a laitblul pic- ture of himfelf, under the pretence that he would thus know himfelf better. He delired him to write down liis name, his age, his country, his refidcnce, and his employment ; to give a lid of the books in his library ; to ftate his revenue ; to enumerate his fiiends and ene- mies, and the caufe of his enmities. He was alfo to give a finiilar account of his lather and mother, bis brothers and fillers, and to be very careful in pointing out their Mliions and prejudices, their lUong and weak fides. In the mean lime, the iufmuatorwas occupied in draw- ing up a new ftateraent of every thing he had been able to difcover of the charaifter and condud of the novice. This Hatcment was tranfmitted to the fuperiors, and compared with the former. If the novice was approved, he wa.s then admitted to the fecond degtee, upon his an- Iweiing, in a fatisf.iclory manner, twenty-four grand quellions, which might enable the order to judge of his principles and the credit to which he was entitled, and would fi.x h the fuperiois nees now begin to appear, as will be evident from the t'ollowing quedions which we have felefled : Have you ferioully relieved on the importance of the ftep you take, in binding yourfelf by engagements that are unknown to you ? Should you ever difcover in the order any thing v/icked or unjull to be done, what part would y('U take? Do you, moreover, grant the power be was determined to give implicit obedience to all the IHuminati. laws of the order? The infuiuaor became fecurity for ^•^~'''^*^ his pupil, and then requellcd for him ihe proteftion of the order, which the fuperior granted with great folem- nity, protcfting that nothing would be found there hurt- ful to religion, to morals, or to the ftate. Having thus f^id, the fuperior takes up the nai;ed fword, and point- ing it at the heart of the novice, threatens him with the fatal confequences of betraying the fecrets of the order. The novice again takes an oath, by wliich he binds himfelf, in the moft unlimited manner, to ferve the or- der with his life, honour, and eftate, and to obferve an inviolable obedience and fidelity to all his fuperiors. He is then admitted a Minerval, and henceforth is al- lowed to attend the academy cf the fcft. The Minerval acadeany was compofed of 10, 12, or 19 15 M nervals, and placed under the dire<£lion of a ma- Minerval jor lUuminee. It met twice every month in an inner ''""""'^ ' apartment, feparated from the other rooms of the man- fion by an antichamber; the door of which was to be lliut with care during the meeting, and (Irongly feeu- red by bolts. At the commencement of every meet- ing, the prelident read and commented upon fome fe- leh. paifages of the Bible, Seneca, Epifletus, Marcus Aurelius, or Confucius ; evidently with a view of dimi- nilhing the reverence for the facred writings, by thus placing them on a level with the heathen moralills. Then each brother was afked what books he had read fince lad meeting, what obfervations he had made, and what fervices he had performed for promoting the fuc- cefs of the order? To each Minerval academy a library belonged. This 10 was formed by the contributions of the brethren, by Its library, prefents of books, and by another method very ex- All lUuminees aifting as librarians, or i traordinary. m down by Itronger ties to the authoiity of keepers of archives, were admoniihed to ^<"e patched as a miirior.ary into mafonic lodges, to convert end fanfUfes the rrnans ; a principle of the mofl per- the brethren to illuminifm. nicious tendency, whidi would render calumny, ali'ain- Thi candidate lor this degree is flriflly examined, in nation, fediiion, and treafon, laudable, and excellent, order to difcover what opinions he now entertains con- Next, they were called upon to compolb a diffcrtation, cerning the ol.jc^^ of the fcciety ; the motives that by which tlieir opinions concerning kings and prielfs prompted him to join it ; whether he is difpof^J ftill to might be afcertained. If they pci formed all thefe talks co-operate with the rell of the brethren in accnmplilh- wiih the fpirit of an infidel, and the defperate firmncfs iiig the grand objetfl ; and whether he be a member of of a confpirator, they were then judged worthy of be- any other fociety ; and what are the duties which it re- iug promoted to the degree of minor illuminee. quires. The min(>r illuminee'. held meetings fimilar to thofe The fertile genius of Weifiiaupt is not exhaufted ; he of the Minerval academy. It was necell'ary that the has Hill in referve artifices more profound, and bonds prelident tliould be one who w-as railed to the degree of more powerful ; his refources keep pace with the pro- prieft, and initiated in the mylleries : but he was re- grefs of his fchemes. He now lays a fn arc for his pu- quired to perfuade his pupils, that beyond the degree pils, from which he hopes r.one can efcape, and there- which he hid attained there were no mylleries to be fore he flatters himfelf they are his for ever. He de- dilclofed. The minor illuminees were to be lb trained, mands of every candidate for higher dejrees, to write, that they might look upon themfelves as the founders as a proof of confidence, a minute and faithful account of the order; that by this powerful motive they might of his whole life, without any referve or dilfimulation. be animated to diligence and exertion. With this view, Referve or dilllniulation would indeed be vain ; for the hints were fcattered rather than precepts enjoined. It mod fecret circumllances oi his life are already well was infinuated, that the world was not fo delightful as known to the adepts, my means of innumerable fpies, it ought ; that tlie happinefs lor which man was made who, by the appointmsnt of the fuperiors, have, un- is prevented by the misfortunes of fome, and the crimes known to him, been watching and fcrutinizing all his of others ; that the wicked have power over the good ; adfir ns and word?, his temper, pafi'ions, and opinions, that partial infurreiflion is ufelefs ; and that peace, con- Now is prefented to the candidate the code of the tentment, and fafety, might be eafily obtained by means brother fcrutator, called by the order the nofce le iffum drawn from the greateft degree of force of which hu- (know ihyfelf). This is a catechifm, containing from man nature is capable. Such views, it is added, aftu- a thoufand to fifteen hundred queiiinns, concerning his ating a fecret fociety, would not only be innocent, but perfon, his healtli, his education, his opinions, his in- moft worthy of the wife and well-dlfpofed. clinations, his habits, his ])a(lions, his prejudices, and WeilTiaupt had formed, with peculiar care, a code even his weaknelfes. Queftions are alfo propofed re- for this degree, which was intitled /«/?/-a..7;o/Mybr/brm- fpefting his acquaintances, his relations, friends, and ing vfejul Labourers hi Illuminifm. Thefe inllruflions enemies. The candidate is required to enumerate his difcover an aftonifhing knowledge of human nature, and favourite colours, to deftribe his language, the nature are drawn up with a degree of fyfiematic coolnefs which of his converfation, his gait and gelluics. Nothing, in perhaps no confpirator before him ever exhibited. He fliorr, is omitted that can tend to diftinguifh his charac- lays down rules, by which the charafter of almoll any ter as an individual, or as a member of fociety. Upon perfon may be afcertained. He recommends to the many qualities in his characfer, thirty, forty, or fome- minor illuminees, to attend to the conduit of any per- times near a hundred quedions are propofed. The fon entrufted to their care, at two periods ; when he is following fpecimcn will enable the reader to judge what tempted to be what he ought not to be, and when, re- aftonilliing care Weifhaupt employed to difcriminate moved from the infiuence of every external temptation, charaiffers. he follows the didlates of his inclination. They were Is his ^ed to view, however, fo great a part of the myf- attain this, (continues the fecretary), we mud trace teries, that the reader will be fully prepared to expe^T: the origin ot all fciences, we mud reward opprelfedta- the fecrets which remain to be unfolded in the other lents, we mull undertake the education of youth; and, degrees. forming an indifloluble league among the mod powerful Before being admitted to the degree of epopt, the 26 geniules, we mud boldly, though with prudence, com- adept was required to give a written anfwer to ten pre- Prepara- bat luperdition, incredulity, and folly ; and at length liminary quellions. The infinuations againd the eda- tions for firm our people to true, juft, and uniform principles on blifhed order of the world, which had formerly been '''= P"^*^" all fubjeds." The fecretary adds, that in attempting to fiightly mentioned, increafe now to an indireft propo- "^^ dived vice of its power, that the virtuous may be re- fal to attempt a complete revolution. The candidate Warded even in this world, the order is counteraded by is afked, whether he thinks the world has arrived at princes a/icl priejls, and the poUlical conJ}ilutions of na- that happy date which was intended by nature ? Whe- tkis ; that, however, it was not intended to excite re- ther civil adociations and relicion attain the ends for volutions and oppofe force by force, but merely to which they were deligned ? Whcil.er the fciences are bind the hands of the protctftors of diforder, and to conducive to real happinefs ? or whether they are not govern without appearing to command ; that the pow- merely the offspring of the unnatural date in which men ers of the earth mud be encompalfed with a legion of live, and the crude inventions of crazy brains ? It is tlien indelatigab'.e men, all direifling their labours towards propofed as a quedion, whether there did not in an- the improvement of human nature. Were there but cient times exid an order of things more fimple and a certain number of fuch men in every country, each happy ? What are the bed means for redoring man- kind, ILL ^ C 209 ] Hluminiti. kind to that ftate of felicity ? Should it be by public Every man. 1 L L 17 Inftrudi- ons previ- ous (o ad- milTion. - meafures, by violent revolutions, or by any means that luoiild enfure fucccfs ? Would it not be proper, wilh this view, to preach to mankind a religion more per- fedt, and a philofophy more elevated? And, in ihe meantime, is it not advifable to difTeminate the truth in fecret focieties ? Should the anfwers given to thefe queftioirs accord with the fentiments of the order, on the day fixed for the initiation, the candidate Is blindfolded, and, along with his introducer, is put into a carriage, the win- dows of which are darkened. After many windings and turnings, which it would be impoflible for the adept to trace back, he is condnfled to the porch of the temple of the myfleries. His guide (trips him of the mal'onic infignia which he wore as a knight, re- moves the bandage from his eyes, and prefents him with a drawn fword ; and then having ftridtly enjoined him not to advance a ftep till he is called, leaves him to his meditations. At length he hears a voice ex- claiming, " Come, enter, unhappy fugitive ; the fa- thers wait for you ; enter, and (hut the door after you." He advances into the temple, where he fees a throne with a rich canopy lifing above it, and before it, lying upon a table, a crown, a fceptre, a fword, fome pieces of gold, and precious jewels, interlaid with chains. At the foot of the table, on a fcarlet cufhion, lie a white robe, a girdle, and the fimple ornaments of the facerdotal order. The candidate is required to make his choice of the attributes of royalty, or of the white robe. If he chufe the white robe, which he knows it is expecfted he fhould do, the hierophant, or inllruiflor, thus addrefl'es him : " Health and happinefs to your great and nnble foul. Such was tlie choice we expect- ed from you. But (lop ; it is not permitted you to inveft yourfelf with that robe until you have heard to what we now deftine you." The candidate is then ordered to fit down ; the bonk of the myfleries is open- ed, and the whole brethren liften in filence to the voice of the hierophant. The evordiimi is long and pompous ; much artifice is concealed in it, and much eloquence difplayed. It expatiates on the fubllme and generous views of the fo- ciety ; evidently with the defire of lulling afleep the fufpicion of the candidate, of exciting him to admira- tion, and of inlpiring him with enthuliafm. The hie- rophant then proceeds to unveil the myfleries. He launches out into a fplendid delcription of the original ftate of mankind ; when health was their ordinary ftate, when meat, and drink, and ftielter, were their only wants. At that period (fays he) men enjoyed the roort ineftimable blelhngs, equality and liberty ; they en- joyed them to their utmoft extent : but when the wan- dering life ceafed, and property ftarted into exiftence ; when arts and fciences began to Hourilh ; when a dif- tinflion of ranks and civil alfociations were eflabliflied, " liberty was ruined in its foundation, and equality dif- appeared. The world then ceafed to be a great fami- ly, to be a fin2,le empire ; the gre.it bond of nature was rent afunder." Wants now incrcafed, rind the weak imprudently fubmitted to the wnfe or the llrong, that they might be protefled. As tJie fubmidion of one perfon to another ariles from want;, it ceafcs when the wants no longer cxift. Thus the power of a tathcr is at an end when the child has acquired his (Irength. SuppL. Vol, II. having attained to years of difcretion, Hluminati. may govern himfelf ; when a whole n.ntion, there- ^•^''^~^^ fore, is arrived at that period, there can exilt no farther plea for keeping it in wardlbip. Such a ftate as that of civil fociety, is then repre- fented as incompatible with the pradlice of virtue. " Wilh the dlvifion of the globe, and of its ftates, benevolence (fays the hierophant) was reftrained with- in certain limits, beyond which it could no longer be extended. Patriotifm was deemed a virtue ; and he was ftyled a patriot who, partial towards his country- men, and unjuft to others, was blind to the merits of ftrangers, and believed the very vices of his own coun- try to be perfedlions. We really beheld (continues he) patriotilVn generating localifm, the confined fpirit of families, and even egoifm. Diminifh, rejctigUes, and to a few other adepts of dif- tinguilhed merit. So zealnufly was the order bent upon propagating I'ropofal '^^ execrable principles llirough the whole woild, that for a female fome of the chiefs had planned an order of female a- order, depts, in fubfervienc\ to the deligns of the men. " It will be of great fervicc, (fays 6'i(/»-Zwack), it will procure us both information and money, and will fuit charmingly the tafte of fome of our trucft members, who are lovers of the fex." An affelFur of tlie Impe- rial chamber at VVefzlar, of the name of DlM.furt, but known among the ilhiminees by that of Alinoj, ex- prelfcd even his delpair of ever bringing men to the grand objcd of the order without the fupport of fe- male adipts ; and he makes an offer of his own wife and bij four daughters-in-liiw 10 be fiift iniliateU. This will tire their roving fan- This order was to be fubdlvided into two clafTcs, each Illutr.in»ti. forming a feparate fociety, and having different le- crcts. The lirit was to be compofed ot virtuous wo- men ; the fccond of the wild, the giddy, and the volup- tuous. The brethren were to conduifl the firft, by promoting the reading of good books ; and to train the fecnd to the arts of feci ei/y gratifying their pajfions. The wife of an adept named Ptolemy Magus was to prefide over one of the claffes ; wliich (fays Minos) will become, under her management and his, a very pretty fociety. " You mull contrive pretty degrees, and dreffes, and ornaments, and elegant and decent ri- tuals. No man muft be admitted. This will make them more keen, and they will go much farther than if we were prefent, or than If they thought that we knew of their proceedings. Leave them to the fcope of their own fancies, and ihey will foon invent myfterics which will put us to the blulh, and myfleries which we can never equal. They will be our great apolllcs. Refledl on the refpeifl, nay, the awe and terror, infpired by the female myllics of antiquity. Ptolemy's wife mud dired them, and fhe will be in(lru<5led by Pto- lemy; and my llep-daughters will confult with me. We mufl always be at hand to prevent the introduction of any improper quellion. We mull prepare themes for their difcullion : thus we fhall confefs them, and in- fpire them with our fentiments. No man, however, mull come near them, cies, and we may expeft rare myfterics !" But notwithftanding all the plans and zeal of this ^^ profligate wretch and others of the fraternity, it does R^jcited not appear that the General Spailacus ever confented 7 ■ P'^^* to the eftablilliment of the (illeihood. He fupplied, however, the want of fuch an inftitution, by fecret in- llru(5lions to the regents, on the means of making the in- fluence of women over men fubfervient to the order, without entrnfting them with any ot the fecrets. " The fair fex (fays he) having the greateftpart of the world at their difpofal, no Itudy is more worthy the adept than the art of faitery, in order to gain them. They are all more or lefs led by vanity, curiofity, pleafure, or the love of novelty. It is on that fide, thereiore, they are to be attacked, and by that to be rendered fubfer- vient to the order." That Weiftiaiipt's figacity had not on this occalion forfaken him, is very evident ; fince it has been proved that the Get man fair, who were the correfpondents of the illuminees, welcomed the French invaders of their native country.* Nay, fo lately as • d, Robi- laft winter, our correlpondcnt in Saxony heard leveral fon'i Prfft of thefe illuminized lacies exprefs a wilh that the'/-' C»^i- French might invade and conquer England; for then, "^" faid they tea and coffee would be cheaper ! It is not enough for the founder of a fedl of confpi- rators to have fixed the precile objefl of lus plot'. His acc' mplices muft form but one body, animated by one fpirit ; its members muft be moved by tiic fame laws, under the inCpedlion and government cf the fame chiefs. A full account of the government of Weilhaupt's or- der will be fouivd in the valuable work of Abhc Uar- ruel ; our limits permit us to give only fuch a general view of it as may put cur readers on their guard againft the fecret machinations of tlicfe execrable villains, wliofe lodges are now recruiting, under different deno- minations, in every country in Europe. Wherevcrilluiniiiiinil-as gained a footing, as the mean* o2 I L L [ 214 ] I L L 44 Their mode of cotrefpon-